'^ FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY f 8uond at) |a.m,h.h. ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA PAPERS & PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA FOR IHE YEAR 1922 5oc=.(3A(=}, A (With 8 Plates and 10 Text Figures) ISSUED 26th FEBRUARY, 1923 PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY The Tasmanian Museum, Argyle Street, Hobart 1923 Price : Ten Shillings 'X'i.qi'bSb •^>JL The responsibility of the statements and opinions in the following papers and discussions rests with the individual authors and speakers ; the Society merely places them on record. ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA The Royal Society of Tasmania was founded on the 14th October, 1843, by His Excellency Sir John Eardley Eardley Wilmot, Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land, as "The Botanical and Horticultural Society of Van Diemen's Land." The Botanical Gardens in the Queen's Domain, near Hobart, were shortly afterwards placedi under its management, and a grant of £400 a year towards their maintenance was made by the Government. In 1844, His Excellency announced to the Society that Her Majesty the Queen had signified her consent to become its patron; and that its designation should thenceforward be "The Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land for Horticulture, Botany, and the Advancement of Science." In 1848 the Society established the Tasmanian Museum; and in 1849 it commenced the publication of its "Papers and' Pro- ceedings." In 1854 the Legislative Council of Tasmania by "The Royal Society Act" made provision for vesting the property of the Society in trustees, and for other matters connected with the management of its affairs. In 1855 the name of the Oolonv was changed to Tasmania, and the Society then became "The Royal Society of Tasmania for Horticulture, Botany, and the Advancement of Science." In ISfiO a piece of ground at the corner of Argyle and Mac- Quarie streets. Hobart, was given by the Crown to the Society as a site for a Museum, and a grant of £3,000 was made for the erection of a building. The Society contributed £1,800 towards the cost, and' the new Museum was finished in 1862. In 1885 the Society gave back to the Crown the Botanical Gardens and the Museum, which, with the collections of the Museum, were vested' in a body of trustees, of whom six are chosen from the Society. In consideration of the services it had rendered in the promotion of science, and in the formation and management of the Museum and Gardens, the right was reserved to the Society to have exclusive possession of sufficient and convenient rooms in the Museum, for the safe custody of its Library, and for its meetings, ancf for all other purposes connect- ed with it, In 1911 the Parliament of Tasmania, by "The Royal Society Act, 1911," created the Society a body corporate by the name of "The Royal Society of Tasmania," with perpetual succession. The object of the Society is declared by its Rules to be "the advancement of knowledge." His Majesty the King is Patron of the Society; and His Excellency the Governor of Tasmania is President. ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS, 1922 CONTENTS Page Notes on Captain Bligh's Visits to Tasmania in 1788 and 1792. By Clive Lord, F.L.S 1 A Note on the Turbinoid Cells and Allied Data of Notothcrium mitchelli. By H. H. Scott and Clive Lord, F.L.S 23 On Phascum tasmanicum. By H. N. Dixon and L. Rodway, C.M.G. 25 A Biometric Study of the Conidia of Macrosporium and Altertmria. By F. W. Wakefield 27 A Further Note on the Topography of Lake Fenton and Distinct, National Park of Tasmania. By A. N. Lewis, M.C., LL.B. . . 32 Macquarie Island and Its Future. By Sir Douglas Mawson, Kt.B., B.E., O.B.E 40 On Pseudomyis hijt^insi. By Clive Lord, F.L.S 55 On a Freshwater Sponge from Tasmania. By Professor T. Thom- son Flynn, D.Sc 58 A List of the Fishes of Tasmania. By Clive Lord, F.L.S 60 On the Tasmanian Muridae. By Clive Lord, F.L.S., and H. H. Scott 74 Some Additions to Our Recorded Flowering Plants. By L. Rodway, C.M.G 77 Abstract of Proe««dinBi 79 Annual Report — Officers R4 List of Members sr» Report 95 Obituary 97 Reports of Sections 97 Branch Reports 99 Accounts 100 Index 103 \ PAPERS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA 1922 NOTES ON CAPTAIN BLIGH'S VISITS TO TASMANIA IN 1788 AND 1792. By Clive Lord, F.L.S. (Curator of the Tasmanian Museum.) (Read 20th March, 1922.) INTRODUCTION. Amonjr the annals of Tasmanian discovery the record of William Bligh has scarcely had the attention paid to it which his work merits. The fact is often lost sijrht of that the famous Bounty anchored for a period in Adventure Bay before proceeding to Tahiti, where the charms of the Eves of the Friendly Islands proved too great a temptation to the crew. The resultant mutiny, and Bligh's famous voyage of 3,600 miles in an open boat to Timor, afford material for those pages of history that are known, in the language of Macaulay, "to every school- boy." Bligh's visits to Tasmania are not recorded in the lists of the early navigators given by J. B. Walker (1890 and 1902) or J. Moore Robinson (1921, p. 159), yet Bligh made dis- coveries and added to the early knowledge of Tasmania, and if it had not been for the rough weather experienced during his second visit, he would almost certainly have forestalled many of the discoveries of D'Entrecasteaux. Before proceeding to examine in detail the chief events of Bligh's visits to Tasmania in 1788 and 1792, it may be a-s well to recall the outstanding chapters in his own life's his- tory. 2 NOTES ON CAPTAIN BLKJll S VISITS To TASMANIA, The early poi'tion of this is rather obscure, but 1753 is the usually accepted date of his birth. He joined the Royal Navy at an early atre, as he was captain's servant on the Monmouth in 1762. He occupied this position for several months, and then, as far as official records po, thei'e is no further trace of his career until July, 1770, when he shipped as A.B. on the Hunter. After serving on several ships, he was appointed on 1st of July, 1770, master of the Resolution, under Captain Cook, during that navigator's third and last voyajre to the South Seas. It was in the Resolution that Bligh paid his first visit to Tasmania. Returning to England, after an absence of four years, he was promoted Lieutenant, and carried out a number of surveys. Such promotion tends to show that he must have shown marked ability early in his career, because not only was he chosen by Captain Cook as sailing master of the Resolution, but apparently carried out his work so well that he was immediately raised in rank. Bligh took part in the battles of the Dogger Bank (1781) and Gibraltar (1782), and shortly after this he was engaged for several years in the merchant service, sailing to many parts of the world. At this period there was a movement being made to have the bread fruit of the Pacific inti-oduced to the West Indies, where, it was thought, it would feed the natives. Sir Joseph Banks, who did so much to further the exploration of the South Seas, and was a patron of Bligh, secured for him the leadcr.ship of an expedition which had for its main object the introduction of bread-fruit trees into the West Indies. At the end of 1787 Bligh sailed from England in com- mand of the Bounty, and, in spite of the mutiny and the enormous difficulties to be overcome, he once more returned to England, on the 14th of March, 1790. He was given a hearty welcome, and promoted Commander, which rank was raised to that of Post Captain during his command of the Falcon. A second expedition was being arranged, and Bligh was again placed in command. His .ships, the Providence and AsHintant, left England in 1701, and the task of transplant- ing the bread-fruit trees to the West Indies was successfully accomplished, and the Captain returned once more to the Motherland in 179:5. He was present at the mutiny at the Nore, and carried out the work entrusted to him by the Admiralty with con- BY OLIVE LOKD, F.L.S. 3 siderable bravery. He commanded a ship at the battle of Camperdown, and later at the battle of Copenhagen in 1801. In this year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, in recognition of his work as a navigator, and the assistance that his work had been to the cause of science. In 1805, largely owing to the influence of Sir Joseph Banks, Bligh was appointed Governor-in-Chief of New South Wales, which colony then included the whole of Eastern Aus- tralia and Tasmania. He arrived at Port Jackson in August, 1806. His attempts to introduce certain needed, but drastic, reforms met with considerable opposition from a section of the community. This led to an insurrection in January, 1808, when certain military officers placed Bligh under arrest. He was kept in confinement until February, 1809, when he was allowed to embark for England. Bligh was supposed to sail direct, but he called at the Derwent, and was the cause of some concern to Lieutenant-Governor Collins. He returned to New South Wales after the arrival of Governor Macquarie, and finally departed for England in May, 1810. Bligh eventually returned to England, and the authori- ties, by their actions, apparently approved, on the whole, ol the late Governor's tactics, and gave little encouragement for any military force to depose a Governor in the future. Bligh was appointed a Rear-Admiral of the Blue Squadron in 1811, and a Vice- Admiral in 1814. He died on the 7th of December, 1817.* The period of Bligh's governorship is not usually re- ferred to in complimentary terms by some authors, but anyone who studies the question cannot but fail to see that such a period was bound to take place at some stage in the colony's history. Bligh was used to the rough life of the high seas, and his manners and methods merely made events to happen with greater rapidity than they otherwise would have done. In fact, the progress of Australia was advanced, as the storm caused by Bligh's arrest led to the Home authorities taking action. As Dr. Watson states, "it forced them to immediate "reforms. It directly caused the recall of the New South "Wales Corps, which, by long residence, had become the most "powerful and perhaps the most evil factor in the community. "It indirectly led to the reform of the law courts, to the ♦There are several publications dealing with the life of William Blitth. The best as far as its connection with Australian history is concerned, is that written by Dr. Frederick Watson. (Historical Records of Australia Series I., Vol. VII.. intro.) 4 NOTES ON CAITAIN BLItJHS VISITS TO TASMANIA, "removal of the restrictions on trade and comnieiTC, and to "the general betterment of the conditions of life in the "colony." Looked at in this light, it will be seen that Bligh's con- nection with Australian history embraces an era rich in historical events and consequences. In the following pages it is hoped to give some information concerning Bligh's visits as an explorer, to the Southern Isle over which he was later to become Governor-in-Chief. THE VOYAGE OF THE BOUNTY. The voyage of the Bounty is so often referred to that the main outlines may well be recalled before dealing in de- tail with the events that occurred during her stay in Adven- ture Bay during August, 1788. H.M.S. Bounty was a vessel of 215 tons. Her extreme deck length being 90ft. lOin., and beam 24ft. Sin. The height in the hold under the main beams at main hatch was 10ft. .'3iii. In the cockpit were the cabins of the surgeon, gunner, botan- ist, and clerk, together with steward room and storeroom. Between decks, the great cabin was arranged as a conserva- tory, and reserved for the plants of the bread-fruit tree. The great cabin extended from the stern to the after hatchway, and had two large skylights and three scuttles for air. A false floor was provided, which was cut full of holes for pots, and the deck, or main floor, was covered with lead, from which pipes led to tubs, in order that the water used for watering the plants could be used on more than one occa- sion. The master's and captain's cabins were immediately forward of the conservatory. The ship's establishment amounted to forty-four persons, and, in addition, there were two botanists, appointed on the personal recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks, who was taking a keen interest in tha natural history of these southern lands. The botanists were David Nelson, who had previously been with Cook, and his assistant, William Brown. Bligh was appointed to the command on Ifith of August, 1787, and immediately began to take an active interest in the fitting out of the vessel. At his instigation the ma.sts were shortened, and leas ballast wan taken in, nineteen tons being considered sufTicient, in place of the customary forty-five tons. On the Dth of October the gunners' stores and guns, four four-pounders and ten swivels, were taken aboard, and the .ship was ready for sea. The provisions taken were BV CLIVK LORD, F.L.S. 5 sufficient for eighteen months, and, in addition to the usual allowance, there were supplies of "sour krout, portable soup, "essence of malt, dried malt, and a proportion of barley "and wheat, in lieu of oatmeal." After many delays the ship finally left Spithead on 23rd of December. Supplies were obtained at Teneriffe, which was left on the tenth of January, 1788, and on the twenty third of March the Bounty was off the coast of Tierra del Fuego. After fighting against the westerly gales for many days, Bligh was fci'ced to give up the attempt to reach the Pacific by means of the Cape Horn route, and on the twenty- second of April the Bounty's bow was turned to the east, and the little ship bore away for the Cape, thence eastward, round New Holland, for the isles of the Pacific. A month later Table Mountain was sighted, and the ship remained at the Cape until the first of July. On the twenty-eighth the Isle of St. Paul was sighted, and by the middle of August Bligh records that they had much bad weather, with snow and hail on their approach to V.D.L., and that "nothing was seen to indicate the nearness of the coast "except a seal when we were within the distance of 20 "leagues." On the 19th of August the Mewstone was sighted, but it was not until two days later that the Bounty was moored in Adventure Bay, where Bligh remained until the 4th of September. On the 26th of October Tahiti was reached. Here the Bounty remained until the 5th of April, 1789. The bread- fruit trees had been duly secured, but the long stay amidst the Friendly Isles had had a demoralising effect upon cex'- tain members of the crew. On the 28th of April, at daybreak, when the ship was passing south of Tofua, the famous "Mutiny of the Bounty" occurred. Bligh and eighteen others were set adrift in an open cutter.* Then followed that wonderful feat of seamanship for which Bligh will ever be remembered. Through uncharted seas Bligh navigated his small craft 3,618 miles, and on the 12th of June sighted Timor, Coupang being safely reached on the 14th. During the stay at Coupang, Nelson, the botanist, died on the 20th of July. Some years later, when the French ex- *The dimensions of the cutter were (1790, pi. I.) : — Lenifth, 23ft. Oin. ; Breadth. 6ft. Oin. : Depth, 2ft. »in. 6 NOTES ON CAI'TAIN BLIGH S VISITS TO TASMANIA, plorinpT ships, commanded by Admiral Baiulin, wore at Cou- pang, Riedle, the naturalist of the expedition, died here on the 21st of October, 1801, The French buried him in Nel- son's grave, and raised a monument in memory of both naturalists. Bligh managed to purchase the schooner Resource, and reached Batavia on the 1st of October, and, after further trials, eventually returned to England on the 14th of March, 1790. Here he was welcomed as a hero, raised in rank, and given the command of another expedition to the South Seas. THE BOUNTY AT ADVENTURE BAY, 1788. On the nineteenth of August the Mewstone was sighted, the wind being strong nor'-west. Several fires were noticed inland from South Cape, telling of the presence of natives. The following day was spent in endeavouring to work into Adventure Bay, but variable winds prevented this objective being attained. At 5 o'clock on the morning of the twenty-first the ship anchored off Adventure Bay. At sunrise the anchor was again weighed, and by noon the ship was worked into the bay and moored. The bearings of the Bouvty's moorings being: "Penguin Island bearing N. 57deg. * E., about two "miles distant; Cape Frederick Henry N. 23deg. E., and the "mouth of the Lagoon S. IGdog. E." The ship being safely moored, an inspection was made, in order to ascertain the best place to obtain wood and water from. The site selected was at the west end of the beach, near where the present jetty stands, as the surf was found to be less at this place than elsewhere. Present-day charts refer to this locality as Quiet Corner, owing to the sheltering effect of the high stone cliff which projects into the bay at this point. The stone forming this headland is remarkably rect- angular in certain positions, which accounts for Bligh naming this point "Hewn Stone Head" on his charts of 1792. The water was obtained from a gully about sixty yards from the beach. Bligh points out that the water was good, but was merely "a collection from the rains, the place is "always dry in the summer months; for we found no water "in it when I was here with Captain Cook in January, 1777." Nevertheles.s, Bligh saw fit in 1792 to describe the small creek which meanders to the beach at this locality by the name of the "Bounty Rivulet." Resolution River, where Captain Cook BY CLIVK LORD, K. L.S. 7 obtained water in 1777, was farther to the north, the larger rivulet at the end of the beach past Hewn Stone Head. The explorers found no traces of any European vessel having been in the bay since the Resolution and Discovery. From some of the trunks of the trees which had been cut down during the visit of these vessels in 1777 shoots had grown to a length of twenty-five feet, with a circumference of fourteen inches. ^ At daylight on the twenty-second a party, under th':; command of Mr. Christian and the gunner, was sent ashore to commence the wooding and watering operations. There was so much surf on the beach that the wood had to be rafted off in bundles to