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Ribrary of the Museum

OF

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

The gift of Foysasz, Socrety of TASMANIA

| No. 6387

_—

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on ~

TASMANI

CURY”

‘1878.

aay
STEAM PRESS OFFICE, HOBART

TOWN.

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PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS

REPORT
BOYAIL SOCIETY
1G S WCANEA

1877.

TASMANIA :

PRINTED AT THE “‘MERCURY” STEAM PRESS OFFICE, HOBART TOWN,

1878.

The responsibility of the statements and opinions
given in the following papers and discussions rests
with the individual authors, the Society as a body

merely places them on record.

Gontents,

Page

Proceedings of Society for March ... 1
Fossils from Darling Downs, Queensland 1-3
Microscope, Presentation of 3
Grant-in-Aid to Gardens, Application for increase to 3
Angora Wool, Papers on 5
Polyzoa, South Australian 5
Proceedings for April (i
New Britain, &c., Remarks on . 8
Proceedings for May 11
Comfrey, The Prickly ... 12
Proceedings for June 14
Blue Gum Tree, the ( Zucalyptus globulus ys £5
Proceedings for July 17
Screw Bean, The ws
Proceedings for August 19
Golden Plover (Charadrius orientalis) unusually numerous 19
Bronze Cuckoo (Lamproccyx plagosus ) unusually early appearance of... 20
Proceedings for September - oa ee se ie 21
Polyzoa, South Australian, on some. By F. W. Hutton, Director of

Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand ne tie cm ee ae
Shells, Census of the Marine, of Tasmania. By the Rev. J. E.

Tenison-Woods, F.L.8., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., &., &e. 26
Plants, Alien. By the Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.M.S. 62
Conferva bombycina. By Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F,R.M.S. 58
Ergot, occurrence of on Rye-Grass. By the same 75
Reservoir, Notes on the Hobart Town storage. By T. Stephens, M.A.,
Plants as Insect Destroyers. By the Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.M.S. 81
Proceedings for October ee 92
Hair-tail ( Trachypterus altivelis ) cence at Circular Head 94
Potato, the Browns River Black 94
Proceedings for November... , ste oF
Fossil Fruits from Gulgong, N.S.W. ... 97

iv.
Page
Siphonaria, on Tasmanian. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.L.S.,

HGS... E.R.GS., &e. 2: Sue Bip sa ae ar ne 699
Silk and Silk Producers. By the Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.M.S. 101
Salmon Experiment, .present stage of. By Morton Allport, F.L.S.,

F.Z.8., &e. ae es if: i ae sie .s arene)
Phytography of Tasmania, Contributions to, No. 5. By Baron Ferd
von Mueller, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., &c., &e. Be re ee
Shells, on some New Tasmanian Marine. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-
Woods, F.L.S., F.G.8., F.R.G.S. &c.... tee iat a sainstel
-

ROYAL SOCIETY, 1877.»

——@———

MARCH, 1877.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, 13th
March, James Barnard, Esq., in the chair. ;

The following gentlemen, who had previously been nominated by the
Council, were balloted for and declared duly elected as Fellows of the
Society, viz., the Revd. John Gray, Messrs. R. R. Rex and William
Belbin, M.H.A. Professor Ulrich, of Melbourne ; and Alexander Wallis,
Esq.,-Secretary to the Board of Agriculture, Victoria, were elected as
corresponding members.

The Hon. Secretary (Dr. Agnew) brought under notice the following
returns :—

. Number of Visitors to Museum during January, 1536 ; February, 1402.

. Ditto to Gardens, January, 4279; February, 3939.

. Plants received at Gardens during February 7th.

. Time of leafing, etc., of a few standard plants in Botanic Gardens
during February.

5. Presentations to Museum.

6. Books and periodicals purchased and presented.

America as usual has been the most liberal donor to the library, the
present contribution comprising no less than ten quarto volumes—an “ Atlas
of Mining Industry ”—Geological Explorations, with numerous pamphlets,
and proceedings of various learned Societies.

Meteorological Returns.

1, Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq., tables for January and February.

2. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq., ditto, ditto.

8. Port Arthur, from Dr. Coverdale, ditto, ditto.

4, Mount Nelson, tables for January and February ; South Bruni Light-
house, ditto ; King’s Island Lighthouse, ditto for October, November,
and December, 1876, and January 1877. From the Marine Board.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From G. Bennett, Esq., M.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S.—A collection of Fossils,
from Darling Downs, Queensland, viz. : Portion of Humerus, second
vertebra (axis), and lower jaw of Diprotodon Australis. Tusks or
Incisors of ditto. Portion of jaw of Kangaroo (Procoptodon Goliah,
Owen). Molar teeth and portion of Jaw of Diprotodon. Jaws of
different species of Kangaroo (Macropus.) (With note).

. From Mrs. 8. Parsons.—Models of a Rice boat, and Passenger boat,
from Ceylon.

. From Mr. Tabor, Huon Road.—Specimen of Gordius sp.

. From Mr. E. Oldfield, Launceston.—An Egg, probably of a species

of Petrel imbedded in hardened guano, from Bird Island.

Hm Co toe

i)

He Oo

5. From Mr. Josh. Gates.-—Portion of human Skull from Kaipara, New
Zealand.

6. From Mr. Thos. Dury.—One pound note of Faversham Bank, 1813.

7. From Mr. W. C. Blyth.—Three specimens of Unio mortonicus from
Campbell Town.

8. From Mr. Graves.—Cast skin of Snake.

9. From Mr. Ferguson, Tinder-box Bay.—Skull of Seal (Stenorhynchus

leptonyz).
B

10.

29.

2

From Capt. Dillner, brig Prairie-—Specimens of Copper Ore, Nickel,
Limestone, Beche-de-Mer, etc. from New Caledonia. Shells from
Browse, and other Islands. A living specimen of the Frilled Lizard
(Chlamydosaurus kingit) from Port Darwin.

. From the Rev. James Thomas.—Six very beautiful specimens of Coral

from the Friendly Islands.

. From Mr. W. J. Watchorn.—A Mexican Saddle, Bridle, Spurs, etc.,

etc.

. From R. C. Kermode, Esy.—A named collection of English and Tas-

manian Insects, and Eggs of Tasmanian Birds, mounted in a hand-
some cabinet. [The collection comprises 1339 specimens of
Tasmanian, 205 of New South Wales, and 35 of English Insects ;
with 171 eggs].

. From J. K. Clark, Esq.—Three Pheasants, beautifully prepared and

mounted in glass case.

. From Mr. T. Bates, Adelaide.—A silver Penny of James II., 1688.
. From H. M. Hull, Esq.—-A Treasury Bill dated 1827, with auto-

graphs of Commissaries A. Moodie, G. Boyes, and G. Hull.

. From J. Scott, Esq., M.H.A.—Specimens of the small green Beetle

which proved so destructive to vegetation in various districts of the
colony during the early part of the summer.

. From J. E. Calder, Esq.—Similar specimens.
. From Mrs. Robert Gatenby, Isis River.—Seventeen silver and two

copper Coins.

. From Mr. J. Whitehouse.—A large Mussel from the Derwent.
. From Mr. Eddington, Sorell.

Specimen of the sooty Crow-shrike
(Strepera fuliginosa) of an unusually light colour.

. From Mr. Brent.—A Pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus) shot at Glen-

orchy.

. From Mr. Weaver.—A spine-tailed Swift (Chetura caudacuta).
. From Mrs. C. O. Parsons.—A specimen of one of the “ Walking-stick

Insects” (Phasmide), probably Acrophylla Chronus, from Kurrijong,
North Richmond, New South Wales. (See British Museum Cat.
of Orthopterous Insects, p. 114, pl. 5 supplement.)

. From Mr. Armstrong, Christchurch, New Zealand.—A Human Skull,

labelled “ Head of Moa Hunter,” with fragments of jade, etc., from
Canterbury Plains, N.Z.

. From Mr. Collis—Skin of an Australian Coot (Fulica Australis).—

A Spanish Dollar found on Cape Barren Island, near supposed site of
the wreck of the barque Britomart, about the year 1838.

. From Mr. John Gillon.—A collection of Cornelians from the Public

Cemetery, Cornelian Bay.

. From Mrs. R. Pybus.—An ornamental Basket composed of shells

collected at Bruni Island.

From Professor R. Tate, Adelaide.—Specimens of Belemnites senescens
and Salenia tertiaria from the middle tertiaries Aldinga, South
Australia. Six specimens of South Australian Polyzoa, with a paper.

[The special attention of the meeting was called to presentation No. 13,
which was examined with the greatest interest by all present. The col-
lection was made by the donor himself. When recently in England, Mr.
Kermode had the entire collection properly displayed, classified, and named
by Janson, and thus for all time a trustworthy and authoritative standard
of reference will be afforded to the entomologists of Tasmania |by means
of this truly valuable and liberal donation. |

In reference to presentation No. 1, the following letter from the donor,
Dr. G. Bennett, was read :—

“Sydney, Decr. 23rd, 1876.

“My Dear Dr. AGNEW,—Mrs. C. Moore, visiting Hobart Town, has

3

kindly taken charge of a few fossils from Darling Downs, Queensland,
which I present to the Royal Society if they are worthy of acceptance.
_ (Here follows a description of the fossils as detailed in the list of donations).

“In a letter from Professor Owen, dated Oct. 25th, 1876, he says his
large and expensive work on the Australian fossils will soon be published,
and adds, ‘I have now got to p. 520, and plate 131 !’

“ Yours, etc., etc.,
“GEORGE Bennett, M.D.”

The SECRETARY informed the meeting that the microscope then on
the table was presented to the Society by Mr. P. T. Smith prior to his
departure for England. The instrument was a first-class one, by Ross,
and was furnished with very many accessories, a vast number of mounted
objects, etc. It was a very great acquisition for the Society, as its value
(with its numerous appliances) could not be far short of £200. It had
recently belonged to the late Dr. Valentine of Campbell Town.

The SrecrETARY reported that the committee appointed at the late
general meeting of the Society, for the purpose of urging upon Government
the claims of the Public Gardens for an increase of the grant-in-aid, had
waited on the Hon. the Colonial Secretary, and had expressed the views
of the Society on the subject. In reply, the Colonial Secretary admitted
‘he was fully convinced as to the claims of the Gardens to increased
support, and expressed himself as being most desirous to do anything which
might be in his power in the matter. As his colleagues, however, were not
in town, he suggested that the committee should address to him a letter
containing a full statement of the case. This he would submit without
loss of time to the other members of Government for their consideration,
and, although of course they had no power to give immediate effect to the
views of the deputation, the subject would be brought by means of the
estimates under the consideration of Parliament at its next meeting.

Subsequent to this interview the committee had agreed upon the
following letter, which was accordingly forwarded to the Honorable the
Colonial Secretary :—

“Royal Society of Tasmania,
“24th February, 1877.

“S1r,—Agreeably to your request to the committee which was appointed
at a general meeting of this Society, to wait on you in order to advocate
the claims of the Public Gardens to increased assistance from Govern-
ment, I beg, on behalf of the committee, to submit the following
statement, which may be considered supplementary to former communi-
cations addressed to Government on the 20th May, 1875; 8th September,
1875 ; and 5th April, 1876 :—

“The grant-in-aid is now only £400, and if we add to this £120 as the
extreme money value of the prison labour, the total assistance from
Government will not exceed £520 per annum, but may be less. Thirty-
seven years ago the assistance rendered by Government was equal to
£1,200 at the present time; although at the former period the Gardens
were little more than half their present size, they contained probably little
more than one-tenth of the number of plants now in cultivation, and
labour and provisions, as calculated by Mr. Abbott, were about one-third.
of their present value. The labour afforded by the prison gang, too, is
not satisfactory in character, as the men are naturally idle and indifferent,
and, from ignorance of the work, they cannot be employed in any operations
requiring skill or care; and their supervision also requires the attention
of one of the few skilled gardeners, whose loss is consequently severely
felt elsewhere.

“Tt is to be-recollected that the Government grant only supplies labour
to the value of £250, as the very inadequate salary of the superintendent
absorbs the remainder, and is must therefore be self-evident that, for such

ae

a sum, at the present rate of wages, not one-third part of the ground
could be properly cultivated. Were £300 a year added, the Gardens
might be kept in a tolerably creditable condition, yet even this would be a
mere fraction in comparison with the sums granted for similar purposes in
the neighbouring colonies. In Victoria, for Gardens about twice as large
as ours, £7,220 were voted for the year 1876-7. In New South Wales the —
Gardens received £4,469 ; in South Australia-£6,700; and in Queensland,
£2,485.

“Very recently the free labourers in the Gardens forwarded a respectful
petition for a small increase to their pay, which is only four shillings per
day, without rations! This very fair petition could not be complied with
for want of funds, and although the men, from long habit and interest in
their work, have remained much longer than could have been expected,
it is now known they will not continue to do so, and it would be quite
impossible to replace them. The urgency, therefore, for an increased grant
is most pressing.

“Tt has been said if an increased grant were given to these Gardens
that similar assistance would be asked for other places. But this objection
has no real weight, as no colony could fairly be expected to support
duplicate National Institutions. Even a wealthy nation like England
does not support more than one British Museum, one Royal Observatory,
or one great Botanical Garden (Kew). It must, indeed, be evident that, in
an“economic and educational point of view, it must be more to our advan-
tage to have one well appointed and scientifically conducted Garden, than
to fritter away our means on several, all of which would necessarily be
inferior in quality, discreditable to the colony, and valueless for educational
purposes.

“Tt may be added that in making this application for a grant of £700 a
year to these National Gardens the Royal Society is acting solely on
behalf of the public. It is not, perhaps, generally understood that the
Society receives nothing whatever from Government, and has never asked
anything for itself. It is in fact self-supporting, and at its own expense
issues its publications ; maintains its continually increasing library ; and
keeps up friendly relations with kindred institutions in various parts of the
world. On many occasions it has even afforded considerable pecuniary
assistance to both Gardens and Museum. As to the grants to the Museum
and Gardens the Society acts strictly as an agent for Government, by
receiving and distributing them in a correct and careful manner.

“T have the honour, etc., etc.,
“J. W. Acnew, M.D.,
“ Hon. Sec.
“The Hon, the Colonial Secretary.”

The feeling of the meeting, as expressed by several of the members,
appeared to be that the Committee had done all that was possible in the
matter for which it was appointed, and that the future of the Gardens
must rest in the hands of the Ministry and of Parliament.

The Rev. W. W. Spicer mentioned that during the interview with the
Hon. the Colonial Secretary he had recommended the interchange of certain
books between the Public, the Parliamentary, and the Royal Society’s
Libraries. Each library, in fact, contained some works which would find a
more fitting place on the shelves of another, and the interchange would be
a benefit to all. The Colonial Secretary had entertained the idea favorably,
and he (the speaker) felt certain that good would result were it acted on.

It was agreed that the Librarians of the several libraries should be
requested to compare their catalogues, and determine if satisfactory inter-
changes might be made, it being “understood that no such exchanges could
be effected without the sanction of Parliament.

The SECRETARY laid on the table two copies of the Santa Barbara

5

(California) Weekly Press, with many cuttings from American papers on
the subject of Angora wool, together with a sample of the wool itself. [The
sample, which can be seen at the Museum, is a pure white, with a beautiful
silky lustre, and 163 inches in length.] The following letter was read ;—

“ Santa Barbara Press,

“‘ Santa Barbara, Cal., U.S.,

“ 14th January, 1877.

“To the Hon. Secretary, Royal Society of Tasmania.

“ DEAR Sir,—I have read in the Bulletin of our National Association
of Wool Manufacturers, interesting extracts from the proceedings of your
Society relative to the culture of the Angora Goat in Tasmania, and have
re-published portions of the same, which I will mail te you in the Press.

“T write to ask you to favour me with a complete printed copy of your
proceedings containing the able paper of Mr. John Swan, M.H.A., on
this topic, together with any other facts in your possession relative to the
introduction, culture, and breeding of the Angora in your country. It is
an object of great interest to me and to California, and I wish the facts for
preservation and dissemination. In return for the courtesy I will be glad
to mail to your address some publications on this industry in this country,
which I hope will be found of interest. I will of course pay, besides, any
charges there may be on the papers you may send, when the same shall
have been ascertained. ;

“T have written Mr. Swan, in your care, to the same effect.

“Tam, etc, etc.,
“1. G.- Ors,
“* Editor.”

The SecRETARY read a paper “On some South Australian Polyzoa,”
by F. W. Hutton, Esq., F.G.S., Director of the Museum, Dunedin ; and
in connection with it the following note from Professor R. Tate, of Adelaide,
was also read :—

“4 Buxton-street, Adelaide,
“17th Novr., 1876.

“DEAR Sir,—Herewith I send you M.S. ‘On some South Australian
Polyzoa’ by my correspondent Mr. F. Hutton, as a communication to the
Royal Society of Tasmania; also specimens of the new species therein
described. :

“TI beg to communicate that I have discovered species of Belemmites
and Salenia in the Middle Tertiaries (? Miocene) of South Australia ; they
were obtained by myself in the sea cliffs of Aldinga Bay, about 26 miles
south from here, and are associated with the characteristic fossils of the
Murray and Mount Gambier beds. The technical descriptions of the new
species have been communicated to the Geological Society of London, and
the species named Belemnites senescens and Salenia tertiaria.

“Hitherto the genus Belemnites has been represented in Tertiary strata
only by one species, from the Eocene of Germany.

“The present species of Salenia is the first recorded from Cainozoic
strata, and it happily fills the gap which was made by the discovery of
the genus in a living state during the voyage of the Challenger. I send
you examples of the new species,

“Truly yours,
“RALPH TATE.

“Dr. Agnew, Secretary Royal Society of Tasmania.”’

A “Census, with brief description of the Marine Shells of Tasmania
and the adjacent Islands,” by the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S.,
F.R.G.S., Corresponding Member of the Royal Societies of New South Wales
and Tasmania, etc., etc., was laid on the table.

The Rey. W. W. SPICER after commenting on the great value to all

6

future Tasmanian entomologists of the large cabinet presented by Mr. R.
Kermode, proposed a special vote of thanks to the donor. A similar vote
was also due to Mr. P. T. Smith for the Microscope, a presentation for
which any Society would feel indebted, and he had much pleasure in
including in his motion Dr. G. Bennett, the learned naturalist of Sydney,
for his most interesting presentation. The motion having been carried, the
thanks of the meeting were accorded to the authors of papers and to the
donors of presentations, when the proceedings terminated,

7

APRIL, 1877.

The monthly meeting of the society was held on Tuesday, the 10th
April. The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Tasmania in the chair.

An unusually large number of Fellows attended, and the Rev. George
Brown, Wesleyan (cece to New Britain and New Ireland (lately
returned from those islands), was present as a visitor.

Alfred Dobson, Esq., was elected a Fellow, and F. W. Hutton, Esq.,
Director of the Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand, as a Corresponding
Member of the Society.

The Hon. SecrETARY (Dr. Agnew) brought under notice the usual
returns for the past month, viz. :—

1. Number of visitors to Museum, total 1592.

2. Ditto ditto to Gardens, total 4495.

3. Plants and seeds received at Gardens. From Messrs. Huber and
Co., Hyeres, France, two packets of seeds.

From M. Aug. van Geert, Ghent, 112 plants, comprising Rhododen-
drons, Magnolias, Lilies, Peonies, Clematis, etc. From Baron
Ferd. von Miieller, seeds of Festuca dives.

4, Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants
in the Botanic Gardens during March.
5. Books and Periodicals received.

Meteorological Returns—

. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.—Table for March.

. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq.—Ditto.

. From the Marine Board—Mount Nelson, table for March ; Goose
Island, tables for January and February.

. Port Arthur, from Dr. Coverdale—Table for March.

. Melbourne, from R. J. L. Ellery, Esq.—Printed records for
August and September, 1876.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1, From W. K. Dixon, Esq., Ouse—A Spine-tailed Swift (Chetura

caudacuta), and an Emu Wren (Stipiturus malachurus ).
2. From Captain W. Fisher—A Sawfish (Pristiophorus cirratus ).
3. From Dr. Coverdale—Four hair balls from the paunch of a calf six

OF woe

weeks old. Concretions from paunch of a sheep.

. From Owen Meredith, Esq.—Specimens of Stream Tin from Mount
Heemskirk, Western Tasmania, found on land taken up and in-
tended to be worked by the Emu Bay and Pieman’s River Pros-
pecting Company.

5. From Mr. C. Sandberg, per Mr. 0. H. Hedberg—Stream Tin from
the ‘‘ All Nations ” Co.’s mine, Main Creek, Thomas’ Plains,
Ringarooma. .

6. From Master A. Maddock—Two insects (Cyria imperialis) from
Mount Nelson.

7. From Mr. J. Lucas, Huon—A specimen of the Golden-bellied Beaver
Rat (Hydromys chrysogaster). An Opossum Mouse (Dromicia
gliriformis ).

8. From Mrs. Maum, Senr., Clarence Plains—A curiously malformed
Egg of domestic fowl.

9. From Mr. J. W. H. Clark—Two freshwater mussels (Unio mor-
tonicus) from the Elizabeth River, Campbell Town.

10, From the Rev. James Thomas—A Basket made by the natives of
Tonga. Two crab shells, ten specimens of Echinodermata, two
species of Coral attached to a piece of rock, two specimens of
We and seeds of Abrus precatorius from the Friendly

slands,

8

11, (Name of donor not sent). Specimens of Crayfish ‘‘found some
two or three feet beneath the surface of the ground, chiefly in
moist places at roots of trees, and from about 100 to 500 feet above
running water, on North-west Coast of Tasmania,”

12, From Mr. O. H. Hedberg—A Crayfish, from the Hobart Town
rivulet, Fern-tree Valley.

13. From Mr, Spencer—Sample of Coal from Jerusalem.

14. From Miss Knight—A Fish (Capros australis) caught at Sandy
Bay.

15. rot Mr. Harbroe—A Fish (Scorpena sp.) caught at Risdon.

16. From Mr. 8. Dove—Specimen of dendrites on Sandstone, from
Knocklofty.

17. From F. W. Hutton, Esq., Director of Otago Museum, Dunedin— ~
An Arctic Fox (Vulpes lagopus) from Iceland. <A King Bird of
Paradise( Cicinnurus regius )from New Guinea.

18. From Lieutenant Langdon, R.N.—Two Notes (5 piasters and 25
centimes) of National Bank of Hayti.

19. From Master Hull—Specimens of a paper-like substance from the
reservoir at Cascades.

20. From the Rev. G. Brown—A collection of Ornaments made by
natives of New Britain and New Ireland, viz. :—Shell and
tortoiseshell armlets, a nose ornament,a large neck ditto, shell
money, asmall basket, and a kind of Jews-harp, from New Britain.
(This instrument is remarkable from being constructed exactly
on the principle of the common Jew’s-harp—that is, two external
arms with a small vibrating tongue between them. When touched
by Mr. Brown the sound produced was almost identical with that
of the Jew’s-harp). ‘Two neck ornaments, one head ditto, a rattle
and a string of shell money, from New Ireland. A shell armlet,
from the Solomon Islands. Also twelve prepared bird skins from
Duke of York Island, New Britain, and Fiji. Specimens of Chalk
from New Ireland.

The Rev. W. W. Spicer read some notes, and acommunication from

Baron Ferd. von Miieller, on the curious confervoid substance from the

Cascades reservior. (Presentation No. 19.)

The Rev. G. Brown, C.M.Z.S., having been introduced by the Secre-
tary, was kind enough, agreeably to request, to favor the meeting with
some very interesting observations descriptive of the various islands he
had recently visited, with remarks on the inhabitants, their language,
manners, and customs. ‘The islands referred to were New Britain, New
Treland, and the Duke of York Group. A description, in the Proceedings
of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, of many objects of Natural
History collected in these islands was noticed and extracts from it read.
As to the ethnology of the people,it was evident they were true Papuans.
This was proved by colour, their thick curly matted hair, the gram-

*matical construction of the language, and also by some of their manners
and customs. Illustrative of some of these remarks, the speaker instanced
the different construction of the words ‘‘ my face,” ‘‘ your face,” ‘‘ his
face,” in the Samoan, Fijian, and Duke of York languages, showing the
similarity of grammatical construction in the latter two, and its differ-
ence from the Samoan and other Malayo-Polynesian dialects. It was
suggested that the peculiarly sacred relation sustained by the sister
and sister’s children to the brother’s children (called by the name of
Tamaha in Tonga, Tamafafine or Tama-Sa in Samoa, and Vasu in Fiji)
would be found to be one of the distinguishing marks of connection
between the Malayo-Polynesian races ; whilst the custom of dividing
all the people into two classes, called respectively ‘‘Pickalaba” and
**Maramara” in the Duke of York dialect would probably be found to

9

indicate a Papuan origin, or previous connection of races in all the
islands in which the custom exists. Each class had its own particular
share of the land and of the cocoa-nut trees. Members of either were
not permitted to intermarry, the rule being that the male of one class
must marry a female of the other; and it was curious that in the event
of death all property and children passed to the mother’s class. Mr.
Brown then exhibited some specimens of true chalk from New Ireland.
These were interesting, because no chalk is found on the islands, but
blocks of it are said to be thrown up occasionally on the shores by
earthquakes and tidal waves. It wasa very remarkable circumstance
that the natives though accustomed to nothing but nudity, carved out of
these blocks, or masses, figures clothed in a fashion somewhat similar
to that of the Elizabethan age and suggestive, therefore, of a probable
visit by Spanish explorers at that period. The tribe that carved these
figures was an inland one.

Some remarks were then made on the geographical distribution of
the Fauna, more especially as regards the Marsupials found on New
Britain and New Ireland. The Cuscus was found in abundance on New
Ireland, the most distant island from New Guinea, but was not found on |
New Britain. The Wallaby, which is described and named by Mr.
Ramsay in the Proceedings already referred to, was found on New
Treland alone, but it was possible it-might exist on New Britain, though
no specimens were obtained from that locality. The only Marsupial
found on New Britain was a small Flying Squirrel. A new Perameles
(Bandicoot) was found on the Duke of York Island.

The curious custom of ‘‘ Duk Duk” was explained. For this the
natives gathered together in a large ring, within which two chiefs
accompanied by a native fantastically dressed to represent a Cassowary
took their stand. Suddenly from the bush another native, dressed
like a Cassowary, would break into the ring, and, brandishing a spear,
rush in a menacing manner towards the chiefs. After threatening
them for some time, he would suddenly stop, and stooping down,
present his back to them. Then one of the chiefs or their companion
would take a strong cane and strike him a very severe blow (occa-
sionally twice) with it across the shoulders. Having received the
. blow, the man would leave the circle and others would take his place
and go through the same ceremony.

Another peculiar rite was that in which the elders of the tribe took
the youths before they were admitted to manhood into the bush
where they fed them for some weeks solely on shark’s flesh, turtle,
and pork. On their return to the tribe they never afterwards, during
their entire life tasted any one of these articles of food.

Mr. Brown then alluded to certain strange reports which had
reached him of a race of men possessed of tails who were said to live
in the interior of New Britian. These reports were almost incredible,
yet they came from so many sources, and were so explicit in their
descriptions, that at last he (Mr. Brown) organised a party and started
for the locality where the tails were said to flourish. Most unfortunately
soon after starting one of the party, a sailor, got access to a bottle of
gin and thus was the cause of an accident of such a serious character,
that the party had to return to the ship with the wounded man, and
circumstances then prevented a renewal of the expedition.

Mr. M. ALurort, after moving a vote of thanks to the Rev. W.
W. Spicer, and to the donors of presentations, proposed that a special
vote should be accorded to the Rev. G. Brown for his highly in-
teresting and instructive address.

The BisHoP oF TasMANIA said it was scarcely necessary for him to
put this vote to the meeting as he was sure it would be carried by

10

acclamation. For himself he would say he had never spent a’more
pleasant evening at any of their meetings than he had just done in
listening to the admirable address by the Rev. G. Brown. He was very
glad to hear that Mr. Brown did not intend to sever his relations with the
Society as he proposed on his return to the scene of his labours to
favour us if possible with further information and specimens, all of
which the Society would well know how to appreciate.

The vote having been carried Mr. Brown returned thanks, when the
proceeding terminated.

1}

MAY, 1877.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Monday, the
7th May. His Excellency the Governor in the chair.

The following gentlemen, who had previously been nominated by the
Council, were ballotted for and declared duly elected as Fellows of
the Society, viz :—

1, John Perkins, Esq., Mayor of Hobart Town.

2. Frederick John Simson, Esq., of Brighton.

And the Rev. George Brown, C.M.Z.S., of the Wesleyan Mission

to New Britain, as a corresponding member.

The Hon. Secretary (Dr. Agnew), brought forward the usual returns
for the past month, viz.:—

1. Number of visitors to Museum during April, total 1582.

2. Ditto to Gardens, ditto, ditto, 4198.

3. Seeds received at Gardens.

4, Time of leafing, etc., of a few standard plants in the Botanic

Gardens during the month.
5. Books and periodicals received.
6. Presentations to Museum.

Meteorological Returns—

. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.—Table for April.

. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq.—ditto.

. Port Arthur, from Dr. Coverdale—ditto.

. From the Marine Board—Tables from Mount Nelson and South
Bruni for April; Kent’s Group for December 1876, January to
March, 1877; and Goose Island for March.

5. From Mr. Roblin—Abstracts and results of observations regis-
tered at the lighthouses and other coast stations in Tasmania
during 1876.

6. Adelaide, from C. Todd, Esq.—Printed tables, monthly, from
January to October, 1876.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From Mr. John Brazier, Sydney—A beautiful specimen of an
Kchinoderm (Lobophora truncata), from New Caledonia, dredged
by the donor from a depth of eight fathoms. (With a note.)

From Mr. R. A. Murray—Specimen of rock with native silver,
from the Hampshire Hills silver mine. (Van Diemen’s Land
Company.)

3. From Mr. Edward Nicholas, jun., Meadsfield—Specimen of silicious

rock from between Lake Echo and the Serpentine.

4, From Mr. Arthur K. Johnston, Cleveland Bay—‘‘A sample
of fibre beaten from the bark of a tree, and used by the natives
of the Louisades Islands for making fishing lines and ropes for
their canoes.”

mm 6 tS

ie)

5. From Mr. W. Piguenit—Flower and seed of (Banksia serrata)
from the North Coast of Tasmania.

6. From Mr. John Allison—A Bronze Cuckoo ( Lamprococcyx basalis. )

és es Mr. Penny, Queen’s Asylum—A Pheasant, killed at New

own.

8. From Mr. Wilson, Bellerive—Crystals of Gypsum, from
Riverina.

9

. From Mr. J. E. Baynton—An internal cast of a fossil univalve
shell, from Patea, New Zealand.
10. From Mr. James Wilson, Ashgrove, Oatlands. A White Hawk
(Leucospiza nove hollandice.
From Mr. R. Terry, New Norfolk. Section of a large fungus
from a Peppermint Tree (Zucalyptus amygdalina).

—
—
e

12

12, From John Swan, Esq. Specimens of copper ore from the Duck
River, Tasmania.

In reference to the monthly returns from the Gardens of ‘‘the
time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants,” Has
EXxcELLENcY remarked it would be interesting to notice if change of cli-
mate, or soil, or other circumstances modified the habits of certain
English trees. From his own observation at the grounds about Govern-
ment House he could state that some trees which, in England, came
into leaf before others, here acted in an exactly reverse manner.

Discussion ensued, in which the Rev. W. W. Spicer, Sir Francis
Smith, Mr. Justice Dobson, Mr. Swan, Mr. Allport, and Mr. Abbott
took part ; and on the whole, it appeared probable that varieties in ex-

osure or position might influence different trees variously as to their
feaaiel ete. Mr. Abbott, however, engaged to obtain further and more
precise information on the subject, and bring it before a future meeting.

The Rev. W. W. Spicer read a paper on ‘‘ Aliens,” or plants
which have been introduced into the colony and naturalised. LTllustra-
tive of the paper a collection of plants was laid on the table, embracing
all those referred to in the text. These, amounting to 140 specimens,
were collected, mounted and named by Mr. Spicer, and very liberally
presented by him to the Museum.

His ExceLLency informed the meeting he had written to England
for a supply of cuttings of the new fodder plant, the Prickly Comfrey.
It was probable this climate would suit it exactly, but that of England.
appeared to be too cold, as it did not seed there, and therefore
cuttings were sent for. Its cultivation would be tried on the grounds
at Government House, and, if successful, seeds or cuttings would be
distributed throughout the colony. It appeared to be well suited toa
deep sandy soil as the roots were found to go as far as nine feet in
depth. It was of a vigorous nature, and in one district of England |
had been grown for fourteen years consecutively without any appreci-
able loss of strength or vitality. It had been known to produce the
astonishing result of one hundred tons to the acre. Its own leaves
were good manure for it. It was said to be the very best soft food
for horses. It was very good for cattle, and supposed to be a preven-
tative to the diseases to which they are liable, and also well adapted for
dairy food, as it produced no unpleasant effect on the milk.

Colonel CRAWFORD saw the plant in cultivation at the Royal Agri-
cultural College at Cirencester in England many years ago, but it did not
seem at that time to be much thought of.

His ExceLLeNcy thought that any discrepancies of this kind might
be explained by the fact that there were two species of the Comfrey.

Colonel CRAWFORD, in connection with the President’s remarks as to
the probability that this climate would be more suitable to the Comfrey
than the English, observed that the difference of the climates was
very clearly marked by the growth of the blackberry and the sweetbriar
on the Northern side of the island, as it far surpassed anything of the
kind he had ever seen in England. The Blackberry grew into huge
hedges, so high and dense that boys climbed up to the tops by ladders,
and then went along the surface by laying down palings to walk upon.
Large quantities were made into jam and sent to Queensland, where
it was said to be good for bowel complaints. He thought large quanti-
ties of the small twigs of the Sweetbriar could be very profitably sent
home to persons engaged in the manufacture of scents.

His Excetitency had also been struck by the enormous hedges of
the Sweetbriar in the Ringarooma district.

Mr. Swan observed it was a curious circumstance as to the Black-
berry that he had never seen birds feed upon it.

13

Mr. Spicer did not think either the Blackberry or Raspberry was
eaten by birds in England, although the Strawberry was.

Mr. Justice Dosson had great pleasure in proposing that a special
‘vote of thanks should be given to Mr. Spicer for the paper which
had just been read, and to which he and all present, he was sure,
had listened with extreme interest. The Museum, too, could not
but be much indebted to the learned author of the paper for the
very liberal donation of the large collection of plants which accom-
panied and illustrated it.

The vote having passed, and thanks having been accorded to the
other donors of presentations, the President left the chair.

14.

JUNE, 1877.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday.

12th June. The Right Revd. the Bishop of Tasmania in the chair.

The Hon. Secretary (Dr. Agnew) brought forward the usual returns for

the past month, viz. :—

1. Number of visitors to the Museum, 1,100.

2. Ditto to Gardens, 3,371. ’

3. Seeds received at Gardens—From Mr. Piesse, 14 packets of Flower
seeds. From His Excellengy the Governor, seeds of the Mesquit,
or Screw Bean (Prosopis pubescens). From Mr. J. Dawson,
16 packets seeds from Fiji. From Messrs. Huber, France,
seeds of Jacaranda mimosefolia. From H. M. Hull, Esq.,
Secretary to the Philadelphia Exhibition Commissioners, 25
packets seeds.

4, Plants supplied for public places :—For planting grounds at Hospital
and Public Buildings, Launceston, 176 plants, and collection
of bulbs. For grounds of St. Mark’s Church, Kangaroo Point,
100 plants. For the Public Recreation Ground, New Norfolk, 100
plants. For the Hobart Town Cemetery, 180 plants.

5. Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in
the Botanic Gardens during May.

6. Books and Periodicals received.

7. Presentations to Museum.

Meteorological Returns.
1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott Esq.—Table for May.
2. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge Esq.—Ditto.
3. Mount Nelson, table for May; Swan Island, ditto for April.—
From the Marine Board.
4, Melbourne, from R. J. L. Ellery, Esq.—Printed tables for October
1876.
5. Adelaide, from C. Todd Esq.—Ditto ditto for November and
December, 1876.
h

—

. From E. D. Swan, Esq.—36 North and 15 South American Birds ;
prepared, mounted, and named.

2. From Wm. Pitt, Esq.—Three tertiary fossils, viz., two specimens
of a species of Oyster, and a Crab, from Brighton, West Coast of
New Zealand.

3. From Mr. R. F. Archer.—Six samples of Tin Ore, from Mount
Bischoff.

4, From Mr. F. Wise.—Specimens of Copper Pyrites, from Mount
Maurice.

5. From the Rev. R. E. Dear.—Portions of a block (English Elm),
and a spar (Celery-topped Pine), from*the Priscilla, completely
noes by the Teredo during 11 months’ submersion near Huon

sland.

. From Mr. W. E. Shoobridge.—Specimen of Sulphate of Magnesia,

from caves near New Norfolk.

. From Mr. R. M. Johnston.— A Pouched Lamprey (Geotria

Allporti).

. From Dr. E. L. Crowther.—An Australian Bittern ( Botaurus
porciloptilus.) A Water Snake (Pelamus bicolor ).

From H. M. Hull, Esq., Secretary to the Philadelphia Exhibition
Commissioners.—Seven samples of American Wool, and seven
ditto of Cinchona and other barks,

10. From Mr. J. Bidencope.—Stereotype mould and portion of casting

as used in printing the Sydney Morning Herald newspaper.

6S © <3 o>

15

11. From Mr. G. W. Rex.—A Potato, pierced in two directions by the

underground stems of the Couch Grass ( T’riticum repens).
The following additions to the Library were reported :—

’ 1. From the Hon. the Cclonial Secretary.—Two pamphlets—‘‘ The
Progress and Resources of New South Wales,” by C. Robinson,
Esq. ; and ‘‘ Tobacco: its Culture and the Curing of its Leaf,”
by Aug. Morris, Esq. eee

2. From H. M. Hull, Esq.—Three pamphlets, viz.,—‘‘ Contributions
to the Flora of Iowa,”
‘‘Regulations of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society,”
and ‘‘ Prizes for Arboriculture offered by the Trustees of the
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.”

3. From H. C. Russell, Esq.—‘‘ The Climate of New South Wales.”

4, From the Meteorological Office, London.—‘‘ Charts of Meteoro-
logical Data for nine 10° Squares of the Atlantic, with Remarks.”

In reference to a question which had been brought forward at a late
meeting of the Society, namely, the alleged sanitary influence of the
Blue Gum tree (Hucalyptus globulus), Dr. Agnew mentioned that
certain experiments had been recently conducted at home by Mr. C. T.
Kingzett, F.C.8., etc., which might possibly assist in throwing some
light on the subject. In a lecture delivered before the Society of Arts
in February last, Mr. Kingzett showed that the slow oxidation of
certain turpentines, with which thé essential oil of the Blue Gum is
virtually identical in chemical composition, give rise to two very
active sanitary products; one, the peroxide of hydrogen, well-known
as a most potent disinfectant ; the other camphoric acid, a powerful
antiseptic. Now, as the free elimination of these agents was con-
tinually going on wherever the Hucalyptus was cultivated it was clear
nothing could be more conducive to the destruction of malaria and the
consequent preservation of health, and hence the recognised value of this
tree in the malarial regions of the Campagna near Rome, and in the
vicinity of the Douro in Spain. It was right to add, however, that
during the discussion which followed the reading of Mr. Kingzett’s
paper, a learned writer on sanitary science, Dr. Thudichum, thought
that the beneficial action which the Lucalyptus was supposed to exert,
was more probably due to its sucking up the superabundant moisture of
the ground and thus destroying malaria.

The Rev. W. W. Spicer suggested that the tree might act as a
valuable sanitary agent in both ways.

Mr. F. Apport, F.R.A.S., read a lengthened paper on ‘‘The Modern
Progress of Astronomy.” Being nesessarily a resumé the paper did not
invite or call for discussion.

The Rev. W. W. Spicer, F.R.M.S., read a paper ‘‘On the occur:
rence of ‘Ergot’ on Rye-grass.”

Mr. W. E. Baynton, of Kingston, (who furnished the specimen
referred to in the paper), in reply to a question stated that hitherto
none of his cattle had suffered from eating the diseased rye-grass, but
this was probably due to the fact that as yet only a very small patch of
the grass had become affected.

Sir JAMES WILSON was sure every one present would agree with him
in thinking that not only this Society, but many others to which we
have sent our Meteorological Tables, were much indebted to Mr. Abbott
for his unwearying attention, extending over a period of about 30
years, to meteorological observation. No other member, he thought,
had done more for the Society, and he had therefore much pleasure in
proposing that our best thanks were due to Mr. Abbott not only for the
paper on “The Modern Progress of Astronomy,” which had just been
read, but for all his past exertions in the cause of meteorology.

16

The CHAIRMAN in putting the motion observed it was happy for us,
seeing that the Government had done so little for meteorology, that
one of our members had been able to effect so much. The motion
having passed, a ‘‘special vote of thanks ” was accorded to Mr. E. D.
Swan for his very valuable and acceptable donation; and, a vote of
thanks having been also given to the Rev. W. W. Spicer, and the
donors of the presentations, the proceedngs terminated.

-

17

JULY, 1877.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, 10th
July. His Excellency the Governor was in the chair.

Charles Henry Smith, Esq., Consular Agent for Italy at Launceston,
who had previously been nominated by the Council, was balloted for and
declared duly elected as a Fellow of the Society.

The Hon. Secretary, Dr. AGNEW, laid on the table the following returns for
the past month, viz.,

1. Number of Visitors to Museum, 1,486.

2. Ditto to gardens, 3,158.

3. Plants received at gardens.—From Mr. Wm. Lamdner, Melbourne,
seeds of Valonia Oak (Quercus Agilops). From Baron F. von
Mueller, Melbourne, three packets seeds.

4, Plants and seeds sent from Gardens :—To the Department of Agri-
culture, Washington, United States, 100 packets of seeds. For
grounds of Cemetery, Cornelian Bay, 40 plants. For grounds of
Launceston Hospital, 150 plants. For Horton College, Ross, 100
plants. For grounds of St. David’s Cathedral, two plants. For
grounds of Sandy Bay Cemetery, 50 plants.

5. Times of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in
the Botanic Gardens during June.

6. Books and Periodicals received.

7. Presentations to Museum.

Meteorological Tables:—

1. HobartTown, from Mr. F. Abbott.—Table for June.

2. New Norfolk, from Mr. W. E. Shoobridge.— Ditto.

38. Mount Nelson, table for June; Swan Island, ditto for May ; Goose
Island, ditto for April and May; South Bruni, ditto for May and
June ; Kent’s Group, for April.—From the Marine Board.

4, A series of the American simultaneous meteorological observations, for-
warded from the chief signal office, Washington, U.S. [In these the
“simultaneous” observations taken at Hobart Town by Mr. F.
Abbott appear, in the “British Series,” for the first time ; the Mel-
bourne Observatory furnishing the only other record for these
colonies. |

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From Master Dunstan.—A specimen of the “ More-pork” (Podargus
Cuvier), from Kangaroo Point.

. From Mr, Hissey.—Two specimens of young of Native Devil (Savco-
philus ursinus) from the pouch.

3. From Mr. J. Brown.—Specimens of iron ore, etc., from Glaziers’ Bay.

4, From Lieut. F. G. C. Langdon, R.N.—22 polished specimens of Fossil
Wood from Jamaica. [These beautiful specimens were examined with
great interest, the minute structure of the former woody tissues
being brought out with peculiar distinctness. }

His EXceLuLENcy, after referring to a former communication he had made
to the Society as to the value of a new article of fodder—the pods of the
Prosopis pubesceas, or Screw Bean—laid on the table some further infor-
mation on the subject by an employé at the Cinchona Plantation, Jamaica.
From this it appeared that, on one occasion, when a horse had eaten a
pound of the pods he was found dead on the morning of the third day after-
wards, the impression being that the death was due to some poisonous pro-
perty in the bean. It was, therefore, evident that as a fodder the bean
should be very cautiously tried. And caution was the more necessary as
it was well known in Jamaica that the pods of another species of the same
genus—Prosopisjuliflora—though “a valuable fodder,” was apt, especially
after rain, to produce intestinal disturbances, and in some cases death. As
far as the seed which had been distributed by him was concerned, no harm

Cc

18

could possibly have been done, as it had quite failed (as far as he was aware)
to germinate, vitality having apparently been destroyed by weevil.

The Hon. SECRETARY read a paper “ On the Hobart Town Storage Reser-
voir,” by T. Stephens, Esq., F.G.S.

The Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.MS., read a paper “On Plants as
Insect Destroyers.”
The Bishop oF TASMANIA, after some complimentary observations on the
very practical remarks of Mr. Stephens, and the very instructive paper by
the Rev. W. W. Spicer, proposed a special vote of thanks to both writers.
This, with the usual vote of thanks to donors of presentations, having

passed, His Excellency left the chair.

DES

AUGUST, 1877.

The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, 14th
‘August ; JAMES BARNARD, Esq., in the chair.

H. BENJAFIELD, Esq., M.B., who had previously been nominated by
the Council, was balloted for and declared duly elected asa Fellow of
the Society.

The Hon. Secretary (Dr. AGNEw) brought forward the following
returns for the past month, viz. :—

1. Number of visitors to Museum, 1685.

2. Ditto ditto to Gardens, 4502.

3. Plants and Seeds sent from Gardens :—To Baron von Mueller,
- Melbourne, 100 papers seeds. To Mr. W. Bull, London, 10

papers seeds. {To Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, 28 papers seeds.
To Royal Horticultural Gardens, London, 10 ditto. To the Royal
Gardens, Kew, 106 ditto. To Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux, &
Cie., Paris, 14 ditto. To Ch. Huber & Cie., Hyeres, France,
14 ditto. To Mr. C. F. Creswell, Melbourne, one box plants
and seeds. To Mr. J. Jones, Melbourne, 50 papers seeds.

4, Plants supplied for decoration of public places :—For public school
grounds, Sorell, 18 plants. For Church grounds, St. Mary’s,
30 plants. For Church grounds, Spring Bay, 25 plants. To the
Municipality of Deloraine, 100 plants.

5. Time of leafing, &c., of a few standard plants in the Botanic Gar-
dens during July.

6. Books and Periodicals received.

7. Presentation to Museum.

Meteorological Tables—

1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.—Table for July.

2. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq.—Table for July.

3, Tamar Heads, from R. Henry, Esq., table for July.

4, From the Marine Board, tables from King’s Island for February
to Juneinclusive, Mount Nelson for July, and South Bruni for
ditto.

5. Melbourne, from R. J. L. Ellery, Esq., printed tables for
November, 1876.

6. Sydney, from H. C. Russell, Esq., ditto for 1876.

7. New Zealand, from Dr. Hector, meteorological report for 1875.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From F. B. Spicer, Campbell Town, a mountain duck (Casarca
tadornoides).

2. From Mr. G. Ibbott, Lower Jerusalem, a Long-billed Cockatoo
(Licmetis tenuirostris) shot near the Coal River. [This bird had
evidently been in confinement. |

3. From Mr. L. Boyes, Gould’s Country, a Nankeen Night Heron
(Nycticorax caledonicus).

4, From Mr. Wm. Barnard, an Australian Golden Plover (Charadrius
orientalis).

[Mr. J. Swan observed he had never known these birds to be so
numerous in Tasmania as during the present season. For one bird seen
on former occasions, he must have seen fifty this year in the Lake
District. He thought it probable that the great droughts in the
interior of Australia had driven the birds southward to Tasmania in
search of moisture. |

5. From Dr. Barnard, a sample of ‘‘tailings,” said to contain 50
per cent. of copper, from the Kaiser Gold and Copper Mining
Company, Lincoln, near Wellington, New South Wales.

6. From A. Simson, Esq. —- Ten specimens of sponges and two of
Echinodermata from Flinders Island.

20

7. From R. C. Kermode, Esq.—190 specimens of modern European
coins, with list.

8. From Master H. Jones—A Bronze Cuckoo (Lamprococcyx plagosus )
from near Mount Nelson. [Mr. E. Swan remarked that this
Cuckoo had appeared a month earlier than usual this year, as
it was very rarely seen before September. Mr, J. Swan thought
it might generally be looked for abeut the same time as the
Swallow. ]

9. From J. Swan, Esq.—A Black Magpie (Strepera arguta).

10. From Mr. W. Simpson—Two malformed eggs of common fowl.

The SECRETARY called attention to the unusually long list of book

presentations on the table from societies in various parts of the
world, to wit, Great Britain, America, Italy, Germany, New Zealand,
and the neighbouring colonies.

The SECRETARY informed the meeting that His Excellency the Presi-

dent was unavoidably absent in consequence of another engagement.

Owing to the inclemency of the weather, the attendance of members

was smaller than usual. After some observations as to certain of the
presentations, the usual vote of thanks was accorded to the donors,
and the meeting terminated.

91
SEPTEMBER, 1877.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, 11th
September, His Excellency the Governor in the chair.

The following gentlemen, who had been previously nominated by the
Council, were balloted for and declared duly elected as corresponding
Members of the Society, viz.: Professor F. McCoy, F.G.S., Melbourne
University; R. L. J. Ellery, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Government Astro-
nomer, Victoria ; and Mons. J. N. Verschaffelt, Ghent, Belgium. E. J.
Crouch, Esq., of Hobart Town, and — Woodgate, Esq., of Launceston, were
also elected Fellows of the Society.

The Hon. Secretary (Dr. Agnew) brought under notice the usual
returns for the past month, viz. :—

1. Number of visitors to Museum, 1727.

2. Ditto ditto to Gardens, 5894.

3. Plants received at Gardens.—From the Sydney Botanic Gardens,

plants of the North American Nymphea lutea and N. odorata.
From Mr. G. Brunning, Melbourne, 41 plants and 23 varieties of
fruit scions. From Messrs. Shepherd and Co., Sydney, 21 fruit
trees.

4, Plants, etc,, sent from Gardens.—To Messrs. Shepherd and Co.,

Sydney, one case plants and seeds. To Mr. G. Brunning, Mel-

bourne, one ditto. For decoration of Public School grounds,

Oatlands, 55 plants.

. Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in

the Botanic Gardens during August.

6. Books and Periodicals received.

7. Presentations to Museum.

Meteorological Returns.

1, Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq. Table for August.

2. Mount Nelson, from the Marine Board. | Ditto.

3. Melbourne, from the Government Observer. Printed tables for

December, 1876, and Results of Observations for 1875.

4, From the Chief Signal Office, Washington, U.S. Bulletins of Inter-
national Observations from 13th to 22nd October, 1876.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From E. D. Swan, Esq. Nine specimens of Unio from Lakes Champlain
and Ontario. One specimen of “Clam” shell from America.
Land shells from Alexandria.

2. From Mr. J. R. Rollins, Longley. A fine specimen of silicified wood
from the Sandfly Rivulet.

3. From R. C. Kermode, Esq. A Tartar hat, from the Crimea. A pair
of Tartar lady’s shoes. A pair of child’s ditto—A pair wooden
shoes (sabots), from Copenhagen. A Norwegian peasant’s cap.

4, From the Rev. W. W. Spicer. Forty-seven species of plants collected

by Mr. E. N. Spong.

From Mr. R. R. Rex. A jar containing specimens of the leaves and
fruit of the nutmeg tree, from Penang. Two plates of “ Baleen,’’
from the whale lately found near East Bay Neck.

6. From Mr. P. Tanner, A sample of Coal from the Greta mines, New

South Wales.

. From Mr. Soby, Hobart Town. A Half-Farthing, William IV, A

eral Swedish Silver Coin (10 ore), 1864. A small Chilian Silver

oin,

Referring to the whale recently cast ashore at East Bay Neck, the
SECRETARY reported that it had been purchased for the Museum by means
chiefly of an appeal to the Fellows of the Society, which had been very
generally responded to. A considerable sum would be necessary for setting
up the skeleton, but as the purchase did not exhaust the sum already

Or

Se

~y

22

received the extra amount required would be small, The whale was of
the variety called “sulphur bottom,” and about sixty-five feet in length.

In the absence of the author, the SECRETARY read the concluding portion
of “ Notes on the Hobart Town Reservoir,” by T. Stephens, Esq., F.G.S.

The Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.M.S., read a paper entitled “ Notes
on the Flora of Tasmania.” The author gave a most graphic and masterly
sketch of the distribution of the flora throughout the island, with descrip-
tions of many of its peculiar forms, and of their effect on the scenery,
contrasting them with the vegetation at home and elsewhere. The paper
throughout betrayed a perfect and practical acquaintance with all the
known flora of Tasmania, and was listened to with the greatest interest
and attention.

In reference to a subject which was brought forward at a late meeting of
the society, to wit, the difference in the time of the leafing of trees here and in
England, His Excellency mentioned he had recently noticed in the Gardens
at Government House that the Oak came into leaf earlier than the
Sycamore, whilst the reverse was the case in England. This he thought
was very remarkable, but morc extended observations were desirable.
His Excellency also presented a parcel of the pods of prosopis juliflora
obtained from the Royal Gardens, Kew. On the parcel being opened
it was found that almost every pod had been attacked by a sort of weevil,
the vitality of the seed being probably destroyed in consequence. (By the
advice of the Superintendent of the Public Gardens these pods have been
steeped in water in order to destroy the insect, and with a hope that is
some the power of germination may not be lost.)

The proceedings terminated with a vote of thanks to the donors of
presentations, and a special vote to Mr. Spicer for his most interesting
paper on the “Flora of Tasmania.”

After the meeting, Mr. Lewald, who has had experience in chemical
analysis under the “ Adulteration of Food Commission,’ in England,
showed, by means of the Society’s microscope, how, by polarised light,
various animal and vegetable fats may be distinguished from each other ;
and how, therefore, in the case of mixture of any of these substances for
the purpose of fraud, the adulteration may be detected. The substances
subjected to the polariscope were sperm oil, paraffin, beef fat, mutton fat,
and cocoa butter.

23

ON SOME SOUTH AUSTRALIAN POLYZOA,

By F. W. Hotron, Esq., F.G.S., Director oF THE
Otago Museum, DUNEDIN.

[Read 13th March, 1877.)

The following is a list of some of the polyzoa collected at
odd times by Professor Ralph Tate, Hon. Mem. Roy. Soc.,
Tasmania, on the shores of St. Vincent’s Gulf. The great
interest of several of the new species here described promises
an ample reward to any one who will make a systematic
search for them.

CaBEREA RUDIS. Busk, Cat. Mar. Polyz. . Brit. Mus. Cat., I., p. 38.

The South Australian specimen differs from the description
of Mr. Busk’s, in having the sete long and serrated ; if this

be constant it might perhaps be used as a specific character.
The type specimens are from Bass’ Straits.

MEMBRANIPORA LACROIXI. Savigny ; Busk. loc. cit., p. 60.
MEMBRANIPORA (?) crncTA. Spec. nov.

_ Yoarium encasing stems of alge. Cells quadrangular

arranged transversely in rings; lamina punctured ; orifice
sub-orbicular, with a rounded, generally brownish, tubercle on
each side; a broad flattened incurving process at the lower
angle of each cell.

A most remarkable form, which from the exact regularity in
the disposition of the cells, ought perhaps to be made the type
of a new genius.

LEPRALIA CANDIDA. MacGillivray, Trans. Phil. Inst. ,
Victoria, IV., p. 98.

LEPRALIA ELEGANS. MacGillivray, loc. cit., p. 166.
LEPRALIA TATEI. Spec. nov. |

Cells irregular, subvertical smooth, strengthened by radiating
ridges of which there are always three in front, including be-
tween them two large oval vacuities; orifice sub-orbicular
with a long projecting rostrum below; a small raised cylin-
drical avicularium occasionally on one or both sides of the
mouth.

A very distinct form belonging to the same group as L.
candida.

LEPRALIA SPICEA. Spec. nov.

Cells cylindrical, sub-erect, areolated; walls thin, hyaline
orifice orbicular ; lower lip produced into a long acuminate

24

rostrum, bearing two or three small spines on either side;
large oval avicularia scattered over the zoarium; remarkable
for the spines on the lower lip.

LEPRALIA BACCATA. Spec. nov,

Cells small, quincuncial, immersed, divided by a raised line ;
surface coarsely granulated ; orifice oval, transverse, with a
smooth shining mammillary projection below; ov-cecia reni-
form, transverse, coarsely granulated; no avicularia; color
purple; encrusting stems of alge.

LEPRALIA POCULA. Spec. nov.

Cells pyriform, sub-erect, smooth, obscurely corrugated
transversely, arranged in transverse, slightly oblique rows;
opaque; orifice large, orbicular flattened below, generally with
one or two small immersed avicularia (?) on the sides of each
cell; encrusting stems of alge.

CELLEPORA AGGLUTINANS. Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. of
New Zealand, p. 99.

CELLEPORA EDAX. Busk, Trans. Micro. Soc., n.s., I., p. 54.

The South Australian specimens differ somewhat in habit
from the British tpye, but not sufficiently to make a specific
difference.

CELLEPORA TUBIGERA. Busk. (?) Crag. Polyzoa, p. 64.

Several specimens of two varieties of cellepora are in the
collection, the cells of which resemble those of C. tubigera, but
are widely different in habit. Both encrust the stems of
alge. In one (var. 5) the zoarium is angled, the angles
running more or less longitudinally. In the other (var. 6)
the zoarium is also angled, but the angles form rather close
spirals round the encrusting stem. Many intermediate forms
occur, and it is evident that both belong to one species, but
whether it should be considered as C. tubigera is doubtful.

EscHARA CONTORTA. Busk. (?)
The type is from South Africa.
EscHARA (?) HUTTONI TATE.* Spec. nov.

Zoarium encrusting stems of alge, but branching out into
erect. lobes; color, rose to yellow; cells immersed, ovate,
coarsely punctured ; orifice rounded, with a sinuosity below,
and generally a small denticle on each side; an ascending
cylindrical, tubular process supporting an avicularium, on

* [This species was named E. tated by the author, but as the name is pre-
occupied for a tertiary S. Australian form described by the Rev. J. E.
Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc., N.S.W., 1876, I have taken the liberty of
dedicating it to Mr. Hutton,—R. Tare. ]

25

either side of the mouth ; oveecia globular, coarsely punctured.
This remarkable form connects Eschara with |Lepralia, its
general aspect is like the former, but its encrusting zoarium
shows an affinity to Lepralia or Cellepora.
RETIHORNERA FOLIACEA. MacGillivray, loc. cit.

RETEPORA CELLULOSA. Busk., Cat. Mar. Polyz., Brit. Mus.
Cat. II., p. 98.

RETEPORA PHENICA. Busk.
The type specimens are from Bass’ Strait.
Vincutagi maorica. Stoliczka, Voy. Novara, Paleontology, p. 153.
Hitherto only known as a fossil in the Miocene rocks near
Auckland, New Zealand.

IDMoNEA RADIANS. Lamarck (Retepora), Hist. d. an. S. Vert.,
2nd ed., p. 279.
PUSTULIPORA PORCELLANICA. Hutton, loc. cit., p. 102.
TUBULIPORA FLABELLARIS, Johnston, Brit., Zooph., p. 274.
, This species has not been found in the Southern Hemisphere
efore,

DIsCOPORELLA NOVE-ZEALANDILE. Busk., Cat. Marine Polyzoa,
in Brit. Mus. Cat., TII., p. 32.

DIscOPORELLA FIMBRIATH. Busk., loc. cit., p. 32.
Also found in South America and Tasmania.

26

CENSUS; WITH BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE.
MARINE SHELLS OF TASMANIA AND THE
ADJACENT ISLANDS.

By THE Rev. J. E. Ten1son-Woops, F.L.8., F.G.8., F.R.G.S.,
Cor. Mem. or Roy. Soc. or N.S. W., Tas., Victoria, Ero.

[Read 13th March, 1877. ]

Norse.—All the measurements are given in French millimetres, and the
greatest measurement in each direction is always meant. The letters N.,S.,
E., and W. will be used to denote, the north, south, east, and west coasts of
the island respectively ; B.St., Bass’ Straits ; S.E.A., South-east Australia,
as far as Port Jackson inclusive ; E.A., the whole of the East Australian
coast ; S.A., the whole of the South Australian coast as far as Spencer’s
Gulf; W.A., Western Australia, as far as Swan River; V. will mean
Victoria from Cape Howe to Portland Bay.

CLASS CEPHALAPODA.

ARGONAUTA ORYZATA. Meush. Mus. Gev. 252, 133. This well-known
shell, the ‘‘ Paper Nautilus ” of collectors is rarely foundin Tasmania. “wo
species are found in E.A., not uncommon in $.A. ‘

SPIRULA LAVIS. Gray, Cat. Moll. Brit. Mus. Pt. 1,p.116. S.A., E.A., and
W.A., rather uncommon.

Seria. Two species at least, not determined, and others of Octopus,
Cistopus, Onychoteuthis, etc. ;

CLASS GASTEROPODA.

MuREx TRIFORMIS. Reeve, Icon. pl. 13, fig. 53. Somewhat common but
generally worn and imperfect specimens only. The shell seems as if its
growth were stunted by its southern habitat, while in South Australia the
varices expand into beautiful and delicate frills.

Murex zonatus. Tenison- Woods.

Murex ancasi. Crosse, Jour. de Conch. 1863, p. 86, pl. 1, fig. 2. Two
small specimens of this rare shell have been shown to me from the W. Coast. ~
It has three varices which are canaliculately hooked at the upper part.
There are three tubercles between each varix on the upper part of the whorl.
One is strongly inclined to regard this as allied to JZ. acanthopterus, M.
pinniger, M. phyllopterus, and M. falcatus. Common in the dredge at Long
Bay. W. F. Petterd.

TypHis aRcuaTus, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, vide Descr. Nove. spec. ab. aue.
Reg. Soc. Tas. Proc., 1876.

TROPHON UMBILICATUS. Tenison-Woods. In this and all succeeding
references to the author’s name, the species will be found described in the
Society’s Proceedings for 1875 and 1876, and the names in this list are
printed thus for the purpose of labelling collections.

TROPHON PETTERDI. Crosse Jour. Conch., 1864, pl. 5, fig. 20. Abundant:
A yellowish white or brown cancellated shell. Long. 21, lat. 11. Whorls 6:
Generally distributed.

TROPHON BRAZIERI. Tenison- Woods.
TROPHON ASSISI. Tenison- Woods.
TROPHON GOLDSTEINI. Tenison- Woods.
TROPHON MARIM. Tenison- Woods.

TROPHON HANLFYI. Angas. Zool. Proc., 1867, p. 110. This New South
Wales shell is said to occur in Tasmania, but I have seen no specimen.

27

TROPHON AUSTRALIS. Tenison- Woods.

Fusus pInaTaTa. Quoy. and Gaim., Voy. de l’ Astrolabe. North Coast.
W. F. Petterd.

Fusus prrutatus. Reeve. Icon., pl. 13, fig. 50. Described as Tasmanian,
but unknown to collectors here. S.A.

FUsUs NOVE-HOLLANDIZ. Reeve. Icon. pl. 18, fig. 70. A very long
channelled spindle shell with distant lire and nodose ribs. Common.
Long. 117, lat. 37; whorls 9. That size a generally smaller. In
Australia it attains 175 mill. in length. S.A.

Fusvs TASMANIENSIS. Adams and Angas., Zool. Proc., 1863, p, 421. Rare;
N.W. Coast.

FUsUS LEGRANDI. TZenison-Woods. Rare.

Fusus sPIcerrI. Zenison- Woods.

SIPHONALIA CLARKEI. Tenison- Woods,

SIPHONALIA CASTANEA. TZenison- Woods.

SIPHONALIA PULCHRA, Tenison- Woods.

SIPHONALIA TURRITA. Tenison- Woods.

SIPHONALIA FuscozoNnATA. Ad. and Angas., Zool. Proc., 1865, p. 56. A
small white shell with blunt ribs and zones of brownspots. King’s Island ;
not very common. Long. 74, lat. 3, but South Australian specimens double
that size.

PLEUROTOMA (DRILLIA) cOxI. Angas. Zool. Proc., 1867, p. 113. A
turretted nodosely ribbed maculate shell. Long. 25, lat.10. One specimen
only, dredged by Rev. H. D. Atkinson at 7 fathoms. Long Bay, D’Entre-
casteaux Channel.

PLEUROTOMA (DRILLIA ?) INcRUSTA. Tenison- Woods.

PLEUROTOMA (DRILLIA ?) PSEUDO-CARINATA. Reeve. Icon. pl. 29, fig. 256,
An ovately pyramidal shell, somewhat indistinctly keeled, plicately ribbed
(10 ribs on the body whorl) and transversely finely striate, brownish yellow.
Long. 24, lat. 6. King’sIsland. Sometimes obscurely dotted brown at the
top of the ribs.

PLEUROTOMA (DRILLIA ?) ATKINSONI. Tenison- Woods.
PLEUROTOMA (DRILLIA ®) MINUTA. Tenison- Woods.
PLEUROTOMA (DRILLIA ?) WELDIANA. Tenison- Woods.

PLEUROTOMA (DRILLIA) BERAUDIANA. Cross. Jour. Conch., 1868, p. 88, pl.
fig. 6. S., rare. N.S.W. King’s Island, Common. A turretted nodose
livid species, about 15 mill. long.

PLEUROTOMA PHILIPINERI. Tenison- Woods.
PLEUROTOMA (CLATHURELLA) PHILOMENE. Tenison- Woods.

Bena MITRALIS. Ad. and Angas., Zool. Proc., 1863, p. 420. An ivory.
white shell with nacreous fine ribs which become obsolete on the last whorl ;
finely striate throughout ; common. S8.E.A. and 8.A. Long. 17, lat. 7,
whorls 6 ; sometimes faintly spotted reddish brown.

CYTHARA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.

DAPHNELLA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods,

DAPHNELLA VARIX. J'enison- Woods.

MANGELIA ST. GALLE. Tenison-Woods ; ditto, var, Benedicte.
MANGELIA DESALESII. TZenison- Woods.

MANGELIA ATKINSONI. Tenison- Woods.

MANGELIA MEREDITHIZ. Tenison- Woods.

MANGELIA IMMacuLaTA. TZenison- Woods.

28

MANGELIA LE-TOURNEUXIANA. Crosse., Jour. de Conch., 1865, p. 425,
pl. 11, fig. 7. A small attenuated shell of ten whorls, lirate and obscurely
few ribbed, generally chocolate brown. Not common. §&. and E., and
S.E.A.

Triton cutaceus. Linné., Syst. Nat., 12 Edit., p. 1217. <A large ovate
ventricose shell, girdled with sulciand wrinkled ribs of pink color not unlike ~
human skin. A faint plait on the upper part of the columella, Ordinary
specimens about a decimeter long. Lamarck gives the Atlautic as its
habitat. All the species are so wide spread that I have no doubt of its ex-
tending to Australia. Recent deep sea dredging will probably cause some
species of T’riton to be abandoned, their habitat being the only reason for
regarding them as distinct.

TRITON SPENGLERI. Dillwyn, Descrip. Cat. Recent Shells, p. 2. This ap-
pears to me only a variety of the above with a dilated mouth. The young
shells are variegated and so finely marked that I believe they have been
also mistaken for different species. Kiener thought, but probably in-
correctly, that this was the character of 7. tranquebaricus. S.E.A. and8.H,

TRITON WATERHOUSEL Ad. and Ang. Muchsmaller than 7. cutaceus, but
difficult to characterize by any other feature.

Triton quoyi.. Reeve. Icon. pl. 19, fig. 93. Common. A small whitish
shell with 4 to 5 varices, acute spire, and finely decussated outer lip, toothed
within. Long. 25, lat 13, whorls 7. Common in §.A.

TRITON suBDISTORTUS. Lamarck. Vol. 9, p. 638. A larger and more
ventricose shell than the preceding ; ovately conical, sub-distorted, with
fine irregularly noduled transverse ridges ; whitish, mottled with brown.
Long. 58, lat. 30, whorls 7. Common. E. and V.

TRITONIDEA PETTERDI. Brazier, 1870. One specimen only from Bridport,
N.E. Coast, now in Melbourne Museum. W. F. Petterd.

RANELLA LEUCOsTOMA. Lam., Vol. 9, p. 542. Triton leucostoma Quoy;
Voy. Astrol., t. 3, 546, pl. 40, fig.3. An ovately conical shell, with varices
scarcely regular enough for a Ranella ; transversely striate and a row of
tubercles on each whorl; scorched deep livid brown, the varices banded
brown and white ; mouth very white. Long, 72, lat. 43, whorls 6, decollated.
Common. §.E.A., S.A.

RANELLA VEXILLUM. Sowerby, Conch., Illust. Ranella, fig.3. A fusiformly
ovate shell, depressed, with fine transverse and irregularly noduled ridges ;
brownish, regularly banded with reddish brown lines ; outer lip minutely
toothed. Long. 40, lat. 26. whorls 5. Common. Reeve gives another
figure and habitat, and, therefore, I doubt if the Tasmanian one is R. vexillum
of Sow.

RANELLA EPITREMA. Tenison- Woods.

PISANIA RETICULATA. A. Adams, Zool. Proc. 1854, p, 138. An oblong
turretted shell, densely reticulated and of uniform purple brown color ;
upper whorls granulated ; seldom more than one varix at the lip. Long. 30,
lat. 12, whorls 7. Rather common; V. Said by Mr. Adams to occur in
New Caledonia.

PISANIA TASMANICA. Tenison-Woods. Smaller than the preceding, and
white with irregular varices. It seems, however, doubtful to me whether
this is more than a variety.

COMINELLA TENUISCOSTATA. Tenison- Woods.

CoMINELLA ALVEOLATA. Kiener, Spec, Conch., Buccinum, fig. 13 (var.
lineolata ). A handsomely striate nodose shell, chequered black and white ;
very variable ; specimens from King’s Island are banded green and brown,
and have an appearance not unlike an Ancillaria. Common. S.A. S.E.A,
Long. 30, lat. 15.

29

ComINELLA LacTEs. Reeve, Icon., Buccinum, fig. 117. This certainly
appears to be no more than a greenish white variety of the last very variable
shell, as also C. quoyana, A. Adams, Zool. Proc., 1854, p. 3138. It occurs in
New Zealand.

COMINELLA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.

CoMINELLA cosTaTA. Quoy. Voy. Astrol., Vol. 2, p. 417. Very variable in
color but generally of a reddish brown hue, spire acute and nodose ; about
- the same dimensions as C. alveolata. B.Sts.; common. Rare onS. Coast.

CoMINELLA ANGASI. Crosse. Journ. de Conch., 1864, p. 275. I cannot
regard this as more than a dark variety of the preceding, as also C.
Adelaidensis (Crosse loc. cit.) which, however, is not found in Tasmania.

