,G\^qi^^;i^

C^\

FOR THE PEOPLE

FOK EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF

TASMANIA

PAPERS & PROCEEDINGS

OF THE ?:t)Ge?l^O^

ROYAL SOCIETY ^

OF TASMANIA

FOR THE YEAR

1917

ISSUED FEBRUARY 25th. 1918.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

The Tasmanian Museum. Argyle Street, Hobart.
1918.

Price: Six S hi] lings.

The responsibility of the statements and opinions
in the following papers and discussions rests with the
individual authors and speakers ; the Society merely
places them on record.

Printed at "The Mercury" Office, Macquarie Street, Hobart.

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA

The Royal Society of Tasmania was founded on the 14th Octo-
ber, 1843, by His Excellency Sir John Eardlej' Eardloy AVilniot,
Lieutenant Governor of Van Uienitn's Land, as "Tlie Botani-
cal and Horticultural Society of \'an Dienien's Land." Tlie
IJotanical Ciardcns in the Queen's Domain, near Hobart, were
shortly afterwards placed under its managemeiit, and a grant
of £'4(}U a year towards their maintenance was made by the
Government. In 1844, His Excieilency announcVd to the
Society that Her ^lajesty tlie Queen had signified her con-
sent to become its patron ; and that its designation should
thenceforward l>o "The Ko.yal Societv of Van Diemen's Land
for Horticulture, Jiotany, and the Advancement of Science."

In 1848 the Society established the Tasmanian Museum ; and
in 1849 it commenccMl the publication of its "Papers and Pro-
ceedings."

In 1854 the Legislative Council of Tasmania by "The Royal
Society Act" made provision for vesting the property of the
Society in trustees, and for other matters connected witii the
management of its affairs.

In 18oo the r.ame of the Colony was changed to Tasmania,
and the Society* then became "The Royal Society of Tasmania
for Horticulture, Hotany and the Advanc-oment of Science."

In 1860 a piece of ground at the corner of Arcrvle and Mac-
quarie streets. Hobart. was given by the Crown to tlie Society
as a site for a Mu.seum, and a grant of £3,0(10 was made for the
erection of a building. The Society contributed £1.800 towards
the cost, and the new Museum was finishc^l in 1862.

In 1885 the Society gave back to the Crown the Botanical
Gardens and the Museum, which, with the collections of the
Museum, were vested in a body of trustees, of whom .six are
cho.sen from the Society. In consideration of the services
it had rendered in the promotion of science, and in the for-
mation and management of the Museum and Gardens, the right
was reserved to the Society to have exclusivo possession of
sufficient and convenient nxims in the Museum, for the safe
custody of its Library, and for its meetings, and for all other
purposes connected with it.

In 1911 the Parliament of Tasmania, by "The Royal Society
Act. 1911," created the Society a bodv corporate by the name
of "The Royal Society of Tasmania," with perpetual succes-
sion.

The object of the Society is declared by its Rules to be
"the advancement of knowledge."

His Majesty the King is Patron of the Society ; and His
Excellency the Governor of Tasmania is Preoident.

CONTENTS.

Page
A Determination of the Height of Barn BlufT. By
H. R. Hutchison, L. F. Giblin, and W. F. D.

Butler 1

Mosses comnaon to Tasmania and Queensland. By

John Shirley G

Tasmania!! Eucalypts. By L. Kodway 10

The FcRii!datioii of Publir l!istitutions for Secondany-

Kducalion i!i Tasniaii!a. By W. F. 1). Butler ... 21

Notes on Tnxnifinian Dlftfera and Descriptions of

New Species. By G. H. Hardy CO

Notes on Tasmanian Butterflies. By G. II. Hardy... 67

Tasmanian Ci rod. 'dec By G. H. Hardy 69

New Australian AsH'kUf. By Arthur White 72

New Names for Tasmanian Mar(/iiiif/n.<. By W. L.

May 101

Botanical Notes. By L. Rodway 105

Ab.stract of Proceedings Ill

An!!ual Report

List of the Society 11?

Report 124

Accounts 126

Obituary Notice 128

Index 129

PAPERS

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA

1917

A DETERMINATION OF THE HEIGHT OF BARN
BLUFF.

By H. R. Hutchison. Authorised Surveyor, L. F. Giblin,
B.A.. and W. F. D. Butler, M.Sc, B.A., LL.B.

[Read lOlh April. 1916. Received in Revised Form, 24th
June, 1*J17. Issued sepaiiitely 'lord Au«,nist, 11M7.]

In a paper read before the Society in 1912 on the
Height of Ben Lomond, the claims of Barn Bluff to be
higher than its neighbour. Cradle Mountain, were referred
to, and in a sketch map of the latter district made by
Franz Malcher in 1914 the height of Barn Bluff is placed
as between 5,135 feet and 5,200 feet.

At Christmas, 1915. a party, consisting of Professor
Flynn, Dr. W. N. Benson, L. Rodway, C.M.G., Dr. Rod-
way, E. Maxwell, A. V. Giblin, A. Gamett, and the
writers, spent several days in the vicinity of Cradle Moun-
tain, and whilst Professor Flynn ard Messrs. W. N. Ben-
son, L. Rodway, and Dr. Rodway each spent their time
in examining the biological, geological, and botanical fea-
tures of the district, the writei^s decided to attempt to
settle the disputed point as to the height of Bam Bluff.

The majority of the party left Hobart. by the morning
train, and were met at Sheffield and driven that night to
Wilmot.

Next day this party were driven through the V.D.L.
Company's Middlesex block to Pencil Pine Creek, a, dis-
tance of about 24 miles, where they were met by Mr. G.
Weindorfer, who had made all arrangements for their
stay. After partaking of lunch, the party walked to Mr.
Weindorfers accommodation house, prettily-situated in a
forest of pencil pines at the commencement of Cradle
Valley, a distance of about four miles from Pencil Pine
Creek .

The next day an excursion was made to the top of
Cradle Mountain, the trigonometrical station on which is

2 A DETERMINATION OF THE HEIGHT OF BAKN BLUFF,

stated in the official maps of Tasmania t.o have a height
of 5,069 feet. This station was inside a wooden stockade,
now much decayed, approximately four feet in height, and
as the trigonometrical pole had fallen a new pine pole 5
feet 9 inches in height, with a white flag attached, was
erected on the approximate site of the station. Froin there
a ridge was obseirved running to Barn Bluff. About mid-
way between the two mountains it widened out to such
an extent as to- give an appearance of being a suitable
base to measure the difference in height of the two. The
remainder of the party then made their appsarance at the
acctiminodation house, having uiotoreij to within six miles
of Cradle Valley.

The following day we visited the ridge mentioned
alcove, but found it to be rather too narrow to give an
accurate result, so determined to make a base along the
ridge, and then to triangulate to another point across a
small gully, which would give the required base. We,
therefore, went back to the accommodation house, and
next day returned and made a camp in a sheltered spot
approximately half-way between the two mounts.

We first laid out a base X Y on the ridge, and
measured it bv a steel tape four chains in length, and
found to be 26.089 chains, 26.091 chains, and 26.078 chains
respectively. The correctnessi of the last measurement was
dovibted, owing to the high wind prevailing when the
measurement was being taken. As, however, only a
diflferencei in height was being ascertained, an error in the
length ol the base would have made a much smaller error-
in the height, the length of the base was adopted as
1.722 feet. A point Z was then fixed so that the base
X Z would be a suitable one to determine the distance
between the mo'untains, and next a flag was erected on
the summit of Barn Bluff. We then returned to point Z,
and Mr. Hutchison measured the horizontal and vertical
arjglesi to the points X and Y and tO' "C" (Flag on Cradle
Mountain) and "B' (Flag- on Barn Bluff). Owing to the
flag on Cradle Mountain having wrapped round the pole,
the point where the pole appeared above the stockade
was the point there measured, and on Barn Bluff the
ground line was found the best to adopt.

He then took observations of the sun to determine the
bearing of Barn Bluff from Cradle Mountain. A good
site for taking observations could not be obtained, as the
ground wasi wet and spongy, and covered with vegetable
growth, but every precaution was adopted to make the
stand of the theodolite as firm as possible so as to minimise
any shifting of the instrument. Observations, however,.

BY H. n. HUTCHISON, L. K. GIBLIN, ik W. F. D. BUTLER. 3

for this reason were more liable to inaccuracy at this point
than at either X or Y.

On the following day Mr. Hutchison took the neces-
sary angles from the points X and Y, and also observar
ticns of several other points, including Mount Pelion,
lying approximately 9 miles to the S.S.L.

The instrument used was a 5-inch Troughton and
Simms" trajisit theodolite, reading on each circle by two
veruiers to 20".

Tests as to the accuracy of vhe measurements are
obtainable bv taking the thi'ee measured angles of the
ti-iaugl.? XY"Z, the sum ot wliicli was 180° U' 29", and
also by calculating the distance between the two points
B and Z from the data obtained from the two triangles
B X Z and B Y Z. This was 7,271.96 feet and 7,271.6U
feet respectively ; and similarly the distance C Z from the
two triangles C Z X and C Z Y was, respectively, 9.147.61
feet and 9,145.64 feet.

The angles obtained at each setting are given below,
and an abstract given of the calculations, from which it
will be seen that the height of Barn Bluff was determined
i?i three ways from the points X, Y, and Z. the results
being based upon a height of 5.069 feet for Cradle Moun-
tain.

Height of Barn Bluff.
Obsei-vation. Calculated Height.

From X 5,114.86

From Y 5,114.34

From Z 5,114.43

The results justify the adoption of 5,114 feet as the
height of Barn Bluff.

The observations of Mount Pelion are int^reS'ting,
but, unfortunately, not conclusive owing, first, to the
smallness of the base X Y'^, compared with the distance
from P (Mount Pelion) ; and, secondlv, to the smallness
of the angle X Y^ P. However, it seems certain that this
mountain is over 5,000 feet in height, and probably in
the neighbourhood of Barn Bluff and Cradle Mountain,
but it does not appear likely that it will prove to eclipse
Leggo Tor on Ben Lomond.

The latitude of Cradle Mountain is given on the offi-
ciiil maps as 41° 43'. 41° 44' 20" wa.s, therefore, adopted
as the approximate latitude of Z, and from the observations
taken there of the sun, the hearini!^ of the point B on Barn
Bluff from C on Cradle Mountain was Soutli 28° 12' 17"
Wes". The distance between the two points was also found
from the above observations to be 3 miles 7 chains 51 links.

A DETERMlNATiUX UF THE HEIGHT OF BAKN BLUFF,

ABSTRACT OF OBSERVATIONS.
C a spot within the stockade at the trigonometrical

station on Cradle Mountain.
A pole with a flag on it was erected on the
spot and observations taken to the j>oint on it
appearing above the stockade approximately 4
feet above the solid rock.
B a spot on Bam BlujBf towards the South-West

end selected as the highest point. A pole with
a flag on it was also erected here, and all
observations were taken to the ground line of
the pole.
X and Y the tops of flags at the ends of a base measured
on the ridge connecting Barn Bluff and Cradle
Mountain.
Z the top of a flag to form a base from X and Y by

triangulation for obtaining positions of C and
B.
Length of base X Y reduced to the horizontal 26.089
chains, 26.091 chains, 26.0 TS chains. Length adopted
1,722 feet.

HORIZONTAL ANGLES OBSERVED.
Each entry in the coUnnns Face Ri.i;lit and Face Left is the
mean of the vernier readings at one setting.

Face Right.

Face Left.

Caiciilateti hor-
izontal distance

feet.

From 1-2 feet above Z (top of flag;, 27/1-2/15.

0
Y
X
V>

Sun 1st
Sun 2u(l

C

z

R
X

From 1

170 59 50

22:i S.i 30

249 8 50

348 30 5

213 30 40

From "4 feet

j 359 59 40

2-U5 28 50

209 58 25

I 194 54 0

"4 feet above X

180 1 20
223 34 20
249 10 0
348 30 40

10

ISO 0 35

223 33 55

249 9 25

348 30 22

213

above Y (top of flag), 28/1 2/) 5
359 58 10 359 58 55

24(5 28 40 24<) 28 45

209 57 40 209 58 2

194 54 10 194 54 5

(top of flag),
vatious taken.)

9.1 17-61

3,887-45
3,123-55

7,27 1 -78

6,872-04
3.887-45
10,01 8-40
1,722-

(Two separate sets of ubser

Y

359 59 20

300 0 30

359 59 55

69 58 50

69 59 20

G9 59 5

1,722-

C

348 2 35

348 3 0

348 2 47

58 2 20

58 3 20

58 2 50

8,551-31

Z

257 9 20

257 10 5

257 9 42

327 8 30

327 8 50

327 8 40

3,123-55

B

198 9 10

198 9 30

198 9 20

268 8 25

268 8 55

268 8 40

8,354-73

BY H. R. HUTCHISOX, L. F. GIBLIN, ifc W. F. D. BUTLER.

VERTICAL ANGLES.

Each entry iu the columns F.ice Right and Face Left is the
inean of th« vernier reai lings at one .netting.

To

C
Y
X

C
Z
B
X

Face Right.

Face Left.

Mean.

Correction.

Correcteil
Angle.

From V2 feet above Z (top of Hag).

8 23

3 5i

4 24
10 50

8 56
-3 53

6 22
-0 45

50
30
10
40

8 21 30

3 49 0

4 21 50
10 47 15

8

3

4

10

22 40
50 15

23 0
48 57

39
16^
13*
31

From '4 feet above

8 58 40 I 8
-3 51 50 I -3

G 24 50 : (5
- 0 42 40 i - 0
From r4 feet above

10

35

55

0

V (top of flag).
57 25 1+ 29.^
52 42^ 1^1

23 52
43 50
X (top

13

8 23 19

3 50 31^

4 23 13A

10 49 28

8 57 54i
-3 52 26

6 24 35
-0 43 43

'f flag).

Y

0 36 30

0 40 20

0 38 25

0 40 10

0 38 40

0 39 25

+ 7

0 39 2

C

7 18 10

7 22 40

7 20 40

7 21 30

7 20 0

7 20 45

36

7 21 19

z

-4 28 10

-4 25 30

-4 20 .50

-4 25 10

-4 27 5

-4 26 7.'.

13A

-4 26 16

B

7 47 20

7 49 15

7 48 18

7 48 50

7 46 20

7 47 35

35

7 48 31

Sun observations from Z on 27tli December, 1915.
Sun in upper left-hand quadrant touching cross wires
iu telesco]»-i Azimuth F;u-e Kit,'ht 2\'S° 'M' 4()". Eleva-
tion, 0° 57' 5')". Tiiiif about (ihr. 50in (Zone time).
Sun in lower right-hand quadrant touching cross wires
in telescope Azimuth Face Left 2lo° 37' 10". Eleva-
tion, 8° 41' 40". Time about 6hr. .54m. (Zone time).

MOSSES COMMON TO TASMANIA AND

QUEENSLAND.

By John Shirley, D.Sc

Communicated b}^ L. Eodway, C.M.G.

Received 1st October, 1917.

Issued separately 19th October, 1917.

Last summer, in company with Mr. H. Tryon,
Government Entomologist, 1 spent five weeks on Roberts
Plateau, a spur from the Macpherson Range, on the
boraers of New South Wales and Queensland. The beauty
of the scenery, the delightful landscapes, and the wealth
of vegetation made the holiday thoroughly enjoyable. A
large amount of plant material was ccilected, principally
phanerogams and lichens. vN'^hen collecting lichens a few
mosses were incident aly collected, and, by the kindness
of Mr. J. H. Maiden, F.R.S., were determined by Mr.
Whitelegge, custodian of mosses and ferns at the Botanic
Gai'dens, Sydney. Several of these mosses, collected at
heights of 3,000-3,800 feet, proved new to Queensland.

On examining Mr. Rodway's lists, published in the
proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 1 hnd that
two of the most common S23ecies on the plateau — Trache-
loma planifolium, BrideJ, and Ilypnodentiron spininer-
vium. Hook — are reported as part of the T'asmanian moss
flora. It occurred to me that it would be well to place
on record mosses common to' the two States, giving
Queensland localities. Many species may be rare in south-
ern localities, thoiigh quite common here, and vice versa.
By the kind permission of Mr. C. White, Acting Govern-
menti Botanist, I examined the mosses in the State hei'b-
ariuni, finding a number without localities, and others
represented by New South Wales specimens only. Other
localities were obtained from reports of the Field Natural-
ists" Section of the Royal Society, and from papers by
Messrs. James Keys, J. Gwyther, and C. J. Wild.

The classification adopted is that used by Mr. Eodway.

Fmnily I. Tortulacece.

1. Phascuin cylindra- Tayl. ' Cui'rumbin Creek, near
ceum Macpherson R.

2. Tortula atro-vireiis LhuJ. Brisbane River.

3. Weissia fiavipe? H. f. <(■ IF. (Alstonville-Ballina rd.,

N. S. Wales.)

4. Holoniitrium peri- BriJ.
cluvtiale

5. Barbula calvciiia Schw.

Family II. Dicranacerf.

6. Ceratorlon purpu- B)i'I.

reus (L.)

7. Ceratndon steno- 3Jnt.
carpus, s. purpu-
reas" v. palustris

8. Ditricliuni affine C.J/.

9. Sclerodontiinn pal- Mitt.

liduin (Hook.), -s.
Leucolonia Siebe-
riannin

10. Canipvlnpus iutro- Jin''/

flexu.s (Hedw.)

11. Canipylopus pudi- IIurn.<ch.

cus

12. Catnpylopus tor- Mitt.
(juatus

13. C'am]>yl<>]tu.s l)i- Hoyn.o-li.
color

BY JOHX SHIRLEY, D.SC.

Pimpaina, S.C. Line.

Mount Perry, Wilston,
Caboolture.

Currunibin Creek, Mac-
plierson Kange.

(Reported without loca-
lity by the late Mr. F.
M. Bailey.)

Mt. Mistake.

Burpengary, Mt. Mistake.

North Pine, Port Cnrtis,
anil Pinipania.

Brisbane River scrubs.

Burpencjary. Woolston,
Caboolture.

Tweed Heads.

Famihj III. Grlmminrece.

14. Oridiniia leiocarpa Tm/l.

15. (iriniinia pndicus /Ioinsc/i.

16. Grininiia pusilluni J/itt.

Oladfield, Helidon.

Helidon.

Ash grove.

Famihj IV. Leiicobrijaciux.

17. Leucobryum can- Upe.
didum

Family V. MnincecC.

18. Rhizogonium spin- Brack.
iforme

Main Range, near Too-
wooniba, Killarney,
Caboolture.

Mt. Mistake, ^y(M)lston,
Eagle Farm, Killarney.

Family VI. Fissidentacece.

19. Fissidens tenellus 11./. d; W

20. Fissidens oblongi- Il.f.iV Tl
folius

21. Fissidens White- CM.
leggei

A s h g r o V e, Enoggera
Creek.

Moreton Island.
Nerang River.

8 MOSSES COMMON TO TASMANIA AND QUEENSLAND,

Family VII. Bryacece.

22. Rryum leptotlie- 'Tai/L

ciuin

23. Br.vuiu chrysoneu- C.^f.
ron

24. Biyum argenteum L.

25. Bryuin dichoto- lledw.
Ilium

Victoria Park, Brisbane.

(Reported without loca-
lity by F. M. Bailey.)

Gladfield.

(Reported without loca-
lity by F. M. Bailey.)

Family VIII. Splach7iace(e.

26. Taylor ia octoble- ^litt.
phara (Hook.)

(Lane Cove II., N.S.
Wales.)

Family IX. F'unariacea'.

27. Gisaspermum re- LimVi.

pen.s (Hook )

28. P"'unaria apopliy- Tuijl.
sata

29. Fnnaria cuspidata //. f. tt- 11'.

30. Fuiiaria glabra Tuyl.

31. Fuiiaria crispula lI.f.<L- W

32. Fuiiaria liygoiiiet- Slbth.
rica (L.)

Gladfield, Mount Perry,
Brisbane R.

Woolston, near Brisbane,
Caboolture.

Mount Perry.

(Alstonville-Ballina rd.,

N.S. Wales.)

Three-mile Scrub, Bris-
bane, Woolston, Ca-
boolture.

Brisbane, Port Curtis,
Tweed Heads.

Family X. Ilypnacefi:.

33. Hypnuiu tenui- Hediv.
folium

34. Hypnum eonvolu- Hjie.

tit'olium

35. Ptycliomuioii aci- Mitt.
culare i^Biid.)

36. H y ] ) n o (1 e n d r o n lluok.
.-^piiiiiierviuni

(Reported without loca-
lity by F. M. Bailey.)

Woolston and Indooroo-
pilly, near Brisbane.

Palm Camp, Bellenden-
Ker Range, Jioberts
Plateau, Alacpherson
Range

Reported from Mt. Wel-
lington, Gordon, and
Tasnian's Peninsula,
Tasmania. This moss
was found to be com-
mon on the Macpher-
son Range and its otf-
shoots at heights over
3,000ft.

BY JOHN SHIRLEY, D.SC.

37. Acanthocladium Milt.
extenuatuin(Brid.)

88. Thuidiuin lievius- Jaeq.
culiim (Mitt.)

39. Thuidium sparsum Jaeg.
(H. f.ifeW.)

Brisbane River scrubs.
Nerang Creek, Mt. Perry.
Mt. [Mistake.

Family XI. Neckeracefi".

40. Cainpoclisete ram- Reich.

ulo.sa (Mitt.)

41. Papillaria filipen- //./.((.• H'
dula

42. Neckera hymen- CM.
odoiita

4.3. Neckera plan! folia Br id.

Famili/ XII. Poli/li ichacetf'.
44. Daw.sonia .superba Grev.

Cnnniiigliani's Gap, Main
llaiige.

Milora, near Ipswich, Mt.
Perry, Caboolture.

Mt. Mistake, ^lain Range

Iveported from the Co-
lumba Falls, George
liiver, Ta-niania. Was
found to be most com-
mon and in full frnit
on horizontal trunks
and rotten loj^s at
heights above 3,OCH3ft.
along tlie Macplier.son
Range.

Xerang Creek.

Family XIII. Sjjhaynaceo'.

45. Sphagnum (;yn)bi- Ehrh.

folium

46. Spliagnum cuspi- Elnh.

datum

47. Sphagnum cynibi- C.M.

folioide-s

(.Mount Boyong, N.S.
Wales.)

Maroocliie, N.C. Line.
Nerang Creek, S.C Line.

10

TASMANIAN EUCALYPTS.

By L. Rodway, C.M.G., Government Botanist.

(Read Oct. 8, 1917. Received Oct. 1, 1917.)

(Issued separat.'ly Ortober ID, 1917.)

There are about twenty-two, more or less unstable,
forms of Eucalypts native of Tasmania which, may be re-
garded as distinct species. The variations of some of
these are very puzzling to the student, and have been re-
sponsible for much confusion. Some of the species re-
spond profoundly to change of conditions, especially soil.
Hybridisation is fairly common with many species, and is
responsible for some tempora.ry confusion, and perhaps per-
manent change. There is a further evolution progressing m
response to internal and unknown causes, not. in the small
fluctuating variation present in the offspring of every
organism, but in sudden mutation. With some of our
species, especially Blue Peppermint, from seed carefully
gathered off the oue tree, it is common to' find conspicuous
distinction of form amongst the oflfspring. There is. a
large field of research in all three forms of variabil'ity
open to the student; very little has been done, and we
shall not properly understand the limitation of species
until it is.

Students must recognise that no two eucalypts or any
other organism are exactly alike. We seize upon a con-
venient form and call it the type of a species, and all
beings that conform within a restricted but arbitrary
degree to this we group together and call it a species.
There is no such thing as a species in nature.

The Eucalypts of Tasmania may be grouped as fol-
lows) : —

Black Peppermint = Euc. amygdalina, Lab.

White Peppermint = Euc. linearis, Denh.
Blue Peppermint=Euc. risdoni. Hook.
False Blue Gum = Euc. hypericifolia.
Broad-leaved Peppermint = Euc. nitida. Hook.
Mountain Peppermint = Euc. coccifera, Hook.
Messmate=Euc. obliqua, L'Her.
Gum -topped Stringy = Euc. gigantea. Hook.
Swamp Gum = Euc. regnans, F.v.M.
Mountain Ash = Euc. sieberiana, F.v.M.
White-topped Stringy = Euc. sieberiana variety.

BV L. EODWAY, C.M.G. 11

Weeping Gum = Euc. paucifloia, Sieb.

Blue Gum = Euc. globulus. Lab.

White Gum = Euc. viminalis, Lab.

Caudlebark = Euc. rubida, Deane and Maiden.

Cider Gum = Euc. gunnii, Hook.

Perrins Gum = Euc. perriniana, F.v.M.

Mueller's Gum = Euc. muelleri, T. B. Moore.

Dwarf Gum = Euc. vernicosa, Hook.

Urn Gum = Euc. urnigera, Hook.

Heart>leaved Gum = Euc. cordata, Lab.

Ovate Gum = Euc. ovata, Lab.

Apple-scented Gum = Euc. stuartiana.

All these fall into two natural sections, which for
brevity we will call Sections A and B. irees belonging
to these are vei-y distinct to the expert, but it is not
always apparent to the student. There is one clear dis-
tinction getween the two sections which, though small,
indicates a radical divei-gence, and that is in the shape
of the anthers. In A tlie two halves of the anthers
diverge so as to cause it to assume the shape of a kidney.
In B the two halves are straight and parallel.

The first eleven in the list belong to A. Besides the
shape of the anthers there is a general resemblance. The
flowers, except in one form of Mouiitaiu Ptjtprrniinf, are
numerous in the umbel. The veins of the leaf are few,
and tend more to a longitudinal than a divergent course.

To B belong the rest. Except in Orate and Apple-
Jicented Gum, the flowers are in three or one, only abnor-
maJly in more. The veins are numerous, diverging, and
netted.

In Section A there are two sul>sections, the Prpjier-
mints and the Messmates, or Striugies. The Peppermints
mostly have narrow, equal-sided leaves, and the capsules
are nob at all constricted at the mouth. The Strinyies
have leaves with one half larger than the other, and the
capsule constricted at the mouth. Mmnitaiii Ash and
Weeping Gum may be recognised from the other Stringies
by the verj' longitudinal veins.

Section B is not capable of being split up into natural
groups. Blue Gum, and sometimes Dwarf Gum, bears
single flowers. Ovate and Apple-scented have more than
three floAvers in the umbel. White and Vandleharl- have
very protruding valves to the fruit, and usually oblique
leaves. All the rest, together with Dwarf Ginn, are a
group closely related to Cider Gum.

12 TASMANFAN EUCALYPTS,

The following descriptions will aid in recognition.

Black Feppermint (Euc. amygdalina, Lab.). — Usually
a small tree, but often remaining only of the dimensions
of a shrub. Slow growing, and on good land readu}''
smothered by more robust competitors. The leaves are
long, nari'ow, straight, or slightly unequal-sided, usually
under one centimetre in diameter; substance thick, sur-
face O'ften shining, veins few and not widely diverging.
Flowers about seven to nine in the umbel, clavate in bud
with a very short, nearly flat, operculum. The fruit is
almost hemispheric, tapering at the base into a slioit
stalk ; the orifice is usually flat or convex, not at all or
but slightly constricted, valves not protruding, rim broad,
four to six millimetres diaimeter. The bark is fibrous and
persistent in the typical trees, but is very variable, leav-
ing no clear line of demarkation between BlarJc and U liife
Peppermints.

The juvenile leaves of BJach I'epperinint are opposite,
sessile, linear, and more or less rough, with glands. The
timber of all the Fep per mints is very durable.

In the neighbourhood of St. Mary's Pass Mr. Irby
observed in the forest of mixed Maiiiitain Ash and Blacl-
Peppermint a few trees which diffei'ed from either, but
were called Blael Pepper mnit \)y local inhabitants. The
trees were medium-sized, with a rough, pers:istent, semi-
fibrc'us bark. The juvenile leaves were narrow, opposite,
and sessile, very like those of Blacl- Peppermint. I'he
mature leaves also resembled the leaves o<f that species,
only tended to grow much longer. Flowers and fruit
smaller than, but much like those of, Mountain As/i.
Fruit is pear-shaped, much restricted at the orifice, rim
narrow, valves deeply sunk; stalks slightly flattened. R.
T. Baker described it as a new species under the name of
Euc. tceniola, but it seems probable it is a hybrid between
Blacl' Peppermint and Mountain Ash.

White Peppermint {Euc. linearis, Denh.). — Always a
small tree, whose natural habitat is on basaltic hills, where
the mere rohust species cannot freely establish themselves.
In the typicaJ tree the bark is not at all fibrous, a.nd
scales oft' to the base, leaving thei trunk white and smooth.
The leaves are very narrow, but those of the seedlings are
smooth, broader, and more oblong or ovate than those of
Black Peppermint. The flowers and fruit are also as in
that species, but smaller. Intermediate specimens be-
tween the two species are common.

Blue Peppermint, also known as Risdon Gum, some-
times Cabbage Gum or Bastard Blue Gum {Euc. risdoni, H .)

BY L. RODWAV, (• M.G. 13

— A small tx-ee, gi-owing often in the driest and most un-
promising piacesT It varies greatly in response to the
conditions in which it finds itself, but also the seeds
gathered from a tree will often show great difference on
germination.

The type form of Blur ri'i/jjrrmlnt has foliage of an
ashy-blue colour, leaves nearly as broad as long, shortly
pointed or blunt, opposite, the leaves broadly combined
with one another across the stem. This is the form found
on very dry mudstone hills. When the soil is still poor,
but moisture available in greater quantity, the tree grows
out of the juvenile foliaged condition. The leaves oecome
alternate, stalked, lanceolate, acute, nearly or quite equal-
sided, but still much broader than those of Bhtrl, I't-ppir-
viint. This fonn is oft»»ii referred to as variety data, but
it is only the normal development of the type form. In
better country Bine Pepj/erminf cannot live, because it is
smothered out by more rapidly growing species. But
where artificial or some accident may permit it to grow
on good land, the leaves become smaller and narrower,
approximating those of Blarl Peitpernnnt, from which
they can onl}' be distinguished by more copious venation,
and ai. least some pale bloom covering the surface. The
bark is always scaly at the ba^e, and smooth pale above.
The buds are nLany in the umbel, club-shaped, with small,
nearly flat, opercula, averaging one centimetre in length.
The fruit i? somewhat variable in size and shape, a half
to one centimetre long and broad, lipmispheric, with a
flat top to almost ])ear-shaped, and the tcp slightly de-
pressed. In a bed of typical Blue Ve ft per mint, as, for
instance, along the iluon-rcad, about two miles from
Hobait, all variations of fruit are found. Some of the
trees, both in foliage and fruit, are indistinguishable from
Moiivfdiii Pepjierniiuf.

Amongst the forms of Blue I'ep per mint which may
l>e picked from amongst the numerous varieties is tTiat
once named by R. Brown Eur. In/iirrirlfft^in, and com-
monly known as ('iililxu/e (hi in. The juvenile leaves diner
from those of the type in being more lanceolate and long,
and the mature leaves are usually verv broad, with numer-
ous diverging veins, but at other times the leaves are
lanceolate : but whatever shape the veins are always more
numerous than in the type, and the surface is alwavs more
or less clothed with glaucous bloom To instance the

variability, both automatically and in response to condi-
tions, an instance may be cited. A few small trees grow
o!i the sand-dunes at Adventure Bav, with large broadly
oi>long opposite leaves, with typical flowers and fruit.

14 TASMANIAN EUCALYPTS,

Seeds taken from one tree gave seedlings of two forms, ono
with opposite, sessile, lanceolate leaves, some free, others
joined across, the stem, as in recognised forms of Cabbage
Gum ; the other with short, ovate, opposite, sessile leaves,
little or not at all joined across the base, identical with
the juvenile leaves of Mountain Peppermint. In five
years' time both forms had assumed narrow lanceolate
alternate foliage, differing very little from that of Black
Peppermint .

Broad-leaved Peppermint (Eiic. nitida, H .). — With the
habit and white bark of White Peppermint, it has long,
slightly unequal-sided leaves, one and a half to two centi-
metres diameter. Often narrow-leaved treesi are met
with with a few interspersed broad leaves, which might
be referred with equal justice to one or the other Pepper-
mints. A specimen gathered by Mr. Irby at Guildford
Junction had broad, oblong, opposite juvenile leaves,,
mature leaves as in this species, but the bark was scaly
or semi-fibrous.

This form requires fvirther observation before its
specific dependance can be maintained. The record pro-
bably includes many varieties. A broad-leaved form of
this Hooker mistook for Eve. radiata, Sieb., which was
erro<neous. The type was described from material gather-
ed on Tasman's Peninsula-. The broader-leaved form is
common in the North-West.

Mountain Peppermint (Euc. coccifera, If.). — The type
of this tree was taken from the form growing on the sum-
mit of Mt. Wellington, and is the extreme form of the
group of variations included in this species. It is a small
tree, with smooth white bark. The leaves are broaaxy
oblong, alternate, stalked, equal-sided, or nearly so, the
veinlets are very numerous and netted. The buds are
club-shapd, with small, nearly flat, opercula, as in Ji/tie
Peppermint, but normally only three in the umbel. The
fruit is about one centimetre long and broad, very flat,
and not at all constricted at the top, the rim broad, flat,
or convex. The juvenile leaves, are broadly oblong, op-
posite, sessile, not usually united across the stem. On
Mt. Faulkner, Cradle Mt., Western Tiersi, and Great Lake
the fruits are much smaller and more numerous in the
umbel, sometimes being typically flat above, with a broad
rim, at others more constricted, with a depressed rim. The
leaves have always numerous diverging veinlets, and the
juvenile foliage appears constant. At Powderham and
Abhotsbury, England, it has grown into a tall tree, and
sho'ws much variation, chiefly in the foliage.

BV L. RODWAY, CSIM. 15

Messmate, also Strinrjyharh, or Broirn Sfri>iff)fhark
(Eitc. ohliqua, L. Her.). — A medium-sized tree, much dis-
posed to lateral branching. Bark persistent, thick, brown,
fibrous. Juvenile leaves green, alternate stalked, but
very broad, unequal-sided. Mature leave® from broadly
ovate oblique to barely 5 cm. long, lanceolate, acxite.
Leaves always alternate, stalked, and unequal-sided. Buds
numerous in the umbel, club-shaped, with short conical
upercula, stalks and common stalk round.. Fruit pear-
shaped, mouth constricted, rim broad or narrow, valves
deeply sunk.

G'uin-topped Striiu/t/ (Eiic. (jit/antea, Udoker). — An
erect tree, often assuming the largest dimensions. The
branches usually short and ascending, the main tioink pre-
dominating. Bark thin-fibrous, continuous to the
branches. Juvenile leaves lai'ge, oblique, stalked, more
glaucous than in Messmatf, but otherwise, together with
mature foliage, buds, and fruit, similar to those borne by
that species.