the boat. During the day the botanists were engaged in examining the surrounding country, and Mr. Nelson is reported as being greatly impressed with the size of the trees. On the following day, the twenty-third, the surf was greater, and interfered to a considerable extent with the wooding and watering parties. Bligh's narrative states thav whilst but pocr results were obtained with the seine, many rock cod were caught from the vessel by means of hook and line. Mention is also made of the birds — several eagles, beautiful blue-plumaged herons, a great variety of parra- keets, and a few oyster catchers and gulls. In addition, there were ducks on the lake. From the twenty-fifth to the twenty-ninth of August the weather was very unsettled, and not much work could be done. A sawpit was dug, and a number of men were em- ployed in sawing wood into planks. Fish were caught in fairly large numbers, and the seine yielded better results. The anglers were also successful in "the lake." On the trunk of a dead tree an inscription "A.D. 1773" was noticed. The figures were very distinct, even the slips made by the knife being discernible. This inscription must have been cut by Furneaux's men fifteen years before. Bligh records that upon Nelson's recommendation he fixed upon the east side of the bay as the most suitable situation in which to plant a number of fruit trees. Apart from the fact that the undergrowth was less in this locality, the soil was also good, but one factor which Bligh was afraid of was the danger of fire, as the natives were in the habit of setting fire to the bush, and in the dry season these lires spread in all directions. However, having chosen the most favourable situation, the following wei-e planted: — Three 8 NOTES ON CAPTAIN BLK^.HS VISITS TO TASMANIA, younjr apple trees, nine vines, six plantain trees, a number of oranfre and lemon seed, cherry stones, plum, peach, and apri- cot stones, pumpkins, also two sorts of Indian corn, as well as apple and pear kernels. The trees in the vicinity were also marked, and Nelson followed the circuit of the bay, planting in such situations as appeared most suitable. Unfortunately, the exact positions of the plantations were mauked upon Bli?;h's chart of Adventure Bay which was lost in the mutiny, but from his subseciuent chart of 1792, together with the detailed description in the log of the Providence, certain of the localities can be fixed. Near the watering place, which was at the head of the cove now known as Quiet Corner, Bligh planted potatoes, onions, and cabbage roots. Certain of the fruit trees were planted near East Cove, for in the log of the Providence, under the date of the sixteenth of February, 1792. Bligh records: "It was with "peculiar satisfaction to me to find one of thp apple trees I "planted here in 1788 — only one i-emained, and this, although "alive and healthy, had net made a shoot exceeding 12 or 13 "inches." The foregoing is of interest, for it shows, as far as re- cords go, that the first apple trees and potatoes were planted in Tasmania in August, 1788, by the botanists — David Nelson and William Brown — of Bligh's expedition. On the first of September some natives were seen in the distance, and hopes were entertained that they would come towards the ship. Fires were seen en the low land to the north-west. As the natives did not appear, on the following day Bligh set out in a boat, but was unable to land in the vicinity where the natives had been seen. After waiting for seme time, Bligh records: "We heard their voices like the "cackling cf geese, and twenty persons came out of the "wood, twelve of whom went round to some rocks where the "boat could get nearer to the shore than we then were. "Those who remained behind were women. "We apprr ached within twenty yards of them, but there "was no possibility of landing, and I could only throw to the "shore, tied up in pa{)er, the presents which I intended for "them. I showed the different articles as I tied them up, "but they would not untie the paper until I made an appcar- "ancc of leaving them. They then opened the parcels, and, "as they took them out, placed them on their heads. On .see- "ing this, I returned towards them, when they instantly put "everything out of their hands and would not appi-ar to *Bk'i "notice of anything that we had given them ];y ci.ivk loki), f.l.s. y "When they first came in sight, they made a prodigious "clattering in their speech, and held their arms over their "heads. They spoke so quick that I could not catch one "single wcrd they uttered. We recollected one man, whom "we had formerly seen among the party of the natives that "came to us in 1777 Some of them had a small stick, "two or three feet long, in their hands, but no other weapon. "Their colour, as Captain Cook remarks, is a dull black; "their skin is scarified about their shoulders and breast. They "are of middle stature, or rather below it. One of them was "distinguished by his body being coloured with red cker, but "all the others were painted black, with a kind of soot, "which was laid on so thick over their faces and shoulders "that it is difficult to say what they were like. "They ran very nimbly over the rocks, had a very quick "sight, and caught the small beads and nails which I threw "to them with great dexterity. They talked to us sitting on "their heels, with their knees close into their armpits, and "were perfectly naked." The foregoing reference to the Tasmanian aborigines is given almost in full, because of its interest as a first-hand ob- servation of these natives in their primitive state. So many of the records relating to the former inhabitants of our Island State arc based on observations made after the set- tlement, that it behoves all who take an interest in the characteristics of the departed race to take every opportunity of referring to th-^sc> records, alas! so few in number, which were made by the early explorers in the era preceding the settlement. Apart from Bligh's personal observations with regard to the dusky inhabitants of Adventure Bay, we have the testi- mony of Brown, the botanist, who met several during the course of his excursions in the bush. Brown also re- ported that he "saw some miserable wigwams, in which were "nothing but a few kangaroo skins spread on the ground, and "a basket made of rushes." On the same day as he had the intei'view with the natives Bligh landed on the point near Penguin Island, and from the high land in the vicinity secured an extensive view of what he took to be Frederick Henry Bay, but which was in reality the channel which now bears the name of D'Entrecasteaux, after its French discoverer. Bligh also refers to the island "in or near the middle of the bay." The island referred to being now known — in company with many otiu IS around the shores of Tasmania — as Green Island. 10 NOTES ON CAPTAIX 1{M(;Ii's VISITS Ti) TASMANIA, A calm on the third of September prevented the Bonntif sailing:, but on the following day, with the aid of a fresh nor'- westerly breeze, the anchor was weighed, and the ship en- tered upon the last stage of her voyage to Tahiti, which wa.-. reached on the twenty-sixth of October, 1788. THE VOYAGE OF THE PROVIDENCE AND THE ASSISTANT, 1791-1793. Upon Bligh's return to England after the sensational mutiny of the Bounty, he was proclaimed a hero, and war. soon given command of a second expedition, in order to trans- plant the bread fruit to the West Indies. Two vessels were this time placed at his disposal. The first was the ProvUlence, a three-deck ship of 420 tons, and having a keel length of 98 feet, which had only been launched at Blackwall on the 23rd of April, 1791. Her complement was 134 men, and armament twelve guns and fourteen swivels. The Assistant was a brig of 110 tons, and a keel length of 51 feet. Her complement was 27 men, and armament four four-pounders and eight swivels. It is of interest to note that Matthew Flinders, who later was to play such a prominent part in Australian exploration, was a midshipman on the Providence. The two botanists selected for the expedition were James Wiles and Christopher Smith. The Providence and Assistant left England on the third of August, 1791, and reached Teneriffe a fortnight later, where they stayed until the sixth of September. On the third of October the Equator was crossed, and Table Bay entered on the sixth of November. Sailing from the Cape on the twenty-third of Dtcember, the ships passed the Isle of St. Paul on the eighteenth of the following month, and on the eighth of February, 1792, sighted Tasmania. Leaving here on the twenty-fourth of February, Tahiti was reached on the ninth of April. Here they stayed until the twentieth of July, on which date the return voyage was commenced. After touching at Fiji, making his way by skilful navigation through Torres Straits, Bligh once more reached Coupang (Timor), on the second of October. The Cape was rounded in November, and Christmas was spent at St. Helena. On the twenty-third of January, 1793, the ships arrived at Jamaica, and Bligh's task of transporting the bread fruit from the South Seas to the West Indies had been successfully accomplished. BY CLIVE LOUD, F.L.S. 11 The ships finally reached the end of their long voyage on the seventh of August, when they anchored at Deptford. THE PROVIDENCE AND ASSISTANT AT ADVENTURE BAY, 1792. At a quarter to six on the morning of the eighth of February, the southern coast of Tasmania — or, as it was then called. Van Diemen's Land — was sighted. The morning was hazy, and there were a few "porpoises," shags, gannets, and Cape hens noted in the vicinity of the ship. At midday the soundings gave seventy-two fathoms, there being light airs and fine winds, which did not tend to rapid progress, and it was midnight before the rocky cliffs of Cape Frederick Henry were discerned to the N.N.W. At daylight on the following morning the boats were sent ahead to tow, and by half-past seven the Proaidence and Assistant were anchored in Adventure Bay, the bearings of the Provi- dence's moorings being as follows: — Penguin Island N. 64 deg. E. Cape Frederick Henry N. 25deg. E. West end of beach. West i' mile. The depth being ten fathoms. As soon as the ships were moored, Bligh went ashore to select the best places from which to secure his supplies of wood and water. He decided to obtain the wood from the same place as he had done in 1788, namely, the site near the west end of the beach, near the present jetty in Quiet Corner. The best water he found at the watering place of the Resolu- tion— "about a half-mile without the west end of the beach." Bligh records that the water from this stream, which he charts as Resolution River, is the best water in this place if not as good as any whatever. (See Text fig. I.) Near Resolution River a "wigwam" — one of the rough shelters made by the aborigines — was discovered, and traces were observed of the natives having recently been in the vicinity. Many mussel shells and crayfish remains were heaped up, as though they had fed there for a considerable time. Bligh also states: "We picked up some handfuls of "fine shavings of wood, which I believe they prepare to light "their fires with, and a bundle of dried inside bark tied up, "two foot long, intended for a flambeau. The wigwam would "cover about six people — its form is a perfect section of a "beehive, the open part being to the N.E. The covering was "large pieces of bark, but was neither wind nor water tight." A sawpit which had been constructed in 1788 was partly filled up, but the cross logs remained in position, and also 12 NOTES ON CAPTAIN BLKUI S VISITS TO TASMANIA, one of the large posts. The seine was tried on the beach, but without great success, better results being obtained by fishing with hook and line from the ship, as by the latter method considerable quantities of large red rock cod were caught. The afternoon of the day of their arrival was "given "to the people to take their rest in," the stations being fixed for the following day, and everyone ordered to breakfast at 7 a.m. In spite of the preparations made for an early start on the morrow, Bligh was to suffer a disappointment, as the weather was so squally and rainy that work could not be commenced until late in the morning, and in the afternoon the first launch load of wood was received on board. Bligh records that "Mr. Wiles and Mr. Smith, the botanists, were "employed about the hills, and I planted in the fresh water at "the east end of the beach a pot of watercress — on a tree a "few yards from it, I had cut a memorandum." On the following day, Saturday, the eleventh, the weather improved, and at 7 o'clock the wooding and watering parties were sent ashore, as well as the pinnace being sent to Pen- guin Island to secure grass. It had, however, blown strongly from the south-west during the night, and there was a con- siderable surf on the beach, which made the work of the various parties rather difficult. Bligh had a small boat belonging to the Assistnnt car- ried into "the lake," for the purpose of examining it. He found that the principal arm was about twenty yards wide, and in different parts had 3, 4, 8, 6, and 13 feet of water. From the main arm there were several smaller branches, in which there was 2, 4, and 6 feet of water in various parts. Bligh describes "the lake" as winding through a flat circum- scribed by hills, the water being brackish in all parts. The flat itself was swampy, and the vegetation mostly wire grass and a few scrubs. The "lake" abounded with bream, and numbers of wild ducks were seen. The same day that Bligh carried out his exploration of "the lake" he sent the botanists to plant certain trees upon the rising grounds near the east end of the beach, and the following is a list of the items planted: — Three fig trees, nine oaks, three quinces, three pomegranates, one rosemary, and twenty strawberry plants. On the twelfth there was a moderate southerly breeze and a sharp air, the "wooders, waterers, grass cutters, and "broomers employed, and at leisure moments hauling the BY CI.IVK l/)|jn, K.L.S. 13 "seine and catching fish with hook and line." As ?. result of their exertions, four cutter loads of wood and three launch loads of water were i*eceived on board the Providence. In the calm of the Sunday evening Bligh took his rod and line to "the lake," and in an hour landed twenty-one bream, varying from half to one pound in weight. The seamen also secured a few oysters when hauling the seine, which circum- stance caused Bligh to have a dredge made, with the object of securing a larger haul of these shellfish, but success did not reward the eff'orts of the dredgers. On Monday, owing to noi'therly winds, some difficulty was experienced in getting the wood and water off to the ships. The seamen continued to catch large numbers of rock cod, and the anglers in "the lake" had good sport, securing large hauls of bream up to two pounds in weight. Bligh himself paid a visit to Penguin Island, and inspected the ships' goats, which had been landed, soon after arrival, on the island, in order to graze on the long wire grass, which the sheep and gcats appeared to appreciate after their bng journey on the ships. Bligh gives the bearing of "an island "in Frederick Henry Bay," which would be the present Green Island in D'Entrecasteaux Channel. The point of land near Penguin Island is referred to as Grass Point. At daylight on Tuesday, tha fourteenth, it was found that there was too much surf at Resolution River to continue getting water from that place. The wind was now from the west to south-west, and was bringing showers of rain. The wood cutters were able to continue their work at the original site, but experienced difficulties in getting the cargoes to the ships. Lieut. Portlcck was accordingly sent to examine East Cove (the bay which is now generally spoken of locally as DcrlofF's Beach). The water was found not so good as that at Resolution River, but the surf was considerably less in this locality. Bligh refers tD the lizards, etc., that were seen and also gives a description of a black cockatoo which was shot. On th? following day (Wednesday) the weather was again squally, and both the wooding and watering parties were sent to East Cove, but in this lucality the water casks had to be rolled for a distance of one hundred and fifty yards. Next day the working parties were again sent to this locality, the country at the back of which is described as 14 NOTES ON CAPTAIN BLICH S VISITS TO TASMANIA, • being a fine valley, and the trees 'exceptionally large. Kan- garoos were seen here, and it was with pleasure that Bligh noticed one of the apple trees which had been planted during his previous voyage in 1788. On Friday, the seventeenth, no water could be taken oflF, owing to the fact that the strong winds had caused the salt water to bank back up the creeks, and render the water brackish for a considerable distance up stream. The botan- ists had been busily engaged in collecting specimens, and had travelled back as far as Nelson's Hill. This hill was named after Nelson, the botanist of the Bovvty, who survived the perils of the boat voyage, but died at Timor. The description of Nelson's Hill as it occurs in the log is as follows: — "This hill lies S. lOdeg. E., three miles distant as a bird "flies, from the west end of the beach. The top is covered "with smaller trees than the parts below, but none of the "forest kind; so that the summit of it appears to be bare. "On the top of the hill is a large oblong rock of granite, on "which a dozen men may stand with ease. It is nine feet high "on one side, and seven on the other On Nelson Hill ''they found no mark of fire, so that we may readily suppose "the natives do not take the trouble to go near it." On the Saturday the weather became worse, and refer- ence is made to the fact that "some snow lay on the Table "land during the whole day — so unfavourable is the season.'' The "Table land" referred to is Mount Wellington. It is of interest to note this reference, as Bligh on his chart of the southern portion of Van Diemen's Land marks "Table Hill" for the high mountain which is designated Mount Wellington at the present day. Doubtless, coming direct from the Cape, its configuration, under certain conditions, would tend to re- mind the voyagers of Table Mountain at the Cape. In deal- ing with this question, it should be noted that Ida Lee (1920, p. 29) makes the statement that "Bligh's charts are the first "to show Table Mountain (Mount Wellington) or any part of "the strait, the outlet and entrance of which were aftcrwai'ds "found by D'Entrecasteaux." As far as its official designa- tion of Table Mountain goes, however (for it was called such in the early days of the colony), the name would appear to have been given at a later date, for we read in a despatch from Lieut.