Apamsia TypicA. Dunker, Zool. Pro., 1860, p. 421. This generic name
may have to be changed as it is pre-occupied by one of Prof. E. Forbes’
genera of Helianthoid anthozoa with tubular retractile tentacles. Is the
genus a good one? Mr. Angas says that the operculum is purpuroid. As
we have a Dunkeria in conchology we cannot re-name it after the founder.
I propose if the genus is to be maintained that it be called Agnewia, after
the distinguished Secretary of the Society to which Tasmanian science is so
largely indebted. A coarsely ribbed conspicuously lirate shell like a Comi-
nella, but with a purpuroid operculum. The Tasmanian species are banded
with purple or chestnut. Rare, N;in 8.A.,and$.E.A. Long. 32, lat. 17.

Nassa Fascrata. Lam. Vol. 10, p. 169. Our largest Australian species,
and probably the most common (except in Tasmania) in all extra tropical
Australia. Very ornamental with ribs and granulation, besides being very
_ prettily banded with lines varying in different specimens from brown to
light yellow. The coloring of the whole genus is extremely variable, and
must not be regarded as of specific importance. Long. 18, lat. 11.

NassA PAUPERATA. Lamarck, Vol. 10, p. 183. Common, and found
widely distributed like the preceding. It is smaller, more squat and sordid
in appearance. Generally darker in color, but sometimes even white or
covered with a greenish periostraca, Long. 18, lat. 13.

Nassa RuFocincTa. A. Adams., Zool. Proc., 1851, p. 106. A very small
subturretted chesnut banded species with 11 to 13 ribs on the last whorl.
Long. 10; rare. B.Sts.,S.E.A. (Pig Island, Tamar; R. M. Johnston.)

NAssA JACKSONIANA. Kiener, Mon. Buce., pl. 19, f. 73. Not uncommon.
A white, thin, poor shell, smaller than N. pauperata ; often found almost
transparent. §8.E.A. Long. 12, lat. 10.

NassA TASMANICA. TZenison- Woods.

PuRpPuURA TEXTILOSA. Lamarck, Vol. 10, p.77. A coarse whitish shell,
coarsely granulated and transversely ribbed, which the French naturalist
somewhat fancifully compared to canvas ; about 50 to 60 long by 37 to 42
wide ; very common in all extra-tropical Australia.

PURPURA HUMILIS. Crosse, Jowrn. Conch, 1865, p. 51. Common in §. A,
A small yellowish shell with equidistant red nodules. Long. 10.; lat. 7.

Purpura succincta. Martyn Univers., Conch., 2 Vol. pl. 45. Deeply
sulcate and without granules. A doubtfully distinct species from P. textilosa,
the gradations from one form to the other being readily found. The Tas-
manian specimens are intermediate between P. textilosa and the extreme
form of P. succincta as found in N.S. Wales and New Zealand. Reeve, perhaps
on the authority of Krauss (Sudafricanische Mollusken p. 118), quotes this
shell as being found at the Cape of Good Hope. Dr. E. Von. Martens,
however, states that in the South African shells examined by Krauss, sent
to the Museum of Stuttgart by Baron Von Ludwig, there were a good many
Australian species, and that Krauss was not aware of this, =

PURPURA MADREPORARUM. Sowerby) Gen. of Shells, fig. 12? Shell irregular,

30

ts]

spire short or concealed, very finely striate, aperture partly stained violet
purple. Long. 31, lat. 25. Rare. Extreme south of Bruni Island. Said
to occur in the Eastern Seas upon madrepores.

PURPURA LITTORINOIDES. Tenison-Woods. An examination of many
individuals has shown me that the outer lip is toothed, and the shell ap-
proaches a Nassa, especially in examples from 8. Coast of Australia, where
it iscommon. It may possibly require a new genus for its reception.

PURPURA PROPINQUA. Tenison- Woods.

EBURNA (ZEMIRA) AUSTRALIS. Sow. Conch. Illust. fig. 5. A small shining
ovate shell with short spire, finely grooved, one rather deep groove on the
lower third of body whorl ; light chesnut spots at the edge of the channel.
Long. 17, lat, 10, whorls 5. E. Ratherrare. Common in §.A.

CANCELLARIA LAVIGATA. Sow. Conch. Jllust. fig. 24. An almost smooth
shell with faint spiral grooves on the upper whorls. Strongly grooved
within the aperture. Long. 27, lat. 16, whorls 6. Not common. §.A.

CANCELLARIA UNDULATA. Sow. Zool. Proc. 1878, p. 136. Erect and
sharply turretted, ribbed throughout with somewhat distant and obliquely
waved ribs. Long. 40, lat. 28. Somewhat rare. It is said that a variety
of this shell, C. truncata, occurs in the Philippines, C. granosa should pro-
bably be included with it. It has been doubted if this and the last shell
occur in Tasmania, but I have seen many specimens, and some from Port-
land Bay, Victoria. :

CANCELLARIA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.

CANCELLARIA EXCAVATA. Sow, Rare. N.W. Coast. W.F. Petterd.

ANCILLARIA MUcRONATA. Sow., Thes., Conch., Anc., p. 63, p. 211. This
is believed to have been described from a fossil from the lower cainozoic
beds at Table Cape. Mr. Legrand informs me that he has never found it
but as a fossil. My reference to it in my paper on the Tertiary Fossils of
Table Cape (see Proc., 1875) will need correction as the shell is there stated
to be still living.

ANCILLARIA MARGINATA. Lamarck, Vol. 10, p. 591. Neatly margined
at the suture with a broad orange brown band and a spiral ridge which is
more defined as it reaches the apex. Long. 32, lat. 16. Rather common.
Var. Tasmanica mihi. A smaller white shell.

OLIVA HIEROGLYPHICA. Reeve, Icon. pl. 24, fig. 68. A small oblong some-
what tumid shell, ivory white and shining, encircled with three bands of
pale brown undulating and branching marks. The only Tasmanian Olive
known. Rare. Brown’s River, One specimen only from the East Coast.
Long. 12, lat. 5, whorls 5.

FASCIOLARIA FuSIFORMIS. Valenc. in Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 18, pl. 4,
fig. 2. Smallest spire, varying considerably in size and with an arcuate
columella ; sometimes coronate or with faint tubercles on the upper whorls.
Pale brown, with very little enamel on'the columella, in which respect it
differs from the two following. Common. Long. 50, lat. 20.

FascrouaRia coronata. Lamarck, Vol. 9, p. 433. Coronate fleshy white
with scorched spots ; variable in size sometimes, long. 170, lat. 85.

FascIoLaRIA TRAPEZIUM. Linne, Syst. Nat., 12 Ed., p. 1224. See refer-
ences in Lam., Vol. 9, p. 483. This shell is variously described by many
authors. It is found in the Indian Ocean of large size, and is said by
Sowerby to occur in the East and West Indies. The Tasmanian examples
are thick, ovately fusiform, shell crowned with few blunt tubercles; en-
circled with fine double lines and very minutely cancellate. Channelled in
the posterior part of the mouth ; periostraca sordid, olive brown ; smaller
than /. coronata, and not twisted; never larger than long. 100, lat. 50.
Reeve seems to regard the Tasmanian species as varieties of F. coronata, but

- they are very different.

ol

VoLUTA ANGASI. Sow., Thes., fig 99, sp. 73. Common. This species was
long confounded with V. undulata, which it closely resembles ; it is smaller,
-and the brown lines or zebra-like markings are different.

‘VOLUTA FUSIFORMIs. Swainson, Appendix to Bligh. Cat. (not Kiener, see
Reeve, Icon. Voluta). A conspicuous smooth brownish shell, netted with:
darker triangular lines; upper whorls with undulating lines; interior
reddish orange. Long. 180, lat. 70. Common. N.W.

VOLUTA PAPILLARIS. Swainson, Exotic Conch. A Ponderous shell, very
papillary at the apex ; fulvous; netted and banded fulvous chestnut ; colu-
mella solid, 3 to5 plaited. Long. 136, lat. 12. <A pale variety also. Rare. ©
Macquarie Harbour, and in 8.A.

VOLUTA MITRZFORMIS. Lamarck, Vol. 10, p. 104, V. Multicostata, Broderip.
A small shell, rarely seen in B. Sts. Found also in Java. Distinguished by
numerous close longitudinal ribs, spotted brown and transversed by reddish
lines ; base transversely striate. Long. 40 to 50. Victorian coasts also.

VOLUTA MAMILLA. Gray in Sow., Thes., p. 207, pl. 50,fig.57. The largest
of our volutes. Extremely rare. N. only. Long. 265, lat. 154.

VoLuTa kinci. Cox., Zool. Proc., 1871, p. 324. Probably only a pale
variety of V. angast, peculiar to the Islands of Bass’ Straits.

VoLUTA SCLATERI. Coz., Zool. Proc., 1869, p. 358. Flinders Island.

Mirra BADIA. Reeve. Jcon., pl. 20, fig. 157. This very variable and very
common shell is found of almost every shade, from pale yellow to dark
purple brown ; smooth or polished aperture less than spire, plaits 4. Long.
26, lat. 10.

MITRA GLABRA. Swainson, Exotic. Conch. p. 24, pl. 18. Elongately
fusiform, smooth, flesh colored, with sordid periostraca. Long. 50 to 70,
lat. about 4. Rare in Tasmania but common in 8.A.

MITRA AUSTRALIS. Swainson, Zool. Illus. Ist Series, p. 18. Deep brown
or even black with white bands, smooth ; columellar plaits 3}; posterior
prominent. Long. 27, lat. 11, whorls 8. Rather rare. N. and E., S.A.

Mirra Pica. Reeve, p. 31, fig. 247. Smooth, somewhat inflated, delicately
mottled, but generally found worn to chocolate color, with white undulating
band above. Long. 20, lat. 9. Rather common.

Mirra DEcLIvIS. Reeve, pl. 31, fig. 44. Smaller than M. glabra but very
similar. It may be only a variety. Long. 55, lat. 18. Rare. E. only.

MiTRA WELD. u.s. This shell was given to me by Mr. Legrandas M.
vincta, but I have been unable to trace it. Small banded orange and dark
brown ; translucent with faint ribs on upper whorls. Long. 10, lat, 4.
Rather common. Long Bay and Blackman’s Bay, and §.E.A.

MiTRA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.

MITRA SCALARIFORMIS. Tenison- Woods.

MITRA LEGRANDI. Zenison- Woods.

MiTRA TERESIA. Tenison- Woods.

Mirra scita. Tenison- Woods.

MrvRaA GRANATINA. Swainson and Tenison- Woods.
MITRA FRANCISCANA. Tenison- Woods.

MiTRA SEMILIVIDA. Tenison- Woods.

MARGINELLA MuscARIA. Lamarck, Vol. 10, p. 441. Ovately oblong,
shining, diaphanous, pale orange with white margin ; quadriplicate. Long.
15, lat. 8. Very common.

MARGINELLA TURBINATA. Sow. Thes. p. 385, pl. 75, fig. 70. Tumid with
short spire and faintly crenulated suture. Long. 9, lat. 6. Rare.

MARGINELLA FORMICULA. Lamarck, Vol. 10, p. 441. Smaller, and very

32

pale yellow, with plicate nodules on upper part of whorls. Common.
Long. 10, lat. 54.

MARGINELLA VOLUTIFORMIS. Reeve, Icon. pl. 24, fig. 131. An ovate ivory
white shining shell, whorls tumid above, lip varicosely reflected ; quad-
- riplicate. The figure in Reeve much too large. Long. 7, lat. 4. Somewhat
common.

MARGINELLA TASMANICA. Tenison-Woods. -

MARGINELLA STANISLAS. Tenison- Woods.

MARGINELLA MINUTISSIMA. Tenison- Woods.

MARGINELLA ALLPORTI. Tenison- Woods.

‘ COLUMBELLA SEMI-CONVEXA. Lamarck, Vol. 10, p. 171. The large
common Columbella of extra tropical Australia and Tasmania. It is found
of almost every color, variously marked, and even pure white ; outer lip den-
ticulate. With this species must be united the C. saccharata, Reeve, which
is only one of the many variations to which it is subject. Long. 18, lat. 8,
whorls 6.

CoLUMBELLA LINCOLNENSIS. Reeve, Icon pl. 29, fig. 184. An acuminate
solid shell ; white, variously marked with pale chestnut and reddish brown.
Common. §.A. Long. 12, lat. 4, whorls 7.

COLUMBELLA IRRORATA. Reeve, Icon, pl. 25, fig. 153. Distinguished by
its acicular form and color of yellow dotted with orange, encircled beneath
the suture with snowy spots shaded with orange. King’s Island. Very
common.

COLUMBELLA ROBLINI. Tenison- Woods.

COLUMBELLA XAVIERANA. Tenison- Woods.

COLUMBELLA LEGRANDI. Tenison- Woods.

COLUMBELI.A MILTOSTOMA. Tenison- Woods.

COLUMBELLA BADIA. Tenison- Woods.

COLUMBELLA (&SOPUS) PILOSA. Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 111. A

small turretted lirate ‘species, with zone of faint brown spots. N.C., rare 3
and S.E.A.

CoLUMBELLA MINIMA, Angas. This shell is probably C. interrupta, Angas.
It has a mamillated Natica-like apex, as in that shell, and is striated at the
base, but the coloring is sometimes different. The specific name chosen by
Mr. Angas is pre-occupied (see Zool. Proc., 1851) and as his own name has
already been bestowed in the genus, my designation may be retained.

Natica conica. Lamarck, Vol. 8, p. 632. A smooth, polished, conical
shell, pale pinkish, banded darker on the upper part of the whorls. Long.
41, lat. 25. Verycommon. §.A., 8.E.A.

NatIca POLITA. Tenison-Woods, Proceed. of Society, 1875, where it is
described as a fossil among those of Table Cape. It has since been found
by Rev. H. D. Atkinson, W. Legrand, and others about Bruni Island.
Small, white, deeply channelled at the suture.

Natica TASMANICA. Tenison-Woods. More nearly resembling WNatica
leucophea, Reeve, than any other, but that shell is a dull brown and lead

color, with a deep red enamel all round the mouth and callus, the latter
closing the umbilicus. It occurs at Port Jackson.

NatTIcA NANA. Tenison- Woods.

RUMA UMBILICATA. Quoy, Voy. de l’Astrol., Vol. 2, p. 224, pl. 66, fig. 22.
A thin, milky shell, ycllowish white, with three bands of chestnut spots.
-Common, and §.A.

Ruma GLoposa. Tenzson-Weods. I now doubt if this shell is more than
@ white variety of the preceding.

33

SIGARETUS ZONALIS. Quoy,loc. cit. Vol. 5, p. 2, pl. 66, fig. 1 to 3. Ovate,
depressed, obsoletely striate, with a short, scarcely prominent spire, milky
white; columella thin, arcuate, with an umbilicus covered. Long. and lat.
18. Common and in §.A., as far as King George’s Sound, where Quoy ob-
tained it. §. Hanley describes S. australis (Conchologists’ Book of Species,
London, 1842, pl. 1, p. 57) which Reeve (Icon., pl. 3, fig. 15 and 16) con-
siders a different species, being more constricted at the spire. I cannot

see any difference in all the specimens examined by me.

Cassis SEMIGRANOSA. Lamarck, vol 10,p. 37. A white or brownish shell,
granulated at the upper part. The granulations commence in the posterior
portion of the last whorl, and then extend over all the spire. Common,
. and in §.A.

Cassis prruM. Lamarck, Vol. 10, p.33. An ovate, ventricose, smooth
shell, pale brown pink, last whorl nodulous at the angle. About 50 long.
Common and in New Zealand and 8.A. Mueller and Frauenfeld.

Cassis NIVEA. Brazier, Zool. Proc., 1872, p.6.6. I cannot regard this as
more than a white variety of C. pyrum. It isa variable shell in color, some-
times being banded and without nodules. W.

Cassis pauctnuGIs Menke., Mollusc., Nov. Hollandic, p. 23, sp. 107. N,
Coast only.

ScaLa AUSTRALIS. Lamarck, Vol. 9, p. 76. A turretted white shell,
with an acute spire, ribs very straight, resting on a keelatlast whorl. Long.
25, lat. 9. A large quantity of brilliant blue pigment is yielded by the
animal, Common and §.A.

ScaLa (CIRSOTREMA) VARICOSA. Lamarck, Vol. 9, p. 3. Tamar Heads,
rare. W.F. Petterd. The specimen submitted to me was decollated, and
the apex closed with a hemispherical septum.

ScaLa GRANULOSA. Quoy, Voy. de l’Astrol., Vol. 2, p. 75. The ribs in
this white shell are almost obsolete, and the shell more ovate, It is often
at for a worn specimen of S. australis. Long. 28, lat. 13. B. Straits
only.

Scata acuLEaTA. Sow. Zool. Proc., 1844, p. 12. A small, white, narrow
shell, with prominent distant varices following each other at the suture:
outer lip anteriorly emarginate and lobed. Long. 15, lat. 7, whorls 7.
Rather uncommon, B. Sts. only. Found also at Hong Kong, Macassar
Malacca, Amboyna, (Hinds) ; Philippines generally. Cuming. ;

ScaLa DELICATULA. Crosse, Jowrn. Conch., 1864. A Minute, translucent
eae acuminate shell, but I cannot guarantee the identification. N :
an . .

ScaLa JUKESIANA. Forbes, Append. Voy. Rattlesnake, p. 388, 7) ple Coleg
small, white, polished shell, with very distinct varices. Long. 11, lat. 3,

whorls 9. Rare. If thisidentification is correct, this species ranges fr
tropical N.A. to Tasmania. : P ges from

ScaLa LingotatTa. Sow. Zool. Proc., 1844, p. 11. A short, stout, dusk
shell, with pale brown bands. Long. 1b, lat. 6, whorls 7. Rare. N. ad

ScaLa PHILIPPINARUM. Sow. Zool. Proc., 1844, p.12. The shell that is
thus named in Tasmania and N.S.W. does not quite agree with Mr. Sowerby’s
diagnosis. The varices are thin and reflexed.

CROSSEA LABIATA, Tenison- Woods.

Acus Bicotor. Angas, Zool. Proc., 1867, p. 111, <A delicate, sm th
shining, faintly coloured shell, the’ lower half of the first whorl pane

hocolate ith li
: ice : aes obsoletely grooved with lines of growth. Long 173, lat. 5,

TEREBRA (HASTULA) BRAZIERI. Angas, Zool. Proc., 1871, p. 16, pl. 1,
D

34

jig. 15. Stout, sharply ribbed and polished, and longitudinally marked
with flexuous chestnut lines. E., common; §.E.A., Port Stephens; Port
Jackson, Brisbane Water, Brazier ; Port Elliot, S.A., Bednall.

TEREBRA. Tenison- Woods.

TEREBRA ADDITA. Deshayes, Jour. Conchy., 1857. A very elegant plicate
shell, with the ribs divided in the middle of the whorl by agroove. Iam |
not sure of this identification ; it was only from a figure in Reeve, which is
smaller and darker in color. Port Arthur; rare. Long. 21, lat. 5,
whorls 8.

TEREBRA KIENERI. Desh. Zool. Proc., 1859, p. 294. I have not been able
to identify this shell, which from its description would appear to be only a
variety of the preceding. It is not known in Tasmania. |

TEREBRA NITIDA, Hinds, Zool. Proc., 1843, p. 152 (Reeve’s citation of
Hinds, Z. p., 1852, is wrong). Unknown in Tasmania. In this and in the
preceding cases the habitat given by Deshayes is “ Terre de Van Dieman.”
Some part of N. Australia bears that name also, and there the genus is much
better represented than in Tasmania. The species occurs abundantly in
Port Phillip.

RINGICULA AUSTRALIS. Crosse.

STYLOPTYGMA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.

STYLIFER TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.

Evia Tasmanica. Tentson- Woods.

Evtima micans. Tenison- Woods.

EULIMA PROXIMA. Sow. in Reeve, Icon., pl. 6, fig. 28. White, polished,
smooth, the outer lip produced in the middle. Long. 12, lat. 4, whorls 16.
B. St. Rare.

ODONTOSTOMA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.

OponTosToma LACTEA. Angas, Zool. Proc., 1867,p.112. Thin, pellucid,
milky. Long. 64, lat. 3, whorls 6. Rare.

TURBONILLA ANGASI. Angas (T.nitida), Zool. Proc., 1867, p. 112. White,
shining, closely ribbed. Long. 10, Jat. 3. Rare; S.E.A. I have doubts if
the specimens seen by me really came from Tasmania. Mr. Angas has de-
scribed this shell as 7. nitida, but that name is pre-occupied (see Ann. Nat.
Mist., Dec., 1860, p. 419, 7. nitida, A. Adams, from Japan). I have there-

fore much pleasure in substituting the name of one who has rendered such
good service to Australian conchology.

TURBONILLA MARIE. Tenison- Woods.
TURBONILLA MACLEAYANA. Tentson- Woods.
TURBONILLA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.
CINGULINA AUSTRALIS. Tenison- Woods.
ELUSA BIFASCIATA. Tenison- Woods.
SYRNOLA MICHAELI. Tenison- Woods.
SYRNOLA BIFASCIATA. Tenison- Woods.
PARTHENIA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.
ACLIS TRISTRIATA. Tenison- Woods.

Conus Nov# HoLLaNDIaZ. A, Adams, Zool. Proc., 1858, p.118. Common.

and extending as far as W.A. The only species collectors are likely to find in
Tasmania.

Conus PONTIFIcALIS. Lamarck, Vol.7, p. 459. Assigned to Tasmania by
Lamarck and Dellessert, but I have met with no one who has seen the
species there.

Conus TASMANIA. Sow. Supp. Thes. Con. Tasmania, Z.
Conus MacLEayaNna. Tenison«Woods. This was described by me as

35

Tasmanicus, but that name I find is pre-occupied. I name it after W.
McLeay, Esq., F.L.S.

Conus CARMELI. Tenison- Woods.

- Cypra#a annuLus. Linné, 12 Edit., ». 1179, A highly enamelled shell,
somewhat like C. moneta, but has an orange circle on the back. Long. 22,
lat. 17. Though Von. Martens discredits the statement that any Cyprea has
been found in New Zealand, yet Mr. Legrand assures me that he has re-
ceived specimens of this shell from thence. It is said to occur in the
Molucas, and Lamarck gives also Alexandria as a habitat.

CyprmA.ancusTaTa. Gray as of Gmelin, Zool. Journ. (London, 1824),
Vol. 1, p. 497. Purple brown with whitish margin on which only are
smeared dark brown dots. Long. 30, lat. 19, Common. S.A.

CYPRHA PIPERATA. Solander, MS. teste. Gray, loc. cit., p. 498. <A paler
shell than the preceding, and spotted all over the back, with minute smeared
chestnut dots. Reeve’s figure is from a young specimen, which is banded,
but the bands disappear withage. Long. 28,lat.17. Notcommon. §.E.A.

CYPRHA COMPTONI. (ray, loc. cit? Rich brown, faintly banded, with
the margins and base paler and spotted. Generally smaller in size than the
two preceding. Somewhat common. §.A.

CYPRHA (CYPROVULA) UMBILICATA. Sowerby in Tank., Cat.2260. Deeply
umbilicate and thickly spotted with pale chestnut, base white, highly
enamelled. Long., in rather a small species, 88, lat. 50. Rare. N. Coast,
and Barren Island. Thirty pounds have been given for this shell.

Crprma scoTtt. Brod. Zool. Jour., Vol. 5, p. 330, pl. 14, fig. 1 and 2-
I cannot find any trace of this species among collections. Reeve gives Swan
River and Port Lincoln as its habitat. In more than one work it is spoken
of as Tasmanian.

TRIVIA AUSTRALIS. Lamarck, Vol. 10, ». 545. <A finely ribbed white or
pinkish shell, singularly marked with livid brown patches. Common and
S.A. Long. 15, lat. 11.

BrrostRa Maccoy!. Tenison- Woods, Transactions Royal Society, Victoria,
1877. A unique specimen in National Museum, Melbourne, found at Tamar
Heads by W. F. Petterd.

CERITHIUM DUBIUM. Reeve, Icon. pl. 12, fig. 78. A pyramidal shell with
varices angulated at the middle of each whorl, fulvous brown and spotted.
Common. Long. 18, lat. 8, whorls 8.

CERITHIUM RHODOSTOMA. Adams in Sow., Thes., Cerith., sp. 49, fig. 105.
A small turretted granular shell with the channel almost closed like in
Cerithidea. Our specimens are white. Described by Reeve as from Tas-
mania but not common. Not uncommon in B, Strait, Victoria, and 8.E.A.
Long. 8, lat. 34, whorls 8.

CERITHIUM SEROTINA. A. Adams in Sowerby’s Thes., sp. 48, fig. 102. Not
known to collectors here, unless, as I suspect, it is a variety of Bittiwm
granarium.

LAMPANIA AUSTRALIS. Quoy, Voy. de U Astrol., pl. 55, fig. 7. Rather
swollen, blackish, ribbed irregularly, and spirally grooved, whorls rounded
beneath, aperture obliquely subquadrate, outer lip produced in the middle,
thickened and channelled at the columella, sometimes prettily variegated
with white bands. Long. 35, lat. 16. Common, and §.E.A. and V.

BITTIUM GRANARIUM. iener, Icon. Con. Viv. p. 72, pl. 19, fig. 3. Oblong,
cylindrical, solid, reddish brown, faintly plaited and spirally girt with distant
granular reddish ribs. Common, and 8.A. Long. 26, lat. 8, whorls 8 to 16.

BITTIUM TURRITELLA. Quoy, Voy. de l’Astrol. Much larger, with
regular rounded plaits and deep transverse strie. Very common and §.A.

BITTIUM LAWLEYANUM. Crosse, Journ. de Conch, 1863, p. 87. Small,

36

elongate, turretted, numerous spiral keels, sordid brown. Long. 8, lat. 2,
whorls 7 to 8. Common. &.

CERITHIOPSIS ATKINSONI. Var., Zenison-Woods. Perhaps no more than a
variety of Cerithiopsis crocea, Angas, Zool., Proc.,1872. It is not, however,
orange in color, and it is a narrower shell. Long Bay, dredged from sand at
10 fathoms by Rev. H. D. Atkinson. Rare.

CERITHIOPSIS ALBOSUTURA. Tenison-Woods. -

TRIFORIS TASMANICA. Tenison-Woods. var. a.

TURRITELLA TASMANICA. Reeve, Icon., pl. 9, fig. 42. An accuminated
shell with flattened whorls and two or three inconspicuous keels, forming a
raised area to the centre of the whorl. Long. 46, lat. 10, whorls 16.
Common, and in S.A.

TURRITELLA GRANULIFERA. Tenison- Woods.

TURRITELLA TASMANIENSIS. Tenison- Woods.

TURRITELLA acuTA. Tenison- Woods.

TURRITELLA SINUATA. Reeve, pl. 11, fig. 62. Two keels, and deeply but
broadly sinuate at the mouth; fleshy brown. Long. 21, lat. 7, whorls 14.
Common.

VERMETUS DENTIFERUS. Lamarck, Vol. 9, p. 65. Common in B. Sts,
Our only species and therefore easily distinguished.

TENAGODUS AUSTRALIS. Quoy, Voy. del’Astrol., Vol: 3, p. 302. This is
what is generally known as the large Stliquaria of our coasts, with a line of
round dotted perforations along the slit. Common. N. Good specimens
65 mil. with 4 to 5 convolutions.

TENAGODUS WELDII. Tenison- Woods.

DENTALIUM TASMANIENSIS. Tenison- Woods.

DENTALIUM WELDIANA. Tenison- Woods.

LITTORINA UNIFASCIATA. Gray, King’s Voyage in Australia, Appendix,
Vol. 2. Ovately conical, white or bluish white, whorls sub-convex, last sub-
angular, throat brown-purple with anterior white spiral bands, spire acute.
Long. 26, lat. 12. Common, and in all extra-tropical Australia.

LITTORINA PALUDINELLA. Reeve, Icon., pl. 16, fig. 84. Minute, dark
olive, horny, apex acute, aperture dilated. Diam. 1to5 mil. Common.

LITTORINA HISSEYANA. Tenison- Woods.

LITTORINA UNDULATA. Gray in King’s Voy. loc. cit. Like L. unifasciata
but more globose and with zigzag lines. Probably only a variety, for in a
good series of specimens every gradation of one form to the other can be
traced. A careful investigation of large collections of Littorinas would, in
my opinion reduce the number of species considerably.

_ LitToRINA PHILIPPI. Carpenter, Cat. Maz. Shells, p. 349. Is said to occur
in Tasmania as well as 8. Australia, but I believe the identification in both
cases to be very doubtful.

RIsELLA NANA. Lamarck, Vol. 9, p. 150. A small, corroded, sharply
angulated shell with zebra-like markings. Very common and in V. This
shell is the female of the two following. See Proc. Lin. Soc., N.S.W., 1876.

RIsELLA AURATA. HH. and A. Adams, Gen. Moil., pl. 33, fig. 5. A yellow
mouthed acutely angled species, nodular at the suture and larger than the last.
Common on N. Coast, andin §.A. Long. 24, lat. 18. I quite agree with
Mr. Angas in regarding this as only a variety of the following.

RISELLA MELANOSTOMA. Gmelin, p. 3581, No. 90. The black mouth and
lugubrious habit may distinguish this shell which is near in form to
the preceding. This or the &. aurata is figured in Woodward’s Manual as
R. nana, pl. 9, fig. 14. Common. Gmelin states that this shell has a deep

o7

black mouth; Deshayes says brownish. There is a Risella (Trochus)
melanostoma described by Reeve, Zool. Proc., 1842, p. 185, which seems the
same.

AMPULLARINA FRAGILIS. Quoy, Voy. del’Astrol., Vol. 2, pp. 15, ps. 10 to
16. A thin paludina-like shell, fawn colour, with faint brown bands.
Long. 18, lat. 15, whorls, 4-5. Common, and in all extra-tropical Australia,
Brackish water, estuaries, and the coast salt lakes. It is also common as
‘a fossil in the raised beaches of S.A.

AMPULLARINA QuOYANA. Deshayes. A coarser species of doubtful diss
tinctness, §.H.A.

AMPULLARINA MINUTA. Tenison- Woods.

FOSSARINA PETTERDI. Crosse, Jour. Conch. 1864. Abundant on the
Southern Coasts at low water. W. F. Petterd.

FossaRus TASMANICUS. TZenison- Woods.
FOSSARUS BULIMOIDES. TZenison- Woods.
SoLARIUM LUTEUM. Lamarck, Vol. 9, p. 100.

SoLaRIUM ? Two specimens of this genus from Recherche
are in Mr. Legrand’s collection , apparently they are new but too worn for
determination. .

DIALA TESSELATA. Tenison-Woods.

Drata PuncTATA, Tenison- Woods.

DiaALa TUMIDA. Tenison- Woods.

RIssoA AGNEWI. Tenison- Woods.

Rissoa cycLostoma. Tenison-Woods. Var. a Rosea.
RIsSOA MELANURA. Tenison- Woods.

RIssoA ANGELI. Tenison- Woods.

RissOa (CERATIA) MAccOYI. Tenison- Woods.
RIssOA (CERATIA) MARIE. TZenison- Woods.
RIssOA (CINGULA) MARI. Tenison- Woods.
RIssoa (CINGULA) ATKINSONI. Tenison- Wood.
RIssOA (ALVANIA) CHEILOSTOMA. Tenison- Woods.
RIsSOA (ALVANIA) FASCIATA. Tenison- Woods.
RIssOA (SETIA) BRAZIERI. Tenison- Woods.
Rissoa (SETIA) SIENNE. Tenison- Woods.
RISSOINA ST. CLARE. Tenison- Woods.

RISSOINA FLINDERSII. Zenison- Woods.

RISSOINA CONCATENATA. Tenison- Woods.

RISSOINA VARIEGATA. Angas, Zool. Proc., 1867, p. 118. Solid, white,
banded with livid markings, plicate, and finely striate. Long. 7, lat. 3.

Rissomna cincTa. Angas, Zool. Proc., 1867, p. 114. A pretty chestnut
banded species, Rare. Long. 6, lat. 3, whorls 6. Rare, and in 8.E.A.

Rissomva Nivea. A, Adams, Zool. Proc., 1851, p. 264. White, opaque,
with numerous straight ribs and faint raised lire. Long. 11, lat. 4, whorls
7. Common.

RISSOINA GERTRUDIS. Tenison- Woods.

RIssOINA TURRICULA, Angas, Zool. Proc., 1867, p.114. A turriculate,
minute, white shell, with coronate whorls and distinct rounded ribs, mouth
anteriorly produced with a spiral keel behind. Long, 6, lat. 2. Common,
and S.E.A.

TRUNCATELLA MARGINATA, uster. Bass’ Straits,

- TRUNCATELLA SCALARINA, Cox. Bass’ Straits.

38

TRUNCATELLA TASMANICA. Tenison-Woods. Bass’ Straits.

TROCHITA CALYPTREFORMIS. Lamarck, Vol. 7, p. 627 (Trochella, Gray,
Zool. Proc., 1867, p. 735). Spirally much convoluted, with velvet-like
periostraca ; white, tinged purple inside.

_AMALTHEA conica. Schumacher Essai, d'un Nouveau, Syst. des Habita-
tions des Vers. testaces, Copenhagen, 1817, p. 181, also pl. 21, fig. 4, a, 6, ¢.
Common. Parasitic on other shells, and varying much in form and color.

CocCHLOLEPAS FOLIACEA. Quoy, loc. cit., Vol. 3, plate 72.

CocHLOLEPAS SUBRUFA. Sow. Very plentiful at low water, Tamar
Heads.

NERITA ATRATA. Quoy, Voy. de l’Astrol., pl. 65, fig. 41 and 42, A black,
rounded species, common in all extra-tropical Australia. N. Coast of
Tasmania only. Long. 21, lat. 24. This shell has been identified with
N. atrata, Chem., which is said to occur in the Atlantic within the tropics,
Gray, in the Appendix to King’s Voyages, probably originated this. Reeve
gives New Zealand as habitat. Many authors speak of a blackish Nerita
from those islands, but the specimens I have seen are not different from N.
punctata, a S. American species, with which E. Von Martens identifies our
Australian shell. Very common in Portland, Victoria.

PHASIANELLA TRITONIS. Chemnitz, Conch., Cat. 9 to 120, figs. 1033-34.
The common pheasant shell of the Southern Coasts of Australia and all
Tasmania. It attains to a large size and varies exceedingly both in shape
and color. From this fact many of the species created are surely no more
than varieties. Long., in the largest specimens, 9, lat. 39.

PHASIANELLA VENUSTA. Reeve, Lcon., pl. 2, fig. 2. A variety only.

PHASIANELLA SANGUINEA. Reeve, Icon., pl. 3, fig. 3. A solid shell of five
rounded whorls. Bright red with pale zigzag lines shaded with brown.
Long. 40, lat. 25, but sometimes larger. B. Sts., but common in §.A,

PHASIANELLA ZEBRA. (ray, Reeve, pl. 3, fig. 4. Only a variety of the
last with broad diagonal bands.

PHASIANELLA VENOSA. Reeve, pl. 3, fig. 5. A rare variety with brown
banded lines on a lighter ground.

PHASIANELLA VENTRICOSA. Quoy, Voy. del’ Astrol., pl. 59, figs. 8 and 9,
Another variety. King’s Island. Rare.

PHASIANELLA RETICULATA. Reeve, pl. 3, fig. 7. Avyare reticulated variety,

PHASIANELLA ANGASI. Jour. Conch., 1864, p. 344, pl. 13. A small, narrow,
reticulated shell. Very rare. The identification in Tasmania is doubt-

ful. S.A.

PHASIANELLA ROSEA. Angas, Zool. Proc., 1867, p. 114. A minute, thin,
shining species of uniform rose color. Long. 2, lat. 14, whorls few. In
sand from islands in B. Sts., and Blackman’s Bay. W. F. Petterd.

PHASIANELLA DELICATULA. Tenison-Woods. This shell was described by
me in Proc. Tas. Roy. Soc., 1876, as P. pulchella, but that is the name of the
British species.

TURBO (LUNELLA) UNDULATUS. Chemmnitz, Conch. Cat., Vol. 10, pl. 169,
fig. 1640, ete. A fine globose umbilicate shell with dark green undulating
lines, nacreous inside. It has a smooth solid spiral operculum sometimes an
inch in length, the shell itself attaining to a great sizein S.A. In Tasmania
it is smaller. A common fossil in the raised beaches in Australia, where its
numbers and size are extraordinary.

TURBO SIMSONI. Tenison-Woods. A doubtful species, possibly young of
preceding.

TURBO (SENECTUS) CIRCULARIS. Reeve, pl. 10, fig. 46. A non-nacreous,
deeply channelled, and granulosely ribbed shell ; color, pink and mottled

39

with red ; no umbilicus, columella white. King’s Island only. Long, 28,
lat. 30. Not larger in 8.A., where it is not common.

TURBO STRAMINEA. Martyn. See Proc. 1876. Rare.

CARINIDEA FIMBRIATA. Swainson, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, Vol. 3, p. 39.
A trochiform, nacreous shell, concave at the base and the whorls flattened
at the edge to a kind of flange ; transverse ridges with small scales. This
shell occurs in Australia, where it has received the name of Uvanilla
squamifera, Kock, in Philippi, Abbild. uber Besch., Conch., pl. 4, fig. 9 ; but
Swainson’s name and genus have priority. Besides, this species would not
belong to Gray’s genus Uvanilla, which was proposed for shells with the
edges of the whorls spinous. Swainson’s genusis thus characterized (Lard,
Cat. Cyclop. Shells and Shellfish, by W. Swainson, Lond., 1840, p. 350) : Oper-
culum shelly, imperforate, spire pyramidal, acute, base concave and carinated,
aperture oval, entire, slightly angulate anteriorly, columella turned inward.

CARINIDEA TASMANICA. Tenison-Woods. Possibly only young of the
following.

CARINIDEA AUREA. Jonas Zeit., f. Mal., 1844. Nacreous, pale, yellow,
depressed, with diagonal ribs, which divide and become granular at the base.
C. granulata, Sow., Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1854, p. 40. Mr. Angas follows
Jonas in placing this shell in the genus Labio, but Oken’s Labio, which
Gray follows, would include Tvochocochlea. See Gray's Brit. Mus. Cat.
Common, and 8.A. Alt. 11, lat. 17. The shelly operculum is a generic
distinction of much importance.

ASTELE SUBCARINATUS. Swainson, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, Vol. 3, p. 36,
pl. 6, figs. 1 and2. This shell, of which only very few specimens have ever
been found, was made the type of a new genus, Astele, by Swainson. I sub-
join his remarks on the genus, Diam. 28, alt. 23, whorls 7. E. Shell
nacreous, pyramidal or trochiform, unarmed, body whorl convex below, no
columella, umbilicus large, closed only by the terminal whorl of the spire,
aperture broader than high, margin of lips thin. A. Adams (Zool. Proc.,
1863, p. 506) has made a new genus named Futrochus for the same species,
not knowing of Swainson’s description. The genus approaches very near to
Solarium, and has a wide perspective umbilicus reaching to the apex.

LioT1a TAsMANICA. Tenison- Woods.

Liotia INcERTA. Tenison- Woods.

Liotta DiscompEA. Reeve, Zool. Proc., 1844. Latticed with transverse
ribs and longitudinal bars, besides being finely striate. Very like the pre-

ceding, but without the curious squamose node. Maj. diam. 64, min. 5.
Common and in Philippine Islands.

LIOTIA AUSTRALIS. Kuiener, Spec. Conc. pl. 4, fig. 7. A depressed white
discoid shell with prominent ribs, and longitudinal very fine divaricating
a mouth broadly reflected and coarsely ribbed. Diam. 14, whorls 4.

re.

LioTIA ANGASI. Crosse. Moderately plentiful; Pittwater. W. F,
Petterd. |

CYCLOSTREMA KINGII. Brazier MS.? I cite this shell, which I have not
seen, on the authority of Mr. Legrand.

CYCLOSTREMA JOSEPHI. Tenison- Woods.
CYCLOSTREMA MICRA. Tenison-Woods.
CYCLOSTREMA WELDII, TZenison- Woods.
CYCLOSTREMA SUSONIS. Tenison- Woods.
CYCLOSTREMA SPINOSA. enison- Woods.
CYCLOSTREMA IMMACULATA. Tenison- Woods.
MOoNILEA ROSEA. Tenison- Woods.

40

MONILEA TURBINATA. Tenison- Woods.

ETHALIA TASMANICA. Zenison- Woods.

ADEORBIS PIcTA. Tenison- Woods. *
Mrnotia Tasmanica. Tenison- Woods.

CLancuLus nopuLosus. A. Adams, Zool. Proc., 1854, p. 39. Ihave not
een this shell, which is white, variegated with red, but the whorls are
nodulous and not granular. rt

CLANCULUS ALOysII. Z'enison- Woods.
CLANCULUS PHILOMENA. Tenison- Woods.
CLANCULUS DOMINICANA. Tenison- Woods.
CLANCULUS RAPHAELI. Tenison- Woods.
CLANCULUS ANGELI. Tenison- Woods.

CLancuLus conspersus. A. Adams, Zool. Proc., 1851, p. 163. <A trochi-
form, coarsely granular shell, with last whorl sub-angular, variegated red
and white ; toothed on the outer lip. Long. 11, lat. 13, whorls 43. B. Sts,
and N.E.

CLANcuLUs RUBENS. A. Adams. A deep red coarsely granulated shell
which I believe to be the C. rubens quoted by G. F. Angas (Zool. Proc.,
1865, p. 178) as of A. Adams, but with no reference. I cannot find that
Mr. Adams published his description. Rare. Bass’ Straits. Dimensions
same as last. 4

CuancuLtus unpatus. Lamarck, Enc. Meth., pl. 447, fig. 3. A large,
handsome, solid, purple, red shell, with small black spots on the granulations.
The enamel of the mouth is often much spread over the base as a trans-
parent film. Common, and in S.A.

CLANCULUS MaUGERI. Adams, Zool. Proc.. A dull, brown shell, more
conical than the last and sometimes larger. Rare in Tasmania and Victoria,
not uncommon in New South Wales.

CLANCULUS VARIEGATUS. Adams, Zool. Proc., 1851, ». 160. A rather
thin, depressedly conical shell, acutely angulate at the base, which is flat,
granular, with oblique microscopic strize between; pale brownish red ;
larger than any of our species except the two preceding. 18 to 20 mill. in
diam., whorls 5. Very common, and §.A. I cannot distinguish this shell
from C. zebrides of the same author.

CLANCULUS GiBBosuS. A, Adams, Zool. Proc., 1851, p. 162. A depressed
shell, granulated, white, and irregularly banded with zigzag reddish brown
lines ; tooth bifid and umbilicus almost like a Solarium ; diam. 10 to 18,
Common. N. only and V.

CLANCULUS NoDO-LIRATUS. A. Adams, loc. cit. Smaller than the last,
pink or reddish, variegated with lines of white and dark spots; small
granular ribs with fine strice on the interstices ; diam. 8 to 10, Tooth small.
Common.

, EUCHELUS canaLicuLatus. Lamarck, Vol. 9, p. 181. A somewhat small,
turbinated shell, obsoletely toothed and nacreous, with numerous fine
granular lire, pinkish white with minute brown spots, Long. 17, lat. 17,
whorls 5. #. baccatus, Menke, which occurs in extra-tropical Australia
may be identical with this species, but it seems to me a larger, more de-
pressed shell, and paler in color.

EUCHELUS TASMANICUS. T'enison-Woods. The smallest species, b t
exactly like the above in form, color, ete.

EUCHELUS ScABRIUSCULUS. Ad. and Ang. MS., and Zool. Proc., 1867,
“p. 215, sp. 181. A dusky umbilicated shell. Long. 6, lat. 44. Long Bay.
Common. Rev. H. D. Atkinson. There are are two Euchelus shells from
Samoa, which show very distinctly the peculiar features of the genus. Z.

41

anstructus and £. atratus, £. scabriusculus is very similar to both these
but smaller. S.E.A.

THALOTIA conIcA. Gray, in King’s Voy., Append., Vol. 2, p. 479. A
solid conical shell, light red, with finely granular lines, regularly spotted
purple red. Long. 20, lat. 13. Common, B. Sts., and N.E. only, but very
common in §.A.

TaaLoTra prota. Wood's Index Testaceologicus, Suppl., pl. 6, fig. 28.
More acute than the preceding, with very fine lire, and elegantly flamed
with carmine and white. 2. ramburi, Crosse (S.A.), may be only a variety
of this. Rare. N. only.

THALOTIA MARIZ. Tenison- Woods, Proc, Roy. Soc. Vict., 1877. Common
in Victoria. Rare in Tasmania and N. only.

THALOTIA DOLOROSA. Tenison- Woods.
ZIZYPHINUS ALLPORTI, Tenison- Woods.
ZIZYPHINUS LEGRANDI. Tenison- Woods,

ZIZYPHINUS GRANULATUS. Born. Test. Mus. Ces. Vind., p. 337, pl. 12.
A British species said to occur in Tasmania, but if my identification of the
shell is correct, it is only a variety of Z. armillatus, differing from age.

ZIZYPHINUS EUGLYPTUS. Adams, Zool. Proc., 1854, p.58. This, at best,
is only a variety of the following.

ZIZYPHINUS ARMILLATUS. Wood, Jndex Test. Suppt.,,pl.9, fig. 5. Of
pinkish red colour, transversely grooved and granulate ; apex often with a
beautiful bluish green metallic lustre. A fine large, conical shell, varying
considerably in size and depth of color. Large specimens long. 33, lat.
32, whorls 8. Rather common and S.A.

ZIZYPHINUS FRAGUM. Philippi, Zeit. Mal., p. 106. Shell conical, dull
white, faintly tesselated with brown, whorls convexly sloping and spirally
closely granular. Its name is not inaptly suggested by its resemblance to a
strawberry. Alt. 10, diam. 13, whorls 6. Rare. Islands in B. Sts.

ZIZYPHINUS INcERTUS. Reeve, Icon., pl. 5, fig. 28. This is a reversed
shell, which was thought by Reeve to be an accidental variety. It is, how-
ever, always found thus. This fact and the somewhat convex base show
anatomic peculiarities which ought to be of generic value.

Eencuus BADIus. Wood, Index, Test., Supp., pl. 6, fig. 46. A very
common, smooth, brown shell, common in all 8. Australia. This shell, the
largest of the genus, with many synonyms, is the one principally used for
ornamental purposes ; the outer shell is dissolved by weak acid, exposing the
brilliant violet nacre. Swainson named it splendidulus, from its great
beauty. Long. 30, lat. 15, whorls 6. Hlenchus fulmineus, Kiener, is a
variety distantly banded with diagonal zigzag greenish white lines. Hlenchus
lineatus, Lamarck, Vol. 9, p. 181, is another variety, very closely
variegated with diagonal lines. Elenchus roseus, Lamarck, loc. cit., is a
rose red variety. But none of these distinctions are of specific value, for
almost every intermediate grade can be found in a handful of specimens.

ELENCHUS BELLULUS. Dunker, Phil. Abbild., t. 7, fig. 6. A highly
enamelled tumid solid shell, brown, with transverse lines, which are
curiously connected with double short white lines, shaded with vermilion.
These lines extend in fascia round the spire. Long. 17, lat. 10, whorls 6.
Uncommon. B. Sts. only and in §.A.

ELENCHUS IRISODONTES. Quoy., Voy. del Astrol, Vol. III, p. 246, t. 63,
Jigs. 7 to 12. Monodonta virgata, Menke. Much smaller than ZL. badius,
beautifully variegated with bands and lines of various shades of green and
white ; nacre apple green. Used also for ornamental purposes. Long. 12,
lat. 7, whorls 5. Common.

ELENcHUS NITIDULUS. Phil, Kust. Conch. Cat., pl. 48, fig. 10, as Trochus

42

n. Cantharidus n., Adams Zool. Proc., 1851, p. 169. About the size of ZH.
bellulus, with a produced aperture, the enamel minutely dotted in sloping
lines, last whorl angular, throat brilliant green. Long. 18, lat. 13, whorls
7. One of the commonest species.

Banxrvia varrans. Beck in Krauss Sudafric. Moll. , 1848. “This
species” says Mr. Angas ( Zool. Proc., 1865, p. 181) “is very abundant on
all shores of extra-tropical Australia. It varies in color from green to white
brown, purple and rose, besides being banded and striped in an infinity of
patterns.” H. and A. Adams describe (Gen. Moll., p. 425) another species
B. major, as Tasmanian. I have been unable to find the shell. Some
authors give the name purpurascens after Deshayes (Manuel de Conch).
It was supposed to occur also in S. Africa (Phil. Handb. Conch, p. 212) but
this arose, as I have already noted, from Baron Von* Ludwig sending to
Stuttgart, Australian with African shells. It has, however, been found in
America. One very young specimen teste Carpenter, Brit. Mus. Cat.
Maz. Shells, p. 226. The affinities of this singular shell are very doubtful.
Woodward (Manual Moll., p. 144) says it would be called Chemnitzia (2) if
fossilized. Very common.

GIBBULA MULTICARINATA. Tenison- Woods.

Grsputa coxt. Angas, Zool. Proc., 1867, p. 115, pl. 13, fig. 26
Orbicularly conical, deeply umbilicated, solid, whitish, shining, marbled
olive and pink, whorls biangular, with two prominent rounded keels. Rare,
and §.E.A. About 8 mil. in diam. Varies much in coloring.

Greputa sutcosa. A. Adams, Zool. Proc., 1851, p. 186. Rare. A
small conical shell about 8 mill. high, umbilicate, sulcate, and faintly
obliquely striate, spotted with rosy lines and dots, It is found as far north
as the tropics of Australia.

GIBBULA WELDI. TJenison- Woods.
GIBBULA AUREA. T'enison- Woods.
GIBBULA DEPRESSA. 'enison- Woods.

TROCHOCOCHLEA AUSTRALIS. Favanne, Conch., pl. 8, fig. Al (le ratelier ).
There is such confusion about this shell that I shall give what I believe to
be its synonomy. Chemnitz Conch. tom. 11, tab. 196, fig. 1890. Monodonta
australis, Lamarck ani., s. vert. tome. 7, p. 30, No. 11. J. concamerata.
Gray and Wood Ind. Test. Sup. pl. 6, fig. 35. 7’. striolatus, Quoy and
Gaim., Zool. de l’Astrol, Vol. 3, p. 253. 7’. striolatus, Angas, P.Z.S., 1865,
p. 182, No. 170. Encyclop. Methodique His. Nat. des Vers., 7’. australis.
Mr. F. G. Angas says in his notice of the shell (loc. cit.), “Faintly edged,
and painted with irregular wavy longitudinal lines of yellow on a black
ground. J. (sic. perhaps a misprint for T.) striolatus of Quoy from
Tasmania and §S. Australia is much more depressed and has a tesselated
style of painting, although regarded as a synonym by Mr. Hanley in his
edition of Wood’s Index.” I think Mr. Angas would alter his opinion in
Tasmania where every variety of form and every variety of color from pale
yellow to green, and from white to black, and every variety of tesselation
may be found on the same beach.

TROCHOCOCHLEA constRicTa. Lamarck, Vol. 9, p. 180. The largest
species, oblique, obtuse, conical, dull flesh color, or sordid white, or yellowish,
often a reddish pink ; whorls 4-5, tumidly convex, furnished with rounded
very conspicuous keels, 8 on body whorls, 2 on the others, the whole shell
traversed with oblique fine limes of growth ; mouth subcircular ; outer lip
double, outer margin calcareous pinkish white, channelled at the origin of
the keels, where it is often stained deep black which sometimes continues
in a line round the mouth ; mouth nacreous, in a well-defined line, with
prominent lire ; nacre silvery, columella purely white, terminating in a blunt
tubercle ; enamel spread slightly over base, on which 3 or 4 ribs are often

43

marked with black spiral lines. Height 20 to 70 mil. Common in all
Tasmania and extra-tropical Australia.

TROCHOCOCHLEA THNIATA. Quoy and Gaim., loc. cit., p. 251, pl. 68,
jig. 15. (There is reason, however, for thinking that the figure refers to
Lamarck’s 7’. constricta). Small, smoother and much less conspicuous
keels, 3 to 6 (at most) in body whorl ; color, long zigzag streaks of white
and blue, black, greenish, or even red (especially on dead, old, and dry
shells), outer lip generally margined with black, throat of dark pinkish nacre,
seldom lirate, columella brownish, tubercle obsolete. Long. 18, lat. 16 mil.
Always smaller than the preceding, and with the same geographical dis-
tribution. With this shell I unite 7. multicarinata, Q. and G., and 7.
porcata, Adams, and even then it is only a doubtful species.

TROCHOCOCHLEA compTa. ‘'enison- Woods.

TROCHUS (DILOMA) ODONTIS. Wood. Index, Test, Suppl., pl. 6, fig. 37.
Small, depressed, dark blue, with lines of fine yellow spots. Mouth nacre
rose color, with green margin. Common, and in all extra-tropical Australia,
Diloma is a questionable genus of Philippi not admitted by Gray. The
horny operculum, the animal, and all the habits of this shell would unite it
with T’rochocochlea ; but the shell itself is smooth ; the interior especially
of the upper whorls is a brilliant rosy nacre ; the foot lappets fringed and
they are spotted yellow like the shell.

TROCHUS (DILOMA) AUSTRALIS. T'enison- Woods. Proc, Roy. Soe. Vic., 1877.

. STOMATELLA ImBRicaTA. Lamarck, Encycl. Meth., pl. 450, fig. 2.
Elegantly grooved and striate, and densely imbricate with raised scales ;
dull, white, nacreous inside. Maj. diam. 29, min. 23. B Sts., rare, and
in S.A.

Gena stricosaA. A. Adams, Zool. Proc., 1850, p. 37. The only species
known in Tasmania. Oblique, and variously striped with green, red, etc. ;
outer lip slightly sinuate. Long. 21, lat. 11, alt. 5. Bass’ Sts., rare, and
in§. A. The figure in Reeve, pl. 2, fig. 12, is very defective.

Hauiotis nzvosa. Martyn, Univer. Conch., v. t. 11, fig. 63. This
common ear-shell of the coasts of Australia and Tasmania has received a
host of names. It is even now, I believe, unnecessarily divided into two or
three species. Some of its varieties extend into the genus Padollus, as it is
frequently found with the mesial spiral rib. H. coccoradiata, Reeve, is
another variety. A scabrous irregularly rugose shell, variously whorled,
red brown being the prevailing shade, and very nacreous within.

HALIOTIS GLABRA. Swainson, Cat. Bligh Collection ; (H. albicans of
Quoy, Angas, etc., but Swainson’s name was published in 1830). A very
large, solid, smooth species, generally worn white, but in young shells
banded or broadly rayed with chestnut or green ; lines of growth few, deep,
and irregular. N. andin §.A.

Hatroris carinata. Martini, tab. 14, fig. 140. This species or variety,
for it is uncertain which, was described by Swainson in the Bligh Catalogue,
and again by Dr. Gray (teste Angas loc. cit., who gives the reference, Gray,
MS., Brit. Mus.) as H. emme. Somewhat common, and §.A,

HaLioris ELEGANS. Koch. in Philippi. Abbild und Besch, Conch. Haliotis,
pl. 4, figs. 1 and 2, Teinotis elegans, Gray. Swainson says he found this
species in the islands in Bass’ Straits. Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. 3, part 1,
p. 49. .

SCHISMOPE ATKINSONI. My Scisswrella atkinsoni. See Proc. Roy. Soc.
Tas., 1876.

TanTHINA communis. Lamarck, Vol. 9, p. 4. Occasionally drifted on
to the East Coast, as also, probably

JanTHIna Exicua. Lamarck, Vol. 9, p. 5. Asmall elegantly striate
apecies. “It is necessary that more material should be collected and the

44,

animals observed before a decided opinion can be expressed on the species of
this genus. Some reduce all the forms to one or two species. Dr. Gray
conjectures that two, J. fragilis and I. prolongata, are the sexes of one
species.”’—Carpenter, Cat. Maz. Shells, p. 185.

TANTHINA BIPARTITA, Gray?
CREPIDULA 2 East Coast. W. F. Petterd.
CREPIDULA ! Frederick Henry Bay, W. F. Petterd.

FIssURELLA ‘SCUTELLA. Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat. Fissurella, No. 42. A
trapeziform, ovate, flattened, concentrically ridged shell ; pink, with brown
rays. Somewhat common in S.A. Long. 29, lat. 23.

FIssURELLA AUSTRALIS. Krauss, Sudafric. Moll., p. 67, pl. 4, jig. 10.
Deeply nodosely latticed with ribs and riblets, orifice small, ovate, obscurely
blotch rayed with light rust brown. Long. 18, lat. 14, alt. 8. Rare, E.
only ; but it occurs in N.E. Australia. Described by Krauss as from Natal,
but for the reasons already given (vide Purpura textilosa) his specimen
probably came from Australia.

FissuRELLA NicRITA. Sowerby. North Coast and Blackman’s Bay. W. F.
Petterd. A small, black, flattened shell.

FissuURELLA CONCATENATA. Crosse, Jour. Conch, 1863. Long Bay, Rev.
H. D. Atkinson; N.W. Coast, R. Gunn; George Town, W. F. Petterd.
Deeply pitted all over with hexagonal markings. Rare. .

MacroscHisMA TasMANIcA. 'enison- Woods, var. a Rosea.

EMARGINULA EMARGINATA. Blainville, Malac., p. 48, fig. 2, H. australis,
of Quoy. A coarsely sculptured white shell with very prominent curved
anterior ribs. Common. Y. The largest Tasmanian species. Long. 28,
lat. 18, alt. 14.

EMARGINULA RUGOSA. (Quoy?) Sowerby, Thes. Conch., Fissurellide
Emarginata, sp. 49, fig. 72. White, rayed with nodose unequal ribs, the -
fissural one prominent, fissure short and narrow. Long. 16, lat. 12, alt. 8.
Not common.

EMARGINULA TASMANIZ. Sowerby, loc. cit. Variety of preceding.
EMARGINULA TENUICOSTATA. Sow. loc. cit. Another variety.

Scutus ELoncatus. JBlainville, Bulletin des Sciences Nat. Feb., 1817, p.
28 ; Parmophorus australis of Lamarck. <A large white shell with orange
markings on the inside enamel. Somewhat common; §.A., S.E.A. Long.
110, lat. 55. The animal larger than the shell; black, with long tentacles,
whence it is known as the “ Elephant ”’ by sea side visitors.

TUGALIA AUSTRALIS. Sow, Thes., Fissur., pl. 14, jig. 18. Whitish,
oblong,depressed,with very fine ribs, and minute anterior notch, Long. 17,
lat. 10. Rare. S.E.A. The specimens of this shell I have seen from
Sydney, Victoria, etc., have been identified with 7’. ossea, Gould, do not
correspond with Gould’s description, which, moreover, he refers to N.
Caledonia, Fiji, etc. I, therefore, propose the name of Tugalia australis.

TUGALIA TASMANICA. T'enison- Woods.

ACM@A SEPTIFORMIS. Quoy, Voy. del Astrol., pl. 71, figs. 48, 44. Oval,
gray, spotted with pale olive and dark brown margin within. Long. 15,
lat. 11, alt. 5. Somewhat common. S.E.A.

ACMHA MARMORATA. Tenison- Woods.

AcmM@aA crucIs. Tenison- Woods.

Acmaa costata. Sow. Zool. Voy. Beagle, (so in Angas’ list, which I
have not been able to verify). My own idea is that the shell is different
and was never described until Angas himself did so as Patella alticostata.
(See Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865.) Solid, depressed, corroded, very irregularly
ribbed, often transversely barred in the interstices. One of the commonest

45

mpets in all extra-tropical Australia, Ribs about 17, interior white and
brown stained. Long. 32, lat. 26, alt. 10.

Acmaza canTHARus. Reeve, Icon., pl. 4, fig. 131, Ovate, smooth, thin,
convex, apex anterior and generally corroded, smooth, reticulated black
and white ; interior like tortoise shell, Long. 24, lat. 19. Common in
Australia and New Zealand.

AcMmA FLAMMEA. Quoy and G., Vol. de V’Ast., Vol. 3, p, 354. This
is probably the same as A. subundulata, Angas, Zool. Proc., 1865, p. 155.
Somewhat high, apex anterior, faintly ribbed, white with brown strie,
often radiating in the form of a cross.

AcM#A CONOIDEA. Quoy, Voy. del’Astrol., Vol. 8, pl. 71, figs. 5 to 7.
A small, high, conoid shell, generally eroded ; apex very obtuse. Long. 10,
lat. 8, alt. 7. Common, 8. and E.

ACMA PETTERDI. Tenison- Woods.
AcM#A ALBA. Tenison- Woods,

PATELLA ACULEATA. Reeve, pl. 32, fig. 90. A deeply convex shell, rayed
with many ribs, scaly or prickly and narrowly compressed. Recherche Bay,
common. Reeve gives no habitat for this shell, which is also found in Port
Jackson ; generally covered with harsh brown spongy tissue, not unlike
some alge, but which may be an appendage to the animal. Long. 40,
lat. 33.

PATELLA TRAMOSERICA, Martyn, Univer. Conch., ed. Chem., pl. 5, fig. 3,
(pl 16 in original). Ribs close set, obscurely nodosely tuberculated
yellowish orange or vermilion, and rayed with black, with white spots on
the interstices, interior bluish white, silky or metallic at the margin. By
transmitted light distinctly coloured crimson and yellow. Long. 57, lat. 50.
Generally depressed, but this varies as well as the shape of the shell, which
is oblong to orbicular. Common, and in Australia and New Zealand. A
most variable shell in size and coloring. I have found every size, and
almost every color, especially in the interior, which ranges from pale indigo
to golden. In some there is no spathule, or it is black or blue and varied in
every way. The most constant characters are, the silky lustre of the interior,
and the crimson streaks on orange ground as seen by transmitted light. P.
limbata, Phil., is a synonym, or, at best, a N. Australian variety, it is a
(Philippi, Abbild. in Besch., Conch., pl. 3, fig. 1) subconoid shell, with
wide radiating ribs indistinctly noduled, interstices narrow and black, deep
orange exterior, interior orange at the margin, blotched with black, nucleus
blue. Long. 55, lat. 45. Common. I regard this shell as a variety or not
even a variety of the preceding. The somewhat broader ribs may dis-
tinguish it.

PaTeLtaA DEcoRA. Philippi, Icon. pl. 3, fig. 18. A peculiar semi-
globose ribbed form, with apex very much inclined to the anterior, blotehed
black and blood-like. Rare, and in New Zealand. Long. 40, lat. 32, though
the Tasmanian identification is very doubtful. _

PateLia ustuLaTa. Reeve, Icon., pl. 31, fig. 88. Depressed apex, sub-
marginal, coarsely ribbed, with many fine riblets in the interstices, scorched
with rich brown, often corroded, white inside with narrow fringe of brown
and yellow. Long. 35, lat. 29. Somewhat common, §S. and E. Coasts.
Reeve’s species described from worn shells,

PATELLA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.
Pavretuta CHAPMANI. T'enison- Woods.

PATELLA RADIANS. Gmelin, 13th edit., Linne’s Syst. Nat., p. 3720, also
Sow. ( Lottia radians ) Genera Shells, Vol. 2, pl.5, fig. 3; P. argentea, Quoy,
Voy. Astrol., Vol. 3, p. 345, pl. 70, figs. 16 and 17. Oval, narrow in front,
apex auterior, distant radiating ribs, greenish black, or yellow with blackish

46

markings, silvery inside. Long. 23, lat. 19, alt. 64. Very variable. Rare.
E. Coast only, and in N. Zealand. A doubtful identification.

CHITON (LOPHYRUS) AUSTRALIS. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840, Conch. Jilust.,
fig. 46, and probably fig. 139.; Reeve, pl. 2, fig. 10. An oblong rounded
form of dark green color, with the lateral areas radiately ridged ; margin
bordered with small scales. The genus Lophyrus was proposed by Poli
( Testacea utriusque, Sicilie, 1791 to 1795) for Chitons with the borders of
the mantle covered with rounded scales regularly imbricated. I do not
know of any other reliable species, though I would easily assign certain
varieties, or very young or worn shells to the following species :—Con-
centricus, muricatus, smaragdinus. The Chitons vary wonderfully in color
according to their age, and according to the rock to which they adhere to
which they are in a remarkable manner assimilated.

CHITON (LEPIDOPLEURUS) LIRATUS. Ad. and Angas, Zool. Proc., 1864,
p. 193. A small, somewhat pale shell, with undulating decussate striz, the
back of the valves being like an engine-turned watch.

CHITON (LEPIDOPLEURUS) sPEcIosuS. Ad. and Ang. loc. cit., p.192. It
is with very considerable diffidence that I differ from such high authorities,
but I would suggest that this and the preceding are varieties of C. ustulatus,
Quoy. Voy. Astrol., Vol. 3, p. 393, pl. 75, figs. 19, 24. And I must frankly
repeat my opinion already given, that I believe we have very few species of
Chiton, instead of the number which naturalists have described, and that
they are very variable and world-wide in their distribution. We might
have hundreds more than the hundreds we have, if we were to take fairly
into account the endless varieties of color, form, or marking to which
different individuals of the same species are subject. The following species
have also been attributed to Tasmania, though, as I have failed to trace
them, I shall merely give the names and authorities.

CuITON Piceus. Gmel.

CHITON PROTEUS. Reeve.

CuITON sincLaIrnI. Gray in Diegenbach’s Travels, Vol. 2, p. 263. A
New Zealand shell whose Tasmanian habitat is doubtful.

CHITON GLAUCUS. Gray.

CHITON (PLANIFORA) PETHOLATUS. Sow. Mag. Nat. Hist.,1840. A large
greenish-blue species, with a rough coarsely hirsute margin. The interior of
the valves a transparent light blue, while exteriorly they are finely
granulated in undulating lines. I am perfectly confident that with this
species must be united C. (Plaxiphora) ciliata, Sow., Conch. Illust., p. 79.)
Absolutely the only differences are the age and size by which the external
markings are changed. Ido not pronounce this opinion hastily, as it is
nearly 20 years since I first became acquainted with the species, and have
examined hundreds of specimens from all the S.A. Coasts south of the
Murray, Portland Bay, Bass’ Straits, and Tasmania.

CHITON (ACANTHOCHALES) ZELANDIUS. Quoy, Voy. de l’Astrol., Vol. 3s
p. 400. A species with little tufts of transparent spicule at the base of each
plate. Isthmus Bay from 30 to 50 mill. long., common. I believe this
shell to be identical with C. crinitas, Pennant, and C. fascicularis, the first
of Britain, the second of the Mediterranean.

. CRYPTOPLAX GuNNI. Reeve, Icon. fig. 5 (as Chitonellus). From 1 to 2
inches long. N., common, and §.A.

CrypropLax spinosa. H. Adams, Zool. Pro., 1861, p. 385. Animal

with a large mantle and spinous plates, with a broad smooth central ridge.
Long. 88, lat. 25.

SIPHONARIA DIEMANENSIS. Quoy. Voy. del Astrol., Vol. 2, p. 327, pl. 25,
fig. 1, etc. Sharply conical, radiately white ribbed, interstices rich brown,

A7

interior highly polished with purple brown. Long. 21, lat. 15, alt. 10,
Very common, and §.A., and 8.E.A.

SIPHONARIA DENTICULATA. Q. and G., loc. cit. Variety of preceding. Pale
inside and generally corroded. Long. 24, lat. 20, alt. 11. Not common,
and §8.E.A. and 8.A.

SIPHONARIA ZONATA. Tenison- Woods.

CYLICHNA ARACHIS. Quoy, and Sow., Thes., p. 590. Solid, cylindrical,
white, with ferruginous periostraca ; easily distinguished by its very fine
- undulating strie. Long. 22, lat. 9. Rare. Long Bay. Rev. H. D.
Atkinson.

CYLICHNA ATKINSONI. Tenison- Woods.

Aptysia concava. Sow. Gen. of Shells, and Reeve, pl. 6, figs. 24, a and b.
Small, horny, very concave and strongly incurved, sub-auriculate on both
sides of the apex, not very common. Cloudy Bay Lagoon, Bruni Island.
Long. 7, lat. 5.

APLYSIA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.

TORNATINA MARIZ. T'enison- Woods.

Buuia ostonca. A. Adams, Sow., Thes. Bulla, sp. 50, pl. 123. A
large shell, reddish brown with pink spots and zoned indistinctly with 3 or
4 broad blue-black bands ; has been mistaken for Quoy’s B. australis ; it is
said to occur in the Philippines (H. Cuming), probably only a variety of
B. ampulla. In §.A. (Guicher Bay, Lake Eliza, raised beaches, etc.), it is a
common pleistocene fossil where it attains a large size. Long. 55, lat. 31.

PHILINE APERTA. Linne Syst. Nat., 12 ed., 1378; Reeve 1, fig. 3. A
milky, translucent, very open shell. Long. 24, lat. 16. A large specimen
of this is P. angasi of Crosse. Rare, and S.A.

HamMInea OBESA. Sow. in Reeve Icon., 16, fig. 13. Milky and transparent.
Long. 11, lat. 8. Rare. Islands in Bass’ Straits, and S.A.

MARINULA PELLUCIDA. Cooper, Mag. Zool. Br., Vol. 2. A somewhat
globose, pink pellucid shell with three prominent unequal plaits. Common,
and in Australia.

OPHICARDELUS CORNEA. Swainson, Proc. Roy. Soc. Van Diemen’s Land,
Vol. 3, p. 48. An ovate, thin, light shell, covered with a periostraca and a
thickened spire, olive brown with darker transverse bands. Amphibious.
Oyster Cove. I suspect this is the same shell as that called O. australis,
Quoy, in N.S. Wales.

OPHICARDELUS PARVA. Swainson, loc. cit. Like the last, but smaller,
and more slender, and the plaits proportionately much larger. Long. 7, lat. 3.
South Coast in swamps of brackish water.

AURICULA DYERANA. Tenison- Woods.

CoNCHIFERA, LAMARCK.

ORDER PHOLALACEA.

BaRNEA AUSTRALASIA. Gray MS. Brit. Mus., Sow. Thes., pl. 107,
jig. 73. Very like B. similis, Gray, and in Hutton’s Cat. Moll., New
Zealand, except that it is rounded anteriorly and not acuminate. Rather
uncommon. Long. 25, lat. 68.

TEREDO NAVALIS. Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1267. Rare, and pro-
bably introduced.