R. T. Baker does not recognise Hooker's name, and
has re-named it Bite, delegatennis. Mueller often con-
founded this with Eiic. Jioemastoma, Smith.

Swam/) (riini, also called }fitinit<iiii As/i (Eur. ret/nans,
F.V.M.). — Erect and attaining enormous proportions, wiih
the bark stripping off in long ribands, it has exactly the
appearance of Ji/iic (J urn. Bark smooth from the base.
Juvenile leaves red and glaucous, often dentate on the
margin, otherwise all structure as in (I'lnn-fa/t/ifd.

Typical trees of Me.'^Hinate, Guni-fnp, and S\ramp are
quite distinct, but intermediate forms are common.

Mountain As/i, Ta^nianian Ircnhark, aJso some forms
known as White-topped Stringy {Eur. sieheriana, F.v.M.
Euc. i'ir(/ata, Sieh.). — A variable tree. At Scamander
flowering when only a few feet high. In gullies, in the
same neighbourhood, often exceeding 100ft. The bark is
stringy, pei"sistent, and deeply fun-owed. The leaves are
unequal-sided, and vaiy from broadly ovate to narrowly
lanceolate, the veins are few and almost longitudinal. The
flowers and fruits resemble those of Mes.-<nuite, onlv the
stalk of the umbel is rather long and very flat; the stalks
of the individual buds are also rather long and flat, but
this is not apparent when in fruit.

At Falmouth a tall growing form, with whit<^ upper
limbs, is known as White-topped Stringy.

Weeping Cium {Eur. pauci flora, Sieh. Eur. roriacea,
Ctinn.). — This tree is widely dispersed through the Mid-

16 TASMANIAN EUCALYPTS,

lands. It has a white, smooth baxk from near base, and
is usually of a spreading, drooping habit. On the Alma
Tiers this is very j^ronounced; the branches are slender,
long, and pendulous. About Chudleigh and elsewhere,
when met with in forests, the tree is erect. The mature
leaves are long, lanceolate, slightly unequal, stalked, and
alternate, but the venation is distinct from that of any
other Tasmanian tree, except Moiintahv Ash : the veins
are few, and run almost parallel with the midrib. From
Mount (I in Axh, where there may be doubt in the venation,
a distinction may always be made hj ^\ eepnuj Gum having
the flower stalks round instead of flat, the fruit nearly
hemispheric instead of pyriform, and the bark being de-
ciduous and smooth. The juvenile leaves are very like
those of Gum-topped .

Blue Gum (Eiic. glohulus, Lab.). — In the typical form
the main stem is erect and strongly pronounced. Bark
shed in long ribands. Leaves alternate, stalked distinctly
unecpial. Juvenile leaves opposite, sessile, very broad,
shoots sqviarei. Flowers large, single in the leaf-axils,
rarely three; fruit large, two tO' three centimetres diamet-
ler. As a. rule the tree varies but little. There is a
form growing near the sea at the foot of the hills at the
entrance to Port Arthur, with pale, more equal-sided
loaves, the flowers in threes, and only half the size of the
type, the valves of the fruit more sunk than in hybrids
v/ith White (htm. This seems to approach Eur. alohiilus
as it gro-ws in Gippsland.

White Gum, also Manna Gum (Etic. viiuinali-<, Lah.). —
UsuaJlv a small tree, but in favourable localities exceed-
ing 100ft. Bark scaly, from deciduous, except at the extreme
base, to persistent to the branches. Leaves verv variable
in size, running from under three inches to about one foot,
sometimes narrow, almost linear, equal-sided to broad
falcate, almost indistinguishable from those of Blue, Gum.
Juvenile leaves usually oblong, with a constricting base,
opposite, sessile, som.etimes broadly heart-shaped. In
rare instances flowers may appear in the axils of the juve-
nile leaves.. The flowers are always in threes. The
operculum is dome-shaped to conic, about as long as the
tube. Fruit nearly globose, with very protruding valves,
usuallv about 6 mm. diameter.

Though the foliage is so variable the species can
always be clearly made out amongst Tasmanian plants by
the large operculum and characteristic globose fruit always
in threes. The only other gum with such a fruit is
CondleharJc.

BY L. ROD WAY, C.M.G. 17

White Gum hybridises with its immediate relatives.
In forests of mixed Bhie and White Gum^ occasionally an
odd tree may be met with beai-ing median characteristics
between the "two. The bark and leaves are intermediate,
the flowers are in threes, the operculum is smooth, the
fruit is about one centimetre diameter, and smooth, but
has often one to three slight ribs. This has been
described by R. T. Baker as a distinct species under the
name of Eur. unialata.

Where White Gum and Ovate Gum are intermixed it
is very common to find specimens quite intermediate be-
tween the two.

White Gum and rrn Gum will also produce a hybrid
with very white smooth bark, very long naiTow leaves,
and flowers and fnxit intermediate between the two.

GaniUeharh (Eur. rubida, Deane et Maiden). — On dry
hills and poor alluvial flats, extending from Bridgewater
to Russell, a tree with the character of White (rum, but
with smaller fruits, and the juvenile, opposite foliage,
glaucous, small and nearly rotund, is very common. Mr.
Maiden refers it to this species. Hitherto it has been con-
sidered to be a fomi of White (rum. This and closely
allied forms occur in many localities with a poor mudstonc
soil. The allied fonns have often broadly ovate, pointed,
green, juvenile leaves and larger fruits, and it is merely a
matter of opinion amongst the forms growing in Tasmania
which shall be refeiTed to White Gum and which to
Candlehark.

Cider (rum (Eur. ;/unnii, Hooker). — Hooker described
and figured the species from material gathered in Tas-
mania. This tree is therefore the type with which all
forms must be compared. It is variable, and a matter
of individual opinion where we shall fix the division line
between this and adjacent species. The tree is widely
dispei-sed throughout Tasmania, but in only rare instances
is it found at a lower altitude than a thousand feet. A
small tree in exposed situations, it assumes very lofty
dimensions under more suitable conditions. In the typical
form the leaves are stalked, alternate, oblong, equal-sided,
and crenate on the margin ; the juvenile leaves are oppo-
site, sessile, rotund. The flowers are three together,
shortlv stalked to nearly sessile on a short common stalk.
The operculum much shorter than the tube, domed or
pyramidal ; fiiiit oblong to nearly hemispheric, valves
deeplv sunk. Bark smooth, pale from the base. Plants
growing on the Alma Tiers often have different juvenile
B

18 TASMANIAN KUOALYPTS,

leaves; they are broadly ovate and acute, otherwise simi-
lar to the type.

A form growing on the Western Tiers, opposite Mole
Creek, has the juvenile leaves and fruit of the type, only
the leaves are about two inches along, lanceolate, acute,
oft^^n falcate.

Another specimen from the same locality has narrow
leaves, and the operculum almost as large as in White
Gum, for which it would readily pass, only that the cap-
sules are cylindric, with sunk valves.

A form growing at Uxbridge attains very lofty
stature. It differs from the type only in the capsules
being rather larger and often angled. It is locally known
aa Yellow Gum, and is a link with Mueller's Gum of Mt.
Wellington.

Some trees growing in England have assumed a form
between Cider and Urn Gum.

Perrins Gum (Eu.c. perrlninna, F.v.M.). — This departs
little from Cider. The juvenile leaves are orbicular, and
join broadly across the stem, they are pale glaucous ; this
condition is generally maintained for some time, when the
tree gradually assumes the foliage of Cider. The flowers
are smaller and shorter stalked than in that s|)ecies, the
fruit hemispheric and nearly sessile.

Perrin's Gum is rare ; hitherto only recorded from.
Ouse district in Tasmania, and Mt. Kosciusko in ]New
South Wales.

Mueller >< Gum {Euc. muelleri, T . B. Moore). — This is
an extreme variety of Cider Gum, found on the edge of
its southern and western distribution. Its only distinc-
tion is the fi'uit being large, up to one centimetre diame-
ter, strongly obconic or turbinate, the mouth being very
broad, apex flat, and the valves in the dry fruit sharply
protruding.

On some of the mountains of the west there are
small trees, which are intermediate in character between
this and Dwarf Gum.

Settlers on Mt. Wellington often call this Fed Gum.
People at Bellerive call Ovate Gum by the same name.
As each State has from one to many Red Gum a not at all
related to these, it appearsi well to reject the appellation.

Dirnrf Gum {Eur. vernicosa, HooJcer). — In the typical
form this is a small shrub, with small, oblong, varnished,
thick leaves, seldom exceeding two centimetres in length,
opposite or alternate. The flowers are close in the leaf-

BY L. BODWAY, C.M.O. 19

axils, and one or three together; the fruit is cylindric to
turbinate, generally ribbed, about seven millimetres »n
diameter.

The peculiar Box-like foliage comes true to seed whei»
grown at a low elevation. At Mt. La Perouse some
trees grew to twenty feet, still retaining the characteristic
foliage.

I'm Gum {Euc. urniyeni, Hooher). — A tree varying
greatlv in stature, according to edaphic conditions, and,
like MueJIer'x Gum, mostly confined in Tasmania to an
altitude between two and three thousand feet, though «n
England it does well at sea level. The bark, like that of
Mueller's: Gvin, is smooth, and usually blotched with red
or brown ; the foliage, both juvenile and mature, is similar
to the foliage of that species, but the flowers are vcr}'
different. They are three in the umbel on a long common
stalk, and each flower ia cylindric and fairly long stalked ;
the operculum is very short, nearly flat, with a central pro-
tuberance. Tlie fruit is shaped like an urn, being con-
stricted just below the oi-ifice, ranging about rather more
than a centimetre in length, the valves are very deeply
sunk. A form of this tree grown at Whittinghame, Scot-
land, said to have been raised from seed gathered on Mt
Wellington, has the characteristic capsules, but verv much
smaller, and the leaves are long and narrow. Other trees
growing in England exactly conform to the type.

One specimen from Alma Tiers has the flowers upon
a shoot while still in juvenile foliage.

The juvenile foliage of f'rn Giiin is more glaucous
than that of Mueller'ii Gum, but otherwise similar.

Henri -leaved Gum. (Euc. rardata. Hooker). — Usually
a small tree, hut at Uxbridge, in forests, it attains a
height of two hundred feet. The foliage is ashy-blue.
Leaves opposite, sessile, very broadly ovate to orbicular,
not joining across the stem ; this juvenile condition, which
is verv like the foliage of Tr// and Mueller x Gums, is
maintained throughout the life of the tree. The flowers
are three together on short stalks, close in the angles of
the leaves; tube is broad, operculum almost- flat. The
fruit is nearly spherical, and about one centimetre dia-
meter to rather more ; the rim is rather broad, and the
valves deeply sunk.

Ovnfe Gum (Euc. nvntn. Lab.). — Generally a small
tree. Bark scaly at the base, smooth above. Leaves
equal-sided, oblong or ovate, polished and often undulate,
sometimes narrower ; juvenile foliage opposite, sessile,

aO TASMANIAN EUCALYPTS.

ovate, or oblong. Flowers usually six or seven in the
umbel, tube oblong, operculum rather shorter than the
tube, with a central protuberance, which in some speci-
mens may be elongated to five millimeitres. Fruit typi-
cally obconic, mouth wide, rim broad, valves from sunk
to protruding, four to six millimetres broad.

The type of the species was gathered by Labillardier©
ill Tasmania, and the figure in his work on New Holland
Flora exactly corresponds with the tree which is very
common here. Hooker, who evidently was unacquainted
with Labillardier e's figure, mistook the tree for the Euc.
acervula of Sieber. Mueller, recognising Hooker's error,
fell into worse confusion by sometimes recognising our
tree as a form of Euc. gunnii, and at others combining it
with his own Euc. stuartiana. E,. T. Baker described
a similar form as Euc. palndosa.

Black Gum, also' known as Swam.jJ Gum and Apple-
scented Gum (Euc. stuartiana, F.v.M .). — A medium-sized,
widely-spreading tree. Bark sub-fibrous, dark, persistent
to the branches. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, often slightly
unequal-sided, thick, and often shining; juvenile foliage
opposite, sessile, orbicular, to oblong. Flowers small,
many in the umbel ; operculum conic. Fruit obcomic,
usually under three millimetres diameter, valves protrud-
ing-

The form described above corresponds with specimens
sent out by Mueller as typical of the tree described as
Eitc. stuartiana in his "Eucalyptographia. " Unfortunately
Mueller tried to bring in many other forms under the
same name, which led to some obscurity. Deane and
Maiden consider the tree, common in Northern Tasmania,
and described above, to be distinct from Mueller's tree,
and najned it Euc. aggregata. R. T. Baker considers it
to differ further, and calls it Euc. roclwayi.

It may be readily distinguished from Ovate Gum by
the fibrous bark, naiTOwer leaves, and smaller fruits.

21

THE FOUNDATION OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION IN TASMANIA.

(By W. F. D. Butler, B.A., M.Sc, LL.B.)

[Read 8th October, 1917. Received 1st October, 1917.
Published separately, 19th November, 1917.]

The period with which this paper deals is that prior
to the establishment of responsible Government in Tas-
mania, and thus includes the early part of Sir William
Denison's Administration, as well as the Administration
of those Governors who immediately preceded him.

Before proceeding to consider the actual formation
of these Institutions, we will first discuss the objects the
founders were aiming at. It is fii'st necessary to con-
sider the educational state of the Colony at the time
of their labours, and also prior attempts to found similar
institutions. The Colony of Van Diemen's Land, as it
then was, had a large convict population, which was year-
ly increased by the transportation of convicts from Eng-
land. From January 1st, 1831, to March 31st, 1847. no
fewer than 43,353 convicts of both sexes arrived in Van
Diemens Land, and at the close of that year the total
population numbered but 70,000, so that, making every
allowance for deaths and other casualties, a large pro-
portion of the inhabitants were either convicts or their
offspring, and were stated to be as many as 30.000 (West, p.
306). To raise the social status of this community, the
Government — and the different Churches — had systems of
primaiy schools which, though adniittedlv inefficient, were
doing useful work. A study of the proposed reforms
of these schools in the early forties of last centurv is most
interesting, and in some respects the views of the Gov
emor, e.g., in the founding of a Training College for
teachers, have only recently been carried into effect. A
discussion of the early history of primar\' schools is noi,
however, within the scope of this paper.

Secondary education received no Government nelp at
all, there were no public grammar schools, but a few
private schools were conducted by various gentlemen, some
of which, considering the educational facilities available
to them, reached a satisfactory standard, whilst others
certainly could not lay claim to even this distinction.
These schools, however, suffered from a fatal defect from
C

22 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

the iDoint of view of the community; they were each
and all dependent entirely on the ability of the gentle-
man conducting them, and lacked stability in the event
of his ill-health or death. For still higher education no
provision whatever was available, and colonial students
were forced to tx-avel to the Old Country for this pur-
pose. In addition to the expense thus involved, it must
be remembered that a voyage to and from Europe in
those days occupied a considerable portion of a year,
and these two disadvantages combined to close this avenue
to all but the rich. Those with moderate incomes wer<i
forced to see their sons growing up with educational aa-
vantages much inferior to their own, and this at a time
when the value of education to the community as a whole
was beginning to be fully recognised.

EARLY ATTEMPTS.

In 1826 an attempt was made in the Northern part
of the State to form a Collegiate Institution for the educa-
tion of youth and the advancement of science. It was
proposed to erect buildings, to govern the College by a
Director of Patrons, and to establish a. Public Library
and Lecture-room.

For these purposes a fund was contributed, and 24
persons subscribed £50 each on the spot, and a com-
mencement was made at Norfolk Plains; but the project
failed, and sank into a Private Acadeni}'.

In 1828 the Government determined to esta,blish a
School at New Norfolk, called "The King's Grammai-
School." The Members of the Grovernment were tne
Board of Guardians ; the Master was in Holy Orders
This effort was also frustrated. (West's "History of Tas-
mania," Vol. 1, page 124).

In 1833 the project was revived by Governor Arthur.
He seems to have desired to commence a Collegiate In-
stitution, and in March of this year took advantage of
the fact that the Venerable Archdeacon Broughton, after-
wards the first Bishop of Australia, was then visiting the
Colony, to confer with him as to the establishment of
such an Institution.

Considerable interest appears to have been taken
ill this project, and the inhabitants of Hobart Town pre-
sented a Memorial to His Excellency on the subject, whilst
in consecutive i'lsues of the "Courier," then the leading
newspaper, the leading article dealt exclusively with this
subject.

In his address to the Legislative Council on August
28th, 1833, the Lieutenant-Governor remarked: — "It is

BY W. K. D. HITI.EK, B.A., M.SC, LL.B. 23

"pleasing also that contenqxfraiieously with this increase
'of wealth there has been manifested a growing desire
"for the blessings of education and religious instruction.
"... The almost universal ajopeal which has been made
"to the Goveniment by the most respected and influen-
"tial part of the community for the foundation of a col-
"lege, with a pledge of the most liberal assistance, afford
"satisfactory evidence of the sincerity with which the sen-
"timent is avowed." (The "Hobart Town Gazette, ' 30th
August, 1833, p. 446.)

In a minute bv the Lieutenant-Governor to the Legis-
lative Council on 3rd (October, 1833, he remarks: — "Tlie
"community generally have pressed so strongly the neces-
"sity of erecting and undertaking a college for the educa-
"tion of the native youth, and the prayer of their Petition
"has appeai'ed to me to be so reasonable that I have
"thought it expedient to propose that the sum of £2,500
"should be voted for the purpose, namely, £L'250 for
"1833, and £1,250 for 1834, on condition that the appli-
"cants should subscribe and expend an equal sum in the
"undertaking. . . . As respects the Grant in Aid of the
"College, it is proper I should also stiite that it is my in-
"tenticn to advance to the applicants the sums — which
"may be voted in accordance with tlieir wishes, subject to
"the approval of the Right Honourable the Secretaiy of
"State, and to take security for their repavment of the
"money .'•hould the appropriation be disallowed." ('Ho-
bart Town Gazette," 11th October, 1833, page 564.)

Tlie idea of Arclideacou Broughton appeal's to have
been that a Grammar School was first necessary before
the higher work of a College could be entered upon. He
tliereforo proposed to open in Hobart Town, in Tasmania,
a School, to be called "The King's School,' that school
l)uildings, with a chapel attached, should be erected, and
that the Headmaster of the proposed Institution .should
b^ a Clergyman of the Church of England, that the
Mastere and Scholars should attend Divine Service in the
Established Church every Sunday morning and afternooii
and on the great festivals, reservation being made that,
the parents or guardians of any scholar might obtain for
him exemption from this regulation by certifying at the
time of his admission to the School their desire that he
should attend at some other place of worship (Archdeacon
Broughton's Plan of a Public School).

However, difficulties appear to have arisen, and Gov-
ernor Arthur's project was held in suspense, pending a
reply to his despatch on the subject. This reply was re-
ceived early in January, 1836, and was of a favourable

24 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

nature. Governor Arthur offered the first Headmastership
to the Rev. GT. H. Rusden, who, however, declined it.
Sectaria-n difficulties also made their appearance, and no-
thing came of the project, and in the Governor's Minute
to the Legislative Council on August 5th of this year, he
remarks: — "The period of the opening of the PubJic
"School, provided for so liberally by this Council, as I
"may here observe, was delayed, tO' my great disappoint-
"ment." In the same Minute he deals favourably with
the principle of giving support: to schools connected with
particular Churches, and adds: — "I have also included
"the vote of £400 in aid of a Grammar School in conneic-
"tion with the Established Church of England, an J.n-
"stitution which has, with eveiy promise of success, corn-
"menced its operation* under the auspices and through
"the liberality of the Society for promoting Christian
"knowledge. The Right Reverend the Bishop of Aus-
"tralia has taken a special interest in the School, and I
"cannot doubt that you will grant towards it liberal aia. '
("Hobart Town Gazette," 12th August, 1836, page 77 6.)
This latter school, however, does not appear to have mat-
ured, as the Appropriation Act for 1837 does not show the
item .

In 1836 Governor Arthur retired, and in 1837 Sir
John Franklin arrived to take up the position of (iot-
ernor.

SIR JOHN FRANKLINS SCHEME.

In a pamphlet entitled "NaiTative of Some Pages in
"the History of Van Diemens Land during the last Three
"Years of Sir John Franklin's Administration of its Gov-
"ernment," printed in 1845, and circulated privately by
the Reverend J. P. Gell shortly after Sir John Franklin
left on his last voyage to the Arctic Regions, Sir John
Franklin gives an account of a College which he attempt-
ed to found, and, after referring to the previous attempt,
outlined above, states: — "In order to avoid at the outset
"any conflicting views, I deemed it advisable not to ex-
"plain mine till I had taken the first step towardsi their
"accomplishment. ... I preferred communicating at once
"with my friend, the late Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, of whom
"also I requested the great favour of selecting a person
"for the important charge contemj^lated, and of recom-
"mending such person to the Secretary of State for nom-
"ination."'

It will be seen that Sir John Franklin desired to be
guided by Dr. Arnolds advice on the matter, and it will
appea^r further on, that Arnold's influence really siiaped
the scheme which was afterwards formulated.

1!Y \V. K. 1). BCTMCR, li.A., M.SC, LL.H. 25

On the 26th Juue, 1838, Sir John Franklin sent a
Despatch (No. 61) to the Secretary of State respecting
the establishment of a Public School in Van Diemen's
Land, and enclosed an open letter to Dr. Arnold, yjii
the 2nd September, 1839, he laid before the Legislative
Council the reply of the Secretary of State (Marquis of
Nonnanby), dated loth March, 1S39, authorising him to
proceed forthwith with the erection of a school and school-
master's hou'-.e, and a recommendation that £500 should be
secured to the Master with a house capable of containing
from 12 to 20 boarders, and stating that Sir John Frank-
lins letter to Dr. Arnold had been forwarded to him, with
an intimation that it would not appear to be necessary,
nor i>erhaps advisable, that the person to be selected
.should be a clergyman ; but that any candidate for tli-*
appointment must, of course, be highly qualified to impart
religious instruction to his scholars. (■"Gazette," 184U,
Page 1075)

Sir John Franklin in his Minute remarks: — "The
"hading object, however, now in contemplation is to
"found a superior School on such a system that it may
"at a future period become a College, and be a means
"of affording a liberal education to the sons of Colonists
"ajid of preparing them lor entering upon the studv of
"the Learned Professions." ("Gazette," 1840, Page 1054.)

Tlie Secretary of State sent a Despatch dated 14th
August, 1839, tnclosing correspondence which took placv^
relative to th? appointment of the Principal or Head-
master, and from which it appears that the Secretary
of State subsequently subscribed entirely to Dr. Arnolds
views as to the importance of the Headmaster being an
Ordained Minister of the Church of England, "because —
and he quotes Dr. Arnold's words — "manv persons besl
"htt«d to carry on the work of education would be act-
"ually unwilling to engage in it, unless they were allow-
"ed to unite the clerical characti-r with that of the teach-
"er, as a means of fixing their position in society. . . .
"But a far higher consideration is. that he who is to edu-
"cabe boys, if he is fully sensible of the importance of his
"business, must be unwilling to lose such great opportu
"nities as the clerical character gives him to address them
"continually from the pulpit, etc."; and he adds: "I am
"quite sure that the spirit of proselytism, which some
"persons- appear so greatly to dread, would no more exisr
"in a good and sensible clergvMnan than in a good and
"sen.sible layman. Your master must be a member of
"some Church or other, if he is not a Minister of it : if
''he is a sincere member of it, and fitted to give religious

26 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

"instruction at all, he must be anxious to inculcate its
"tenets; but if he be a man of judgment and honesty, and
"of a truly Catholic spirit, he will feel it a still more
"sacred duty not to abuse the confidence of those parents
"of different persuasions who may have entrusted their
"children to his care; and he wall think, besides, that
"the true spirit of a Christian teacher is not exactly the
"spirit of proselytism."

Franklin, in a Minute explaining this Despatch and
the new scheme adds : — "In accordance w'ith these views, I
"have now the satisfaction of stating that the Secretary of
"State appointed to the office of Headmaster, or Principal,
"Mr. John Philip Gell, Master of Arts, of Trinity College,
"Cambridge. . . . Mr. Gell received express permission, as
"you may have infen'ed from the corresjoondence I have
"quoted, to enter into Holy Orders whenever he might
"think fit. ... It was further agreed that he sihould
"be engaged in the formation of the fundamental regnla-
"tions which were to be submitted tO' the Legislative
"Council; that he should be subject to the immediate con-
"trol of the Executive Government, and specially ex-
"empted from any Local Board, whether lay or clerical. '
(Gazette, 1840, page 778.)

Mr. Gell arrived, by the Runnymede on the 2nd April.
1840 ("Courier," 3/4/1840), and immediately set about to
establish a school. The Government called for tenders,
and eventually rented Mr. Justice Stephens house in
Macquarie-street, now occupied b}' the Sisters of the
Church as a School, at a rental of £300 per annum
("Colonial Times," June 9th, 1840), ("Courier," 5;6/1840).
The School v/as opene-d, Gell be :g Principal, and the
Rev. H. P. Fry being Classical Master. See Regulations
of Queen"s School ("Gazette," 12th June, 1840, reprinted
and commented on, "Colonial Times," June 23rd, 1840).
Sir John continues in his Minute above cjuoted : —
"Since the arrival of Mr. (iell, and after asceilaining
'the great importance he attached to the Institution about
'tx) be established — being not merely a School, but a Col-
'lege (by which I mean a body possessing and admini.5ter-
'ing its own property, under Officers and Visitors ap-
■pointed according to the rules of the foundation) — I
'addressed a letter to the Seci-etary of State, requesting
'that he would be pleased legally to constitute it by a
'Royal Charter of Incorporation. By this means alonr
'can it obtain a legal existence, and legal possession of
'property, wdiether in land, buildings, or, money. By
'no means that I am aware of can its stability and inde-
'pendence be secured, amidst the revolution of eyeait*.

BY W. F. D. BUTLER, B.A., M.SC, LL.B. 21

"the changes of councillors, the alternations of public
"opinion. A link between the people and the govern-
"ment, it will obtain the confidence and affections of the
"former, and become an object of private as well as public
"benefactions; for I expect that, though the Colonists of
"this Island may not be inclined to endow an Institution
"dependent solely on the will of the Government of the
"day, they may be willing and proud to endow one which
"can preserve their gifts for ever on their own terms. As
"a collegiate Institution it will have also this additional
"advantage, that it will attract what no mere amount of
"salary can do, the services of men competent to bestow
"on it a high character for sound learning and good
"morals, and will engage them to diligent exertions for
"its honour and improvement.

"It is desirable that the fundamental regulations to
"emanate from the Crown as Founder *:hould be altogether
"distinct from such other regulations as must be affecte<l
"by local or temporaiy circumstances, and which may
"properly be left in the hands of those who are imme-
"diately concerned in the business, either as officers or
"benefactors of the Institution."

In his Despatch No. 139, in 1840, Sir John Franklin
suggested that the assistance '.f Dr. Arnold and Dr. Pea-
cock, Dean of Ely, should be requested for the promoting
of the Charter (Narrative, page 76).

Sir John continues: — "In soliciting from the Crown
"a Charter which shall contain the fundamental regiila-
"tions, I have not presumed n.inutely to prescribe wiiat
"those rcgulation.s should be, confident that, from the
"quarter whence thev will originate, the most enlightene.!
"wisdom, ability, and experience will be employed in
"their construction, and in recjuesting that there should
"be no religious tests, no interference with the consciences
"of either Teacher or Students, and no notice taken of
"the distinctions which exLst between different classes of
"Christians, I have done that which, marking as it may
"my great solicitude to uphold the spirit of Christian
"liberality, which I desire should characterise the Institu-
"tion, was yet almost uncalled for with respect to the
"personage to whom my i-equest was addressed, or th ^
"authorities to whom I solicited his reference. By coni-
"mencing thus early the foundation of a College, I do not
"precipitate matters, but merely initiate the Institution
"on a right basis. The College will grow with the growth
"of the Colony — slowly, perhaps, but surely — expanding
"with its wants, and not overtaxing its resources.

"It may be considered time enough in a more ad-

28 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

"vanced state of things to claim the privileges of an
"University — degrees and professorships. There will be
"no difficulty, I apprehend, in obtaining these when
"they are really wanted; my aim has been chiefly to
"establish a Collegiate School of the highest class for the
"promotion of sound learning and religion. It is
"destined for youth who, having received such a preliminary
"education as will enable them to pass a certain examina-
"tion (which will be the only condition of admission), de-
"sire to pursue their studies lo that age, and tO' that ex-
"tent, which boys educated at the first public schools in
"England generally attain before they enter into activi
"life, or commence a professional or academical course of
"study."

"I am authorised to proceed with the erection of the
"necessary buildings for the College, on such plans as may
"obtain your sanction. And here I may state that I con-
"sider it essential to* the very nature and objects of th3
"Institution that the site should not be in Hobart Town —
"tiiough at the same time I think that it should not be
"many miles distant. The College is not meant to super-
"sede the Schools npw existing in this Town and Colony,
"but to encourage and raise them up to a. higher level.
"Neither is it intended to be a seminary of mere intel-
"lectual instruction — a place where a certain quantity ol
"positive information is to be gained, and nothing far-
"ther ; but it is meant to educate the whole man, to de-
"velop and strengthen his faculties, to teach him now
"to wield the powers of his own mind, to form his tastes,
"to refine his manners, and to instil into him the true
"principles, feelings, and habits of the Christian and tlie
"gentleman.

"Until the Collegiate buildings are completed, and
"boys are brought to a sufiicient state of proficiency to enter
"the College with advantage, I have directed the Principal
"to undertake, with the assistance of the Rev. Henry
"Fry, of Trinity College, Dublin, the superintendence of
"a Public School in this Town ; for which purpose a house
"capable of affording the necessary accommodation for a
"School, and of containing from 12 to 20 boarders, has been
"engaged.

"I propose, under the Charter applied for, that the
"Collegiate System conducted by Mr. Gell and the Fellows
"who may b© appointed to assist him in the business of
"education, shall commence as soon as the College build-
"ings are completed ; and, in order to facilitate the progi-ess
"of this measure, I have not thought it necessary to appro-
"priate to the purposes of the preliminary Institution

BV \V. F. D. BUTLKR, B.A., M.SC., LL.B. 29

"more than the house and the salary which has been guar-
"anteed to the Principal. The existence of the College
'will (even when the public funds are withdrawn from the
"present establishment in Macquarie-street) ensure the
"continuance of ^ Superior School in Hobart Towti, the
'interests of which will be to make itself a nursery or
"training school for the College, affording a competent
"education for ^ich boys as may be called away at an
'early age to active occupations. L shall leave it entirely
"to your discretion whether or not to adopt the sugges-
'tion of Mr. Gell, as mentioned in his Report, to connect
"any school of this nature in Hobart Town more imme-
"diately with the College, :n the way which he pro-
"poses. A School thus connected with the College would
"exist for the special benefit of the Inhabitants of Hobart
"Town : the whole Colony has an equal and common pro-
'perty in the benefits and privileges of the College."

With this Minute Sir John Franklin laid on the
Table a Report from Mr. J. P. Gell, in which he laid
down the details of the proposed College. It should con-
sist of a Visitor, the Lieutenant-Governor for the time
being ; a Principal, appointed bv the Crown and coitc-
s]x>nding directly with the Lieutenant-Governor as Visi-
tor; two or moi'e Fellows, recommended for appointment
by ^ the Principal to the Visitor ; and Ten Scholars,
selected by examination from the general body of Students.
The Principal, with the advice of his Fellows, should
enact and amend regulations with respect to the constitu-
tion, studies, and internal management of the College,
subject, to the approval of the Lieutenant-Govcnior as
Visitor, provided always that nothing be done in violation
of the fundamental regulations of the Charter.

The property of the College — the buildings, gardens,
books, and instruments— should be vested in the Visitor,
Principal, and Fellows.

Gell adds — "The Principal should superintend the
'discipline and studies, and regulate the examinations of
"tho College. He should make an annual report to the
"Visitor of its property and proceedings. He should
"give insti-uction in the Scriptures to all the Students
"and (as the object is that any one who may be at the head
'of tliis Institution should himself be fairly dealt with
'as a sincere member of the Church to which he belongs,
"and should be precluded from dealing unfairly with those
'who are connected with a different communion from his
"own) he should not be required to use the formularies, or
"to conduct his Pupils to the public worship, of any de-
"nomination of Christians to which he does not himself

.30 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOli SliCONDARY EDUCATION,

"belong; nor should he require attendance on children
"of such jDarenls as may signify their objection to the
"same. . . .

"The children of those- parents who acquiesce in the
"religious opinions of the Principal are to receive religious
"instruction from him; and other Students are to have
"every facilit}^ which can be afforded them of receiving the
"instructions of the Ministers of their peculiar denoanina-
"tions. To give no instruction at all in religion wouid
"perpetuate the ignorance from whith religious misunder-
"standings derive their importance.

"The Institution is meant to keep at the Head of tne
"Scholastic Establishments of the Colony, and to draw
"them up to the standard of English Schools, while grow-
"ing itself ihto a College."

"As we shall hope in vain for an efficient Professional
"Education unless we have a Collegiate course of study to
"prepare for it, so, again, it will be useless to establish a
"College unless the Schools of the Colony give sufficient-
"preparatory instruction. It will be of the first impor-
"tance to see that the preliminary measures are well ar-
"ranged. It would be very desirable that a School in
"Hobart should be permanently connected with the Col-
"lege, by giving to its Head Master the salary and privi-
" leges of a Fellow of the College ; and to the Principal
"of the College the right of inspecting and reporting upon
"the School, and of having its regulations submitt'd to his
"sanction. There is, however, at present no authority to
"proceecl with two institutions at once ; and although the
"ultimate object is a College (and that only would justify
"the present outlay), vet the immediate one is bv necessity
"a school."

On the 2nd and 4th September, 1840, the Legislative
Council unanimously passed thei following resolutions: —

"That it is the opinion of this Council that whenever
"the parents of any of the children of the Queen's School
"and College shall signify to the Principal their desire
"that their children should not attend the religious exer-
"cises, reading of the Scriptures, or spiritual instructions,
"in force in the Institution, the same shall be accorded ;
"and that His Excellency be respectfully reqxxested to cause
"the proposed regulations to be drawn up in accordance
"with this resolution."

"That this Council entirely approves of the Principles
"contained in Mr. Cell's report; and is oF opinion that in-
"struction in the fundamental truths of the Christian faith,
"founded upon the Scriptures, forms an essential part of
"the course of instruction to be given in the proposed Col-

BY W. y. D. BUTLEU, B.A., M.SC, LL.B. 31

"lege, whilst instruction in forms of Church Government
"and in rites and ceremonies may bo communicated, at the
"discretion of the Principal and Fellows respectively, to
"the students whose parents or guardians wish them to rek-
"ceive it ; and that His Excellency the Lieutenant-Gover-
"nor be respectfully requested to receive this expression of
"the opinion of the Council."