-Governor Collins to Governor King (Historical Records of Australia, Ser. III., Vol. I., p. 292), under the date 8th Detember, 1804, the following passage: — "The mountain "in my vicinity (which in the French chart is named Le BY CLIVE LORD, F.L.S. 1 ij "Plateau), from some similarity in its appearance to that at "the Cape of Good Hope, I have denominated the Table "Mountuin, but I have not altered any English name wherever "I have found one given." There is no reason to think for a moment that Collins knew of Bligh's previous designation, or even knew that Hayes in 1793 had named the same mountain "Skiddaw." Nevertheless, the honours, as far as priority go, remain with Bligh. To return, however, to the doings of the Providence and Assistant in Adventure Bay, on that unseasonable February day o'f 1792, we find that, in spite of the weather, the work of securing supplies was being pushed on with, but that it was necessary to go three hundred yards farther up the creek in East Cove — which Bligh charts as Providence Rivulet — in order to avoid the brackish water. Among other observations occurring in the narrative of the events of the day it is noted that fires caused by the natives were seen in the dis- tance, and that "our carpenter knocked down an animal to- "day called, by the seamen, a galley wasp." From the de- tailed description which follows, there can be no doubt that this was one of the Blue-tongued Lizards {Tiliqua). There is also an interesting note concerning a Porcupine Anteater {Tachyglossus aculeata var. setosa) which was killed, but, as I have previously (1920, p. 120) dealt in detail with this description, there is jio need for further mention here. The bad weather meant more to Bligh than he realised at the time, for had he had fair weather during his stay, he would in every probability have forestalled the discoveries of D'Entrecasteaux. The proof of this is forthcoming by re- ference to the following note: — "I have every day intended to "go round into the Bay of Frederick Henry in the Assistant, "but the weather is so bad that I cannot do it with propriety, "and my time now makes it doubtful if I can accomplish "it." On Sunday, the nineteenth, the gale continued from the south-west, with hail and rain, but every endeavour was made to complete the supplies of wood and water, and to get the ships ready for sea. As no signs had been seen of the natives, Bligh allowed two or three men to go on shore on leave each day, and on the Sunday afternoon one of these parties fell in with twenty-two natives at Gully Head. Upon the return of this party to the ship the meeting was reported to Bligh, but to judge from his remarks, as 16 NOTES ON CAPTAIN BLIGH S VISITS TO TASMANIA, written in the 10°:, he does not place much reliance upon the detailed observations made on this occasion by the members of his crew. The following morning preparations were made to de- part from Adventure Bay. In the morning Bligh made an excursion in search of the natives,- but found that they had left the locality. Upon his return to the ships he was ready to sail, but found that one of the crew of the Assistant was missing, and a search was therefore commenced. Success did not reward the efforts of the search parties until the following day, and so it was not until Tuesday, the twenty- first, that the ships sailed. Owing to calms they were 'unable to proceed far, and again anchored, the bearings being Cape Frederick Henry N. 24deg. E., Penguin Island E. one mile and Nelson Hill S.E. Depth fifteen fathoms. Bligh's log records that "As a last service I could offer "to this country, I sent on shore by Lieut. Bond a cock and "two hens, to be let loose on the high grounds within Penguin "Island. Two goats that were sent on the island to graze "could not be found, and were left behind, but, unfortunately, "neither of them was a male, nor have we one on either of the "ships, so no benefit can be derived from these animals." On Wednesday the ships sailed towards the north, as Bligh was anxious to examine the coast, but, owing to th'i wind freshening from the south, he d^d not proceed more than about five miles above Cape Frederick Henry. Appar- ently it was with regret that the proposed exploration had to be abandoned, for Bligh states that "I did not feel myself "justified to examine this place, from my beinp: so late in "the season for Otaheite. I therefore reluctantly gave it "up." By noon the wind had increased considerably, and the ships had some difficulty in working out of Storm Bay. The Assistcnit met with a slight mishap, and the ships put back to Adventure Bay, in order to repair the damage. This work took .some time, and it was the twenty-fourth of February before the ships finally departed from Tasmania — or, as it was then known, Van Diemen's Land. In his remarks concerning his stay at Adventure Bay, Bligh stiites that this, "my third visit to this country, has "been attended with scarcely any new occurrence. I had "hopes my endeavours to serve it in my last voyage might "have been productive of some good, but of all the articles I BY CLIVl-: [.OUD, K.f-.S. 17 "planted, only one apple tree remains alive and in a healthy "state, and perhaps being now habituated to the soil, may, if "it escapes the accidents that are incidentally more than wind "and weather, provide fruit I have never seen "any reason to hope that the hojrs left by Captain Cook, or "any breed of them, were alive. I am, however, sans^uine in "my expectations that the cock and two hens I have now left "will breed and become wild. Perhaps the most valuable "of the articles I have this time planted are nine fine young "oak plants, about 8 inches high. They were planted in East "Cove, on the slope of the hill on the left-hand side of the "flat as you land, about 200 or 300 yards from the water "side. A little below the oaks are planted five fig trees, "three pomegranates, three quinces, and twenty strawberry. "On Penguin Island and Grass Point we sowed fir seed, apri- "cot and peach stones." The above extract does not quite agree with a previous entry in the log, as in the first instance the 'number of fig trees planted is given as three, which was apparently the correct number, for Labillardiere, in describing D'Entre- casteaux's visit to Adventure Bay in February, 1793, just a year after Bligh had left, states (1800, p. 324) :— "We saw "three young fig trees, two pomegranate trees, and a quince "tree they had planted, which had thriven very well, but it "appeai'ed to us that one of the trees they had planted in "this country had already perished, for the following in- "scription, which v/e icund en the trunk of a large tree near, "mentions seven: — Near this tree Captain William Bliyh "planted seven Fruit Trees, 1792. Messrs. S. and W. Botan- "ists. The other inscriptions were couched in similar terms." Bligh refers to the fact that the "wigwams," as he term^ the rough shelters of the natives, had large heaps of "muscle shells and some oysters and ci'awfish in them." Comment is also made on the fact that no fish bones were seen near the natives' feeding places, but Bligh was not aware that the Tasmanian aborigines did not eat scale fish. Reference is also made to the observation that the natives appeared to avoid the sea waves as much as possible, and when gathering shellfish along the shore they would quickly retire before an advancing wave. Bligh considered that the natives retired during the boisterous season of the year to places not exposed to the sea winds, and fi'om the number of fires seen inland, Bligh came to the conclusion that the native population was larger than had been previously sup- 18 NOTKS ON CAI'TAIN lU.lCll's Vl.SlTS TO TASMANIA, posed. Certain other remarks ccncernins: the aborigines are worth repeating: — "It has been supposed from small baskets being found "containing Hints, that they get fire by collision, but I have "not heard of any fungus discovered or any substitute for it "that will contain sparks made by collision. I have found "rolls of peculiar bark which is taken from the trees of the "smallest species of the Metrocedera that I conceived "would have effected this pui'pose, but with the fairest trials "I could not accomplish it, although a small particle of col- "lected fire put among it will soon generate such a body as "to secure the part ignited from being extinguished in the "wettest weather. It appears that they have some trouble "in making fire, for, besides this dry bark, there are shav- "ings of some light wood which has the appearance of being "taken off by a plane iron of one-eighth of an inch wide. "Several handfuls of these shavings lay about most of the "wigwams that I saw. I apprehend they are formed by the "sharp end of a muscle shell." The foregoing passages throw some light upon the cus- toms of the aborigines, but Bligh evidently mistook the chipped stone "scrapers" and other such palaeolithic weapons, of this primitive race for flints. As a matter of fact, there is no true flint to be found in Tasmania, but many of the stones from which the aborigines made their stone imple- ments, with which they made their spears — and hence the "handfuls of shavings" — were very like flint in appearance. The idea that the natives ever obtained fire by means of flint and tinder can be dismissed. The larger question as to whether they were able to obtain fire by means of the stick and groove is also open to doubt for several reasons. The one fact we can be sure of is that fire was difficult to obtain, and the aborigines, before the advent of the white settlers, usually carried torches of bark with them, and set numerous fires going along the course of their travels. In this manner they not only cleared the country, but usually had some trace of fire within a reasonable distance. PREVIOUS VISITORS TO TASMANIA AND OBSERVA- TIONS REGARDING ANCHORAGES IN ADVEN- TURE BAY. In order to place Bligh's visits in correct chronological sequence, it is well to recall the previous explorers, as well as those who followed soon after. The first, of course, was BY OLIVE LORD, F.L.S. 19» Tasman, who in 1642 attempted to anchor in Adventure Bay, but was driven to sea by a nor'-west gale, and finally an- chored on the East Coast, He named the bay a little to the north of his anchorage Frederick Henry Bay, but, owing to subsequent errors, the name is now bestowed upon a bay which Tasman did not see, whilst the true Frederick Henry Bay of Tasman is known as Blackman's Bay. In 1772 Marion du Fresne anchored in Marion Bay, his visit being noted chiefly for an unfortunate encounter w'th the aborigines. In Mai'ch, 1773, Captain Furneaux anchored the Adventure in the bay which he named after his ship. He considered the Frederick Henry Bay of Tasman to be a few miles to the north of his anchorage, and called the north point of the bay Cape Frederick Henry. His eri-or was not observed by Captain Cook, who anchored in Adventure Bay in January, 1777. During January, 1788, the First Fleet passed along the south coast of V.D.L., on their mission to form the first set- tlement in N.S.W., and in August of the same year the Bounty anchored in Adventure Bay. Captain Henry Cox, in the Mercury, visited the southern and eastern coasts in July, 1789. The Providence and Assistant anchored in Adventure Bay in February, 1792, and in April and May of the same year D'Entrecasteaux explored the Channel, which bears his name. The following year the French Admiral returned to Tasmania, and in February anchored in Adventure Bay. In April of the same year (1793) Sir John Hayes carried out his surveys, and the only other explorers before the settlement of whom we have record are Flinders and Bass (1798-99) and Baudin (1802). Some authorities include La Perouse among the early explorers of our island State, but for reasons given in a pre- vious paper (1920, p. 124) I see no reason for such action. As regards the details of each visit, there are many points of interest. Amongst others, the localities of the various anchorages can be plotted, as the bearings are given in the different accounts, the anchorages being as follows: — Furneaux, 1773 — {Adventure) Seven fathoms. Cape Frederick Henry NNE * E. Penguin Island N.E. by E. :i E. Watering Place W J N. 20 NOTKS OX CAPTAIN BI.ItMr.S VISITS To TA> MANIA, Cook, 1777— (Resolution and Discovery) 12 fathoms. Cape Frederick Henry N. 33deg,-. E. Penguin Island N. 84deg. E. Bligh, 1788— (Bounty) Cape Fi-oderick Henry N. 23deg. E. Penguin Island N. 57deg. i E. Mouth of lagoon S. 16deg. E. Bligh, 17\)-2~ (Providence and Assistant) 10 fathoms. Cape Frederick Henry N. 25deg. E. Penguin Island N. 64deg. E. West end of beach West 'i mile. D'Entrecasteaux, 1793 — (Recherche and Esperance) 11 fathoms. Nearest shore S.E. distant 5 furlongs. Penguin Island N. 51deg. East. LITERATURE REFERRED TO. 1790. Bligh. W. A Narrative of the Mutiny on Board Ilis Majesty's Ship Bounty, etc. London, 17S}(t. 1792. Bligh, W. A Voyage to the South Sea, undertaken by Ccnimand cf His Majesty for the purpose of conveying the Bread-fruit tree to the West Indies, in His Majesty's Ship the Bounty, etc. London, 1792. 1792. Bligh, W. MS. Log Books of Hligh's Second Voyage. (The Mitchell Library, Sydney.) 1800. Labillardicre. Voyage in Search of La Pei'ouse. Translation, Stockdale, London, 1800. 1816. Pcron and Freycintt. Voyage do decouvertes aux Terres Australes. Paris, 181G. BY CLIVE LORD, F.L.S. 21 1860. Murray, Rev. T. B. Pitcairn; The Island, the Pooplo, and the Pastor. London, 1860. 1890. Walker, J. B. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania for 1890. 1899. Ling Roth, H. The Aborigines of Tasmania. Halifax, 1899. 1902. The Walker Memorial Volume, "Early Tasmania." 1916. Watson, Dr. Frederick. Introduction, Historical Re- cords of Australia, Series I., Vol. VI. 1920. Lee, Ida. Captain Bligh's Second Voyage to the South Sea. London, 1920. 1920. Lord, Clive. The Eai-ly Explorers of Tasmania. Ho- bart, 1920. 1920. Lord, Clive. The Early History of Bruny Island, pp. 114-136, Pap. and Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1920. 1921. Moore Robinson, J. Tas. State Records, pp. 156-165. Pap. and Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1921. 1921. Watson, Dr. F. (Editor) Historical Records of Aus- tralia. Series III.. Vol. I. ffui^ Weoi CIPf FRfOERicn Hetipy ADVENTURE -Ifn k] s<0^' Gra*' Efvbt Pr^ODRrriGOId P /t^A >^v^^ ^ SKKTCH OF ADVENTURE BAY. Ua»vd on UliKh'it Chart of 1792. FuuTfD Cp|PE" 23 STUDIES IN TASMANIAN MAMMALS, LIVING AND EXTINCT. Number VII. By H. H. Scott, Curator of Victoria Museum, Launceston, AND Clive Lord, F.L.S., Curator of Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. (Read 20th March, 1922.) A NOTE ON THE TURBINOID CELLS AND ALLIED DATA OF NOTOTHERIUM MITCHELLI. When treating the skull of Notothermm mitchelli to ex- tract the iron, and so render it fit for future preservation, we carefully set aside the whole of the mud that came from the nasal cavity, intending later on to search for fragments of the turbincid bones. After considerable expenditure of time upon the unpromising mass, we are now able to report the recovery of about one half of one of the maxillo turbinals, and herewith record the following facts. In structure the texture is about twice the degree of coarseness that obtains in the living Kangaroos, but its general structure is akin to the turbinal of a Wombat, and departs considerably in out- line from both that of the Kangaroo and the Native Bear. The central laminae of these Nototherian bones were very ex- tensive, and reached the vomer and palate by two vertical plates, that pressed against the premaxillaries outwardly, and the nasal septum rnesiad. The edges of the prenaxil- laries, in these skulls, curve into the nasal cavity in t\v.) loop- like folds, quite unlike anything found in the skulls of allied Marsupials; and the walls of the nasal cavity are not bulged outwards, at the roots of the zygomatic arches, as we find in the skulls of Wombats, but slope straight backwards, all of which means a relatively narrower turbinoid surface, but a vertically deeper one. The region which, in the Kangaroos, gives rise to a nasal spine (elaborated out of the pi'emaxillary) — that reaches a maximum development in the extinct giant Palor- 24 STIIUKS IN TASMAMAN MAMMALS, LIVINC AM> lATlNCT. chestes — is an cpen channel in the Wombat, and a solid plat- form in the Nototheria, which pushed the turbinals relatively farther back, the total result beinu; as follows: — 1. In being straiphter, and more cuneiform in shape, the maxillo turbinals of the Nototheria approach those of the Kangaroos, and depart from those of the Wombats. 2. By reason of their more extensive vortical plates, they appi'oach the Wombats, and depart from those of the Kangaroos. 