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P APILIO :

THE ORGAN OF THE

NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

Devoted Exclusively to hefiidojitera.

Volume IL

EDITED BY

HENRY EDWARDS

NEW YORK
1882.

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl^e few Jork pntomological piub.

Vol. 2.] January, 1882. [No. 1.

ON THE HABITS AND ECONOMY OF SOME SPECIES
OF bPHINGIDyE.

By Dr. Herman Behr, San Francisco.

The Sphinges are of those types that have attracted consider
able attention even in the dawn of our science.

It is quite astonishing what a number of exotic Sphinges
are figured in Cramer, StoU and other ancient iconographs, and
the very names given by the immortal Linne to the European
species bear testimony how well their habits were known at the
beginning of entomological study, because they refer either
to the food plant of the larva, or to some peculiarity in its shape
{Porcellus) and that is one of the strongest proofs of their having
attracted the attention even of the non-scientists to a supersti-
tion the name of the fatal Goddes'^, Atropos, referring to the
popular belief, that the appearance of this insect foreboded
epidemics, famine or war. The name Elpenor is an allusion to
the companion of Ulysses of that name, who met with a fatal
accident when under the influence of wine. Linne evidently has
chosen this name to indicate that the grapevine is the tavorite
food plant of the species. Nevertheless these powerful and
active insects, whose peculiarities strike even the imagination of
the common observer, do not play that part in the economy of
nature that could be expected from their enormous locomotive
powers, their spasmodic activity, and their formidable looking
larvae.

.In fact, with very few exceptions their influence on other
provinces of creation is limited, they rarely become injurious to
vegetation and even then they are never an endemic pest, but
only sweep a district like an epidemic not to reappear for more
than a decennium.

The State of California as far as its fauna is known, is poor
in Sphinges. Most of our species are too rare to play a part
anywhere but in collections and cabinets of scientists.

DeilepJiila Lineata var. Daiiciis, is common throughout the
State. It is also found in the Atlantic States and in the slightly
aberrant form described by Linne, in Mediterranean Europe. It
seems to be nowhere so common as on the Pacific slope. The
larva prefers plants of the natural order Onagracecs, viz : Epilobiuni,
Boisduvalia, ClarkicB, Eiicharidmm, Godetia, yEnothcra, and since
the introduction of the Fuchsia species into our gardens it has
taken very kindly to the different varieties of these exotics.

The larva but rarely suffers here from Ichnewnon, OpJiion or
other parasites. It has a strong vitality and the power to adapt
itself to plants of different orders for instance Rmncx and
Portiilaca. Occasionally, but rarely it is met with on the grape-
vine.

This species is known to have multiplied under favorable
circumstances to an alarming extent. In a report published in
the year 1S77 I find a notice of such an instance, of which
r give the particulars.

In that year the neighborhood of Manhattan, in Kansas,
was devastated by swarms of Locusts {Caloptcnus) to a degree
that all grass had entirely disappeared. Before the seeds of the
destroyed grasses had a chance to germinate, their place was
occupied by a herbaceous vegetation, chiefly consisting of
Portiilaca oleracea. Scarcely was this new vegetation started
when numerous larvae of D. Lineata made their appearance
spreading even to some of the neighboring vineyards. This
last circumstance roused the apprehensions of the people, when
the cause of their fears disappeared as suddenly as it had made
its appearance.

I read that Philainpehis AcJicenion, PJiilavipelus Satellitia, and
CJicerocampa Myron are injurious to the grapevines of the Atlantic
States. I do not know to what degree they are injurious, i. c. if
they are dangerous, or merely troublesome and annoying.

PJi. AclicBmon is the only one of these species as yet found
in California. Like most insects, feeding on plants cultivated ex-
clusively on large tracts of land, this species will multiply in
favorable seasons to an alarming extent. Nevertheless, I do not
know of any instance of material damage done by this species.
The larva looks more formidable than it is in reality. It is of
quick growth and soon transforms. The powerful flight of the
imago carries the female to localities very distant from her birth
place. Besides this, PJi. Achcznion partakes largely of the well
known peculiarity of many Sphingides ; namely, the undeveloped
sexual character of the individuals that transform the same year
and do not hybernate in the chrysalis state, so that the propaga-
tion depends mainly or the hybernating individuals.

From these circumstances it becomes evident that this
species, although it may interfere to a certain extent with the
production of a vineyard, is not capable of inflicting serious injury
to the vines themselves, as is the case with endemic insect pests, or
such epidemics as repeat more frequently.

I have no data as to what extent the injuries inflicted on vine-
yards by this species have been carried in the Atlantic States,
nor am I in possession of exact statements in relation to PJi. Sat-
ellitia and /?. Myron.

Macrosila Carolina and M. qiiviqiie-viacnlata occasionally
injure tomato, potato or tobacco plantations. In California their
destructions do not amount to much : in the Atlantic ^tates,
nevertheless, the damage done may be more serious. The insect
seems to prefer tobacco to all other Solanacea; and, therefore, in
districts where a onesided agriculture excludes, to a considerable
degree, cereals and fodder plants, the Macrosila species may de-
velop up to insect pests. These pests probably will be of an
epidemic, not an endemic character, as all Sphinges are rather un-
steady in their quarters and of a nomadic turn. They generally
crowd in one season and cannot be found in the next. Like Ph.
Achcenion and its own near European relative, M. convolviili,
these species propagate only by the indviduals developed next
summer, the numerous individuals developed the same season
having their sexual organs imperfect and unfit for propagation.

I have read that Ccratomia qnadrieornis infests the elm trees
of the Atlantic States sufficiently to disfigure avenues, but I did
not find any statement that these shade trees suffered perma-
nentl}\ As far as I know the European SpJi. Pinastri is the only
insect of this tribe that, in certain seasons, inflicts permanent in-
jury to vegetation, but the scourge of this species appears in the
same district only after a lapse of years, never in two consecutive
years, but when it occurs, the destruction sometimes is as if a
forest fire had swept the region.

A forest infested by the larva of Sph. Pinastri exhibits even
to the unexperienced eye striking peculiarities. Upon enter-
ing the invaded district a peculiar acrid, but not exactly disa-
greeable, smell is perceived ; the ear is struck by a grating mono-
tonous sound, caused by the feeding of innumerable larvje ;
on the ground crawl gaily colored larvae on a layer formed of
fallen leaves, tops of branchlets and the cubic excrements of the
caterpillar, some trying to hide under ground for transformation,
others to regain a tree and climb up the trunk, from whose top
some accident had thrown them. Large sized Ichnciuiwns, and
Ophiones, minute but shining CJialcides bury themselves around
the larvae, while lazy Tachime wait for an opportunity to drop
a few eggs on those which are nervously seeking to hide for trans-
formation. The larva and parasite are persecuted alike by
Carabns aiiratns and Calosoma SycopJianta, whose metallic bodies

shine round the roots of the pines like golden coats of arms.

This entomological landscape is enlivened by villagers of all
ages and sexes, under the command of some government forester,
shaking trees, collecting caterpillars by broom and shovel into
baskets and throwing them into fires kindled at different spots in
the forest.

Modern forest culture has abandoned this system of warfare.
Experience has shown that the Pinastri epidemic does not recur
in the same district, even if nothing has been done. Science has
demonstrated, that the enormous accumulation of parasitic
Hymcnoptera and Diptera would more than decimate the de-
structive insect without human aid. Besides this, insects, with
enormous power of locomotion like Sph. Pinastri, never be-
come endemic pests.

But the chief cause of a change in the forest tactics was the
danger of fire, caused by the burning of the baskets amidst dry
leaves, withered branches and dying pine trees.

Splmix Pinastri is, as far as I know, the only Sphinx that oc-
casionally causes serious damages, the harm done by the Macro-
silas to cultivated Solanacece being scarcely worth mentioning.

If the Sphinges have but little power to harm vegetation, they
nevertheless play an important part in their economy, for they are
he carriers of pollen from flower to flower. Many of those
flowers whose narrow tubular corolla contains anthers in a posi-
tion that the pollen never could reach their own stigma nor that
of a sister flower, are only fertilized by the interference of the
Sphinges. The enormous length of the trunk of some of the
Macrosilas is quite in proportion to the narrow, deep tube of the
Tobacco flower and other Solanacea; and Apocynace(E, families
not only patronized by the larvae, but also by the perfect Sphinx.
And so it happens, that the precocious autumnal brood, whose
imperfect sexual development prevents them from propagating
their own species, contribute largely to the propagation of the
plant that serves for food to the larvae of their later born breth-
ren and sisters. Looking for the nectar at the base of the cup
they charge their trunks with the pollen and carrying in this way
kisses from flower to flower, they are the means of fecundating
theovula, v. hose growth will serve as food for the offspring of their
hybernating relatives.

There is a curious instance to be mentioned in regard to the
mutual relation of some Sphinges and an Asclepiadaceons plant, the
Physianthus. The pollen of all the AsclepiadacecB being of a
waxy, instead of a mealy substance, is not apt to be carried by
the wind like the pollen of other plants nor is the position of
the poUinea always such, that without interference of a third
party, their contents can possibly reach the stigma. Physian-
thns, especially, is a genus, whose anthers are constructed on a
plan that would impede communication between pollinia and

stigma, and therewith fecundation and propagation of the species,
if it were not for the agency of insects, and especially Sphinges,
which, attracted bv the copious nectar in the deep grooves that
surround the tubus stamineus, insert their trunks into these cav-
ities, where the narrow entrance is guarded by the anthers.
There is a rim between the lower parts of the loculi of the anther,
large enough to admit the trunk of a Sphinx, but gradually clos-
ing towards the upper portion of the loculi. This rim will catch
the insect by its trunk and will keep it prisoner till the loculi have
discharged their pollinia and fecundation has taken place. It is
easily understood, that where the point of maturity, when the
pollinia are discharged, is distant, the poor Sphinx has to choose
between remaining prisoner for life or losing its trunk.

We may plant the PhysiantJius near tobacco plantations.
Not that I think it of much practical use in protecting the plan-
tation ; it is merely to get even with a good number of Macrosil(E
that have injured other tobacco plantations when in the larva
state.

As to the object that nature had in view in this arrange-
ment, I am at a loss to offer any explanation, if it is not the opin-
ion, that nature sometimes is fond of very practical jokes.

Small and transitory as the influence of the Sphinges may be
on the household of organic life, their scenic effect is consider-
able. And it is not only their size, elegance of form and har-
mony of colors ; it is also their extraordinary powers of locomo-
tion. A single specimen may enliven a flower garden in such a
way that it creates the impression that the whole region was
swarming with the species. Suddenly the insect will dart away
like a humming bird, leaving the garden quiet and lonely, but
repeating the same nervous activity on flowers in a different lat-
itude.

It is a well known fact that the larvae of Ph. Nerii are found
nearly every year in different countries of northern Europe,
where its food plant, Nerinni Oleander, is cultivated in glass
houses. Now those larvse are brought there by females that are
fecundated in a country where Oleander grows in the open air.
The most northern place,' where the larvae of Nerii has been
found is St. Petersburg. It is more than possible that the female
PJi. Nerii, that found her way into a Russian glass house, break-
fasted on nectar of Oleander flowers on the borders of the
Mediterranean.

And this is not an isolated occurrence. The very fact that
the professional gardeners are wide awake to the financial advan-
tages of having larvae of this kind on their Oleanders, and that
they do not kill them, but sell them, is the best proof of the fre-
quently repeating occurrence. Some gardeners, induced by the
prices paid by amateurs and collectors, have tried to cultivate Ph.
Nerii, but all their efforts have been frustrated by the disinclina-

tion or disability of the specimens raised in northern climes to
propagate. This is another proof of the frequency of such inva-
sions, as each colony of larvae is the product of an imigrated
female, not of a female born in the northern region.

Modern investigations have also demonstrated tha.t Ac/ieron-
tia Atropos and DcilepJiila Celerio do not propagate in Europe,
and, consequently cannot be considered as indigenous species.

A French gentleman in San Francisco has shown me a little
collection of insects, caught on board a vessel after a heavy
gale, fifty-four geographic miles from the coast of Brazil. All
these insects were Sphinges. They were ten in number ; five
Macrosila Cingidata, three PJiilainpehis JiissieucE and two speci-
mens of a CJicErocmnpa.

I could quote here a great many other instances that prove
the wonderful powers of flight of these insects and their disposi-
tion to make use of them, but I consider the different facts men-
tioned here sufficient to demonstrate the impossibility to take
measures against an invasion of such enemies. At the same time
such measures, even if successful, would do very little good, be-
cause, in the few cases, where these insects inflict perceptible
harm, the harm is but transitory, the enemy taking leave as ab-
ruptly as he appeared unexpectedly.

The advice to catch and kill the Sphinges hovering over
flowers is as impracticable as to divert the course of a river by
palling. But if some people, not minding practical advantages, only
wish to get even with the uninvited guests, let them plant PJiysian-
thiis, and the torn off trunks sticking out of the flowers will satisfy
the most revengeful disposition.

We would expect that the eminent power of flight in this
group would produce a considerable number of cosmopolitan
species, but there are comparatively but few. Two courses com-
bine to restrict the majority to local distribution.

I. Their larvae never are truly polyphagous. Most of them
feed exclusively on a genus, many are even restricted to a single
species whose geographical limits, of course, must comprise in
that case the geographical limits of the Sphinx. The adapta-
bility of their larvae to the other kinds of food generally does not
pass the limits of the botanical family, frequently, as mentioned
above, does not extend even to species of the same genus. So
Dcilephila Euphoj-biw lives in quantities on Ei/phurbia Esii/a, rarely
on E. Cyparissias and even in captivity it scarcely can be pre-
vailed upon to feed on any other species and rather will die than
touch most of the species of the Genus Euphorbia.

Its congener D. Lineata possesses of all the Sphinges known
to me the greatest powers of adaptation. Onagraceiv, RubiacecB
VitacecB, Poi'tulacacecB and Polygonaccce will serve as food for its
larva.

In consequence this species is to a considerable extent cos-

mopolitan. It is amphigeic, for it extends from California
through America beyond the Atlantic into Mediterranean Europe
and Asia, while D. EiipJwrbice is scarcely ever found beyond
the limits of the most central part of Europe, but there in great
numbers. In fact its habitat coincides with the habitat of Eu-
phorbia Esiila.

D. Gain adapts itself to plants of different families. It
forms, therefore, part of the fauna of Europe, Asia and North
America, and is, besides D. Lineata, the only instance of an am-
phigeic Sphinx.

J). Niccea, Dah/ii, Hippophaes, and Vespcrtilio are restricted in
their food plants, consequently they are restricted in their habi-
tat too.

Notwithstanding the roaming propensities of the indi-
viduals and their power to bear changes of temperature, the
species themselves are strictly enclosed between certain isother-
mal and isochimense, because the larvae do not possess the
same power of endurance in regard to clim.atic changes as the
imago does. And this is perhaps the cause that all the immi-
grations of AcJierontia Atropos before alluded to never succeeded
in forming colonies.

Another peculiarity in the geograhical distribution of
Sphinges may be derived from the same cause. The species of
the Northern and of the Southern temperate zones are almost
always distinct. Although these species invade the tropics
from both sides, they never seem to be able to cross them so far
as to reach the opposite temperate zone. The geographical distri-
bution of some Macrosila and CJiacrocainpa is not a real excep-
tion, for their original home is the tropics, from whence they extend
north and south. Perhaps some exception from this rule may
be discovered in South Africa. The specimens of a so-called
M. Convolvnli, which I have received from New Zealand, differ
very materially from the European and North African insect and,
are evidently the type of a new species.

As to the tropical species themselves, none of them are
amphigeic. It may be, that in the course of time M. qiiinqucina-
cuiata, now beginning to form colonies on the Sandwich Islands,
will reach the Australian continent, a feat that has been accom-
plished by one of our Diurnals {Danais Archippus).

The extratropical species of the Southern Hemisphere, at
least so far as they are known, are distinct, each continent pro-
ducing its own species.

NOTES UPON CATOCALA SNOWIANA
And Varieties in the Genus.

By A. R. Grote.

I have au;ain carefully examined my type of this species.
By the deep ochre yellow secondaries and the breadth of the
mesial black band superiorly, I identify it as belonging to the
Kansas form, hitherto regarded by me as a variety of our
Eastern Covinninis, or of the Southern Neogania of Abbot and
Smith. In the type, which is evidently an aberrant specimen,
the fore wings are paler and appear somewhat aborted. This
Kansas form, which must take the name Snoiviana, differs by the
forewings being diffusely shaded with black and wanting the
brown subterminal space and greenish gray tint of the Eastern
Coviuinnis. The mesial black band on the hind wings is broader
above ; the secondaries themselves are of an intense ochre yellow,
darker than in the Southern Neogania. We then have three
named forms which may be ultimately classed as varieties of
Neogania. First the typical form from the South, of which a
specimen collected by Belfrage in Texas, is in the collection
before me. This has the hind wings and abdomen of a lighter
yellow, the band as in the Northern form, the fore wings more
gray than black, wanting the brown tints. Secondly the North-
ern and Eastern form, found from Canada to the Ohio River,
described by Guenee as Neogania, but which, to distinguish it, I
have called Communis. Thirdly the form above described from
Kansas and which has perhaps a wider range. The question as to
the value of these forms must be decided at a future date, when
their complete history becomes known. It is, however, neces-
sary, in order to discuss them intelligibly, that they bear different
designations.

Since I first worked up the North American species of Catocala,
a large number of species have been described and a great num-
of varieties named. I biiefly enumerate here the varieties
named by myself so that there may be no doubt as to what I have
intended by the names. I do so because this showy genus has,
since 1872, been extensively written upon and there has been
some misrepresentation with regard to the forms described by
myself.

Var. Simulatilis of Obseura, has the median lines of the
fore wings thick and distinct in both sexes, whereas, in the type,
as figured, they are thread-like and partially illegible. Var.
Sinuosa of Coceinata occurs in Florida ; it differs from the typical
form, described by myself, by the band on the hind wings being-
reduced to a sinuate, narrow, discal line or mark. Var. SeintiUans
is a well known and distinct form of Innubens, in which the
fore wings are solidly brown to the subterminal line. Var.

Flavidalis of the same species has the hind wings yellow instead
of orange. Var. Bunkeri of Cerogavia has the median field of
the primaries more or less suffused with brown, against which
the white sub-rcniform stands out in relief ; the hind wings have
the yellow band half narrower than in the type and the yellow
base to the wing disappears. This variety is very beautiful in
extreme examples and is named for Mr. Robt. Bunker of Ro-
chester, who has devoted much attention to the species of this
genus. Var. PJialanga of Palceogaina is readily recognisable
by the subterminal space being filled in with black contrasting
with the white s. t. line ; it is figured by me in the Proceedings
of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia Vol. 3, Plate 3,
fig. I. Var. Basalisoi Hnbilis, differs by the presence of a black-
basal streak on the primaries above. Var. Wcstcottii of Anna,
differs by its smaller size and the black band of secondaries along
the border being continuous and not inter^pted as in the type
before anal angle ; the variety is from Illinois. Var. Sordida of
Gracilis, differs from the type in having the primaries wholly of a
dark hoary blue-gray ; it has been collected by Dr. James S.
Bailey in large numbers about Albany, N. Y., and is readily dis-
tinguished. Finally, var. Lineella of A mica differs by the darker
shades on the forewings being gathered along the lines, giving
the insect a distinct appearance, as compared with the type,
while the ground color is powdered with greenish gray. This
occurs with the typical form; in Texas another variety of Arnica
occurs in which the primaries are more or less suffused with
black : Mr. Hy. Edwards calls this Var. Nerissa. Excluding
Communis and Snowiana,"^ to the value of which I am doubtful,
I have named ten varieties.

NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA.

By Hekry Edwards.
FAM. SPHINGID^.

Proserpinus CiRC.'E. n. sp.

In form and outline of the wing very closely resembling the
California species, P. Clarkiw. Bdv. but abundantly distinct in
color. The primaries are of a reddish olive tint, the basal
space, and that behind the median band being the palest. The
band is rich, deep olive brown, almost straight on its anterior
edge, sinuous on its posterior, leaving the costal termination
twice the width of that of the internal margin, and enclosing a
rather darker ovate discal spot, shaded posteriorly with paler
color. Secondaries dull chestnut red, with the base and margins
darker than the centre of the wing, the basal shade being in the
form of a band. There is no trace of a black band, as in P.

lO

GauTiP,. S. and A- Fringes fawn color, and the extreme marginal
edge of the wing, dark brown, particularly at the anal angle.
Beneath, the wings are wholly dull reddish, (inclining to chestnut)
at their base, with pale central band, and margins again slightly
darker. Pale shades of apex of primaries repeated. Head and
thorax olivaceous. Abdomen reddish with olive tint, darkest
towards the posterior extremities. Palpi whitish, as are also the
base of the legs. The lower side of the abdomen has the seg-
ments narrowly edged with whitish.

Exp. wings. 40 m. m. Length of body 25. m. m.

Georgia. H. K. Morrison.

Types. Coll. B. Neumoegen. H. Strecker.

This is the species figured by Mr. H. Strecker in Lepid.
Rliop. et Hetcroc. as P. ganrce. Sm. Abt., but it is certainly not
that species, as it has no black band upon the secondaries so
observable in P. gaura\ In the original description, Smith says of
P.gauro' : "Alis dentatis; primoribus olivaceis dualis albidis puncto
disci deltoideo; posticis ferrugineis striga pallida extremis nigris,
margine albo." Now both the black band and the white margin
are absent in the present species, the general color is much red-
der, and the wings less dentated, shorter than in the figure of
P. gaura;, and of a different shape. P. gaiiro^ more closely re-
sembles P. Jiianita of Strecker, in fact, the latter is P. gating,
with the secondaries orange instead of rusty red, as in Sm. Abb.
figure.

Cautethia Gkotei. n. sp.

General color of primaries, brown black, with a grayish tint.
Basal space blackish, enclosed by a double, indistinct, black line.
Discal mark, velvety black. Posterior double line also black, the
inner one bent forward very suddenly towards the costa, from
the subcostal nervure, the outer one nearh- straight for its costal
half, and sharply dentate on the nervures. The submarginal
line has a grayish white shade behind it, continuing to the edge
of the wing, and there is also a blotch of the same color near
the centre of the internal margin. Fringes alternately black
and gray. Secondaries rich bright orange for the basal two
thirds. Marginal band brown, moderate in width. Underside
brownish, flecked with white scales, the base of secondaries dull
orange along the abdominal margin. Thorax and abdomen
grayish with black scales, the fifth and seventh segments banded
with darker shades as in Macroglossa. Antenna; dusky black.

Fxp. wings. 33. m. m. Length of body, 18. m. m.

Indian River. Florida.

Several examples, all constant to the description. This
species has been confounded with CaiitetJiia {(Enosanda)
noctuiforviis. Walk, and has been distributed by Mr. Neumoegen
and myself under that name. It was also so quoted by Mr.
Grote in his Sphingidae of Cuba, a specimen of the present

II

species being in the possession of Mr. Grote from that island.
Mr. A. G. Butler, however, pointed out this error in Papilio,
Vol. I. P. 105, and Mr. Grote, who has now seen Walker's type,
thus writes from London under date of Dec. 3rd, 1881 : "I have
carefully examined the type of CautctJiia noctiiiformis. Walker.
The specimen is unset, and smaller than ours from Florida; the
forewings very similar, but the hind wings have the yellow only
a patch at the base, and resting on the internal margin. The
wider fuscous border extends also on costal region, and the
yellow is paler." It cannot be but that we have here to deal
with an entirely different species from that described by
Walker, though it is somewhat extraordinary that so conspicious an
insect as the present should so long have escaped the observation
of our Florida collectors. The genus CantctJiia has been placed by
both Butler and Grote near Anccryx and Dilophonota. This ap-
pears to me to be an error, its coloration, shape of wing, ex-
tremely long longue, and tufted abdomen, bearing a closer re-
semblance to the Macroglossincc. We know nothing, however,
at present, of the early stages of this interesting group.

Sphinx (Protoparce) Cingulata. n. var. decolora.

A remarkable form, of which three examples are before me.
In all of these, the rose-colored shade on the base of secondaries,
and the sides of the abdomen, is entirely wanting. This is by no
means owing to fading, or to the poor condition of the specimens,
as two of them are absolutely fresh and perfect. In all other
respects, the markings are identical with those of S. Cingulata.
I can, therefore, only regard these examples as variations from
the usual type. The species is of very wide distribution, having
been found northward as far as Canada and southward as far as
Brazil. It reaches also to the extreme west of the continent,
and is very abundant in the Hawaian Islands. Have other ob-
servers noticed the extreme form now described?

Indian River. Florida.

Type. Coll. Hy. Edwards. B. Neumoegen.

Dilophonota festa. n. sp.

Size of D. obscura. Head, smoky black on crown, mingled
with grayish, with two white lines visible between the antennae.
Thorax blackish, mingled with gray — a double median line, and
the tegulae and space at base of the wings gray. Abdomen dull
iron gray, with very faint blackish dorsal double line, enclosing
a paler space. Sides and underside of both abdomen and
thorax white, thickly interspersed with brown scales. Antennas
with the shaft white, the pectinations fawn color, and the tip
pitchy-brown. Palpi, and the whole of the legs white, v/ith
brown scales. Primaries black, with a few grayscales intermixed,
except on the apex and along the internal margin, where the
gray predominates. The wings are deeply notched at the ter-
mination of the nervules, which are white and jet black, on a gray

12

ground. Secondaries dull red, with whitish streak at base. The
costal margin is also whitish. Apex shaded with dull black, contin-
ued around the margin to near the anal angle, where the usual mark
of the genus occurs. In this species, it is a waved broad line of
black and gray alternately, the gray line being double, the upper
strongly toothed. The nervures are black as they approach the
margin. Fringes gray, except on the abdominal margin, where
they are clear Avhite. Underside of wings, dull brick red at their
base, brownish towards the extremities, the margin speckled
with black and white, and the whole surface mottled with brown
scales.

Exp. wings. 66 m. m. Length of body. 38 m. m.

N. W. Texas. J. Boll. Type. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Allied to D. melancJioHca, but the wings and abdomen are
blacker, the marginal band of secondaries less distinct, and the
anal spot more gray in color.

FAM. BOMBYCID^.

LiMACODES RUDE. n. sp.

Fawn color, with black irrorations. A submarginal stripe of
darker color, (pale brow.n) parallel with the posterior margin, and
an oblique stripe of same color reaching from the middle of the
costa to near the base of internal margin, the space enclosed by
these lines being rather darker than the rest of the wing. Sec-
ondaries and underside, without markings, except the black
irrorations. Thorax and abdomen rather darker than the wings.

Exp. wings. 28 m. m. Length of body. 1 1 m. m.

I 5 "Maryland."

Type. Coll. H. Schonborn, Washington.

LiMACODES TRIGONA. n. sp.

Wholly pale fawn color, except at the base of the primaries,
where is a clear white, rather large, almost rectangular spot, the
edges of which are shaded with pale chestnut brown. The apex
of the angle is directed towards the costal edge of the wing.
There is also a trace of a darker shade on the apical portion of
the posterior margin. Underside entirely pale fawn drab.

Exp. winds. 30 m. m. Length of body 14. m. m.

I <5 Prescott, Arizona. L Doll.

Type. Coll, B, Neumoegen.

Artaxa INGENITA. n. sp.

Primaries deep yellow, inclining to orange, but not very
bright in tint. Secondaries two shades deeper in color. Thorax^
abdomen and legs concolorous. Under side of rather a paler
shade. There are absolutely no special markings upon any part
of either surface.

Exp. of wings. 35 m. m. Length of body. 8 m. m.

I ^ . Prescott, Arizona. L Doll.

Type. Coll. B, Neumoegen.

13

Though probably forming the type of a new genus, I am safe
in referring this very singular insect closely to Walker's genus
Artaxa, hitherto only known from India and Australia. Should
further investigation, and a knowledge of the earlier stages prove
my present course to be wrong, I think it wisest, anyway, to place
a new insect provisionally in a very closely allied genus, rather
than create a new one, which extended inquiry may prove to be
one already established. I append Walker's diagnosis of y^^'/^.^i^^t,
merely remarking that in the present species the only differences
I can see are that the antennae are shorter than in Walker's
genus, and the spurs of the hind tibiae are short, rather than long.
In color, general structure and neuration, the species now de-
scribed reminds one forcibly of the Australian Artaxa chry-
sopJiila.

" Genus 7. Artaxa.

" Male and female. Body rather slender. Proboscis very
" short. Palpi hairy, short ; second joint very much longer than
"the first, third joint conical, very minute. Legs slender; hind
" tibia with four long spurs. Wings broad. Forewings with the
" first, second and third inferior veins near together, fourth about
" four times further from the third than the third is from the
"second. Hind wings extending beyond the abdomen. Male.
"Antennae deeply pectinated. Female. Antennae minutely pec-
tinated." F. Walker.

Cat. Lepidopt. Heteroc. B. Mus.. Pt. 4, Page 795.

EUCHETES INOPINATUS. n. sp.

Primaries very pale fawn color, palest along the internal and
posterior margins. Costa with buff dash at the base, above and
below. Secondaries paler than the forewings, being almost a sor-
did white. The whole wings beneath are dull sordid white, with-
out marks, except the buff dash at base of primaries. Head, base
of fore tibiae, fore coxae, and upper side of abdomen buff, the latter
with a row of small black dorsal spots. Tibiae and tarsi, and under
side of abdomen very pale fawn color.

Exp. wings. 27 m. m. Length of body. 11 m. m.

I (^. Indian River, Florida.

Type. Coll. Hy. Edwards.

FAM. LITHOSIDvE.

Hypoprepia inculta. n. sp.

Primaries dull mouse color, with pale dash along the median
nervule and a black streak above it, only visible with a lens.
Head, thorax and fringe concolorous. Secondaries very pale sil-
very drab, with pink tinge, chiefly at the abdominal margin.
Fringes mouse color. Abdomen drab, with the tip dull orange.
Under side same as the upper, but slightly paler. The legs and
antennae are dull mouse color.

Exp. wings. 26 m. m. Length of body. 9 m. m.

14

I 6 . Tucson, Arizona. I. Doll.
Type. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

FAM. NOCTUID^.

Lygranthoecia PARMELIANA. n. sp.

Primaries ochreous drab, with a slight greenish tint. Basal
space clouded with olive brown. T. a, line narrowly edged with
white, and deeply toothed outwardly on the median nervure. T.
p. line also white, with a slight sinuation in the middle, where it
is lost in a brownish cloud. The central space is the palest por-
tion of the wing. It is crossed from costa to internal margin by
a narrow olive brown cloud, obscuring the large reniform spot.
Sub-reniform obsolete. Behind the t. p. line is a dark olive brown
shade, the margins paler, with black dots at the end of the ner-
vules. Secondaries dusky, with a paler discal shade, and the
costa also pale. Fringes of both wings alternately stone color
and brown. Beneath, the margins are broadly dusky, with dusky
discal spots. Centre of both wings paler. Thorax and abdomen
ochreous drab.

Exp. wings. 24 m. m. Length of body. 12 m. m.

I 6. "Maryland."

Type. Coll. H. Schonborn. Washington.

CiRRHOBOLlNA Mexicana. Be/ir. n. var. zmlpina.

Similar in all respects to C. incandcscens, Grotc ( — Syneda Mex-
icana, Behr.) except that the posterior half of the primaries is dull
foxy-red, bearing at first sight the appearance of a new species.
The marks of primaries and secondaries agree so closely with the
form mentioned that I cannot regard the present as other than
a variation.

3 ? . Prescott, Arizona. I. Doll.

Types, Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Melipotis perl.eta. n. sp.

Allied to M. pal/escens, G and R., but with the colors of the
primaries in much stronger contrast. Basal space fawn color,
dark brown as it touches the t. a. line and covered with brownish
scales. Costa pinkish for its basal, and deep buff for its posterior
half. T. a, line oblique, not dentated. T. p. line with slight sin-
uation in the centre, on which rests a brownish patch. The
space between is bright buff, except on the costa, where there is
a brownish triangular mark. Reniform and sub-reniform very
faintly indicated. The pale discal shade, common to all the genus,
is almost ovate in shape, with dark markings around it. There
are some faint gray shadings towards the internal margin. The
sub-marginal line is fawn color, slightly shaded anteriorly with
brown. Fringe fawn color. Secondaries sordid white, with broad
blackish marginal band, obsolete at anal angle, and with two
white blotches in the extreme margin. Fringe white. Under
side wholly clear white, with the costa of primaries pink, a broad

J5

marginal band and triangular discal spot dull black. Secondaries
as on upper side. Thorax above, fawn color, with pinkish scales.
Abdomen sordid white, with fawn-colored tint. Beneath, the
thorax, abdomen and legs are clear white.

Exp. wings. 36 m. m. Length of body. 19 m. m.

Several examples.

Prescott, Arizona. I. Doll.

Type. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Catocala Desdemona. n. sp.

Primaries rich wood-brown tint, with paler shades over the
discal portion. The lines are all strong and well defined. Basal
half line rich velvet black, slightly notched in the centre. Anter-
ior line oblique, slightly dentate. It approaches the internal mar-
gin very close to the termination of the posterior line, which is
very oblique from costa to second sub-costal nervure, where it
forms a very long and sharp tooth. It then bends abruptly tow-
ards the lower end of the sub-reniform, where it is sinuato-
dentate. The course is thence very abrupt to the internal mar-
gin. The reniform is brown, surrounded by a darker shade. Sub-
reniform large, transversely ovate, paler, almost fawn-color, with
brown and black scales. Across the posterior line is a fawn-
colored shaded space, blending softly into the brown of the wing.
The sub-marginal line is rather faint, and bears three black dashes
from sub-costal to median nervule. Marginal lunules fawn color,
with an orange tint. Fringes alternately fawn and brown. Sec-
ondaries rich orange, a little dusky along the abdominal margin.
Median band widest in centre, nearly equal on its interior edge,
and turning in a rather sharp hook to the abdominal margin.
Sub-marginal band with four equal teeth about its middle on the
exterior edge, It is nearly of equal width throughout, but be-
comes constricted near the anal angle, leaving an ovate patch
joined to the main band by a narrow line. The inner edge of the
band is without dentations. Fringe orange. Under side wholly
rich bright orange, the primaries with median and sub-marginal
band of black, the secondaries with the markings of the upper side
repeated. All the fringes pale orange. Thorax concolorous with
primaries, but with rather darker transverse band in front. Ab-
domen dusky orange.

Exp. wings. 62 m. m. Length of body. 25 m. m.

Four examples.

Prescott, Arizona. I. Doll.

Type. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Probably nearer to C. consors than to any other species, but
differing very widely in the markings of primaries, the median
band 01' secondaries a;id the general color.

i6

BOOK NOTICES.

Butterflies; their Structure, Chaxges, and Life Histories, with
special reference to AiiicMcaa forms ; be njj; an application of the Doc-
trine of Descent to the study of Butterflies. VViih an Appendix of
Practical Instructions, by SAMUEL H. SCUUDER. New Yoric, Henry
Holt & Co., 1881.

This book will be read by every Lepidopterist with mingled interest and
disappointment; many highly important lacts are given, and ingenious and proba-
ble deductions made trom them; on the other hand, exploded fallacies are gravely
used as proved facts, and from them necessarily erroneous general laws deduced.
It is sufficient to mention the alleged fact that individuals of Danafs .Irchippus
develope and lay their eggs one after ano:her for a year and a half, and to reter
to the alleged parallel generations of Argy7inis Myrina Mr. W. H. Edwards,
years ago had shown the errors of observation and deducnon involved in both
of these cases, but here they appear in their original guise without note or com-
ment.

Very few authors later than 1850 are que ted; the note on p. 204 fixes the
date of the book as before 1877, when indeed the whole of it was delivered as a
seiiesof Lowell Lectures at Cambridge several years before 1877; however, dif-
ferent portions of this book had appeared in various magazines, as the story
of Myrina in 1872, of Archippus in 1876 and other sections in 1877. This
would be no disadvantage if the work had been properly revised with reference
to the advances made in the last decade, but unfortunately this has not been
done. The works of Weismann — since 1874 the best autnor on color pattern
and seasonal dimorphism — are ignored, although twenty pages are devoted to
the first of these subjects and nearly as m^ny to the other. So are those of
Paul Mayer — the only authority at present on the ancestry of insects — and
Hatscheck's Embryology of Lepidoptera published several years ago, whch
singularly contradicts the statement on p. 10, that "very little is known * =^ of
the formation of the emoryonic caterpillar." ,

The drawings in the " Butterflies " are generallv good, but seme "are very
bad ; for example the eggs of Hypop/ila'as, p. 7, Philodice and Thoe, p. 8.
The latter looks something like a Parnassiiis *:^'g, but in neither shape nor
marking bears any resemblance to that of C. Thoe, which is very much flat-
tened and studded with large starry projections. The drawings from Harris
are inserted without any correction, or even men'ion of the very roticeabl- error
which IS pointed out in Harris' preface— the artist having provided four footed
butterflies with a superfluous front pair of iegs in thirteen instances. In spite
of such matters of detail the work is valuable for any beginner bold en. ugh to
try to untangle such a Chinese puzzle as the author's nomenclature, which s ct-
tirely original and adopted by h ms^lf only, either here or abroa.i. As a reu-wer
in Nature points out, the recognized standard works of systematic non mc a-
ture should be followed in a book intended for beginners and sucn innovanons
relegated to technical papers. The genera are those of Mr. Scudder's "Svs'.e-
matic Revision and were shown to be valueless by Messrs. Peabody and Mead
in the Canadian Etomologisf ; if anyone cares for more informa'ion as to this
matter, the last number cf that journal (December 1881 ) may be referred to.

Particular attention is call to the introduction of English names as an
improvement in the system of Linnaeus. Open where you please and you meet
such names as the Banded Purple, the Viceroy, the Monarch, the iJIue-eyed
Grayling, The Tiger Swallow-tail, etc., and usually without reference in the
text by which the student may know what insect is meant, though this information
may be obtained by reference to a glossary in the appendix.

Let us analyze one of the expressions, for example the Red Spotted Purple.
Basilarchia Astyanax, meaning Limenitis Ursula. In the first place it is not
red-spotted, in the next place it is not purple, in the next place there is no such
genus as Basilarchia, and in the last place Astyanax is a resurrected name un-

17

known for a hundred years until recently disinterred by Mr. Scudder. The
author speaks of "a continuous stream of Blue-eyed Graylings, p. i, referring
to Satyrus Alope called by Mr. Scudder Cercyonis Alope, and classed under
the Meadow Browns in the appendix. In the text he calls it a Grayling, but as
the color is not gray, why not a Brownling ? and moreover a Grayling is a tish,
{vide Izaak Walton), and the name must be regarded as preoccupied in ichthy-
ology. We find Xanthzdia Nicippe, the Black-bordered Yellow.j/ The butter-
fly is orange not yellow, and the name might apply to Colias Phuodice but not
Nicippe; it is a misfit. Philodice, however, appears as the Clouded Sulphur, though
it is not clouded, and on one page (189), this is called the Sulphur Yellow, creat-
ing perplexity. Indeed these instances and the reference on p. 287 to the FireWeed
as having a blue flower, suggests that the author may have perceptions of color
different from those which are usually considered the normal standard. Besides
this misapprehension there is a constant effort to deduce general principles from
too few facts, or even supposed facts ; for example, the philosophical discussion
upon the alleged fact that caterpillars in hatching, always devour their egg-
shells ; in point of fact they frequently leave the shells almost intact. So with
the incorrect statement that albino females of C. Philodice never appear in the
first brood of the season, illustrating the law given by the author that "since
melanism is a southern and albinism a iSTorthern peculiarity, we should afitici-
pate melanism in the hot and albinism in the cool season." Another instance^
is shown in the assumption that the polymorphic forms of Lycaena Pseudar-
gtolus must be related as are the polymorphic forms of Papilio Ajax, and the
philosophical discussions following this assumption. ^

The Appendix of practical instructions is admirable, and will be read with
interest and profit by both the tyro and the specialist.

If the demerits of the book have been more touched upon than they merit
it is because we all know that we may expect good results from Mr. Scudder, and
the shortcomings of his work need to be pointed out all the more on that very
account.

i8

GENERAL NOTES, RARE CAPTURES, ETC.
Under this head we shall publish, from time to time, such notes with refer-
ence to Lepidoptera as we deem may be useful to our readers, and we ask for
contributions to what we think may ultimately prove a valuable column of
"Papilio."

Early appearance of Hyphantria Cunea. — A. very fine example of
this species was taken February lo, 1881, at White Plains, N. Y. — ROBERT
Grey.

Erebus odora. — An example of this fine moth ? , was captured at Park-
ville, L. I., on June i6th, 1880. — John Akhurst.

Insect enemies. — Prof. I. 11. Comstock, of Ithaca, N. Y., is preparing a
report on the " Insect Enemies of Orchards and Gardens," and will be grateful
to any Lepidopterists, or others, for information of destruction which may have
come under their notice. The life-history of all species will be given as far as
possible.

Thecla ljeta. — A fine example of this species, one of the rarest of our
North- American Lycasnidae, was taken by me in July last, at Coalburgh, West
Virginia. I believe that only about five other examples are known to collec-
tions.— ^Theo. L. Mead.

Arctia nais. — This species and its variations, including A. decorai.i,
has been extremely abundant during the past summer at Newburgh, N. Y., the
insects coming treely to ligtit. A few examples of the much xzx^x A.persephone
have been taken under the same conditions.— Emily E. Morton.

Wing variation of Lepidoptera. — Mr. A. H. Swinton, of Guildford,
England, is preparing a somewhat elaborate work upon this subject, which will
probably be published early in the spring. — Hy. EDWARDS.

Emergence of Species from the Pupa State. — It is well known ta
breeders of Lepidoptera that various species emerge from the pupa condition at
different hours of ihe day. The following facts which have come under my
observation may he of interest :

Attacus Atlas emerges about 7 A. M.

Aciias Luna " " 4 P.M.

" Selene " " 5 P.M.

Platysamia Ceanothi . " " 4 P.M.

Gioveri . . " ' " 4 P. M.

" Cecropia. " '■ 5 P. M.

I hope soon to be able to give more extended observations to the subject. —
B. Neumoegen.

Larva of Pyrrh arctia Isabella. — When first hatched the larvae of this
fine moth are black, but after the second moulting one red ring appears, and
one more at each successive moulting till the normal number is reached, after
which no more moultings occur. The order of occurrence, as far as noticed,
is one forward, then one back of the one that first makes its appearance. Some-
times there are only two segments with two red tufts on each ; occasionally
only three red tufts in all on the back of the larvs. One form, with dirty brick-
red tufts on four segments produces what seems to be a variety of this moth,
it being lighter colored and the black spots are differently situated. In one case
the abdominal portion of the body was quite dark colored ; in others, the body
was of the color of the wing, with the usual black spots.— N. Coleman, Berlin,
Conn.

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl^e flew Jork Entomological piub.

Vol. 2.] February, 1882. [No. 2

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES TAKEN
IN ARIZONA BY JACOB DOLL, 1881.

By W. H. Edwards.

Terias Gundlachia. Poey, Hist. Nat. de la Isla de Cuba,
p. 246, plate 24, figs, I and 3.

Several examples of this fine species were taken in southern
Arizona, in October. It is at once distinguishable from other
orange species by the triangular prolongation of hind wing oppo-
site cell. The male is deep orange, the female paler; the former
has a broad, black costal border to primaries, and this extends
down hind margin nearly to inner angle, gradually narrowing.
The female has a narrow border next base, but broad at apex.
Under side of primaries pale orange ; of secondaries rather whitish,
with fine streaks and dusting of ferruginous ; beyond the disk a
zigzag brown stripe from costal to inner margm, macular beyond
cell. In the female wholly macular.

I formerly received a male of this species from the late Mr.
Boll, taken in Texas.

Terias Mexicana. Boisd. Morris, p. 36.

This species appears to be common in southern Arizona, and
there is much variation in the extent of the black border on
secondaries.

Mexicana has occasionally been taken in the Mississippi val-
ley, and Mr. A. W. Hoffmeister reports it at Fort Madison, Lee
Co., Iowa.

Terias Damaris. Felder, ? Reise Novara, p. 198, no. 100.

Male. — Expands 1.3 inch.

Shape of T Mexicajia, Bois.; much smaller, the hind wings
produced to an angle on second median nervule, as in that spe-
cies ; color of upper side uniform lemon-yellow ; a few black atoms

20

along costal edge of primaries, but the bases of both wings are
quite free from black ; a broad black border along the hind mar-
gins; on primaries this presents a deep, broad, sub-quadrangular
sinus, covering the two median interspaces ; the base of the sinus
is uneven, with a further small excavation in the border; above
the sinus the inner edge makes obliquely and with wavy outline
for costa, which it strikes at about two-fifths the distance from
apex to base ; the border of secondaries has a projecting tooth
opposite cell.

Under side of both wings paler, more white, but the cell and
costa of primaries decidedly yellow ; a slight sprinkling of dark
scales along costal edge, and the ends of the nervules to apex are
dotted black ; also towards apex and on upper half of hind mar-
gin there is a little ferruginous along the edges ; on upper end of
arc of cell a black dot.

Secondaries have a little cluster of ferruginous scales on costa;
a dash of ferruginous, with scales behind it, from outer angle half
across wing, and in line a mark of same color in lower median in-
terspace; on costal edge a few dots, and one on upper end of arc.
This description applies to two males taken by Mr. Doll, but the
third differs somewhat ; the basal half of secondaries is lightly
flecked with ferruginous streaks; in the lower median and in the
sub-median interspaces, close to the nervule, and in the line of
the ferruginous dash, are two little black points, and half way
between the dash and hind margin are two points not so black;
one in each of the two upper median interspaces; the ferruginous
scales behind the dash are more densely laid on, and over a larger
area than in the other males ; otherwise, on both surfaces, this ex-
ample resembles the other two.
Female. — Same size.

Color of primaries whitish, but yellow next base and over
cell to costa; secondaries all yellow, but paler than male; both
margins at base dusted black ; the border as in male, with a sim-
ilar sinus. Secondaries have no border, but the nervules at outer
angle are edged black, next to margin ; discal spot of primaries
obsolete.

Under side of primaries nearly as upper, but deeper yellow
at base and on cell ; costa and apex dusted ferruginous ; the
discal spot distinct.

Secondaries wholly dusted with ferruginous ; the marks as in
male.

From 2 <? I ? , taken in southern Arizona. I have also one
male, formerly received from the Wheeler expedition. The de-
scription of the female answers very well to Felder's. No male
seems to have been hitherto described, though Kirby, in Cata-
logue, gives 6 Damaris as synonym of Mcxicana ? Bois. Spec.
Gen. 655. I have carefully compared that description with
Damaris ? and it is not possible that the two are identical". Nor

21

is Daman's sa.me as Depuiseti, Bois., Lep. Guatemala, p. 1 1, as
Kirby states, Boisduval says the marginal border of primaries in
Depuiseti is deeper than in Mexicana, also that the anterior bor-
der of secondaries is largely of a fine citron-yellow. Now, the
whole of both wings of ^ Damaris is citron-yellow, and the mar-
ginal border is not deeper than in Damaris. Mexicana differs
much in its markings, shape of sinus, etc., and no doubt, Datnaris
varies considerably also.

Phyciodes Picta.

Melitcea Picta, $ Edw., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phila,, 3, 201.

Canace $ Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc, 3, 206.

Male. — Expands i.i inch.

Upper side black with fulvous and whitish or buff spots or
bands, very much as in Pratensis, Behr ; or fulvous and buff with
very little black, there being much variation. In the lighter ex-
amples, the angular discal band on primaries is yellow-buff, and
the fulvous spots of the next outer band are partly replaced by
buff; the submarginal lunules are of same color, and there is a
buff band across cell; on secondaries the mesial band is partly
buff. So much buff with the fulvous gives these examples quite
a gay appearance.

Under side of primaries mottled with pale yellow, or yellow-
buff, fulvous and black, the apical third being yellow or buff; with
same color the costal margin is broadly edged ; there are patches
of fulvous in and below cell, and in the median interspaces, the
intervening ground being yellow or buff; at inner angle is a black
patch, another at origin of lower median nervule, and below same;
a curved band beyond cell and a wedge-shaped patch between
this and apex. Secondaries yellow or yellow-buff, nearly immac-
ulate. Some examples have two small patches of brown on hind
margin, a cluster of brown scales at outer angle, and one or two
dots near the arc ; also two or three dots corresponding with the
pupils of the extra-discal row of fulvous spots of upper side.
•Other examples have these last dots, one or two streaks between
them and hind margin, and a few dots on costal margin.

Female. — Expands 1.3 inch.

Upper side as in male, except that on secondaries the ful-
vous bands are diffused, and the black areas between them re-
duced to little more than lines; the fulvous is of uniform shade
also, and in the discal band it is not replaced by yellow as in the
male. Under side of primaries as in the male ; secondaries yellow,
with faint reticulated brown lines on basal area, extending a little
beyond the middle of the wing; along hind margin a series of
narrow brown crenations, and above these a series of small brown
spots or points. By the uniform clear yellow, or buff, of hind
wings and of much of primaries, Picta'xs easily distinguished from
other western species.

Since seeing the many examples of Picta in Mr. Neumoegen's

22

collection I am satisfied that P. Canace is identical. It was orig-
inally described from a ^ received from Arizona, while Picta was
described from several males brought by the late Mr. Ridings from
Nebraska. The northern examples are darker, but all, whether
from Nebraska, New Mcvico or Arizona, agree in the coloration
of under side. Mr. Chas. Dury informs me that he found Picta
abundant in New Mexico, on his recent visit.

LiMENiTis Ursula. Fabr.

Var. Arizonensis.

Differs from the type in that the primaries are much produced;
so also are the secondaries, the band at upper branch of median
being much more angulated. The green extra-discal area is
broken into spots by the black borders of all the nervules; the
marginal spots on primaries are restricted to a single series,,
corresponding to the inner row on Ursula type, there being no
trace of sub-marginal markings ; these spots, also, are not lunular,.
but are small, and on upper half of wing scarcely more than
points. Secondaries have two rows along margin, the outer
small, lunular, the inner rounded, except the three posterior^
which are lunular, but all are smaller than in Ursula,

The under side is more like Ursula, there being on both
wings a double series of lunular spots, but the inner one is decid-
edly white on secondaries; there is also an absence of the white
found in Ursula about apex and on middle of costa of primaries.

Several males were taken about Tucson, and later in the
season, in southern Arizona. I formerly received four (5 of this va-
riety from the north of Arizona, taken by the Wheeler expedition.
There is a gradual departure from the white-banded form Proser-
pina (co-form o{ Art/icuiis) of northern New York, first into the
type seen in southern New York, and Pennsylvania to Chicago,,
with occasonal traces of the band, then into the typical Ursula,
wholly free from the band, as found in Virginia, then this south-
western form, in which the shape of the wings alters and the
markings have somewhat changed.

So far no females have been taken.

LiMENiTis Weidemeyerii. Edw.

aber. sine-fascia.

This extraordinary example lacks the broad, common white
band on both surfaces, also the white patch in cell of primaries ;
all the sub-marginal and apical spots are present and as in the
type.

Taken near Tucson.

LIMENITIS Eros. hdw.

var. obsoleta.

Color faded, very like Danais Strigosa, Bates, but with the
characteristic white spots oi Eros, on the inner side of the black
mesial band of secondaries, and on both surfaces.

1^1? taken in southern Arizona, in October.

2.3

Apatura Leilia. Edw. But. N. A. Vol. 2. i.
Female. — Expands 2.25 inch.

Upper side ferruginous-brown, lighter than the male ; the
apical spots of primaries pure white, as are also the three at end
of cell, but those in the median interspaces are yellowish (in male
white); three black ocelli as in male. Under side as in male, the
base and posterior half of primaries being castaneous, the rest,
and all of secondaries, pearl-gray upon a brown sub-color ; the
space in cell of primaries between the two dark spots gray-white
(in male white); the ocelli on both wings repeated, enlarged, with
yellow rings, and in centre clusters of blue scales.

A large number of both sexes were taken in southern Arizona,
in October. The male was described from three examples brought
in by the Wheeler expedition.
Thecla Itys. n. s.
Male. — Expands 1.3 inch.

Upper side brown ; primaries have smooth oval sexual spot
on disk ; secondaries have a few scales of fulvous in lower median
interspace near margin and a whitish edge to margin between tail
and angle; tail single, of median length, tapering, black, with
white fringe on posterior side and at tip ; fringes of wings fuscous
next margins, sordid-white outside, between tail and angle long,
whitish, the ends of the hairs there black.

Under side light gray-brown ; primaries have a sub-marginal
row of obsolescent spots, and an extra discal row of small rounded
black spots, the one on sub-median interspace not always present;
each spot edged with white ; on the arc a faint brown streak. Sec-
ondaries have a complete sub-marginal row of black points, or
small clusters of scales, on whitish ground ; at anal angle a velvet-
black patch, over which are a few orange scales and then black ;
in next interspace is a bluish spot, with black scales above ; and
in lower median interspace a small orange spot with black above
and below ; across disk a row of small round black spots in white
rings ; a brown streak on the arc.

Body above brown ; beneath, thorax gray-white, abdomen
yellow-white ; legs gray ; palpi white ; antennae ringed, black and
white ; club black, the tip ferruginous.
Female. — Expands 1.3 inch.

Upper side same color as male ; a small clear fulvous spot
near margin. In one example there is a second tail, very short,
black with white tip. In another this tail is wanting. Under side
as in male, but the discal spots are a little larger, as also is the
orange spot on secondaries, and the next three black spots anter-
ior to this have yellow scales on lower side.
From I 1^ 2 ? taken at Prescott.
The species belongs to the Acadica group
Thecla Leda. n. s.
Male. — Expands .85 inch.