"That it is the opinion of this Council that a sum not
"exceeding £2,500 be applied from the Colonial Revenue
"to the formation of a fund for establishing Exhibitions
"from the Queens School to tlie Universities of the United
"Kingdom ; such Exhibitions to be regulated bv future ar-
"rangements, to be approved by the Lteutenant-Governor
"and the Executive Council." ("Gazette, " 1840, Pago

936.)

Addresses came in from various districts of the Island
expressing the sentiments of the Colonists upon the grea-
benefits about to be conferred upon them ; their opinion*
upon the religious principles on which it should be based ;
and their desire that the locality should be fixed withiu
their respective District Limits. Tlie latter petitions were
backed up by promises of specified subscriptions to a large
amount in ca.<»e of such Localities being selected ; in fact,
one part cf the Colony was bidding against another which
should have the College within its limits. (Narrative.)
For example, the Campbell Town residents offered a grant
of 50 acres of land and a sum of £1,500 towards the es-
tal)lii;hment, provided that the College was built in its dis-
trict. (Address presented to the Legislative Council 1st
September, 1S40. "Gazette," pages 879, 938.)

Eventually, New Norfolk was fixed upon as the site,
the Governor granting 10 acres, the maximum amount he
had it in his power to appropriate to any public pui-pose
without the previous consent of the Secretary of State
part of the Government Farm in that Locality, for this
purpose. (This farm iq now known a.s Turrif Lodge.)

Franklin writes:— "The fii-st stone of the College was
"laid on the Gth November, 1840, in the presence of tho
"Executive and Legislative Councils, and the heads of
"various Department?, of the Clei^y, and of my friends
"Captains Ross and Crozier, and the officers of the 'Erebus'
"and 'Terror,' then about to sail from our shores to the
"Antarctic Ocean. The College was dedicated to Christ
"Himself, the great Comer Stone of a building which was
"intende<:1 i<o train up Cliristiaii Youth in the faith, as well
"ac in the learning of Christian Gentlemen, and the
"Prayer of the late Excellent and Revered Archdeacon
"Hutchins invoked a blessinjr on our work.' ^Narrative.)

The actual building of Christ's College at New Norfolk

32 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

was never proceeded with. Queen's College, however,
continued in active operation, and in 1843 J. R. Buckla-nd
joined GrII as his assistant at this School.

The Governor continued his efforts to obtain an en-
dowment for the College, and to give it the stability of a
chartered Institution, and for the second time forwarded
a Memorial by Gell, with his recommendation, for this
purpose. (Despatch, 1st October, 1842, No. 96.) (See
also Despatch No. 172, 9th December, 1841.) - Lord Stan-
ley renlied by Despatch dated 27th July, 1843, No. 130,
which held out the promise of the desired boon on certain
conditions. Franklin deferred the consideration of this
till the arrival first of the new Colonial Secretary, and then
of the Bishop of Tasmania. The suHj'^ct was under ais-
cussion in the Executive Council, of which the Bishop was
a Member, and on the 17th August. 1843, it was decided
that at the following meeting the opinions of the memDei"s
should be finally expressed upon the propositions of the
Secretary of State. On the evening of that day Sir
Eardley Wilmot landed to take up the reins of Government,
consequently a decision on this question was postponed.
(Narrative.) Sir Eardley Wilmot saw good to defer the
whole matter of Lord Stanlev's susgestiono for 10 vears
(Letter, Sir E. Wilmot to J. P. Geli; 7th October, 1843),
and he resumed Jhe site at New Norfolk granted by Sir
John Franklin for that purpose

As Sir John Franklin desired to be guided by Dr.
Arnold's advice in the foundation of this College, Arnold's
views as to the scheme of National Universitv education
are an important item in cn'^idering the objects of the
founders of the Government Institution. His views as
to the connexion of Religion with education were not in
accord either with the leaders of his own Church or with
those who were opposed to the domination of the Church
of England. In a letter to W. Emson about the teaching
in the University of London he writes: — "On the whole
"I am quite clear as to my original position, namely, that
"if vou once get off from the purely natural ground of
"phvsical science, philosophy, and pure logic — the moment,
"in short, on which you enter upon any moral subject —
"whether moral philosophy or history — you must either
"be Christian or Anti-Christian, for you touch upon the
"ground of Christianity, and you must either take it as
"your standard of moral judgment, or you must renounce
"it, and either follow another standard or have no stand-
"ard at all. In other words again, the moment you touch
"on what alone is education — the forming of moral prin-
"eiples and habits of men — neutrality is impossible."
(Letter CLXX., Stanley's "Life of Arnold.")

HY \V. K. D. lU'TLEK, R.A., M.SC, LL.B. 33

Again, he wi-ites : — "The plan of National Education
"without Christianity I utterly abhor. But I am well nigh
"driven beside myself when I think that to this nionstros-
"ity we are likely to come, because the zealots of diflFerent
"sects (including in this t«nn the Establishment) will havw
"no Cliristianity without sectarianism."

"The Established Church is only the Religion of a
"part of the Nation, and there is the whole difficulty. '
(Stanley s "Life of Arnold," vol. 2, pages 14 and 16.)

He held as to the London University that the Uni-
versity should "include Christians of eveiy Denomination
"without the slightest distinction." (Page 81.) He would
have had the Senate of different Denominations of Christ-
ians. (Page 89.) He eventually resigned because th-.;
Senate decided that Christianity wa^ "no essential part of
"one system, but only a branch of knowlcdgo which any
"man might pursue if he liked." (Page 132, Letter CXCl.,
Stanley's "Life of Arnold.')

Arnold, on 2oth January, 1841, writes: — "I am ap-
"pointed, with Dr. Peacock, the Dean of Ely, to draw up
"a Charter for tlie proposed college in Van Diemeu's
"Land, which will again force upon me the question ol
"religious instruction without exclusion, one of the hardest
"of all problems. In all British colonies it is manifest
"that the Scotch Cliurch has equal rights with the English
" — equal rights, even legally — and, I think, considering
"Ireland, that the Roman Cafholic Church has
"equal rights morally. Yet to instruct independently ot
"any Church is utterly monstrous, and to teach for all
"three Churches together is, I think, impossible. I can
"only conceive the plan of three distinct branches of one
"college, each sovereign in many respects, but in others
"forming a common government" — ("Arnold's Life," vol.
2. p. 257).

In writing to Franklin, March 16, 1841, Arnold
says, in reference apparently to Cell's desire to identify
the college with the Church of England only : —

"My whole feelings go along with Gell's wishes, but
"I do not think they ought to be indulged. It is a great
"happiness to live in a country where there is only one
"church to be considered, either in law or in equity. Then
"all institutions can take a simple and definite character,
"the schools and the Cliurch can be identified, and the
"teaching in the schoolroom and in the church may breathe
"the same spirit. . . . But, if I were in Gell's place,
"as in manv other respects I could not expect all the
"advantages of England, so neither could I in this identi-
"fication of my school with my Church. In a British
"Colony there are other elements than those purely Eng-

34 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

"lish, they are involved, I think, in the very word 'Brit-
"ish,' which is used in speaking of our colonies. Here, in
"England, we Englishmen are sole masters; in our colonies
"we are only joint masters; and I cannot, without direct
"injustice, make the half right as extensive as the whole
"right. But, whilst I acknowledge the equal rights of
"the Church of Scotland, I acknowledge no right in any
"third system — for a Church it cannot be called — to be
"dominant over both the Church of Scotland and us. . . .
"Now, I confess that what I should like best of all would
"be to see two colleges founded, one an English college,
"the other a Scotch college, each giving its own degrees in
"divinity, but those degrees following the degrees in arts
"which should be given by both as a university. . . . This,
"I think, would be my beau ideal for Van Diemen s
"Land. . . . The decisive objection to this, I suppose,
"would be the expense. You can only have one college,
"and, I suppose, may be thankful even for that. What is
"next best, then, as it appeal's to me, is still to provide
"for the equal, but, at the same time, free and sovereign
"and fully developed action of both Churches within me
"same college, by the appointment of two clergymen, the
"one of the English, the other of the Scotch Church, as
"necessary members of the college, always with the title
"of Dean. . . . Iti might be possible to put the office of
"Principal altogether in commission, and vest it in a
"board, of which the two Deans should be ex officio mem-
"bers, and three other persons, or one, as it might be
"thought fit."

"I believe that I see clearly, and hold fast the prin-
"ciples on which your college should be founded ; but dif-
"ferent ways of working these principles out may suggest
"themselves at different times, and none of them, per-
"haps, will suit your circumstances ; for it is in the appli-
"cation of general principles to any given place or condi-
"tion of things that practical knowledge of that particular
"state of things is needful, which I cannot have in the
"present case. Still, the conclusions of our local observa-
"tion must not drive ns to overset general principles, or to
"neglect them, for that is no less an error."

Arnold, however, found his noble but Utopian dream
of religious instruction without sectarianism, and of an
ideal college in which each denomination might teach in
absolute harmony with the rest, a very difficult one to
reduce into a feasible scheme. It is curious to observe
how, bit by bit, he almost unconsciously gave up hi.?
cherished ideal as practically impossible. His pupil, Gell,
who had to face the practical difficulties on the spot, had
plainly come to the oonclusioii that the College must b©

BY W. ¥. D. BUTLKR, B.A., M.SC, LL.B. 35

Churcli of England exclusively, for, on April 4, 1842, we
find Arnold again writing to Franklin: — "Your letter of
"18th August quite coincides with my wishes, and satisfied
"me also that I may, without injustice, act according to

"them. . . . And I am happv to say that seems quite

"disposed to agree with your views of the subject, and to
"make it a standing nile of the College, that the Principal
"of it shall always be a member of the Church of England
"if not a clergvman. Mv own belief is, that our Colleges
"of Oxford and Cambridge are, with all their faults, the
"best institutions of the kind in the world — at least, fo'.*
"Englishmen ; and, therefore, I should wish to copy them
"exactlv, if it were possible, for Van Diemen's Land. i
"onlv doubted whether it were just to Scotland to give a
"predominantlv English chai'acter to the institutions of i
"British Colony ; but your argiiment from the establish-
"ment of the English law is, I. think, a good one, and
"mixed institutions are, to my mind, so undesirable, that
"I would rather have the College Scotch altogether, so
"far as mv own taste is concerned, than that it should re-
"present no church at all. I have always wished, and I
"wish it still, that the basis of our own, as of other
"Churches should be made wider than they are; but the
"enlargement, to my mind, should be there, and not in
"the Schools ; for it seems a solecism to me that a place of
"education for the members of a Church should not teach
"according to that Church, without suppressions of any sort
"for the sake of accommodating othei"s. As to the other
"point. — of there being always an English and Scotch

"clergvman amongst the Fellows of the College — , took

"vour view of the case, and I yielded to him. I
"grieve over the difficulty about the name of the College ;
"it seem.« to me not a little matter. . . . But your leaving
"the question to the Government seems to me the wisest
"wav of settling it. ' ("Life," p. 26L')

The inference in Arnolds letter that from the estab-
lishment of English Law in the Colony the Established
Church of England was carried to the Colonv was, soon
after he wrote this letter, held by the Colonial Office to
be erroneous, but the difficulties that Arnold met, and
the rivaln' of the various Cliurches, eventually preventei
Franklin "s ideas being carried out.

In the Estimates from 1841 to 1844 the sum of £1,000
appears for the Queen's School, but no sum is reserv^ed in
1845.

This, then, was the end of Sir John Franklin's at-
tempt to provide for higher education in the Colony under
the Stat€.

The salient points of the scheme may be summed up

36 PUBLIC INSTITDTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

as follows: — (1) Tlie College "was for tlie encouragement
of learning and piesty, and to be> incorporated by Royal
Charter. (2) The Visitor was to be the Lieutenant-Govei--
nor ; the Principal to be appointed by the Crown, the Fel-
lowsi to be appointed by the Governor as Visitor on the re-
commendation of the Principal. (3) The Principal and Fel-
lows were to make regulations subject to the approval oi
the Visitor. (4) The property was to be vested in a
corporate Body, consisting of the Visitor, the Principal, and
Fellows. (5) The College was to be attached tO' no
particular Religious Denomination, but provision was to
be made as to the method of religious instruction to' be
adopted. (6) The site of the Institution wais to be in
the Country, but a Grammar School, under the direct con-
trol of the College, and leading up to its work, was to be
established in Hobart, on the present site of the
Hutchins School.

Other details of the scheme include the duties of the
Princinal and the Fellows, .and relate to the course of
study and the financial arrangements of the Institution.

The details of study, as quoted in Cell's Report, show
that at first the College was not expected to attain a very-
high standard akin to that of a University, but was in it«
early stages to teach to approximately the standard of the
upper classes at an English Public School.

OTHER EFFORTS BEFORE 1846.

(/) The Orir/in of tlte High School.

An attempt was made in Hobart to establish a Gram-
mar School, in which no specific religious instruction should
form part of the course of education. A memorial wasi pre-
sented to Sir Eardley AA^ilmot, advocating the establishment
of a School on English Proprietary School lines. In addition
to holding out hope of pecuniary assistance from the State
to a School soi founded, Sir Eardley WOmot promised the
movers to allot either the whole or a portion of the old
Government Gardens (where the Hutchins School now
stands) for this purpose, provided sufiicient subscriptions
were made, but this offer was not taken advantage of.
This land had been long intended as the site for a School,
and Sir John Franklin had informed Mr. Gell it was his
intention to erect the Queen's School on it. (Gell's Let-
ter, 4/9/1847).

(?'?") Suhscriptions for the Lauiiresfon Church Grammar
School .
At a meeting held on the 14th May, 1838, at whicli
thb Lord Bishop of Australia, Wm. Grant Broughton, the

BY W. F. D. BUTLKIl, B.A., M.SC, LL.K. 37"

Venerable Archdeacon Hutchins and a, numerous bodv of
the inhabitants of Launcestoii were present, it was moved
by Dr. Seccombe, and seconded by Mr. ^Vnl. Henty, tnat
Messi'a. John T. Hill, James Henty, W. G. Sams, W. E.
Lawrence, L. W. Gelles, G. S. Davies, P. A. Mulgrave,
Henry D'Arch, Dr. Browne, and Henry Priaulx, be ap-
pointed a Committee to carry into effect the establishment
of a School in Launceston upon the Principles of the
Church of England, and under the superintendence of
a Minister of that Church.

Subscriptions were received in aid of the School, and
an application was made for pennission to occupy a
piece of land fronting upon Church and Elizabeth streets,
Launceston, for the purpose of erecting a School, which
was granted, and eventually this land was granted by the
Crown in 1861 for this purjjose.

The sum of over £500 was collected, and. not being
deemed sufficient to commence the School at once, was let
out at interest.

Subsequently, a subscription was raised in Launces-
ton in memory of Archdeacon Hutchins amounting to
£126 7s. Od., and this was handed by the Subscribers to
the Grammar School Committee on condition free tuition
was granted to one scholar as the Hutchins scholar.

(///) Siihscrij>fiot)!i for the Hiifrfiin'! School

A meeting of the friends of the late Archdeacon
Hutchins took place immediately after his funeral on
Tuesday, 8th .Tune, 18-11, for the pui-pose of deciding upon
the most suitable tribute to the memory of the deceased,
and of carrying into efifect an object in which so general and
anxious an interest was manifested.

The meeting having a.sscmbled in the Gi'ammar
School, Harrington-street, Sir John Pedder was called to
the chair, and it was ultimatelv det-emiined that the erec-
tion of a School, to be ' called -ARCHDEACON
"HUTCHINS SCHOOL," and to be placed under the sole
management of the Ecclesiastical Head of the Church of
England for the time being in this Island, was the most
appropriate tribute which could be rendered to the
memory of the deceased.

A Committee was formed, and subscriptions collected
ill furtherance of this object, and in 1843 the Subscribers
handed over this money to the newly-aiTived Bishop to
carry out this scheme. Tenders were called for a site for
this School ("Courier,"' 22nd September, 1843), and a site
in Collins-street was purchased for that purpose. It was
proposed to erect a Hall to be iised for the purposes of
D

;J8 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

conducting a School, and to be also available for other
Church meetings.

This, then, was the position when the Government
proposals for higher education in the Country were
publicly abandoned. This occurred even before Sir John
Franklin had left the Colony, as the following extract
from his Narrative, p. 78, shows: — "I may be excused,
perhaps, for adding, that Lady Franklin's intention of
contributing to the endowment of the College gave her
a personal concern in its success. This intention was
scarcely known to any but her own family ; but the last
act of Lady Franklin in Van Diemen's Land was> to' make
over 400 acres of land which she had purchased, in the
neighbourhood of Hobart Town, with a small museum
erected on it, into the hands of trustees for the benefit
of a future College. The endowment was not made to
the favovirite foundation at New Norfolk, for over this
the shadows of annihilation had already fallen, but to
any Collegiate institution whatever which might be found-
ed in Van Diemens Land with the approbation
of the Bishop of the diocese for twenty years to come ;
and, in default of any such foundation at the end of that
period, to the improvement of the existing schools of the
colony at the discretion of the Bishop."

The deeds of this property, as well as the property
itself, are now in the control of the Trustees of Christ' a
College, and are in the terms quoted by Sir John Frank-
lin. In 1847 it was arranged that this bequest was to be
iitilised in favour of the Hutchins School to found a
Museum and Library on the premises, but this portion
of the scheme fell through, and the contents of the
Museum were eventually transferred to the T'asmanian
Museum.

Mr. Cell was ordained a Minister of the Church of
England, and in 1844 was appointed to the charge of St
John's Parish, Hobart. His colleague in the Queen's
School, J. R. Buckland, was also ordained in 1845, and
temporarily took charge of the Parish of Richmond, during
the absence of the Rector.

SECOND SCHEME.

Christ's CoUef/e, the Hntrliins School, and the Lanncesfon

Church Grammar School.

The first scheme for the establishment of Christ'?
College, with its annexed Grammar School, the Queen's
School, incorporated with it, after the model of King's
College, Cambridge, with Eton, or New College, Oxford,
with Winchester, may be considered by this time to have

BY \y. V. i>. r.UTLKi;, is. a., m.sc, i.l.b. 39

been definitely abandoned. The Rev. J. P. Gell was
about to return to England, when Archdeacon !JiIarriott,
who had been keenly interested in Franklin's scheme, per-
suaded him to remain in the Colony until an attempt
had been tried by the Church to establish a College. Arch-
deacon Marriott left for England towards the close of 1844,
and on his arrival secured the co-operation of a strong
committee of leading churchmen, including Sir John
Franklin, who himself gave £500 towards the funds.

As these subscriptions formed a considerable part of
the original endowment, it ii of particular interest to note
the appeal of Archdeacon Marriott, in response to which
these monevs were given.

This Appeal dealt specifically with two main points : —

1 . The need of a College in Tasmania.

2. The character of the proposed Institution.

Under the first head he describes the general conditions
of the Colony, and quotes all through his appeal freely
from Mr. Cell's letters in connexion with the previous
scheme, and urges the pressing need of assistance froni
England to strengthen the hands of both Church and
State to prevent the inhabitants from becoming a curse and
disgi-ace to the English name and nation.

Under the second head, Marriott lays stress on the
need for systematic organisation. "Rising colonies," he
says, "ijrow fast, and we have a duty to future generations
"as well as the present. We are founders, perhaps, of
"great nations; and we must not be contented with desul-
"torv exertions. We must work on a system ; and in that
'system there must be a power of expansion and adapta-
"tion on the one hand, and, on the other, solidity and
"permanence.

"It is essential, therefore, that the Institution should
"be a College, not mei*ely a School ; which distinction has
"not necessarily any reference to the age of the scholars ;
"for a College may be for boys, as at Eton and Win-
" ch ester ; or for young men, as in our Univei"sities. This
"will, at least for the present, bo for both.

"Tlie distinctive character, then, of the College will
"lie in its being a Collegiate body, formed of the Warden,
"Fellows, and Scholars, the giiardians of learning, with
"property to ensure a perpetual succession of such men,
"and, eventually, with College buildings, to be the seat
"and treasure-house of learning. The intention, there-
"fore, is to fomi a Collegiate body, possessing property (bv
'Royal Charter, when it can be obtained, till then in
"trust), to be the source of education to the colony in the
"principles of the Church of Christ, and in all useful
"knowledere.

40 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

"Thus, while a Avay may be opened for the founda-
"tion, at some future time, of a Uiiivei'sity, the impulse
''given to education from the very beginning will tend
"directly to consecrate all learning to the service and glory
"of God. "

The general scheme was strictly on the lines of Sir
John Franklin's scheme, with the only exception that the
Church, and not the State, Avas to be the founder.

It appears, then, that the main character of the pro-
posed Institution was to be on the lines of an English Ct>l-
lege as best calculated to- give permanency and stability fco
the new foundation, but that the teaching was to commence
at a low grade, and was intended gradually to rise, ana
also eventually to include University education.

The appeal in England having proved successful, it
w£is followed shortly after Marriott's return to Tasmania
by an Appeal to the inhabitantsi of the Colony. The pro-
posed Institution was generally referred to as "The Col-
lege" scheme, and was principally explained to the public
by the following : —

(i) Circular by Rev. J. P. Cell, dated 7th April. I84b,
published in the "Colonial Times'" 10/4/46, and the "La.uji-
ceston Examiner 11/4/46.

(ii) Bishop Nixon's charge, delivered in the Cathedral
on 23rd April, 1846, and reported in the "Courier" of
29/4/46.

(iii) Abstracts of proposed Statutes published in
the "Courier" 2nd May, 1846.

(iv.) Speech of Bishop Nixon at the Annual Meeting
of the S.P.C.K., reported "Hobart Town Advertiser"
16/6/46, and "Courier'' 17/6/46.

Of these, Cell's Circular v.'as of a general character,
and did not give details of the scheme.

The Bishop's charge used the ipsissima verba, of Arch-
deacon Maniott's appeal already quoted, and that this was
the clearer statement of the two is shown by Mr. MaiC-
doweir's speech, reported in "Courier," 2/5/46.

The Abstract of Regulations were apparentlv consider-
ered as a fundamental compact witli the subscribers as to
the nature of the proposed College. In many issues of the
"Courier," the jDaper which at that time whole-heartedly
supported the scheme, this abstract appears in parallel
columns with the list of subscriptions. The list being
headed: — Snhficriptioiix toirards tlie endowment of a Col-
lege in Taxmania, and tiro Grammar Schools in connexion
v'ith the College, one at Hohart Toivn, and the other at
Lavnceston.

UY \Y. V. D. BUTLEK, ISA., M.SC, LL. B. 41

A Prospectus was also printed and circulated con-
taining the subscription list and the Abstract ot Statutes
above quoted, and also referring to the position of the two
Schools in the scheme.

THE CHARACTER OF THE INSTITUTION.

This may be divided into the following sub-heads: —
(/) T/ic F()iin(!ati(j>i.

As already stated, this was to be by the Church
in the place of the State, the Bishop being the
Visitor ot the College in lieu of the Lieutenant-Gover-
nor, under Sir John t ranklins scheme, and the Warden be-
ing a Clergyman of the Church of England. Archdeacoai
Marriott "s appeal in England was made to Churchmen, and
exception was taken in the State even by Archdeacon
Marriott himself to the open character of Gell s appeal.
This more fully accorded with the wishes not only of Dr.
Arnold but also of his pupil, the Rev. J. P. Gell.

In his Charge, Bishop Xixon remarks: — "Let me
'take this opportunity of observing, that the immediate
'object which we have at heart, is to train up tho.se of our
'own communion in the fear and nurture of the Lord; but
"we desire also to offer to all, who are willing to avail
"themselves of it, an education, similar to that which
"they might have obtained in the foundation-schools ol
"England. Remembering that the funds, whidi enable
"iL's to offer this boon to the inhabitants of the whole
"colonv. are furnished exclusively by membei"s of the
"Church of England, it is not tco much for us to say that
'we shall expect, of all our students, implicit obedience to
"the discipline, and strict attention to the studies of tlie
"Institution ; at the same time, we do not desire to exact
"anv test which may, necessarilv, exclude all save the
"member's of our own Church. '

^n his speech at the S.P.C.K. ("Courier," 17/6/46)
the Bishop maintained that "the Church was careful not
"onlv to train up her own children, but to provide fcr the
"wants of those who sejjaiated from her communion. Thus,
"while the proposevi College would essentially and neces-
"sarily be a Church of England Institution, it would ex-
'clude none from its privileges and benefits. No resti'ic-
"tions would be imposed beyond what would be required
''by the character of the Institution, and by the efficient
"maintenance of a regular and uniform discipline. Iri
'reference to pecuniars- assistance, he thought he was suffi-
"cientlv known to receive credit in disclaiming all wish
"to intrude into the province of others. While, there-
"fore he could not seek nor expect aid from members of

42 I'UBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOK SECONDAKY EDUCATION,

"other communions, aid from anj^ interested in the intel-
"lectual, moral, and religions training of their children
"would not be rejected."

Thisi j^osition was recognised in the Colcnv, and was
the occasion of much bitter controversy. Bishop Nixon s
attempt to claim for the Church, the responsibility and
position akin to that of an established Church had been
warmly resented by Members of the Presbyterian Church,
and the battle of the Kirk against the Ckurch was then
raging in its full fury. This scheme, therefore, appealed
to different Members of the Community in very ditrerent
lights. Cell's appeal was looked upon as a new challenge,
and, as such, was taken up by T]>e Ciilduial Ti/)ie.< and
Tl/e Ldunrexfou Era miner, representing the anti-clerical
party, while Tlu-' ('our in-, then the leading newspaper,
stood a staunch champion to Episcopal orthodoxv. The
Anti-Clerical "Colonial Times" criticised the Abstract of
Statutes in the following terms : — "The Proclamation wliich
"Dr. Nixon issued on his departuie, relative to the estab-
"lishment of his College, Convent, Seminary, or bv what-
"ever appellation it may be known .... announces that
"the Lord Bishop of Tasmania has permitted the use of cer-
"tain premises belonging to his see, with power reserved
"to himself to select tlie site, to a Collegiate bodv. of which
"he appoints hinn-elf the 'Visitor,' which he explains to
"mean that he is to have the most absolute and despotic
"control over evei~\'thing temporal, as well a? spirittial,
"connected therewith. . . . Dr. Nixon has certainly placed
"himself fairly before the public. He has not shrunk from
"the public exposition of the system for the foundation of a
"Collegiate establishment, for which establishment large
"sums have been subscribed in England, and are in the
"course of being considerably added to here, the ntost
"arbitrary, the most despotic, the most self-aggrandising,
"and generalb/ the most unfit, to be ever proposed to a free
"community, displaying a degree of ardour for the personal
"possession of power, which has ever been evinced by any
"clergvman since Wolsev.'' ("Colonial Times," 2Sth Julv,
1846^

The orthodox "Covirier," on the other hand, in calling
atientirn to this "Abstract" en its first appearance, be-
lieved it would "do much to dissipate tlie preiudice> of
"some, and to kindlp the zeal of others." It claimed
"that the projected Collegiate institution, though neces-
"sinb- identified with the Church of England, i« con-
"ceived in a spirit of enlightened charitv. . . that it will
"injure the interests of no communion, while it is eal-
"culated to confer benefits on all." ("Courier," May 2,
1846.)

BY W. V. D. BUTLER, B.A., M.SC, LL.B. 43

Another leading article says: — "We rejoice to know
"that the establishment of the College is secured. The
"colonists have nol)ly responded to the call for aid in this
"important work. . . . That the Church of England had a
"perfect right to assert her own principles and carry out
"her own views on this matter few will undertake to deny.
"Within her pale, the project of such an institution was
"conceived. By her munificent bounty the necessary
"funds have been supplied. To her ministry the sacred
"guardianship is entrusted. . . . The regulations will show
"that though attendance on Divine worship, according to
''the forms of the Church of England, will be required a3
"indispensably necessary to the maintenance of uniformity
"of discipline and systematic cnforcemont of religious ob-
"servances, no tests will be demanded, no barrier of bigotry
"erected, no obstacle interposed except such as party feel-
"ing and inveterate prejudice, in their gratuitous and un-
"hallcwed exercise mav determine to create. There will
"will be no exclusion but the self-exclusion of sectarian
"animosity."' ("Courier, " May 13th, 184G.)

What the "Colonial Times ' scornfully describes as
"that hotbed of bigotry, his College, as he calls it," ap-
peared to the "Courier"' to be conceived in a spirit of
enliphtened charity — an institution which, though necessar-
ily 'restrictive, " would not be by any means "exclusive. '
There was something to be said for each view of the caso.
On the one hand, Franklin and Arnold's dream of an un-
sectarian and inclusive College had failed of realisation,
stifled as much by the exclusiveness and arrogance of one
religious party as by the bitterness and suspicion of their
opponents : while the new scheme stood forth as the emblem
of a clerical domination whose despotic designs had yet been
barely defeated. On the other hand, the "Coimer's '
boast was not without reason. The scheme, in its new
shape, by its identification with tlie strongest and most
cultivated of the contending sects, bade fair to become a
practical reality, while it had not lost all the glow of
Arnold's noble liberality and large-heartedncss.

Considering the exclusive character of the English
ColleP:e<5 at this period when the religious tpst? which
guarded their sacred precincts were yet unrelaxed, the
scheme of Bishop iCi"^on can only be regarded as an en-
lightened and broad-minded one, being both inclusive and
tolerant, and mav fairly be judged to be an earnest attempt
to provide not only for the different educational require-
ments of his own communion, but also, as far as possible,
for those of other denominations, without, on the one hand,
interfering with their religious convictions, or, on the

44 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SKCOls'DARY EDUCATION,

otlier, giving way on points which to the Bishop appeared
essential.

(ii) The Scope of the Institution.

This was strictly on the lines of the previous attempt,
and was to be a College, not merely a School. Marriott, in
his appeal, amongst the quotations from Gell's letters, re-
ferring to English Colleges, gives the following: — "We
'must be content to begin as they did, with young scholars
'and elementary instruction^"' He also says: — "The

''object, then, of the College is not, in the first instance, to
"form classes of divinity, law, physic, or natural philo-
''sophy, but to prepare boys by a proper system of disci-
"pline, and development, and useful information
'■for entering on professional studies when they aiTive at
"the proper age." The ultimate aim, however, was for
the Institution gradually to draw Schools of the Colony up
to the standard of English Piiblic Schools, whilst it de-
veloped into the .=tatu3 of an English College connected
Avith one of the Universities.

(///) I itrorixirafion of the Schools.

This latter part is perhaps the least known and
understood of the various parts of the College scheme. In
Franklin's scheme the Queen's School at Hobart was to be
connected with Christ's College in the country by making
the Headmaster of the School a Fellow of the College, and
jnoviding that the Warden or Principal of the College
should examine and report upon the School, and have its
Regulations submitted for his sanction.

Marriott's Appeal in England does not deal specifically
with this point, and as. the people he was then addressing
were not intimately acquainted with conditions existing in
the Colony, his Appeal naturally deals with the broad
l^rinciples of the proposed Institution.

As noted above, however, he difjtinctly laid it down
that the proposed teaching would be for boys, as well as
for young men, and would commence at a low standard.
It is noteworthy that in his Appeal he only mentions two
English Colleges by name as illustrating the points in his
Appeal, namely, Eton and Winchester. Eton was at that
time, more so than at the present day, connect.ed with
King's College, Cambridge, Eton being a sichool for boys
and King's College a Univei'sity College for young men.
Similarly, New College, Oxford, and Winchester were both
founded by the same founder, and were connected Institu-
tions not only as regards their foundation, but also in that
the Warden and Fellows of the College for young men,
namely. New College, Oxford, had a right of examination

BY W. V. D. BDTLER, B.A., M.8C., LL.B. 45

and visitation over the boys' school at Winchester. At
the present time this has devolved into a merely formal
visitation.

The Appeals in the Colony, however, were of a more
definite chai-acter. The Colonists were, of course, well
aware of the subscriptions for the Hutchins School in the
hands of the Bishop, a,nd also of the subscriptions for tlie
Launceston Church Grammar School, of which latter Insti-
tution the Bisliop was also the Visitor. Gell s Circular
^ives little information as to the character of Christ's Col-
lege, and none as to any connexion with the Schools. Such
an omission would be strange were it not known that the
prpjxised Institution was not of a new character, but was
merely carx*ying out the well-known and discussed
proposals .of Sir John Fi-anklin. The Bishop's Charge is
more definite, but it, again, v/as px^actically a quotation
from Marriotts Appeal in England.

A good deal of the earlier historv on this point has
still to be found.

Cell's Circular was published on the 7th April, 1846; it
was followed by the Bishop s Charge on the 23rd. The Ab-
stract of Statutes was published on the 2nd May. On the
9th we have the "Courier " stating that the LaunCeston
Church Grammar School will be under the superintending
care of the Bishop of the Diocese, and in intimate corre-
spondence with the College, which it is now proposed to
establish upon similar principles

The Bishop, in his sjieech at the S.P.C.K. ("Courier, '
17/6/46), states: — "Collaterally, and in connexion with the
"College, it was his earnest wish to secure to the Colony
'two other educational establishments — a Grammar School
"at Launceston and another in Hobart Town. The former,
"indeed, was already in operation, and the latter would
"shortlv be commenced under the superintendence of
"a scholar eminently lit ted for the work. These important
"Institutions — a Grammar School in each of the large
"towns, and a College in the interior — he hoped to leave as
"hi.s best and parting legacy to the Colony. '

On the 8th July the first list of subscriptions to the
proposed scheme appears, and, as above quoted, the sub-
scriptions are definitely stated to include the Grammar
Sehools, as well as Christ's College, within their object.
In subsequent is.sues, in addition to the moneys given for
the general scheme, acknowledgments for subscriptions for
special objects appeared — such as scholarships at the Col-
lege, and included in such special gifts are moneys sub-
scribed exclusively for the two Schools. These lists appear
in numerous issues of the "Courier'" in 1846 and 1847.

46 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDAIIV EDUCATIOX,

In the Prospectus relating to Christ's College, also
circulated in 1846, the connexion is yet more definitely
stated, as follows: — "In addition to these subscriptions
"for the general O'bjects of the College, contributions have
"been made for special purposes connected with the same;
"and from the avowed importance of the Grammar Schools
"in Hobart Town and Launceston to the perfection of the
"whole sjT^stem, they have been incorporated into it, and
"the sums hitherto subscribed to them in particular will
"therefore appear with propriety at the head of the
"special subscription-list."

"No one can complain that the peculiar advantages
"of either a town or a country institution for learnmg^
"have been foregone, in a system which has made provis-
"ion for both. Three distinct positions have been taken
"up — in Hobart Town, Launceston, and the Rural Dis-
"tricts — each combining with the others to meet peculiar
"wants, and to* offer peculiar advantages."'