3. By being preceded by a bony platform, the Notother- ian turbinals manifest characters of their own, al- though such states are dimly suggested in the skulls of Native Bears. A suggestion thrown out in the Monograph upon Noto- therium tasmanicinn (p. 46) as to the existence of nasal diverticula in the Nototheria, has been recalled by Doctor William K. Gregory's studies upon the American Titano- theres, and his recent examination of their Australian marsu- pial analrgues, the Nototheria. Doctor Gregory concludes that nasal diverticula did exist in both groups of animals. Again, the very perfect skull of Notothrrimn mitchclli, now available to stadsnts of palaeontology, makes it possible to see how the hinged nasal cartilage and enormous zygomaticus muscles (that strained up the angles of the lips with inordin- ate power) rendered a relatively small effort upon the part of the levator labii superioris muscles effective in pulling up the heavy trunk-like lip. The attachment s'.nd action of the muscles just named were clearly demonstrated in the Indian Rhinoceros as early as the year 1851 by Sir Richard Owen, and there can be no doubt that he carried this idea in the foreground of his mental vision when he came to study the Nototheria, but being diverted from hi.s first thought by a tjo dose association of the toeth of Diprutodons with those of Diuotherinm, he dispatched the Rhintceros aspect of the Nototheria, and their allies, with a minor reference. Owen's actual sketch of the myology of the Rhinoceros is before us, and the more we study his work upon the Rhin- ocercs. and the Nototheria, the more we are convinced he strongly leaned to a belief respecting the Rhinoceros-like habits of Notnthrriuni mitchelli — hut awaited in vain the coming of a perfect skull to prove his case. 26 ON PHASCUM TASMANICUM. By H. N. Dixon and L. Rodway, C.M.G. (With 1 Text Figure.) (Read 10th April, 1922.) Phascnm tasmanicuvi, sp. nov. Gemmiform, 1-2 mm. high. Leaves numerous, broadly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; upper margin closely revolute; midrib yellow, strong long- excurrent in a squarrose recurved point; upper cells quadrate, each bearing two or three bold papilla, lower ones rather longer, smooth, colourless. Capsule on a very short seta, nearly globose, minutely apiculate. Mr. H. N. Dixon writes: — " It is quite different from any described species; and I " suggest the name Phascum tasmanicum, Rodway and " Dixon. It is nearest, perhaps, to P. floerkeaniim, W. et M., " but the longly excurrent, squarrose-recurved nerve, strongly " recurved margin, and highly papillose cells, distinguish it " clearly." EXPLANATION OF FIGURE. Phascum tasmaiiicnm, sp. nov. Fig. 1. Three times natural size. Fig. 2. Plant. Fig. 3. Leaf. Fig. 4. Section of leaf. Fig. 5. Surface papillae. Fig. 6. Sporogonium and calyptra. 26 ON PHASCUM TASMANICUM. ^ ,<,'a> A BIOMETRIC STUDY OF THE CONIDIA OF MACROSPORIUM AND ALTERNARIA. By F. W. Wakefield, District Forester, Southern Tasmania. (Witli 1 Text Figure;.) (Read 10th April, 1922.) Alternaria and Macrosporiurn are closely allied genera of the Hyphomyctacex, both being included in the section Dictyosporx of the Dematicse. They are differentiated by their methods of conidia-formation. In Macrosporiurn a conidiophore bears at its apex a single conidium, which at- tains its full size, matures, and finally becomes detached. In the case of Alternaria, the conidiophore produces at its apex a chain of conidia, each of which is morphologically identical with the single conidium of Macrosporiurn. This chain of conidia produced by Alternaria eventually becomes broken up into individuals which cannot be distinguished from a de- tached conidium of Macrosporimn. It is, therefore, only possible to refer a particular species to one or other of these two genera when the manner in which the conidia are produced has been determined. Consequently, many species have been incorrectly placed, owing to inaccurate observations on the conidia and method of conidia-forma- tion. The abundance of species apparently placed indis- criminately in either genus and having synonyms in the complementary genus is evidence of the fact that these two genera are much confused. Thus Alternaria solavi, SoTauer= Macrosporiurn solani, E. & M. The ease with which the concatenate conidia of Alternaria become fragmented into free individuals when mounted in water for miscroscopical examination explains the frequency of inaccuracies in classification. It will be seen that when a species of either genus is mounted in water the resulting "object" is the same, i.e., there will be similar conidiophores and morphologically identical conidia. It will be shown later, however, that these latter may be 28 A HMMKTKIC STUDY (»F TIIK (,oMi)| \, ETC., differentiated by a simple Biometi'ic method. It has been found possible to determine the mode of origin of such a mass of free conidia from their co-efficient of variability. VARIATION IN SPORE MEASUREMENTS. It is usual to include in the diagnoses of fungi mea- surements of their mature spores, and it is not uncommon to find different authorities quoting different figures as diagnostic characters of one and the same species. The following measurements for the length of the spores of Coprivns comatus, Fries, are taken from publica- tions by the eminent authorities given below: — COPRINUS COMATUS, Fries. W. G. Smith 18,u. G. Massee 15^. M. C. Cooke 14ju. R. Buller 12.0 M- Britzelmayer 12,u -14 n. Karsten 11m -13 ^i/. This lack of uniformity in the published measurements led Massee (i) to re-examine many of the types preserved at Kew. Although a useful character for the differentiation of various species, the size of fungus spores is subject to considerable variation. Buller (2) gives an intere.sting ac- count of differences in form and size of the spores of Amanatopsis vagivatus, Bull. Some time ago, when measuring the dimensions of conidia produced by a Clodosporiuvi (3) occurring on wheat, a considerable range of variation was noted. A consider- able number were measured very cai'efully, with the object of determining the limits of size, in order to prepare an ac- curate diagnosis of the species. Records of several other species were subsequently made. (•) From a casual study of these records it became apparent that in certain species wide variations may occur, whilst in others the range of variation determined was within narrow limits. This ulti- mately led the writer to make a really critical examination of two common .species, with interesting and unexpected re- sults, which are here presented. (1) MiufMcc, (I. •"Grcvillcn," Vol. 21. p. 77. (2) Riillor, It. "Rournrrh«i« on FuriKi." (3) CladoHporiutn uraminum, ConlBz^Srolecolrichiim pramxtiuTn, Fuchcl. (4) Vulvaria Kjtcciota, Peziza vcticulona, RhitopuH viariranit, Fxisarium up. r.Y F. W. AVAKKFIKLP. 2!) The fungi selected for study were Manosporium cladosporioides, Desni., and Alternaria Jirassicie (Berk?), var. Citri, Penz. Cultures of the former were prepared on onion leaves, and were eight days old when the measurements were made. Conidia of the Alternaria were obtained from a fine growth of that species which had appeared on a man- darin which had been under observation in a culture dish. Care was taken that all the conidia measured in the series were taken from the same culture, the same colony or centre of infection, and approximately at the same time. Five hundred and forty Macrosporhim conidia were mea- sured, and 321 of Alternaria, making a total of 861 measure- ments. These measurements are tabulated in the table below, which also shows the frequency of occurrence of conidia of certain dimen.sions. It will ba observed that the conidia of MacrosporiMm cladosporioides vary in length from 17/u. to ")l/x.. and that the limit of variation observed in Alternaria Brassies', var. Citri, was !)m. to 44fj.- The dis- tribution of frequency in the two cases presents differences which are at once apparent, but they are more strikingly in evidence when the results are plotted. (See graph.) SPORE-MEASUREMENTS OF MACROSPORIUM AND ALTERNIA. MACROSPORIUM ALTERNARIA , , ... -^ llrassicse (Berk?), Sacc, ciu var. Citri, Penz. Spore Lonprth. Fre- quency. Spore Length. Fre- quency. 9 0 9 1 10 0 10 0 11 0 11 4 12 0 12 1 13 0 13 14 14 0 14 6 15 0 15 6 16 0 16 9 17 1 17 13 18 0 18 10 19 1 19 9 20 3 20 21 21 4 21 15 22 5 22 7 30 A BIOMETRIC STUDY OF THE CONIDIA, ETC., Spore L-Jiigtli. Fre- quoiicy. Sp<.re Length. Fie- (lueiicy. 23 7 23 15 24 8 24 4 25 13 25 21 26 17 26 15 27 26 27 13 28 36 28 16 29 39 29 13 30 45 30 24 31 49 31 9 32 48 32 6 33 35 33 15 34 32 34 1 35 29 35 8 36 26 36 2 37 20 37 16 38 19 38 2 39 15 39 2 40 10 40 3 41 9 41 1 42 8 42 0 43 9 43 6 44 4 44 4 45 4 45 0 46 1 46 0 47 1 47 0 48 2 48 0 49 1 49 0 50 2 50 0 51 1 51 Tot. 0 Total 540 il 321 It will be clearly seen that in the case of Macrosporium a curve closely approaching the Normal curve is p:iven • On the other hand, a most complicated fiRure is given by Altcnmria. The interpretation of this graph of the measure- ments of AUcrvdria presents many difricultics, but it is pro- bable that it represents a composite curve, consisting of a series of smaller overlapping and intersecting curves. Each of these smaller curves possibly corresponds to a conidium of fixed position with reference to the conidiophore, and in re- lation to the other conidia associated in the chain with it. The data accumulated are insufficient, however, to develop these details and confirm this suggestion. BY F. W. WAKEFIELD. 31 CONCLUSIONS. (1) That the variation in length of conidia of Macro- sporhim cladosporioides, Desm., is of the Normal type. (2) That the distribution of frequency of spore-lengths in Alternaria llrassicse (Berk?), Sacc, var. Citri, Penz., is irregular. (3) That the morphologically identical conidia of Macrosporhnn and Alternaria may be differentiated by their respective variability. A study of varia- tion in length of detached free conidia will indi- cate their solitary or concatenate origin. Stior-g-jcncfe. Micros|\cnum alliorvm. Alfemaria cUri. tiAT Citn , Bu. J31L. Macro»Koriun\. ■'"IS" ~sr -w -4T 32 A FURTHER NOTE ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF LAKE FENTON AND DISTRICT, NATIONAL PARK OF TASMANIA. By A. N. Lewis, M.C, LL.B. (With 2 Text Figures.) (Read 8th May, 1922.) Visits to the Mt. Field Plateau since compiling: my pre- vious paper (Lewis, 1921) have confirmed all the observa- tions therein contained, especially as amplified and explained by Professor Griffith Taylor, D.Sc. (Taylor, 1921). Lake Fenton is a paradox. It lies about 3,400 feet above sea level, almost at the top of a mountain ridge in the drainage basin of the Broad River. But the outlet, in- stead of draining down the slope of the hill to the river, breaks through the main ridge of the plateau in a gorge 500 feet deep into the Tyenna Valley. The lake is clearly of glacial origin, but the reason for the direction of its over- flow requires fui-ther explanation. As I explained in my previous paper, the general water- shed of the plateau runs in a westerly and noi'th-westerly line from ]\It. Field East, through Seager's Look Out, Mt. Monash, to the long ridge of Mt. Mawson. The Broad River drains this plateau, and has pushed its tributaries right to the edge overlooking the Tyenna Valley. On the southern side of the watershed the water that falls on the slope runs away in many mountain rills down to the Tyenna Valley, from which the land rises 3,000 feet veiy steeply to the edge of the plateau. The surface of the plateau slopes down gently to the northward from its southern edge, and the Broad River runs through its lowest valley. Topographically, Lake Fenton belongs to the Broad River drainage basin. The land slopes away naturally from Seager's Lock Out and Mt. Monash, across Lake Fenton to the Broad River Valley. But just at the site of Lake Fenton the main ridge ha.s been c.it through in a huge gap through which the lake empties itself, in exactly the opposite direc- tion from that which appears natural. BY A. N. I.KVVIS, M.C, LL.B. 33 The head of the Broad River Valley is here shaped like a horseshoe, cutting into the southern ridge of the plateau. Its southern end — its apparent source, although more water is collected elsewhere — lies in a cirque which has cut into the watershed. On the western side of its head lie Lakes Dobson and Seal in considerable cirques. On the eastern side at roughly the same level, and approximating in posi- tion to the two former lakes, lies Lake Fenton. The problem of Lake Fenton is — "Why does its over- flow not follow the main drainage flow of the plateau? The solution is obviously to be found in the glacial origin of the lake, but in investigating this it can be seen that ^'.aK i'N.H mt. 34 A FURTHEU NOTE ON THE TOPdGKAI'HV OK LAKK KENTON. the topography of the locality cannot be explained niei'ely as an ordinary glacial valley blocked by a moraine. In investigating the occurrence of glacial remains throughout the park, an observer cannot help being struck with the regularity with which the lakes occur in pairs or threes, one superimposed on another, at about an elevation of 300 feet. Dr. Griffith Taylor gives the clue to the cause of this phenomenon. (See particularly on this point Taylor 1921.) As he explains, the nivation layer or zone of maxi- mum frost action has rested at one elevation for long enough to erode cirques in the hillside. Later, this zone has moved farther up the slope, where it has rested sufficiently long to erode a second series of cirques out of the older ones, and so on. This superimposing of cirques has occurred with re- markable regularity throughout the area. In the Broad River Valley there is a trace of an old cirque, which I had not recognised previously, encircling the south-eastern, southern, and south-western shores of Lake Webster. It can be recognised by looking south from the outlet of this lake, in the very steep bank over which the Fenton-Webster track runs, and which runs west past the diabaso tlifTs men- tioned at page 29 of my previous paper, including the bank over which the water from Lake Seal flows, to the wall-like side of Mt. Bridges, and farther north in the cliffs to the north-west of Lake Webster. This cirque has now been cut through and planed down near its centre, and vegeta- tion has covered its slopes, but it was, apparently, in the early stages of the Pleistocene Glacial Epoch, the seat of the Broad River Glacier. Later the nivation layer lifted some 300 feet, and was respon.sible for the erosion of the cirque at the head of the Broad, the Lake Dobson, and the Lake Seal cirques, and the cirque below Lake Newdegate. Here huge cirques were hollowed out all at about the same level. Then the nivation layer rose 1,000 feet, and was re- sponsible for the succession of small cirques in which the Tarns now repose, and for the other glacial ledges mention- ed by Dr. Taylor. Also it rested on Mt. Field East at a similar level, eating into the plateau top until only a small residual 150 feet in height, the present summit, was left. The nivation layer then rose above these mountains. This succession is followed out in every detail through- out in the field, as it is elsewhere in Tasmania, e.g., Cradle Mountain, Mt. .Inlv-c--. Mt. Anne, and other glaciated plateaux. BY A. N. LEWIS, M.C., r,L.B. 3r> In the National Park, Lake Nicholls, on the eastern slope of Mt. Field East, and Lake Belcher, under Tyenna Peak, are at approximately the same elevation as Lake Web- ster, and each lies in a cirque. From two to three hundred feet above each, another cirque has been cut, in which now lie Lakes Rayner and Belton respectively. Above Lake Bel- cher, on the opposite side of the valley to Lake Belton, and at the same elevation, there is a ledge which is probably an immature cirque. Above Lake Rayner the side of the moun- tain rises 1,000 feet nearly sheer to the top of the plateau, where the third phase has carved the Field East residual. loEAu Section tKrourh LftKE Fenton. |.e. 0i&bA3«3 Talus WoraiTv^.- ss. E^ Above Lake Belton the ridcce rises about the same distance to a small plateau, out of which rise Mt. Field West, Tyenna Peak, and three similar prominences, for a further 200 feet, as residuals from the original pre-glacial mountain plateau. I am not yet prepared to say whether these three phases represent three ice invasions, and were separated by inter- glacial epochs of temperate climate, or whether they repre- sent stages in the disappearance of the glaciers cf the last ice invasion. But their occurrence was remarkably uniform throughout Tasmania, and can be traced in all glaciated regions of sufficient elevation. The stages in the development of the present Lake Fen- ton were probably as follows: — Prior to the Pleistocene 3G A FURTHKR NOTE ON T}IK TcH'OORAPHY OK I,AKK FKNTON, times the line Field East — Sea,G:ei-'s Look Out — Monash — Maw- son, was a continuous iMdjre, unbroken by the Fenton gap, and thence the land sloped rapidly on the south to the Tyenna Valley, and gently on the north to the Broad River, which had by then captured the whole drainage of the top of the plateau. During the earlier portion of the glacial epoch, the bottom of the Broad River was considerably deepened, and its sides made steeper. At the same time, the Lake Nicholls cirque, at the head of the Russell Falls Creek, was being eroded, and in the deeper bed of the Lady Barron Falls Creek another cirque was eating into the hillside. The pre- glacial creek bed had probably cut well into the mountain mass, and the intense frost action widened this valley, and cut a huge amphitheatre into the side of the hill. As the nivation layer rose, and while it was cutting out the Dobson and Seal cirqies and the cirque at the head of the Broad River, it was also cutting a similar cirque into the northern side of the ridge between what are now Seager's Look Out and Mt. Monash, and opposite the cirque at the head of the Lady Barron Falls Creek mentioned above. Thus two cirques cutting in end to end were gradually narrowing the rock wall that connected the last-named pro- minences. Evidently the southern cirque was capable of more erosion, and was working deeper, than its twin on the other side of the ridge. As the ice age waned, this cirque at the head of the Lady Barron Creek shrank and operated at an elevation of about 300 feet above the floor of the original cirque; in fact, the nivation layer rose here, as in other places. The southern cirque eventually ate right through the ridge, and invaded the drainage basin of the northerly flow- ing glaciers and streams. It cai-ved a small basin about 100 feet deep, a mile long and half a mile wide, cutting deep- ly into the plateau mass, and thereby throwing the water- shed a mile to the northward. It doubtles.s would have cut a cirque as imposing as the Lake Seal cirque, but for the fact that, since the old Broad River had eroded away the land surface, there was no rock face left from which to erode a cirque, and the result was a complete gap in the dividing ridge. The glacier probably vanished earlier than some others on the field, having eroded away most of the catchment area for its snowfield. The larger and lower, earlier cirque can be clearly BY A. N. LKWIS, M.C., LL.B. 37 traced cii-cling the foot