24

Upper side pale black, along inner margin of primaries and
base, and inner half of secondaries, violet-blue ; on primaries a
dark, rough stigma ; secondaries have two tails, the anterior one
short, the other long, both black with white tips; a dark patch at
anal angle, and two in the next adjoining interspaces on the
margin.

Under side gray-brown ; both wings edged by a brown line^
next which the scales are whiter than elsewhere, giving the ap-
pearance of a second line, white; primaries have an obscure sub-
marginal series of brown lunules, an extra-discal, somewhat macu-
lar, band covering whole wing, brown, with no scales, and edged
without by white, at the end of cell a brown bar, with red scales
and white on either side. Secondaries have a clouded marginal
border, indistinct brown lunules running through a whitish ground;
a black anal patch, over which is a red edging, red also on the
inner margin, just above ; a rounded red spot, with black at
the margin, between the two lower branches of median ; across
the disk a macular band from margin to margin, bent at a double
angle, or W, below median, brown, much covered with red, and
edged outside by white ; an obscure streak at end of cell, and a
brown and red bar above cell half way between the band and
base.

Body above fuscous, the abdomen whitish, with orange scales;
under side of thorax and abdomen white ; legs biown and white ;
palpi white, brown above and at tip ; antennae fuscous, narrowly
ringed with white; club black, fulvous at tip.

From 2 3 taken near Prescott.

This pretty species is allied to Clytie, Eciw., described from a
single female, in Field and Forest, Vol 3, page 232, 1877, ^"<^ ^t
first view I thought these Arizona examples were the males of
that species. Clytie was taken by Mr. Boll at San Antonio. Sec-
ondaries are wholly light blue, color of Lycaena PsetidargiohiSy.
and so are the inner margins of primaries, whereas Leda is violet-
blue ; the under side is marked with red as in Leda^ but more
heavily. Both wings are edged by a red line, and hence it differs
from Leda. So the outer tail is white, and theother black, partly
fringed on one side by white, whereas in Leda both are blacky
with only the extreme tip white. The abdomen of each is white^
but Leda has much orange on upper side. So that the two forms
are distinct, though of same sub-group.

1 take the opportunity to reprint the description of Thecla
Clytie, as Field and Forest is no longer published, and the vol-
umes are not readily accessible.

Thecla Clytie. Field and Forest, m, p. 88 1877.

Female, — Expands .8 inch.

Upper side of primaries blackish, except on the inner margin
up to cell, where the color is light blue, forming a pretty reg-
ular arc of a circle, terminating at three-fourths the distance from

25

base to inner angle. Secondaries wholly light blue, color of Ly-
caena Pseudargiolus, pale next outer angle and along inner mar-
gin ; hind margin edged by a black line, preceded by a white one,
and on that, towards outer angle, is a narrow fuscous edging;
some small patches of fuscous also near inner angle along same
line ; in lower median interspace is a marginal black, rounded spot,
and at inner angle, an orange spot ; furnished with two tails, the
outer one short, white; the inner one very long, threadlike, black,
partly fringed on one side by white, white at tip ; fringes of
primaries fuscous, of secondaries white, not pure but a little gray,
and at the ends of the middle nervules darker than elsewhere.

Under side gray-white, pale on disks, and darkest on hind
margins ; both wings are edged by a fine red line, and are crossed
a little beyond the middle by a common series of elongated red
spots edged with white; this series on primaries stops at lower
branch of median, and on inner margin of secondaries takes the
form of W; discal spot of primaries a long, red bar; on second-
aries there is a small red spot on costal margin near base, and two
smaller ones in line with it on middle of basal area ; primaries
have also a sub-marginal row of pale fuscous, sub-lunate spots,
and the marginal area of secondaries is clouded with light and
dark, not forming distinct spots ; between the tails a black tri-
angle upon a large orange spot, and at the angle a black spot
overtopped by orange ; the under side of the tail is also red next
the margin.

Body above black, covered with blue hairs, the abdomen
white; beneath wholly pure white ; legs white, annulated broadly
with black on outer sides ; palpi white ; antennae annulated black
and white; club tipped with ferruginous.

From I ? taken at San Antonio, Texas. So far as I know
this specimen is still unique.

Thecla Ines. n. s.

Male. — Expands .80 to .85 inch.

Upper side wholly lavender-blue, except the apical area of
primaries, which is brown-black ; secondaries have a rounded
black marginal spot between the tails and an indistinct spot next
anal angle ; the posterior tail is long, and both are slender, black,
tipped white ; fringes sordid-white next the margin, brown at ends.

Under side of both wings cinereous, lightest colored over
extra-discal part of secondaries. Under a glass the scales are
seen to be alternately gray and brown, but on secondaries, beyond
disk, the gray scales prevail, and this area is clouded, light and
dark; primaries have a sub-marginal line of pale brown lunules;
an extra-discal, nearly straight black stripe, edged on the outer
side by white ; a straight black bar on arc ; secondaries have an
irregular black line across disk, forming a W near inner margin ;
on the arc a black streak; a brown patch at inner angle and a
faint spot between the tails.

26

Body above blue, on abdomen mixed with brown; beneath,
thorax cinereous, abdomen lighter ; legs gray and black ; antennae
annulated black and white ; club black, tip ferruginous.

Female. — Expands about i inch.

Rather more than half of primaries is black, the blue being
restricted to posterior part, and not reaching inner angle; the blue
is also a shade darker than in male ; secondaries blue, except on
the costal margin, which is black. Under side as in the male, but
in the mesial band of secondaries ferruginous scales appear.

From a large number of examples taken in southern Arizona,
in October.

This species belongs to same group with Leda and Clytie.

COP.^ODES Myrtis. n. s.

Male. — Expands .8 inch.

Upper side bright red-fulvous; hind margin of primaries
bordered by pale brown, narrowly next inner angle, widening
above and at apex; the nervules brown at extremities; costal
edge brown ; at outer end of cell an indistinct dark mark ; sec-
ondaries have a narrow brown border from outer angle to lower
median nervule ; the inner margin narrowly and the costal margin
broadly edged brown.

Under side of primaries brown, yellowish at tip; from base to
near inner angle a black stripe ; color of secondaries wholly yel-
lowish.

From I $ taken near Tucson.

Pamphila Arabus. n. s.

Male. — Expands 1.3 inch.

Upper side glossy dark brown ; primaries have three small
spots on costal margin in straight transverse line, and two oblique
to them in median interspaces, all translucent; a whitish point in
sub-median interspace in line with the two spots, and a similar
point in cell near outer end ; fringes brown.

Under side of primaries brown, the hind margin, from apex,
two-thirds distance to inner angle, clouded dark gray; secondaries
gray-brown, shading into brown on middle of disk, and slightly
gray again along hind margin ; the brown area lies on middle of
disk and to costal margin. Body, above dark brown, below gray ;
legs light brown ; palpi whity-brown ; antennae, black above,
yellowish below ; club black, tip ferruginous.

From I ? taken in southern Arizona, in October.

Pyrgus Nearchus. n. s.

Male. — Expands 1.2 inch.

Upper side brown-black, over basal areas blue-gray ; primaries
)iave a row of white points, and an incomplete sub-marginal row,
only distinct next inner margin ; on costal margin, three-fourths
the distance from base to apex, are four white spots in transverse
line; outside these, near hind margin, a double spot, and in upper
median interspace, beneath the costal line, a single spot ; across

27

both wings a broad white mesial band ; secondaries have a mar-
ginal row of small spots, and a row of sub-marginal lunules on
posterior half of the wing ; fringes alternately white and black.

Under side of primaries pale greenish-brown, the spots and
band repeated, the former confluent and enlarged ; costal margin
whitish : secondaries clouded, greenish-brown and sordid-white,
the band not clearly defined ; inner margin white. Thorax and
abdomen above blue-gray, below, thorax white, abdomen pale-
brown ; legs buff-white ; palpi white ; antennas black above, whit-
ish below ; club black, whitish below.

From 4 S taken in southern Arizona, in October.

EUDAMUS HiPPALUS. n. S.

Male. — Expands 1.6 inch.

Upper side glossy-brown ; primaries have, at three-fourths
the distance from base to apex, four minute, whitish, semi-trans-
parent spots on costal margin, three of them in perpendicular
line, the fourth a little outside ; a similar spot in lower discoidal
interspace, a small lectangular spot in upper median and a large
rhomboid in lower median interspace ; these three in an oblique
line; a bar across cell just over the rhomboid, and above cell a
dash nearly parallel to costal edge ; fringes of primaries alter-
nately fuscous and dull white, the dark shade prevailing at apex,
of secondaries white with short brown hairs nt the ends of the
nervules, but which do not entirely cross the white.

Under side brown, much dusted with gray scales, especially
over secondaries and at apex of primaries; inner margin of pri-
maries yellowish ; secondaries crossed by two dark bands, one on
disk, the other beyond; there is also a demi-band near base ; the
spots of primaries repeated and a little enlarged, and in addition
there is a light brown patch lying between the outer spots and
opposite cell.

Body brown above, beneath, thorax gray-brown, abdomen
whitish, with a brown line on venter; legs gray-brown, the inside
of tibiai white; palpi white with brown hairs; antennae black
above, annulated with yellow beneath ; club black above, yellow
beneath, and above also, at base, tip ferruginous.

From 2 S taken at Tucson and at Prescott.

The species is near Celliis, Bois.

Megathymus Neumoegeni. n. s.

Male. — Expands 2 inches.

Upper side black and orange-fulvous ; costal margin brown ;
along the hind margin of both wings a broad black band, erose
within and opposite cell on primaries incised ; on costal margin,
beyond cell, a black patch which extends to median nervure, and
there connects with a larger patch which occupies most of the disk;
between this and the border a broad, orange-fulvous band from
margin to margin, but restricted opposite cell; on costa a fulvous
patch anterior to the black one ; the basal area darker fulvous.

28

Secondaries have the disk black, much concealed by long;
fulvous hairs, and between this and the border a light band as on
primaries ; fringes alternately fuscous and sordid-white, white
prevailing on posterior half of secondaries.

Under side of primaries dark brown at base and on posterior
half of wing quite to hind margin, the apex densely sprinkled
with gray-white scales ; the orange band repeated, but above
median replaced by white ; the patch on costa repeated.

Secondaries brown, wholly sprinkled with gray-white scales^
most densely beyond disk, and this area is somewhat clouded ; a
small white spot near base below sub-costal, otherwise immacu-
late.

Body brown ; beneath, thorax gray-white, shading towards
abdomen into gray-brown ; legs reddish-brown, with many gray
scales and hairs ; palpi white ; antennae brown above, whitish
below ; club, black above, whitish below, tip dark ferruginous.

Female. — Expands 2.2 inches.

Less black, more orange fulvous; the borders as in the male;
in one example the black patches are nearly as in the male, but
in the other they are greatly reduced. In this last one, on under
side of' primaries, the orange band is broad and bifid, embracing
the costal patch ; secondaries, in addition to the white spot near
base, have a white patch, a cluster of white scales, denser than
elsewhere, near inner angle.

From 1^2? taken in southern Arizona. 'Another ? was
taken, making four examples. They are described as sitting in
the sunlight, on leaves of Agave, and flying when disturbed to the
adjoining cliffs of rocks, alighting generally out of reach of the
net. I take pleasure in naming this species for Mr. B. Neumoegen,
whose zeal has led him to send a special agent, these two seasons,
to explore New Mexico and Arizona for lepidoptera. By great
sacrifices rich results fortunately have been attained, as was fit-
ting. In the Heterocera, particularly, numbers of new and rare
species have been taken.

LIST OF SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES TAKEN IN
ARIZONA BY JACOB DOLL, 1881.

Papilio Daunus Bois.

Philenor Linn.

Pieris Protodice . . . Bois.

Terias Nicippe Cram.

" Gundlachi Poe\ .

" Mexicana ... Bois.

" Damans Felder.

' Lisa Bois

Danais Berenice Cram.

Strigosa Bates.

Geirocheilus Tritonia.. . ..Edw.

Satyrus Meadii. "

Libythea Bachmanni KirtU

Apodemia Mormo Feld.

" Nais Edw.

" Palmeri "

Charis Australis "

•Thecla, Leda. "

" Ines "

. " Itys "

29

Melitaea Dymas Edw.

Bollii "

" Minuta "

Phyciodes Pratensis Behr.

" Marcia Edw.

Picta "

Eresia Texana "

Synchloe Adjutrix Scud.

" Crocale Edw.

Grapta Satyrus "

Junonia Lavinia Cram.

Limenitis Ursula Fab.

V. Arizonensis Edw.

" Weidermeyerii "

" aberr. sine-fascia . . .

" Eros. ... "

V. obsoleia "

Heterochroa Californica Butler.

Apatura Leilia Edw.

Neonympha Rubricata "

" Henshawi "

Lycaena Aloe "

" Fea "

Marina Reak.

Copaeodes Procris Edw.

" Myrtis . . "

Pamphila Taxiles "

" Comma v. Juba Scud.

" Otloe Edw.

" Rhesus "

Uncas "

" Arabus "

•' Eufala ■'

Amblyscirtes Aenus . "

" Simius "

.Pyrgus Nearchus "

Tessellata Scud.

Systasea Zampa Edw,

Pholisora Catullus ... .Cranh —

" Pirus Edw.

• Eudamus Hippalus "

• Megathymus Neumoegeni "

30-60 species in all.

LIST OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED ON THE PA-
CIFIC COAST, PRINCIPALLY IN CALIFORNIA, IN
1876, WITH NOTES ON THEIR LOCALITIES AND
HABITS.

By R. von Osten Sacken.

Papilio D^NUS. Bdv. Yosemite, June 12; Ogden Canon,
Utah, August 2r'

Papilio Rutulus. Bdv. Los Angeles, about the end of
February; San Bernardino, March 15 ; San Rafael, (Marin Co.,)
Geysers, (Sonoma Co.,) very common in April and May; Yose-
mite Valley, June.

Papilio Eurymedon. Bdv. Marin Co., April ; Geysers,
Sonoma Co., May 5. On road from Clarks to Big Trees, Mari-
posa Co., about 5000 feet altitude, June 3 ; Yosemite, June 9.

Papilio Zolicaon. Bdv. Marin Co., early in May; Web-
ber Lake, at an altitude of about 8000 feet, July 24. This species
appears to be fond of flying on the tops of hills. I saw it in such
positions in Marin C6., as well as at Webber Lake, and at Lake
Tahoe. The latter is about 6200 feet altitude.

Papilio Philenor. L. Very fine examples in Marin Co.,
in April and May. In San Rafael the caterpillars went into
chrysalis about the end of June.

Parnassius Clodius. Men. Webber Lake, Sierra Co^.,
July, quite common.

Parnassius Smintheus. Dby. Georgetown, Colorado, 8500'
feet altitude. Rare and rather worn, August 12.

PlERlS Venosa. Said. Very common in Marin Co.. from
the end of March to the beginning of May.

30

PlERlS CasTORIA. Reakt. San Rafael, etc.; May lO.
Anthocaris ausoniedes. Bdv. Sonoma Co.; April 27.
Anthocaris hyantis. Edw. Geysers, Sonoma Co., May
5; Yosemite, June 13.

Anthocaris Reakirtii. Edxv. On sea shore, Sta. Barbara,
February 6; San Bernardino, March 12; Marin Co., end of April
and beginning of May. Not rare.

Meganostoma eurydice. Bdv. Lagunitas, Marin Co.,
April 15.

COLIAS EURYTHEME. Bdv. Ydsemite Valley, June 11 ;
Lake Tahoe, 6200 feet, July 19.

COLIAS Keewaydin. Edw. Common in Marin and Sonoma
Counties, end of April ; Yosemite, June 5.

COLIAS Meadii. Edw. Foot of Gray's Park, Colorado.
Altitude 12,500 feet ; August.

Pyrameis Atalanta. L. Marin and Contra Costa Coun-
ties ; July.

Pyrameis Cardui. L. Sta. Barbara,* January 25; common.
Los Angeles, March; Webber Lake, July 29; Fort Bridges,
August 7; Cheyenne, August 21.

Pyrameis Cary^^j. Hbn. San Bernardino, March 12. Small
and worn. Marin Co., April i ; Webber Lake, July 27.

Vanessa Californica. Bdv. Marin Co., April 15; Lake
Tahoe, July 19. Very dark specimens.

Vanessa Antiopa. L. Yosemite, June 12. Common. Lake
Tahoe, July 19; Humboldt station, Nevada, July 29, very large.
Fort Bridger, Wyom., August 7.

JUNONIA Coenia. Bdv. Yosemite, June 9; Summit Sta-
tion, Sierra Nevada, 7000 feet, July 17.

Grapta satyrus. Edw. Marin Co., April 2.
Graptasilenns. Edw. Lagunitas Creek, Marin Co., April 15.
LiMENiTis LORQUINI. Bdv. Marin and Sonoma Cos., May
10-30. Common. Yosemite, June 14; Webber Lake, July 17.
LiMENiTis Californica. Butl. Marin Co., with the pre-
ceding but much less common. May ; Yosemite, June 9.

LIMENITIS Weidemeyerii. Edw. Ogden, Utah, August
2; Fort Bridger, August 7; Manitou, Colorado, August 18.

LIMENITIS MISIPPUS. Godt. Fort Bridger, Wyom., August
27. Not rare.

Argynnis monticola. Behr. Lake Tahoe, July 19. Com-
mon.

Argynnis CORONIS. Behr. Ogden Canon, Utah, August 12.
Arginnis Leto. Behr. With the preceding.
Arginnis Eurynome. Edw. Fort Bridger, Wyom., Au-
gust 12.

Argynnis Epithore. Bdv. In the coast range, among the
Redwoods, (Sequoia sempervirens,) between Sta. Clara and Sta.
Cruz. Quite common. May 22.

31

Melit^a CHALCEDON. Bdv. Emerged from chrysalis in
Los Angeles, March i6. Common around San Francisco in May;
Yosemite, June,

MeliT/EA Editha. Bdv. Grafton's, near San Bernardino,
March 12. (Determined by Dr. H. Behr).

MELlT.'iiA PALLA. Bdv. Marin and Sonoma Cos., April and
May; Yosemite, June.

MELIT.EA NUBIGENA. Behr. Between Glacier Point and
Snow's, Yosemite Valley. Altitude about 7000 feet. Very com-
mon on July 10.

Phyciodes mylitta. Edtv. San Rafael, July 17.

Phyciodes PKATENSIS. Behr. Marin Co., April. Common.

The species captured before July. 15 were determined by
Mr. Henry Edwards, those taken after that date, by Mr. Sam'l
H. Scudder. One exception is noted.

A NEW VARIETY OF CATOCALA

By G. R. Pilate, Dayton, Ohio.

Catocala Clintonii. — Grote. Var. Ilelene. n. var.

In order that my description may be better understood, I
will make it in comparison with Clintojiii.

Expanse 2 inches.

It is exactly the same size and shape of Messrs. Grote and
Strecker's figures of Clintonii; and of two specimens, $ and?,
in my own collections.

Thorax darker than in Clintonii, and more speckled with
black.

The thorax and collar are of an uniform color, while in some
five or six examples of Clintonii that I have seen, the color is
brownish, tipped with a well defined black line, below which is a
white or grayish one. Abdomen a little more brownish, than in
Clintonii. Upper surface ; primaries much darker, especially in
the middle area, than in Clintonii ; and covered with blackish
specks ; basal line well marked ; t. a. line a little more distinct
than in Clintonii, and differently shaped ; in Clintonii, starting
from the costa, it makes a long sharp tooth posteriorly, and then
curves inwardly to the black basal dash ; while in Helefie the
tooth is small and points anteriorly ; the line curves irregularly
across the cell, where it forms another tooth pointing anteriorly:
from there to the base it is similar to Clintonii ; t. p. line also
differs from Clintotiii ; the two teeth are unequal and blunt ; the
second one being very small, and rounded at the point ; while in
Clintonii they are both large, sharp and of nearly equal length ;
from the teeth the line is undulating and continues down to the
base of the wing, without showing the long black sinus, which
occurs in Clintonii; the sub-marginal line is whitish in color;

32

between it and the t. p. line is a brownish shade ; the marginal
line is without dentations, and not scalloped as in Clintonii ;
sub-marginal space streaked with black along veins i and 2, but
not on veins 6 and 7 as in Clintonii; the median shade is very-
heavy and extends from the costa to the lower anterior border
of the reniform ; the reniform is brown, bordered posteriorly
with white, and anteriorly by the median shade ; sub-reniform
hardly visible. Black basal dash of Clintonii totally wanting.
Secondaries ; the median band is not contracted near the centre,
as in Clintonii ; the marginal band is very nearly twice as wide
as that of Clintonii^ and the separation near the anal-angle not
so well marked as in Mr. Strecker's figure, or in the examples of
Clintonii that I have seen ; but not entirely connected, as in Mr.
Grote's figure, Pro. Ent. Soc. of Phil., vol. 3, plate 3, fig. 4; the
marginal yellow spot shows but slightly ; the fringe is not as
deep as in Clintonii, and is much darker. Under surface; bands
all much wider than in Clintonii, and consequently giving it a
much darker appearence ; the marginal band not showing the
separation. This van is described from one ? taken at sugar,
June 1 8th, i83o. I took a ^ and ? Clintonii the same evening,
and another $ the following evening; those being the first and
and last of that species taken in this locality. Though differing
considerably from Clintonii, I am satisfied it is only a var. of that
species. I sent my type of Helene to Mr. Hy. Edwards last
winter, and he said he had never seen one like it, and did not
know what it was. On the strength of his assertion, I have
named and described it.

During the past season I took two specimens of Catocala
Robinsoni, var. Curvata. French ; both of them were ? .

FOOD PLANTS OF PLATYSAMIA CECROPIA.

(From papers read before the Natural History Society of Toronto, Dec, 1880, and Dec

1881, by Wm. Brodie.]

The following list is compiled from researches made in the
County of York, Ontario, during the last 17 years.

The finding of a cocoon on a plant is not held to be conclusive
that the larva fed on that plant ; all such cases, when unsupported
by other evidence, have been rejected.

The plants are held to be such as a perfect female Cecropia, at
liberty, will select as food for her young.

33

The list is, no doubt, quite imperfect, and in a few years will
be largely supplemented :

ORDER. GROSSULACEyE.
Ribes Floridum, Linn.

" var. officinale, Linn.

" rubriwi,var.officinaleX-'\^n.

ORDER. CAPRIFOLIACE^.
Sainbuscus Canadensis, Linn.
'* pub ens, Michx.

ORDER. ULMACE^.
Uhnns, Americana, Linn.
" racemosa. Thorn.
fulva, Michx.

ORDER. CUPULIFER^.
Querciis alba, Linn.
Fagus ferry ginea , A i t .
Cory Ins Americana, Walt.

" rostrata. Ait.
Carpinus Americana, Michx.

ORDER. BETULACEyE.
Betula alba, Linn.

*• excelsa. Ait.

** lent a, Linn.
Alnus iticana, Willd.

" serrulata. Ait.

ORDER. SALICACEiE.

Salix humihs, Mar.

" lucida, Muhl.

" viminalis, Linn.

" alba, Linn.
Populus tremuloides, Michx.

ORDER. TILIACE^.

Tilia Americana, Linn.
" EuropCBa, Linn.

ORDER. A( ERACE.E.

Acer spicatum, Sam.

" saccharinmn, Warz.

" dasycarpnm, Ehr.

" rubrnm, Linn.
JSIegundo aceroidcs, Moen.

ORDER. ROSACEiE.

Primus A mericana. Marsh.

" domestica, Linn.

" Pennsylvanica, Soi.

" Virgi?iiana, D. C.

" Serotina, D. C.

" vulgaris, Linn.
SpiroBa opulifolia, Linn.

" salici folia. Linn.

" tomentosa, Linn.
-Cratcegus coccinea, Linn.

" tomentosa, Linn.

" Crux-galli, Linn.

Pyrus Mains, Linn.

" communis, Linn.

" coronaria, Linn.

" arbutifolia, Linn.

" Americana, D. C.
A melanchier Canadensis, Lorr.
and Gr.

balsamifera, Linn.

It will be seen that this species has been observed to feed on
49 specimens of plants, which belong to no less than 20 genera,
and 9 Natural orders. I hope soon to be able to give the result
of my observations upon other species of BombycidcB.

34
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

Zeuzera ^SCULI L.— a fine example of this wtrll-known European
species was taken in a spider's web in Hoboken, N. J., in June last, by Mr.
Schmitz. It was alive, and was endcavoring^ to escape from the web. The
specimen is now in the coUeciion of Mr. B. Neumoegen. — Jacob Doll.

A Powerful Insecticide. — The Department of Agriculture, at Wash-
ington, has just issued a circular with reference to Pyrethrum rosenm, claim-
ing that this plant is highly destructive to Insect life. It would appear likely
to become of great service in preserving cabinet specimens from insect pests. —
Editor.

Swarming of Colias philodice. — In August last, on the White Plains
R. R., near Scarsdale, I observed, settling on the track of the railway, for a
space extending over a mile, immense swarms of this species. Their number
can only be expressed by "myriads." When disturbed they flew up in clouds,
settling again very quickly at a little distance. They were nearly ail $, $ , my
estimate at the time being that there was about i $ in 500 examples. I could
see no noteworthy variation in the many specimens captured, save a trifling
occasional difference in the width of the margmal band. All the specimens
seemed fresh, and m good condition. — Editor.

Butterfly parasites. — An admirable paper has just been published by
Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., in the Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. History, in which the
author describes 22 species of Ichneumonidce, known to be parasitic on our
butterflies. Tne forms mentioned belong to 10 genera, viz. : Ophion, Campo-
plex, Trogo", Ichneumon, Microgaster, Pteromalus, Encyrtus, Etilophus,
Entedon, Trichogramma. The descriptions are made with Dr. Packard's
usual care. — Editor.

Hepialus Gracilis, Grt. — In August, 1880, I took, in one day, about
twenty imagos, sitting against the trunks of trees, in a cemetery of St. John,
N. B. A. W. PuTMAN Cramer.

RHOrOPHORA Florida, Guen.— On July 17, 1881, I found these beau-
tiful noctuids, in the middle of the.^y, sitting in the flowers of Oenothera
biennis. L. The colors of the insect Being almost identical with those of the
half-closed flowers, made it very hard to disiingoish them. On the 7th of Au-
gust I found, in the same spot, the young larvae feeding on the interior of the
seed pods ; their heads and half their bodies being inside, while the rest of their
body protruded outside through a hole, gnawed in the side of the pod. Alto-
gether I found seventy larv« in a small spot in Central Park, and a few near
Flushing, L. I. — A. W. Putman Cramer.

Insect Pests in California,— From the Report of the California
Fruit-Growers' Association (S. Francisco, 1882), we learn that the Codlin
Moth {Carpocapsa pomonelld), is causing a great deal of damage in the
orchards ot the State. It appears, from the address of President C. H. Dwi-
ndle, that this destructive species was unknown west of the RocKy Mountains
until 1873. in which year it was introduced among some fruits sent trom the
eastern side of the continent to the State Fair, at Sacramento. The insect has
spread with such rapidity that now few parts of the State may be said to be
free from its attacks. In the Report there is also an allusion to two other
species of Lepidotpera, said to occasion damage, viz. : Clisiocampa Americana
and Orgyia leucostigma. These, however, are wrong determinations, neither
of the species being found on the Pacific Coast. The insects referred to are
probably Clisiocainpa Californica, Pack., and Orgyia vetusta, Bdv. — Editor.

Dwarf Butterflies. — Among some insects recently received by Mr.
J. Akhurst, from the Upper Amazon, were several examples of the well-known
tropical species, Gynecia Dirce, L. and GonepieryxLeachiana, Godt., which.
are little more than one-half of the usual size. — Editor.

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl^e few Jork f ntomological piub.

Vol. 2.] March, 1882. [No. 3

NOTES ON VARIATIONS IN SOME JAPANESE
LEPIDOPTERA.

By Charles Ishikawa, University of Tokio, Japan.

Having had a summer's tour in the southern extremities of
Hokkaido, I caught a few species of butterflies which are more
or less interesting, as the}' present peculiar local variations in
comparison with those found on the main island. These species
are :

1. Araschnia Fallax. O. Janson.

This species is common in the northern part of the main
island, abounding in the mountainous districts. A species very-
much allied to this was found by Mr. Fenton in the shady
wood near Sapporo, Hokkaido, and described by him under the
name of ^. Obsciira.

2. LeUCOPHASIA AmURENSIS,. Meuetries.

The representative of this species (figures i, 2) was found
in Hokkaido, with rounder wings and paler apical patch. (Figs,
3,4.)

Mr. Fenton has kindly described this species for me as fol-
lows :

LEUCOPHASIA Morsel Fenton.

Allied to L. Amurensis, Menetries.

Wings rounder; not produced at the apex ; the black apical
patch, lighter.

Average expanse of

L. Amurensis, $ , i" 11 j4"'', ?, 2" o^'".
L. Morsel, 6,1" 11'"; ?, 2" o'".

Together with the roundness of the wing in the Hokkaido
species, it will be seen that the fourth and the fifth subcostal

36

veinlets are shorter than those of L. Amurensis, showing thus
either the rounding of the wing had taken place in L. Morsei or
the reverse had occurred in L. Avmrensis, which changes depend
entirely upon the original place of the species.

In Figs. 5 and 6 I have traced out the outline of the wings
comparatively, the dotted line showing the Hokkaido species
L. Morsei, and the plain line that of the main island. Fig. 5
shows the comparative outline of the male wings, and Fig. 6 of
the female. Figs. 7 and 8 show the comparative outline of the
male and female insects ; Fig. 7 showing the outline of L. Morsei
and Fig. 8 that o{ L. Amurensis\ the dotted line shows the S and
the plain line the ? .

3. Argynnis Rabdia. Butler. Fig. 9.

The Hokkaido representative of this species has its wings
Slightly rounded, Fig. 10 ; the inner deep brown borders of the
median band between the costal vein and the first subcostal vein-
let straight, and the outer borders of the same bent inward, the
reverse taking place in the species of the main island. Many
other differences occur between these species, which are, how-
ever, not constant.

In P'ig, 1 1 the outline of the primaries of the male speci-
mens are compared, and in Fig. 12 that of the secondaries,
together with the borders of the band. The dotted line in both
figures show the Hokkaido species and the plain line the species
of the main island.

4. Papilio Jutanus. Fenton.

This species occurs not only in Hokkaido, but also in the
mountains of the main island. Its ally, P. Dehaani, Felder,is com-
mon round Tokio and northward (principally), becoming scarcer
as we go up in Hokkaido, while P. Jtitanns becomes more and
more numerous, until near Sapporo we entirely lose sight of P.
Dehaani.

These two species or varieties, as Mr. Fenton doubts, differ
from each other both in the form of wings and in their
markings. In P. Jutanus the outer edges of the primaries are
slightly scalloped, (Figs. 13 and 14, 13 showing the male wings
and 14 the female). The submarginal band of the green atoms
of the primaries is more distinct and narrower; a band of yellow
atoms a little beyond the middle of the secondaries below, wholly
absent in P. Dehaani.

I must add that the majority of the facts in this note
were made by Mr. M. A. Fenton, and were handed to me in the
year 1878, after our summer's trip to that island, Mr. Fenton
giving me the liberty of communicating them at the meeting of
the Biological Society at Tokio.

I will not venture to draw any conclusions from these simple
observations, but I trust that they may be of interest to the
readers of Papilio.

VARIATIONS IN JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA,

38
NOTES ON ADELOCEPHALA BICOLOR, HARRIS.

By H. S. Jevvett, M. D., Dayton, O.

In the following description, the dorsal line is the line run-
ning along the centre of the back. The stigmata I line is the line
passing through the spiracles. The snh-dorsal //;/^' is the line mid
way between the dorsal and stigmatal lines. The dorsiun is the
space extending on each side of the dorsal line to the sub-dorsal
lines. The sub-dorsal space is the space between the sub-dorsal and
stigmatal lines. The stigmatal space is the space between the base
of the legs and stigmatal line. The venter is the under surface of
the larva.

The eggs are smooth, pale-green, oval disks one-twentieth
inch in longer, one-twenty-fourth inch in shorter, diameter and one-
thirt}^-second inch thick. As they approach maturity they be-
come biconcave and change to yellowish-brown in color. From
thirty-six to forty-eight hours before hatching, a dark brown spot
(the head of the larva which lies coiled around the edge of the
disk-shaped eggs) becomes visible through the translucent shell.

Eggs deposited May 26 hatched on May 31. Larvae one-
eighth inch long, pale green. Head very dark glossy brown
(nearly black); sub-quadrate, bilobed, with a number of minute
stiff black hairs scattered over it. Each segment, from the first
to eleventh, inclusive, has three (3) conical tubercles on each side
of the dorsal line ; one on the sub-dorsal line, another just below
it, and the third just below the stigmatal line. Each of these
tubercles gives rise to a short black hair. The second and third
segments, in addition to these tubercles, have (on each side of
the dorsal line) two long (one-eighth inch), filiform, many-
branched protuberances, eachtermmating in a minute pear-shaped
knob from which project two short spines. When the larva has
just emerged from the Qgg, these protuberances are brown in the
half next to the larva and red in the terminal half; but in a few
hours the color changes so that the half next to the larva, the
knob and the branches are dark brown, and the remaining por-
tion is red brown. In the fourth to eleventh segments, inclusive,
the dorsal line is marked by a fine black line, and the sub-dorsal
space is occupied by a colored band consisting of five delicate
lines; first a white line just below the sub-dorsal line, next a
black line, then a gray line, then a white line and then a black
line. The eleventh segment is quite prominent, bearing upon the
dorsal line a large, many-branched, dark red-brown protuberance.
The twelfth segment has two dorsal and six lateral green tuber-
cles, each giving rise to a short black hair. Legs green, tipped
with brown ; prolegs green.

Larvae passed their first moult June 4, devouring their cast-
off skins ; one-quarter inch long, bright green. Head sub-quadrate,
bilobed, brown with a narrow green line on each side, running

39

from the dorsal line to outer margin of mandibles. Each seg-
ment, from first to eleventh, inclusive, has two rows of six tuber-
cles [three on each side of dorsal line, situated as before first
moult]. The anterior row of each segment consists of conical
yellow tubercles, each emitting a short black hair, while the tub-
ercles of the posterior row are smaller, rounded and white. The
protuberances on the second, third and eleventh segments are
entirely brown in color, and those on the second and third seg-
ments are three-sixteenths inch in length, but otherwise un-
changed. The twelfth segment is now much flattened above, tri-
angular in shape and studded with small white tubercles. The
stigmatal line, from the fourth segment to anus, is occupied by a
delicate black line bordered above by a narrow, and below by a
broad white line. Legs and prolegs green, tipped with brown.

Larvje moulted the second time on June 8 ; one-half to five-
eighths inch long, nearly cylindrical, bright green. Head as large
as any other segment, green, sub-quadrate, bilobed, with a white
line running from the top of the sulcus between the lobes to the
outer margin of the brown mandibles, giving the casual observer
the impression that the head is small and triangular, with the
mandibles for the base of the triangle. Head covered with min-
ute hairs. First segment as before moulting. The protuber-
ances on second and third segments are one-quarter inch long, of
a pink color, with the branches tipped with black, and terminal
knob carmine-red. The tubercles on the second to eleventh seg-
ments, inclusive, are exactly as in first moult, except that the
tubercles of the anterior row of each segment, situated on and
just below the sub-dorsal line, are now ivory-white and, on the
fifth, seventh, ninth and tenth segments are prolonged and horn-
shaped. The protuberance on the eleventh segment is now pink,
with white spines tipped with black. The twelfth segment is
flattened above, triangular in shape, with the anal extremity
slightly bifid, and the sides make an acute angle with the venter,
the sub-stigmatal row of tubercles projecting so that the anal
prolegs are entirely concealed from above. The whole flattened
surface is studded with small green tubercles. The stigmatal line
is marked by a band of colors, composed of a fine red line, bor-
dered above by a narrow bluish line, and below by a white line,
below which is a bright yellow line. Legs and prolegs green,
tipped with brown.

Larvae passed their third moult June 13th, three-quarters
to seven-eighths of an inch long, nearly cylindrical, green. Head
green, bilobed, minutely pubescent. Mandibles, brown, covered
with minute hairs. First segment at first as in last moult, but
towards the end of this moult it becomes very prominent and sub-
triangular in shape, with a yellowish-white line on each side of
anterior border, running from near the dorsal to the stigmatal
Hne. The protuberances on the second and third segments have

40

now lost the knobs at their extremities and are brown in some
larvae and green in others. The only other changes are that the
horn-shaped tubercles on the fifth to tenth segments are now
larger and more prolonged, and are pink on the inside and have
the appearance of burnished silver externally, and the stigmatal
line is occupied by a marked band of color, consisting of a dark
carmine line (passing through the inconspicuous green stigmata)
bordered above by a narrow pale blue, and below by a white line.
The legs of some larvae are green and of others brown. Prolegs
of some, green, and in others green tipped with brown. In some
larvae the stigmatal space has numerous small black tubercles on
each segment ; in others there are no black tubercles.

Larvae passed their fourth moult on June 17th. Length, ij^
to i}4 inch. Nearly cylindrical, green. Head green, sub-
quadrate, bilobed, covered with minute green granulations, as is
also the whole of the body. The dorsum, subdorsal and stigmatal
spaces of all the segments are thickly sprinkled with minute white
tubercles, while in the stigmatal space there are many minute
black tubercles scattered among the white ones. The protuber-
ance on the second and third segments are now one-eighth to
three-sixteenths of an inch long, slightly conical, pink, with a
number of white tubercles scattered along them, marking the
places of the former branches. The " silver horns " on the fifth
to the tenth segments are now one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an
inch long, bright pink inside and burnished silver externally.
The number of these "silver horns" varies in different larvae,
some having them only on the seventh and ninth segments ;
others have them on the fifth, seventh and ninth segments; still
others have them on the fifth, seventh, ninth and tenth segments.
I have never found these silver horns on any other segments than
those mentioned above, nor have I ever found a larva in wliich
they were wanting, or in which they were present, on only one
segment.'^' The stigmatal line is marked by a dark carmine-red
line bordered below by a white band. Just below the stigmatal
band of colors is a row of prominent black conical tubercles, one
to each segment. The protuberance on the eleventh segment is
pink with round white tubercles marking the places where the
branches were. Legs and pro-legs green.

The larvffi change only in size during the last moult, and are
from two to two and one-half inches long when full grown. They
began to quit feeding on the 20th of June, entering the ground
within a few hours after ceasing to eat. There they pupated
within an oval cell lined with a thin cocoon of silk, the first cast-
ing its skin on the 24th. The pupa is at first bright green, but
changes to jet black in a few hours. Pupa is nearly cylindrical,

* A larva fjund by a fri nd (by bushheatina) in company with Bicolor \a.r\2e, having no
silver ho-ns, but only the rudiments on one segment, but otherwise resembling Btcolor larva
so clostly that he supposed it to be oi ly larval variation, disclosed a ^ Anisota bisecta, Lint.

41

the anterior extremity being nearly hemispherical and the pos-
terior extremity tapering rapidly in the last two segments to a
blunt point which is extended into a bipronged spine three-six-
teenths of an inch long. The surface of the hemispherical por-
tion is studded with minute sharp triangular points. Wing cases
small, covering only the sides and under surface of the anterior
one-third of the pupa. Four of the abdominal segments are sepa-
rated by abroad, deep sulcus; the anterior and posterior margins
of these segments are armed with a row of minute sharp spines.

Imagines began to appear on July 3d, and had nearly all
emerged by July loth.

The insect is three-brooded here, hibernating in pupa.
Although the large majority of each brood follows the cycle of
development as described, yet a few of each brood are much
slower in making their changes. Thus a few of the brood did not
complete their growth till the end of July, and three pupae formed
June 26 are still alive (Feb. 28th), having hibernated. Other
pupse of the same brood disclosed their imagines at various periods
during July and August. This accounts for the fact that larvae
in all stages of development maybe found at any time throughout
the summer till frost kills their food plants, which are Gleditschia
triacantJios^ L. (Honey Locust or Three-horned Acacia) and
Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. (Kentucky coffee-tree.)

Up to the third month the larvae, when alarmed, move the
protuberances on the second and third segments as if to frighten
away the intruder. The larva; pupate readily on the bottom of
the breeding cage if ground is not furnished them. In this case
they build no cocoon.

THE NOCTUID^E IN THE MISSOURI ENTOMOLOG-
ICAL REPORTS.

By C. V. Riley, M. A. Ph. D.
To the Editor ^/ " Papilio :"

There are two articles in " Papilio," (Vol. I, No. 8), by Mr.
A. R. Grote, to which I beg leave to reply, in the belief that in
so doing I may contribute something to Lepidopterology, and
charitably overlook reflections unjust and irritating.

In the "Note on Agrotis rrpentis,'' (p. 126) Mr. Grote again
■changes his mind as to the synonymy of this species, weakening
his previous argument to the effect that it is identical with A.
messo7'ia, Harris. On p. yj, of Bulletin No. 6, U. S. E. C.,* after
repeating the original description of y^. c^<;/^r^?;«V, Riley, I remark,
^' There is little question but that this is the moth briefly charac-
terized by Harris (Ins. Inj. to Veg., p. 444) as Agrotis messoria, an
examination of the type confirming this view. A. repentis, G.

* General Index and Supplement to the nine Reports of the Insects of Missouri,
Washington, March 24, 1881.

42

and R., and A. lycannn are also conceded by Grote to be syn-
onyms."

I have on two occasions, by an examination of the types in
Harris's collection, satisfied myself that messoria and cocJiranii
are really identical, and notwithstanding Mr. Grote states that he
was unable to find the species in Harris's collection, it must be
there, unless destroyed or taken away since 1876. Mr. H. K.
Morrison also informs me that it was there in 1874, when he care-
fully studied and compared it with specimens of cochranii.
Whether repentis is or is not the same, this deponent sayeth not,
further than that the figure and description of this last confirms
the conclusion that it is.

The readers of " Papilio " will doubtless wonder why a
copy of Harris's original report should have caused Mr. Grote to
change his mind, when the description of Agrotis messoria there
given is repeated verbatim in all subsequent editions.

The little skirmish on the question of the identity of mes-
soria, seems, however, but a feint to cover a general criticism of
the descriptions of Noctuidfe in the Missouri reports, in which
Mr. Grote finds " that most, if not all, of the Noctuidse there
described as new, ivere in reality knozvn to science^' and then
specifies as follows:

- Agrotis Cochranii, Riley, is A. Repentis, G. and R.

Agrotis Sca7idens, Riley, may be A. Messoria H.

Acronycta Populi, Riley, is A. Lepusculina G.
, Prodenia Autumnalis, Riley, is Laphygma Frugiperda A and S.

Xyli7ia Cinerea, Riley, is X. Antennata, Walk.

Plusia Brassiccp, may be P. Ni. HUBN.

The above are, I believe, all the new Noctuidas in the Missouri Reports.

Among the identifications of Ncc'uidte in the same Reports, the lollowing
are erroneous : Prodenia Comtnelina, Riley, is not Abbot and Smith's species,
but Liiieatella of Harvey. (It is possible that Flavimedia and Lineatella are
sexes of one species). Again, the Agrotis Jacidifsra ot Prof. Riley includes
Agrotis Tricosa of Prof. Lintner and, perhaps, Agrotis Herilis, Grote.

By way of comment on the above permit me to call attention
to the following facts :

First. That the synonymy there given in September was, so
far as it is correct, published in The Bulletin above cited, copies
of which were sent early in April to the New York Entomological
Club, as well as to several of its members individually.

Second. That the species were, in most cases, published as
new in the Missouri Reports, upon the determinations of Mr.
Grote himself. To be more explicit :

I. Since it is admitted that repentis G. and R. xs cocJiranii,
Riley, and the latter, as I have proved by examination of the
types, is messoria, Harr., it follows that this last cannot be sean-
dens, Riley, which, in fact, bears no resemblance to it, and has
always been pronounced a good species by Mr. Grote, both in his
published papers and in his correspondence with me. It were

43

more appropriately compared with inur<2nula, Grt. Assuming,
however, for the sake of argument, that inessoria is not repentis,
then why is cocJiranii made a synonym of repentis, since the
description of the former was published June 22, 1867, and that
of the latter in January, 1868. Mr. Grote could at no time have
claimed ignorance of the former description because he wrote me,
by date of June 24, 1867, as follows: "I thank you for the
Prairie Farmer, containing a detailed and interesting account of
cut-worms, with your description o{ A. CocJiranii. n. sp."

2. Acronycta popiili. I have accepted Mr. Grote's decision
that this is lepiiscnlina, Guen., though, as I have pointed o\xt, pop-
tili differs in several respects from the description of lepnsculina.
See Mo. Rep,, II, p. 121, and General Index, etc.: 6, p. 74.

3. Prodenia autumnalis. This was pronounced by Mr. Grote,
by letter of August 25, 1869, as " Prodenia sp. new to me." and
while I have long since accepted LapJiygma friigiperda, S. and
Abb., as a synonym of one of its varieties, the other varieties
would, without the proof to the contrary, which I gave, have un-
doubtedly been described as distinct.

4. Xylina cinerea. This was pronounced different from any-
thing known to Zeller, at the time of the description, and was
then, and for several years thereafter, pronounced a good species
by Mr. Grote. I discussed its affinities at the time of the descrip-
tion, and the authors of the recent " Check List of Macro-iepi-
doptera," published by the Brooklyn Entomological Society,
express their doubt as to the identity of cinerea and ccntennata by
retaining the former without number. I have since read
Walker's description, and no one could say positively what is
meant without seeing the type.

5. Phisia brassiccB. This was described as new on the au-
thority of Zeller, as stated at the time. Speyer, as I have shown
(General Index, etc., p. 78), proves it to be really distinct, and his
careful comparisons will doubtless convince most Lepidopterists.

6. Prodenia cornmelincB. This was so pronounced by Mr.
Grote, from a specimen sent him August 8th, 1867. Flavimedia
and lineatella were characterized by Mr. Harvey, some years later,
as I have stated in the "General Index," p. 56. Here again,
however, as in the case oi A. snbgotJiica and its forms we have,
I am satisfied, a question of varieties rather than species. With
the well known varieties of LapJiyguia frngiperda in mind, I have
been particularly interested, for a good many years, in breeding
this Prodenia, and I record here my belief, which will be the ac-
cepted belief in the future, \.\\2X flavitncdea and lineatella are one
species not distinct from ornithogalli, Guen. The larvae, so far as
I have bred material, are extremely variable and not separable,
and the same may be said of the mature insects. They are more
readily separable from the typical Commelince, though doubts^
even as to their specific distinctness from it are justifiable.

44

/. Agrotis jaadifera. This (Mo. Rep. I, p. 82) neither in-
cludes tricosa Lintner, nor hertlis Gr., but, as stated in the
" General Index," (^p. 56), \.\\& \.xv\(t siibgothica, Haw. Mr. Grote
was formerly of this belief, too,* and, it may be of interest to
state, in this connection, that upon sending plate I, of my first
Mo. Rep. for his opinion of the various species figured thereon,
prior to publication, he replied from Danopolis, Ala., by date of
March 17, 1869: " No. 11 \'s> A. subgothica of which A. jaadifera
is a synonym." In the "General Index " I have simply stated the
fact, without further comment, that, subsequent to the publica-
tion of the first Missouri Report, fig 59<?, had been described as
herilis by Mr. Grote, and 59^, as tricosa by Mr. Lintner. It may
be as well for me here to record my firm belief that we have to
do in this instance with mere variations of one species, and that
Guenee and the older authors were wiser in so considering them
than the later authors in separating them as distinct species. I
fully appreciate the care with which Mr. Lintner has separated
the three well marked forms, but with every year that I have
been able to get additional material for comparison, I have been
more and more convinced of the correctness of the view here ex-
pressed, and that between the typical S2tbgothica on the one hand,
and herilis on the other, there is a perfect series, so that it is im-
possible, in some instances, to refer specimens to any one form
more than another.

To sum up, I maintain that Mr. Grote, where he is not
actually wrong in his conclusions, or opposed to men whom he
himself acknowledges as authorities, simply repeats what I had
six months previously published; further, that the present syn-
onym of the species described in the Mo. Reports was Jiot known
at the time of the descriptions, and that if, as he avers, the species
were " known to science," the blame for the synonym falls pc^^'ly
on him who, claiming special knowledge in the family, was not
aware of the fact when the moths were referred to him.

Opinions as to the relations of such forms as Agrotis herilis,-
and A. tricosa, Prodenia lincatella and P. flaviviedia will differ accord-
ing to the conception of what constitutes a species, and there is all
the less reason for dogmatism. However I may differ from the
describers of those forms as species, I recognize the value of their
work in separating the forms and the convenience of designating
them by names. "In the field of [science no less than of]
thought and literature it is no less our duty to speak and write in
such a way that comprehension and knowledge may be increased
by our labors without offense being given, "f and, I would add, in
such way that practice comport with preaching.

I reserve remarks on Dakruma for another occasion.

* Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. S. I., p. loo.

t " The New Infidelity," by A. R. Grcte, p. 91.

45

DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES
FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES.

By W. H. Edwards.

1. Anthocharis Rosa.

2. LiMENITIS HULSTII.

3. " Arthemis. aberr. C.

4. Lemonias Duryi.

5. Lva^NA Ann ETTA

Anthocharis Rosa.

Male. — Expands 1.2 inch.

Upper side pure white, gray at bases of wings ; primaries
have a short, straight, black bar on costal margin near apex,
turned back obliquely, which, extended, would strike middle of
inner margin ; another bar on hind margin on upper branch of
median ; the apical area between these almost immaculate, a few
scattered black scales only lying near costa ; on arc of cell, a nar-
row black bar, bent or a little sinuous ; costal edge sometimes
pure white, immaculate ; sometimes with a few black scales and
points. Secondaries are of thinner texture, discovering the mark-
ings of under side ; at outer angle a slight edging of black at the
upper branch of sub-costal, and the fringe against this is black ;
also, there is black fringe at end of the lower branch of same
nervure ; otherwise all fringes are white.

Under side white, with a pink tint over costa of primaries
and all of secondaries above sub-costal nervure, deepest next
base ; costal edge either immaculate, or with five or six separate
black points ; the discal and costal bars repeated, reduced, the
latter densely covered with yellow scales ; the bar on hind mar-
gin suppressed, but represented by yellow ; the nervules about
ajjx yellow, and on costal edge a black streak at end of each
nervule.

Secondaries have three cross bands of black, sprinkled thickly
with yellow scales, with some open spaces or spots, discovering a
yellow ground ; the anterior band narrow, making a circle about
base ; the second, discal, sends a short, stout branch along median
nervure to third, then narrows and is attenuated to a point at
inner margin ; the third, starting on inner margin, is broad, and
after the junction with second, narrows greatly, then widens and
strikes hind margin in a triple fork ; at outer angle a short, nar-
row bar similar to the bands ; the nervures and branches on mid-
dle of the wing yellow.

Body black ; the thorax covered with long gray hairs ; be-
neath, thorax yellow, abdomen white along venter ; legs pinkish,
the femora covered with long white hairs; palpi white with much
gray ; antennae white above, yellowish below ; club white above,
yellow below and at tip.

Female. — Expands 1.4 inch.

46

Color of male, on both surfaces, similarly marked ; a few
black scales are scattered between the ends of the apical bars, sug-
gesting a cross band.

From six examples, 3 <J 3 ? , taken by the late Mr. J. Boll, in
western Texas, March, 1878. Mr. Boll informed me, in answer
to my inquiry, that he took many more, and all were of the type
sent me. The species is nearest Olynipia, Edw., and the banding
of under side is of same character. It differs from that species
by the immaculate apex, and by the presence of the straight, ob-
lique costal bar, instead of an irregular patch.

LlMENITIS HULSTII.

Male. — Expands 2.75 inches.

Apical area of primaries and all secondaries one shade, pale
red-fulvous, the remainder of primaries darker, and deepening
gradually from inner margin to cell and costa, where the color is
castaneous ; costal edge of primaries brown, inner margin red-
dish-brown ; hind margin broadly bordered with black, within
the inner edge of which is a row of crescent white spots,
or near costa rounded ; beyond cell are four sub-triangular
small white spots, one in the middle of each interspace, the
two upper ones on narrow, dark fulvous ground, the others
merely edged with this color; a white spot at origin of upper
sub-costal interspace; in ceil, next sub-costal, three-fourths
the distance from base to arc, a white point surrounded by
black scales. Secondaries have a broad black marginal border,
through which runs a series of white points ; across disk a macu
lar black line, broken at the nervules, widening next costa,
each spot edged on the inner side by white ; the nervures and
branches of both wings black, but not edged with black; fringes
alternately black and white.

Under side of secondaries and of apex of prim.aries light
orange-fulvous, clouded, whitish along the nervules ; the re-
mainder of primaries much as above ; castaneous next base in
cell ; the black border crenated on inner side on both wings, •
the spots in same repeated, but now large crescents; between
these and the margins another row of narrow whitish crescents ;
the spots on primaries repeated, enlarged, edged on outer side by
deep brown, and a patch of same brown lies in lower median in-
terspace, in line ; a second spot in cell near base and next sub-
costal ; costa brown ; on secondaries the black line is continuous,
heavier, edged by white on inner side ; the nervures of both v. ings
black, without any edging of black scales.

Body above covered with fulvous hairs, below black on thorax
with white spots on sides ; abdomen with a bwff lateral band and
another on venter, between them a black stripe ; legs black, the
first pair white in front ; palpi black, in front white, (antenncE in
example under view wanting).

From a single male taken in Utah and sent me by Rev. Geo.