At various other timesi the connexion between the
College and the Schools was refened to The Eev. J. P.
Gell, at the opening of the Hutcbins School, commenced
his speech: — "It has become my duty, upon the present
"occasion, to' appear before you for the first time as the ac-
"credited representative of learning, and the public advocate
"of her claims.'' . . . "As a colleague in one combined svstejin
"of education, brought up under the same master, imbued
"with the same views, it will be my chief anxietv to ren-
"der every aid and share every labour which can he shared
"with my reverend friend at the head of this establish-
"ment. . . . "

And, again, at the ceremony of the laying of the

foundation stone of the Launceston Grammar School, the

Warden and Fellows of Christ's College were present in

their official capacity, and the Reverend J. P. Gell thus

referred to' the connexion between the Institutions : — "The

'occasion which has summoned us here to-dav is one of

'mora importance than may at first sight appear. We

'meet at a moment when representatives of everj^ pai'ty

'are combined in a systematic undertaking for the promo-

'tion of sound learning and religious education through

'the length aud breadth of the land. One portion of

'thisi combined system we plant here to-dav, invoking

'upon our work the blessing of the Giver of all Good, bv

'whose favour alone it can flourish and abide. Not many

'moinths ago the establishment of the College Avas our

'anxious care. Out Bishop was absent, though not

'without leaving behind him a munificent testimonv of

'his interest in our arrangement? and success. Of such

'an eixample the colonists proved themselves not un-

BY W. F. 1). KLTLEi:, B.A., M.SC., l.L.B. 47

'worthy, and by their zealous co^opei'ation all difficulties
"being overcome and all anxieties removed, the first and
"principal portion of the design was made sure in the
"commencement of the College. The eldest branch of
"this, system — thanks to the interest with which our
"friends in Launceston have pursued the same design —
"is the School we are now preparing to found for the bene-
"fit of this town and neighbourhood. Arrangements
"are already in progress for following ti.e same example
"in Hobart Town ; but it must be confessed that you
"have taken the precedence in zeal and promptitude, and
"that the Trustees of the Launceston Grammar Scliool
"have deserved cur public thanks for their discharge of
"the tru.ct reposed upon thejii. This School is to be
"under the superintendence of a ^Minister of the Church
"of England ; and the Lord Bishop of Tasmania for the
"time being is the sole Visitor." ("Courier," 22/5 47.)

At a similar function in connexion with the Hutchins
School he also referred to the connexion between the Col-
lege and the Schools. ("Courier." 4 9/47.)

Christ's College and the two Grammar Schools are,
therefore, all part of the one combined scheme. Another
reference to this effect appears in the "Courier"' of 10 3/47,
and there are numerous other references in the papers of
this period to the Schools and the College as allied or con-
nected Institutions. Perhaps the most accurate descrip-
tion of the position appears from the official correspond-
ence in connexion with the granting of the site for the
Hutchins School. At the time of Sir William Denison's
arrival in Tasmania, Bishop Nixon was absent in Eng-
land, and his powers in connexion with the College scheme
devolved en Archdeacon ISLirriott as Administrator of the
Diocese. Archdeacon Marriott then approached Sir Wni.
Denison. infomiing him of the private subscription' li-t
in favour of the Hutchins School, and requested that a
piece of land in a convenient situation be given for that
pui-pose. He informed the Governor that the subscribers
had decided to apply the funds so raised to the establish-
ment of a better description of School in connexion with
the College. (Despatch, 8th September, 1847, No. 118.)
On 24th February, 1847, the "Courier " announced
His Excellency's intention of giving a piece of land in
Macquarie-street for that purpose, and adds: — "This gift
"is a tinilv handsome recognition of the noble efforts which
"have been made by the friends of the College and Church
"of England in support of education, as well as of the
"good folk of Hobart Town, on behalf of their children. '
Bishop Nixon, before leaving the Colony, had
nominated Arf^'hdeacon Marriott, the Reverend R. R.

48 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

Daviesi, V. Fleming, Esquire, W. Kermode, Esquire, R.
Dry, Esquire, and J. H. Wedge, to hold the property sub-
sicribed in trust for the sicheme until the College was in-
corporated ("Courier," 15/7/46), and had also nominated
the Rev. J. R. Buckland and Messrs. W. L. Crowther and
W. P. Kay as a building committee for the Hutchins
School.

On the 15tli March, 1847, at a meeting of the College
Trustees, a proposal from tlie Building Committee of tiie
School was taken into consideration, and the following
resolution joassed : — "That the Archdeacon he requested
"to write to Sir William Denison that the College
^"Trustees have acceded to the proposal of the Hutchins
"School Building Committee, and that they will guarantee
'the expenditure of £2,000 on the Hutchins School with-
"out delay, provided the site is granted to the Cbliege in
"trust for the Hutchins School."

The Colonial Secretary wrote to the College
Trustees on the 7th July, 1847, as follows: — "The Lieu-
"tenant-Governor is desirous of granting to you the lot of
"land, at the corner of Macquarie and Barrack streets,
"marked off as a site for the Hutchins School, in order
"that you may at once commence to erect that building,
"and it will be necessary that a Gruarantee should be
"given by you that the land shall be made use of for the
"jourposes intended.

"The Sui-veyor-General has also been desired to put
"himself in communication with the Rev. J. P. Gell, who
"h understood to be your representative, and empowered
"by you to make the requisite arrangements with that
"officer."

Such required Guarantee was given, the text being :
• — "We, the undersigned, being Trustees of Christ's Col-
"lege, engage to His Excellency the Lieutenant-Govenior we
"will appropriate the site usually known as the old Go'V-
'ernment Garden, in Macquarie- street, to the use of the
'Master and Students of the Hutchins School, and will
'not let any portion of the land on lease, or alienate it,
"and that the building shall be commenced immediately,
'and, further, that in the event of the said College being
'incorporated by Charter, we will convey the property to
'that Corporation upon the aforesaid trusts."

The Governor required that the Trustees of the Col-
lege would undertake toi expend at least ,£2,000 on build-
ings before he would make the Grant, and this the
Trustees undertook to do by signing a Declaration of
Trust containing such an Undertaking contemporaneously
with the issuing of the Grant (vide Trust Deed dated 16th
December, 1847).

BY \V. F. I). BUTLER, B.A., M.SC, LL.B. 49

It'svirely is not without significance that the Governor
communicated with the Trustees of the College Schema
and not with the Building Committee in regard to the
use of the proposed gift, and also granted the ground
to them, and also that the Surveyor-General was required
to communicate with the Rev. J. P. Gell, and not with
the Headmaster of the School.

Considerable exception was taken to this gift by Dr.
G. Lillie and others, who sent in a Memorial for trans-
mission to the Secretary of State, which was forwarded
with Despatch No. 118 above quoted.

In order that the Secretary of State might be
authoritatively informed as to the School and College His
Excellency wrote to Archdeacon Maniott (30th August,
1847), requesting him to fui'nish him witli all the facts
relative to the establishment of the School and of the
College, which might show the footing upon which each
was placed, both with refv^rencc to ea^-h other and to the
colony.

The Archdeacon forwarded this to the Rev. J. P.
Gell, who replied on 4th September, 1847, forwarding the
Prospectus above-mentioned, issued in 1846, and referring
especially to the Abstract of Statutes, and to the mention
of the Schools therein above quoted, and also setting out
the then present position of Christ's College, and adding :
— "The previously existing Schools of the colony had pre-
"sented so inadequate a result as only seven qualified
''students. We undertook the remedy, by receiving into
"the College 20 Candidates under preparation, and by
"establishing in Launceston and Hobart Town two Gram-
"mar Schools, both under ClergA'men of the Church of
"England, and both containing from 27 to 30 pupils. At
"our last cxamiation of the College and Schools, between
"80 and 90 boys came before me, and this, I conceive, a
"very fair proportion to be under classical instruction at
"any one time in a colony of this population. I trust,
"therefore, that you will explain to His Excellency that
"we have in the first instance planted the College as a tree
"whose seed is in itself, and that the first few years will
"require a good deal of elementary work on our parts,
"which must not be confounded with the mere routine of
"a Grammar School, never rising to anything higher.

"The Hutchins School is in strict connexion with the
"College, and is established for the more especial con-
"^venieuce of the inhabitants of Hobart Town. It is under
"a clergyman of expeiience in the system of English
"Grammar Schools, and it is designed to satisfy a want
"which has long been felt and often expressed. But the

50 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

"plans for the promotion of a public Grammar School in
"Hobart Town have heretofore been transient and nugatory
''owing to the difficulties of satisfying all parties. Tliis
"School has the College to fall back upon, and may, there-
"fore, aim with every prospect of success at the character
"of a permanent public institution conducted upon known
"and approved jorinciples.'

Subsequently, the full text of Dr. Lillie's Memorial
came under the notice of Gell, and he furnished His Ex-
cellency with further remarks thereon, to be transmitted
tj the Secretary of State. In such Comments he states: —
"It was all along understood that after Christ's College
"had been once established the Hutchins School was to be
"our next concern," and also called attention that it was
jiHoposed to utilise Lady Franklin's Gift of the Ancanthe
Estate in connexion with the Hutchins School.

This later intention is also referred to in a Prospectus
asking for Subscriptions to the Hutchins School, issued
about this period.

The connexion, therefore, seems to have been an in-
tention to found the College and the Schools as allied
Institutions — part of one combined schemei — after the plan
of Eton and Winchester referred to above, but with al-
terations due to the state of affairs in the Colony. The
Bishop for the time being was to be the Visitor of all
three, and, as such, to represent the Founders. Christ's
College was the chief Institution, with the two Schools m
close connexion. Gell had recommended previously in
connexion with Queen's School that the Headmaster
should be a, Fellow of the College, and that the Warden of
Christ's College should examine and report on the School.
This Gell carried out by examining and reporting on the
Schools in the two years he was Warden (Gell's letter ,
4/9/47), no doiib't following the example of the visitation
at Winchester by the Warden and Fellows of New Col-
lege, whilst the Headmasters of the two Schools are> given
amongst the list of the Present Society of Christ's College.
(Wood's Royal Southern Kalendar, 1850.) (See also
Prospectus of Christ's College, 1848.) The Schools, how-
ever, were not to be mere institutions under Christ's Cbl-
lege, but the Headmaster had the status of being respon-
sible to the Bishop alone. The Warden of Christ's Col-
lege, therefore, would have no control over the Headmaster
of the School, and would have tc report the result of his
examination to the Bishop. The intention was that the
Schools should be as nearly as possible conducted in the
sanie manner ast English Public Schools.

P.^ W . 1\ I). Bl'TLKK, B.A., M.SC, LL.B. 51

THE CARRYING OUT OF TIIF, SCHEME.

C/in'xf'x C'lif/ff/e.

Large subscriptions having been both promised and
paid in the Colony, as well i;s in the Mother Country,
part of the estate of Vron, at Bishopsbourne, was pur-
chased for the sum of £9,000, and the Bishop allowed
the use of part of his Episcopal Estate in that locality for
the purpose of the College, which was opened on the 1st
October, 1846, in the presence of a representative gather-
ing. The Rev. J. P. Gell was formally inducted into the
office of Warden by Archdeacon ^larriott, who gave an
addres.s, setting forth the objects of the Institution over
wliich at last Mr. Gell had been called to preside, and the
assemblage then proceeded to lay the foundation stone of
the new building, which was to be the temjx>rary home
of the College. Besides the Warden, there was a Sub-
Warden, also in holy orders, and the secular concerns
were managed by a gentleman who resided at the College.
There were 3 additional fellowships occupied by
candidates for holy orders, who, in addition to their
scholastic studies, also assisted in the teaching of the
lower forms of the Institution.

In IS'IS the Rev. J. P. Gell resig-ned the office of War-
den, and the Rev. F. H. Cox was formallv inducted into
the vacant office. ("Courier," 14th June, 1848.) Subsc-
Cjuentlv, the Rev. S. B. Windsor became Warden, and, on his
'resigning in 1853, the Rev. P. V. M. Filleul was formally
inducted in his place, but by this time the College was not
prospering as expected by its founders. Under the last-
menticned Warden, however, it temporarily regained its
IK'sition.

At a meeting of the College Trustees on the 6th Feb-
ruarv, 18o5, it was reported that there were 42 Students
ill residence, but the financial position was such that
Bishop Nixon was reluctantly compelled early in 1857
to decide that operations must be suspended, and the rents
of the Estate applied to the gradual extinction of its accu-
mulated debts.

The real causes of the failure are ablv set out in the
Jlistorv of Christ's College, compiled by Mr. T. Stephens,
late Director of Education, and President of the Council
of Christ's College, who also very shortly gives the later
histoi-\- of this Institution, which it is not the intention of
the ]>rescnt paper to describe.

On the College being clo.sed, new tnjstees— Messi-s. Wm.
Henty, J. D. Toosey, ChaWes Arthur, and Thomas
Reibev — were appointed, and the property of the College,
but not including the two Gi'ammar Schools, was conveved

52 PUBLIC IMSTITITTIONS FOK SECONDARY EDUCATION,

to such new trustees. These trustees actively set about
the placing of the estate in a good financial position, a,nd,
finding that there was no Declaration of Trust setting
forth what their duties were, they gave instructions for
one to be prepared, and executed it. (Letter of Thomas
Reibey to Bishop Broanby, 19th January, 1871.) No' men-
tion of the Grammar Schools appears in such Declaration
of Trust, nor, indeed, does any eiffort seem to have been
made to collect the facts as to the foundation of the Col-
lege and Schools before such Deed was prepared. In
giving instructions, they further departed from ' the
original design by jDlacmg the appointmeht of new Trustees
in the hands of the Trustees instead of the Bishop, as
originall}^ intended, and provided for both in a draft De-
claration of Trust foraially drawn, and in the Hutehins
School Trust Deed. These Trustees, apart from this
action, which has eventually led to considerable litigation,
deserve well of the Community, inasmuch as they saved
from utter annihilation a valuable Trust for future gene-
rations.

The Hutch ins School.

Active steps to start this Institution were taken con-
temporaneously with similar efforts on behalf of Christ's Col-
lege and the Launceston Church Grammar School, and in
the "Courier" of tha 24th July, 1846, appears an advertise-
ment notifying the opening of the School in Collins-street
on Monday, the 3rd August, under the charge of the Rev.
J. R. Buckland. The new School opened with 9 pupils
ia the building on the corner of Macquarie and Argyle
streets. It was opened publicly by the Rev. J. P. Gell as
Warden of Christ's College; <he Archdeacon, as Head of
the Church, was to have been present, but was delayed
through stress of weather.

Bishop Nixon's intention was to erect a Schoolroom at
an expense of about £500 on the land in Collins-street,
and ho left a Building Committee, consisting of Messrs.
W. L.. Crowther, W. P. Kay, and the Rev. J. R. Buckland,
to look after this project during his absence. Bishop
Nixon, before he left the Colony, had, however, 73ointed
out the present site to Mr. Cell as most desirable if it
could be obtained.

Archdeaicon Marriott decided to approach the Gov-
ernor on this matter, and, accordingly, requested Mr.
Latrobe, the Administrator, to grant the site. Before
any arrangements were made, however, Sir Wm. Denison
arrived, and, on application being made to him, he imme-
diatelv granted itr— the correspondence about this grant is
already quoted.

BY W. F. D. BTJTLER, B.A., M.SC, LL.B. 53

Fresh Designs wex-e supplied to the Archdeacon by-
Mr. Wm. Archer, of Woolniers. Before entering on the
contract, the Building Committee appear to have had
£9G0 at their disposal. They had sold the land in Col-
lins-street to Mr. Thomas Alcock for £430, and the pre-
parations for the new building v/erc at once taken in hanu.
The foundation stone was laid on the 31st August, 1847,
by Sir Wm. Denison, in the presence of Archdeacon Mar-
riott, thfe Warden and Fellows of Christ's College, as well
as the Clergy, the Headmaster, and boys of the School, and
numerous members of the public.

A new prospectus was issued, in which the objects
of the School were distinctly stated. Bishop Nixon had
previously referred to the connexion of the Schools with
the Church, in his speech to the S.P.C.K. ("Courier,
17/6/46), in which he said: — ''These subsidiary institu-
"tions would, for obvious reasons, be conducted on more
"catholic principles — if he might use the term — than could
'be the case in a College. The children would mainly
"be more directed under the eye and the control of their
"parents, and to them, therefore, would be left the duty
"of doctrinal instriiction. Yet let him not be misunder-
'stood. He could not, for one moment, consent to
"separate religion from secular learning. He could not
"consent to a plan by which, in an Institution dedicated
"to the glory of God, all thought, all mention of Him
"should be excluded. While, therefore, no exclusive

"creed be taught, or obsei'\'anccs enforced, much would
"be done to presei-ve that religious character which all
"sound and Christian education must essentially possess."

The Bishops views were elaborated and explained by
Gell in his Speech at the laving of the foundation str^ne of
the School: — "The freedom of conscience is at once tlie
"foundation, the safeguard, and the distinguishing glory
"of the present constitution of the Church of EnglanJ.
'How baseless, then, are those suspicions which some have
"entertained, that if the Hutchins School is connected
"with the Church of England compulsion will be laid upon
"the conscience of any one ; that none will be admitted
"who will not submit to certain formularies and dogmas
"of which our Church approves. On the contrarv, the
"School is free and open to all. If a parent comes and
"savs, 'I de.'ire education for my child, and among the
" 'limited opportunities which this town affords I see
" 'nothing preferable to the Hutchins School ; but there
" 'are certain formularies connected with religious insti*uc-
" 'tion, in which you follow the Church of England, to
" 'which I conscientiouslv object en my own account and
" 'on account of my child,' the answer will at once be that
E

54 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOE, SECONDARY EDUCATION,

'we take advantage of no man's perplexities; we revere
'the rights of conscience in him as well as in ourselves ;
'we set them fax above all considerations of convenience';
'we undertake that the pupil shall not be subjected to
'the necessity of learning that which his father's con-
'science disapproves; and we are (upon this one point)
'content to receive something less than a full and com-
'plete delegation of the paternal authority into our hands,
'iest any father should ever be tempted to sacrifice the
'sacred rights of conscience to the difficulties which here
'stand in the way of obtaining a classical education for
'his son, and lest the name of the Church of England be
'sullied by our failure duly to represent the free spirit
'which is her distinguishing excellence."

'''While, therefore, the system of education is in all
'points which are not points of conscience left to the
proper authorities, the Hutchins School is open to all,
'and a father has only to put his finger upon this portion
'or upon that of the religious formularies, and to' say
'that hisi conscience disapproves of it on his son's behalf.
'Such is the homage we would pay to the supremacy of
'consciemce ; and, if I have expatiated somewhat at length
'upon this important topic, it is because I am anxious
'that all should learn, and that our friends should not
'forget the real freedom of the Church of England system
'of education." ("Courier," 4/9/1847.)

Owing to the "Warden of Christ's College being resi-
dent at ifishopsbourne, the carrying out of the building
scheme had to be left almost entirely to the Building Com-
mittee.

In the Prospectus issued, they state: — "£2,000 have
been guaranteed towards the new Building by the
Trustees of Christ's College, and the work is now in pro-
gress. £5,000 will be required to complete the whole
design, including the Public Museum and Library,
which will occupv one portion of the site, and to the
maintenance of which an estate of 400 acres is set apart."
The Committee seem to' have understood that the £2,000
guaranteed by Christ's College was to be in addition to
the subscriptions collected by them, until the whole of
their scheme could be carried out, for on the 4th Septem-
ber, 1848, we find them writing to the Trustees of Christ's
College requesting the Trustees to place £2,000 at their
disposal on dates therein specified, and informing them that
they had alread}' incurred an outlay of £2,070 lis. 6d.
They stated that, for the laying out of the grounds, offices,
etc., thev woaild require a further sum of £1,000. They
also stated that the whole amount which had been in the

BY W. F. D. BUTLKU, B.A., M.SC, J.L.B. 55

Treasurers hands had been paid out, such amount being
XI, 307 14s. Od.

The Trustees, however, took up the position that the
amount was merely guaranteed by them, and that they
would only pay sufiicient to make, with the subscriptions,
the £2,00U in all. We find later the Building Committee
furnishing the Trustees with the account of their exjDen-
diture, in which the items were as follows: —

£ s. d.

For the building 2,007 7 8

For fences, outbuildings, fittings, etc 331 3 1

Legal expenses L'o 16 8

Piinting account 5 0 0

Total £'2,367 7 5

Whilst their receipts were: —

£ s. d.
Original subscriptions to the Hutchins

Momcrial Fund : 609 12 10

Additional subscriptions 482 14 0

Proceeds of the sale of land in Collins-street 430 16 8
Received from the College Trustees as part.

of their Guarantee 760 0 0

Total £2.283 3 6

The full accounts for the succeeding years have yet
to be recovered, but we find later an entry of an advance
to the School of £300. whilst, in 1854, the total cost of
the erection of the School-house and other buildings is
stated to have been £2,570.

Ui)on the cessation of transportation a subscription
was raised in the Colony for the establishment of scholar-
ships to commemorate this event, and. as the Duke of
Newcastle was the Secretary of State for the Colonies when
this policy was adopted, the scholarships were called after
liim. A sum of £1,356 9s. 8d. was collected, half of
which was set apart to found 4 soholarships at the Hutchins
School, and the other half to found 4 scholarships at the
High School. By a Deed dated the 13th July. 1854, con-
stituting these scholai-ships at the former School, the
Bishop, as Visitor, and the Trustees of Christ's College, in
whom the land was vested, agreed that there .should be 4
scholars in the Hutchins School entitled to scholarships,
called the Newcastle Scholarships, of the value of £12 per
annum each, and the sum of £678 49. lOd. was paid over
to the Rev. J. R. Bucklaud, who iigreed to pay the sum of

56 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

of £570 (being the surjDlus over and above the £2,000
guaranteed by the College Trustees) out of this money, and
to spend the reraainder in additions and improvements to
the Hutching School Buildings. It appears, therefore,
that in addition to the special subscriptions for tlie
Hutchins School, the sum of £476 16s. Gd. was provided
out of the general fund of the College scheme, and the
balance of thb exjjenditurt obtained from the New-
castle Scholarship Fund. The School was oj)ened with
the following 9 pupils: — Charles Greig, George Wm. Sec-
combe, George Meredith Bell, Hay Macdowell, Swanston
May Macdowell, Francis Hudspeth, Sigismund Parramore,
Robert Brock, Alfred Nathaniel Mason, and Charles
Baudinet. Of these Francis Hudspeth was the first
boarder, the first open "scholar," and the first graduate.

By the end of the year the members had increased to
22. At the end of 1847, after the School's annual ex-
amination by the Warden of Christs College, with the
assistance of his staff, he reported a*; follows :— '"This
'School is successfully surmounting the difficulties of the
'first beginning, ancl its members are gradually on the
'advance in proportion as the soundness of the system is
'becoming more improved and known. The new build-
'ing is in active progress, the plans are worthy of the
'object, so that when completed the School-house will
'form one of the handsomest ornaments of the town. Class
'List. Hudspeth, Dixon maj., Hampton, 28 boys."

From this onwards the School rapidly rose in num-
bers. Captain H. Butler Stoney, in "A Year in Tas-
mania, " mentions that in 1854 the numbers had reached
120. The School, under the Headmastership of the Rev.
J. R. Buckland, established a reputation which extended
far beyond the limits of this State.

The Lain^cexfan Church Grammar School.

We have already referred to the subscriptions in aid
of the founding of this School jorior to the arrival of
Bishop Nixon, and to the setting ajoart by the Crown of
a site for the School. This Institution has the honour of
being the oldest part of the College scheme, and the firsit
permanent public educational establishment in this State.
Not only did the first attempt to found the School take
precedence of the collection for the Hutchins School, but
the School itself can claim to be the first portion of the
scheme to be in active operation. The "Courier," in its
issue of the 9th May, 1846, reports that Mr. H. P. Kane
had been appointed Headmaster of the School, having
been nominated to that position by the Bishop at a meet-
ing of the Trustees on the 6th instant, and that the School

BY W. F. D. BUTLER, B.A., MSC, LL.B. 57

itself would commence on the lltli May. The actual
commencement of the School appears to be somewhat in
doubt. Some Launceston papers published in June of
that year refer to the intention to open the School on
Monday, 15th June, but Bishop Nixon, in a speech deliver-
ed in Hobart on that day, refers to the School as being al-
ready in operation. At any rate, it commeneccd veiy
quietly and unobtnisively, and, unfortunatch-. neither the
names of the first pupils nor the names of those present
at its commencement have been preserved. At the end
of the year, however, there were some 30 boys in attend-
ance, and at the first anniversary of Christ's College, on
1st October, 1847, it was reported that there were 27 boys
at the School. The School met in hired premises at tue
start, but on 1st May, 1847, the tender of James Fletcher
and George Field was accepted for the erection of the
School Buildings, and on the 17th of the same month the
foundation stone was laid by Lieutenant-Colonel Bloom-
field, in the presence of the W arden and Fellows of
Christ's College, so that, again, this School had the dis-
tinction of laying the foundation stone of its future home
some months prior to the laying of the foundation stone of
its sister school.

In 1851 a new School-room was erected bv subscrip-
tions, and from then to the present day the history of
the school has been one of steady progress, under a succes-
sion of different Headmasters, and both it and its sister
School (the Hutchins School) can claim this tribute, re-
markable so far as Tasmanian schools are concerneed, that
neither of them has ever been shut down for a day since
their first opening. At this stage of their history the
present paper leaves their career, and for the future the
closincr lines of a memory of the Hutchins School by its
lirbt boarder, written in 1896, may well be quoted: — "It
"may be hoped, while another century is still young, that
"the broken coi'd may be renewed, and that Christ's Col-
"lege, with her two spinster sisters, may again occupy the
"pedestal of the Graces, grey-haired, and truly revered,
"still vesturedf with eternal youth, with their early foun-
"ders, their wise conductors, their prize traditions still in
"memory, we may continually gratefully say — Si monu-
"mentum petis, circumspice. "

The Hifjh Schnnl.

The beginning of this School has been already re-
ferred to in the reply of Sir Eardley "Wilmot offering the
present site of the Hutchins School for the site of a Gram-
mar School in reply to a petition from Dr. Lillie, Messrs.

58 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION,

Henry HoiDkins, J. D. Chapman, and other jDctitioners.
Amongst the objects of that School in which it differed
from Queen's College, it was proposed that the responsi-
bility for giving religious instruction should devolve upon
the parents and religious denominations to which the
pupils belonged. It v/as further laid down that the Insti-
tution should carry on the education of the youth of the
Colony who had left the elementary and private Colleges.

Gell's Circular and the Bishop's Charge roused the
supporters of this scheme to new action, and on the 2nd
May, 1846, they held a meeting to consider what steps
should be taken to make the School suggested in tneu"
petition to Sir Eardley Wilmot a practical proposition.
The project languished, however, until the controversy
arose with reference to the grant by Sir Wm. Denison of
the site for the Hutchins School. The refusal of the
Governor tO' postpone the grant until the memorial of the
objectors was considered by the Secretary of State, galvan-
ised the objeictorsi into definite acton, and they issued a
Prospectus on 31st August, 1847, the day of the laying of
the Foundatiou Stone of the Hutchins School, for the es-
tablishment of a Proprietary School, in accordance wim
the views of those who shared Dr. Lillie's opinions, and on
undenominational principles. The Prospectus set forth
that ultimately, with the growing wants of the commun-
ity, the object of the School was tO' obtain the privileges of a
chartered corporation, and advantages similar to those of
a European University. The affairs were to be managed
by a Council of 9 shareholders, or subscribers, elected by
the Association. Shares to the amount of about £5, 00 J
were rapidly taken up, and the Governor granted tiiem
a piece of land, comprising the present University Grounds;
and the Municipal Reserve in front as a site for the new
School. A building was erected at a total cost of about
£4,500 on this site, and a School, called The High School,
opened in January, 1850, with Mr. James Eggleston, of
Trinitv College, Dublin, as Headmaster. Mr. J. A. Frc'ude
had been nominated to the office of Rector, but, on excep-
tion being taken to his theological views, he resigned the
appointment. This School continued for many years to
hi the friendly rival of the Hutchins School, until the
building was leased to the Council of Christ's College in
1885.

On the establishment of the Tasmanian University the
Trustees of the School refused to renew the Lease to the
College, and allowed the site under the terms of the gift
to revert to the Government, which appropriated the build-
ing, with a portion of the land, for the purposes of The
University of Tasmania, thus carrying out the original

BY AV. F. D. BUTLER, B.A., M.SC, LL.B. 5J>

ideas of the founders that their School sliould develop to
and obtain the privileges of a chartered corporation and
the advantages of a University.

In conclusion, besides the quotations above noted, I
have freely made use of facts taken from the late Mr. T.
Stephens s "Hisioiy of Christs College, " and from letters
written in "The Mercury ' by the late Mr. J. B. Walker.
I desire, also, to express my thanks to the Rev. J. V.
Buckland, the second Headmaster of the Hutchins School,
and a worthy successor to his father, for his valuable
assistance in supplying me not only with papei-s he had
collected, but also with early documents connected with
the School.

60

NOTES ON TASMANIAN DIPTERA AND DESCKiP-
TION OF NEW SPECIES.

By G. H. Hardy.

[Received July, 1917. Read IStli August, 1917. Issued
separately 22nd January, 1918.]

CYRTIDiE.

Oncodes basalis. Wall-.

Henops hasalis, Walk. Ins Saund. Dipt. 1. Pg. 203,

1852.
Ogcodes daricinii, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. Pg.
516, 1876.
,, fortiimni, Westw., id., 1876.

,, ignava, Westw., id , 1876.

,, fasmaiiica, Westw., id., 1876.

„ doddi, Wandol. Trims. Ent. Soc, Lond. Pg.

131, 1906.
Oncodes ffctvescens, White, P and P. Roy. Soc, Tasm.
Pg. 70, 1914; Hardy, id. Pg. 267,
1916.
,, nigrinervis, White;, id. Pg. 71, 1914.

ater, White, :d. Pg. 72, 1914.
,, Tcir. ater, Hardy, id. Pg. 267, 1916.

,, pTjgmceus, White, id. Pg. 72, 1914 (discol-

oured variety).
There can be little doubt about the above synonomy.
I have, unfortunately, not seen specimens from Adelaide, so
cannot check 0. darwinii and fcrtumni of Westwood.* A
good photographic illustration of 0. doddi, Wand., does
not differ in any respect from numerous Tasmanian ex-

*Since the above was written, T have received for identification
from the Director of the South Australian Museum, ten specimens
of Cijriidx, comprising the following species: —
Pterodontia, sp. 2 specimens. Flinders Range.
Oncodes hasilis. Walk., 5 males, 1 female, Adelaide.
,, ,, 1 female, Mullewa, W.A.

,, ,, 1 female, Lawson, N.S.W.

The Adelaide O. hasilis conforms with specimens from Cradle Mt.,
Tasmania, in every respect in the male. The female is too inferior m
condition for comparative examination. Both sexes, however, are large.
The West Australian specimen is ijormal. but the abdomen shows
slisht discoloration towards that of pygmxus, as described by White.
The addition of Western Australia to the distribution of this species
seems to suggest that the insect will be found to occur throughout
-Australia.

BY G. H. HAEDY. 61

amples I have examined, and the description comes well
within the limits of this very variable species.

This gives a surprising range for the species, covering
Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, and Vic-
toria, as well as Tasmania, from an elevation of 3,00Uft.
down to sea level.

Walkers description of hasilix is from a New South
Wales example. I have Tasnianian examples showing the
-chief characteristics described by Walker.

Cradle Mt. specimens range lo 9 mm. in length ; these
are the largest I have seen.

White overlooked Westwoods 0(jr(j(I(.<< tasnianica.

Epicerina NICr.ICORNIS.
Epicerina ui(/ricornis, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 4, pg.
•98, 1849.

White overlooked this description, the type of whicli
is recorded from Tasmania. No specimen of Cyrtidie has
been found recently to correspond with this species in
Tasmania.

STRATIOMYIDiE.

Genus O D () X T o m via.

In the revision of the Australian Stratiomvidae (Froc.
Lin. Soc, N.S.W., Vol. XLI., No. 161. pg.'71, 1916),
White has placed the synonomy of the genus Oduntoviyin
ill a condition that cannot bo accepted as satisfactory.
0. Jiunferi, King, has priority over ami/ris, Walk., and
several descriptions aro overlooked.

In my own series there ar^ only four well defined
species, the remainder being apparently only variations,
the intermediate forms of which are found in Tasmania,
although specimens agreeing entirely with the published
descriptions have not been found in every case.

I consider the following provisional synonomy will ulti-
mately be found coiTCct : —

Odonffinn/ln liuiUeri, King., 1827.

dea'piens, Guer., 1S30; regif^-georgii, Macq.,
1838; carinata, Macq., 1846; i^tylafn, Macq.,
1847; (imijrix. Walk., 1849; iaimenus, Walk.,
1849; rufifacies, Macq., 1851; and pectoraiia,
Thorns., 1869; lannulipes, Macq., 1851; ?war-
giiiella, Macq., 1851; Isiihdenfnta, Macq., 1851;
l.picea, W^alk., 1851.
O. lateremarulatn . Macq., and rnriiiifacien, Macq., are
being fast linked by intermediate forms. I do
not think they can be maintained as separate
species.

62 NOTES ON TASMANIAN DIPTERA,

0. stricfa., Ei'. — I am unceitain concerning the proiDer
place for this species. White also left it for
further consideration.

0. sydneyensis, Schin., and. Inrclineri, Jaen, are only
known to me by name. I have not yet procured
the descriptions.

Stratiomys hac/iux, Walk;, is given in Kertesz's Cata-
logue of Diptera as being an American specie®,.
and not Australian. I think this is the only
name that need be retained in ''Species expur-
gatae."

The above remarks are based mostly upon identifica-
tions of Tasmanian specimens. I have seen insufficient
material from the mainland to check the synonomy pro-
visionally given above.

Odontomyia amyris, Walk.

The mountain form of this species has the face with
a broad black margin above, in both male and female.

Hab. Mt. Wellington and Cradle Mt., 2,000ft. to
4,000ft.

Specimens from King Island, taken by Mr. A. M.
Lea, have this charactei mora or less present. Other iso-
lated specimens have also this character in variation.

This form is equivalent to annuliprs, Macq., except
that the tibiae have no black ring. Annulipes was de-
Scribed from Tasmania, so there can be no c|uestion but
that the mountain form of amyris is intermediate between
auiyris as White described it and annulipes of Macquart.

The Tasmanian record of suhdentafa, Macq., given by
White in Proic. Roy. Soc, Tasm., pg. 260, 191G, belongs
to' amyris, with the face margined above black.

Odontomyia opeetanea, White.

New to the Tasmanian Fauna. Agrees with White's
description, except that the antenna has the third joint
not much longer than the first and second together. The
species is only known from a single specimen from "Vic-
toria, which isi in England, so I have been unable to check
the proportions of the antennae, which may be a. clerical
error. It is not advisable to risk further synonomy until
the present puzzles in nomenclature of this genus Have
been solved.