of Seaf{ei*'s Look Out and Mt. Mon- ash at a point some half-mile south-east of the overflow of Lake Fenton. The whole face of this cirque is now littered with talus, and tremendous landslides of disintegrated dia- base. The upper cirque is now filled by Lake Fenton, whose depth of 90 feet in one part indicates the depth to which this cirque has cut. While the second nivation layer was carving out the floor of Lake Fenton, a small flow of ice moved down the valley for half a mile or so, melting near the present edge of the lake. This flow carried boulders, stones, and finer debris, which it dropped where it was melting. Much of this material probably came from the back of Seager's Look Out and the side of Mt. Field East, and a little also from the northern slopes of Mt. Monash. There were probably two ice flows, one from each side of the valley, as there is no catchment area to the north-west of the lake. While the ice was carrying these boulders down from the neighbouring slopes, frost action was breaking down the walls of the earlier cirque below. These walls were covered with a broken wilderness of boulders tumbled down in the greatest confusion. Over the top of this mass the melting glacieret tumbled its load of clay and stones. The moraine thus formed obviously rests at its lower extremity on a talus of gigantic boulders, and by damming the valley and the enlarged head of the cirque it impounds the water of Lake Fenton. It is difficult to define the boundaries of this moraine. At the edge of the lake the dam is undoubtedly a moraine, with some huge boulders, several 20 feet in every dimen- sion, many small stones, but a larger proportion of clay. After a few hundred yards the boulders predominate, at least, on the surface. This is probably due to the action of rain on the edge of the slope washing away the smallei- pai-ticles. A little farther down, and on a continuation of the same slope, the ground is covered by talus. The side of Seager's Look Out has been subjected to rock slides on a tremendous scaie at no very distant date, and the process does not appear to be completed yet. The old difl" walls of the cirque are rapidly disintegrating, and much of the talus so formed has covei*ed the eastern edge of the moraine. The western limit of the ice deposits is undefinable on account of similar but less pronounced talus falls from Mt. Monash. So the only definite morainal de- posit is a triangular-shaped bed, as shown in the diagram 38 A FUKTHER NOTK ON TIIK TOl'OlIKAl'H V OV LAKK KKNTON, of my earlier paper, extending from the shove of the lake a few hundred yards down the hill. The point where the overflow from Lake Fenton (which only overflows in flood time) passes under the large boulders probably marks the end of the moraine and its junction with the talus over which it has been deposited. Probably much water escapes, through the moraine, as often the creek is running freely at a distance of three-quarters of a mile from the lake when no water is passing the overflow. Also the Lady Barron Creek is steadily cutting into the moraine, and has already cut a considerable groove into the embank- ment. On leaving the lake the stream scarcely drops at all for 50 yards, then in the next 400 yards it drops about 200 feet. This leaves an extremely narrow ridge to be cut through by this very active creek before the lake will be entirely drained. Moreover, this ridge is composed only of loose earth and stones. The Lady Barron Creek will eventually drain Lake Fenton unless it is forestalled by a tributary of the Broad River in the following way. As I have explained, Lake Fenton is lying on the south- eastern slope of the Broad River drainage basin. As it lies in a cirque cut into the Broad River basin from the other side of the divide, the lake still drains to the south-east through the watershed, but its north-western end rests merely on the old pre-glacial edge of the hill. This shore is bounded by a low moor, never exceeding 50 feet above the level of the lake. The surface of this moor slopes south- wards towards the lake for about 300 yai-ds back from the shore, then the land dips slowly, for a few yards, and then steeply in a north-westerly direction to the Broad River, 600 feet below, and not a mile away. A small tributary of the Broad River drains this moor, and rises within 600 yards of the shore of the lake. This moor is littered with glacial debris. No solid rock is to be seen on the surface, and it is doubtful how far below the surface it lies. The tributary of the Broad is annually working its way through this, and capturing more and more of the drainage of Lake P^'entoii. It will be a race between the Lady Barron Creek and the Broad River as to which drainage system will drain Lake Fenton, but there is nothing more certain than that the lake will be drained eventually by one of these streams. The Lady Barron Creek has reduced the level of the lake by about 10 feet since the glaciers receded, as lacustrine de- F5Y A. N. LKWIS, M.C., LL.B. 39 posits can be traced at that height above the lake round the north-western and western shores. But as the lack of sediments flowing from the lake is a factor against the Lady Barron Creek, probably the Broad River will win eventually. Then, again, the Broad River flows past the south- western end of the lake at a distance of less than a mile, and at least 100 feet lower. Each year its tributaries push far- ther and farther up Mt. Monash, diverting more and more water, and pushing back the narrow divide on Wombat Moor. Lake Fenton in the future will be quite drained, and is to-day an excellent example of a "Wind-Gap" in the making. It also provides an example of the capture of portion of the drainage of one river system by another, the capture being effected not by water, but by frost and a glacier, a form of river piracy which does not appear to have been much noticed in Tasmania. I have little further information to bring forward about any of the other lakes in the park, although much field work yet remains to be done, and there are many problems yet awaiting solution. The Tyenna Peak-Mt. Field West ridge appears to be a sill of diabase which has forced its way horizontally west from the main plateau, and now overlies beds of Knock- lofty series sandstone. The valley in which the Lakes Belcher and Belton lie appears to have cut right through the diabase, and enlarged itself in the softer sandstone below. The floor of the valley is covered with morainal material, which makes it diflficult to tell whether the sand- stone extends right up to the shores of the lakes, but a mile below the lakes the floor of the valley consists of this rock. REFERENCES. 1921. Lewis, A. N. A Preliminary Survey of the Glacial Remains preserved in the National Park of Tasmania. Pap. and Proc. Royal Society of Tasmania, 1921. 1921. Taylor, Griffith. A Note on a Model of Mt. Field Ranges, National Park of Tasmania. Pap. and Proc. Royal Society of Tasmania, 1921. 40 MACQUARIE ISLAND AND ITS FUTURE. By Sir Dougj^s Mawson, Kt.B., D.Sc, B.E.. O.B.E. Plates I.-VII. (Read 12th June, 1922.) Macquarie Island has recently assumed an importance in the public mind far beyond that suggested by its modest proportions. This distinction emanates from its wonderful population of quaint Subantarctic* life. From the days of its discovery in the year 1810, it has ever been remarked by visitors to its shores as a wonder island of marine bird and seal life. The hand of man has, alas! cast a shadow over its myriad inhabitants, ancj MTought irreparable havoc; but this devas- tation is not yet so complete as that of the more accessible islands to the south of New Zealand, where the destruction of the native fauna is much further advanced. In the consideration of its animal population, the island is quadruply unique in the Australasian seas. Firstly, for the abundance of the life; secondly, for the variety of species frequenting its shores, some, like the King penguin and the Sea-elephant, breeding nowhere else in Australasian waters; thirdly, for the fact that it is the only speck of land in the vast expanse of ocean tg the south of Australasia and New Zealand between latitude 52 degrees south and the Antarctic Circle, and is consequently the only possible breeding place for such life in those seas; finally, for the fortunate circum- stance that up to the present man has not completely wreck- ed nature's handiwork, though certain species of life for- merly abundant are now extinct, and others so greatly re- duced that they are in danger of complete extermination. In these days the nations of the world are taking council. Realising the economic and scientific value of per- petuating, as far as practically possible, the varied forms of life which, in association with man, populate mother earth, they are making more and more provisions to ensure the continuance of species. •ThiB Hpellintr, in prcft-rcnce U> "Huh-Antarctic," U mlupttd in con formity with the clcrt»i £«a.ch JDavis WiUrfjII i^ay icAlt rr. Milii BY SIR DOUGLAS iMAWSOX, Kt.l!., D.SO., B.E., O.B.K. 41 In illustration may be mentioned National reserves where indigenous life is afforded absolute protection, as, for example, Laysan Island, in the Sandwich Group, which is entirely set aside by the United States Government as a sanctuary and breeding ground for marine birds; also our own reserves in the several States of the Commonwealth, where areas are set aside for the indigenous fauna. At other times protective measures are adopted in relation to the exploitation of certain animals where there is a danger of indiscriminate slaughter leading to the extermination of "the goose that lays the golden egg." As examples of this kind may be mentioned, firstly, the International legislation controlling the fur seal industry of the Pribyloff Islands, where alone there now remain extensive rookeries of fur seals; secondly, the control effected over the whaling and sealing industry of that part of the Antarctic and Sub- antarctic that falls within the jurisdiction of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies. In both cases these latter restrictions refer to very lucrative industries, which, but for the passage of wise legis- lation, would ere this have been a thing of the past. Prior to the inauguration of protective measures, the days of the fur seal of the North Pacific were numbered; each succes- sive year saw the rookeries greatly reduced. But in the long period that has elapsed since indiscriminate slaughter gave place to a rational treatment of nature's bounty, the numbers of the fur seals resorting to the Pribyloff Islands during the breeding season have at least remained undim- inished. It would appear that fur seals were relatively as numerous* 1) in the .Southern seas in past times as their kindred in the Sub-Arctic; but the slaughter was carried on with such vigour and without discrimination in the days before measures for regulating the traffic were thought of, that they have been practically exterminated, and thereby a great and valuable trade lost to the Southern Hemisphere. So it is with all the larger wild animals of the world; they are rapidly diminishnig in numbers, and this is especi- ally so in the case of animals yielding products of connnercial val,ic. It is only by the adoption of strict control over the slaughter that such can hope to be preserved. In no in- stance is this better marked than in the case of the whale. (1) There is rfcoid that 320,000 fur seals were taken from the South Shetland Islands in the two seasons 1820-21. Krom Mar(iu«rie Island it is likely that not less than 180,000 skina were taken between the years 1810-13. 42 MACQUAIilE ISLAND ANP ITS FUTURE, Referring: to whaling, Dr. Harmer says(2) ; "In every "case the history of the operations has been identical, the "period of prosperity with which they opened having been "succeeded by a notable fall in the numbers caught, so that "in most of the localities where whaling was once profitable "the industry has become a thing of the past." In the Arctic Regions where the Right Whale has been hunted for a very long period, its numbers have now reached a vanishing point. Antarctic whaling began in earnest in the year 1904, when the vast schools of finner whales were attacked by modern methods, with bases at the island of South Georgia and at the South Shetland Islands. Dr. Harmer(3) says: "At both these localities whaling has been extraordinarily "successful, and in a single year the total catch of both "together has exceeded 10,000 whales; a number which "should be contrasted with 1,437 Greenland whales captured "in 1814, a year described by Scoresby as a specially good "one." But already the whales are becoming scarcer in those seas, which diminution would be the more accented but for certain restrictions imposed by the administration. The falling off is specially noticeable in the case of the Humpback whale, which constituted 90 per cent, of the catch in the years 1910-12, but had diminished to less than 10 per cent, in the season 1916-17. In the case of the whales, which animals live their entire lives in the sea, there is far less chance of extermination than in the case of the seals and penguins, which spend a part of the year, the breeding period, ashore; this is especi- ally so with the Antarctic life which has never been hunted by man or predatory land mammals, and is consequently an easy prey. It would he an easy matter, liy the exercise of unc:m- trolled slaughter over a period of several years, to wipe out the Sea-elephant and pi'nguin life in Macquarie Island. Once gone, it would be practically impossible to regenerate the io.st fauna, and the feasible project of perpetual economic exploitation, whilst at the same time maintaining their numbers, would be gone for ever. With the extinction of the seals and penguins goes the economic future of the i.Mland. (2) .Si-u-nlihr l»< \«-|(.pmciit of Ihr Knlklnnd iHlnnclH nnd Dppcn- (IpncipH, i,y Dr. .S. K. Hnrrm-r. Jour. Ccoif.. Vol. LVI. (1920), p. 61. CI) I Intl. p l\>. Pap. & Pioc. Uo.v. Soi-. Tas., 1922. Plate II. A MACQIARIE ISLAND (JILLY. (Henderson, photo.) BY SIK DOUCI-AS MAWSON, Kt.B , D.SC, B. K., O.B.E. 43 It is, therefore, only common sense that postulates that the very least that should be done in the case of Macquarie Island, if killing is to be permitted, is the passage of legis- lation to secure the maintenance of its animal population by limiting the slaughter. But without Zoological advice and proper oversight on the ground such administration could never expect to be effective. Considering its small size and its absolutely unique position as the sine qiuc von for certain Subantarctic life in our Australasian Quadrant, I am convinced that the wisest course is to reserve Macquarie Island as a sanctuary and breeding place, interfering as little as possible with the balance of existing life. How this protection can best be secured necessitates a divergence for the brief consideration of its geographical features <^) and administration. Macquarie Island is situated about 900 miles S.S.E. of Hobart as a solitary speck in the stormy seas of 55 deg. South Latitude. In actual miles it lies nearer to New Zealand than to Tasmania, but on account of the prevalence of strong westerly weather, it is easier of approach from the latter. Foy the same reason the direction of New Zealand is the more favourable to navigation for the return voyage. On these grounds, voyages to the island in sailing craft would be best included in an itinerary between Hobart and New Zealand. In the case of power-driven craft, however, the existence of the Auckland Islands, with good harbours, situated in an intermediate position, rather favours com- munication backwards and forwards to New Zealand. As it is placed on the map, Macquarie Island does in- deed suggest a genetic connection with the New Zealand Archipelago. It has the appearance of being an outlying- member of the company represented by the Auckland Is- lands, Campbell Islands, and Snares Groups. But the latter all stand in comparatively shallow water upon the New Zealand platform, from which the Macquarie Island ridge is separated by a deep submarine trough. Since its earliest days it has been attached as a depen- dency of Tasmania, though until recently few Tasmanians were aware of their charge. In the year 1890 an endeavour was made by the New Zealand Government to annex the Island. Upon discovering that it had been attached to (4) I'or fuller particulars refer to '•Macquarie Island" by D. Maw- son. Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc. Austrahisia (S. Aust. Branch), Vol. XX., pp. 1-15. 44 MACQUAKIK ISLAND AND ITS FDTUKK, Tasmania for some 70 years past, efforts < 5) were made to have it transferred to New Zealand, but without success. As a result of this awakening- to the existence of Mac- quarie Island the Tasmanian Government passed regula- tions(6) prohibitinjr the killing of seals of any kind. Hence- forth a permit was needed granting permission to kill. There are rumours that representatives of the New Zealand Government have again recently probed the ground to ascertain whether the Tasmanian Government still holds the same opinion with regard to the transfer. Macquarie Island is somewhat over 20 miles in length,, and not exceeding SL miles in width, with the long axis nearly north and south acruss the direction of the prevalent winds. It represents the backbone of a ridge which can be traced for a long distance beneath the sea, reappearing 8 miles to the north in the Judge and Clerk rock, and again 20 miles south from the southern extremity in the Bishop arid Clerk, another isolated spray-swept outpost. The land rises steeply from the sea except here and there along the coast, where strips of a boggy, raised beach platform intervene. The summit of the island is an undu- lating plateau at almost 1,000ft, above sea level, dotted at intervals with lakelets at least partly of glacial origin. Evidence is everywhere afforded that the island was over- whelmed with an ice sheet in the recent past, though no permanent ice now remains. The rocks are chiefly vol- canic— basic lavas, agglomerates, and cinder beds. The climate in terms of our own, here in Australia, is rather a miserable one. The mean annual temperature ranges between 38 deg. F. and 40 deg. F., and is kept sur- prisingly uniform throughout the year by reason of the great body of the surrounding ocean. The almost con- tinuous strong westerly winds, combined with fogs and driving rain, result in a climate almost, but not actually, glacial. As to the vegetable and animal life'") sustained by this comparatively inhospitable spot, little can be said of the former beyond that the island supports no tree growth, the only vegetation being rank tussock grass, Kerguelen (6) Seo N.Z. Pari. Papers App. to Journal of Houho of Kops., Scttii. II.. 1891 A. -5 In com. of A. -5 IhOO. (6) Under Section 12 of the KJHherien Act, 1HH9 (5.1 Vict.. No. 11) ; proclamation ixsued in Ihitl by the Tojimnnian Governmenl, and pub- li»hcd in the Ilob.irt Cuzillr. 