47

D. Hulst, of Brooklyn, N. Y., to whom I take pleasure in dedicat-
ing the species.

This species differs from Disippus in the pale color of upper
surface (resembling Danais Strigosa, Bates), and in the con-
trast of color between the basal area of primaries, which is cas-
taneous, and the apex, as also all of secondaries, which are pale
colored of one shade ; in the brown costal margin, and absence
of the black patch and stripe beyond cell, which is a conspicuous
feature o^ Disippus; in the presence of fourwhite spots, triangular
instead of rounded, of equal size instead of irregular ; in the mac-
ular stripe on secondaries and its white edging, and in the ab-
sence of black scales to the nervures and branches. It is unlike
anything I know. For two years I have kept this example with-
out describing, hoping that others might come in, especially in
Arizona collections.

LiMENlTis Arthemis. aberr. C.

Upper side fulvous, obsured on primaries by much black, on
secondaries but little ; on the former, fulvous is most distinct in
middle of cell, and below cell to inner margin ; inside the mar-
ginal border a row of large dull fulvous spots, lying on the two
discoidal and upper median interspaces ; white spots beyond cell
2is\n Disippus; a white dash on inner margin corresponding to
what would be the white band in ArtJieinis; secondaries have a
complete sub-marginal row of bright fulvous spots, and on the
black area next over these, a narrow white band, of even width
throughout, cut into spots by the black nervules.

On under side the fulvous is less obscured on primaries, and
in cell next base is a large orange patch, and a broad bar across
arc; the sub-marginal spots are continued to costa, and are mostly
whitish on basal side. Secondaries have the fulvous spots and
white band ; the whole disk and area to base pale orange-fulvous
with patches of orange disposed as in Arthemis, but of larger size.

This singular example seems to me to be a hybrid between
Disippus and Arthemis. The color is of Diiippus, so are the extra-
discal white spots on primaries ; but the sub-marginal spots of both
wings are of Arthemis ; the white band {Arthemis) is only found on
secondaries and is very narrow, but there is a trace of the
band of primaries on inner margin ; the under side is of Disippus,
but of primaries it is a mixture ; the orange patches on both wings
about bases are of Arthemis, but enlarged. This example was
taken in Canada, and sent me for inspection by Mr. H. H. Ly-
man. I call this aberr. C, applying A and B. to the aberrations
described (A. figured) on Arthemis plate, in Bt. N. A., Vol. 2.,
Plate I, Limenitis.

Lemonias Duryi.

Male. — Expands .9 inch.

Whole upper surface orange-fulvous, except a narrow border
of fuscous to hind margins ; within this border a series of white

48

dashes, one to each interspace, in the middle of each dash a black
dot, and another at anterior end ; across the disks a common row
of black spots, small, mostly lunular; the row on primaries zig-
zag; on secondaries a double curve ; on primaries several of these
spots have white spots behind them, especially the three or four
on costal margin, and the one in second median interspace; each
wing has a white spot at end of cell, edged on either side by a
black bar, and some black dots nearer base.

Under side of primaries light orange from base to margin^
the border of hind margins ashy-brown ; the dashes and spots
repeated. Secondaries ashy-brown from base to margin ; the
marginal dashes and dots repeated, enlarged ; across disk a row
offline white spots, the first and third from costa minute, the third
small, the second large, oval, the fifth a patch on inner margin,
all edged anteriorly by black ; above these a row of three, the
middle one of which corresponds to the cellular spots of upper
side, and is edged on both sides by black ; the other two on the
anterior side only; three small white spots next base; fringes
alternately white and pale fuscous.

Female. — Expands i.i inch.

Upper side colored as the male, being wholly orange-fulvous,
except the borders. Under side as in male.

From I ^ I ? taken by Mr. C. Dury in New Mexico, about
five miles east of Mesilla, in some foot-hills of the Organ Mts., in
1 88 1, about April 20. Size of Morino and the general arrange-
ment of the spots is as in that species, but the color is fulvous,
whereas Morino is fulvous on disk of primaries only, and not at
all on secondaries. Mr. Dury writes that the species was rather
abundant, and several examples were taken. It flew rapidly near
the ground, alighting frequently.

Lyc.ena Annetta, Mead. Mss.

Male. — Expands 1.25 inch.

Upper side primaries blue ; costal margin of primaries silvery
next base ; fringes white.

Under side white, with a faint blue tint; both wings have a
marginal series of small fuscous spots, preceded by lunules, and
behind the latter, on secondaries, yellow-fulvous ; a little of this
on primaries ; on secondaries the three or four spots next inner
angle are partly covered by pale blue metallic scales ; on the arc
of cell of each wing a fuscous bar.

Female. — Expands 1.05 inch.

Upper side pale or whitey brown, nearly white next the
hind margins, with a blue shade over the posterior half of each
wing and at base ; primaries have a narrow fuscous border to this
margin, and secondaries a black line ; the cellular mark on pri-
maries quite distinct, owing to the delicate texture of the wing ;
secondaries have a marginal series of round black spots, and the

49

lunulas of under side are repeated somewhat, together with the
yellow patches.

Under side pale fawn-color over most of the surface, becom-
ing white on the extra-discal areas ; the markings as in the male,
but more distinct, especially on primaries; in addition there is an
extra-discal transverse row of fuscous dots on each wing.

From I <5 1 ? taken by Mr. T. L, Mead, near Salt Lake, Utah,
in 1878. Several other examples were taken at same time. The
species is close to Anna, Edw., but is of scarcely more than half
the size (in superficial area). The male is color of Anna; the
female quite different, Anna being dead-leaf brown, with a sub-
marginal series of large fulvous crenations on each wing. In both
sexes of A 7ma is a common transverse row of spots; elongated
spots mostly on primaries ; rounded on secondaries; in Annetta
the series is wholly composed of mere dots, and is altogether
wanting in the female under view.

50

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

Honey for Sugaring. — I want to suggest to the members of your
Club to try extracted honey in sugaring for Lepidoptera. It must be pure and
free from glucose, and can be obtained in solid candied form from L. C. Root,
Mohawk, N. Y. I should not dilute it much (it any), but only liquify it. It
will, I think, prove very attractive. —F. C. Bowditch, Boston.

ArCTIA Dione. — On July 8, 1881, I obtained a ? , which gave 320 eggs.
. Half of these were lost or given to friends, but 63 went to chrysalis, and 28 hiber-
- nated as apparently full grown caterpillars. In due time 51 emerged as perfect
moths, presenting very great variation in the markings. The eggs were placed
close 'Ggether in one patch, and in regular rows. Food plants, Plattta^o and
Polygonum. Mr. R. ISunker, of this city, is rearing some Dione from eggs laid
by my brood, and they hibernate as half grown caterpillars.— H. Roy Gilbert,
Roches er, N. Y.

Synopsis of the Noctuid^. — Mr. J. C. Smith is publishing in The
Bulletin, Brooklyn Entm. Soc, a careful revision of this difficult group. It will,
doubtless, be of great va ue to students. — EDITOR.

Rare Noctuids. — The following species were taken at Centre, N. Y.,
during the past year.

Leptina Doubledayi Guen. ? ( a

Hadena fractilinea Grote. ,;' ? ( august.

Agiotis dilucida Morr. $ )

" janualis. Grote. 2 ? > September.

" perpoii a Morr. ? )

Scopeloooma trisisignata Grote. i 3 2 ? ^

" Morrisonii Grote. 2 (5 i $ |

" vinulenia Grote. 4 ,? 2 ? |

Glaea viatica Grote. ? } October.

Xylina semiusta (}rote. S \

" unimoda Lmtn. $ |

" lepida Lintn. 2 ^ 3 $ j

The results of the past season have been, on the whole, remarkably poor.
Where hundreds of examples came formerly to sugar, but few scattering ones
were observed. W. H. Hill, Albany, N. Y.

Melittia cucurbits. — Haw. From numerous observations, I am
assured that this insect hibernates in the'caterpillar stage, and does not transform
to the pupa state until the spring. The pupa cases are formed in the latter
part ol the summer, and, in every instance thus far, I have found the larvae in
the cases unchanged. The last examination was made only a day or two since.
— N. Coleman, Berlin, Conn., February 24, 1882.

BOMBYCID^ OF N. America. — The readers of " Papilio " will be glad
to learn ihat Mr. R. H. Stretch is about to issue a volume, illustrating the
whole of the known species of N. American Bombycid^e and ZygEenidee. It will
contain about twenty plates, which will be lithographed in black and white only,
from pen and ink drawings. The price will not exceed $2.50 for the whole
work. We shall refer to the subject again, when the work is nearer comple-
tion.—Editor.

Parnassius Smintheus in California. — It has seemed somewhat
strange that this species should have been so long unobserved in California,
when its yellow spotted form (P. Behrii.) is comparatively common on the slopes
of the Sierra Nevada. In June last, however, I observed the true Smintheus
rather abundant in moist spots in the Shasta district, and later, that is in
August, I saw considerable numbers in the wooded sides of the mountains near
Castle Lake. I took one magnificent example, with very large red spots, at
first sight looking like Par. Nomion. It was flying on the top of Mt. Bradley,
about 7500 feet above the sea level, and seemed attracted to the flowers of a
species of Sedum. — James Behrens, San Francisco.

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl^e flew Jork pntomological flub.

Vol. 2.]

April, 1882.

[No. 4

FEMORAL TUFTS OR PENCILS OF HAIR IN CERTAIN

CATOCAL^.

By James S. Bailey, A. M., M. D.

The accompanying cut represents the fan-shaped brushes of
hair found upon the pedes viedii of certain Catocalcs. They are
inserted in or near the trochanters, and lie concealed within the
folds of and close to the spines of the femora, and reach nearly
their entire length. The tufts are capable of being elevated at
will, as seen in the engraving, and of being completely hidden

when desired. When
a fan, and resemble an
outer border has the
been evenly trimmed
the season of 1881, at
concumbens was quite
spreading, in some of
tuft was visible, but in
pencils seen at the same
without lifting one ol
of an entomological pin.
by passing the point

extended they open like
artist's fitch brush. The
appearance of having
with scissors. During
Center, N. Y., Catocala
numerous at sugar. In
the examples a single
no instance were both
time in an individual
them out with the point
This was accomplished
through the scales, and

very close to the trochanters, when the tufts were easily lifted
from their resting places and exposed to view, which gave the

52

Catocala a novel appearance. One of them was allowed to re-
main unspread for illustration and cabinet use. Afterward, in
examining other varieties of CatocalcE, similar phenomena were
exhibited, but were only found in the male sex. Not being
readily impressed with the importance of the discovery, I did not
pursue my investigations through the different species captured
during the season. Later I placed on damp sand for relaxation
other CatocalcE, to see if they contained the same appendages,
but I failed to detect them by the most careful manipulation.
The result might have been different while the examples were
fresh. Another year I propose to learn, if possible, if they are
common in all species ; if not, in which they are found.

Since the discovery I have been visited by a number of ento-
mologists, who have examined the femoral tufts, but not one of
them could explain the design and use of them, therefore the
subject is brought to the notice of the readers of " Papilio " with
the hope that some one can offer a satisfactory explanation.

To one having noticed the overtures of a male beetle in ad-
dressing his mate ; having witnessed the gentle contact of his
antennae with hers, oft repeated, besides other demonstrations of
an endearing nature, I think it may not be improbable to
suppose that these tufts may be employed as an aphrodisiac. If
for other purposes, I should be pleased to know them.

NOTES ON N. AMERICAN ^GERID^, WITH DE-
SCRIPTIONS OF NEW FORMS.

By Henry Edwards.

Bembecia Marginata.

Trochilhmi Marginatum. Harris.

This appears to be one of the most common species of the
whole group. It has been taken in abundance near Washington
by Mr. H. Schonborn, and again on Long Island by the Rev.
G. D. Hulst, the latter gentleman having in print some most in-
teresting observations upon its habits. It is undoubtedly refer-
able to the genus Bembecia, and bears in many respects a striking
resemblance to the European Bembecia hylcsiformis. Our species
has been re-described by Prof Riley as Troch. ritbi, and by Mr
YixA^'i 2JS, Sesia flavipes. The synonomy should stand thus :

53

Bembecia {Trochilhun marginatum) Marginata. Harris.

Trochiliuin Rubi. Riley.

Sesia Flavipes. Hidst. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.

Trochilium Caudatum. Harris.

A <5 in the collection of Prof. C. V. Riley has the trans-
parent space of forewings exceedingly small, consisting only of
two longitudinal streaks along the sides of the median nervule.
The antennae are bright orange. This singular species should
form the type of a new genus, for which I propose the name of
Alcathoe. It may be readily separated by the caudal appen-
dage of the $, which is as long as the abdomen, the forewings of
this sex being partly transparent, while those of the ? are wholly
opaque, resembling the genus Sciapteron. The hind tibiae are
furnished with a large bunch of hairs as in Melittia.

Trochilium Syringe. Harris.

This species has been re-described by Herr Moschler in Stett.
Entom. Zeitung, 1876, p. 311, as Grotea longipes. Herr Moschler
writes me that it certainly forms the type of a distinct genus, and
that he has elsewhere referred it to Podosesia.

Trochilium Tibiale. Harris.

? . In this sex, which appears to have been unknown to
Harris, the antennae are without pectinations, and are much
thickened towards their apical half. The bands of the abdomen
are narrower, only covering half the segments in 3, 5, 6, 7. In
all other respects it resembles the <5 . Montreal, Canada, Mr.
G. J. Bowles.

Exp. wings, 35 mm. Length of body, 20 mm.
- Melittia Snowii. n. s.

Allied to M. cucurbitce, Harris, but smaller, and singularly
unlike in color. Head above, thorax, base of abdomen and
upper side of forewings, pale fawn drab. Palpi, collar, pectus,
fore coxae and outer edge of tibiae sordid white. Antennae dull
brown. Dorsal portion of abdomen dull brown, sides dirty
orange, and lower portion sordid white. The hairs on the hind
tibiae are black inwardly, with a few bluish scales. Hind tarsi
clear white. Abdominal margin of hind wings dull testaceous.
Fringes of both, fawn drab. Beneath, the forewings are dull yel-
lowish, darker at posterior margin. Hind wings with the ab-
dominal margin of a brighter yellow shade than above.

Exp. wings, 22 mm. Length of body, 12 mm.

2 $ , Kansas, Prof. Snow, to whom I regardfully dedicate this
very interesting species.

Melittia Amgena. n. sp.

Head black in front, with a few bluish scales. Palpi above
orange, beneath white, terminal joint black within. Eyes dull
orange, with the orbits clear white. Antennae bluish black.
Thorax dull bronze black, with the collar pale dull greenish, and

54

the long hairs on the sides sordid white, with dull greenish re-
flection. Abdomen black, with purplish reflection ; posterior
edges of the segments narrowly greenish white. Caudal tuft
orange-brown, with black hairs. Bands on the lower side of ab-
domen a little wider than above. Fore coxae black, with orange
scales. Middle and hind coxae black, edged with whitish. Fore
and middle tibiae rich orange exteriorly; black within. Bunch of
hairs on hind tibiae rich orange, with a few white scales inter-
mixed ; black within. All the tarsi are black. Fore wings purp-
lish black, covered with bright metallic green scales, less visible
below. Fringes of both wings, brownish-black.

Exp. wings, 27 mm. Length of body, 16 mm.

I $ , Douglas Co., Kansas, 900 feet. Prof. Snow.

SCIAPTERON ADMIRANDUS. n. sp.

Head with orange hairs between the eyes, the orbits of
which are white. Palpi orange, antennae chestnut-brown. Thorax
dull brown, with narrow lemon-yellow streaks at base and on the
sides, below the base of the wings. In front of the junction of
the wings is a deep orange patch. Collar and a broad patch be-
hind it lemon-yellow. Abdomen with two basal segments brown-
ish-black ; 3d, bright lemon-yellow ; 4th, deep orange ; 5th, lemon-
yellow ; 6th, 7th and 8th, deep orange, edged posteriorly with
lemon yellow. The posterior edges of 3d, 4th and 5th are purp-
lish-black. The same colors extend beneath the abdomen.
Caudal tuft, dull brown. Legs wholly deep orange. . Forewings
brown, with golden reflection ; at their base a bright lemon-yellow
spot. Hind wings with posterior margin of brown scales, which
also extend along the median nervule to the posterior extremity
of cell. Base and abdominal margin, rich deep orange. The
vitreous disc is very opalescent. Fringes coppery brown. Be-
neath, the forewings have the base bright lemon-yellow, and the
abdominal margins of the hind wings are bright orange.

Exp. wings, 32 mm. Length of body, 18 mm.

I (5, Texas (J. Boll). Kindly added to my collection by my
friend, Mr. O. Meske, of Albany.

Harmonia. n. genus.

Head free, as wide at base as at thorax. Palpi very long,
sparsely clothed with hairs, terminal article twice the length of
the rest. Antennae slightly thickened towards the apex, with
double row of very fine serrations. Thorax with long hairs at
the sides. Abdomen long, narrow, the four posterior segments
with lateral, broadly-spreading, fan-shaped scales. Caudal tuft
unusually long and broad, divided in the centre and spreading.
Fore tibiae flattened, with the hairs very long beneath. Hind
tibiae also very long, reaching beyond the abdomen, and densely
clothed with hairs. Forewings opaque. Hind wings vitreous,
with large discal mark at the end of cell. In addition to the
present tpecies, this genus includes ^geria pini. Kellicott.

55

V Harmonia Morrisoni. n. sp.

Head and thorax deep black, the latter with some pale yel-
low scales thinly scattered above and below. Palpi pale yellow
at base, black towards terminal half. Antennae bluish black at base
and apical fourth ; the middle straw color, wholly orange-
brown beneath. Abdomen and caudal tuft wholly bluish-black
above and below. Legs wholly bluish-black, except the tibiae,
which are pale straw color. Forewings golden-brown with pur-
plish gloss, lightest toward posterior margin. Discal mark bright
orange. Fringes of both wings bright golden-brown. Beneath the
margins and base of forewings are straw color, discal mark as on
upper side. The discal streak of hind wings is also edged with
orange, i $, Montana Terr. Mr. H. K. Morrison, to whom I
have much pleasure in dedicating the species,

Exp. wings 24 mm. Length of body, 18 mm.

Type. Coll. Hy. Edwards.
, Albuna denotata, n. sp.

$ . Head black, with straw-colored line at base. Orbits of
eyes, clear white. Antennae brown above, bright orange beneath.
Palpi black, straw color in front and at the tip. Thorax black,
with double pale yellow spot at the sides. Abdomen black, with
3d, 5th, 7th and 8th segments rather broadly banded with straw
yellow, the band continued beneath. Caudal tuft narrow and
pointed (as in all the genus), black, with few yellow hairs. Thorax
beneath with pale yellow spots at the base of the legs and of the
wings. Coxae and femora wholly black, with bluish reflection.
Tibiae and tarsi bright orange, with a few black hairs sprinkled
over the latter. The forewings, with the exception of a vitreous
streak above median nervule, are covered with golden-brown
scales. Internal margin fiery red, with a bright pale yellow spot
on the extreme base. Discal mark obscured. Hind wings vit-
reous, with discal mark bright coppery brown. Beneath both
wings are golden-streaked ; discal mark of superior pair distinct,
bright orange,

Exp. wings, 26 mm.

? . Same as S , with the antennae simple, and the vitreous
streak of forewings less apparent.

1^2?. Montana Terr. H. K. Morrison.

Types. Coll. Hy. Edwards.
• ^GERIA EXITIOSA. n. var. FiTCHII.

I apply this name to the form of the ? , in which the 4th seg-
ment of the abdomen only is deep orange, and in which " the space
between the two inner veins of the hind wings is nearly, or quite,
covered with blue-black scales, forming a stripe which divides the
transparent disc into two parts." Fitch, Noxious Insects, Pt. 1,
page 116.

In roots of wild cherry. Tallahassee, Florida. (A. Koebele.)
W. Virginia. (T. L. Mead.)

56

^GERIA TECTA. n. sp.

Head jet black, with some white scales at the base of the eyes
and between the antennae. Palpi very pale yellow, with the last
article black. Antennae blue black above, castaneous beneath.
Thorax with narrow buff lines on sides and at base. Abdomen
with narrow buff band on basal segment, a wider on the 2d, none
on the 3d or 5th, a very wide one on 4th, and narrow on 6th and
7th. These bands are repeated on the under side. Caudal tuft,
bluish-black above, with some pale buff hairs beneath. Fore-
wings with costal and posterior margins, bronze black, internal
margin very pale yellow for its basal two-thirds. The discal
mark is bronze brown, with the posterior edge orange. The
transparent space between the cell is very large, much larger
than in ^g, tipidiformis, and allied species, thus leaving the pos-
terior margin very narrow. The margins of secondaries are also
very narrow, that of the costa being very pale yellow. On the
underside of forewings is a bright purplish reflection, not visible
above, the margins and nervures being all pale yellow, except on
posterior margins, where they are bronze black. Hind wings as
on upper side. The legs are blue black, banded with very pale
yellow. 2 $. Prescott, Arizona. J.Doll.

Exp. wings 16 mm.

Types, Coll. B. Neumoegen.

, .^GERIA HENSHAWII. n. sp.

Closely allied to ^g. fuknpcs, Harris, of which it may be an
extreme variety. It differs, however, from that species, in the
following particulars : The abdomen is wholly black ; the base
of the fore wings has a fiery red spot, the discal mark is edged
posteriorly with fiery red, and beneath, the costal margin for its
apical half, and the margins of the discal mark are of the same
color. In other respects it is the same as yEg. fulvipes.

Exp. wings, 22 mm.

I?. Mingan Island, Labrador, Mr. S. H. Henshaw, who has
kindly aided my labors in this difficult group, and to whom I
dedicate this pretty species.

vEgeria asiliformis. Rott.

Specimens of this species, exactly agreeing with European
examples, have been taken at Walpole, Mass., by Miss C. Guild ;
at Winchester, Mass., by Mr. R. Thaxter, and at Cambridge,
Mass., by Mr. P. R. Uhler. These are preserved in the collection
of the Boston Soc. Nat. History (Nos. 1341, 1342).

^GERIA TIPULIFORMIS. L.

In some specimens from Ohio, the vitreous spaces are some-
what larger than in the European form, the color is more intense
black, the caudal tuft beneath has a larger proportion of yellow,
and the insect has generally a more delicate appearance. These
may prove to belong to a distinct species.

^GERIA QUINQUECAUDATA. Ridings.

57

?. The type of this species was a. S . I think the present
is the first descriptive notice of the other sex. The forewings are
greenish black, with metallic reflection, purplish at the posterior
margin. Hind wings dull black, opaque, except at the base,
which is more or less transparent. Fringes of both wings brown
black. Under side of wings wholly purplish black, nervules with
a greenish shade. Antennae and head dull black. Thorax green-
ish black, with the tegulae deep orange in front. Abdomen steel
black, with the 4th segment wholly deep orange. The "tails," so
characteristic of the 6 , are are wanting in this sex. The palpi
are deep orange below, bluish above. Legs and under side wholly
greenish black.

Exp. wings 26 mm.

2 ?. Georgia. H.K.Morrison.

Types. Coll. E. L. Graef. F. Tepper.

This singular form is certainly not congeneric with y^geria
acemi, AL.pyri, etc., the abdominal appendages of the <^, and the
opacity of the forewings serving to distinguish it. I propose for
it the generic name of SOSPITA.

THE LIFE-HISTORY OF EUSTROTIA CARNEOLA,

GUENEE.
By D. W. Coquillett.

Egg. — Button-shaped, grooved vertically, pale yellowish
white ; in the centre of the upper side is a reddish dot, and a short
distance outside of this is a reddish circle ; transverse diameter
about y^ mm.

Larva. — First stage. — Body green, marked with a subdorsal
white line and a stigmatal white stripe ; piliferous spots obsolete ;
head and venter green, unmarked ; sixteen legs ;* length 10 mm.

Second stage. — Same as in the first, except that there is a
white dorsal line and the piliferous spots are white ; length 13
mm.

Third and last stage. — Body green, sometimes tinged with
pink ; sutures of the segments sometimes yellow or brown ; a
white dorsaUine usually edged with black; a white subdorsal line
and a white stigmatal stripe ; subdorsal surface sometimes tinged
with black or purple ; spiracles white, ringed with brown or black ;
head and venter green, unmarked ; length 19 mm.

*Dr. Packard, in his " Guide to tbe Study of Insects" (p. 316), erroneously says that the
larvae of Erastria {EusUotia) have only three pairs of abdominal legs.

5«

Chrysalis. — Of the usual shape, poHshed yellowish brown ;
posterior end quite robust, terminates in two short hooks ; length
9 mm.

The lighter colored larvze closely resemble those of Telesilla
cinereola, Guenee, which I have bred from ragweed {Ambrosia
arteniisicefolid), and from burdock {Lappa officinalis). The last
named larvae never have the body tinged with black or purple,
and the dorsal space is tinged more or less with white. But the
greatest difference between these two larvae is in the markings on
the head ; for while in carneola the head is unmarked, in cinereola
it is marked with an inverted v-shaped white mark on the face,
and a white dash on each side. The larva of Hypcna scabra,
Fabricius, which feeds upon clover, closely resembles that of car-
neola, but is readily distinguished from it by having only three
pairs of abdominal legs, carneola having four pairs.

The food plants of this species are yellow dock {Rwnex),
smartweed {Polygonum pensylvaniciim), and probably golden-rod
{Solidago). I have bred the moths from larv?e found feeding upon
the two first mentioned plants, and have found upon a golden-
rod a larva not differing very much from the above.

The eggs are deposited either singly or in clusters of from
two to four, and in midsummer hatch out in about four days.
When jarred from their perch the young larvae hang suspended
by a silken thread. When fully grown, they enter the earth and
each one forms an oval cavity, in which it spins a thin cocoon.
The length of time which they spend in their different stages
varies, but is about as follows : First stage, lo days ; second
stage, 2 days ; third stage, to entering the earth, 4 days ; enter-
ing the earth to imago, 12 to 16 days — completing the cycle from
^ZZ ^o imago in about five weeks.

Two broods are produced in one season, the imagos of the
first brood appearing during the month of July and early in
August, those of the second brood passing the winter in the
chrysalis state and issuing throughout the month of May of the
following year.

FOOD PLANTS OF TELEA POLYPHEMUS IN THE
COUNTY OF YORK, ONTARIO.

[From a paper read before the Natural History Society of Toronto, by W. Brodie.]

Riley, in his Missouri report for 1871, gives a list of 19 food
plants ; 10 of these, although found here, are not on my list.
These 10, with my list, give a total of 49 species.

59

ORDER, TILIACE^.

Tilia Americana Linn.

Tilia Europcea Linn.

ORDER, ROSACEiE.

Cra/aegus coccinea Linn.

" tomentosa Linn.

" crux-^alli Linn.

Amelanchier Canadensis Torr «& Gray.

ORDER, GROSSULACE.E.
Ribes cynobati Linn.

ORDER, HAMAMELIDACEiE.

Hamamelis Virginica Linn

ORDER, CUPULIKERiE.

Quercus alba Linn.

" macrocarpa Michx.

" rubra Linn,

Corylus Americana Walt.

Corylus rostrata Ait.

Fagus ferruginea Ait.

Carpinus Americana Michx.

Ostrya Virginica Willd.

ORDER, JUGLANDACE^.

Carya tomentosa Nutt,

" amara Nutt.

" alba Nult.

ORDER, BETULACE^.

Betula lenta ... Linn.

" excelsa Linn.

" alba Spach.

" papyracea Ait.

Alnus incana Willd.

" serrulata Ait.

ORDER, SALICACE.(E.

Salix alba Linn.

" humilis Marshal.

Populus grandidentata Michx.

" tremuloides Michx.

6o

Cocoons constructed on thorn trees usually hang during the
winter ; the petioles being short, several strands of silk are firmly
attached to the twigs. In a few cases I have noticed the twig
and petioles coated with silk approaching the habit of C. prome-
thea.

Cocoons spun by larvae, fed on basswood, oak or birch, are
usually large and the silk of superior quality.

In long and warm seasons about 50 per cent, are double-
brooded, but this is against the increase of the species, as cold
weather usually sets in before the larvae are fully matured.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW HYPERCHIRIA FROM

ARIZONA.

By B. Neumoegen.

HYPERCHIRIA PaMINA. n. sp.

$. Antennae dark luteous. Head and thorax light olive
color. Patagiae with light yellow tuft at the end. Primaries
falcate, light olive, somewhat darker at base, but lighter along
exterior margin. An irregular, transverse yellowish line, with
anterior brownish border from very near apex to the centre of
interior margin. An irregular square discal blotch of olive color,
with dark dots at the intersection of nerves. A white testaceous
lateral line at thorax, between the base of costa and base of
interior margin.

Secondaries very light olive color. The ocellus blackish
blue with white centre, sprinkled with bluish dust. An irregular
semi-circular black line, from costa to and partly along abdominal
margin, enclosing the ocellus. The field enclosed by this line, of
bright, light yellow color, somewhat fading towards base. In
the space between this line and exterior margin, and running
parallel to both, a purplish, rose-colored, irregular band termi-
nating very near anal curve. A conspicuous, bright rose-colored
tuft from base, along abdominal margin, fading toward the centre
and anal curve. Abdomen fawn drab, with bright rose-colored
segmentary bands.

Beneath, primaries and secondaries fawn drab. The trans-
verse line of primaries of purplish rose tint, the interspace be-
tween this line and base being likewise of a lighter purplish
rose, fading towards costa. Discal spot conspicuous, black with
white central dot. A white discal spot on secondaries and indi-
cations in purplish rose-color on the same, of the semi-circular
line and its parallel band.

? . Of a lighter olive tinge. The ocellus and its white
centre on secondaries more pronounced than in $ .

6i

Beneath, on secondaries a purplish line, not exactly following
the course of the semi-circular line on upper surface, but curving
into an undulated line below discal spot, and terminating in the
centre of abdominal margin, thus assuming somewhat the shape
of an interrogation sign. In other respects agreeing with $ .

Some of the examples vary from drab fawn to true olive
color.

Var. Aurosea.

This is a splendid variation of the above described insect,
the head, thorax and primaries being of a golden yellow color,
with sprinkling of light rose-colored dust ; the tuft, along
abdominal margin of secondaries, of bright rose-color, and the
parallel band between the black semi-circular line and exterior
margin of bright purplish red.

Expanse of $, 2^-3 inches; ?, 3-3^ inches.

Length of body of $, %-}i inches; ?, i-i>^ inches.

Habitat, Prescott, Arizona.

Caught and raised by Mr. J. Doll. A description of the
larva and it moults will be given in one the ensuing numbers.

This wonderful insect can proudly rank, in regard to beauty^
with any of its relations of tropical America.

As Felder, Walker, Westwood and others have described
various species of Hyperchiria from Mexico and adjacent
countries, I hesitated with the description of H. Pamina, for
fear of creating a synonym. I finally applied to the kindness of
Mr. H. Strecker, who has extensive working material on hand,
and he returned H. Pamina to me as "new."

ON THE EARLY STAGES OF TWO PLUME-MOTHS.

By D. W. Coquillett.

CEdematophorus inquinatus, Zeller. — Larva. — Body
green, sparsely covered with raised white dots ; warts concolor-
ous, each bearing from two to six stiff, curved, diverging white
bristles of different lengths ; spiracles raised, whitish ; head par-
tially retractile into segment one, green, tinged with brown and
marked on each side with a black spot above the jaws ; venter
green, unmarked; length 12 mm. Two specimens. Lives on
Ambrosia artemismfolia. One pupated July 27, producing the
imago August 3 ; the other pupated July 30 and the imago
emerged August 6.

Chrysalis. — Of the usual shape, pale ash color, marked with
a large pink spot near the middle of the upper side ; on this spot
is large brownish-black spot ; length 7 mm. The chrysalis is
fastened by its posterior end to the upper side of some object.

62.

from which it stands in a oblique direction, the abdomen being
sHghtly curved.

LlOPTlLUS HOMODACTYLUS, Walker. — Larva. — Body green ;
a dorsal white line, and a short distance each side of this is a faint
whitish stripe ; a broken subdorsal whitish line, and sometimes a
similar stigmatal one ; warts concolorous, and from each issues
a spreading cluster of six or more whitish hairs ; segment one
projects slightly over the head ; head and venter green ; length
14 mm. Feeds on Solidago Missouriensis. Three specimens;
very sluggish. One pupated June 15, producing imago June 28.

Chrysalis. — Of the usual shape, white, tinged in places with
green, quite thickly covered with white piliferous spots, each bear-
ing one or two white bristles; length 10 mm. The chrysalis is
fastened ventrally to one side of some vertical object.

For the determination of the above species I am indebted to
Mr. Chas. Fish.

NOVA SPECIES GENERIS CERATOCAMPA.

By D. H. Weyenberg, Cordova, Buenos Ayres.

C. VOGLERI. n. sp.

Alae anteriores subfuscae-subolivaceae maculis albis ellipticis,
in margine externo triangularibus alae posteriores flavse, speculo
centrali sanguineo, fascia nigra ad marginem externum emanans.
Collo axillisque sanguineis.

Thorax lineis duabus parallelibus albis ornatis nee non
pleurae linea curva alba; abdomen subfuscum articulationibus
sanguineis et linea laterali alba; pedibus subfuscis.

Alarum expansio 9 centim. Corporis longit. 4, 5 centim. —
Habitat, Cordova.

Cordova, Argent., 1881.

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

COTTON-WORM MoTH. — The Moth of the Southern "Cotton
Worm " {Aletia argillaceci) has occurred in this county in immense
numbers during the past fall. I first met with it September 12

on the shore of Lake Ontario, a few miles west of Charlotte. The
bodies of the dead and dying insects formed quite a perceptible
ridge along the water line, while among the debris, just out of
reach of the waves, thousands had crawled and were drying their
wings on the sticks and stones ; a great many other insects of all
orders were also present (apparently overtaken and drowned by
a violent storm that occurred the night before), but Argillacea
outnumbered the whole by more than a hundred to one.

A few days later Argillacea appeared in profusion in the
orchards and gardens in the district. The insect is said to be in-
jurious to peaches in the South ; it is interesting to know that
here in the North it still retains its hking for that fruit. I cap-
tured thirty-two individuals one evening on four bruised peaches,
and I also found it in abundance sucking the juices from ripe
pears ; hundreds could be shaken from grape vines during the
day time ; the proprietor of a vineyard in the neighborhood
assured me that they severely injured his grape crop by sucking
the ripe fruit. I met with it every mild evening until December.
Even at this late date their fondness for fruit was indicated, as I
found them on rotten apples. — David Bruce, Brockport, N. Y.

Early Butterflies in California. — In a letter recently
received from Mr. M. G. Wright, of San Bernardino, California.
He says : " The season opened here very finely. On February
5th I took twenty-seven examples of Lepidoptera ; February
I2th, three examples ; February 20th, thirty-two examples; March
1st, eighty-three examples ; March 5th, fifty-six examples ; March
loth, seventeen examples. Since this date the weather has been
very cold and wet, so that I have taken very little."

Xylina cinerea.

If Professor Riley will refer to Bulletin U. S. Geolog. and
Geogr. Survey of the Territories, vol. v., p. 201, he will find why
Professor Grote regards X. Cinerea as=X. Anten7iata, Wlk.
This paper was possibly overlooked by the authors of the Brook-
lyn Check List. I will add that the Noctuids which I took with
me to Europe for comparison were sent to me for that purpose
by Prof. Lintner. I have long been familiar with X. Cinerea, and
the specimen sent to me by Prof. Lintner was in good condition,
as was also the type of X. Antennata. I compared them carefully,
and there is no doubt of their identity. — C. H. Fernald, Orono,
Me.

64

ILLUSTRATIONS OF NOCTUID^.
(Plate I., Vol. 2).

By A. R. Grote.

On the accompanying Plate I. figures i and 2 represent Rho-
dodipsa Miniana, which was discovered by Prof. Snow in Northern
New Mexico, and described by myself in " Papilio " for October
of last year. This species is one of a number of pretty Helio-
thid forms in which our Western Noctuid fauna is so rich. Fig-
ures 3 and 3« represent Gortyna Rigida,"^ Grote, an Eastern species
collected by Mr. Thaxter in Massachusetts, who kindly sent me
the male here represented. I have restored to this genus the
term Gortyna, not using this name in the restricted sense in which
Lederer employs it, viz., for the European Flavago, ^hxch. has the
clypeus mucronate, and should be referred to Ochria. A syn-
onymical note upon the use of Gortyna will by found on page 37
of my "Check List." Figure 3 represents the side view of Gor-
tyna Rig zda, showing the thoracic tuftings, which are important in
classifying the NoctiiidcB. Figure 4 represents Schinea biixea,
described by myself in the " Canadian Entomologist," and received
from Texas by Mr. B. Neumoegen.

♦Erroneously printed "Rifida" in the plate.

Errata in Prof. Riley's Communication in the
March Number. — Page 44, line 4, omit the third comma ; same
page, line 7, for "Danopolis" read "DemopoHs ; " same page, lines
29 and 31, for "Synonym" read "Synonymy."

PapilioJ/o[II^

Plate

v^:'>a

i

^^^:fm

Clemenl pinxil

MiUol sculp.

1.2 Miniana_3 3* Ritula_tt Buxea

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl^e |iew Jork pntomological piub.

Vol. 2.]

May, 1882.

[No. 5

LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA TAKEN IN AND AROUND

DAYTON, O.

By G. R. Pilate.
Species marked thus * have not been taken by myself; f. p. — food plant.

RHOPHALOCERA.

DIURN^.

Food

1 Papilio Turnus, common.

plant, Tulip tree.

2 " Turnus, s var. Glaucus,
not rare, f. p. Tulip tree,

Ajax, common, f. p. Pa-
paw.

Ajax, var. Tclamonides,
common, Papaw.

Ajax, var. Marcellus, com-
mon, f. p. Papaw.

Asterias, common, f.
Umbelliferae.

Troilus, common, f.
Sassafras.

Cresphontes, not rare, f.
Prickly Ash.
9 " Philenor, common, f.
Virginia Snakeroot.

10 Pieris Protodice, common.

11 " " var. Vernalis,

common in spring.

12 " Rapse, common, f. p.
bage. Nasturtium
Mignionette.

Philodice, common,

Red Clover.
Philodice $ var. Alba, not

rare.
Eurytheme, one ?
Lisa, two or three every

season.

13 Colias

14 "

15* "
16 Terias

Cab-
and

f. p.

17 Terias Nicippe, common, f. p. Cas-

sia Mar3'landica, L.

18 Danais Archippus, common, f. p.

different species of As-
clepias.

19 Argynnis Cybele, common.

20 " Myrina, a few every sea-

son.

21 " Bellona, common.

22 Euptoieta Claudia, two or three

ever)' season.

23 Phyciodes Nycteis, common, f. p.

Actinomeris Helian-
thoides.

24 " Tharos, common.

25 " " var. Marcia, com-

mon.

26 Grapta Interrogationis, common, f.

p. Elm and Celtis.

27 " Interrogationis, var., Um-

brosa, common, f. p. Elm
and Celtis.

28 " Comma, not common, f. p.

Nettles,

29 " Comma var. Dryas, not

common, f. p. Nettles,

30 Vanessa Antiopa, common, f. p.

Elm and Willow.
31* " Antiopa, Ab. Lintneri,

only one, f. p. Willow.
32 Pj'rameis Ataianta, common, f. p.

Nettles,

66

33 " Cardui, common, f. p.

Thistles.

34 " Huntera, not common, f.

p. Echium Vulgare-L.

35 Junonia Coenia, common in i8So,

rare before and alter.

36 Limenitis Ursula, common, but

hard to catch.

37 " Disippus, common, f. p.

Willow, Cotton-wood.

38 Apatura Celtis, common, f. p.

Celtis.
3Q " Cl)'ton, rare, f. p. Celtis.

40 Neon3^mpha Eur3'tris, common.

41 " Canthus, rare, only two

taken.

42 Debis Portlandia, rare, only four

taken.

43 Libythea Bachmanai, not common,

f. p. Celtis.

44 Thecla M-Album, rare, one S

in 1880.

45 " Hamuli, rare, five taken

in 18S0.

46 " Calanus, common, f. p.

Oak.
J7 Feniseca Tarquinius, rare, one $ .

48 Chrj'sophanus Thoe. common, f. p.

Rumex Britannica.

49 " Americana, rare, six speci-

mens taken.

50 Lycaena Pseudargiolus, rare.

51 " " var. Neg-

lecta, common.

5i«L3rcaena var. violacea, not rare in
early spring.

52 Lycaena Comyntas, common.

53 Ancyloxypha Numitor, common.

54 Pamphila Hobomok, common.

55 " Zabulon, common.

56 " " ? var. Pocahon-

tas, not rare.

57 " Campestris, common in

1880, rare before and
after.

58 " Huron, one $ .

59 " Phylaeus, rare, six $,

one ? .
60* " Pontiac, rare, two speci-
mens.

61 " Egeremet, not ver}^ com-

mon.

62 " Peckius, very common.

63 " Cernes, very common.

64 " Metacomet, rare.

65 " Verna, rare.

66 Amblyscirtes Vialis, rare.

67 Thanaos Brizo, common in one

localit3^
68* " Juvenalis, rare.

69 Pholisora Catullus, common.

70 Eudamus Pylades, common.

71 " L3'cidas, rare, never taken

till last season.

72 " Tityrus, common, f. p.

Locust.

HETEROCERA.

SPHINGID^.

73 Smerinthus Modestus, rare, S and

?.

74 " Juglandis, rare, S and $.

75 " Geminatus, common f p.

Willow.

76 " Geminatus, var. Jamaicen-

sis, rare, f. p. Willow.

77 " Excjecatus, common, f. p.

Wild Apple.

78 Ceratomia Amyntor, not rare, f. p.

Elm and Linden.

79 Daremma Undulosa, rare, one S •
8o*Sphinx Rustica, rare, one S •

81 " Carolina, common, f, p.

Tobacco.

82 " Celeus, common, f. p. To

mato.

83 " Eremitus, rare, one ^ .

84 " PI Ota, (Canadensis), rare

two examples.

85 " Chersis, rrae, one $ .

86*Sphinx Jasminearum, rare, one $ .

87 " H3'laeus, common, f. p.

Papaw.

88 " Plebeia, rare.

89 Anceryx Ello, rare, one $ .

90 Deilephila Lineata, common, f. p.

Epilobium Coloratum.

91 Philampelus Pandorus, not rare,

f. p. Grape and Five-
eaved Ivy.

92 Darapsa Myron, common, f. p.

Grape and Five-leaved
Ivy.

93 Choerocampa Tersa, rare.
94*Deidamia Inscripta, rare, S ? •

95 Amphion Nessus, rare, f. p. Epi-

lobium Coloratum.

96 Thyreus Abbotii, common, f. p.

Grape.

97 Macroglossa Marginalis, common,

f. p. various species of
Hone3'suckle.

67

q8 Macroglossa Thysbe, rare.
98" " tenuis, rare, 3 specimens,
f. p. Coral Honeysuckle.

.«GERIAD.«.
99 Melittia Cucurbitae, rare, (J and?.
100 .iEgeria Lustrans, common in one

locality.
loi " Pictipes, common, f. p.
wild and cultivated
Cherr}^.

102 " Acerni, common, f. p.

Maple.

103 " Pyralidiformis, rare.

THYRID.'E.

i03rtThyris Maculata, rare.

ZYG^NID^.

i04*Psychomorpha Epimenis, rare, one
example.

105 Eudryas Grata, rare, f. p. Grape.

106 " Unio, common, f. p. Epi-

lobium Coloratum.

107 Scepsis Fulvicollis, common.

108 Harrisina Americana, rare, f. p.

Grape.

109 Pyromorpha Dimidiata, rare, three

S.

LITHOSID^ AND BOMBYCID^.
no Hypoprepia Fucosa, common.
ilCjEuphanessa Mendica.

111 Crocota Rubicundaria, rare.

112 " Quinaria, rare.

113 " Ferruginosa, rare.

114 Deiopeia Bella, common in 1880,

rare in other seasons.

115 " Bella, var. Speciosa, three

examples.

116 Callimorpha Leconti, rare.

117 " '' var., ? one

example.
ri8 " Interruptomarginata, com-
mon.

119 Arctia Nais, common.

120 " " var. Decorata, two ? .
121* " Virgo, rare.

122* " Saundt-rsii, rare, S ? •

123 Pyrrharctia Isabella, common, feeds

on anything.

124 Spilosoma Acrsea, common, feeds

on anything.

125 " Virginica, common, feeds

on anything.

126 " Lalipennis, rare, one (^ .

127 Hyphantria Cunea, common, feeds

on anything.

128 " Cunea, var. Textor, com-

mon, feeds on anything.

129 Ecpantheria Scribonia, rare, five

specimens.

130 Euchaetes Egle, common, f. p.

Asclepias Cornuti, D. C.

131 Euchaetes Collaris, common, f. p.

Asclepias Incarnata-L.

132 Halesidota Tessellaris, common, f.

p. Sycamore.

133 " Carvse, rare, two batches

of larvae on Hickory and
Ash.

134 Orgyia Leucostigma, common f,

p. trees of all kinds.

135 EucleaQuerciola, rare, one ^,

Honey Locust.

136 Parasa Chloris, not common, f. p.

Rose and Papaw.

137 Adoneta Spinuloides, rare, one ^,

f. p. Honey Locust.

138 Thyridopteryx Ephemerseformis,

common, f. p. any kind
of tree.

139 Lacosoma Chiridota, rare, one $

in collection Strecker.

140 Clostera Inclusa, common, f. p.

Willow and Elm.

141 ApatelodesTorrefacta, rare, one $,

f. p. Papaw.

142 " Angelica, rare, one $,

143 Datana Ministra, common, f. p.

Linden, Elm.

144 " Integerrima, common, f. p.

Walnut.

145 Nadata Gibbosa, not common, f. p.

Oak and Maple.

146 Gluphisia Trilineata, rare, two ex-

amples.

147 Nerice Bidentata, rare, f. p. Elm.

148 Coelodasys Unicornis, common, f.

p. Honey Locust.

149 " Leptinoides, rare, f. p.

Walnut.

150 " Biuutiata, rare, f. p. Honey

Locust.

151 Heterocampa Marthesia, rare, one

^ , f. p. Oak.

152 " Marina, larvae common on

Sycamore, but very hard
to rear.

153 " Manteo, rare, one ? .

154 Cerura Cinerea, larvje common on

Willow, but hard to rear.

155 Telea Polyphemus, common, f. p.

Oak, Linden, Rose and
Maple.

156 Actias Luna, common, f. p. Wal-

nut.

157 Attacus Cynthia.

158 Callosamia Promethea, common,

f. p. Wild Cherry, Sassa-
fras and Tulip Tree.

159 Samia Cecropia, common, f. p.

Linden, Apple, Maple.

160 Hyperchiria lo, common, f. p.

Ash, Willow, Red Clo-
ver.

68

161 Hemileuca Maia, common, f. p.

Willow.

162 Dryocampa Imperialis, not rare, f.

p. Sycamore.

163 Ceratocampa Regalis, rare, f. p.

Hickory, Walnut.

164 Adelocephala Bicolor, not rare, f.

p. Honey Locust.

165 Anisota Bisecta, rare, two S , i- P.

Honey Locust.

166 " Pellucida, rare, one ? .

167 " Rubicunda, rare, three (5,

one $ .

168 Gastropacha Americana, rare, three

9 , f. p. Celtis.

169 Heteropacha Rileyana, common, f.

p. Honey Locust.

170 Cossus Robiniae, common, but not

easily obtained, f, p.
Black Locust.

NOCTUID^.

171 Pseudothyatira Expultrix, two spec-

imens at sugar.

172 Diphthera Fallax, one specimen at

sugar.

173 Acronycta Occidentalis, not com-

mon.

174 " Morula, rare, at sugar.

175 " Lobelise,common, at sugar.

176 " Radcliffei, one specimen

at sugar.

177 " Connecta, rare, f. p. Wil-

low.
178* " Furcifera, one example.

179 " Americana, not common,

f. p. Maple.

180 " Rubricoma, not rare, f. p.

Celtis.

181 " Luteicoma, one example

at sugar.

182 " Noctivaga, not common,

at sugar.

183 " Afflicta, rare, at sugar.

184 " Clarescens, very common,

at sugar.

185 " Hamamel is, rare, at sugar.

186 " Dissecta, rare, at sugar.

187 " Exilis, rare, at sugar.

188 " Oblinita, common, f. p.

Willow and almost any-
thing.

189 Bryophila (Jaspidea) Lepidula, rare,

at sugar.

190 " Palliatricula, one ? .

191 " Teratophora, two exam-

ples.
192* " Hebraicum, one example.

193 Microcselia Diphteroides, rare, at

sugar.

194 " Obliterata, common, at

sugar.

195 Agrotis C-Nigrum, common.
196* " Bicarnea, one example.

197 " Tricosa common.

198 " Herilis, common.
198'* " Subgothica, common,
igg " Plecta, rare.

200 " Cupida, rare, at sugar.

201 " Alternata, not very rare, at

sugar.

202 " Brunneicollis, not very

rare, at sugar.

203 " Clandestina, common, at

sugar.

204 " Lubricans, rare, at sugar,

205 " Messoria, common.

206 " Friabilis, one example, at

sugar.

207 " Annexa, rare, at sugar.

208 " • Ypsilon, common.

209 " Saucia, common.

210 Mamestra Latex, rare, one $ , at

sugar.

211 " Adjuncta, not common,

at flowers.
2X2 " Legitima, not common, at
flowers.

213 " (Ceramica) Picta, not rare,

f. p. Willow.

214 " Grandis, rare, one exam-

ple, at sugar.

215 " Subjuncta, not common,

at blossoms.

216 " Confusa, rare.

217 " Trifolii, common, at flow-

ers.

218 " Renigera, very common.

219 " Detracta, common.

220 " Laudabilis, rare, seven

examples in 1881, at rest.

221 " (Dianthcecia) Meditata,

common, at flowers in
the fall.

222 " Lorea, common, at sugar.

223 Oncocnemis Saundersiana, two ex-

amples, at flowers.

224 Chytonix Jaspis, one ? , at sugar.

225 Hadena Passer, two S , at sugar.

226 " Devastatrix, common, at

flowers.

227 " Arctica, three examples, at

sugar.

228 " Sputatrix, not common, at

flowers.

229 " Apamiformis, one S, at

sugar.

230 " Lignicolor, common, at

sugar.

231 " Vulgaris, rare, at sugar.

232 " Miselioides, not common,

at sugar.

233 " Chlorostigma, two ^, at

sugar.

69

234 Hadena Modica, common, at sugar.

235 " Vulgivag-a, one ?, at sugar.

236 " Rasilis, rare, at sugar.
236^' " sp. ? rare.

237 Homohadena Badistriga, larva

common on coral honeysuckle,
but nearly always ichneumonized.

238 Dipterygia Scabriuscula, common,

239 Hyppa X3-linoides, not very com-

mon.

240 Laphygma Frugiperda, one ^ , at

sugar.

241 Prodenia Flavimedia, not common,

at sugar.

242 " Lineatella, not common,

at suear.

243 Euplexia Lucipara, two examples,

at sugar.

244 Brotolomia Iris, one S , at sugar.

245 Nephelodes Minians common in

the Fall.

246 HydroeciafGjrtvna) Sera, common,

at sugar.

247 " Nitela, one ? .
248*Achatodes Zese, not common, f. p.

stems of Elder.

249 Scolecocampa Libvrna, common,

lives in rotten wood.

250 Leucania (Heliophila) Harveyi,

rare.

251 " Commoides, common, at

sugar.

252 " Unipuncta, common, at

sugar.

253 " Pseudargyria, common, at

at sugar.

254 Perigea Xanthio\des, common, at

sugar.

255 " Luxa, common, at sugar.

256 Amphipyra Pyramidoides, oon mon,

f. p. Grapes, ]El{», and
almost anything.

257 Orthodes Infirma, common, at

sugar.

258 " Cynica, rare, at sugar.

259 Orthosia Ferrugineoides, two ex-

amples.

260 " Helva, common, at sugar.

261 " Lutosa, rare, at sugar.

262 Scopelosoma Walkeri, common, at

sugar-water, in early
Spring.

263 Xylina Cinerea, common, at sugar-

water, in early Spring.

264 Cucullia Convexipennis, one $,

265 " Asteroides, Tare.

265 Adipsophanes Miscellus, one $ .
267 Crarabodes Talidiformis, common.
26S Nolophana Malana, common, f. p.

Wild Apple.
269 Aletia Xylina, rare.

270 Ingura Abrostoloides, one ? , at

sugar.

271 " Occulatrix, one $ , at sugar.

272 Telesilla Cinereola, common, at

sugar.

273 Plusiodonta Compressipalpis, com-

mon.

274 Plusia Aerea, not common.

275 " Biloba, rare.

276* " veruca. 2 examples.

277 " Precationis, common,

278 " Brassicse, 2 examples.

279 " Simplex, common.

280 Schinia trifascia, rare.

281 L3rgranthcecia Spraguei, one ex-

ample.

282 Helioihis Armiger, common,

283 Pyrrhia Exprimens, not common.

284 Acontia Candefacta, common.

285 " Aprica, common.

286 " Erastrioides, not rare.

287 Chamyris .Cerintha, common, at

sugar.

288 Erastria Musta, one S, at sugar.

289 " Muscosula, common, at

sugar.

290 " Carneola, common, at su-

gar.

291 " Apicosa, not rare.

292 Spragueia Leo, rare.

293 Galgula Hepara, three examples.

294 " Subpartita, not common.

295 Drasteria Erecthea, very common.

296 " Convalescens, rare.

297 Euclidia Cuspidea, common,

298 Parthenos Nubilis, rare.

299 Catocala Amica, f. p. Oak.

300 " Lineella, common.

301 " Minuta, not common.

302 " " var. Parvula, rare.

303 " Grvnea, common,

304 " Fratercula, rare.

305 " Gisela, two examples.

306 '■ Amasia, rare.