GASTEROCHANA TASMANICA. 'enison- Woods.
HUMPHREYIA STRANGEI Ad. and Angas, Zool. Proc., 1852, p.91. Our
only Australian A spergillum, though another species, occurs in New Zealand.

White, curved, and obsoletely carinate on each side. Rare, N. ; also Islands
‘in Baws’ Straits.

48

SoLen vacinowwEs. Lamarck, Vol. 6, ».55. Mottled with purple and
flesh color ; differing from 8S. sloanii, Gray, of N.S. Wales, in its curved
form and greater width. Common. Long. 12, lat. 85.

SAXICAVA AUSTRALIS. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 153. No definite shape or
color can be assigned to this shell, except that it takes every form according
to the rock on which it lives. Lamarck made two genera, and three species .
of the above which occurs also in Australia. Not common. Long Bay.
Rev. H. D. Atkinson.

PANOPHA AUSTRALIS. Sow. Genera of Shells, No. 40, fig. 2. Ovate
oblong, handsome, wider anteriorly, posterior oblique, trucated, concen-
ae wrinkled. Rare, and even then seldom found alive. Long. 44,
at. 75.

CoRBULA ZELANDICA. Quoy, Voy. Astrol. Zool., Vol. 3, .511, pl. 85,
Sigs. 12, 14. Iam very doubtful if this shell has been found in Tasmania.
It occurs in New South Wales and New Zealand, and as the whole known
species are great wanderers it may occur here. The genus is, however,
unknown in South Australia, and the Tasmanian fauna is generally more
similar to that coast than N.S. Wales.

CoRBULA ERYTHRODON. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 188. The same remarks
apply to this shell. It is, not, however, known in N.S. Wales, but un-
doubtedly occurs in China, Japan, and New Zealand. See Von Martens,
Crit., List Moll., N. Zealand, p. 4. ?

ANATINA ANSERIFERA. Spengler, Schrift., Nat. Ges. Z.U. Copenhagen,
Vol. 3, p. 82, No. 8. Chemnitz, Vol. 19, p. 193. Squarely oblong, sides
nearly equally granuled ; much larger and more square looking than the
other Tasmanian species. Long. 32, lat. 70. Very rare.

AnaTina cREccINA. Valenciennes teste, Reeve, Icon. pl. 2, fig. 12. Elon-
gately oblong, thin, hyaline, minutely granuled, wrinkled near the umbones,
anterior sides shorter, alternately beaked, gaping roundly, extremities re-
flected. Long. 32, lat. 68, alt. 19, but this is rather large. Rare, North
Coast, Kelso, W. Legrand. Occurs also in §.A. and §.E.A., but much
smaller.

ANATINA TASMANICA. Reeve, Icon. pl. 3, fig. 20. Ovate, umbones nearly
central, translucent, shell widely gaping. Long. 25, lat. 50, alt. 17. Not
common. §.E.A. also, but smaller.

ANATINA ANGASI. Crosse, Jour, de Conch, 1864, Vol. 4, p. 349. An
oval, inequivalve species, split at the umbones, thin, and almost regularly
rugosely striate. Rare, Oyster Bay, Frederick Henry Bay. W. Legrand.
Long. 48, lat. 60, alt. 22.

NEZRA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.

Myopora BREVIs. Stutchbury, Zool. Jour, Vol. 5, p. 99. Tab. Sup
p. 43, figs. 1 and 2. A short, triangular shell, faintly flexuously ribbed,
convex on one side, and flat on the other. Long. 25, lat. 28, alt. 5. Rare,
S. Coast. W. Legrand.

Myopora ovata. Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1844, p. 92. This shell was
described as coming from the Philippines, I doubt much if our species is the
aati a the following, but stouter, with somewhat prominent ribs on

oth sides.

MYODORA PANDORIFORMIS. Stutchbury, loc. cit., figs. 8 and 4. Oblong,
ribbed on one side only. Long. 11, lat. 16, alt. 5. Rare, S. and E. coast.

Myopora TasMANICA. Tenison- Woods.
Myopora ALBIDA. Z'enison- Woods.

MYOCHAMA ANOMIOIDES. Stutchbury, loc. cit., pl. 42, figs. 1 to 4. A pink,
wrinkled, parasitic shell with the lower valve always attached to some other

49

mollusc. I have found them on many different shells. Rare, but somee
what common in §.E.A.

Myocuama sp? Parasitic on Pectens at Long Bay. W. F. Petterd.

CHAMOSTREA ALBIDA. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 585 (Cleidotherus chamoides
Sow., Genera of Shells, figs. 1, 2, 3.) Somewhat common in shallow places,
such as Sorell, Pittwater, etc. This curious shell, which is always attached,
was made the type of a very interesting genus by Sowerby, because of the
loose ossicle in the hinge.. The size varies from 20 to 50, or even 60 mil.,
but the latter size only in N.S. Wales.

MacTRA RUFESCENS. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 102. A solid, flexuously
wrinkled shell, of pale brown color, but stained with purple inside and out.
Long. 62, lat. 55, alt. 28. Common.

Macrra pura. Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 1853, p.15. Solid, white, with
thin, silky periostraca, triangular, equilateral, obtusely angled, posteriorly
and obsoletely striate. Extends through Bass’ Straits to W.A. Not
common, E. and §. Coasts. Long. 46, lat. 50, alt. 27.

Mactra creTacea. Angas., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 909 (as Spisula).
Small, transversely trigonal, chalky-looking white species, without any
periostraca, and a distinct posterior angle. Long. 16, lat. 124, alt. 8.
Tamar Heads.

Anapa TRIQUETRUM. Hanley, Zool. Proc., 1843, p. 101. A very thick,
triangular tumid shell, whitish and concentrically striate. Long. 30, lat. 31,
alt, 25. Rare in Tasmania, habitat very doubtful, though Mr. Hanley
quotes it as from Tasmania. Very common in§8.A., Guichen Bay especially.
Mr. H. says, “I know of no species which could possibly be confounded
with this extraordinary shell, which from the peculiar triangular cavity
between the beak may prove the type of a sub-genus.”

Awnapa TASMANICA. Mihi. Possibly only a small variety of preceding.

TELLINA DELTOIDALIS. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p.206. Rather smooth, deltoid,
compressed, arcuate, beaked anteriorly. Long. 38, lat. 46, alt. 11; much
smaller in §.E.A. ‘This species varies greatly in size and aspect, and has
a wide range over the south portions of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zea-
land.” —Angas, Zool. Proc., 1865.

TELLINA ALBINELLA. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 194. The rose-colored and
white zoned variety of this shell is the common species in Tasmania. Long.
30, lat. 54, alt. 5. On all exposed surf-beaten beaches. Very common at the
mouth of the Murray, in 8. Australia.

TELLINA DIEMANENSIS. Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 1854, p. 361. A much
lighter, thinner, and more curved shell than 7’. deltoidalis, and of pale fawn
color. Veryrare. I have not.been able to meet with the species.

TELLINA TRISTIS. Deshayes, loc. cit. Trigonal with eroded periostraca.
Not known to me.

TreLLINA (ARcopaGIA) DEcussaTA. Lamarck, Vol.6, p. 205. An orbicu-
larly trigonal shell, subequilateral, conspicuously decussate. B. Sts. only.
Long. 38, lat. 43, alt. 20. Common in §.A.

TELLINA MARIZ. Tenison- Woods.

Gari compta. Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 1854, p. 321. <A species reticulated
with cross strie, and with red-violet rays, which I have not seen.

Garr striata. Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 1854, p. 321. Shining, com-
pressed, finely striate, zoned with livid brown and purple. Long. 15, lat.
20, alt. 5. Common.

Gari zonaLIs. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 182. Smooth, compressed, very
finely striate, with livid zones. Reeve, on the authority of R. C. Gunn,
gives N. Tasmania as the habitat, but his figures and descriptions do not
agree with those of Lamarck.

E

50

’ Gari atxrnsont. Brazier. This is a manuscript name given by Mr. J.
Brazier to a shell dredged by the Rev. Mr. Atkinson, Long Bay. I have not
yet seen the shell, but these particulars were furnished me by Mr.
Legrand.

HIATULA EPIDERMIA. Deshayes, MS. Mus. Cum. teste Reeve, Icon.
(Soletellina nymphalis), pl. 1. Oval, somewhat solid, purplish at the .
umbones, covered with an olive, shining, horny periostraca. Common,
shallow estuaries. ‘This species ranges from Port Jackson to Swan
River.”—Angas. Long. 36, lat. 60, alt. 18.

Hratuta virrea. Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 1854, p. 326. Thin, white, glassy,
and transparent. Said by Mr. Angas to occur in Tasmania, but I have met
no traces of it, soit must be very rare. Common in §.A.

SEMELE DEcoRA. A. Adams, Zool. Proc., July, 1853. Orbicular, some-
what inflated, densely reticulated with small radiating and concentric ridges.
Long. 28, lat. 31, alt. 144. I strongly suspect that this shell is no more than
asmall form of Z'ellina decussata.

SemMELE Exicua. H. Adams, Zool. Proc., 1861, p. 385. Mr. Adams
describes as from Tasmania an oblong transverse inequilateral shell, shining,
thin, white, finely concentrically striate, posteriorally subangulate, with a
strong fold continued to the ventral margin. I have never seen the shell,
and it is not known to Tasmanian collectors.

SEMELE WARBURTONI. Tenison- Woods. -

Donacitia ELoNGATA. Deshayes, Mus. Cum. teste. Reeve, Icon., pl. 1,
jig. 5. Oblong, very truncate anteriorly, with shining yellow periostraca.
Long. 20, lat. 33, alt. 10. Very common, and §S.A., and 8.E.A.

MersoDEsMs ERYCINA. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 184. Compressed, ovate,

ge rich olive. Common and in E. I. Archipelago. Long. 25, lat. 33,
alt. 15.

MESODESMA PRECISA. Deshayes, MS. Mus. Cum. teste. Reeve, Icon.,
pl. 4, fig. 31. Solid, white, shining, abruptly truncated anteriorly ; perios-
traca slight. Long. 20, lat. 28, alt. 12. Very common.

Lurrakia DissmiLis. Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 1854. A large, straight,
thick species, with a periostraca. Long. 100, lat. 46, alt. 24. Dead valves
only washed ashore on the North-east Coast. W.F. Petterd.

CRASSATELLA KINGICOLA. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p.109. Whitish, umbones
strongly ridged, periostraca sordid, deep brown. Long. 80, lat. 85, alt. 45.
Common, N. C. castanea of Australia is more transverse.

CRASSATELLA AURORA. Ad. and Angas, Zool Proc., 1863, p. 426. “This
charming species is of compressed ovate form, -and of a pale fulvous color,

delicately marked with chestnut and crimson.”—Angas. Long. 17, lat. 23.
Bank’s Straits, Tasmania,

CRASSATELLA BANKSI. Ad. and Ang., loc. cit, This species is of a pale
flesh color, fading into white bands towards the beaks, with two yellowish

eee bands radiating to the ventral margin. Long. 11, lat. 17. Banks’
raits.

VENUS (CHIONE) HUMPHREYI. Donovan Nat. Repository, Vol. 3, pl. 78.
Shaped like V. conularis and similarly striate, very shining, reticulated with
angular rufous lines. “ Lately discovered by Mr. Humphrey, on the sea coast
of Van Diemen’s Land, very near V. striatulus of Europe.”—Donovan, loc.

cit. The character above given appears so constant, that I think the species
should be admitted. Common. Long. 29, lat. 36, alt. 19.

VENUS (CHIONE) conuLARIs. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 368. The well-known
common Venus of South Australia and Tasmania. All must agree with Mr.
Deshayes (see note to Lamarck, loc. cit.) in regarding this species and
V. strigosa, aphrodina, Peronii, aphrodingides and elegantina as mere

51

varieties in color, size, and, to some extent, shape, of the above, I have
examined thousands of specimens and could find no single character in one
species, which did not pass insensibly into another. In the raised beaches
of §. Australia it abounds in extraordinary quantities, and is burnt for
lime,

VENUS (CHIONE) LAMELLATA. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 349. (The most beauti-
ful of our bivalves, distinguished by its transverse elevated undulose frills,
which are striate on the lower side, and of pink color, not unlike the gills of
a mushroom. Common in Tasmania, and extending, though rarely to Port
Jackson, and 8. Australia as far as Guichen Bay. Long. 40, lat. 55, alt. 22,
frills 6 at that size.

VENUS (CHIONE) STUTCHBURYI. Gray.

VENUS (CHIONE) RoBORATA. Hanley, Zool. Proc., 1844, p. 161. Solid,
with numerous smooth, concentric, thick ridges, curved inwards, white,
broadly rayed with pale pink at times. Common, and 8.E.A. Long. and
lat. 45, alt. 15.

VENUS (CHIONE) GALLINULA. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 348. Cordately
elliptical, elegantly and closely covered with stout recurved. ribs, margin
finely dentate, whitish, sometimes rayed with sharply angulate red lines,
het of a uniform violet purple. Common, and V. Long. 30, lat. 39,
alt. 20.

VENUS (CHIONE) MACLEAYANA. Tenison- Woods.

VENUS (CHIONE) sTRIATISSIMA. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., pl. 157, fig. 108,
etc. Small, oblong, ovate beautifully sculptured with radiating ribs and
transverse lamelle ; mottled with red and brown. D’Entrecasteaux’s
Channel, W. Legrand, and in S.E.A. Long. 83, lat. 114, alt. 5.

VENUS (CHIONE) AUSTRALIS. Sowerby, Zool. Proc., 1835, p. 22. Likea
Corbis, nearly latticed, fawn color with brown rays, differing from the last
in the size, closeness and thickness of the lamelle, which are also recurved.
Long. 10, lat. 28, alt. 12. These dimensions agree with Sowerby’s, but the
. Wales and S.A. specimens are much smaller. Rare. B.Sts. and S.

oast. :

VENUS (CHIONE) scaLaRINA. Lamarck, Venus nitida, Quoy. A variety
of V. conularis only. q.v.

VENUS (CHIONE) Lavicata. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., pl. 159, p. 156.
Smooth, shining, ovate, acuminately produced posteriorly, and grooved ;
dusky fawn, with two or three smoky broad rays. Rather common, V. as
far as Portland Bay. Long. 26, lat. 39, alt. 18. This is the measurement
of specimens taken on the E. Coast, Elsewhere it is smaller.

VENUS (CHIONE) FUMIGATA. Sowerby (as Tapes). Is only a large dusky
variety, the posterior grooving being either present or absent on different
specimens,

CaLLIsTa DIEMANENSIS. Hanley, Zool. Proc., 1844, p. 110. Oblong,
ovate, solid, rather variable in color, but generally fulvous bay, more or less
rayed with ashy purple. Hanley says it is easily distinguished by the ashy
purple ray under the umbones inside ; this, however, disappears with age.
Long. 24, lat. 33, alt. 15. This species was described by Deshayes (Brit.
Mus. Cat, Conch., sp. 25, p. 64) as new and named Dione multistriata, under
which name, but as Callista, it is quoted as a New Zealand shell by Hutton
(Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Zealand). It is found sometimes double the size
_ given, and then the colors are very pale.

CALLISTA PLANATELLA. A flat shell described by Lamarck from specimens
in his possession, but previously described by Chemnitz, Conch. Cat., 7, t. 48,
litt. B? (sic in Lam). Said by Philippi (in Abbild Conch., p. 199, pl. 3,
Jig. 6) to come from “Terra Van Diemanensis,’ which may refer to N.
Australia. Deshayes (Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif., part 1, p. 59) doubts if the
shell isthe same. Unknown in Tasmania.

52

Caxtista canpipa. Deshayes, loc. cit., ut. Sup. p. 60. Habitat given as
above. Unknown to Tasmanian collectors.

CALLIsTa DisRuPTA. Sow. Thes. Conch., p. 117, pl. 163, figs. 208 and 209.
Transverse, ovate, shining, striate, yellowish, but much variegated with
purple brown. Long. 14, lat. 18, alt. 10. Rare; Long Bay; Rev. H. D.
Atkinson.

Catzista crrrina. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 806. Pale yellow, about the
size of C. rutila, and said to occur in Tasmania, but I have not seen a
specimen.

Catzista RuTILA. Deshayes, who gives in the Brit. Mus. Catalogue,
“ Proc. Zool., 1852,” as his reference, but no such name occurs. In Reeve’s
Icon., pl. 5, fig. 18, the description does not correspond with Deshayes’s loc.
cit., nor does the figure. He refers to Sowerby’s Thes., p. 743, pl. 103,
jig. 205, who gives no habitat. The shell usually regarded as such in
Australia and Tasmania, I believe to be new, and have described it under
the following name.

CaLtista victorim. Tenison- Woods.
DosInIA IMMACULATA. Tenison- Woods.

Dostnza crata. Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchifera, part 1, p. 8.
White, orbicular, with close, regular, almost lamellar concentric lines, and
microscopically very closely radiately striate. Stained rusty with age.
Common, and in Australia. I believe Dosinia cydippe, A. Adams, Zool.
Proc., 1855, p. 224is the same shell. Long. 51, lat. 56, alt. 37.

Dostnta sapontca. Reeve, Icon., pl. 3, fig. 17. South Coast, Southport,
etc. This appears to me to be only a large specimen of the preceding, nor
can I regard it either as distinct from D. lamellata, Reeve, D. scabriuscula,
Phil., or D. incisa, Reeve. They are all from N. Australia,

Dosrinta corynE. A. Adams, Zool. Proc., 1855, p.223. Solid, smooth,

compressed, and shining, strie very slightly elevated, pale yellowish white,
I have not seen this shell.

DostyjA crocea. Deshayes, loc. cit. Very near D. japonica, as above
but has the lamelle reflexed near the umbones, and a beautiful saffron inside.
Flinder’s Island is the habitat given, but it is not known in Tasmania.
There is another Flinder’s Island off S. Coast of Australia.

TAPES UNDULATA. Born. Testacea., Musei. Cesarei Vindobonensis, 1780,
p. 67. A peculiar oblong, shining, fawn coloured shell, almost equilateral,
and with zigzag purple markings on the corselet. Said to be identical with
Born’s shell from the China Seas, but I strongly incline to the opinion that

it is a different and undescribed species. Rare, Bass’ Straits only, and E.A.
Long. 28, lat. 36, alt. 13.

RUPELLARIA DIEMANENSIS. Quoy and G., Voy. Astrol., pl. 84, figs. 25, 26.
Oblong, quadrate, ventricose, somewhat solid, radiately and transversely
ribbed. The transverse ribs lamellose on the posterior margin. Long. 14,

lat. 20, alt. 9. Common. Is this Deshayes’ Venerupis mitis.? See Zool.
Proc., 1853, p. 5.

RUPELLARIA BREVIs. Quoy and G., loc. cit., Vol. 3, p. 534, pl. 84, figs.
21,23. An ovately quadrate shell, strongly plicate at the base, and trans-
versely striate, which I have not met with.

RUPELLARIA RETICULATA. Tenison- Woods.

RUPELLARIA CRENATA. Lam., Vol. 6, p. 164. Globose, irregular,
oblong, imbricately sculptured and irregularly frilled. “It may be easily
recognised,” says Mr. Angas, (Zool. Proc., 1867, p. 924) “by its peculiar
chalky appearance, blotched here and there with lilac,” (or pink). Not
common. S.A. also,common, Long. 25, lat. 44, alt. 19, but this is large.

RUPELLARIA SUBDECUSSATA. Deshayes, Brit, Mus. Cat. Conch, part 1,

53

p. 196, No. 18. Dull white, ovate, thin, very finely ribbed, and decussate,
with irregular lines of growth. Not common. Long. 25, lat. 44, alt. 18.

RUPELLARIA CARDITOIDES. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 164. Oblong, square,
ribbed, and concentrically regularly exfoliate. Not common, and in §.A.
Long. 28, lat. 37, alt. 17.

CaARDIUM TENUICosTaTUM. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 372. Ventricose, finely
ribbed and somewhat shining, with sometimes a bristly periostraca, which
appears under the microscope as a corrugated scurfy curved fringe along the
ribs. Very common, and in all extra-tropical Australia. Long. 40, lat. 35,
alt. 35. But often much larger.

CARDIUM PULCHELLUM. Reeve, Zcon. pl. 8, fig. 42. Small, finely ribbed,
and posteriorly tuberculated, whitish, handsomely rayed with orange. It
occurs in §.E.A., but the Tasmanian specimens are much smaller, measuring
only long. 8, lat. 9, alt. 5.

CaRDIUM PAPYRACEUM. Chemmnitz, Conch. Cab., Vol. 6, p. 190, pl. 18,

184. I believe that this shell has been found in Tasmania,

but all the specimens lately shown as such to me I can only regard
as varieties of C. tenuicostatum.

CaRDIuM cycnoruM. Deshayes. River Mersey, and Tamar Heads.
W. F. Petterd.

CHama ——? Circular Head. W. F. Petterd.

Lucina Divaricata. Linné, Syst. Nat., 12 edit., p. 1120. <A very pretty
globosely orbicular, waxy white shell, divaricately striate. Common, and
in 8.A. Long. 26, lat. 27, alt. 15. Found almost all over the world, It
was found first in the Mediterranean, and, until lately, when found else-
where, was thought to be another species. This is Von Marten’s opinion
(Crit. List. Moll. N. Zealand, p. 46), but the species are great wanderers,
and the opinions of naturalists, as to the range of certain shells, have
wonderfully changed since the revelations of deep sea dredgings.

Lucrna minima. T'enison- Woods.

Luctna PEcTEN. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 230. Small, white, somewhat
transverse and depressed, with numerous fine bifurcating striate ribs.
Long. 14, lat. 13, alt. 8. Rare. King’s Island. This shell occurs in the
Mediterranean, West Indies, E. Coast of Africa, but I believe has never been
detected in Australian waters before. There can be no doubt of the identi-
fication, as I have compared our shell with type specimens from Europe.
Sowerby proposed to make a new species of the western forms, considering
them distinct because of the remote habitat.

Lorirpes icTeRIcA. Reeve, Icon., Lucina, pl. 10, fig. 60. “A small
white shell, finely concentrically (under the lens) radiately striate ; ligament
internal.”—Angas. There is great difficulty in detecting the radiating
strie in the Tasmanian specimens. Long. 8, lat. 9, alt. 5. Common.

DIPLODONTA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.

PORONIA AUSTRALIS. Sowerby, Jour. de Conch., 1863, ». 287, pl. 12,
Jig. 8. Very small, nearly smooth, tinged rose at the margins. Common
everywhere, and in Australia. Long. 3, lat. 4, alt. 2. The generic name
Lasea, of Leach, was anticipated by Recluz, and Leach himself abandoned
itfor Awtonoé. Of his Lasea, Gwyn Jeffreys says, “he says nothing of the
animal, and scarcely more of the shell.”

PORONIA SCALARIS. Phil. Common, S. Coast, under stones at low water.
W. F. Petterd.

PYTHINA TASMANICA. Tenison- Woods.

GOULDIA PETTERDI. Tenison- Woods.

KELLIA ATKINSONI, Jenison- Woods,

54

Carprta RAovLI. Angas, Zool. Proc., 1872, p. 618. ‘White, tinted. with
‘rose, 18 ribs, which are scaly, nodulous, and spinous. South Coast. Long.
23, lat. 19, alt. 11.

Carpita quoyt. Deshayes, Zool Proc., 1852, p. 103. Coarse, trans-
‘verse, globose, whitish with ribs obsoletely and irregularly nodose. Badger
Island, not common. Long. 30, lat. 36, alt. 20. .

Carpita cunnI. Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 1852, p. 101. This is my C.
Atkinsoni, described in last year’s Proceedings. It is often rayed with red
streaks on a dusky ground. Small, transverse, ribs 16, regularly imbricately
nodose.

CARDITA AMABILIS. Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 1852, p. 102, pl. 17, fig. 89.
Suborbicular, with about 28 regularly crenately nodose ribs spotted
chestnut, with a periostraca. Long. 16, lat. 17, alt. 10. South Coast,
rather uncommon. Deshayes gives New Zealand as the habitat, but
it does not occur in Hutton’s list. ;

MyTmicarDIA ExcAvaTa. Deshayes, loc. cit., p. 100. Oblong, with
radiate ribs, supporting long irregular, lamellar arched scales, Tasmanian
“specimens from D’Entrecasteaux’s Channel are dull yellow in color, while
those from Sydney are orange and larger. Moderately common. Long. 9,
lat. 16, alt. 10. Is this Lamarck’s Cardita aviculina, which was thought to
be identical with C. calyculata (?) Brugieres? Lamarck says that his
specimens came from King’s Island and Sealer’s Cove. There is at any rate
no resemblance between our species and Brugiere’s shell.

-MYTILICARDIA TASMANICA. 'enison- Woods.

Mytimus tatus. Lamk. Hist. Nat., s.v., Vol. 7, p. 41. This shell
in its young ‘state is sometimes almost an emerald green, but isialways rayed
with purple by transmitted light, it is depressed, with an acute edge, and
well preserved specimens are covered with a bright olive shining periostraca,
When old and worn it is solid, somewhat smooth, purple black, and shining,
margins enamelled, and dull green, with scattered, coarse, black hairs, set in
a kind of white calcareous disc. Very common on wharves, piles, etc.,
Hobart Town. Long. 96, lat. 50, alt. 40. Common in New Zealand. It
has in Tasmania been confounded with the American IM. obesus, Dunker,
through a mistaken habitat given by Reeve.*

‘Mytiztus Tasmanicus. Tenison-Woods. This shell, like the last, has. a
‘green enamel, but it is of a beautiful clear glassy green. It has also
scattered black hairs, but they are set in a horny disc. It is tumid, and
‘perhaps the largest species known. Not common, deep water. Long. 19,
lat. 8, alt. 5, centimetres. Thardly doubt now that it is a darker, larger
variety of the last species.

Mytiivus punkeri. Reeve, Icon., pl. 5, fig. 17. Said by Mr. Angas to
be a Tasmanian species, but I have not met with it. Common in Port
Phillip. More gibbous than J/. latus, of which I regard it as a variety.

Mytitus rostratus. Dunker, MS., Mus. Cum.., teste. Reeve, Icon. pl. 5,
fig. 15. Rather elongated and attenuate towards the umbones, reddish
purple, and nacreous. Lines of growth conspicuously raised; surface
covered with very fine, divaricating ribs. Common. Long. 39, lat. 8,
alt. 19 ?

Mytinvs uirsuTus. Lamarck, Vol. 7, p. 38. Purple brown, sulcate,
radiately striate throughout, and covered with long hairs, the shafts of

which are prickly. Rare, but common in §.A. and 8.E.A. and N. Zealand.
Long, 40, lat. 24, alt. 18.

* In my second series of New Tasmanian shells in the Roy. Soc. Tas. Proc.
for 1876, Mytilus dunkeri is referred to as the shell whose habitat is given
wrongly by Reeve. This is a misprint for M/. obesus.

5D

Mytinvs crassus. Tenison- Woods.

MoDIOLA AUSTRALIS. Gray, Appendix to King’s Voyage in Australia,
p. 477. Short and contracted posteriorly or convexly dilated anteriorly,
sparingly bearded. Common, and in Australia, north and south. Often 70
to 80 mil. long. Every conchologist has doubts whether this shell is distinct
from M. tulipa. Knowing what we now do of the range of shells, I am
inclined to think it is not.

Moprona auBicostaTa. Lamarck Vol. 7, p. 19. Large, smooth, shining,
dark chestnut, with darker rays. The central white rib described by Lam.
is only seen on worn specimens. Common. Long. 71(?), lat. 31, alt. 25.
Var. 1. polita ; var. 2. nebulosa, Mihi.

MopIoLa ARBORESCENS. Chemnitz Conch. Cab., Vol. 2, p. 198, fig. 2016 ;
Lamarck (M. picta), Vol. 7, pl. 21; Sowerby, Genera of Shells fig. 1 (the
latter the best figure); also Reeve. A flattened yellowish white shell,
clouded with red and arborescent black markings on the edge. Very rare.
Long Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkinson. About 45 mil. long.

Moprona cuminciAna. Dunker, MS. Mus. Cum. teste. Reeve, Icon.,
pl. 9, fig. 68. Oblong, wedge shaped, curved, gibbous, tumid anteriorly,
finely striated and obtusely angled, but conspicuously smooth in the middle ;
dark, horny with shining periostraca. Not common. Long. 14, lat. 22,
alt. 12. Long Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkinson. Tamar Heads, W. F. Petterd.

VULSELLA TASMANICA. Reeve, Icon. pl. 1, fig. 3. Pale, horny, squamose,
and closely striate, uncouth and very variable in shape. Relative measure-
ments vary, as it takes every shape. About 30 to 18 is the average.
Common, and §.A.

AvICULA PULCHELLA. Reeve Icon., pl. 8, jig. 22. “An exceedingly
transparent shell, curiously painted with interrupted rays of black spots,
narrow red flames, and fine opaque white spots.”’—Reeve. Very variable,
the brown and white spots alone visible sometimes. Common, and V., and
all the East Coast of Australia, Said to occur in the Philippines. In
Tasmania it is almost always found on seaweed. Long. 23, lat. 3, alt. 11.

Pinna TasMAnNIcA. Tenison- Woods.
ORDER PECTINACES.,

TRIGONIA MARGARITACEA. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p.514. The largest of the
few Australian T'rigonie, and the only one found in Tasmania.

Arca TRAPEZIA. Desh. (lobata, Reeve.) Very plentiful,.Tamar Heads,
at low water, not found on the south side of the island. Found also in W.
Indies.

Arca Fasciata. Reeve Zool. Proc., 1844, p. 125, and Jcon., pl...15,
Jig. 99. Closely ribbed, and transversely finely striate, shell white with
faint brown, transverse bands, and having periostraca on the edges.
Common. Islands in Bass’ Straits, S. Tasmania, Tamar Heads, always much
worn. Long. 27, lat. 51, alt. 18.

Prectuncuutus rapDIANS. Lamarck, Vol. 6, p. 495. A reddish rayed
ribbed shell, very common here, and in 8.A. Long. 34, lat. 37, alt, 21.

PECTUNCULUS oBLIQUUS. teeve? N.E. Coast.
PECTUNCULUS FLABELLATA. Tenison-Woods, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vicet.,
1877.

Nucuna crayi. D’Orbigny, Amerique Meridionale, p.53. Ovate, very
transverse, acuminate at both ends, thin, inflated, very smooth, olive and
shining. Very rare. Long Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkinson. Reeve gives New
Zealand as the habitat, but it is not known there.

Nucuta minuta. Tenison- Woods.
Lepa crassa, Hinds, Zool. Proc., 1848, p. 99 (descr. Nucula). Solid,

56

white, ventricose, with thick, rounded, concentric ridges, and brownish
black epidermis, a depressed area under the beak, marked by a notch in the
ventral valve. Rather uncommon. Long. 17, lat. 29, alt. 12.

Limopsis TENISONI, Mihi. This shell was named by me L. cancellata in
Roy. Soc. Proc. Tas., 1876, but I find the name has been given by Reeve. |
I therefore dedicate the shell to Colonel Tenison, of Kilronan Castle, Lord
Lieutenant of the County of Roscommon, Ireland.

Precten Fumatus. Linné, Syst. Nat., 12 edit., p. 1144. This I regard as
identical with P. laticostatus, Gray, which occurs also in New Zealand.
They would have been recognised as identical long ago, but for the foregone
conclusion that the common shells were necessarily different because of the
different habitat. Facts, proving exceptions to the rule, have been evaded by
the creation of new species, by which science has been burdened and re-
tarded.

PrcTEN aspERRiIMUS. Lamarck, Vol. 7, p. 145. Very common in all
S.A. and Tasmania. Wonderfully variable in color ; specimens of every
hue,—violet, orange, yellow, scarlet, and purple, may be found ; gracefully
ribbed, each main rib having smaller ones beside it, and all studded with
small spines, always regular in form, and never disturbed with lines of
growth. It has received many names from its varieties, such as P. australis,
P. rubrum, etc. Fossil specimens are very common in the pliocene rocks of
Government House quarry, Adelaide. -

Prcten Birrons. Lamarck, Vol. 7, p.131. Common andin§.A. A
depressed oblique shell, about the dimensions of P. laticostatus,but variable
in form. It has a few radiating main plaits upon the valves, which are
thickly lined with fine radiating riblets. The surface is finely shagreened in
a reticulate manner, and the insides of the valves are deeply saturated with
violet purple ; the ribs vary very much, sometimes they are few, and like
flattened keels; for this reason I cannot distinguish Messrs. Adams and
Angas’s P. tasmanicus (Zool. Proc., 1863, p. 428), whose specific character
as distinguished from P. bifrons is merely in the form of the ribs.

PECTEN MARIZ. Tenison- Woods.

Raputa Lima. Linné. Syst. Nat, 12 edit., p. 1147. Waxy white, with
many lamellose or spinous ribs. Not common and very small, though in
S.E.A. it is often found 120 mil. long.

RaDvuLa BULLATA. Born. Sow. Cen., fig. 3. Narrow, inflated, white,
faintly rayed, ‘ears small. Long. 25, lat. 15, alt. 12, N. Coast only, Not
very common.

PLACUNANOMIA ————— ? A broken valve adhering to Mytilus latus,
but too imperfect for determination, was shown to me. It had some of the
characters of P. zelandica (Gray in Dieffenbach’s, N.Z. Vol. 2, p. 260.)

OsTREA EDULIS. Linné. loc. cit., p. 1148. The common species, world-
wide in its distribution, with the upper valve flat, and the lamelle of the
lower forming imbricated folds. , There are specimens in the Museum of the
Royal Society of Tasmania, from N.W. Bay, measuring 185 long. by 123

mil. wide: The variety of P. purpurescens, of S.A., is not known here,
neither is O. virescens, Angas.

OsTREA MORDAX. Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc., Vol. 3, p. 345. The “ rock

oyster” of N.S. Wales. Not common, being found in one or two places
only on the E. Coast.

OsTREA RUTUPINA. Jeff. var O. edulis. The small, regularly formed
variety, not flaky, to which th2 “native oyster” belongs. Not common.

OstREA ANGASI. Sowerby in Reeve’s Icon. pl. 13, fig. 28, species 27. An
inequivalve, laminately frilled species. Rare. The Tasmanian species are
smaller than Reeve’s figure,

57

SPONDYLUS TENELLUS. Reeve, Icon., pl. 18, fig. 67. Ovate, finely
radiately ridged, minutely striated and imbricated ; scales irregular, white
and pale transparent rose color. Rare, N. Coast onlyandinS.A. This may
be a different species from that of the name from the Pacific and, therefore,
new. Long. and lat. 70, alt. 45.

Criass BRACHIOPODA.

WALDHEIMIA FLAVESCENS. Lamarck, Vol. 7, p. 330. This well known
gregarious ribbed species, scarcely needs description. It is very variable.
Found in all Southern Australia, but only on the N. Coast of Tasmania.

KRAUSSIA LAMARCKIANA. Davidson, Zool. Proc., 1852, p. 80. Very
small and radiately ribbed. In great abundance under stones at low water,
Tamar Heads. Occurs also in S.E.A., and New Zealand, and occasionally
found at Long Bay. W. F. Petterd.

Kravssia ATKINSONI. Nobis. This is a shell about the size of the last,
but more depressed and with a smooth valve. Mr. Davidson says it belongs

to the genus Kraussia or Kraussina, and he believes it to be new. Long
Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkinson,

58

CONFERVA BOMBYCINA.
By THE Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F-R.A.S.

[Read 10th April, 1877.]

The Confervacee form a section of the great family of the
Alge, better known to us as sea weeds, although a large pro-
portion of them inhabit fresh and brackish water, as well as
the ocean. None of the Algz are highly constituted, con-
sisting as they do purely of cellular matter without a trace of
vascular tissue. In fact they stand at the very bottom of
nature’s ladder; varying, however, greatly in point of size
from the microscopic speck to the huge Gulf weed, whose
tangle branches reach for hundreds of feet in extent.

Smallest of all plants probably, and simplest in its organi-
sation is Protococcus nivalis, which, however, makes up for its
minuteness by the marvellous abundance of the individual
plants, and is well known to voyagers in the extreme North
under the name of Red Snow. The red snow in fact con-
sisting of snow, whose surface is covered for miles with this
almost infinitesimally minute Algw. Each plant is composed
of a single cell, which multiplies by division, each new cell
separates, and again divides into other cells, the division (be
it observed), always occurring in multiples of four. As this
process takes place with extreme rapidity (under favourable
circumstances) the surface of the snow is speedily stained by
these tiny organisms with a rich crimson hue.

Another form of these lowly organised plants is common
enough in the old country, where it shows itself on gravel
paths, and like hard rough soils, as a lightish brown
amorphous mass, not unlike a lump of olive coloured jelly
This only occurs after rain, in dry weather the plant shrinks.
up and occupies so small a space as to be quite invisible.
The Algz indicated is a species of Nostoc, and when examined
under the microscope it proves to be composed of an infinite
number of filaments; each filament being moniliform, or
having the appearance of numerous beads attached to each
other in a regular series—the system of filaments being
enveloped in a gelatinous pellicle. Nostoc, like most of the
lower Algae, propagates by division, the filaments breaking up
into separate parts, and each part becoming the nucleus of a
new mass of gelatine.

Nearly allied to these are to widely dispersed groups, well
known to microscopists under the names of Desmids or
Diatoms. These consist of infinitely minute unicellular alge
which are as varied in form as they are abundant in
individuals. Scarcely a drop of standing water can be
examined without a specimen being found, and the muddy

59

banks of tidal rivers are often coloured a light brown, for
miles together, by their presence. The almost boundless
variety and elegance of form by which Desmids and Diatoms
are characterised, together with the great beauty of the
sculptured siliceous coat, by which the latter are enveloped,
have always rendered these tiny plants favourite objects for
the microscope.

A step higher inthescale isoccupied by the Oscillatoria. These
are filamentous in their structure, the filaments (as the name
Oscillatoria implies), being endowed with a peculiar wavy
motion; the different parts bending from one side to the
other with a never ceasing action. Indeed this capability of
motion is one of the most singular and most mysterious
characteristics of these minute organisms. For all or nearly
all of them possess it, either in the whole plant, or some
portion of it. The hair-like filaments of the Oscillatoria, as I
have just said, wave to and fro with a slow graceful motion:
the filaments of Nostoc are also said to have a slight movement
in water, but I have never seen it myself, though I have
often examined them. In another nearly allied section
the Volvocinea, the members (which are globular in form),
swim merrily in their drop of water, and as they at the same
time revolve on their own axis, the sight is one to be
remembered. Not less interesting is the passage ofa Desmid
ora diatom across the field of the microscope, conducted
however in a much quieter and more sober fashion than are
the wild gambols of volvox and its near relatives. A Diatom,
whatever its form, moves steadily through the water, turning
neither to the right hand nor to the left. Ifit meets with.a
fellow diatom or with any like obstacle (as is often the case), it
pushes blindly on until the obstacle is removed, or it is itself
shunted on one side, in which case its apparently purposeless
journey is again resumed. What the object of this gift of
motion may be or how it is effected, is entirely unknown. All
sorts of conjectures have been indulged in and theories raised,
each one in turn to be laid aside. Anyone, however, with a
decent microscope may watch the process I speak of at almost
any season of the year, and he would prove a genuine
benefactor to science, who succeeded in penetrating the mystery
of motion in these lowly organisms.

The case is different with the higher Alge, among which
the specimen before us may be reckoned. Here the plant
itself is at rest, rooted (or rather fixed, for it has no proper
roots) to some bulkier object. In lieu of itself being a
wanderer, the plant discharges from special receptacles a vast
number of Zoospores, which I may liken for simplicity’s sake
to the seeds of more highly developed plants; though in reality
there is no sort of analogy between them. These Zoospores

60

are pear-shaped bodies, of the simplest possible structure, and
at the apex of each are either ¢wo or four cilia or short thread,
like processes. (You will observe, by the way, how the parts
of these simple plants always seem to run into some multiple
of four: just as in the far more complicated endogens the -
multiple of three and in the exogens of four or five, is the
rule.

ae soon as the Zoospoore is at liberty, it begins to rove
rapidly about by means of its cilia, which are lashed violently
and so produce a current in the water. Aftera time, (when
I suppose it has sown a sufficiency of wild oats) it settles down
on some fixed object, attaches itself by its pointed end, drops
its cilia, and at once vegetates into an Algze—thus affording
in its life history astriking parallel to that of the Cirrhipeds
(or Barnacles), among Crustaceans which have so long been a
stumbling block to the disciples of Darwin.

Rising by gradual stages from the Oscillatores and their
allies we reach the Confervacea—a conspicuous member of
which is the matted specimen on the table. The members of
this order consist of simple or branched filaments, divided
into or rather made up of numerous cells of simple construc-
tion, filled with granular bodies, often disposed in elegant
patterns, as may be seen in the species of Spirogyra, very
common in our lagoons and waterholes. Confervacea exist in
abundance in both fresh and sea waters, where they may be
seen either in large shapeless masses or waving in the stream
like bundles of light green silk.

How many species we may have in Tasmania, I know not, as
the subject has never been investigated, though one well worthy
the attention of some microscopist with plenty of time and
patience at his command. Dr. Hooker (in his great work on
the Tasmanian flora), mentions three marine Conferve ; and
adds, ‘ We have received specimens of several freshwater Con-
ferva from Mr. Gunn unfortunately not in a state fit for
exalaination or description.”

Two species are common in Great Britain. and are (I
believe), universally distributed throughou’ Europe, viz.:—
Conferva bombycina and Conferva floccosa, both determined
by the great Swedish Algologist Agardh. It is to one of
these, as we have seen by his letter, that Baron von Mueller is
inclined to refer our specimen.

And if we are ignorant of the species, equally so are we of
the cause of the combining together of the filaments into the
curious paper like structure, which you see before you. Ihave
often found on the edges of ponds and slow streams in
England the thick blanket like strata of matted Conferva, to
which the Baron draws our attention, and which are vulgarly
styled “water flannel” in the old country. But these are

61

coarse and almost shapeless masses, and very different in
appearance to the delicate sheets and ribbons, which the
Tasmanian conferva weaves from its dead or dying filaments.

How this weaving process is carried out, or why the sheets
should always present the same form and appearance is
altogether unknown. - :

The following is the letter from Baron von Miieller alluded
to in the above paper :—

‘‘ So far as I can judge from the bleached and partly decayed
state of the specimens sent by you, the matted algic substance
occurring in fresh water at Hobart Town is either Agardh’s
Conferva bombycina or a species allied to it. The cells or
joints are almost double the size of those of C. bombycina in its
ordinary state, but I possess Danish specimens quite as large.
The discovery of C. bombycina would not come suprisingly in
Australia, as I have shown many years ago the likewise widely
distributed C. floccosa to occur in fresh waters near Adelaide.
The limits of allied species are not well defined in reference to
cell contents; nor do your specimens admit of close examina-
tion in that respect. Your conferva is evidently also nearly
allied to C. Sandvicensis of Gaudichaud. The internal organi-
sation of the cell serves probably better for distinction than
the size and form of the cell walls, which I found always very
variable, as might be expected from the varied circumstances
under which such kind of plants occur ; whether temperature,
or depth, or pureness of water is concerned.

“ Possibly among the matted masses sent by you may be
remnants of a Cladophora and also sterile portions of an
Oedogonium.

“‘T have found here occasionally enormous sheets of similar
constitution to what you sent, in swamps; these masses in
dry seasons, after the evaporation of all water, would cover the
bottoms of lagoons witha thick felt, so much so that I could
obtain it by cartloads, finding the substance excellent for being
conyerted into the best of filtering paper.

‘“‘Frrp, Von MuELuer.”

62

ALIEN PLANTS.
By tHe Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.M.S.

[Read 8th May, 1877.]

The catalogue accompanying this paper includes all those members —
of the Tasmanian Flora which come under Hewett C. Watson’s
designation of Aliens. This is a happily conceived title, first
instituted by that veteran botanist ; and it was intended by him to
embrace such species as have been introduced either by accident or
design, and which have maintained their ground more or less firmly
in their adopted country. Ialso include a few plants which, in
Mr. Watson’s more extended vocabulary, would probably be named
by him waifs, strays, and casuals; but the number of these is so
small that I have thought it better to bring them all under the
general designation of Aliens.

In speaking of an introduced plant as an Alien it should be borne
in mind that cultivated plants arenotintended, solong astheyremain
under cultivation ; for the simple reason that they owe their con-
tinued existence (not to any struggle for life on their part, nor to
any special adaptability they may possess to found a new race ina
new home), but to the care of the cultivator. Consequently, they
can never, so long as they are under his care, influence the character
of the native flora,or interfere with the progress and distribution of
indigenous species. An alien plant, pure and simple, is one which,
to whatever cause it may owe its origin, has either now, or from its
first introduction, ceased to depend upon man, and has set up on its
own account.

As far as I have been able to ascertain, Tasmanian aliens may be
reckoned at 162 distinct species, with some 13 varieties, included in
119 genera. In adopting these numbers, I have not been guided by
hearsay evidence, but have seen and examined living specimens of
all with the exception of 21, which have not come under my obser-
vation, but to which I have attached the initials N.V. These,
however, I give on the authority of Baron von Miiller, Bentham and
Hooker. IJhope therefore, that the list given is a tolerably correct
one up to the present date, and may be of benefit ata future day,
when the distinction between aliens and natives has been either
lost or considerably weakened by lapse of time.

In the year 1860 Hooker published in his great work on the Flora
of Tasmania, a list of plants naturalised in the Australian Colonies,
chiefly, however, in the neighbourhood of Melbourne. Of these 24
only are noted either as occurring in Tasmania or as ubiquitous,
that is to say, such as are likely to be found in every part of the
world. 58 more of Hooker’s species can now be included in a
catalogue of our aliens, from which it may be inferred, that 80 species
(or one half more) have made their appearance in this island, since
the publication of Hooker’s work. Of the 82 named by him, I have
been able to confirm the presence of all but 11.

The same illustrious author observes in the course of some
introductory remarks ; ‘‘It would be interesting to discover the
date and particulars under which these plants were introduced, and
so to register their inczease and migrations as to afford to succeed-
ing observers the means of comparing their future condition

63

with their present. Intheearly times of a colony there is com-
paratively little difficulty in distinguishing the colonists from the
native species. But as the surface of the land becomes artifi- —
cially disturbed, the habits of all its plants are influenced; the
endemic species are driven from their native places, and take
refuge in hedgerows, ditches, and planted copses, and, from their
associating with the introduced plants, are apt to be classed in the
same category with them ; whilst the introduced wander from the
cultivated spots, and eject the native, or taking their places by
them appear like them to be truly indigenous*.”

Indeed already, though the colony is not yet a century old, the
difficulty of discriminating between an Alien and a native is far
from easy. If we find a plant persistently hanging about the
precincts of the Royal Society’s Garden, or, for the matter of that,
any other garden, but not putting in an appearance elsewhere, we
may safely conclude that it cannot claim civic rights, but is indebted
for its first establishment in the colony to the fostering hand of
the cultivator ; though now it may have partially escaped from his

asp.

But what if we meet with some obscure British weed in a remote
part of the island, where cultivation is almost unknown? In what
category shall it find a place? Does it owe its origin to an
accidental importation, which we cannot now trace back to its source
—or were its ancestors in possession of the soil long before the
white man set his foot on the island ?

I am afraid that practically it is impossible to answer this ques-
tion satisfactorily. We can only weigh probabilities, and balance
the opinion of those who have had the best opportunities of studying
the plants in situ.

Zoologists, and more particularly ornithologists, are wont to cut
the gordian knot in a much simpler fashion. Instead of taking
pains to ascertain whether a bird has a right to the title of native
or not, an hour’s residence in any given country suffices to confer
upon it all the privileges of domicile. Hence it is, that the
catalogue of British Birds is encumbered with such names as the
Kgyptian Vulture of North Africa (Neophron percnopterus), the
Redwinged Starling of the United States (Ageleus pheeniceus), and
even our Spinetailed Swift (Acanthylis cawdacuta)—animals, which
have no more claim to be called British, than would the monkeys
of the lately exhibited menagerie have to be called Tasmanian, had
they escaped from their confinement and been shot in the bush.

T cannot but think that the method of those who study the Flora
of a country, is to be preferred, viz. : to be very jealous of
admitting doubtful species, to investigate carefully the claims of
each, and to rigidly exclude all such as they are morally certain
have no real connection with the region under observation. Atthe
same time it isright, for the benefit of those who come after us, that
the names of the intruders should be carefully preserved, and, if
possible, the date of their introduction registered.

I may as well state that I am unable to make any practical appli-
cation of this last suggestion. I have searched our Transactions and
similar sources of information, but with little effect. No one seems
to have taken the trouble to place on record the first appearance or

* Hooker, FI, of Tasm., 1 p., cv.

64

first introduction of any of the plants now naturalised in the island.

The American Waterweed appears, from inquiries I have made,
not to have been noticed before the year 1862.

The seeds of the Prairie Grass were brought here in 1865.

The Bathurst Burr was first seen in the neighbourhood of Mel-
bourne in 1857; and in New Zealand in 1863. It must have
reached Tasmania, I imagine, at a later date than that, but when, —
I have no means of knowing. : :

As may be imagined, England has supplied us with by far the
larger number of our Aliens. With regard to those species which
are not of British origin, I have placed the names of their proper
locality against them ; and on reverting to the list, it appears
that out of the whole number imported into the island, no less than
138 belong to the Old Country, leaving 24 only to be looked for
elsewhere. The south of Europe and the countries bordering on
the Mediterranean Sea have given 16 of these to our catalogue ;
of the remaining eight, four have wandered here from the Cape of
Good Hope, three from America, and one from the West Indies.

I do not mean to imply that these plants have travelled direct to
Tasmania from the localities intimated. On the contrary, many
of them have probably reached our island by short stages,
taking their time on the road, and halting in favourable spots.
Others again have crossed the ocean to the Continent of Australia
direct, have settled there for a while, and then, in the true spirit of
emigration, have sent their offspring across Bass’s Straits, or have
come round in ships to Hobart Town. For example, the South
American Xanthiwm spinosum had obtained an evil notoriety in
Australia under the name of ‘‘ Bathurst burr,” long before it
set foot in the neighbourhood of Launceston. Some species
we know, have been purposely introduced. A _ pretty
yellow oxalis (0. cernua) from South Africa, the wild
rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) from England, a worthless onion
(Nothoscordum fragrans) from South Africa, with some others, were
originally brought as seeds to the garden of the Royal Society.
They have, however, for some time altogether repudiated the
gardener’s paternal care, and seem quite capable of maintaining
themselves. The oxalis and the rocket are gradually working their
way to the outer world ; the onion, however, seems loth to leave
the snug quarters provided for it ; but to make up for its stay-at-
home qualities, it is spreading largely among the flower beds, and
causing much trouble and annoyance.

It is scarcely necessary to say that most, if not all, of the useful
grasses and clovers owe their introduction to a spirit of improve-
ment, and not to accident.

Again, the presence of many species which have not been brought
here with a useful or esthetic object, may be accounted for with
great certainty. Every bushel of corn that has been at any time
imported from England was almost sure to contain the seed of the
common spurrey provided it had been grown in a sandy soil.
Every pet canary bird, that arrives in the island, conveys in its food-
tin the germs of the pretty canary grass, which now abounds on
our rubbish heaps and road sides.

The introduction of the marigold, the mint, the fennel, the water-
cress, and other common favourites of the garden or the table, may

65

be as easily traced. Given a fine climate and a congenial soil, it
is easy to predicate of any chance seed or castaway root, that
it will speedily germinate and attach itself to its new home.

But itis a far more difficult task to account for the naturalization
of such plants as Lavatera hispida or Trifolium tomentosum—(I am
compelled to employ the Latin titles, as they have not yet become
common enough to have acquired the dignity of a a local nomencla-
ture). The former is a low shrub allied to the common mallow of
England ; the latter an insignificant trefoil. That they are aliens
in the true sense of the word, we have the authority of Baron von
Miiller, and (in the case of Lavatera) of Bentham also, authorities
from whom it is pure heresy to differ on such a subject as the
geographical distribution of plants. Both species ‘“‘hail” (as
Americans say) from the sunny regions of South Hurope; and
where have they chosen to fix their abodes? Lavatera in the
islands of Bass’ Straits, and Tvrifoliwm in the neighbourhood of
Circular Head, localities ill adapted (one would suppose) for the
reception of two South European plants, conspicuous neither for
beauty nor value, and which could scarcely therefore owe their
introduction to the hand of map.

I confess I am quite unable to account for such a phenomenon ;
and I will not waste time in mere conjectures.

I remember, when I was in the United States, some years ago,
and was, as usual, indulging my botanical tastes, I used to hear
my friends declare, that every one of their most noxious weeds
came originally from Great Britain. There is no denying, that
there was much truth in the remark; unquestionably a large pro-
portion of the plants hurtful to pasture and corn-field had emigrated
from the Mother Country.

Must we too, bring a like accusation against our Alma Mater ?
I am afraid we cannot avoid doing so. I believe, that if a sudden
blight fell on all the alien weeds of Tasmania, and swept them
away, there would be scarcely one vegetable enemy left to interfere
materially with the labours of the agriculturist. In fact, I donot
know of a single native species vigorous enough to occupy tracts of
cultivated land year after year, or to cause serious alarm.

It would be well if we could say as much for our importations
from the old country, and that we had not to lament the introduc-
tion of the Briar and the Californian Thistle—not to mention the
Spear Thistle and the Milk Thistle, with its pretty marbled leaves—
and a host of lesser plagues, such as the Stinging Nettle, and Sheep
Sorrel, all of which had much better have remained at home.

Whether we have to thank Great Britain or, its true home,
North America, for that pest of the pond and slow running stream
—the American Water Weed—I know not. South Africa has sent
the Cape weed (Cryptostemma), and South America the Bathurst

ur.

The three last named are at present harmless enough ; but Imuch
fear that the day will come when the colony will have bitter cause to
regret their importation.

The Cape weed is not specially hurtful in itself, but as it spreads
with great rapidity, it speedily occupies a large area, to the
exclusion of grasses and other plants with far more valuable
qualities. o

F

66

Of the Bathurst burr, it is needless to say anything; its
hooked capsules are the dread of the sheep farmer, wherever it
flourishes on the neighbouring continent. Its progress appears to be
slow in this island; but it is among us, and I fear will, some day,
take its influence felt. a

With regard to the other enemy, the American water weed or |
water thyme, I have seen the most disastrous effects produced
by it in the old country. When once established, its growth
is extraordinarily rapid, and it quickly fills up whatever pond or
stream it favours with its presence. Every joint, however minute,
takes root and forms a new plant, and, as may be easily imagined,
fragments are constantly carried on the breasts, or legs of water
birds from one point to another. It certainly seems slow to
propagate in this country, from what cause I know not. But this
is no argument, I fear, against its spread at a future date ; for
I have watched it in’acanal in England, where for years it seemed
only to exist in isolated patches, and then, for some mysterious
reason, its vitality seemed to be suddenly awakened, and it almost
filled the bed of the stream, so as to interfere with the flow of the
water. What it can do, under favourable circumstances, I had an
opportunity of witnessing lately at Brighton. A waterhole in a
paddock was so completely choked up by it,that it seemed impossible
to thrust another stem in between those already growing there.

On the other hand the plants, which I discovered two years ago
in a quiet nook in the Jordan, appear to occupy about the same
sized area; I do not think they have increased the least. I may
mention, in passing, that any persons who wish to see this noxious
water weed have only to step into Franklin-square, where it
flourishes abundantly in the central basin.

And what have we among our aliens of an useful and ornamental
nature to set against the evil done by these troublesome immigrants ?
First and foremost, we have a number of excellent grasses and
clovers, palatable to cattle, and capable of enduring extreme
drought far better than the native species, Many a roadside and
Spare corner is now clothed with a green verdure, which years ago
was brown and useless in summer. Red and white clover, cocksfoot,
fescue, meadow grass, rye grass, and some dozen other grasses,
have escaped from cultivation and set up on their own account
wherever they could find a suitable spot. One only of the intro-
puced grasses brings a bad reputation with it. I allude to the
Darnel (Loliwm temulentum), which has always been looked upon as
poisonous. But there is no doubt that this is a gross calumny,
originating, probably, in the fact of its being apparently more
liable than other grasses to the attacks of a fungus, which really is
poisonous, the well-known Ergot. Darnel is, in fact, closely
related to the Rye-grass, and, were it not that it is usually deficient
in foliage, would be quite as valuable as a food plant.

I have found in a few places specimens of the Sainfoin
(Onobrychis sativa), one of the most esteemed fodder plants in
England. So highlyisit valued that it is frequently termed the
farmer’s friend and the farmer’s doctor ; for farmers say, let their
sheep be ever so sick or sorry they have only to turn them into a
field of Sainfoin and they are sure to recover. Unfortunately we
shall never be in a position to test its worth, because it is

67

purely a chalk plant; on any other but a chalky soil it inevitably
sickens and dies out.

Spurrey (in botany, Spergula arvensis), another of our aliens, is a
plant with a sort of two-fold character. In England it is despised
and treated as a mere weed; whereas in most parts of Europe
it is held in great favour as food for cattle. I have seen many
acres devoted to its culture in France and Germany. Its value
consists in its capability of growing on worthless soil.
It is nowhere more at home than in a pure sand. Where
grass and clover are stunted and useless, spurrey finds
abundant nourishment, and clothes the ground with its branched
stems and white starlike flowers. The finest specimens I have
gathered came from the fields of almost pure sand, lining the
shore at Kangaroo Point. The Germans distinguish two species,
one of which under cultivation is said to attain a height of
two or three feet, and must afford a large amount of fodder. I
have never myself seen it above one foot high. But it might be
worth the attention of agriculturists ; as there must be many a sandy
corner, especially near the coast, now quite worthless, which sown
with spurrey, would afford a fair amount of sheep feed.

Among aliens of minor importance may be noted the following:—

The root of the common dandelion is wellknown in medicine
‘under the name of taraxacum, and valued for its diuretic qualities.

In France the leaves are blanched, and form no mean addition
to a salad, being crisp and slightly bitter.

The opium poppy (Papaver somniferwm) is scarcely yet established,
' a8 I have found very few plants in a wild state. The properties
of its seeds and of the juice extracted from the stem are too well-
known to need description.

Another valuable member of the pharmacopeia—though at the
same time an intensly poisonous one—is the henbane (Hyoscyamus
niger). It exists sparingly in waste places, but might easily be
brought under cultivation.

The fruit of the Caper Spurge is often in Europe pickled
and used in lieu of the genuine caper ; but belonging as it does to
the family of Huphorbia, it must always be looked upon with sus-
picion. The plant is still a casual only in the island.

The chicory (Cichoriwm intybus) Ihave found but once on the
bank of the railway just beyond Glenorchy. Whether it could
be turned to profit here I have no means of knowing. The root,
as you know, has of late years become a regular article of com-
merce, for the purpose of mingling with coffee.

I need scarcely say to any member present who passed his boy-
hood in the old country, how welcome the blackberry is to youthful
palates, though I fear it will not be so welcome to the agriculturist,
to whom it is better known as the bramble. It abounds on the
northern coast and in the Ringarooma district ; it is also spreading
widely in the country about the Huon.

Even the much-abused briar has its services. Horses are very
fond of its bright red fruit, of which it bears an enormous quantity ;
and a friend lately told me that some animals of his, which had
the run of paddocks full of briars during the late long drought,
retained their condition entirely through the nourishing properties
of the “‘ hips,” which they will at all times greedily devour.

68

Another wide-spread alien is said to have valuable fattening
qualities. I allude to the wire weed (Polygonum aviculare). eo
cannot speak from my own knowledge. The plant is certainly in
more than sufficient abundance for ample experiments to be made.

There are a number of other small aliens, such as chickweed,
groundsel, speedwell, and gromwell, which now only cumber the ~
ground, but which would soon be turned to account if our hedges
and woodlands were filled, as they might be, with singing birds
imported from home. These would gladden our hearts with
their cheerful music, and help largely in keeping down noxious
weeds. It would be almost worth while to introduce the goldfinch
and give it its liberty here, to aid in checking the inroads of the
numerous thistles. Its fondness for their seed is a well-known fact.
Indeed, its scientific name of Carduelis is meant_to betoken this,
the Latin name of a thistle being Carduus. In England they may
be seen, in open down countries, where thistles most abound, in
companies of a dozen or so, climbing among the stalks, and
peering into the spiny heads in search of their favourite food.
The species most frequented by them perhaps is that which we mis-
name ‘ Californian.”

The Aliens have added but little to the ornamentation of our
island. The Furze (Ulex ewropeus) is handsome when in flower ;
and there are few weeks in the year, when it may not be seen.
Hateful too asis the briar in the eyes of the cultivator, no one can
deny, that its delicate pink flowers give a loveliness to our paddocks
and hedge-rows which they certainly would not possess, had the
detestable bush never been introduced ; its very abundance adds to
its value from this point of view. The leaves and young shoots too
are deliciously scented, and have earned for it in England (where,
by the way, itis exceedingly rare) the fitting name of sweet briar.
The marigold is conspicuous in waste spots, and the purple scabious
makes a show on dry banks, or in neglected places. The large blue
flowers of the chicory and the periwinkle will probably some day
enliven meadow or woodland, but at present they have not dared
to venture far beyond the boundaries of the garden. There is
one tiny plant which is always welcome to Englishmen, for
none perhaps brings ‘‘home” more forcibly before him; I mean
the pink-tipped daisy. This too is among our Aliens; but it
appears to be slow in accommodating itself to its new surround-
ings, reluctant to leave cultivated ground, and only occasionally
occurring in paddocks mixed with English grasses.

Strange to say, Tasmania already produces a native Daisy, differ-
ing indeed both as to genus and species from its British proto--
type, but so similar in outward appearance that it requires
a practised eye to tellthem apart. In fact, the earliest investigators
of Australian botany were completely deceived, and fancied they
saw in the stranger the identical plant which whitens the grass
plots of old England with its familiar flowers. The stranger, how-
ever, in point of fact, belongs to a distinct genus (Brachycome),
and is rightly named decipiens.

Speaking generally, our Aliens, when once they have escaped
from the trammels of civilization, appear to make good use of their
freedom, and may be traced over large areas of country. No doubt,
like their relatives in the lands from which they have sprung, they

69

are restricted in their wanderings by the nature of the different
soils which they encounter, and are largely influenced by cli-
mate and temperature. But the materials are not yet collected on
which may be founded a history of the movements of either our
Aliens or Natives.

' Another cause of the rapid dispersion of certain species may
be found in the fact that useful plants are introduced almost simul-
taneously at widely distant points. From these points their
descendants radiate, as from so many centres of creation, and
quickly occupy the ground.

Other species again are restricted in an unaccountable manner
to single spots. Southport alone produces the commonest of all
English weeds, the Buttercup (Ranunculus hirsutus), where it was
found many years ago, but from whence, so far as I can learn, it
has never yet strayed. Southport also produces a common English
Grass, Hordewm pratense. At Circular Head, and nowhere else,
are associated the British Caucalis nodosa, and the more tender
Trifolium tomentosum from Southern Europe. In like manner the
hardy Chenopodium murale and the tender Lavatera hispida meet
together in the islands in Bass’ Straits, and only in those islands;
while the Crepis virens of Northern Europe appears to confine
itself to Deloraine, from whence it was sent me by our valued
friend, the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, whose absence from our
meetings we must all deplore.

The Order Compositze, of which the last-named plant is a member,
has furnished Tasmania with the greatest number of its aliens.
It is by far the largest of all the Natural Orders, embracing not
less than 10,000 species, adapted to live in every climate and on
every soil. Consequently in every quarter of the globe we may
expect to meet with an abundant supply of naturalised Composites.
Tasmania draws from this source 32 species, or one-fifth of the
whole of its alien flora. The family of the grasses comes next;
of these we count up 29 immigrants. The leguminous, or beanlike,
plants furnish us with 15 species; the Cruciferw, or cabbage tribe,
with 11; the Caryophyllee, or pinks, the Umbellifere, or carrot
tribe, with 7 each.

After these follow 26 Natural Orders of less iniportance, each
contributing their 2, or 3, or 4 strangers, until the whole number of
162 species is made up.

It is not, of course, my intention to inflict upon you the names
of our numerous aliens, of which a classified list lies on the table.

On the table also are specimens, dried and mounted, of all the
species which I have been able to secure. These amount to 138
out of the 162; which I beg the Society to accept, and to place in
the Museum. '

70

LIST OF TASMANIAN ALIENS.

All the species named inhabit Great Britain, except where some other
locality is given.

n.v. Not seen by me.

* Scarcely, or not thoroughly established.)

* Ranunculus muricatus L. (S. Europe).
Ae hirsutus L. Buttercup. n.v.
* Nigella damascena L. Fennel flower (S. Europe).
* Aquilegia vulgaris L. Columbine. n.v.
iy i i dubium L. Poppy.
5 somniferum L. Opium poppy.

Fumaria officinalis L. Fumitory.

>) a pallida.
Nasturtium officinale Br. Water cress.
Sisymbrium officinale L. Hedge mustard.
Capsella bursa pastoris Mnch. Shepherd’s purse._
Lepidium campestre Br. Pepperwort.
1% sativum L. Landcress.
Brassica sinapistrum Boiss, Charlock.

“A napus L. Rape.
* Diplotaxis tenuifolia D.C. Rocket.
* Raphanus raphanistrum L. Radish.
Senebiera coronopus Poir. Wart cress.

45 didyma Pers.

Reseda Iuteola L. Dyers weed.

» ramosissima Willd. (Medit. region.)
Sagina apetala L. Pearl wort.
Arenaria serpillifolia L. Sand wort.
Stellaria media L. Chickweed.
Cerastium glomeratum Thu. Mouse-ear chickweed.
Gypsophila tubulosa Boiss. (Medit. Region.) n.v.
Silene anglica L. Catchfly.

Bs »» quinquevuluera L. Spotted catchfly.
Githago segetum Desf. Corn cockle.
Polycarpon tetraphyllum L. Allseed.
Spergula arvensis L. Spurrey.
Malva silvestris L. Mallow.

», rotundifolia L. ,,
Lavatera hispida Desf. n.v.
* Hibiscus vesicarius Cav. (S. Africa.)
Oxalis cernua L. (S. Africa.)
Erodium cicutarium L. Storksbill.
Ulex europeus L. Furze.
* Spartium junceum L. Spanish broom. (8, Europe.)
* Sarothamnus scoparius. Koch. broom.

71

Trifolium repens L, White clover,

a »» Yroseum,
pratense L. Redclover. n.v,

i tomentosum L, (S. Europe.) nv,
procumbens L, Hop trefoil.

Ae minus L, Lesser hop trefoil.
Melilotus parviflora Lam. (Medit. region.)
Medicago sativa L. Purple medick.
lupulina L. Black medick.
denticulata Willd. Toothed medick. —
ph maculata Sibth. Spotted medick.

_ Vicia sativa L. Vetch.

a »» angustifolia Roth.
* Onobrychis sativa Lam, Sainfoin.
Rosa rubiginosa L. Briar.
* Rubus fruticosus L. Bramble or blackberry.
Alchemilla arvensis L. Ladies mantle.
Poterium sanguisorba L. Salad burnet.
Feeniculum vulgare Gaertn. Fennel.
* Pastinaca sativa L. Parsnip.
Caucalis infesta Curt. n.v.

»» nodosa Scop. Hedge parsley. nv.

Daucus carota L. Carrot.

re »» proliferum.
Scandix pecten veneris L. Shepherds needle,
Conium maculatum L. Hemlock,
* Hedera helix L. Ivy.
Sherardia arvensis L. Field madder. nv.
* Centranthus ruber, D.C. Spur valerian.
Dipsacus silvestris L. Teazel.
Scabiosa atropurpurea L. Purple scabious (S. Europe).

“ Ks albiflora.

ae oe pheenicea,

Erigeron canadensis L, n.v.
* Bellis perennis L. Daisy.
Xanthium spinosum L. Bathurst burr (8. America).
Anthemis nobilis L, Chamomile.
* Achillea nillefolium L, Yarrow.
Matricaria inodora L. n.v.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L, Oxeye Daisy.
* Tanacetum vulgare L, Tansy.
Gnaphalium candidissimum Lam. (S, Africa.)
Senecio vulgaris, L. Groundsel.
Calendula officinalis L. Marigold (S. Europe).

Pp arvensis L. Lesser marigold ( ,, ).
Cryptostemma calendulaceum Br. Cape weed (8. Africa).
Centaurea melitensis L, Star thistle (Medit. region).

99

BD

93

72

Centaurea calcitrapa L. n.v.
Silybum marianum Gaertn. Milk thistle.
Onopordum acanthium L. Cotton thistle.
Carduus lanceolatus L. Scotch thistle.
. pratensis L. Marsh thistle. n.v.
2 arvensis L, Californian thistle.
Arnoseris pusilla Gaertn. n.v. q
* Cichorium intybus L. Chicory.
Hypocheeris radicata L. Cat’s-ear.

. glabra L. ts
Leontodon hirtus L. Hawkbit,
4s hispidus L. _,,

aA autumnalis L. n.v.

Tragopogon porrifolius L. Salsify.

Picris hieracioides L. Ox-tongue.

Sonchus oleraeeus L. Sow thistle.

Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Dandelion.

* Crepis virens L. Hawksbeard.

Anagallis arvensis L. Pimpernel. ;
% ‘ cerulea Lam. Blue pimpernel.

Vinca major L. Periwinkle.

Convolvulus arvensis L. Bindweed.

Lithospermum arvense L. Gromwell.

* Borrago officinalis L. Borage.

Kchium violaceum L. (Medit. region.) n.v.

* Hyoscyamus niger L. Henbane.

* Solanum marginatum L. (Medit. region.)

Linaria cymbalaria Mill. Toadflax.

Veronica hedercefolia L. Ivy leaved speedwell.
a5 agrestis L. Field speedwell.
. peregrina L. (America.) n.v.

Verbascum thapsus L. Mullein.

Mentha viridis L. Mint.

Stachys arvensis L. Woundwort.

Marrubium vulgare L. Horehound.

* Plantago lagopus L. Hare’s foot plaintain (S, Europe),

“i major L. Plantain.
ae lanceolata L. __,,
> coronopus L. Stagshorn plantain.
Polygonum aviculare L. Wireweed or knotgrass.
i a littorale Link.
is convolvulus L. Black bindweed. n.v.

Rumex crispus L.
», acetosella L. Sheep’s Sorrel,
Chenopodium album L.
= murale L. n,V,
& glaucum L,

73

Urtica urens L, Stinging netile.
» dioica L. pa % nV.