2\»l Apl.. lt-91. (7) For a ci account r<'fer t-H91. 48 MACQUAUIK ISLAN'O AND ITS FUTUIIE, this date the business was pressed with still greater energy under a lease renewable annually at the discretion of the Tasmanian Government for the sum of £40 a year. Dur- ing this period much of the crude oil was returned to Hobart and refined there. This lease continued between 1915-1918, but, even with the high war prices ruling for the products, the Government experienced difficulty in collecting the rent. In connection with the operations of this company, a further extension of lease for one year was granted in 1918 to enable them to remove their plant, which operation was apparently never effected; doubtless, for the simple reason that value of the said plant did not warrant its removal. The proposition had not been a payable one, and the company had gone into liquidation dD. Yet there were those who had the temerity to be again contemplating a lease of the island, with a view to further prosecution of the blubber industry. This is surely unjustifiable slaugh- ter, though Mr. Hatch has recently delivered propaganda lectures (12) in Tasmania and New Zealand with a view to substantiating a claim for a further lease. The very interesting life of the island lends itself as a subject for a lantern lecture, and, if skilfully handled, can doubtless be made vei'y good propaganda to draw the sympathies of the audience to the lecturer. In this way must be explained the psychological anomaly of some, at least, of these audi- ences, which, after admiring the views of the wonderful animal life, have ended by expressing confidence in the very gentleman who, for practically thirty years past, has made it his business to slaughter annually vast numbers of the island population. The argument which counsels the v^ithholding of a lease of the island for the prosecution of the blubber oil industry is that, unless conducted on a scientific basis and under proper control, the annihilation of certain species will be quickly accomplished. It has been asserted that the kill- (11) Sec the Ilobarl Mercury, '26th Novc-mhcr, 1920. (12) I rf>;rot that Mr. Hatch, on account of my clTorts to maintain the iMland ils n Hanctiiary for the fauna, haH, in the course of these locturen, accordinsr to press reportB, found It nocCHHary to make dis- pnraKinK and wholly unfounded statements reKardinj,; niyHclf. Con- trary to Mr. Hatch's aKScrtions, the extablishment of the Autitralnsian Antarctic Kxpedition station at Maccjuaric iHland was u Kreat boon to his commercial operations. Twice in the period of the two years the Kxpedition rendered siKnal avsi.'ttanre to his undertakinK nt some finan- cial Itws to ourselves. On the other han BY Slit I)(>i;(;l,.\S M.vWSON, Kt.15., D.SC, n.K., O.IS.E. 51 Nuggets rookery, where the boiling down works is situated. Viewed in the light of what has happened elsewhere, it may be reasonably predicted that under the continued pressure of a steady drain on the rookeries by the sealers, a very serious decline in their numbers must be expected after the lapse of a few years. What has been said is sufficient to show the practical inadvisability of leasing the island for the indiscriminate killing of the fauna. The question presents itself — How can the island be turned to permanent profitable account consistent with maintenance of the animal life? Inquiry into the possible future of Macquarie Island suggests several alternative courses, which will be consid- ered seriatim. 1. An unrestricted lease, such as has been granted in the past. There is no need to add more to empha- sise the unwisdom of this policy. 2. A limited lease, defining conditions of occupation framed in the interests of the general fauna. A. With license to slaughter each year a stipulated number of bull sea-elephants and Royal penguins. The numbers considered safe to kill would be a matter for agreement annually by a board of advice, of which one member at least would need to be a zoologist. Su':-h a board would requii-e to be well informed ai. %o the condition of the rookeries each season, a stipulation that would call for an annual inspection. In order to cover the expense of such admin- istration, the rent would need to be a figure far above that recently demanded. Under this cir- cumstance it is very questionable whether any- one would be found willing to invest in the ven- ture, in view of past experience where operations working under more favourable conditions have ended in failure. B. With absolute protection for the native fauna, hut granting rights for fur-farming or grazing rights for sheep, cattle, or reindeer. On first consideration much might be expected by developing the island on these lines, but, knowing its limitations, I would be very chary to recommend such undertakings as profitable. MA(.(H'AUIK ISLAM) ANH ll's ITTntK, The artificial rearing of black foxes is now a settled industry on Prince Edward Island. Good skins sometimes fetch many hundreds of pounds sterling-, and £1.000 for a single animal as prize stock for breeding purposes is not considei'ed an exorbitant charge. Sheep (16) have been fattened on the island, and if the Romney Marsh variety rL'com- mended by His Excellency Sir William AUar- dyce'i"' were introduced, they should thrive satisfactorily. Success might also attend the introduction cf Highland cattle, or even reindeer. The latter recently introduced into the Island of South Georgia are reported to be doing well, and increasing in numbers. But in estimating the grazing value of the island, the map area is no indication of the avail- able pasture land. The whole summit of the island is either bare of vegetation or at the most supports only mosses and lichens. The steep hillsides, leading from the sea, carry a very con- siderable clothing of tussock grass and other vegetation, and present possibilities for grazing. The best fodder, including abundance of Kergue- len cabbage, is that on the flat strips of raised beach along the coast, but much of this is so boggy as to be more suited for ducks than for cattle. The occupation of the island for any such grazing purposes would undoubtedly have somi- effect upon the native fauna and flora ; for example, the burrows of the prions would be trampled in by the presence of anything like herds of these animals. 3. The permanent withdrawal of the lease and the pro- clamation of the island as a National Fawml Re- serve. To my mind, this is the best course to pur- sue, in view of its advisability from a scientific standpoint, and in the face of the great difficulty (16) See: "Report on Macquarie Island," liy A. C. Tullock : Pari. Papers No. 7: Holmrl, 191fi. AIho in "The Home of the Hli/.zarcl." Heinemunn and Co. 1015. (17) Furnished with a lonjr experience of the Falkland Ids., Hi» Excellency the Governor of Ta-smania could not he hetter ei;. Enyruidis australia, Shaw. — Australian Anchovy. i!V ciAW. i.oKi), r.i..s. 63 Family Clupeid^ Clupea bassensis, McCull. — Australian Sprat. Stolephorns rohustus, Ogilby. — Blue Sprat. Sardinia neopilchayduft, Steidachner. — Australian Pilchard. Family Gonorhyn'CHID^. Gonorhynchns greiji, Rich. — Beaked Salmon. Family Galaxiid^. Galaxias atteniiatii.s, Jenys. — Jollytail. Galaxias weedoni, Johnston. — The Mersey Jollytail. Galaxias truttaceus, Cuv. and Val. — Spotted Mountain Trout. Galaxias auratus, Johnston. — Lake Trout. Family Salmonid^f.. Introduced species of Salmonidse. Salmo salar, Linn, — Salmon. Sabno fario, Linn. — Brown Trout. Salmo irideus, Gibbons. — Rainbow Trout. Salvia levenensis. — Loch Leven Trout. Salmo trutta. — Salmon Trout. Salm.0 frontalis. — American Brook Trout. Salmo schago. — Sebago Salmon. Onchorhynchus nerka. — Sock-eyed Salmon. Onchorhynchvs qitimint. — Quinnat Salmon. Family Argentinid^. Argentina elongata, Hutton. — Siel Smelt. Family Aplochitonid^. Prototroctes maraiua, Gunther. — Australian Grayling ("Cucumber Herring"). Lovcttia scalii, Johnston. Family RetropinniDjE. Retropinna tasmanica, McCuUoch. — Tasmanian Smelt ("Whitebait"). Order INIOML— Cucumber Fish, Etc. Family SuDiD^fi:. Chlorophthalmus nigripinnis, Gunther. — Cucumber Fish. Family Alepisaurid.*;, Alepisaurus ferox, Lowe. — Lancet Fish. Order OSTARIOPHYSI (Introduced). Family Cypriniu;e. Carassius carassius, Linn. — European Carp. (Intro.) Carassius auratus, Linn. — Gold Fish. (Intro.) Tinea tinea, Linn. — English Tench. (Intro.) C>4 A LIST in- IIIK KISHKS (»F TASMANIA, Order SYMBRANCHII.— Pi-iiny Eols. Family Cheilodranchid^. CheilobraucliHs nifits, Macleay. — Red-banded Shore Eel. Cheilobranchiis dorsalis, Rich. — Striped Brown Eel. Order APODES.— Eels. Family Anguillid^. Anguilla austyalis, Rich. — Short-finned Eel. Anguilla reinhardtii, Stdr. — Long-finned Eel. Family Leptocephalid.*:. LeptnccphcduH conger, Linn. — Common Conger Eel. Leptocephalus ivilsoni, Castel. — Conger Eel. Congermiirxna huhenata, Rich. — Little Conger Eel (Silver Eel of Tasmania). Family Echelip^. Mur.'enichthys tasmanictifiis, McCuU. — Ta.smanian Worm Eel. Munenichthiis ht-eviceps, Gunther. — Short-headed Eel. Family Ophichthyid^:. Ophixiirns s-'crpeiiK, Linn. — Snake Eel. Order SOLENICHTHYES.— Bellows Fish. Pipe Fish. Ktc. Family MACRORilAMPHOSiDyC. Macrorhnmphnsus elevatus, Waite. — Bellows Fish. Centriscnps hnmeronus. Rich. — Bellows Fish. Notopogon lilliri, Regan. — Bellows Fish. Family LAMPRiDiD/t:. LmnpriH boiu. — Opah. Family Syngnathid^k Corythoichthys phillipi, Lucas.— Pipe Fish. Urocampns cariulrostris, Castelnau. — Pipe Fish. StigvHitoporn argntt. Rich. — Pipe Fish. Stigmutoporc vigra, Kaup. — Pipe Fish. LeptonotvH sennntrintiis, Kaup. — Pipe Fish. Solcgnnthux npinoHisHimus, Gunther. — Pipe Fish. Solegnathits f dm kit us, Gunther. — Sea Horse. HiMti')giimphrluH hriggsi, McCulloch. Phylloptcryx foUatnx, Shaw. — Leafy Sea Horse. Hippocampus abdomhialis, Lesson. — Sea Horse. HipvocampnK brericeps, Peters. — Sea Horse. BY CI.IVE I,Oi:f>, F.L.S. 65 Order HYPOSTOMIDES.— Dragon Fi?h. Family Pegasip^. Acanthopegasi(R lancifcr, Kaup. — Dragon Fish. Order SYNENTOGNATHL— Garfish, Etc. Family HEMIRHAMPHIDiE. HcmirlwmpkvH intermedms, Cantor. — Sea Garfish. Order ANACANTHINI.— Cods and Whiptails. Family Gadid.e. Lotella ccdUiiias, Gunther. — Kelp Rock Cod. Physicnlus barbatiis, Gunther. — Common Rock Cod. Physicuhis huchns, Forster. — Red Rock Cod. Family CoRYPHyT-xN'OluiD.*;. Ccelorhynchiis australis, Rich. — Grenadier or Whiptail. Mo.crnronus novx-zelandise. Hector. — Whiptail. Optoimnis denticulatiis. Rich. — Deep Sea Whiptail. Order BERYCOMORPHI.— Nannygai, Etc. Family Traciuchthyid^ Trachichfhodes affinis, Gunther. — Nannygai. Trachichthys aifst7-alis, Shaw. Paratrachichthys trailli, Hutton. — Sandpaper Fish. Family Zeid.^. Zens faber, Linn. — John Dory. Zenopsis nebvlosns, Schleg. — Mirror Dory. Cyttus vovic-zelandife, Arthur. — Silver Dory. Cyttus avstralis, Rich. — Silver Dory. Order ALLOTRIOGNATHI.— Ribbon Fish. Family Regai.ecid^:. RcgnlecHH glesne, Ascanius. — The Oar Fish. Family TRACHYl'TENDyE. Trachypterus altivelis, Kner. — Ribbon Fish. Family L0PHOTID./E. Lophotes (juntheri, Johnston. Order HETEROSOMATA.— Flounders, Etc. Family Bothid>e. Pseiidorhombu.s niultinuicHlatiis, Gunther. — Small- toothed Flounder. Pseudorliombits toinirastrum, Waite. — Deep-water Flounder. Lophonectes gallus, Gunther. — Crested Flounder. K iotietis rostratiis, Gunther. — Long-snouted Flounder ("Sole" of Tasmania). Anunotrcti.s tudori, McCulloch. — Flounder. Amntotretis macrolepis, McCulloch. — Flounder. Rhomhosolea flesoides, Gunther. — Southern Flounder. Rhombosolca tapirina, Gunther. — Flounder. Family Cynoglossid^e. Paraplagiisia unicolorr — Tongue or Lemon Sole. Order PERCOMORPHL Sub-Order Mugiloidea. Family MuGlLlD^. Mu(jil cephalus, Linn. — Sea Mullet. Myxns elongatns, Gunther. — Sand Mullet (Tallegal- lane of New South Wales). Agonostomus fosteri, Cuv. & Val. — Yellow-eyed Mullet. Family ATHERlNiDiE. Atherina microstoma, Gunther. — Silver Fish. Atheriyia dannevigi, McCulloch. — Silver Fish. Atherina presbyteroides, Rich. — Silver Fish. Atherina hepsetoides, Rich. — Silver Fish. Atherina hepsetiis, Linn. — Silver Fish. Atherina tamarensis, Johnston. — Silver Fish. Atherina jacksoniana , Quoy & Gaim. — Silver Fish. Family SPHYRiENiDjE. Sphyriena novse-hoilandiR', Gunther. — Short-finned Sea Pike. Sub-Order Stromateoidea. P^amily Stromateid.e. Seriolclla brama, Gunther. — Snotpall Trevally. Seriolella punctata, Forster. — Spotted Trevally. Seriolclla donbla, Gunther. — Mackerel Trevally. Hyperoglyphc johnstoni, Morton. Sub-Order Percoidea. Family Percid^t:. Perca fluviatilis, Rondel. — English River Perch (Intro.). •Recorded by Mr. H. H. Scott, from North-East Coast of Tanmania. ny ClAVK LORD, K. I,.S. 67 Family Serranid^. Polyprion oxygeneioH, Bloeh and Schneider. — Hapuku (of New Zealand). Callanthias nllporti, Gunther. — Allport's Perch. Caesioperca lepidoptera, Forster. — Red Perch. Cassioperca rasor. Rich. — Red Perch or Tasnianian Barber. Percalates colonarnni, Gunther. — Brackish-water Perch. Nannoperea toi^mania', Johnston. — Fresh-water Perch. Family Plesiopid^e. Truchinop^t caudomacnlatus, McCoy. — Blotched-tailed Trachinops. Family Apogonid^. Apogon fasciatus, Shaw. — Soldier Fish (of New South Wales). Apogon nov a'-hollandiae, Val. Apogon lemprieri, Johnston. Dinolestes Ictvini, Giff. — Long-finned Sea Pike. Family Oplegnathid^. Oplegnathus contvayi, Rich. Family Sillaginida:. Sillago punctatus, Cuv. and Val. — Spotted Whiting. Sillago maculata, Quoy and Gaini. — Trumpeter Whit- ing. Sillago bassenitis, Cuv. and Val. — School Whiting. Family Pomatomid.^. Pomatomus saltatrix, Linn. — Tailor or Skipjack. Family Carangid^. Trachurus declivis, Jenys. — Yellow Tail. Trachurus novse-zelandise, Rich. — Horse Mackerel of Tasmania and New Zealand (Cowanyoung of New South Wales). Caranx gcorgicuws, Cuv. and Val. — Silver Trovally. Naucrates ductor, Linn. — Pilot Fish. Seriola graudis, Castel. — Tasmanian Yellow Tail (Kingfish of New South Wales). Family ARRiPiDlDyE. Arripis trntta, B. and S. — Australian Salmon (Native Salmon). Family ERYTHRICHTHYIDiE. Emmelichthys nitidus, Rich. — Pearl Fish. ♦>>^ A Ll^^T OF THK riSIIKS dl" TASMANIA, Family Scii^NiDyE. Sciieiia antarctica, Castelnau. — Jew P'ish (of New South Wales), Dew Fish (of Queensland), Kinf? Fish (of Victoria and West Australia), Butter Fish (of South Australia). Family MULLID^. Upencichthya porosits, Cuv. and Val. — Blue-striped Red Mullet. Family Sparid.'E. Pagrosovws axiratns, B. and S. — Snapper. Spams auHtralis, Gunther. — Silver Bream of Tas- mania (Black Bream of New South Wales). Family Girellid^. Girella tricnspidata, Q. and G. — Black Bream, Tas- mania. Family Pemphrrid^. Liopevipheris multiradiata , Klun. — Big-scaled Bull Eye. Parapriacaiiihus elongatus, McCulloch. — Elongated Bull Eye. Family ScoRPiDlDyE. Scorpis [leoryianus, Cuv. and Val. Family Enoplosida:. Enoplosus armatuR, Shaw. — "Old Wife" or Zebra Fish. Family Histiopierid^. Paristioptcriis labiosufi, Gunther. — Giant Boar Fish. Zavclifttins elevatns, Rams and Og. — Short Boar Fish. Pentaccr opsin rccurvirostris, Rich. — Lontr-snoutcd Boar Fish. Family Api-odactylid^. Dart!/losar{/i(s arctidevs, Rich. — Marbled Kelp Fish. Family CHIRONEMIDyE. ChiroHcmuH marvio rains, Gunther. — Larj;:e Kelp Fish. Family Cheilodactylida;. Pttrt]flopa(/rus vuicrnpterus, B. and S. — Black and Silver Perch. (Jackass Fish of New South Wales and South Australia.) Dactjfl(ipa{/ri(s viorwoiiy, R. and O. — .Morwonj,' (Great Perch of Tasmania). Dactylnphora vir/rirans, Rich. — Dusky Morwong (But- ter Penh). Goniislius vir.onariits, Kent. — Magpie Perch. Cheilodactylus Hpcctabilis, Hutton. — Carp of Tas- mania. l!V I i.i\ i: i.'ii;ii, iM,.s. Ciit Family Latridid^. Latris Uneata, B. and S. — Real Trumpeter ("Stripey"). Latridopsis fosteri, Castelnau. — Bastard Trumpeter. Latridopsis ciliaris, Forster. — Bastard Trumpeter. Mendosoma allporti, Johnston. — Real Bastard Trum- peter. Family Pomacentrida:. Glifphidcdov victori;r, Gunther. — Rock Perch, "Scaly Fin." Family Ladid>e. Pfieudolabrii^ tctricifK, Rich. — Lilac-banded Parrot Fish. rseudolnlnnn psitlacnlus. Rich. — Parrot Fish. Pseudolabrim cclidotm:, Richardson. — Parrot P^ish. Pseudolahriifi fvcicola. Rich. — Purple Parrot Fish. PictilabruN laticlavius. Rich. — Green-banded Parrot Fish. AchoeroduH goxidii. Rich. — Blue Groper. Ve7reo oxycephalus, Blceker. — Pig Fish. Family Neoodacid^. Neoodax seviifasciatHs, Cuv. and Val. — Rock Whiting; (Stranger) . Neoodax balteatua, Cuv. and Val. — ("Ground Mullet") Little Rock Whiting. Xeoodnx beddonei, Johnston. Olisthops cyanomclait, Rich. — Herring Gale Family Gadopsida:. Gadojjuis tna>)ii()r':tiiti, Rich. — River Blackfish. Family PlNGUIPEDID^. Pnrapercift allporti, Gunther. Family Ukanoscopid/K. Kathetnutoma Live, Bl. — Cathsh (Stone-lifter). Family BoviClITllD.'E. Pneuduphritis iirrilli, Castel.— Fresh-water Flathead or Sandy. Povicti'H varir(/(iti(s, Cuv. and Val. Family CallionymiD/E. Callioxyvius papilio, Gunther. ~(* A 1, 1ST OK THK F1SUE.S OV TASMANIA, P'aniily Scombroids. Scomber atistralasicus, Cuv. and Val. — Mackerel. Gasterochisma melamjms, Rich. — Butterfly Fish. Axixis thazard, Lacep. — Frigate Mackerel. Thunnns mnccoyi, Castel. — Southern Tunny. Sarda chUieiisif^, Cuv. and Val. — Horse Mackerel (of New South Wales). Family Istiophorid.