307 " Cordelia, two examples.

308 " Dulciola, rare.

309 " Polvgama, not common,

310 " Polygama, var. Pretiosa,

not common.

311 " " var. CrStaegi,

not common.

312 " Illecta, common in 1880,

rare before and since.

313 " Clinlonii, rare, at sugar,

314 " " var. Helene, one

?

315 " Serena, common, f. p.

Hickory.

316 " Nebulosa, not rare.

317 " Habilis, f. p. Hickory,

318 " " var. Basilis, i $

ex. larva.

70

319 Catocala Innubens, common.

320 " " var. Hinda,

common.

321 " Innubens, var. Scintillans,

not rare.

322 " Paleogama, common.

323 " var. Phalanga, not com-

mon.

324 " Piatrix, not common.

325 " Neogama, common.

326 " Subnata, not common,

327 " Cerogama, not common.
328* " " var. Bunkeri,

rare.

329 " Ilia, common.

330* " Ab, ? two examples, the
black bands of second-
aries connected.

331 " Parta, not common.

332* " Marmorata, one taken in
1881.

333 " Meskei, two examples in

1880.

334 " Ultronia, common.

335 " " var. Mopsa, com-

mon.

336 " Coccinata, not common.

337 " Amatrix, rare.

338 " Cara, common.

339 " Walshii, two examples in

1880.

340 " Judith, not rare.

341 " Epione, common.

342 " Robinsoni, common, f. p.

Hickory.

343 " Robinsoni, var. Curvata,

two ? .

344 " Retecta, not rare.

345 " Flebilis, common.

346 " Vidua (Desperata), com-

mon.
347* " Viduata, two examples in
1881.

348 " Ulal'ume, rare.

349 " Lachrymosa, rare,

350 " var. Paulina, one $

351 " Obscura common.

352 " Insolabilis, common.

353 " Residua, common.

354 " Angusi, common in 1881,

rare before.

355 " Angusi, var. Lucetta, com-

mon in 1881, rare before.

356 Allotria Elonympha, rare (^ and $ ,

357 SpilolomaLunilinea, common, f. p.

Honey Locust.

358 Panopoda Rufimargo, rare.

359 " Carneicosta, rare.

360 Remigia Hexastylus, rare.

361 " Latipes, rare, one $

362 CelipteraFrustulum, not common.

363 Parallelia Bistriaris, not rare.

364*Agnomonia Anilis, one example.

365 Eutoreuma Tenuis, rare.

366 Zale Horrida, rare.

367 Homoptera Edusa, common.

368 " Saundersii, common.

369 " Lunata, common.

370 Homoptera, sp. ? rare.

371 Ypsia Undularis, rare.

372 Pseudanthroecia Coracias, rare.

373 Phalaenostola Larentioides, rare.

374 Homop}-ralis Tactus, common.

375 " Discalis, common.

376 Pseudoglossa Lubricalis, common.

377 " Denticulalis, rare.

378 Epizeuxis Aemula. common.

379 " Americalis, common,

380 Litognatha Nubilifascia, common.

381 Chytolita Morbidalis, common.

382 " Petrealis, common.

383 Zanclognatha Laevigata, rare.

384 " Ochreipennis, rare.

385 •' Cruralis, rare,

386 " Marcidilinea, rare.

387 Rivula Propinqualis, common.

388 Palthis Angulalis, rare.

389 Phalenophaua Rurigena, common.

390 Renia Discoloralis, common.

391 " Brevirostralis, common.

392 " Flavipunctalis, common.

393 Bleptina Caradrinalis, common.

394 Bomolocha Baltimoralis, one $

395 " Manalis, rare.

396 " Bijugalis, one ?

397 " Abalinealis, common.

398 " Achatinalis, not com-

mon.

399 " Prof ecta, common.

400 " Deceptalis, not com-

mon.

401 " ? rare.

402 " ? rare.

403 Hypena Humuli, common.

404 Platypena Scabra, common.

GEOMETRID.^.

405 Eupithecia Miserulata, common.

406 Epirrita Perlineata, common in

spring.

407 Cidaria Fluviata, common (Plem-

yra).

408 " Multiferata, one ^ (Plem-

yra).

409 " Diversilineata, (Petropho-

ra), common, f. p. five-
leaved ivy.

410 " Intermedia, one ? (Rheum-

aptera).

411 " Latirupta, common, (Phi-

balapteryx).

412 Hydria Undulata, one ? .

413 Heterophelps Harveiata, rare, $

and ? .

71

414 Heterophelps Biguttata, common.

415 Zerene Catenaria, rare.

416 Haematopis Grataria, common.

417 Lythria Rileyaria, rare.

418 " Snoviaria, common, f. p.

Honey Locust.

419 Thamnonoma Wavaria, f. p. Wild

Gooseberry.

420 " Subcessaria, common, f. p.

Wild Gooseberry.

421 Phasiane Mellistrigata, one S •

422 Semiothisa Ocellinata, rare.

423 Cor^'-cia Vestaliata, common,

424 Delinia Variolaria, common, f. p.

Willow.

425 " Glomeraria, common in

early spring.

426 " Septemfluaria, common in

earlv spring.

427 Calothysanis Amatuaria, comipon,

f. p. Dock.

428 Acidalia Insularia, rare.

429 " Nivasata, rare.

430 " Inducta, one S •

431 " Enucleata, common.

432 Dyspteris Abortivaria, rare.

433 Synchlora Rubivoraria, not rare'.

434 Anisopteryx Vernata, common.

435 Phigalia Strigataria, one $ .

436 Hibernia Tiliaria, 2 $.

437 Amphidasys Cognataria, rare, f. d.

Honey Locust.
438*Biston Ursaria, one example.

439 Paraphia Unipunctaria, one $ .

440 " Deplanaria, rare, f. p.

Hickory.

441 Tephrosia Canadaria, common.

442 Boarmia Crepuscularia, common.

443 " Pampinaria, f. p. Honey
Locust.

444 Bronchelia Hortaria, rare.

445 Hemerophila Unitaria, one S-

446 Nematocampa Filamentaria, com-

mon.

447 Hyperetis Nyssaria, common.

44S Plagodes Flo?cularia, rare, S and

?.

449 Angerona Crocataria, common.

450 Sicya Macularia, rare, one $ f. p.

Ash.

451 Metrocampa Perlaria, rare.

452 Therina Fervidaria, one S •

453 " Seminudaria, one S 1

454 Endropia Hypochraria, common.

455 " Pectinaria, rare.

456 " Obtusaria, rare.

457 Eugonia Subsignaria, common, f. p.

Elm.

458 Caberodes Confusaria, rare.

459 " Var. Metrocamparia,
common.

460 Tetracis Lorata, rare.

461 " Crocallata, rare.

462 Eutrapela Transversata, common

463 " Clematata, rare.
Geometridse, 2 species unnamed.
Noctuidse, 5 species unnamed.

Making in all 475 species and varie-
ties taken in this locality.

Catocala sappho was seen last season
by my friend Dr. H. Jewett, but un-
fortunately he was unable to take it.

Taking "at light "^ has never been
tried here, and " sugaring " only part of
one season ; so I have no doubt that
many species marked rare on this list
will in time prove common.

Most of the Catocalae have been
taken on trunks of trees in the day
time.

Many larvae have been taken by
"bush-beating," but I have been unable
to rear the greater part of them, especial-
ly those that hibernate in the larva state
and do not pupate till spring.

Dayton, Ohio, March 14, 1882.

^GERIAN PARASITES.

By Herbert Osborn, Ames, Iowa.
In the July number of " Papilio " Mr. G. H. French men-
tions the discovery of a parasite upon ^geria syringce, and it will
be seen from the following notes that I have made observations
that entirely agree with his in regard to the fact that Algerians
are parasitized. My first observation was made in 1878, when two
chrysalids of j^geria syringes^ found in branches of ash trees, pro-
duced each a perfect Ichneumon. A note in regard to this I pub-
lished in Trans. Iowa Hort. Soc. for the year 1878. In 1880 I
collected quite a number of larvae and pupse of syring(2, from

72

young ash trees, to which they had done a great deal of injury.
Of these nearly fifty per cent produced specimens of this
same parasite, and an account of its work and appearance
was published in a paper in the Trans. Iowa Hort. Soc.
for 1880. The parasite appears somewhat later than the
adult moth, and chrysalids containing parasites can readily be
distinguished several days before their emergence. About the
time when the adult moth might be expected an examination of
the pupa case will show through its transparent walls another
pupa, somewhat smaller, within it, the substance of the host being
entirely devoured. The adult is black throughout, except joints,
II-16 of the antennae, a frontal border, dot in front of tegulae and
base of anterior tibiae, which are yellowish white ; wings fuligin-
ous. Length 60-70 in. It seems to me to correspond most
closely to Iclinewnon malacus, Say, and to the variety once de-
scribed as afer by Cresson, but differs in having the front bor-
dered with white and the anterior tibiae white at base.

This, with the PhcBogenes atcr mentioned by Mr. French,
makes two species (one of which, at least, is rather common,) which
are now known to be parasites upon this Algerian.

Mr. French is surely right in saying that the eggs are not
laid after pupation of the host. Although I have not been able
to ascertain positively, I incline to think the eggs are deposited
in the larva in its early stages, otherwise the parasite must pass
a large portion of its life, and hibernate, as adult, and then find
its prey quite well protected.

In my notes upon this ALgerian I erroneously called it denu-
datuni, being misled by Harris's account of that species.

I have also found a species of Crabronidce in the burrows
made by the larvae, but suppose it simply occupies it after the
A.g£rian has vacated it.

ON CERTAIN PYRALID^.

By a. R. Grote.

My kind friend, Mr. Goodell, has sent me a box of Massachu-
setts moths, among which are a few PyralidcB of interest.*

ASOPIA COSTALIS. Fabr.

The specimen is the smallest I have seen, about half as large
as is usual.

Arta Statalis. Gr.

This species seems to be common in Massachusetts. I have
seen it in several collections.

BOTIS Plectilis. G. & R.

Common also in New York collections.

* A severe illness has prevented mv examining my correspondence since my return from
Europe undl now.— A. R. G., May, 1882.

BoTis Adipaloides. G. & R.

The typical form with yellowish ground color. A variety
has them white. I hardly think our own and Prof. Zeller's Texan
specimens registered under this name really belong to this species.

BoTis Abdominalis. G. & R.

Belongs to the typical form, as illustrated by us. Hubner's
Argyralis has the fore wings buff yellow and showing silvery
marks. Here the exterior line is black and thread-like, enclosing
here and there a minute white dot. Prof. Zeller's Fractiiralis
varies in color also and in size and position of the silver spots.
That these all belong to one species has been suggested. Mean-
while the different forms are easily recognized and kept apart.

Metrea.* n. gen.

Front flat. Maxillary palpi small, scaled. Labial palpi
rather short ; third article short, dependent. Tongue moderate.
Vestiture mixed with flattened scales. Wings wide and ample.
Fore wings rounded at apices with full external margin. Size
above the average in the group. Veins three to five equidistant
on both wings. Secondaries full. The species is thinly scaled,
iridescent, white and pale yellow; the ample wings seem frail and
tenderly colored. Ocelli present, small and well hidden.

Metrea Ostreonalis. n. s.

Fore wings very light yellow, almost white, with an oblique,
nebulous, blackish mesial band, resolved into three large spots,
the two lowest divided by vein i. An exterior, sub-marginal, bent,
blackish band, not obtaining above vein 6. The external median
line is indicated on costa, and is indistinctly continued till it
touches the lower of the mesial blotches. Fringes white. Hind
wings white, glistening, with a pretty purplish iridescence. Tegulae-
white. Head, dorsum of thorax and also the abdomen above,
blackish. Segments narrowly edged with white. Beneath white,,
fore legs fuscous inwardly. Amherst, Mass.

In my collection is a New York specimen of this fine species,
hitherto unlabeled by me. It departs from the Botyde genera
by the blunt primaries, and should find its place near the close
of the series of Pyralldidce. The small, conical, dependent, third
palpal article is apparently naked.

Argyria Auratella. Clemens.

Professor P'ernald's table of the species of Argyria, " North
American Entomologist, I., 102," is most useful to determine the
different kinds. Auratella is apparently more common in collec-
tions than its near ally Pitlchella.

CRAMBUS Dissectus. Grote.

The specimen has the outer white spot, beyond the mesial
notched stripe, a little smaller than usual. From the white ver-
tex and thoracic disc, this species is allied to InterriipUis.

'" Or : /J.£Tpelv.

74

Crambus Topiarius. Zeller.

This interesting species represents the European Hortiielhis^
in our fauna, according to Prof. Zeller. It is widely distributed.

ON THE AMERICAN FORM OF PAPILIO MACHAON,

Linn.

By W. H. Edwards.

Some years ago, by the kind aid of Mr. W. F. Kirby and Dr.
Hagen, I was able to bring together a long series of Machaon and
its varieties from many localities in Europe, also from India,
Himalaya, Central Asia and Kamschatka. From America I have
several examples from Hudson's Bay and Alaska, and have exam-
ined a specimen taken at the Dalles, Columbia river, by Mr.
Henry Edwards. On comparing the American examples with
those first mentioned, I find that they, as a whole, differ consid-
erably from most of the others, but come nearest, and indeed are
very near to the variety from Himalaya, labeled in the collection
of the Mus. Comp. Anat., Cambridge, '' Asiatiais, Menetries."
This variety was characterized as having a very broad marginal
border to the hind wings, the inner edge of which border was
straight and reached nearly to the end of the cell. Emphasis is
placed on the straightness of this edge, as if it was the principal
character by which the variety was to be known. Menutries,
Desc. des nouvelles Especes de Lep. Diurn., etc., St. Petersburg,
1855, p. 69, gives P. Machaon, van Califoniica, syn. of Zelicaon,
Lucas, {Zolicaon Bd.); and next, var. Asiatica, describing this last
as follows: " Cette variete differe du Machaon 6! Y.\xxo^^q en ce
-sju'en dessus les secondes ailes ont la bande noire posterieure tres
large et bien limitee ; celle-ci part du bord anterieur et se dirige
€n Yx^Vi^droite (so in italics) alteignant presque la cellule discoidale,
jusq' a la lunule anale. De I'Himalaya et du Kamtchatka. N.
B. Les individus d I'Himalaya presentent de plus, la bande noire
du bord posterieur des premieres ailes beaucoup plus large."

One of the two Himalayan examples examined by me an-
•swered very nearly to this description, but the inner edge of the
broad border of hind wing was not straight, but wavy, and
was slightly concave. Also, it did not approach the cell very
closely in consequence of its concave outline. The other exam-
ple had that edge still more concave, and it was irregular, and was
precisely like several of the examples from Europe in these re-
spects. Two males (only examined) from Kamtchatka were
small, and the borders of both wings were very narrow, while on
the hind wing of each the inner edge of the border was unusually
■concave, so that the distance of same from the cell was greater
than in any others examined.

75

Felder, Spec. Lepid., 1S64, p. 26, gives Asiaticus Menetr. as
var. of MacJiaon, and in explanatory note. p. 75, says that the
hind wings are shorter than in the typical Machaon and more pro-
duced in the anal region. He gives the localities as India and
Himalaya, and queries whether the Kamtchatkan form is the same
thing.

It seems to me that the name Asiatica of Menetries does not
apply to the prevailing type in Southern Asia, but only to a cer-
tain variety of same, in which the edge of the border of hind
wings is straight and placed very near the cell, and that the pre-
vailing type is so far unnamed.

Mr. Scudder described P. Aliaska in Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5,
p. 45, 1869, as a distinct species, and compared it at length with
P. Zolicaon, Bd., for its justification. Of course, as compared with
Zolicaon, it is distinct, but the comparison should have been made
with the Asiatic Macliaon.

So far as I am able to discover from the examples under
view, the American form differs from the Himalayan and all the
old world types, i. In having the hind margins of the fore wings
decidedly convex, often largely so, and that in both sexes, which
is owing to the shorter costal margin in the former. In other
words, the fore wings of the typical MacJiaon are more produced.
2. The black parts are more intensely colored, and less dusted
with yellow scales, and the nervures and branches, particularly
on secondaries, and the median nervules of primaries, are very
considerably edged with black. In most of the old world ex-
amples the hind wings have no black except at end of cell, and
on the median nervure against cell, so that the wing is divided
into a yellow area, which includes the base and disk, and a black
area, namely, the marginal border. The Himalayan examples
resemble the American in this respect. The same difference
holds on comparing the lower sides ; that is to say, the Amer-
ican form is more melanic than the old world forms, excepting
the Himalayan. If M. Menetries had not limited his Asiatica to
the examples which have a straight edge to the inner side of the
marginal border of hind wings, probably his name should cover
the American form. But, as he saw fit to limit it, I think the
usual Himalayan type is unnamed, and the American certainly
may be designated as Aliaska, Scudder. There is a great uni-
formity between all the American examples under view, viz.,
four from Hudson's Bay and eight from Alaska. Mr. Scudder
says sixteen specimens were obtained by Lieut. Dall, and we
may infer that he examined them and found them essentially
of one type, as he says nothing of differences. Moreover, he had
at same time one of my Hudson's Bay specimens, and alludes to
it as being like the others.

Machaon seems to have been first noticed on this continent
by Mr. C. Drcxler, who traveled in British America, under the

70

auspices of the Smithsonian, in i860, and from him I received
the specimens which I now have. Mr, Drexler told me that
they were taken at Rupert House, and were picked off the goose-
berry bushes in early morning, while stiffened with the cold ; also,
that the species was abundant there. Lieut. Dall took his ex-
amples at Nulato,May 20th and 24th, and others June 5th and 14th,
about the Ramparts. Mr. Turner and Mr. E. W. Nelson found
the species common at St. Michael's, on the coast above the
outlet of the Yukon River, and Mr. Henry Edwards has taken
one example at the Dalles, Columbia River.

MacJiaon is found throughout Europe, from Lapland to the
Mediterranean ; also in Northern Africa and Egypt, and through-
out Asia to Pekin, and from India to Siberia ; also in Japan,,
the examples found there not differing much from those found
in the Netherlands, as De Haan states. Keferstein, Stett. Zeit.,.
vol. 30, p. 211, 1869, says that Alachaon in the Alps flies at an
altitude greater than 5000 feet, and in the Himalaya at 9000
feet. It seems adapted to every climate, and is the only Papilio
known to fly over the subboreal regions of both continents.
Nevertheless it has not been taken south of the northern boundary
of the United States so far as recorded, except in the single in-
stance above spoken of on Columbia River. Mr. Morrison, who
collected in that district two years ago, did not see it, nor did
the late Mr. Crotch, who collected at Vancouver's Island, and in
British Columbia as far to the north as Bald Mountains, bring
back any examples of Machaoti. This is in strong contrast to its
wide distribution in Europe, Asia and Africa. Hoping to natur-
alize the species here in West Virginia, I turned loose more than
100 butterflies last year, which came from a lot of chrysalids im-
ported from Germany by Mr. T. L. Mead. But a day or two
after they were freed they had disappeared. I hoped to see
some of them again this spring, flying with Tiirnus and Trolius.
These last species are flying abundantly as I write, but no Machaon
has presented itself, and I have little hope of the success of the
attempt to introduce them.

In the Entomologists' Monthly Magazine for April, 1882, vol.
18, is an admirable description of the preparatory stages of
MacJiaon, by Mr. Wm. Buckler, and inasmuch as no adequate
description, especially of the larval stages, was ever in print be-
fore, I have asked the editor of " Papilio " to give this to his
readers. It is not likely that the present generation of lepidop-
terists will have the opportunity of breeding the American
form of the species — not till the steam whistle is heard at Hud-
son's Bay, or Alaska and Behring's Straits become summer water-
ing places. And it is highly probable that all the preparatory
stages of the American form will, when hereafter observed, be
found identical in color and markings with the Asiatic or the Eu-
ropean. I do not mean to say that the larva oi MacJiaon has not

n

been described, for, indeed, it has often, but not with regard
to its several moults. Until recent years it was thought sufficient
to describe, and usually in general terms, the adult caterpillar, or
at the most, to describe without regard to moults, as young, half-
grown, three-quarters grown, etc., and until Mr. Buckler bred
Machaon, as he relates, in 1880, with the express desire of ascer-
taining the number of moults the species was subject to, I, for
one, could get no definite information on the matter. Several
old authors had stated that there were four, as Chr. Schwarz,
1791, C. Valoren, 1859, ^-s Dr. Hagen informed me ; but later
ones, to whom I had access, gave no definite information about
it, and two well-known entomologists to whom I applied thought
the number was but three. Mr. Buckler's paper has the credit of
clearly establishing the number of moults in Machaon and for
the first time carefully describing them.

" TINEID^E " OR " TINEINA."

By Thomas, Lord Walsingham, F. Z. S., Etc.

In a paper published in the Journal of the Cincinnati Society
of Natural History for April, 1882, vol. v. p. 5, Mr. V. T. Chambers
discusses the antennae and trophi of Lepidopterous larvae, oftering
the results of his observations" as suggestions to systematists of
the Lepidoptera " which " may aid somewhat in their classification,
especially in that of the Tineina." He then writes, " these do
not constitute a family in the sense that the Noctuidae, Geome-
tridae, etc., are families. The Tineina is {sic) a large group of
many families, some of which seem to me to be as far removed
from each other in a natural system as they are from any of the
Macro-Heterocera."

In a foot-note at the bottom of page 5 we read : " I have
sometimes been asked why I used the name Tineina instead of
Tineidae. I trust the above remarks afford a sufficient answer.
Besides, ' Tineina ' is the term adopted by the editors of the ' Nat-
ural History of the Tineina,' the standard work upon the group.''

Although the precedent quoted by Mr. Chambers is rightly
entitled to respect, there are certain rules generally recognized
among naturalists of all countries by which, for the sake of uni-
formity, it is most desirable to be* guided. Probably the best
modern authority that can be quoted upon this subject is to
be found in the " Rules of Zoological Nomenclature by Hugh E.
Strickland," originally drawn up by a committee of the British
Association in 1842; revised, corrected, and reprinted, by their
authority, in 1863 and 1878.

These " Rules " consist of a " Series of propositions for ren-
dering the nomenclature of Zoology uniform and permanent."
Turning to p. 23 and p. 17 respectively of this pamphlet we find :

78

"[Families to end in ides and subfamilies in zW.] The practice
suggested in the following proposition has been adopted by many
recent authors, and its simplicity and convenience is so great that
we strongly recommend its universal use : — B. It is recom-
mended that the assemblages of genera termed families should
be uniformly named by adding the termination I'dce to the name
of the earliest known, or most typically characterized genus in
them ; and that their subdivisions, termed subfamilies, should be
similarly constructed, with the termination zV/fe." Thus, if this
rule be accepted,'it follows that the appellation " Tineina " should
be applied to a j'?^Z'family, and should indicate a division inferior
rather than superior to the family Tineidse. Mr. Chambers, how-
ever, rests his claim to the use of the term "Tineina," in the sense
adopted by him from the authors of the ' Natural History of the
Tineina,' upon the ground that the various genera or groups of
genera which it has been made to include do not constitute in
themselves a natural family.

Alluding to the old subdivision of the group into two fami-
lies, Tineidae and Hyponomeutidae, by Stephens, he writes, " It
would be, perhaps, even more unnatural to put them all in a
single group of Tineids. Mr. Stainton's system, in which the
name Tineidae is retained for the restricted family containing
Tinea and its allies, is the best classification of the group with
which I am acquainted."

The only objection now raised against Mr, Stainton's use of
the name " Tineidae," as strictly indicating a family, is that it
should not be made subordinate to the name " Tineina," the ter-
mination of which, by the British Association rules, is such as to
indicate an inferior subdivision.

There are in this case two alternatives open to those who de-
sire to conform to the generally accepted rules of nomenclature
quoted above. The first is to adopt the names of the various
families in the sense in which they are used by Mr. Stainton and
others, and to change the name of the group from Tineina to
Tineimorpha, Tineoidea, or such like. The second is to adopt
the name Tineidae, in lieu of Tineina, for what is now usually re-
garded as a group of families, thus treating them as constituting
one family, and to designate the existing families as subfamilies
with the termination ina, now used with doubtful propriety for
the whole group to which they belong.

If we would inquire into the merits of these two alternatives,
the first point to be considered is, what is a family ?

Regarding it in the accepted sense as an " assembly of genera,"
each of which possesses, in greater or less degree, the character-
istic feature or features of one and all of them, we must ask our-
selves whether any one or more than one characteristic generic
feature pervades the whole group of genera which have of late
been massed together under the name " Tineina,"

79

It is undoubtedly true that great diversity is to be found in
the characters which they present ; for instance, in the presence
or absence of tongue, ocelli, and maxillary palpi, in the form of
the wings, and in the structure of the labial palpi and antennae.
Nevertheless it is surely far easier at first sight to separate any of
these genera from those of other families than it is to determine,
with readiness and certainty, the true position of a Bombycid
(which approaches the Noctuidse), a Noctuid (which approaches
the Pyralidae), or a Pyralid (which approaches the Phycidse).

Whether by their small size, their long cilia, or their slender
and upturned palpi, by the leaf-mining habits of their larvae or
the neuration or ornamentation of their wings, there is in each
genus associated with the Linnaean name " Tinea " some peculi-
arity by which its members can without difificulty be recognized
as possessing what may, I think, be properly called a family re-
semblance.

Without at present entering into an elaborate analysis of these
resemblances to test the question of how far they may or may
not be regarded as of "family" value, it will not be denied
that they are far more easily grasped than are those more uni-
form generic characters upon the strength of which the various
existing families have been founded.

There is considerable divergence of opinion between different
authors as to the family position of several well-known genera ;
and, on the whole, it would be perhaps the safest course to adopt
the name " Tineidae " as a family definition coextensive with the
" Tineina " of Stainton and other authors, thereby securing a ter-
mination uniform with that of the Sphingidae, Bombycidae, Geo-
metridae, Noctuidae, etc., and to regard the present families as
subfamilies, adopting for them the proper termination of such di-
visions, as Tineina, Hyponomeutina, Adelina, Gelechina, and so
forth.

It will scarcely be objected that any necessity for further
subdivision except into genera and species has yet arisen or is
ever likely to arise.

FOOD PLANTS OF SAMIA COLUMBIA.

From a paper read before the Natural History Society of Toronto, by W. BrodiE.

This species is common in the Muskoka, Nipissing and Lake
Superior districts, and extends beyond the height of land towards
James's Bay. It no doubt feeds indiscriminately on our conifer-
ous trees as well as many deciduous trees having a northern range.
It is very rare in Southern Ontario : those found are probably the

8o

product of fertilized females straying from their habitat in the
north.

Spiraea tormentosa, L.

Ulmus Americana, L.

Abies nigra, Poir,

Abies alba, Michx.

Abies canadensis, Michx.

Abies balsamea, Marshall.

Larix Americana, Michx.

TWO NEW GEOMETRIDS FROM MR. NEUMOEGEN'S

COLLECTION.

By a. R. Grote.

Chloraspilates Arizonaria. n. S.

S ? . Fore wings dull green, with the costa ochrey, and two
ante-apical costal brown dots in the places of the mesial shade
and external line, A minute ringed discal dot. At the place of
the sub-terminal line two or three superposed brown dots at
costa before apices. Hind wings ochre powdered with red, and
with a red mesial line and discal dot. Beneath ochre, irrorate
with red. Head ochrey. Thorax greenish. Abdomen ochrey.
This seems to be larger than the Texan Bicoloraria, and to differ
by the discal marks and absence of external or other lines on pri-
maries. The pectinate antennae of the male have also the stem
distinctly whitish, as it is in the simple ones of the female. Tuc-
son; several examples. Notwithstanding the differences, we
may only have to do with a variety.

EUCATERVA. n. gen.

Allied to my genus Caterva.

Male. — Labial palpi of unusual length, extended forwards
and upwards, curving slightly. The relatively short third article
is of the same thickness with the long, closely scaled linear sec-
ond joint. No ocelli. Eyes naked. Front flat. Labial palpi
projecting forwards about as far again as the head is long. Male
antennje bipectinate, with thick, ciliated branches.

Female. — Labial palpi shorter ; about half shorter and slen-
derer than male. Antennae simple. Body soft and somewhat
heavy.

The vestiture is close and evenly laid on, consisting of flat-
ish scales. Wings entire ; both sexes winged.

EUCATERVA VaRIARIA. n. S.

$ ? . White. Size of Clcoria PiilcJiraria. The males are
white, thickly sprinkled with blackish, with straight outer and
curved inner thick mesial lines and discal dot, much the orna-
mentation of Glomeraria. Hind wings paler, unlined with dot.

8i

The females have the lines wanting and vary by being all white,
with black dots sprinkled over external margin and on costa at
base of primaries, as well as on the collar and vertex. Palpi black
and white. Some females have the primaries widely black, leav-
ing costal edge and inner margin white. The white fringes of
primaries are dotted with black. Several specimens from Tucson^

CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN, F. R. S.
On the 20th day of April last a shadow fell upon the earth,
and a wail of sorrow went up from the homes of science, for the
news flashed around the world that the great naturalist was dead.
In this place we desire to do no more than record our loss and to
fulfil a duty we have laid down for ourselves of briefly noticing
the departure of all who have in any way belonged to the ranks
of our association. Mr. Darwin was early nominated an honorary?
member of the New York Entomological Club, and expressed a
warm interest in its purposes. In a letter received from him dur-
ing the past year, he says : " I like * Papilio ' very much, and,
though I am not specially an entomologist, it seems to me to be
established on a wise principle of investigation, and you will prob-
ably do better work by concentrating your inquiries. I wish for
it and your society every success." To say one word in praise of
a man so worthily honored would be, on our part,

" To gild refined gold."

We would only add our mite of sorrow to the universal grief
which the world has laid at the shrine of departed genius and
worth, and twine our humble leaf among the laurels placed upon
his tomb. — H. E.

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

Notes from Monroe Co., N. Y. — Scepsis Fulvicollis. This
species appears to be more nocturnal than most of its family. I
captured several in fine condition at sugared trees from the mid-
dle of September to the middle of October, last season.

Selenia Kentaria. Several males of this species flew into my
room (close to a large wood) the end of April and the beginning
of May. The date apparently indicates that, like its European re-
latives S. Illimaria and Illustraria, it is double brooded.

Marmopteryx Strigulata. This insect is not uncommon in
beech woods near Lake Ontario, in September, but from its
habit of resting on the ground and its low, quick flight when
disturbed, it is not easily captured. I took five one day and

82

saw many others. Its peculiar neutral tint renders it difficult to
distinguish on the wing.

Epirrita Dilutata. I met with this species among low
bushes near the lake the end of October. I captured several, and
it is apparently common there. — David Bruce, April 14, 1882.

ACTIAS Luna. — A fine and fresh ? example of this beauti-
ful moth was taken on Staten Island, May 3, by Mr. Prentice
Mulford, of the New York Graphic. Is not this very early for
the appearance of the species? — EDITOR.

Mr. a. R. Grote's Collection. — It will be a subject of
universal regret among Lepidopterists that this collection, con-
taining over 1200 types of North American species, should have
been suffered to leave this country. It has found its resting
place in the British Museum, and though it will, in some respects,
be fittingly placed, and will be under the worthy charge of that
able entomologist, Mr. A. G. Butler, it should, nevertheless,
have remained in the United States as a reference for fature
students. Had the collection been composed of old engravings,
broken china, or even of minerals and fossils, it would readily
have found a purchaser here. Why should the most useful and
practical branch of natural history be so ignored as it is by our
men of wealth, and when will the first steps be taken in New
York to found what would be one of its most instructive at-
tractions, a Museum of Entomology ? — EDITOR.

Occurrences of Lepidoptera at Sea. — To the chief
officer of the ship Thalia — Mr. Zielke, recently in the port of
San Francisco — I am indebted for two large noctuae allied to
Erebus od^ra, which were taken on the 3d of December last at
sea, in latitude 37*^ south, longitude 52*^ west, which places the
locality ofT the mouth of the river La Plata, in South America,
about 250 miles from the nearest land. He also informed me
that there were many others round the lights in the cabin at the
time these were captured. There is no reason to doubt these
facts, as I went to the ship's log-book to ascertain the exact
locality, and there found a record of the circumstance. The oc-
currence is of interest as showing the facility with which insects
may be carried from land to land, across apparently impassable
distances. — R. H. Stretch. San Francisco, April 16, 1882.

Larva of Gnoph^la Hopfferi. — As showing the prob-
able position of this species in a natural classification, the follow-
ing extract from a letter received by me from Lord Walsingham,
when he was on his way to England from the Pacific Coast,
several years ago, will prove of interest : " I send a single speci-
men of an insect emerged from the chrysalis to-day, July 16,
from pupa in one of my bottles. The larvae of this species, feed-
ing on a species of Alyosotis, were not uncommon on the sum-
mit of the Siskiyou Mountains (Northern California) in June. They
were undistinguishable from, or at least very closely resembling,

83

the larvae of CalliniorpJia doniimila, but perhaps somewhat
brighter in color. I have not seen the insect before.'' The in-
sect was G. Hopfferi, Grote. — R. H. Stretch.

Emergence of BombycidzE. — I have found the imagos of
P. cecropia, F. Polyphemus, C. promctJiea and A. hina to emerge
from the cocoons in the forenoon, usually about lo A. M.—C.
pronictJiea somewhat earlier. In every case where the emergence
occurred in the afternoon, it could be traced to some abnormal
condition. The lapse of several hours is required for the devel-
opment of the wings and generative organs, so that when dark-
ness comes the females may be sought and fecundated ; in warm
nights this takes place, and many ova are deposited before morn-
ing; if the temperature falls they usually remain in coitu during
the night. — W. Brodie, Toronto, Can.

Adoneta Spinuloides. — On August 17, 1880, I secured
twenty-two richly-colored, singular-looking larvae from a small
plum tree in my garden. They were placed in a glass box and
fed upon leaves from the plum. In a few days the most of them
had made their small, parchment-like and nearly spherical co-
coons. Of this large number but one reached the imago state,
revealing, on the 25th of December, the bronze, drab-shaded,
fringed and tongueless Adoneta Spinuloides, a pretty moth, but
by no means so richly- colored as its larva. Three of these larvae
were secured the next summer (Aug., '81), two of which were
destroyed by ichneumons, and but one cocoon was saved. This
opened April 14, '82, having remained in the chrysalis some
months longer than the one of the previous year, although kept
in the same place and with the same temperature. The prevail-
ing color of the larva is pea-green. On a yellow ground, down
the back, are five diamond-shaped purple spots. Across each
one of these larger diamonds are strap-shaped lines, buttoned
at either end. The sides of the larvas are spined. The spines
are yellowish scarlet (or more nearly the color of the watermelon
core). There are eleven pairs of spines — the three pair in front
and the last three pair being larger than the intermediate ones.
All of these spines are again spined with hair-like, pea-green
spinelets. Examining one of these larvae with the microscope,
one readily arrives at the conclusion that a greater amount of fine
work could scarcely be crowded into so small a space, the largest
specimen not exceeding three-fourths of an inch in length. —
Mrs. Julia P. Ballard, Easton, Pa.

On the Motion of the Wings in Drying in Platy-
SAMIA Cecropia. — Both hind wings are brought together by
their inner margin and then elevated together with the front pair,
then shoved up behind the front pair ; then the hind wings are
brought down and their inner margins are brought together and
the process is repeated. — AUG. R. Grote.

On Some Geometrid^ from Dayton, Ohio. — The male

84

of Floscularia, now sent me by Mr. Pilate, has the antennae pec-
tinate. Two specimens of Glomeraria have the wings much
darker, and an inner band on primaries not noticeable in my type.
Three specimens of Septemfluaria have only the three ochre lines
on fore wings and two on hind wings visible. The external line
and blotches are obsolete. — AUG. R. Grote.

Fans on the Forelegs of Catoc. Fraxini. In the En-
tomologists' Annual for 1871, p. 75, Dr. Knaggs writes: " Catoc-
ala Fraxini has visited the Regent's Park, and this reminds me
that the sight I had of this specimen (alive) taught me something
of which I was previously entirely ignorant, viz.: that the crea-
ture is endowed, for some inscrutable reason, with large fans
(or rather in this particular instance with a large fan) on its fore-
legs, after the fashion of some Geovietridce and PyralidcB." I
may add that the structures are very common among the NoctiicB
QuadrifidcB, though they are frequently retracted, and therefore
liable to escape observation. Lepidopterists believe them to be
organs connected with the production of a peculiar odor, differ-
ing possibly in each species. Tufts of hair, probably homolo-
gous in function, occur on the antennae, or at the base or ex-
tremity of the abdomen, of many Lepidoptera, but the present
subject is one that has only recently attracted the attention of
Entomologists. — W. F. Kirby. British Museum.

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl;e flew Jork pntomological piub.

Vol. 2.] June, 1882. [No. 6.

SOME POINTS IN THE NATURAL HISTORY OF
PAPILIO MACHAON, L.

By William Buckler.

[Reprinted from the "Entomologists' Monthly Magazine," London, April, 1882.]

Contrary to our usual custom, we reprint the following admirable paper, in
the belief that it may be of seivice to those who in this country are studying the
life history of our butterflies. It is needless to say anything of the value of Mr.
Buckler's careful observations. They will speak for themselves. — Editor.

In offering my notes on the history of this species, I know I
am going upon ground to some extent already well trodden, and
it is, therefore, not on the plea of telling anything quite new that
I put them forward; but, knowing that there is now, more than ever,
an interest felt in obtaining exact information as to the process of
growth or development in the earlier stages of various forms, and
being conscious that I have done my best in this case, I still hope
that my work may be of use ; I only wish I could impart to others
anything approaching the pleasure I myself felt in watching and
recording what follows

In 1868, I had reared the larvas from two eggs found in Bur-
well Fen by Mr. W. R. Jeffrey, and two more in 1871, from eggs
found by Mr. C. G. Barrett, in Horning Fen, and had taken several
figures in either case, but when in 1879 Mr. W. H. Edwards, of
Coalburg, West Virginia, put some questions to me on the number
of moults and other points connected with them, I found I could
not give such positive answers as I could have wished.

I determined, therefore, to rear the larva, if possible, again,
and Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher most kindly helped to bring my pro-
ject within. range of possibility by sending me three eggs, on June

86

4, i88o, which he had found the day before in Wicken Fen,
and on the 12th a few more, laid on Peucedanum palustre, and
eventually three of these proved infertile.

Of course what follows is really the personal history of the
individuals which I watched, and though for convenience sake I
shall generalize, and sometimes use the present tense and not the
past, I wish it to be understood that I speak only of what I was
aware I saw; I know I made one omission, which will be noticed
in its proper place.

The eggs hatched June I3th-I5th, the larvae in every case
making their first meal on the empt)- shell, and for a day or two
I supplied them with garden carrot, but after that they were fed
entirely on Angelica sylvestris; from first to last each larva was
kept separate, and its changes noted in a separated record.

The larva, on first turning its attention to its food plant,
scoops out a round cell on the surface of a leaf, but after a few
hours takes the bolder course of eating quite through from the
edge of the leaf; it does not roam, but continues at the same part
till the third or fourth day, when it moves off to some distance
and, on a stalk or leaf, spins a few silk threads for a foothold; there
it waits from two to three days for the first moult, and when this
is accomplished eats the cast skin all to the head-piece, and soon
after goes — apparently by design — back to the spot where it was
previously feeding, and attacks the leaf again: at this stage I no-
ticed if a larva found a speck of grass on its food, it would pick it
up in its jaws, stretch out its body, and somehow project the grass
away from the plant: again, after feeding three or four days it re-
tires as before, and prepares for and accomplishes its second moult,
which happens on about the twelfth day of its life ; similarly the
third moult comes on the sixteenth or seventeenth day, and the
fourth (the last) from the twentieth to the twenty-third day, the
cast skin being always eaten ; after the last moult the larva feeds
on for ten or twelve days, consuming a great quantity of food and
making very rapid growth. I may here note that its usual attitude
in repose is from the very first much like that of a Sphinx, with
the neck arched, and the head bent down. The earhest age at
which I noticed the curious horns of the second segment was when
I touched the \d.xv2.jnst after its third moult\ they were then much
longer and thinner than they became after the fourth moult; but
there accompanied their protrusion a drop or two of clear greenish
liquid, and a most penetrating odor, which reminded me of an
overkept decaying pine-apple : after the fourth moult the horns
were of a shorter and stouter character, but I noticed that when I
was holding a larva between my finger and thumb it had the power
to lengthen one horn at the expense of the other (which became
shorter), so as to manage to touch my finger with it ; the horns are
extremely soft and flexible. When full grown the larva ceases
feeding, and rests for a while, and then commences its prepara-

87

tions for pupation by selecting a stem, and spinning on it from
side to side a number of threads to ensure a good foothold ; next,
lying along these threads head downwards, it spins at the bottom
of them a broad cone of whitish silk, having a sharpish apex ; then
turning round it creeps up the stem a little, and with the anal legs
feels about till they find this cone, when they are placed close to-
gether on the stem, but touching the base of the cone, and a slight
pushing motion is visible by which their circlet of hooks is fixed
in the silk spun on the stem : its tail end being thus fixed, the larva
stretches out its head and front segments, lifting up at the same
time the first and second pairs of ventral feet, and bends itself
backwards in a wide sweep from one side of the stem to the other,
as though to be assured there is free room for its movements ; it
next — while in this semi-detached attitude — and with its thoracic
legs rigidly extended, throws back its head, and in this way swells
out its breast, like that of a pouter pigeon, leaving a deep hollow
between the mouth and the first pair of thoracic legs ; then it
bends to one side of the stem and spins a broadish attachment
for the first thread of the cincture, and presently with a slow and
deliberate motion sweeps round as before to the other side, the
head all the while wagging as the silk issues from the spinneret
and is guided along the hollow above mentioned ; as the head
approaches the other side the body swells out still more as though
to stretch the thread, and give it the necessary curvature ; as on
commencing the thread, so now on fastening it to the other side,
there is a delay for a little, and the fastening seems to be made
with a more liquid and glutinous quality of silk than the rest of
the thread: the first thread thus completed, the larva proceeds
in the same slow and methodical manner — spinning some thirty
threads from right to left, and as many from left to right — or sixty
altogether for the cincture, the time thus occupied being about
one hour and forty-five minutes ; occasionally the first pair of
thoracic legs seemed to be called in use to assist at the fastening
of the ends of the threads: when enough threads have been spun
the larva seems to test their strength by pulling them quite
taut with its projecting breast, two or three times, and then ap-
parently satisfied, it bends down its head to put it under the
cincture, and creeps up inside it till it hangs loosely round its back
between the sixth and seventh segments : next it seems to relieve
itself by stretching upwards all the front segments that had been
so engaged during the spinning, and in a few minutes settles into
a quiet posture with head bent down and legs brought close to
the stem ; thus it rests, and meanwhile the segments of the body
shorten, and their divisions deepen ; the head becomes bent down
close to the stem, while the body is held away from it as far as
the cincture allows — drawn tight as it is into the deep division
between the sixth and seventh segments, so that only the head
and tail are in contact with the stem ; at the end of about a day

88

and a half suddenly the head and front segments are jerked back-
ward four or five times in succession ; next the belly is brought
close to the stem and the head held up, and then in about five
minutes the skin splits open behind the head on the top of the
back, and the pupal thorax appears bulging out; presently is dis-
closed the top of the head, then the upper part of the face, and with
a few nodding motions the head is freed, and the skin slowly but
easily slides downwards from each side (the cincture causing not
the least impediment), and as it goes drags away like little threads
the linings of the spiracles ; presently from out of the collapsing
skin is disclosed the tip of the tail, and there is just time allowed
for the observer to see that it is quite holloiv, when in another
moment it is fitted upon the co7ie of silk, and strongly pressed
down, and with a repeated half screwing motion the attachment is
made complete ; meanwhile the moisture which exudes from the
pupal surface has surrounded and fairly embedded the cincture
at its line of contact with the back ; the old shriveled skin now
rests in a heap between the lower part of the abdomen and the
stem, but is presently, by a slight twisting movement on the part
of the pupa, caused to drop off; the head and thorax gradually
develop themselves, the former into two largish blunt diverging
processes, the latter into a central bluntly projecting eminence,
with another on either side; the larval tubercles remain as small
blunt conical protuberances, the wing-covers form an angular out-
line, and the back becomes dull and rough; just four minutes
elapse from the bursting of the larval skin to the full disclosure.
(Here I must express my regret that I forgot to look for the con-
necting membrane which was discovered in Pieris and Vanessa by
Dr. Osborne, and described in vol. xv, p. 59, of this Magazine.)

The t^^ of MacJiaon is globular, having a depression at the
base in contact with the leaflet on which it adheres; it is of a
good size and with apparently smooth surface, and when first laid
is of a greenish-yellow color, quickly turning green, and soon after
tinged with violet-brownish, gradually deepening to purplish, and
faintly showing the embyro through the shell, which in a day or
two turns entirely purplish-black, a process of change similar to
that shown by a ripening black currant ; the shell next assumes
a light pearly transparency, and the dark embryonic larva coiled
round within is plainly visible, and in a few hours hatches.

The newly-hatched larva is 3 mm. long, stoutish, with shining
black head and black velvety body with dark green segmental di-
visions, and conspicuously marked with a patch of creamy-white on
the seventh and eighth segments ; the pale pinkish tubercles, in
some instances yellowish, rather bristly, are in two rows down either
side, and in about eight hours turn dark drab, and in a day or so
blackish like the third row beneath, except those on the white
patch, which remain white.

After the first moult, in three days the length is 8 or 9 mm.,

89

the stoutness in proportion ; the head black, and the body vel-
vety-black, bearing two orange dots on the front margin of the
second segment, the shining, rather pointed, black tubercles hav-
ing their bases reddish-ochreous, after being for a day or so green ;
the white patch as before, but now bearing black tips on the
tubercles.

After the second moult the length by the third day has in-
creased to 14 mm., with increase of stoutness; the black shining
head is marked on the face with a yellow chevron, and with pale
yellow upper lip and bases of papilla; ; the black velvety body
has the white patch yet more conspicuous and encroaching a trifle
on the ninth segment ; the front dorsal margin of the second
segment is marked with orange-yellow, and minute twin dorsal
bright yellow dots are on the third and fourth, and a faint narrow
transverse divisional streak of yellowish or grayish between them ;
other similar short streaks occur on the ninth and tenth. Of the
three rows of conical black tubercles on each side of the body,
the two top rows have their upper bases half ringed with bright
orange color (excepting those on the white patch, which have pale
yellow), the lower third row have orange bases like slanting
slashes ; the anterior legs are whitish, tipped and spotted above
with black, each ventral leg with a white crescentic mark above
the foot ; and there is some white on the anal flap.

After the third moult, in two or three days the length is 22
mm. and the thickness in proportion ; the design, now more de-
veloped, shows the head yellow marked with black, and when
protruded the horns colored orange-red, the ground color is of
the palest greenish-yellow, though it is still white on the seventh
and eighth segments, but showing only in transverse rings a
little wider than the very narrow greenish-yellow ones round
the others, for the middle of each segment is transversely banded
with velvety black, but narrower on those two with white
ground ; the segmental divisions are grayish-black ; the black
velvety bands are intersected with three lines of the ground-
color bearing the orange tubercles with black bristly apices ex-
cept on the thoracic segments, where the black bands are broad-
est and only broken below, as on them the upper tubercles are
completely surrounded with black ; all the legs are white, marked
with black.

After the fourth moult the length in two days is 31 mm., and
in five more days is 46 mm. and very stout, its size and beauty of
coloring being now at their greatest; the thoracic segments swell
upwards in a rounded arch from the fourth, which is the largest,
and viewed from above sharply taper thence to the head, which
is the smallest, and bends downwards ; the color of the head is
bright yellow with a black oval spot on the face and two black
streaks down either side, the ocelli in a black patch below, the
mouth marked with black in the centre and on each side ; papillae

90

whitish ; on the front marginal ridge of the second segment oc-
cur two orange spots and two black spots in front of them close
to the head, and between these pairs of spots is the concealed ori-
fice from whence the retractile soft fleshy horns of pinkish-red
color dart forth when irritated, and when seen at this period are
uniformly stout, with blunt diverging extremities; the ground-
color of the smooth skin of the body is a very brilliant pale yel-
low-green, becoming white on the belly and ventral feet, the
segmental divisions widely banded with deep purplish edged
with velvety-black, and across the middle of each segment is a
broad velvety-black band covered with excessively fine bristly
pubescence, and bearing the orange tubercle of the upper row
near the front margin, and sometimes also that of the middle
row ; but generally this transverse black band is interrupted by
an isthmus (so to speak) of the ground-color which bears this
tubercle ; and below there is always a slanting isthmus of ground-
color bearing the lower tubercle ; on the third and forth seg-
ments the broad bands have only this lower interruption, and
bear the orange warts of the two upper rows (here diminished in
size) in their middle ; the anterior legs are white with black tips
and joints ; the ventral legs have each a narrow streak in front,
a spot behind, and a large crescentic mark of black above the
white feet, which have dark hooks ; on the anal legs this black
mark is purplish in the middle; the spiracles are blackish-slate
color situate within the lower parts of the black bands ; the
whitish belly has a central series of blackish blotches, and narrow
transverse bands in the deeply sunk divisions.

The pupa, when come to its full color, is pale yellow on the
back and abdomen, and delicate light green on the head and
wing-covers.

Ensworth, Februaiy 28, 1882,

WHAT CONSTITUTES A SPECIES IN THE GENUS

ARCTIA? .

By R. H. Stretch.

I have recently drawn some fifty figures of insects be-
longing to the genus Arctia as a portion of the illustrations to
my synopsis of the North American Bombycidae, and in the case
of our Californian A.achaia, G. and R., have been compelled to
give no less than twelve figures to illustrate even partially the
variations to which it is subject. I confess myself utterly at a
loss to frame a description of the species which shall enable the
incipient student, with only one or two specimens before him, to
recognize the insect without the aid of figures.

What may be considered a typical specimen has the prima-
ries black, with the markings ranging from pale ochre to cream

91

color. These markings, when all present, consist of a broad longi-
tudinal band between the median and sub-median vein, two
transverse bands, which may be called the sub-basal and median
bands, and the terminal mark like the letter B with the upright
stroke towards the base of the wing. The veins are also of the
same color. On the secondaries, which are red inclining to orange,
we have a marginal series of black spots, a sub-marginal series of
four, one on the discal vein and two sub-basal spots, those on
the costa and outer margin partially fused together so as to be-
come what I designate below as sub-macular.

Now, on the primaries the veins are sometimes entirely
black. Sometimes the basal band is absent and sometimes the
upright stroke of the B, in which case the end of the wing re-
minds us of A. virgunciila. On the secondaries the spots may be
either small and distinctly macular, partially fused ( = sub-macu-
lar) or entirely fused, leaving only an irregular discal patch of
greatly reduced dimensions.

Finally, the secondaries may be yellow*instead of red. The
body parts alone appear of permanent color. I fonnerly de-
scribed the yellow form as var. ochracea. The following table
shows the distinct forms with which I am acquainted :

* Secondaries orange-red, macular ;
a Prinaaries with black veins ;

t both bands present ^ $ I

a a Primaries with pale veins ;

t both bands present $ ? 2

* * Secondaries orange-red, sub-macular;

t both bands present ^ — 3

t t basal band absent $ — 4

* * * Secondaries orange-red, sufifused ;

t both bands present , $ ? 5

t t basal band absent S - - 6

t t t upright of " B " absent $ — 7

* * * * Secondaries yellow, macular ;

t both bands present — ? 8

***** Secondaries yellow, sub-macular ;

t both bands present $ — 9

****** Secondaries yellow, suffused ;

t basal band absent ^ — lo

In form 7 the secondaries might be called either red or
yellow, the color being doubtful. We are thus confronted with
a case in which neither color nor markings can be relied upon to
decide what constitutes a species, while at the same time the
general appearance of the insect is very characteristic.

The same difficulty exists in the species, the different forms
of which have been described as A. docta, A. Mexicana, A. Au-
tholea and A. Arizoniensis, in which the secondaries of the female
are red with black spots, and those of the male white, sometimes
spotted and sometimes immaculate, while the primaries in some
forms can only be described by locating the position of the spots,

92

and in others the spots are so much increased in size that we are
compelled to describe the pale markings. It takes five figures to
illustrate this species.

In NemopJiila petrosa, Walker, and its ally from Alaska, the
secondaries range from nearly white to entire black, and some
five figures are necessary to delineate the range of variation,
while in the case of our Californian Leptarctia lena, Boisd., to
figure every form it would be almost necessary to figure every
example taken, as it is almost impossible to find two alike. In
A. Nevadcnsis, Grote, and its variety A.BeJirii, Stretch, the black
head and thorax are very striking, but the markings on the wings
are very variable, and so I might go on with many more of our
Western forms.

The same difficulty exists among the forms from the Atlantic
States, though whether to the same extent I do not know, not
possessing equally full material for study. Arge I know to vary
greatly, and I should be glad if Eastern students could furnish me
with data relative to' A. virgo, Saundersii, Phyllira,Jigurata, celia,
nais, and dec or at a.

So far as I see, the vestiture of the body parts is of great
importance, and it would be interesting to know whether, on
close examination, these will furnish good specific characters. In
all my series of y4. rt<:/^rt/^?, however they may vary above, the males
have a uniform pale ornamentation on the body beneath, and on
the same parts the females are always black. In AutJiolea and
its allies the tip of the abdomen is always black, etc.

In this connection, I would suggest to Eastern students,
who are so situated that they can try the experiment, that
much light may possibly be thrown on this intricate question
by varying the food of the larvae ; as for instance, take a lot of
young larvae of nais, divide them into three lots, feeding one
of them on the same food plant throughout, a second also
on one plant, though of a different genus — or, what would
be better, of a different order if possible — and the third on a
variety of plants, changing the species frequently, or keeping a
variety in the breeding cage all the time. It would be of great
value to note the results, whether one or several forms were
produced,, as bearing on the question of what constitutes a
species in this group. If possible it would be well to know the
parent form from which the larvae were raised.