Hah. Cradle Mt., about 3,000ft.; 2 females, 17th
Jan., 1917.

BY G. H HARDY. 63

Genus P a c ii v o a s t e r.

This genus is represented m my collection by two Tas-
manian specimens, both taken in the centre of Hobart.

Neoexaireta spinigera, WaU-.

This species has been taken several times by Mr. F.
M. Littler and Mr. C. Cole at Launceston, and so must be
added to the Tasmanian list.

tabanid;e.

Gen. P E L E c o t: h y n c h u s.

Two new species, and one variety of this interesting
and rare genus are here ?dded. P. eristaloides, su/mj).
iiHuitaiiiix. must now lauk as a distinct species, and not a
local Mountain variety, so a fuller description is given to
augment the previous scanty remarks. It seems probable
that the genus is chietly marsh frequenting, so large tracks
of marsh areas, both in Australia and Tasmania, are likely
to produce many new species.

The following key will easily separate all the known
Tasmanian species of this genus: —

1. Abdomen black, shining. fiisrtuiKjer, Walk.
Abdomen banded. 2

2. Bands en abdomen interrupted in the centre. 4
Bands not interrupted centrally. 3

3 Bands on abdomen conspicvous, eyes in male

touching. niijripennis, Kic.

Bands on abdomen obscure, eyes separate in male.

igninihis, sp. no v.

4. White strips" on black strip.> of thorax, wings

spotted, abdomen without red hair.

(ilh(tlineatu>(, sp. nov.

White spot (sometimes absent) on black stripe of

thorax. ' 5

5. Abdomen with red hair, wings spott-ed.

erixtaloiilfx, Walk.

Abdomen without red hair, wings unspotted. 6

6. White spot on thorax conspicuous, black centre

stripe of scutellum doci not extend on to
thorax. inontanus. Hardy.

White spot on thorax obscuii^ or absent, the black
stripe of scutellum extends on to the thorax.

7)1011 f anus, vor. a., var. nov.

64 NOTES ON TASMANIAN DIPTERA,

Pelecorhynchus iGNicuLus, itp. nov .

This species has the appearance of being a small
eri.ifaloules, with obscure abdominal bands, and the two
white spots on the black stripes of the thorax extended
anteriorly to fomi a white stripe The obscure abdominal
bands, however, are not interrupted in the centre, and the
eyes in the male are separate.

Male. Brownish. Proboscis black, palpi black, with
black hairs ; face with the convex part black, covered with
light grey tomentum on the upper half, hairs black ; tne
remainder of the head light grey, with yellow hairs, except
round the ocelli and the fringe behind the eyes which are
black. Antennae red, more or less stained black in some
specimens. Eyes separate. Thorax with two black stripes,
down the centre of which a white stripe divides the an-
terior half longitudinally. Hairs black; above the wing
there is a little red hair, and a tuft of yellowish hairs;
below the wing there is a tuft of white and a tuit of
yellow hairs. Scutellum fringed with red hairs. Aodo-
men ; apex of segments fringed with red hair; in some
specimens the red hair extends more or less all over
the abdomen. The bands on the segments 2, 3, cand 4
more or less obscure, but never interrupted in the centre,
although there is a tendency to become more or less ob-
scure on either side of the centre leaving an isolated spot
ill centre of each segment. Ltgs reddish ; wings similar
to erisfalnides.

Female. Similar to male, eyes widely separated,
black hairs on front, all hairs on abdomen red, and a
general tendency of some liai';s on the head and thorax
to become red. Abdominal bands more obscure.

Lenffth. 13.5 mm. - 15 mm.

Hah. Cradle Mt. (Pencil-pine Creek); about 3,700
ft.; Jan., 1917; 4 males and 1 female.

Pelecorhynchus aleolineatus, sj^- nov.

Similar to erisfaloides, no red hair, and the white
spot on the thorax elongated to v. stripe; abdomen banded,
the bands interrupted centrally and the wings spotted.

Male. Face very variable, either reddish, black or
greyish. Antennae reddish, more or less suffused with
black. Palpi more or less reddish with black hairs. Hair
on convex portion of face, front, and a fringe behind the
eye®, black ; elsewhere on head yellow. Eyes contiguous.
Thorax with a broad black stripe, on which is situated a
grey-white stripe anteriorly. There is also a more or less

BY G. H. HARDY. 65

obscure thin white line running from the white stripe
along the transverse suture, reaching half-way to the
wing. The ground colour of the thorax is bright slate-
grey, and is much suffused with brown and black, form-
ing no constant pattern other than that described above,
but the area just above, and the basal area of the scutellum,
is always free from black markings; at most there is a
slight trace of brown on the scutelliun (in this it differs
fi-om movtanux, which has these areas, either one or both,
marked with black). Wings spotted, the fork of the cubi-
tal vein often with a recurrent veinlet (appendix).

Female. Similar to male, eyes separate, front brown,
black or dark greyish.

Leiujth. 15-19 mm.

Hah. Cradle Mt., above 3,700ft. 6 males, 9 females,
Jan., 1917.

Mr. R. J. Tillyard took a specimen of this species de-
positing eggs in mud.

Pelecorhynchus mcntanus, Hanhj.

P. eri-^talnuhx, stih-ij). montanuft, Hardy, P. and P. Roy.

Soc, Tasm., pg. 269, 1916.

Male. Face with black and yellow hairs, otherwise
head as in eristaloide.s. Thorax dull slate-grey, on which
15 situated two black stripes, interrupted by a small white-
grey spot ; a black stripe on apical half of sides of thorax.
Scutellum with a central line, and apical margin black,
fringed with thick bright yellow hairs. Abdomen black;
second, third, and fourth segments with white bands in-
terrupted in the centre, and sometimes fringed with yel-
low hairs. The other hairs black, and black and yellow
on the white bands. ,

Female. Differs from the male in that all the hairs
on the convex portion of the face are black, eyes separate,
front brown.

Hab. Mt. Wellington, 4,000ft.

Var. a. Hair on the convex portion of face black in
both male and female. The stripe on the thorax thinner,
and more uniform ; the central black stripe of scutellum
extends on to the thorax, and the white spot on the black
stripes of thorax more or less obsolete, leaving a dull slate
ground colour in its place.

Hah. Cradle Mt., about 3,700ft., Jan., 1917. 3
males, 2 females.

66 NOTES ON TASMANIAN DIPTERA,

ASILID^.

Brachyrrhopala ruficornis, Macq.
A specimen in Mr. F. M. Littler's collection was taken
at Launceston on 24tli Dec, 1P16.

Laphria niveifacies, Macq.

A specimen in the Museum is labelled "Ulverstone,
Tas., Lea."

BOMBILIDiE.
CoMPTOSIA CORCULUM, Walk.

This is a mountain species, occurring in moderate
numbers on Mt. Wellington, between 2,000 and 3,000 tt.,
where it ca.n be taken throughout the summer. The Tas-
manian specimens do not differ from C . geovietrica, Macq.
other than in the number of submarginal cells, and in
its average larger size. The method of dividing one sub-
marginal cell into two is very variable. Sometimes a
veinlet joins the radial vein with the upper branch of the
cubital fork. At other times the radial vein takes a
sharp curve and runs down to the upper branch of tne
cubital fork, along which it runs for a more or less short
distance, then runs up to resume the normal course.. It
sometimes happens that the aj.acal portion of the radial
vein runs to meet the basal portion of the radial vein,
forming an area enclosed similar to the areolet of some
Ichneumonidce.

67

NOTES ON TASMANIAN BUTTERFLIES.
By G. H. Hardy.

[Received July, 1917. Read loth August, 1917. Issued
separately 'J'Jud January, 1918.]

Nesoxenica elia, W Sr L-

llah. Cradle Mt., Jan., 1917. Very abundant.

.V. leprea does not occur on Cradle Mt. I identified
the spci^es originally from a hind wing alone, the re-
mainder of the insect being badly attacked by "anthre-
nus.,' y. elia differs from Ititrta by the colour being
dull yellow instead of a bright cream, its being slightly
larger in size, and a little less full in the wing. iho
species is very common on Cravilt Jit. and vicinity.

Orei.xe.nica flynm, lltirdii.

}I(ih. Cradle IMt., Jan.. 1917. Very abundant.

A long series of this species was procured ; there is
not s^o much difference between this species and the main-
land orir/iirra, as the description of the type indicates.
The space between the basal spots and the discal hpot.s is
not always of uniform width, and the basal discal spots
are often joined in the female, and nearly always in the
male. There is, however, a second ocellus, very rarely
entirely missing in the subapical band, in both male and
female, and the species is cexlainly a darker race than
the mainland form.

AppIAS EGA, Boin/.

Hdh. Launceston, 2'2nd Jan., 1917, 1 specimen,
female.

A new record for Tasmania. The specimen was taken
by Mr. F. M. Littler, in a Laurceston garden.

HeSPERILLA CYCLOSriLA, J/. iV L.

Hah. Latrobe. 1st Jan., 1915, 1 female.

This rare "skipper" differs from flotinyoa by having
the yellow central patch^ of the hind wings reduced, and
in having on the underside silvery white spots in place of
the small black dots minutely centred whit'C.

68 NOTES ON TASMANIAN BUTTERFLIES.

The following is a list of butterflies taken at Cradle-
Mt. : —

Keteronymplia j^hUerope Boisd. (Newl)^ emerged
sjjecimens.)

Ileieronympha cordace Hnb (Worn specimens. j

Nemxenica elia W. & L.

Argynnina taxmanica ■ Lyoll. 2 worn specimens
taken by Prof. Flynn.

Oreixenica flynni Hardy.

Pyrameis itea Fab. (Worn specimens noted, none
taken.)

Neolucina hobartensis W. & L. (Plentiful.)

Papilio inacleayanus Leach. (Scarce on the moun-
tain.)

Anixyuta tasmaiiica Misk. (1 worn specimen, taken
by Mr. R. J. Tillyard.)

He^^periUa donnysa He.v. (1 specimen, taken by
myself.)

Motasingha dominula Ploetz. (Plentiful.)

This makes eleven species so far known from the
locality.

69

TASMANIAN CICADID^.
By G. H. Hardy.

JReceivecl July, 1917. Read 13tli August, 1917. Issued
separately li'iud January, 1918.]

DiEMENIANA HIRSUTUS, G. Sf F-

Tihicni hirsufus. God. i- Frogg. P.L.S.X^S.W. Vol. 29. pg.

607, 1904.
Diemcniuna turueri. Dist. Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. XIV.

pg. 325, 1914.

I am indebted to Mr. Howard Ashton for drawing
my attention to the above synonomy. Mr. Ashton pointed
out that he could see no difference between tunieri and
hirsxitux. I have since exanuned the type of hlrsutu.<,
which is in excellent condition in the Madaey Museum,
and find that it does not differ in any respect from about
50 turneri I have examined.

The type of liirsiifus bears no collector's label, nor a
localitv label other than that written on the name label.
The locality South Australia requires confirmation tor
this species.

Hah. Mt. Wellington, Tasmania. South Aus-
tralia??

The species occurs very abundantlv on the summit of
Mt. Wellington during Januar\ and early Februaiy. The
females are very scarce.

DiEMENIANA TILLYARDI, f/i. ntiV.

Male. Black; head marked as in D. hirsufus; a
central elongated spot on pronctum, lateral margins, and
two triangular central spots on the mesonotum ochraceous.
The mesonotum has a line more or less distinct, running
from the pronotum to the nearest corner of each tri-
angular spot; these lines are pai'allel. Legs as in V.
Iilrsufu^, but the wings differ in having the apex of the
anal area bordered with black. The opercula are bor-
dered, more or less broadly, ochraceous or testaceous
apically (in D. hirsufus they are entrrely black, or at
most with an ochraceous- subapical streak).

Lengfh, 22 mm. ; exp. across wings 51 mm. in the
holotype. The measurements vary from 18 mm. long,
and 48 mm. expanse in the paratvpes.

Hah. Cradle Mt., about' 3,000 ft. Jan., 1917.
9 males. A specimen was taken bv Mr. R. J. Tillyard,
and subsequently eight further si^ecimcns were taken.
F

70 TASMANIAN CICADID.E,

D. tiUyardi is a slightly smaller race on the average-
than D. hirsutus, and can be easily distinguished by me
triangular spot on the me&onotum, the black apical mar-
gins of the anal area, and the opercula bordered yellowish
apically.

Key to tht Taamanian Gicadida^..

This key is compiled, mainly from Distant's catalogue
and keys, and to help in the identification of the species
the sizes are included together with such points as may
readily determine the insect.

Those species marked with an asterisk are represented
in my collection by Tasmanian specimens, the majority of
the others are represented by specimens from the main-
land.

I am not satisfied that M. sjjreta, G. & F., is distinct
from, if. torrida, Er., a very variable species. Mr. Cole
has a specimen of torrida without the lateral tooth of the
pronotum. I consider that if a male torrida can be
found with an abdomen to- coriespond with the abdomev
of spreta, then spreta should be sunk to synonomy.

1. Tympanal coverings present. (Subf. Ciradince) 2
Tvmpanal coverings absent. (Subf. Tihicince) 3

2. The onl}' representative or this subfamily in

Tasmania is the large Uarl- cicada ; length
35 mm. or more; expanse 100 mm. or more.
(Only knoAvn to me from Launcestoii.)

*PsaItoda mnerens, Germ.

3. Pronotum verj^ large, produ.^ed posteriorly and

almost covering mesonotuni. 14

Pronotum normal. 4

4. Tcgmina with the upper vein of lower ulnar

area, and the lower vein of radial area sepa-
rate, never touching. 5
Tegmina with the upper vein of lower ulnar
area, and the lower vein of radial area
fused, or at least touching. 9

5. Eyes distinctly projecting beyond the anterior

angle of the pronotum. The projecting por-
tion of the face flat on top {Ahricta). 6
Eyes not, or indistinctly projecting beyond the
anterior angle of the pronotum. The pro-
jecting portion of the face rounded on top
(Dieineiiiana). 7

6. The Golden Cicada is readily distinguished by

the golden pile on abdori'en.

* Ahricta i aitrata, Walk.

1. For A'brictn aurata Walk., Kirkaldy gives a new name,
.1 curonotinna, without stating reasons The change does not appear'
to be necessary.

BY G. H. HARDY. 7l«

7. Small species, length 18 mm.; exp. 36 mm.

Diemeniana'^ coleopt?-ata, ^\ alk.
Lai-ger species, length 20 mm., exp. 48 mm.
and upwards. t>

8. Opercula entirely black, Oi at most with a

subapical yellowish streak.

*Diemeniana hirsxitus, G. (\: F.
Opercula more or less broadly bordered yellow-
ish apically. ^Dlaneniana tiVyardi, sp. nov.

9. Wings with six apical areas {Melomiimlta). 10
Wings with five apical areaa (Pouropsalta). 13

10. Tegmina with spots at. apex of second and

third discoidal areas. 11

Tegmina without spots. 1'2

11. Lateral margin of pronotum with tooth at

middle, the roininoti hlarlc cicada, very vari-
able in colour and mailings. Length 22
mm., exp. 60 mm. and upwards.

^ Melati) psalta torrida, Er.
Lateral margin of pronctum without tooth,
apical margin of abdominal segments, and
the majority of the subapical segments dors-
alh' reddish. Me/ai>ip''a!fa aprefa, G. & i?'.

12. Lateral margin of pronotum armed at middle

with a tooth. Length 15-20 mm.; exp.
45 - 53 mm. M e/a tn psa/fa viarcjnxata, L 'ueh

Lateral margin of pronotum without tooth,
abdomen marked with red above. Length
20 mm. ; exp. 54 mm.

*MeIov}psalta ahdoiiiinal'tK, Dist.

13. Under side of abdomen red, above bordered

apically red on segments. Length 17 mm. ;
exp. 50 mm. Pniiropxalfa inneuie, W'alk.

Abdomen black above and below, with apex
of segments boi'dered yellow. Length 17
mm. ; exp. 38 mm.

* Paiiropsalfa enraitstica, Germ.

14. The Hairy Cicada is readily recognised by an

extra irregular vein naming across the
opaque tegmina at about- half its length, and
its hairy body, which is, especially hairy on
the underside. Length 30 mm. ; exp. 77 mm.

''^Te((ir,arcfa ^ tormcTitosa, While

2. The synonomy of thi.s genus requires clenring up. D. colrop-
Irnta G. & F appears not to be identical with Walker's species,
■ind may possibly be the same as D. riches) Dist.

Kirkaldy fives the new name, D. tasmani for D. colcoptratn
Walk, without stating reasons; the change does not seem xo be
necessary.

3 A pupal skin of a TrttionTCti that seems to differ from the
imago of T. lormcntose (I have not seen the pupal skin of tftis
.■^necies), was taken on Mt. Maria, Miu-ia Isl,, on the 5th April, 1915.
This may prove to be a new species.

72

NEW AUSTRALIAN aSILID^,

With Notes on the Classification of the Asilinae,

By Arthur White.

[Received 20th August, 1917. Read 10th September,
1917. Issued separately 22nd January, 1918.]

Svxbfamily Dasypogoninse.

C H R Y s o p o G o N, Rocler.

This genus is distinguished by a stout spine on each
side of the thorax, and antennae with the third antenna!
joint rounded and without a style ; the only other genus
with similar thoracic spines is Op><eof<fIenais, containing a
single West Australian sjjecies, which is distingushed by the
pointed antennal style, and differently formed moustache.

Nine Australian species have so far been described,
and two others are now added, one of these being from
New South Wales, the other from Victoria.

Chrysopogon pallidipennis, Sp. nov.

Mo'ustache white ; faice yellow, with a. black median
strijae ; antennse yellow ; thora.s: and abdomen red-brown,
the fourth and fifth abdominal segments with pale hind-
margins ; legs entirely yellow ; wings tinged faintly with
brown.

Length. Female, 11 mm.

Hah. Sydney, N.S.W.

Female. Face bright yellow, with a broad black

median stripe, which extends from the antennae to the
moustache; moustache consisting of a single row of white
bristles. Antennae yellow, the third joint a little darker
than th© first and second, and with the apex darkened;
all joints axe slender, the third being hardly broader
than the first, and of uniform breadth throughout ; first
and second joints with a few short inconspicuous bristles.
Thorax red-brown, with the neck and sides yellow ; an-
terior, lateral, and posteirior margins marked with white

[The manuscript of this paper was found amonsr Mr. AVhite's
papers after his death, and was forwarded to the Society by tiie
author's brother and executor. The MS. was apparently only a tirst
draft which the author intended to rewrite before publication. Ttie
Editor has, however, felt at liberty to correct only obvious clerical
errors, and the paper, therefore, appears without the advantage of
final revision by the author.]

I5Y AKTHUR WHITE. 73

tomentum, and a small white tomentose spot behind each
shoulder tubercle; sciitellum dark yellow. Abdomen red-
brown, coai-sely punctate, with inconspicuous yellowish
side-spots, the fourth and fifth segments with narrow yellow-
ish hindmargins. Legs with femora, tibiae, and tarsi
yellow, the femora clouded with browTi beneath ; femora
bare, tibiae with a few black bristles ; anterior tibiae with a
terminal cui-\ed spine. Wings almost hyaline, but witn
a brown tinge, which is most marked along the costal
margin ; first posterior cell wide open ; fourth posterior
cell slightly contracted towards the wing margin; halteres
yellow.

This species bears no resemblance to any of the de-
scribed Australian species ; it may be at once recognised
bv its red-brown colouration, yellow legs, almost hyaline
wings, and small size. It is at present only known from
a single specimen, which was taken by Dr. Ferguson at
Sydney on December 26, 1914.

Chrysopogox rubidipennis, Sp. nnv.

Moustache pale yellow; face, front, antennae, and
thorax red-brown ; abdomen dark red-brown, with pale
red-brown lateral spots ; legs red-brown ; wings brown,
darkest along the costal margin.

Lenf/th. Female, 14 mm.

Hah. Victoria.

Female. Face and front a uniform red-brown. Mous-
tache composed of a single row of stiff pale yellow bristles.
Antennae red-brown, a little paler than the face, the third
joint slightly broader than the first and second, both of
which bear scattered black hairs. Thorax bright claret-
red-brown, with three indistinct, darker, rugose stripes,
the median one being the narrowest ; scutellum similarly
coloured to the thorax. Abdomen dark red-brown, punc-
tate, with indistinct pale red-brown lateral spots.
Legs with femora, tibiae and tarsi red-brown ; posterior
femora with short black bristles ; all tibia? with a few
black bristles, anterior tibiae with a terminal curved spine.
AVings browTi, a very deep brown along the costal mar-
gin, the first basal and anal cells paler than the second
basal cell, and the cells towards the wing-tip pale inter-
iorly ; all posterior cells wide open ; halteres brownish
yellow.

This species, if one has only the published descrip-
tions to go by, might possibly be confused with C.
]iu?irfofiis, Ricardn. 1 have, however, examined the type
of the latter species in the British Museum, and find that

74 JS'KW AUSTRALIAX ASILID.E,

the two species are really very distinct. C. pitnctatiis is a
deep black species, without a trace of red, and with very
distinct white lateral spots, whereas C. rtihidi pennis is dis-
tinctly a reddish species, and the lateral spots are pale red-
dish and inconspicuous ; the difference is very perceptible in
the thorax, which in G. ruhidipcnnia is a deep claret-red
instead of bla.ck, and the legs are also red-brown instead
of black; C. ruhidipennis is also a slightly larger species.

G. ruhidijyennifi is at present known from a single
specimen taken by Mr. F. P. Spry in Victoria.

Brachyrrhopala, Macq.

Of this genus, characterised by the club-shaped abdo-
men and anterior tarsi with a terminal curved spine, six
Australian species have so far been described ; one addi-
tional species is now added.

Brachyrrhopala bella, ,Sp. nov.

Moustache black ; thorax dull black, with sides and

. scutellum red; abdomen shining black, with apex yellow;

femora red above, black beneath ; tibiae red, the posterior

pair with basal half pale yellow ; tarsi red ; wings with

basal three-eighths h5^aline, apical five-eighths brown.

Lenytli. Male, 10.5 mm.

Hah. Victoria.

Male. Mo'ustache rather bushy, composed of fine
black hairs. Face black, the lower two-thirds with golden
tomentum. Front black, almost covered with brown
tomentum. Antennae entirely pale yellowish red, the first
two joints with long black hairs. Thorax with the
dorsum dull black, the neck, shoulder tubercles, anterior,
lateral, and posterior margins, sides, and scutellum red.
Abdomen with first to fourth segments shining black,
fifth shining: black with hindmargin yellow, sixth yellow,
the whole bearing white lateral pubescence. Legs with all
femora having the upper surface red, lower smtface black,
anterior and middle tibiae red, posterior tibiae with basal
half pale yellow, apical half red ; all tarsi red ; femora and
tibiae with abundant black p.ube.scence, femora with also
apical black bristles, middle and posterior tibiae and pos-
terior tarsi with a few extremely long black bristles.
Wings with the basal three-eighths completely hyaline,
apical three-eighths brown, the line of demarcation be-
tween the two portions clearly marked ; in the brown por-
tion the centre of the discal cell is semi-hyaline; halteres
yellow.

BY AUTHLK WHITE. 75

This species is easily recognised by the parti-colourcd
-wings, black moustache, red and black thorax and shining
black abdomen. It can only be confused with li. nificor-
11 is, Macq. The latter species is net represented
ill the British Museum Collection, but, according to Miss
Ricardo's description, it is a much smaller species, with
the wings basally brown and apically hyaline, instead of
vice-versa, the moustache is yellow, the thorax black in-
■stead of black and red, and abdomen black with yellow
bands, instead of black with only the extreme tip yellow.

B. helln is at present only known from a single speci-
men taken in Victoria by Mr. French.

Saropogon, Loew.

This genus consists of small species, in which the an-
terior tibiae possess a terminal cun'cd spine, antennpe with
a small terminal style, scutellum wilh marginal bristles,
and femora without bristles on the underside. Five Aus-
tralian species have so far been described ; an additional
species is now added.

Saropogon dissimulaxs, Sil nnv.

Face and front pale brown, moustacho white; an-
tennae red ; thorax brown, with a broad brown dorsal
etripe, edged with light yellow-brown, and bordered an-
teriorly with a patch of very dark brown, and with shoul-
ders yellowish white; scutellum grey; abdomen black,
•with grey hindmargins, which are partially interrupted in
the middle ; legs brownish-yellow, the middle and pcsterior
I'lmora black above: wings hyaline, the marginal cell
closed; fourth posterior cell narrowly, and anal cell very
narrowly, open.

Lfiif/tlt. Male, 11 mm.

Hah. Orange, N.S.W.

Mule. Face whitish, with a little brown tomentum ;
moustache composed of a single row of stiff white bristles.
Front pale brown ; ocellar tubercle with long divergent
black bristles. Antennae slightly longer than the head,
the first joint a little longer than the second ; the third
twice the length of the first two tcgethcr, nearly straight
above, but cui'ved below, and terminated by a very small
blunt style ; the three joints are red, the style black, and
the first and second joints bear white bristles. Thorax
mottled with various shades of brown ; the greater part of
the dorsum a bright yellow-brown, with a broad dull brown
Jiiedian stripe, which is divided centrally by a very fine

76 NEW AUSTRALIAN ASILID^,

longitudinal dark brovv^n line, is edged outwardly on each
side with light yellow-brow^n, and is bordered anteriorly on
each side by a lengthened irregular patch of very dark
blown; shoulder's whitish, with a dark brown spot beneath
the shoulder tubercles ; thorax bears white lateral pubes-
cence, short black median bristlesi, and long black
and yellow lateral and posterior bristles ; scutellum light
grey, with two long, black, convergent, terminal bristles.
Abdomen with one segment' grey, remainder black, with
jjale hindmargins, which, according toi the direction of the
light, vary in colour from grey to brown, and are partially
interrupted in the middle ; the whole of the dorsum is
powdered with brown tomentum, and the sides bear a little
vei}' short white pubescence; genitalia somewhat swollen,
dark brown, with abundant white pubescence. Legs with
femora and tibiae brownish-yellow, the middle and posterior
femora with the upper surface black, posterior tibise with
apex brown, tarsi brown, the anterior pair with first joint
brownish-yellow; femora with a little white pubescence;
tibicB with white bristles; tarsi with both white and black
bristles. AA^ings hyaline ; marginal cell closed, the radial
vein being sharply curved up at its end so as to close the-
cell close to the wing-margin; first posterior cell wiae
open ; fourth loosterior cell narrowly, and anal cell very
narrowly, open ; halteres brown.

This species in the male, the only sex known, bears an
e>rtreme]y close resemblance to the small brown species of
the genus RJiahdotnitaiirux : it mav, however, be distin-
guished by the different form of the marginal cell, by the
open fourth posterior cell, and by the antennae being with-
out any arista.

This interesting species is at present known from a.
male taken bv Dr. Ferguson at Orange, N.S.W., on Novem-
ber 24, 1914."

C R Y p T o p o G o N, Gen. nov.

Wings with three submarginal cells, the upper branch
of the cubital fork being connected with the radial vein
by a crcss-veinlet ; marginal cell broadly open ; all pos-
terior cells open ; anal cell closed ; antennae with a short
pointed style ; anterior tibise without a. terminal curved
spine ; tarsi with long bristles.

Fa.ce rather narrow, widening gradually from base of
antennae to oral margin ; moustache confined to the oral
margin, and consisting of long stiff bristles. Front very
wide above, but owing to the converging eyes narrowed to
half its breadth at the base of the antennae ; vertex mode-
rately excavated, and with a, conspicuous ocellar tubercle..

BY ARTHL'U WHITE. 77

Antennae slightly longer than the head, the first and
second joints short, and of about equal length, the third
twice the length of the first two together, and provided
with a short pointed style. Thorax almost bare of pubes-
cence, but with lateral and posterior bristles ; scutel-
lum without bristles. Abdomen rather broad, and not in
the least petiolate, altogether without bristles. Legs with
femora somewhat swollen, practically bare, but wilh a few
small, inconspicuous apical and pre-apical bristles ; tibiae
slender, with long, fine bristles; tarsi with remarkably long
bristles. Wings with three submarginal cells, the upper
branch of the cubital fork being connected with the radial
vein by a crosweinlet ; marginal cell broadly open ; the
three basal cells of almost equal length ; all posterior cells
wide open; anal cell closed.

This genus is proposed for a remarkable species, of
which Dr. Ferguson took a number of specimens at Never-
tire, New Sovitli Wales. The species in shape and mark-
ings bears a close resemblance to the Therevidae, and has,
indeed, been identified as such by a well-known authority ;
it is, however, a tnie Asilid. In the character of the
thres submarginal cells the genus agrees with the Palae-
arctic and North American genus I'lii/imoxnnid, of the sub-
family J.d phrii'tt' \ from this genus, however, it may be at
once distinguished by the open marginal cell, and the wide-
ly open first and fourth posterior cells.

Tt is worth noting that this curiaus genus comes from
one c^ the cntomclogically little known inland districts ; it
probably does not extend to the coastal region. Only a
single species is at present know^n, but it is not unlikely
that other .species will come to hand when the inland Aus-
tralian fauna is properly investigated.

Cryptopogon vernaculus, Sp. nor.

Face white ; moustache pale yellow ; antennae black ;
thorax light brown, with eight white spots-; abdomen
black, with fcremargins of segments silvei"y-white, the white
colouration being narrow centrally, broad laterally, femora
grey ; tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow, with apices grey ;
bristles cf legs white ; wings hyaline.

Lruf/ih. Female, 6.5 - 8 mm.

Hdh. Nevertire, N.S.W.

Female. Face white, projecting below; moustache
pale yellow. Front blown, blackish at vertex, the whole
bearing a little white tomentum. Antenme black.
Thorax light brown, with neck and f-houlders whitish, the
dorsum bearing eight more or less distinct whitish tomen-

78 NKW AUSTRALIAN ASILID^,

tose spots, in addition to two short white lines on the
anterior margin, and a fine white dorsal line, which ex-
tends from the anterior margin to a little beyond the
middle of the dorsum ; the wnole dorsum bears very s;hort
stiff black pubescence, and there are also a few long black
lateral a^nd posterior bristles; scutellum small, black, with-
out bristles. Abdomen black, with foremargins of seg-
mentsi silvery-white, the white colouration being narrow
centrally, bread laterally ; the anal segmeiit may be en-
tirely white or only a little whitish ; the abdomen is
bare, except for a little very short pubescence, which is
white on the anterior segments, black at apex. Legs
with the femora swollen, with inconspicuous white pubes-
cence, and Cine or two small, white apical bristles; tibiae
brownish yellow, apex black, the whole bearing scattered,
long, white bristles; tarsi brownish-yellow, with apex
black, the whole bearing remar'kably long white bristles.
Wings hyaline, but the course of the veins sometimes
sha-ded faintly with brown; the posterior cells are open,
the c^nly one showing any sign of contraction being the
fourth, which is narrowed on the wing margin to about
half its breadth ; anal cell closed, and connected with the
wing margin by a short petiole ; halteres brown.

This species is remarkably distinct. It can be at
once recognised b}?^ its venation and by the black and
white abdomen. As before mentioned, it bears a very
close resemblance to a Therevid, but its true relationsnip
can be easily ascertained by examining the form of the
face, moustache, antennae, proboscis, and slender neck.

This interesting species was discovered by Dr. Fer-
gusron, who tells me that he found it occumng commonly
on the edges of a dam at Nevertire, N.S.W., on March 20,
1915. It is su!?2;estive that it occurred in company with
two species of Therevidce, of about the same size, one of
which, an undescribed species of Ldnrliorhipirhii'i, resembles
it almost exactly in colouration, the thorax being a simi-
lar tint of brown, with similar white spots, and the
abdomen being also black and white, though the white
colour occupies the hind instead of the foremargins ; the
general resemblance between the two species is, however,
very striking, and would suggest either mimicry or a
parallel development of species of two distinct families
brought about by similar conditions.

Stenopogon, Loew.

Of this genus two species are recognised in Miss
Eicardo's revision of the family ; a third, perfectly dis-
tinct species, however, occurs not uncommonly in New

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 79

South Wales. The three species are distinguished as shown
in the following table: —

Tahle (if the. Ausfrafiaii S pedes ^of Stenopogon^

1. Bristles of tibiae entirely or principalh^ black;

large species. JiiLoxGATUs, Macq.

Bristles of legs pale yellow ; smaller species 2

2. All femora black; veins of wing black.

JSlCOTELES, Walk.
Anterior femora with basal two-thirds black,
apical third reddish-yellow; middle femora en-
tirely reddish-yellow; jxjsterior femora black.
Wings yellow, with foreborder and anterior
veins bright yellow. Flavipennis, .S'^;. nov.

Note. The characters given in the above table easily
distinguish S. f/aitpeiinis from S. nicoieles, and from the
ordinai-y varieties of .S' efniu/afus. In Tasmania, however,
a scarce variety of S. elonyatux occurs, in which the bristles
of the legs are yellow; from this variety .S'. flavipennis Is
distinguished by the yellow instead of hyaline wings, by
the reddish-yellow instead of black middle femora, and
by the smaller size. It may be mentioned that both S.
eJi.mjatux and >S'. flavipennis^ occur commonly in New South
Wales, without showing any intermediate variations.

StENOPOCON flavipennis, Sp. Hijl'.

Face and moustache yellowish-white ; front black ;
thorax black, with white tomentum at sides; abdomen
black with white side-stripes; anterior femora with basal
two-thirds black, apical third reddish-yellow ; middle femora
entirely reddish-yelloAv ; posterior femora black; all tibire
reddish-yellow, with extreme base black ; tarsi black ;
bristles of tibise reddish yellow ; wings yellow, the fore-
border bright yellow; halteres light yellow.

Lenf/fli. Female, 11 mm.

I/ah. Sydney, N.S.W.

Female. Face ?nd moustache yellowish white. Front
black, with long black hairs. Antennse black. Thorax
black, with white tomentum at sides ; thoracic pubescence
black ; thoracic bristles white ; scutellum black. Abdomen
black, shining, with indistinct white side-stripes, and
spare white pubescence. Legs with anterior femora hav-
ing basal two-thirds black, apical third reddish-yellow;
middle femora entirely reddish-yellow ; posterior femora
entirely black ; all tibiae reddish-yellow, with extreme base
black ; tarsi black ; all femora with long, dense, white
pubescence; anterior and middle femora without bristles;

80 NEW AUSTRALIAN ASILID.E,

posterior femora with short, black, spine-like bristles be^
low, and a few longer oiies at sides ; all tibiae with bristles,
which are coloured similarly to the parts on which they
occur — reddish-yellow, on the reddish-yellow portions, and
black on the black apical portions ; tarsi with black
bristles. Wings with the characteristic venation of the
genus ; all posterior cells open, but the fo^urth consider-
ably constricted on the wing margin ; secoond posterior
cell, though wide open, is narrower on. the wing margin
than above, where it bulges into the third posterior cell ;
the wings are yellow, with the foremargin bright yellow ;
halteres light yellow.