^. Tetrapturus indicus, Cuv. and Val. — Sword Fi;,h. Family TRiCHIURins. Lcpklopus caudatus, Euph. — Frost yish. Family Gempyllid>e. Jordanidia solaiidri, Synder. — Kinjr Bi.rracouta. Thyisiten atitv, Euph. — Barracouta. Family GoBlin/F.. Gobhis tamaren!ton Valley caves of New South Wales. With regard to other species fui'ther research is needed, but the foregoing are the only ones that we propose tc recognise as valid indigenous Tasmanian forms, until further research shows the validity of other species. In 1882 and 1S83 Higgins and Petterd described no "ess than eight new species, as follows: — 1. MuH (/risco-c(£ruleus (Blue Rat). 2. Mun leucopun (Short-tailed Rat). 3. Mus variabilis^ (Swan's Rat). 4. Mus simsniii (Simson's Rat). 5. M»s pachyurus (Thick-tailed Rat). 6. Mus castanciis (Chestnut coloured Rat). 7. MuH tomareusis (Tasmanian Water Rat). H. Mus tctrayounruH (Quadrangular-tailed Rat). Of the above we are of the opinion that at lea.st M. grisco-caerulcus, M. variabilis, and probably M. tamarensia are synonymous with li. rattus. The British Museum specimens of M. simsoui show this supposed species to be merely the introduced M. mnscnlus. SOME ADDITIONS TO OUR RECORDED FLOWERING PLANTS. By L. Rodway, C.M.G. Government Botanist of Tasmania. Plate VIII. (Read 13th November, 1922.) Eucalyptus dalrymplecniu, J. H. Maiden. This white gum has hitherto been included by us as one of the forms grouped under the name of Eiic. viminalis. It differs from the type in general robustness, bark smooth from the base, and the leaves of the immature shoots being relatively broad- er and boldly cordate at the base. The tree is widely dis- tributed in Tasmania. EncainptHf! irbyi, R. T. Baker. A small tree with a smooth, pale, or ashy-coloured bark. Abnormal leaves broad- ovate to ovate, sometimes mucronate, petiolate, base rounded, truncate, or slightly cordate, fairly thick and coriaceous. Normal leaves coarse, lanceolate to broad lanceolate, or even ovate, acuminate, up to 8 inches long, mostly straight, on unusually long petioles; venation often indistinct, intra-vein looped, well removed from the edge, lateral veins spreading, distant, inclined at an angle of 30-40 deg. to the mid-rib. Ped- uncles angular, axillary, 1-2 lines long, bearing umbels of mostly three flowers. Buds shortly pedicellate; calyx-tube turbinate, 2 lines in length; operculum blunt, conical, often slightly broader than and more than half as long as the tube. Fruit hemispherical to sub-cylindrical glaucous or shining, rim flat to convex, often somewhat depi'essed, cracked trans- versely; valves more or less exserted; 3 lines long and 3 lines diameter. The above is Mr. Baker's description as given in his noble work on essential oils of the eucalypts. It is ad- mittedly close to Euc. gunnii. Exic. gunnii is a most variable group of forms, and it is more a matter of individual opinion than certainty what forms should be removed from the type and elevated to specific rank. When fully understood pro- bably other specific names will be added to the list. The specimens cf the tree were gathered by Mr. Irby, the Conservator of Forests, at Alma Tier. Caladenia atkiiisoiii, v.h. About six inches high with a single filiform leaf arising from the scape and flower struc- 78 ADDITIONS TO Ol'R FLOWKRIN(; IM.ANTS. ture of the Section Eucaladenia except in the peculiar labellum. Stem, leaf, and outer surfaces of perianth lobes delicately hirsute. Flowers usually one or two, externally very pale green, each lobe marked in the centre by a narrow red-brown line. Dorsal sepal erect with a recurved acute apex, linear 1cm. Ventral sepals similar; lateral petals rather broader. Labellum irregularly rhomboid to oblong- acuminate flat, white, nearly as long as the lobes, apex acute not at all recurved, lateral lobes obtuse forming simple ex- pansions, bearing neither calli nor fimbriations. Gathered by Rev. H. B. Atkinson, M.A., on Natone Hill, Lindisfarne, October, 1922. It has the erect dorsal sepal of C. carnea and some of the purple colour of C. testacca, but differs from both in the peculiar labellum. The only other member of the genus with the absence of calli on the label- lum is C. fimbriata of West Australia and that belongs to the section Leptoccras. In the same locality Mr. Atkinson met with Ptcrostylis carta, a plant not usually met with in Southern Tasmania. It may be recognised from P. nutans by its erect flower and blunter, shorter perianth lobes. Microtis atrata, Lindl. Usually about 3 inches high. Green when fresh, darker when dry. The flowers are very small crowded in a short spike. Flowers about one milli- metre long, labellum entire broad, almost quadrate, not callous. Near George Town. Pterostylis toveana, A. J. Eivart. This is an intermed- iate form between /*. pracox and P. concinna. In Tasmania we generally find it where these two are associated and con- sequently suspect hybridisation. Pterostylis pcdoglossa, Fitz. With much the appearance and tapering lobes of P. obtiisa it has a shorter, obtuse label- lum and a rosette of leaves at the base of the stem. It occurs at Eaglehawk Neck. Thelymitra luteocilium, Fitz. A robust plant with many pink flowers and copious ciliate development of the column lateral lobes. In the Flora I have treated it as a possible hybrid between T. carnea and T. ixioidcs. For the last two determinations I am indebted to Dr. Rogers and Mr. Pescott. The .sedge referred to in the P^lora as Carex barbata, Boott, has since been described as a new species under name Carex tasmanica. r. & V. Roj. So«-., Tiu»., Miii. I'latr Mil. (iiliiilciiMi iitUiii<< 7i) ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS 1922 20th March, 1922. Annual Meeting. The Annual Meeting- was held at the Society's Rooms, the Tasmanian Museum, on 20th March, 1922, His Excel- lency the Administrator (Sir Herbert Nicholls) presiding. The Annual Report and Statement of Accounts were read and adopted. The following were elected as members of the Council: — Messrs. W. H. Clemes, W. H. Cummins, Dr. W. L. Crowther, Major L. F. Giblin, The Right Reverend Dr. R. S. Hay, Messrs. J. A. Johnson, J. Moore-Robinson, L. Rod- way, and Dr. Gregory Sprott. Mr. R. A. Black was appointed Hon. Auditor. The following members were elected: — Mrs. Hungerford, Miss Hungerford, Miss Overell, Miss Perrin, Rev. F. B. Sharland, Messrs. J. D. A. Collier, W. R. Johnson, A. V. Giblin, J. R. Leslie, P. S. Seager. A. A. Winch. Paper. "The Tubenoid Glands of Nototherhim mitchelli," by H. H. Scott and C. E. Lord. Illustrated Lecture. Mr. Clive Lord delivered an illustrated lecture on "Cap- tain Bligh's Two Voyages to Tasmania, 1788 and 1792." 10th April, 1922. The Monthly Meeting was held at the Society's Rooms on the 10th April, Mr. J. A. Johnson presiding. The following members were elected: — Sir Henry Jones, Messrs. F. L. Biss, Andrew Kemp, E. H. Thompson, J. R. Johnston, R. H. Warner, H. T. Parker, R. Davidson. 80 ABSTRACT 1)1' I'UiJCKKlMNCS. Papers. The followinji' Papers were read: — "On P/i«.sr((/» tasnio.U' iciim," by H. M. Dixon and L. Rodvvay; "A Biometric Sur- vey of the Conidia of Macros jwriioti and AUcruaria," by F. W. Wakefield. Illustrated Lecture. Mr. Loftus Hills, M.Sc, M.B.E., Director of the geo- logical Survey, delivered an illustrated lecture on "Oil," deal- ing with the question of liquid oil in Tasmania. 8th May, 1922. The Monthly Meeting was held at the Society's Rooms on the 8th May, Mr. J. A. Johnson presiding. Reference was made to the death of Mr. R. Sticht, a life- member of the Society, and a motion of condolence was jiass- ed, all members standing. The following resolution, moved by Mr. Clive Lord, and seconded by Mr. Walter E. Taylor, was passed: — "That the Royal Society of Tasmania is in sympathy with the Municipal Council of Flinders Island in their endeavour to have the Old Church and Cemetery site at Flinders Island (Settlement Point) proclaimed a reserve." The following members were elected: — Miss Gatenby, Messrs. F. N. Murdoch, G. Gurth, and Col. Thomas. Paper. "An additional Note on the Topography of Lake F'enton and District," by A. N. Lewis, M.C., LL.B. Illustrated Lecture. J. Moore-Robinson, F.R.G.S., delivered an illustrated lec- ture on "The Panama Canal." 12th .Ii'NE, 1922. The Monthly Meeting was held at the Society's Rooms on the 12th June, 1922, His Excellency the Administrator, Sir Herbert .N'icholls, presiding. The following members were elected: — Messrs. J. Ken- nedy, H. Sargison, and D. W. Watson. ABSTltACT OF I'ltOCHKDINfJS. 81 Mr. Clive Lord exhibited specimens of the Pink-eared DuckiMalacorhyuchns mcmbruceus) , and the Red Crowned Fruit Pigeon {Ptilinopus regina). The former was a rather rare visitor to Southern Tasmania, and the occurrence of the latter species had not previously been recorded. Paper. "Macquarie Island and Its Future," by Sir Douglas Mawson, Kt., D.Sc. Illustrated Lecture. Mr. E. T. Emmett, Director of the Tasmanian Govern- ment Tourist Bureau, delivered an illustrated lecture on "The National Reserve at Lake St. Clair-Cradle Mountain." 10th July, 1922. The Monthly Meeting was held at the Society's Rooms on the 10th July, 1922, Mr. L. Rodway, C.M.G., Vice-Presi- dent, presiding. A vote of condolence was passed on account of the death of one of the Society's members, Mr. Frank M. Littler, F.E.S., of Launceston. The following members were elected: — Miss N. Davern, Miss A. L. Wayn. Messrs. A. W. Adams, H. Bamford, and Rev. F. E. Oxer. Paper. "On Psendomys hif/givsi," by Clive Lord, F.L.S. Lecture. A discussion on Governor Macquarie and his visits to Tasmania in 1811 and 1821 was held, Mr. Moore-Robinson opening the discussion, and being followed by Messrs. Court- ney Pratt, A. W. Adams, W. F. D. Butler, Clive Lord, J. Reynolds, and Dr. W. L. Crowther. 14th August, 1922. The Monthly Meeting was held at the Society's Rooms on the 14th August, Mr. L. Rodway, C.M.G., Vice-President, presiding. Mr. G. Huxl'.'y was elected a member. F 82 ABSTRACT OK I'KOCEEDINGS. Paper. "On a Freshwater Sponge from Tasmania," by Pro- fessor T. Thomson Flynn, D.Sc. Mr. Clive Lord exhibited a specimen of a Giant Petrel {Macronectes gigantens) , which had recently been obtained from the Huon River. Reference was also made to the discovery of aboriginal remains at South Arm by Mr. E. A. Calvert, who presented them to the Tasmanian Museum. Illustrated Lectrire. Mr. L. Rodway, C.M.G., delivered an illustrated Lecture on "Tasmanian Wild Flowers." A number of slides were shown, these having been prepared by Mr. J. C. Breaden. 11th September, 1922. The Monthly Meeting was held at the Society's Rooms on 11th September, 1922, Mr. L. Rodway, C.M.G., presiding. The following members were elected: — Messrs. H. O. Bur- rows and F. W. Hood. Paper. "A List of the Fishes of Tasmania," by Clive Lord, F.L.S. Professor Flynn exhibited a cast of the fossil whale from Wynyard. Illustrated Lecture. "Astronomy and the Forthcoming Eclipse," by Dr. Ber- nard Thomas. 9th October, 11)22. The Monthly Meeting was held at the Society's Rooms on 9th October, Mr. L. Rodway, C.M.G., presiding. The following members were elected: — Messrs. H. M. Lowe and A. A. Reid. Lectures. "Notes on William Buckley," by J. Moore-Robinson, F.R.G.S. "Some Aspects of the Einstein Theory," by Frank Ellis, M.A. ABSTRACT OF PKOCKEDINGS. ^3 13th November, 1922. The Monthly Meetinji: was held at the Society's Rooms on 13th November, 1922, Mr. L. Rodway, C.M.G., Vice-Presi- dent, presiding. The following members were elected: — Dr. R. Pulleine, North Terrace, Adelaide, Mr. E. N. Waterworth. The following resolution proposed by Mr. Lord, and seconded by Mr. Moore-Robinson, was carried: — "That the action of the Historical Section in fixing upon the site where Tasnian planted the Dutch flag, as the site of the Memorial, be approved." Papers. The following papers were read: — "Additions to our previously recorded Flowering Plants," by L. Rodway, C.M.G. "On the Tasmanian Muridse," by Clive Lord, F.L.S., and H. H. Scott. 84 ANNUAL REPORT 1922 iL\w Slnifal ^nrtrlii nf olaamanta Patron : HIS MA.]i:s'rv Tiir. kino. President: HIS KXCKLIJ'.NCV THK A DM IMsl It M ()l; (SIK HKIU'.KKT NICIIOM.S, Kv.) Vice-Presidents : I,. UOMW.W, V M r.. A. H. (LAIUCi;, .M.K.C.S., L.U.C.P. Council : (Kltoted Miircli. i:n:'.). I,. IIODWAV, C.M.C. (Chairman) \,. V. (UHMN. D.S.O. W. M. CLKMKS, B.A., H Sc. 111. Hl.v. I{. S. HAY, D.D. W. K I.. <;UO\VTIIKK, D.S.O., .M.B. .1. A. .(OIINSON, MA. \V II. Cl'.M.MINS, A.I.A.C. J. MOOKK KOHINSDN, IM{.(iS. Dli. (illKtiOItV sl'UOl T, M D,, C.M. Standing Committee: W. II. CM.MKS, I,. |-. (JII'.MN, I. KODWW Hon. Treasurer: .1. MOOItK KOISl.NXt.N, IMt.C.S. Editor: CI.IVK I.OUD, K l,,S. Auditor : It A. I'.l.\( K Secretary and Librarian: ( l,IV|-, I.OItD. I" I, S 8;-) LIST OF MEMBERS Honorary Members: David. Sir T. W. Edgeworth, K.B.E., C.M.G., B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Geology and Physical Geography in the University of Sydney. The University, Sydney. Mawson, Sir Douglas, B.E., D.Sc. Adelaide. Spencer, Sir W. Baldwin, K.C.M.G., M.A., D.Sc, Litt.D., F.R.S. Melbourne. Ordinary, Life, and Corresponding Members : "C," CorrespondinK Member. "Li," Member who has compounded subscriptions for life. * Member who has contributed a Paper read before the Society. Member who has been elected a member of the Council. t V'eir of Kleciion 1922 1921 1920 1918 1921 1908 1921 1922 1887 1921 1890 1918 1901 1903 1918 Adams, A. W. National Mutual Buildings, Mac- quarie Street, Hobart. Anderson, G. M., M.D., C.M. Stowelville, Albert Road, Moonah. Arnold, T. P. 37 Cromwell Street, Battery Point. L Avery, J. 52 Southerland Road, Annandale, Melbourne, Victoria. Allen, D. V., B.Sc. Principal Launceston Tech- nical College. L Baker, Henry D. C/o American Consulate, Hobart. Baker, H. S., LL.M., M.A. York Street, Sandy Bay. Bamford, H. Commercial Bank of Australia Chambers, Elizabeth Street, Hobart. Barclay, David. 143 Hampden Road, Hobart. Barr, J. Stoddart, M.D., Glas. Lower Sandy Bay. *Beattie, J. W. 1 Mt. Stuart Road, Hobart. Bellamy, Herbert, City Engineer. Town Hall. Hobart. C Benham, W. B., M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Pro- fessor of Biology, University of Otago. Dunedin, N.Z. Bennett, W. H. Ashby, Ross. Bennison, E. A. Napoleon Street, Battery Point. se LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Electidn. 1921 Bertouch, V. Von. Wellington Square Prac- tising School, Launceston. 1920 Bernacchi, A. G. D. Maria Island. 1921 Bethune, Rev. J. W., B.A. Church Grammar School, Launceston. 1921 Birchall, J. A. 118 Brisbane Street, Launceston. 1922 Biss, F. L. U.S.S. Co., Hobart. 1912 *Black, R. A. Chief Clerk, Department of Agri- culture. 1909 *Blackman, A. E. Franklin. 1920 Blaikie, T. W. Practising School, Elizabeth Street, Hobart. 1918 Bowling, J. "Barrington," Tower Road, New Town. 1892 C Bragg, W. H., M.A., F.R.S. Professor of Physics in the University College, London. 1917 Brettingham-Moore, E., M.B., Ch.M. Macquarie Street. 1911 Brooks, G. V. Director of Education, Educa- tion Department, Hobart. 1921 Brown, Mrs. Justin. 10 Welman Street, Laun- ceston. 1922 Brownell, C. C. 29 Napoleon Street. Battery Point. 1907 Brownell, F. L. "Leura," Main Road, Moonah. 1921 Bruce, L. S. Tourist Bureau, Launceston. 1922 Brunn, A., M.Sc, M.LC.E. Manager. Maria Island Portland Cement Company. 1918 Bryer, J. R. Taroona. 1918 Burbury, Alfred. "Glen Morey," Antill Ponds. 1918 Burbury, Frederick. "Holly Park," Parattah. 1919 Burbury, Charles. "Inglewood." Andover. 1919 Burbury, Gerald. "Syndal," Ross. 1919 Burbury, T. J. "Park Farm." .lericho. 1920 Burdon, R. S., B.Sc. 1922 Burrows, Major, H.O.A.D. The Barracks. Hobart. 1909 t*Butler, W. F. D., B.A., M.Sc, LL.B. Bishop Street, New Town. 1921 Butler, Rev. W. Corly. The Par.sonage, Mel- ville Street. LIST OF MKMBERS. 87 Year of Klection. 1917 Butters, J. H. Chief Engineer and Manager State Hydro-Electric Department, Hobart. 1921 Camm, Dr. Carlyle. George Street, Launceston. 1920 Cane, F. B. 90 High Street, Sandy Bay. 1920 Canning, R. W. The University, Hobart. 1919 Chapman, A. D. 105 Macquarie Street. 1912 Chapman, J. R. Holebrook Place, Hobart. 1901 C Chapman, R. W., M.A., B.C.E. Elder Professor of Mathematics and Mechanics in the University of Adelaide. The University, Adelaide. 1913 Chepmell, C. H. D. Clerk of Legislative Council, Hobart. 1920 Clarke, W. I., M.B. Macquarie Street, Hobart. 1896 t*Clarke, A. H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. St. Helens, Tasmania. 1918 Clarke, T. W. H. Quorn Hall, Campbell Town. 1910 t*CIemes, W. H., B.A., B.Sc. Leslie House School, New Town. 1922 Collier, J. D. A, Librarian, Tasmanian Public Library. 1917 Copland, D. B., M.A. Professor of Economics. The University, Hobart. 1920 Cranstoun, Mrs. F. A. 6 Gregory Street, Sandy Bay. 1917 Cullen, Rev. John. Macquarie Street, Hobart. 1918 fCummins, W. H., A.LA.C. Lindisfarne. 1919 t*Crowther, W. L., M.B., D.S.O. Macquarie Street. Hobart. 1922 Davern, Miss N. St. George's Terrace. 1922 Davidson, R. Huon Timber Company, Hobart. 1919 Davies, H. Warlow, C.E. Aberniere, Mt. Stuart. 1908 fDechaineux, Lucien. Principal of Technical School, Hobart. 1903 Delany, Most Rev. Patrick. Archbishop of Hob- art. 99 Barrack Street. 1892 C Dendy, A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.L.S. Professor of Zoology in the University of London (King's College). "Vale Lodge," Hamp- stead, London, N.W. 8ft I.IST OK MKAIREUS. Ypnr of Klectiiill. 1921 Douglas, O. Gordon. 27 Patterson Street, Laun- ceston. 1921 Dryden, M. S. 13 Hillside Crescent, Launceston. 1921 Eberhard, E. C. Charles Street, Launceston. 1919 Elliott, E. A., M.B. Macquarie Street, Hobart. 1918 Ellis, F. Education Department, Hobart. 1921 Elms, E. A, Post Office, Launceston. 1913 Erwin, H. D., B.A. Christ's College, Hobart. 1921 Emmett, E. T. Director Tasmanian Government Tourist Bureau, Hobart. 1918 Evans, L. Acting Director of Agriculture, Hobart. 1921 Evershed, A. E. G5 George Street, Launceston. • 1921 Eyre, H. Manual Training School, Launceston. 1902 Finlay, W. A. 11 Secheron Road, Hobart. 1918 Finlay, G. W. Baskerville, Campbell Town. 1918 P'letcher, C. E. Education Department, Hobart. 1909 t*Flynn, T. T., D.Sc. Ralston Professor of Biology, University of Tasmania. 1921 Flounders, A. 102 Patterson Street, Launceston. 1921 Forward, J. R. Mechanics' Institute, Launceston. 1890 L Foster, H., Lt.-Col. Merton Vale, Campbell Town. 1905 L Foster, J. D. "Fairfield," Epping. 1921 Fox, Miss. Ladies' College, Launceston. 1918 Gatenby, R. L. Campbell Town. 1922 Gatenby, Miss M. 5 Berean Street, Launceston. 