If those who possess peculiar forms of any of the Eastern
Arctians would send me pen and ink sketches of the markings,
it would greatly facilitate my labors, and due credit shall be
given ; and at the same time I would ask those who possess good
fresh specimens to put on record the results of their examina-
tions into the stability of the coloration of the body parts, as a
guide to the separation of the species of this and the allied
genera, which vary so infinitely.

93
NEW FORMS OF NORTH AMERICAN COSSID^E.

By James S. Bailey, A.M., M. D.

Cossus Angrezi. n. S.

? . Head somewhat narrow on the vertex. Collar and head
yellowish gray, thorax black ; the edges of the tegulae shaded
with yellowish gray. Fore wings with a nearly white ground,
shaded with black, and with black reticulations. Hind wings yel-
lowish gray, mottled with blackish outwardly. The fore wings
have the costal edge pale, marked with black ; the black shading
obtains on costa at apical third, and over the whole wing at ter-
minal third, extending obliquely downwards and inwards ; there
are a series of interspacial longitudinal black streaks before
the margin, more or less defined. Fringes whitish, dotted with
black opposite the ends of the veins, which latter conversely are
whitish. Thorax shaded with yellowish gray behind. Abdomen
dark gray. Beneath, the wings repeat the markings very distinctly,
owing to the strong contrast of the pale ground color with the
black markings. Expanse, 82 mm. i ? . Wells, Elko Co., Ne-
vada. From the late Mrs. Caroline Chase. Type, coll. James
S. Bailey.

COSSULA. n.g.

Size small. Antennse of the female bipectinate to the tips, the
inner series one-third of the length of outer pectinations. Eyes
naked. Clypeus relatively broad. Labial palpi well developed,
squamous, third article small ; the palpi extend as far as the
front. Tongue wanting. Hind tibiee pilose. Fore wings rounded
at apices. Wings broad.

The neuration of Cossula is peculiar. The fore wings of
Cossula are 12 veined. Vein 5 belongs to the series of median
nervules, and sets back along the middle of the discal cell, divid-
ing it into two fields, to the base of the wing. Vein 6 is rather
weak ; 8 out of 7 ; veins 9 to 1 1 are simple, thrown off at elbows
or angulations of the subcostal vein. The type of neuration of
Cossula, as well as other Cossidcs examined, does not suggest an
affinity with Castnia, as, I believe, Mr. Butler views the affilia-
tions of the group. We must rather expect to find that the Tor-
trices and Cossidce have been, in times past, nearer allied than
at present. The CossidiB are a low form of BombycidcB, and the
discovery of small forms like the present materially alter our
ideas of the group based on the large of Europe.

Natural History.

We are indebted to the intelligent and indefatigable labor
of Mr. Albert Koebele for the discovery of this interesting
insect, which he found in the vicinity of Tallahassee, Florida,
during May, from the 9th to the i6th, 1880. The larvae were
found boring species of oak and hickory. The presence
of the larvae were detected by the gnawings of the wood being

94

distributed around the roots of the trees. Mr. Koebele men-
tions the fact of having seen a single Hve oak (Quercus virens)
standing in an open field which contained many larvae, and
their debris, resembling sawdust, was distributed over the ground
around the roots of the tree more than six inches in depth.
At the period of pupation the larvae, as is customary with
the Cossidce, takes its position near the surface of the bark.
The tunneling is usually conducted near the surface, from one-
quarter to one inch beneath the bark. After imaginese emerge
their pupa-cases are left protruding through the bark. Speci-
mens of the larvae and eggs were not preserved for description.

Ptipa-case. The long testaceous pupa-case is provided with
an irregular series of five tuberculations on each side of the
anus ; the segments have a narrow mesial corinei near the
spiracles.

COSSULA Magnifica. n. s.

? . Fore wings fuscous gray, smooth, with indistinct fragmen-
tary black reticulations. A light brown patch covers the ter-
minal field of the wing, containing dark brown speckles on the
inner edge. Before the patch a light gray subterminal shade.
A pale shade about the discal mark. Fringes brown, interlined.
Hind wings blackish fuscous ; fringes faintly interlined. Front
yellowish. Antennae testaceous, stem with white scales.
Collar dark. Thorax hght gray, abdomen dark gray. Beneath
irregular dotted ; costa of fore wings with dark dots ; terminal
brown patch not defined. Expanse, 36 mm. Habitat, Southern
Florida. From A. Koebele. Type, coll. James S. Bailey.

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF NONAGRIA.

By a. R. Grote.

But few species of this genus, which is allied to Heliophila
{Leucania), are found in collections. After having seen the types
of the supposed species described by Mr. Walker, I can discard
them as not belonging here (c. f. my notes in " Illustrated Essay "
on the Noctuidce). The extent to which the species vary is not
known. Guenee describes :

Nonagria Ijtguhiata, Noct. I., 104. " 21 mil. Habit of Fulva.
Fore wings of a dirty ochrey white, the nervules a little paler,
and with blackish atoms strewn here and there on the disk, and
chiefly below median vein. A black streak interrupted and situ-
ate beneath the sub-median vein and filling the space which usu-
ally divides the two median lines, the elbowed (t. p.) line partly
marked in black. A series of terminal elongated dots. Hind
wings dirty white. Beneath, the four wings of a yellowish white
without markings. A female specimen from New York in Mr.
Doubleday's collection."

The type of this ought to be in the British Museum collec-

95

tion, but I have not seen it. I believe that Guenee's types col-
lected by Doubleday will all be found there.

Nonagria Enervata Noct. I. 105. " 30 mil. Habit of Ncu-
rica, but more oblong. Fore wings entirely of a shining, blackish
gray-brown ; without spots or any distinctive shade on the veins.
Only at the extremity of the cell are two superposed blackish
points, hardly noticeable, and some terminal dots. Hind wings
dark ashen, concolorous. Beneath, the four wings of the same
concolorous shade. A single male from Florida ; collection of
Mr. Doubleday."

Nonagria Fodiens. id. loc.

" Habit of Neurica, but more oblong. Fore wings with
nearly parallel margins of a gray-brown ; the median vein and
base of sub-median largely powdered with blackish. Traces of
the extra-basal (t. a.) line. A double series of dots continued
to the margins in the place of the elbowed (t. p.) line (the first
series being the line itself, which is interrupted and hardly marked).
A black spot divided in two in the place of the reniform. Tips
of the nervules forming darker rays and an inter-nervular series
of terminal points. Hind wings dirty white, with a vague line
and lunule beneath in the female. Florida collection of Mr.
Doubleday. A single specimen ( ?). Abdomen terminated by a
corneous piece, divided in two flattened blades, twisted beneath
and bearing hairy or silky tufts."

Nonagria Laeta. Mom, Bost. Proc, Oct., 1875.

" Exp., 37 mil. Length of body, 23 mil. Eyes naked. Front
with a sharp, horny protection covered with hair. Abdomen ex-
tremely long, with a pointed anal tuft, which conceals the long,
curved ovipositor of the female. All the head and body parts
concolorous with the wings. Anterior wings brown, with a few
longitudinal yellowish scales; all the veins dark, purple brown,
contrasting; a blackish, diffuse discal spot; fringe concolorous,
having a darker shading at the base. Posterior wings gray-brown,
lighter and yellowish at base ; fringe yellow. Beneath, brownish
yellow ; central portion of the anterior wings blackish ; discal
dots present. New Jersey. From the collection of Mr. Herman
Sachs."

Mr. Morrison compares this with Enervata ; it is like Fodiens
in the structure of the ovipositor. I have not seen the type. I
have bred examples of the European Typhce and Geminipunctay
Hatchett, for comparison.

Nonagria Subflava. n. s.

?. Eyes naked. Clypeus horned. Dusky yellow or bufT.
Median vein smeared with black. A single row of distinct black
dots on the veins in the place of the t. p. line, obsolete on costa.
Stigmata vaguely indicated by paler shades. Nervules paler than
the wing, terminally accompanied by blackish shadings. Fringe
concolorous. Hind wings, yellowish whitish; no marks. Beneath

96

without marks, yellowish white. Head and thorax dusky buff;
abdomen paler. Northern Illinois. Smaller than Typhce.

The following is probably the male of Laeta :

i . Forewings rich, reddish brown, the veins nearly black ;
they might be called purplish black or brown. The interspaces
have a paler, somewhat yellowish tint. No lines and no discal
spots. Hind wings reddish brown, a little paler than primaries
and paler at base. Body duller and lighter brown. Eyes naked;
front mucronate. Beneath without marks, paler ; disk of prima-
ries a little blackish.

That there are no discal marks makes me doubtful. No. i,
Kittery Pt., Me. Coll. R. Thaxter.

The following is probably a modification of Subflava :
? . Paler, dusty yellowish or ochrey, terminal space contin-
uously fuscous and contrasting. Smaller than the type. Hind
wings pale, with a very faint indication of an extra-mesial line.
T. p. line a single row of black dots. Stigmata indicated by paler
shades on the disk; all three indicated. No. 2, Kittery Pt.
Mr. Thaxter's collection. The following may be an unnamed
species ; the specimen is a little rubbed :

S. Fore wings reddish brown, the veins indistinctly paler.
The t. p. line indicated. The discal stigmata indicated by brighter
colored shades. Hind wings pale yellowish, contrasting. Head
and thorax sable brown. Abdomen lighter. Beneath pale, with
a vague blackish extra-mesial band. The veins tend to be out-
lined in black on fore wings alone. No. 3, Kittery Pt. Collection
of Mr. Thaxter.

N ONAGRI A ObLONGA. n. S.

5 . Pale reddish or yellowish gray, something the color of
Mythimna Psendargyria, Guen. Primaries somewhat oblong, in-
ternal angle rounded away; apices softened, costa a little arched.
Eyes naked. Clypeus mucronate. Palpi prominent, concolor-
ous. Markings obsolete. The fine, dark, linear denticulate t. p.
line barely discernible. Stigmata very vaguely indicated by
paler shades. Hind wings with a faint mesial black shade band ;
centrally stained with blackish ; fringe and external edge like
abdomen and very little paler than the rest of the insect. Be-
neath pale, with the disk of fore wings blackish ; a common black-
ish extra-mesial shaded line. Minute black discal points. Smaller
than TyphcB. No. 5, Kittery Pt. Coll. R. Thaxter.

FURTHER NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH

AMERICAN ^GERIAD^E.

By Henry Edwards.

Trochilium Gallivorum. Westwood.
My friend, Mr. W. F. Kirby, of the British Museum, writes
me with reference to this species : " Westwood's Troch. gallivo-

97

rum has been overlooked by all authors. It was bred from galls
of Qiicrcus patustris, received from U. States, and was described
in Proc. Entom. Soc. (2) III., p. 21, 1854, and in the Gardener's
Chronicle for 1854, p. 757, with woodcuts. I know that some
gall-feeding species have since been described by American au-
thors, and I have compared the descriptions without being able to
satisfy myself as to their identity. Westwood's description is as
follows :

" ' Exp. al, 8 lin., Long. corp. 5 1. Blue black, with two slen-
der, pale yellow, diverging lines on the sides of the thorax above,
and with the edges of the tail also pale yellow ; wings transparent
except the dark fore margin, a curved bar across the middle, and
a pale brown apical border ; legs yellow, with a dark ring around
the tibiae near the tips.' "

SOSPITA QUINQUECAUDATA. Ridings.

Mr. Kirby also informs me that the above generic name,,
which I proposed for the species, is preoccupied. I therefore
change it to Phemonoe.

Trochilium Denudatum. Harris,

The $ of this species, which appears to have been unknown
to Harris, is an insect which doubtless exists in many col-
lections, but from its entire want of resemblance to the well-
known ?, passes probably under other names. Its color is
dull brown ; the abdomen has no trace of bands in the examples
before me, though in very fresh specimens there may be narrow
yellow margins to the segments. The antennje are long, chest-
nut brown in color, very deeply and densely pectinated, more so
than in any other species known to me, the pectinations ceasing
about 2 mm. from the tip, where the joints are soldered into a
serrated point, surmounted by four fine ciliie. The palpi are pale
yellow. Legs chestnut brown. The forewings have the margins
rather broadly opaque, chestnut brown ; across the cell, and in-
cluding the discal spot, is an oblique, sub-opaque band, broadest
on costa. The nervules and fringes are chestnut brown.

Exp. wings, 36 mm. Length of body, 20 mm.

The sexes were found in coitu by Mr. H. Strecker, who kind-
ly furnished me with his notes thereon, so that there can be no
mistake in my present determination. I am inclined to think
that this is the species described by Boisduval as Scsia asilipciuiis
Lep. Heteroc, p. 391.

Fatua. n. genus.

The extreme difference between the sexes of the above spe-
cies seem to point to a new genus, for which 1 have selected the
name of FaTUA. It may be thus characterized :

Male. — Fore wings long, very much narrowed towards the
base, not covered with scales. Hind wings very large, ample,
rounded on anal margin. Legs long and slender. Antennai with
very deep pectinations, ceasing before the tip, which is a solid

1.^

98

mass, and bears some fine bristles. Palpi long, terminal joint ex-
tremely so, with the basal hairs very dense. Female. — Less ro-
bust. Fore wings opaque, except a space near the internal angle.
Antenna roughened, but not serrated, much thickened towards
the tips ; abdomen very long, pointed at the tip, ovipositor pro-
truding, compressed on its lower side into a small groove.

^GERIA Pr.ESTANS. n. sp.

Head black, with orange tuft on crown ; palpi bright orange.
Eyes brown ; a bluish metallic reflection in front. Thorax bronze
black, with orange stripe at the sides. Beneath, the thorax has a
pale orange patch below the base of the wings. Fore coxae
bronze black, with orange scales. Femora bronze black, tibiae
deep orange, the posterior pairs brightest in color. Tarsi buff
yellow. Abdomen bronze-black above, with faint traces of cop-
pery-red bands at the posterior edge of sixth segment. Beneath,
the sides and edges of four posterior segments coppery-red. Caudal
tuft also coppery-red, with the sides bronze. Fore wings above,
have the margins and discal mark, bright bronze. The trans-
parent space before the cell broadly edged with fiery red. Behind
the discal mark, the space is broadly streaked with the same color.
Internal margin a patch at base of primaries, and the costal margin
of hind wings also fiery red. Beneath, the markings are repeated,
but the red shade in more truly orange, and is diffused over the
whole of the opaque portions of the wing.

Exp. wings, 23 mm. Length of body, 10 mm.

I $ . Washington Ten (H. K. Morrison).

Type, Coll. B. Neumoegen.

^GERIA QUERCI. n. sp.

Allied to Aig. nicotiana, Hy. Edw., but much more delicate
in aspect, and with the markings paler. Head and thorax bluish-
black, the former with bluish scales between the eyes. Antennae
brown black above, yellowish beneath. Palpi blackish-brown,
with the basal joints much enlarged. In Ag. iiicotiana, these
organs are golden yellow beneath, and do not present the swollen
appearance of the present species. Thorax with narrow lemon-
yellow line at sides. Collar and base also narrowly lemon yel-
low. Abdomen with the posterior edges of 3d, 5th, 6th and 7th
segments narrowly, and of the 4th broadly edged with lemon
yellow, the band of the last-named segment extending broadly
beneath. Caudal tuft rather broad, wedge-shaped, blackish, with
yellow hairs intermixed, and with the sides lemon yellow. Pectus
lemon yellow. Legs bluish-black, the tarsi and joints of femora
and tibiae whitish. Wings beneath, with costal margin and discal
spot, lemon yellow.

Exp. wings, 8 mm. Length of body, 4 mm.

From galls of " Live oak," Arizona.

Type. Coll. Hy. Edwards.

99

tEgeria Prosopis. n. sp.

Jet black. Palpi beneath, pectus, fore coxae, and joints of
tibiae and tarsi, clear white. Abdomen very glossy beneath, but
without any trace of a band. Caudal tuft jet black. Antennae
black, unusually thickened through their entire length. The mar-
gins of the wings are black, with slight metallic reflection. Trans-
parent space behind cell of forewings, with silvery white streaks,
and a silver streak along internal margin. Fringe of fore wings
brownish black, of hind pair dull white. Beneath, the wings are
white, except the apical margin and large discal spot, which are
jet black.

Exp. wings, 15 mm. Length of body, 8 mm. Arizona.
I $ . Coll. Hy. Edwards.

This singular species was raised from a gall on the Mesquit.
{JProsopis juliflora, D. C.) Gall. Sub-ovate in form, dull brown in
color, surface very much roughened, placed in the axils of the
branches.

Length, 30 mm. Breadth, 18 mm.

LARV.E OF NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS.

By a. R. Grote.

NOTODONTA StRAGULA.

Larva on willow, smooth, grayish violet, shading to reddish
on the dorsum of two last segments ; first five abdominal seg-
ments with an oblique pale lateral stripe, that on sixth segment
reddish ; first two segments with a sharp fleshy protuberance on
the dorsal line. Dorsal stripe brownish, darker on thorax and on
the upper edge of the two elevations. Head and feet brown ;
anal segment enlarged, terminating regularly and obliquely back-
wards to the anal claspers. This is probably ks final moult.

EULONCHE ObLINATA.

Blackish brown, with tufts of short yellowish hair. A broad
yellow band, formed of irregular spots on the segments below
the stigmatal line ; above this a lateral series of T-shaped marks.
Segments dorsally elevated. Head dark. Larva on willow.

Mamestra Picta.

Head and feet orange. Velvety black, reticulated with
bluish white. Two yellow stripes, subdorsal and stigmatal.
Larva on Golden Rod.

Phlegothontius Celeus.

The brown variety has the head striped with yellow. The
stigmata enclosed by the fork of a yellow Y-shaped stripe, the
lower line continuous ; the thoracic segments frosted with whitish
speckles. Larva on tomato.

lOO

NOTES ON CERTAIN GEOMETRIDvE, WITH A NEW
BYSSODES FROM FLORIDA.

By A. R. Grote.

I offer the following notes on species from the East, described
originally before the publication of Dr. Packard's Monograph.
The discovery of a member of the tropical genus Byssodes of
Guenee in Florida is interesting and, I believe, new.

Selenia Kentaria, G. & R., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. I., PI. I.,

fig. 5-6.

The female of this fine species was discovered by Mr. C. T.
Robinson at his country place in Kent County. I am not sure
where this typical specimen now is ; it is, perhaps, in the Central
Park collection. Dr. Packard figures a male specimen, pi. 12, fig.
26. Whether there is a third species oi Selenia, as might be sus-
pected by Dr. Packard's two descriptions, I have no material to
decide. Walker's AlcipJiearia is quite distinct, by its straight
lines, from Kentaria. Probably to the $, figured by him, and
which I have never seen, Dr. Packard has given the MS. name
Violasceus, diS would appear from page 525 of his Monograph;
he evidently intends our species from his remarks. I have not.
seen the type since description. As Dr. Packard does not ac-
knowledge it, I judge it did not go to him with the rest of the
material sent him for his Monograph, being probably collected
later. Our figure is colored in most copies, and represents the
female type, which was fresh from chrysalis, in two positions. I
do not think there can be any doubt as to the species, which
appears early in the year, and is hitherto rare in collections.

Enuropia Textrinaria, G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. H.,.
PL 15 A, fig. 6. ^.

Our type went to Dr. Packard. This species is " tailed," and
cannot bt^ confounded with any other from its ornamentation and
shape of wing. Our figure is colored. Dr. Packard figures the
larva and pupa from a drawing by Abbott, who gives the food
plant as Uiidaria perfoliata.

Endropia Homuraria, G. & R.

The type maybe in Central Park collection or in Philadelphia.
It is important, perhaps, because Dr. Packard refers the moth to
Diiaria, which seems quite wrong. He does not quote our type.
Prof. Lintner showed me a specimen of Honniraria collected by
Mr. W. H. Edwards in West Virginia. It is allied to HypocJiraria,
somewhat heavier, and more intensely colored, intensely fer-
ruginous and brightly colored beneath. The wings are shaped as
in HypocJiraria, not as in Duaria, as I recollect the type. The
fore wings have the costa straighter, and appear narrower than in
either of its allies. I was quite convinced that the moth was
neither HypocJiraria or Diiaria, but have had no series to exam-

lOI

ine. The angulations are even sharper than in Hypocliraria ;
while in Duaria they are softened.

Endropia Vinulentaria, G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lye. Hist.,
PI. 15 A, fig. 5. ?.

The type of this was not returned by Dr. Packard, as far as I am
aware. It is figured by him on Plate 12, fig. 14 of his Monograph.
It cannot be confounded with its ally E. vinosaria on account of
the simple extra discal line, the dove color or " chocolate-brown"
of the wings within the outer median line, and the unbroken
purplish terminal field of hind wings. The original figure is
colored. There is no doubt of this very pretty species, which is in
most collections.

Byssodes Cerussaria, n. S.

Mouse-gray ; concolorous. At base of fore wings an ochre
line edged without by black and gilded scales. A sub-basal band
angulate on sub-costal vein, ochre, edged with black and gilded
scales. A similar band at middle of wing, first narrowly black
and gilded inwardly, then ochre, then narrowly white. Outwardly
the mesial band shows a gilded edge at costa. Hind wings with
a continuation of the mesial band, an ochre stripe edged on both
sides finely with black and gilded scales ; beyond again ochrey.
A subterminal bluish metallic narrow band. On interspace be-
tween veins 3 and 4 a small red spot edged with silvery and then
black scales without ; a larger spot on the interspace above. Be-
neath paler, without marks; a shaded mesial band indicated.
Coll. Hy. Edwards and B. Neumoegen, Esqs., Indian River.
Allied to Drury's Geouietra Argentata from Jamaica.

This species differs from any described by Guenee in this
tropical and beautiful genus. With CaiitetJiia Grotei, Scepsis
Edwardsii, Ltioprosop?(s Fuil/is and severalbutterfiies, it shows the
relationship of the South Floridian fauna with that of Cuba and
the West Indies. Is it not possible that there has been a former
connection between the Peninsula and the Islands?

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

AlypIA dipsaci, G. &^ R. — As this species has not occurred, so far as
I know, to any collector since Mr. Lorquin supplied the types to Boisduval many
years ago, it may be of interest to record the receipt from Dr. Behrof one very
perfect male taken recently at Salinas, in Monterey county, California, which
corresponds identically with the description of G. «S: R. — R. H. Stretch.

Xylina Cinerea.— In his note on this species (p. 63), Prof. Fernald has
apparently misapprehended the spirit and object of my remarks (p. 43), which
were designed to refute the charge that the species was known to science at the
time of the description rather than to question its identity with aniennata. The
fact that subsequent comparison with Walker's atitennata showed cinerea to be
that species (a decision which could not have been reached from the description
of antennata which Mr. Grote admits " is far from satisfactory") does not affect
the case. Yet I referred, to the possible doubt implied in the Brooklyn list be-

I02

cause I think it is justified. Cinerea, as I know by rearing it from the larva
is an exceedingly variable species, as some allied European moths are well-
known to be. My description included what Grote subsequently described as
laticinerea and cinerosa. Now, if the three forms are worthy of being
ranked as species ("which I by no means admit), why should any one of them
more than another have been chosen as typical of cinerea? In answering
the question it will be found that opinion has played its part in the matter as
against fact, and that the question as to which is antetuiata is quite legitimate !
My original description, as stated, included them all, and in fact the cinerosa
form heads my series. But this name was already preoccupied by Guenee in
the same genus, and I would propose the name Grotei in its stead, and would
thus label the species :

Xyltna antennata. Walker,
var. Grotei, Riley,
var. laticmerea, Grote.

— C. V. Riley.
Egg of Hemileuca Yavapai, Neum. — Laid in belt-like masses, fast-
ened by a gummy secretion, smooth, rounded, the shape varying according to
position in the mass, the inner eggs more elevated and rounded, the outer more
elongate, the top flattened, hardly depressed, the surface mottled with a darker
green ; general color light green. — A. R Grote.

PapHio. Vol.11. PL II.

.?.d'

2.S

PIERIS 1VIENA.PIA Feid.
Va r . S uff u s a .

Br/tton gc.7iez/ SJF /3/}oto-//t/7.

FiXStretch. ae/6.

Papilio. Vol.11, PHI,

1.^

PIERIS :^^EXAPIA Feid.
Va r. Suffusa .

lr/t,ton gcTiey SJF' /y/}oio-//i/>.

IlJf.6tretc7?. c/e/t.

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl^e ]^ew Jork pntomological piub.

Vol. 2.] September, 1882. [No. 7.

NOTES ON PIERIS MENAPIA.— Felder.

By R. H. Stretch.

While in company with Professor Hagen and Mr. Samuel
Henshaw, of the North Transcontinental Survey, during the
present summer, it was my fortune to find this delicate butterfly
in excessive profusion, and as it must now take rank among our
injurious insects, it is thought that the following notes may be
worthy of publication.

Distribution. — The species was first seen by our party at
Spokane Falls, in Washington Territory, near the Idaho line, on
July 22d, the altitude above the sea being about 1900 feet. The
few specimens captured were all males and much worn. A num-
ber of others were seen, but their peculiar habit of flitting around
the tops of the larger trees prevented capture. On July 23d, I
found the larvae and pupae in great numbers on the trunk of a
yellow pine, at a point on the Colville road, about ten miles
north of the crossing of the Little Spokane River, and about ten
miles south of Loon Lake, but did not notice the insect on the
wing. At Loon Lake a few worn specimens were seen (all males),
and I again found the larvae and pupae on the trunks of pine
trees in immense numbers, say not less than from 200 to 300
within six feet of the ground. Between Loon Lake and Brown's,
the latter place being fifty-four miles from Spokane Falls, the
same phenomena were again noticed, but with the difference that
the imago was emerging in great numbers. I took probably
seventy specimens, both $ and ?, in a few minutes, and over one
hundred and fifty in the course of the day. It would easily have
been possible to make the number 1500. Most of those taken
were picked off the trunks of the trees, just fresh from the pupa,
having never been on the wing. At Brown's both larvae, pupae
and imago were equally common, though not many of the latter
were on the wing until towards evening, as the day was cloudy.
Towards evening the sun shone out for a few minutes, and in-

I04

stantly the air was alive with butterflies, flitting round the pines
in countless numbers, and glistening against the dark green of
the young timber, like the most delicate snow-flakes. Some idea
of the immense numbers of the insect may be gathered from the
fact that in the infected district near Brown's, on every little pine,
though not more than two feet high, on each terminal bunch of
needles, from one to twelve larvae or pupae could be counted, and
every weed could show its quota of pupae. Our trip did not ex-
tend northward beyond this point, but the appearance of the
forest showed that we had not reached the limit of the plague.
On July 25th we returned to Loon Lake, finding the insect in
all stages, from full grown larva to imago, excessively abundant,
with eggs, larvae and pupae on both the fir {Abies balsamii) and
tamarack {Piiiiis contortd) as well as on the pines. Returning
south, the insect was common for eight miles ; in the next three
it grew gradually rarer, and then we lost it altogether, though this
may be partly the result of the greater rarity of yellow pine
timber {Piniis ponderosd) and the predominance of fir and tama-
rack along the line of travel. On July 27th we saw a few spora-
dic butterflies as we approached Spokane Falls, say five miles
from town. Round the latter place it did not seem to be abund-
ant, but occurred on the 28th in greater numbers, as we ap-
proached Cheney by rail, and was seen about ten miles west of
that place, or about twenty-five miles southwest of Spokane
Falls, near the edge of the timber.

What the extension of this affected area may be it is impos-
sible to say, as there are no accessible data at hand ; but as the
insect is found in California, in Plumas county about Lake
Tahoe and elsewhere, more than 630 miles to the southward, and
also in Colorado and Vancouver's Island, it is evidently of very
wide distribution, latitude in the north taking the place of altitude
in the south ; and consequently the same phenomena which we are
here called to note may occur in localities where the timber is
both denser and more valuable than in that under consideration.
Whether it occurs in the coast range in Washington Territory I
do not yet know, although we might expect its presence, as the
Cascades offer a similar vegetation, as well as from the general
similarity of the Rhopalocerous fauna on both sides of the great
Columbia plateau, as evidenced by the occurrence of the same
species of Pieris, Colias,Argynnis, Satyrus and Papilio. The area
actually visited where serious damage has been already commit-
ted extends about 25 miles north and south, with an unknown
width, and in this region ^^//the yellow pines have been nearly or
totally stripped of their foliage, as well as many of the smaller
species of ConifercB.

The appearance of the Forest is peculiar. The first impression
was that fire had scorched the tops of the trees, so brown and
withered did they look in their clothing ot dark, blackish moss ;

I05

and before the cause of this effect was discovered, it was only by
persistently remembering that all the large fir trees were green
that the idea could be kept out of the mind.

Life History. — Unfortunately we were only able to study the
insect for about seven days, or from July 22d to 28th, inclusive.
During this period we witnessed the pupation of the first brood,
the emergence of the imago from this brood and the deposition
of the eggs. Whether these eggs will hatch this season or remain
as eggs until next spring we do not know. If they do hatch, as
is probable, the larvae will be innumerable and produce wide-
spread devastation. Neither do we know at what period the but-
terflies appeared in the spring, or whether they appeared at all.
From analogy there ought to have been a spring brood, of which
we found the descendants; but if so, they do not appear to have
specially attracted the notice of the scattered settlers, although
they observed great numbers last year during the summer. It is
therefore evident that, so far as observations in this part of the
country are concerned, there is yet much to be learned. All
parties, however, who were questioned on the subject agree that
the season of 1881 was the first in which the abundance of the
pests was such as to cause general comment, the opinion being
often expressed that it was not previously known, although this
is evidently erroneous. As the winter of 1880-81 was exception-
ally severe and peculiar in some of its meteorological phenomena,
it becomes of importance to solve the query whether the sudden
increase of this species was due to peculiar climatic conditions
which destroyed great numbers of its parasitic or other enemies
without impairing its own vitality. Certain it is that the silence
of the forest was most remarkable, the absence of birds be-
ing specially noticeable, while bats were more than rare through-
out the whole region traversed by our party, on both sides of the
great plateau.

Habits of the Imago. — The perfect butterfly, when just out of
the chrysalis, is one of the most beautiful, but, at the same time,
most delicate of its race. It is fragile in the extreme, and soon
loses its freshness from its habit of creeping into and between
the pine needles in search of the female, or for the purpose of
laying its eggs. Great numbers must perish accidentally in high
winds ; indeed, dead or damaged ones were plentiful in the dust
of the roads. Copulation takes place almost directly after emer-
gence, often before the wings are fairly dried ; sometimes the $
being as fresh as the ?, sometimes old and worn. The
average duration of life is probably very short, and in this
connection it would be interesting to ascertain whether the worn
males first seen were relics of the first brood or exceptionally
early stragglers of the second.

■ The Egg. — Examination of the abdomen of a female just
after copulation disclosed 49 well-formed eggs. Search for eggs

io6

on the terminal needles disclosed them in groups ranging from
3 to 22 in number, deposited in a row on the needles, the eggs
not being set upright, but at an angle of about forty-five degrees,
overlapping each other like shingles, and apparently thoroughly
cemented together. Those found were on young trees which
had not been touched by the first brood of caterpillars. A female
found in copula in the morning was imprisoned about two o'clock
on a pine fascicle, and by six o'clock had laid i6 eggs in a con-
tinuous row. These were pale green, ovate, with a small white
coronet or raised circular ridge at the top, and somewhat flat-
tened on the sides that touched each other.

TJie Larva. — The earlier stages did not pass under review,
but there is no reason to suppose that they differ materially from
those about to pupate, which alone came under our observation.
Just as the eggs were not laid on the extreme terminal needles,
so the larva does not commence feeding on the youngest, and,
supposedly, the most succulent needles, but on those which form
the base of each terminal fascicle, continuing its devastation to-
wards the tip ; but even in cases where all the needles have been
denuded, in no case was the terminal bud touched ; indeed, the
needles are only devoured down to the dry sheath which encases
their base. On many trees all the needles were gone ; on many
others there yet remained a few of the terminal ones, and such
trees, as Dr. Hagen suggested, conveyed the idea of immense
candelabra. It is evident that many of the larva; pupate on the
few remaining needles, where such exist, invariably with the head
uppermost ; but many forsake the parent tree, and these are prob-
ably such as have consumed all the food in their immediate vicin-
ity. While many larvae were found ascending the trunks of the
larger trees, but very few were found descending them, while a
large number were seen hanging at the end of long silken threads,
swaying to and fro in the wind. Experiments on these by Mr.
Henshaw and myself fully proved the fact that the larva lets itself
down from high trees by means of this thread to the ground,
abnormal as the habit is among the butterflies. In one case,
where the thread was fully 50 feet in length, I passed my hand
beneath the larva, to satisfy myself that it was not descending a
spider thread already woven (of which I had a suspicion on
account of the great number of threads over the bark of the larger
trees), and found no connection with the ground ; I then caught
the thread above and the larva descended gently, while swaying
in the wind, but detached itself directly it touched the first object.
Mr. Henshaw obtained the same results. Among the larvae which
thus re^h the ground it is evident that many attempt to regain
the upper limbs, for I found several trees which had been girdled
by stripping off the bark over a length of some four feet, and on
such trees several hundred larvae had been caught on the sticky,
resinous surface thus exposed. Perhaps the most extraordinary

lo;

circumstance connected with the change to the pupa was the
occurrence of many pupae suspended on their threads, in which case
the larval skin is shrivelled up round the last segment of the pupa.

While the favorite food plant appears to be the yellow pine
{Pbms ponderosd), both Phms contorta and Abies balsamii were
slightly affected, the latter much the least, and it is not unlikely
that these two trees will form the staple food of the next brood
in the districts where the yellow pines have been denuded, should
it hatch during the present season, as is probable.

Enemies. — The absence of birds has already been noted
May it not be that the larva is distasteful to them ? As is well
known, it generally happens in the case of native insects that
while they may gain a temporary ascendency they are ultimately
checked by an overwhelming army of parasites, which relegate
them to their normal position in nature. We might thus expect
such a thing to occur in this case. Whether this natural check
may come into play this year or be delayed for several years, we
are not in a position to say. The search for parasitic insects was
not productive of either species or numbers. IchneiuncnidcB
were particularly scarce on the wing, both round the trees and on
adjacent flowers. Indeed, the only conspicuous enemy was a
large heteropterous insect allied to Pentatoma, which was not un-
common, and certainly lived on the larvae, having been taken by
myself in the act of sucking out the nearly empty flaccid skin.
Many such skins were found upon the needles and on the
ground around the base of infected trees. The numbers of this
insect, however, were, apparently, not sufficient to produce any
appreciable result.

Whatever hope is based on relief from parasitic insects, so
far as we know at present, must rest on the large number of par-
asitical pupae, although even here the percentage does not appear
to be very large, although they are numerically numerous; at least,
I judge so, from the following observations. The normal color of
the pupa is pale green. All those pupating on the needles of the
young pines or shrubby plants in the underbrush were of this
color, a close search failing to reveal an exception, while the
larger proportion of those on the bark of the large trees were
blackish brown. An examination of a number of these makes it
probable that they are all diseased, not a few containing a larva,
either dipterous or hymenopterous ; certainly the latter, in one
case at least (one pupa contained a large ichneumon nearly ready
to emerge, which was accidentally killed). It is somewhat strange
that all these dark pupj£ should occur on the bark of large trees.
May it not be that their diseased condition had prevented the
secretion of silk, and that, being thus prevented from dropping to
the ground in the usual way, they had wandered part of the way
down the tree before the final change, their restlessness being due
to the same cause?

loS

Probable Damage to the Forest. — While the affected trees, at a
casual glance, look dead, and are evidently considered by the set-
tler to be killed, it is still an open question whether they are really
so. It is true the foliage is gone and the tree must have an im-
paired vitality, but as long as the terminal bud remains untouched
the tree would partially recover itself in the ensuing spring, unless
again stripped of its scanty covering. In this case it is probable
death would ensue. What remedial measures can be adopted it is
too soon to say. Observations should be carried on for the bal-
ance of the season, and I have suggested the propriety of this
course to Professor Pumpelly, who is at the head of the North
Transcontinental Survey.

That such an increase of this butterfly is extremely rare, or
that if it does occur frequently it is not fatal to the trees, is
proved by the otherwise healthy condition of the timber. The
number of trees which may be put down as absolutely dead, but
yet standing, is very small, and the fallen trees are practically ab-
sent, even in the worst districts. I am, therefore, in hopes that
the plague is only temporary and the damage more imaginary
than actual.

(Unfortunately my pup^e were killed in transit, by the break-
age of a bottle of chloroform, so that I have failed to raise their
parasitic contents.)

TecJinical Notes. — Mr. Henry Edwards has given a good de-
scription of the pupa in the Proc. of the California Academy of
Sciences, but was not acquainted with the larva- I therefore add
a description of the mature form. I have not Mr. W. H. Ed-
wards' figure of the male for reference, but know that it must
be good.

Mr. Strecker's figure of the female reminds me of specimens
I have seen from California, though it is roughly drawn ; but it
does not resemble a single female among those taken on this trip.
Indeed, when I first took the female I made the suggestion that
we had found a new species, as there was no trace of red. on the
secondaries beneath, and the predominant color was black. Not
having types before me for comparison, I am unable to deter-
mine whether or not the insect now under consideration is
worthy of a special name, and I therefore add a full description
of both sexes for future reference.

Description of Imago. — Head and body black above, with
white hairs, the latter white beneath. Palpi yellowish, with fringe
of black hairs; antennae black.

$. — Primaries pure white, with jet black markings as follows:
Fringes white, a black costal streak, narrowest at the base, extend-
ing to the discal vein, at which point it is suddenly bent inwards
and extends over the discal vein to the median nervules. A
black apical patch deeply three-notched inwardly, and cut square
off on the second median-nervule, containing five white spots ; the

109

costal one small, the second long and ovate, the third and fifth
about the size of that on the costa, the fourth minute.

Secondaries pure white, with a few black scales at the base
of the median vein ; and sometimes in specimens which are very-
dark beneath, there are visible portions of the submarginal band,
as seen beneath.

Beneath, the primaries show the same general markings, but
the white spots in the apical black patch are much larger, with
more diffuse margins, and are increased to six in number by the
addition of one between the first and second at the extreme tip
of the wing.

Secondaries pure white ; all the veins black, with a narrow
submarginal band, most remote from the margin about the mid-
dle of the outer edge. Occasionally the veins are intensely black,
with the scales spreading more or less over the disc of the wing,
in which case there are many powdery black scales, most con-
centrated along the outer and inner margins, the former in this
case having a narrow terminal black line. Fringes white.

In occasional specimens there are traces along the costa and
on the outer margin between the nervules, of the red markings
so characteristic of the female.

? . — The primaries differ from the $ by the extension of the
black apical patch to the inner angle, it gradually narrowing
thereto from the second median nervule, and containing a small
white spot between the first and second median nervules. The
same ornamentation is repeated beneath.

The secondaries above are white, with a marginal and sub-mar-
ginal narrow black band. The nervules, black between these
bands, dividing the enclosed space into six unequal lunules, as in
the male beneath. The outer band sometimes faintly inter-
rupted between the veins with a few orange or brick-red scales.

Beneath, all the veins are broadly black, as are both the outer
bands, reducing the white spaces to a series of narrow inter-
venular patches and six reduced outer lunules, giving the wing a
very gray appearance. On many specimens there is no red at
all ; on others the whitish costal openings and a small patch in
the terminal black band between each of the nervules is a brick-
red.

Habitat. Country round Spokane Falls, Washington Terri-
tory, July 26.

Alar. exp. $ . ? 2.00 to 2.20 in.

Mr. Strecker's figure very fairly represents the upper side of
the females here described, but the under side is totally unlike, so
far as the secondaries are concerned. In all I have seen from the
locality quoted there is more black than white on the secondaries
beneath. None of them have so much red ; many none at all, and
not one shows any trace of the streak near the inner margin. As
I have not access to the description of the ? by Felder, I forward

no

a series to the editor of Papilio. Should he find them to
differ largely from Felder's description, I would suggest the name
of '■'■ suffiisa'' for this variety, as it is very constant.

Description of Larva.

General color green. Head green, covered with small white
points; mouth parts dusky; low down on each side a curved
row of four black dots.

Body clear green, tinged with purplish, and with two lateral
yellowish-white stripes. In the dorsal green stripe the purplish
tint shows itself as a faint dorsal line, and on the edge of the
upper lateral line, leaving clear green between. The upper edge
of the upper lateral stripe is clean cut ; the lower edge more dif-
fuse, shading into green, and that color being tinged with pur-
plish along the upper edge of the lower lateral stripe, which is
somewhat broader than the upper one and better defined. Anal
segment somewhat horny, narrow, and slightly notched at the
tip. Venter, dusky green. Pro-legs black. Abdominal legs dusky
green.

Length i.oo inch.

Note. — I have in this paper assumed that all the damage done
to the yellow pines was caused by P. Menapia. It is only fair to
state that, on the edge of the timber, north of Spokane Falls
some three or four miles, I came across a large Bombycid larva
which denudes the foliage in a similar manner. From one small
pine, not more than twelve feet high, I took some thirty speci-
mens, and might have taken a hundred. These were in a district
where P. Menapia was uncommon. We did not have time to
make any extended search on other trees, but it may be possible
that a portion of the damage has been done by these insects. It
could not have been common, however, in the affected district, as
a close watch on the habit of Menapia did not reveal its presence.
I have a number of cocoons of this insect, from which I hope to
raise the imago, which is probably allied to the genus Parorgyia.
If I succeed, I will put the observations on record.

San Francisco, August 9, 1882.

ON THREE SPECIES OF EUCH^TES.

By a. R. Grote.

I bring together here the descriptions of three speciesof EucJkb-
to which are apparently rare, and possibly not sufficiently distinct.
Both Spragnei 2iVid Abdominalis differ from Dr. Clemens' Egleften-
sis in having the internal margin of primaries striped as well as
the costa. Eglenensis agrees with Abdominalis in having the costa
yellow. Dr. Clemens calls it " pale luteous;" but in Abdominalis
it is " dark j^ellow,'' as I have described it. Except this charac-
ter, which might be held to be variational, the descriptions of the
two are very similar, and their identity might be assumed were it

I II

not for the stripe along internal margin in Ahdominalis. This,
although narrower than the costal edging, is quite plain in my
species. Away from my books and collections, I thought that I
was possessed of a new Zygcsnid type when I took the specimen
in Alabama.

A table of the three species might be made as follows :
Fore wings bluish cinereous or lead color.
Fore wings with costa and internal margin striped.
Stripes crimson. — Spraguei.
Stripes dark yellow. — Ahdominalis.
Fore wings with costa striped.

Stripe pale luteous. — Eglenensis.

1. EucH.^TES Spraguei, Gr. Can. Ent., vii., 200.

<? . Allied to Elegans, but entirely stone color, like Egle.
Fore coxae, head at base, two thoracic vittae, costal and internal
margin of fore wings crimson. Abdomen above red, with dorsal
black dots. Kansas. Prof. Snow.

2. EuCHyETES Eglenensis, Clem., Proc. Ac. N. S., Phil.,
533, i860.

Bluish cinereous. Palpi bright reddish at the base, with dark
cinereous tips. The occiput and post orbits are red orange. The
external edge of the fore wings is pale luteous. The abdomen
above is bright red-orange, with a dorsal row of small black
spots and one on each side; beneath, cinereous. The thorax
beneath and the anterior coxae are tinged with red orange.
Texas. Captain Pope's collection. Smithsonian.

3. EucH.ETES Abdominalis, Gr., Can. Ent., 124, 1871.

? . The wings are lead color ; in certain lights the primaries
show a bluish reflection, as in CtenucJia. The costal region of the
fore wings above and below is striped with dark yellow, as in the
internal margin. The hind wings are concolorous. Abdomen
above orange, with a dorsal and lateral series of black spots ; be-
neath, lead color. Palpi, throat and head behind and between
the antennae bright orange ; front dark, as are the palpal tips.
Legs dark lead color. Fore coxae orange. Collar and tegulae more
or less evidently edged with orange. Expanse a^^vcvX. Alabama.
A front wing and a denuded hind wing, mounted on card-board,
are all that remain of the type, which I discovered among some
broken specimens in a forgotten box.

There is a curious resemblance between the species of Ctenu-
cha and EuchcBtes, so that the darker forms of the latter genus
might be mistaken for Zygcenids were it not for the Arctia-Y\\iQ
abdomen. The denuded hind wing of my type oi Abdominalis is
8-veined ; veins 3, 4 and 5, equidistant at base, thrown off from
extremity of median vein.

The three "species " here discussed are the prettiest in the
genus, and of the three Spraguei is the handsomest and most dis-
tinctly colored.

I 12

ON THE EARLY STAGES OF PAPILIO RUTULUS.— Bdv.

By Henry Edwards.

On Exclu.SION from Egg. — Head very large, black, shining.
Second segment with two tubercles on the sides in front. Body
brownish-black. Segments3,4, 5, 10, 1 1, 12 withtwo tubercles each,
arranged sub-dorsally. Extending from the seventh to the ninth
segment is a small, but conspicuous, triangular white patch, the
vertex of which is directed posteriorly. Feet and legs black.

After First Moult. — The head now becomes pitchy, the
body streaked with shades of brown, longitudinally ; the two tub-
ercles on second segment are chestnut-brown, and the whole of the
processes brighter and more glossy. The white triangular patch is
larger and more distinct, and the posterior segments are delicately
mottled with brownish.

After Second Moult. — Head chestnut-brown, with pinkish
tinge. The tubercles of the second segment are larger than be-
fore, and have become yellowish-brown in color. Between them
is a yellowish corrugated fold, and on the dorsum, at the base of
the longer tubercles, are two smaller ones, also chestnut-brown.
Body brownish dorsally, with a green tint throughout ; laterally
it is pale apple-green. The third segment has six tubercles, the
middle and lateral being exceedingly small. Fourth segment
swollen, the body here attaining its greatest size. This segment
has also six tubercles, the two dorsal being the smallest. The
fifth segment has four tubercles, the smaller pair of which are
placed anterior to the other. The triangular patch has now be-
come cream-yellow, and encroaches in a point posteriorly on the
ninth segment. Segments 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13 have each two tubercles,
which are directed backward, and increase posteriorly in size, so
that those of the thirteenth segment are double the length of
those of the ninth. Mouth parts, legs, as well as the whole of the
under side, pale bluish-green.

After Third Moult. — The head is now pale bright chestnut,
with a decidedly pinkish tint, and the mouth parts of a deeper
and more decided green. The body has assumed a pale apple-
green color, the tubercles are brighter and more approaching to
brownish-orange, and the triangular patch is buff, with some
streaks of green running through it. The tubercles of twelfth
and thirteenth segments are now yellow, and at the base of those
of 5, 9, 10 and II are some bluish dots. Upon being touched,
the young larva exhibited the usual retractile horns. These were
situated at the base of the head, between it and the second seg-
ment. They were pale orange, much darker at the tips.

I regret that I could not carry these larvae further than this
stage. I was called away from home, and on my return found
them dead. Three larvae were obtained from eggs observed to

113

be deposited by the ? upon Alniis viridis. The following is the
record of changes :

Eggs deposited July 8.
Larva hatched July 13.
"■ first moult July 15.
" second moult July 18.
" third moult July 22.
" showed retractile horns July 24.

THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF PLUSIA BILOBA.— .

Stph.

By G. H. French. Carbondale, III,

Egg. — Nearly globular, the base slightly flattened, the apex
slightly inclined to a blunt cone. At the apex is an irregularly
punctured space ; from near the base run a number of ridges,
about twenty of which reach the punctured apical space, many of
them not reaching this point, as they are the same distance apart
throughout. The depressions between the ridges are filled with
a series of quadrate punctures in the centre of each of which is a
small elevation. There is no apical depression. Size .02 of an
inch in diameter ; color white, with a faint creamy tinge ; dura-
tion of this period five days.

Young Larva. — Length .07 of an inch. Body white or with
a very pale tinge of green, head and top of joint two black, pili-
ferous spots black, showing very prominently a single black hair
arising from each. Legs 12, for which reason the larva loops
when walking ; when at rest the front part of the body is gener-
ally elevated, though not straightened out like a geometrid.
Before eating the food placed in the dish each larva ate a portion,
if not all, of its egg-shell, after which it remained quiet for a time.
Duration of this period three days.

After First Moult — Length .16 of an inch. Head and top
of joint two pale amber, the jaws a little darker. Body pale
translucent green ; the piliferous spots large tubercle-like, tipped
with black, and each suporting a black hair. The body nearly
cylindrical, truncate posteriorly. Duration of this period three
days.

After Second Moult. — Length .33 of an inch. Color pale
green, the dorsal line darker. Subdorsal line whitish, as also
two other lines in the dorsal space. Stigmatal line greenish-
white through the middle of the body, appearing to be com-
posed of two lines. Above the stigmatal lines, on joints 5 to 9,
is a bright black spot on each joint, the last one small. Pilifer-
ous spots concolorous with the body ; the hairs pale, each two-
thirds as long as the diameter of the body. Head pale amber,

114

very faintly mottled. Jaws and ocelli brown. Duration of this
period three days.

After Third Moult. — Length .55 of an inch. Color pale
green as before, though a little more prominent. As in preceding
period the dorsal line darker green, the subdorsal white, with two
more white lines each side in the dorsal space, these lines a little
more distinct than before; stigmatal line as before. In the middle
of the subdorsal space is a clear green stripe, bordered each side
by a whitish line, and containing the black dots on joints 5 to 9 as
before. Head greenish amber, mottled a little with very pale
brown, with a more or less distinct dark brown stripe on each side
outside of the ocelli. Thoracic legs dark brown, the posterior
pair the darkest, the anterior mottled a little with green. Pro-
legs green. Substigmatal space with a few white dots. Dura-
tion of this period four days.

After Fourth Moult. — Length .70 of an inch. Color green,
the white lines as before, except that the part below the stigmata
of the double stigmatal line are nearly obliterated and the lines
on the sides and back are connected by spurs, all the light lines
faint. Head green, a jet-black stripe on each side connecting in
front, antennae black, the interjoints green. Thoracic feet black,
the others green. Legs 12, wfth no trace of the first and second
pairs of abdominal legs. The whole body is covered with a short,
fine pile which is brown on the sides, but white on the dorsum.
The black lateral spots are still present, but are smaller than dur-
ing last period. Stigmata green, circled with black.

Mature Larva. — Length .95 of an inch. The body is from
.10 to .12 of an inch in width from the middle joints to the anal,
but tapers from the fifth joint to the head, this being .06 of an inch
across by .04 deep. The second joint is without cervical shield.
The anal extremity is almost truncate. The color remains about
the same as at the beginning of this period, save that the white
lines are more obscure and the lateral black spots show but lit-
tle, if any. The other characters are the same as soon after the
fourth moult. Duration of this period four days.

Chrysalis. — Length .75 of an inch ; length of wing case .50,
the leg and antennae case extending .05 of an inch beyond. In
shape cylindrical, the abdomen conical. The dorsal and lateral
portions of the cephalothorax are finely shagreened, with the
dividing lines between the plates shining. The basal joints of
the abdomen are somewhat shagreened, but they gradually be-
come shining or polished from before backwards, each one with a
slight elevation anteriorly. The last segment ends in a tubercle,
which is tipped with a single hook, with which it fastens itself to
the loose cocoon. The wijig cases cover the ventral portion of
the first five abdominal joints, the leg and antennae case project-
ing over the sixth. Depth through the thorax .20; ist abdom-
inal joint .19; 2d joint .21 ; 6th joint .18 of an inch. Color dark

115

blackish-brown, the anterior portion of the wings and legs a little
paler, while the spaces between these is son:iewhat yellowish, as
also the parts between the terminal joints. Duration of this
period from the time of beginning to spin nineteen days. The
cocoon was loosely spun of fine white silk, and not enough of it
to conceal the chrysalis. Two days passed from the time the
larva began spinning to the time the last larva skin was moulted
and the chrysalis was to be seen.

The eggs were deposited April 27th, and the moths hatched
June 8th, making a period of forty-two days from the egg to the
imago. Allowing three days from the time the moths emerge
before eggs for another brood are deposited, would give us forty-
five days as the whole period from egg to egg, though I
am of the opinion that it is a few days longer, from the condition
of the moth depositing the eggs from which the above notes were
taken. This would give us two more broods of moths this sea-
son, with another brood of larvae that probably hibernates in the
chrysalis state, or four broods in a season. This is making little
or no allowance for delays in some of the larvae in passing from
one state to another ; in fact, those that were healthy were very
regular in their moults. From larvae found in the garden at dif-
ferent times there seems to be sorhe irregularity, hence there
would be in some cases of retarded development only three
broods, while in others four.

The larvae seemed to be easily affected by external conditions.
Out of eighty passing the second moult, I obtained only
four chrysalids, and only two of those produced imagines. It
should be said, however, that about the period of the third and
fourth moults the weather was rainy most of the time, and all
my larvae of other species were somewhat affected by it, but none
so much as these. Larvae found in the garden during that time
were affected in the same way.

The food plant not being known, quite a number of tender
leaves were at first offered the young larvae. Among these pars-
nip, larkspur and clover were eaten, though towards the last, let-
tuce was given them, as they were found on that. They were,
however, fed most of the time on parsnip leaves, as they seemed
to prefer that plant.

"TINEID.E" OR "TINEINA."

By V. T. Chambers.

I desire to offer a few remarks suggested by Lord Walsing-
ham's paper in the May number of Papilio. I am so com-
pletely out of Entomology now, and have done so little in it for
the last two or three years (beyond arranging some old notes for
publication) that I do not feel qualified to discuss the subjects

ii6

embraced in Lord Walsingham's paper, and what I shall now
write is simply the impressions left upon my mind by former
studies.