This species bears a close resemblance to *S'. elnngatus,
but may be distinguished by the reddish-yellow instead of
black tibial bristles, by the bright yellow instead of hya-
line or brownish wings, by the light yellow instead of
brown halteres, and by the smaller size.

Several specimens of this species have been kindly
sent me by Dr. Ferguson, from New South Wales, where
it appears to be not uncommon.

Subfamily Laphrinse.
Therutria, Loew.

This genus is characterised b}^ a curved spine on apex
of the anterior tibife, face with a prominent tubercle, cov-
ered with a large bushy moustache, and wings with the
fourth jDosterior cell open, or occasionally bluntly closed
on the actual wing margin, and never closed above the
margin, and connected thereto by a small veinlet, as in all
the Australian species of Laphrio. Three species have so
far been described ; a fourth is now added.

TnERUTRIA PULCHRIPES, Sp. nov.

Moustache black and white ( $) or white ( 9 ) j
thorax and abdomen black, the latter with yellow side-
spots ; femora with basal two-thirds yellow, apical tnird
black; tibiae similarly coloured to the femora; wings
brownish, the fourtli posterior cell either narrowly open or
just cloised on the wing-margin.

Length. Male and female, 15 mm.

Hah. New South Wales (Leura), and Victoria.

Male. Face and front black ; moustache bushy, com-
posed of intermixed black and white hairs; beard white.
Antennae black, the first and second joints of equal length,
bearing black hairs, the third about one and a half times
as long as the first two together. Thorax black, with

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 81

shoulder tubercles brown, and a yellow spot on
each side, a little above and in front of the base of wings,
the whole bearing black lateral pubescence, which is most
conspicuous anteriorly, and black bristles; scutellum
(black, and bearing numerous black marginal bristles.
Abdomen black, with yellow side-spots, and white lateral
pubescence, the first segment bearing also white lateral
bristles. Legs with femora having the basal two-thirds
bright yellow, apical third black, devoid of bristles, but
with abundant long soft pubescence, that on the yellow
portion being white, on the black portion black; tibiae
with basal two-thirds bright yellow, apical third black,
with short white and black pubescence disposed as on the
femora, the whole bearing also stiff black bristles ; tarsi
black, with black bristles. Wings greyish-brown ; lae
first posterior cell open, but narrowed on the margin to
about half its breadth ; fourth posterior cell very narrowly
open, or closed bluntly en the extreme wing margin ; anal
cell very narrowly open, llalteres brown.

Female resembles the male very closely, but tlie
moustache is entirely white, and the abdominal lateral
pubescence somewhat shorter.

This species lesembles Thentfrid ninnracua, Walk.,
very closely, but diffei^s in the femora having at least the
apical third black instead of only the extreme apex, also
in the coloured portion of the femora and tibia? being a
bright yellow of the same tint, instead of. as in T. omar<i-
nis, the femora being orange-red and the tibiae pale-yellow.

T. pulrhripes also differs from T. amnrnnix in the
whiter moustache, and the more narrowed fourth posterior
cell.

Of this species, a male from Lcura, N.S.W., was
kindly given me by Dr. Ferguson, and a female from Vic-
toiia by Mr. C. French, Jr.

M E T .\ L .\ P H r, I .\, Eirardi).

The species contained in this genus bear a very close
resemblance to those of Tlitrtitria, but are distinguished by
the face being flat, without a tubercle, and by the mous-
tache consisting of a single row of hairs confined to the
oral opening. The genus was proposed bv Miss Ricardo'
for a North Australian species ; a New South W^ales sjiccies
is now added.

Metal.\phria aurifacies, Sp. nov.

Face golden ; moustache and antenn;i3 black ; front
grey; thorax black, with golden shoulder spots; abdomen

82 NEW AUSTRALIAN ASILID.E,

black, with sides yellow ; femora red ; tibipe and tarsi:
black; wings brownish.

Length. Male, 11 mm.

Hab. Sydney, N.S.W.

Male. Face dark golden ; moustache consisting of
about nine long, bristle-like, black hairs, which project
horizontally ; beard white. Palpi prominent, black, witli
abundant white hairs. Antennae black, the fii'st and
second joints of equal length, and bearing stiff black hairs,
the third one-and-a-half times the length of the first two
together. Front grey, with a biinch of black hairs on
either side of the middle; ocellar tubercle black, with
long bristle-like hairs. Thorax black, with golden shoul-
der-spots, and with shoulder tubercles, lateral and pos-
terior margins yellow ; thoracic bristles black ; scutellum
pale golden, with two long, black, converging, marginal
bristles. Abdomen black, punctate, with sides yellow,
practicall)'^ bare, but with a tuft of white hairs on each
side of the first segment ; genitalia swollen, with white
pubescence. Legs with femora red, bare, the posterior
pair with a short stripe, and apex black ; anterior tibi<e
red, middle tibiae red with apex broadly black, posterior
femora, wholly black ; all tibiae bear long white bristles,
which are much the most numerous on the posterior pair ;
the anterior a,nd middle tibiae also bear short black bristles;
tarsi black, with black bristles, the first joint of anterior
and middle tarsi red at base. Wings brownish ; the first
posterior cell wide open, the fourth also open, but nar-
rowed on the wing margin to less than half its breadth;
anal cell very narrowly open. Halteres yellow.

This species is very distinct from the only other known
Australian species, M. ausfrt/Iis, Ricardo. The abdomen
is black, with sides yellow, instead of black with apex
red, the moustache black, instead of yellowish-white, the
antennas black, instead of reddish-yellow, and the posterior
tibiae black with white bristles, instead of red with black
bristles ; it is also larger in size.

M. auri fades is at present only known from a, single
specimen, taken bv Dr. Ferguson at Roseville, Sydney, on
December 26, 1914.

A T o M o s I A, Macq.

This genus comprises small species, which have the
cross-veins closing the discal and fourth posterior cells
parallel; the anterior tibiae are without an apical curved
spine, and all the tibiae and tarsi bear remarkably long

BY ARTHUR WHITE.

83

hair-lilce Vistles. One Australian species was described
by Miss EJcardo, and a second species is new added.

Atomosia culicivora, Sp. nov.

F*,ce and moustache silvery white; antennje black;
thora^s shining black; abdomen black, coai-sely punctata,
and with small white lateral bristles; femora yellowisn-
red, the posterior pair with a broad black band near the
base; anterior and middle tarsi light brown; posteiior
tibia; a shining dark brown; tarsi brown; wings tinged
evenly with brown.

Lciujth. Female, 6 mm.

Hah. Eidsvold, Queensland.

Feiiiah. Face and moustache silvery white, the
moustache consisting of a fringe of drooping bristle-like
hairs, which are confined to the oral margin ; front simi-
larly coloured to the face, with a small, black, much up-
standing occUar tubercle, which bears two small black
bristles. Thorax shining Ijlack, with short black pubes-
cence and black lateral bristles; scutellum black,
with about four very fine marginal hair-like bristles.
Abdomen deep blark, coarsely punctate, with short white
lateral bristles, and apex with long black hairs. Legs
with femora yellowish-red. the posterior pair with a broad
black band, which commences close to the base, and extends
to beyond the middle; anterior and middle tibije dull pale
brown ; posterior tibia? shining dark brown ; tarsi brown ;
the femora are practically bare, but the middle pair have
one, and the posterior pair two, black bristles on the upper
side, but this number may not be constant : tibia"- and
tarsi with numerous very long, black, hair-like bristles, and,
in addition, the posterior tibicie bear a remarkably long
black bristle on the upper side ; the tibise ai-e also provided
with a fringe of white pubescence on the lower side. Wings
tinged evenlv with brown ; the first posterior cell wide
open, the fourth closed considerably above the wing mar-
gin, the cross-vein closing it in an almost straight line
with that closing the discal cell ; anal cell closed. Halteres
yellowish-white.

This species is easily distinguished from A. aiixf rails,
Ricardo, the only other known Australian species, by the
wings being evenly tinged with brown, instead of being
hyaline, with the wing-veins, and particularlv the base of
the cubital fork, being conspicuously suffused with
bi'own, by the femora being vellowish-red instead of black,
and by the abdomen being deep black instead of purple
or blue-black.

84 NEW AUSTRALIAN ASILID.E,

Two specimens of this species, taken by Dr. T. L. Ban-
croft at Eidsvold, Queensland, were kindly sent me for
examination by Dr. Ferguson. Dr. Bancroft supplies the
interesting information that the species preys on mos-
quitos. Date of capture, March 28, 1915.

Laphria, Meig.

Of this genus ten Australian species have so far been
described; two additional species are now added.

Laphria variana, Sji. nov.

Face covered with procumbent golden hairs ; mous-
tache black and golden ; thorax black, with four yellow-
ish-white spots ; abdomen golden-yellow, with first seg-
ment and genitalia black ; femora with basal half golden-
yellow, apical half black ; tibiae golden-yellow with has©
and apex black ; tarsi black ; wings brown, a little hyaline
at base.

Length. Male, 12.5 mm.

Hah. Tweed River, New South Wales.

Male. Face covered with long, procumbent, golden
hairs ; moustache bushy, black above, golden below ; beard
pale yellow. Front black, with long black hairs on vertex.
Antennae black, the first joint tAvice the length of the
second, the third slightly longer than the first two to-
gether. Thorax velvet black, with pale yellow shoulder
spots, and a similar spot on either side of the dorsum, tne
whole bearing black pubescence, and black lateral bristles ;
scutellum black. Abdomen rather narrow, first segment
black, second to sixth segments golden yellow, all bearing
golden-yellow pubescence; genitalia black, with long black
hairs. Legs black and golden-yellow, the femora- with
rather more than the basal half yellow, remainder black ;
tibife golden-yellow, with base and apex black, the posT
terior pair much curved, and with the black basal portion
occupying a third of their length ; tarsi black ; the legs are
clothed with long, dense pubescence, which is yellow on the
yellow parts, black on the black parts. Wings brown,
but a little hyaline at the base ; first posterior cell open,
but a little contracted towards the wing margin ; fourth
posterior and anal cells closed ; halteres yellow.

This species is remarkably distinct ; it can be distin-
guished at once from all the other Australian species of
Laphria by the yellow abdomen. The only specimen at
present known was kindly sent me by Dr. Clelan^ ; it was
taken at the Tweed River, N.S.W.

BY AUTHUR WHITE. 85

Laphria comata, Sp. nov
Face bearing long white hairs ; moustache black ; thorax
£reenish-black ; abdomen blue-black ; anterior femora en-
tirely blue-black ; middle femora with basal half yellow,
apical half blue-black ; posterior femora with basal two-
thirdii vellow, apical third blue-black ; all tibije blue-black ;
wings brownish, darkest at the tips, and with the base
hyaline.

Leiif/tli. Male, 16 mm.

Jlah. Victoria.

Male. Face bearing long white hairs; moustache
black, large and bushy ; beard white. Front black. An-
tennae black, the first joint twice the length of the second,
the third considerably broadened, and about one-and-a-
half times the length of the first two together ; the first
and second joints bear long black hairs. Thorax shining
greenish-black, with whitish shoulder s]jots, abundant
black pubescence, and black lateral bristles ; scutellum
similarly coloured to the thorax, with six long, semi-erect,
black marginal hair-like bristles. Abdomen slender, shin-
ing blue-black, with white lateral spots and white lateral
pubescence; genitalia with stiff black hairs. Legs with
anterior femora wholly blue-black, middle femora with
basal half yellow, apical half blue-black; posterior femora
with basal two-thirds, yellow, apical third blue-black ; al!
tibia? blue-black ; tarsi black; the femora bear abundant
long pubescence, which is yellow on the yellow parts,
black on the black parts; tibia? with long white and black
pubescence, and also black bristles ; tarsi with black
bristles. Wings brownish, darkest at the tips, and with
the base hvaline; the fli-st posterior cell is much contract-
ed on the wing-margin, the fourth posterior and anal colls
closed ; halteres yellow.

This species is distinguished bv the colouring of the
femora. It resembles both L. teJerJex and L. riififcinnratn,
but is distinguished from the former species by having
both the middle and posterior femora partly yellow,
whereas in //. telerle.t only the posterior pair are partly
yellow, and from L. rufifemnrata by the anterior femora
being entirely black, instead of, as in that species, all the
femora being partly yellow. L. rnmnfa is further distin-
guished from both these species by the marginal bristles
of the scutellum being black instead of yellowish, and by
their being fewer in number, sti.fer, and more erect, also
by the strong bristles of the tibiae.

This species is at present only known from a single
Victorian specimen, kindly given me by Mr. C. French,
Jun.

86 NEW AUSTRALIAN ASILID.E,

Subfamily Asilinse.

Some suggestions are here given for a slight revision
of the Australian genera belonging to this subfamily.

The old genus Asilus, on account of the vast number
of S2>ecies that it contained, was divided up by Loew into a
number of subsidiary groups, which are regarded by differ-
ent entomologists either as true genera or as subgenera of
Asilus. The groups more particularly referred toi the
specie® of the palaearctic and nearctic regions, and in classi-
fying these they have proved a great convenience. An
attempt has also been made to include the Australian
species in the same groups, but I think incorrectly. I have
carefully compared the Australian with the principal palse-
arctic groups, and have come to the conclusion that the
differences shown by the former are too considerable to ad-
mit of their being placed together ; there is a considerable
resemblance between the groups of the two^ regions, but this
resemblance sieems to have been merely the effect of an in-
dependent development proceeding on jDarallel lines. To
give an illustration, an Australian species has been placed
in the genus Dysiiiaclius under the name of D. rudis. Now,
although it resembles Dysmadnis in having a mane of long
bristles descending to the anterior margin of the thorax, it
differs in the fundamental character of the ovipositor, for
whereas in Di/siiiacJius the terminal lamellfe are wedged in
beneath the upper piece of the ovipositor, as is also' the
case with Eutnlmus, in the Australian species they are free,
thus showing its relationship with quite different groups.
As to the Australian species of Neoifavms, a few of these
are fairly typical, though even of these one species has the
tibiae completely black, instead of the usual orange; but
there are alsoi a large number of other species at present
included in the genus, which show every gradation between
it and Gerdistus, Machimvs, Epitriptus, and Stilpnogaster,
though at the same time not agreeing exactly with any of
them. Under the circumstances a somewhat different sys-
tsm of classification of the Australian species seems to' be
called for. Now, when the whole of these species are con-
sidered, they will be found to fall into five main groups,
which I regard as true genera ; of thesei Ommatius,
Bhpharotes, and Pararatas require but short notice, as their
limits are well defined, and they contain only a small num-
ber of species. Ovimntms is distinguished at once by the
feathered antennal style, BJepharotes by the broad abdomen
with lateral tufts of hair, and Pararafus by the short and
thickened antennal style. AVhen, however, these three
genera are separated off, the great majority of the Austral-
ian speciesi will still remain unaccounted for. Now, these

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 87

numerous species will be found to fall into two groups, in
one of which the ovipositor is small, and not laterally com-
pressed, the male genitalia arc globular, and distinctly
broader than the preceding abdominal segment, and the
species are large and brightly coloured ; in the other group
the ovipositor is large and laterally compressed, the male
genitalia not globular, and not broader than the preceding
abdominal segment, or hardly so, and tne species are of
small or medium size, and are not brightly coloui-cd ; the
two groups I propose jDlacing under the existing names of
Asilus and yci)itamu<.. It will now be found that each of
these genera breaks up naturally into minor groups, which
may be treated either as subgenera of Axiht.< and yeoitamus
respectively, or as tx'ue genera; these groups are as fol-
lows : —

Genus Asilus, L.

Subgenus Asilus (smsu sfricto).

Xeoaratus, Ricaido.
Genus Neoitamus, Out-Sack «

Subgenus Trichoitamus, s.y. nuv.

Neoitamus {seiuu stricfo).
Rhabdotoitamus, s.r/. ntjv.

The distinguishing chai-actcrs of those groups are
shown in the table below.

Besides the genera already referred to, the following
genera, or subgenera, (rlu pliyropyrfft, Dtfinaclius, Mar/iiiniis,
HdigiHDneura, and Ceidistux have been recorded from Aus-
tralia, but probably none of these really occur, taking them
ia their strict sense. The species described by Schiner un-
der iHuphijroinja is unknown; Miss Ricardo suggests that
it may be a HeJ'K/inonmrd, but in the absence of the type
it. is impossible to ascertain its ti-ue position. The species
placed under Di/Kniar/mx does not belong to that genus,
owing to the terminal lamellge of the ovipositor being free ;
I have placed it in a new genus, 7'r>(ftoitamus. Machimti^
was recorded doubtfully by Miss Ricardo from a specimen in
bad condition ; but probably no true Mnrliimus occurs in
Australia. The same is also tnie of nell(jwrtneurn, so far
as Australian species are concerned, although the genus is
known tO' occiu" in New Zealand. The species described
under CerdiatuA probably belong to the siibgenus Ncoitn-
.i/nix, as defined below; as before mentioned, no satisfac-
toiy distinction can be found in Australian species between
the two groups. It is worthy of note that in none of tha

•88 NEW AUSTRALIAN ASILID.E,

Australian species of Neoitanw.s is the sixth abdominai
segment included in the ovipositor.

Of the subfamily Asilince eight new species are her©
described; they comprise one Omniafiii.s, one Asihis, two
jVeoitamus, and four Eiiahdnto/fdiiius.

Table of the Australian Genera of the Asilince.

1 . Wings with three submarginal cells. 2
Wings with only two submarginal cells. 3

2. Base- of the cubital fork not nearly reaching back

toi the end of the discal cell. P r o m a c h u s, Loew.
Base of the cubital fork reaching back beyond

the end of the discal cell. Puilodicus, Walk.

3 Lower branch of the cubital fork ending in or

above the wing-tip 4

Lower branch of the cubital fork ending below

the wing-tip. 5

4 Ovioositor cylindrical, with a terminal circlet of

spines Proctacanthus, Macq.

Ovipositor laterally compressed, without a
terminal circlet of spines. E R a x. Scop.

The following are comprised in the old genus

Asilns : — ■

5. Style of a.ntennce feathered. O m m a t i u s, IVied.

Style of aiitennse bare. 6

6 Abdomen very broad, with lateral tufts of hair.

Blepharotes, WestuK
Abdomen narrow, without lateral tufts of hair. 7

7. Antennal style short and thickened.

Pa raratus, Ricardo.
Antennal style long and slender. 8

5 Ovipositor cylindiical, and not laterally com-

pressed ; genitalia, of male globular; large,
brightly coloured species

A s I L u s {Sensu lato). 9
Ovipositor laterally compressed, considerably
lengthened, and with the terminal lamellse
always free ; genitalia of male not globular ;
species small, or of moderate size, and not
brightly coloured.

Neoitamus {Sensu lato). 10

9 Costal border of wing inflated in the male.

Neoaratus, Ricardo.
Costal border of wing not inflated in either sex.

As 1 L u s, L.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 8^

10. Thorax with long bristles, which extend from

the anterior to the posterior margin.

T K I c H o I T A M u s, Geii. nov.

Thorax with the bristles on the anterior half
much shorter thaai those on the posterior half 11

11. Black or grey species with the ovipositor often

greatly elongated, femora always entirely
black. Neoitamus, Ost-Sack.

Brownish species, with the ovipositor usually
not so elongated, femora never entirely black,
and usually striped longitudinally, the
upper surface being black, the lower red, yel-
low, or light brown.

R n A B D o T o 1 T A M u s, (Jen . nov.

O M -M A T I u s, Wied.

Of this genuM, distinguished by the feathered antennal
style, nine Australian sj)ecies have so far been described;
one additional species is now added.

Ommativs oBSCuurs, Sp. nov.

Face grey ; moustache black above white below ;
thorax, abdomen, and legs black, the tibite a little rusty
ai the knees; scutcllum with two black marginal bristles;
wings almost hyaline, but tinged faintly with brown along
the costal margin.

Len(jth. Male, 8 mm.

Hdh. Milson Is., N.S.W.

Male. Face grey ; moustache composed of long black
bristles above, and a few white bristles below. Front
grey, with ocellar tubercle black. Antenna? black. Thorax
black, with a little grey tomentum on shoulders, at sides,
and along the posterior margin, the whole bearing short
anterior and long posterior bristles; scuteilum black, with
two long black marginal bristles. Abdomen black, the
hindmargins of segments very narrowly brown, almost
bare, but with a little white pubescence at base. Legs
black, the tibiae brown at the knees ; femora with white
pubescence ; tibife and tarsi with black bristles, the an-
terior tarsi bearing also a few white bristles, but the latter
character mav not be constant. Wings rilled, but not
inflated, almost hyaline, but with the costal margin tinged
with brown, especially towards the tips. Halteres dull
yellowish-white bordered with brown.

The only othen small Australian species of Owmntiim
with black legs are 0. pilosus, from Tasmania and South

-^0 KEW AUSTRALIAN ASILID.«,

Australia, and 0. levis from Tasmania; from the former
of these species 0. ohscurus is distinguished by the much
less hairy body and legs, and by the wings m the male
being without any sign of inflation, from the latter by the
almost hyaline wings, whilst from both these species it is
distinguished by the scutellum bearing only two marginal
black bristles instead of numerous white ones.

0. oliAcurus is at present only known from a male taken
by Dr. Ferguson at Milson Is., N.S.W., on April 10, 1914.

A s I L u s, L.

Of this genus a veiy large number of Australian species
were originally described, but only ten of these seem to
belong to the genus in its restricted sense; one additional
species is now added.

ASILUS AUREUS, Sp. nov.

Antennae with basal twci-thirds of first joint yellow,
remainder of first and all of second and third joints black ;
thorax pale yellow, with a broad velvet black centre stripe,
and shorter similarlv coloured interrupted side stripes ;
abdomen entirely golden yellow ; legs golden yellow, the
bristles of tibiae entirely black.

Length. Female, 16 mm.

Hah. Victoria ( ?Ouyen, Mallee.)

Female. Face yellow ; moustache pale yellow, with
a few black hairs beneath. Antennae with the basal two-
thirds of first joint yellow ; apex of first joint and all of
second and third joints black ; style much shorter than the
third icdnt. Front yellow, with the ocellar tubercle brown-
ish. Thorax pale yellow, with a broad velvet black centre
stripe and shorter, similarly coloured interrupted side
strines ; bristles of thorax black ; scutellum black, with a
little yellow tomentum, and two marginal long black
bristles. Abdomen entirely bright golden vellow, the pos-
terior margins of segments with black bristles ■ ovipositor
short, couical. Legs golden yellow, with the knees and
tips of tarsi black ; bristles of femora mostly black, but
with a few white ones, those of tibiae and tarsi entirely
black. Wings hyefline, shaded with grey at tips and along
the inner margin, with the veins black.

This sp~ecies may be easily recognised by its bright
golden-vellow abdomen and legs ; of the already described
Australian species it bears the closest resemblauce to A.
liyagnift, Wall., but may be distinguished from that species
by the antennae being only yellow at 'the base instead of
entirely yellow, the abdomen golden-yellow instead of ochre-

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 91

yellow, the abdcniinal bristles black instead of yellow, the
biistles of the tibise entirely black instead of mostly yel-
low, and veins of wing.% black instead of light brown.

This description is taken from a sj^ecimen kindlv sent
me for examination by Mr. Spry. Other specimens are
m the collection of the British Museum.

T R I c H o 1 T A M us, (Jen. nor.

' This genus is proposed for the species previously
placed in the genus iJi/x/iiarJiiis (D. ru(li.<<, WJl-.), but which
the structure cf the ovipositor shows does net belong to
that genus. It may be characterised as follows: —

Thoracic bristles long on the anterior as well as the
posterior half; abdomen with lateral bristles; ovipositor
laterally compressed, and with the terminal lamellte free.

Face bearing a large bushy moustache, which readies
almost to the base of the antennse. Antennte with the
first ioint twice the length of the second, the third slender,
nearlv twice as long as the lirst two together, and provided
with a thin style, which is about half its length. Thorax
bearing long dense bristles, which are long on the anterior
as well as the posterior half. Scutellum with two long
marginal bristles. Abdomen long and slender, with lateral
hindmarginal bristles. Genitalia of the male lengthened,
about the same breadth as, or a little broader than, the
previous abdominal segment. Abdomen in the female con-
sisting of seven segments, and a latcrallv compressed ovi-
po«itor. tho latter having the terminal lamella? free, the
total length of the ovi]5ositor being about equal to that of
■ 'i two preceding abdominal segments top^ethcr. Lees
liairy and bristly, both femora and tibi;e Ijearing bristles.
Wings with the ordinary venation of y loitomnx.

Of this genus only a f ingle species, T. rudis. Wall-., is
at present known. It occurs commonly in both New
^outh Wales and Tasmania, and doubtless also in Victoria.
It is fully described in both Miss Eicardo's Revision of the
Australian Asilidfe, and in my Diptera-Brachycera of Tas^
Ti:ania, Part III.

N E o I T A M u S, O.'if-Sar/,-.

The species remaining in this genus, even after remov-
ing the small brownish species with striped femora, which
I have placed in a new genus, Eliahdofnitamua, are not
quite a homogeneous group. The three species, N . hi/ali-
prnnifi, X. vit/f/afus', and X. flaririnrtnx, are fairly typical
of the genus as applied to Palsearctic and Nearctic species,
although in none of these is the sixth abdominal segment
included in the ovipositor, whilst the third species named

92 KEW AUSTRALIAN ASILID.E,

has the tibia? entirely black instead of the usual orange ; the
rtmaining five species, however, have the ovipositor shorter,
and can hardly be cie.scribed as typical, but as the differ-
ence between these and other species is a very slight one,
and as all seem to be very nearly related, I should not feel
justified in separating them. If any objection should be
made as toi these species being placed in the genus Neoita-
1IIUX, it would be best to remove the whole of the eight
sjDecies, and place them in a new Australian genus.

Some difference in length of the thoTacic bristles is
shown in the different species. In X. fhtvlcinrfux the
bristles on the anterior half of the thorax are fairly long
(though shorter than on the posterior haJf ) ; this character
connects the species with Trichoitaiims, but it is distinguish-
ed from that genus by the greatly lengthened ovipositor
and by the absence of abdominal lateral bristles. In N.
ruhjafiis and J\'. InjaJiptnnix the interior bristles are short-
er, though still of fair length, in the remaining
species shorter still. T. llvidiit: differs somewhat from the
other species in the blue-black colouration, and the more
conspicuous abdominal lateral bristles ; it may show some
relationship with the genus Sfilpnagasfer, but is too nearly
allied to the other Australian species of Xeoitamns to be
separated froan them.

The genus, so far as the Australian species are con-
cerned, may be characterised as having the abdomen slen-
der, either without lateral bristles or with small incoaspicu-
0U-: ones; genitalia of the male lengthened, but not broader
than the preceding abdominal segment, or hardly so ; ovi-
positor in the female laterally compressed, and sometimes
greatly elongated, but the amount of elongation varying
in the different species; legs with the femora entirely
black.

Taking the genus in this sense, eight Australian speeies
are at present known to occur. They are distinguished
as follows : —

Tahlc of the Au-'fralian Si)erie'< of Nenifannis.

1. Abdomen a. uniform shining blue-black, with

black lateral bristles; tibiae dark brown.

LiviDUS, <S'p. nnv.

Abdomen never shining blue-black, and with
the hindmargius of segments white, yellow,
or pale brown. 2

2. Tibise entirely black ; hindmargins of abdominal

segments yellow. Flavicinctus, WJiite.

Tibipe always partly red, brown, or yellow. 3

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 93

3 Wings with four distinct brown spots.

Maculatus, White.

Wings without any sign of spots except in X.
cdliyinusu^, in which small indistinct spots are
sometimes visible. 4

4 Scutellum with four marginal bristles. 5

Scuteilum with two marginal bristles. 6

5. Scutellar bristles usually yellow, but sometimes

black ; large species with elongated ovipositor.

Hyalipenxis, Ricar<ln.

Scutellar bristles black; verj' small species,
with a less elongated ovipositor.

DiVARICATUS. Sp. 7tOV.

6. Wingr, with thj second posterior cell conspicu-

ously contracted at a short distance from the
wing margin ; anterior tibise blackish ; oviposi-
tor with the terminal lamellje unusually
short. AsniTus, White.

Wings with the second posterior cell broad, and

not contracted. 7

7. Bristles of abdomen white; moustache of female

largely black. Vulgatus, White.

Bristles of abdomen black ; moustache of female
almost entirely white ; wings usually suffused
^vith brown at apex of second basal cell, at an-
terior cross-vein, and at base of cubital fork.

Calicinosus, White.

The above species occur as follows: —

T. Jiricht'i ... New South Wales, Victoria.

X. fJnvirinftu.% ... Tasmania.

X. nmrulatust ... Western Australia.

X. hfiaJi pennis ... Tasmania, Victoria.

X. (livaricatiis ... New South Wales.

X. ahditui ... Tasmania.

X. ruhfatu'i ... New South Wales, Tasmania.

X. r(ifif/inii.iii>i ... New South Wales, Tasmania.

Neoitamus lividus, Sp. nov.
Thorax black with an indistinct single or double cen-
tre stripe ; abdomen shining blue-black, with short, hind-
marginal black bristles; femora black, tibire dark brown,
with whit? and black bristles ; wings hyaline with very dis-
tinct black veins ; the anterior cross-vein situated well

94 NEW AUSTRALIAN ASILIDiE,

beyond the middle, aaid almost in a line with the veinlet
closing the foui"th posterior celL

Length. Male, 10.5 mm; female, 12 - 14 mm.

Kah. Healesville, Victoria, and Milso-n Is., New
South Wales.

Female. (As this sex is the most distinct, and shows
the specific characters most clearly, I decribe it first.) Face
with a large tubercle, which is grey, and bears a bushy
moustache of black' and white hairs, the black predominat-
ing ; face above the tubercle, and the front black. Thorax
black, with an indistinct black centre stripe ; anterior
half bearing very short black bristles, posterior half with
long black, and about two slender white ones; scutellum
similarly coloured to the thorax, and bearing two long
white marginal bristles, as well as short black bristle-like
hairsi. Abdomen shining blue-black, the hindmargins of
segments similarly coloured, and only distinguished by
their smoother appearance, the whole bearing short, stiff,
bristle-like pubescence and short black, lateral, hindmar-
ginal bristles ; ventral surface brownish-black. Legs with
femora black, tibiae and first tarsal joint dark brown, re-
maining tarsal joints black ; femora and tibiae with both
white and black bristles; tarsi with black bristles. Wings
hyaline, the veins black and prominent; cubital fork long
and slender, contracted in the middle, and spread out
somewhat widely as it reaches the wing-margin ; second
posterior cell with the enclosing veinletsi a little waved
o>i both sides ; anterior cross-vein situated well beyond
the middle of the disical cell, and almost in a line with the
veinlet closing the fourth posterior cell ; halteres light
brown, with rim dark brown.

Male agrees fairly well with the description of the
female given above, but the black thorax is mottled at the
sides with grey, and there is a distinct black, double median
stripe ; the abdomen is more pubescent, and on the legs
white bristles predominate over the black, and extend to
the tarsi.

This species, especially in the female, is verv d'isHn'^'-
in ap-nearance from the other members of the genus ; it
may be distinguished by the uniform blue-black coloura-
tion of the abdomen, and bv the anterior cross- vein being
situated over the- apical half of the discal cell instead of
near the middle, as in the other species.

Of this species I took two females settled on tree-
trunks in the bush at Healesville, Victoria, on December
13. 1914, and Dr. Ferg-uson has kindlv sent me a male,
taken by himself, at Milson Is., N.S.W., on Oct^.ber 31,
1914.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 95

Neoitamus divaeicatus, Sp. nor.

Thorax black, with shoulders and sides white ; scutel-
lum with four black marginal bristles; abdomen black,
with hindmargins of at least the second and third seg-
ments white ; femora black ; tibiiie with basal two-thiras
brownish-yellow or bright yellow, remainder black or
brown ; bristles of legs entirely black ; wings brownish or
hyaline.

Length. Male, 11.5 mm; female, 10.5 mm.

Hah. Roseville, Sydney, N.S.W.

Male. Face black, with a large grey tubercle, the
]a1ter bearing a bushy black and white moustache, the
black predominating. Antenna; and front black, the
latter bearing black hairs. Thorax black, with shoulders
and sides white, and an indistinct double black median
stripe; thoracic bristles entirely black; scutellum black,
with four long black marginal bristles, as well as black
hairs. Abdomen black, with hindmargins of segments
white, those of the second and thix'd segments being most
distinct, the whole bearing white lateral pubescence, but
without bristles. Femora entirely black, with white
pubescence, few black apical bristles above, and a few very
.short black bristles below; tibia; with basal two-thirds
brownish yellow, apical third and tarsi black ; both
tibiae and tarsi with black bristles. Wings brownish, the
second posterior cell not contracted.

Female resembles the male, but the moustache xs
composed almost equally of black and of white hairs; lue
basal twc-thirds of tibiiB are bright vellow, and the wings
are hvalinc ; ovipositor considerably lengthened.

This species may be readily recognised by the four
scutellar bristles, which are black in both sexes, in con-
junction with the small size ; the only other Australian
species having four scutellar bristles is S. hynlipinnix,
which is a very much larger species, with the scutellar
bristles usually yellow.

.y. (fivarirnfiiK has been taken at Ros<^ville, Sydney,
by Dr. Ferguson, to whom I am indebted for a specimen
of each sex.

Rhabdotoitamus, Gen. nor.

Small brownish species, having the ovipositor laterally
compressed, but not usually so elongated as in Xenifainiift ;
femora never wholly black, and usually striped longitudin-
ally, the upper surface being black, the lower surface red,
yellow, or light brown.

Face with the lower part occupied by a tubercle of
moderate size, which bears a bushv moustache. Antennae

96 jSEW AUSTRALIAN ASILID^,

slender, the first joiut about twice the length of the secona,.
the third about the same length as the first two together,
and terminated by a slender style, which varies somewhat
in length in the different species. Thorax with the bristles
on the anterior half very short, on the posterior half long ;
scutelhim with marginal bristles. Abdomen slender, with
lateral bristles, which are longer in the male than in the
female; genitalia of the male about equal in breadth to
the preceding abdominal segment, lengthened, and never
globular ; oAapositor laterally compressed, sometimes con-
siderably elongated, but usually not so much so as in
Neuitaiiius, the terminal lamellae always free. Legs witn
the femora never entirely black, and, in all except one
rather aberrant species, longitudinally striped, the upper
surface being black, the lower red, yellow, or light brown ;
tibiae coloured similarly to the lighter part of the femora,
with the apex blaick ; femora, tibiae, and tarsi with long
bristles. Wings hj^aliue or brownish, rilled, but not In-
flated, and with the normal venation of Asilus.