Euphorbia helioscopia L. Sun spurge.

ai peplus L. Spurge.

me lathyris L. Caper spurge.
Elodea canadensis Mich. American water weed.
Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus.
Nothoscordum fragrans Knth. (W. Indies.)
Alopecurus pratensis L.

= geniculatus L. n.v.
Phalaris canariensis L, Canary grass.
Holcus lanatus L. Soft grass or Yorkshire fog.
* Piptatherum thomasi Pal. (Medit. region.)
Agrostis vulgaris With. Bent grass,
Polypogon monspeliensis Desf. 3
* Cynodon dactylon Pers. Doub or finger grass.
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet vernal grass.

8 se gracile.
Aira caryophyllea L. Silver grass.
Arrhenatherum avenaceum Pal. Oat grass.
* Avena sativa L. Oats.
Poa annua L. Annual meadow grass,
Briza maxima L, (S. Europe.)
» MminorL. Quaking grass.
Dactylis glomerata L. Cocksfoot.
Festuca myurus L. Mousetail fescue.
», ovinaL. Sheep’s fescue.
»» pratensis Huds, Fescue grass,

Bromus unioloides Hmbt. Prairie grass (Central America).

» sterilis L.

» mollis L.

»» racemosus L,

Lolium temulentum L, Darnel,

» perenne L. Rye grass.

os » aristatum.

AS >> Yramosum,
Triticum repens L, Couch grass.
Hordeum murinum L. Way bent.

o pratense Huds. nv.
Lepturus filiformis Trin.

” ag incurvatus Trin.

SUMMARY.
Genera
Species 2 AY :
Varieties fue sie au ae

162

74

British species ase
Species from other countries
», well established
Be scarcely established
», froma solitary station ...
», not seen by me (n.v.) ...

75

ERGOT.

By tHE Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.MLS,
[Read 12th June, 1877. ]

In a paper on alien plants which I had the honour to read
before the Fellows of this Society at their last meeting, I took
occasion to mention that one of the imported grasses a Lolium
(known in England as Darnel), had an evil reputation, as it
was believed to be poisonous—but that this was a calumny on
the grass—the fact being, that the several species of Lolium
though not themselves poisonous, are apt beyond other fodder
grasses, to be infested by a very poisonous fungus, the well
known Ergot. Curiously enough within the last few days,
our Curator has placed in my hands specimens of a highly
ergotised Lolium, not however the Darnel, Lolium temulentwm,
but a much more valuable plant,the common Rye grass, Lolium
perenne. The specimens are before you, and I thought it
might be of interest if I drew your attention toa danger
which, where it exists is generally in great abundance. Ergot
is a fungus, belonging to the genus Cordyceps, which, (like so
many of the order to which it belongs) is parasitical upon
other plants. Many of the species indeed attack the lower
animals, and probably some of those present have witnessed
its effects in what are called “vegetable caterpillars” where
the fungus grows from the head of the victim and completely
destroys it. One of the best known is Oordyceps robertsii
peculiar to New Zealand; but we have one at least in this
colony, Cordyceps gunnii.

However, this is much too large a subject to enter upon
now. The particular species of Cordyceps before us infests
many of the grasses, more especially rye, maize and rye grass,
and is one of the most deadly and dangerous poisons in
existence. Its habit is (as may be seen in these specimeas) for
the spores to fasten on the growing seed, whereby the
character of the latter is completely changed both structurally
and physiologically. Under the strange influence exercised
by the Ergot, the seed instead of growing into a healthy grain
becomes elongated, slightly curved and exceedingly hard, so
that it has the appearance of a black horn or spur growing
out of the centre of the glumes. The plant too, from being
one of the most nutritious of fodder grasses imbibes a
poisonous principle, of the deadliest nature. The first effect
in those who swallow it, is to produce a loss of appetite and
stupefaction. Dogs that have been experimented on, howl
frightfully until they are completely under its influence, and
then lie down and groan. In fowls the comb and crop are
said to turn black. It is unhappily no less notorious for the

76

dreadful effects it produces on the human frame, when it
exists in considerable quantities in bread corn (as it often does ©
‘in rye, in the north of Europe) causing the most terrible
ulcers and gangrenes, which at length destroy the limbs.

However, every evil has a counter-balancing good,and Ergot
is not altogether vile; as in the hands of medical men it has
been found to be a valuable medicine, though I understand
that its action is uncertain. This may be owing to the fact
that the quality of the ergot varies with its place of growth
and other circumstances. The best (from a medical point of
view) is said to come from rye plants grown in dry airy
situations on a sandy or chalky soil, whereas Ergot grown in
damp shady valleys is of inferior quality. Moreover the plant
has no dangerous action until it is quite ripe, but as a week
is sufficient to bring it to maturity there is not much consola-
tion in that. There are two kinds recognised, one of which is
purple inside when the Ergot is broken across, whereas the
other has a white interior. Our present specimens belong to
the latter category.

Of its history in this island [ know nothing, never having
had it brought under my notice before. Hooker in his great
work on the Flora of Tasmania merely observes :—“ Ergot
occurs on grasses in Tasmania, but it is uncertain to what
species of Cordyceps it owes itsorigin.” Itwouldbe well perhaps,
if the attention of farmers was drawn to the subject, with a
view to stamping out theobnoxious fungus, wherever discovered.
At the same, time it must be stated, that the human subject
(so far as Tasmania is concerned) is not likely to be affected
by it, inasmuch as I never heard of its attacking wheat, and
what rye is grown here is not made into bread. The quantity
of the latter cereal too is infinitesimal, for I find by returns
issued in to-day’s Hobart Town Gazette, that out of 68,882
acres devoted to the cultivation of the cereal grasses, 67 only
are occupied by rye, against 38,977 acres of wheat.

77

NOTES ON THE HOBART TOWN STORAGE
RESERVOIR.

By T. StepHens, Esq., F.G.S.

[Read September 11th, 1877.]

The question of the water supply of Hobart Town is one of
annually increasing importance. The supply itself has been largely
increased, but is, and must continue to be insufficient, so long as no
provision is made for securing a reserve which may be utilised
when the direct service from Mount Wellington is reduced by a dry
season, or by other causes. Until a further provision is also made
for filtering the water before it enters the town, it must continue to
bring with it the impurities with which it necessarily becomes
charged during the passage through open channels or imperfectly
covered flumes. Attention must soon be directed to the now use-
less storage reservoir, on which so large a sum has been expended
to no useful purpose, and it may be well to inquire into the causes
of failure, and consider whether there is any hope of its ever being
made even partially available for the objects for which it was de-
signed.

af is almost superfluous to remark that the whole of the area
lying between the Derwent and Mount Wellington has been sub-
jected to very great geological disturbance. Any one passing up
the Huon road may see at a glance that the sedimentary rocks have
been greatly dislocated by the intrusion of igneous rocks in vast
masses and dykes, producing a variety of disturbances among
the sandstones of the locality. At the toll-gate, however, there is
a more important displacement which does not appear to have been
caused by merely local intrusions. Here a vast mass of the mud-
stone, a member of the Upper Paleozoic Series of the southern
rocks, has been vertically elevated, together with the originally
overlying sandstones, some of the remains of which may be seen on
the opposite side of the Sandy Bay Rivulet. The relations of the
mudstone to the sandstone formation which abuts against it are,
at this point, somewhat obscure; but on both sides there
are unmistakeable indications of an extensive fault, which
appears to cross the Hobart Town Rivulet, not far from the
Cascades Brewery, and I have no doubt that it traverses the valley
occupied by the storage reservoir almost, if not quite, on the very
site of the dam. Here then isa very simple explanation of the
cause of the leakage which I have been told gave a good deal
of trouble soon after the embankment was first made, and which
has been, I believe, attributed to landslips. This, however, is nota
case of simple landslips, though they will always occur under like
conditions. Where an extensive fault of this description has been
occasioned by the violent disruption of avast mass of variously
compacted rocks there is necessarily a fissure of unknown depth
along the line of fracture, and the rocks on both sides being more
or less shattered by the grinding process to which they have been
subjected, will surely slide and settle down whenever they have
been undermined by natural and other causes, as in the present
mstance. Another great fault crosses the valley close to the upper

78

end of the Reservoir, but this has no important bearing on the
subject under discussion. There may, however, be a third fault at .
right angles to the others and running along the original bed of the
rivulet ; but Iam at present inclined to think that the apparent
break in the mudstone rocks is merely one of the results of the sub-
aerial erosion by which the existing valley has been chiefly formed.

It will be readily seen that in the first instance an unfortunate
selection of a site was made, a site which would have been objection-
able for any reservoir, and especially so for one which required so high
an embankment to hold back the necessary quantity of water.
Whether any geological examination of the spot was made I do not
know, but I imagine that the engineer was attracted by the favour-
able surface configuration, and did not suspect that its weakness lay
in its apparent strength. But it was not alone the selection of the
site that was in fault. Hadno other mistakes been made it is quite
possible that the Reservoir might have done good service up to the
present time, though there would always have been a danger of from
leakage from the cause which I have described. The next mistake
was the laying a line of iron pipes under an earthen embankment.
This was quite a common practice at the time, as was shown at the
inquiry held after the bursting of the Sheffield reservoir ; but here
the pipes were not only laid under the embankment, but they were
supported by piers of masonry at intervals, which precipitated the
inevitable disaster. The unequal pressure caused by the irregular
settlement of the sand and clay after a time cracked the pipes, the
fracture being only discovered by a leakage near the outlet at the
bottom of the dam. Previously to this, as far as I can ascertain,
the inner slope of the dam had been lined with a facing of large
stones, and this facing, though intended for quite another purpose,
aided materially in preventing any serious damage to the properties
situated below the embankment when the final catastrophe took
place.

The particulars of the last stage in the history of the reservoir, I
have gathered from different sources, having had no personal
knowledge of what was done until after the event. It seems that
when the fracture of the outlet pipes was discovered, it was decided
to make a drift-way or tunnel through the dam in order to discover
and repair the breakage, and this drift-way was actually carried
through the dam to within a few feet of itsinner face. For some
40 feet, or thereabouts, from the entrance, it was lined with ashlar
masonry, but the rest—the most dangerous part—was merely lined
with sawn timber, placed at intervals to support the sides and roof.
The result which followed was inevitable, though it might be delayed
for atime. Gradually the water found its way either through cracks
in the puddle wall, or along the line of piping, into the tunnel,
carrying out in solution the clay and earth which intervened
between the pressure and the point of least resistance, until the
timbered end of the tunnel caved in, and allowed it a free exit. I
have not been able to ascertain what depth of water there was in
the reservoir at the time, but there was evidently a considerable
pressure, and sufficient to have caused a destructive flood if it had
not been for the stone lined portion of the tunnel, and the stone
facing of the dam which I have referred to above. But for the
latter, the water would probably have entered the tunnel in volume

79

sufficient to force an outlet outside the tunnel walls ; after which
it would meet with no resistance.

The question of the repair of the dam, preserving the necessary
outlet for the water, is emphatically one which only a skilled and
experienced engineer should decide ; but it may be discussed from
a non-professional point of view. When a similar, though less
serious fracture occurred in the outlet pipe of the Yan Yean
Reservoir, it was ingeniously repaired by introducing rings of boiler-
plate securely connected with each other so as to form a continuous
lining; the large diameter of the pipes (nearly 3ft.), favouring
the adoption of a plan which would have been otherwise impracti-
cable. In the present case there seems to be no alternative but to
make an open cutting through the dam along the line of the pipes,
carrying it down until a solid bottom is reached. There would be
considerable difficulty in filling in such a cutting so as to make the
whole solid ; and the difficulty is, of course, much greater when an
outlet for the water has to be retained. But the geological condi-
tions do not greatly favour the construction of a new tunnel
through the adjacent bank, and the practical inconvenience attend-
ing the working of a syphon puts that method of discharge out
of the question. Supposing that a good bottom is reached, the
next thing would be to put in a foundation of concrete, on which to
build a strong culvert, extending from the base of the tower to the
mouth of the present tunnel. This culvert, in which the pipes would
be laid, should be built with wing walls or rings of solid masonry
at intervals along its whole length, and there ought also to be deep
lateral cuttings into the embankment on the right and left of the
culvert for the same reason ; the object being to prevent the leakage
of water, which always makes for the junction of old and new work
or of two different materials. The filling in would be the most
important part of the business, and would require the most careful
oversight ; no contract work would be admissible.

Allowing that the dam thus repaired could never be quite safe
under the full vertical pressure which was originally contemplated,
it might yet be of considerable service. To relieve the pressure,
and still make provision for the storage of a considerable body of
water, it might be found desirable to forma second dam at the
point where the reservoir begins to contract in width, provision
being made for perfect control over the flow of water to the lower
part of the reservoir. The upper part might be easily enlarged
and improved to make up for the diminished vertical height of
water contemplated to be allowed in the lower ; but these additions
and extensions would entail considerable extra expense, and their
discussion is somewhat outside the proposed limits of this paper.

In any case the old bye-wash would have to be greatly lowered,
and precautions taken to prevent the scour which has been so
destructive at its lower end, either by a series of steps, or by a paved
channel at a steep gradient, the former being the preferable course.
For such work only the hardest freestone should be employed : the
mudstone, which has been much used in some parts of the works is
quite unsuitable. ;

The chief point remaining for consideration is the filtering of the
water. Fortunately the foreign elements are chiefly sand and mud,
which only require repose to precipitate them, and this may be easily

80

effected in the upper part of the reservoir. A separate and shallow
basin should be formed, with an accurately levelled weir over which
all the water should pass in an almost imperceptible stream, and
the filtering of the water might be further secured by a bank of
gravel and broken stone along its whole length. It is hardly
necessary to add that this scheme contemplates the passage of the -
whole water service through the reservoir, under ordinary circum-
stances. By no other means can the water be properly purified
before it enters the town.

81

PLANTS AS INSECT DESTROYERS.
By THE Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.M.S.

[Read 10th July, 1877.]

Being much attached to Botany, and, in a less degree perhaps to
Entomology, I have put together a few notes, bearing upon both
these sciences, and bringing before you one out of the many points,
at which the two great families of plants and insects cross each
other’s paths—one, it must be added, in which the latter get
decidedly the worst of it.

We all know, to what an enormous extent insects are dependent
on plants for support. In the supply both of food and protection
Flora proves herself a veritable mother to her humble friends. But
there is a dark side in the character of even this gentle deity, whom
we are apt to associate with all that is cheerful and smiling ; and it
is astonishing to see in how many ways and under what different
aspects she puts forth her ‘‘insecticidal” functions. Directly or
indirectly the members of the Vegetable Kingdom help largely to
thin the ranks of the little creatures which visit them.

To ‘‘begin at the beginning,” we must go back to the old pre-
historic times, when insects had nothing to fear from man’s organ
of inquisitiveness ; forthe simple reason, that man did not then exist ;
or, if he did walk the earth, his intellect was of the lowest, and
collections and museums were undreamt of. I allude to the days
when amber was forming, and vagrant insects were every day being
entangled in its viscid toils, and there preserved for the wonder and
admiration of modern scientists. Amber is a semi-transparent sub-
stance of a light yellow or brown colour, capable of taking a high
polish, and therefore is much employed in the manufacture of heads
of canes, mouthpieces of pipes, necklace beads and such small
matters. Probably the most important use that has hitherto been
made of amber is to be seen at Zarskoja-selo, a favourite residence
of the Czars of Russia, not far from St. Petersburgh. Here there
is a room, about thirty feet square, the walls of which from floor to
ceiling are entirely lined with this substance.* It was presented
by Frederick the Great to the Empress Catherine, whose initial E
(Ekatarina) is interwoven with the Prussian arms in the devices on
the walls. If we may give credit to old Homer, this is not the
first time that amber has been used for the decoration of a palace ;
for he writes,

‘* The spoils of elephants the roofs inlay,
And studded amber darts a golden ray.”

The principal source of supply is the coast of the Baltic Sea in
Eastern Prussia, between Memel and Dantzic, where it is dissem-
inated in the sand orclay. It is searched for in the sea or on the
shore, or is picked from the cliffs with iron hooks at the end of
long poles, or lastly it is regularly mined, the shafts sometimes being
sunk to a depth of a hundred and fifty feet. Saxony supplies a
small quantity, in bituminous clay mingled with lignite. It also
occurs in Sicily in beds of clay and marl ; in Poland it is found in
sandy districts at long distances from the sea; it also occurs in

*A, B, Reichenbach (Vollstindige Naturgeschichte).
t+Homer (Odyssey, iv. Pope’s Translation).

82

Siberia, and Greenland, in Sweden, Italy and other parts of Europe.
Amber occurs in varying quantities in nodules or nuggets of
different sizes, sometimes as fine as grains of coarse sand, at others |
of much larger dimensions. One of the largest pieces on record is
deposited in the museum of minerals at Berlin. This great mass,
which measures upwards of thirteen inches in length, eight inches
broad, and four to six inches thick, with a weight of over thirteen
pounds, was found near Gumbinnen in Hastern Prussia in the year
1803. The fortunate possessor received one thousand thalers (or
one hundred and fifty pounds) for his prize. Its real value, however,
far exceeds that sum. There is no doubt of the vegetable origin of
amber ; itis in fact a resinous exudation from an old-world pine-tree
named by Géppert, Pinites succinifer, which was nearly allied to
our modern spruce. Consequently amber is in its nature exactly
analogous to the lumps of resin which occur in every forest of firs in
the present day. Indeed if anything were wanting to prove its
originally fluid condition, it would be the fact, that particles of
leaves and wood, fragments of mosses, and, above all, insects, are
constantly found embedded in it. Of the latter no less than eight
hundred species have been detected.*

It is evident that the little creatures settled upon the treacherous
resin, when it was in a semi-fluid state, and were of course retained
there by the viscid nature of the substance. The gummy matter,
as it flowed from the tree, gradually surrounded its victims, and
at last entirely enclosed them in their premature and transparent
‘tomb ; so that the question of the poet Pope can be answered with
more certainty now, than in his day—

** Pretty, in amber to observe the forms
Of hairs, or straws, or dirt, or grub, or worms.
The things, we know, are neither rich nor rare 3
But all the wonder is—how got they there !”

The insects themselves are in different degrees of preservation.
Some, which were evidently engulphed in the sticky matter, im-
mediately that they got entangled in its folds, are as perfect as on
the day that they were suffocated. Others have been consigned to
amore lingering death ; the resin has exuded very slowly, and the
victims have not only died before they were surrounded by it, but,
having been trapped in bright dry weather, their bodies have be-
come dessicated and withered ; nay, in some instances a white mould
has begun to form round them, plainly discernible in the pellucid
amber. At least two minute fungi have been detected ; Penicillium
curtipes, and Brachycladiwm thomasinum ; traces of other genera also
occur.t Asarule the enclosed insects are not widely different
from—indeed many species are actually identical with—those now
in existence.

At least one half of the insect orders have had their representa-
tives embalmed in the golden fluid ; most of them, as may be easily
imagined, being such as frequent woods and forests. Among Beetles
are numerous Bostrychids and weevils : the Orthopterous Order
supplies locusts and grasshoppers ; the Dictyopters a small cockroach.
In the Hymenopterous Order we have ants, ichneumon flies, and a
bee allied to the South American Trigona ; among Lepidopters,

* Hartwig. The Subterranean World.
+ Berkely (Cryptogamic Botany).

83

which are comparatively rare, appear a large hawk-moth and several
caterpillars. Of Neuropters there have been captured among others
an ant-lion, a lace fly, dragon flies, and white ants. In a piece of
amber lately in my possession there were no less than 27 white ants,
besides several detached wings, together with a moth and a small
beetle. Various kinds of Hemipters, or bugs, have been found ; also
divers Homopiers (such as a Cicada and a Flata) ; while of Dipters
or flies the list is well nigh interminable.

Other transparent resins, which embrace insects in their deadly
folds, are known in commerce as copal and gum-anime or elemi.*
Though largely employed in the arts, and exported in great quan-
tities from certain localities—Angola alone supplies about two
million pounds annually—little is known of their real origin, nor
indeed whether there may not be several kinds of resin erroneously
combined together, partly fossil, and partly recent, under the name
of copal andanime. That they are of vegetable origin (as in the
case of amber) there seeins to be no question, though the exact
species of tree which produces them is scarcely yet known. What-
ever it may be, it does not belong to the Pine tribe. In all pro-
bability the matter is a product of two Leguminous plants, Hymenea
and Trachylobium, species of which are indigenous to Southern India,
South America, and Africa, both west and east. Withregard to the
latter region, Dr. Kirk, British Consul at Zanzibar, informs us,
through the Linnean Society, that ‘‘Specimens removed from the
living tree show that large masses equalling the fossil in size are still
produced, and are as full of insects as were those of the ancient
forests.” Indeed so large a number of organic remains does
‘fanime” contain, that its name of ‘‘animated” is fully justified.
But while the Trachylobiwm of East Africa still gives forth an amber
like resin from its stem, and the same resin exudes from the roots
of the American and Indian Hymenea, the learned traveller Dr.
Welwitch states as his decided opinion—(also in a paper read before
the Linnean Society)—that the copal of Western Africa is, like
amber, of a fossil nature ‘‘ produced by trees which in periods long
since past adorned the forests of that continent, but which at present
are either totally extinct, or exist only in a dwarfish posterity. The
copal is either dug out of the loose strata of sand, marl, or clay, or
else it is found in isolated pieces, washed out and brought to the
surface of the soil by heavy rain-falls, earth-falls, or gales.” Burton
also, ina recent work on Zanzibar, speaks of gum copal as though it
were mainly, if not essentially, of a fossil nature.

From these statements it would appear that the copals of com-
merce are of both fossil and recent origin.

Having thus come down to our own days, we will notice first the
lowest forms of vegetable life, but perhaps the most mischievous,
the universally distributed ‘‘ fungi ;’ as the onslaughts committed
by one of its members is often patent to the eye. I allude to the
fungus, called Hmpusina by one author, and Sporendonema by
another, to which the common housefly so frequently falls a victim.
One of these may often be seen during the autumn quite dead, but
with all the semblance of life on the window pane ; apparently
glued down to the glass by its proboscis and outstretched legs ; if

* Burton (Zanzibar).

34

you touch it, the chances are it falls to pieces, being a mere dry
shell, the interior of which has been completely eaten out. If you
have seen this phenomenon, you will probably have also noticed
—(though perhaps without attaching much importance to the fact)
—that the fly was surrounded by a filmy cloud which covered the

glass, and extended over it for an inch or two on every side. But.
in point of fact this delicate white mass is the real ‘‘ causa doloris,”

‘the head and front of the offending ”—it is a plant, a fungus, or

mould. Now when a spore or seed of this mould comes in contact

with a living fly, it forthwith sends out a delicate process which

bores its way through the skin into the interior cavities of the body,

just as does the mistletoe into the heart of the hawthorn or apple.

Here it gives rise to minute corpuscles which, floating in the juices
of the insect, multiply and lengthen into new filaments at the
expense of the fly’s substance, and ultimately are the cause of its
decease. * No sooner does death ensue, than the filaments issue
into the world through the openings between the segments of the
animal’s abdomen, spreading on every side, each tiny thread being
the fertile bearer of innumerable spores or seeds, destined to work
like ruin among new generations of flies.

A second species of the same plant has been detected on the
common gnat. Another of these moulds, Botrytis bassiana—(so
named after its first investigator, Dr. A. Bassi)—attacks the silk-
worms of Italy and Southern France, producing a disease called
Muscardine, which has for some years caused great apprehension
among silk-growers. Its true character, in spite of the incessant
and careful observations that have been brought to bear upon it,
has even yet scarcely been made out with any certainty. It is not
even ascertained whether it is identical generically with the fungus
which attacks the flies.

It is probable, however, that both of them are merely incipient
states of some more highly organised plant. + Be this as it may, of
its destructive powers there is no doubt, more especially during the
caterpillar stage of the insect’s existence ; though the chrysalis is
sometimes affected in the cocoon. The germs of the fungus once
introduced spread through the fatty matter stored up beneath the
skin, propagating themselves with extraordinary celerity, and sooner
or later causing the death of the victim. It is only when life is
extinct, that-the plant shows itself externally, throwing up spore-
bearing stems. These quickly ripen, and are the means of scattering
the disease far and wide, for it has been ascertained that the mere
contact of a spore with the insect’s skin, without actual inoculation,
is quite sufficient to ensure its growth. Where the disease has once
established itself, all remedial measures appear to be hopeless, and
the proprietor usually turns his attention to procuring a new stock
from an uninfected source.

Cordiceps is the name of a fungus consisting, in its perfect form,
of a stem varying in length from a few lines to four or six inches,
and terminating in a pointed or club-shaped head of spores.

It is the same fungus to which I drew your attention a short time
ago, when making some remarks on ergot in rye-grass. Ergot is, in

*Huxley. (Opening address, British Association, 1870.)
tBerkely. (Introduction to Crytogamic Botany.)

85

fact, an imperfect state of this plant, which appears to be very in-
discriminate in its tastes. .

This curious fungus counts its victims by myriads in the insect
world, either in the larval, the pupal, or the complete form ; neither
does it confine itself to one order of insects, having been detected on
beetles, wasps, moths, and a variety of others. How the spores first
find their way into the bodies of the little creatures is perfectly inex-
plicable. Certain it is that the parasite fixes itself within the insect
near the back of the head, and from thence grows up into the per-
fect plant, the animal’s body forming both support and nourishment.
The example which has been longest before the world is that of
Cordiceps robertsii, a native of New Zealand, where it is well-known
under the name of Hotete; it is parasitical on the larvee of a moth
called Hepialus virescens. The caterpillar when about to assume its
chrysalid dress, buries itself below the surface of the ground,
generally at the root of a tree named Rata by the natives, (Metrosi-
deros robusta). Itis during its subterranean existence, and while
yet in the larval state, that the fungus begins to form, gradually
growing up through the soil to a height of seven or eight inches,
consuming meanwhile the internal substance of the caterpillar, which
of course never arrives at its next stage of being. Of this wonderful
production Dr. Hooker writes :—‘‘I am still much at a loss to
account for its development. It is found in spring ; the caterpillar
is buried in the ground, as is the lower part of the fungus. Both
Mr. Taylor and Mr. Colenso hold the same opinion, that in the act
of working the soil the spores of the fungus are lodged in the first
joint of the neck, and the caterpillar settles head upwards to undergo
its change, when the vegetable developes itself. The whole insect
seems entirely metamorphosed into vegetable, with the exception of
the skin and intestines.”’*

Many other species of this remarkable fungus, about twenty-five
altogether, have been traced in different countries, all parasitical on
various insects. The larva of the British Ghost Moth (Hepialus
lwpulinus), which buries itself in the ground preyious to becoming
a chrysalis, is attacked by Cordiceps entomorrhiza. It consists of a
white branched mycelium spreading externally over the insect, and
internally absorbing the natural structure. From near the head of
the larva, generally from the second joint of the body, arises a
stem, nearly two inches in length, bearing at its summit a small egg-
shaped head in which the fructifying organs are placed, the length
and direction of the stem being influenced by the position of the
insect. The stem is externally of a dirty yellowish colour, and the
head of a brick-red or livid brown. The whole substance is fleshy
and fragile when fresh, so as to snap readily when roughly handled. t

The chrysalis of another British Moth has been found with the
stem of Cordiceps militaris growing from its head.

Nor is the vegetable less pernicious to the perfect insect. A
species of ichneumon-fly falls a victim to Cordiceps myrmecophila,
and there is a West Indian wasp, which is condemned to carry
about ‘‘ the clubs of this fungus with their curled stems, until the

*Hooker. (Journal of Botany, 1841.)
+M. C. Cooke. (Science Gossip, 1866.)

86

unhappy insect sinks under the exhaustion produced by the waste
of its fatty tissue.” *

In South America there is a family of ants (Cryptocerus) which
are so frequently attacked by a Cordiceps that they are called by the
natives of Peru ‘‘ Tamshi-mama, that is mother of Tamshi, because
the ant is supposed at its death to take root in the ground, and to .
grow upwards into the liana, Tamsht, which is in reality the tough
air root of an epiphytal Carludovica.” The fungus, protruding from
the earth, ‘‘looks not unlike a slender truncheon of liana, and
might be mistaken for such, on a superficial inspection.” TF

Ascending to the higher forms of vegetable growth we come to
some, which are genuine traps, in which the prisoners are retained
until death puts an end to their struggles.

There can be little doubt that the plants themselves derive direct
benefit from the consumption of the captured insect, feasting on the
decaying animal matter, and imbibing the gases which arise from its
corruption, and that they deserve the name of predatory or carni-
vorous, as truly as do the eagles and lions of the animal kingdom.
In point of destructive power and of ingenuity in the method em-
ployed, a plant produced in the sandy bogs of Carolina in the
United States, stands at the head of the list ; this is the Venus’s Fly
trap (Dionea muscipula), and most admirably does it answer to its
name. It is a lowly plant with a single naked flower stalk, which
springs from a rosette of leaves spreading round the central stem.
The upper half of each leaf is divided into two equal parts by a
strong mid-rib. The margins are fringed with a row of stout spiny
bristles, so that it may be likened to two upper eyelids joined at
their bases. The leaf is slightly hollow on either side of the mid-rib,
the upper surface is dotted with minute reddish glands, and each
hollow portion is furnished with three slender bristles. The sensi-
tiveness of the leaf chiefly resides in these bristles. If an insect
alights on the leaf, and touches one or more of them, the sides sud-
denly close with a force so great as to imprison the little creature.
In vain does the captive struggle to escape; the greater are its
efforts to disengage itself, the more firmly is it hugged by the en-
closing leaves ; directly, however, it ceases to make a movement,
the leaves relax their hold, only however to recover their former
position should the struggle recommence. A bystander might
imagine the leaf to have some kind of reasoning power, so exactly
coincident are its movements with those of the insect it wishes to
_ retain.

In the same natural order with the wonderful Dionea is also
found, the Drosera or Sundew, of which we have several species in
this island, readily distinguished among our wild plants by the con-
spicuous red hairs, each surmounted by a viscid gland, with which
the leaves are covered. It is from the presence of these glands glitter-
ing in the sun’s rays, that the plant derives its common name. They,
too, form the deadly trap, fatal to the unwary fly or ant, that touches
them. No sooner is the presence of one of these felt, than the
neighbouring hairs begin to bend towards the victim, and attach
themselves to it ; the more distant ones succeed, until the leaf itself

* Berkely. (Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.)
+R. Spruce. (Venomous Reptiles, ete. Ocean Highways, July, 1873.)

87

is folded over it, and a regular process of digestion commences.
That the movement of the hairs is not due to their being pulled
together by the struggling prisoner, is proved by the noteworthy fact
that they do not begin to bend over towards it until its struggles
have ceased. Moreover the same motion follows on placing a piece
of meat on the leaf ; whereas not the slightest change is per-
ceptible when an atom of wood or worsted is substituted.*

- Similar tales are told of other species of the samefamily. At the
Cape of Good Hope a practical use is made of Foridula, a genus
closely allied to Drosera, ‘‘the branches being hung up for the pur-
pose of catching flies.” +

Of cours®@ all plants furnished, like the Sundew, with viscid gland-
ular hairs—even though they may not have the sensitive property
with which that vegetable is gifted—are indirectly the cause of death
to thousands of insects which come in contact with them, when in
search of food or rest. They are veritable traps, though not of so
ingenious a character as those just mentioned.

Sempervivum glutinosum, a house leek of the Canary Isles, has the
stem, (as implied in the second name) daubed from top to bottom
with a sticky varnish. Many species of the mouse-ear-chickweed
(Cerastium) have flower stalk and calyx clothed with glandular hairs.
Another genus of the same Natural Order—Silene, with eight or
nine British species—has obtained the common name of ‘‘ Catchfly ”’
from the fact of some part of the stem being covered with a viscid
matter, to which unwary insects may be seen clinging in death. Of
a similar nature are the leaf buds of the horse-chestnut and the
Tacamahae poplar (Populus balsamifera), which are painted over
with a peculiar varnish of a very adhesive nature.

But the “‘viscid” principle is not the only one employed to
beguile simple insects. Nature has other methods equally efficacious
for working out her ends. Sometimes the throat of the Corolla is
furnished with a ring of stiff hairs, which all point inwards, thus
allowing of the entrance of a vagrant insect, but rendering its exit
very difficult, and often impossible. Many a poor fly has been in a
position to quote—with a depth of feeling which only bitter ex-
perience can give—the well-known lines of Virgil :

Facilis descensus Averni est ;

Noctes atque dies patet atri janua Ditis ;

Sed revocare gradum, superasque evadere ad auras,

Hoe opus, hic labor est. Pauci, (quos equus amavit

Jupiter, aut ardens evexit ad «thera virtus)

Dis geniti, potuere.t

Not the least remarkable of these predatory vegetables is the

Californian Pitcher plant, (Darlingtonia californica), which flourishes
in spongy bogs at an elevation of five thousand feet above the sea.
It is a vigorous plant, the stout flowering stems reaching three feet
in height, and having seeds as large as walnuts. At a short distance
the pitchers present the appearance of jargonelle pears, supported
with the largest ends uppermost between ten and twenty-four inches
above the ground. ‘This results from the pitchers being quite turned

* A. W. Bennett. (Paper read before the British Association, Septem-
ber, 1873.)

t Barber. (Transactions Linn. Soc. 1870).

t Virgil. (Aineid. VI).

88

over at the top, so as to form a dome somewhat longer than broad,
and the. uppermost half of the pitcher being of a decided ripe pear.
yellow. They are all twisted spirally, especially in the upper portion ;
and they contain at the lower part a layer of from two to five inches
of the closely packed remains of insects of all sizes from minute
beetles to large powdery moths. When a sharp knife is passed .
through a lot of brown pitchers withering round an old plant, the
stumps resemble a number of tubes densely packed with the remains
of insects ; but what it is that attracts the insects is by no means
clear. Within the pitcher the surface is smooth for a little way
down ; then isolated hairs appear ; and soon the chamber becomes
densely lined with sharp needle-like hairs all pointing downwards,
so decidedly indeed, that they almost lie against the surface from
which they spring. These hairs are slender, transparent, and colour-
less, about a quarter of an inch long and veryrigid. The poor insects
evidently travel down these conveniently arranged stubbles, but
none seem to turn back. The pitcher, which may be a couple of
inches wide at the top, narrows very gradually at the base where it
is a little more than a line in diameter. For some little distance
above this point, the hairs all converge, and the unhappy fly goes
on till he finds his head pressed against the thick firm bottom of the
cell and his rear against myriads of bayonets. Very small creatures
fill up the narrow base, and above them larger ones densely pack
themselves to death in the hope of fighting their way out. When
held with the top upwards, a. reddish juice with an exceedingly
offensive odour will sometimes drop from them.”*

Another method of destruction, of a more peculiar nature, is
found in the dogsbane, (Apocynum androsemifoliwm), a North
American plant. Here we see certain toothlets on the inner
surface of the flower, endowed with an extraordinary degree of
irritability. No sooner does an insect, eager to secure the honey-
like nectar, apply its. proboscis to the flower, than these segments
close over it, and the victim is held in a hopeless captivity, until
death puts an end to its struggles. The vice-like toothlets then
relax their hold, and the body falls off. In consequence of this
curious faculty the plant has acquired the name of Gobe-mouche in
France, while to the Germans is it known as Fliegen fanger or
flycatcher. '

We have seen how pertinaciously plants attack and destroy insects,
by enveloping them in deadly folds, by gradually eating their very
vitals, or by catching them in traps and gins of ingenious make ;
but perhaps the last mode of destruction we should credit them
with is that of drowning their victims ; and yet it is one to which
they have constant resource. The Teazles of Europe—both the com-
mon wild kind (Dipsucus silvestris), and that so largely employed in
the manufacture of cloth (Dipsacus fullonwm)—do a considerable
amount of murder in this-way. In these plants the leaves are
placed in opposite pairs, and are in technical language ‘‘ connate ;”
that is to say, the bases of each pair of leaves are as closely com-
bined, as though they were one leaf, thus forming a hollow cup,
which retains the rain and dew so successfully, that it is rarely
empty even in very warm weather. Hither then, insects eagerly

*W. Robinson. (Transactions Linn. Soc, 1870.)

89

resort to slake their thirst, and are drowned by thousands. Teazles
abound in every hedge row in England ; and it isa rare thing to
look into one of these natural reservoirs without seeing it dark with
the bodies of gnats, flies, and small moths.

We have analogous examples in many of the pine apple plants
(Bromeliacee), which flourish in tropical lands, and whose fleshy
leaves are capable of holding a considerable amount of water at
their base. What destruction they cause among the insect tribes
may be seen by the following passage :—

‘The ground was clothed with the dwarf Swmara and other
Bromelias. These may be compared with the ‘‘ arbres des voyageurs ”
in various regions. A full-grown plant gives a pint of water collected
between the stalk and the bases of the leaves ; when fresh it is pure,
wholesome, and free from vegetable taste, but not nectar. After
a time of drought the fluid becomes turbid, a fine black mould
collects in it, and dead insects and live tad-poles (especially those
of a small pale yellow frog, (Hyla luteola) require it to be filtered.”’*

A different, but equally effective class of drowners, is known
under the name of Pitcher plant, for specimens of which we
must look to the genera Sarracenia, Heliamphora, Cephalotus, and
Nepenthes. :

All of these plants are constructed on nearly identical principles,
viz., the conversion of the leaf, either entirely, or at the point
only, into a cylindrical cup, with or without a cover, and always
containing a supply of ffuid. This fluid is not true water ; that
is to say, it does not descend from the clouds, but is distilled by
the plant itself. Consequently the statement that the lid of the
Pitcher is raised at night to catch the dew, and closed during the
day to prevent evaporation—has no foundation in fact.

The liquid has been analysed by Dr. Volcker, who finds that it
consists mainly of citric and malic acids, the same acids, as give
their pleasant flavour to most fruit ; thus confirming Lindley’s state-
ment, that the fluid of the Pitcher plant ‘‘ emits while boiling an
odour like that of baked apple.’’t

The same property of secreting a transparent liquid exists also in
certain arums, one species of which Richardia ethiopica, commonly
called the lily, adorns our gardens with its large flowers, in the
shape of the classical cornucopia. I have never observed the
phenomenon in this colony, but in England where Richardia is a
green house plant, the dripping of water from the points of the

leaves may often be seen.

Curiously enough the same property is shared by some tiny insects
of the Homopterous Order, known as plant lice. In these species,
which appear to be confined to Africa and Madagascar, a limpid
fluid exudes from the apex of the abdomen in such quantities
as to form a continuous shower.{ Bach states in his ‘‘ Wunder
der Insekten Welt,” that ‘‘on placing a quart bottle under a mass
of half-grown larve, 60 or 70 in number, from which large drops
were falling in quick succession, it was filled in an hour and a half.”

As nature, however, has provided neither the Kichardia nor the
*Burton. (Highlands of the Brazil).

tLindley. Vegetable Kingdom.
tLivingstone. Missionary Travels.

90

Homopters with a special receptacle, the fluid simply falls to the
ground and is lost.

This is far from being the case with the Pitcher plants, which
utilise their fluid for their own ends ; innumerable flies and beetles
crowding in to the tempting reservoirs, and there meeting with .
watery graves. Occasionally it would appear that the Sarracenia
is employed artificially as a flycatcher in the United States. In
South Carolina, for instance, the leaves are detached, taken into
a sitting-room, and placed ina vertical position. Very soon the
flies are attracted to the orifice of the Pitcher, where they appear to
suck up a sweet clammy substance, exuding from the interior of
the tube with great avidity. In afew seconds they have marched
down the fatal passage, from whence they drop into the treacher-
ous pool at the base, never to see the light again, their return
being effectually guarded against by a ring of hairs, which is
fitted to the interior of the tube, and which all point downwards.
If the room is much frequented by flies, it takes but few hours
to fill the Pitcher with victims.*

But however agreeable the fluid may be to the flies, or however
useful the leaves may be as a trap, its treacherous properties are
sometimes, in an indirect manner, anything but agreeable to the
weary traveller, who hoping to enjoy an agreeable draught, finds
only a mass of corruption. ‘‘ We had been told (writes Wallace),
that we should find water at Padang Batu, (Malacca); but we
looked about for it in vain, as we were exceedingly thirsty. At
last we turned to the Pitcher plants, but the water contained in
the Pitchers—about half a pint in each—was full of insects.” t

A kind of Pitcher is produced on an asclepiadaceous plant -
growing in India, the Dischidia rafflesiana. ‘‘It is a creeping
plant having a long twining stem which is destitute of leaves
until near its summit, and this may bea hundred feet from the roots,
on which, therefore, it can scarcely depend for nourishment by
absorption of fluid from the ground. Its supplies of moisture from
a tropical atmosphere would be very uncertain if there were no pro-
vision for storing up what it occasionally collects ; but with such
an one it is furnished. The pitcher seems formed of a leaf, with
its edges rolled towards each other and adherent; and the upper
end, or mouth, from which it is suspended is quite open, and
adapted to receive whatever moisture may descend from the air,
whether in theform of rain or dew. It is accordingly always found
to contain a considerable quantity of fluid, in which a number
of small black ants are generally seen. These are probably attracted
by it, and their decomposition may, as in the case of the Sarracenia,

vu

render it yet more nutritious to the plant.” t

Itis worthy of observation, from a geographical point of view, that
each main division of the globe is provided, among its vegetable
stores, with a special executioner of insects. Dionwa, Sarracenia
and Darlingtomia are told off to North America ; Heliamphora to
South America. In Asia we find Dischidia and Nepenthes. Australia

* Macbride. (Transactions of the Linn. Soe. xiii),
+ Wallace. (Malayan Archipelago).
~ Carpenter, (Vegetable Physiology.)

91

has its Cephalotus; and also shares with Europe and Africa the

services of the less conspicuous genera, Drosera, Roridula, and
Byblis.

92

OCTOBER, 1877.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Monday,
October 15, James Barnard, Esq., in the chair. |

Mr. Dagobert Lewald, who had been previously nominated by the
Council, was balloted forand declared duly elected asa Fellow of the
Society.

The het. Secretary (Dr. Agnew) brought under notice the usual

returns for the past month, viz. :—

1. Number of visitors to Museum, 1,556.

2. Ditto to gardens, 4,918. ,

3. Plants and seeds received at and sent from gardens.

4, Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard plants in
the Botanic Gardens during September.

5. Books and Periodicals received.

6. Presentations to Museum and Library.

Meteorological Returns.

1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq., table for September.

2. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq., abstract ditto.

3. Tamar Heads, from R. Henry, Esq., tables for August and
September.

4, From the Marine Board, tables from Mount Nelson, for Septem-
ber ; South Bruni, for August and September; Goose Island,
for June, July, and August; Swan Island, for ditto; and Kent’s
Group, for May, June, July, and August.

5. Melbourne, from R. J. L. Ellery, Esq., printed records of the
results of Observations from January to May, inclusive.

6. Windsor, New South Wales, from J. Tebbutt, Esq.—Results of

observations taken during 1871-72-73-74-75-76.

The presentations to the Museum and Library were as follows :—

1, From Mr. J. Withrington—A bow and seventeen poisoned arrows

from Fiji.

2. From Miss E. Yeoland—A very large and beautiful specimen of
a species of Coral from Long Bay, D’Entrecasteaux Channel.

. From Mr. C. Allport—30 eggs of Tasmanian birds.

. From W. E. Shoobridge, Esq.—Two specimens of the Porcupine
Ant-eater (Echidna setosa ).

. From Mrs. Gibbons, Kingston—One ditto.

. From Mr. R. R. Rex—Rock specimens, copper ore, etc., from
N.W. Coast of Australia.

[As to presentation No. 1, the SzcrETaRY remarked, recent investi-
gations had thrown great doubts on the belief that these arrows carried
poison. The late occurrence, after arrow wounds, of the symptoms,
and the identity of these with tetanus, indicated that the fatal results
were entirely due to the circumstance that the wounds were necessarily
of that dangerous class called ‘‘ punctured,” where nerves were severely
injured and irritated, rather than fairly divided. In many of these
cases, too, the nervous system of the patient was no doubt in a de-
pressed condition from the dread of poison, which would still further
favour the occurrence of the tetanic affection. ]

Mr. Justin Browne (on behalf of Mr. Justice Dobson) exhibited a
remarkably fine specimen of the great Mexican thistle, ‘‘Grande fleur
rouge” (Carduus sp.), and read a short notice in reference to it. In its
native habitat this splendid flower is found at an elevation of 12,000
feet, and till recentlywas supposed to have become almost extinct. Mr.
Browne further observed, in the course of a few days he would place in
the Museum for inspection a sample of the new fabric made by the
Chinese, consisting of a mixture of Australian wool with their own
cotton. The introduction of wool into China was likely to open a

aon mo

93

splendid market for our staple produce, experience having proved that
wool, when readily procurable, always to a great extent superseded
cotton for clothing purposes.

Presentations of Books from America received through the Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, October 2, 1877 :—

1. From Professor Henry—Smithsonian Report for 1875 ; Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge, Vols. 20, 21. :

2. From Dr. F. V. Hayden, Uuited States Geologist—Geological

' Survey of the Territories, Vol. 9; ‘‘ Invertebrate Palzontology,”
by F. B. Meek, Vol. 10; ‘‘ Monograph of the Geometrid Moths,”
by A. S. Packard; ‘‘Geological and Geographical Survey of
Colorado, 1874,” by Dr. F. V. Hayden; ‘ Bulletin of U. S.
Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories,” Vol. 2,
Nos. 2, 3, 4.

8. From the Boston Society of Natural History—Proceedings of the
Society, Vol. 18, parts 1 to 4; Occasional Papers, No. 2, 1875;
‘The Spiders of the United States,” by N. M. Hentz, M.D. ;
Memoirs of the Society, Vol. 2, part 4, Nos. 2, 3, 4.

4, From the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, lowa—Proceed-
ings of the Academy, Vol. 1., 1867-1876.

5. From the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Detroit—Proceedings of twenty-fourth meeting of the Association,
1875.

6. From A. Agassiz, Esq., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
College, Cambridge—Bulletin of Museum, Vol. 3, Nos. 11 to 16;
Memoirs of Museum, Vol. 2, No. 9; ‘‘On Some Insect Defor-
mities,” by Dr. Herman A. Hagen, Vol. 4, No. 10; ‘‘The
American Bisons, living and extinct,” by J. A. Allen; Annual

’ Report of Curator for 1875.

7. From the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia—Proceed-
ings, Vol. 15, No. 96, Vol. 16, Nos. 97 and 98, 1876.

8. From the National Exhibition Commission, Rio Janeiro—‘“‘ Brazillian
Biographical Annual,” by Joaquin Manoel de Macedo, Vols,
a he gs

9. From the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences—Transactions,
Vol.-3, part 1.

10, From the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston—
Proceedings, Vol. 3, 1875-6.

11, ve the Essex Institute, Salem—Bulletin of the Institute, Vol.

, 1875.
12, ae the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences—Bulletin, Vol. 3,
0. 3.

13. From the Cincinnati Observatory—Catalogue of New Double
Stars, 1876.

14, From the Chief Signal Officer, Washington—Daily Bulletins
en en February to November, 1873, 11 vols. (Duplicate
of July).

15. From the Superintendent, United States Coast Survey—Five
Volumes of Surveys, 1869 to 1873.

Colonial publications received :—

1, From the Royal Society of N.S. Wales—Journal and Proceed-
ings of the Society, Vol. 10, 1876; Report for 1877; Annual
Report of Department of Mines, N.S. Wales, 1876.

2. From John Tebbutt, Esq. — ‘‘ Results of Meteorological Ob-
servations made at the Private Observatory, Windsor, N.S.
Wales,” during the years 1871, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

3. From Baron von Miieller—‘‘Select plants eligible for industrial
culture in Victoria,” ppj 293.

94

The SEcRETARY read a letter from the Rev. H. D. Atkinson, enclosing
a diagram of a strange fish caught at Circular Head. [The sketch
having been shown to Dr. James Hector, F.R.S., of New Zealand, that
gentleman recognised the subject of it as the ‘‘Hair Tail,” T'rachypterus
altivelis, an ocean fish rarely found near land. ]

The following communication, addressed to the Hon. Secretary, in -
reference to the so-called Brown’s River Black potato, from Mr. F.Cotton,
of Kelvedon, was read:—‘‘My attention has been directed to an
article in the Tasmanian Mail of September 1,on apotato called ‘ Brown’s
River Black,’ but the right name of which is ‘Kelvedon Purple.’ Some his-
torical account of the origin of the potato is given, and the modus operandi
(an act of piracy) by which this new variety had its fair name so
fraudulently altered to that of ‘Brown’s River Black.’ The person to
whom the colony (and the world) is indebted for the potato in question
is rather obscurely hinted at, but as he is still living, and amember of the
Royal Society of Tasmania, it is only proper and just that he should be
introduced to the Fellows and his fair fame vindicated; also, that they
should beacquainted with the means through which this valuable root
was generated,

‘*Tnor about the year 1832 Captain Burney brought his vessel (the
Henry) to Oyster {Bay, to ship oil from the fishery of the late George
Meredith, and wattle bark from the estates of Sherborne and Kelvedon.
On that occasion he presented us with a bag of Brown’s River potatoes
called ‘Rough Whites.’ These were planted carefully, and when
they flowered Dr. Story innoculated a few of the most promising with
the flowers of the ‘ Irish Apple,’ which was at that time the choicest
potato in the colony. These impregnated apples when ripe were
gathered and spread out to dry, and in the spring sown in a bed of fine
mould, The produce of these seed apples was, the next season, planted
in rows, and in the autumn dug up and sorted. Out of an almost end-
less number of varieties, four kinds were selected as worthy of further
trial. The experience of the third year’s planting was that but one of
the four varieties was superior to the sorts then cultivated, and it was
named by Dr. Story the ‘ Kelvedon Purple.’ To Dr. Story then belongs
the sole merit of giving to the world this valuable tuber, and the
fact ought to be chronicled and the true name of the potato restored.

**This potato is somewhat of an oval shape, with a skin inclined to
purple, but inside of a pure white; and it has this excellence that not
only is it a good boiler and of superior taste, but its skin is almost
free from indentations at the eyes so that there is no waste in paring.
The haulm is of a pleasing green colour, and does not bear many
apples. The produce per acre varies with the soil. I have heard
of from fourteen to sixteen tons per acre, and of six potatoes filling an
American bucket. The potato comes in early, and keeps good as long
as the once famous ‘Irish Apple,’ now I believe extinct. I have
heard of twenty-two tons per acre being grown at the Chain of
Lagoons, East Coast, but am not informed as to the kind of potato.
A brief account of the raising of the ‘Kelvedon Purple’ was sent
to the late Dr. Ross about the year 1836, and by him published in the
Courier. I have seen the ‘Kelvedon Purple’ growing in South Australia,
and have no doubt that it found its way to California more than 20
years ago. Iam disposed to believe that its excellence is not sur-
passed by any potato hitherto brought into use. We have obtained
some of the choicest varieties, including one of the most prized in
a and have not met with one to compare with the Kelvedon

urple.

A valuable paper by the Rev, J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S.,

95

F.R.G.S., etc., ‘‘On Tasmanian Siphonaria, including a new species,”
was read.

The Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.M.S., read a most interesting
paper. on ‘‘ Insect Parasites.” After the paper Mr. Spicer remarked
that through the kindness of Admiral Barnard a request had been issued
to all our lighthouse keepers for specimens of plants in their respective
neighbourhoods. Mr. Spong, of King’s Island, had alone replied
hitherto, and had forwarded 47 species, but of these none were new.
He might be allowed to take that opportunity of mentioning he had
recently placed in the hands of Messrs. Walch for publication a manu-
script containing a full description of every known plant in Tasmania.
He thought the book, which would be moderate in price, would
prove a ready and trustworthy guide for the local botanist, and he
hoped moreover it would also tend, in many instances at least, to
popularise the science of botany generally. (Applause.)

The usual vote of thanks to the authors of papers and donors of pre-
sentations concluded the proceedings,

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97
NOVEMBER, 1877.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held at the Museum
on Monday, November 12, the Right Rev. the Bishop of Tasmania in
the chair.

Dr: E. C. Barnard, who had previously been nominated by the
em was balloted for, and declared duly elected as a Fellow of the

ociety.

The hon. secretary (Dr. AGNEW) brought under notice the usual
monthly returns, viz. :—

1. Number of Visitors to Museum during October, 1,722.

2. Ditto to Gardens, ditto, 4,728.

3. Plants received at Gardens—From Aug. Simson, Esq., a very fine

trunk of Alsophila australis from Gould’s Country. From Mons.
J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium, 50 plants (Palms and Orchids) in very
good condition.

4, Time of leafing, etc., of a few standard plants in the Botanic

Gardens during October.
5. Books and Periodicals received.
6. Presentations to Museum.

Meteorology.—

1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.—Table for October.

2. Mt. Nelson, table for October ; South Bruni, ditto; Swan Island,
table for September; King’s island, tables for July, August,
and September; from Hobart Town Marine Board.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From A. Simson, Esq.—A collection of unusually fine crystals
of oxide of Tin from Gould’s Country, with a note.

2. From Mr. E. A. Smith—Fossilcast of Pecten from limestone near
Sandy Bay.

3. From Mr. J. E. Baynton—Samples of ‘‘ washdirt,” tin nuggets,
etc., from Gould’s Country.

4. From James Scott, Esq.—A fine specimen of Fossil Wood from
Mount Morriston, with a note.

5. From Charles E. Barnard, Esq., M.D.—A named collection of
Fossil Fruits from Gulgong, New South Wales.

{In reference to this presentation, the following note from Dr.
Barnard was read :—‘‘ These fossil fruits were found embedded in the
argillaceous ‘wash dirt’ of the ‘Black Lead,’ Gulgong, New South
Wales, at a depth of 150 feet, associated with leaves and wood, the
remains of ancient forests. Immediately above this washdirt is a
stratum of hard basalt, 15 feet thick; and above this again are strata
of clays and gravelalternating. These latter contain no gold; which is
only found here beneath the basalt.”]

Mr. M. Autuport remarked that one or two of these fossils from the
New South Wales tertiaries were very similar to some found in the
Travertine at Geilston, near Risdon, and in both cases they were of
older date than the basalt, which in New South Wales overlies the
fossils, and at Risdon has displaced the beds in which they occur. If
any of the leaves found could be accurately associated with the fruits
much light might be thrown on the flora of that period, and far greater
interest given to the fossils from both localities.

The Rev. W. W. Spicer read a paper on ‘Silk and Silk Producers.”

A paper by the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, ‘‘ On some new Tasmanian
Marine Shells,” was read bythe Secretary.

Mr. ALLport read a very interesting paper ‘‘ On the present stage
of the Salmon Experiment.”

98

After some conversational discussion, the Secretary announced that
the Council, after due deliberation, had determined to open the Museum
to the public on the afternoons of Sunday from 2°30 to 5 o’clock. This
action was taken in the interest of all those whose occupations rendered
them unable to visit during week days. The experiment would be con-
tinued for two or three months, after which period its continuance would
be determined by the number of visitors.

The usual vote of thanks to the authors of the papers, and the donors
of presentations having been accorded, the meeting terminated.

99

ON TASMANIAN SIPHONARTA, INCLUDING A
NEW SPECIES.

[By Rav. J. H. Tenison-Woopns, F.G.8., &e.,
Corr. Mem. Roy. Soc., Tas., &c., Kec. |

[Read 15th October, 1877. ]

Some time since, that is in May, 1876, I read a paper before
this Society on some Australian Patellide, on which occasion
I referred to two Tasmanian species of Siphonaria, S. denticu-
lata and S. diemanensis, which were the names I supposed them
to have received from Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard. (Voyage
del Astrolabe, Vol. 2, p. 327, and 340.) Since reading that
paper I have had an opportunity of seeing type specimens of
both these shells, and I find that the one I considered to be
identical with S. denticulata, var. Tasmanica mihi., is an un-
described species of a very marked character, to which I now
give the name and description found below :—

SIPHONARIA ZONATA. 2.sp. S.t. irregulariter ovata, latere siph.
distincte subrostrata, tumide conica, alta, vertice mediano, subacuto ; costis
40-50, tenuibus, planatis, canali siph. plus minusve interruptis. Coruleo-
albida, lineis vel fasciis olivis varie concentrice zonata, sepe autem atra
vel corrosa, intus pulchre nitente intensé fulvo pupures, margine dentata.
Impressio muscularis fulvo-albida latere canali irregulariter prolongata.

Shell irregularly oval, distinctly subrostrate on the siphonal side,
tumidly conical, high, vertex median, subacute; ribs 40 to 50, thin,
flattened, more or less interrupted by the siphonal canal. Color bluish-
white, concentrically and variously zoned with olive lines or bands, some-
times the apex is entirely olive, but these lines vary in every shell, often
stained black or corroded. The interior is beautifully enamelled, and
stained an intense purple brown, with a brownish white spathula which is
continued more or less into the siphonal channel. The margin is dentate,
rarely dotted with white. The size of the shell varies. Long. 20-25.
Lat. 15-19. Alt. 8-12, millimetres.

The animal has been already described in the paper referred to. It
generally is found above the tide marks on the hollows of rocks. It appears
to be gregarious and is very common on all the South Tasmanian coast. I
think I have also seen it on the rocks near Queenscliff, at the entrance to
Port Phillip.

In order to point out its affinities I will mention all the species of
Siphonaria known as Australian. Siphonaria diemanensis, Quoy and
Gaimard, has distinct brown interstices or grooves between the ribs.
S. scabra, Reeve, Port Jackson, is a thinner and more depressed shell,
though, in my opinion, only a variety of S. diemanensis. Siphonaria
denticulata, Quoy and Gaimard, appears to be only another variety, of
larger size, somewhat closer ribs, and paler colour. It is totally different
in the interior from S. zonata. S. funiculata is another pale variety of S.

100

diemanensis, very like S. denticulata, in fact I see no difference, except that
it is smaller. S. bifurcata is a thin flat species, of pale internal colour,
found in Port Jackson. S. Baconiis a West Australian species, said to
occur in South Australia, but the specimens I have seen from South
Australia, and those under that name in Port Jackson collections, I should
call varieties of S. diemanensis. In Reeve’s monograph there are two
species named S. funiculata, viz., pl. 2, fig. 6, said to come from Van
Diemen’s Land, and pl. 7, fig. 35, with an unknown habitat. This has 2
hooked apex. The specific title of the first species so named may be
dropped as only distinguishing a variety of S. diemanensis. I find that Mr.
G. F. Angas refers to S. funiculata thus, inthe Pro. Zool. Soc. 1867, 232,
S.f., Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. 2, fig. 6.“ A conical species, ribbed with white,
denticulated, and stained in the interior with brown. It varies considerably
in colour. Found also in Tasmania, S. atra, Quoy and Gaimard, a Pacific
and Japan species is said to occur also in Port Jackson.”

In the collection at the Sydney Museum there is a species named S.
funiculata, which I should say was only a pale depressed variety of my S.
zonata, but it does not in any way correspond with Reeve’s description and
figure of the first of the two species so named by him. I can only conclude
that a mistake has been made in the identification by Australian naturalists,
and thus the shell now described, which is an entirely new and distinet
species, has been regarded as S. funiculata, Reeve, and so passed over.

101

SILK AND SILK PRODUCERS. _
By tHE Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., &c.
| Read November 12th, 1877.]

The employment of insects for the special purposes of mankind
may be placed under three principal heads, viz., Medicine, Food, and
Clothing. With regard to the two first, one may almost write, as
did old Herrebow, the author of a Natural History of Iceland, the
72nd chapter of whose work runs thus—‘‘ Concerning snakes.
There are no snakes in Iceland.” For it is quite astounding—when
we consider their number (not less than 150,000 species), and the
varied properties they possess—how few insects are pressed into
man’s service either for curative or culinary purposes. In the
present day, Hygeia entrusts her reputation and the safety of in-
valids almost entirely to vegetable and mineral substances ; while,
as for the cookery book, we may search in vain for the name of an
insect among the myriad of delicacies, which pamper modern
appetities.

But, if Science is reserved in the employment of insects in the
pharmacopeeia, ignorance and credulity have given full flight to
their fancy.

** Fools have rushed in, where angels feared to tread.”

Had one of our ancestors a distressing toothache? There were
ready at hand the weevil and the ladybird, either of which could be
crushed and applied to the afflicted part. Nay, did he wish to get
rid of the offending organ altogether, he had but to touch it with
the ashes of burnt ‘‘emmets or pismires,” and straightway the tooth
would drop from the gum. Had he the misfortune to sprain his leg
or bruise his foot? Two at least of the beetles, which dwell in
excrementitious matter, Geotrupes and Aphodius, were specifics
held in high estimation. The yellow matter which exudes from the
joints of the bilbeetle, was held to be as efficacious in dropsy or
rheumatism, as in hydrophobia—and no doubt was so. Another
infallible remedy against the bite of a mad dog consisted of the fat
white maggots generated in the putrid carcase of the dog itselfi—
truly a case of Homceopathy run mad !

That foul disease leprosy could not stand before the bruised body
ofa meal worm. The great jaws of the stag beetle when powdered
proved a certain cure in most of the maladies incidental to child-
hood. The different tree bugs were good against ague ; the male
cricket taken internally could drive away a cold. Was the cold
accompanied by headache? There were plenty of remedies at hand,
such as earwigs and cockroaches. This last insect was specially
valuable ; for according to Dioscorides (whose receipt is unhesitat-
ingly reproduced by Mouffet in the 17th century), the fat of the
cockroach pounded with oil of roses is singularly efficacious in ear-
ache, and the same insect boiled in oil removes warts. Lastly, snake-
poison was rendered perfectly harmless, if the patient could be
induced to swallow one or two bed-bugs !

Civilised peoples have never been much in the habit of utilising
insects as food. The only example I know of is that of the Romans,

102

who were partial to a large grub; though it is doubtful what the

particular insect was. We know that it bore the name of ‘‘ Cossus ”; *

but naturalists are much divided on the knotty question of what is’
the true Cossus of the ancients. It was certainly not the animal to

which Linnzeus gave the title. Again in Leviticus xi. 22, ‘The

beetle after his kind” is mentioned among the articles of food which

the Jews might eat ; but there is no doubt that the original word

(chargol) is incorrectly translated. t 3

If, however, insects cannot be said to hold an important position
in regard to medicine and food, there is no doubt, that in arts and
manufactures they play a distinguished part. The number of species
employed may be small, but certainly a considerable void would be
created, were all the insects to be blotted out, which contribute to
our necessities or luxuries in this respect.

To insects we are indebted for one of the principal articles of
clothing. Silk—to which I propose to devote the remainder of this
paper—the produce of an insignificant moth has in the course of ages.
become one of the most important manufactures which the world has:
witnessed.

The education of the insect and the manufacture of the article
have alike come to us from the Northern Provinces of China, where
sericulture has been established from a very early period. Chinese
annalists carry it back to the 27th century before Christ ; and they
attribute its establishment to the foresight and care of Si-ling-chi,
wife of the emperor Hoang-ti. Setting aside trade tradition, the
mention of silk as an article of manufacture occurs for the first time
in the writings of Hzekiel, the prophet, about 550 B.C., who speaks
of its use among the Jews as an indication of wealth and glory.t
It is well to mention that there are two earlier allusions in our
version of the Bible to the employment of silk. The first is in
Genesis xii. 42, where ‘‘Pharaoh,” it is said, “ arrayed Joseph
in vestures of fine linen ; the last two words are given in the margin
as “silk.” Again, in the Book of Proverbs,§ the clothing of the
virtuous wife is described as of ‘silk and purple.” The original
word in both cases is ‘‘Shesh,” of which ‘‘ fine linen” appears to be
the more equivalent.

We next read of silk in the Sacred Writings of the Book of
Revelation, || where it is enumerated among the luxuries for which
Babylon was celebrated.

But although the ancients were acquainted with the article,
they were entirely ignorant of its origin; as we may gather from
the poet Virgil, who speaks of

“‘ Ethiop forests hoar with fluttering fleece,
And downy foliage carded by Chinese.”%]

By Ethiopia, I may mention, is intended the modern Abyssinia 3.
and it is curious, that Pliny speaks also of Ethiopia as the home
of cotton ; for he says that that country ‘possesses scarcely any
trees of importance, except those which bear wool.”

Two centuries later the celebrated Roman physician, Galen,
employed silk as threads for securing blood-vessels in surgical
operations.

* Pliny, Hist. Nat. xvii. 24. + Smith, Dict. of the Bible.

+ Ezekiel xvi., 10, 13. § Proverbs xxxi., 22. :

|| Revel, xviii, 12, *, Second Georgic. Blackmore’s translation.

103

Up to this period and for some time after, the little silk which
reached Europe, was imported from Persia and India. The Emperor,
Heliogabalus, about the year 220 B.C. was the first Roman, and
therefore I presume the first Kuropean, who wore a garment of pure
silk. It was not until the sixth century after Christ, when Justinian
occupied the throne of Constantinople, that the real origin of silk
became known to the world. About the year 550, two Persian
monks, at the risk of their lives brought a few eggs from China in
the hollow of a walking stick, and from that hour the mystery was
solved. For along period the breeding of the silk-worm was confined
to the Greeks of the Lower Empire. Manufactories were established
in Athens, Thebes and Corinth; from whence the Venetians, who
were then what England is now, the carrying nation of the world,
supplied Europe with silk goods. About the middle of the twelfth
century Roger, King of Sicily, introduced the worm into Italy ;*
and from this period sericulture became an established institution in
Europe. It was not until the commencement of the eleventh
century, that the mulberry was planted for the first time in France.
At the present day the breeding of the worm, and the preparation
and manufacture of the silk afford employment to thousands of the
French population. In the year 1870 the value of the eggs and
cocoons imported for home use amounted to the enormous sum of
£2,053, 000.

In England the manufacture of silk commenced in the 15th century,
but made little progress until the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
in 1685 drove 50,000 fugitives from the shores of France, many of
whom settled in Spitalfields, in the neighbourhood of London.
Efforts have been made, from time to time, to rear the moth itself
in England on a large scale. In 1609 James I. took the matter up
with much earnestness, and mulberries were planted in large
quantities on the spot where the royal residence of Buckingham
Palace now stands.+ The attempt however, met with no success, and
the spot soon became a mere place of fashionable resort. Hvelyn,
in his well-known diary, makes an amusing allusion to it, under
date May 10,1654. ‘‘My Lady Gerrard treated us at Mulberry
Garden, now the only place of refreshment about the town for
persons of the best quality to be exceedingly treated at ; Cromwell
and his partisans having shut up and seized on Spring Garden,
which till now had been the usual rendezvous for the ladies and
gallants at this season.”

Nothing whatever is known of the Silk-worm in its wild condition.
It seems to be assumed by all biological writers, that the insect
came originally from Northern China ; but beyond this, all is a blank
in the life-history of this important insect.

-As a captive, domesticated for thousands of years, we see in the
Silkworm (Bombyx or Sericaria mori) a moderately large moth of a
dirty white hue, with ill-formed wings—so ill-formed indeed, that
the creature is quite incapable of flight. The antennz, which are
much darker in colour than the rest of the body, are very beautiful
in the male insect, being deeply pectinated, or cut into narrow
divisions, like a comb, with a double set of teeth placed back to
back. Beyond its pretty antenne, Sericaria has nothing to commend

* Gibbon, Decline etc, LII. +C, Knight, London, 8, James’ Park.

104

it, thus justifying Taschenberg’s remark, in his Wirbellose Thiére :
‘The most useful of all insects, like the loveliest songsters among
birds, is clothed in the soberest garments.”

The larva (or ‘* worm ” par excellence) is a stout thick-bodied grub,
of nearly the same tint as the moth, with a small head and naked
body, of which the first segment is much swollen, and the last but ~
one bears an upright horn. The worm feeds by preference on the
mulberry—not the common sort with the luscious fruit, known to
botanists as Morus nigra, but another species, Morus alba, of which
the fruit is worthless as food. The insect can also support itself on
lettuce, and some other juicy plants ; but the silk is said in such
case to be much inferior.

The Cocoon enclosing the chrysalis is egg-shaped, and is composed
of the much-coveted silk, varying in colour from pure white to golden
yellow ; occasionally it assumes an apple green tint. lLeunis, the
learned author of the Synopsis der Thierreich, tells us, that blue
cocoons can be obtained by sprinkling the food with indigo ; and
that a pink hue is communicated, if the powdered leaves of a South
American plant, Bignonia chica, are employed.

The threads issue from two glands situated near the mouth,
aggluminated together and covered with a glossy varnish—each
thread measuring about the 2,000th of an inch in diameter.

A cocoon contains from 700 to 1,100 feet of thread ; and it takes
some 2,000 of these indefatigable spinners to procure one lb. weight
of the raw material.

The outer covering of the cocoon is made up of loose broken fibres,
well-known as Floss or Bourre, which is carded and spun like
cotton.

Besides the Floss, three forms of raw silk are recognised in
commerce.

1. Singles : Formed of a single thread to give it firmness.

2. Train : Formed of two or more threads slightly twisted together.
It is generally used for the shoot or weft.

3. Organzine, which is, in fact, Thrown Silk, is made up of several
threads twisted firmly together in a direction contrary to that of
the individual threads. It serves for the warp of the best stuffs.

I may mention, in passing, that the Throwing machine has been
so much improved of late years that the extraordinary speed of 5000
revolutions per minute is given to the spindles.

Silk-worms, owing no doubt to their purely artificial condition,
are subject to various diseases, many of which are as destructive to
them, as are cholera or yellow fever to their owners. Among them
are conspicuous muscardine, pebrine, jaunisse, and others much
dreaded by the silk-farmers of Italy and France. The devastation
caused by these epidemics has interfered seriously with the
supply of silk ; as the infected ‘‘grains” or eggs have been trans-
ported from one country to another, and have spread disease far
and wide. Even China, the cradle of silk culture, has not been
spared. It is principally from Jdpan, that growers are now supplied
with grain, as that country has hitherto escaped the plagues that
have devastated other lands. At the .same time, this immunity
will be of short duration, if, as reported, the Japanese, with
short-sighted policy, are actually importing infected eggs for
the purpose of adulterating healthy ova for the foreign market.

105

Under these adverse circumstances efforts have been made from
time to time to domesticate other species of silk-producing moths,
and utilise their cocoons. Among those, which have been experi-
mented on of late years, the Ailanthus worm (Attacus cynthia)
must be placed at the head. It isa native of Japan, and has its
common name in consequence of its feeding on a hardy tree, named
Ailanthus glandulosus. Japan also supplies us with another valuable
worm, Antherea yama-mai, which in its native country subsists on
the leaves of two kinds of oak, Quercus dentata and serrata.