I am perhaps too indifferent to nomenclature, and care noth-
ing about whether we write TiNElNA or TiNEID/E. The name
does not concern me so long as the thing named is understood,
and I shall not enter upon the question as to which of these two
names we shall use. But the question whether there is in nature
a separate and distinct group of Lepidoptera of higher than gen-
eric rank to which either name can be appropriately applied, is
one of more importance. Following the authors of the Nat.
Hist. Tin., Stainton, Zeller, Frey, Douglass and others (acknowl-
edged authorities as to the insects in question), I have usually
written Tineina. Lord Walsingham, with the majority of ento-
mologists, prefers to write TiNElD.E, a name which in the Nat.
Hist. Tin. is applied to a single family of the supposed group.
Uniformity is better than priority, and I think it will be more
easily achieved by following the authorities above named than
by adhering to the older name of TiNElD.E for all of the various
and heterogeneous families forming the supposed group — if there
is in nature such a group* Is there ?

Lord Walsingham thinks there is. With great respect for the
authority of so distinguished an entomologist, I differ with him,
and whilst I have used the name Tineina in a loose and general
way for all small moths not clearly belonging to any of the higher
groups, I do not believe that there is any such distinct group as
Tineina (or TiNElD/E). The HETEROCERAare sufficiently distinct,
perhaps, from the Rhopalocera, though there are " connecting
links" even here; but, in my opinion, there is no line separating
the Tineina (I use the name through force of habit) from other
Heterocera ; and the belief that there is has hindered the study
of these small moths. Because of their obscurity, and under the
impression that they form a distinct group, a knowledge of which
was not necessary to a knowledge of the higher Heterocera, stu-
dents of the latter have generally neglected them. But in
my opinion they are no more distinct from the higher HETEROCERA
than these are from each other ; and the Tiueidcc (restricted),
GekxJiidcE, etc., take rank as families of HETEROCERA just as do the
Bombyctdce, NoctuidcB, Tortricidce, etc., and not as sub-families of a
family TiNEINA or TlNEID^. The line which separates the higher
TmeidcB, GelecJiidcE, etc., from the TortricidcB, Phycidw, etc. (some-
times very indistinct), is no more strongly marked than the lines
which separate these latter from each other. The name Tincidce
probably came to be employed at a time when comparatively little
was known about these small moths, and they perhaps appeared
sufficiently distinct from the larger forms to give rise to the im-
pression that they were, in fact, a distinct group ; and the use
ofa name for such supposed group has perpetuated the belief

117

that it had a real existence. It is not my purpose, either now or
hereafter, to give the facts and reasons which lead me to the con-
clusion that there is no such group, as in all probability this is
my last contribution (such as it is) to entomological literature ;
but I wish to offer some remarks upon some of Lord Walsing-
ham's suggestions on this subject in the paper in the May num-
ber of Papilio. I would have expressed my meaning more
clearly and grammatically if I had written in the paper in the
Journal of the Cin. Nat. Hist. Soc, referred to by Lord
Walsingham, " TiNEINA is a name applied to a large group,"
etc., instead of " Tineina is (sic) a large group," as quoted by his
lordship. It may be as suggested by him {in lit.) that " is" is an
error of the printer, but it is just as likely that it is the result of
my own haste and carelessness in writing. This much, enpassant,
as to the grammar ; my present object is to consider briefly some
of his lordship's reasons for believing that such a group as the sup-
posed " Tineid.e" higher than a genus has an actual recognizable
existence as separate and distinct from the higher HeterOCERA.
Lord Walsingham writes {loc. cit.): "What is a family?"
Regarding it in its accepted sense as " an assembly of genera,"
each of which possesses in greater or less degree the character-
istic feature or features of one and all of them, we must ask our-
selves whether any one, or more than one, characteristic generic
feature pervades the whole group of genera which have of late
been massed together under the name " TiNEINA." For myself, I
must answer that I do not now remember any such feature which
is not equally characteristic of other HETEROCERA, unless indeed
it be the small size of most of them. And even if size be re-
garded as of "family" importance, there are many insects usually
included in TiNElNA which greatly exceed in size a great many
HeterOCERA of " higher" families. If we adopt size as the criterion
of a right to be placed inTlNElNA, then all species of Dr. Clemens''
genus Anaphora will have to be excluded. My species Blastobasis
gigantella will be excluded, whilst all other species of the genus
will be included. These species of Aiiaphora and B. gigantella
equal or exceed in size the average size of species of TortrictdcSy
PyralidcB and PJiycidce, and so do many other " TiNEINA " which I
have not time now to specify, and they equal in size many Noc*
tuidce. I cannot agree with Lord Walsingham that " it is surely
easier at first sight to separate any of these i^TineidcB) genera
from those of other families than it is to determine with readi-
ness and certainty the true position of a Bombycid (which ap-
proaches the NoctuidcG), a Noctuid (which approaches the Pyrab^
dee) ox a. Pyr a lid {which approaches the Phyeida)." Indeed, to
instance Anaphora again, it appears to me that at first sight I
should rather refer it to the Noctuidce than to the Tineina ; and
I confess myself, at first sight (for my examination of the insect
was brief and incomplete) I was utterly unable to determine in

ii8

what family or group to locate the insect mentioned by me in the
foot note on page i6 of the paper in the Jour7ial of the Cincin-
nati Nat. Hist. Soc. Possibly it may be related to Euplocamus^
and on account of its large size, and for other reasons, I have
always doubted whether Euplocamus ought to be included in the
Tmeina. Lepidopterists are not by any means all agreed as to
the upward limits of the Tineina. Species and genera which
some place in Tineina are by others placed in Tortricidce, Pyra-
lidce and other groups. Mr. Stainton and others place OrtJiotelia
and Phibalocera in Tineina. Stephens and others have placed
them in Tortricidce, from which " at first sight" I see no reason to
separate them. Other instances will doubtless occur to those
who are familiar with the Tineina, but I write on the spur of the
moment, after having read Lord Walsingham's paper, and from
recollection only when I am no longer familiar with the subject,
and without any special research. Brentkia, Clem., is the equiva-
lent of Limcetliis. With Dr. Clemens, I, on account of its size,
cilia and ornamentation, placed it in Tineina, where it has been
located by some other entomologists, though more commonly it is
placed in Pyralidm. Hyale coryliella, Cham., is probably Mcnestra
tortriciformella, Clem., and was placed by both Dr. Clemens and
myself in Tineina, where, I am now satisfied, it does not rightly
belong.

Lord Walsingham continues: "Whether by their small size"
(which we have seen fails to characterize them), " their long cilia"
(which are wanting in many of the larger genera, and are not longer
than in many Tortricidce or Phycidcc), " their slender and upturned
palpi" (though multitudes of them have drooping palpi or no
palpi at all) "the leaf mining habits of the larvae" (though a ma-
jority of them are not leaf miners at all, while some larvae of Tor-
tricidce, etc., are at first), " the neuration of their wings" (differ-
ing widely among different genera as Nepticnla, Cuniostoma, Lith-
ocolletis, Gelechia, Tinea, etc., and in some of the higher
genera differing little or not at all from that of Tortricidce, Pyrali-
dce) "and ornamentation of their wings" (ranging from the bril-
liancy of LitJiocolletis and LitJiacioptcryx to the somber dull-
ness of many Tineidoi), " there is in each genus associated with
the Linnean name ' Tinea some peculiarity by which its mem-
bers can without difficulty be recognized as possessing what I
think may be properly called a family resemblance." It may be
so, but I fail to detect the family resemblance of a Phyllocnitis on
the one hand, and a Tinea or Euplocamus on the other, more easily
than I can that between Anophora and many Noctuidce, and when
we come to trace their life histories and compare their larvae, the
attempt fails more completely still. All are LepidopteraHetero-
CERA ; to that extent there is resemblance, but that is about all
that I find between numerous genera usually " associated with
the Linnean name Tinea;'' and I do not find as characterising the

119

so-called group Tineina any characteristic, or combination of char-
acteristics, which I can " grasp'' as constituting it a family or group
of families. It appears to me to be a purely arbitrary and hetero-
geneous assemblage of families differing as widely from each
other as they do from Noctuidce, PhycidcB, etc. In size and form
and neuration, and other respects, they grade up from the smallest
and lowest, passing as gradually into the higher groups TortricidcBf
etc., as the latter do in these respects into families still higher in
the scale. And although by using the termination " idae"
instead of " ina" we secure a " termination uniform with
Sphmgdce, BombycidcB," etc., we do not secure a "family" of
equal value with those families, but only a large heterogenous
group composed of numerous families {Gelechidce, Tineidce re-
stricted, etc.,) the value of which is at present unproved.

It appears to me most probable that the small size, long
cilia, etc., of such genera as have these characteristics are the
results of degradation, not from a common form, but from a
variety of originals, and in different directions ; that the stu-
dent will be greatly aided, to say the least, by a study of their
early stages and development, and that this course is most likely to
give us the key to their relationship — that is, to their natural
classification. Such study, so far as I have prosecuted it, tends to
the conclusion that instead of being a natural group of related
families it contains at least five distinct families, degraded from
as many distinct originals, and perhaps less related to each other
than they are to some of the higher groups.

With great deference, therefore, for the opinions of so dis-
tinguished an entomologist as Lord Walsingham (and, no doubt,
of many others), I am compelled to differ with him as to many
statements in his interesting paper in Papilio, and I avail my-
self of this opportunity to state my own views more explicitly
than I have elsewhere done. I will add that I have somewhere
(I cannot now give the citation) seen some remarks by Mr.
Stainton upon this subject, in which, as I remember, after briefly
mentioning most of the characteristics of the supposed group
alluded to by Lord Walsingham as above quoted, he concludes
that the ciliation of the wings affords the best criterion, but
admits that that fails sometimes. I think it is only a mark of
degradation, and occurs just about in proportion as the species is
more or less degraded, and does not indicate relationship.

NOTES ON PAPILIO OREGONIA.— £Z>PF.

By R. H. Stretch.

During my recent trip to Washington Territory with Dr.
Hagen I was fortunate enough, in conjunction with Mr. S. Hen-
shaw, of the Boston Natural History Society, to take some

I20

•seventy-five specimens of this insect (which are in the hands of
Dr. Hagen, of Cambridge) and to raise it from the larva.

We first saw the butterfly on the wing at Umatilla, Oregon,
on the south bank of the Columbia River, June 24th, capturing
thirty-six specimens from flowers of a species of evening prim-
rose or fluttering round a species of Artemisia. On the north
bank of the river, being then in Washington Territory, we took as
many more on June 26th, from thistle heads, and I saw a female
deposit one ^g^ on Artcinisa. On July 4th, Mr. Henshaw found
one half-grown larva on Daucus, at Nelson's, about ten miles
north of Yakima City, and July 5th I found another, preparing
to pupate on Artemisia', butnot the same species of plant on which
I saw the &^^ laid. I was successful in raising a very fine example
from this larva. On July i6th and i8th the butterfly was either
seen or captured on the Yakima River, about half way to its junc-
tion with the Columbia, but it was quite rare. When at Spokane
Falls I saw a number of specimens collected by Mr. Ricksecker.
These localities show a wide range. They are all on the great
basaltic plateau which occupies the central portion of the Terri-
tory and is essentially the home of the Artemisias.

The species is probably single brooded in this area.

Description of tJie Larva. — Length about two inches. Horn
•orange-yellow, bifurcate.

Entire larva pale yellowish-green, inclining to bluish round
the transverse markings and on the ventral parts.

Head with two vertical, frontal black lines, divergent at their
lower ends, and a lateral vertical black line, with a black dot be-
tween each of the lines just above the mouth parts.

Second segment with two transverse black lines, each with a
terminal black dot laterally, and at the horn opening a slender
transverse black line with three heavier longitudinal branches,
like the top of the capital letter T. A lateral flat dull yellow
tubercle.

Third, a strong black transverse velvety black line, evenly cut
behind, with four indentations in front, each filled with a yellow
tubercle, with a black spot low down laterally, supplemented
above with a yellow tubercle. Posterior suture black.

Segments four to twelve alike, except that the black mark-
ings gradually diminished in strength posteriorly ; sutures black
when the larva is extended. The yellow tubercles indenting the
black transverse line on segment three cut it up into five trans-
verse black spots, the lateral one on segment four being large,
the other similar ones smaller, linear and oblique ; below these is
a third yellow tubercle, followed by a linear black spot, so that
-each of these segments has a transverse series of seven black
spots, the dorsal one the largest, between which are three lateral
TOWS of yellow tubercles.

121

Thirteenth segment with a similar row of black dots and a
terminal black line.

All the legs green, with black tips and a black dot at the
base of each.

Compared with the larva of Papilio machaon given in the
Butterflies of North America, the only apparent difference is that
whereas in Mr. Edwards' figure the transverse black lines are con-
tinuous and partially enclose the yellow tubercles, in the larva
just described the tubercles on all the segments back of the third,
break up the transverse line into a series of black spots. Un-
fortunately, the immature larva captured by Mr. Henshaw
escaped a few hours later, and before I found the second
example, but it was apparently identical.

The particular larva raised had a hard time of it. It attached
itself to pupate and spun its band ; but the jolting of the wagon
detached it, and it was found at the bottom of the box. I glued
the anal segment down and supplied an artificial band. This ex-
periment was successful, but when the pupa emerged, July nth,
it of course fell to the bottom of the box, having no silken
attachment to seize. I again glued the pupa down when it
showed signs of emergence, supplying the band, and in spite of
all accidents secured a magnificent female imago, on July 25th.
Unfortunately, I could not make a drawing of the pupa, which
was green, shaded with yellow ; the green obtained most strongly
on those parts which correspond to the black markings of the
imago, and the yellow to the yellow markings, there being two
broad mottled yellowish stripes on the side of the abdomen
above. The wing cases were grayish green, having a striated look.
The right hand figure of the pupa of MacJiaon in Edwards' Btitt.
N. Am., gives a good idea of the pupa if green and yellow be
substituted for the shades of brown. The colors changed but
little at maturity.

San Francisco, August 8, 1882.

122

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

COLORADIA Pandora, Blake. — I caught to-day a very fine ? example
of this rare and interesting moth at Soda Springs, Shasta Co. I think such a
capture worthy of record, as few examples of this species are known to exist
in collections. J AS. Behrens, San Francisco, August 22, 1882.

Papilio Polydamas in Florida. — " I have previously thought that
this species had been erroneously introduced into our lists, and I had struck it
out of my revised synopsis, but to-day I received a specimen from Dr. Witt-
field, of Indian River, who has taken several examples. Hitherto it has been
regarded as belonging to the United States, on the authortiy of Bois Lee, but
of late its occurrence has been discredited. These authors give the food plant
as a species of Artstolochia. I hope yet to obtain the eggs, through the
energy of Dr. Wittfield. W. H. Edwards, Coalburgh, June 25, 1882,

Note on the Genus Herrichia. — This term, which I have proposed
and limited on page 64 of my new Check List, is, I found too late to make the
correction, previously used by Dr. Staudinger. I beg those who use the list to
alter the name to Euherrichia. A. R. Grote.

Euedwardsia, n. g. — Tibise unarmed ; eyes naked, somewhat narrow.
Vestiture hairy ; front with a clypeal protuberance below a shallow indentation.
Wings entire, produced at apices ; rather short and broad. Forewings with
the costa somewhat depressed ; apices produced ; outer margin rounded.
Color, shades of yellow or orange. Type E. Neumoegeni, Hy. Edw. Belongs.
to the HeliothincE. A. R. Grote.

Papilio Albanus, Feld. — This is a common form of P. Eurymedon
Bdv., and hardly to be distinguished from the type. It differs in having the
primaries " slightly more protracted at the apex, the secondaries being more
widened in the anal region, by their longer and much narrower tail, the vittae
being broader on both sides, and by the marginal spots approaching nearer to
the margin. We collected two $, . Felder, Reise Novara." The $ $ taken
in the mountains, or at an elevation of 2000 feet, are nearly always of this form^
the ground color of the wings being also more clearly white, and the insect
generally a little smaller. Hy. Edwards.

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS.

Owing to the length and importance of some papers in the present number,
many matters have been held over, among which are several book notices,,
including one on Mr. A. R. Grote's " New Check List OF Moths," which
is now ready for distribution.

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl^e ]^ew Jork f ntomological piub.

Vol. 2,] October, 1882. [No. 8.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF N. AM.
HETEROCERA.

By Henry Edwards.
FAM. ^GERIAD^.

V ^GERIA CANDESCENS. n. sp.

Fore wings purplish-brown, with a transparent median streak
as far as the cell, edged on the internal margin with whitish.
The discal mark purplish-brown, edged outwardly with orange-
red. Transparent space behind the cell very small, reduced to
four narrow streaks. Fringe golden brown. Hind wings with
the margin rather broad, purple brown. Head blackish-brown,
collar, palpi and orbits of eyes clear white. Thorax and ab-
domen blackish-brown, the latter with the segments all rather
broadly edged with greenish-white. Caudal tuft wholly black.
Fore wings beneath with golden lustre, and the discal mark bright
orange, shading into purplish-brown on margin. Hind wings as
on upper side. Fore coxae white outwardly, the rest of the legs
blackish-brown, with golden scales, the tarsi narrowly banded
with black.

Exp. wings, 15 m. m.

I $ Arizona. (H. K. Morrison.) Coll, B. Neumoegen.
'. Pyrrhot.enia Behrensii. n. sp.

Fore wings entirely opaque, rich golden-green, purplish-
brown posteriorly, with the internal margin broadly orange-red,
narrowing in width towards the internal angle. The hind wings
are also stained with orange-red along the abdominal margin.
They are perfectly transparent, the outer portion of the margin
and the fringe golden-brown. Beneath, the fore wings are rich pur-
plish-brown, with the base and about half of the costal and in-
ternal margins orange-red. . The hind wings have a golden refliec-

124

tion, with the costal and abdominal margins orange-red. Head
brown-black, as are also the antennae. The palpi, collar, orbits
of the eyes are orange. Thorax bronze-green, with a narrow
stripe on each side above, and the whole of the lower side orange-
red. Abdomen also bronze-green above for the three basal seg-
ments, the sides and lower surface of these being bright orange-
red. The posterior segments are all orange-red, above and be-
low. Caudal tuft orange-red, black at the sides. The fore coxae,
middle tibiae and a band on the hind tibiae are bright orange, re-
mainder of legs bronze-black.
Exp. wings, 20 m. m.

2 $ Soda Springs, Shasta Co., Calif. (J. Behrens.)
One of these examples has the 4th, 5th and 6th abdominal
segments a pale buff instead of orange, but I think this an acci-
dental variation. I dedicate this exquisite species to my old
friend, Mr. James Behrens, who has done so much towards an in-
vestigation of the entomological fauna of California.

FAM. ZYG^NID^.

Lycomorpha rata. n. sp.

Allied to L. constans, Hy. Edw., but differing by the follow-
ing characters. The disc of the wing in the present species is
dull orange, with the costa black, widening a little towards the
apex, and joining the rather broad posterior marginal band.
Secondaries also broadly margined with black. Head, antennae,
thorax, legs and abdomen, above and below, blue-black. Collar,
patagia and sides of abdomen dull orange. Lower side of the
wings same as the upper.

In L. constans the costa of primaries is orange, as well as the
basal ^ of the wing ; the costa only of the secondaries is orange,
and the abdomen is wholly blue-black.

Exp. wings, 18 m. m.

Four examples. Arizona. (H. K. Morrison.) Coll. B.
Neumoegen.

Lycomorpha Latercula. n. sp.

Primaries brick red. Posterior margin broadly, internal
margin narrowly, and apical 3d of costa blue-black. Secondaries
blue-black, except the costal edge, which is brick-red. Under
side the same as the upper. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
wholly blue-black. Legs with a brownish shade.

Exp. wings, 20 m. m.

Three examples. Arizona. (H. K. Morrison.) Coll. B.
Neumoegen.

FAM. BOMBYCID^.

PSEUDOPSYCHE. n. genus.

Antennae plumose, the setae few, rather long, and bifurcate
at their tips. Thorax short and broad with the vestiture squa-

125

mose. Abdomen shorter than the hind wings, broad at the
base and becoming abruptly pointed. Fore wings much pro-
duced at the apex, wider than the hind pair, which are rounded
on the anal angle, and produ/:ed at the apex. Tibiee unarmed,
but clothed with rather long spreading hairs.

PSEUDOPSYCHE EXIGUA. n. sp.

Wholly brassy black, the scales of the primaries with some-
what metallic points.

Exp. wings, 13 m. m. Length of body, 4 m. m. 2 $ . San
Francisco Mts., Arizona:

A singular little insect, difficult to refer to any known fam-
ily. I believe, however, that I am right in placing it in the
Psychidcn, but this cannot be established until the 2 is known,
and some observations have been made upon its life-history.

Clisiocampa incurva. n. sp.

It is rather a hazardous experiment to describe a species of
this genus, without a knowledge of the preparatory stages, but
in the present form I find some characters, which, after a careful
comparison with the types of the described Pacific Coast species,
(all of which are contained in my collection,) entitle it, I believe,
to a specific rank. It is most nearly allied to C. erosa, Stretch, and
C. fragilis. Stretch, but differs abundantly from both. The
ground color of the $ is pale fawn color, of the ? , a darker
shade, inclining to a brownish tint. The basal space in both
sexes is paler than the rest of the wing. The strongest character
is afforded by the anterior line, which is curved, and starting from
costa about 4 m. m. along its edge from the base, turns below
in the middle, and passes quite into the base of the wing on
the internal margin. In all the other N. Amer. sp. there is a
space on the internal margin between the junction of this line
and the base of the wing, and I believe it is in the position and
shape of the two lines of the primaries that the best characters
for separating the species in the imago state may be found. The
outer band in the present form is more regular, bent a little out-
wardly in the middle, and in the ? slightly dentate, the anterior
band being without teeth in both sexes. In this respect it ap-
proaches C. fragilis, but in the Nevada species there is a space
between the junction of the anterior line, and the bas.e of the
wing, while the $, is totally different. (See " Papilio " Vol. I.,
p. 64). I have no doubt of the validity of C. incurva as a species,
but, where it is possible, the most careful attention should be
given to the species of this genus in their earlier stages.

Exp. wings, (5 28 m. m. ? 34 m. m.

I <^ I ? Arizona. (H. K. Morrison.) Coll. B. Neumoegen.

GEdemasia perangulata. n. sp.

Primaries greyish white, with a fawn-colored shade along the
internal margin, especially towards the base of the wing. The an-
terior lines are obsolete, the posterior is broken on the costa, but

126

its course may be traced by a series of imperfect streaks, nearly
to the posterior margin, thence about the middle of the wing it
forms a very acute angle to the centre of the internal margin and
is slightly dentate outwardly. There is a conspicuous discal mark,
some streaks near the apex of the costa, and others near the in-
ternal angle, blackish-brown, fringe fawn color. Secondaries, sor-
did white, with a blackish blotch on anal angle, and the fringes
and margin dusky. Beneath, the wings are sordid white, shading
into dusky on the costa, the primaries broadly so, and enclosing
some blackish streaks. Antennse fawn color. Thorax brownish
fawn color, mottled with darker shade, the collar brown-black.
Abdomen sordid white, shading into fawn-color at the base.
Legs fawn color, mottled with brownish.
Exp. wings, 38 m. m.

1 6 Colorado. Coll. Hy. Edwards.
COSSUS MUCIDUS. n. sp.

Size small. Primaries grayish-brown, mottled with darker
shades, the margins being broadly pale, and of a purer gray tint.
Reaching from the base to the cell on the costal half of the wing-
is a conspicuous whitish shade, the whole of the wing flecked
with greyish and brown atoms. Fringe alternately brown and
sordid white. Secondaries dusky white, mottled with brown.
Thorax and abdomen concolorous. Beneath, the primaries are
mottled with brown on a dusky ground, and the secondaries are
as on the upper side. Abdomen considerably longer than the
lower wings in both sexes. In the $ , there are indications of
brown rings at the junction of the segments.

Exp. wings, 5 36 m. m. $40 m. m.

Length of body, S 20 m. m. ? 25 m. m.

2 examples. Arizona. (H. K. Morrison.) Coll. B. Neumoegen.
EUCH^TES PUDENS. n. sp.

Closely allied to E. collaris, but considerably smaller. Clear
white, with the costa pale buff for about one-third of its length ;
the collar also buff, this color being by no means extended to the
thorax, as it is in E. collaris. Abdomen yellowish-white, with
the abdominal spots very small and indistinct, being reduced to
mere points. Fore legs only slightly stained with buff.

Exp. wings, 28 m. m.

I ^. S. W. Texas. (I Boll.) Coll. B. Neumoegen.

I have examined a large number of E. collaris, and compared
them with the present specimen. In all I find the costa yellow
almost to the apex, and the tegulae and upper half of the thorax
well marked with the same color, neither of which characters
obtains in the present form.

FAM. NOCTUIDvE.

Stibadium AUREOLUM. n. sp.

Smaller and more delicate than 5. spumosum. The anterior

127

two-thirds of primaries are pinkish-brown, with fleckings of whit-
ish scales. The t. p. Hne is whitish, bent in a sharp angle on
costa, thence oblique to internal margin. Behind this is an
oblique broad yellow stripe, with a golden sheen, edged poste-
riorly by a pinkish-brown sub-marginal band, the apex of the wing
being occupied by the yellow streak. Fringe brown, speckled
with white. Secondaries dull fawn color, palest at base, with an
indistinct median line. Fringe stone color. Beneath, the pri-
maries are dusky, the yellow oblique stripes of the upper side
being faintly shown. Costa with a golden sheen. Secondaries
wholly pale fawn color. Thorax and abdomen concolorous.

Exp. wings, 28 m. m. Length of body, 13 m. m.

Four examples. Prescott, Arizona. (I. Doll.) Coll. B.
Neumoegen.

Plusia scapularis. n. sp.

Primaries bright fawn color, with some golden shades near
the internal angle. From near the apex a bright chestnut-brown
shade extends to the internal margin, and a large blotch of the
same color rests on the middle of the internal margin, enclosing
the entire scapula-shaped silver spot, the dark shade not reach-
ing to the costa. The lines are very faintly indicated, the t. a.
being most apparent, and shown by a little darker shade than the
ground color of the wing. Secondaries fawn-color, with darker
shading outwardly. Under side of wings yellowish fawn color,
the primaries with dusky shade. Thorax and abdomen concol-
orous.

Exp. wings, 36 m. m. Three examples.

Washington Ten (H. K. Morrison.) Coll. Hy. Edwards
and B. Neumoegen.

Plusia accurata. n. sp.

Primaries with the ground color, pale fawn, with a large
chestnut-brown blotch in the disc of the wing, and another on the
posterior margin, giving it a mottled appearance. Basal half-line
and t. a. line both well marked, and shaded inwardly with chest-
nut-brown. The t. p. line is slightly bent on the costa, then
oblique to internal margin. Reniform and sub-reniform united,
and forming a bent whitish band reaching to costa, and enclosing
a bright chestnut-brown triangular blotch. Below the reni-
form is a large chestnut blotch, shading into fawn color on the
internal margin, and immediately behind the reniform is a pale
shade interrupted by the t. p. line. The sub-marginal line is dis-
tinct at the apex for about 3 m. m., then lost in a bright chest-
nut-brown cloud, reappearing in a dentated form near the inter-
nal angle. Marginal space chestnut-brown. Secondaries whit-
ish, shaded with pale brown. Fringe white. Lower side of pri-
maries pale fawn color, with the t. p. and sub-marginal lines faintly
indicated. Secondaries wholly dull white, with a brownish tinge.
Thorax and abdomen concolorous above and below.

128

Exp. wings, 33 m. m.

I 9. Arizona. (H.K.Morrison.) Coll. B. Neumoegen.

The absence of thoracic and abdominal tufts may place this
species in another genus than Phisia, but as its nearest generic
ally is unknown to me, I describe it provisionally here. In its
system of coloration it reminds us somewhat of P. consona of
Europe.

Lygranthoecia Constricta. n. sp.

Dark brown on primaries. On costa and internal margin a
distinct white double line, enclosing a space, so constricted and
interrupted in the middle of the wing, as to form a double trian-
gle, the bases of which rest on the costa and internal margin.
The spaces enclosed by these lines are rather paler than the gen-
eral color. Posterior margins broadly brownish grey. Seconda-
ries dusky with paler central shade, and dark discal spot. Be-
neath, wholly dusky, with paler shades, and discal spots distinctly
dark brown.

Exp. wings, 28 m. m. Length of body, 14 m. m.

1 5 N. Carolina. (H. K, Morrison.) Coll. B. Neumoegen.
ACOPA INCANA. n. sp.

Ground color cream white, the primaries covered with brown-
ish atoms, giving the surface a hoary appearance. There is in one
example a whitish streak along internal margin, and again near
the costa, but in another, these disappear, and the whole surface
is powdered with brown scales. At the end of the cell is a
cuneate brown mark, and the margins are also deep brown, with
the fringes white. The secondaries are pale dusky, with whitish
central shades, and a faint sublunate discal mark. Beneath the
wings are wholly sordid white, with dusky shades, and faint discal
marks.

2 ? Arizona. (I. Doll.) Coll. B. Neumoegen.
Exp. wings, 30 m. m. Length of body, 12 m. m.
EUBOLINA Meskei. n. sp.

Rich bluish brown, the primaries with numbers of small
bluish scales scattered over the surface ; the lines all strongly
marked and deeply dentated outwardly, the t. p. enclosing a large
whitish discal subovate patch, covering the reniform and subreni-
form spaces. The apical angle bears a bluish iridescent eye-like
mark, enclosed by a sinuate white line. There are also some
white triangular marks along the apical portion of the costa.
Secondaries ochreous brown, with darker sub-marginal waved
bands. A paler streak beyond the margin, and the fringe pale.
Thorax concolorous with the primaries, abdomen concolorous
with the secondaries. Beneath ochreous, with brown waved
lines, the margins darker brown. An ochreous crescent near
apex of primaries and some small ochreous patches along the
costa. The t. p. line is distinct, bent outwardly at the middle.
The reniform shows as a brown cloud. The lines on secondaries

129

are double, and in two series across the middle of the wing. The
margins are broadly clouded with brown, and there is an ochreous
streak on the apex, narrowing towards the centre of the wing.
Abdomen and thorax wholly ochreous.

Exp, wings, 32 m. m. Length of body, 18 m. m.

I S Texas. Coll. O. Meske, to whom I regardfully dedicate
the species.

This curious insect, in the ornamentation of the lower side,
reminds us of the Australian genus Praxis. Giien. Sp. Genrl.
Noctiielites. PL i^,fig. 10.

Synedoida CERVINA. n. sp.

Primaries fawn color, with a darker, slightly dentated median
line, and a second line on the costa, ceasing at the median ner-
vule. There are indications of a faint discal mark in the cell, and
some scattered brown scales, along the costal margin and at the
base of the wing. The posterior margin has eight black points,
and the fringe is brown and fawn color alternately. Secondaries
fawn-drab, paler than the primaries, darkest on the outer margin
Thorax and abdomen concolorous above and below.

Exp. wings, 37 m. m.

I ?. Arizona. (H. K. Morrison.) Coll. B. Neumoegen.

I am inclined to think that this species and 5. inepta, Hy.
Edw., may form the types of a new genus. They are aberrant
in their system of coloration, and the thorax and abdomen are
stouter and heavier than in S. scriipiilosa and allies.

FAM. DELTOIDS.

Antiblemma guttula. n. sp.

A singular species, darker in color than A. canalis, the gen-
eral shade being a dull chocolate brown. The lines are indistinct,
except the t. p. line, which is common to both wings, and is
slightly paler than the ground color, oblique, and near the apex,
bent in a very acute angle to the costa. The base of the prima-
ries is mottled with black. The reniform is very large and con-
spicuous, bluish-white, with a black ring. Behind the acute angle
of the t. p. line is a row of small black spots, edged with bluish-
white scales, becoming obsolete below the middle of the wing.
This broken maculate line appears also on the secondaries.
The apex of the costa bears four small pinkish-orange
patches, not visible without a lens. The marginal line on both
wings is slightly sinuate, cupreous, edged anteriorly with black.
Fringes coppery-brown. Discal spot of secondaries jet black.
Lower surface has the markings repeated more forcibly. The
costal margin is coppery throughout its length, and the discal
spot of the secondaries is edged with bluish-white scales. The
ground color is a little paler, and mottled with black scales, while

I30

the line on both wings is more distinct and deeply dentate
throughout its length.

Exp. wings, 30 m. m.

I $. Georgia. Coll. Hy. Edwards.

FAM. GEOMETRID^.

AZELINA ALBOMACULARIA. n. sp.

The smallest species of the genus yet known to me. The
space in front of the t. p. line is brownish-fawn color, thickly
sprinkled with black atoms ; the posterior marginal space, dull
cream color, with fewer black scales. T. a. line not reaching the
costa, black, shaded inwardly with white ; t. p. line also black,
double on its internal half, and shaded outwardly with white, the
space between, especially on the internal margin, darker than the
rest of the wing. Discal spot large, conspicuous, clear white.
Some small black crescents are on the extreme margin. Fringe
pale fawn color. Secondaries dull cream color, with a double
black, slightly dentate line at the anal angle, below which are
three small black crescents. Wings slightly speckled with black
scales, more especially along the abdominal margin. Thorax
bright fawn color, abdomen darker, both thickly speckled with
black. Beneath, the wings are wholly pale fawn color, a discal
spot and waved line on secondaries blackish, both wings thickly
speckled with black.

Exp. wings, 26 m. m.

2 S. Arizona. (H. K. Morrison). Coll. B. Neumoegen.

AZELINA Arizonaria. n. sp.

Ground color greyish-white, differing in this respect from any
form known to me. The lines, which are brown, are almost
straight, the t. a. being only slightly dentate near the internal
margin. The t. p. line is slightly serrate on its outer edge. The
space between these lines, as well as the basal portion of the
wing, is covered with brownish irrorations, and there is a brown-
ish cloud nearest to the internal angle. A whitish discal spot and
a pale dash along the median vein. Posterior portion of the wing
pale grey, fringe brownish. Margins only slightly serrate, the
deepest tooth being at the termination of the median vein. Sec-
ondaries with brownish, slightly waved, double band, terminating
at the anal angle in a brownish cloud. Dentation of the margins
deeper than in the primaries. Beneath wholly griseous, with
brown irrorations, the bands and discal spot of secondaries darker.
Abdomen and thorax concolorous above and below.

Exp. wings, 34 m. m. Length of body, 15 m. m.

I ? . Arizona. (I. Doll). Coll. B. Neumoegen,

NEW ARIZONIAN AND TEXAN MOTHS.

By a. R. Grote, a, M.

EUCH^TES ZONALIS. n. S.

? . Size large ; wings very dark lead color ; primaries with
the costa dark yellow ; internal margin not striped ; both wings
concolorous, the narrow fringes pale, whitish. Abdomen banded
with black and crimson, the latter broadest. Anal hairs whitish.
Front dark ; head reddish behind ; thorax with lateral stripes of
yellow in front ; disc and tegulae dark lead-color, immaculate.
Beneath dark lead color ; legs and body dark ; fringes white,
contrasting, as does the white anal tuft ; costa dark yellow as
above.

Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

EUCH^TES ViVIDA. n. S.

6 ? . Fore wings pale stone color, smooth, thinly scaled ;
costa and internal margin faintly striped with yellow ; hind wings
whitish. Abdomen crimson, unspotted; beneath pale gray ; fore
legs reddish at base. Tegulae narrowly edged with crimson ;
thorax pale gray.

South Western Texas. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Expanse 33 mil.

EUCH/ETES PERLEVIS. n. S.

?. Size small. Fore wings dark fuscous ; the hind wings
have a crimson patch on internal margin. Abdomen crimson.
Beneath lead color, the patch on hind wings repeated. Veins
marked. Wings thinly scaled. Abdomen unspotted; beneath
lead color ; thorax head and legs lead color.

Expanse 25 mil.

Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Hypopta Henrici. n. s.

^ ? . Size of Bertholdi, but with the wings much broken up
by white. The male, with feathered white-stemmed antennae, is
smallest and palest of the two sexes. Costa broadly striped
with silvery white ; with fine dark preapical costal dots. The
ground is brownish fuscous with an ochery shading ; hind
wings dark fuscous in female, pale in male, concolorous. On
fore wing the median vein is striped with silvery white ; a ter-
minal series of white block-shaped marks; vein i and internal
margin irregularly white ; fringes pale. Beneath, markings lost ;
fringes white, contrasting. Named for Mr. H. Edwards.

Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Tarache EXPOIJTA. n. s.

Fore wings with the costal field, above median vein, white,
traversed by the faint double yellowish lines in place of median
shade and t. p. line. Anal angle and fringe again forming a
white blotch, with the terminal line marked with pale yellow.
Else the wing is blackish, scintillant ; at the upper edge it shows,

132

about the middle of the wing, an olive stain. Shorter-winged
than T. angustipennis ; the hind wings stained with fuscous. Head
and collar white, thorax black.

Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Neumoegenia. n. g.

Form slender ; vestiture scaly ; clypeus rough, with a
superior arched ridge, infra-clypeal plate prominent ; wings very
wide, entire ; apex determinate ; external margin regularly
rounded ; labial palpi short; Legs slender and apparently un-
armed ; abdomen hardly exceeding secondaries, untufted. Allied
apparently to Acopa.

Neumoegenia Poetica. n. s.

White, Fringes white. A bright gold patch fills the rest of
the primary interrupted by a white patch at extremity of median
vein, and stretching along nervules. This golden field leaves the
internal margin narrowly white ; at base the field is edged out-
wardly obliquely by a dark reddish line. Hind wings pale smoky.
Body white ; thorax smoky behind. Beneath immaculate, pale
smoky.

Expanse 25 mil.

Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

EUSTROTIA PrOPERA. n. S.

Size very small. Looks like a GrapholitJia ; fore wings black-
ish to the t. p. line ; beyond reddish or carneous gray like the
pale tint in Apicosa. Reniform whitish. T. p. line black with
a rather prominent exsertion, opposite the cell ; the line is even.
Hind wings pale fuscous.

Expanse 15 mil.

Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Fenaria. n. genus.

Form like Chrysauge. Eyes naked ; clypeus with an em-
bossed protrusion ; labial palpi fringed ; third article small ;
tongue stout. Body linear; abdomen tufted at base. Fore wings
rounded externally, with rounded apices. Wings full and wide ;
primaries with noctuiform markings ; hind wings yellow, with
black border. ^

Fenaria Sevorsa. n. s.

Fore wings ferruginous brown with a white shade beyond the
cell, and a nebulous band behind t. p. line. Both stigmata paler
than wing, upright, subequal, ferruginous ringed. Subterminal
line dark, waved, regular and prominent ; terminal field narrow,
hoary. Fringes dark ferruginous. Ground color of primaries
blackish, overshaded with ferruginous. Hind wings dark yellow,
with an even black marginal band ; fringes black. Beneath
black, with a yellow oblique subterminal patch ; base yellow ;

133

hind wings as above ; the yellow is paler. Body and legs black-
ish.

Expanse 35 mil,

Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

I regret that I cannot describe the neuration of this unique ;
it is one of the highest forms of the sub-family Pyralididcz.

SOME NEW BEAUTIES FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF

ARIZONA.

By B. Neumoegen.

EUHALESIDOTA PURA. n. Sp.

B. Dark luteous. Antennae, head, collar, thorax, primaries
and abdomen concolorous. Antennae pectinated. A small, dark-
brown discal spot. Another small dark-brown spot between third
median and submedian nervules, near conjunction of the two.
Slight indications of brownish speckles. Interior margin dark-
brownish. Secondaries creamish white, with yellowish basal tuft
and brownish fringe of exterior margin. Beneath, primaries lute-
ous, but the space between median nervules and interior margin,
as well as the secondaries, creamish white, diaphanous.

Expanse, 1^ inches.

Length of body, y% inch.

$ resembles the $, but the discal spot and brownish speckles
on primaries more pronounced. Indications of two parallel,
transverse brownish lines from costa, near apex, to near the inner
angle of interior margin. Antennae slightly serrated.

Expanse, ly^ inches. Length of body, ^-^ inch.

Southeastern Arizona. Types Coll., B. Neumoegen.

This insect somewhat resembles H. insularis, H.-Sch. (which,
by the way, is a Eiihalesidotd) of Cuba, but can be at once distin-
guished from the same by the dark luteous color of primaries.

Halesidota mixta, n. sp.

? . Antennae, head, collar, patagiae and body ochraceous.
Antennae slightly serrated. Primaries ochraceous, with dark
brownish speckles in the shape of irregular rings. Some of these
speckles forming nearly two parallel transverse lines from costa,
near apex, down to interior margin. The speckles of anterior line
having an irregular triangular shape, whilst those of the anterior
line are irregularly reniform. All the nervules are darkish brown.

Secondaries creamish white, with ochraceous basal tuft and
diaphanous.

Beneath, primaries and secondaries creamish white. The
markings of speckles on primaries partly reproduced. Secon-
daries diaphanous.

Expanse, i^ inches. Length of body, '^^ inch.

Southeastern Arizona. Type Coll., B. Neumoegen.

134

ICHTHYURA INORNATA, n. sp.

$. Antennae brownish. Head, thorax and body gray.
Primaries gray. A suffusion of brown near costa, fading towards
median and discal nervures, leaving spaces of disc, interior margin
and base in gray. Three irregular, undulating, transverse lines
from costa to interior margin, the space between anterior and
middle line being largest, and between middle and interior lines,
near base, smallest. The interior and middle lines nearly paral-
lel. A separate line, starting from median nervure, where the
middle line intercepts it, running diagonally towards and con-
necting with anterior line, near interior margin, thus forming
a brownish space between costa and interior margin, much in the
shape of the Latin letter V. The space at the point of conjunc-
tion of anterior and separate diagonal line on interior margin,
blackish-brown. The discal spot in upper middle of the V, pro-
nounced and blackish-brown. All the transverse lines and diag-
onal line, whitish with brown margins ; the white accentuation of
anterior line near costa especially pronounced. An irregular,
transverse row of brown dots in space between anterior transverse
line and exterior margin.

Secondaries gray, somewhat fading towards exterior margin.
Indication of a transverse whitish line in the middle of anterior
down to inner margins.

Beneath, primaries brownish-gray. Indication of the trans-
verse lines, that of the anterior line plainly marked. Secondaries
gray, with indication of transverse line.

The $ resembles the $, only that the transverse row of
brown dots is darker and the dots more diffused, sometimes
forming streaks and connecting with anterior line.

Expanse, i^ inch. Length of body, ^ inch.

Southeastern Arizona. Types Coll., B. Neumoegen.

I have called this beautiful insect inornata, as it is readily dis-
tinguished from its relatives by its plain, unornamented thorax.

Cnethocampa Grisea. n. sp.

? Antennae, head and primaries dark blackish-gray. Thorax
pilose and dark gray. Antennae serrate. Diffused markings in
blackish on primaries. Three transverse, irregular undulating
lines, of whitish-gray color, from costa to interior margin, the in-
terior hne near base most pronounced. ' The margins of trans-
verse lines blackish-gray. Body dark gray.

Secondaries uniform dark gray with pronounced marginal
fringes.

Beneath primaries and secondaries uniform dark gray.

Expanse, i inch ; length of body, ^inch. Type Coll. B. Neu-
moegen.

The first representative, discovered in our country, of this
well-known European genus.

San Francisco Mountains, Northern Arizona.

135

Marmopteryx Seiferti. n. sp.

Head, thorax, body and primaries dark ochraceous, some-
what fading towards base of primaries. Marginal fringes brown-
ish. A triangularly-shaped coffee-colored blotch, covering the
space of apex and continuing as a small band along exterior mar-
gin, gradually diminishing at the junction of inner angle. A
large, coffee-colored diagonal discal blotch, shaped like an
irregular square, and running from costa to 2d median nervure.
At base of costa a small, coffee-colored streak.

Secondaries uniform ochraceous, fading towards base, fringes
brownish.

Beneath primaries ochraceous, the apical blotch and mar-
ginal band richly dressed with brown grains. Discal blotch suf-
fused, blackish, covering space between discal nervures and base,
and fading towards the latter.

Secondaries light ochraceous, richly dressed with innumera-
ble brown grains.

$ ? . Prescott, Arizona. Types Coll. B. Neumoegen. Ex-
panse, i^ inch. Length of body, ^ inch.

I take great pleasure in naming this handsome geometrid
after my good friend and ardent entomologist, Mr. Otto
Seifert.

Stiria Sulphurea. n. sp.

Head, collar and primaries of bright sulphur color. Pata-
giae covered with brownish dust. Fringes brownish, connected
with an irregular, oval shaped, brownish blotch, resting on middle
of exterior margin. A dark brown, small reniform spot on the
middle of interior margin. A small brown streak at base. A
faint brownish transverse undulating line from costa to junction
of reniform spot on interior margin. The space included in this
line covered with a few brownish dots.

Secondaries uniform grayish-brown with lighter fringes.

Beneath, primaries blackish-brown, fading into grayish-yel-
low near apex and exterior margin.

Secondaries uniform grayish-yellow.

$ ?. Expanse, i% inch. Length of body, % inch.

Prescott, Arizona. (L Doll.) Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Note.— The above descriptions were issued in the form of an " extra," on October yth,

136

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF DIURNAL LEPI-
DOPTERA TAKEN BY MR. H. K. MORRISON, AT
FORT GRANT AND IN GRAHAM MOUNTAINS,
ARIZONA, 1882.

By Wm. H. Edwards.

MelittEA Perse.

Male. — Expands I.I inch. Shape of M. Dj'mas,Edw . Upper
side yellow-fulvous with black lines ; both hind margins broadly-
bordered black, on which are sub-marginal fulvous spots, small
and irregular in shape on primaries, sub-crescent on secondaries ;
anterior to these a common series of sub-quadrate spots, and
another similar, elongated, the two separated by a black line on
primaries and partially on secondaries ; thence to bases of wings
fulvous with black reticulations ; fringes black, white at tips of
the nervules.

Under side of primaries fulvous, the black markings repeated
indistinctly ; costal edge white, along hind margin a narrow buff
belt, and next a series of yellow-white crescent spots. Seconda-
ries have a similar edging to margin, and a series of large yellow-
white crescents, next anterior to which is a series of spots, some-
times small and rounded, orange, on a whitish ground, sometimes
wholly orange ; above these a narrow buff belt, a black line and
a white band, bisected with black next costal margin ; thence to
base orange, with a white spot edged black in cell, a cross band
of four white spots, an orange band, a white band on shoulder,
the tip of the shoulder buff.

Body above fuscous, the abdomen on sides fulvous, beneath
both abdomen and thorax yellow-white ; legs fulvous, the femora
white on under side ; palpi fulvous, white at base ; antennae black
annulated white ; club black, ferruginous at tip, white beneath.

Female. — Expands 1.3 inch. Similar to the male, the fulvous
more diffused. Under side as in the male.

From 3 <5 3 ? . This species belongs to the same sub-group
with M. Dynias, Edw., the fore wings being elongated and nar-
now. Dynias was described from San Antonio, Texas.

Lemonias Ares.

Male. — Expands 1.3 inch. Upper side of primaries brown,
with a very faint reddish tinge beyond disk to margins ; of
secondaries fulvous over costal half of the wing, the remainder,
to inner margin, brown; primaries have an obsolescent mar-
ginal and extra-discal row of dark points ; a demi-row of black
spots from costa to second branch of median, at end of cell ; a
row of similar spots a little nearer base quite across the wing,
and three indistinct transverse rows from middle of cell to base.
Secondaries have a sub-marginal row of black points, an extra-
discal row of small spots, a demi-row on disk, and others nearer
base ; fringes of primaries brown, a little white in the median

137

interspaces ; of secondaries white, cut with brown at the ends of
the nervules.

Under side ferruginous, the apical and costal area of pri-
maries, and all of secondaries, dusted with whitish scales, giving
a gray surface ; rest of primaries fulvous ; the black spots on the
fulvous area repeated, but elsewhere either indistinct or wanting :
on secondaries a row of fine points crosses the disk, but faint ;
the black spots not repeated.

Female. — Expands 1.6 inch. Upper side as in male, the two
outer rows of spots on primaries distinct, the marginal being
rounded, and with a little fulvous on the outer side of each. On
the under side there is less gray, and the spots of both wings are
repeated, reduced.

From 2 (? I ? .

LemOnias Cleis.

Male. — Expands 1.6 inch. Upper side yellow or dead-leaf-
brown ; primaries have a sub-marginal row of indistinct dark
points ; an extra-discal row of crescent black spots ; a demi-row
at end of cell, forming a crenated line, on the basal side of
which the ground is suffused with black ; three rows between
middle of cell and base. Secondaries fulvous, over brown ground
on inner half the wing; near hind margin a row of small rounded
black spots, an extra-discal row of crenated black spots, a zigzag
row of crenated spots across disk, and other rows to base, much
as in primaries ; fringes dusky, with a little white in the median
interspaces and near apex ; of secondaries whitish, with brown
at the ends of the nervules.

Under side pale ferruginous, the spots indistinctly repeated
in faint brown marks and points, except in inner margin of pri-
maries, where they are black.

Female. — Same size. Upper side nearly as in the male, the
black area on costa of primaries more conspicuous. Under side
as in the male.

From I <? I ? .

These two species Ares and C/eis belong to a group hith-
erto unrepresented in our fauna, the fore wings being long and
pointed, more triangular in shape than the Mormo group.

Thecla Apama.

Male. — Expands about i.i inch. Allied to Dumetoruin Bd.
"but marked on under side like Castalis Edw.; tailless.

Upper side blackish-brown: primaries have an oval black
stigma ; fringes ashy-brown, near anal angle white next the
margin, the tip of the hairs brown, at the angle black.

Under side of primaries yellow-brown, washed with golden
green over apical area and on costal margin ; on the disk a trans-
verse row of small spots confluent from costa to second median
interspace : these spots are made up of slender black marks, edged
outside by white, inside by brown or russet. Secondaries have a

138

discal row of similar but separated spots, those on costal half of
wing crescent, the others serrated, the row somewhat irregular ;
at anal angle the margin is edged white over the black fringe.

Female. — Same size ; the disks russet.

Several examples of this species wee received. I had it
formerly also from the Wheeler Expedition.

Pamphila Deva. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. V. 292, 1876.

Male. — Expands 1.4 to 1.8 inch. Upper side dark brown,
with a bronze reflection ; primaries have three small semi-trans-
lucent white spots on costa near apex, a large rhomboidal spot at
end of cell, with an angular sinus on either side, a small spot at
origin of upper median interspace, and a large sub-rectangular
spot in second median interspace — these, with the cellular spot,
making a triangle ; secondaries immaculate ; fringes of primaries
brownish-cinereous, lightest next inner angle ; of secondaries,
whitish throughout.

Under side brown ; the apex, costal margin of primaries aud
all of secondaries dusted with gray scales ; the spots repeated ;
in addition, secondaries have a brown dash on middle of disk,
transverse, and within this a white streak.

The foregoing description is taken from one male, another
has the spots all small ; on under side of secondaries the brown
dash is without the white streak.

Female. — Expands about 2 inches. Same color and mark-
ings as the male on both sides ; the black dash is present, but
the white streak is wanting in all the examples under view.

From 2^4?.

Deva was originally described from a single female received
from the Wheeler Expedition 1875 or 1876, and up to the present
time this and another female taken by Mr, Neumoegen, in 1880,
have been the only representatives of the species known to me
in collections.

Pamphila Pittacus.

Male. — Expands 1.5 inch. Upper side pale brown, thickly
dusted with greenish-gray scales over whole surface ; both wings
have semi-transparent spots ; on primaries three sub-apical on
costa, three in oblique line across the median interspaces ; a
large spot at end of cell, rhomboidal or rectangular, constricted
across the middle. Secondaries have a straight transverse row
on middle of disk, four spots nearly confluent; fringes cinereous.

Under side brown ; apex and costa of primaries and all of
secondaries hoary with whitish scales ; the spots repeated ; a
whitish point near outer angle of secondaries, another near base
in same interspace, and a third in sub-median interspace near
base. These all obscure.

Female. — Same size. Upper side similar to the male ; on
secondaries in the example under view the band on secondaries

139

is wanting, except the outermost spot ; and on the under side
there is the same difference.

From 3 (^ I ? .

Pamphila Python,

Female. — Expands 1.6 inch. Upper side brown, thickly
dusted with yellow-fulvous scales ; primaries have three small
sub-apical spots on costa, a sub-rhomboidal spot at end of cell,
and three spots in oblique line ; all yellowish, semi-translucent.
Secondaries have two small yellow spots near outer angle, per-
pendicular to the margin ; fringes of primaries white, with brown
at the ends of the nervules, of secondaries white.

Under side brown ; secondaries covered with gray scales, and
primaries on apical area ; the spots of primaries repeated ; secon-
daries have two small white patches in sub-costal interspace, one
near origin, the other at outer angle, and a bent row of five small
white spots on the disk; there is also a small patch at origin of
sub-median interspace. From i?.

Pamphila Nereus. Ediv. ^ . Trans. A. E. Soc. 5, 207, 1876.

This species was described from a single male received from
the Wheeler Expedition, and taken in South Apache, Arizona.

Mr. Morrison sends me several fine examples. As there is
some variation from the description, and the present examples
are in perfect condition, while the insects collected by the
Wheeler Expedition never were in such condition, I reprint an
amended description.

Male. — Expands about i.i inch. Upper side dark brown
with a greenish gloss ; primaries have a transverse band of small
white spots, four of them on costal margin, in a line slightly
concave outwards ; the others form an oblique line with these
to middle of inner margin ; in some examples the band is broken
by the absence of the spot opposite cell ; fringes long, cinereous.