The species coanprised in this genus form a very ciiar-
Acteristic Australian group. They can be recognised at
once bv their longitudinally striped femora. In appearance
they most closely resemble the palaearctic genus Eji/fripfuv,
Loeiv, but are distinguished from that genus by the dif-
ferently striped legs, by the larger and more swollen geni-
talia of the male, and by the more slender and more elon-
gated ovipositor. Seven species are at present known,
some of these occur settled on the ground, others among
long grass, but I have never met with any of them on
fences, logs, or tree-trunks, in which situation the true
specieS' of Neoitamus so commonly occur.

Table of tJie Austral /an Species of Rhnhdotoitamus.

1. Bristles on the posterior half of thorax white, or

mostly so ; bristles on the scute Hum always
white or yellow. 2~

Bristles on the posterior lialf of thorax entirely
black, except in R. laiitus, where a few small
white ones may be present adjoining the scu-
tellum. 4

2. Femora not striped, and mostly black, only the

base of the middle pair, and the basal third
of the posterior pair being yellow.

VoLATicus, Sp. nov.
Femora striped longitudinally. 3^.

3. Femora broadlv black above, red ( ^) or yellow-

brown ( 9 ) below; tibiae yellow-brown in
both sexes. Graminis, White.

BY ARTIILR AVIIITE. 97

Femora and tibiae extensively bright orange.

Claripes, .S'/?. iiov.
4. Scutellar bristles yellow ; bristles of the legs

mostly yellow. Mistipes, Macq.

Scutellar bristles black. 5

5 Antennae with first joint red ; abdomen brown,
with the segmentations only indistinctly paler.

Brunneus, White.
Antennae entirely black ; abdomen with the seg-
mentations distinct. 6
•6. Abdomen dark red-brown or blackish, but always
with a red-brown tinge in places, the segmen-
tations whit^, the white colouration being con-
fined to the hindmargins of spgmetits; femora
. with the lower surface orange-brown, the line
of demarcation between this and the black
upper surface not very distinct.

• RUSTICANUS, Sp. nnv.

Abdomen black, without anv red brown-tinge,
the pale segmentations not confined to the
hindmargins cf segments, but extended for-
wards on either side; femora with the lower
surface pale yellow, the line of demarcation
between this and the deep black upper sur-
face very distinct. Lautcs, Sp. nnv.

Rhabdotoitamus volaticus, Sp. nnv.

Face pale yellow; moustache white; thorax light
brownish grey, with a broad black centre-stripe and simi-
lar! v-coloured interrupted side-stripes ; posterior thoracic
biistlos white, or largely so; abdomen black, with more or
less vellowish tomentum, and slender white lateral bristles,
femora black, with base of middle pair, and basal third of
posterior pair, yellow; tibiae light yellow-brown, with apex
and tarsi black ; wings hyaline or tinged with grev to-
wards the tips.

Leiif/tJi. Male and female, 11.5 mm.

Hnh. Milson Is., N.S.W.

Male. Face pale yellow ; moustache scanty, entirely
white. Antennae black, the first joint twice the length of
the second, the third about as long as the first two to-
gether, and terminated by a slender style which is about
equal to it in length. Front light grey-bi'own, the ocel-
lar tubercle black. Thorax light brownish-grey, the
shoulders whitish, with a broad black median stripe, and
an interrupted bTaek stripe on either side; bristles on an-
terior half extremely short, black, on posterior half long.

98 NEW AUSTRALIAN ASILIDJi:

mostly white, bub with a few black ones; scutellum grey,,
with two white, weak, marginal bristles. Abdomen black,
with yellowish tomentum, which is most conspicuous to-
v/ards the hindmargins of segments, the sides with long
slender white hindmarginal bristles, and short black bristly
pubescence; genitalia long, with black pubescence. Legs
with femora black, the base of middle pair, and basal,
third of posterior pair, yellow ; tibife light yellow-brown,
v/ith apex and tarsi black ; all joints with numerous white,
and a few black, bristles. Wings tinged with grey to-
wards the tips; cubital fork long, and hardly contracted;
second posterior cell a little waved, both above and be-
low, and slightly contracted ; the mediastinal and sub-
costal veins where they approach the costa are darkened,
which gives the wings a. stigma-like appearance; halteres
yellow.

Female resembles the male very closely, but the
white bristles of the thorax are fewer in number, the
median thoracic stripe is narrowly divided, the abdominal
lateral bristles are smaller, and less conspicuous, and the
anterior femora have the base narrowly yellow instead of
being entirely black ; the abdomen consists of seven ob-
vious segments in addition to tlie ovipositor, the latter
being laterally compressed, long, and slender.

This species is distinguished from all the other species
of R]i(th(I()toifoiims by the leg being unstriped ; it seems to
bo nearly allied to' Neoitamxix, but I have separated it
from that genus on account of the femora being partly
yellow, and the jDresence of white thoracic bristles, in con-
junction with the smaller and less bushy moustache, and
general appearance.

Of this species a specimen of each sex were taken by
Dr. Ferguson at Milson Island, N.S.W., on October 31,
1914. In my Diptera-Brachycera of Tasmania, Part III.,
I referred to these specimens as varieties of N . grcuninis,
but I now consider that they represent a distinct species,

Rhabdotoitamus claripes, Sio. nov

Face light yellow ; moustache white ( ^ ) or yellow
( 9 ) ; thorax light brown, with one broad dorsal and two
lateral black stripes ; bristles on posterior half of thorax
mO'Stly white; abdomen black with hindmargins of seg-
ments yellow-brown; legs extensively bright orange;
wings hyaline or brownish.

Length. Male, 11.5 mm; female, 15 mm.

Male. Moustache white, scanty. Antennae and front
black. Thorax light brown, with one broad dorsal and

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 99

two lateral black stripes; bristles on anterior half of
thorax black, extremely short, on posterior half of thorax
long and mostly white ; scutellum gi'ey, with two weak
white terminal bristles. Abdomen black, with hmd-
margius of segments yellow-brown, the sides with white
and yellow bristles, the latter being especially long on the
hindmargins of the fourth abdominal segment ; genitalia
somewhat swollen, and bearing short ulack bristle-iike
pubescence. Legs with femora bright orange, with apex
black, the black colour being carried back stripe-like on
the outer sides, so that, viewed from in front, the femora
are almost half black, whilst, viewed from behind, they
are bright orange, with only the apex black ; tibiae
bright orange, with apex black ; tai-si black, with
the fii-sb joint brownish ; femora with black ajiical
and pre-apical bristles, and, also, on the lower surface,
with long white hair-like bristles ; tibite and tarsi witn
black bristles. Wings tinged witli brown, particularly
along the costal margin ; the mediastinal and subcostal
veins brown, remaining veins black; the cubital fork not
eontiacted, and spread out as it reaches the wing-margin ;
second posterior cell waved both above and below. Halterea
orange-brown.

Female resembles the male, but the black stripes on
the outer side of the orange posterior femora extend from
base to apex, the abdominal lateral bristles are much
shorter, and the abdomen is produced into a long narrow
ovipositor ; the abdomen consists of seven segments, in ad-
dition to the ovipositor.

This species is easily distinguished from all the other
known species of RlKthdntoitannts by the bright orange
femora and tibiae, in conjunction with the white thoracic
bristles. Specimens of the female, taken at Leura,

N.S.W., and of the male, taken at Roseville, Sydney, on
Febru^y 20, 1916, have kindly been sent me by Dr.
Ferguson.

RH.\BDOTOrTAMUS CRA MINIS, White.

Svn. Xeoitanius (jrnminis. White.

This species is at present only known with certainty
to occur in Tasmania, where it seems to be generally rare.
It resembles R. rulntirux, but may be distinguished by the
femora being distinctly striped, instead of having only
the base yellow, and bv the wings having the cubital fork
more widely open on the wing margin, and by the broad-
er and less sinuated second posterior cell. It occurs
amongst long grass on high ground.

100 NEW AUSTRALIAN ASILID^,

Rhabdotoitamus mistipes, Macq.
Syn. Neoitamus mistipes, Macq.

This species, which is unknown to me, was described
by Macquart, from Mount Gambier, South Australia.

It is described as having ih© thorax blackish-brown,
covered with yellowish tomentum, with two median and.
two lateral black stripes ; thoracic bristles entirely black ;
scutellum with two weak yellow marginal bristles ; abdo-
men blaickish-brown, with j'ellowish tomentum, and yellow
latera.1 bristles ; femora black above, yellow below ; tibise
yellow with apical third black ; bristles of tibi?e and
tarsi vellow ; wings hyaline.

This species should be readily distinguished from the
other speciesi, having the thoracic bristles entirely black,
by the vellow scut.ellar bristles, in conjunction with the
yellow bristles of the legs.

R.IIABDOTOITAMUS BRUNNEUS, )\ /life.

Syn. Neoitamua hrunnetis. White.

This is probably the commonest and most widely
distributed species of the genus. It occurs in New South
Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania. It may be recognised
without difficulty by its uniform brown colouration, and
by the first antennal joint being red, instead of black, as
m the other known species. It occurs settled on the
ground on roads and on warm hillsides.

Rhabdotoitamus rusticanus, Sp. nov.

Face yellowish -white; mousta.che black above, white
below ; thorax yellow-brown, with two well-separated
black median stripes, and two doubly-interrupted side
stripes ; bristles of thorax entirely black ; scutellum with
two' black marginal bristlesi; abdomen dark red-brgwn or
blackish, but always with a red-brown tinge in jalaces,
the segmentations white, the white colouration being con-
fined to th© hindmargins of segments ; femora with the
upper surface black, the lower surface orange-brown, the
line of demarcation between the black and orange-brown
not very distinct; wings hyaline or tinged faintly with
brown.

Length. Male, 11 mm; female, 11-12 mm.

Hah. Fern Tree' Gully, Victoria.

Male. Face yellcwish-white, the moustache rather
bushy, consisting of black hairs above, white haixs be-
low. Front yellow-brown, with the ocellar tubercle black.
Antennse black, the first two joints bearing black hairs.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 101

Thorax yellow-brown, with two' well-separated black me-
dian stripes, and two doubly-interrupted black side-
strii>cs; thoracic bristles entirely black, very short on
anterior half, very long on posterior half ; scutellum
grey, with two' black marginal bristles. Abdomen dark
red-brown or blackish, but always with a red-brown tinge
in places, with very short black lateral bristles ; genitalia
dark red-brown, with veiy short stiflF black pubescence.
Legs with the femora black above, orange-brown below,
the line of demarcation between the black and orange-
brown not very distinct ; tibise and tarsi orange-brown,
with apices of joints black ; the posterior femora have
white hair-like bristles below, and all femora stiff black
apical and pre-apical bristles above; tibiae and tarsi with
black bristles. Wings hyaline or tinged faintly with brown ;
the cubital fork hardly contracted, the second posterior
cell broad, not waved, and of equal breadth throughout.
Halteres brown.

Female resembles the male very closely, but more
blac-k hairs are present in the moustache, and the abdo-
men is produced into a long slender ovipositor.

This species may be distinguished from R. J ant us,
which it most closely resembles, by the much darker legs,
which are orange-brown instead of pale yellow, by the
less contrasted femora, by the red-brown colouration of
the abdomen, and by the whitish segmentations being
altogether confined to the hindmargins of the abdominal
segments. From 1{. mixtipex it is distinguished by the
black scutcllar bristles, and black bristles of the legs,
and from R. brunneiisi bv the distinctlv banded abdomen,
and by the first antennal joint being black instead of
red.

This species I found occurring commonly settled on
the ground on the top of the hills at Fern Tmo Gully,
Victoria, on December 12, 1914, and I took another speci-
men settled on a log on the 16th of the same month.
It is not known to occur outside Victoria.

Rh.\bdotoitamus lautus, Sjj. nnv.

Face pale yellow ; moustache black above, yellovr
below; thorax pale yellow-brown, with two closely-adja-
cent dark brown median stripes, and two doubly inter-
rupted brown side stripes; bristles of thorax black, but
few short white posterior ones may be present; scutellum
with two black marginal bristles ; abdomen deep black,
with the hindmargins of segments pale yellow-brown,
the yellow-brown colour being carried forward on each
H

102 >IEW AUSTP.ALIAN ASILID.«,

side of the segments; femora deep black above, light
yellow beneath ; tibiae light yellow, with apex black ;
wings h3'aline.

Length . Male, 11 mm.

Hah. Fern Tree Gully and AVarbnrton District, Vic-
toria.

Male. Face jjale yellow ; moustache rather bushy,
the upper half black, lower half yellow. Antennge en-
tirely black, the first twO' jointsi bearing black hairs.
Front pale yellow-brown, the ocellar tubercle black.
Thorax pale yellow brown, with two closely adjacent dark
brown median stripes and two doubly-interrupted brown
side stripes ; thoracic bristles black, but a few short white
posterior ones may be present, those on the anterior
half of medium length (distinctly longer than in R. rusti-
canus), those on the posterior half very long ; sicutellum
grey, with two long black marginal bristles. Abdomen
deep black, with the hindmargins of segments jjale yellow-
brown, the yellow-bi'own coloui being carried forward
on each side of the segments, the whole bearing long,
slender, pale yellow hindmarginal bristles; genitalia
black, with black and yellow pubescence. Legs with
the femora deep black on upper surface, light yellow on
lower surface ; tibise light yellow with apex black ; tarsi
yellow-brown, with apices of joints black, the posterior
pair with the second to fifth joints almost entirely black ;
femora with long Avhite hair-like bristles below, and
stouter black apical and pre-apical bristles above; tibiai
and tarsi with both black and white bristles, the white
the longest, but the black predominating. Wings
slightly tinged with grey ; the cubital fork hardly con-
tracted, but considerably spread out as it joints the wing-
margin ; the second posterior cell not waved, and of
almost equal breadth throughout. Halteres brownish-
yellow.

Variation. In the type and cotype, the white
thoracic bristles are small and inconspicuous, but in a
specimen from Warburton district, two of the long-
thoracic bristles are also white.

This species is most easily identified by the colouring
of the legs, which are predominatingly light yellow, in-
stead of orange-brown, as in R. rusticanus, the line of
demarcation in the femora between this light yellow
colour and the dark upper surface being very distinct.
It. is further distinguished from R. rusticnniis by the pale
colour of the abdominal hindmargins being continued
forwards on each side of the segments, and by the long
yellow instead of short black hindmarginal bristles, also

BY AUTHUK "WHITE. 103

by the bristles of the tibiae and tarsi being partly yellow
instead of altogether black. From R. miatiijes it is dis-
tinguished by the scutellar bristles being black instead
of yellow, and from R. hrunneu.^ by the wholly black
antennse and the well-marked abdominal segmentations.

Should any doubt of its position arise on account of
a few white thoracic bristles being present, R. lautus can
bs distinguished at once from R. volaticus, R. gra minis,
and R. claripes by the scutellar bristles being black in-
stead of white or yellow.

Of this species I swept two males from long grass at
Fern Tree Gully, Victoria, on December 16, 1914, and
another male from Warburton District, Victoria, has been
kindly sent me by Mr. Spry. The female is at present
unknown.

104

NEW NAMES FOR TASMANIAN MABGINELLAS.

By W. L. May.

[Received 17tli December, 1917. Issued separately 25th
January, 1918.]

I have to thank several fi-iends, particularly Mr. Tnmlin,
-who has made a special study of this genus, for drawing my
attention to the fact that three of my specific names are
preoccupied. I now propose the following names in their
stead : —

M. concamerata, nom. mut.

31. aWomacidata, Mny, P. & P. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1910, p. 382.
Non. M. albomaculata, Scliliiter (volvaria) 1838. Kurzgef,
Verzeichn. Conch. Samml., p. 23.

M. cylichnella, nom. mut.

M. microscojnca, May, P. & P. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1910, p. 389.

Non. M. micrijscopica, Tapparcme oanefri.

M. tomliniana, nom. mut.

M. auricnlata, May, P. & P. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1915, p. 85.
Non. M. auricnlata, Menard-de-la-Groye, 1811, Ann. Mus.
Hist. Paris, xvii., p. 331. — Ringicula.

105

BOTANICAL NOTES.

By L. Rodway, C.M.G., Government Botanist, Tasmania.

[Received 2Ulh T'eueinber, 1917. Issued separately 25th

January, 1918.]

In submitting the following for publication in the Papers and
Proceedings, it is desired to add to the formal work an expression of
thanks to the Director of the Royal Herbarium at Kew for deter-
mination of many of the fungi and the two lichens. It is entirely
due to his help at a strenuous time that the descriptions have oeen
srailable for this year's volume.

Pterostylis pracox, Liudb., is ralher common in Tas-
mania. Hitherto P. concinna, F. Ih-., has only been re-
corded from near Richmond, near Bellerive, and on a liill
at Wedge Bay. In the last two places it was growing with
P yrctcnx and in each in.stance, intermixed with typical
forms of the two, were intermediate specimens, apparently
hybrids. Prof. A. J. Ewart considers this intermediate
may be treated as a distinct spt-cies, and in a recent pub-
lication of the Royal Society of Victoria, from material
gathered in that State, named it PteraatyJis toveana in
honour of Mr. Tovcy, of the National Herbarium of vic-
toria, who has done excellent work in Australian botany.

Amongst mosses : - -

Pottui (Kii piittia) suhpln/scoiuitrioides, JirafJi. Ln
Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., vol. 61, p. 582. — Very similar
to Pottia tnsmanica, lir'itli., on'v the nerve excurrenl in a
short stiff point and the margin less recurved.

Port Esi>erance on ground. Also in Victoria.

Probably not rare but overlooked from its small size
and resemblance to Wei^sia.

In the same paper Dr. Brotherus describes a robust
Fixsidens gathered at Moss Valo as Fis<tideii'< ruilditisculus.
Broth, U.S., and he reduces our F. hpforlndns, CM., to a
variety of it. It is possible all students will not follow in
this.

To our Hepatics may be added : —

PlfiffinrhiJa iiritixii, St. — Shoots simple or with few
irregular branches, decumbent, about 1-2 cm. long, apex
rather circinate. Leaves imbricate, dorsallv secund, del-
toid, the doi-sal margin strict, the ventral strongly am-
pliate, apex of most leaves bifid, lobes acute, margin otlier-
wise plain, base not at all decuiTent, 1 mm. Cells 21 fi.,
trigones rather large, convex. Sterile.

On Fagus log, Pioneer track, Blue Tier (Weymouth).
Determined by Stephani.

106 BOTANICAL NOTES,

Very distinct from any other Tasmanian Plagiochila.

Fossombro7ila dentata, St., f. rohusta. — Robust, super-
iicial, mostly dark red to almost black, 2-4 cm. long.
Leaves crowded, imbricate broadly oblong, armed with
few distant subulate marginal teeth, 5 mm. long; cells
60-90 X 40 /u., but very irregular in size, trigones concave.
Sterile.

Very much larger than the typical F. dentata, but
agreeing oitherwise in all details.

On wet Heaths, Cradle Mt^

We are slowly adding to our list of Fungi, and many
hundreds of forms, mostly minute species, have yet to be
described. The following may be of unusual interest to
students : —

Marasmius equicrinis, Miie/I. — The stipe and mycelial
strands are black, shining like horsehair and often many
feet in length. Pileus pale, minute.

Found occasionally in wet scrub.

Strohilomyces pallescens, C . et M. — Pileus: pale tawny,
mostly 10 cm. diameter, coarsely warted. Hymenial tubes
yellow, long. Turning deep blue when broken.

East Coast from Freycinet Peninsula to "V/edge Bay.

Polysaccu'in microcarprim, C. et M . — Peridium globose
continuous with a broad stem, usually aboiut 6 cm. long,
yellowish brown. Peridiola dark brown, small, angular,
about 2 mm. diameter. Spores spherical, minutely wart-
ed, 6-7 Pi. diameter.

Found occasionally in sandy soil.

Hysteriiim yahnkinuni, n.x. — Black, linear erumpent,
seldom exceeding 1 mm. in length, opening by a^ narrow
slit. Asci clavate 8-spored. Spores fusifonrn to linear
o6 X 4-5/t., 6-9 septate, smiooth, dark brown at maturity.

On dead leaves of Gnlinui psittacorum. flobart.

Aulograplium proteacium, ii.s. — Black, oblong, erum.
pent, €in a discoloured patch about 0.5 mm. long, opening
by a. naiTow slit. Asci broadly obovate, 8-spored. Spores
h^'aline, uniseptate, oblong to obovate, the upper section
usually the larger, smooth, 14 x 6^.

On leaves of Cenarrhenes nit Ida. Trowatta.

Aulogrophuin eucalypti, C. et M. — Narrow linear,
often bra.nched, gregarious on discoloured spots, black 0.5-
1 mm. long. Asci clavate 8-spored. Spores oblong, 1-3
septate, hyaline, smooth 14 x 6 ^u.

Common on fading loaves of Eucalyptus obliqua and
allies. Also recorded from Victoria

BY L. RODVVAY, C.M.O. 107

Tryhlidiella hiconica, ??..>;.— Black, fleshy, densely cses-
pitose, the cups distorted from mutual pressure, each 1-2
mm. diameter. Asci clavai., S-spored. Spores hyaline,
smooth, uniseptate, ends subacute 17 x 7 «. long.

On bark of riiyllorlndu>s rhonihoidalis. Mt. Welling-
ton.

JVemacychis gilvuK, n.ft. — Ascophore minute, 0.2-U.5
mm. immersed, bursting through the cuticle, waxy, pale
yellow, oblong almost 2-lippGd, margin rudimentary. Asci
clavate, spores long slender, i^ale, arranged in a fascicle,
breaking down on maturity into numerous globose articles.
Near VropoVis, and S'tlcfis.

On Lrpidosperina laterale. Cape Frederick HeniT.

Calloria foKnianiea, n.s. — A.sccphore gelatinous, orange,
concave when young, convex v/hen mature, paler external-
ly, rcssile, smooth, 1-3 n;m. diameter. Asci clavate 8-
Eoorod. Spores hyaline, slender, curved smooth 6-10 x
1-1.5 /u., uniseptate.

On trunk of Dicksonia. Truwatta.

PJiiafffi hcrgr/rfiiH , ('. it P. — Very small, usually
undc'^r 1 mm., ow a slender stalk, mouth rather constricted,
pallid. Spores elliptic 10-13 x 'i-o n_

On dead leaves, Wcdgo Bay.

Erinelln apahi, Mass. — A minute Pezizfi resembling -a
Datysri/plia, only the spores urc filiform multiscptate, and
placed in a fascicle in the ascus. Disc pale, about U.<
mm. diameter, slmrtly stalked, externally pilose.

On dead rushes.

Dcs.n-ibed in Massc?o"s Fungus Flora.

I'lir<i(jiii id mill iKitcntillcp, I'ers. — It is verv common in
Tasmania on the leaves cf both species of Arceiui.

rhrdfjinidiinii tmhortinnn, Sriir., is common on Sweet
Briar.

HfuderKonia euraJyiiti, C. et JI — A sphserioid parasite
common on Eucalypt leaves. It is responsible for the dis-
coloration of immature leaves of Enc. ghihulux and Euc.
vi initial is.

Lepidsphana ctDiidflnjriuiii (Fe/.), Sacc. — A sphseriace-
ous parasite doing much harm to our roses and ra.spberries.

Endogone neglecta, n.s. — Small, mostly 3-6 mm. oia-
meter, subglobose, pale growing on the surface rarely sub-
merged, fleshy or almost waxy-flocrose, peridium thick,
the interior packed with spherical asci 30-50 ^. diameter,
jDale green or hyaline, smooth.

On deadwood slopes of Mt. Wellington.

108 BOTANICAL NOTES,

Endnr/(nie is now placed in the Protoviycetacece. The
spherical asci do not develop sporesi till after a period of
rest, possibly after liberation due to rotting.

Endogone australis is larger, denser, and the asci are
much larger and apjDarently chitinous, giving the appear-
ance of egg masses. The sporea have not been seen, it
also appears to' be always subterranean. Found occasion-
ally in gullies.

Elaphuinyces citrinua, Vitt. — Globose, subterranean,
about 2 cm. diameter, revered with a yellow or greenish
myceiium incoi'porating soil. Cortex dark surface, thick
white. Gleba fleshy. Asci globose, 8-spored. Spores
globose, greenish-black, surface minutely reticulated, 14.5
/.(. diameter.

Close to but distinct from E. leveUhi, Tul.

Wedge Bay, in sandy heaths.

Bahnmea ijlatyspora, Berl-. — Subterranean, irregular-
ly globose, 1-1.5 mm. diameter. Cuticle brown, closely
tubercular. Substance fleshy, brown, marbled. Asci sub-
globose, 8-si>oii'ed. Spores elliptical, hyaline, very obtuse,
23 X 14 fi., smooth.

Under Abutilon in garden.

Pohjporu'i Hclerothihm, n.n. — Sclei-otium oblong or sub-
globose, 2-3 cm. diameter, pure white, densely pitfiy or
corky, formed of closely interwoven hyphse. Sporophore
erect dimidiate about 2 cm. high, formed of few or many
very irregular branches or pilei bcine on a short stalk.
Upper surface black smooth or longitudinally striate.
Under surfaco white, pores very irregular, about 0.2 mm.,
diameter dissepiments rather obtuse-

Differs from P. myllitce, C. et M., in small size, black
sporophore a,nd very different sclerotium structure. Found
occasionally in gravelly earth at a considerable altitude on
Mt. Field.

Cyphella c/Iohosa, '?..<. — Spherical, rather convoluted,
erect or pendulous, 4-10 mm. diameter, on a slender stalk
2-4 mm. long; mouth small, very constricted. White,
thin, externally delicately tomentose with very short bull-
ate hairs. Spores hyaline, broadly oblong, 6 x 4 /i.

On soft bark of Olearia argnphylla.

Slopes of Mt. Wellington.

Phyllacliora callistfmoni, n.s. — Stroma black, shining,
mostly orbicular and about 1 mm. diameter, usually many
on discoloured spots, on both surfaces. Perithecia numer-
ous completely immersed. Asci cylindric 8 spored. Spores
oblo-ng, obtuse smooth, hyaline 18-20 x 7 ^.

BY L. RODWAY, C.M.G. 109

Tn the spring, associated with the stroma and often
forming minute pustules which biu'st irregularly through
the epidermis, a sphseropsidial form makes its appearance.
The spores are narrow spindle-shaped, 33 x 5-6 //., slightly
curved, 3-4 septate, the central cells pale greenish, the
terminal cells hyaline ; at each, end are two diverging
bristles, though in old material only one is usually to bo
made out. This is probably identical with H ijal nceran
dilophosjiDra, Cooke, recorded as occurring on leaves of
Leptnt^pertn u m ncnpa rhi m .

Chimney-pot Hill, Hobai-t; Gordon.

Hyiiienoya^tir fti/vus, n.s. — Irregularly globose from
1-4 cm. diameter, black. Peridium very thin; sterile base
small to obsolete. Gleba yellow, fleshy. Canals numeroiis
contorted. Spores oblong, verv obtuse, brown, smooth
6-8 X 3 M.

Differing from //. (ilhcIJita in the small spores and from
H. hvi:<porus in the spores oblong instead of subglobose.

Near Strahan.

Hyftcranf/iuiii jiinnihiin, n.a. — Numerous, ca?spitose,
globose, pale, 2-3 mm. diameter. Peridium thin horny.
Gleba gelatinous pale, transparent. Canals relatively
large, not crowded, little convoluted. Spores smooth,
hyaline, fusiform 12 x 4 ^.

Differing from //. fiffinf, rnr. fcuuixpord, by small size,
caespitose habit, pale gleba and broader canals.

Wedge Bay. In ?andy heath.

H iixteranijium hurhurinniini, n.* — Globose about 1-2
cm. diameter. Peridium rather thick fleshy, horny when
dry. Gleba brownish green gelatinous. Canals very num-
erous, convoluted, walls thin. Si'.ores smooth oblong,
obtuse. 5 X 3 yu.

Differe from //. itffine by paler gleba, more numerous
canals with thinner walls and smaller more obtuse spores.
Gathered at Launceston by Mr. F E. Burbury. i'ho
spores are very similar to those of H yinenaq aster fii/rus.
but are paler and the gelatinous gleba is very distinct.

Hf/xteranffitiin inffatiiiii, ii.s. — Globose, reddish-brown,
about 1 cm. diameter. Peridium fleshy, becoming horny
when dry, not thick. Gleba blue-black, very gelatinous.
Canals not crowded nor much convoluted. Spores narrow
oblong, 12 X 4 /u., but enclosed in an inflated coat, which is
attenuated at the base, exceeding the spore above, but de-
pressed in a pit at the apex.

With a darker gleba than in 11. affine it has very
different spores.

Mt. Wellincton.

110 BOTANICAL NOTES,

Gymnomyces fJavus, n.s. — Subglobose but very irregu-
lar in shape and size, mostly about 5-10 mm. diameter, dull
canary yellow when fresh, ochraceous when dry. INlo
peridium, the siirface floccose and pitted with sterile con-
tinuations of the hymenial canals. Canals numerous,
broad, contorted, trama fleshy, yellow, walls thin. Spores
spherical, hyaline covered with short broad spines, 10-11
IX. diameter.

Wedge Bay.

Those interested in the underground fungi in this may
refer to my paper on Hyinenogastracece in the Papers and
Proceedings, 1911.

PULVINARIA, N.G.

stroma globose, erumpent mostly 3-5 convoluted,
woody. Perithecia completely immersed dehiscing by a
minute pore. Spores linear, hyaline, smooth.

The genus "differs from Cytoapnra in habit, from
DotJiiorella in spores, and from both in the nature of the
stroma." — E. M. Wakefield, Kew.

Pidvinaria fypica, n.x. — Gregarious, black, stroma 1-2
mm. diameter. Spores 5 x 0.3 ^.

Common o^n capsules and cpercula of Eucalyptus
glohulus.

Mesembryanthemum ceqii'ilaferah' is very commonly at-
tached by a Gystopus. The oospores have not yet been
found, but it isi referred to in a note fro(m Kew: — "Very
near G. austro-africanu^, Syd., but with larger conidia."

The two following Lichens have been determined by
the Kew authority : —

Galicium tracheUnum, Arch. — Thin, white, granulose.
Apothecia minute, black, on a slender stalk, about 1 mm.
high. Spores sooty bhick, ellipsoid, 1 septate, constricted
obtuse, sometimes continuo'us, 6.6 x 3.3 /*

On stem of dead Richea pandani folia.

Mt. Styx.

Lichina alpina, n.ft. — Brownish-black, densely caespi-
tose, terete and copio'usly branched, gelatinous when fresh,
brittle when dry. Apothecia terminal, globose, little
broader than the stem about 0.3 mm. diameter; spores
elliptic, smooth, 7-8 ^ long. Alga apparently an Anahcena.

In running water and on rocks at Cradle Mountain,
3,500 feet, approximately.

Ill

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

1917.

27Tn March, 1917.
Annual Meeting.

The Annual General Meeting was held at the Museum
at 8 p.m. Mr. R. M. Jchnston, senior vice-president,
occupied the chair.

In opening the .necting, Mr. Johnston said: —
"Before I call on the Secretary to read the Annual Report
of the Council for the pr.st vear, I propose to take this
opportunity of discharging a very pleasant duty, which
falls upon me as Chairman of this Annual General Meet-
ing. 1 have been asked to express on behalf of this
Society, of which Mr. Leonard Rociway is one of the most
distinguished members, the gratification with which it
received the announcement that his splendid contributions
t3 Australian science have been recognised by His Majesty
the King, who has been graciously pleased t<< create Mr.
Rodway a Companion of the Distinguished Order of St.
Michael and St. George. I am sure we are all most
heartilv pleased that Mr. Rodway has received this proud
distinction, for we all know how justly it is deserved.
Since the days of Mr. Ronald Gunn, F.R.S., who was
Tasmanias most distinguished pioneer in the field of
botiinical science, there has been no local worker who has
laboured more indefatigablv, and certainlv no other one
who has accomplished such splendid results in the work
of systematic investigation, and in the development of
our knowledge of the whole range of plant life in Tas-
mania. How varied and wide this range is may be roughly
appieciated by a glance at the titles of the thirty papers
which are the contributions of Mr. Rodwav to the Papers
and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania between
the years 1892 and 1916. These papers include his sys-
tematic descriptive catalogue of all known species of
Tasnianian Bryophyta (mosses and hepatics), which, when
published in a complete form, will be a fitting complement
to his splendid work on "The Flora of Tasmania," pub-
lished in 1903 by the Government of Tasmania Not only
these works, but also his gratuitous services to Tasmanian
Forestry, afford evidence of the invaluable services
rendered by him to the country of his adoption during the
last quarter of a century. Mr. Rodwav, I offer you, on

112 ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

behalf of the Society, its most grateful thanks for the
splendid work you have done for it, and its warmest
congratulations on the distinguished honour that His
Majesty has been pleased to confer upon you."

Mr. Rodway thanked the Char'rman for his congratu-
lations.

The Annual Reports were then read, viz. : — Annual
Report of Council by the Secretary, Balance-sheet by the
Treasurer, Report of Education Section by Mr. Decham-
eux, and Report of History Section by Mr. Johnson.

Dr. Clarke moved the adop.':ion of the reports and
balance-sheet.

Mr. J. A. Johnson seconded. Carried.

No more than the required number having been
nominated for membership of the Council, the Chairman
declared the following duly elected:- — ^Dr. A. H. Clarke,
Mr. L. Rodway, C.M.G., Mr. J. A. Johnson, M.A., Mr.
L. Dechaineux, Mr. L. H. Lindon, M.A., Dr. J. L.
Glasson, Professor T. T. Flynn, B.Sc, Mr. W. H. Clemes,
B.A., B.Sc, Mr. Clive E. Lord.

Mr. R. A. Black was appointed Aiiditor for the year.

The following having been duly nominated for mem-
bership of the Society were balloted for, and declared
elected: — Mr. 1. N. Raarnsdonk, Mr. C. H. Slaytor,
F.I.C., Mr. N. Oldham.

Dr. J. L. Glasson moved that the names of members
of the Society on active service be retained on the list of
membexs until their return to Tasmania, and that their
subscriptions be suspended for that period. Sir Elliot/t
Lewis seconded. Carried.

Lccfuri'.

Mr. J. W. Beattie exhibited a series of lantern views
of the National Park, and made several suggestions as tor
nomenclature of various features.

Mr. L. Rodway, Professor Flynn, and Hon. Henry
Dobson took part in the discussion which followed.

The Chairman thanked Mr. Beattie, on behalf of the
Society, for his lecture.

12th April, 1917.

The Monthly General Meeting was held at the:
Museum at 8 p.m. Sir Herbert Nicholls presided.

Lecture.

Mr. Chas. Hedley, of the Australian Museum,
Sydney, delivered a lecture on "The Depths of the Ocean."'

abstract of proceedings. 113

14th May, 1917.
The Society met at the Ivluseunr at 8 p.m.

Lecture.

Mr. L. Rodwav delivered a lecture on "Forestry m
Tasmania.