India and its immediate neighbourhood are rich in silk producers.
The most important isthe Tusseh worm (Antherea paphia), which
feeds on various species of Bombax, Terminalia, and some other
trees. The cocoon is as large asa hen’s egg, and the silk, which
is remarkably strong, has been manufactured for centuries and sup-
plies clothing to multitudes of the natives under the name of Tusseh
cloth. The head-quarters of Paphia are in Bengal ; but efforts are
being made to establish it in other Presidencies. Some months ago
this Society received, through the Colonial Secretary’s office, a des-
patch dated from Poona, Bombay, the writer of which, Capt. G.
Coussmaker, details the various methods he employed to introduce
the Tusseh worm (or ‘‘Tasar silk worm,” as he names it) into
that neighbourhood. Nearly allied to paphia is the Bughy worm
{Antherea mylitta) indeed by some authors the two species are held
to be identical. Its cocoon, as is the case with some others, is attached
to a twig by a long stiff stalk composed of a gummy matter,
which is in fact immature silk.* This gives me the opportunity of
stating, that even immature silk is not altogether worthless ; for from
it is made the ‘‘ gut,” so indispensable to the fisherman, combining, as
it does in the highest degree, the qualities of flexibility, toughness,
and indestructibility in water. The best is said to be imported from
China and Spain, where it is made by soaking the caterpillar
in strong acid, then pulling the body asunder, and winding
the gummy matter, exposed to view, round pins placed some
distance apart on a board. This substance is the embryo silk
utilised before it has been exposed to the air.”’+

The Bughy worm feeds on the castor oil plant. The same
plant supports the Eria or Arrindy worm (Attacus ricini), which
produces a coarse but very durable material much in favour
with the poorer classes of India. On the other hand the silk
of the Joree worm (Saturnia religiose) is exceedingly fine and
lustrous ; it chooses the Pipul (Ficus indica) as its food plant.
Assam is the native home of the Joree worm, as it is also of the
Moongha (Antherea assamensis). It is found on Zizyphus jujuba,
and produces a cocoon which is sometimes fawn coloured, at others
nearly white ; the latter is considered the most valuable variety.
Another moth of the same family and country is Antherea roylii,
which supports itself on the leaves of some species of oak.

Towards the close of 1864 the discovery was made in Senegal
on the coast of Africa, of a moth, to which M. Guérin Meneville
gave the name of Faidherbia bauwhinie in honour of General
Faidherbe, whose name afterwards became prominent in the
Franco-German War. Like the whole of those already mentioned,

* Linnean Soc. Trans. Vol. VII. + American Naturalist, 1870.

106

Faidherbia belongs to the Bombycid Division of the moths. It is
partial to the species of Zizyphus, especially the Siddem (Zizyphus
orthacantha); and it is thought, that it will be exceedingly valuable,
when established in Algeria, as the silk, though of a bad colour, a
pale grey, winds off with ease, and is produced in very large
quantities. Whereas the mean weight of a single cocoon of the
common silk-worm is 290 millegrammes, and of an Ailantus worm
255, that of Faidherbia attains to no less than 633 millegrammes.*

North America possesses numerous large Bombycid moths, more
than one of which might probably be domesticated with profit.

The pretty pale green Tropea lina chooses the sycamore and
the oak for its food plants. Callosamia promethea supports itself
on two species of the bay, Sawrus sassafras and benzoin. Callosamia
cecropia occurs on the wild plum (Prunus pennsylvanica).t The
cocoon of the last-named insect is of a yellowish brown and larger
than a pigeon’s egg; the silk has been carded and converted into
stockings. Another species of Callosamia, named Angulifera, is
partial to the cherry, whilst Telea polyphemus, the larvee of which
feeds on the oak and elm, may some day prove of economic value.
It has been reared on a large scale at Boston, by a Mr. Troubelet,
who speaks highly of the quality of the silk produced by the
*¢Polyphemus Worm.” = 3

It will be observed that the foregoing moths belong without
exception to the same subdivision of the order Lepidoptera—that of
the Bombycids; in fact, the members of this group appear to
enjoy a monopoly of the art of spinning a serviceable silk.

The only moths outside this subdivision, whose threads have been
put under contribution—and that only on a limited scale-—are the
Ermines, as they are named, from the fact of their snowy wings
being studded with velvety black spots. They constitute the genus
Hyponomeuta, of the sub-order Tineids.

Though individually small these insects are capable of producing
a large amount of silk, and (it may be added) of working an
enormous amount of mischief ; because the larve are gregarious in
their habits ; in other words, the caterpillars, on leaving the eggs,
instead of separating and going each its own way, all keep together,
and spin, in common, a large silken web, wherein they congregate,
when not feeding.

In Great Britain, and in most of the temperate parts of Europe,
they infest orchards, and in years when they are abundant, often
commit sad havoc, not merely by devouring the leaves, but by
enveloping the branches in a silken covering, thus excluding the air
and spoiling the fruit. In the year 1841, they appeared in vast
numbers in the heart of London ; in many of the squares not a
hawthorn tree was to be seen, whose branches were not enve-
loped in a web, giving the tree the appearance of being covered
by afine cloth. § A year or two previously the cider makers of
Normandy—and this title includes nearly every family in that
fertile province of France—were almost driven to despair by
the ravages of one of these Ermine-moths, Hyponomeuta cognatella.
It was hopeless to attempt to destroy them, and the unfortunate

* Comptes Rendus, 1865. + Duncan. Nat. Library, xxxvii.
+ American Naturalist, 1870, § E. Lankester. Entomologist, 1841.

107

_ farmers could only gaze with folded arms on the tiny persecutors, as
they hung suspended from their boughs in silken bags, many of
which were more than three feet long and nearly as wide. Not
unfrequently, too, the trunks themselves were enveloped in the
thick silky tissue woven by these never-tiring grubs. That the
British Ermine can work as heartily as his French relative is clear,
from the fact, that webs of this species were exhibited at a
meeting of the Entomological Society in February, 1871, which
measured ‘‘ over a yard long.”

With such wonderful silk-producing power constantly in view,
it is scarcely a matter of surprise, that persons have endeavoured
to take advantage of the little animal’s instinct, and turn it to some
practical purpose. With this object, frames or models have been
constructed, upon which the caterpillars were compelled to work.
So long ago as 1815, acertain Lieutenant Hebenstreit, living in the.
vicinity of Munich, produced in this way a number of bags of
remarkably fine tissue. And the French zoologist Auton Desmarest
states that a material has been obtained by the labour of the com-
mon ermine (Hyponomeuta padella) so strong and light as to have
been actually worn as a lady’s neckerchief. However, the manu-
facture was more curious than useful, and the experiments have.
ceased to be carried on.

From time to time attempts have been made to supplement the
produce of the silkworm by that of other insects. Some persons
were sanguine enough to hope, that something might be done with
the spider’s web, more especially that of the common house spider
of Europe (Tegenaria domestica). Stockings and gloves have in
_ consequence been manufactured from the silken bags, within which
the female spider encloses its ova. But the difficulty of collecting
these ege-bags, and the still greater difficulty, or rather impossi-
bility, of inducing the fierce little spinners to live together in har-
mony, soon put a stop to all efforts in that direction.

Attention has also been turned to the thread (technically termed
Byssus), by which many of the Mollusca, or shellfish, moor them-
selves to the rocks. This is especially the habit of the family
Heteromya, to which the mussels belong. Two of these (Pinna
squamosa and Pinna nobilis), inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea,
develope threads from 9 inches to a foot long, and from these
threads purses, gloves, and such things have long been woven.

About the middle of the last century, ‘‘ A pair of gloves of this
silk was presented to the then Pope, Benedict XIV.”* A pair of
gloves. of the same material is also deposited in the Oxford
Museum.

Until lately there was a regular manufactory at Naples, where
the Byssws was worked up into articles of dress and ornament,
which were presented on state occasions by the King of the
two Sicilies to those whom His Majesty desired to honour. I
believe, however, that the manufactory has come to an end since
the expulsion of the Bourbons.

Indeed, in spite of all attempts in other directions, the silk-
worm interest has shown itself to be too strong to be materially

* Gibbon Decline, etc., 4,

108

interfered with, and still is (and is likely long to remain) master
of the situation.

Whether any of the silk producers, whose names I have brought

before you, will ever be introduced with profit into this colony,
is a question, which cannot at present be answered. There is cer-
tainly nothing in the geographical position of the island or in its ~
climatic relations, to prevent the attempt from being made with
prospect of success, when the proper time arrives. The North
American, if not the Indian, moths are perfectly hardy, and
would undoubtedly thrive in this dry and sunny climate. Indeed
there is no reason why the true silkworm should not do well here.
Dr. A. Wallace, no mean authority on the subject, has given his
opinion that it might be cultivated with success in Great Britain.*
And if it would do well in the damp foggy climate of the old country,
we may safely predicate that it would prosper in our more favoured
zone.
_ Of course, at present skilled labour commands too high a price to
hope for commercial success from sericulture. But the day may
come, I have little doubt, when, if the popular energies are turned
in that direction, Tasmanian silk or Tasmanian Tusseh cloths will
be able to compete with the fabrics of Japan and China.

* Entom. Annual, 1871.

109

PRESENT STAGE OF THE SALMON EXPERIMENT.
By Morton Auuport, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c.
[Read November 12th, 1877.]

Though grilse weighing from 3lbs. to 7lbs. have during:
the last four years been taken in the Derwent, how is it that
no mature salmon, that is, fish weighing from Ldlbs. to 30lbs.,.
have been captured? This is a question frequently asked
both here and in the neighbouring colonies, but it will be
necessary before attempting to answer it to refer to what is.
known of the early life history of the salmon in Europe and
Tasmania.

It has been calculated by able British authorities that in
specially good salmon rivers, such as the Tay in Scotland,
not more than one egg in every 1,500 deposited ever becomes.
a salmon, the diminution in number taking place chiefly
during the earlier stages of life, and especially during the
journey of the smolt to the sea, and the first few weeks of
their residence there, though even the grilse appear lable to
have their numbers considerably decreased by the attacks of
marine enemies before their return as veritable salmon.

The limited number of mature salmon we can yet have in the
Derwent might therefore alone account for their non-capture,.
but we must add to that disadvantage the want of adequate
appliances to ensnare large sized fish. The chance of taking
one with the rod is infinitesimal while the fish are scarce, the
fishermen scarcer, food very abundant, and the difficulties
with which the angler in the Upper Derwent has to contend.
great. The one or two fine meshed seine nets worked down
the river, though well adapted to scrape out smolts, are quite
unfitted for the capture of salmon, as they are shot so as to
leave a considerable space between the net and the shore, and
take so long to haul that the wary old salmon would, before
the ends of the net reached the land, pass round one or the
other, and so escape.

The majority of the 18 or 20 grilse caught have been taken
in an ordinary grab-all net, having a mesh of such a size that
only the fish of from 3lbs. to 5lbs. weight can mesh themselves,
and no larger salmon is at all likely to be taken by the same:
net, as in this method of fishing it is essential that the fish
should be able to get the gill covers through the mesh or by
backing it can at once free itself. If a grab-all net, having a
mesh of two and a half inches from knot to knot, was used,.
the chance of catching a mature salmon would be largely
increased, provided only such mature salmon are there to be
caught, which has yet to be proved.

We know that in our own waters the capture of sea-going:

110
salmonoids was at first, that is in the year 1869, confined to a
few smolts only, and these were taken in the small meshed
seines after strong freshes had come down the Derwent in
the end of October and the beginning of November. In sub-
sequent years, and always in the same months, many of these
fish came to the hands of the Salmon Commissioners till the
river was very properly closed to the seine nets above Hobart
Town, and many more of the same fish were doubtless taken of
which the Commissioners knew nothing. The capture of these
smolts was in several seasons followed by the taking in
December, January and February of salmonoids intermediate
in size between smolts and grilse, that is, weighing from three-
quarters of a pound to one pound and a half, and it was one
of these fish taken in December, 1869, of which Dr. Gunther
wrote that it presented all the characteristics usually found
in the true salmon (Salmo salar).

Time passed on and one grilse was taken in December 1873,
followed by two or three others in subsequent years, and in
the beginning of January, 1876, between two or three hundred
of the salmonoids, intermediate between smolts and grilse,
were taken at a few hauls of the seine nets on the open sea
beaches some distance below Hobart Town, since which the
river has been wisely closed still lower down.

Hight of the last-mentioned fish taken at random were care-
fully examined and dissected, and of these eight six proved to
be unmistakably true salmon (Salmo salar) while the remaining
two exhibited characteristics common to both the true salmon
and the salmon trout (Salmo trutta), so that their species could
not be positively determined. We next come to the compara-
tively frequent capture of grilse this season in one place, and
by one small net, ill-suited for the purpose. And, so far,
therefore the sequence of events has been marvellously regular,
and exactly what was to be expected if all went well. Yet it
is not absolutely certain that this regular sequence will be
followed by the crowning triumph in the shape of the capture
of a thirty-pound salmon, though the probabilities are greatly
in favour of such a capture being soon made, if proper means
are used to effect it.

It is certain, from the life history of our salmonoids, as
already detailed, that the smolts descending the Derwent find
ample food and sufficiently salt water in the estuary immedi-
ately below Hobart Town to carry them on to the stage referred
to as intermediate between smolts and grilse, after which stage
we altogether lose sight of these fish for a time, during which
they probably go with the floods of autumn and farther out
on to the open coast, for when we next see them it is as grilse
in early spring (Autumn and September), and they then
appear to be working their way up the Derwent estuary, and

EYL

following the myraids of indigenous small fry, which are then
constantly hatching out. As the female of these grilse taken
in early autumn invariably exhibit the ova consider ably more
matured than when taken in the spring there can be no doubt
that they are finding their way to the freshwater spawning
beds, and would reach them in the early floods of winter,

though amongst the wealth ofsuitable streams running thr ough
scores of miles of uninhabited, mountainous, and inhospitable
country we have never yet (except, perhaps, in one instance)
been able to ascertain the exact locality of such spawning
beds.

It is quite possible that the grilse after spawning, and on
its return with the last of the winter floods to salt water, re-
quires some greater change and a longer journey seawards than
when it was passing from the smolt to the evilse stage. And
if so, it may have to encounter more for midable marine ene-
mies than on its first journey, or some unfavourable physical
features of our coast of which we, as yet, know nothing.
Unfortunately, the most scientific Ichthy ologists and the most
practical fishermen are still equally ignorant of the precise
habits of the mature salmon when at sea and experience can
alone prove whether the final stage isto be successfully reached,
and if so, when ?

During the last few years, and since the commencement of
the salmon experiment, large numbers of specimens of our
coast fish have been forwarded to and examined by Dr. Albert
Gunther, of the British Museum, whose determination of the
species proves that many of our fish are not merely representa-
tives of but identical with British forms, such for instance as
the John Dory (Zeus faber), the horse-mackerel (Trachurus
trachurus), the dog-fish (Acanthias vulgaris), the sprat (Clupea
sprattus), and the Conger (Conger vulgaris). And this fact goes
far to show that there can be no vast difference between the
physical features of the Tasmanian and British coasts.

If, therefore, there is any truth in the doctrine of natural
selection and survivalof the fittest, we may rest assured that as
the grilse are rapidly increasing in number, some few out of
the thousands sent time after time to sea will be able to adapt
themselves to their altered circumstances, escape their foes,
and find their way back as salmon. After the second migra-
tion is accomplished, the increased speed and cunning of the
fish will materially improve its chance of successfully overcom-
ing the dangers of all subsequent journeys.

For each of the grilse which have been taken in one minute
spot of the wide estuary of the Derwent, by a net ill-suited
for the purpose, there must be hundreds, and more probably
thousands, passing of which we hear and see nothing; and if
this is true of the erilse after the manifold risks ‘to. which

112

they have been exposed on our coasts, what must be the number
of smolts that have passed down the Derwent, and what the still
greater number of fry in the earlier parr stage on the gravelly
rapids of some tributary or tributaries of the Upper Derwent ?
Can we set such numbers down at less than hundreds of
thousands? And yet marvellous to relate, not one single
parr has yet been seen (so far as the Salmon Commissioners
are aware) in the fresh waters of the Derwent, or any of its
tributaries. And this is the more amazing, because these fish
take the worm or artificial fly with the greatest readiness, and
would have been almost certain to make their presence known
to any angler in their immediate neighbourhood. :

A writer in Queensland, a few months ago, also referred to
this extraordinary absence of the parrs, and used it as a
powerful argument against there being any salmon in Tasmania
—but he went rather too far, and used the same argument to
prove that the migratory salmonoids, which he admitted were
taken in the lower Derwent, were only salmon trout, ignoring
the fact that the parrs of the salmon trout (identical in
appearance and habits with those of the salmon) were equally
remarkable for their apparent absence.

If amongst the dozens of suitable tributaries of the Upper
Derwent, we are unable to find a trace of these hundreds of
thousands of salmon parrs, which it is impossible to doubt
must be there, we need scarcely be surprised at our inability
to light upon the mere handful of mature salmon, which we
are yet likely to have in the wide waters of the deep Derwent
estuary. Some day an errant fisherman on one of the small
streams about or beyond the lakes, such as the Clarence, the
Pine, the Nive, or the Cuvier, where nobody ever thinks of fish-
ing now, will probably drop on such myriads of these parrs as
will enlighten us as to the supply of grilse below,—and the
knowledge so gained may lead to the obtaining fresh supplies
of ova for the stocking of our Northern and Western rivers,
because the parrs never move far from the original spawning
place before assuming the smolt dress; and their detection
would enable us in the following winter to watch for and
take the parent fish on their certain return to the same
spawning beds.

Before concluding it may be as well to refer to the one in-
stance in which it is just possible we have hit upon the spawn-
ing bed of atrue salmon. In the early part of the past winter
a pair of large fish were observed spawning in the Plenty, and
were netted by the Bailiff in charge at the Ponds after the
bulk of the ova were deposited.

The female after having parted with the greater part of her
ova weighed more than twenty pounds, and the male weighed
nearly nineteen pounds. Mr. Read, one of the Salmon Com-

113

missioners, examined these fish carefully, and both he and the
Bailiff are of opinion from the external appearance of the fish
that they were true salmon, or at any rate belonged to one of
the two migratory species.

After stripping the remaining ova (almost one thousand in
number) from the female, and applying the artificial process
of impregnation, both fish were returned to the river.

Subsequently a few of the naturally deposited ova were with
judicious forethought taken from the rid, placed in one
of our hatching boxes mentioned, and then kept carefully
separated from other ova. The artificially impregnated
ova failed, but that so prudently taken from the rid
has hatched out; and an examination of both the eggs
and the newly hatched fry has very materially strengthened
the impression in my mind that these fish were salmon,
for the eggs were not only larger than any we have
yet taken in the colony, but had exactly the pink tinge which
characterised the salmon eggs received from England. The
umbilical sac attached to the newly hatched fry is longer in
proportion to the width than that of the trout, and this was
a marked peculiarity in the fry hatched from the imported
salmon eggs. It is quite true that there is considerable
diversity both in the size and colour of the eggs of the
brown trout (Salmo fario), but the size of the eggs in
that species by no means depends upon the size of the
fish, as large eggs are often found in small fish; and
no cause can yet be assigned for this diversity in size,
but the difference in colour clearly depends on the
quality of the fish—the red-fleshed fish invariably producing
red eggs, and the white-fleshed fish the pale straw-coloured
eges. As an actual fact, none of the originally imported
salmon trout or trout eggs approached in size either these
eggs taken from the rid in the Plenty or the imported salmon
eges; and very great interest will therefore attach to the
subsequent stages of the fry now hatched, because if they
are true emigrants that fact must be made manifest when the
deciduous, silvery scales which first hide the parr marks are
put on, and the young fish assume the smolt stage, though
it may even then (as long since pointed out) be difficult, if
not impossible, to determine accurately to which of the two
migratory species the smolts may belong.

A few days after the foregoing was written—namely, on
the 15th day of October last—a strong fresh came down the
Plenty, during which a school of about a dozen salmonoids
found their way into the water-course which supplies the
ponds, being evidently bound seawards. Mr. Read was so
much struck with the difference between these fish and trout
fry of the same size, that he preserved two of them in spirits,

I

114

and forwarded them to me for examination. Externally both
fish presented the characteristics of true salmon, and upon
dissection the number of pyloric appendages was found to
be 62 in one and 65 in the other, numbers which prove these
specimens to have been salmon and not salmon-trout. This
capture, therefore, lends additional force to the presumption
that the twenty-pound fish taken in the Plenty was a salmon.

115

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PHYTOGRAPHY OF
TASMANTA.

‘By Baron Ferp. von Mueruier, C.M.G., M.D.,
F.R.S., &c. &e.

(November, 1877).

A few years ago I had the honour of submitting to the
Royal Society of- Tasmania a census of the flowermg plants
and ferns, then known, from the main isiand and its depen-
dencies. The issue of this index in the Society’s volume of
1874 has rendered it accessible to collectors of Tasmanian
plants ; and as some there have arranged their botanic speci-
mens according to the census list, I may feel justified in
adding now a few more plants to the previous enumeration,
and may also be allowed to effect a few changes in the names
and arrangement first adopted, furnishing simultaneously a
few other notes supplemental to my former communications.
Claytonia calyptrate.—Swanport, Dr. Story.

Drosera spatulata.—Southport, C. A.; Arthur’s Riv., F.v.M.
Polycnemum pentandrum.—

The Hemichroa pentandra with its congeners can be
placed in Polycnemum (L. gen. edit. sec. 21) as indicated
first by Mogquin.

Cenarrhenes nitida—Mount Bishop, Bell.
Bellis graminea.—-

It was suggested long ago in the frag. phytogr. Austr.,
that all the Brachycomes ought to be rendered again to
Bellis.

Helichrysum Gravesti.—

The Rev. W. W. Spicer has recently ascertained that this
Helichrysum has its native localities in Kent’s group.
From the zealous investigation of Tasmanian plants by
the reverend gentleman, many additions to the localities,
recorded for various species may be expected.

Helichrysum lucidum.—

This includes, as an Alpine variety H. Milligani.
Plantago varia.—

This and its ordinal plants find best their place near
Primulacee and particularly Loganiaceew as shown by
the writer in Trimen’s Journal for 1877. In the same
periodical he has given some of the reasons for the transfer
of the Plumbaginee to the vicinity of Frankeniacex
and Caryophyllee in the class of Amylifire. It may
here be added incidentally that the discoveries of late
years render the ordinal separation of Araliaceze from
Umbelliferee not longer possible.

116

Nayeia alpina.—F .v.M., Introduct. to Bot. Teachings, p. 38.

Gaertner’s name Nageia should be restored for Podocarpus,
as pointed out in my Papuan plants, p. 93.

Milligania stylosa.—F.v.M. in Benth. flor. Austr. VII. 27.

The venerable Bentham has adopted the suggestion made |
in the Society’s issue of 1876, p. 11, that Astelia stylosa
should be drawn to Milligania.

Milligania Johnstoni.—F.v.M. |. ¢.

The dwarf hyacinth-scented asteli-aceous plant has been

raised to specific position.
Bartlingia sessiliflora.—

Mr. Bentham has proved from inspection of authentic
specimens that the real Laxmannia minor, so very briefly
defined by R. Brown, is a species peculiar to West Aus-
tralia, and that the Tasmanian plant is identical with L.
sessiliflora (Decaisne herb, Timor, descript, 35 t. 16.)

Wurmbsea dioica.—

Anguillaria australis, our lovely little harbinger of the
spring, is transferable to the genus Wurmbsea, estab-
lished by Thunberg as early as 1781, which was men-
tioned already in the fragm. phytogr. Austr. VII. 76.
As the distinction is of frequent though not universal
occurrence in this species, and is exceptional among .
allied plants, it may be preferable to return to that
specific appellations by which the plant is best known.

Arthropodium minus.—

Bentham recognises this as a species. It needs still
further enquiry to point out reliable differences between
this and A. paniculatum. On those meadows where
A. minus grows, usually also Brachycome graminea
becomes dwarfed.

Chlorophytum alpinum.—

J. G. Baker (journal of the Linn. Soc. XV. 329) has re-
moved Caesia alpina to Chlorophytum of Ker, thus
adding a new genus to the Tasmanian flora.

Triglochin centrocarpa.—Hook. icon. pl. 728.

To this T. nana is reduced by Bentham as a variety ; but

the normal form does not occur in Tasmania.
Typha angustifolia —tL. sp. pl. 971.

Bentham (flor. Austr. VII. 159) is not inclined to admit
the validity of the two Tasmanian species, advanced by
the late Dr. Rohrbach.

Juncus pauciflorus—R. Br. prode. 259.

As well as T. pallidus, R. Br. 1. ¢. and J. capillaceus, J.
Hook. fi. Tasm. IT. 65, are passed as species by Bentham
(fl. Austral. VIT. 129, 130, 132). The special study of
these plants is recommendable to local observers.

117

Lepyrodia Muelleri—Benth. fl. Austral. VII. 216.

It is ascertained now, that R. Brown’s Lepyrodia stricta is

exclusively West Australian, as the inspection of the
original specimens has confirmed.
Calorophus fastigiatus.—

Beatham (I. c. 237-240) proposes the union of the genera
Hypolaena and Calostrophus, giving preference to the
name of the former. In justice, however, to Labillar-
diere, who even illustrated Calostrophus with a good
figure four years before the publication of Hypolaena,
the name given by him should embrace the united
genera, the Greek Calostrophus being also significant
towards Restio.

Centrolepis strigosa.—R. and S. syst., I. 43.

Includes Desvauxia tenuior of R. Brown, and seems distinct
from C. fascicularis.

Centrolepis monogyna.—Benth. flor. Austral., VII. 205.

This, the Alepyrum monogynum, J. Hook, fl. Tasm. IT. 77,
t. 138, is also admitted as a species by Bentham.

Heleocharis acuta.—R. Br., pr. 224.

Bentham refers to this as distinct from H. palustris, not
admitting the latter as Tasmanian or even Australian.
Baeckehr (in Linnea, XXXVI. 460) records distinctly
also as Australian, indeed almost as cosmopolitan, the
H. palustris.

Isolepis crassiuscula.—. Hook, fl. Tasm. IT. 86, t. 143; Scirpus
crassiusculus, J. Hook, in Benth. flor. Austral. VII. 326.

All workers on Cyperaceae concur that the genus Isolepis
is as artificially separated from Scirpus as Chaetospora
from Schcenus, and I gave expression to the same effect
in the Fragm. phytogr. Austr. IX. 38. It remains there-
fore quite optional whether Isolepis and Chaetospora
should be adopted as full genera or merely as subgenera,
although on the presence or absence of hypogynous
bristlets, as a rule, is laid much stress in defining the
numerous other cyperaceous genera; as a sequence it
almost becomes imperative to attach within the same
natural order on equal importance to the generic value
of an organ such as the hypogynous setae. There seems
thus no reason to change the nomenclature adopted for
the Tasmanian census.

Cladium trifidum.—Gahnia trifida, Labill. Non. Hall. plant,
specimen. I. 89, t. [16.

This plant proves that the disjunction of Gahnia from
Cladium is not advantageous, for so similar is this
species to C. filum, that most observers failed to recognise

_ any specific (much less generic) differences between them.
Both species stand on record from the Derwent and

118

Swanport. Cladium melanocarpum, accepted on the
authority of R. Brown’s Prodromus as a Tasmanian
plant, seems not to occur in the island.

Cladium tetraquetrum.—J. Hook, fl. Tasm., U1. 95, t. 149.

To this is referable Lepidosperma tetragonum.

Lepidosperma concavum.—R. Br., pr. 234.

This described with extreme briefness by Rob. Brown,
includes L. Sieberi.

Lepidosperma laterale.—R. Br., pr. 234, and L. Oldfieldii, J.
Hook, fl. Tasm. IT. 91. t. 146 A, are both admitted by
Bentham (flor. Austral. VII. 389 et 393) unless the
former should prove referable to L. globosum (Labill.
I..16 t. 14).

Carex acicularis—Booth, in J. Hook, flor. Nov. Zealand,
I. 280, t. 63,

Bentham regards this distinct from C. Pyrenaica of the
Northern Hemisphere.

Carex paniculata.—l. sp. pl. edit., sec. 1383.

As shown already in my vegetation of the Chatham Islands,
p. 57 (1864) C. appressa is merely a form of the Huropean
C. paniculata.

Carex flava.—t. sp. pl. 975.

Includes C. cataract of R. Brown, the great similarity of
both being also noticed in the fragm. (vu. 251.)

Carex Bichenoviana.—Booth, in J. Hook, fl. Tasm., II. 101.

Acknowledged by Bentham (fl. Austr. VII. 446) as a
peculiar Tasmanian species only as yet known from
Woolnorth.

Ehrharta juncea, Spreng. syst. 11, 114

An older appellation for E. tenacissima of Heudel. It may
here be observed that the true Stipa micrantha from
South East Australia appears not to extend to Tasmania.

Agrostis scabra, Wield. spec plant I. 370

This name was given already in 1797, as shown by General
Munro (in Benth. fl. Austral. VIT. 576) to an American
erass, now found to be identical with R. Brown’s A.
parviflora.

Hierochloe Fraseri, J. Hook, flor. antarctic I. 93.

According to Bentham’s views this is the Tasmanian species
recorded as H. alpina, and probably distinct from that of
the northern hemisphere.

Hemarthria compressa, R. Br. pr. 207.

The H. uncinata proves, as long suggested by the writer, a
mere variety.

Conferva bombycina, Ag. syst. alg. 83.

In water reservoirs near Hobart Town. Rev. W. Spicer.
A large variety, allied to C. Sandvicensis of Gaudichaud.

ELS
ADDITIONAL NOTES.

Agrostis frigida, F.v.M., first general report, 1853, p. 20.

New Norfolk, Gunn, (according to Benth. flor. Austr. VIT.
583.

Agrostis Gunniana

Deyeuxia Gunniana, Benth. |. ¢. 584. Sent by Mr. Gunn
along with A. scabra

Distichlis maritima, Rafinesque in Journ. de Physique,
LXXXIX. 104.

It escaped notice until it was pointed by Mr. Bentham that
the Festuca distichophylla of Sir Jas. Hooker (and seem-
ingly also of Michaux and Pursch) constitutes a separate
genus, established already in 1819, and remarkable for
unisexual spikelets on distinct plants (as mentioned be-
fore by Asa Gray) and further singular for the spongy
testa noticed previously by Kunth. Thus the Tasmanian
erass is identical with an American seashore species of
oreat frequency.

Poa Billardieri, Hendel glumace, I. 262.

Restricted to the coast. Regarded by Bentham as distinct
from P. caespitosa on account of the inner upper bract
adnate to the seed. The celebrated phytographer above
mentioned, acknowledges several other glumaceae as
specifically distinct, which to me appear mere varieties of
species, already enumerated in the census. ©

[Nore.—While the foregoing paper was passing through
the press the following note was received from the Author :—]

Among several Tasmanian phanerogamic plants, of which
their generic position remained uncertain, is Pultenaea diffusa
of Sir Joseph Hooker; that leading phytographer gave the
first record of this rare plant in his celebrated Flora Tasmanica
J, 91, and Mr. Fitch added t. 14, an excellent lithographic
illustration. As, however, the fruit remained unknown, the
place of this plant in the genus Pultenaea continued doubtful.
To myself the plant appeared exceptional as a Pultenaea, its
stipules being mostly suppressed, while the bractiole are
almost foliaceous and thus do not share in the scarious
consistence of those typical for Pultenaea. These reasons
induced me to assign to this plant a place in the genus
Phyllota, one not otherwise represented in the Tasmanian
flora. Thus the plant appeared as Phyilota diffusa fully 20
years ago in my Fragmenta Phytographie Australie I, p. 8.
Mr. Bentham, the most experienced of all writers on
leguminous plants since the last forty years, when issuing
under my co-operation the second volume of the Flora

120

Australiensis in 1864, preferred to follow Sir Joseph Hooker’s
indications of the generic position of the plant, vol. i1., p. 119.
Having directed the attention of my kind Tasmanian corres-
pondents to the desirability, to set this question at rest by a
search for the fruit, I was glad to receive from Mr. Simson,

quite recently, well-matured fruit specimens. These have —

the pods about 2 lines long, ovate; its valves inside finely
downy; the seeds, of which only one matured in each pod,
are about one line long, oval, greenish-brown, with black
spots and devoid of any strophiole. This last mentioned’ note
is decisive for Phyllota and excludes our plant from the genus
Pultenaea. Unless, therefore, Phyllota is given altogether up
as a genus, it must include now finally ; Pultenaea diffusa,
although certainly the great value of the presence or absence
of a strophiole for generic discrimination in Podalyriee loses
its importance exceptionally in Ozxylobium; but Phyllota is
irrespectively reported by the structure of its bractioles
and to some extent by the want of stipules, which latter
characteristic however, is not absolute.

There is another Pultencea, the West Australian P. uwrodon
of Bentham, which needs removal to the genus Phyllota. I
find the pod about 2 lines long, roundish or rhomboid, ovate,
inside glabrous, outside as well as the lower portion of the
style soft-hairy. The seeds are dark brown, but seen by me
only in a half-ripe state, then very much incurved, and
exhibiting no trace of a strophiole.

Turozaninow in defining originally the genus Urodon (sub-
sequently reduced by Bentham to Pultenaea,) alluded only to
Phyllota as allied and not to any other genus.

y

121

ON SOME NEW TASMANIAN MARINE SHELLS.

By Rev. J. E. Trntson-Woops, F.G.S., etc. Corres-
ponding Member Royal Society, Tasmania; of Victoria;
of Linn. Society, N.S.W. Hon. Member Royal Society,

N.S.W., ete.

[Read 12th November, 1877. |

The following shells were placed in my hands for descrip-
tion by Mr. W. Legrand, the eminent conchologist of Hobart.
They were obtained by the careful researches of Mr. W. F.
Petterd, from dredging operations principally in Blackman’s
Bay. They are (with the exception of a Turbo from King’s
Island) all small, but of much interest, including a beautiful
new species of Crossea. Their general facies is in keeping
with the conchology of Tasmania as hitherto known.

TURBO ( ) cucuttata. T', turbinato consolida, opaca,
sordide albida badia vel atra plus minusve maculata vel ustulata ;
anfr. 4%, rugosis, vie convexis crebre spiraliter liratis, magis et
minoribus alternantibus, tota testa conspicue creberrime oblique
squamato-striata ; liris majoribus in ult. anfr. fere. 12, distanter
granosis vel squamis elevatis cucullatis insignitis, sutura impressa,
tenuiter canaliculata apertura orbiculart, integra conspicue marginata,
infra. marginem, margaritacea argentea, columella et margine
porcellana; basi convexa, livata. Long. 24, lat. 18 mil. Habit.
King’s Island, Bass Straits. W. Legrand.

A small turbo with large irregular scorched patches on a
dirty white ground. It is spirally closely keeled, with small
round alternating keels, on the larger of which there are
small tubercles or small raised hooded scales. The whole
shell is obliquely closely imbricately striate. The mouth is
round without any tubercle, and has an outside margin within
which there is a very clearly defined line of silvery nacre
which lines the throat. It is very rare, and has more relations
with the New Zealand or tropical forms than any Tasmanian
congener.

Liot1a ANNULATA. Testa minuta, discoidea, swperne planata et
depressa, alba, opaca, anf. 3, circularibus, requlariter swhdistanter
lamellose annulatis, interstitiis levibus ; apertura integra, orbiculari,
antice producta varicifera; wmbilico omnino aperto. Maj. diam.
1$ mil. Hab. Blackman’s Bay. W. F. Petterd.

Shell minute, discoid, flattened and depressed above, white,
opaque ; whorls 3, circular, regularly and somewhat distantly
ringed with lamelle, interstices smooth, aperture entire,
orbicular, anteriorly produced, and bearing a varix round the
mouth like one of the rings of the spire, umbilicus entirely
open.

tT have been long acquainted with this minute shell, but

hesitated to describe it until I could find perfect specimens

with a true Liotia mouth. I think that even now its generic
J

122

position is doubtful, for the aperture has hardly that
thickening which we observe generally in the genus. Its
appearance is not unlike some species of Ammonites.

CROSSEA CANCELLATA. 1.8. 7. minuta, alba, nitente, turbinate ;
unfr. 3, carinis parvis crebris et striis obliquiis tenwissimis pulcherrime
cancellata, ap ce levi, pellucido, apertura circulari, antice et postice
conspicue canaliculata, labio simplice, basi duobus sulcis wnolato altero
angusto et in medio eorwm costu spirali prope columellam insignita.

A minute white shining turbinated shell of three whorls
which are beautifully cancellated by close spiral ribs and
distinct oblique strie. The apex is smooth. The aperture
is circular and channelled above and below. Behind the
inner lip there isa narrow groove forming a false umbilicus,
then a rounded spiral rib, and then a broad regularly striate
groove on the base. Diam: scarcely 14 mil. Blackman’s
Bay. W. EF. Petterd. .

This minute and very beautiful species adds a fifth to the
genus whose synopsis is as follows :—

Shell, varicose. C. miranda. Japan.

——, outer lip, thin. bellulus. Japan.

——, small, whorls shining and punctate. concinna.
Port Jackson.

——, somewhat smaller, outer lip fimbriate. labiata.
Long Bay, Tasmania.

——, minute, shell cancellate. cancellata. Blackman’s
Bay, Tasmania.

MARGINELLA CYPRHOIDES. 7. parva, ovata, cypreformi, alba,
opaca levi, spira omnino occulta, labro nivea marginato incrassato,
postice producto ; apertura regulariter arcuata, angusta, columella

nivea encausta, ad basim crebre 4 plicata. Long. 6, lat. 4 mil.
Blackman’s Bay. W. F. Petterd.

Tasmania is already rich in this genus, but this species
differs from all in being quite smooth and having the spire
quite hidden by the produced and thickened outer lip. From
above it appears like a Cyprea. It comes nearest to Marginella
volutiformis, but is much smaller and destitute of plaits.

RIssoA ANGELI (mihi) vide Proc. 1876. I find that this shell
varies considerably. Sometimes the ribs a very prominent and
variciform, and sometimes they are fine and close and scarcely pass
to the last whorl, the spiral lire, which are beautifully delicate,
the rounded aperture and umbilicus are constant features. Some
authors would place the species in the genus Cyclostrema. It is
very minute. Blackman’s Bay. W. F. Petterd.

RIssOINA MINUTISsIMA. T. minuta, pyramidata, polita, luteo
albida, apice livida, basi pallidisime lutea fasciata ; anfr. 5 omnino
levibus, et politis, tenwe convexis ; labro acuto, producto, labio reflexo ;
apertura late elliptica antice et postice canaliculata ; apice obtuso.
Long. 14; lat. 2 mil.

A minute Rissoina destitute of ornament of any kind and

123

highly polished. It is yellowish white, and the apical whorls
are livid. Blackman’s Bay, Tasmania. W. F. Petterd.

RissOINA UNILIRATA. T. minuta, pyramidata, alba witente, opaca
vel subpellucida, anfr. 5, in spira conspicue carinatis, ultimo anfr.
generatim levi, aliquando wnicarinato, semper autem ad labrum late
inflatoque ; apice obtuso, nucleo 14 anfr. ; apertura circulari, labro
producto, labio reflexo, sutura profunda, unilirata et marginata. Long.
13; 23 mil. ; lat. $, circiter longitud. Blackman’s Bay. W. F.
Petterd.

A minute white shell with a conspicuous inflation on the
outer lip, and a fine thread which forms a single or double
keel on the upper whorls. The last whorl is generally, but
not always destitute of these threads, or has only one. The
suture has also a thread and is margined. One larger speci-
men has only one angle in the whorls, which is the result of
the one thread-like line proceeding from the last whorl. The
shell appears to be variable.

Birrium minimum. T. minuta, twmide-pyramidata, badia saturata ;
nitente; anfr. 7, planatis, regulariter crebre costatis, costis granosis
et lineis tribus granorum spiraliter cinctis ; costis ex serie granorum
confectis; sutura acute impressa; apice decollato, apertura late
elliptica, canali brevi obliquo, basi striata tantuwm, labro simplici,
columella incrassata tortwoso. Long. vix. 3 mil. ; lat. 1. Blackman’s
Bay. W. F. Petterd.

This little shell is exactly hke Bittiwm granarium, only that
it is a full grown shell and is most minute. The upper whorls
seem as if they were margined with avery dark brown line.
It is very remarkable that B. granariwm varies very much in
size, and though I never saw any so small as the present
species, still intermediate sizes may yet be found. The
ordinary size of that shell is over an inch in length.

Be sab iead 8 wdly Pea aared iets * ATRL
iB Shahi ena Ay ates WRB ae ¥ fa Bhiveh
oa ath thant b Ris KISIM 9 ‘igi {TDR Pipes srr
Vidor: the PP NT. § AE SE parse sets. 3
HaGL FL RLU ZED Oe enV TTS ace * a hatid OHM aHEH nO Ob tt neath
A OH Vent Sigs waft t SIRO “ise ib pangs h
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ahh a) Fale aihan 00% th ine [teh ahiber singlets A
Ott tale TF Oru, & ei itu soak heat oak a Dae :
ful aifacs wy ab Sod 2 dak od oe ge ae Gees oa
Gti? arto 1. ed ie ae aed 62582 7S afiideeh rea *|
eine (orl wi.” | Jcownir st bop Dey Gg eae “eat
4 eae } ; ; e : soda f it} eg ARIA Tt ite, bark. me
[Od Weccle dan€ atik ifaanadne scabs lit -f acres Ht Se
stray of ob, Sepagtee al
TRA ee 5h): ThA ores tik " Trees 24 ETE Oe Te)
SanleyAD AiOY Giinteey ve yo ial hey Seek (te
the ae ee Neo, Lett Ab al OM bane Sue sali
Sale srijiianse ola) Moa & Sy Re! tees Fuses ME a
aoe a eto ina sip te ak volalda: aa BMS cy .
‘waenmiie& Eat ; othe tial. .olotrre) Se nace
Atolisth Ses
Yass ire Walon nn evi ah vila ht [Sie aba
Wrrorlte Pasa osiiing dado ab Deca cy ayromg fod aa
Hah AWG sh Pater a fie Seales, eco ade ee
hy Siew th seit ; Te TE AES
aad iF yer
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Serin

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: 2
“ART

METEOROLOGY FOR JANUARY 1877.
PRIVATE OBSERVATORY, Hopart Town.

Latitude 42° 25’ 13” S. ;

Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.-2s. E.

(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania.)

|

Sees | Ear ae é\a|
ces : SB } 3. jj ° &
o5° in Thermometers | Thermometer as eae ke Sls) oa
Bago | | S a | §
oa. i f = \ i sant . : . ar & | = r=]
i Sz 2 (Reading.) | (Seif-Registering. ) eee ! Nl) cares
HOS Seals 3 m.| 7°30 at 20 > eiedp Stat) be
s~ AS x | Per cent|/ 22 &-™: 4°30 Be 730a.m. | 430 p.m. e | & 8
o nm | | tl ~ Dy
2 le (3 12 | \ eles) § |e
=, on = raat i | : hd S | 7] 5
g ga |ealee| ad laa ad ela ee eel eee
Mee) a ec lealcal saleal2al ad) adl2/e/2\/8| 8 |se| & |selai di gs
Bie | & | 8o/ S| Sol 85 |8e/Be|e¢|al|2|2/8)/2)|.8 | 98) 8 ) es ¢| 4) ¢
mes | o ies epee |ceton|| rage op: ee lies |! SS 3 | 2 os | = ois > ac eo | oS S
2 co | =o of NSS es all | icra om Ht ot | ae) a a a | ats 1 Of| oA OW! © a) co
2° Sia ‘S) ee | = Hoje] S| 4 Oo \a | Ae | A iS me |e —
799°710,29°710, 17°5 | 535 53-0 1020 / 780 | 405) 67 100 KN, 100N |100 N 26, S 2°60, -4u 40
999-910|29°821 16-5 51-0 53:5 79°5 | 72:0 | 37:0| 74 70 KN| 85N | 90 W 52) 5 96! -05 ea
3129°932|29'907 12-0 | 54°0 |61-0 $5°5 | 685 | 400] 85 82 KN/100K /100 W .0| E "26-02 65
499°838|29°705 14:0 58-0 66:0 985 | 750 | 425/82 73 K | 6OK | 40 W 26) W | 260! 40
5 99°527/29'438 11-0 56°0 |76°0 1030 | 77°5 | 40°0| 81 52 K_ /100KS | 60 W ‘o| W | 2°60| -03 60
6 29°265\29°271 175 64:0 |64°0, 97°0 | 76°0 | 445 | 59 67 KS | 90 KS | 7:0, W 5:21| W 26) “17 3°5
729°749 29°84. 12°5 | 55:0 |73°0, 110°5 | 73°0 | 40°0| 70 53 K 90K | 2:0); NW °26| W 2°60 40
§ 29°729 99°694| 13°5 | 57°0 167°5, 99°5 | 73:0 | 42:0! 61 49 KS | 90K | 60 N 5.21| § 52). “01 45
9 29°S32'29°807, 11°5 53°0 |64°0 S845 | 68° | 3885 | 69 55 K SiO pRens | 950) Nie fs coal Ww. *52| 50
19/29-840|29'548 10°5 51-0 |65°0 99°0 | 72:0 | 37°0)-74 72 K | 9ON |100| NW/ 0) W_ | 260) 12180 40
11 29°412/29°454 13° -57°5 |65°0 960 | 72°0 | 49°5| 61 | 51 K 35K 4:0, W | 5°21; SW | 2°60) “02 6-0
42'29°782'29°905 11°5 53°0 |62°5' 87°5 | 690 | 47:0) 69 55 K GO |..0 3) W 0, 8 0} “OL 45
13 29°964'29°847, 9:0 48°5 |70°5, 95°0 | 73°5 | 39°5 | 79 | GL tO eer 40 N ‘0 SE 52 3:0
14/29°913|29°972, 16°0 G1°0 |67°0, 1005 | 77°0 | 42°0 58 | 64 |K | 3°0| 0 0,5 02) SE 52] 2-5
— 15 30°044/29°841) 11°5 | 53°0 73-0 1090 | 76:0 | 39°5 | 57 | 61 | 0 0/KS | 3:0) N 0) SE 2°60, | 3°0
16/29'564/29'485| 16°5 | 62-0 |68°5| 85-0 | $30 | 42:0) 72) 73 |K | 90K |100) W_ | 2°60) SE 52) £0
17,29°724'29°704 15°0 | 59°0 |63°0) 88°5 | 74:0 | 40°0 | 58 | 63 K | 40;/KN| 7:0} SW 26| SH Hy 3°5
- 18.29°771 29°665 13:0 | 56:0 |72°5 119°0 | 83°5 | 38°5 | 75 | 61 | 0 OK 75| NW *26| W. *26 25
9 29°874'29°752 125 | 55:0 |65°0 965 | 74:0 | 40:0] 65 | 55 K | 40K | 50 W 26] W | 2°60! 198 40
2099-779 29°18 12:0 54:0 |65°0 82:0 | 69:0 | 400] 65 63 K | 55KN)| 75) W | 2°60) W 26) 30
91'29°703 29°702 12°0 54-0 |69°0 90°0 | 69-0 | 40:0] 65 | 52 K | 75K | 70 N | 52) SW | -26 3-0
92 99°625 29°750 14:0 57°5 |600 855 | 700 | 42°5 | 66 | 71 |‘K |100KN > 80) W 0} NW | 2°60! 13 35
93 99-876/29'°864 14-0 57°5 |70°0 860 | 71°5} 42°0| 71 | 56 |K | 50KS | 7:0) W | 2°60) SW *52} 5-0
94 29°876'29'786 14°0 58°0 [69:0 90°0 | 73:0 | 41:5] 61 | 56 |K {100 KS (10:0) N 2°60| W 2°60) 30
95 29°794 29699 13:0 56-0 |66°5 1070 | 72:0 | 395] 57 52 |K | GOK | 75) N -52| W | 2°60) | 35
26 29°585 29°672| 12:0 540 580 88°) | GIV | B80 | 59 | 57 Ik | 3-0/K | 4-0] SW | 5-21] SW | 2°60) 40
97 29°945 30°058 1v-0 50-0 [590 900 | 630) 34:0 | 68 | 61 | 7) ZOPECNG FSO) Wi *52| SE 52) 06 6.3
28 30°095 30°033 10°5 |, 510 \67°0 97°5 | 730) 40°0 | 69 | 60 K 30 KS | 1:0) N | 52) SE 2°60} -03 40
29 29°834 29°644 11°5, 52°5 |67°5 985 | 830] 41°5 | 75 | 52 | 0 OK | 35) W 26] N 26 | 35
30 29 672 29°736 16:0 61-0 |72°0, 97°5 | 80°5| 46:0] 58 | 50 |K | 35K | 70) N 2°60) S “O2 55
31 29-713 29°533 16°5 62:0 177°0 107°0 | 80°0' 465! 62 l4o 1K | 70K | 55'N 52! NW | 2°60 12-22
Mean Press. Mean) M'n. ‘fem. Mean. Mean;Mean; Mean. . Mean for Month. Mean Force ... 133 lbs. Tl.) Tl. Ti.
29747 13°37) 61°03 91°83, 73°82| 41°00 “64 6-9 (1°05 6°00 12900
| — —— —---- |---| —-— Greatest Force 5°21 " ——-———--—
Greatest do. Max. | tax. Max. | Max. Prevailing Mean
| 30°095 (17°50 oe 119:°00 83°50} 49°50 oy Character, K. Least Force.... 0 " | ~ 416
Least do. Min. Min. Min. |Min. | Prevailing Direction. | |
29:265 | 9-00 79°50 | 63°00} 34°00 | < lee Weand. S, Waits Users

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more closely with those of stations in Europe, America,
ete., in order to co-operate in a system of International
Meteorology. Readings are added from the centigrade ther-
mometer, that being the instrument generally used on the
continent of Europe.

The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
daily registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents ata
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in Ibs. per
square foot.

The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
winds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

The 35 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the

difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., etc.

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard
plants in the Royal Society’s Gardens during the month
of January, 1877.

12th. Veronica angustifolia in flower.

12th. First ripe Apricot gathered Royal).
13th. Grevillea robusta in full flower.

15th. Jargonel Pear ripe.

20th. Black Mulberry commencing to ripen.

F. ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.

~ .

ty

j

a Me
‘On > eh | f)js/!

ea.
A '
eos

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 1st TO THE 15TH JAN., 1877, INCLUSIVE.
Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.
Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

|

ree Ther- Wind. | Cloud.
Ze _ moneeters
i SS >
dl es" fe /k. :
= ;&s
B/ SEs S1e les = | Weather
S ; Foes eS igs :
ghee) s i=] 225] | s|a
2x L Ss Sse ~~» ~~
sloge|2/£/8/2 (88) 2/8/45
Sos ss = Ss iss
> = = ~> 13] 8 /s 3° & s
S) = < 2 {is = |x 3 Bs ire
Bil 3 S/sils is? = = 8
ale (S/S /S/AR | V[ SiR

Pay

; 29°730 |68°0 +} 0
4 29°540 |71°0 21°5| 88) S 26 75 K | ‘02 Stars faint

|
|

| In
2| N 0} 4:0) K | ‘0|/Moonlight

00

29°910 |63°0 17°0| 94; SE | 2°60|10°0) N | *40/Cloudy

N | :05}Dark and
| | raining

0.190 100) — 0} 10-0

| covered

5 29°330 |70°0 21:0} 94) — 0} 10 : 0 Cloudy sky
6 29°325 |66°0 19°0| 94 Ww 2°60} 4:0) oats
| | a abated
7, 29°800 |66°5 19°0| 94; S ‘OF <0) Onan aa
| brilliant
8 29°740 167°5|19'5| 94; NW] ‘52) 4°! K ‘0 Clouds and
| stars
9 29°800 |65 0'18°5| 94) S Olu ONO .0 Starlight,
| sky covered
10, 29°310 |69:0 20°5 |100] W 2°60 10°0! N ‘0 Dark and

| raining
94 W) ‘52; 40) K | ‘12 Starlight

Beal

(65°0 18:0 94, s 0 -0) 0] 03 Not a cloud

13 See 21°0 cu S 26 ‘0 ‘0! 01 Starlight,
\69
|

11; 29°510 |67°0)1

12, 29 930

|

brilliant
0 20°5 94 S 0). - SO}, :0 °@ Ditto ditto

ul 30°026

15, 29°700 |72°0 |22°0 100, 8 “Or -Ole0 ‘0 Calm, and
| “ | | starlight
|
Francis Appott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.
N.B.—The time of registration at Habart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

ise At

a olan ety, wh ay
a Wey abba pa

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for January,
1877, in accordance with new forms, at 7°30 a.m., and
4 30 p.m. :—

Barometer, mean of two daily registers, corrected and
reduced, 29-798 iaches. ;

Thermometer, mean of ditto, 60°87 deg.

Ditto, mean of maximumand minimum in shade, 60°04 deg. ;
highest, 87 deg., on 29th.

Dew point, mean of two ditto, 48°60 deg.

Elastic force of vapour, mean of two ditto, ‘346.

Humidity, mean of two ditto, °67.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum tew perature, 129°83 deg. ;
highest, 143 deg., on 3rd and 16th.

Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature, 40°80
deg. ; lowest, 28 deg., on 13th.

Rainfall, 1:01 inches.

Evaporation, 8°52 inches; in excess of rainfall, 7°51 inches.

Clouds, mean amount of two daily registers, 5-09.

Ozone, mean of two dittc, 7°94.

Wind, force in lbs. per square foot, total of two ditto,
119°71 lbs.

Ditto, horizontal movement, 3,595 miles.

Electricity, 60 observations, 26 negative, 20 positive, 14 nil.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

JANUARY—WEATHER.

The warm morning of New Years’ Day soon turned ta
teady S.W. rain, bringing on cold stormy weather, which,
with little intermission, has been the general character of the
month, the mean temperature being 60°04 deg. against 64°16
deg. last January, and the movement of the wind 3,095 miles
against 2,527 miles of same month last year. On the 8th,
10th, and 29th, the lowest temperature on grass was at, and
below, freezing, while on 13th it reached the unprecedented
cold for January ot 28 deg., with a white frost, which lasted
till nearly 7 o’clock. The amount of cloud was rather below
the average, and therefore the solar intensity was about the
same as last year. Rain fell on 9 days to the total of 1.01
inches, but as ‘36 inches of this was on Ist the rest was made
up of light squally showers from W. and S.W. that dried
almost as fast as they fell; in January, 1876, there was 1°66
inches; in 1875, 1°57 inches; and in 1874, 1:25inches. As @
consequence of the continuous high wind and hot sun, the
evaporation was excessive, 8°52 inches; while in 1876 it was
sie 473 inches; in 1875, 6°90 inches; and in 1874, 7°5L
inches.

METEOROLOGY FOR FEBRUARY 1877.
PrIvaTE OBSERVATORY, Hoxsart Town.

Latitude 42° 25’ 13” S. ;

Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.-2s. E.

(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania. )

>
ae 2:
. ~~.
32 3 £3 | Thermometers Thermometer 33
ASZOS os
8 Ao. (Reading.) (Self-Registering. ) PA ey
BSS TICS:
= Per cent
| ee t—S S = =
> cS a
Hy S 3s 3S
s 5
3 ‘aa ee oe R : 2 Pie
Ca aalern f=} =} SI
. los] es) oe] AR [Ae = ; :
aa | # |24| a2) 85) 2 g@|e2| 2] 8
S| @ | © | 23/28) £8) 28 | 22) 88) 5 | &
els | 8 | 8 =| sts" ot ma | Fr |S}
a i Te = = m |
5, i ee ee a
1\29°680 29°651) 12°0 | 54°0 65:0; 980 76°0 | 41:0) 70 | 51
2/29-934 30°165| 10°0 | 50°0 |60°0 785 | 68:0 | 39°0 | 74 | 62
3/30°320 30°326) 11°0 | 52°0 |60°5 730 | 66°5 | 40°0 | 69 | 76
4130-289 30°202 13°0 | 56 0 |62°5 94°5 68°0 | 42°5 | 75 | 67
5/30°289 30°202 12°0 54°0 |68°0 95:0 | 72°0 | 41:0 81 | 60
6)30°233 307144 12°0 | 54°0 |68°0 98:0 765] 41:0) 81 | 78
7/30°214 30147 16°0 61°0 |68°0 97°5 | 75:0 | 44°5 | 82 | 73
$/30°068 29°917 15°0 | 59°0 |80°0 110°5 | 80°0 | 42°0 | 71 | 83
9/29°857 29°878 17°0 | 63°0 |82°0 112°0 | 820 | 46°5 | 63 | 41
19|29:979 29°978, 15°5 | 60°0 |76°0 114°5 | 83:0 | 42°0 | 82 | 59
11/29°919 29°820 19°0 | 67°0 |79°0 90°0 | 85°0 | 45°5 78 | 53
12/29-902 29°963 16°0 62°0 |59°5 850 | 83:0 | 43°0 | 94 | 71
13/29°974 29°824| 13°5 | 57°@ |72°0 1050 | 77°0 | 42°5 | 76 | 57
14/29-939 29°939| 11°5 | 53°0 |70°0 105°0 | 81°5 | 40°0 | 70 | 60
15 /29°816 29.507, 17°0 | 63°0 |85°0 116°5 | 90°0 | 46°5 | 67 | 45
16'29°702 29.514, 17°5 | 63°5 |81°0 120°0 | 89°0 | 46°0 | 63 | 37
17/29°878 29°791| 11°5 | 53°0 |70°0} 112°5 82°0 | 40°0 | 70 | 47
18/29°572 29°585 17°0 63°0 |73°0| 107°0 | 77°0 | 45°5 | 63 | 45
19 29°356 29°612 18°0 | 65°0 |68°0| 95°5 | 75°5 | 47°0 | 64 | 52
20 29°376|29°824 12°5 | 54:5 |67°0| 96:0 | 70°0 | 40°0| 60 | 59
21 29°956 30°0386 12°5 54°5 164°0| 98°5 | 72°0 | 40°0| 65 | 54
22 e229 oe | 100 | 50°0 |69°0} 96°5 | 73°0 | 38°5 | 80 | 44
_ 23 :29°597/29°735, 9°0 | 48°0 50°0| 90°0 | 71°0 | 37°0 | 67 | 386
24 29-918 29:'8390 10°0 | 50°0 |52°0} 88°5 | 63°5 | 40°0 | 68 62
25 29°868 29°836| 14:0 | 50°0 |74°0| 105° 75-0 | 42°5| 66 | 48
26 29°738/29°711 15°0 | 59°5 |68°0| 103° | 82-0 | 44°0 66 | 64
27 29°919 29°957, 12°5 | 55-0 |62°0 91-0 | ¥2°5 | 40°0 | 93 | 77
28 29°771 29°634 14:0 | 58°0 |61°0| 70°5 | 63°0 | 41°5 87 | 88

Mean Press. Mean|M’n. Tem. Mean. Mean|Mean Mean.

29°389 13°71, 62°70 | 98°30, 76°03) 4211) “67
Greatest do. | Max. | Max. (Max. |Max.
30°328 | 19°00 -120:00, 90°00} 47°00
Least do. |Min. "Min. Min. |Min.
29356 9-00 “+ | 79°50 | 63-00] 37°00

2 3
Clouds. Wind. g Se .3
a |e | 2
S/F 183
7-30 a.m. 4°30 p.m.| 7°30 4°30 g/8\°k
30 a.m. 4°30 p.m.| 7°30 a.m. ‘30 p.m. | & =
| p a.m 30 p.m S = S
aks RS
-

| A Ss) Saas

le nO = ne?

A) - (CS 20 4 2°
aici boot lee A -
=a be) aioe ae |
Ss | Bl & 2) 8 os| © os| é¢|s! 3s
es S 3S oF 2 2st 2 Salo — o
a S =| aS oes or Be) || tS Ge 39 co
Sola |o.14 | 8 |e | Ages eile] &

nn EE
| |

IK | 60K .| 85} W 26 W 52) “15 5:0
K 40 KN) 7:0; SW *52| S "52 65
K |100K 75| W 0) S 26| “O01 4:0
\K 85K 4:0|S ‘26| SE “52, 35
‘/KN/10°0 ‘0 0S °0| E 52 4:0
K 70K 75| W 62) SE “52 35
\K |10°0;/K 75|S °0| SE “52 4°5
“0 “0770. | 60} Ni ‘26| E “52 3:0
K |10°0/K | 80) N 52| N ‘26 4:0
‘KK |100K | 60) SE 0| S 0 171) 45
|KN|10-0/KS |10°0; NW | :0) W 0) 02) 6:0
\N |10°0/KS |10°0) SE *52| SE "26| 60
IK |10°0/K | 3°0| W ‘0| SE 52) -01) 3°3
| 0 ‘0O|\K 5:0) W ‘0| SE “52 | 50
IK | 6O|KS | 75) NW] ‘26 N 5°26 | 50
KS |100/.K | 9°5 N -26| NW | 2°60 3°5
K 9°0/K 9:0; NW °0| W 2°60) -04 40
K 55K 6°5| NW | 2°60) W 2°60 40
KN/10°0/K | 5°5| W 5°21) W 2°60} °03 2°07} 5:0
K 6:0 KN 10°0) N 26) W "52 40
KN | 6°5|K 2°5| W °0| SE 52| -02 50
KS | 90K | 40) SW °0| NW | 52 | 4°5
\K 40; KN| 5:0] W 2°60| W 2°60} “01 40
KN] 80\KN| 8:0; NW ‘0| W oho 2o 55
K 2°0\°0 °0| NW | 5°21) N *52| “O01 50
0 10 Gn ef 26| SE "26 3°5
N |100KN 10°0| SE °0| SE OF 27 4.0
N |100,.N /|10°0| N 0} N *26| -01 0°65) 5°S

| |
Mean for Month. Mean Force ... “83 lbs. Tl. | Tl. | TI.
6°79 | "83 4°43 12550
Greatest Force 5°21 ” |
Prevailing | | \Mean
Character, K & KN Least Force... 9 ” | °° | ** | 4°50
| Prevailing Direction. |
W. and S.E. ee sce ors

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more closely with those of stations in Europe, America,
etc., in order to co-operate in a system of International
Meteorology. Readings are added from the centigrade ther-
mometer, that being the instrument generally used on the
continent of Europe.

The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
daily registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents ata
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in lbs. per
square foot.

The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
winds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

‘The 35 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete.

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard
plants in the Royal Society’s Garlens during the month
of February, 1877.

5th. Kerry Pippin Apple commencing ipen,
7th. Windsor en ditto. | ore an
9th. Bon Chretien Pear ditto,

12th. Greengage ditto.

16th. Poplar leaves turning yellow.

24th. Common Ash commencing to shed seed.
27th. Common Sycamore ditto ditto.

F, ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.
Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for February,
1877, in accordance with new forms, and registered ab
7°30 a.m. and 4°30 p.m. :—
Barometer, mean of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduced,
0°111in.
Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 62°55deg.
Ditto, mean of maximum and minimum in shade, 63'10deg.;
highest, 91deg. on 10th; lowest, 40deg. on 22nd.
Dew point, mean of 2 daily readings, 51°30deg.
Elastic force of vapour, mean of 2 ditto, °378.
Humidity, mean of 2 ditto, °67.
Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature,
highest, 143deg. on 15th.
Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
43°75deg.; lowest, 3ldeg. on 22nd.
Rainfall, 1°7lin. .
Evaporation, 6°7lin. ; in excess of rainfall, 5°00in.
Clouds, mean amount of 2 daily registers, 5°75.
Ozone, mean of 2 daily observations, 7°26.
Wind, force in Ibs. per square foot, total
vations, 63°551bs.
Horizontal movement, 3,855 miles.
Electricity, 56 observations, 24 negative, 15 positive, 17 nil.
° W, E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

128 03deg. 5

of 2 daily obser-

reskianwit ~ E 7%
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iF Of staeize neaMae » 174 ; a SoTL aaa) (oth Aerio foes at el Hf
TRO (Ch 'S. ried Ft > Sid talinitissa I WAY vat die os

* “ny? . : sels Tae, Peigltaga % race tia teeols @
4 har) mea ven ae fan ‘ cima? 6 OF 6IetaqoOaa OF Tabtge
vee ane tee Woes, Tall iiwllos- why oak heibd, aan Dae eee
3 Ph GEE baie tp C1 7 bee Uhiswy tiwtine add geiod daar
. a3 PE Ae © ; : y 7 ~ wound I
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foe 16 ocean pits, nadrt doer et
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E rags eft Py le HES Ths es HLA Ol) fe yalear one frends
jae } ah ch i Se we Sew sive “th poet. ohm. tolcal Inaberaan’
- 4) att bas ibe De j a j F wyrtare 4
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ibe Of Skis o Sclicciact | hse wield Salil bee
a hg Rup one aa tue Plxot> | ibn oA apt ‘Se ia
in Mereeto ciah 2 oy sans sth 4
| Hoereee: Bi ve gab etawcok Lalit
7 mks a ernest AF
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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

FRoM THE 1sT TO THE 151H /'nB., 1877, INCLUSIVE.
Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with regisivation made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-

national Synchronous Observations.
Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Liat. 42°52) 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, BE.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

ae Ther- | Wind. — Cloud. |
ee monveters |
sss = 7 :
| SN | arf fete tes |
~ $e HH ieee os = ls = | Weather.
Slane |e | sm = lea
See cee (es lah eos as lle
Sees is) 5/2|s 28) =) s/s)
Sho ce) Sls ists (Ss seve
Sosa |<) sper 2 |2fs'S-l s Sul
Ss pe) Shee ee ks he Se
i) 5 ;R | O | | A a tt B= |
i i |
soe gree EOE EY BUUREN AR 1 2) ed
ae | |
hoe | In.
1 29°625 |68°5 20°5, 83|NW] 0} 8:0] K | -0\Calm, and
| : | cloudy
| |
2 30°240 63:0 17:0 82) § ‘0| 75| K | -15/Ditto ditto
3 30340 65:0 180 83 S| 2/100 KN -01'Clouay sky
| | covered
4 30310 |67°0 19°0/ 94 § 0} 0°0 N | ‘0 Ditto ditto
| | | ditto
- 5) 30°210 69-0 205) 88 SE! 0} 50 KN, -0 Cloudy stars
| | | faint
| |
6) 30°140 |70°5 21:5 oa Ss vee KN, ‘@Ditto sky
covered
7) 30°045 |71°5 21°5| 88) NE! -26 40 K | -OStars in the
| zenith
8) 29°825 !77°0 25°0/ 941 N | 52 40 K ! -0 Hazy in the
| | horizon
9) 29°830 |75°0 23°90 791 NE| -0 65 K | -0 Ditto ditto
| | | | | and sultry
4 29°910 ce 70,SE]- ‘0 0 0! -OStarlight

11 29710 |s00 265) ss Nw] -26 8-0 KN 0 Sultry and

| | | | | | cloudy
12, 30.000 680 200) 94 SW] 0 10°0| N | -02 Drizzling

| | | | | | rain
13, 29-900 !71°5 21°5| 83 —| -0 100 N | -02 Clondynota
| | | star
14) 29°845 72-0210! ss. § Q 0 0] 0 Starlight

|

|
| t
15} 29°515 |80°0 2675 75.N Wi. -26!) =-6! °0 0 Stars bril-
| | liant
}

Francis Apgort, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h, 30m. a.m. local time,

rca ey, SE Sw lho ee Ram
Fae ah ei, WEE ire Spee Vita Mita ol iets

‘a2

: seanage
pees paar’ diy qrifetttiss:. ped ott AEA:
alii At etol ot aaah l le ame tolaba ae “or

Be i ee bape! se |
- hutguanice cf - UhYulet. ao tebtqoe clini,
ay 1 ae ales

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERV ATIONS.

From THE 16TH To THE 287TH FEB., 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52’ 13” 8. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

[ { | | {

coo | eher= | |) Wand. | Cioud., |
ad ae monveters
3 ie
iene css | rh
== an } 7S | nw
Ses as = ies
col ieee =< = S 1
Seo | Se | 8 :
2/ Sis ail needless lee ites, 'S |= | Weather.
Sol TSS S08 Nag (Rae Fa em Bala
Seep cee eee ese | a ee eee et dos
SS Lee os 7! S 2 Ss 2\e = = i
Sees ye pencs |S | 8
=| SS Se) See 2S eles eS
SSS sls [sls is"\ = (2/8
als ie FORT A IR SS lee ss
Ne hae heart
| en \ In.|
16 29525 7501240} 83 N 26; 70) N | ‘0Cloud and

stars

10°0 KN) 04 Cloudy sky
covered

220) 78 W 52) 3:0) K .O Starlight

19 29°730 |69°0 29°5|) 73, W 02) 30: K | -03\Starlight

.
>

; Stars in the
| zenith

20 29725 69°0/20°5| T3NW| 26 6O/IKN
670195) 838 S | 0 100 KN] -02'Sky hazy
| a a a | |
Bese | |
22 29'510 68-0 20°0| 82 W | 0 LOOKN) 0 Drizzting
-| | | | rain
iF Basie Nee | ee
23 29'835 610160, 87 NW) 0 50) K | -01Star, moon,

| | | and cloud
| |

24 29°300 64:0 18°0| 94 N 52,100 KN] 25 Light rain
| | |

25 29°720 70-0 21°0| 88 N | 4°5| K | ‘0 Moonlight
|

|

26 29°70 |71°0 21°5 83, S -0'10°0| N.| -@'Small rain
| |

|
| |
27 29°45 690 20° 88 SE| 25 10:0] N 27 Hazy clouds

ar aes |
| |
28 29°525 |71:0:21°5| 94 NW 0,100 KN} ‘01\Cloud sky
| | | | | covered,
|

Francis Apport, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h, 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-

proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m, a.m. local time.

fhe

471
jabs ohh
74. aie

: ;
Orta

oat lens

Sat ite ae
ah i ipa ada

= Sette a
ea he

t
A)

METEOROLOGY FOR MARCH, 1877.
Private OBsERVATORY, Hopart Town.