Under side of primaries dark brown on disk to inner margin
and base ; the apical area half way down hind margin, and the
costal margin thickly dusted with gray-yellow scales ; the spots
repeated. Secondaries entirely covered with gray-yellow ; a little
beyond the disk an irregular row of small indistinct whitish
spots nearly parallel to hind margin, and curving around outer
angle and along costal margin ; a spot in cell.

Female. — Same size. Upper side dark brown, the spots less
conspicuous than in the male. Under side as in the male.

Pholisora Alpheus. Edtv. Trans. A. E. Soc. 5, 186, 1876.

This species was described from two males taken in New
Mexico in 1875, and the presence of fresh examples causes me to
amend the description.

Male. — Expands from f.i to 1.2 inches. Upper side of pri-
maries gray-brown, of secondaries black brown ; primaries have
a series of black dashes in the interspaces beyond the disk
from costa to inner margin, and a second transverse row of in-

140

distinct black patches nearer base ; along hind margin are
rounded blackish spots, not well defined ; on costal margin two
or three sub-apical white dots, and another in lower median
interspace, not always present ; fringes of primaries brown with
a few white hairs at the ends of the nervules ; at the apex a clear
white space ; of secondaries wholly brown.

Under side dark brown, the apex and hind margin of prima-
ries and all of secondaries dusted with white scales ; the spots
repeated. Secondaries have an indistinct sub-marginal row of
small whitish patches, two or three similar patches across the
disk, and one in cell ; but in some examples all these marks are
nearly or quite wanting.

Female. — Same size. In general like the male, but at the
outer ends of the black dashes on primaries are whitish scales,
and on secondaries is an extra discal series of whitish patches,
small, and sometimes composed of a few scales only. On the
under side both wings have a sub-marginal series of whitish
points ; under the sub-apical white spots, is a white dot in each
of the median interspaces, and a white streak across end of cell
on secondaries.
From 4^2?.
Pholisora Ceos.

Male. — Expands 1.15 inch. Upper side black-brown, with a
few scattered whitish scales, an indistinct band, scarcely differing
from the ground, along hind margin of primaries, and a similar
one sub-marginal; two white dots on costa near apex; fringes
concolored. Under side nearly same shade as above, the white
dots sometimes repeated, sometimes not ; near anal angle of
secondaries two gray dots across sub-median interspace. Body
black-brown above; abdomen black beneath; thorax white; palpi
white, on upper side ferruginous, and the hairs between the eyes
and on back of head and front of thorax, all ferruginous ; antennae
black ; club black, gray beneath.

Female. — Same size. Precisely like the male, except that
there are three white dots on primaries instead of two in the
examples under view.

From 2 <^ ? . This species is readily distinguished by the
ferruginous covering to head and front of thorax.
EUDAMUS DORUS.

Secondaries much produced at anal angle.
Male.- — Expands 1.6 inch. Upper side dark brown, with
many whitish semi-transparent spots ; primaries have three small
sub-apical spots on costa, a dot just below these, towards hind
margin ; three large spots in the median and sub-median inter-
spaces, in a line parallel to hind margin ; a small spot near middle
of costa, a large patch under this, in cell, and a large sub-rectangu-
lar spot at origin of lower median interspace ; secondaries clothed
with long, daik-gray hairs, across disk a line of four whitish spots;

141

fringes of primaries dark cinereous, alternating with brown ; of
secondaries light cinereous, but next anal angle brown.

Under side brown, the inner margin of primaries yellowish ;
the spots repeated, enlarged, and more or less confluent on pri-
maries. On secondaries the spots are much dusted with brown
scales ; both wings much covered with whitish or bluish-white
scales, especially dense on apical area of primaries and over outer
limb of secondaries, but nearly as dense at base of these last ;
secondaries have two blackish transverse narrow bands, the outer
one in line with the spots, the other half way from this to base,
and the two are connected by a broad ligament of same color on
under side of cell ; near base three small brown patches.

Body above brown, underneath gray-brown ; legs brown, an-
nulated white ; palpi white with many gray hairs on upper part;
antennae black, annulated on under side with white ; club deep
ferruginous, white on under side.

Female. — Expands 1.7 inch. Like the male ; the spots rather
larger.

From 2^2?.

EuDAMUS Epigena. Butler. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 4, 493,
1870, Id. Lep. Exot., p. 65, pi. 25, fig. 6.

Male. — Expands about two inches. Upper side blackish-
brown, marked by nine small semi-transparent spots ; of these
three are sub-apical on costa ; three form an oblique line, to which
a fourth is at right angles, in sub-median interspace , two on
middle of costal margin ; fringes of primaries white at inner angle ;
dusky- white to apex, with brown at the tips of the nervules ; of
secondaries white, with a few short brown hairs at tips of the
nervules.

Under side of primaries brown, dusted with white narrowly
along hind margins ; the spots repeated ; secondaries dark brown,
crossed by two black bands, of irregular outlines ; the hind mar-
gin broadly bordered white, on which are brown reticulations.

Female. — Expands about 2.1 inch. Similar to the male. In
one example under view several of the spots are wanting.

From 3^3?.

I re-describe this species, as it is described and figured in
works not accessible to most American lepidopterists. I formerly
received a female of Epigena from Texas, through kindness of
Mr. Otto Meske, and it has remained an unique in my collection
till now.

EUDAMUS MOSCHUS.

Male. — Expands from 1.3 to 1.7 inch. Upper side very like
Hippalus. Edw. (Papilio, 2, 27). Glossy brown, with nine
whitish, semi-transparent spots on primaries, of which four are
sub-apical on costa, three across discoidal and median inter-
spaces, in an oblique line, one in cell and another above this ;
these spots are all small, and those in cell and lower median

142

interspace are much smaller than in Hippalus ; fringes of pri-
maries whity-brown, darker at the ends of the nervules ; of
secondaries white, except at outer angle; there as in primaries.

Under side of both wings brown, mottled with dashes about
apex of primaries, and crossed by two black bands, and a demi-
band on secondaries ; in some examples the disk and base of
secondaries is nearly as dark as the bands, and the margin is
gray, but usually the contrast is decided between the ground and
bands ; the spots of primaries repeated.

Body above dark brown, beneath thorax gray-brown ; abdo-
men same (in some cases light, with a dark ventral line) ; legs
yellow-brown ; palpi yellowish, with brown hairs ; antennae black
above, luteous beneath ; club black above, yellow beneath ; the tip
ferruginous.

Female. — Expands about 2 inches. Similar to the male.

From 6 (^ 6 ? .

Pyrrhopyga Araxes. Hezvitson. Descr. Hesp. 2, No. 3,
1867.

Male. — Expands about 2.1 inches. Upper side brown, dark
along both hind margins ; primaries have ten semi-translucent
yellow spots ; of these 3 form a curved row on costa near apex, and
a 4th is near these on basal side ; 3 make a band on the dis-
coidal and upper median interspaces, and 3 on end of cell and
interspaces below; secondaries immaculate; fringes alternately
black and white.

Under side of both wings yellow-ochre, except on outer half
of primaries and along the hind margin of secondaries ; the spots
repeated.

Body above brown, the rings of abdomen on sides, and the
entire under parts yellow ferruginous ; legs and palpi same ; an-
tennae black. The club brown on upper side. The rest ferru-
ginous.

Female. — Expands 2.3 inches. Similar to the male in all
respects.

From several (5 ? . I formerly received examples of this
species from the Wheeler Expedition, but it has been very rare in
collections of North American butterflies. It flies through Mex-
ico and South. The yellow under surface is a distinguishing
character.

Amblyscirtes Nanno.

Female. — Expands 1.3 inch. Upper side brown, thickly
dusted with fulvous scales over whole surface ; primaries have
three small white sub-apical spots on costa and an oblique line of
four small spots, the outermost opposite cell near hind margin,
or a little beyond disk ; on secondaries an obscure transverse row
of small yellowish spots ; fringes of primaries alternately white
and brown, of secondaries white.

Under side of both wings dark brown, a little dull fulvous on

cell and disk of primaries ; the surfaces, especially of secondaries,
much dusted with white ; the spots of primaries repeated, and in
addition a spot in cell ; secondaries have a curved row passing
from near base on costal margin entirely around both margins,
ending at sub-median nervule ; eight spots in all, small white,
also a spot in cell.
From I ? .

ON THE PTEROGOSTIC AND OTHER CHARACTERS
OF EUCATERVA.

By a. R. Grote.

The male antennae of Encaterva Variaria are bipectinate, the
long ciliated branches diminishing in length gradually to the
tips. The stem is mostly covered on the outside by white scales,
and the branches also are tipped with white scales. The sim-
ple female antennae are nearly all black; they show an interspers-
ing of white scales, especially towards the base. The male labial
palpi are curved, stretched forward beyond the front, marked
with black and white scales ; the long second joint is twice
banded with black and white, the third article is tipped with
white, the black base corresponding with the black spots on the
second article. The female palpi are shorter, projected
more straightly forwards. The terminal article is tipped with
black. What is singular is that in the individual, which I am
disposed to believe is the typical ? , the palpi appear really
shorter than in the specimen which I regard as the variety. The
eyes are naked, ocelli wanting, the clypeus broad and rather full.
The tongue is apparently rudimentary, as in three specimens
which I have carefully examined I find no appearance of it. I
have not broken off the palpi, however, which may conceal it.

I regard as the typical female the form in which the middle of
the primary is taken up by a deep black opaque shading, leaving
the costa and internal margin white.

The variety wants this black broad stripe and is immaculate
white, black dotted, and reminding us of Cate7iaria. This variety
I call Labesaria,

The abdomen, especially in the female, is somewhat clumsy
and vermiform. The scales are rather thinly laid on. The white
wings of the variety Labesaria are somewhat transparent. In
the male the front wings are thickly powdered with black over
the centre, and this black shading takes on vaguely the shape of
the black portion of the wing in the typical female. But the
most obvious difference between the sexes is the absence of the
two median lines of the male primaries above, in the two female
forms.

The examination of the entire forewings of the female typical

144

form shows that the tegument extends much beyond the costal
vein at the shoulder of the wing; the costa is a little depressed
at the middle. The cell is closed ; vein nine, a short furcation
out of eight. On the secondaries the cell is also closed and di-
vided centrally by a vein. There is a long, narrow auxiliary cell
in the forewings, from the apex of which ten is thrown off to
costa, and a little beyond this, towards the base of the wing, vein
eleven is thrown off from its upper edge to costa. A second
smaller cell is formed above the sub-costal vein, stretching to base
of wing, by a cross-vein from vein twelve. The neuration is not
very different from Dasyfidonia, and assists our classification
of this interesting moth among the FidonincE. The moth is
always remarkable from the unusually long, cylindrical, closely
scaled labial palpi, no less than for what seems an instance of
dimorphism in the female sex.

SOME ADDITIONAL NOTES ON ADELOCEPHALA
BICOLOR. HARRIS. WITH DESCRIPTION OF A
NEW VARIETY.

By H. S. Jewett, M. D., Dayton, Ohio.

ADELOCEPHALA BICOLOR. Harris.

Var. IMMACULATA. n. van

Size and shape same as A. bicolor. Color, ochre yellow. In
typical <^/c^/(9r the upper surface of the primaries and lower sur-
face of secondaries are sprinkled with small black dots. In this
variety these dots are entirely zvanting.

The oblique line and discal spot of primaries are marked, more
or less strongly, by pale red. The red of the upper surface of
secondaries and under surface of primaries is much paler than in
the typical insect, and covers only the anterior two-thirds of
upper surface of secondaries, the posterior one third being pale
ochre-yellow.

Thorax and abdomen are pale ochre-yellow above, inclining
to brown beneath.

About one per cent, of each brood are of this variety.

In my description of the larva of A. bicolor which appeared
in the March number of this journal, I stated that I had never
found the " silver horns " on any other segments than the fifth,
seventh, ninth and tenth. I have now to add that this year I
reared three larvae having these silver horns on every seg-
ment except the twelfth ; still, the imagines from these three
larvae did not differ from the ordinary form.

The moths vary very much in color and amount of orna-
mentation. Thus the ground color varies from pale ochre-yellow
through yellow-brown to reddish purple and purple-brown ; or

H5

the portion of the primaries anterior to the oblique line may be
ochre colored, while the portion posterior to that line is some
shade of red-brown or purple-brown. Again, the upper surface
of the primaries and under surface of secondaries may be entirely
free from black dots (as in van ijnmaculata), or these surfaces
may be very densely covered with the black dots, with every in-
tergtade between the two extremes. The oblique line across the
primaries is generally present, but may be entirely wanting.
Finally, the whole of the upper surface of the secondaries is gen-
erally red, though the red may be confined to the anterior two-
thirds of the wing, as in iimnacidata, with intergrades between
the extremes.

OBITUARY.

Charles Godrey Siewers, of Newport, Ky„ a well known
entomologist, and a Cor. Memb. of the N. Y. Entomological Club,
died on September 6, i8§2. He was a son of the Rev. Henry
Frederick Siewers, a missionary of the Moravian Church, and
was born on the island of Santa Cruz (or Saint Croix), in the
Danish West Indies. At the age of about five years he was sent
to Nazareth Hall, a Moravian Academy at Nazareth, in the State
of Pennsylvania, for his education, where he remained until the age
of fifteen, when he was apprenticed to E. W. Carpenter, a manufac-
turer of planes, etc., at Lancaster, Pa., to learn the trade. In 1837
he settled in Cincinnati, where he went into the manufacture of
saws and other tools. Being very fond of fruit culture, he re-
moved in 1858 from Cincinnati to a farm some four miles south
of Newport, Ky., near the Licking River, where he planted a
vineyard and fruit trees, to which he devoted all the time he
could spare. The grape culture proved unprofitable, and in 1872,
his health and strength failing, he retired from active business.
He spent much time during his last years in the study of ento-
mology, and contributed articles embracing the results of his in-
vestigations to periodicals devoted to his favorite science. In
him those who knew him well found a man of culture and refine-
ment, of bright and poetic thought and expression, of genial and
cheerful spirits, and of high moral worth.

146

BOOK NOTICES.

New Check List of N. Am. Moths, and Illustrated Essay on
THE NocTuiD^. By Aug. R. Grote.

Mr. Grote is well known not only in this country, but throughout the world,
as one of our hardest-working entomologists, and the labor that he accom-
plishes, even against the pressure of a poor state ot health, is absolutely sur-
prising. His " New Check List " is a model catalogue, and is perhaps the tru-
est evidence to be found of the vast knowledge of its author of the subject upon
which he treats. It embraces the whole of the known species of Heterocera
published up to August, 1882 (exclusive of the TineidcC), and includes Prof.
Fernald's late catalogue of the Tortricidas. The following are the number of the
species catalogued in each family: Sphingid^, 91 ; ^geriadse, iii ; Thyridas,
4 ; Zygaenidse, 57 ; Bombycidce, 375 ; Noctuidce, 1409 ; Geon.etridas, 403 ;
Pyralioce, 326; Tortricidce, 406. In his preface Mr. Grote says : -'The present
list of names ot described species of N. Am. Moths is as correct and complete
as I can make it in the present state of our knowledge of the families here in-
cluded ;" and it is not too much to add that the work is by far the most perfect
catalogue yet issued from the press wfth reference to American Lepidoptera.
It displays in an eminent degree Mr. Grote's knowledge of the groups to which
he has devoted most of his attention, and is a volume absolutely indispensable
to all who study the Heterocera of this country. To catalogue properly one of
the groups alluded to is no mean labor, and we do not hesitaie to say that no
ten entomologists in the U. S. could, without his aid, have accomplished the
work here performed by Mr. Grote alone. The " Check List " contains
seventy-three pages, including the preface, and is admirable in its "get up"
and general appearance. It is printed and published by the " Spectator Press
Company," New York.

The "Illustrated Essay" is a dainty book, in which the author treats his
subject in a half-scientific, half-gossipy strain, and thus renders it interesting
and instruciive to those who do not follow the hard road of technical study.
The " Structure and literature" ot the Noctuidse are treated in the first chapter,
a second is devoied to "Mr. Walker's types in the B. Museum," a third to
" Notes and descriptions of rare N. Am. Noctuidce," and the work is illustrated
by four exquis.tely colored plates by the Messrs. Mintern, of London, in which
forty-five species are figured. Mr. Grote's cliapter on a "Colony of Butter-
flies," originally published in the A^. A7?i. Naturalist, closes the volume, which
has been issued by Vrm Voorst, of London, and is a notable contribution to
N. Am. Entomological literature.

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

Femoral Tufts. It may interest the readers of "Papilio" to know
that from reading my paper on this subject Dr. Ehrich Haase, an assistant to
the Zoological Museum of Breslau, Germany, has undertaken the patholog^ical
study of these appendages. He has requested the sending of such species of Cat-
ocalce as I have captured this season, after an examination of which we shall
have an opportunity of availing ourselves of the observations of this en?.inent
pathologist. This season I have examined fresh specimens of Catocala and
find the tufts in the males of all the larger species. I have not been able to
detect them in Catocala grytiea. C, praeclara. C, gracilis and its varieties.
James S. Bailey, M. D.

Fans on the feet of catocaline moths. I have found these fans
abundantly displayd on specimens of Parthenos nubilis captured by me during
the summer, and have also detected them on Catocala desperata and Catocala
amatrix, in all cases only upon the $ sex. Hy. Edwards.

H7

Napthaline Cones. As a defense against destructive insects, I can
bear ample testimony to the value of tliese cones. Last year I suffered greatly
from the depredations of the well known small red ant, the bodies of freshly
caught Lepidoptera beint; eaten entirely away, and great damage done to the
wings, by the scales being bitten off by these pests. This year, in each of my
store boxes, I have placed one of the Naphthaline cones, and though the ants
have been as abundant as ever, I have not lost a single insect, out of nearly
3000 specimens. I des'ra also to say that I do not observe the sinallest trace
of " grease " arising from the use of the cones. Hy. Edwards.

Callarctia ORNATA. Packard. I find after careful investigation, that this
form, which has long been a puzzle to entomologists, is only one of the innum-
erable varities oi Arciza achaia, G. & R. and tnat it is the same as the No. i
of my notes on th's species, (" Papilio," vol. 2. p. 91.) I have a specimen
from Buite Co. Cal., which fits the description exactly, even to the median
outer spot being divided by the pale median nervules. I believe that at the
time Dr. Packard made his description, that of A. achaia had not been pub-
lished. ' R. H. Stretch. San Francisco.

Larv^ of Sphingid.e. The newly-hatched larvas of several of the
Sphingida: appearing on the Anipclopsis qnuiquefolia and grape, in June
and July, are very easily distinguished, even as they emerge frotn the egg.
Thyreus abbottii appears earliest, in 1881 about June ist, in 1882 near the
20th. The larvJE are cylindrical, of a unilorm light blue-green with a powdery
bloom, body finely striated transversely. Stigmatae indistinct. Anal horn erect,
black, yellow at the base, long and very slender. Ainphio7i nessus,ixox^ one
to two weeks later; is cylindrical except a slight enlargement of the third
and fourth segments, increasing at every moult. Body pale yellow-green, with
two light, longitudinal, subdorsal lines, straight from the head to the eleventh
segment, thence curving to the anal horn, which is short, black, ochrish or red-
brown at the base, taoering abruptly, and often carried in a line with the
back. Philampslus achemon, which should arrive with the close of June, this
year comes in July's second week. The larva is cylindrical, of a pale apple-
green, with a distinct yellowish line formed by folds of the skin, dividing the
sej^ments, and li^hr, perfectly straight subdorsal lines. With this comes P.
pandortf!, the larvs very similar in early stages. Both species change after
two or three moults, to rich dark wine-color, straw-color shading to Vandyke
brown, or other beautiful colors. A P. achemon, bred from the t.gg,, at second
moult became a clear, light cherry-color, growing brighter for several days.
Julia E. Sanders, Davenport, Iowa.

. Probable difference in two broods of Drasteria erechthea.
Several \ears ago, while examining specimens of this species, I found that the
first brood of the moths captured in New England in May and June were
smaller than the August brood. Seven specimens of the spring brood of the
ordinary gray tint had fore wings .65 inch in length ; the ochreous variety,
.67 inch.' On the ether hand, the average length of the fore wing of the August
specimens is .82 inch. If this difference betweeij the two broods is found
to be permanent, it might be attributed ta-th^fact that the smaller size of
the spring brood is due to the autumnal brood of larvae feeding in late
summer and early autumn on less juicy and nutritious food than the mid-
summer caterpillars, the young of the August brood of moths, when larvae
feed on fresh, green clover. It will be remembered that, according to Mr.
William Saunders, the food plant of the common moth is the clover.
Having received a considerable number of this species from upper Califor-
nia and Oregon, I have found that they are uniformly much larger than East-
ern examples. The normal gray form has fore wings .84 inch in length,
while those of the ochreous variety measure .95 inch. It thus appears that
the Pacific coast specimens are much larger than Atlantic coast examples, and

148

that the same distinrtions in size obtain between the common gray and the
ochreous term. We have noticed this species in our Monograph of Geometric
Moths, p. 587, as an example of the law of increase in size westward and
southward of species common to both sides of our continent. (See p. 5S9).
A. S. Packard, Jr.

Phycid.^ of the United States. Mens. E. L. Ragonot, of Paris, is
devot'ng considerable attention to the study of this difficult group, and invites the
co-optration ot collectors in this country. M. Ragonot is already assisted by the
loan of the collections of Zeller, Staudinger, Sn^iilen, Druce, Moore and Lord
Walsingham, and has therefore abundant material on hand for a monograph
of this little-known family. I shall be happy to forward specimens to M.
Ragonot from any of the subscribers to Papilio, due credit beine^ given for
the same. Hy. Edwards.

Species of Pyralid^ Omitted from the New Check List. — The
following names, 1 liiid, have been accidentally omitted in the PyralidcE. For
their detection I am indebted to my kind friend. Prof. C. H. Fernald, who is
good enough to write me : " I have just been through my Pyralids and arranged
thein according to your ' New List,' which the more I work with the belter I
like it. You have omitted the names below :

(Page 52.)

Fabatana, Walk.

20"^ Oviplagalis, Walk.

Anthoecioides, G. & R.

Chvdonopiekon, Riley.

22^ Tacomse, Riley.

(Page 55-)

Ambesa, Grote.

248)^ Laetella. Grote."

A. R. Grote.

ParnassiuS Thor. Hy. Edw. — Having recently had an opportunity of
examining the ? of P. Eversinannz. Men. 1 have no hesitation in referring
P. Thor to this species, though the size and intensity of the red spots, and the
much smaller expanse of wing, perhaps, entitle it to be considered as a variety.
The svnonomy should stand : P. EvcrsmaiDii. Men. Siberia. Var. P. Thor
?. Hy. Edw. Alaska. Hy. Edwards.

A Young Lepidopterist. — The following note from a young lady, twelve
years of age, is deemed worthy of publication : " Dear Mr. Edwards : The
moths of Eugonia alntaria are now coming out in numbers, the species being
common on Staten Island. 1 thought this might interest the readers of
• Papilio.' — Yours affec, Anna Grote, Oct. 10."

PAPILIO.

Prgan ot tl^e few Jork f ntomological piub.

Vol. II.] Nov.-Dec, 1882. [Nos. 9 and 10.

r>OXJBLE ]VXJ3XBEia.

Note. — It was impossible to issue the November number in proper time, so that the articles
which would have composed it are given with the December number, making the same amount of
pages.

ON PAPILIO MACHAON L., AND ITS N. AMERICAN
REPRESENTATIVES—; PAPILIO RUTULUS. BVD.— ;
AND PARNASSIUS. BEING PORTION OF A PRE-
LIMINARY REPORT ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF
Wi^SHINGTON TERRITORY.

By Dr. H. A. Hagen.

As far as I know all insects, hitherto described, from Washing-
ton Territory were collected west of the Cascade Mountains. The
larger portion of this Territory east of the Cascade Mountains,
north of the Columbia River, to the frontier of Idaho, has never
been visited by entomologists, except perhaps the southeastern
belt of the Wallula Valley. The climate of the country east of
the Cascade Mountains is very different from that west of them,
the latter being similar to the climate of California. The coun-
try east of the Cascade Mountains consists to a large extent of the
basin of the Columbia River, with immense sage-brush deserts, and
here falls the least amount of rain through the U. Sts. At right
and left mountains, with a rich vegetation of forests and large
fertile valleys, ascend to the Cascades, and the Rocky Moun-
tains. It is one of the few parts in the U. Sts. not yet examined
by entomologists, and the good chance to collect here was offered
by the N. Transcontinental Survey, under the direction of Prof.
R. Pumpelly. The collection of butterflies made by Mr. S. Hen-
shaw and \Mr. R. H. Stretch is large, and contains interesting
species, which may justify a preliminary report.

The preparation and spreading of the butterflies has only been

commenced, so that but imperfect notes can be given, but as the
collection of the Cambridge Museum, contains a large number
of species, determined by the best authorities, the notes based
upon a careful comparison of the Washington Territory species
with those in the collection may be acceptable.

The specimens were collected from June 24 to July 27, from
Umatilla to Spokane Falls. Some were taken near the Falls and
at Umatilla, on the Oregon side of the Columbia River, where
Mr. Morrison collected for a few days. After July 27 some were
collected in Western Montana. In Washington Territory we
crossed the desert opposite Umatilla, and followed the Yakima
River and the valleys on the right side to the fork in the Cascade
Mountains, returning via Ehensburgh, and through the desert
to Ainsworth and Spokane.

Papilionid^.

P. ZOLICAON AND P. OrEGOXIUS,

The large number of specimens of both sexes (74) approves
the statement that both species cannot be separated. Half of
them were collected June 24, 25, at Umatilla, on the Oregon side
of the Columbia River; the other half in Washington Territory,
just opposite Umatilla, June 26. One old and torn specimen
July 18, at Lone Tree Camp, near the Yakima River. Some
collected at Spokane are in the collection of Mr. Ricksecker. The
main part of the specimens belongs to Pap. oregonius. The typ-
ical P. Zolicaon is only represented by half a dozen specimens
flying promiscuously with the others.

The true P. Zo/icaon is to he recognized — I — by the black spot
in the anal rufous spot entirely isolated above and below; II — by
the cell of the primaries on the under side wholly black , III — by
the abdomen being black, with only a yellow side stripe ; IV — by
smaller size (of W. H. Edwards). Concerning the black isolated
spot (I.) I find among the Californian specimens in the collection
one female with a continuation of the spot on the under side to
the black stripe which edges the inner margin. Mr. W, H. Ed-
wards has figured pi. 6 f. 4 exactly the same for the female of P.
Zolicaon, without mentioning it in the description. The speci-
mens from Washington Territory have the spot either isolated or
connected below. Some specimens of the true P. oregonius pos-
sess isolated black spots, sometimes only in one wing. There are
before me all intermediate forms of a spot entirely isolated, or
partly or wholly connected with the black stripe of the edge.
Concerning the cell of the primaries (II.) some P. oregonius with a
connected spot and a yellow abdomen have the cell partly or even
entirely black as P. Zolicaon ; on the contrary, some P. Zolicaon
(with a largely black abdomen) have the cell yellow as P. ore-
gonius. The color of the abdomen (HI.) is, indeed, largely black
in P. Zolicaon ; but sometimes true P. oregoniiis (with the spot

connected with the inner margin, and a yellowish cell of the pri-
maries) have the abdomen as largely black.

The size is very variable. P. oregonius male expands from
80 to 98 mm. {s}4.-3}i inch); the female from 100 to no mm.
(4-4^ inch). P. Zolicaon, male, from 78 to 86 mm.; female 92
to 94 mm. (100 mm., W. H. Edwards). The tail of the wings
varies in length from 5 to 9 mm.; in breadth from i to 2^ and
sometimes to 3 mm.; its form is very variable, strongly spathulated
or rounded or pointed at the tip.

In Yakima Valley, July 5th, Mr. Henshaw found a full grown
caterpillar feeding on wild parsnip, Mr. Stretch one on sage.
The first one escaped by accident, but Mr. Stretch managed by
ingenious contrivances to educate the imago, which proved to be
P. oregonius. The caterpillar is very similar to that of P. inachaon
in form, color and pattern. As I am very well acquainted with
the latter, I remarked directly a difference. The first transversal
black band behind the head has a large gap in the middle, perhaps
as large as the remaining part of the band, on each side. P.
inachaon has never this band interrupted, at least not in the
specimens before me ; nor find I mentioned such an interruption
in any description or figure of the caterpillar ; also not in Mr.
Stretch's figure and description of P. Zolicaon, published by Mr. W.
H. Edwards, and not in his description of P. oregonius, "Papilio,"
II., p. 120, The chrysalis agrees with that of P. Zolicaon. Mr.
Stretch has made a colored sketch of the caterpillar. The chrysa-
lis skin is before me.

After all, there is no doubt that P. oregonius is merely a
variety of P. Zolicaon, mostly larger in size, more yellow, the
black spot connected with the black interior anal band, which is
somewhat dilated on tip, the black bands of the abdomen nar-
rower.

P. oregonius (not oregonia, as Mr. Edwards writes), was very
common on both sides of the Columbia River at Umatilla, June
24th to 26th ; at The Dalles, June 23d, it was not observed, though
eagerly looked for. It was not seen June 30th at Lone Tree on
the Yakima River, but on returning to the same place July i8th,
one old specimen was collected ; probably P. oregonius had there
appeared and disappeared in the time between those days.

At the mouth of the Natches river, at a higher elevation,
July 4, the full-grown larva was still found, therefore the imago
would not appear there before the end of July. The specimen
raised by Mr. Stretch appeared July 25.

When P. oregonius was observed at Umatilla we all believed
it to be P. inachaon, the more so as Mr. W. H. Edwards had just
published (" Papilio," p. 74) the capture of a specimen by Mr.
H. Edwards at The Dalles, where we had looked for this species
without success. A careful comparison of Mr. W. H. Edwards'
paper with the materials at hand has given the following result.

152

The material consists for the European species, twelve specimens
(Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Alsace) especially selected for
the collection out of a very large number and representing all
varieties in size, color and pattern, which I was able to observe;
and one P. hospiton. The material for the Asiatic species (from
East India, Amballa, Koolloo, Himalaya, about 6000' high, Jal-
loree-pass, Himalaya, more than 10,000' high) thirty specimens
especially selected out of about 500 specimens as representing all
varieties. I possess only one male from Tokio, Japan. Finally
a couple collected by Mr. Chas. Wright at Owaska, Kamschatka,
probably fr. Wilkes' Exp.

Exp. alar.

European spec, male, 72 to 88 mm., female 82 to 92 mm.

Asiatic spec, male, 72 to 96 mm.; female 78 to 96 mm.

Kamschatka spec, male, ^2 mm.; female 84 mm.

The tail of the hind wings.

European spec, length 5^ to 9 mm.; breadth i to 13^ mm.

Asiatic spec, length 5 to 10 mm.; breadth i to i^ mm.

Kamschatka spec, length 5 mm.; breadth i mm.

The main average of the size of P. machaon is smaller than in
P. 07'cgoniiLS and similar to P. Zolicaon, though there exist males
of P. oregonius of the same size of P. machaon. The tail of P.
oregonius is mostly broader, but not longer.

The description of the var. ASIATICA Menetries quoted by
Mr. W. H. Edwards stated " the submarginal border of the
hind wings to be very broad, with the inner edge straight,
and reaching nearly the end of the cell." In my Asiatic
specimens this border is broad 4 to 7 mm., and in the Euro-
pean specimens 4 to 6 mm. The inner edge of the border
of the Asiatic is mostly less concave than in the European ones,
and exceptionally nearly straight ; others show the same curve
as the European ones. In specimens from Switzerland the inner
edge of the border goes as near to the cell as commonly in the
Asiatic ones ; and other Asiatic specimens show the cell even
more distant from the border as commonly as the European ones.
The final note by Menetries, "the marginal border of the Hima-
layan specimens is very much larger," belongs, apparently, to a
comparison with those of Kamschatka, as the words before the
N. B., " de r Himalaya et Kamschatka," prove. Indeed the lat-
ter have the marginal border of the male 2^ mm. broad, of
the female 4 mm. As the specimens from Himalaya and from
Kamschatka mentioned by Mr. W. H. Edwards were communi-
cated to him out of the collection of the museum, m}' remarks
cover the same specimens.

The remark by Mr. Felder (Wien. Z. B. Gcs , IV., p. 363, Mr.
Edwards quotes the pamphlet edition, p. 75) " var. asiatica dis-
crepans alis adhuc brevioribus posticisque in regione anali magis
productis," is refuted by the measures given above. Mr. W. H.

• 153

Edwards quotes *' the hind wings are shorter," which would be a
contradiction.

I am not able to concur with Mr. W. H. Edwards that the
name, asiatica Men., does not apply to the prevailing type in
Southern Asia; Men. specimen was only a little more exaggerated.
Mr. Kollar, in Huegel's Kaschmir, vol. IV, p. 406, saw some speci-
mens from Himalaya, " different from P. macJiaon from Vienna,
Austria, by darker yellow (this is true for the Koolloo specimens,
but those from Jalloree-pass are bright yellow, just as the Euro-
pean ones), a little broader marginal bands, the black nervures in
the yellow fields broader, more similar to the local varieties of
Southern Europe and Dalmatia."

De Haan (Papil. nederl. overz. bezit. p. 42) says, "/*. macJiaon
is also found in Japan, without difference in colors ; but the hairs
on the end of the abdomen and on the inner border of the hind
wings are longer and cover a part of the middle cell, which is not
the case in the specimens from Netherlands." This is true for
Himalaya specimens before me, but I have some European ones
with equally long hairs. One male of P. luachaon from Tokio,
Japan, is before me. The hairs are as described by De Haan ;
the yellow color is as bright as in the European specimens ; the
blue spots in the band of the hind wings are larger and brighter.
The submarginal series of yellow spots along the margin of the
front wings is large and orbicular, the first and the last spot are
ovoid. The European specimens have those spots as half moons,
sometimes in crescent-shape. The external border of the spots
offers a straight but interrupted line. The Himalayan specimens
have these spots partly as in the European ones, partly orbicular
as the Japan specimen, or more or less rounded, sometimes very
small and largely distant. The Kamschatka specimens have the
spots similar to the European ones. Meigen has figured a variety
from Europe with all the spots connected, forminga band. There
is to be found in the Tijdschr. v. Ent., 1852, vol I., p. 129, a re-
markable paper by Mr. Ver Huell, with a colored plate of P.
inachaon, caterpillar, chrysalis and imago, which I find nowhere
used or even quoted. The late brother of Mr. Ver Huell had
raised (as he believed) an imago from a caterpillar before the last
moult, being in the third stage. The editor believes this state-
ment to be erroneous, " as nearly all caterpillars had changed
after the last moult from black to green." The editor tried to
repeat the observations of his brother by collecting a number of
not full-grown caterpillars and providing them with a satisfactory
quantity of food. Nevertheless some of them were black when
transforming into chrysalis. As he supposed, they had main-
tained the black color after the fourth moult. From one-third of
these chrysalis were raised two imagos, somewhat crippled but
enough developed to show the identity with the specimen raised
by his brother, which is figured. Besides the very small size (the

154 •

figure shows a dwarf expanding 55 mm.) "the black bands and
spots are larger; the orange spots on the under side of the hind
wings are rarely seen in a well-developed imago." Ver Huell
declared this imago to be P. sphyrus Huebn.

The collection of the museum has a similar dwarf from
Switzerland (length of upper wing 30 mm., in Ver Huell's figure
only 28 mm.); but Ver Huell's description does not mention two
very important characters represented in the figure ; the basal
half of the cell on the under side of the primaries is black and
their sub-marginal band suddenly diminished before reaching
the costal-margin. The statement of the rare appearance of the
orange spots in the imago is not true, after the specimens before
me.

The same volume of the Tidschr has a paper by Mr. M. C.
Verloren, " Observations sur le P. inathaon^' p. 90-108, which
has been also entirely overlooked. The paper is the first, as far
as I know, in which the influence of the cold temperature on the
colors is acknowedged. Mr. Verloren observed many varieties in
the coloration of the caterpillars ; the black caterpillar is the most
remarkable one. The black color replaces the green main color
entirely ; only some faint dorsal lines and some irregular
green spots on the sides are left. The black variety belongs to
the spring generation of the imago, at the beginning of the fall
being rare, it becomes later dominant. The imago belonged to
P. spJiynis. The paper contains besides many interesting obser-
vations not used by later Lepidopterologists.

I have never seen P. sphyrus (figured by Huebner, I, 155, p.
77^-77^-) from Europe. Huebner's figure represents, indeed, a ■
real viacJiaon, in size and colors exactly like the var. asiatica from
the Himalaya.

Mr. Dutreux, Stett. E. Zeit., XV., p. 320, in his abridged trans-
lation of Ghiliani's paper on P. hospiton states, that P. sphyrus is on
the whole similar to P. hospiton; the blue band above the orange
spot is just as in P. viacJiaon and not separated from the orange
by a black border as in P. hospiton. I have only one specimen of
P. hospiton before me, and I agree that it is a very exaggerated
variety of P. viachaon. Nevertheless, there exist more promi-
nent differences, except the one quoted by Ghiliani between P.
hospiton and P. machaon. The tails are excessively short, 2 mm.;
the black band of the hind wings is much larger, covering nearly
the outer half of the wing and reaching very nearly the cell.
Nevertheless, the nervures in the basal yellow half are consider-
ably less black than in the primaries and even less than com-
monly in P. macJiaon ; the hairs of the abdomen and of the anal
border of the hind wings are longer and more numerous ; the
under side of all wings differs even more, the basal part of the
cell of the primaries is black ; the marginal black band of all wings
shew between every two nervures a black elliptical curve, and the

155

band of the under wings lacks on its internal margin the black
bands ; instead of them the small blue spots are internally sur-
rounded by a very small b'ack elliptical curve, at some distance
from the inner margin of the band.

Zeller, in Isis, 1847, P- 216-2 [9, speaks at some length on P.
sphyrus and P. Jwspiton. P. sphyrus he puts with a ? as the spring
form of P. machaon (Freyer, New Britr., I, p. 139, says; "P. sphyrus,
Hueb., is simply a P. machaon,'') pilosior abdominis dorso late
nigro, alarum anteriorum venis dilatis, omnium fascia postica
latiore. He concludes with acknowledging the very considerable
variation of P. machaon in color, pilosity, size, shape and in the
length of the tail.

Concerning P. hospiton, Zeller discusses in detail the figures
and description of Herrich-Schaeffer, pi. 53, f. 249-250, p. 140.
(They agree exactly with the specimen in the collection of the
museum.) Zeller mentions specimens collected near Messina,
Sicily, and concludes, finally, that the only difference of import-
ance is represented in the black line separating the red spot in
the angle of the hind wing from the blue lunule above the spot.
But, he continues, the shape of the red spot (a crescent by
Herrich-Schaeffer, and transversal ovoid in the museum's speci-
men) is variable in P. macJiaon and entirely- wanting in the variety
from Hamburg, figured in Freyer, New Britr., I pi., 74. This
variety is even more remarkable as the figure of the under wing
has on the under side a small red crescent divided from the blue
spot by a large black band just as in P. hospiton ; the basal half
of the cell of the primaries is black, except a small paler spot
near the base, just as in P. sphyhus. Zeller does not mention
these two differences.*

The only description of the caterpillar of P. hospiton by Mr.
Boisduval, Index p. 1-3, is short, "green with black, whitish and
red punctated, with aborted spinules ; living on Ferula covi-
inunis. " Mr. Zeller objects against the spinules, but Mr. Verloren,
1. c, p. 95, says: " Before the fourth moult the caterpillar pos-
sesses short spines, which disappear nearly entirely after the
fourth moult. In the black variety these spines remain more ap-
parent than in the green caterpillars." Besides that Mr. Boisdu-
val has not stated that his caterpillar was full-grown, Verlorens
remarks cover the case.

Dr. J. Delaharpe, Contribut. a la Faune d Sicile, Lausanne,
i860, p. 33, describes as intermediate form between P. machaon
and hospiton a large female from Sicily. The primaries are as in
P. machaon, the underwings and abdomen similar to P. hospiton.

Mr. Bellier de Chavignerie, Am. Soc. Ent Fr., i860, p. 674

* In P. Zolicaon the red spot in the angle of the hind wing is always separated from the blue lunule
above it by a black line ; but I find in some P. oregonius the indication of a black line, beginning from
he outside to separate the red spot on the underside of the wings ; even some of the var, asiatica show
he same, but more faint.

156

says : All P. inachaon from Sicily belong to P. spJiyrus, but the
spring form is darker and intermediate of P. Diachaon and P.hospiton.

I have given, as I believe, before ample and satisfactory
proof concerning the variation in color of P. machaon 2ind its most
extreme forms, P. hospiton, P. sphyrus and P. asiaticus. It should
be remarked that Dr. J. Delaharpe, 1. c, p. i-6, gives, i860, very de-
tailed and interesting examination of the causes which produce
a change of color in butterflies and caterpillars. His paper has
never been used in the literature concerning this question.

But not only the imago shows a large variation in color by
P. macJiaon. The caterpillar and the chrysalis differ also consid-
erably. Concerning the caterpillar, all stages, except the second,
are well figured by Sepp. F. I., G. I., pi. 3.

The full-grown black variety, by Ernst T., I., pi. 34, f. 68,
b. ; by Freyer, 1. c, pi. 74, the first stage and the full-grown black
variety ; by Ver Huell, 1. c, pi. 7, f i, the full-grown black vari-
ety. The full-grown green caterpillar is everywhere figured,
sometimes together with the first form, Huebner Gesch. Schmett,
pi. 47 and 49 with the chrysalis. Also De Geer gives good de-
scriptions of the previous stages of the caterpillar. It is stated
that the black variety gives imagos alike P. sphyrus!^

There are commonly two forms of the chrysalis, one green,
the other gray, which forms do not belong to the different sexes.

There are numerous communications in the Ann. Soc. Ent.,
Fr., about the two forms, after 1868. Mr. Fettig had contended
that the color of the chrysalis changes conforming to the attach-
ment on green or dark objects. Mr. Fallou, ibid Proc. 1871, p.
54, proves, by experiment, that this is not the case. The same
author and Mr. Mabile, 1. c, 1872, Proc. p. 55, state the same dif-
ference in the chrysalids of P. Jiospiton. A figure of the chrysa-
lis of the black variety of the caterpillar is given by Mr. Ver
Huell, 1. c, pi. 7., f. 2.

Having tried to state the hitherto known limits in which P.
inachaon of the old world can vary, I arrive to the knotty ques-
tion of the American P. machaon. Of the specimens quoted by
Mr. W. H. Edwards (" Papilio," I, p. 75), I have only seen the
type of /^. (^/zrt5/^(7, Scudder. I had the benefit to compare this
type, together with the specimen of P. Zolicaon with which the
author had compared it. A comparison with the Asiatic form was
in 1869 entirely impossible for the author, as then no specimen
existed in American collections, and only very few in Europe.
The type of P. aliaska expand 80 mm.; and is identical with P.
oregonius. The tails are very short, a little less than 5 mm. long.
Among the differences noted by Mr. Edwards, the first one is
remarkable, the hind margins of the fore wings are convex in all
specimens seen by him. This is exactly the case in P. aliaska

* Dr. Weisman Stadien, vol. II., pi. 2, f. 36, figures the sixth segment of the caterpillar of P. hos-
piton (app.-irently black var.), P. mac/mon, P. Zolicaon.

157

Among the large number of P. oregonius very few have this
border straight, and only one a little convex. Among P. Zoli-
caon one from Mendocino and one from Washington Territory
have the margin as convex as P. aliaska. Among the Asiatic
specimens those from Kamschatka and two from Koolloo, Hima-
laya, have the margin convex, several others only a straight mar-
gin. Among the European specimens before me some have
a straight margin, none a convex one. But the two varieties
quoted before as figured by Ver Huell and Freyer have a convex
margin. I think if even all Hudson's Bay and Aliaska specimens
should possess a convex margin, this can only be considered to
be a local variation. Messrs. Scudder and Edwards do not men-
tion the shortness of the tail ; after all, my measures show its
extreme variability.

The second difference noted by Mr. Edwards, that the black
parts are more intensely colored and less dusted by yellow scales,
and the nervules very considerably edged with black, is not true
for P. aliaska. The large material before me proves this state-
ment for the Himalayan specimens, and even for some European
ones to be incorrect.

I have given considerable attention to another difference ;
the black sub-marginal band of the primaries between the yellow
part and the row of yellow spots near the margin. Mr. Scudder
has used the same character for the band on the upper side of
the wing. I speak here only about the same band on the under-
side of the wing. It is very rarely entirely black, mostly more or
less dusted with yellow scales in the middle of each cell. I find
it entirely black in one P. Zolicaon from California, and three P.
oregonia from Washington Territory. Mostly the yellow dust in
the cells is connected to form a narrow or larger yellow middle
line. Finally the band becomes yellowish-gray, bordered on both
sides by a black line, the internal one broader. Near the anal
margin the end of the band remains mostly black ; near the costal
margin the large marginal cell connected with the band is entirely
black, or in part, or entirely yellow, with a broad black border on
its basal end. The sub-marginal band is equally broad through-
out or narrowed in approaching the costal margin. In the latter
case two different ways are followed ; or the inner margin of the
band is straight to the tip and only gently sloping to the external
margin, forming a more or less pointed band, or the two last cells
have the internal black border removed more outwardly, so that
those cells are similar to the steps of a stair. There exist inter-
mediate forms where the internal margin of the second cell is
oblique and connected at its base with the margin of the third
cell so that this part of the band is sloping.

P. machaon from Europe has this band mostly straight, only
the first cell narrower, broad 4 mm., first cell 2 mm., or broad 3
mm., first cell 2 mm. Some specimens from Austria, Alsace.

158

and Switzerland belong to the intermediate form. The speci-
mens from the Himalaya have the band as the European ones
(sometimes larger, 6 to 4 mm., 4 to 3 mm.); a number belongs to
the intermediate form (3 to ijA mm.) and a few to the sloping
forms (4 to i^ mm.). The Japan specimen has the European
form, but the black borders of each cell are curvated instead of
being straight. In P. hospiton the curvation is much more exag-
gerated. The couple from Kamschatka have very narrow slop-
ing bands (3^ to i mm., 2)^ to i mm ).

P. Zolicaon and P. oregonhis have mostly sloping bands (4 to i
mm., or even 6 to i mm.). But there are specimens of both
species of the intermediate form and even of the European form;
to the latter one belongs, P. aliaska (4 to 2 mm.).

Therefore the band is generally straight in the European
specimens ; of the intermediate form in the Asiatic specimens,
sloping in the American specimens. But everywhere specimens
exist ranging exactly or nearly so with those of the other parts
of the world. Besides the breadth of the band is equally vari-
able in all those parts. Nevertheless the mostly sloping form of
the band is about the principal character for the American speci-
mens of P. Zolicaon and P. oregonius.

De Haan (in Verh. over de Naturl. Gesch. von Nederl. overz.
Bez. Zool. Lepid. p. 42., pi. 5, f. 2) published and figured a
a variety of P. viachaon female of much larger size exp. 4^ inch
(115 mm.) ; on the primaries the basal band less sharply cut and
on the costal margin more nebulous, as is also the band along the
margin of the under wings, which passes over the tip of the cell.
Tails twice as long as usually ; on the underside the four spots
along the costal margin' nearly yellow ; on the under wings the
middle band darker blackish, with sky-blue spots in the middle,
internally cut in curves, externally ending in a yellowish color.
Collected at Nangasaki, Japan, by Siebold.

Mr. Felder (in Wien. Z. B. Gesell., XIV, p. 314 and 362, No.
:20i) has made of this variety after two females from Japan his
species P. hippocrates. This description, though somewhat diffi-
.cult to understand, difTers not from De Haan's, but he adds that
the front wings are shorter, the hind wings longer, the blue moon
.above the red anal spot well separated from it.

The collection of the Cambridge museum possesses- seveial
-males and females of this species from Kanagawa, Japan, col-
lected by Mr. Gulick. After a comparison of those with a female
from the Columbia River, Oregon, Mr. W. H. Edwards described
P. hippocrates var. oregonia (in Trans. Amer. Ent. S., vol. V, p.
208). " It bears much the same relation to P. hippocrates as P.
aliaska bears to P. inachaon. With some exceptions it agrees
well with females of P. hippocrates." Mr. W. H. Edwards (in
the Butterfl. of N. A., vol. II., part IX) describes the specimen
as P. oregonia and gives the differences from P. hippocrates.

159

The three males from Kanagawa exp. 95 to 105 mm.; two
females 105 to 112 mm.; the tail is 9 to 13 mm. long.

The females differ, indeed, more from P. niacJiaon and P.
oregoniiis than the other varieties. The yellow on the upper side
is paler, more whitish, and of considerably less extent ; the black
ends more nebulous ; the under side has more yellow, the black
nearly disappearing ; the blue moon above the red anal spot is
separated by a strong black band. Of the three males one ap-
proaches in the color of the upper side more the females, but the
two others are similar to P. oregonius, except that the yellow middle
band of the primaries is narrower, the black band of the under
wings larger, covering the end of the cell ; the blue moon well
separated by a black line. The tail of one male is not longer
than in P. oregoniiis. The under side differs principally in the
primaries where the black in the cell along the costal margin and
along the nervures has disappeared. The black sub-marginal
band is sloping, its internal margin waved (just as in the
form from Tokio). The large black band at the apex of the cell
is on the under side of all wings and in one female on the upper
side, divided by a faint yellow line, which is more perspicuous on
the Tokio specimen. The black band of the hind wings has the
inner border straight or nearly so, reaching the end of the cell or
not reaching it.

Mr. H. Pryer (in Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1882, p. 486), on
certain temperature forms of Japanese butterflies, says of P.
macJiaon, " The difference between the temperature forms is
very striking. March specimens are about 2y2 to 2^ inch in ex-
panse and very pale colored, the summer forms expanding over
five inches and are very dark, handsome insects. No alteration
takes place in the markings, the colors being intensified only."

I think there can be no further doubt about P. hippocrates
being only a marked and large variety of P. macliaon. It is inter-
esting to state that the colors and pattern of P. hospiton are about
intermediate between the Tokio form and P. hippocrates.

Prof. A. Pagenstecher (in Verh. Heidelberg Nat. Medic.
Ver., 1874, N. Serie. Heft I, p. 22, separ.), Ueber den ursprung
einiger Europ. Schmetterlinge, speaks at some length about P.
hippocrates. He has seen only the summer form, which he be-
lieves to be different from P. machaon and proposes for it the name
P. micado, because he has not seen intermediate specimens" nor was
he able to compare De Haan'swork. He gives a full description.
This paper has not been used by N. Amer. Lepidopterologists,
though it treats at some length nearly all N. Amer. Papilios, and is
very interesting, as he arrives to the final conclusion that the Euro-
pean forms are derived from the American ones. It treats at con-
siderable length P. asterias and its related forms.

Can the separation of the American species be maintained }
I answer boldly, no ! After the examination of a hitherto unpar-

I DO

alleled series of specimens, showing EVERYWHERE INTERMEDIATE
FORMS, they should be considered as local or climatic varieties of
one and the same species of P. macJiaon. I was very near sup-
posing that P. zolicaon may be a spring form, as it is said
for P. sphyrus in Europe. But though I consider the last state-
ment as proved, for the American species double breeding has
first to be proved. It seems more probable to consider P. ore-
gonius as a climatic form, occurring in a region where nearly no
rain falls through the summer, where the heat is excessive (we
had only two weeks below 90'-' and more than a week above lOO*'),
and which is, in fact, a sage-brush desert on basaltic soil. There
is a gap still to be filled ; the careful and exhaustive examination
of the genital appendages of the male. The pattern is the same
in P. viadiaon and P. oregonius, but there are differences in the
finishing of the detail — as it is always in varieties or races. The
parts are very complicated and satisfactory description should be
given by specialists.

Mr. Pryer, 1. c, p. 489, has now united eleven, perhaps twelve
species of Terias as belonging to one and the same species, and
remarks in conclusion, p. 491, that neither size, shape nor color
can be relied on as guides for specific distinction and that temper-
ature has a great evolutionary effect in the character of the in-
sects. I believe that a revision of the N. Amer. Butterflies on
this basis is a want. It is probable that P. brevicauda, Bairdii,
Iiidra, Pergamus and probably Aniericus belong all to P. asterias.

The Ny7nphalid(S, Satyridce and LycoeiiidcB will certainly
not stay behind in similar reductions.

PAPILIO RUTULUS.

We collected at Yakima City, W. T., on milkweed, July i
and 2, 4 males and 4 females of P. rutuliis, and before a dead
chrysalis at Portland, Or., Exp. male 96-104 mm. ; fem. 104-
iio mm. Length of tails 10-14 mm. The form of the tails is
very variable. They are simply sloping from 3 mm. at the base
to a little more than i mm. ; or J^ mm. broad, a little larger on
the rounded tip, or twice as large on tip ; or broader 2^ mm.,
and decidedly spathulated on the 4 mm. broad tip.

I have before me in the collection of the museum 10 speci-
mens, 6 from California, one of them with the locality San Fran-
cisco, and 4 collected by Mr. Garman on the way from Gr. Salt
Lake, Utah, to Ft. Bridger, Wy., on an elevation to 7000 feet,
in July and August, male and fem. Exp. 90 to 104 mm., tail 8
to 12 mm. long, or sloping, or of equal breadth, rounded on tip
or spathulated.