11th June, 1917.
The Society met at the Museum at 8 p.m.

Education After the War.

The evening took the form of a symposium on this
subject, arranged by Mr. Dechaineux.

Mr. J. A. Johnson introduced the subject from the
primai-v school aspect. He stressetl the necessity oi an
education at that stage that would lead to the development
of bodily function as the eye and the hand, and of mental
function, reliance, judgment, and reasoning. Success in
industrial development will depend on the brains of those
dire<^ting the work, and the adaptability of the workers.
Tlie minds of all must be opea to new ideas, and the new
idea« must come from the research departments of the
Technical Schools and University. It is the function of
the primary school to develop the inaividual powers
without consideration of what the boy may be in after
life. The human value of the worker must be set hi-st :
he is trained to see bettsr, to do betvcr, to judge and
reason better. The foundation of such education is rooted
in the nature of the cducand himself: the educator,
while leaving the personality intact, must inoculate it
with thoughts, feelings, and desires it would never other-
wise have obtained. This idea, centuries old, is only now
being put into practice, for there is often a very wide gap
between theory in education and its application in prac-
tice. What we want to aim at in industrial life is effi-
ciency ; but we seek to make that efficiency personal
through the universal functioning of self -activity. JSeif-
activitv is the very elemental law of human development,
and is therefore at the base of a' I industry. The problem
for the primary teacher is Jiow to translate this theory
of development into the actual life of the school. The
pupil's initiative must be developed jxtri passu with his
intelligence, so that he learns not onlv to think but to
plan and to purpose. Thus only can be brought about
the desired correspondence between school attainment and
subsequent skill at work.

114 ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

Mr. S. C. Smith dealt with Secondaiy Education,
making particular reference to the Australian ISlaval
College, Jervis Bay.

Mr. L. Deichaineux, in dealing with Technical Educa-
tion, said, inter alia : —

If we are to have a lasting peace Germany and her
allies will have to take a place again in the community of
nations ; neither in international politics, science, nor in-
dustry can they be ostracised. Geimany and Austria can
produce better and cheaper goods ; there is nothing too
vast for its organisation or too minute for its attention,
and if necessary the whole country can work with skill,
knowledge, and frugality to re-establish its economic
supremacy, under conditions of hours of labour and pay
not to be compared with the Australian scale of living. A
country which, like Australia, depends for its welfare upon
the exportation of its raiw material will always be liable
to subiection ; the measure of leadership of a country is
not its size, or its population, or the wealth and nature
of its raw productions, but its industrial strength and the
swiftness with which it can adapt itself to new industrial
conditions. With a high standard of living, a shoi-t work-
ing day, a political policy which does not foster industrial
efficiency, great natural resources, and a low output indus-
trially Australia has much to make up. On the other
side of the ledger may be put our greater vitality, initiar-
tive, independence, and the fact that after the war the
conditions in Europe will tend towards shorter hours of
labour and higher jDay. Australian working conditions
will tend to create very large industries, scientifically
managed and organised; with a very large output, where
all waste will need to be eliminated to maintain the exist-
ing hours of labour and pay, and yet compete in the
markets of the world. In other words, the greatest
administrative and technical ability will be required.
With that in view the whole question of apprenticesnips
must be reopened. The system presses adversely on
masters and boys. "Why should a boy be bound to serve at
a trade for which he finds he has no natural aptitude?"
Why should he be bound for five years, say, if ho can
master the technicalities of his craft in three? What
guarantee has a bey that he will be given a full workshop
training? What guarantee has the master that he
will get an efficient and intelligent workman? What
guarantee can the master have, or give, that the man is
worth his money, and if he is not where will he drift to?
These are questions which have not received the attention

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 115

they must have. Whan they have pressed on master or
on man the cry has been "Technical Education"; but
Technical Education alone, any more than workshop
practice alone, cannot iolve these deep and urgent pro-
blems. Government, employer, educationist, scientist,
workman must wo'rk '>ut the details of a scheme whicli
shall assist the production of efficient workmen, select,
those fitted by natural capacity for more responsible work
and higher training, and see that they get it, and prevent
at all cost the drift downwards.

Dr. J. L. Glasson, in dealing with University Educa-
tion, stressed the dual nature of the function of a Univer-
sity— teaching and research. The latter was too often
overlooked, and even where its importance was realised
scientific workers were often insufficiently alive to the
necessity of utilising their discoveries by co-operation with
manufacturers. In the other brand" of University work,
viz., teaching, the particular needs of the University of
Tasmania were outlined.

In the discussion which followed Messi-s. Rodway,
Dennis Butler, and Lindon took part.

9th July, 1917.

The Society met at the Museum at 8 p.m.

Lecture.

Mr. J. R. Pound, M.Sc, delivered a lecture on The
Electromagnetic Separation of Minerals."

13th August, 1917.
The Society met at the Museum at 8 p.m.

Papers.

"Notes on Tasmanian Diptera and Description of
New Species." By G. II. Hardy

"Notes on Tasmanian Butterflies." By G. H. Hardy.
"Tasmanian Cicadida:." By G. H. Hardy.

Lecture.

Professor T. Thomson Flynn delivered a lecture on
'The Fishery Resoui'ces of Tasmania."

10th September 1917.

The Society met at the Museum at 8 p.m. His
Excellency, Sir Francis Newdegate, presided. Dr. A. H.
Clarke welcomed His Excellency to the Statei and to the
Presaxiency of the Society.

116 ABSTRACT OF PBOCEEDINGS.

Election of Members.

The following members having been duly nominated
and balloted for were declared elected: — Dr. E. Bretting-
ham-Moore, Rev. John Cullen, D. B. Copland, Esq., M.A.

Lecture.

Mr. J. H. Butters, Chief Engineer and General
Manager Hydro-Electric Department, delivered an illus-
trated lecture on "Hydro-Electricity in Tasmania."

Pa'pera.
"New Avistralian Asilidae." By Arthur White.

8th October, 1S17.

The Soiciety met at the Museum at 8 lo.m.

Papers.
"Tasmanian Eucalypts. ' By L. Rodway, C.M.G.

Lecture.

Mr. L. Rodway delivered a lecture on "Plant Path-
logy."

12th November, 1917.
The Society met at the Museum at 8 p.m.

Lecture.

Mr. D. B. Copland, M.A., delivered an illustrated
lecture on "The Distribution of Wealth."

117

ANNUAL REPORT

Sbc llonul ^ocictii of QTasnuinia

1917

Patron:

HIS MAJKSTV THE KING.

President :

HIS KXCKLI.ENCY SIR FHANCIS NKWDEGATK, K.C.M.G.,
(JOVF.RNOR OF TASMANIA.

Vice-Presidents :

R. M. JOUNsruN, !.>.().
MAJOR K. L. PIESSE.

Council :

Elected 27tli March, 1917.

A. II. CLARKE, M.R.CS., L.R.C.P. J. L. c:LAS>ON, MA , D.sc.

(Chairman.)

W. H. CLEMES, B.A., B.SC. J. A. JOHNSON, MA.

K. DECIIAINEUX L. H. LINDON. MA.

I'ROF. T THOMSON FLYNN, H.Sc. CLIVE E. LORD
LEONARD RODWAY, C M.(i.

Honorary Secretary :

J. L. (JLASSGN.

Hon. Assistant Secretary :
CLIVE E. LORD.

Honorary Treasurer:

LKONAUI) KODWAY.

Honorary Librarian:
L. DECHAINEUX.

Editor :

J. L. (iLASSON.

Honorary Auditor:
R. A. BLACK.

118 LIST OF MEMBKES.

Honorary Members :

David, T. W. Edgeworth, C.M.G., B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S.
Pro£es>sor ot Geology aud Physical Geograpliy in ihe
University of Sydney. The Uuiversity, Sydney.

Mawson, Sir Douglas, B.E., D.Sc. Adelaide.

Shackleton, Sir Ernest H., Kt., C.V.O., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.S.
9 Regent-street, London, S.W., England.

Spencer, W. Baldwin, C.M.G., M.A., F.R.S. Professor of
Biology in the University of Melbourne. The Uni-
versity, Melbourne.

Ordinary, Life, and Corresponding Members :

" C," Corresponding Member.

" L," Member who has compoumled subscriptions for life.
*, Member who has contributed a Paper read before the Society.

Year of
Election.

1916 Ansell, M. M., B.A. The Registrar the Univer-

sity, Hobart.

1908 L Baker, Henry D. C/o American Consulate,

Hobart.
1887 Barclay, David. 143 Hampden Road, Hobart.

1890 *Beattie, J. W. 1 Mount Stuart Road, Hobart.

1901 C Benham, W. B., M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.Z.S.

Professor of Biology, University of

Otago. Dunedin, New Zealand.
1903 Bennett, W. H. "Ashby," Ross.

1900 Bennison; Thomas. 29 Cromwell Street,

Hobart.

1912 *Black, R. A. Chief Clerk, Department of

Agriculture. 50 High Street, Queen-
borough.

1909 *Blackman, A. E. Franklin.

1913 Bottrill, W. E., LL.D. 7 Elphinstone Road,

Hobart.
1892 C Bragg, W. PL, M.A., F.R.S. Profe.ssor of

Physics in University College, London.
1900 *Brettingham-Moore, G. E. 294 Davey Street,

Hobart.

1917 Brettingham-Moore, Dr E., M.B., Ch.M.

Macquarie-street, Hobart.
1911 Brooks, G. V. Master of Method, Elizabeth

Street Practising School, Hobart. Main

Road, New Town.
1907 Brownell, F. L. "Leura," Main Road, Moonah.

1909 Butler, W. F. D., B.A., M.Sc, LL.B. Bishop

Street, New Town.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 119

Year of
Election.

1917 Butters, J. H. Chief Engineex and Manager

State HydroElectric Depax-tment, Ho-
bart.

1912 Chapman, J. R. Holebrcx)k Place, Hobart.

1901 C Chapman, R. W.. M.A.. B.C.E. Elder Profes-

sor of Mathematics and Mechanics in the
University of Adelaide. The Univer-
sity, Adelaide.

1913 Chepmell, C. H. D. Clerk of the Legislative

Council. 23 Swan Street, Hobart

(A.I.F.).
1896 *Clarke, A. H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Mac-

quarie Street, Hobart.
1887 Clemes, Samuel. Principal of Leslie House

School. Clare Street, New Town.
1910 Clemes, W. H., B.Sc. Leslie House School,

Argyle Street, New Town.
1917 Copland, I). B.. M.A. Lecturer in History

and Economics, the University, Hobart.
1917 Cullen, Rev. John. Macquarie Street, Hobart.

1884 Davics. The Hon. C. E., M.L.C. "Lyndhurst,"

New Town Road, New Town.

1908 Dcchaineux, Lucien. Principal of Technical

School, Hobart.
1903 Delanv. Most Rev. Patrick. Archbishop of

Hobart. 99 BaiTack Street, Hobart.
1892 C Dendy, A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.L.S. Professor of

Zoology in the University of London

(King s College). "Vale Lodge," Hamp-

stead, London, N.W.
1861 Dobson, The Hon. Henry. Elboden Street,

Hobart.
1916 Downie, "W. A. Headmaster, Central School,

Hobart.
1916 Buncombe, E. W. Headmaster, Albuera

Street School, Hobart.

1902 Finlav, W. A. 11 Sechcron Road, Hobart.

1909 *Flynn, T. Thomson, B.Sc. Ralston Professor

of Biology in the University of Tas-
mania. D'Arcv Street, Hobart.

1890 L Foster, H. D. 137 Hampden Road, Hobart.

1905 L Foster, J. D. "Fairfield," Epping.

1913 Fowler, T. W., M.C.E. Engineer-in-Chief of

Tasmania. Clare Street, New Town.

1908 *Giblin, L. F., B.A. 326 Macquarie Street,

Hobart, and "Cobbler's End," Cam-
bridge (A.I.F.).

120 UST OF MEMBERS.

Year of
Election.

1913 *Glasson, J. L., M.A., D.Sc. Lecturer in Physics

in the University of Tasmania. The
University, Hobart.

1907 Gould, Robert. Longford.

1905 L Grant, C. W. "High Peak/' Huon Road.

1913 *Hardy, G. H. Hurlstone. Assistant-Gtirator of

the Tasmanian Museum. The Museum,
Argyle Street, Hobart.

1898 Harrison, M. W. Glenorchy.

1893 Harvey, W. A., M.B. 154 Macquarie Street,

Hobart.

1902 C Haswell, William, M.A., D.Sc. F.R.S., F.L.S.
^ Challis Professor of Bioloijy m the Uni-

versity of Sydney. The University,
Sydney.

1913 Ilawson, Edward. "Remine,'' 174 Argyle

Stx'eet, Hobart.

1915 *Heaton, Herbert, M.A., M. Comm. Lecturer

in History and Economics in the Uni-
versity of Adelaide, S.A.

1915 Hickman, V. V., B.Sc. Garden Road, Albert

Pai'k, Moonah.

1914 Hitchcock, W. E. Moina.

1908 Hogg, G. H., M.D., CM. 37 Brisbane Street,

Launceston.

1909 -^Hutchison, H. R. 1 Barrack Street, Hobart.
1913 lie, G. W. R., LL.B. Summerhill Road, Ho-

baii:.

1912 Inglis, C. J. -A.M. P. Buildings, Elizabeth

Street, Hobart.

1898 ^Ireland, E. W. J., M.B., CM. 160 Elizabeth

Street, Hobart.

1906 -=^Johnson, J. A., M.A. Principal of the Philip

Smith Training College, Hobart.
"Wharepuke," Argyle Street, New Town.

1873 *J(>biiston, R.M., I.S.O., " F.S.S. Government

Statistician. Tasmanian Chib, Mac-
quarie Street, Hobart.

1911 Keene, E. H. D. Tantallon, Tarleton (A. I.E.).

1910 Kermode, R. C "Mona Vale," Ross.

1905 Kerr, George. 165 Campbell Street, Hobart.

1913 Knight, J. C E. "Windermere," Claremont.

1873 *Legge, Col. W. V., R.A. (R.). "Cullenswood

House," Cullenswood.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 121

Year of
Election.

1887 Lewis, Sir Neil Elliott, K.C.M.G., M.A.,

B.C.L.. LI4.B., M.H.A. "Werndee,"
Augusta Road, New Town.

1912 Lindon, L. H., M.A. -The Lodge,' i'ark

Street, Hobart.

1900 Lines, D. H. E., M.B., Ch.B. Archer Street,

New Town.

1875 C Livei-sidge. Professor Archibald, M.A., LL.D.,
A.R.S.M., F.R.S.. F.I.C., F.C.S.. F.G.S.,
F.R.G.S. 'Fieldhead,' Coombe Warren,
Kingston, Surrey, England.

1913 Lord, Clive E. Assistant Curator of the Tas-

manian Museum, Hobart. "Cliveden,"
Mt. Nelson Road, Sandy Bay.

1912 McAlister, Miss M. K. Rosetta.

1893 ■^•'McAulay, Alexander, M.A. Professor of

Mathematics in the University of Tas-
mania. The University, Hobart.
1902 C *Maiden, J. H., F.R.S. Director of Botanic
Gardens. Sydney, and Govemnient
Botanist, New South Wales. Botanic
Gardens, Sydney

1913 Mather, J. F. 1 Mount Stuart Road, Hobart.
1917 Mackay, J. H. Professor of Engineering. The

University of Tasmania, Hobart.
1895 *May. W. L. "Forest Hill." Sandford.

1909 Milieu, J. D. Mount BischoflF Mine, Waratah.

1907 Miller, Lindsay S., M.B., Ch.B. 156 Mac-

quarie Street. Hobart.

1894 L Mitchell, J. G. "EUcsmere," Jericho.

1913 Mitchell, P. H.. B.A. Headmaster of the

State High School, Hobart. 2 Ashficld
Street, Queenborough.

1911 ^lontgomcry, R. B. Park Street, New Town.

1882 Nicholas, G. C. "Cawaod," Ouse.

1910 NichoUs, H. Minchin. Government Micro-

biologist, Department of Agriculture.
Macquarie Street, Hobai't.
1917 Oldham, N., J. P. New Town.

1908 Parsons. Miss S. R. 190 Davey Street, Hobai-t.
1902 *Piesse, Major E. L.. B.Sc, LL.B. "Neika,"

Bay Road, New Town.
1910 Pillinger, James. 4 Fitzroy Crescent, Hobart.

1908 Pratt, A. W. Courtney. 11 Swan Street,

Hobart.

122 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Year of
Election.

1917 Raamsdoiik, I. N. Lecturer in Modem Lan-

guages, the University, Hobart.

1864 Roberts, H. L. "Beaumaris," Montpelier

Road, Hobart.

1884 *Rodway, Leonard, C.M.G. Government

Botanist of Tasmania. Macquaxie

Street, Hobart.

1913 Ross, Hector. Sheriff of Tasmania. Elphin-

stone Road, Hobart.

1915 Ross, J. Head Teacher, New Town School,

New Town (A.I.F.).

1896 Scott, R. G., M.B., Ch.M. 172 Macquarie

Street, Hobart.

1892 C *Shirley. John, D.Sc. Inspector of Schools,
Queensland. "Colarmie," Brunswick
Street, New Farm, Brisbane.

1901 Shoobridge, Canon G. W. 3 Molle Street,

Hobart.

1875 '^Simson, Augustus. 49 High Street, Launces-

ton

1917 Slaytor, C. H., F.I.C. Woodbourne, DaVey

Street, Hobart.

1901 C Smith, R. Greig-, D.Sc. Linnean Hall, Eli-
zabeth Bay, Sydne5^

1915 Smith, S. C., B.A. kutchins School, Hobart.

1913 Smithies, John. Lindisfarne.

1896 L *Sprott, Gregory, M.D., CM. 134 Macquarie

Street, Hobart.
1896 L Sticht, Robert, B.Sc, E.M. Mount Lyell

Mining and Railway Co. Ltd., Queen

Street, Melboui-ne.
1913 Susman, Maurice. 88 Murray Street, Hobart.

1907 Tarleton, J. W. 108 High Street, Queen-

borough.

1887 ■^'Taylor, A. J. Librarian of the Tasmanian

Public Library. 28 D Arcy Street, Ho-
bart.

1892 C ^Thomson, G. M., F.L.S. Dunedin, New Zea.
land.

1896 *Twelvetrees, W. H., F.G.S. Government

Geologist. Geological Survey, Launces-
ton.

1901 C Wall, Arnold, M.A. Professor of English Lan-
guage and Literature in Canterbury
College. Christchurch, New Zealand.

LIST OF MKMBERS. 123

Ye;ir of
Election.

1913 Wardman, John. Superintendent of the

Botanical Gardens. Botanical Gardens,
Hobart.

1913 Watci-worth, Newham. Lindisfarne.

19r5 Williams, Evan, B.Sc. Friends' High School,

Hobart.
1901 Wise, H. J. 4 Colville Street, Hobart.

Members are asked to infonn the .'•ecretary of any cliange of address or other
necessary correction.

124 ANNUAL REPORT.

ANNUAL REPORT.

In accordance with Rule 39, the Council present a
Report on the proceedings of the Society during 1917.

The Council and Officers.

At the Annual General Meeting, held on 27th March,
the following were elected members of the Council for the
year:— Dr. A. H. Clarke, Messrs. W. H. Clemes, L.
Dechaineux, Clive E. Lord, J. A. Johnson, L. H. Lindon,
L. Rodway, Professor T. T. Flynn, and Dr. J. L. Glasson.

The Council at its first meeting elected the following
officers :^ — Dr. Clarke (Chairman), Dr. Glasson (Hon. Sec-
retary), Mr. Lord (Hon. Assistant Secretary), Mr. Rodway
(Hon. Treasurer), Mr. Dechaineux (Hon. Librarian), Mr.
R. A. Black (Hon. Auditor).

The Council elected Dr. Clarke, Professor Flynn,
Messrs. Clemes, Lindon, Dechaineux, and Rodway to be
trustees of the Tasmanian Museum and Botanical Gardens.

Seven ordinary meetings of the Council were called
during the year. The attendances of members were as
follow:— Dr. Clarke, 6; Mr. Clemes, 4; Mr. Dechaineux,
7 ; Mr. Lord, 7 ; Mr. Johnson, 6 • Mr. Lindon, 5 ; Mr.
Rodway, 7; Professor Flynn, 5; Dr. Glasson, 7.

Meetings of the Society.

Eight Monthly General Meetings were held \n ad-^i-
tion to the Annual Meeting. Six popers were read during
the session, and several lectures were delivered hy mem-
bers and visitors.

Memhers.

During the year 6 new members were elected into
the Society. We lo'St 11 members through death, resigna
tion, or change of residence. The number of ordinary
members at the end of the ^^ear was 82, life members 8,
corresponding members 13, and honorary members 4.

Papers a^id Proceedings.

The Council has ordered 650 copies of the Papers
and Proceedings for 1917. The Parliament of Tasmania
has again approved of a grant of £100 in aid of tiie
printing of the Society's Journal.

JVXNUAL REPORT. 125

The Council regrets that the whole of the copies of
cur Papers and Proceedings for 1916, forwarded to tne
Smithsonian Institution for our American exchanges, were
lost through enemy action in May last. The Council will
replace these as far as our stocks will allow. The Council
is considering the advisability of holding back all foreign
exchanges until the end of the war.

Lthrarif.

During the year .300 books and pamphlots were
received, making a total of 12, SOD in the Library on 31st
December, 1917.

In view of the large a,mount of work involved in in-
dexing and cataloguing the Society's exchanges, the Coun
cil has decided to appoint a paid officer to do the work.
As it is desirable to have this officer in continuous touch
with the Library and the general business of the Society,
Mr. Clive Lord, Assistant Curator of the Tasmanian
Museum and Art Galleiy, has been appointed to the joint
office of Secretary and Librarian. Rules for the use of the
Library and the borrowing of books from it are being
framed, and it is hoped thus to greatly improve this im-
portant branch of the Society s work.

Ed a rat III n Serf Ion .

President of Section, J. A. Johnson, Esq., M.A. Sec-
retary of Section, L. Dechaineux, Esq. Membcrehip, 10.

Six meetings of the Section were held, and the follow-
ing paper on "English Educationists' read and discussed:
— Mr. J. A. Johnson, "Mulcaster " ; Mr. S. Clemes,
"Locke" ; Mr. L. H. Lindon, "Tliring " ; Mr. Dechaineux,
"Ruskin " ; Mr. S. C. Smith, "Spencer. "

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128 ANNUAL REPORT.

O^bituarg.

Arthur White.

Mr. Arthur White was born in London in 1871. He
came to Tasmania in 1903 to engage in fruitgrowing,
retm^ning to England in 1908. Three years afterwards
he came back to Tasmania, remaining till 1914. In
December of last year lie contracted influenza while stay-
ing in London, and died on 3rd January of this year.
Such is a brief outline of the life of one who for a short
period was a frequent contributor to the pages of ttie
"Papers and Proceedings" of tbe Society.

Mr. White was an enthusiastic student of geology
and palseonto'log}', but entomology was his chief scientihc
interest, his work on Diptera marking him as an authority
on the subject. It may Oe of interest to note that he
contributed, by request, a paper to the Linnsean Society of
New South Wales on 'A Revision of the Stratiomyidse of
Australia."

The study of science was Mr. White's hobby; all his
original work was done in the spare time of a very busiy
life. His brother writes: — "He could never devote all his
time to science. That he did so much is, I think, amaz-
ing, particularly as he was never a strong man. But he
wa.s immensely energetic and hard-working; after a Hard
day's work he would settle down to study his specimens
or to take notes from some scientific work."

The following is a list of the articles he contributed
to the "Papers and Proceedings" of the Royal Society: —

1. New Australian Asilidae, 1913.

2. TheDiptera-Brachycera of Tasmania, Pt. I., 1914.

3. The DiiDtera-Brachycera of Tasmania, Pt. II.,
1915.

4. The Diptera-Brachycera of Tasmania, Pt. III.,
1916.

5. New Australian Asilidae : with a New Classification
of the Asilinae, 1917.

129

INDEX.

Titles of Papers, ami New Genera and Species in Heavy Type.
Synonyms in Italic.

Abricta aurata, 70

Anaboena, IIU

Anisynta tasraanica, 68

Appias ega, 67

Argyiuiina tasmanica. 68

Asilidae, 66

AsiliUae, New Australian (A.

White), 72-103
Asiliiiac, 86
Asilus. 86, 87, 88, 90

aujeus, 90

hyagnis, 90
At-omoc-ia, 82

australis. 83

culicivora, 83
Aulographuin oucalypti, 106

protoacium, 106

Balsamea platyspora, 108

Barn Bluff, Determination of
height of (U. 11. liutchiton,
L. F. Gil)lin, and W. F. D.
Butler), 1-5

BlepharotsK, 86, 88

Bombilidae. 66

Botanical Notes (L. Uodwav),
lOC-llU

Bratiivn'iiopala, 74
bella, 74
riiticori'is. 7~). 76

Butl.r (W. F. I).). Founda-
tion cf public institutions
for secondary education, 21-
59

Butlc" . Str also Hutchison,
(Ultlin. and Hutler.

Butterflies, Notes on Tas-
manian ((;. II. Hardy), 67-8

Caliciiini tracholiinim. 110
Calloria tasmanica, 107
Ceti.irrhfres ritida. 106
Ordistus, 86, 87
Chrysonogon, 72

pallidipomiis. 72

pr.jictatiis, 73

ruhidiponnis, 73
Christ's College, 38 ot seq.
Cicaditiao, 70
Cicadidae, Tasmanian (G. H.

Hardy), 6!)-71
Comptosia corculum, 66

geometrica, 66

Cryptopogon, 76

vernaciilus, 77
C'vphella globosa, 108
Cyrtidae, 60
CystTjjjus, 110

austro-africanus, 110 .
Cytospora, 110

DasyjKjgoninae, 72
]J;'syscypha, 1U7
Determination of the height
o; Barn Bluff (H. R. Hut-

cliisoii, L. F. (Jiblin. and

W. F. L). Butler). 1-5
Dit nicuiana, 70

cok>opirata, 71

liir-sutus, 69, 70, 71

tillyardi, 69, 70 71

fur urn- ''>9
Dlptera, Notes on Tasmanian

(.(i. H. Hardv), 60-66
Dothiorella, llO
Bvsniacliu.s, 87, 91

rudis. 86, 91

Education, Institutions for

Eiccndary (.W. F. J), liut-

Kt). 21-59
Elaphonivcos citrinus, 108

loveiUei, 108
Endogone, 108

australis, 108

neglecta, 107
Epicerina niirricornis, 61
Epitriptns, 86, 96
Erax 88

Erii'olla apala. 107
Eucalypts, Tasmanian (L.

i^>d\va\•l. ]i)-20
Eucalyptus globulus, 107, 110

viminalis. 107
Eutolmus-, 86

Fissidens loptocladus. 105
rigidiuscnlar, 105

Fosr.ombronia dentata, 106
i-ohiista. ion

Foundation cf nublic institu-
tions for secondary educa-
tion in Tasmania (W. F. D.
Ikitlcr), 21-59

Gahnia psittacorura, 106

130

INDEX.

Giblin. See Hutchison, Giblin,

and Butler.
Glaphyropyga, 87
Gymnomyces flavus, 110

Hardy (G. H.). Notes on Tas-

manian butterflies, 67-8
Hardv (G.H.), Notes on Tas-

manian Diptera, 60-66
Hardy (G. H.). Tasmanian

Cicadidae, 69-71
Heligmon^ura, 87
Hendersonia eucalypti, 107
HenovR hasalis, 60
Hesperilla cyclospila, 67

donnysa, 67, 68
HeteTonympha cordace, 68

philerope, 68
High School. 57
Hutchins School, 37 et seq.
Hutchison (H. R.), Gibhn (L.
F.), and Butler (W. F. D.),

Determination of the height

of Barn Bluff, 1,5
Hyaloeeras dilophospora, 109
Hymenogaster albellus, 109
fulvus, 109

levisporus, 109
Hysterium^ gahnianum. 106
Hystorangium affine, 109

burburianum, 109

inflatum, 109

pumilum, 109

Ichneumonidae. 66

Laphria, 84

comata, 85

niveifacies, 66

rufifemorata, 85

telecles, 85

variana, 84
Laphrinae, 77, 80
Launceston Church Grammar

School, 36
Lepidosperma latorale, 107
Leptospermum scoparium, 109
Leptosphaeria coniothy rium ,

170
Lichina aljpina, 110
Lonchorhynchus, 78

Machimus, 86, 87
Marasmius equicrinis, 106
Marginellas, New names for

Tasmanian (W. L. May),

104
Marginella alboraaculata, 104

auriculata, 104

concamerata, 104

cylichnella, 104

microscopica, 104

tomliniana, 104
May (W. L.), New names for

Tasmanian Marginellas, 104
Melampsalta abdominalis, 71

marginata, 71

spreta, 70, 71

torrida, 70, 71
Mesembrvanthemum aequi-

laterale, 110
Metalaphria, 81

aurifacies, 81, 82

australis, 82
Mosses common to Tasmania

and Queensland (JA Shir-
ley), 6-9
Motasingha dominula, 68

Nemacyclus gilvus, 107

Neoaratus, 87. 88

Neoexaireta spinigera, 63

Neoitamus, 86-91, 95, 96, 98,
100

abditus, 93
brunnous, 100
caliginosus, 93
divaricatus, 93, 95
flavicinctus, 91, 92
hvalipennis, 91, 92, 95
lividus, 92, 93
macula tus, 93
mistipes, 100
vulgatus, 91. 92

Neolucina hobartensis. 68

Nesoxcnica elia. 67, 68
leprea, 67

New Australian Asiiidae (Ar-
thur Whit<^). 72-103

New names for Tasmanian
Marginellas (W. L. May),
104

Notes on Tasmanian butter-
flies (G. H. Hardy), 67-8

Notes on Tasmanian Diptera
and descriotion of new spe-
cies (G. H. Hardy), 60-66

Odontomyia. 61
amvrifi, 61, 62
annuUpes, 61
carinata, 61
carinifacies, 61
deciviens, 61
hunteri, 61
ial menus, 61
kirchneri, 62
laferemaculata, 61
marQinella, 61

INDEX.

131

opertanea, 62

nectoralis, 61

vicea, 61

reiiis-iieordii, 61

rufifacies, 61

strict a, 62

atulata, 61

subdeiitata, 61

audiiet/rnsis, 62
Oa codes ddrwinii, 60

r/o^/*'//, 6U

fortinnni, 60

I ana I'd, 60

tasmanica, 60
Olearia argophylla, 108
Omniatius, 86. 88. 89

levis. 90

obscurus. 89

pilosus, 89
Oncodcfi (iter, 60

basalis, 61

f/avetscenx, 60

niarinervis, 60

wnmatux, 60
Oreixenica flynni, 67. 68

orichoia. 67

Pachysaster. 63
Papilio macleayanus, 68
Pararatus, 86, 88
Pauiopsalta encaustica, 71

mnonie, 71
Pelecorhynchus 63

alboliiieatuS; 64

eristaJoides, 63, 6o

fusconi<;er, 63

igniculus, 63 64

montanus, 63. 6o

nigrippnnis, 63
Peziza, 107

Phialea berggrenii, 107
I'hilodiuiis, 88
Phraemidium potentilla«, 107

sulxxjrticiim, 107
Phyllachora callist-cnioni, 108
Pliyllocladus rhoniboidalis, 107
Plaoiiochila wattsii. 105
Po<;onof>oma, 77
Polysacnim niioiocarpura, 106
Polyporus myllita-e, 108

sclerotinius, 1U8
Pottia subphyscomitrioides,

lOo

tasmanica. lOo
Proctacanthu?, 88
ProH'aclius, 88
Psaltoda moerens, 70
Pterodontia, 60

Pterostylis concinna, 105

praecox. 105

toveana, 105
Pulvinaria 110

typica,, 110
Pyrameis itea, 68

Queensland, Mosses common
to Tasmania and (J. Shir-
ley), 6-9

Rhabdotoitamus, 76 87-89,

91, 95

brunnous, 97, 100 101 103

claripes 97, 98. 103

grarainis. 96. 99. 103

lautus, 97, 101, 103

mistipes, 97, 100, 101, 103

rusticanus. 97, 102

volaticus, 96. 99, 103
Richea pandanifolia, 110
Rodwav (L.), Botanical notes,

105-10
Rodway (L.). Tasmanian

Eucalypts, 10-20

Saropogon. 75
dissinuilans, 75

Sliiilev (J). Mosses common
to Tasmania and Queens-
land, 6-9

StenoiX)gon, 78
oloiigatiis, 79
flaviponnis, 79
nicoteles, 79

Stilpnogast«r, 86

Stratiomyidao, 61

Strationiys badius. 62

Strobilomycos pallescens, 106

Tabanidao. 63

Tasmanian Cicadidae (G. H.

Hardy), 69-71
Tasmanian Eucalypts (L.

Hodway), 10-20
Tottigarcta tormentosa, 71
Thorovidae, 78
Therutria, 80

amararus, 81

pulchripes, 80
Tibicinae. 70
Tihicen h/ranfus; 69
Triblidiella biconica. 107
Trichoitamus, 87, 89, 91, 92

rudis, 91

Weissia, 105

"White (Arthur), New Austra-
lian Asilidae, 72-103

<

#

PAPERS & PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY
OF TASMANIA

FOR THE YEAR

1917

ISSUED FEBRUARY 2>th. 1918.

PUBUSHED BV THE SOCIETY.

The Taimanian Muteum, Argyle Street, Hobart
I<)I8.

Price: Six Shillinas.

Papers and Proceedings

>f th«

Royal Society of Tasmania

Prices net.
Postage free within Australia and New Zealand.

1849 ...

Pilce.

£ s.
.. 0 10

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beyond

.\ustralia
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0 ... 4

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*

\ detaUcd list of ilie "Papers and Proceeding?," and of niLsoellan-
<V)us publications of the Society, was issued witli the "Papers and
Proceedings" for 1913. Copies can be liad on appllcatldn to the Secre-
tary .

•Out Of print.

CONTENTS.

Paga
A Determination of the Height of Barn BluflF. By
H. E. Hutchison, L. F. Giblin, and W. F. D.

Butler I

Mosses common to Tasmania and Queensland. By

John Shirley S

Tasmanian Eucal3'pts. By L. Rodway 10

The Fooindation of Public Institutions for Secondary

Education in Tasmania. By W. F. D. Butler ... 21

Notes on Tasmanian Diptera and Descriptions of

New Species. By G. H. Hardy 60

Notes on Tasmanian Butterflies. By G. H. Hardy... 67

Tasmanian Cicadidce. By G. H. Hardy 69

New Australian Asilidce. By Arthur White 72

New Names for Tasmanian Marginellas. By W. L.

May 104

Botanical Notes. By L. Rodway 105

Abstract of Proceedings Ill

Annual Report

List of the Society US

Report ' 124

Accounts 136

Obituary Notice 128

Index 129

18,917