Latitude 42° 25' 13” S.; Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.-2s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania.)
—— re 5 5
S258 | |. g= : eet ls
/SEee . | | che Clouds. Wind. 3\/a|.8
) 22°? Af | Thermometers Thermometer | 4 S | ES Sx
nn so s see
(8 257 | Reading.) —_(Self-Rezistering.) Prd |= : ion Pt
| Hoaas | Gemeenn 9°80 a.m. 4°30 p.m.) 7°30 a.m | £30 p.m. | a 2 5
a | = —— : |
| j | | o wn | | 3 r=] 4 |e
| J | ¢ |S 14 ee ee - = | gd |e,
3 | H =I = xs | i) 4 oes
2 / = ay | ey sl eral | & | 28] & | #8]
°| ;Oodlmg| aa ee | sa ae ay | =| | ae ae)
2 : pies le aloe Ae} AR) SA ; Sal Mote Bee] asc) rel o| ¢ ailees
Slee) = de las a2 32 (g=|22/2/212/8/2| 8) 2 28 2 22/4 (4) 3
Sees (2s | 22] 22) 22 (22/88 )/5/5/812/81/8| 8 2 2 |Belsisi e
a r= oOo | o> ‘et |e™) os _ o=- | « on) is a = i) — | Oo) 3 en) or)
Peo ie je le [mR |B ja jello l4(e/41 4 je | 6 ie lejs|s
1 29°672.29°700 12:0; 54:0) 76°5 104°5 | 76°0 | 45°0 SUS 2 cOmn man OPK 4:0; W *26, N *52, °25) 5° 55
2 29°662/29°713 12°5 | 55:0] 550 95:0 | 75:0 | 44°5 | 81 | 81 |KS | goK | 5-0| W ‘0, SW Oaea| £0
- 330020 30°018. 8:0 47:0] 58:0 75°5 | 68:0 | 39°5 | 86 | 94 K | 8:5 KN} 75} NW 0} NW | 2°60) -20) 35
4.29°979129°997| 13-0 | 56°0| 68-0| 95°0 | 75:0 | 42°0| 70 | 52 |N | 70K | 3:0) W_ | 260) NW} 0) ‘ol; =| 40
5 30°037 30-001 110 | 52°0) 615) 905 63:5 | 40°0| 69 | 77 |K | 75 KN| 7:0) NW 52) NW | 2°60 3:5
6 3019530192, 7°5 46°0 65:0, 98°5 | 73:0 | 37°0| 79] 54 |K | 50S 3°5| W -0| SE *52) °02) 45
7 30'291|30'192| 8-0 | 47-0] 68:0, 102°0 | 78-0 | 380] 86 | 64 KS | 45K | 2-0) W 26) SE ‘0 “01 35
8 30°079 29°933) 12°5 | 54°5| 72°0) 100°5 75°0 | 40°5 | 87 74 |KS | 45K 70 NW °26| S *26) 40
9 30°151 30°192| 13°5 | 57-0] 67°0| 107°0 | 72°55 | 42°0 | 76 64 [IN 10°0 K | 5'5| SE | 0) SE “D2 50
19 29'918 20889, 16°0 | 61-0] 64:0 105°5 | 77:0 | 45°5| 88] 77 |K | 75K | 80) SE | 0 SE | “52 30
11 29°851;29°809; 13°5 | 57°0 710, 97:0 | 77°0 | 42°0| 81 | 51 \|K | 4°0 K | 7:0| W 26 | WwW "26 05 1°54, 4°5
12 30°074 30°187, 120 | 54:0] 60°0, 105°0 | 70°0 | 40°5 70 | 54 |K | 50K 2:0] W 52) SE 52) °02 | 50
13 30°242 30°198 10:0 | 50°90] 65:0) 97°5 | 76:0 | 43°0 | 86 73 |K 9°0 kK 70) SW 0) SE 0 | 4°0
14 30°084/29°874| 11°0 | 52°0 70:0! 98:0. | 73:0 | 44:0 | 80 | 57 |KS | 65 K 9°0| NW |. 0 NW 52 | | 3:5
15/29°924/29°907| 11°5 | 53°0| 59:0, 95°5 | 71:0 | 42°5| 86 | 71 KN 10°0 K 65) S 0S 52 01 50
16/30°080/30°220 10:0 | 50°0| 57°0) 76°0 | 64:0 40:0; 8 | 66 K | 10°0 K 90 Ww 0S 26 40
37/30°366/30°350| 10°5 | 51°0| 65°0 106-0 | 72°0 | 40-5 | 86 63 K 4°0 0 | 0.5 ‘0 SE 0 | 50
18/30°369 30°364; 9:0 49°0 66:0! 98:0 | 73-0 | 39°0| 80 | 56 |°0 O/\KS | 6:0) W | ‘0! SE 0 40
19|30°268'30°160| 13°5 | 57°5) G70, 83°5 | 68°5 | 44:0 | 83 | 68 [IN |10°0 K | 7'5| 8 i Sec OleNi 0) -O1 50
20|30-269'30°245| 13°0 | 56-0) 62°0, 100-0 | 76:0 | 43°5| 87 | 82 K | 40K | 9:0) NW | 26, SE 52 1:99, 40
21) 30°328/30'303| 12°0 | 54:0} 61:0, 88°5 | 68:0 | 420 | 87 | 72 KN 10°00 eS ‘0 SE "26 5:0
22) 30°292 30°207, 80) 47:0) 61:0 91:0 | 68-0 | 36°0 93 | 77 |K |10°0'0 | °0) SW 0S *b2 5°5
23/30°174'30°086| 13°5 | 56°5| 70°0 110°0 | 81°5 | 41°5 | 87 | 61 |°0 0,0 | *0| NW} :26)S "52 45
24/30°129 30°125| 11:5 | 53-0| 63-0 100°0 | 73-0 | 39:5 | 87 | 82 |-0 0K | 7:0] SW -0| SE | -26, | | 20
25/30°021 29°817; 13°5 56°5| 77°0 98°5 | 84:0 42:0 | 87 | 71 |:0 | ‘0/KS |10°0| NW 26| S 0 | 60
26, 29°836 29°799 15°0 | 59°5 70°0| 97:0 | 80:0 | 44°5 | 82 | 65 |K 75K |10°0| SE 0 Ss "52 | 35
27|29°787 29°640, 16°5 | 62:0] 77°5 116°0 | 84°5 | 46°0 94 | 47 |IKN! 9:0 K 3:0) SE 70) W 0) :05 | 50
98|29°707 29°855 14°5 | 58°5| 61-0 100°0 | 78:0 | 40°0| 94 | 82 |K_ | 30 K 70S 0 SE 0 | 4.0
29)29°992 29°789, 8:0 | 47:0] 68:0, 90°5 | 71:0} 38°5 | 86 | 56 '/KS | 70K 7°5| NW 0; W 2.60) °02 50
30/29°924 30°033 14:0 | 56:0} 56:0 85°0 | 68°0 | 41°0 | 70 | 70 |K | 80 K 6:0) NW *52| W 26 | | 43
$1/30°302 30297 6:0) 43:0] 59°0 95:0 | 68:0} 34°0| 84 1 51 [KS | GOK 2°0| NW! ‘52! SE 52 '1'17) 50
Mean Press. Mean(M’n. Tem.|Mean. Mean|Meanj Mean. | Mean for Month. ;Mean Force ... “36 lbs.) Tl. | Tl. | TI
30°049 =| «11°63} 59°23 | 90°71| 73°60} 41°23 75 5°69 *65 4°70 13450
|| jf} __ Greatest Force 2°60 ” —
Greatest do. Max. | Max. |Max. |Max. | Prev. Character, | Mean
+ 30-369 16°50 /116°00 84°50 46°00 K,KS & KN. {Least Force.... One ea lia 4°34
Least do. Min. Min. Min. |Min. Prevailing Direction. | Hee]
29°640 6°00 75°50 | 64°00) 34°00 SoBe Ss Wie, ING es a

The Meteorological form brought into. use at the beginning
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one.
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more tlosely with those of stations in Europe, America,
ete., in order to co-operate in a system of International
Meteorology. Readings are added from the centigrade ther-
mometer, that being the instrument generally used on the
continent of Europe.

rhe mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
daily registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents ata
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in lbs. per
square foot.

The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
winds is Tegistered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

‘The 35 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete.

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard
plants in the Royal Society’s Gardens during the month
of March, 1877.
5th. Tips of Hornbeam turning yellow.
_» Coe’s Golden Drop Plum ripe.
ith. Seckle Pear commencing to ripen.
— 16th. Horse Chestnut leaves turning yellow.
20th, Ash leaves commencing to fall.
25th. Oak leaves commencing to fall.

F. ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for March,
1877, in accordance with new forms, and registered at
7°30 a.m. and 4°30 p.m. :—

Barometer, mean of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduced,
30°102in.

Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 60°69deg.

Ditto, mean of maximum and minimum in shade, 61'0ldeg.

Dew point, mean of 2 daily readings, 51°25deg.

Elastic force of vapour, mean of 2 ditto, 378.

Humidity, mean of 2 ditto, *72.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 130°74deg.

Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,

It has | 40°87deg.

Rainfall, *34in.

Evaporation, 5‘86in. ; in excess of rainfall, 5°52in.

Clouds, mean amount of 2 daily registers, 5°17.

Ozone, mean of 2 daily registers, 7°43.

Wind, force in Ibs. per square foot, total of 2 daily obser-
vations, 43°42]bs.

Horizontal movement, 3,030 miles.

Electricity, 62 observations, 37 positive, 8 negative, 17 nil.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

Rainfall at Hill Station, 1,550ft. above sea level, ‘76in.

March began, like January and February, with cold
stormy weather, the heaviest fall of rain ‘09 inch, being
onthe 2nd. For a week it was windy and drying, and
then it set in with the usual dry warm March weather,
occasionally threatening rain, but passing off in very
light showers and light thunderstorms in surrounding
districts. On 27th a heavy thunderstorm passed across
to the Huon district without aff¢cting the Derwent
Valley.

Rain fell on six days to the amount of ‘34 inch,
being the smallest amount registered in any month
during the last four years, making up 3°06 inch this
year to 3°02 inch to same time in 1876, 4112 inch in
1875, and 3°91 inch in 1874.

The mean temperature 61°01, was slightly higher
than last year, the solar intensity 130°°74, 1 degree
higher, but more even, the highest maximum being
144° on 26th, and the lowest 105° on 19th.

The terrestial radiation was 2 degrees lower than
last March, with white frosts on 7th, 18th, and 31st.

W. E, SHOOBRIDGE.

New Norfolk,

2nd April, 1877.

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2 Ds A = =
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73 4 $ ® = -
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E ae 3 - S = 3 = ee 1c. a=
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= 7 a ~ or =

: A 4 rer cab | { Tite ti
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Pate sles opiate (ate 3 } Nie gn Og Ae ee GT RES F sithtodien aaa

MGR “sib erhi visi: Ded . all tv a Vin ite , 29 git 4j ut feds CRF. EL nee

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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

FROM THE 1sT TO THE 15TH Marcu, 1877, 1ncLustve.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52' 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, KE.
- (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

= Ther- Wind. | Cloud.

Oe monveters, |
Sea eat ee ie 5 | | Weather.
SSS iS is a se Paid soll
BSC oe 2) is S 4 hd Narsvnl He to S aM
SSeS ESS ae es CSVeoll aoe lace | pat
S|) S255 SUES SSS ES Maa
Ses Sos: ese oe tis.res 7 Sg Sa ee |
SSSR) Sis is) 8 ss) es} sis
a S Reporte te sy pe | Shee!

| | ne In. < ,

1) 29°645 72-0 22°0| 88 W.| 0} 5°5| K | -97 Moonlight
2 29°340 645.180) S2NW -28) 7-5) K Moon and

| | | | cloud

3 30000 65:0 185 8S8SNW 52 70 K | -99 Moon and

| cloud

4 30°000 a6:0/19°0] 88 N | ol -o| -0| -o1/Mfoon and

starlight
5) 31°010 |66-0 190} 82, Ww) 0! 4-0] K ‘Moon, cloud
and stars

6 30-045 |66:0|19°0) 88 g 0/0) 0) -99 Starlight,
| sky covered

7) 30°050 68-0/20:0] ss) g 0} 0) 0) -07 ‘Starlight
and calm
8 30°000 |72:0|22-0| 88} _ | -0110-0| N Very dark

9| 29°945 |70-0/21-0| gs} g OF “Of "6 Starlight

| brilliant
10/'29'835 1700 21-0) 88] § |. =o; -o| ol starlight,
| sky covered
|
11) 29°820 |70°0 21:0} 73) _— ‘0, 10°0; N | -05 Calm and
| cloudy
|
12) 33°000 65-0 18:0 Hf & 0} 4:0) K | ‘02 Starlight
| |
|
| | | }
13] 30120 |70°0 21°0| gs g | ol -ol Starlight

14) 29'830 |72°0 22-0/ 73 wl -o 0} 0} “Starlight
| } |

1p} 29°935 |67°0 19'0/ 821 S | ol -o| -ol -o Starlight
| | |

| nok a oe

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer,

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p. m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-

proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

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; 2 ene roster Sanee, laceottnn, -
all ene |

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satiate

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERV ATIONS.
From THE 15TH TO THE 31st Marcu, 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-

national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Long. 9h. 49m, 29°2s, E.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S.

(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

(

{

S| Ther- Wind. | Cloud. |
Zs monveters | |
S58 So ale = |
a =| = la. | S
SPSes | 2 wa alin las = | Weather.
S$} 83/8) 8/2) > sh 2 |e |
Sl Se2/ Sees | Siete
Sees ise iels es) 8) ss |
> S esi S/S 18] sis = = Sale
= S ~~ > ~— CS ~~ 2 -> Ss > \
Sass | 3 > ofc jo — = S |
als | SSS: yb. |S: |e
ih ( D.
16} 30°325 |62°0 16°5| 88 01100 N Clondy, sky
| | covered
17| 30°330 65-0 18-0 ssi— | -O] -0 -0| Starlight,
| sky covered
18} 30°245 |67°5 |19°5| 83) — 0} 16°); N Cloudy, sky
| covered.
19| 30-215 |70°5 21°5| 88) — | -0/10-0 KN} -01\Cloudy sky,
| covered
20} 30°325 |69°0 20°5| ss| — | 0/100 N._—|Cloudy sky,
| covered
21| 30°245 |65°0 18°0| gs| S 0] -0| -O0 = |Starlight
brilliant
22} 30°220 165°0 18:0) 88] — | -0/100| N Cloud, sky
covered.
93| 30°105 168-0 20°0/ 73/ S | -o| 5-0| K | {Stars faint
24| 30°045 |69°0 205 78) E | -ol10-0/ K | Cloudy and
| | hazy
25| 29°70 |75°0 24-0 $4, E | -0/100.KN _|Cloudy and
| | hazy
26) 29°720 |74°0 23:0) 841 S 0 Spay ‘05|Sky cloudy
| |
| \
27) 29°620 |74°0 23:0) 89 S | ‘0/10°0/ K | | Moonlight
ie st |
28) 29'935 |69°0 20°5| 78 NW) 0] 50, K | {Moon, cloud
| | and star
29] 29°810 68-0 200] 33, W | 2°60/10°0] K | -02/K., of dif.
| density
30] 30°210 |63°0 17:0} 82) W | ‘0! 0°0 0 Moon and
| | | | star
31] 30°340 \60'015°5| Ss) S | 0] 0-0} “0 | Moonlight
sky

Francis Appotr, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.
N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,

10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

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METEOROLOGY FOR APRIL, 1877.

PRIVATE OBSERVATO
Latitude 42° 52’ 13” S.;

2

RY, Hoparr Town.

Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.-2s. E.

(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania.)

- | R <
dina | 2S | ie: 2 Ge =
| Sees. | 3 Clouds. Wind. [Si/al 2
e as Es _ Thermometers | Thermometers Sg ee 2 w2
“agzsoO LS 3 a roy ae
3 oe. | (Reading.) —_(Self-Registering.) Se Sits o8
Og 80 alle Wie - 3°
° | | Per cent|"30 a.m. 4°30 p.m. 7°30 a.m. | 4°30 p.m. | a B =
| | we. ee Ske
{ { s an | | a 8 5 5
= el ad | Be eres) 1 pete
g Sales.) | ee. [A & |28/ & | #8
2 Bree (esieeS8 (eal ea) fo telstel 1 = ae) jee] | ob
Gee |2e\2s\Sa| ca leas | g Pre |e 1$\a) a (48| 2 )88| a) aia
Se) = 23 | 2a] 2s| 2s |2s|/#2|/2/e|2/2/2)2/ 2 $8, 8 |sei2)s| -
bl oO ro) =e Se] Sa} Boy | wy] Fo Sis | See tS. h S x | Si sie
= =) = cS oe a) a) ° 2 2 a) p=) jo) o 2 : 3
@lus j++ j)o |& |e | & xz {A | trove ha), a is Ale |e be | se
j J : vs : SL ee mene A ey
| | | | [ |
302)20°904) 70 | 45°0/ 710 92-0 | 720 | 35-0 79 | 51 [KS | 60K. | 5-0| NW | -59] ww'l 260 35
2 29-932 30°234| 10°5 | 51°0| 55-0 | 90-0 | 70-0 | 39°0 74 65 |K | 75K 20'S ‘| SE | “52 Aa
3 32°203/29°903, 5°5 | 41°5) 67°0 | 95°0 | 69:0 | 38-0 84 | 56 |K 4:0 KS |10°0} W 52) N 26 40
4 29°684|29°459| 12°0 | 54:0) 62°0 §$2°0 | 68:0. 42°5 75 | 62 |K Tok 85} NW 0} NW | 5°21 c 2°5
5 29°662/29°334) 6°5 | 43°5| 49°0 | 75°5 | 63-0 | 32°5| 92 | 86 |KN| 7-5 KN 6-0| N 521 W | 5:21] +57 6-0
6 29°933/30°055 13-0] 56°0| 62°0 85-0 63°0 | 41°0| 76 59 |K 75) K 4°0| W 0] W 0; -09 53
7 30°252/30°291|, 5-0 | 42°0/ 56:0 | 95:0 | 66-0 | 34:0| 84 | 76/0 | OK 3°0| W ‘0| SE ‘0 3-5
8 30°098/29°807! 9:0] 48°0] 65°5 | 89°5 | 72°0 | 38°5 | 86 | 72.1KS 60K 7°5| NW | 2°60] SE 0) 40
9 29°864/29°785, 11°5 | 53:0] 64-0 90°0 | 72°0 | 40°0| 86 | 67 |K 3°0/KS | 5:0] NW 0] N 2°60, 4°5
19 29°742/29'929' 8-0! 47-0] 50:0 | 90-0 | 63°5 | 35°0; 79 | 74 1K GOKN| 7:0| NW [52 W 2°60, -05/1:21| 4:0
11/30°007/29°963) 12°5 | 55°0! 61:0 | 72°5 | 65-0 | 40°0| 75 | 72 |K 85K 75) NW | 2°60) NW *26| °03 4°5
12 30°029/30°085 12°0 | 54:0) 66°0 100°5 | 73:0 | 39°5 81 | 64 |K 65 K 4:0| N 0} NW 0 3°5
13 30 242/30°260 10-0 | 50°0| 60:0 103°5 74°5 | 37°0| 98 | 88 [KS | 5°5/KS 7°5| NW 0; S 52) 4°5
-14/30°354/30°358 100 | 50°5| 61:0 100°5 | 72-0 37°0 | 93 | 82 |-0 OK 3°0| NW 26) S "52 4.0
15/30°433/30°398, 10°5 | 51:0} 66:0 109°5 | 75:5 37°5 | 80 | 73 |K 3°0)'0 0; N 0| SE "26 4°5
16/30°389|30°327, 10°5 | 510] 70°0 110-0 | 80:0 37°0| 86 | 73 [K 3°5/'0 °0| NW °52| SE 0 40
17/30°302)/30°139, 18°5 | 65°5| 71°5 108-5 | 78-0 | 37°5| 60 | 47 |-0 "0|'0 0|; NW] °52/ N 0 2:5
18'30°084'29'889| 130 | 56-0! 72°0 101°0 | 73°5 34°5/ 61 | 51 |1KS 70K 6:0} NW 26) N oa 4°0
19 30°010'30°057, 16°5 | 62-0} 62-0 100-0 75°5 | 37°5| 67 | 77 1K 10°0/K |10°0/ NW “0 SE 52) °36 55
20/30°079|/29°902, 125 | 55-0] 65-0 105-0 77°0 | 35:0} 70 | 68 [KS | 5:5/K 5:0} W 52] NE 0 ‘79| 4:0
- 21)29°685)29°489| L1°5 | 53-0] 54:0 | 680 | 680 | 34:0-| 86 | 938 |K '10°0/N |10°0/ NW "0 N 0} 12 5°0
22|29°633/29°648' 12:0 | 54:0] 49:0 75°5 | 62°0 | 35:0} 53 | 73 |K 2°0 KN 10°0; N *D2| W 2°60! °16 5°5
23) 29°958 307048 | 65 | 44:0) 47:0 68°0 | 56°5 | 31°5| 73 | 79 Kk 40 KN| 7:0) S 0] W “Oh 01 50
24!29°958/29°950, 3°0 | 38°0| 470 58°5 51°0 | 30°0{ 92 | 79 |IKN| 75K [10-0! W 0} NW 0} °04 85
25|29°816/29°792) 5:0 | 41°5| 50-0 72°0 | 560 | 34:0} 84 | 79 |K Gb 3°5| NW 26] SE 0 80
26 30°002/29'846 5:0 | 41°5) 48-0 | 65°5 | 58°0 | 340) 92 | 93 1K 60KN] 6:0) N 0} W 0 60
27,30°048 30°087' 8-5 | 47°5! 50-0 57°0 | 55°0 | 38°5 100 | 93 |N |10-0N 9:0; S 26] SW 0; “91 60
28) 30 255)30°250 85 | 47°5} 51:0 | 58-0 | 56-0 | 38°5| 86 86 |\N | 100KN/100) 8 0) S 0 “08 4:0
29 30°339 30°345' 12°0 | 54-0] 54:5 64°5 | 58°0| 40°0] 87 | 81 IN. |100KN 70| 8S 26) S 2°60/ °03) 60
30 30°369 30°330' 10°5 | 51:0) 52°5 | 59-0 575! 38:0! 86 | 93 /KN'10:°0N_ /10°0 Ss | °26] S 26 92) 5°5
Mean Press. Mean|M’n. Tem. Mean. Mean|Mean Mean. , Mean for Month. Mean Force ... 63 lbs.) TL TL (er
30035 | 9°88} 54°38 | 84°62 66°85] 36°72 UE 6°10 en ae ae 2°45 [2°92 14200
—--—|—— = | —--——] —-__] —_ \Greatest Force 5: —_—
Greatest do. Max. | Max. ‘Max. Max. | Prev. Character, | Mean
30°433 | 18°50 110°00, 80°00} 42°50 cea K & KN. Least Force.... OQ” 4°73
Least do. Min. | Min. Min. |Min. Prevailing Direction. |
29°459 | 3:00} = ~—|- 57-00 | 51°00] 30-00 | N.W. piehd es
_ The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning 25th. Leaves of Black Mulberry commencing to fall.
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has 26th. Seeds of Hornbeam ripe.
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town F. ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.

of stations in Europe, America,
to co-operate in a system of International
Readings are added from the centigrade ther-

1 ing the instrument generally used on the
continent of Europe.

+he mean is in all cases
daily registers, not from the

The direction of the wind

eight of 92 feet above sea
Square foot.

The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
winds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

..e 35 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., etc.

taken from the sums of the two
maximum and minimum.

is registered from currents ata
level, and its force in lbs. per

Time of leafing, flowering an
plants in the Royal Societ
of April, 1877,

Ist. Coe’s late Red Plum commencing to ripen.
4th. Elm leaves commencing to fall.
16th. Chinese Chrysanthemums commencing to flower.
— © 20th. Pyrus aducuparia leaves commencing to fall.

d fruiting of a few standard
y’s Gardens during the month

Results of observations taken
1877, in accordance with n
7°30 a.m. and 4°30 p.m. :—

Barometer, mean of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduced,
30°082in.

Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 51°78deg.

Ditto, mean of maximum and minimum in shade, 53‘91deg.

Dew point, mean position of 2 daily readings, 45°75deg.

Humidity, mean of 2 ditto, °80.

Elastic force of vapour, mean of 2 ditto, °315.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 115°86deg.

Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
35°d0deg:

Rainfall, 2°22in.

Evaporaticn, 3°30in. : in excess of rainfall, 1°08in.

Clouds, mean amount of 2 daily registers, 5°23.

Ozone, mean of 2 daily registers, 7°83.

Wind, force in lbs. per square foot, total of 2 daily obser-

vations, — lbs. .

Ditto Horizontal movement, 2,550 miles.
W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

Rainfall at Hill Station, 1,550ft. above sea level, 2°43in.

at New Norfolk for April,
ew forms, and registered at

mnie
ish riggs

fae ae
H aes —_—
at # se
a
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; = ea vet
3 re = > %
a = Ars
ae

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: ; , de ot y yte wim a) a 9 wou ain hae ox Yo OS Ree a! eI ' 40 7), OF ee
; wie ALP tote , } aa: oa ttes ant Aol ivvilld 725 Pt
7 o& ee! Y ‘ ¢ ‘i ‘ ; » HG yon) ile Sd am er CdS TG waty uals
peat 1 5@ 4 os a <4 4% Tia. = 7 * oun |
or : no % aw i a at iad as Peleg = Tae ei
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tet a eas "rT fra 1 “4 Sy hy ores a Rate 0: ¥ bajweads Yo We
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Ue OFS toon ay tills " Me SOE A Jan Ass
a Vw ad she Re Hic y a eo ae ai . “ ity wild ‘ahifis ite} Lait inline % tiicase
aiken we Tht ah B MIT ote ee Bhan Ve"{ aa guiewiat howd
| Vip wists ars Wh aitis. 47h ealdai friahbcage,

ey a i ae ign a x
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Oe is, ef th ny Aa FEOGLA SK? ata ps: i

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a cre i nie. Mitty an whys wit. Pia: Se. i ee Pads hk

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< * a), : os

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APRIL WEATHER.

The warm weather at the commencement of the
month soun came to an end, it set in wet and stormy
on 4th and 5th, and then cold mornings and bright
warm days till 12th and 13th, when it changed to
windy and stormy showers from W. with snow on
hills, that turned again on 14th to warm E. and S.E.
weather, very high barometer, reaching to 30°52 on
15th, light fogs in early morniag and clear bright
sunny days. On 2lst a rapid fall of 59 inch to 29°49
was followed by steady rain that brought winter sud-
denly on in very cold storms from 8.W. Snow on the
ranges that lasted several days, causing a very low
temperature on 24th, the highest reading in the shade
of the self-registering maximum thermometer was 49°:
and although on 26th a rising barometer ushered in
wet EK. weather, it still continued dull and cold till the
end of the month with a promise, however, in the
continuous height of the barometer of a spell of
brighter weather as soon as the dull easterly clouds
disperse. The highest shade temperature 82° on 16th,
and the lowest 32° on 26th, and the lowest on grass
the same morning was 26°.

There were several heavy rains during the month,
°69 inch on 5th, 82 inch on 10th, *33 inch on 21st, and
*30 inch on 23rd. Altogether 2°22 inches for the
month, being more than in any April in the last four
years, making up 5°28 inches this year against 5°02
inches to the same time in 1876, 6°00 inches in 1875,
and 5°32 inches in 1874.

Although the end of the month has been so cold,
yet it was warmer than last April, the mean tempera-
ture being 53° 91’ to 52° 43’ in 1876. The movement of
the wind was 2,550 miles to 3,030 last month, and 1,772

miles in April 1876.
W. E. SHOOBRIDGE,
Ist May, 1877. Valleyfield.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 1st TO THE 15TH APRIL, 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
es scrraltesecialy with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52 1a” & Long. 9h. 49m, 29°2s, KE.

(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

|
a Ther- Wind. | Cloud.
Qe |mometers |
= = —_—- s |
S83 = “:
3.5 S S08) S
| 284 Aaleg eee | =
~
3 SEal . Res = Eon = | Weather.
oo] PRS] 8 S iy = SR, ep ess
NM S sS SS x nN
= S = 3 = ey) +s o aS
See ~ ~— 3 2iss = S =
~ Bs s = —— a = toe] We >
3 o ga > | = 3
alfecisi/S/8|/8 8818 |S] a
S|SSS S/S 1S SES (ES 21S 18
S) | =
& Ps Blo l]S!8 Fy iN |S | &
|

“f
wy
3

1) 29°840 |67°0/19°5| 82) W | °52) 6:0! K Cloud, star
and moon
2) 30°240 |63°0|17°0| 82! S Ol s0)F se 0 Moon and
star light
3] 29°725 |65°5 |18°5 , 88) W 70} 5°0, K Moon, cloud,
| and star
4] 29°420 |65°0 18°90 94) W *52|10°0| N Rain,
| | | | showery
| |
5] 29°910 |61°0 16°0 93 NW) 2°60] 75 N ‘57|Day squally
throughout
6} 30°145 |64:0 17°5. 88) W 0} 0 “0 .09/Starlight
| | brilliant

|
7| 30145 |62-0 16°5/ 82} —| -o| -o| -0 [Ditto ditto

8} 29°840 |64°5 180 82) — ‘OR asOlnO Stars, sky

covered.
9] 29-640 |67°0 190! se} — | -o| 70 K | {Stars and
clouds
10] 29°940 |63°0 17-0) 82,.NW)| 52] 5:0) K | -05/Clouds and
| | stars

11) 29°940 |65-0 18:5) 82 NW| °52) 7-0 K | ‘03!Ditto ditto

| |

12} 31°900 |70°0 21:0; sg — Ol; OP 38 Starlight,

| sky covered
13) 30 315 |68°0 20:0; 88 — | -0/10°0| N|_ |Dark, sky
; | | covered
14] 30°430 69°0 20°5| s8} —| -0j100/ N| {Calm and
cloudy
|
15] 30-410 68:0 19°5| gg) — ‘0]10°0. KN Calm, stars,
h’zy faint and
| hazy
}

rE Ne | Lae ee ee 0
Francis Apport, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.
N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-

proximately correct. The rainfall is measured 2t
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

FRoM THE 16TH TO THE 30TH APRIL, 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p-m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s. E.

(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

|
~& | Ther- Wind. | Cloud. | |
oe mometers
ee 354 S| SI a S
feiteney Seal [ic S = 3S | = | Weather.
S$} 9H |S | -S |e ae) s|a
= S = Siles S 22 |i x8 Ss
s&s a Sas > = ~|
ws] SS 3 ~ = SSeS os 3 BS!
SS og ee Sa Se | i |
Sssais/e/S/ 5 (821 2 818
— = | —
as Soe Sa Se SS Po pe
|
WE In.
16} 30°245 |68°0 2)°0} 83) — Oj} Ole .0 Starlight;
sky covered
;
17| 30109 |70°0 21:0| 73} — | 0] -0 0] |Ditto ditto
ditto
13] 29-80) |73°0 |22°5 78) — | 0} 80 K Dark sky,
| few stars
| | faint
19} 39°100 |71°0 21°5, 83, — | ‘0/100 KN Cloudy sky
| | | covered
20} 29°840 |70'0 21:0 78, — | 0}; 40 K Stars and
clouds
| “| faint
21] 29°410 |67°0 19°5 | 88) — ‘0|10°0 N Rain all day
22! 29°710 |62°0 16:5; 87| W | 2°60] 75 KN’ °36/Cloud, moon
| | | and star
23| 30°045 |60°0 15:5, 87) — |. 0] 70KN) ‘12/Moon and
| | stars faint
24] 29°810 |61°0 16:0} 87, NW) :25/19°0 K | ‘16/Moon on .
cloudy sky
25) 29°820 |60°0 15°5| 86) — °52| 75 K | ‘01\Moon and
| cloud
26] 29:930 |61°0 16°0| 93) — | °26}10°0, N | -04|Heavy rain

|

27| 307140 |60°0 15'5| 93) S *52|10°0| N | ‘91|Drizlingrain

15°5| 87) S 0/100) N | °08)Ditto and
cloudy

28) 30°315 |60°0

29] 30-490 61:0 16-0| 88 S { 2°60] 7°5/KN) -03|Moon and
stars faint

|
|
|
|

30) 30°340 62°0/16°5| 88 S °26|10°0) N Cloudy and
hazy

Francis Apport, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h, 30m, a.m. local time.

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METEOROLOGY

FOR MAY, 1877.

PRIVATE OBSERVATORY, Hopart Town.

Latitude 42° 52’ 13” S.;

Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.-2s. E.

(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania. )

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
ef 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more closely with those of stations in Europe, America,
etc., in order to co-operate iu a system of International
Meteorology. Readings are added from the centigrade ther-
mometer, that being the instrument generally used on the
éontinent of Europe.

The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
daily registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents ata
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in lbs. per
square foot. |

The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
Winds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

‘

Sine of 3 ta
2 3 an a =
Ssh, De Ss ; i o| & z
S e222 | Thermometers Thermometers 2s woes ce A= i d= SR
es 2 3 a|/Filso.
3 .ST¢ (Reading.) (Self-Registering.) | l= - | : Shee g
2 Eas Per ceny|720 @m. 4:30p.m.) 7°30a.m. | 4°30 p.m. 2 2. s
| ] 1 |
| o =~ ‘ fo eee |
Ey | > S wa } : 2 ; 2 i
c= | | | = ie | eo | | g 8.) 2 |e! |
| | RET ES aan a I | lt = ae £2 lad
S | Seeeis| SE SA) ge lee eae ele teal gl eel gg peel | al ae
Clee | & | fe|e2. 86) ee iee| cei dd) a/2/8/8 8) 8 | s8) § |s8) 8) 48) 4
Ss) a | & |o|/82' Bel 83 /8sl8eie)e|2/2/2'2! 8 |e8l 8 eslei4) ¢
See | & | e-|a-/a-| B+ (ew) b-(8/8/8/8)/8)e)8 | 82) 8 | Beisisis
Meio js |f |. |\m-|8 |els|S/4/S/4/ 4 |e |} als [SlElz
Sn eS ee ee
1,20°321/30°380, 9°5 49-0; 52:0; 60°0 | 56°0 , 400, 93 | 93 KN 9.0K | 85 S 0.8 ‘0 °05 70
2/30°341|30°308 95 | 49°0| 55:0) 61:0 | 56:0 40°0| 86 8L\(K 100K 10°0' S 0) SE 26) ‘01 6:0
3'30°240/30°'179| 10°5 | 51°0| 55°0 | 65°5 | 58°5 | 45°5 | 86 87 j\K 100 KN 10:0 S ‘0| SE ‘0 50
4/30°191 30°106} 100 | 50°0} 54:0, 62:0 | 56-0 | 44:0, 86 93 |/K 100KN/100; 8S 0| E 0 4°5
§)30°013|29°834| 7:5 | 46°0| 53:0; 62°0 | 56:0 385 | 93 | 86 |K | 75N_ |100) N 0] N 0 | | 4:0
6 29°718/29°543| 6°5| 44°5| 53°0 | 62°5 | 560 | 36:0) 86 , 80 |N |100.KN/{|100, N 0} NW 0} °29) | 6:0
7\29°454|29°548 6:0] 43:0] 45°0 | 64°5 | 54°5 34:0) 92 | 67 IN {100 KN 7:0) SW 0} W 2°60) 2! | 50
$'29°708|29°726' 7:0 | 45°0] 57:0 | 74°0 | 600 | 355, 78 | 65 |K TOK 70; SW 0) N 0} °05) | 4:0
9/29°795|29°776| 9°0| 49°0| 55:0 | 90°0 | 63:0 37°:0| 86 | 7 K | 70K | 85) NW 26) NW |- °52 | 4°5
“19/30°083/30°066| 5:5 | 42°0} 47°0 | 74:0 | 59°0 355 | 92 | 79 |K | 85K | 10°0) SW; 0S 26, 04) 57; 50
11 30°086 30°042 2°0 | 360} 49:0 | 87°55 | 59:0 320; 91 | 86 0 50 OM ecO(S\Waeele ec2OT es 0 | 00
12)30°084 30°048, 2°5 | 36°5| 50°0 81°0 | 58°0 32°0' 69 93 |°0 0'°0 ‘0 NW | -:0! SE 0 | | 4.0
13 30°008,. 299-5 7:0 | 45°0| 52°0 | 675 | 560 355, 938 74 K 100K 45} NW, 0) NE "52 | 4°5
14/29°813)29°935, 7-0 | 45°@| 55-0 | 59°5 | 57:0 35°5| 93 100 K 100KNj100 NW) 0) N “Ole ni weliecetl
15/29°792 29°733| 10°5 | 51°0| 63:0 | 90°0 | 68:0 | 38°0| 80 | 725 \"0 0K ZO) Ni ie ON "52 | 40
_ 16)29°753|29°657| 11°0 | 62°0} 64:0 | 92°5 | 70:0, 38:5! 74 | 51 ‘0 O|\KKS | 40, N | (26) N 2.60} | 3°5
ij 29°656 29°565, 9°0 | 46:0) 57:0 | 77°5 | 65:0 | 36:0 100 | 87 |[KN| 9°0)K 2°0| NW | °26) N 0) 30, | 65
18/29°479,29°403| 5°5 | 42:0) 57:0 | 78°0 | 62:0 32°5| 938 | 66 K | 45K 50) NW 0; N 0} “01 40
19)29°293 29165, 12°5 | 55°5| 52°0 | 90°0 | 64°0| 40°0| 70 | 86 |K | 70/KN/100 N °0|} NW 0 | 3°0
20 29°403 29°483, 8°5 | 48°0| 50°0 | 87:0 | 59:0 360; 86 74 |K TO;K | 5°56] NW | 5:21) N ‘0| -08 | 4°0
21/29°459 29°338) 55 | 42°0| 52°0 | 69°5 | 57°5| 33°0| 84 | 86 KS 100,KN|100 NW); 0) NW -26 | ‘46 4°5
22 29-296 29°463, 10°0 | 50°0| 49°0 66°0 | 55:0 39°5| 74 | 86 K 40/)K | 4:0) W | 5°21) W 0, 03 3°5
23 29°588 29°556; 4°5 | 40°0} 42:0 63°0 | 54:0 31°0) 78 | 92 K 60\KN| 90, NW; 0S *26) 50
24 29°715 29°778| 3:0] 38°0| 41:0 66°5 | 51:0| 30°0| 92 | 84 |KN| 9O;KN| 50) S | °0| SW Ol La 60
25:29°778 29°870| 2°0 | 35°5| 41-0 | 65°5 | 51°5| 28°5; 91 | 93 |KN!100;KN| 7:0; W | -0| SW 52! °05 | 6:0
26 29°830 29°710) 3°5 | 35°0| 54:0, 67-0 | 52:0} 30°0; 91 | 86 K | 65|K 7°5| NW *52| SW °26| “01 4°5
27 29°530 29°510) 11°0 | 52:0} 55:0 68:0 | 56°5 | 33°0 | 36 | 93 |K 75 KS | 10:0) W 0; S 52 3°0
28 29°97.0 30°025| 10°0 | 50:0) 52°0 | 66-5 | 54°5| 320/ 93 | 86 |N |10°0\N | 10°0 Ss | 2°60} SW 52) °22 | 65
29 307140 30°220| 12°0 | 54:0) 59°0 76°5 | 580 | 345° 93 81 K SOK | 9:0) N 26) S 0} °02 4°0
30 30°325 30 320 13°5 | 56°5| 61°0 82:0 | 60°0 34:5 87 87 K | 50 KS ; 70) 8S | - 261. S “26 \ | 35
31 30°310 30140! 13°5 | 56°5) 59°5' 78°5 | 61°0' 34°0 87 87 KS' 90'KS '10°0' W |! ‘01 NW “52 1 35' 3°0
Mean Press. Mean|M’n. Tem.|Mean. Mean|Mean| Mean. , Mean for Month. Mean Force ... ‘41 lbs. TL Th | EE
29°831 | 7°90) 49°45 72°90, 58°20) 35°58 5°55 . 1°45 1°38 1390
—_._ —--—|— —---— —--—|—--—| —--—— — Greatest Force 5°21 " —————-—
Greatest do. Max. Max. Max. | Max. Prev. Character, | Mean
30°330 | 13°50 92°50 70°00} 45°50 K & KN ‘Least Force.... Oe 4°50
Least do. Min. '.Min. Min. |Min. | Prevailing Direction.
29°165 | 2°00 59°50 51°00) 28°50 a :

The 35 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete.

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard

plants in the Royal Society’s Gardens during the month
of May, 1877.
8th. First Medlar ripe.

20th. | achenalia rosea commencing to flower.

21st. Photinia serrulala commencing to flower.

25th. Hardenbergia Lindlyana in flower.

28th. Ailanthus leaves all fallen.

F. ABBOTT, JuN., Superintendent.

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MAY WEATHER.

The fine weather promised at the end of last
month was but of short duration. Dull easterly
weather again set in on the 2nd till the 5th, when a
fall in the barometer was followed by a steady west
rain, and a still further fall on the 6th to 29°55
inches ushered in the cold strong showers with
_ snow on the hills, for which the rest of the: month
was distinguished. There was fine bright sunny
weather and high barometer on 11th, 12th, and 13th,
when alight easterly mizzle was driven back by
strong north westerly winds, that on the night of
the 16th culminated in a heavy downpour of 74
inches, and then a lower fall of the barometer on
19th to 29°27 inches, was followed by intensely cold ,
south west snow storms, that lasted with little in-
termission till the end of the month, and reminded
us that we have a frigid zone in the south. On the
25th there were some slight traces of snow in the
valley, the hills around being white, and on the
morning of the 26th the terrestrial radiation ther-
mometer registered the extreme cold for May of 18
degrees, the mean for the month 31°'19 was the
coldest May for the last 4 years, the mean tempera-
ture 46°°80 was also the lowest during that period.

The rainfall was moderate, 1°60 inches against
‘SS last May, making up 6°88 inches for this year,
to 5°84 inches to same time in 1876, 8°48 inches in
1875, and 7°12 inches in 1874.

The movement of the wind was more than last
year, beiug 2350 miles to 2012 miles,

The ozone 8°32, of scale 1:13, was remarkably
high, while the electrical disturbance. as registered
by the gold leaf electrometer was almost nil.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE,
5th June, 1877. Valley field.

et

» AIRE de eo
os. .
arth a I

yes of der

ig

METEOROLOGICAL.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for May,
1877, in accordance with new forms, and registered at
7°30 a.m., and 4°30 p.m, :—

Barometer mean of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduced,

29°850in.

Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 45°62deg.

Ditto, mean of maximum and minimum in shade, 46-80deg.

Dew point, mean po-ition of 2 daily readings, 42°20deg.

Elastic force of vapour, mean of 2 ditto, ‘270.

Humidity, mean of 2 ditto, ‘89.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 104-41deg.

- Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,

31°19deg.

Rainfall, 1°60ins. : in excess of evaporation, ‘IGin.

Evaporation, 1°44in.

Clouds, mean mount of 2 daily observations, 6°75.

Ozone, mean of 2 daily observations, 8°32.

Wind, force in Ibs. per square foot, total of 2 daily obser-

vations, 38°29]bs.

Ditto Horizontal movement, 2,350 miles.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield
Rainfall at Hill Station, 1,550ft. above sea level, 1‘97in.

4

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A Ba 3
wi frvty:

Ps tn 6 7

pais 4
&

SULAATY BBISUE , 711
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it. AAD STR Girma .
VE ai eam

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 1st TO THE 15TH May, 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p-m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

3 |° Ther- Wind. | Cloud.
Res |mometers
SS Ss cS S
S| ESN | =] § [8s |. 5
S| ELS See ee eS ee = | Weather.
Ss <3 S | = iS) i Ra 2 | . =H =
Se cl ehel acs) at sa
SS GS eS = ~ 2 = SS = } Ss S oS
Sfess| fle hs|siss| =} 2s
Sess sos slo > | Sal ers
a S Ie }OoO;S;R & |NILSOI]S
| |
| ee | | In.
1) 3)°320 |62°0 16° | 93) S *0}10°0, N | -05)Cloud, sky
| ; covered
2} 30-22) 62:0 165 8:|SE 0-25/10°0 K | -01|Clouds, dif.
| | density
3] 30°130 |65°0 185 94) — 0/10°0 N Ditto, sky
| covered
pre ail
4| 39°105 |63:5 17°5| 88: — “O} 3:5) ke) Stars, hazy
re. ae
5| 29°735 162°0 16°5. 94; — °0/10°0) N | Cloudy with
| | | rain
6| 29°349 |61°0 13-0 SSNW = ‘0/10:0 KN’ “29|Ditto, sky
| covered

7| 29°610 |55°5 13:0 93! W | 2°60 7TOKN ‘12|/Few stars,
|

my | faint

8| 29°725 |60°0 15:5 71 NW 52] 4:0 K ‘05'Stars and

| clouds
9] 29-820 |63°0 17°0| 2. NW. -52/10°0. N._—_—‘|Cloudy and
| | | dark
10| 39-045 |58°0 14°5| 36] — | 0/100, N__ -04|Ditto ditto

11} 30°110 |56°5 13°5| 86 — 26/100 KN Ditto ditto

12} 30°010 |57°0 14:0| 98: — | -26] 4°0| K | Stars and
| | cloud
13] 29°815 ets 81) — 0 | K | Ditto ditto

14] 29°635 62-0 16°5| 94 zs | 0|10°0| N Very dark

15] 29°720 66°0 19°0| 68 —| -25] 4:0| KS Stars faint,
| | = and cloud

| | ita
Francis Appott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

os a
ry - At SY HOeHte ‘SVAN
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gat (i me dece Taki Em Pe TN ie eee
efi __ ‘TO einen is oGhby
eer et ay oper UE elle velar, Papen

- yee? Hnloe wn art gall Qe ote vies a
= 2 : ’ ; ages bie fie : rie at cy ‘4b deal ’
; 7 = 7 a bunts ‘. ey ; x oF 1 iy ‘4 ys eh % Aah sf 7 ; c as *

ae ie Siar gey. yay a Er |

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; any oS fidis ba ’
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4 Pa - ~ ee ee _. a 7 + : ee 2 aed 1 tem

~~ Ball’ “feria” Dio 6A td, pelted of ar, oe = i
ede? rl GFE. tar i aan be yarit. ofl — ae : a]
: a Uti a ial avs to pedin gid. fii, wiht, at :
fi Pt od Fama vine? biats bas Libe % ident ol - a [>
hornanza a rece eerica eet Sane

Paty! in ael bicul’ wh ; |
~ / ve 4 . - - ; : ave . i

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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 15TH TO THE 31st May, 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

nee) Ther- Wind. | Cloud.
= monveters
S25 <0 aT || SS
SS aad a
pS S & 5
| ESN See S
S183] cs {el & iss = | Weather.
Spe esate ts Se} ole le
Sees e ers Siss) = sis
s}2sS/8]/S/8] ess) 2/8)
Sy SSS 1 S78 Sle iss Sal ss ss
Sie tales eS oul as als i= lash les
q 5 BR l}OoO;iRs)A = N {SO |8&
| we | In.
16} 29°640 |68°0 20°0| 94 "52 A N Steady rain
|
17] 29°425 |66°0 18°5| 88} — | -26] 9:0 K N| -30\Dark and
| cloudy
18] 29°31) |625 175, 82} — 52] 5°5 K | -04/ Alternate
>. | | | star and
| cloud
19} 29°140 |63°0 17°5) 88 N 52) 7OKN Ditto ditto
|
| | |
2)| 29°510 |60°0 15°5| &1; N 52} 5°5| K | ‘OS/Alt. cloud
| | | and star
21) 29°12) |61°0 16-0 87| N52] 3:0 K | —_|Moon, star,
| | | and cloud
a eta
22) 29°525 |60°0 15:5 81) W; °25) 9:0 K | :04)/Moon and
| | cloud
| |
23| 29°620 |55°0 13-0 93) — | -23/10°0 N Raining

| |
| |

24| 29-735 |55°0 13:0, 93) S | ‘52| 7-5 KN) -17\Moon and

| cleud
95| 29°710 |52-0 11:0! 87 NW, 52] 8:0 KN -01/Cold and
| | | hazy
26| 29°645 |52°0 11°0| 84'SW)| -26| 7°5|KS| | Alternate
| | cloud
27| 29°610 |57°0 14:0 98 — | -0/10-0IKN Thick and
| | rainy
23) 30'140 |56°0 125) 93 — 0/100, K | -22/Dense K
ie
29] 30°310 55-0 13°0| 87 S ‘0/10°0| KS -02\Cloudy, sky
| | | covered
|
30} 30°330 6)°0 15°5) 76 S | -23| 3-0} K Moon and
a | | | starlight
} |
31| 30°130 56-0 125} 82 —| -0 70 K Moonlight

Francis Apport, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

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SY WOE ce TE ein et ME let 4.

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on Py

METEOROLOGY FOR JUNE, 1877.

PRIVATE OBSERVATORY, Hopart Town.

Latitude 42° 52’ 13” S.; Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.2s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania.)

‘ b wR 2
siha Sas Hl.| 3
SEES 33 Clouds. Wind. | Silal 3
e 2°53 | Thermometers | Thermometers 3 5: iS 5 on

Pee ,2 oe es R= &¢
5 ate 2 (Reading.) | (Self-Registering. ) q |a|¢4 S
1,0 aN * :
s Asn | Per cent|/ 32 2-™. e 30p.m.} 7°30 a.m. | 4°30 p.m. | alé| 4
o a : Spoil ete

aig ¢ |S |¢ 8 | Bs nee

A ee ee eS. | 2 (#8) 2 | #8

ee), 22 les ae] se lsdiad) | ls)algls|@ 881 2/48] +o].

Mee 2 BP) es ah 2 iehles/ 8) fis) e\s)e| 2 se) 2 Seid) a| g

Oe) a | solace) se| So Se) Ee aisl|ei2/2/2) 2 128 2 |2es13)

ees | ot | sat) at Pat) ot om) 8] | A | ratingh| Oe ae ba Shea fic ey lee ee

Ale; + {oO |e |e |R | Je Bf Oo] al te ce, Ay homey fea

sl = ee ee ee
| | : i i Hi | A | | ): : | if | S | "52, Lh Ue meg | i=4
0°120/30°133, 13°0 | 56:0} 50°5 | 68°5 | 60:0! 34:0 87 | 86 IN |100K 70, SE 52) W 0 08, 55

2 30-210130-140 13°5 | 56°0| 52°0 | 70°0 | 58°0| 35°5 | 87 | 86 |K | 70KS]| 85, W 26) NW| -0| 06 60

8 30°235|30°210| 9°0| 48°0| 51-0 | 57°5 | 54:0 | 36-0 97 | 86 |KS |10:0 KN|100/ NW| ‘0 W 0) | 3:5

4 30°330 30°320| 9:0] 48:0) 57°0 | 87°0 | 62°0 | 33°0| 79 | 76 |KT | 60 K SN 0, NW 0) 3-0

§ 30°335/30°235) 50 | 41°0) 53°5 | 75°5 | 580 | 383°5 84 80 |K 50°00 0, NW ‘0) NW "26, | 4:0

6'30°225/30°200) 7:0} 44:0) 54°0| 58°0 | 55°0| 31°5| 86 | 87 |K |100K 9°0) NW 52) NW "26) 2°5

7/30°145/30°030| 10-0 | 50°0| 60:0 | 74:5 | 60°0 | 345 86 | 82 |K |100KS| 75, NW] 0} NW] 0 03) | 3-0

$29'810)29°740, 9°0| 49-0] 61°0 | 74-0 | 66:0! 37:0 93 | 7 I 75K | 40, NW| 0) W Clea 2:5

9 30°040/30°020| 12°5 | 55-0} 50°0 | 54°5 | 54:5 35°0| 93 1100 IN |10-0\N _}10°0) Ss 52! Ss "26, “60 50

19 30°000'29°945 7-5 | 46°0) 49°5 | 56°0 | 53:0) 382°5, 93 | 80 |K_ 4.0 KN | 100) S (Uh tS 0) “44, ‘31 15

11/30110)30'015| 6:5 | 44-0] 49°0 | 85-0 | 56°0| 310/73 | 79 |KS | 40K | 30, W | -0| Sw 0} “01 4:0

12/29°640/29°640, 2°0| 35-0] 47°0 | 65°5 | 55°0| 30°5; 91 | 79 [KN |}100 KN 7'0| NW 26) WwW *52| 4.5

- 13)29°920)29°840, 2°5/| 37-0! 45°0| 61°0 | 50°0| 31:0; 84 | 73 |K | 40 KN 10°0, WwW °26) NW *52) 02} 3:0

14/29°500/29°625 775 | 46:0) 47°0 | 59°5 50°0 | 34°5 | 79 | 93 {KS | 9:0 K 75| NW 0, S 0 | 4:0

15|29°535|29°625| . 8°5 | 47°5| 47-0 | 49°5 | 48°5 315; 93 | 93 }N {10:0 N | 10°0; W 2°60} W "26| “62, | 60

16)29°920/29°015| 65 | 435) 44°0 | 49°0 | 48°0| 30°0| 77 | 85 |IKN!| 9:0/K 7:0| SW | 5:21) W 26) °30) 30

17/29°945|30°115| 12°0 | 54:0) 54°0 | 70°5 | 54:0} 34:0] 70 | 70 |K 70/K 7°0| N 2°60) N 2°60 4°5

18'30°346/30°330| 8°5 | 47°5) 56°0| 67:0 | 56°0| 31°5| 79 | 85 |K 50) K 60} W ‘26| NW [01s OF 30

- 19'30°210/30°010| 12°0 | 54°} 60°0| 84:0 | 64:0} 33:5] 70 | 62 |K 75:KS | 6:0) N 2°60 NW | 2.60 | 4:0
20) 29°830/29°910| 10°0 | 50°0} 54°0| 85:0 | 61°0| 31°0| 93 | 80 |K GLE 5°5| SE | 0) NW 0} *13; 45 6-0
21)29°410/29°330| 11°5 | 54°5| 48:0 | 80°0 | 60°0| 33°5| 87 | 100/K 70\K |10°0} NW | 2°60) NW | 2°60 3°5

22) 29°810}29°825| 6°5 | 44:0! 54°0| 65°5 | 58°0| 30°0| 84 | 86 |K 6-0 K 5°0} NW *52| NW *52| °60) 65

23) 29°940/29°920, 9:0 | 49:0} 54°0| 66:0 | 60°0| 33°5| 74 | 70 |K Tb K (is "26| N 0) 02 ( By

24 29°935|30°030) 11°0 | 52-0] 58-0 87°0 | 58°5| 36:0; 69 | 61 |K | 7-0\K 80; N 265} W 0 | | 25

25 30°120|30°025| 7:0 | 44-0] 58:0| 84:0 | 60-0| 32°5/| 92 | 76:|K ESS WPAs Wie lh sO LIN "26] °02) 40

26) 29°725|29°510) 4°5 | 40:5) 54:°0| 84:0 | 59:0} 31°0| 85 | 87 |K 50 KS 70) NW 0} NW "26) 3°0

27;29°440)29°520| 5°5 | 4270) 47°5| 67°0 | 55°5| 33°5| 86 | 86 |K 55 N |10°0; NW *52| SW “52l 9 702 4:0

28 30°120/30°145) 4:0 | 40-0} 49:0 80°0 | 67-0 | 30:0 '100 | 86 |KS | 70K | 6:0) W 0} NW 0} °40 6:0

29'30°235/30°310; 6:0 | 41:0) 54:0} 85°0 | 72°0| 33:0! 92 | 86 |K |100K (|100' W | 70} NW 50). 02 3°5

30 30°310!30°510! 4-0 | 39:0) 450! 86-0 | 71:0) 325 78.87 |KS '100K ! 75' NW °0| N 0) 1. 75| 4:0

Mean Press. |Mean|M’n. Tem.|Mean. (Mean|Mean{ Mean. | Mean for Month. Mean Force ... -44]bs.| Tl. | Tl.) TL
29°981 8:00} 49°34 | 71°22) 58°13] 32°88 85 1°32 ke Harta aor 3°37 1°51 129-50
oa —--—— |— --_|__--__|____- —— reatest Force 5°21 ” |—— —
Greatest do.' Max. Max. |Max. | Max. Prev. Character, Mean
30°510 | 13°50 87°00) 72°00) 37°00] K & KS. jeast Foree.. 0.00 4) | >" |=? ago
Least do. |Min. Min. |Min. |Min. Prevailing Direction. |
29330 | 2-00) -- 49:00 | 48-00) 30-00 N.W., andW.| °° | °

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more closely with those of stations in Hurope, America,
ete., in order to co-operate iu a system of International
Meteorology. Readings are added from the centigrade ther-
mometer, that being the instrument generally used on the
continent of Europe.

The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
daily registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents ata
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in Ibs. per
square foot.

The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
winds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

The 35 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., etc.

———-

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard

plants ia the. Royal Society’s Gardens during the month

of June, 1877.
14th. Iris alata commencing to flower.

1sth. Maclaura aurantiaca shedding leaves.

20th. Pyrus japonica commencing to flower.
,, Crocus vernus ditto.
24th. Calycanthus przecox in full flower.
25th. Common Privet shedding leaves.
F. ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk in June,
1877, in accordance with new forms, and registered at
730 a.m., and 4°30 p.m. :—

Barometer, mean of two daily readings, corrected and
reduced, 30°026 in.

Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 45°38deg.

Ditto, mean of maximum and minimum in shade, 46-16deg.

Dew point, mean position of 2 daily readings, 42°46deg.

Elastic force of vapour, mean of 2 ditto, ‘278.

Humidity, mean of 2 ditto, “90.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 99-23deg.

Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
32'86deg.

Rainfall, 2°46ins. :

in excess of evaporation, *72in.

Evaporaticn, 1°74in.
Clouds, mean of 2 daily registers, 6°36.

Ozone, mean of 2 daily ditto, 8:16

Wind, horizontal

; scale, O—10.
movement, 2610 miles.
W. E. SHOC™RIDGE, Valleyfield.

JUNE WEATHER.

The Ist June set in damp and cold with light
showers and high barometer, and was a fair index of
the weather throughout the month. Foggy mornings
and fine days prevailed till 6th and 7th when it was
showery and changeable, from N.W. rain on night
of 7th, to E. drizzle on 9th. The 10th and 11th were
clear cold days, and on the morning of 12th terres-
trial radiation fell to 22deg, and the barometer which
with the exception of the Sth had stood above 30
inches steadily fell to 29°58 incheson the 14th and
we had cold wet and stormy weather principally
from 8.W. till 16th.

A very decided Barometric wave commenced on
15th when the barometer from 29°56 inches gradually
rose to 30°40 inches on 18th, and as steadily fell to
29°56 inches on 21st, during which time we had warm
windy weather with severe squalls from 8.W. and
N.W. and rain on 20th and 2lst that caused con-
siderable freshets in the tributaries of the Derwent.

From 21st there was another Barometric wave that
reached to 30°15 inches on 25th, accompanied by
five still days and mild nights till 27th, when
the barometer at 29°55 was followed by cold
stormy showers and a great deal of snow on the
hills, and again the barometer steadily rose tv 30°45
inches on 30th with southerly weather.

Rain fell on 15 days to the amount of 2°46 inches,
as against 2°39 inches in June last year, and ‘72
inches in excess of evaporation, making up 9°34
inches from commencement of the year to 8:23
inches in 1876, 10°05 inches in 1875, and 8°92 inches
in 1874.

The mean terrestrial radiation 32deg. 86min., was
ldeg. 67min. higher than in May, and 63min. higher
than in June. 1876, while the mean of maximum
and minimum in shade, 46deg. 1lmin. was 48min.
higher, and mean solar intensity 99deg. 23min.
was ldeg. 40min. higher than last June.

The ozone 8°16 of scale 0-10, as is usually the
case in snowy weather as last month, was very high.
And the wind movement, 2,610 miles, was 260
miles more than last June.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE,
3rd July, 1877. Valleyfield.

= A. :
iS -

‘i

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE Ist To THE 15TH JUNE, 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 137 8. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°23, E.

(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

|
Ther- Wind. | Cloud.

8
ae monveters |
Ss ir] —_ S
s ESA = = au | s
B/S 8) 3.) 3 iS 5 so | ee Weather.
Sie tase Si ee SP rs ead ae
esse | Sis} 2 Ss). Sy Se) & |
Sees |S 1212/8 (s8/2)8] 2!
Seagase aa sie] = |S) =| s | =
Ss] 2a 3 = sic |so Ss > S|
Als &}OolrmR| Aa i& NY] S |&
x | | In.
1 30-210 |50-0 10:0| 87, — | 0/100) N | -08|Clouds, sky
| covered
2| 30-290 |50°0 10:0| 87) — “0 10-0] N | -06 Ditto, ditto
| j= | |
3| 30-230 /51-0 10°5! 86) —, 25] 40, K Stars in the
| Zenith
4| 30-345 [480 9:0| 76. —| 0] 45 K | _ |Ditto ditto
5] 30-24) |31-0 5:0 SO NW, -26| G0, K Ditto ditto
6| 30-210 [54-0 12:0| 93. NW) 26] 9:0 KN ___|Sky cloudy
|
7| 30010 (565 135, 83INW -0| 775K _ |Ditto ditto

g| 29-91) |580 145 8, — 26, 9:0 KN -03/Cloudy_ and
| | dark

9] 30°02) [56:0 13°5| 94) S | -26)10°0 N | -60/Rain all day

10| 39:040 [54:0 12:0 87, S| -0/100. N.|—_|Cloud, = sky
covered

11| 30-000 [45:0 7:5. 86.SW 0] 0 ‘0 -O1\Starlight

12] 29°740 |47°0' 85 86] W| 52] 5O0KN| |Stars and
| ee clouds

13] 29°810 |49°0 9°5 86. NW. 52) 5:0! K | :02\Stars faint
| 26] 5°5| K Stars in the
| Zenith
| 2-60| 65 N | -62,Ditto ditto

Francis Appott, F.R.A.S., ete., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

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iibar shite nye books basdad bn od odiias a
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tat dey jek ieeabdi ie

METEUROLOGICAL OBSERV ATIONS.

FRoM THE 16TH TO THE 30TH JUNE, 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.in., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S.

(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s. E.

Wind: | Cloud. |

pee, Ther-
Pans momneters |
Se eee S|
SS = |
138s eS 2 1§
S| EE She (os |
S| PSS) ei fa] ss <
Sass (os | Sie ts ssl sis
> SSeS S Ss 3 S |S = S S$
Sposa ime | Sts (8s |55) 2 |S
= -*) ~~
als aS /e/Am | s/s |
% | Pe
16] 30°035 49°0| 95| 93 — 26/100 KN
17| 30:220 54-0 [19-0 86 NW -52| 7°5| K
18| 30°400 55:0 13:0! 83 NW 26,100 K |
19] 29'840 [58°0 14°5| S2 NW) 52/100 K |
20| 29:93) |56°0 13-0 94 NW. 26/100 KN
| | |
21| 29°62) |54°0 12°0| 87 NW. 2°60| 90 KN
| |
22] 29910 [545 12°5| 87, W!| 52] 80 KN
93) 29°995 |54°5 12°5| 88} — 0] 75 K |
24] 30°126 57-0 14:0 94, W 0/100 K
25] 39-00) |55°5 13°5| 88 N | 261 30 K
|
26| 29°425 |54°0 12:0, 81 NW, °52| 7-5 K
Pl
27| 29°740 [480 110. 93 SW 5:2110°0, N
28] 30210 |47°0 85 S6NW 26 70 K
|
five)
29) 30°420 |52°5 11-5 sind -26| 30 K
|
30! 39°585 51:5 10°5| 87 | ‘| 35 K

Rain in 24 howrs.

Weather.

In.
30) Wind abated

Few stars
faint

01/Cloudy,

heavy rain

Cloudy, sky
covered

13/Sky cloudy

Squally

*60|Moon and

clouds

°02|Ditto ditto

Cloudy, sky
covered

*02|Moonlight

Moon and
cloud

02\Squ’lly, wind.

and rain

‘40\Sky hazy

‘01/Moon, star,

and cloud

Ditto ditto

Francis Apport, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-

proximately correct.

7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

The rainfall is measured at

- a es
fiat Cathe 740 OF
eae rede
Rati ‘*

A ign Tapith pea. s

i ska tt

a

-— ¥ _ oe -
{ Ain” ¥ 4) a: oe - :

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a — wl

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q ref

" : rae

: j E ; ‘ i.

ie ae $2
hat. * + J 7s
uy : = F ad

- 4 ; : i ? oh

Me wor is:

= _

5 Wes — See) | ogee BAS Rou psa toy}
» owe toedoH $8 wiaiaioss Vo ‘6: tid ha HiBax”
4 - wujeh feet 15 : | ia ago pith: pe ‘ oes Fy wet, or ;
i “hah sents wr harolo bays be ue” cae
a N- Lertiraa: ct a ca etl. Ae ber Slee

, pate sie of oa ily LH

METEOROLOGY FOR JULY, 1877.

Latitude 42° 52’ 13” S. ;

Private OssERVATORY, Hopart Town.
Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.2s. E.

(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania. )

mn a
o
SE28 BS Clouds. Wind. S\a\.3
8% 23 | Thermometers | Thermometers 3 g & E Sn
E325 A hse 5 Alt mie
8 a Boe (Reading.) (Self-Registering. ) | ela fs) S
Ee #&S3 Per cent|" 29 #-m- is 30 p.m.) 7°30a.m. | 4:30 p.m, ale| 24
; : a
Sela is - (3
F a € a 8 a | © ms
re| a.|a 16 £ |a#s| 2 | es
E Siaeaqpeanpeaatae Pal bel i let lg | Seley tsb
ela | 8 |gela4 ae e@leel/es/2/ 21s /8/e]8] 8 ag] 8 |sgi a] 4] s
S| 4 & | bo | Bol Bol $2 | So/¥o| dl als Soe ies ) os| © Qs\ aia] a
of a BO | HO) HO) SO PAO eM solo! &lg| & 2 oo 2 Son een alencs
bl Oo 4 ae | oe cm Ot | OPH | Ot ar) oO | =| aq | a ofl wz o2| an) oO
ra} 2 ) a si) ES | fa jaa} a) Ee fete On|, SiO | on A Fy & |S | &
20°530/30° ‘0 | 41°0; 53:0; 82°0 ; 60:0; 300, 85; 80) 0 | O|K | 5:0; NW Oo; N Gi = 4:0
130-510 30-430 rh 39:0] 40:0 | 82:5 | 60°0 | 29:0 100 | 80 |KS | 55 KS 3°5 N BY NW 26 — 5°0
8 30°515/30°445| 5:5 | 40°5| 480 | 65°0 | 54:0 | 30°5| 92 | 86 |K | 30K |10°0) N 26] NW | -26| — 35
4 30°535|30°500| 3:5 | 38:5] 49°0| 75:0 | 600| 31°0| 92 | 86 |KS 55K 5°0 NW 0 NW Oe 6-0
5 130°420/30°320) 2°5| 36-5] 49°0| 74°5 | 55°0| 28°5| 91 | 80 |KS 70K 70 N 26| NW | 5°5
+ 6 30°325/30°300| 6:0 | 43°0| 54°0 | 56°0 | 54°5| 34°5| 85 | 80 |KN 10°0 K 10°0 N o| NW 0 cr 4°0
7 30°320/30°215| 5:5 | 42°0| 55°0| 85°0 | 68°0| 33°0| 92 | 87 |K 50 KS 6°5 NW BY N aa 01 3°5
8 30°035 29°895| 5°0| 41:0} 57°0 | 78°0 | 61:0 | 32°5| 85 87 K 70K 10°0 N 26 NW "52 = 4°0
9 30°003;29'910' 4:0 | 40:0] 53°0 | 82°0 | 58°0| 31°0) 92 | 64 |K 3:0 K 4°0| NW 26| N 26, 01 50
10 30°245/30°315. 2:0 | 36°0} 52°0 | 74°5 | 52°0| 28°5| 83 | 50 |K 2.0/K 2°0 ) 0| NW 26 02 47 5°0
11 30°425/30'415, 4-0 | 39-0} 54-0 | 75°0 | 59°0| 30°0| 92 | 74 |K ak 4:0 W o| NW] oj —| 4°0
12 30°435/30°320| 3°0| 38°0| 52-0 | 73-0 | 59°0| 28-0| 84/84] 0 | 0 KS | 70, SW | O| NW] 0| — | 30
13 30°310 30°230| 3°0| 37-0 53°0| 78°5 | 64-0| 28°5| 84 | 74 |KS | 7-:0/)K | 60) NW) -26) SW ry | 75
14 30°430 30°430, 2°5| 36°5| 59°0| 83°0 | 60°0| 27°5 100 | 86 |K 5°5| 0| 0| NW| -26) SE 0} OL 40
15 30°510 30°410, 2-0 | 35°0| 50:0) 75°5 | 56°0| 27:0) 92 | 80 |K | 50:KN| 40, NW] -26, N 0} — | 40
16 30°325 30°205, 4:0] 39:0) 52°0| 65°5 | 56:0) 29°0| 92 | 80 /K 75N 10°0 NW 0; NE 0; —| |: 2-5
17 29°940/29°910| 8'0 | 47:0) 530! — | 57:0| 340/ 93 | 93 |K |10°0\N |100| NW 0|S 0 | -- | | 2°0
18 29°600 29°520| 13°0 | 55°5| 57°0| — | 57°0| 345/100 | 93 |N |100N |10-0/S 52) S 52150) | 5.5
19 29 815 29:910| 10°0 | 50°0| 52°0| — | 55-°0/ 31:0|100 | 100|N 100, K 10°0| S 26) S *26) °35 P20
20 30°140 30°140| 7°5| 46°0| 51:°0| — 53°0 | 30°5 | 85 | 80 |KS | 6°0/K |10°0; NW 0/S 0} “04 | age
“21 30°225 30°7120' 3°5| 38°0| 53°0| 65:0 ; 58°0| 29:0} 85 | 74 |K 2:05 205 1650) Ni 0; NW 26) ‘01; 94 4:0
92 30°310 30-230) 3°0| 38:0} 51°5| 87°5 | 72°0| 31°0| 84 | 74 |K. 3:0/K 0| N 26) SE oO; —| 55
93 30°230 30115) 3:0 | 37:0) 52:0 | 68°0 | 57°0| 31:0; 91 | 86 |K | 75 K 4°5, Ss 0| NW 26 — 50
24 307110 30°020 4:0 | 39°0) 57°0| 83:0 | 590 340) 84 61 |K (100K 3°0} SW 0| NW 26 — 4:0
25 30110 30000 6°5 | 44:0) 59°0| 87-0 | 61°0 | 36:0; 79 | 61 |KS | 50K 5°35 N 0| NW 26 3:0
26 29'910 29'740| 4°5 | 40°5| 58-0| 78-0 | 62:0| 34:0! 78 | 66 /K | GOK | 75|N ‘26, NW | -26| — 3°5
27 29°410 29°210| 75) 46:0) 55:0! 72:0 | 58:0! 35°5| 86 | 74 Ik 10°0 K 5°0) SW 0| N "521 “OL ao
98 29°625 29625 65 | 44°0| 60°0| 86:0 | 65°0| 36°0| 84 | 71 |K | 55K 7°0| NW °26| W ‘26 — 3°5
29 29°830 29°845 90 | 48°5} 61°0 | 87°5 | 63:0 | 37°55! 86 | 62 |K | DOK 7:0 Ss [a Oh SF 52 — ase
30 29130 30040 10°5 | 51:0; 65:0 | 95:0 | 69°0| 388°0) 70 | 59 |K | 1K | 10; NW | ‘26) N 0|;— ‘70 40
| 31 29°940 29°810' 5°0 |! 41:0) 60°0) 85°0 } 64:0! 33°0' 85 | 6640 ' O'KS! 60 N be OFAN oi 2°5
Mean Press. Mean;M’n. Tem.)Mean. {Mean|Mean| Mean. | Mean for Month. ;Mean Force ... ‘13 1bs.; Tl. Tl. | TI.
30°132 5°28) 47°63 | 77°72| 59°70| 31-70] 82 6:00 ae oe s 1:96 2-11 1370
| a reatest Force “52 ” |——— a
Greatest do. Max. | Max. |Max. | Max. Prev. Character, | Mean
30530 | 13°00 95°00} 72°00} 38°00 K & KS. Least Force.... aie || esi a (oy: fe 5
Least do. Min. Min. |Min. |Min. | Prevailing Direction. |
29°210 2°00 56°00 | 53°00) 27:00 NEW: lpia erar,|. =<

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more closely with those of stations in Europe, America,
etc., in order to co-operate in a system of International
Meteorology. Readings are added from the centigrade ther-
mometer, that being the instrument generally used on the
continent of Europe.

daily registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents ata
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in lbs. per
square foot.