1908 t*Giblin, Major, L. F., D.S.O., B.A. Government Statistician, Davey Street. 1922 Giblin, A. V. King Street, Sandy Bay. 1918 Gillett, Henry. "Wetmorc," Ross. 1920 Gillies, J. H. Macquarie Street. 1918 Gould, J. W. Tramways Department, Hobart. 1907 Gould, Robert. Longford. 1921 Gepp, T. A. Hydro-Electric Department, Delo- raine. 1921 Grace, W. L. 91 High Street, Launceston. 1905 L Grant, C. W. High Peak, Huon Road. LIST OK MKMlJRItS. 8!) V'piir of Elecii.in. 1922 Gurth, Gordon G. Maria Island. 1921 Hall, E. L. 38 Lyttleton Street, Launceston. 1922 Halligan, G. H., F.G.S. 97 Elphin Road, Laun- ceston. 1913 *Hardy, G. II. C/o University, Brisbane, Queens- land. 1918 Harrap, Lt.-Colonel G. Launceston. 1921 Harris, Miss Ila. Studio, Findlay's Buildings, Launceston. 1921 Harris, Dr. R. E. 73 Cameron Street, Laun- ce.^ton. 1921 L Harvey, David Hastie. "Manresa," Lower Sandy Bay, Hobax-t. 1902 C Haswell, William, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.L.S. The University, Sydney, N.S, Wales. 1913 Hawson, Edward. "Remine," 174 Argyle Street, Hobart. 1919 fHay, Rt. Rev. R. S., D.D., Bishop of Tasmania. Bishopscourt, Hobart. 1921 Heritage, J. E. 76 Frederick Street, Launceston. 1921 Heyward, F., F.R.V.I.A. 43 Lyttleton Street, Launceston. 1915 Hickman, V. V., B.Sc. "Burnham," Mulgravo Crescent, Launceston. 1919 Higgins, Dr. P. Campbell Town. 1913 Hills, LoftuR, M.B.E., M.Sc. Director of the Geo- logical Survey, Launceston, Tasmania. 1921 Hill, A. H. 143 Charles Street, Launceston. 1914 Hitchcock, W. E. Moina, Tasmania. 1921 Hogg, W. Public Buildings, Launceston. 1918 Hogg, G. H., M.D., CM. 37 Brisbane Street, Launceston. 1922 Hood, F. W. Customs House, Hobart. 1921 Home, George, V.D., M.A., M.D., Ch.B. 63 Collins Sti'cet, Melbourne, Vic. 1921 Ilorncr, A. G. 16 York Street, Launceston. 1921 Hudspeth, R. Parliament Street, Sandy Bay. 1921 Hughes, J. Public Buildings, Launceston. 1922 Hungerford, Mrs. Red House, Fern Tree. 1922 Hungerford, Miss. Red House, Fern Tree. 1909 *Hutchison, II. R. 1 Barrack Street, Hobart. !)0 LIST OF MEM BEL'S. Year of Election. 1922 Huxley, G. H. Crescent Road, W. Hobart. 1920 Hytten, T. "Eltham," Bathurst Street, Hobart. 1913 Ife, G. W. R., LL.B. Summerhill Road, Hobart. 1918 Irby, L. G. Conservator of Forests, Forestry De- partment, Hobart. 1898 ^Ireland, E. W. J., M.B., CM. Launceston Gene- ral Hospital. 1919 Jackson, George A. 79 Collins Street, Hobart. 1906 -Johnson, J. A., M.A. Principal of Phillip Smith Training College, Hobart. 1921 Johnson, J. D. 142 St. John Street, Launceston. 1922 Johnson, W. Roye. Leslie House School, New Town. 1922 Johnston, J. R. Murray Street. 1922 Jones, Sir Henry, Kt. Campbell Street, Hobart. 1921 Judd, W., M.A. College Street, Launceston. 1921 Keating, Senator J. H. Senate Commonwealth Parliament. 1921 Keid, H. G. W. Geological Survey Office, Laun- ceston. 1911 Keene, E. H. Douglas, B.A. Burnie. 1922 Kemp, Andrew. Stoke Street, New Town. 1922 Kennedy, J. St. George's Terrace, Battery Point. 1910 Kermode, R. C. Mona Vale, Ross. 1913 Knight, J. C. E. "Windermere," Claremont. 1918 Knight. C. E. L., B.Sc. Claremont. 1919 Knight, H. W. National Mutual Buildings, Mac- quarie Street, Hobart. 1887 tLewis, Sir Neil Elliot, K.C.M.G., M.A., B.C.L., LL.B. "Werndee," Augusta Road, Hobart. 1919 "Lewis, A. N., M.C., LL.B. "Werndee," Augusta Road. 1912 tLindon, L. H., M.A. "The Lodge," Park Street, Hobart. 1900 Lines, D. H. E., M.B., Ch.B. Archer Street, New Town. 1921 Listner, J. Parker. Leslie House School, New Town. 1875 C Liversidge, Professor Archibald, M.A., LL.D.. A.R.S.M., F.R.S., F.LC, P\C.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. "Fieldhead," Coombe Warren, Kingston, Surrey, England. LIST OF MEMBERS. 91 Year of Election. 1912 t*Lord, Clive E., F.L.S. Director of the Tasmaniau Museum, Hobart. "Cliveden," Sandy Bay. 1921 Lord, Chester. "Mellifont," High Street, Sandy Bay. 1921 Lord, Raymond. "Handroyd," 6 Franklin Street, Hobart. 1922 Lowe, H. M. 1921 MacCabe, W. B. Clarence Point, West Tamar. 1922 Macleod, Mrs. L. H. High Street, Sandy Bay. 1919 Mackay, A. D., B.Sc, M.M.E. 4 Fawkner Street, South Yarra, Vic. 1912 McAlister, Miss M. K. Holebrook Flats, Hole- brook Place. 1893 *McAulay, Alexander, M.A., Professor Mathema- tics in the University of Tasmania. The University, Hobart. 1921 McGowan, W. Superintendent of Reserves, Launceston. 1921 McCIinton, Dr. R. 70 St. John Street, Laun- ceston. 1921 Mclnytre, Dr. W. Keverall. 37 Brisbane Street, Launceston. 1902 C *Maiden, J. H., I.S.O., F.R.S., F.L.S., Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, & Govern- ment Botanist of N.S.W. Botanic Gar- dens, Sydney, 1S18 Mansell, A. E. Melton Mowbray. 1918 iMartin, Brig.-General W., V.D. Launceston. 1913 Mather, J. F. 1 Mt. Stuart Road, Hobart. 1921 Masters, A. H. A.M. P. Chambers, Launceston. 1895 =*May, W. L. Forest Hill, Sandford. 1921 Meston, A. L., B.A. State High School, Laun- ceston. 1909 Millen, Senator J. D. Roxburgh, Newstead. 1907 Miller, Lindsay S., M.B., Ch.B. 156 Macquarie Street, Hobart. 1921 Miller, W. D. & W. Murray Ltd., launceston. 1921 Miller, R. M. State High School. Launceston. 1894 L Mitchell, J. G. Parliament Street, Sandy Bay. 1911 Montgomery, R. B. Davey Street. 92 LIST OF MKMr.r.its. Year of Kleiti.iij. 1921 Morris, E. Sydney, M.B., Ch.M., D.P.H., Chief Health Officer, Tasmania. 3 Montague Avenue, New Town. 1918 Murdoch, Hon. Thomas, M.L.C. 55 Montpelier Road, Hobart. 1921 Murdoch, Ronald. "Marathon," Lower Sandy Bay. 1922 Murdoch, F. M. "Lenna," Battery Point. 1921 Muschamp, Rev, E. Holy Trinity Rectory, Laun- ceston. 1882 Nicholas, G. C. "Cawood," Ouse. 1918 Nicholls, Sir Herbrrt, Kt., Chief Justice of Tas- mania. Pillinger Street, Queenborough. 1910 Nicholls, H. Minchin, Government Microbiologist, Dept. of Agriculture, Hobart. Macquarie Street, Hobart. 1919 Nicolson, Norman. "Streanshalh," Campbell Town. 1921 Nye, P. B. Geological Survey Office, Launceston. 1917 Oldham, N., J.P. New Town. 1921 Oldham, W. C. 39 George Street, Launceston. 1919 Oldmeadow, H. E. R. "Lowes Park," Woodbury. 1920 Orr, Dr. Hubert. Campbell Town. 1922 Overell, Miss Lilian. Holebrook Place. 1922 Oxer, Rev. F. E. Huon Road. 1921 Padman, R. S. 56 St. John Street, Launceston. 1921 Patten, W. H. 59 Cameron Street, Launceston. 1921 Parker, R. L. 81 St. John Street, Launceston. 1922 Parker, H. T. Training College, Hobart. 1908 Parsons, Miss S. R. 190 Davey Street, Hobart. 1888 C Pearson, W. H., M.Sc, A.L.S. 18 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, P^ng. 1922 Perrin, Miss K. 10 York Street, Launceston. 1902 t*Piesse, E. L., B.Sc, LL.B. 39 Broadway, Cam- berwell, Vic. 1910 Pillinger, James. 4 Fitzroy Crescent, Hobart. 1918 Pitt, Frank C. K. "Glen Dhu," The Ouse. 1919 Pitt, C. F. Campbell Town. 1908 Pratt, A. W. Courtney. "Athon," Mt. Stuart Road, Hobart. LIST OK MKMliERS. 93 Year of Kleclion. 1922 PuUcine, R., M.B. 1G3 North Terrace, Adelaide. 1922 Reid, A. A. Curator, Beaumaris Zoo. C/o Town Hall, Hobart. 1921 Reid, A. Mcintosh. Geological Survey Office, Launceston. 1921 Reid, W. D. Public Buildings, Launceston. 1921 Reynolds, John. Knocklofty Terrace, Hobart. 1919 Riggall, Captain A. Hortin, D.S.O. Tunbridge. 1912 t*Robinson, J. Moore-. Librarian and Publicity Officer, Chief Secretary's Department, Ho- bart. 1921 Rolph, W. R. Examiner & Weekly Courier Office, Launceston. 1919 Rowland, E. O. Secretary for Public Works, Hobart. 1884 t*Rodway, Leonard, C.M.G., Government Botanist of Tasmania. Macquarie Street, Hobart. 1913 Ross, Hector, Sheriff of Tasmania. Macquarie Street, Hobart. 1922 Sargison, H. Murray Street. 1921 Savigny, J. 21 York Street, Launceston. 1896 Scott, R. G., M.B., Ch.M. 172 Macquarie Street, Hobart. 1921 *Scott, H. H. Curator of the Victoria Museum, Launceston, Tas. 1922 Seager, P. S., LS.O. Grosvenor Street, Sandy Bay. 1921 Sharland, M. S. R. C/o The Mercury Office, Hobart. 1922 Sharland, Rev. F. B. Davey Street. 1892 C *Shirley, John, D.Sc, Principal Teachers' Training College, Queensland. "Cootha," Bowen Hills, Brisbane. 1921 Shields, Hon. Tasman, M.L.C. 13 Patterson Street, Launceston. 1901 Shoobridge, Canon G. W. 3 Molle Street, Hobart. 1921 Shoobridge, Hon. L. M., M.L.C. "Sunnyside," New Town. 1921 Simson, L. 3 St. George's Square, Launceston. 1917 Slaytor, C. H., F.LC. Mistei-ton, Doncaster, England. 1901 C Smith, R. Greig, D.Sc. Linnean Hall, Elizabeth Bay, Sydney. 94 LIST OK MEMBEKS. Year of Election. 1921 Smithies, F. 34 Patterson Street, Launceston. 1919 Snowden, Colonel R. E. "Minallo," West Hobart. 1896 L *Sprott, Gregory, M.D., CM. Macquarie Street, Hobart. 1921 Spurling, S., Jnr. Brisbane Street, Launceston. 1919 Stevenson, Miss F. "Leith House," New Town. 1921 Strike, R. J. Town Hall, Launceston. 1913 Susman, Maurice. 88 Murray Street, Hobart. 1920 Swindells, A. W. 141 Campbell Street. 1907 Tarleton, J. W. Sandy Bay. 1918 Taylor, Walter E. Elboden Street, Hobart. 1920 Taylour, W. H. Equitable Buildings, Melbourne. 1920 Taylour, Harold. Equitable Building, Mel- bourne. 1922 Thomas, Lt.-Colonel L. R., D.S.O. Registrar of the University of Tasmania. 1921 Thomas, P. H. Agricultural Department, Hobart. 1922 Thomas, L. E. "Creekton," Cressy. 1922 Thomson, E. H. Lower Sandy Bay. 1892 C *Thompson, G. M., F.L.S. Dunedin, N.Z. 1921 Thompson, Dr. L. Grey. Patterson Street, Laun- ceston. 1918 fThorold, C. C, M.A. The Hutt-hins School, Hobart. 1921 Tymms, Dr. A. 0. 18 York Street, Launceston. 1921 Wakefield, F. W. Forestry Dept., Geeveston, Huon. 1918 Walch, Percy. King Street, Sandy Bay. 19J1 C Wall, Arnold, M.A. Professor of English Lan- guage & Literature in Canterbury College, Christchurch, N.Z. 1913 Wardman, John. Superintendent of the Botani- cal Gardens, Hobart. 1918 Waterhouse, G. W., B.A., LL.M., Cantab. Messrs. Ritchie & Parker, Alfred Green & Co., Launceston. 1922 Waterworth, E. N. Poet's Road, W. Hobart. 1921 Waterworth, A. G. State School, Glen Dhu. 1922 Watson, D. W. Hobart. ANN If AT, TSKPOKT. Oft Year of Bleciion. 1918 Watt, W. The Observatory, Hobart. 1922 Wayn, Miss A. L. Lambert Avenue. 1918 Weber, A. F. Lands Department, Hobart. 1921 Whitfield. G. Trevallyn, Launceston. 1919 Williams. T. H. Electrolytic Zinc Co., Risdon. 1920 Williams. Hon. W. M., O.B.E. Augusta Road, Hobart. 1922 Winch, A. A. Huon Road. 1901 Wise. H. J. Lambert Avenue, Sandy Bay. 1921 Wright, W. Invermay State School, Launceston. ANNUAL REPORT 1922 The Council and Officers. The Annual Meeting was held at the Society's Rooms, the Tasmanian Museum, on Monday, 20th March, 1922. The following members were elected as the Council for 1922: — Messrs. W. H. Clemes, W. H. Cummins, Dr. W. L. Crowther, Major L. F. Giblin, Rt. Rsv. Dr. R. S. Hay, Messrs. J. A. Johnson, J. Moore-Robinson, L. Rodway, and Dr. Sprott. During the year 12 meetings of the Council were hv^ld„ the attendance being as follows: — Mr. Rodway, 11; Dr. Crowther, 11; Mr. Johnson, 10; Mr. Moore-Robinson, 10; W. H. Clemes, 9; Major Giblin, 9; Dr. Sprott, 6; Mr. Cum- mins, 4; Rt. Rev. Dr. Hay 3. The Council at its first meeting made the following appointments : — Chairman of Council: Mr. L. Rcdway, C.M.G. Standing Committee: Messrs Rodway, Clemes, and Major Giblin. Editor of Papers and Proceedings: Mr. Clive Lord. Honorary Treasurer: Mr. J. Moore-Robinson. Trustees of the Tasntenian Museum and Botanical Gardens: Doctors Crcwth-r and Sprott, Messrs. Clem.s, Cummins, Johnson, and Rodway. Converi^aziouc, The Society's activities for the year commenced on the 28th February, wh:n a conversazione was held in htnjur •Jti ANNUAL KKl'iiUT. of the visit of Sir T. W. Edgeworth David, K.B.E., C.M.G., who delivered an instructive lecture concerning: the forma- tion of Bass Straits. Meetings. During the year one special and nine ordinary meetings were held. Details concerning papers read and lectures de- livered will be found in the Abstract of the Proceedings. Membership. The membership of the Soci^^ty continues tj be satis- factory, and the roll at the end of the year showed three honorary members, twelve corresponding members, nine life members, and two hundred and forty ordinary members. Finance. The financial position of the Society has been the cause of grave concern to the members of the Council. During the year, the Government was approached with the object of ob- taining further financial assistance. The then Chief Sec- retary pi-omised further support, but owing to the change of Government, and the financial position of the State, the hoped-for assistance did not materialise. In order to adjust matters, the Papers and Proceedings for the year were con- siderably reduced in size. Later a scheme was propounded whereby the Government might undertake the printing of the Society's Papers and Proceedings, and this matter is under consideration at the present time. An appeal for special subscriptions for the printing fund was made during the year, and many members assisted in this direction. Papers and Proceedings. The members of the Council regret that it has been found necessary to seriously curtail the size of the Papers and Proceedings for 1922. It is hoped, however, that in the com- ing year means may be found for overcoming the Society's dfficulty, and the former size of the Society's publication be reverted to. R. M. Johnston Mcviorvd. It is hoped to commence the R. M. Johnston Memorial Lectures in 1923. The position of the fund is shown in the financial statement. ANNUAL REPORT. 97 Obituary. It is with regret that the Society has to record the death of the following: members during- the past year: — Samuel Clemes, Principal of Leslie House School, New Town. Elected a member in 1887. Robert Louis Kermode, B.A., Birkedale, England. Elected a member in 1918. F. M. Littler, Launceston. Elected 1921. Robert Sticht, B.Sc, E.M., General Manager of the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company, Limited. Elect- ed a member in 1896. It is also with deep regret that the Council has to record the death of Sir Ernest H. Shackleton, Kt. C.V.O., who was an honorary member of the Society. REPORTS OF SECTIONS Education and Psychohgy Section. President: W. II. Clemes, B.Sc. Hon. Secretary: T. W. blaikie. Nine meetings were held during the year with good attendances. "Suggestion and Psycho-Analysis" was the topic chosen for discussion ; the following papers being- submitted: — "Suggestion and its relation to Education." J. A. John- son, M.A. "The Teaching of the Nancy School." L. Dechaineux. "Psycho-Analysis." Dr. E. Sydney Morris. "The New Psychology and its relation to Education." H. T. Parker, M.A. "The Effect of Herd Instinct on Morality." W. H. Clemes. B.Sc. "The Herd Instinct." Major L. F. Giblin. At the October meeting, the suggestions of the Committee of Public Examinations (Scheme A.), and those of the Board 98 ANNUAL REPORT. of Studies (Scheme B.), were discussed, but as no recom- mendations for the Board of Studies were forthcoming, it was agreed to adjourn the meeting for a week in order to set out the views of the Section for presentation to the Board of Studies. At this meeting, a scheme expressing the unanimous opinion of the members of the Section was drawn up, and forwarded to the Board of Studies. Historical and Gcor/raphical Section. This Section, which resumed its work in 1921, con- tinued throughout 1922, holding four general meetings as fol- lows:— Hth June. Summary by J. Moore-Robinson of General Macquarie's visit to Tasmania. 12th July. Comments by W. F. D. Butler on Rev. Robert Knopwood's Diary, and Grimes's Journal, on the Survey of King Island and Port Phillip. 16th August. Paper by G. W. Ife, entitled- "Notes on Some Old Hobart Regattas. 26th October. Paper by J. Reynolds on "The Currency of New South Wales and Tasmania, 1788-1825." Besides papers presented to meetings, the Section dealt .with other important matters, including the collection of historical relics, the provision of an exhibiton of articles, paintings, etc., relating to the early days of Tasmania, the preservation of historical monuments in old St. David's and ether cemeteries, the compilation of a list of drawings and portraits relating to the early settlement of Tasmania, to- gether with a statement as to where such portraits were to bo found, and the preservation of the burial place of William Buckley. Two other matters of outstanding importance were also dealt with, the first being preparation for the erection of a memorial cairn at the spot where Tasman officially landed in 1642. and the other being an elaborate scheme for pop- ularising study of early Tasmanian History by means of es- tablishing special prizes. Both these schemes were advanced definitely during the year, and it is anticipated that they will be finalised during 192,3. ANNUA 1> REPORT. 99 BRANCH REPORTS NORTHERN BRANCH. REPORT FOR 1922. There have been six meetings of the Branch during the session of 1922. At the Annual Meeting held in March, the following were appointed the Committee for the year: — Dr. McClinton, Messrs. J. E. Heritage, R. 0. M. Miller, S. Dry- den, G. W. Waterhouse, Loftus Hills, W. D. Reid, F. J. Heyward, and H. H. Scott. The following lectures have been given: — "Standards of Human Progress." W. Judd, M.A. "The Emotions and James' Theory." R. 0. M. Miller, B.A. "Antarctica." Professor Sir Edgeworth David. "Other Museums and Ours." H. H. Scott. "By Camel Train and Aeroplane to Lake Eyre." G. H. Halligan, F.R.G.S. "Discovery and Settlement of Northern Tasmania." J. Moore-Robinson, F.R.G.S. Owing to the lamented death of Mr. F. M. Littler, the branch has lo.st one of its most active and valued members, and the State an enthusiastic worker in the realms of Nature Study. MIDLANDS BRANCH. A meeting of the members of the Midland Branch of the Royal Society was held on 4th February. 1922, when there were nine members present. It was resolved that two further meetings be held during the year— one in April-May at Oat- lands, and the 2nd in August-September at Campbell Town. These were duly called. At the former, a Lecture on "Science in Modern Warfare" was given by the Director of Geological Survey, and was much appreciated, while at Campbell Town, Mr. Moore-Robinson delighted a good audience with "A Trip through the Panama Canal." -:; ■* o m CO V CO T-H I— I Oi T-H Oi 00 Tf fH C 5" CM C^ S i S '-' ^ ^ ^ a. 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