The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
winds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

The 35 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete.

—_——

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard
plants in the Royal Society’s Gardens during the month
of July, 1877.
10th. Arbutus unedo commencing to flower.
16th. Garrya elliptica commencing to flower.
18th. Pavia Californica buds bursting.
18th. White mulberry commencing to leaf.

The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two | ye

—
’

20th. Yellow Crocus in fiower.
21st. Almond in full flower.
F. ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for July,
1877, in accordance with new forms, and registered at
7°30 a.m., and 4°30 p.m. :—

Barometer, mean of two daily readings, corrected and

duced, 30°160 in.

Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 43°53deg.

Ditto, mean of maximum and minimum in shade, 44°46deg-

Dew point, mean position of 2 daily readings, 39°15deg.

Elastic force of vapour, mean of 2 ditto, °240.

Humidity of air, mean of 2 ditto, 84.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 100-04deg-

Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,

29°42deg.

Rainfall, 1°27ins. on five days.
Clouds, mean of 2 daily registers, 590.
Ozone, mean of 2 daily ditto, 7°62. P
W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Bushy Park.

Nore.—On 16th the observatory was removed to Bushy
Park, and the observations on four days, except the rainfall,
were not registered, consequently the above means are from
27 days only. As itis in the same valley the removal is not
expected to infiuence the results in any material ba S

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a tels 1% Ea Bl ere ae
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j bs [ 7 ;

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RSE TS IPA:

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oe , peed: (| . : = Sanya

hep ciel Wis ‘ oy eatin te a are ,

ait ‘i bar t <u ; J

eviews. i "4 : é | Saabs ede een’ A uw sats Len ser
fie Me lcmetin' ys. Nee. te arose Apr and qadicr eal nr, iewha oth ‘*
geen petition OP fora teed Ate 3

nits pia etod Med y Tt ni ergy Wit opi | as noetles 1he
waibann 9 it, BRE Wy eke wade tt we a :
oa Cid tot weennt Lae AGU HFRS AD B?: eateaed cD a,

at, * . a -

if ‘ ‘ or Ci . bs on

g OSs ud i< ee |

JULY WEATHER.

We had a rather larger dose of ‘‘ July fog ” than
usual this year, although only two lasted all day, and
most days cleared bright and warm after the fogs
cleared away, generally about 11 o’clock.

Foggy mornings and clear cold days, with high
barometer, prevailed from the Ist to 9th, when a
slight fall to 29°85in. was followed by a slight shower,
and the glass again rose with cold frosty weather and
thick fogs ; that on 15th lasted all day. During this
’ time the barometer stood almost continuously at 30°45
inches. On 16th a thick cloudy sky, and a falling
barometer, ushered in a change, and on the 18th there
’ was a steady, long, continued downpour. 1°14 inches
of rain, out of a total of 1°27 inches for the month, fell
in 30 hours. After this we had again clear, cold, and
still weather, and a high barometer till 24th, when a
very decided change, that seemed to bring us sud-
denly from winter to spring. Heavy masses of clouds
were driven from N.W. by high and mild winds that
occasionally descended to the earth’s surface, and the
barometer steadily fell to 29°21 inches on 27th, and two
light showers fell from clouds that seemed to have
parted with their surplus moisture before they reached
our district.

An unsettled barometer and a disturbed sly till the
end of the month appear to indicate that we shall have
changeable stormy weather for some time to come.

There has been 10°61 inches of rain since the com-
mencement of the year, to 9°87 inches to same time
in 1876 ; 11°53 inches in 1875, and 10°69 inches in 1874.

The mean of terrestrial radiation was 29°42°. to
26°90° last year. Mean temperature in shade, 44°46°
to 41°55° ; Solar intensity, 100°04° to 94°96 of last July,
prove how warm and bright this month has been.

The clouds, 5°90 this year to 5°37 last, was owing to
fogs, of which we had 14° to 8 of last July.

The ozone was almost the same, 7°62 to 7°82.

Bushy Park, W. E. SHOOBRIDGE.

2nd August, 1877.

iar x
ag) F val
. Ne pel

*

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 18ST TO THE 15TH JULY, 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°28, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )
Ther- { ;
<8 | moneters Wind. | Cloud.
ee Al
> Sic = r
8 Ss a:
3] £55) oe) Ss |e 8
S oS 2 Gee a
= 58 ‘8 3 iS = FS ae Weather.
S288) 5 1218/8 Se) 2) 2 | 2
PS | s & 2
Sssaie (S/S) SES) 2) 8/8
q & Rm) a & XN} SO ]&
WA | "In.
1} 30°520 |52°5 |11°5| 74-0 0} ‘0; 0 Stars in the
zenith
2} 30°440 |50°0 |10°0| 81 N WwW. 26) 3°5| KS Stars to the
zenith
3] 30°506 |48°0 , 9°0) 86 a 26] 4°09, K Ditto ditto
4| 30°445 |49°0 | 9°5| 86 NW) 0] 3°5| K Faint _ stars
by plasis

5] 30°33) |48°0 | 9°0| 86; N | 26] 0; 0) Starlight

6] 30°330 |53°0 12°5| 93) 0 0} 100 KN Sky cloudy

7| 30°200 |52°11 11:0; 81) N 26] 4:0 K | ‘01/Starlight

8] 29°845 |54°5 13°5| 87;,NW) ‘52/100 N Cloudy and

: dark
9] 30°040 |51°0 10°5| 87| N.| -26/10°0 N | ‘Ol|Dark, with
rain
10| 30°400 |50°0 10:0) 86;NW) -26| 4:0 K | ‘02/Stars to the
zenith
11] 30°445 |49°5 9°5| S7INW| -O| 4:0) K | Stars to the
zenith
12] 30°320|50°0 10°0| 87|NW| -26| 3°5|K | {Cloud in the
horizon
13] 30-325 |50°0 |10°0| 87,SW 0| 4°5| K | _—_‘[Stars in the
| Et | | zenith
14] 35-010 Na 9°5| 87/0 | -0| 30 K __ [Starlight
15 ae N | Cloudy, sky

50°0 |10°0} 87) — 0} 10°0
| | | covered

Francis Appott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

oe
\ datitnor one: real:

> merrannrover pony eiet GRE xue on vel unt KONE

; ent id00 ta: alnaosin'l ont tedokl. da ila Bobiodeii
‘AY te obkae’ eatianfethae tiv Uesokae ist ate ea
&, Yd dodecring of estate hotiaU ,moigciden av re ee

Sein La aes. 4 IGh errno angel sial ort? to soltung
{ inohavosdO tronuisoae it anki’

: leit T dradole CropavigedO efaven.
“Hh OF sles Me aE Soe. ee
9 PAWEL pp avs ‘7; Sounkt, a3 ‘e. hy

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ony 9}

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taviedd (), ..o¢e ehh BD a” real | ato ARL i
| gReMhOTT Sraclwkt | tay. ane oldantebons lo sarit oil, 4M:
» ‘ldiaauguxt 31 yal las ot eb coo tat auied Katy: * mah & Or
ye edd eros abaoows fod Dad fate gud sri OF

ta Dawencot si Holic off soenns ylotanicon t
By saeecinasie somehe babi Ay

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

FRoM THE 16TH TO THE 31STJULY, 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m,
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” 8S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tusmania. )
a | Lher- ME
<2 | mometers| Wind. Cloud.
Ss ie ee
S83 =e ti s
ehecclee (eles 18. 13
Sissi 8s | sis & ‘ss < | Weather.
Spee eS ee es ea
SS ge! S SaieS SS | Ss = =
S Ssesi5 |S 18/8 =818/38\=
Speeches | & kel S).sS) S| Ss
Sess ho ls 8 Sa) S788
= a Sar ey, Rae rea, tres
<a)
| | | yA In.
16/ 30-120 |52°0 11:0} 93 — ‘0/10°0/KN| _|Cloudy, sky
covered
17| 29-740 155°0 13:0} 93 -0 0)10°0' 0} Cloudy sky
| | f | and rain
18] 29°625 46:0 13°5|100 S ‘0| 10:0} N |1°50,Rain
| . throughout
| |
19] 33:020'53°0 12:0 93 S | -26/10°0, N | °35/Rain and
| | | | | clouds
2130-210 1415 | 55' 93 —! -o} 0! ‘0 ‘04/Moon and
i | | | | starlight
21| 30°14) |47°5 | 85'93 S | -26/10°0 N | ‘01/Squally
| bane | wind & rain
® } | | |
22| 30°310 |40°0 | 4:5, 87; —; ‘O}, 0, 0 Moon and
ae? | / starlight
93) 30°110 43-0 | 6-0 87 NW. 82] 7-0 K | _ |Ditto ditto
| aes | | | |
24] 30-030 1490 | 9:5 87. NW. -25/1)'0| K . ‘Cloudy, sky
| | covered
25} 30°000 |47°5 85, $8’ NW 0} 40, K Moonlight
rata)
26 29°715 |52°5 11:5 82NW 26/100 K Cloudy, sky
| | covered
; | | |
27| 29°345|495 95 81 N | .52| 9°0,K ‘Ol\Large K
| | | clouds
23] 29°745 52°5 11:5 8SNW. -26| 8°5| K Moon and
| | Cloud
29] 30015 51:0 105 S2iINW -26( 70 KS [Stars and
| | clouds
30/30°040 500 100 76NW 26] 0 ‘0 [Starlight

| | |
31] 29°745 52°5 11°5 4] Nj} 26 40 K Starlight in
| | zenith

Francis Appott, F.R.A.S., ete., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

(aaa Pere!
+

ine) 9% a? crf WIGE unt, ra ae
eit nits fet ae SAD alte | 5
etelieny va A Labia wi =<
f Pe nD a) RtCAN Ns Oca ae

10 ee m0) a SHB; Uh CUPS ei
ary 7 Ve a oe. .4 rs} 39h WC er | . 4
\ a *

r . Se be

MA ita 6A A ay, mona AP
"te sth: j ? 4.008: a! Pia > ay emt? AL} ae ie .
1 Pe ee bist ee) en j Mol sad | waulad, wt @ot :
; hay shawn tee st: bok Bow ate Ps Wes ;

da beerine ch idaiine. eRe dove eke ba: gine

With) eel white,

METEOROLOGY FOR AUGUST, 1877.

Private OBSERVATORY, Hopart Town.
Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.2s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania.)

Latitude 42° 52’ 13” S. ;

a a Ca
: | | a n a
ao % | | sae Cloud Wind 3\4|.3
~ Poe .
gaag” Thermometers | Thermometers 2 aris 7 R= EB SR
Omg? oO a | i «4 OL
© g 5 id (Reading.) (Self-Registering.) | Parr alas CER, | a 5 BI
2% a 3 |= 19 a
dna £8 Per ceny|" 39 @m. 4°30 p.m. 7°30a.m. | 4°30 p.m. | g\2\| 6
Ran Oo = | E | i
| | = a | oa ate - 1 ma | |
. * SS a j . 3 . Qa | |
= = = | ; tS a) .| as | =. |
F | ee | LS best See) el |
° Ggdiezdgieq| ed ladiad a oa eal lee) | aie]
ie (| 8) ee) Reese lal al si eisi4 Sav ol ol ata | 4
Simms esse se, eo l(emles/ 2 Elsi 8le| g S'\48| 2° Sel ae) &
s| § | & |83| s| $a| 8s |2s|8s|2l2|/8)8/8/2) 3 oe|- 8 | Seles | i
be | S| se |ahlat| 2+ | eo e-/3/8|2/8|2/8 zB | Ba 5. | 83/8 2/8
Al ey, + |S ce | an oe 4 ba ora ho pa QA lg | A |S mim | &
Se : Le
1 29°715|29°725, 9°0 {| 49°0) 56°0 | 78°0 | 61:0 ; 37°0; 93 | 75 N TOS He NW} ‘268 0o;— 3°5
2 29°810 29°759 | 8:0 | 47°0| 60°0 | 85°5 | 63°0 | 34°5 | 86 | 62 |N 10 |K 7:5, NW o| N 2°60} °05 2°5
3 29°735 29'810, 10°5 | 51°0| 52°0 | 72°0 | 60°0 | 36°5 | se |s6\|K | 70KN| 6:0) NW 52) N 26) °05) 35
4.29°920\29°610, 5°5 | 41°5) 46°0 | 76:0 | 59°5 | 32°0| 77 | 93 KN| 85'N |10°0| NW 0; NW "26) 03) | 3:0
5 29°910/29-920| 5° | 42-0] 43:0) — | 56:0 | 300) 85 | 86 |N 1100 N_ 10-0) NW | 2°60| S 0) 95, | 75
6 29°810 99°625\ 10°0 | 50°0| 55°0 | 78°5 | 59°0 | 34°5 | 74 | 56 |Ic 40 KS | 7:0; NW | 2°60] NW {15.62 *20| 50
7 30°230/30°310| 3:0 | 39°0| 50°0 80:0 | 55°5 | 80°0| 60 { 79 KN; 90\K 30; NW 0| W 0 | 06) 80
§ 30°040|29°S20| 675 | 44°0) 60°0 94:0 | 64:0 | 34°0 | 72 | 58 |K | 10°0|K 2°0| N 26) N Hy) = 3°5
9 29°725|29°810| 8°0 | 47°0) 58:0 | 84:0 | 60°0 | 34°0| 93 | 61 |K 70K 4°5| NW | 2°60) NW "52| °45) | 4:0
19 29°340/29°345) 12°0 55°0| 49°5 | 680 | 57°0| 35°5| 70 | 74 |KN | 100K 4:0| NW | 5:20) NW 52, °02| 1°54! 40
11 29°725 29°715, 6°5| 43°5| 52°0 | 68°0 | 56°5 | 33°51 78 | 74 |KN| 70 K 7°0| N °26| NW 52) °27] 35
1229°610129°705| 15:0 | 6o°0| 52:0 — | 64-0| 38:0 58° 100 |K | 20N | 100 NW /10°42| § 26) — 4°0
13 30°040 30°010, 85) 48°0 56:0 | 88:0 | 61:0 | 34°5 | 79 | 70 |K 1 501K 6:0; NW 26) N 26| 38; | 4°0
~ 14/29°210 297440, 11:0 | 52:0] 47-°0| 85:0 | 57-0 | 37°0 |100 | 93 |KN| 75|N__ | 10°0) NW! 0| SW 52 — | 5D
15/29'495/29°415| 8:0 | 47°0| 51°5 | 80°0 | 57-0 | 34:0) 79 | SO KN| S0/KN]| 9:°0| NW | 26) NW | ‘26 27! | 70
16 30°010/307110 6-0 | 43°0 520 | 85:0 | 60:0} 33°0! 67 | 80 K | 50\K 75| Ww | 0O| NW 0| °02; 5°5
17 30°300]30'140, 20 | 36°0 515 | 86-0 | 580 | 30°0| 77 | 75 | 0 | O |KS | 3:5) N 0| SE Ty 4) 3°0
18 30°040 99:930| 5:5 | 42°0} 52°0| 90°0 | 61°0| 83°5| 79 62 | 0 0 |K 7°0| NW 0| NW "26, — | 50
19 29'810 29°715, 8:0 | 42°0| 54:0} 840 | 61°5 34:0 | 93 | 86 |KN| 75|KN| 7'5| N 0| N "52| °05) 4:0
20 29°935|29°910) 75 | 46°0| 48°0} — | 58°0| 335] 93 93 |KN| 9°0|K 50,8 0|S 0| -02| ‘81) 35
91/30120|30130| 4:5 | 40°0| 50°0 | 75°0 | 57-0| 31°5| 78 |100 K | 90\KN) 90 NW | S 0| —| 5.5
92/30°130|29°930, 3°0 | 38°0| 56°0| 82°0 56:0 | 31°0| 76 | 71 |K 4:0|\KS | 3°5)W -26| N 0; ‘OL 50
93 29°525|29°415| 6:0 | 43°0| 60°0 | 82°5 62°5 | 34°5| 92 | 66 |KN 10°0;/KN| 8:0; NW 26) NW | 52) 08) 70
) 94 29°510|29°515, 9:0 | 49°0] 55°0 | 85°0 | 59°0 36°0 | 68 | 75 |K 65\K 7°0| N *52| W -26| °10 4°5
95 29°315|29°420 7:0 | 45°0| 55°0| 78°0 | 58:0) 34°0, 93 | 65 |KN |10:0\K 6:0} NW 0| NW *26| 05} 65
/ 26)29°520)29'445 9°5 | 49°5| 52-0 | 75°5 | G10 | 35°5| 74 | 57 |K 100 RN| 0 N | o| NW| ‘52 “Ol 6:0
| 97 29°940)30-020| 5:5 | 42°0| 50-0 | 75°0 | 55-0 | 33-0] 78 | 86 |N 10-0|KN| 75|S | 26, NW | 5:21) “06 5°0
28 30°310 30°310, 75 | 46.0} 52°0 | 68:0 | 58:0 | 35°0| 72 | 69 |K 70\K (Oss) °26| S 265 OL 50
29 30°415/30°340, 6°0 43°0| 520 85°0 | 590 | 33°0| 84 | 69 |K 9-0/K 4:°0| NW 0| SE 26) —— | 6°0
30 30°410/30°240 5:0 | 41°0 52°0 | 86:0 | 580 | 32°9| 78 | 85 |K 75} 0} 0} NW Q| SE 26) 02) | 75
1/30°120129920 3:0 | 38-0] 57-0 | 90°0 | 580! 30°5| 69) OL} O | O'K _ 770! N -26| N 96] — |1:24' 6°0
Mean Press. Mcan|M’n. Tem.|Mean. |Mean|Mean, Mean. | Mean for Month. Mean Force .:. 1°001b.; Tl. | Tl. | Tl
99841 | 7.16] 48°95 | 81-0) 59:0) 3371) 78) 6°8 3°14 13°59) 153°5
SS Greatest Force 15°62 ”|————|———
Greatest do./Max. | Max. |Max. |Max. Prev. Character, | Bree ‘Mean
30°415 | 15°0 | 94°0| 640] 33°0 K & KN TeastForee..cc.| 0 eo feces
Least do. |Min. | Min. |Min. |Min. Prevailing Direction. |
29°10 | 2°0 68°0) 55°0) 30°0 is Pek aie

Nore.—Force and speed of wind on August 6th :—Force :

From 16 to 20lbs. per square foot. Speed : From 56568 to
63°245 miles per hour. ci E ;

Ree Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
“a 876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
he ed with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
cy r “es closely with those of stations in Europe, America,
Mel order to co-operate in a system of International
= eorology. Readings are added from the centigrade ther-

ometer, that being the instrument generally used on the
continent of Europe.

Pe mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
Ty, aba not from the maximum and minimum.
height ped ue wind is registered from currents ata
‘ : :
square foot. ove sea level, and its force in lbs. per
the relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
be * ee och morning at 7°30 a.m.

: ears’ standard tab ini

differing trom, Bae ables are used for obtaining the

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete.
Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard

plants in the Royal Society’ i
of August, 1877. iety’s Gardens during the month

» Horsechestnut commencing to break into leaf,

14th. Common elder (Sambucus niger) ditto.
14th. Gooseberries, ditto.
20th. Common elm (Ulmus campestris) in flower.
27th. Common poplar (Lombardy) commencing
into leaf.
28th. Royal apricot in flower.
F, ABBOTT, JUN., Superintendent.

to break

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for August,

1877, in accordance with new forms, and registered at
7°30 a.m., and 4°30 p.m. :—
Barometer, {mean of two daily readings, corrected and

reduced, 29°836 in.

Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 44°46deg.

Ditto, mean of maximum and minimum in shade, 46'46deg.
Dew point, mean position of 2 daily readings, 39°70deg.
Elastic force of vapour, mean of 2 ditto, “246.

Humidity of air, mean of 2 ditto, *85.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 110°90deg:
Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,

31:72deg.

Rainfall, 4°36in., in excess of evaporation 2'50in.
Clouds, mean of 2 daily registers, 631.
Ozone, mean of 2 daily ditto, 8°59.
W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Bushy Park.
Rainfall at Hill Station, 1,550ft. above sea level, 4°70in.

i Om ty,

‘ 4 k + ° f 4},
/ fiance boha ‘) deitewd Ba:
/ ¢ oY thin) | 7 i +4 bs 4
aay a It as b GLa mA ei ae move

Oe. Sabets alas: ry Bod 5 Tee Hk war OP ec oa eee

AUGUST WEATHER.

The anticipations of rough, stormy weather at the
commencement of this month were fully realised, the
prevailing weather being wet and stormy, with severe
gales from N.W. andS.W. The first four days were
wet and stormy from N.W., 1°35 inches of rain
falling in 24 hours, from 2 p.m. on 4th. On the next
day snow storms set in from the 8.W., andthe maxi-
mum in shade that had been up to 64° on the 2nd, was
only 48° onthe 5th. The 6th and 7th were fine, and
on the 8th there was a hard frost, the terrestrial
radiation being down to 23° with a falling barometer
and a great deal of thunder and lightning in the
evening. Stormy showers with lightning in W. were
the rule till the 14th, when the barometer fell to 29°32
inches, and, after a heavy fall of *46 inch of rain in
the aft2rnoon, it cleared up somewhat, and there were
fine, clear days and frosty nights, with the exception
of a shower on the night of the 18th, till 22nd, when
the barometer again went down, and S.W. storms set
in, with plenty of snow on the hills, till the 26th,
when it veered round for awhile to N.W., but was
back again next day toS.W., and on 28th westerly
weather and a rising glass brought in fine weather till
the end of the month.

Rain fell on 20 days to the large amount of 4°36
inches, being the highest register for August in four:
years, and was only exceeded in three months during
that period, viz. : in November, 1874, when there were
5°35 inches; December, 1875, 5°91 inches; and No-
vember. 1876, 4°52 inches ; making up a total since the
beginning of the year of 14°97 inches to 12°04 inches in
1876, 13°46 in 1875, and 12°48 in 1874, the rainfall for
August in those years being 2°17 in., 1°93 in. and 1°79
inches.

The evaporation was only 1°86 inches, whereas last
year it was 2°45 inches,

The mean temperature, 46°46°, is about the average
for August, and so is the Terrestrial radiation, 31°72°,
while the Solar intensity, 110°90°, is 5° higher.

The wet character of the month will no doubt retard
the spring growth, and be very injurious to crops in
stiff, low-lying, and ill-drained lands, yet it will be
of great assistance to the grasses and late crops, by
enabling them to withstand the dryness of our summer
weather, and judging from the dry windy weather that
has already set in, they will need all the moisture they
have, and a great deal more befere many months,

W. E. SHooprines,
5th September, 1877. Bushy Park,

say Lx iy. 1 TUG:
\ ; eet teeming tiie
. oft yedtasi vert. dover tonuitegtotian oft
5a aot Ylel soe Atooat silt: to feaurnesengns ©
oe feb ite sYorunte hire tom petted totanw gailiaireng
» Sts eva sot j61/! CT ..W0.@ boa WY pa werkinsy
‘tile Ys weteat Oo f ALS, tage WARIO: boas tow
dxom afd) 39 2 ocg S apo) ated PO ad galls?
“pinot odd hip ,.V0 wht code att toa aansety wor gpl,
aa bot aid ao “Eh of a sroml hed tact afuasta C3 nies
has ait ss it van dtd efT dia alt oo Sh ylao
fabrdaeri ai pity darn if ail: 3 ase oeeds dst itt “ae
sxiacevanl sailiok a didn SS of awob guied nvttnibai
od? nt ceintdtt fee wherd? to-leeh gaan a brs
Ie 3 | ai saice ut déi if eravotde Tarde “guia
Se 0S of [ok isto ( ott agcber «EE odd (HS ofnrs oft
. 60 atat Yo dont ab * to fink yreot a tothe bad sodaal
eer stor bas dats Go brusls Jf mover Fis of?
aot p73 ro od? din v seduise wenst bua ayely wiles sat
‘gede Jef (i rel wit te alpine ony ners wads % jo
do» BaIy ia VF 2 ise arrol) faaw obeys ta3ocneriued ot
et gis lice silk ote me won To wie hee dete ci
eae dol WO : $ ofiifws 708 haner heme st aodw
vwhioterw die an ban . A of veh trot niaan aoed
iis $ 19ddu Ww DUG mm ditt erst uf mal: untet o bon siltagw

din hae oF to has od}

ket Fo dasouts eszal old oF azely G2 av Us? otafl
wt at d hy vot weeigor desifuld oft yaiaf asifoni

paid i adtmour sent? at bahssors zlan ai bisa ote
orm stidd ade bit oidmare. ut ¢ xiv hotwg tad?
~0/ bom 32 zafont IP AL adits sot :redout 46°G
ef? snatte fectod a qit + nttarce 3 asdont Sah 3 Tal 29d orev
ai eAdond S026 OF aor nat" THRE to am re adi 16 gaiantgsd
ot Nelaiat of? BVAL at REST var SSE ad NE BIBL
OTL bow .at Bl oft TES uated stave seodt ai tarmucA
- sodoat

Saal sega eadiat HE li me anew coltauxqeva od'T
aenoat abt ssw di t89°%"

on nth re ad? dvods ut “OEM Minter mi) Cited dno atl
Cols aottaifar fnésdoatize’ TP ail) at 06 fa terrpnA v0?
sodvil R xt OE OIT, ‘eiianadaal salbe ofl alidtve

Syrates idiiob om iw dtcont add to todsntads 2 aw oiT
mi agers of ssotu(sh qre7 od fos «wore yaisgs oft
od {live it dey abael Deninsb-Itt faa “yatyl-wol Bits -
wl aqom staf ban eomeng ods of sonntatinn taury’ Yo
toute 16. to eestor add bastedtive of ated? ynifdans
dad soddaow ehutve rts of? atoit gaighat bap wottesw
woud eurdaious 6d Ua bases live yorlt .ni toa ybaotls vad
AI Hout Yat tg store laoh tasty a ban 0 vad

ancmaooss of AV
Stead cent, ‘ GRRE dards? bi

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

FroM THE 1st TO THE 151H AvGUST, 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at Th. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
natienal Synchronous Observatioas.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42752713" 8: Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )
treat Fey 1s i ae > ae

Be mometers) | Wind. Cloud.
S { == | |
2
3 es we aT !
= a) amt bee Pores
shies | es per | bs.
St Se eee li Pt TSE Sg
Sis = |. S| 8! = 142 | ~ | Weather
Sh SSepescpi| ay ~ ig
SIs etic cet seet See
~ = 0 Sa SoS = Oo |-s |
os Sf Sie) cise) =) S| a
Sess h (Oys]S Es) 2138/8 |
= es ce le =/iS le |
8} 5 AR 1S} S / |
} } ' | |
i
| Fe i | jab In.
1) 29°825 49°0 | 9°5; 881S | °25] 70K N Sky _ thick
| | | and hazy
FSU Sh BIEN) ese eee mere eae Seecs eae!
229710 570 140 S8NW) 52 $5, KN] ‘03 Clondy,stars
| hee | | | faint
| | |
{ H i |

!
| |
3 29930 46°0 | 80) 79. NE 52 4:5! K | -05 Starlight
| | |
| Pie | |
4 29°535 43°0 | 6:0 100} — ; -2610°0| N ‘Continues
| | | i rain
5 30-019 43:0 | 65! s6/NW ‘52 4°0| K | 95 Starlight
| |

|
H
|
| |
1 |

| tea
| i i
j {

6 29310 440 6-5) 86.NW,15:62 6-0 KN! -20/Strong wind

ali day
tae | Be:
7 30240 39° 4-0) 86, — | 26 7-0) K | 06 Few stars in
the zenith
|
8 29°610 53°5 |12°0 98) N oa 5:0|) Ke Stars in the
| | | zenith

| | | |
9 29°310 50°0 |10°0| 88) | 2°60 7°0} K | -45|Few stars in
| | the zenith

10| 29°510 43-0 | 6-0! 87 NW, 520 5°0| K | -02/Stars in the
| | zenith

11, 29°710 52°0 11°0 SL NW! 352 70KN) -27\Faint stars
in ditto

12, 29:840 50°0 10°0;| 88} W | -26100KN| Wind & rain

| j alternate
13 29°735 50°) |10°0 S4iNW) ‘52. 7°70 K | :38/Stars in the

| | | | | zenith
14/ 29-610 44-5 | 7-0 87INW]| 52! $-5| K Heavy

| | | | clouds

| | |
15; 29,710 43°5 | 6-5t 85. NW| -26' 7°0 K | -34/Star and

| |

| | | | | | clouds

Francis Apzort, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at

h. 30m. a.m. local time.

Forceand speed of the N. W.wind on the 6th August:—

force from 16 to 20 lbs. per square foot.

Speed from 56°568 to 63°245 miles per hour.

ete $i de
7 Fr tie ts a ef.
Pgh WA SAE ME
ree AED Oe Aes set silat
} (ei) are peed

ah Cus Fii4 ; ; Ses Pa) F
“ - — a
et ies : Are Cte. tmT 2
chan, Ae

Fi

ihe Uh ttle
pei nid anal
lita ous trace of
RL: lacs ox ittict
esbi" at eal ai @

’
)

-e*
La

‘ ea > intauta ee
“A rot Tae od i sens Lavws, -
hte Ee ull Ss wt i,
Puli GE wit Aes | Eg selina de As tt
7 \

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 15TH TO THE 31st Auacust, 1877, INCLUSIVE,

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p-m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Buat; 42°57’ 13" 8. Long. 9h. 49m, 29°2s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )
, Lher- I
5.43) mometers Wind. | Cloud.
PRS ae
ere) as |e | Aus =
E/8eS 5/8 /E/ 4 ss _ |S | Weather,
SISEs1S |S lS) 8 S18 1/38/85
= 2 | ls s ~ 2 {88 = i~J
speesiS |S is) 8 (58) 2/8/38
Ql S8s sla & N1SO |&
RNs |
| of; Tie. |
16] 30°220 39'S | 4:5) 93) — 0} °0} 0} ‘20 Moon and
starlight.
17) 307140 |45°5 | 7-9} 86) — “0; -0} °0| -0.Calm, moo
/ and tans
18} 29°925 |49°5 9°5| 87) — 0,100) K "0 Cloudy, sky
; | oe covered
19) 29°810 |45:0 | 7-0| 87) W| -25K 5] K | -05 Moon, stars,
"| and clouds
20} 3)°030 |42°0 | 5:5} 93) W | °52| 7:0) K | ‘02 Moon and
cloud
21) 30-210 |40°0 | 4:5 26) -0] °0| ‘0 Moon and
ae Starlight
22) 29°825|45°0 | 7-90] 87 NW] -5210°0K S| -01 Cloudy, sky
ce covered.
23) 29°420/48'0 | 9-9 52} °O! °0| ‘80|\Moon and
starlight
24/ 29°520 |47:0 | g-9| 81} — 0| 9°0/} K | *10,\Moon and
cloud
25) 29°625 |46°0 8:0) 8SLNW| ‘52 7:0; K | 05 Moonlight

26| 29°710 |43°5 | 6°5 an 2675 KN| -01 Small rain

27| 30°140 1430 | 6:0/ 80, — 0,55! K | -06;Moon and
| stars
28} 30°335 |44°5 6°5| 81; — C| “I K 01 Starlight
29) 30°410 |44:0 | 6-5| 86) — 0 90'N 0| Rain
30) 30°240 4)°0 | 4°5} 81) — 0} 0} °0| 02 Starlight,
brilliant
31} 29°835 |48°0 | 9:0! 86) — 0'10.0) N "0 Calm and
| | cloudy

Francis Appott, F.R.A.S., etce., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

In all tables furnished from this Observatory the
barometer readings are corrected for temperature,
index error, and to mean sea level.

Forceand speed of the N. W. wind on the 6th August:—

Force from 16 to 20 lbs. per square foot.

Speed from 56°568 to 63°245 miles per hour.

; rsaiye. rie:
; hee: pers bt
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—o—ovor eee

METEOROLOGY FOR SEPT., 1877.
PrivaTE OpsEeRvaToRY, Hopart Town.

Latitude 42° 52’ 13” 8. ;

Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.2s, E.

(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania.)

732.83 | | | eB | | 2|.| 4
nd SET | . | S : =
| feae- Thermometers Thermometers Se | Clouds. es x e SR
2oas ; S | ig | Ris.
SEE is (Reading.) | (Self-Registering.) | al | | e re 68
. Be | — —_—_ ~ ‘s or. 5 — (=) =
une c g Per antl 30 a.m. ie a tg 7°30 a.m. | 4°30 p.m. | S| = §
Aan o = | ~ } | pa eR : | |
ce ete oleh cg (a
Fe | eS ee hr RR Nese = eal a Bae = Se
See as | @ (e251 S | boon bs | ne eel) ee | 2 eal |
5 Sessa saiue| 34/88) a8 Wa is) oo |) ge eae). me anne
Bie |salaslae| eo lee|o4)/d)/a/2)9/2i9| 8 |s2| 8 88) 4| 4) &
e| Bi gs o0 2 Bo! So] %0| Bo} Sa ec = = eo) CS cay ok Slee eg eee
o| Bi2o!1es\28| 28 |38/83/2/2!/8)e] 8) 2 = }23| 2 | Sages) =
pg) a leelaeja=| & |B*(88|8/8/ 8/8 |al a! 2 3") 2 5418/2) 8
Ale, ww | 9 [ri jf | AN = =_ ~i/w/O;/4a;/ol;a| A la | A |e |e je] &
eee EN. UO OR LUBY 1 a A >
1 29720/29°610; 8:0; 47-0; 60°0 | 99:0 ) 650, 36:0/ 86 ; 67 |[K | 75K 1 40, NW 0; NW “52, — | £0
2 29°548|29°567| 11:0 52°0) 56:0 96°0 | 65°0 | 38°5! 69 | 61 \K Peni 100) N "261 NW ‘26 — | | 80
3 2985829834, 8:5 48°0| 520 90°0 | 59°5 34:0 68 | 69 IK | 45\K | 75) 8 0; NW | 52] 09) | 75,
4 29°746| 29802 11:5 | 5370} 61°0 98°5 | 67:0 38775 | 65 67 K | 50)\K 65) W 2°60} NW 62) “OL, i 80
5 29°788|29°767| 12°0 | 55°0| 57°0 95°70 | 69°0 38:0 | 65 | 87 |KN| 55K 4°0) NW | 2°60] NW | 2°60; — | | 90
6.29'793|29°765| 10-5 | 51°0| 59°0 90°0 | G15 | 365| 64 | 82 |K_ | SOK | 75) N | 2°60] NW} °52; 04 =| 9°0
7 29°032'30°050) 12°5 55°0| 59°0 90°0 | 62°0 | 37°5 | 65 | 61 |KS ; 30K 99, N 52 52) — | ree
§ 30°175/29°950| 11°0 5270) 63°0 105°0 | 66°0 36'0 | 69 | 59 IKN| 9°0 Kk 7°5| NW 26) NW | 2°60 — —10°0
9 30 441/30°445 105 51°0| 49°0 89°0 | 62°0 | 35°55) 64 | 63 |K | 65 KN} 50: 8S | 2°60] S "26 04 , 10°0
19 30°497|30°437| 7:0) 45:0} 54°00 835 58°5 | 32°5 | 67 | 65 | O | 0} 0 | 0 |-N 26) SE 52; °05 1°87; 8:0
11 30°481'30°371 6:5 | 43°6| 60°0 | 95:0 | 62°0 | 31°5 | 67 | 66 | 0 PO Her Ons |e Onan: | -26] N 0; —} | 75
12 30°316,30°035) 5°5 | 42-0] 57:0 90:0 | 64°0 | 30°5 | 77 | 71 /KN 10°0/KS 7:5; NW °26| S "26; — | i 65
13 29°764/29°930| 10°0 | 50°0| 41°0 78°0 | 58°5 | 32°5, 74 | Sh (Ke | StoUN 11070) NW 0; 8S 10°42; — Liao
14 30°091 30°091; 100, 47°0 51:0 | 79°5 | 58°0 | 32°0 73 | i K | 0 |K 6°5| NW | 2°60! S ‘52n) °20 / 10°0
15 30°220 307135, 65) Bee 609 | 98:0 | 650; 30°00 73 | 58 |K , 3°0;K 2:0; S | 0| NW 52) -OL | 70
16 30°301|30°275, 10°0 56.0! 56°0 '100°0 | 65°0 | 36°0 | 61 | 75 0 | Oe 9:0; NW 26) E 52) — | 6-0
17 30°218 30155, 60 43:0) 59°0 | 95-0 | 66:0 | 340 85 |66| 0 | O|K | 55| NW] ‘26S 5a) 6.5
18 29°940 29°359, 8:0 47°0; 65°0 | 90.0 | 680, 35°5 73 | 63 |K | 5°5/KS 6) N | 26| S 26 — ; 60
19 29°910,29°860| 9°0 490) 68-0 1 0 | 74:0, 360, 74 | 60 0 | .0 [KS | 55) NW | 26) SE 0; — eras,
20 29°920|29°726| 10°0 50°0| 67°0 106°0 | 72°0 | 36-5; 74 | 68 |K 9:0/K 3°5| NW: °52) 8S 26 — 1°34 5°0
21 29°790)29°833) 11-0 | Lu 58°5 | 98-0 | 68°0 | 37°0| 86 | 82 |N | 10°0|N |10°0;S | | 0 E "26| -25 6:0
92'30°172'30°172| 10°0 51:0! 50°0| — | 62°0| 35°0; 93 100 |N | 10°0 N /}10°0| S | 2°60] S 2°60 — | 9:0
23 30°275|30236| 10°0 | 50.0, 52:0; — | 580 355 86/93 /K | SON | 100 S 26| S 26-10 «100
24 30°292 30-229! 10°0 | 50°0| 56-0; — | 58°5 | 35°0| 87 | 93 |K | 9:0 KN] 80| SE *52| SH 0 04 70
25 30°291/30°274| 10°0 | 50°0| 58:0 100°0 | 610 | 355 74 76] 0 | O K | 75) NW) °26) SE 52; 01, | 10°0
26)30°451 30°356, 12-0 | 54-0] 62-0 102°0 | 65°0 | 37°0, 74 67 |K | 20 0) ON "26, S 26) — | ee
27 30°360 30°212) 11:0 52°0) 60°0 107°0 | 65°0 $55 | 71 | 67 |K | “5K 4°5| NW -26| SE 52 — ae
28 30°140 30-042| 12°0 | 56°0} 49°0 110-9 | 63:0 35:0; GO | 63 |K | 7:0 Ke) .| SOP aN *52| SE 52; — | 5°0
29 30°049 29-951) 95 49-0! 65:0 109-0 | 73-0) 33°5| 74; 68 |K | 0 |KS | 45) NW 26; S ‘26, — | 4°5
1 | 12:0 | 540) 550 | — | 65:0} 36.5; 81 | 81 | 0 oo 10°0| SE | 26) S 52 — ‘40 5°
|Mean Press. Mean|M’n. Tem. Mean. /Mean|Mean| Mean. | Mean for Month. Mean Force... ‘82]b. Tl) Tl.) TL
307123 | 9°88) 53°62 96°27| 64°22| 35°00 73 5°50 “ .84 3°61 224°5
= —---—|—-- = | —-— | —_- — | — Greatest Force 10°42 “ — \/—— —-—
Greatest do. Max. | Max. |Max. |Max. Prey. Character, Mean
30°459 = 12°50 110°00) 74:00} 38°50 K Least Force.... 0 ” -- | £40
Least do. Min. | Min.,|Min. | Min. Prevailing Direction. |
_ 29°43 5°50 | 78:00) 58°00) 30°00 N.W. and S.

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning

. 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
en adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
——< more closely with those of stations in Europe, America,
Me in order to co-operate in a system of International
ties Seed are added from the centigrade ther-
1eter, that being the in e S
Restinc er ee 8 I strument generally used on the
@ mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
vad Tegisters, not from the maximum and minimum.
heig hon of ae wind is registered from currents ata
eet abov “ its force i
ranean ve sea level, and its force in Ibs. per
a ih quantity of rain that fell under the different
1s registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

The 35 years’ standard tabl r ini
Po edo be eae ables are used for obtaining the

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., etc.

ae a etvations wary at New Norfolk for September,
’ ance ape schs
mi. es eh registered ab
ometer, : : Son
reduced, 29°973 in. of two daily readings, corrected and
prermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 50-45deg.
» Mean of maximum and minimum in shade, 50°40deg.

.

Dew point, mean of 2 ditto, 42°30deg.

Elastic force of vapour, °270.

Humidity, mean of 2 ditto, “74.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 118°83deg.
Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,

| 84°43deg.

Rainfall, ‘50in.

Evaporation, 3 96In., in excess of evaporation 3°46in.
Clouds, mean of 2 daily registers, 4°96.

Ozone, mean of 2 daily ditto, 8-00.

Ww. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Bushy Park.
Rainfall at Hill Station, 1,550ft. above sea level, “43in.

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard

plants in the Royal Society’s Gardens during the month
of September, 1877.
6th. Quercus pedunculata, the common oak, commencing

to break into leaf.

10th. Mountain peony commencing to flower.

11th. Horsechestnut commencing to flower.

14th. Grape vine commencing to break into leaf.

15th. Common sycamore, Acer pseudo platanus commencing

to break into leaf.

25th. Robinia pseudo acacia commencing to leaf.
F. ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.

Printed at the Mercury Office, for the Royal Society of Tasmania,

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— 9 a

bea CORP I Ee REE. re

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE Ist To THE 15TH SeEpr., 1877, IncLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 85m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” 8. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, KE.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )
Ther- eee
5 <'3| mometers Wind. | Cloud.
535
s3z lies | :
SUS = ce
soe Salers 8 =
= Soles | S| Se] ee aha Sal ~ | Weather.
Bpeseve |e fe] es) feta] 7
SVaee| S | le| S jee! ss |S
SVS Mio = ~ oS {os a
Q Se S| S18 e | NSO ]&
7, Inv
1) 29°630 |49°0 | 9°5| 81 INW| °52) 4°51 K ‘O\Stars in the
zenith
2} 29°420 |48°0 | 9:0} 88 | -0 0} 7:0) N ‘0 Showery and
cloudy
3) 29°834 500 10:0) 76 NW] -2610-0KN] -09\Cloud, sky
covered

4! 29°840 |55°0 |13:0| 82 INW 010.0. K N ‘01 Ditto, ditto,
ditto

5| 29°840 |59°0 |10°0| 82 INW] -26] 5:5] K ‘O Stars in the
zenith

6| 29°345 |53°0 [11-5] 82 INW] -°52) 8:5) K *04'Cloudy

7] 30°110 |52°5 |11°5} 82] W ‘010°0|K N/} -0\Cloudy, sky

covered.

8} 29°945 |53°0 12:0; 80 |NW] ‘0| 5°5| K ‘O\Stars in the

zenith
9} 30°610 |46°0 | 7°5| 81 | S 0100) N | ‘04,Cloud, sky
covered
10} 30-510 |41°0 | 5°5| 86 |SH| -26| 5-0] K | -05/Stars round
the zenith
11| 30°375 |44°5 | U45\| (7al "0 0} °O} ‘0} ‘0\Calm and
starlight
12] 29°925 |50°0 |10°0| 87 Ss 2610 0 KN ‘0;Cloud, sky
covered
13] 30-110 |38°0 | 3°5| 86 Ss 26} 0] °0) -0/Frost after
squal
14| 30°225 /48°5 | 9°5| 57| SW] .26| 7°51 K °20, Moon and
starlight
15) 30°210 |47°0 | 8°5! 8L|INW| -26| 3°51 K ‘01|Moon and
starlight

Francis ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

In all tables furnished from this Observatory the
barometer readings are corrected for temperature,
index error, and to mean sea level.

met cae . ey st A
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ae,

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thay SP ABATE OS a aes

vou

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 16TH TO THE 30TH SEPT., 1877, INCLUSIVE,

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 85m.
a.m.,at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42752 13” 8. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )
Ther- |
5 £3} mometers Wind. | Cloud.
mS §
ah | he
BV >
LBs ss oy
eee s 2 |8 s
“9 eS eee Sei ee he ss Cs
SlssS/ 8 1/8 5 F138 = | Weather.
S/°saic ] sis] > iss -is
Sea |e lel Solse fas |S fo
Slecekes |= |s|= Ss|/e1 sis
Sess ee | S| sss) 8 | Sle
Sos se tS iss 52) £1 8's
a Se $ a) Pat XN 1 O ]&
a Ts | Liv |
16, 30°310 |45°5 | 7°5} 81 0; °0 °0 °0, °0 Moon & star-
light, nota
cloud.
17} 30°040 49°0 | 9°5) 81 0 (0100KN; ‘0 Cloudy, sky
; | | covered
18} 29°910 |52°0 |11°0| 82 0! 7-0 K ‘0 Moonlight,
| faint
19) 29°945 |52°5 |11°5| 77 | 0}; 0 45 K ‘0 Moonlight
| and haze
20) 29-725 |53°5 |12°0| 83} °0; °0' 6.0 K | -0,Moon and
cloud after
rain

21] 29-978 |52°5 |11°5| 88 | SW| -2610.0KKN| :25 Cloud, sky
covered

22| 30°210 |49°5 | 9°5| 87| S 52. 10:0; Ni ‘0 Cloud and
rain

23} 30°235 |52°0 |11°0| 64 Ss 0100 N 10 Cloudy. sky
| covered

24! 30°240 |52°0 |11°5| 52 0 ‘Q100KN_ ‘04 Ditto, ditto,

ditto
25) 30°340 |[52°5 .11°5| 88 0 -Jj10'0 KN} -01/Ditto, ditto,
} | ditto
26) 30°410 |47°5 | 8:5} 88 0; 0} 0 -O| -:0 Calm and
| starlight
27| 30°110 |53°0 |12°0/ 94 | 0; 0100 N ‘0 Nimbus sky
| covered
28] 30°020 |49°0 | 9°5| 76 | S cs) B35) IS ‘0 Starlight to
| the zenith
29} 29°845 |53°0 |11°5| 88] S 26} 40 KN; -0/Alternate

star & cloud

}

30} 29°840 53:0 jis 88| S| °26)10°0 N Cloudy, sky
| | covered.

Francis Apport, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

In all tables furnished from this Observatory the
barometer readings are corrected for temperature,
index error, and to mean sea level.

et

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: > Wee? fel ol lest byaves § as
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} makin 5 +

Grebe AON i gy sti ‘if ilu was Sythe oor
ATS ited Lireiert o fi Lee tat wba

METEOROLOGY FOR OCTOBER, 1877.

Private OBSERVATORY, Hopart Town.

Latitude 42° 52’ 13” S.;: Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.2s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania.)

aa’ oO. | o> a )
2 a £ A i 3 3 Fe
on + is ° 7) A
z ee Thermometers | Thermometers 23 oo Wind. z|3 52
BR2oas | = ca i/Filiso.:
¢ a g 2 (Reading.) (Self-Registering.) | 2 a -laad
pee 2 aA a | & SI ° 2
FI KB E = Poeent 7°30 a.m. 4°30 p.-m.} 7'30a.m. | 4°30 p.m. é a
a.m Oo g }
&.\e | a ed 8
3 gd [3 | d | F5) a | Bs
~ = i [) = (=) a
8 palscrse) asl ad| ad & |#38) 6 | 38
: ~ |os | es| ss) 24 )44 Shee oR Se os bee, | oe) eee peat Jin) ci) ees :
: d | § |£4/44\ 45) e@/ee/es| a] & eiele|si|2 (Sal 2 ee) a aes
Meme )o| Soles| $a /2o/8el4¢)a2/8/5/815) 8 | ssl 8 |sais)4)s
eel e |eelac\eh\ es (esl2e/e/3/2|8/28)8) & 82] 2 S28 e/a] 3
Ale; + |O |e |e | FR a je ~|~{/Ol;<a/o};<a| A |e A |e |el[e| e
eee ho Ne
1 29°801/29°786| 80} 47:0; 50°0, 90°0 | 58°0 ; 34°0 | 73 | 68 KN 100 KN, 7:5; NW 52| SW [521 | 50
2 30°181/30°258| 9°0| 49°] 57:0 85°0 | 62°0| 35°0 | 68 | 65 K 9:0 0 0; W 26| SE 26h. V7 60
3 30°492/30°411| 9°5 | 49°5| 60°0, 90°0 | 64°0 | 36:5 | 69 | 71 |K 70,0 0; NW 26) SE a2 55
4 30°417|30°339| 10:0 | 50°0} 59°0 90°70 | 61°0 | 37°5 | 80 71 |KN}100,|K 1°0| SW 0| SE 0 50
5 30°196 30°135} 12°0 | 54:0) 64:0 93°0 | 70°5 | 40:0 | 70 | 72 |K 4:00 0| N 52| SE "52, 4°0
6 30°135/30°125] 13°5 | 57:0) 54:0, — | 65°0 | 40°5| 73 |.81 |K 7°5KN}|10°0| SE 52| SE 0 40
7 30°295|30°265| $5 | 48°0] 580 90°0 | 62°0| 34:0 86 | 66 KN/}10:0,0 70| S 0 | SE °26 6°5
8 30°200)30°171} 9°5| 49°0 510 — | 59°0| 35°5| 80 | 86 K 75 KN/10°0| S 0|S 26 60
9 30°128/30°180] 10°0 | 50°0| 52°0| 65°0 | 58°0 | 36°0 | 86 | 59 |K 90K 6'°5| S 52! S 2°60; °02 70
19 30°352/30°338| 80 | 47°0 520) 76°5 | 56° | 33°5| 79 | 74 |KN|10°0)K 8°51 S *52| SE -26| °10)}1°49) 7°5
11 30°374 30°813] 11°0 | 5270} 60°0| 90°0 | 65°0 36°5 | 59 | 71 |K 4°5|O 0 N 2°60} S 2°60} ‘Ol 4:0
12 30°225/30°024| 8:0 | 47°0| 67:0, 107°5 | 70°0 | 35:0 | 79 | 49 |K 3°5|K 4°5| NW 52| NE {2°60 6'0
13 29°987|29°738| 10°0 | 50°0) 72°0, 110°0 | 80°0 | 38°0| 74 | 48 |K 3°0\KS | 7:0) NW 52) NW |2°60 50
14 29°445)29°375| 10°0 | 50°5| 52 0! 85:0 | 72°0| 38°5| 63 | 64 |KN| 80\/K 8°5| W 22) NW |5:21| °40 75
15/29°401/29°592| 5°5| 44:0] 49:0, — | 65°5| 340| 85 | 79 /KN| 85;}KN {100 NW | 2°60) S Al Gy 10°0
-16)29°908}29°918) 7°5 | 45°5 59°5| 87°0 | 61°5| 36°0| 73 | 58 |KN/10°0;|KN{ 7°0/ 8 52| SW 52) ‘Ol 70
17,29°867|29°580| 8-0 | 47:0] 54:°0' — | 61°90! 37°5| 79 | 86 |K 10:0, KN |10°0; N 26| N 52 4°0
18 29°540/29°650| 12°5 | 55:0] 59°0| 85°5 | 65°0| 40°0 70 | 71 |K 50/\K*| 7:0) N 26| SE 26) ‘10 6°5
19 29°72 29°758} 9°5| 49°5| 64°5) 79:0 | 680 | 38°0 | 80 | 63 |O OK 770, N 52| NW | °52| °OL 50
20 29°950|29°950| 7°5| 46.0] 51:0 — | 63°0| 34:5 | 86 | 69 KN 100, KN 70|S 52) SE 52) °13) 1.49) 7:0
21 30°145|30°245| 7-5 | 45°0| 48°5, — | 585 | 34°0| 86 | 86 KN | 10°0/KN| 9°0| NW 26| SW {2°60} :08) 75
22 30°337|30°357| 9:0 | 48°5| 60-0). 70°5 | 60°0 | 37°5| 68 | 82 |K | 70K LON 52) NW | °26} °21) 6°5
23 30°387/30°306| 10°0 | 50°0] 57°0 — | 62°0| 38:0) 69 | 81 |K 8:5\K |10°0) SW. 0); W °26) °O1 50
24 30°100 29°851| 9:0] 48°5| 62:0) 114°0 | 78:0 | 37°5 | 7 TT Kh SKS |) 3:0) NIW *52| NW |2°60 | | 4:5
25 29°903/30°000) 11°0 | 52:0} 60°5 108°0 | 72:0) 40°0| 7 76 |\K |100/K 5:0) S 2°60| W 52 5'd
26 30°008|29°790| 6:0} 43°0| 54:0 — | 63°0 | 32°5 | 77 | 86 K /100;K 9°5| NW -26| NW | ‘0 4°0
27/29°558|29°544| 13-0 | 56°0] 65°0| 1050 | 70.0 | 37°0| 71 | 55 |K 75\K ho °26| NW |2°60) ‘03; 50
28 29°455|29°359| 13°5 | 57°0| 63°0 105°0 | 69°5 | 39°0| 61 | 51 |K 3°55 KN| 3:0] NW | 2°60} NW |2°60 50
29 29°287|29°252| 7°5| 46°0| 54:5 96°0 | 63°0| 28°5| 86 59 |N |10°0/\K 9:0} NW | 2°60} NW |2°60| ‘09 6°5
30 29°266/29°352) 8:0! 47:0] 53°5' 100°5 | 58°5 | 29°0 | 79 | 64 |K 70K 6'°5| NW *52| NW |2°60| °08 a
31 29°583/29°586] 8-5 | 47°5) 63:0' 95:0 | 68:0! 31°5! 60 | 67 |K 70K | 7:0! NW! 2°60! N 2°60 225) 5-0
Mean Press.|Mean|M’n. Tem.|Mean. |Mean|Mean| Mean. | Mean for Month. Mean Force Tl | Tl. | TL.
29°940 | 9°37 53°44 92°07| 64°68} 36°00 7h, 7°00 1°201b. 1:70 5°23)180°50
Greatest do.| Max. Max. |Max. |Max. Prev. Character, Greatest Force” | Me’n
30°492 13°50} 114:00} 80°00} 40°50 K and KN. 5°21 | 5°80
Least do. Min. Min. |Min. |Min. | Least Force.
29°252 | 5°50! | 65'0) 58°00} 28°50 0
Prevailing Direction. |
NW

The 35 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the
| difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., etc.

Ps Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
i 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
en adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
pr more closely with those of stations in Europe, America,
Met order to co-operate in a system of International
eorology. Readings are added from the centigrade ther-
ometer, that being the instrument generally used on the

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard
plants in the Royal Society’s Gardens during the month

continent of Europe. of October, 1877.
oe ra is in all cases taken from the sums of the two | 10th.—Carpinus betulus commencing to leaf.
rs aire ve not from the maximum and minimum. 20to.—Ailanthus glandulosa commencing to leaf.
height eee em of the wind is registered from currents ata 24th.—Common Lime commencing to leaf.
aque ‘ eet above sea level, and its force in lbs. per 25th.—Morus Niger commencing to leaf.
ide 30th.—Ulmus Campestris commencing to seed.

wind relative quantity of rain that fell under the different 3lst.—Melia Azederach commencing to leaf.
1s registered each morning at 7°30 a.m. F. ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.

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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

FRoM THE 1ST TO THE 15TH OctT., 1877, INCLUSIVE,

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )
Ther-
“5 | mometers Wind. | Cloud.
ba ae
Es ale |g :
| ERs! |, sl=| 5 the 3
| 8 a" = |S \e4 ee Le Weather.
S/SE8/5 (S)s|/S e2lei/s/e
SIS"s/ 2 12/8/88) s]} 8 12
Slsige| S islets 2 S|) Sab Shes
3 =~ Ry Sites = | iS a) = = ES
Q ss mS | NS
| a : | In.
1) 29°980 |43°0 | 6:0); 81.SW | °52) 75 N ‘0 Squally
| throughout
2) 30°420/48'0 | 9°0| 76, SE *26/10°0} N | ‘17\Cloud, sky
; covered
3} 30°500 |53°0 |12°0} 82) -O0 | —°0/10.0) N ‘0 Cloud, sky
covered
4! 30°265 |51°5 |10°5| 88 SW 0} 770; K ‘0 Stars in the
zenith
5} 80°120 |52°5 |11°5| 88|\— ‘0 0) 5.0) K ‘0. Stars at the
| zenith
| 30°240 |51°0 |10°5| 88'— ‘0 0/10'0) N ‘O\Cloud, sky
| covered
7| 30°320 |46°0 | 7°5) 81) SE "26, 0} °0) ‘O Starlight
8) 30°150 |50°0 |10°0; 87; S *26/10°0) N ‘0 Cloud, sky
covered.
9} 30°320 |47°0 | 8°5; 87) S *26;10°0} N | ‘02)\Dark and
rainy
10} 30°440 |50°0 |10°0| 81) SE °26)10°0;K N| °10\Cloudy, sky
covered
11] 30-240 |49-0 | 9°5) 82/. S 0} -0} -0) -01/Moon & star-
| light

\

12! 30°045 |55°0 |13°0) 49; NE | 52 i 0

}

Ditto, ditto

Cloudy, sky
13} 29°540 |65°5 |18°5| 73 NW | °52)10:0KN| -0) covered

Squally, rain
14) 29°345 |44'0 | 7°0) 81/NW | 2°60|10°0| N | °40 and wind

15} 29°745 145:0 | 7°5! 81| S *52) 6'°5| K | °25'Stars to the
| zenith

Francis ABpott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m, p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m, a.m. local time,

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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

FRoM THE 16TH TO THE 31st Oct., 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
natienal Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” 8. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )
| Dher-_ | |
SS | mometers Wind. | Cloud.
<a
3S eee |
S58 eS ;
BEN eS eoyd z
a SS | j= = iS) >
sees | as | ac | & |S [eas | 3
= S 9 | = = = = is | 2 Weather.
mises! ’s = o = . S N
Mise s| S| | S/el Ss (<2 hs |S |e
Seas. | SS pS eS essa S ts
SiSeape.| Stel s (SS lsrpe ts
S| S28] 5 SC ls|S |S?) 5/5/38
8 ta | a Ls CO 1S&
| Wis | In.
16} 29°995 48-0 | 9:0} 81|) SW 26) 5°0) K | -01/Moon &star-
light
17] 29°320 |54°5 112°5/ 88 N | -52| 4:5] K | -olDitto, ditto
|
18] 29°760 [52:0 11:0] 77; -0 0}. °0 0} 10Calm and
starlight
19] 29-760 |55°5 |13°0! 77 NW °010°0} K | -01\Calm and
| cloudy
20| 30-075 |44°5 | 7-0| 80| S ‘26| 5°0| K | -13/Moon, cloud
and star
21/ 30°340 45°0 | 7°0| 86. SW | 52) 7-0] K | -18\Moon and
cloud, hazy
22/ 30°340 |49°0 | 9:5) &7;,NW | -26| -0} -0] -21/Clear moon
& starlight

23] 30°260 |52°0 |11°0| 88; W '2610°0) K | -01) Sky cloudy
24) 29°770 |61°5 |16°5| 6G7INW | -52| 7°5| K | -Ol\Moon and
star

25] 30°115 |46°5 | 8:0] 81/— -0 0} °0| 0} ‘0| Starlight

26) 29°620 |51°5 \10°5| 82|— ‘0 0} 0} +0} =O) Starlight

27| 29°510 |57°0 14:0) 77/NW | -52/10°0/IK N} -03|Dark black
clouds

28] 29°280 |51°5 |10°5| 94INW | -26/10°0| N ‘O\Dark and
raining

29| 29°175 |46°5 | 7°0| 83,NW | -52) 4-0] K | -o9/lStars and
: cloudy

30/ 29°460 |45°0 | 8:0| 87|NW | -59| 7°5| N | -oslDark and
| squally

31/ 29°460 |56°5 |13°5| 77| N *52)10°0) N ‘0|\Cloud, sky

covered

FrRANcIs ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

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METEOROLOGY FOR NOVEMBER, 1877.

PRIVATE OBSERVATORY, Hopart Town.
Latitude 42° 52’ 13” S.;
* (Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania.)

Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.2s. E.

mo On of S =
8 é =2- | Thermometers | Thermometers aq Cine a iS a Sa
SEE = | (Reading.) | (Self-Registering,) se | a a:
2a nea
EEE : : Per cent’ 30 @m. 4°30 pm. 730am. 430pm. | 8 2. =
Sort
a a
. | ee =: % _ | 3 vie
F # la_|e | E ladl Bers
= ~ ys ; ‘ | a n a nm
- _|S8|2e/ ea] #8 | s8] ee 4s | 4 @ (Sel ahpes
Slat d |gelaelaei eaie5/S¢]/d]d 2/4/2/8) 8 |a8| 8 |seiaid|
See | 22 | 2s|2s| £8 |3s\32\2|2 2|8)2)/28] 8 (sei s igs s/s]
be | 8 |sela-|a~| B+ |B+/6-/8/8 8/8) 8/8) & P52) 2 1528/38) 8
Ale; +/0 |= |e | | }eH aei|« Of 4 | O14) O Le | AMS |) ee)
129171 29°044 10°0 | 54:0; 46:0; — | 62°0, 345, 65 100 K 60N (100, NW | 2°60. NW /10°42 -09, 6°5
2 29°398 29.040) 9:0 | 49°0| 565] — | 62°5| 37:0) 79 | 81 KN| 9ON | 75) N 52N 52 33. 7-5
3 29°175 29 270' 10°0 | 50°0| 53°0} — | 585 34:5) 86; 69 KN| 75K 7:0| SW | 2°60,W “52°25! 55
4 29°660'29°220) 8-5 | 47°0| 43°5} — | 580 32:0) 93 | 84 N |100N |100/ NW| ‘52S *b2° *30) 9°0
5 29°544'29'°563/ GO| 430] 52°5] 65:5 57:0 29°5| 72 | 64 K 70 KN| 9°0| N *52| W 2°60 *48) 9°0
6 29°664!29'770) 8:0 | 47-0] 580} 95:0 | 62:0! 34:0) 73 | 57 K 50K 4:0) NW 52 SW 26 ‘O1 6°0
7 29070 29°755! 9:0! 48°5| 66-0] 92:5 69°0/ 36:0 80 | 59 KS | 85K | 5:0, N ‘52,NW | 2°60 -03 7-0
8 29°581/29-450| 14°5 | 59°0| 60-0] 94-0 70°0 39°5| 62) 58K | 70K | 75 NW | 2°60\NW/| 521 | 4°5
9 29°766 29°830 8:5 | 47°5| 52:0) 98°0 | 62°:0| 360 73| 70K | 45 KN} 9:0 NW | 2°60, NW | 2°60 | 4:0
19 29 995|29 85t| 90) 490) 615) 850 660 355 67 54K 75K 90 N 2°60/NW | 2°60 -03,1.72) 5°5
11 29-460 29°562. 9°0 | 49-0} 54°0! 84:0 | 629 36:0 93 | 74 KN! 10:0 K 4°5| NW 52.NW | 260 ‘18 | 60
12 29896 29°845 9°0| 49°0| 59°0} 75°5 | 62:0 | 365)| 74! 61 K | 70 KN| 80, NW 52 NW | 2°60 -07 50
13 29°§22 29°730 14:0 | 58 0] 72:0} 110-0 ' 75:0 | 38°5| 66 ; 38 K 70K 75 NW | 2°60 NW | 2°60 ‘OL 6°0
14 29°635/29°860, 14 0 | 580] 56:0} 90°0 , 71°0| 385! 76} 70K |100/K_ |10°0;} NW 52; NW 52 | 50
15 29°903 .29°725, 95 | 495] 53:0) — | 615) 350) 85 | 86 K |100/.KN/100/ NW | 0)jS Be 3! 6ce
16 29°801'29'812 9°0| 49-0] 56°0} 85:0 | 63:0 | 345) 86! 70 KS | 70 K 70158 0 \5 52 “02 | 50
17 29°753/29'504 95) 49-0] 59°5| 88°5 - 64:0! 35°55) 74) 86 K |100\K 70 NW| -26NW | 52 -05) | 75
18 29°873'29 959 12°0| 54:0; 53°0} 65-0 | 62°0 | 38:0| 70 | 69 K | 735/K 75 NW b2,SW | 2°60 06 60
19 30193 30127 85} 48:0) 63:0} 100°0 | 69°5 ; 34:0 | 69 | 63 KS | 4:00 70}; NWi 26 SH ee lp | 6-0
20 29°S97 2)°590 11°0 | 52:0} 72:0) 1050 78°0 | 3775 | 89 | 61 KS | 5:0\K SEN 2°60, SE "26 115 80
21 29°400,29°550, 15-0 | 60-0) 62:0; — 72:0, 390/72) 68K | GOKN| 80 E 52.8 2°60 | 65
22 99°787/29'972 11°5| 53°0| 56°0} — | 65°0| 37°:0/| 76| 81K {100K 6°5| NW 26 SE 2°60 50
23 29°942'29'933 10:0} 51°0| 67:0} 1000 72:0, 36:0; 80| 74 KS | 70,0 °0| N 26,8 26 55
24 29°560'29°'746 13:0, 56-0 70°0) 96°0 | 75°0 | 38°5| 87 | 50 KN| 9°0'K 55) NW| 0 |NW| 52 °03 50
25 29°929 29:808 14:0} 58-0/ 71:0} 1150 | 810, 39°0| 53; 65 K | 50K 545) IN 2°60, SE D2 OL 6°0
26 29°884 29°638) 12°5 | 55-0 640| 106-0.) 76:0 | 37:0] 70' Gd K |10:0,/K 60 N 26,N 2°60 | 4°0
27 29°730|29°728 12°5 | 55:0} 64:0, 105°0 | 73°0 37-0 100 OMS 70K 75| NW 52|N W 52°02 3°5
28 29°738,29°583 11°0 | 52°0| 70°0, 106°5 | 57°5 | 34:5 | 69 | 47 K GS K 3°0| N 52 NW | 2°60 25
29 29°685,29°819 125} 55:0] 66:0. 102°0 | 71:0 | 33:0 | 65 | 638 K 60 K 65 EK 26) Ei 52 3°0
30 ma i - | 10°5 | 51°0| 67 | 1020 | 710 | 355) 69 60K | 656 K 05 AN Za 52 2°05, 7:0
' | | | | | |
Mean Press. Mean M’n. Tem.{/Mean. |Mean|Mean| Mean. Mean for Month. Mean Force (ee eS ene
29°699 10°70 | 50°60 93°72) 67°55) 36°13 Bik 7°00 1°44 1b. 2°03 4:92!173°50
Greatest do. Max. Max. | Max. |Max. Prev. Character, Greatest Force |Me’n
30°193 15°00 11500} 81°00) 39°50 K and KN. 104275) 5°80
Least do. Min. Min. |Min. | Min. Least Force.
_ 29°040 6-00) 65°50: 57°00} 29°50 0 |
Prevailing Direction.
NW 4

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning

of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one.

It has

31st.—Early Red Antwerp Raspberry commmencing to ripen.
Nore.—The double-flowered Pomegranate and Bougain-

been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town | villea spectabilis which usually commence flowering towards
records more closely with those of stations in Europe, America,
ete., in order to co-operate in a system of International
Meteorology. Readings are added from the centigrade ther-
mometer, that being the instrument generally used on the
continent of Europe.

The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
daily registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

hei

The direction of the wind is registered from currents ata
ght of 92feet above sea level, and its force in lbs. per

square foot.

The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
ds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

The 35

diff

years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the

erence from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., etc.

Time oe, flowering and fruiting of a few standard
Plants in the Royal Society’s Gardens during the month
of November, 1877.

20th.— Trollop’s Victoria Strawberry commencing to ripen.

24th.

—Early May Duke Cherry commencing to ri
: g pen.
30th.—Black Mulberry (Morus niger) in full flower.

the end of November, have not done so this year.
F. ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk, November
1877, in accordance with new forms, at 7°30 a.m. and
4°30 p.m. :—

Barometer, mean of two daily readings, corrected and
reduced, 29°709in.

Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 54°32deg.

Ditto mean’of maximum and minimum in shade, 53°24deg.

Dew point, mean position of 2 ditto, 42°60deg.

Elastic force of vapour mean, of 2 ditto ‘270.

Humidity of air, mean of 2 ditto, “66.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 130°58deg.

Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
30 '83deg.

Rainfall, 2°92in.

Evaporation, 4°72in., in excess of rainfall 1°80in.

Clouds, mean amount of 2 daily observations, 5°83.

Ozone, mean ditto, 2 ditto ditto, 8°54.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Bushy Park.

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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

FRoM THE 1st TO THE 15TH Nov., 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” 8. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )
Ther- {
S'S | mometers Wind. | Cloud.
Paes
S58 | ase
SS 3 — | =
ees) Sh ols Sisal S
= Biss AS Sa) RES =
= Sa" ‘8 eqs cs Iss | ophess Weather.
= Ss 3/ s = o SPs Si ss 5 x
See sel e i - (ss | =| Shs
Spas) SP SS) Ses | = | Ss
8s = =
] i | In. |
1| 29-245 |46:0 | 8:0| 93;NW 52, 7:0 N | -09 Stars in the
’ zenith
2| 29-065 45:0 | 7°5| 81) N 52, 75K N/| -33/Cloudy and
changeable
|
3| 29-020 43°5 | 6°5| 87| W 52) 75K N| -25|Showery

4 29°425 43°0 | 6°5| 86} S "5 2) 425) Ki °30\Stars aud
clouds

5| 29°640 |46°0 | 8:0| 86NW | °52 75KN -48 Cloudy

6| 29°860 |47°5 | 8°5| 86,NW "26 40 K | -01/Faint star-

light
7| 29-665 [58:0 |14:°5| 65|NW 0.10) N °03|\Cloud, sky
covered

8} 29°620 |50°0 |10°0| 77;,NW | °52! °0) ‘0, -O| Starlight
9) 30°010 |49°0 | 9:5) 70 NW 62; 75 K 0|\Cloudy

10] 29°645 |55°0 |12°5| 76 NW | °52\10°0K N| -‘03/Cloud after
wind

11] 29 720 |49°5 | 9°5| SIINW *b2| 75) K | -18!Moon = and
cloud

12) 29°840 |54°5 125] 82/INW *52| 8'5| K | -07|Massive
cloud

13) 29°620 |G0°0 |15°5| 78] N 26] 8°5, K 8} -01/Cloudy

14) 29°920 |51:0 |10°5| 70/NW °26)10°0) Ik ‘0;\Cloud, sky
covered

15) 29 765 |49°0 | 9'5| 79 NW | -52) 4:0] K | -01/Moon, star,
and cloud

I A ee OR
Francis Apport, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.
N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-

proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 15TH TO THE 30TH Nov., 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
natienal Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” 8. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, E.
Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )
3
Ther- :
Ss | monmeters Wind. | Cloud.
SIG

B58 “13 ;

BER is 2

SS : ol all Sey KS =
Soecalrs . bree S| lee S| = | Weather.

[Ss SS sH
sless|'s SES are x | A
=S/se8!/ § SSM Se Ss CS ES a
Spots s Ve lets sys Sire
Soe es eS Sr SiS Shes te be

So

s,eee ih [Os] 5 152) 2813/8
Ales et SS: [es

Qe eal
7% Y, | In.

02| Light rain

16} 29°810 |49°0 | 9°5| 86) S 26100 KN

|
} |

=| aah 52°0 11°0| 74 NW ‘26 5°0, K | ‘08 Cloud, moon

and star
18) 29°995 '49°5 | 9°5| 59S W ‘26| 75 K | :03 Cloud in
| | flocks
19} 30110 |53°0 |12°0| 70) SE 26, °0; °0| 15 Star and
moonlight
20| 29°468 |61°5 |16°5| 82) -0 0; 770) K ‘0 Moon, star,
and cloud
21| 29°665 |60°0 |15°5| 82) W 52100) K 0 Cloud, sky
| covered
22) 30°020 |57°5 |14°0) 71'NW °25'10°6! K ‘0 Cloud, sky
covered

23| 29-675 |61-0 16-0; 77; W | -26) 7°01 K | -o'Cloud and
- star

24! 29°955 |57°0 |14°0) 62 NW | °52) ‘0; .0| -03| Starlight
25| 29°965 |56°5 |18°5| 711-0 | -o| -0|} -0| -01| Starlight
23] 29°565 |63°0 '20°0) 7S NW | -2610:0, N | ‘@Cloud, sky
covered

27| 29°840 |57°0 114°0| 76 NW | -26| 7°0| K | -02 Stars and

23) 29°525 163-0 (17°5| 72 NW “521 Act) KE Stars and
| clouds

i

29] 29-970 |51°5 \11°5| 70) SH ‘Belwaroe IKE ‘O Stars and
clonds

30] 29°775 |59'0 (15-0! 77| -0 “Ole Ob0 tarlight
| brilllant

f—)

Franois Apport, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-

proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

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METEOROLOGY FOR DECEMBER, 1877.
Private OBpsERVATORY, Hoparr Town.

Latitude 42° 52’ 13” S.;

Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.2s. BE.

(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania.)

| of | | # | ¢
9° Cn = 2 | 3
ag | | ss Clouds. Wind. }S] al 8
b2232 | Thermometers Thermometers 38 | A E | g”
Bees | Wetierercteing.) | oa |— | GR
See 2 lin, Self-Registering. ) Seales
Bs os | (Readi g.) \ | ce, | 4-30 | = =
= a 33 | we ‘30 p.m, I S Ee
yEze3 | | | Per cent 7°30 a 30p.m.} 7°30 a.m p.m. | alé | 8
S58 __ ee — —.- | —
| oS > | | , | : ll |
x / | } =H 3 E | | g B. | g Be
= 3 Been ics. |e | | & wo| £ as
i=] eel oy eal gee a ac aa. EE aa | | 22 Le)
5 ED RSE EE ee ee ee Ss |e) Sal a eleee Peel os
A fi = Fie Sapaa eeieearseg| d|/sgislaey ex dE AR! og az| 8] 4 A
Sees | ts | So| fol So | Zo oeS|\|ac{/aj/s;}2]/s)! 8 & |o8| © onl aia 3
Beetbe lee lacias| es (ec|e|als|a\2/2/2/ 8 |23) 2 |geele| 2
Sees jeje ja [2 je (2|2\8{4\8(4] a lé*| & |2*|2/2| 2
= 5 Ge E re 5 “EO = il)
GO7/20°GS8, 13° | 560) THU) 1100 | 850 345) 70 | 32 |K 100 KN) 75 NW | 200) W Se me
3 g0'8s 29-378 135 57°0} 64°0| 107°0 78:0 355 G1 59 |K_ | 30K | 75 NW 2:60) W 521-01 2-9
3 29°827/20°648| 12°5 | 55°5| 61-0] 88.5 | 72°0 36-0 70 | 67 KS | GOKN/100 N_ | 52) 52 105
4§ 29:430, 20354 140) 58°0] 610] 765 | 66:5 38:5 57 G6 |K EQN 5) NW | eis) New| 200 Ane ee
29°320 29° 5 | 45°5| 58-0] 104-0 | 62:0 | 34:0 67 | 70 |K | 40K | 5 26 | 260-0: 5
50 esls0 eas 110 | 320 680 99°5 | 700 | 375/ 59/51 |K | 75 K | 56) Ni 52) NW | 2°60) 01) | 2%
7 20°722'29°739| 13°5 | 57°0| 67°5| 95°5 | 74:0! 39°35) 71 | 56 /K | 80K | 40 N 2:60, N_ | 2°60 | 40
8 29°730.29'631| 13°5 | 57-0] 61°0| 84:5 | 72:0 39-0) 75 | 88 K | 90K |10:0 NW] -52}SE | 52) fear
9 29°$31)30°020) 12°5 | 55°0/ 61-0) 1020 | 625 | 310 G5 | 58 |K 100K | 60 N 260] SW | 52. “01 | 30
19 29979, 30°044| 10°5 | 55°5| 68-0| 95-0 72°0 | 370 70 | 52 |K 100K | 60 NW “52 Nw | 52 2-10 20
11 30°096 30°075| 14°0 | 50°] 63°0; 108-0 | 740 39°5| GL | 63 |K 50K | 55 NW] 52) SE | “52, 02 3-0
12 30°087/29°917| 12°5 | 55°0| 75°0/ 105°0 | 75°0 | 370 81 | 64 |K | 70K G0 NW] 0 SE | 528 26
13 29524 29°675| 18°0 65-0] 72-0] 110-0 840) 40:0 60 | 52 |K | 20K | 40 N 0 | SW | 2:60 2
14 29°717|29°583| 140 | 58-0] 70-0] 108°0 | 75°0 | 365) G1 | 53 /K | GOK | 60) N 52| SE 52 26
15 29°614199-490| 165 | 62°5| 79°0| 119-0 820 | 39:0 59 | 55 |K | GOK | 90 NW) 2°60) Ww 5°21 | a
16 20-168 29°341) 13°C | 56°0) 610] 97°5 | 78:0) 365) 66 | 66 |K | GOK | 40 N 52] NW | 2°60) -04| £
17 29°685 20°666] 11°0 | 52-0] 68-0] 1000 | 70:0] 34:5) 89 | 49 |K | 75K | 45) N 52] W | 52) “OL 5°
380 29°306| 14° : -0 | 72:0! 37:0| 67 | 67 |K {100K | 9:0! N 26) W *52) +06 | 5:0
18 29°380|29°306} 14:0 | 58:0} 63-0) 93-0 | 72:0! 37-0 67 | 67 | oy 26, A
19 29°525)20°644) 12°5 | 52-0) 63°0/ 109°0 | 72°0| 35:5, 70 | 67 |K | 60K | 7:0 SW | 2-60, W 26 06 1-91 ie
20 29°875|29°969| 13-0 | 56-0] 66-0} 110°0 69-0 | 37:0, GO | 59 |K | 65|K | 2:0) 8 2°60] SW | -52 | 2:
21 30°065,29°902| 9:0 49-0] €5-0| 95:5 72°0 | 35°0| 63 | 67 | 0 | 0 /K | 90) NE | 0 |S “52 ee 20
22 20°72 20°549) 15-0 | 60-0) 60-5] 78°0 | 665 | 37-5 | 71 | 94 [KN 100 KN / 10-0 NW | 26 NW] 0 | 50
23 20°450)29°466) 11°5 | 54°0| 62:0) 86°0 | 700 | 365, 80 | 74 |KN| 9:0.KN| 70 NW| 0 | W 0 | -95| 79
24 29°705/29°702| 11-0 | 52-0] 55-0] 78-0 640 | 35°5| 69 | 70 |K_ | 85 KN 100 SW | 260) W ‘52, -02| 3°
~ 25 29°635,29°729 11-0 | 52°0; 600} 98.0 65-0) 35:5) 93 | 32 |KN 100K | 45) NW | -26) SE | 52-07 60
26 20°759/29°827] 12°5 | 55-0] 64-0] 95°5 | 68:0 | 38-0/ 81 | 63 K | 55K | 35) N o-)N | 2 4-0
27 29°926/29°915) 12°5 | 55°0) 62-0) 108°0 | 700 38°0| 81 | 77 |K | 10°0,K | 80.8 NE ae ze
28 30°021/30°011) 13°5 | 57-0] 67-0] 110°0 | 74-0 | 40-0 | 81 | 73 K | 30/0 | 0| SE 26, SE | "52 oe
29 30°120|30°039] 13-0 | 56°5 72-0) 112°0 | 77°0 | 40°0| 81] 78 |K | 30/K | 20 E 0 | SE 52 2
30 29'957/29'885} 17°0 | 63-0] 800; 116-0 88:0 | 38°5| 77 | 63 |K | 30)K | 40 N 26) S 52 3-9
31 29°857'29°857/ 19 0! 67:0) 62:0 105-0 | 62:0 40:0! 56! 63 |K | 50/K (100 NW! -261 8 2°60 (1:09 4:0
"(Mean Press. /Mean|M'n. Tem.|Mean |Mean|Mean Mean, | Mean ae Month. Meagerence ile ee Ye
29719 13°10} 60°94 | 99-90] 72°30] 36-30] 67 ee es 1255
~ [Greatest do Max. | Pare wi Rand ~~ | Prev. Character, Greatest Force | |Me’n
30°096 | 19-00 116 00} 83-00] 40:00 K oe 21 Sale pete:
Least do. | Min. Min. | Min. |Min. | Leetorce: |
29°153 7°50 78°00! 62-00) 34:00 ie =z pees | are
Prevailing Direction. | J
NW, W, N

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
Tecords more closely with those of stations in Europe, America,
ete., in order to co-operate in a system of International
Meteorology. Readings are added from the centigrade ther-

mometer, that being the instrument generally used on the
continent of Europe.

The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
¥ registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents ata
height of = feet above i

sea leve i i 5
Prana ah 1, and its force in Ibs. per

The relative quantity of rain that
ds is registered each morning at 7
The 35
difference

fell under the different
“30 a.m.

years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the
from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete.

—

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiti
a eal Tuiting of a few standard

Le Deseatier, Ay Society’s Gardens during the month
14th.—First bunch Red Currants ripe.

16th.—Common Privet commencing to flower.

17th.—First bunch Black Currants ripe.

25th.—Melia Azederach commencing to flower,
31st.—Doyenne d’Ete Pear commencing to ripen.

Sst. - J emeating Apple commencing to ripen.

Ff. ABBOTT, Jus., Superintendent.

Results of Observations taken at New Norfolk, in accord-|
ance with new forms, at 730 a.m. and 4°30 p.m. :—
Barometer, mean 0 i i
re laced, Grraue f two daily readings, corrected and
“nema Mean of 2 ditto, 60°32deg.
mean of maximum and minimum in sl ‘37 deg,
Dew point, Mean of 2 ditto, 46°79 dec. ares Rallies
umidity mean of 2 ditto, -62. 3
are abi of vapour mean, of 2 ditto -322
T int ensity, mean of maximum temperature 131°80de
Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,

| we had the heaviest rain of the month.

Evaporation, 7°23in., in excess of rainfall, 5°74.
Clouds, mean amount of 2 daily observations, 5°25.
Ozone, mean ditto, 2 ditto ditto, 7°19.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Bushy Park.
Rainfall at Hill Station, 1,550ft. above sea level, 1°S57in.

DECEMBER WEATHER, 1877, AT NEW
NORFOLK, TASMANIA.

December 1 will be remembered for the severe hurricane
from N.W. that set in here at 1 p-m., and lasted five or six
hours, with dry, warm air: that, fortunately, brought on
some slight showers and cooled the air after the violence of
the gale had abated. The barometer rose rapidly to 29°80 on
the 3rd, and fell suddenly next day to 29 28, with every pros-
pect of rain, and although some showers fell on evenings of
4th and 5th to the amount of ‘17 inches, it gave place all too
soon to cold, harsh wind from N.W. till 7th, when the
barometer rose, and the wind veered more to W., with stiller
weather. On the evening of the 8th there were light showers
and thick clouds,as if there had been rain elsewhere. The
barometer gradually rose to 30:04 on 12th, with clear, bright
weather and sea breezes, and the thermometer at S87deg. in the
shade made ic feel like summer, and it continued so till 15th.
The humidity of the air for seven days at 4°30 p.m. did not
vary ‘03 from the mean of 47 per cent. On 15th the wind
changed to stiff N.W., and on 16th the barometer was down
co 29°16, and it rained again but soon went off. For two or
three days the weather was unsettled and showery, with
currents of wind from different directions, that on 18th
brought on a slight thunderstorm, which cleared the air, and
S.W. wind madeit still colder ; and on morning of 21st there
Was a severe frost, the thermometer on grass being down to
28deg. <A hot day brought up a cool sea breeze laden with
damp sea air, and meeting the W. wind the barometer fell
from 30°20 to 29°60 next day, and thick clouds gathered, and
1 ‘74 inch falling in 36
hours. Cold S.W. storms prevailed on 24th, but the cold,
windy weather had apparently run its course, for the bar-
ometer rose and kept up steadily till the end of the month,
and the holidays set in warm and bright, the mean of mini-
mum temperature on the grass not varying more than 3deg.
from 43deg. for 10 days. and the sea breezes tempering the
rather fierce heat of the sun made the holiday weather as en-
Joyable ‘as could be desired for out-door amusements. The
rain fall for the month was 1°49 inches, making a total of
22°63 inches for the year to 23°54 inches in 1876, 28°17 inches
in 1875, and 23°04 inches in 1874.

W.| E. SHOOBRIDGE, Bushy Fark.

att

tier

Ma A

ain |

v

ae Si Sete ae

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 1st TO THE 15TH DeEc., 1877, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )
Ther- ; | ag
S'S | mometers Wind. | Cloud. | |
SS ol c
> ode |
Ss. 3 | |
sen eSeliv ee | = 1s
| 28s Se Se ee
= | s . : ~~ =
S S 9% 3 = = = ise = Weather.
SS = || ~~ | =< | aN
~ > = | .
eee see | so] 5 32) 8 | =
> Sa ls SS leer eS IRs | S S =
ie) || le 2 S |23 >
sSeci£ 1/8 (\8\ 2 |2e 2)
S| 5 _ fees HS VRS Tic
)
a RQ |
ho Liv. ,

1| 29-420 (60°0 15°5| 72/NW | 2°60] °0} ‘0| -O Starlight

|

29°860 |59°5 15°0 82;,NW | °52'10°0) N | ‘01'Cloud, sky

bo

covered
3} 29°625 |56°5 |13°5| 82) S 26) 3:5} K ‘O'Starlight
brilllant
4| 29-285 |55°0 |12°5| 71/,NW 52) 4:0) K 0} Starlight

5| 29-635 |48°5 | 9°5| 80| W | 52] 4°0| K | -09) Starlight
6| 29°680 62°0,17°0| 72 NW | -52| 5°0| K | -01'Stars and
clond
7| 29°865 162°5 17-0| 67, N_ | -52| 7-5] K | .0Clondy, a
| | few stars
8|29°720163°0 17°5| 77| -0 | 0100) N| -o\Cloud, sky
| | covered
9] 30-160 155-0 13°0, GGSW | 52, -0| -0) -01'Starlight
| brilllant
10] 30°140|58°0 14-5, S@ NW | ‘52 3-0) K | -O Starlight
|
11] 30°165 |54°5 '12°5; SINW | -52/ 2°5'K | -0 Ditto
|
12] 29-265 |64'0 |18-:0| 88 -0 0100} K | ‘QCloudy and
| calm
|
13] 29°72 665 195 73NW | ‘52100 K | ‘OCloud, sky
covered
14 29°260 |67°0 |19°0) 883 NW | °52/10°0/ K ‘OQ Heavy de-
tached R
| |
15} 29°320 |69°0 20°5| 55 NW | 2°60| 4:0, K | ‘0. Wind, star,
ies and rain

Francis Apzort, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-

proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

: ee ee
t 3s f j mit
oo deteereyng ‘AEE fe fiend, nee
‘AstehRe a so Fey lain tes 6eh 10 polite «
‘fuotten ged 2; irelite naa Jase
cer EY, radi od ne Ce
UE le “iron SE Rees taal
: Bet a x ih Iida aban sh “ih rea

}

ty

vaeedy) yah WE i eg a vracal A #i OMA
ae pawn’ i fis “ai ‘i Nidwe ahaa Bon ot Te
eieflanc vinet 4h Rrobters ofanb “he giin:, 4 5 ret iat
hie sha? pain alse? hives Day betas nerd ‘telat, oo
ta Batra! st seabonalit afk ° dase: vindweajen

etd feeoF ty ca AF

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

FROM THE 16TH TO THE 31st DeEc., 1877, IncLUSIvu,

aily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
eee diattaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m.. at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h, 49m. 29-23, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )
| Ther- f
3 moneters| Wind. | Cloud.
a~ | |
* Si] |
| = .
= | > rf
ao il Paes | =
Se el la | S| S [es | SP Ware
~~ = Wi ea — > ~ = | eather.
S wy} S = 12 | ‘
S| °82|2 | 8 |s|> S=| .[s/a
: x3 | = S y ~~ ~
wisss)e |S/s/sissl 8/3] es
Sess ais els 8S) =
Soe es 1S) aS Sess
> SS | O/ Ss] 8 /&8s | = 3
is] = Ss | xy > > ls | & > 3S
Q/s8 | a Sy Re leSp| Se tee
a | eae")
Te In.

16 Loe 15:0; 72;,NW | 52] 9°5| K | -o4 Large con-
glomerate K

17/ 29°620 |60°0 15°5/ 77) W | °5210°0| N | -o1| Raining

18] 23°445 |59°0 |15°0| 77;,NW | -52) 7-5] K ‘06 Moon,cloud,
and star
19] 29°760 |60°0 |15°5| 77, NW 52) 9:0) Ke 06 Large K, and
moon
29) 30°080 |54:0 12:0) 73 SW 02| 0} 0] -9 Moonlight
21) 29°915 |60°0 15°5| 88 S ‘26100 KN ‘0. Cloudy, sky
covered
22] 29°425 |66 0 |19:0! §8 NW 26, DO KN .0| Cloud and
rain
23! 29660 |55°0 \13°3| 76 NW °2610°0] N 95) Do., sky
covered
24) 29°665 |54°0 12:0) SO NW 62100 KN] -g9 Cloud, sky
covered
25] 29°855 |56°5 |13°5| 76 SE 26) 4:5) K ‘07 Stars and
cloud
26] 29°915 |60°5 |16°0| 82 N °26 10:0 KN ‘0 Cloud, sky
| covered
27| 30°010 |62°0 |16°5| 82 SE °26:10°0) N ‘0, Cloud, sky
covered
28 {30120 60°5 |16°0) 88 SE 26) 4:0) IK ‘0! Starlight
29) 30°060 |64°5 18:0} 73 SE 512) G3n5y) AE a0) Starlight
30} 29°860 |66°0 19-0 73 NW 26) 3:0, K ‘0 Ditto, ditto

31! 30°02)'60°0 115°5! 77

w2

°52'10'°0 N ‘0 Set rain

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.RAAS., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-

proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time,

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REPORT

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF

TASMANIA

FOR THE YEAR

LS 4.

TWasmanta:

JAMES BARNARD, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, HOBART TOWN,

1878.

EGY PIERUEL ATET AILS TAEDIGARAT HS AHI AR Rie.

ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA.

i

Patron :
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.

President :
HIS EXCELLENCY FREDERICK ALOYSIUS WELD, ESQ., C.M.G.

Vice-Presidents :
VENERABLE ARCHDEACON DAVIES, B.A.
SIR R. OFFICER, KNT.
J. W. AGNEW, ESQ., M.D.
M. ALLPORT, ESQ., F.L.S., F.Z.S., C.MLA.L, &c.

fSElentbers of Council :
*VENERABLE ARCHDEACON DAVIES, B.A.
*RIGHT REV. BISHOP BROMBY, D.D.
*M, ALLPORT, ESQ., F.L., F.Z.S., &c.
*HON. J. W. AGNEW, M.D.
F. ABBOTT, ESQ., F.R.A.S., &e.
REV. W. W. SPICER, M.A., &e.
JUSTIN M‘C. BROWNE, ESQ.
A. G. WEBSTER, ESQ.
SIR ROBERT OFFICER, KNT.
T. STEPHENS, ESQ., M.A., F.G.S.
H. J. BUCKLAND, ESQ.
J. BARNARD, ESQ.

Treasurer :
C. J. BARCLAY, ESQ.

Hon. Secretary :
HON. J. W. AGNEW, M.D.

Auditors of Annual Accounts :
H. COOK, ESQ.
F, BUTLER, ESQ.

Auditors of PMonthly Accounts :
M, ALLPORT, ESQ.
F, ABBOTT, ESQ.

Curator of the Museum;
MR. T. ROBLIN.

Superintendent of Gardens :
MR. F. ABBOTT, JUN.

*Members who retire next in rotation,

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.*
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Moinior ab izes gales cle soda Ml*

Gorresponding MAembers.

* Members who have contributed Papers which have been published in the
Society’s Transactions.

W. H. Archer, Esq., Melbourne, Victoria.

Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A., F.G.S., &c., Sydney.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., London.

John Dalton Hooker, Esq., M.D., R.N., F.R.S., &c.,
London.

*Baron F. Von Mueller, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., F.LS.,
&ec., Government Botanist, Melbourne, Victoria.

John Peet, Esq., Professor Grant’s College, Bombay.

W. Wilson Saunders, Esq., F.R.S., &c., London.

Alfred R. C. Selwyn, Esq., F.G.S. :

C. Tomlinson, Esq., F.R.S8., F.C.S., &c., Highgate, near
London.

*G. Bennett, Esq., M.D., F.Z.S., Sydney, New South Wales.
*G. Kreft, Esq., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., &c., &c., Sydney.
Professor G. Neumayer, Munich.

*Rey. Julian E. T. Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., &c.
Dr. W. O.Sonder, Foreign Hon. Sec. Society of Naturalists,

Hamburg.
Rev. J. J. Bleasdale, D.D., F.G.S., Melbourne.
*Captain W. V. Legge, R.A., F.Z.S., M.R.A.S., England.
R. Brough Smyth, Esq., Secretary for Mines, Melbourne.
Professor John Agardh, M.D., University of Lund, Sweden.
Dr. Julius Haast, F.R.S., Director of Museum, Christ-
church, New Zealand.

Archibald Liversidge, Esq., F.G.S., Professor of Geology
and Mineralogy in the Sydney University.

Professor W. Harkness, U.S.N., United States Naval
Observatory, Washington.

Henry Haylin Hayter, Esq., Government Statist, Melbourne.

*Frederick M. Bailey, Esq., Brisbane, Queensland.

A. Thozet, Esq., Botanist, Rockhampton, Queensland.

Comte de Castelnau, Consul-General for France, Melbourne.

*Ralph Tate, Esq., F.G.S., Professor of Natural History,
University of Adelaide.

*John Brazier, Esq., C.M.Z.S., Sydney.

*Richard Schomburgh, Ph.D., C.M.Z.S., &c., &c., Director
of Botanic Gardens, Adelaide.

Professor G. F. H. Ulrich, F.G.S., Melbourne.

ae Wallis, Esq., Secretary Board of Agriculture,

ictoria.

6

“F. W. Hutton, Esq., F.G.S., C.M.Z.S., Corr. Member of
Natl. History, Museum of Paris, Professor of Natural
Science, University of Otago, New Zealand.

Rev. George Brown, C.M.Z.S., Sydney.

Professor F. M‘Coy, F.G.S., University, Melbourne.

R. J. L. Ellery, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &c., Government
Astronomer, Melbourne.

Mons. J. N. Verschaffelt, Ghent, Belgium.

Aone Etheridge, jun., F.G.S., Geological Survey of Scot-
and.

James Hector, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c., Director Geolo-
gical Survey of New Zealand, Wellington.

Rev. Charles Rogers, L.L.D., &c., &c., Secretary Royal
Historical Society, London.

*Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.M.S., London.

E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., &c., Curator of Australian Museum,
Sydney.

y |
Hist of sFellows and Members.

* Fellows who have contributed Papers which have been published in the
; Society’s Transactions. + Denotes Life Membership.

*Abbott, Francis, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S., Hobart Town.

*Abbott, F., jun., ditto.

Adams, G. P., ditto.

*Aonew, J. W., M.D., F.L.S. New South Wales, V.P., ditto.

*+Allport, Morton, V.P., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.C.1., Corre-

sponding Member of the Anthropological Institute of
Great Britain, Life Member of the Entomological and
Malacological Societies, and Foreign Member of the Royal
Linnean and Royal Botanic Societies of Belgium, F.L.S.,
New South Wales, ditto.

Aikenhead, Hon. J., M.L.C., Launceston.

Adams, R. P., Solicitor-General, Hobart Town.

Aubin, Mrs. F., ditto.

Bilton, H., Glenorchy.
tBarry, Sir R., Melbourne.

*Barnard, James, Hobart Town.
Butler, Francis, ditto.

Butler, John James, Brighton.
*Bromby, Right Rev. C. H., D.D., Lord Bishop of Tas-

mania, Hobart Town.

Bright, R. S., M.R.C.S., Eng., ditto.
Butler, Henry, F.R.C.S., Eng., ditto.
Buckland, H. J., ditto.

Browne, Justin M‘C., ditto.
Baynton, W. E., Kingston.

Briant, G. W., Hobart Town.
Barclay, C. J., ditto.

Bedford, W., Anstey Barton.
Belstead, C. T., Hobart Town.
Belbin, W., M.H.A., ditto.
Benjafield, H., M.B., ditto.

Browne, Hon. N. J., Meadow Banks, Glenora.
Bidencope, J., Hobart Town.

Butler, E. H., ditto.

Bailey, Rev. J. H. Brooke, ditto.
Barnard, C. E., M.D., &c., ditto.

Chapman, Hon. T. D., M.L.C., New Town.
Cook, Henry, Hobart Town.

Clark, J. M., ditto.

Creswell, C. F., ditto.

*Cotton, Francis, Swanport.

8

Crawford, Lieut.-Colonel, Hamilton-on-Forth.
Crosby, W., Hobart Town.
Clarke, J. K., ditto.
Cruttenden, Thomas, Woodsden.
Coote, Audley, Sandy Bay.
Cowle, Miss, Hobart Town.
Crowther, A. B., M.R.C.S., Eng., ditto.
_ Crosby, R., ditto.
Crowther, E. L., M.D., ditto.

Davies, Ven. Archdeacon, V.P., ditto.
*Dobson, His Honor Mr. Justice, ditto.
Dobson, H., ditto.

Dowdell, C., ditto.

Davies, R. L., ditto.

Dear, Rey. R. E., ditto.

Dodds, J. S., ditto.

Dobson, Hon. Alfred, ditto.

Elliston, C. H., ditto.
Evans, T. M., ditto.

Fysh, Hon. P. O., M.H.A., ditto.
- Freeman, E. J., ditto.

Giblin, Thomas, ditto.
*Gould, C., F.G.S., late Government Geologist, London.
tGunn, R. C., F.R.S., F.L.S., Launceston.
+Gellibrand, Hon. W. A. B., M.L.C., Hon. Member Leeds
Institute, River Ouse.
Grant, C. H., Hobart Town.
Gilmore, G., Launceston.

Gray, Rev. John, Glenorchy.

*Hall, E. Swarbreck, M.R.C.S., Eng., Hobart Town.
Harris, Rev. R. D. P., M.A., ditto.

Hunter, Henry, ditto.

Huybers, A., ditto.

Hazell, C., Carlton.

Howell, F. G., Hobart Town.

Hopkins, A., ditto.

Hammond, W. S., ditto.

Irving, M.H., M.A., &c., Melbourne.
tJeffery, Molesworth, Bournbank, Lachlan.
Jackson, Hon. J. A., Hobart Town.
*Johnson, R. M., Launceston.

9

Kennerley, Hon. Alfred, M.L.C., Hobart Town.
Kelsh, Rev. Thomas, New Norfolk.
Kermode, W. A., Mona Vale.

Lewis, David, M.H.A., Hobart Town.
Legge, R. V., Cullenswood.

- Lucas, R. J., Hobart Town.
Latham, G. H., ditto.
Lovett, W., Colonial Auditor, ditto.
Lord, R. W., Launceston.
Langdon, Capt. W., R.N., Hobart Town.

Maclanachan, James, Ballochmyle.
Macfarlane, James, Hobart Town.
Macfarlane, John, ditto.
Mather, J. B., ditto.
Maxwell, C. M., ditto.

*+Milligan, Joseph, F.L.S., England.
Moore, J. A., M.R.C.S., Eng., New Norfolk.
Meredith, Hon. C., M.H.A., Orford.
Marsh, H. J., ditto.

+Mace, G., Spring Bay.
Morriss, W. V., Hobart Town.
Murphy, Most Rev. D., Bishop of Hobart Town, ditto.
Manley, E. J., ditto.

Napier, G. R., ditto.
*Nowell, E. C., ditto.

Officer, Hon. Sir Robert, V.P., New Norfolk.

Pillinger, J., Antill Ponds.
Perkins, H.A., M.D., M.R.C.S., Eng., Hobart Town.

Roberts, H. L., ditto.

Read, R. Cartwright, Redlands, New Norfolk.
Riddoch, A., M.H.A., New Norfolk.

Roblin, T., Curator of Museum, Hobart Town.
Reynolds, W. J. J., ditto.

: eg Rev. George B., President of Horton College,
Oss.

Rex, R. R., Hobart Town.

Seal, M., Hobart Town.

Smith, His Honor Sir Francis, Chief Justice, ditto.
tSolomon, Joseph, Hobart Town.

“Stephens, T., M.A., F.G.S., Inspector of Schools, ditto.

10

Story, Dr. G. F., Swanport.
Storie, Rev. J., Hobart Town.
Salier, F. J., Hobart Town.
*Swan, J.. New Town.

Smith, P. T., England.
*Shoobridge, W. E., New Norfolk.
Shoobridge, E., ditto.

Simson, A., Brighton.

Scott, Hopton, Hobart Town.
Swan, E. D., ditto.

Sharp, J., ditto.

Shoobridge, R. W. G., New Norfolk.
Simson, F. J., Brighton.

Smith, C. H., Launceston.

*Travers, S. Smith, New Town.
3 3

Walch, James H. B., Hobart Town.

Weaver, W. G., ditto.

Whyte, Hon. James, ditto.

Wilson, George, Mount Seymour.

Wilson, Hon. Sir J. M., M.L.C., President of Legislative
Council, Hobart Town.

Wise, F. H., ditto.

Webster, A. G., ditto.

Wright, Stephen P. H., Glenorchy.

Westbrook, T., Bellerive.

Westbrook, G. C., Hobart Town.

Woodgate, E. W., Launceston.

Young, Russell, M.H.A., Hobart Town.

11

@bituary.

_ Witson, James, J.P.—Died at Ashgrove, Oatlands, July
18, 1877, ext. 41.

Scott, JAMEs Rrip, J.P.; M.L.C. for South Esk.—Born
in 1839, at Earlston, in Scotland. Died August 25, 1877, et.
39. Was educated in Scotland. Elected to House of Assem-
bly in 1867. Returned to the Legislative Council in 1872.
Colonial Secretary from 1872 to 1873. A good botanist, and
a hardy and enthusiastic explorer, he made several expedi-
tions to the wild and lesser known portions of the Southern
and Western Districts of the Island, and wrote for the Royal
Society several Papers on the Natural History and Physical
Features of those regions. A Fellow of the Society since
1868.

SHARLAND, WILLIAM STANLEY, J.P.—Born in Count
Salop, England. Died at Hobart Town, October 23, 1877,
et. 77. Arrived, with his father and family, in Tasmania in
1823, and, at the age of 22, was made Assistant Surveyor.
Explored various unknown regions of the Colony, and dis-
covered Lake St. Clair. Was nominated as a Member of the
old Legislative Council by Sir William Denison in 1849,
Elected Member for New Norfolk in the Upper House, 1857.
Represented New Norfolk in the House of Assembly, from
1861 to 1872, when he retired from public life. A Fellow of
this Society almost since its formation.

ALLPorT, JosEPH.—Born in 1800, at Aldridge, in Stafford-
shire. Left England in 1831, bound for Sydney, but, touching
at Hobart Town, was induced by the then Governor, Sir
George Arthur, toremain. Mr. Allport was remarkable for the
brightness, perspicuity, and interest which he exhibited in
matters outside his profession, especially such as related to
natural objects and to progressive science. He was probably
the first to attempt the introduction of live fish to the Austra-
lias, having as far back as 1842 constructed ponds for their
reception. Some years later he succeeded in introducing perch
and tench. He was an ardent horticulturist, and there are
now in his garden trees and shrubs seldom seen elsewhere in
the Colony. He was one of the original members of the Tas-
manian Society, from which has sprung the present Royal
Society of Tasmania, of which he has ever since been a Fellow ;
and from the formation of the Tasmanian Public Library till
his death he was one of the Trustees of that Institution.

12

MINUTES of the Annual General Meeting of the Royat
Socrrty oF Tasmania, held at the Museum, Macquarie-
street, on the 29th January, 1878: The Right Rev. the
Lord Bisuor oF TasMAnia in the Chair.

The Chairman, having read the advertisement by which the
meeting had been convened, requested that the Report might
be read. .

Mr. M. Allport (in the absence of the Honorary Secretary,
Dr. Agnew) read the Report of the Council for the year 1877.

It was moved by the Rev. W. W. Spicer, seconded by Mr.
Manley, and carried, ‘‘ That the Report be adopted, and printed
for circulation amongst the Fellows.”

Mr. Allport having reported that the retiring Members of
Council were Sir Robert Officer, Messrs. T. Stephens, H. J.
Buckland, and J. Barnard, it was unanimously resolved that
they should be re-elected.

Messrs. H. Cook and F. Butler were elected Auditors of
Annual Accounts.

The following gentlemen were balloted for and declared duly
elected as Corresponding Members:—James Hector, Esq.,
M.D., F.R.S., &c., Director of the Geological Survey of New
Zealand; and Robert Etheridge, jun., Esq., F.G.S., of the
Geological Survey of Scotland.

Mr. Morton Allport stated that in future the printed pro-
ceedings of the Society would not be distributed as heretofore
to the members, but would be obtainable on application at the
Museum, The part for 1876 wasnow ready. Thisplan would
be pursued, as by the old system of distribution the Society
had run out of some of the earlier numbers of its proceedings.
Mr. Allport continued that he would take the opportunity, in
the absence of their Hon. Secretary, Dr. Agnew, to move a
direct vote uf thanks for his services during past years, more
especially for those in the year which was just ended. (Cheers.)
Nothing that he could say would tend to increase the respect
that was felt for him. It was simply a fact that had it not
been for Dr. Agnew’s labours on behalf of the Society there
would have been no society at all. (Hear, hear.) Dr.
Agnew’s services had been great in previous years, but last
year they had been more than ever valuable. Many improve-

13

ments had to be made in the Museum and Library, and, with a
larger printing bill, had swelled the amount of the debt of
the Society to their Secretary, who had advanced the sums
necessary for the expenditure. Of this debt he had now made
the Society a present, and on this account also their thanks
were especially due to him. He (the Speaker) would propose
that the special and cordial thanks of the Society be accorded
to the Hon. Secretary, Dr. Agnew, for his services.

Mr. Justin Browne seconded the motion.

His Lordship the Chairman, in putting the motion, said
that he would add nothing to it, but to say that he thought the
vote was perfectly deserved. ‘The bird that we feed is the
bird that we love,” and Dr. Agnew’s love for the Society made
him devote his time and energies to it, and he had added to
the obligations under which they were to him by clearing off
their debt.

The motion was carried by acclamation.

14

REPORT.

Tue Session of 1877 opened on March 13 with a Paper
“ On some South Australian Polyzoa,” by F. W. Hutton,
Esq., F.G.S., communicated by Professor R. Tate, F.G.S.,
of Adelaide, a Corresponding Member of the Society.

The following Papers-were brought forward at the
various subsequent meetings during the year :—“ A Census
with brief description of the Marine Shells of Tasmania
and the adjacent Islands,’ by the Rev. J. E. Tenison-
Woods, F.LS., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., &c.; “Notes on a
curious Confervoid substance from the Cascades Reservoir,
by the Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A.; “On ‘Aliens,’ or
Plants which have been introduced into Tasmania and
naturalised,” by the Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A.; “On
Plants as Insect Destroyers,” by the Rev. W. W. Spicer,
M.A.; “The Modern Progress of Astronomy,” by F.
Abbott; F.R.A.S., “On the occurrence of ‘ Ergot’ on
Rye Grass at Kingston,” by the Rev. W. W. Spicer,
M.A.; “On the Hobart Town Storage Reservoir,” by T.
Stephens, M.A., F.G.S.; “ Notes on the Flora of '‘Tas-
mania,” by the Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A.; “On Tas-
manian Siphonaria, including a new species,” by the Rev.
J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., &e.; “On Silk
and Silk Producers,’ by the Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A. ;
“ On some new Tasmanian Marine Shells,’ by the Rev.
J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., &e.; “On the
present stage of the Salmon Experiment,” by M. Allport,
F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. ; “ On Insect Parasites,” by the Rev.
W. W. Spicer, M.A.

In addition to the Papers above referred to, communi-
cations on the following subjects were brought under
notice during the Session :—“ Fossils from Darling
Downs, Queensland,” from G. Bennett, M.D., F.Z.S.,
&e.; “The occurrence of species of Belemnites and
Salenia in the Middle Tertiaries of South Australia,” from
Professor R. Tate, Adelaide; “The Islands of New
Britain, New Ireland, and the Duke of York Group,

15

their Natural History, and the Language, Manners and
Customs of the Inhabitants,” from the Rev. George Brown,
Wesleyan Missionary; “The alleged Sanitary Influence
of the Blue Gum Tree (Eucalyptus globulus ),’ “ Dif-
ference in the Time of Leafing of English Trees in the
Colony and in England,” “The Screw Bean ( Prosopis
pubescens ),’ “The Origin of the Potato known as the
‘ Brown’s River Black,” “ Fossil Fruits from Gulgong,
New South Wales,” &e., &e. 3

Mr. Abbott and Mr. W. E. Shoobridge (New Norfolk)
have been indefatigable as usual in carrying on the
Meteorological Observations, and the various Lighthouses
have supplied their monthly tables regularly. The
“ Simultaneous Observations’ are still taken by Mr.
Abbott, and are forwarded to the Meteorological Depart-
ment, United States, where they are incorporated with
observations of a similar character taken at various stations
throughout the world.

Our usual thanks are due to Messrs. W. Crosby and
Co., and Macfarlane Bros., for the transmission of parcels
free of expense to England and elsewhere; also to
Messrs. Walch and Sons for the gratuitous distribution of
the Society’s publications to Members resident in the
country.

Fourteen Fellows and seven Corresponding Members
were admitted. Four have been lost by death, and three
by resignation. Of the resignations two were due to the
circumstance that the Members have gone to official
positions on the northern side of the Island.

Covuncit.

One vacancy which occurred, owing to the retirement
of Mr. T. Giblin, was filled by the election of the Rev. W.
W. Spicer. The list of Retiring Members has been
posted in the Library for the last three days, in accordance
with No. 33 of the Amended Rules of the Society.

FINANCE.

The income from all sources was as follows :—Govern-
ment grantin aid to Museum, £200; ditto Gardens,

16

£400; subscriptions, £168 10s.; from Marine Board,
£20; sale of Plants &c. at Gardens, £88 6s. 8d.; this,
with £30 12s. in the hands of the Superitendent of the
Gardens for the payment of wages and arrears of subscrip- _
tions, £50, will give a total of £957 8s. 8d. The

expenditure and liabilities as per balance-sheet amounted
to £1024 8s. 10d., leaving a balance to debit of
£67 Os. 2d.

Large and unusual as the outlay for printing was last
year, it has, owing to the great value and interest of
Papers read at the meetings, been exceeded by nearly £30
this year. ‘The result has been an increase on our debt to
this amount. As the printing account, however, is not
likely to be again so large, it is expected that a great
portion of the debt will disappear during the ensuing
year.

GARDENS.

The gates which were ordered from England last year
are now being erected; and when this work is complete,
and the general approach to the gardens properly laid out,
the present mean and discreditable entrance, which has
long been an eye-sore, will cease to exist. ‘To all who are
interested in the beauty and well-doing of the Gardens, it
must be a matter of congratulation that the grant in aid
has been increased by the annual addition of £200. By
means of this timely assistance the workmen can now
receive fairer wages, and the deserts of the zealous and
most efficient Superintendent will be more adequately
recognised.

The principal new work executed consists in the exten-
sion of the sea-wall, completion of reclaimed flat at lower
part of Gardens, trenching, and forming paths on new
ground intended for an arboretum. Efforts will be made
to complete this work forthwith in order that more
attention may be given to many general works of im-
portance which have hitherto, from want of means, been
neglected.

A quantity of peat soil has been received from Port
Arthur for the purpose of forming a Rhododendron bed, in

17

which about seventy varieties have been planted. This
gives promise of great success, many of them having
already flowered freely.

Many new Plants have been introduced, the following
being a few of the most noteworthy :—Orchids and Palms,
from Mons. J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium ; Fruit Trees
and various Plants, from A. Van Geert, Ghent; North
American Plants, from Mr. C. Moore, Director Botanical
Garelens, Sydney ; Seeds of the Mesquit Bean ( Prosopus
pubescens ) and of the Algaroba Bean (from which Plants
have been raised), from His Excellency the President. In
addition to these, contributions have been received from
Mr. A. Simson, George’s Bay; and from Mr. L.
Bernays, Queensland, &e.

The grant from Government has, as usual, been sup-
plemented by a gang of prison labour, which has been
of great service in carrying out new work, and in per-
forming the rougher operations. Without this, indeed, it
would not have been possible to maintain the Gardens in
anything like fair condition.

The number of visitors has been estimated at 55,880,
being nearly 8000 more than last year.

Museum.

In addition to the new Shell Cases acquired last year
two new ones have been added, and all the available space
in the room is now fully occupied. Mr. Legrand is
making progress with the arrangement and display of
our shells, 450 species of which have been mounted and
named. Among these are included the type specimens of
the new species described by Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods.
The thanks of the Society are due to Mr. Legrand, not
only for the work in the Museum, but also for his
valuable assistance in correcting the proofs of the Con-
chological Papers which have passed through the Press,
and for his liberality in presenting many specimens from
his private collection. Our thanks are also due to Mr.
W. F. Petterd for numerous presentations, many of them
unique, to this Department.

18
__ In this place it is due to Mr. R. C. Kermode and to
Mr. P. T. Smith to record that the special thanks of the
Society have been given to the former for a very liberal
donation of Tasmanian Insects in a valuable cabinet; and _
to the latter for his generosity in presenting a first-class

Microscope (by Ross) furnished with many accessories and
mounted objects.

Mr. A. Simson has also been a donor of numerous
mineralogical and other specimens from the George’s Bay
District.

For the past six weeks the Museum has been thrown
open to the public on Sundays for a few hours in the after-
noon, The experiment has been attended with marked
success. ‘The attendance has been very large and orderly,
and many who have hitherto been prevented by their
avocations from visiting the Museum have gladly availed
themselves of the opportunity now afforded them of doing
SO.

The number of visitors to the Museum was 22,463,
being an increase of 3737 on that of 1876.

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22

BOOKS, §c. Purchased and Presented during 1877.

[Presentations marked thus *. ]

Athenzum, The, current numbers.
Arts, Journal of Society of, ditto.
-—, vols. 23 and 24.

econ al Gazette, ditto.

Society, Wisconsin State, Regulations of, 1876.

* Arboriculture, Prizes for promoting, (Massachusetts Society).

* Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Proceedings of, 1876.

* Avi-fauna of New Guinea, Notes on, by Dr. G. Bennet, F.L.S., F.Z.8.
From the author.

Belemnites and Salenia, on some new species of, from South Australia, by
Prof. Ralph Tate, F.G.S., Adelaide University.

* Colonies, the current numbers.

Conchologia Iconica, Reeves, parts 330 to 337.

* Climate of New South Wales, by H. C. Russell, B.A. From the author.

Crusta Catalogue of Stalk and Sessite-eyed, N ew Zealand, by E. J.
Miers, F.L.S. From the author.

* Catalog ue of Birds, British Museum, vol. 2. From the trustees.

* Confervoid Substance from Cascades Reservoir, Notes on, by Rev. W. W.
Spicer, M.A., F.R.M.S. From the author.

*Diatomaceen Typen Platte, Catalogue of, Moller. From P. T. Smith,
Esquire.

* England and Wales, Return of Landowners in, vols. 1 and 2.
, Ergot, on the occurrence of, on Rye Grass, in the Colony, by the Rev. W.
W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.A.S. From the author.

‘Florist and Pomologist, the, current numbers.

* Flora of Iowa, contributions to. From the Commissioners, Philadelphia
“Exhibition. .

Féathers, Stray, vol. 4, Nos. 4, 5,6; vol. 5, Nos. 1 to 4.

Geological Magazine, Nos. 149 to 160.

Gardeners’ Chronicle, current numbers.

Gazetteer, Tasmanian, (Baillier’s), 1877.

Geological Survey of Victoria, Report of, No. 4, 1877.

——_———- Explorations in New Zealand, with "Map of Buller Gold Field,
by Dr..J. Hector, F.R.S. &c. From the author.

= Historical and.Archzological Society of Ireland, Royal Journal of, vol. 3,
Nos. 23, 24; vol. 4, Nos. 25, 26,27. From the Hon. J. W. Agnew, M.D.,
M.L.C;

* Treland, Census of, 1871, vol. 1, parts 1 and 2; vol. 2, parts 2,3; vol. 4,
part l.
————., Return of Landowners in.
> Institute, Royal Colonial, Report of, 1877.
*______- New Zealand, ‘Proceedings of, vol. 9, parts 1 and 2. From Dr.
Hector.
-, New Zealand, Index to Proceeding, vols. 1 to 8.

Journal, Quarterly, of Science, Nos. 53' to 56.

23

* Lincei, L’Academia Royale des, Rome, Publications of, 187€-7. _
* Longitude, Report on difference of, between Washington and Ogden,
Utah.

Magazine, Country Gentleman’s, current numbers.

* Microscope, the, by W. B. Carpenter, M.D. &ce. From P. T. Smith,
Esquire.

* Microscopic Mounting, Martins. From ditto.

* Micrographic Dictionary, Griffith & Henfrey’s, 2nd edition. From ditto.

* Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal of, current numbers.

* Meteorological Office, Calcutta, Publications of, 1874-5-6.

bes Report, New Zealand, 1875. From Dr. Hector.

* —_______-___. Observations, Adelaide, 1876. From C. Todd, Esquire.

—__—__—______._—., Melbourne, 1875, Results of. From R. J.

L. Ellery, Esquire.

Data for the nine 10° squares of the Atlantic between 20°
N. and 10° 8. lat., and 10° to 40° W. long. From Meteorological O‘fice,
London.

sd ——-—— Report, Quarterly. From ditto.

> , of Kew Committee, 1876. From ditto.

™ Observations at Windsor, N.S. Wales, Results of From
J. Tebbutt, Esquire, F.R.A.S.

*

= - Tables, Monthly, Hobart Town. From F. Abbott, Esq.

> —_—- — , New Norfolk. From W. E. Shoobridge,
Esquire

* —_____ ____.__________ ---___, Mount Nelson, South Bruni, Goose

Island, Swan Island, Kent’s Group, and King’s Island. From the
Marine Board.
=

———,, Tamar Heads, Juneto December. From
R. Henry, Esq.

* Moon, the, Investigations of, corrections to Hansen’s tables of, by Prof.
Newcomb, U.S. Navy. From the author.

* Mines, Report of Department of, N. S. Wales, 1876. From Government
of N.S. W.

Nature, current numbers.

Natural History, Animals and Magazine of, ditto.

New South Wales, Progress and Resources of, by C. Robinson, Sec. to
Commissioners, Philadeiphia Exhibition.

* Orchids, Australian, by R. D. Fitzgerald. From the Government of
N.S. Wales.

* Physicalisch-dkonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, Schriften der,
1875.

* Plants eligible for Industrial culture and Naturalisation in Victoria, by
Baron Fred. von Mueller, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.8., &c.

, Papuan, Descriptive Notes on, by the same.

, Alien, on, by Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.M.S.

—, as Insect Destroyers, by the same.

Parasites, on Insect, by the same.

Palm House, the, in Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, by Dr. Schomburgh.

* Photoheliograph, Theory of Horizontal, by Prof. W. Harkness, United
States Naval Observatory, Washington,

* Polyzoa, on some South Australian, by F. W. Hutton, F.G.S. From
Prof Ralph Tate, Adelaide.

* Rain Gauge, Register of, at Adelaide, 1839 to 1874, by Sir George Strick~
land, Kingston, From the author.

*%
*

24

4 Report, Botanic Gardens, Adelaide. From Dr. Schomburgh.

* ; Colonial Museum and Laboratory, Wellington, N. Z. From Dr.
J ames Hector.

of British Association, 1875.

Reservoir, Hobart Town Water Works, on the, by T. Stephens, M.A.,
F.G.S.

* Society, Royal Astronomical, Monthly Notices, vol. 36, No. 9; vol. 37,
Nos. 1 to 9.

—, Asiatic of Japan, Transactions, vol. 4,1875-6. From the society.

*

* —, Linnean of New South Wales, Proceedings, 1876. From the
society.

2 —, Royal, Proceedings, 1877, current numbers. From the society.

%

—, Royal, of Victoria, Proceedings of, vol. 12, 1876. From the
society.

————,, Paleeontographical, Publications of, 1875-6, vols. 29, 30.

* —, Geological, Quarterly Journal of, vol. 32, Nos. 125, 128.

™ —, Royal Asiatic, Journal of, vol. 8, parts 1 and 2; vol. 9, part 1,
1876.

—-——, Royal Geographical, Journals of, vol. 45, 1875; Proceedings,
vol. 20, Nos. 1,6; vol. 21, No. 1.

, Linnean, Journal of, vol. 15, Nos. 82 to 87, (Botany) ; vols. 12

and 18, Nos. 60, 66, (Zoology).

—— , Zoological, Proceedings of, 1875 and 1876.

* ——-—,, Geological and Polytechnic of West Riding of Yorkshire, Pro-
ceedings of, 1876.

* —, Royal, New South Wales, Report, 1877 ; Proceedings, 1876.

* , Leeds Philosophical and Literary, Report, 1876-7.

* Société Royale du Nord, Memoirs, 1875-6.

* Statistics of Tasmania, 1876. From government.

> Victoria, 1876. Ditto of Victoria.

* —, Australian, 1876. Ditto of N. S. Wales.

* Shells, Marine, of Tasmania, a Census of, 1877, by the Rev. J. E. Tenison
Woods, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., &c.

-, Marine, on some new Tasmanian, 1877, by the same.

= Siphonaria, on Tasmanian, by the same.

* Silk and Silk Producers, on, by the Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A.

* Salmon Experiment, on present stage of, 1877, by M. Allport, F.L.S.,
F.Z.8., &e.

*

* Tobacco, its culture, &c., by A. Morris, Executive Commissioner, Phila-
~ delphia Exhibition.

* Victorian Year Book, 1876. From H. H. Hayter, Esq., Government
Statist, Victoria.

Wissenchaften, Der K, B. Akademie der Munich, publications of, 1874,
1879.

25

LIST of Donors to the Museum during 1877.

(For particulars of Donations see Lists in Monthly Proceedings.)

Archer, R. F., Mr.

Allport, Mr. C., Hobart Town.

Armstrong, Mr., Christchurch, New
Zealand.

Blythe, W. C., Mr., Campbell Town.

Bates, T., Mr., Adelaide.

Brown, Rev. G.

Brazier, Mr. John.

Baynton, Mr. J. E., Kingston.

Bidencope, Mr. J., Hobart Town.

Boyes, L., Mr., ditto.

Barnard, Mr. D. M., Fingal.

Barnard, Dr. C. E., Hobart Town.

Collis, Mr., Furneaux Group.

Clark, Mr. J. W. H., Hobart Town.

Crowther, Dr. E. L.

Coverdale, Dr.

Clark, J. K., Esq., Hobart Town.

Dixon, W. K., Ouse.

Dury, Mr. T., Hobart Town.

Dillner, Capt., brig Prairie.

Dear, Rev. R. E., Hobart Town.

Eddington, Mr., Sorell

Fisher, W., Esq., Hobart Town.

Ferguson, Mr., Tinder-box Bay.

Gates, Mr. J., Hobart Town.

Gatenby, Mrs. R., Isis River.

Gillon, Mr. J., Hobart Town.

Hull, H. M., Esq., ditto.

Hutton, F. W., Esq., Dunedin, New
Zealand.

Harbroe, Mr., New Town.

Hull, Master, Hobart Town.

Hissey, Mr., ditto.

Johnston, Mr. A. K., Cleveland Bay.

Johnston, Mr. R. M., Launceston.

Jones, Master H., Hobart Town.

Kermode, R. C., Esq., Mona Vale.

Knight, Miss, Sandy Bay.

Lucas, Mr. J., Huon.

Langdon, Lieut. F. G. C., R.N.

Meredith, Mr. O., Orford.

Maddock, A., Master, Hobart Town.

Murray, Mr. R. A., Hampshire
Hills.

Nicholas, Mr. E. J., Meadsfield.

O’ Keefe, Mr., Hobart Town.

Oldfield, Mr. E., Launceston.

Parsons, Mrs. 8,, Hobart Town.

Parsons, Mrs. C. O., ditto.

Pybus, Mrs. R., Bruni Island.

Piguenit, Mr., New Town.

Penny, Mr., ditto.

Pitt; W.; Esq-,
Zealand.

Rex, G., Mr., Hobart Town.

Rollins, Mr. J. R., Longley.

Rex, Mr. R. R., Hobart Town.

Sandberg, Mr. C., Ringarooma.

Swan, John, Esq., Hobart Town.

Swan, E. D., Esq., ditto.

Shoobridge, W. E., Esq., New Nor-
folk.

Spicer, Mr. F. B., Campbell Town.

Simson, A., Esq., Gould’s Country.

Spicer, Rev. W. W., Hobart Town.

Smith, Mr. E. A., Sandy Bay.

Scott, J., Esq., Launceston.

Tabor, Mr., Huon Road.

Thomas, Rey. J., Friendly Islands,

Tate, Prof. R., Adelaide.

Terry, Mr., New Norfolk.

Tanner, Mr. P., Hobart Town.

Watchorn, Mr. W. J., ditto.

Wilson, Mr., Bellerive.

Wise, Mr. F., Hobart Town.

Witherington, Mr. J., ditto.

Yeoland, Miss E., Long Bay.

Brighton, New

26

PLANTS AND SEEDS RECEIVED AT THE BOTANIC GARDENS
DURING THE YEAR 1877.

From Mr. William Meyer, San Francisco Nursery, San Francisco~—16
packets Seeds of Coniferee : 7th February.

From Mr. James Jones, Melbourne—65 varieties Dahlia, imported : 17th

February. 3

From Mons. Ch. Huber, Hyéres, France—2 packets Seeds : 8th March.

From Mons. August Van Geert, Ghent, Belgium—Case containing 112
Plants, and also 80 varieties of Fruit Trees : 17th March.

From the Royal Gardens, Kew—One box Willow Cuttings : 17th March.

From Baron Ferd. Von Mueller, Government Botanist, Melbourne—
Seeds of Festuca dives : 17th March.

From the Chamber of Agriculture, Washington, America—39 packets
Seeds: 3rd April.

From Ch. Huber & Co., Hyéres, France—43 packets Seeds : 3rd April.

From the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta—14 packets Seeds Coniferee : 28th
April.

From Mr. Piesse, Hobart Town—14 packets Seeds : 4th May.

From His Excellency F. A. Weld, Esq.—Seeds of Prosopus pubescens and
Prosopus juliflora: 7th May.

From Mr. J. Dawson, Hobart Town—16 packets Seeds of Fijian Plants :
23rd May. yf

From Ch. Huber—Seeds of Jocaranda mimoszefolia: 23rd May.

From the Philadelphia Exhibition Commissioners—25 packets Seeds :
9th June.

From Baron Ferd. Von Mueller—? packets Seeds : June 13th.

From Mr. William Lawrence, Melbourne—Seeds of Quercus egilops :
15th June.

From A. Simpson, Esq.—Plants from Flinder’s Island : 19th July.

From the Botanic Gardens, Sydney—Plants of Nympheea lutea and
Nymphea odorata : 18th August.

From Mr. G. Brunning, St. Kilda Nurseries, Melbourne—Case containing
41 Plants, 23 varieties Fruit Scions : 31st August.

From Messrs. Shepherd & Co., Sydney—21 Fruit Trees : 31st August.

From W. 8S. Bernays, Esq., Queensland—Seeds of two species Nymphea:
15th September.

From Mr. J. Purchase, Sydney—Case containing 24 Plants: 15th Sep-
tember.

From Mr. Inglis—18 packets Seeds from India : 29th September.

From Mr, A. Simpson, George’s Bay—Large plant of Alsophila Australis :
15th October.

From Mons. J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium--Case containing 50 plants of
Orchids and Palms : 19th October.

From L. Bernays, Esq., Queensland—Two cases Water Lilies: 23rd
November. °

From Mr. Latham, Hobart Town—Numerous varieties Dutch Bulbs :
30th November.

From Mr. F. M. Baily, Queensland— Four varieties Grass Seed : 30th Nov.

From Mons. Ch. Huber, Hyéres, France—382 packets Seeds.

ae.”

27

PLANTS AND SEEDS SENT FROM THE GARDENS DURING
1877.

May 12th: To the Botanic Gardens, Kew, London—Seeds of Eucas
lyptus globulus.

May 12th: To Mr. Wm. Bull, London—Seeds, Eucalyptus globulus.

May 12th: To the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta—Seeds of Eucalyptus
globulus.

May 25th: To the Rev. W. W. Spicer—60 packets seeds.

June 26th : To the Department Agriculture, Washington, United States,
America—100 packets seeds.

July 4th : To Baron Ferd. von Mueller—100 packets seeds.

July 8th : To Mr. Wm. Bull, London—10 packets seeds.

July 8th : To the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta—28 packets seeds.

July 8th : To the Royal Gardens, Kew—106 packets seeds.

July 8th: To the Royal Horticultural Gardens, London—10 packets
seeds.

July 18th: To Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux, & Co., Paris—14 packets
seeds.
» July 18th : To C. Huber & Co., Hyéres, France—14 packets seeds.

July 18th : To Mr. C. F. Creswell, Melbourne— Plants and seeds.

July 31st : To Mr. James Jones, Melbourne—Packets seeds.

August 7th : To Messrs. Shepherd & Co., Sydney—Box plants and seeds.

August 8th : To Mr. G. Brunn, Melbourne—1 case plants and seeds.

November 23rd: To Dr. Hector, Colonial Museum, Wellington—18
plants.

November 23rd: To Mr. Travers, Nelson, New Zealand—12 packets
seeds.

November 26th : To the Royal Gardens, Kew—Seeds, hardy Eucalypti.

November 26th : To Mr. Wm, Bull, London—Various seeds.

November 26th : To Thos. Ledbetter, Esq., Notary Public, Bombay—
Seeds, Eucalypti.

November 26th : To Mons, Ch. Huber, France—Seeds, Hardy Eucalypti.

November 26th: To Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux, & Co., Paris—Sceds,

hardy Eucalypti.

November 26th : To Jean Verschaffelt, Belgium—Package seeds.

November 26th : To Baron Ferd. von Mueller—Package seeds.

November 26th : To Mr. C. F. Creswell, Melbourne—Package seeds.

November 26th : To the Royal Horticultural Society, London— Seeds of
hardy Eucalypti.

November 26th: To the Chamber of Agriculture, United States,
America—Seeds, hardy Eucalypti.

November 26th : To J. King, Esq., Botanic Gardens, Calcutta—Package
seeds.

28

PLANTS SUPPLIED FOR PLANTING PUBLIC PLACES.

May 1st: For Hospital Grounds and Public Buildings, Launceston=
176 plants, and various bulbs.

May 29th: For St. Mark’s Church, Kangaroo Point—100 plants.

May 29th: For Public Recreation, New Norfolk—100 plants.

May 31st: For Cemetery, Hobart Town—80. plants.

June 7th : Ditto—40 plants.

June 18th : For Hospital, Launceston—150 plants.

June 21st : Horton College, Ross—100 plants.

June 21st : St. David’s Cathedral—2 Deodors.

June 30th : For Cemetery, Sandy Bay—S0 plants.

July 15th : Public School, Sorell—18 plants.

July 15th: Church of England, St. Mary’s—30 plants.

July 19th: Church of England, Spring Bay—25 plants.

July 24th: Municipality Deloraine—100 plants.

August 2Ist : Public School, Oatlands—55 plants.

September 14th : Scotch Church, Launceston—80 plants.

F, ABBOTT, Superintendent.

29

PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE ROYAL SOCIETY’S GARDENS
DURING THE YEAR 1877.

Albizzia procera
Andropogon angulatus
Anemia flexuosa
Antignonon leptopas
Aspidium Molley
Aspidium acuminatum
Asplenium eburnum
Asplenium felix feemina
Asplenium proliferium
Bauhinia Hookeri
Bauhinia tomentosa
‘Bignonia adenophora
Boronia citriodora
Brodza coccinea

Bromus arenarius
Calochortus elegans luteus
Calochortus luteus oculatus
Calochortus splendens
Calochortus uniflorus
Calochortus venusta
Canna Coquette

Caryota speciosa

Cattleya citrina

Cattleya labiata

Ceanothus florabundus
Ceanothus gloire de Versailles
Ceanothus ovatus roseus
Ceenarrhenes nitida
Centaurea rugusina
Chameerops Moccini
Cheilanthus hirta
Chrysanthemum inodorum
Cocos campestris

Cocos mipaniana
Cyclobothra pulchella
Danthonia elymoides
Danthonia pectinata
Dendrobium calceolaria
Dendrobium citrosum
Dendrobium Denisonianum
Dendrobium Paxtoni
Doryopterus palmata
Eucalyptus maculata
Eucalyptus Watsoni
Eucalyptus Vernicosa
Euchryphia Billardieri
Eulalie japonica

Euterpe antioquensis
Euterpe edulis
Epidendrum Macrochilum
Equinedium atropurpureum
Equinedium rubrum
Equinedium violaceum
Festuca dives

Galphinium nitida

Gladiolus purpureus auratus
Gladiolus Saundersoni
Gladiolus viperatus

Gongora aureo-purpurea
Griffinia hyacinthina
Gymnogramma lauchiana
Gymnogramma sulphurea
Gymnogramma tomentosa
Habranthus Bagnaldi
Habranthus pratensis
Heemanthus albiflorus
Hedera marmorata elegans
Helianthus cucumerizefolius
Hernionitis cordifolia
Hesperia populnea
Hydnophytium fornicatum
Laclaria calicarpa

Lawsonia alba

Magnolia alba superba
Magnolia cordata

Magnolia conspicua
Magnolia Fischeri

Magnolia Norberti

Magnolia triumphans
Magnolia Yulan Thompsonianum
Martinezia disticha
Martinezia Lindeni
Matricaria eximea
Maxillaria lutea alba
Maxillaria picta

Morenia corallina
Mosospinidium sanguineum
Narcissus Ajax bicolor moschata
Narcissus cernuus flora pleeno
Narcissus incomparabilis pleeno
Narcissus incomparabilis aurantiaca
Narcissus intermedius
Narcissus intermedius bifrons
Narcissus japonica

Narcissus junceefolius
Narcissus nanus minor
Narcissus odorus

Narcissus odorus majus
Narcissus odorus minor
Narcissus obsallaris
Narcissus ornatus

Narcissus pulchellus

Narcisus tazetta lacticolor
Narcissus tazetta nobilissima
Narcissus tazetta papyraceus
Narcissus trewiana minor
Nephrolepis tuberosa
Nymphea lutea

Nymphea octora

Obeliscaria atrosanguinea

Odontoglossum Cervantesi
Odontoglossum grande
Odontogtossum Pescatorei
Odontoglossum pulchellum
Oncidium hyphematicum
Oncidium lanceanum
Ornithogalum aureum
Ozothamnus Gravesi
Pheedronassa gloriosa
Phenix tenuis

Phenix zelanica

Pinus Elliotti

Podocarpus Donniana

A la Mode

Annie Rawlings
Alexander

Amy Creed
Annie Hobbs
Arborea
Bluebeard
Chairman
Countessa of Pembroke
Crimson King
Decoration

Don Pedro
Edward Purchase
Florence Pontin
Gem of Dwarfs
German Daisy
Golden Canary
Guiding Star
Hindo

Hercules

Hero

High Sheriff
Harward

Henry Walton
Imperial Yellow
John Standish
King of Primroses
Little Beauty
Little Dear

Little Lydia

Beauty of Oxton
Bridal Wreath
Ceres

Duke of Cambridge
Distinction

Eclipse

Fairy Queen

Poinciana pulcherrima
Prosopis juliflora

Prosopis pubescens
Rhododendron calophyllum
Scilla triandra parviflora
Sophronites grandiflora
Tacsonia exoniensis
Trichonema bulbococleum
Trichonema ramiflora
Trillium grandiflorum
Trilium pendulum
Tropceolum Moretzianum
Typha bicornis

Dahlias.

Model

Maid of Essex
Mr. Harris
Magic

Monarch _
Marchioness of Bath
Nabob

Ne plus ultra
Osiris

Oriental

Ovid

Paradise Williams
Pearl

Pluton

Panorama

Pet

Pure Love
Queen’s Messenger
Robert Lambert
Rose Flake

Sarah M‘Millan
Scarlet Gem
Sunshine

Titans

Venus

Viridiflora
Washington
William Eckford
White Bedder
Yellow Gem

Pelargoniums.

Florinda
Heartsease
Letitia

Mabel Siren
Statesman

Sir Percival Dyke

Lord Derby
Prince of Orange

Ambassador
Butterfly
Hero
Laciniata

Alternans
Atrosanguineum
Browni
Candidum fi. pl.
Carnolicum
Humboldtii
Paroum
Pinifolium
Takesime
_Staminosum

Compt de Bombuseau
Clara

_ Emilie d’Italie
Edworthi

Fortscrit

Imperatrice Josephine
Leopold d’Italie

Bellefleur
Caroline red, June
Carter’s blue
Hoary morning
Haute boute

Ah Mon Dieu
Baronne de Mello
Besi Veat

Beurre de ]’Assumption
Beurre de Ghelin
Beurre Hardy

_ Beurre L’Inconnu
Colmar d’Eté

Deux Sceurs

Desire Cornelis
Doyenne d’ Alencon
Doyenne du Comice
Duc de Nemours
Elisa de Heyste

31

Fuchsia.

Striata splendens
White Souvenir de Chiswick

Colens.

Masterpiece
Mrs. Kirton
Quadricolor

Lilium.

Thunbergianum fi. pl.
Thunbergianum citrinum
Thunbergianum cruentum
Thunbergianum grandiflorum
Thunbergianum macrantium
Thunbergianum venustum
Vitellinum maculatum
Umbellatum atrosanguineum
Umbellatum punctatissimum
Tigrinum splendens

Moutan Peony.

Lilacina

Madame de Vitry
Modesta

Pride of Hong Kong
Parviflora

Sericea purpurea superba
Triomph de Gand

Apples.

Irish peach
Juliana
Kittagaska
Téte de Chat

Pears.

General Tottleben
Lawrence

Marie Guise

Madame Appert
Madame Babtiste Desportes
Madame Loriel de Barny
Marechal de Coeur
Oliver de Serres
Paradise Autumn

Robert Hogg

Saint Michel Archangel
Souvenir de Congress
Sucre verte

Verte Longan

D’Agen

Beauman’s May

Auger’s frontignac
Bicane

Black champion

Black muscat

Chasselas de falloux
Chasselas de musque
Chasselas de rose
Chasselas royal
Champion muscat

Early summer frontignac

GOVERNMENT PRINTER, TASMANIA.

32

Plums.

| Imperatrice de Milan

Cherries.

| White Bigarreau

Vines.

Gros Guillaume

Gros Colman

Gros Maroc

Ingram’s hardy prolific
Madeira frontignac
Madresfield Court black muscat
Royal Ascot

Waltham cross

Winter muscadine

F, ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.

JAMES BARNARD,

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