Concerning the literature about P. rutiilus^ nothing exists
but the original description by Boisduval and Lucas, both 1852,

i6i

and the translation of the first by Rev. Morris. Mr. Felder
(Wien. F. B. Ger., 1864, p. 361) says: By the shape of the wings
easily to be distinguished from P. tiirnus. The female looks
— primo intuitu — very similar to P. daunus. Mr, Mead
(Wheeler's Exped., 1875, T. V., p. 741, says: Closely allied to P.
turnus ; the only constant distinction seems to be that the sub-
marginal ray (of yellow spots) on the underside of the primaries
{secondaries Edzv., is probably a misprint) is continuous ; in P.
turnus it is broken up in distinct spots, S. Utah ; Colorado in
June. Mr. Strecker (Lepid. 1877, P- 128) describes dwarfish spec-
imens Exp. 70 mm. from Arizona as van or ab. No figure of
P. rutulus is known to me.

Mr. Boisduval says : P. rntuhis differs from P. turnus in that
the upperside of the secondaries have not the fulvous crescent
on the internal angle, and the underside has not the fulvous
crescent in the border, nor the sagittate spots between the border
and discoidal cellule of P. turnus (Ann. Soc. Ent. Tr., 1852, p.
280, and Morris Lep. N. A., p. 4). Mr. Lucas says: P. rutulus,
though very similar to P. tiLruus differs by very marked char-
acters. The black margin of all wings is always darker and in-
ternally less sinuated ; the five bands of the wings are deeper
blackish, broader, principally the basal one, and internally less
dentated. The series of marginal spots on the secondaries has
only five crescents, sometimes only four, one of them fulvous ;
the yellow submarginal spots on the underside of the primaries
form a continuous band ; on the secondaries the fulvous marks
in the centre of the submarginal spots are wanting.*

The characters admitted as proving the difference between
P. rutulus and P. turnus are :

I. The submarginal ray of yellow spots on the underside of
the primaries forming a continuous band (W. H. Edwards ;
Lucas).

IL The lack of the fulvous crescent on the upperside of the
secondaries at the internal angle (Boisduval ; Lucas).

in. The lack of the fulvous marks and the sagittate fulvous
spots on the underside of the secondaries (Boisduval ; Lucas).

IV. The margin of the wings and the five bands are broader
and of a deeper black (Lucas).

It is very obvious that none of those differences are of de-
cided importance. The examination of the constancy of those
characters gives the following result :

Concerning I. and III., all 18 specimens before me agree in
showing the characters mentioned here. Concerning IL, lO
specimens $ ? have no spot at all on the internal angle of the
secondaries; 8 spec. $ $ have a small yellow spot, or only a few

* Dr. Behr. Stett. Ent Z.,i866, p. 216, says: P. eurymedon^ t w/w/xjand onen.sp. can be perhaps
o nly local var. of P. iur/ais but ibid. i863, p. 300, he says : P. rutulus is surely different from P.
urnus.

l62

yellow scales, or a spot more or less elongated to 3 mm. All
specimens show on the same place on the underside of the wings
a large yellow spot. Concerning IV. the marginal band of the
upper wings is mostly 7 mm. of 2 spec. 9 mm. The second and
third band near the costal margin are 5 to 7 mm. broad. The
statement of Mr, Lucas that the bands and the margins are of
deeper black, and the margins internally less sinuated in P.
riitulus does not agree with the specimens of both species in my
hands.

There are before me 23 /wrw-wi- males, females and zh.P.glaucns
from the most different localities of the U. St. (Me., Mass., N.
Y., Md., La.,. Miss., Ky., Tex.), and one yellow female from
Owaska, Kamschatka. They were chosen out of a very large
number to represent all varieties in the collection. The size is
very different, the smallest one from S. E. Kentucky has the
size and characters of pi. 5 of i W. H. Edw., representing the
arctic form. A female ab. glaucus from the same locality meas-
ures only 82 mm. The largest male and fem. from Dallas, Tex.,
measure 125 mm., also pretty near 5 inches, more than Mr. Ed-
ward's maximum. The length and form of the tail is very vari-
able from 10 to 15 mm., decidedly spathulated or not at all. A
male from Osage, Miss., has a tail only 10 mm. long, but the
spathula 4 mm. broad. Comparing the differences quoted for P.
riitulus with P. hiriius, we find as follows :

L The sub-marginal ray of yellow spots on the under side of
the primaries of/*, tjirnus consists commonly of a series of sepa-
rated spots of semi-circular or semi-oval shape, the convex side
internally. Sometimes these spots are connected and form a
band more or less waved internally, as the female from Kam-
schatka. A male from Lutherville, Md., and one from Kentucky
have a straight, sloping band, only the two last spots near the
hind margin separated. A male from Norway, Me., the same
band, only the last spot separated, just in the same manner as
some P. rutjilus. The yellow female from Lutherville, Md., has
the ray as commonly in P. tiLrnits.

II. The fulvous spot at the internal angle is never wanting;
the females possess a very large round spot ; the males have a
very small spot 2 to i mm. long, fulvous or red (yellow and more
linear in P. rutului). I have males from Texas of P. turnus'^x'Oix
a very small yellow spot, only interiorly with a few fulvous
scales ; but a male from Osage has linear yellow spot 3 mm.
long, just as some P. rutulus.

III. The fulvous marks and the sagittate spots are wanting
in two males from Osage, Miss., and from Massachusetts. In-
deed, there is a faint indication of fulvous scales in the cell above
the eyespot of the anal angle, but I find similar indications by
some P. riitiiliis. A female from Osage, Miss., has the fulvous
marks and spots as commonly.

i63

IV. The black bands and margins show no palpable difference.
Considering these statements, there exist no character belonging
exclusively to one of these two species, except that the females
possess always a very large fulvous spot on the internal angle of
the secondaries in P. tiirnus, but never observed in P. rutulus;
besides that of the first species, black aberrations of the female
occur frequently in the Southern and Middle States.

The caterpillar of P. rutuhts is not yet known. The differ-
ences of the chrysalis from those of P. eurymcdon are given by
Mr. H. Edwards. Dr. Behr, 1. c, 1868, p. 300, says the caterpillar
of P. riitidiis lives on fruit trees.

There is, I believe, no doubt that P. riitulus has to be con-
sidered as a Western form of P. titrniis as long as no other differ-
ences are known to exist. I am more in doubt or better not able
now to give a decided opinion about P. Dminus, as the material in
the museum is not sufficient. It consists of seven specimens in very
poor condition. The interior tail is broken. There were two large
males collected on the same place with P. riittilus and flying promis-
cuously, July 3, at Yakima City and one smaller, very poor, at
Spokane Falls, July 22. The large predominant yellow field with
narrow and widely-separated black lines is, indeed, very striking.
In the collection are three rubbed specimens collected together
with P. rutuhis by Mr. Garman, between Great Salt Lake and Ft.
Bridger, at 7000' about elevation. There were more than a
dozen, but merely fragments, not worthy of being preserved.
At the same time, July and August, and in the same place,
Mr. Garman collected P. eurymedon. One P. dainms from Ari-
zona is also before me. Of course, it is well-known that different
species live together at the same place and time, but in examining
nearer my specimens I am entirely at loss to find characters which
can be considered to be good ones to separate P. daiums from
P. rutulus. The internal tail of P. rutuhis is never longer than in
P. turuus ; say i to 2 mm. About the tail of P. daunus I can say
nothing, as it is wanting in all my specimens. All other differ-
ences consist in a larger or smaller development of the main color
and the pattern without decisive influence. PZntomologists with
a larger and more satisfactory material at hand will have to give
satisfactory characters to separate the two species. But I sup-
pose this will be a difficult task, if not an impossible one. I do
not know P. piluninus.

I cannot speak with certainty about the relations of P.
euryjnedoii, as I have only five specimens from the Gulf of Georgia
in a somewhat tolerable condition before me. It may be only
stated that two specimens collected by Mr. Garman, together
with P. rutulus and P. daunus will be very difficult to separate
from P, eurymedon, and have been, indeed, united with this
species by experienced Lepidopterologists, who visited the
museum. Both specimens are in very bad condition.

164

I possess the chrysalis of P. ttirnus, ruttihis, dmuius, but there
is no possibiUty to ascertain differences of value after the com-
parison of one or two specimens.

A gap is also for those species that the appendages of the
genitals are unknown. This gap can only be filled in a manner
to allow scientific conclusions when the appendages of P. turnus
are studied in many specimens, to begin with fresh or living ones.
Only after the extreme limits of variation for one species are
known, a scientific comparison with those of the other species will
be possible and will give reliable results.

PARNASSIUS.

Mr. Stretch collected one female July 23, in Colville Valley,
W. T,, between Little Spokane and Loon Lake where granite first
appears. A second specimen was seen. Exp. 65 mm. The
whole body below, the front and the thorax above and the ex-
treme base of the primaries were thickly covered with intensely
yellow hairs. The veins of the wings on the under side were
yellow, and also the membrane when the insect was fresh had a
decidedly yellow tinge. Species known with yellow hairs are
P. Eversvianni and its female {^P. tJior, as I am informed by Mr.
H. Edwards) and P. Nomion, Fischer. A detailed comparison
of the figures and descriptions of P. Eversmanni do not allow to
bring the female to this species. P. Nomion is much larger, but,
indeed, the marks and the pattern of the wings are very similar.
I have no female van Suiinthciis before me agreeing with the
female from Washington Territory. The excellent figures of Mr.
W. H. Edwards do not contain one exactly alike, pi. 2, f. 2, seems
to be the nearest to it. Mr. W. H. Edwards speaks of partial
covering of the body with dirty yellow hairs by P. smintheus, and
as the pouch differs not notably from this species, it will be con-
sidered better as an exaggerated variety of P. smintheus.

Later, in W. Montana, August 7, I saw not far from the stage-
coach, before New Chicago, some specimens flying, with the ap-
pearance of larger males of P. smintJieus.

NOTES ON ORGYIA LEUCOSTIGMA.

By N. Coleman, Berlin, Conn.

A few notes on the various changes observed during the
growth of the larvae of Orgyvia leucostigma, Smith, may not be
uninteresting to the readers of " Papilio."

My attention was first directed to these changes in the sum-
mer of 1877, by finding some larva; differing in color from Harris'
description of this species. Harris describes the larvae as "of a
bright yellow color, sparingly clothed with fine yellow hairs on
^he sides of the body, and having four short and thick brush-like

i65

yellowish tufts on the back, etc.," and with coral red retractile
warts just back of these tufts. I need not give his full descrip-
tion, but only add that he said the caterpillars are found on rose
bushes, apple and other trees and shrubs in July and August.
Not knowing whether these belonged to a new species or to some
variety, I watched for some eggs in order to experiment a little.
I found some on an apple tree finally, and put them in a box, so
that I could watch them from the time of their hatching. The
eggs hatched out May 8, 1878. The larvae were very dark-colored,
head almost black, and showed some of the distinctive character-
istics of this genus. They became lighter-colored after moulting.
Nothing peculiar otherwise was noticed till June 14, when some
of them moulted, and came out with wJiite tufts on the back.
Some of them pupated June 18, some June 19, but as they kept
under the leaves during the latter part of their feeding, some
might have retained the yellow tufts to the last, but some pupated
while having the tufts white. My other duties prevented my
watching them as closely as I desired, and I cannot say positively
as to the number of times they moulted, but think it was five.

July 3 some moths made their appearance, both male and
female, and as I wished for more fertile eggs to experiment
further, I left them in the box. July 16 these eggs hatched, and
the caterpillars obtained did not differ from those above referred
to. Up to August 7 they had all lost the yellow tufts, except
one, and that I put in a box by itself to see if sex had anything
to do with the differences in color. One pupated August 14, and
others the next day and the day following. August 15 the larva
put by itself came out with white tufts, and pupated the 20th.

September 2 I found some of these caterpillars with yellow
tufts on a rose bush and put them by themselves. By the next
morning one of them had pupated and the others moulted during
the day and gave me an opportunity to witness the operation.
The caterpillar fastened its tail to the box cover, and in a short
time the portion of the skin covering the head separated from
the rest, and was soon detached by the head being curved under
the body and rubbed on the box cover. The remainder split
along the under side, and the caterpillar working its body back
and forth, and from side to side, soon freed itself and came out
with white tufts in place of the yellow ones it had previous to
moulting. It seemed very much exhausted after the process.
Some of the larvse referred to August 7 changed back to yellow,
and pupated in that coudition, coming out September 5. The
one that pupated August 20 produced a female. Of the brood
now under consideration about one male to every five females was
produced, but in the earlier brood the proportion of males was
larger. Nothing had been proved thus far as to whether sex had
anything to do with the color of the tufts or other changes in the
color, though at one time I thought I should be able to prove

i66

that the larvae which pupated with the tufts white would produce
females.

I observed one change in some that pupated September 20
that I had not noticed before, Just before they underwent this
change the stripes of yellow hairs along the sides became nearly
white, but with a greenish tinge. September 10 and 13 I found
Orgyia larvse on pear, as also on apple trees, with white as
well as yellow tufts, and one in which the yellow stripes had be-
come greenish-white. The caterpillars found September 2 all
produced females. There was a difference in size as well as
in markings among the males obtained, some being larger than
others ; some with no light spot on the wings, and some much
lighter-colored than others.

I found the larvse still feeding on apple trees as late as Octo-
ber 8. A pupa found October 4 was full of eggs, showing that
the eggs develop pretty soon after the caterpillar goes into the
pupa state.

In November I put some eggs in a box to be ready for further
experiment. May 19, 1879, these eggs hatched and the little cat-
erpillars had blackish heads but with a tinge of red underneath.
A cluster of eggs from which I expected to obtain Orgyia an-
tiqiia did not hatch. The larvae of O. leucostigma were found
feeding in orchards by May 20. Of those hatched in the box
some had lost their yellow tufts by June 3, and I observed that
those with white tufts had darker-colored bodies than the others.
I again separated the white tufted ones from the others, but soon
found both colors in the boxes, but the white ones had their heads
as well as the warts on their backs orange-colored. June 6 I ob-
served the most singular feature of all thus far noticed. One of
the caterpillars had all the hairs on the back of a beautiful velvety
black.

The Orgyia that hatched May 19 pupated June 17, and pro-
duced the imago June 29, showing quite a variation in the time
these caterpillars remain in the pupa state. Some came out males,
some females, showing that sex could not be determined by the,
color of the tufts.

June 22 the larva with the black tufts came out white, and
the 23d it changed again to yellow. It pupated the 30th, and in
due time produced a female.

September 6 I found several fawn-colored Orgyia on a hazel
bush, but did not succeed in rearing them. The tufts on the back
were darker-colored than the rest of the hairs. After all my ob-
servations, I have nearly come to the conclusion that O. leucos-
tigma and O. antiqiia are only forms of the same species. I know
not positively, and shall make farther observations the coming
summer. I have learned that it is not safe to draw hasty conclu-
sions if I have learned nothing- else.

167
PREPARATORY STAGES OF CATOCALA CARA, GUEN.

^ By G. H. French, Carbondale, 111.

Egg. — Diameter .04 of an inch. In shape nearly globular, or
a little flattened at the base ; fronn this base to the middle the
side is regularly curved. The top is a little depressed and con-
tains a little button ; from the middle to this depression the
slope is straight instead of curved. Color olive brown, more
greenish at first, with white striae, below the middle these are
equidistant, but above the middle they are in pairs, the base with-
out striae. Duration of this period 182 days.

Young Larva. — Length .15 inch, width .01 inch, width of
head about .015 inch. Legs .12. Head and joint i, rather pale
reddish brown, shining ; ocelli dark brown, joints 2 to 5 black-
ish brown, pale between the last two joints. Joint 6 is paler
reddish brown than the head, the rest of the joints about the
shade of the head except that the top of joint 7 is a little darker
than the rest. The color on the joints from 6 to 12 is composed
of four reddish-brown lines to each side, or eight in all, on a paler
ground, the place of the dorsal line being pale. All the legs are
whitish. There are small hairs over the body, apparently from
the piliferous spots. Duration of this period 3 days.

After 1st Moult. — Length .20 inch. Ground color of body
pale whitish-green, uniform throughout, the eight longitudinal
stripes extending the whole length. Feet brown ; tho first two
pairs of prolegs showing as points about one-fourth the length of
the others. Duration of this period 7 days.

After 2d Moult. — Length .33 inch. Color very dark brown
or almost black, dorsal line whitish, one-fourth the width of the
body in the middle, but narrower at the extremities, darker in the
middle of joints 4 to 7. Subdorsal, suprastigmatal and substig-
matal lines very narrow, feet a little paler than the body. Head
concolorous, a white stripe each side of the middle of the face,
clypeus and palpi pale carneous ; the cheeks mottled with the
same ; jaws brown ; the dorsum of joint 8 with a slight blackish
elevation. Venter pale smoky-brown. There are about four
more or less distinct wrinkles between the joints. Duration of
this period 7 days.

After 3d MouiL — Length .90 inch. Head more distinctly
heart-shaped than before. The whole body black with a series
of crinkly whitish or yellowish-white lines, making the body
striped with these two shades of color. On the dorsum the yel-
lowish white predominates, below the subdorsal black is the
prevailing color. The dorsal line is a series of long yellowish
white ellipses with the central part black. Between this and the
subdorsal line there are two distinct black lines and traces of a
third between them in a series of black dots. The stigmata are
in a black line ; between this and the subdorsal there are three

9>»

1 68

black and three yellowish-white lines. Substigmatal line yellow-
ish-white, rather distinct, below that mottlings of this and black
hardly separable into lines. Piliferous spots rather prominent,
orange, ten on joints i to 3, twelve on the rest ; the black eleva-
tion on joint 8 more prominent than before the moult. It is jet
black and situated between the posterior pair of dorsal piliferous
spots. The posterior pair of joint 1 1 more prominent than the
others. A brown hair from each of the piliferous spots. The
upper prominences of the head orange, the face black and carne-
ous white, a black median line with one from near the top joined
to this running to the palpi. Thoracic feet pale-brownish, the first
and second pair of prolegs pale carneous gray, the others pale
orange bordered with black. Venter dull whitish with the cen-
tre of each joint black. Towards the close of this period the
dorsum became paler than at its commencement. Duration of this
period 4 days.

After 4th Moult. — Length 1.45 inches. Marked similar to
the last period, the ground color pale straw-color, finely spotted
with black dots, the subdorsal being some of these run more or
less together so as to give the appearance of a line. The orange
piliferous spots a little more prominent ; the ridge on joint 8
elevated .03 of an inch above the general surface, in color orange
and black and a blending of these two. Head and top of joint i
the same as ground color, mottled with blackish carneous, a
darker streak blended with orange from the upper lobes to the
ocelli. Feet carneous. Duration of this period 6 days.

After 5th Moult. — Length 2.10 inches. Ground color and
black dots the same as in the last period ; the piliferous spots a little
darker orange on the back, the two posterior on joint ii more
prominent, with a little reddish tinge and a brownish-black mark
extending from the back of each to over the spiracle. The pro-
tuberance on joint 8 a little more prominent, pale orange spotted
on the sides with black, the orange extending down the sides of
the body between joints 8 and 9. Head same as before the moult,
the dark orange stripe on the face bordered behind with brownish
black ; ocelli 6, three black and the three outer yellowish. The
anal segment tinged with carneous. A carneous fringe each side
of the body, just above the legs. First and second pairs of pro-
legs two-thirds the size of the others and used as legs. Venter
orange, joints 6 to 8 each with a large black spot in the centre ;
spiracles gray, edged with black. Hairs on the sides gray, those
on the dorsum black or gray tipped with black.

Mature Larva. — Length 2.35 inches; width of head .20 inch;
of joint 7, .35 inch; height of tubercle on joint 8, .06 inch.
Marked as at the beginning of the period, but the black dots are
more intense in some parts than in others, so as to give faint
stripes, the dorsal and one below the subdorsal light, the one
above the subdorsal and the stigmatal dark. These are so faint

169

as not to be readily perceptible except in places. Other char-
acters the same as at the beginning of the period. Duration
of this period from 8 to 17 days.

Chrysalis. — Length 1.45 inches; depth through thorax .45
inch ; through joint i of abdomen, .43 inch ; joint 2, .44 inch, and
from this gradually tapering to the tip. Wing cases extending
over joint 5, the legs and antennee reaching the same distance.
Cephalo-thorax, wing and tongue cases coarsely shagreened, the
abdomen finely punctured, the tip of the last joint very coarsely so.
This ends in four hooks, two longer than the others, and two more
hooks arising from the punctured portion at a little distance
from the four. These hooks were fastened into a bunch of silk
in the posterior end of the cocoon. Color dark brown, almost
uniformly covered over with a white bloom. Duration of this
period from 37 to 45 days.

The eggs from which the larvae upon which the above ob-
servations were made were deposited October 6, 1881, from a
female captured a few days before, 29 eggs being obtained.
They were kept through the winter in a jelly dish and began hatch-
ing April 6, 1882, nearly all of them hatching that day. When
first hatched they were very active and continued to be so during
the first third of the larva period. They were first fed on the
most convenient willow at hand, but this happened to be of a
pubescent species which they refused to eat. This was not no-
ticed till quite a number had died. A change to the young leaves
of Salix Nigra proved more agreeable to their tastes and seven
were carried through to the pupa state, six of these producing
imagines. On opening the seventh cocoon some time afterward
it showed that the moth had emerged from the chrysalis but had
failed to get out of the cocoon. The cocoon is formed by fas-
tening the leaves together with but very little lining, and that at
the posterior end.

The larvae hatched April 6th, and spun up May 11, 12, 18 and
20, respectively. The moths emerged June 23, 24 and 26, making
the larva and pupa periods cover a little more than two months
and a half. I have never taken this species in June, the usual
time being from the first of August to the close of the season.
There is scarcely time for the development of another brood from
the last week in June to the first of August, and from this fact
I am a little suspicious that the development of these was accel-
erated by confinement, though they were kept from any direct
influence of the sun. Whether there is more than one brood in
a season is a question for future observation. The parent moth
was of the uniform brown type, but all the progeny were of the
form Carissima, some males and some females.

T70

SOME NOTES AND QUERIES ABOUT MOTHS. I.

By a. R. Grote.

Recently, in conversation with Mr. Henry Edwards, I spoke
about some curiously neglected species of our moths, and my
friend suggested that 1 should write out my remarks for " Pa-
PILIO." This must be my excuse for the present gossipy paper,
and I thought that its appearance now might be opportune in
connection with the issue of the " New Check List," in the
preparation of which I went over the literature concerning the
species here mentioned. Some things which I find occasion to
say may explain the synonymy of the ''List" and supplement
notes given in its pages ; so upon this and other accounts it will
be best to arrange my remarks under the heading of the different
Families of moths.

L SphingidtE.

Ninety-one species of this family are cited in the check list
and one of doubtful value : Cahlci. Of this number one, Procne,
will have to go, being probably founded on an example of the
East Indian Liicasii. Instead, it is probable that Dr. Clemens'
Lyncea is not the male of Fictis, as he suggested, but a distinct
form. As we have Ficus from Key West, it is probable that its
companion Syces {= Inornata, of Clemens and Fi^s of Menetries)
will also occur in our territory. I have not identified Cupressi of
Boisduval. The figure leads me to suspect an Ellcma and per-
haps we have to do with a variety of Conifcraruni. The odd
series of abdominal marks are not like Ellcma. To the genus
Hemaris must be probably referred two species described by Dr.
Boisduval as Etolus and Pyrnnms\ the latter, as Mr. Hy. Edwards
suggests is probably= Uniforuiis, which \s=Riificai(dis, Kirby, ac-
cording to Mr. Walker. Mr. Walker's determination I am will-
ing to consider correct, although Kirby's description has certain
points of difference when compared with our species. Gracilis is
a totally different species and does not belong to the same group
with Uniformis. Mr. Hulst claims to have bred Uniformis and
Thysbe from the same larvae. He further unites Biiffalocnsis as a
small and Floridensis as a large form or variety of the same
species. As to Biiffalocnsis he takes no note that Prof. Lintner
describes the larva, and also that the cell of forewings gives an
apparent distinctional character. Biiffalocnsis is always a smaller
insect than Uniformis, whether bred or captured specimens are
considered, and a dwarted Uniformis would still be distinguish-
able from Biiffalocnsis. The species are all near. Gracilis being
the most easily identified, and they must be the subject of
careful study before pronouncing decided opinions on the dif-
ferent forms, which are of extreme interest. The species of
Hemaris will always be of uncertain standing until the larvae
are well understood. There was a distinct necessity for naming and

171

separating the different forms. Before we wrote upon them, all
the different forms were called either " Z>/^/;;> " or" TJtysbe"
and though now there may be too many names, they must be
carefully studied before being all thrown together again as varie-
ties.

I close my notes on these Sphingidce, by again explaining Dr.
Boisduval's remark as to Phaeton, that we gave the name to the
insect first in 1865, some two or three years before receiving
specimens from himself, and that we were under the impression
when we published this name that it was a MSS. one of his,
which it now appears it was not, although the name given to an
unpublished plate of the species when we described the insect in
our Synonymical Catalogue. We again described the species
and genus from Dr. Boisduval's specimen before the appearance
of his name of Erato, which name, in his final work, Dr.
Boisduval withdraws, and calls the insect Phaeton, which is its
correct designation. The singular antennae of this little Sphinx
remind us ot those organs in the still more aberrant form, Arctono-
tus oi Boisduval,* and which I am the first to locate among the
Macrogiossians, I believe ; in his last work Boisduval follows this
example. The genus Cautethia replaces Oenosanda of Walker,
there being already a genus Oenosandra when Walker published
his name.

It contains three species, apparently, viz.: the type Noctui-
formis, from St. Domingo, which I have examined, and which is
certainly different looking from our South Florida insect, Grotei
of Mr. Edwards. The Cuban species was identified by Dr. Her-
rich Schaeffer as Noctiiifonnis, and he has figured it as such, but
it is the same as our Florida form, very probably. The third
species is Boisduval's Spuria from Mexico, larger but much like the
other two. With regard to the queries as to our Sphingidca, we
have to find out the species described by Boisduval as Pyramus,
Etolus and Ciipressi, while the probability is that we have all three
forms under other names. Mr. Butler's surmise that we did not
know Ltigens is incorrect, for at once I recognized its re-descrip-
tion as hreviitoides by Mr. Strecker. The student of the liter-
ature of the group will find that we were the first to recognize the
character of the adhering scales on the vitreous fields of the wing
in Heinarts, and that Mr. Strecker's account of the changing char-
acter of our views is fanciful. We were at first doubtful about
the value of the character of the inner edge to the outer band on
forewing, and hesitated to form species upon it. Now it is found
that this character is reliable, but whether it characterizes dimor-
phic or true species is not clear. In the case of Uniformis we
must admit, until Mr. Hulst's discoveries are contradicted, that it

*Incorrectly attributed to me in the Brooklyn List.

172

is a dimorphic form of Thyshe {Pelasgus). Among the species in
the typical group o{ Hemaris not examined by me are Senta, Str.
and Metathetis, Butl. As catalogued by me, I think the species
are correct so far as our knowledge goes ; I regret that I placed
Floridensis as a variety of Uniformis, until more material is re-
ceived. Our type is, I think, in Central Park collection, A spec-
imen I received from Florida had the margin of the band like
Floridensis, but the abdomen like Fuscicaudis. Was this a dimor-
phic form oi Fuscicaudis, equivalent to Uniformis?

When Clemens wrote, Anipelophaga, Boisd., was an unknown
species ; but I found that this was the equivalent of Pandorus,
wrongly called Satellitia by Harris. Clemens has left us another
query, viz : What x's, Deilcphila oxybaphi? described by him in
the larval stage only. Kirby's species in Coleoptera, no less than
Lepidoptera, do not seem easily recognizable from his descrip-
tions. He has described a Deilephila intermedia, that most au-
thors seem to think cannot well be our common Chamoenerii.

On pages 44 to 45 of our Synonymical Catalogue we give
the names of the doubtful species. Some of the species, such
as Scyron and Japix, had been merely wrongly credited to our
fauna by older writers. The debatable names at present are :

Deilephila intermedia^ Kirby. Paonias pavoninus^ Geyer.

" ■ oxybaphi, Clemens, . Macroglossa Etolus, J. Leconte. •
Pachylia Lyncea,C\tv[\&r\s. Macroglossa Pyramus, Bo'isd, ■

Sphitix Cupressi, Boisd.

Dr. Clemens' species of ChcBrocampa, described from speci-
mens no longer in the Collection of the Academy at Philadelphia,
are all extra limital. His Macrosila Instita, as published on
page 14 of our Catalogue, is the same as Ochus of Klug, a
species curiously neglected by Walker in the British Museum
Lists.

With regard to the genera adopted in the •' New Check List,"
they have been thoroughly tested so far as priority is concerned.
1 cannot find an objection to one of them and I think they stand
upon a strong scientific basis and ought not to he disputed with-
out grave cause. That in a few cases, as the genera allied to
Svicrinthus and CJioerocampa, certain of them are of subgeneric
rather than generic value, may be still a matter of dispute. I
think the student will find that this can only be properly ques-
tioned of two or three, and that, although there may be some
prejudice against them, more will be lost than gained in lumping
the species all together again. As they stand, they fall in with
what has been observed by a student of the Sphinxes of the
world, such as Mr. Butler, and, in great part. Dr. Boisduval.
Where I differ from Mr. Butler, as in adopting Dilophonota, nearly

173

identical in time of publication with Anceryx, I do so because
Burmeister's genus is more limited in extent and is conceived in
the sense in which I employ it. Hubner's genus Phlegethontius is
equivalent to Macrosila as used by Dr. Clemens ; the type of the
latter seems different and the older name is used for properly as-
sociated species.

When we compare our fauna with that of Europe, we find
that it is twice as numerous in species — 91 to 40. Ours con-
tains no true Macroglosste of the type of Stellatarum, and no
species of Achcrontia, though loose writers such as Maasen
have credited Mexico with a species of the latter genus.

In the European genus Deilephila we are poor, having but
two, representative of two European species, Livornica and
Galit, but apparently sufficiently distinct. In the clear-winged
Macroglossse, belonging to Heniaris (and its subgenus Hcmno-
rrJiagid) we have many forms against two in Europe. In the
typical Sphinges, genus Sphinx {^Lethia)^ of which Ltgustri is
typical while Convohuli is to be referred to PhlcgetJiontius, we are
rich in closely allied species against one in Europe, We have at
least one true Smcrmtlms from California, congeneric with the
European Ocellata. Our species from the East diverge from this
type and resemble the species Kindei'manni of Lederer from Asia
Minor; again we have in Versicolor a representative of the genus
Ampelophaga, also from Eastern Asia. In Calasymbolus, Paonias
and Cressonia we have three American structural types of
Smerifithi, while Triptogon has a great number of Eastern
Asiatic species, hardly more than races, so near do they run
together.

Our fauna comes mainly from the South, whence we receive
the Choerocampid forms. PacJiylia, and perhaps Argeus, may
breed in Florida and Southern Texas. The specimens taken oc-
casionally on the coast and up the valley of the Mississippi are
probably immigrants from the West Indies or Mexico. The 3Ian-
diiccB come to us largely from the South, and Phlegethontius is
more numerously represented in South America. Amphonyx
AnteBus may be only an occasional visitant at Key West ; the
genus is West Indian and South American.

From Western and Northern Asia we receive Hemaris, Dei-
lephila, Svierinthus, Triptogon, Hyloiciis^ and Sphinx, though the
development of the latter genus is North American. From the
South we receive Aellopos, Caniethia, Aviphion, Enyo, Philampe-
liis, Argeus, Pachylia, Darenima, Dilndia, Amphonyx, Phlegethon-
tius and Dilophonota. With Eastern Asia we have Ejtsinerin-
thus and Ampelophaga in common. Genera peculiar to our
fauna are Lepisesia, Euproserpinus, Thyreus, Deidaniia, Arctonotus,
Everyx, Paonias, Ccdasymbobis, Cressonia, Ceratomia, Dolba,
Ellema, Exedrium; as a rule, genera containing single, compara-

174

tively striking- and isolated forms. We may tabulate them as fol-
lows :

Genera of European and Asiatic Extraction.

No. Species.

Hemaris (typical) lo

Deilephila 2

AMPELOPHAGA I

Smerinthus (typical) I

EUSMERINTHUS 2

Triptogon 2

Sphinx 15

Hyloicus 3

Total 36

This number loses its importance when we examine the
species themselves. The forms of typical Hemaris are probably
a little overstated. The development of Sphinx is American,
rather than European. In Europe but one species, Ligustri, oc-
curs. Our forms on my list, down to Canadensis, seven in num-
ber, are probably strictly typical ; the remaining eight depart
more or less, some approaching Hyloicus, however, a European
type. Again, others are peculiarly American in appearance, but
hardly give generic characters, such as Gordius, Eremitus, Dollii.
On the whole, then, we have eight generic types coming from
the Old World, the kinds of two of them, Hemaris and Sphinx,
having multiplied and developed upon American ground. These
types may be held as coming from the North, and as related to a
former Circumpolar fauna.

Genera of Southern American Extraction.

Names of Genera. No. Species.

Aellopos 2

Cautethia I

Amphion I

En Yo 2

Philampelus 4.

Argeus I

Pachylia I

Chcerocampa I

D AREMM A . 3

DiLUDIA 3

Amphonyx 1

Phlegethontius 4

DiLOPHONOTA 6

Total ^o

We have thus thirteen generic types from the South, and al-
though the species are less numerous than in the genera of Old
World extraction, I have explained this circumstance away.

J 75

and this present category of our Sphingid genera includes the
most powerful element in our fauna.

Genera peculiar to North America.

Names of Genera. A^'o. of Species

Lepisesia I

Haemorrhagia 4

euproserpinus i

Thyreus I

Deidamia I

Arctonotus I

POGOCOLON . 4

E VERYX 2

PAONI AS I

Calasymbolus 2

Cressonia I

Ceratomia I

DOLBA 1

Ellema 3

exedrium i

25

I think that the study in this way of the members of any one
lepidopterous group will lead to interesting results. But such are
only attainable when the material has been closely studied and
arranged as I have tried to do with our Sphitigida>.. Since my studies
inthesynonymy of the family, the results ofwhich appeared in 1865,
I have kept working on the genera and think these, as given in
the " New Check List," have acquired a comparatively stable and
final condition which will allow of conclusions as to geographical
distribution being safely drawn. Especially interesting are such
groups as Hceinorrhagia, 'which, is an American development of an
Old World type Heviaris, influenced apparently in the extension
of the thorax by such South American types as AelLpos. But so
long as writers call all or most of our Caudiberbes species of
Macroglossa, it is evident that an erroneous idea is given at the
outset to our fauna, which does not contain a single form really
belonging to that Old World genus.

While the neuration is not greatly varied in the Sphinges, I find
that it is most varied in the Srnerinthi. Good characters are of-
fered by which we may, for instance, distinguish Cressonia, in
every way a strongly marked and peculiar form. That there is
in this group considerable variation in antcnnal structure also is
noticeable. We shall find that all the appendages vary in ulti-
mate structure, accordingly as a group is plastic or subject to
differences. The position of the wing in repose is also unusual
in the SvierintJii, the hind wing being pushed upwards ; several
of the species look like curled and brown leaves. They are less
obvious and more sluggish than the other Sphinges. Our most
beautiful species is, I think, Calasymbolus Astyliis.

Our greatest rarities from the East are Flavofasciata, Cerisii,

176

Luscitiosa and Jasniiucaruin. The first named is taken in Canada,
Northern New York and Maine, the last will probably be found
more abundantly southward. The larva of CatalpcE\\z.'s, turned out
to be very numerous in various localities in the South, but the
Moth has proved difificult to rear. With several other Sphingi-
das, I took Versicolor twice at sugar near Buffalo, N. Y. ; from its
flight I could easily tell it from Myron and Choerihis, which came
abundantly to bait, but it was harder to " bottle." It had a dif-
ferent way of taking the bait from the difference in tongue.
Hageni has been taken in some quantity in Kansas by Professor
Snow, and seems to occur throughout the Southwest as well as
in Texas ; I have not heard of its being found near the Atlantic
seaboard. Our commonest species seems to be Lineata, after
this, Celeus \ Abbotii is also very well distributed. The species of
Heniaris are more local ; TJiysbe is found over the widest terri-
tory. Mr. Hy. Edwards speaks of buslieh of AcJicmon larvae
found in California on the vines ; it is rarer in the East, but on
Staten Island vineyards it was more usual than Pandoriis. Of
late years Inscripta has become rarer. Labriiscce has been found
as far North as New Jersey, borne on the winds from more south-
erly latitudes.

In his " Synopsis of North American Sphingidae," a work some-
what ambitious in appearance, but not evincing a correspond-
ing study of the literature of the group, Dr. Clemens describes
the following species, which are not generally knowq/f

Calliomnia Volatica from Brazil ; Deilephila oxybapJii (larva)
from Penn. ; Chceroca})ipa Procne ?>2\(\ to be from California, but
probably = C. Liicasi from East Indies ; C. Thalassina, of which
Butler says: "Seems to be allied to Ainadis;'' C. Versuta from
Mexico. Butler seems to have overlooked Calliovnna Volatica.
Whether the type has gone the way of that of Procne I do not
know, but it is certainly probable.

THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF ARCTIA NAIS,

DRURY.

By G. H. French, Carbondale, III.

Egg. — Diameter, .03 inch, color, white ; an obtuse cone,
about as high as wide, flat at the base ; smooth. These were
found on a ripe strawberry in a single cluster, hatched 5 days
after finding. They had the appearance of being freshly deposi-
ted so that it is probable this period is from 5 to 6 days.

Young Larva. — Length .06 inch, color dull pale gray, head
black on the cheeks, a triangular space above the mouth of the
same color as the body. On each joint there is a transverse row
of tubercles, six distinguishable, black, from each arises a black

177

hair as long as the thickness of the body. Feet i6. Duration
of this period 6 days.

After 1st Moult. — Length .10 inch. Ground color similar to
that of the preceding period ; the tubercles dark brown instead of
black, more than one hair from each. Head as before. Dura-
tion of this period 8 days.

After 2d Moult. — Length .20 inch. The only change aside
from size is that the ground color is a little darker, and there are
more hairs in the fascicles arising from the tubercles than before the
moult. They are more active than they have been before. Du-
ration of thisperiod 6 days.

After 3d Moult. — Length .45 inch. Ground color leaden
gray; dorsal, subdorsal and substigmatal stripes white. In the
middle of each joint the subdorsal is orange, and there is also an
orange spot just below this, above a tubercle. There are 10 tuber-
cles to each joint distinctly visible now ; the tuft of short hairs
arising from each is black above but gray on the sides. Head
black. Towards the close of this period the following changes
were noticed: Ground color dull black, a little paler on the sides
and venter ; dorsal line yellowish white, subdorsal and substig-
matal blackish ; joint i somewhat lighter than the others. Head
and thoracic feet jet black ; prolegs pale, at the tip, orange spots on
the sides dim. Duration of this period 7 days.

After the 4th Moult. — Length i.oo inch. Color uniform
black, the head shining, sides of the prolegs pale, and an indis-
tinct pale dorsal line. As before, the fascicles of hairs from the
dorsal tubercles black, those from the sides brown ; those on
joints I and 2 all brown. The interior part of the neck is red-
dish. Duration of this period 7 to 8 days.

After 5th Moult. — Length 1.70 inches. Color of body, tu-
bercles and hairs as before, with the exception that the hairs on
joint 2 are black, on the dorsum. Dorsal line nankeen yellow, faint
on joints i to 3 and 11 to 12, but on all of the others distinct
and expanded somewhat in the middle of each joint, those in the
middle of the body expanding most ; stigmata, orange. Head
and thoracic legs brownish black ; the prolegs brown, not very
dark ; venter slate color. No trace of any lines but the dorsal.

Mature Larva.— Length from 1.65 to 1.70 inches; width of
head . 1 5 inch ; of middle joint .28 ; between joints .20; head brown-
ish black, clypeus, palpi and antennae whitish, the tips of the lat-
ter black ; color of body and dorsal line as at the first of the period,
as also the tubercles and hairs ; 10 of the tubercles to each joint.
All the other points as given before. Duration of this period
from 3 to 1 1 days.

Chrysalis. — Length .75 inch, from anterior end to end of
wing cases .43 inch, these not reaching quite to the posterior part
of abdominal joint 5 ; antennae and leg cases .35 inch from end.

178

Depth, thorax .25 inch ; abdominal joint 2, .27 ; joint 3, .30; joint
4, 31 ; joint 5, 28 ; joint 6, 27; joint 7, 25, From the posterior
part of joint 8 it tapers rapidly to the end. In shape nearly-
cylindrical, the bulge in joints 3 to 5 being mostly dorsal. The
last joint terminates in 10 hooked, brown bristles in two clusters;
the tubercle supporting these is striated longitudinally. Anterior
portion rounded, the prothorax containing two slight elevations
covered with short hairs. Color black. Head and thorax finely
granulated, the first four abdominal joints punctured with a few
larger depressions, mostly smooth and shining. Duration of this
period from 11 to 12 days, one day devoted to spinning in addi-
tion to this.

As intimated before, the larvae from which the above descrip-
tions were taken were obtained from a cluster of eggs found on
a ripe strawberry. There were 29 of the eggs, but only two lar-
vje were reared through all their changes. The eggs were found
May 20, 1882; the first moth appeared July 13, the second, July
22, making a total period of from 54 to 63 days, or about two
months. From captures for several years I had supposed the
species to be two brooded, one in May from larvae that hibernated
and one in September, but a two month's period from egg to
moth will give us three broods in a season, one in May, one in July
and one in September. I have this year found them in July and
the first of August, though I had not noticed them before.

The specimens reared from these two larvae were first a <J of
the form PJialcrata figured in Harris, and second form Nais a ? ;
though this can not be altogether a sexual variation, for my other
specimens of this form are males. The male answers well to
Harris's figure and description of A PJialerata, having " the hind
wings next to the body, and sides of the body, reddish," the
general color of the wing being reddish, but not so much so as
next to the body. The costal margin of hind wing is black, with
two small spots along the outer margin. My cabinet specimens
vary from two to four of these spots. The second form or the ? has
the hind wings more distinctly red, a black costal margin to which
is joined a discal dash and large apical spot, and a long angular
spot below the apex on the outer border. Further along in the
outer border towards the anal angle are two large, nearly round,
black spots joined together. This seems to answer to Dr. Morris'
description of Nais with the exception of the color of the hind
wings. All my males of this form agree nearly with this in mark-
ing, but the ground color of the wing is lighter. I have not
Drury's plate or description by me, but may say that this corres-
ponds with another ? Nais identified for me by Mr. A. R. Grote.
Of course there is a bare possibility that the cluster of eggs on
the strawberry was deposited by more than one moth, but there
is not much probability, as they were in a single cluster. If we
take it for granted that the two forms had a common parentage,

179

then there is no longer any doubt of the identity of Nais and
Phalerata.

With regard to A Decorata, I cannot as yet say as much. I
have for some time regarded this as a form of Nais, but this sea-
son I have reared it from the larva, and found that it differs from the
larva from which Nais wa.s raised, as the following brief description
of larva of A Decorata when full grown will show : It is black,
rather thick, ten tubercles bearing clusters of hairs to each seg-
ment, the second and third on each side from above dark orange
of rather a smoky hue, the tips black. Part of the hairs on the
sides and all of those on joint l, top as well as sides, are brown,
the rest are black. Stigmata bright orange; no dorsal line.
From this it may be seen that the identity of this with the others
is a subject for future investigation.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF THANAOS.

By W. H. Edwards.

Thanaos Tatius.

Male. — Expands 1.6 inch.

Upper side of primaries umber-brown, blackish on disk and
to base, the outer limb free from white scales; on outer edge of
disk towards costa a light brown patch ; on costa four sub-apical
silvery dots, in zigzag line ; one such dot in upper median inter-
space, and one, rather obscure, against end of cell ; along hind
margin a row of small patches of bluish-white scales ; the usual
(in this genus) extra-discal band is made up of large lanceolate
and elongated black spots, separated, each edged on the outer
sides by bluish-white scales, which scales form a conspicuous
serrated line across the wing.

Secondaries black-brown with an indistinct series of lighter
patches beyond the disk ; fringes of primaries concolored ; of
secondaries white, cinereous at outer angle.

Under side of primaries lighter, the spots repeated, the one
against cell distinct ; along hind margin a row of white points,
and at inner angle a white patch ; beyond the disk an indistinct
series of whitish patches, almost obsolete in the middle of the
wing; the apical area dusted white. Secondaries uniform blackish-
brown ; along the edge of hind margin a macular white band,
represented by dots on the upper half.

Body above dark brown, beneath same, but the thorax with
many dark grey hairs ; legs dark brown ; palpi brown with dull
white hairs interspersed ; antennae black, on the underside ringed
white ; club black above, the under side and tip ferruginous.

From a single male.

This fine species is readily distinguished from any of the

i8o

white-fringed allies by the pure brown color of the marginal area
of primaries, with no dusting of white, and by the conspicuous
extra-discal band and its whitish servated edging.

Thanaos Clitus.

Male. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.7 inch.

Upper side of primaries umber-brown, so much dusted with
whitish scales and clothed with white hair as to discover the
ground color only in small patches, as along the hind margin,
and also a little within the margin and on basal area ; the usual
extra-discal spots are black, on the upper half the wing long,
acute, below broad, lanceolate ; on middle of disk a broad,
black cross-band, reaching inner margin, and the basal area is
mottled with black; a clear brown, but not well defined patch, at
end of cell; on costal margin four sub-apical diaphanous dots,
three in straight line, the fourth a little inside ; a similar dot in
upper median interspace, and one at the end of cell. Secondaries
uniform black-brown ; fringes of primaries black-brown, of
secondaries white, cinereous at outer angle.

On under side the spots are repeated, a little enlarged ;
primaries have a marginal row of white points, sometimes meet-
ing ; also an extra-discal series of light-brown patches more or
less dusted with white scales ; in some examples, however, these
also are wanting, unless next inner margin, and the whole limb is
thinly dusted white, through which runs a submarginal series of
brown patches ; in all cases there are many white scales over
apical area.

Secondaries immaculate, except for a few whitish points
along posterior part of hind margin, which sometimes are de-
veloped into a white macular band.

Body above black-brown, thorax and abdomen beneath grey-
brown ; legs dark brown, with ferrginous hairs on under side ;
palpi dark brown, the tips of the hairs whitish ; antennae black,
on under side slightly annulated white ; club black above,
ferruginous below and at tip.

From 6 $ .

This species is allied to Tristis., Bd.

NOTES ON LETIDOPTEROUS LARVAE.

By a. S. Packard, Jr., M.D.
The following larvae were collected during the past season in
Maine, while engaged in collecting material for a revised and
enlarged edition of Bulletin No. 7 of the U. S. Entomological
Commission (Insects injurious to Shade and Forest Trees),
which is to form the Fifth Report ot the Commission to be
prepared under the direction of the Commissions of Agriculture.
The writer would here ask aid from lepidopterists in the way of
specimens and notes concerning any insects found on any kind

i8i

of forest or shade tree, in order to render the work as complete
as possible,

Lycoinorpha Phohis, Harris. Body cylindrical, long and slender,
with five pairs of abdominal legs. The head is deeply bilobed,
each side large and smooth, black mottled with horn-color. The
body is provided with numerous tubercules from which arise long
black dorsal or paler lateral hairs, which are a little longer than
the diameter of the body; each segment is beset with 16-20 of
these small hair-bearing mamillae or warts. The general color of
the body is horn-brown ; the thoracic and abdominal legs of the
same color. The tubercles at the end of the body are paler than
elsewhere, making the end of the body appear above as if speckled
with white. Length 15 " ""

The pupa is short and rather thick, the end of the body very
blunt, with no apical horns or tubercles. Length 10 ""'"

The caterpillar was found late in July, wandering about at
Phipsburg, Me. Without doubt the food plant is lichens, as we
have caught the moths in Maine, in former years, flying about
lichen-covered rocks. The caterpillar we captured spun, July 31st,
a thin silken cocoon with scattered black hairs on the outside.
It changed to a pupa August 4th, and August 20th or 2ist the
moth appeared.

Acronycta occidentalis G. & R. The larva of this moth was
observed wandering about at Providence on September 21st.
The body is cylindrical, hair}^, with a black hump on the 8th
segment, and a broad black longitudinal band. The general
color of the body is a livid leaden hue. The larva began to spin
a cocoon September 23, the moth appearing early in the following
summer.

The pupa is 20 '"'" in length, of the usual form; the tip
of the abdomen is obtuse, with eight long, even, stiff chitinous
setae which are incurved at the end. The basal abdominal suture
is well marked, being very deep.

I am indebted to M. Grote for the identification of this and
the species of Hypena.

Hypena baltimoralis Guen. The larva of this species was
common on the red maple at Brunswick, Me., early in August.
The body is very slender, and at first sight it must be regarded
as a geometrid. The body is cylindrical, slender, tapering con-
siderably toward the long anal legs, which are outstretched. The
segments are moderately convex, the sutures being very distinct.
The head is rather small, smooth, somewhat bilobed. All the
legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are of the same color as the
body, which is pale pea-green, of the color of the upper side of
the leaf of the red maple, but slightly paler. The sutures between
the segments are often straw-yellowish. The body sometimes has
a slight purplish tint, the head remaining green. Length 22 '""'

August 5th one began to spin a cocoon, the pupa appearing

182

the 7th. It is dark chestnut brown in color. The moth issued
August 17th.

DicJiclia sn/phiircana Clemens.

Body tapering towards each end. The head is honey-yellow,
considerably narrower than the body. The body is pale livid green
with a corneous hue. There are no lines or any distinctive
markings except the four usual warts or small tubercles which
are arranged as usual in this family in a trapezoid. From these
warts arise hairs one-half as long as the body is thick. At the
end of the supra-anal plate is a flattened tubercule with spines.
Length 15 m. m.

Common on Piuus strobi at Brunswick, Me., and also found
on P. rigida the first week in August.

August 5th it began to make a slight cocoon by drawing
together the leaves into a rude tube and spinning a slight cocoon
between them. The pupa was found between the leaves August
7th. The moth appeared August i6-i7th.

It agrees well with Robinson's PL V., fig. 37, though differing
in some respects. According to Fernald's Catalogue of Tortricidae,
this common species feeds on the clover, Vitis, Ranunculus acris,
and is an inquiline in willow galls.

Teras fej'rngana^ S.V. The larva was beaten from the white
pine {P. strobi) at Providence, October 5th. The body is rather
large, 20 ™'" in length, broad and flat. Head flattened, held
out horizontally, reddish above, with a dark broad line around
the edge. The body is green, with a reddish tint. The cervical
shield is concolorous with the body and edged behind with dark
black-brown, forming a curved line. Over the body above are
scattered pale flecks.

The caterpillar pupated in the bottom of the breeding box,
without making any cocoon. The pupa is slerfder, 8 """^ in
length, of the usual pale horn-brown color. Each abdominal
segment is provided with two dorsal transverse rows of close set
spines. The tip of the abdomen is suddenly truncated, compressed
from above downwards, the edge is hollowed within, the edge
itself curvilinear, with a small spine on each side.

The moth appeared October 20th or 21st. I am indebted to
Prof. C. H. Fernald for kindly identifying it. According to his
Catalogue of Tortricidae of North America, this common European
species feeds in Europe on the beech, birch and oak (Heinemann),
and, according to Walsh, is in this country an inquiline in galls
oi C. Salicis strobiloides. It could not have been mixed with other
Tortricids in my breeding tin box, as it was the only Tortricid in
the little box, hence I think there is no doubt but that it at least
occasionally feeds on the white pine. The larva is very character-
istic and easily recognizable.

I have reared ToxX.x\-s.{Cacoecid) rosaceana Harris, iroxn Betula

i83

populifolia, the moth appearing in Maine, September i. I have
also raised Tliera contractata Pack., from a pupa beaten out of
the hackmatack, the moth appearing the first week in September.

SOME NEW NOCTUID^ AND NOTES.

By a. R. Grote, a. M. •

Spragueia magnifica, Gr.

Base of fore wings very pale yellow, with a dark basal, mesi-
al, longitudinal stripe sprinkled with chalybeous scales ; internal
margin also narrowly striped. Median space defined by out-
wardly oblique orange line, fusing with an outer orange line or
band, exerted superiorly ; the median space is thus narrowed
inferiorly ; ground color whitish or pale yellow ; the small chaly-
beous discal spots are surrounded by the orange inferior shade of
median space ; a subterminal black band, edged with and sur-
mounted by orange ; terminal space pale yellow before the dark
fringes. The smallest and most beautifully marked of the genus.
Arizona, coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.

This species differs from Leo by its smaller size, the narrower
subterminal plumbeous band, widening a little inferiorly, which
is not indented or broken ; the even, curved edge to the pale
basal field comes down to the margin at middle of wing; the
costal black dots are absent ; the submedian pale streak of the
ground color at base is much wider, the inner margin here being
only narrowly plumbeous. A most beautiful and vividly colored
insect, very near Leo, but quite distinct on examination.

Spragueia Inorata, n. s.

A small, inconspicuous species, with the usual dark spots and
bands absent.. Ochrey orange, dull colored ; reniform, an open
ringlet, orbicular a minute dark point. Median space wide.
Traces of the pale median lines, the t. a. nearly straight. Fringes
slightly soiled inferiorly. The wing is darkest along internal
margin and on terminal margin irregularly. Hind wings pale
fuscous, subtransparent. Head and thorax like fore wings. The
color is a pale buff-yellow, the darker shading somewhat dull
ochrey orange. Texas. One specimen, coll. B. Neumoegen,
Esq. This form approaches Tarache, slightly, in appearance.

Besides comparative details as to the $ genitalia and anten-
nae, the genus Spragueia differs from Erotyla, by the narrower
primaries, which are also proportionately longer ; the longer vein
9, and the different origin of 7 and 8, while the hind wings are
only 7-veined, its European genus having them 8-veined. The
ornamentation is different in pattern, and the American genus
contains a number of little Tortricid-like species, the European
having only one, comparatively broad-winged, more like Erastria.
The genus comes to our fauna from the South, and our Cuban

i84

and West Indian species are congeneric ; Pardalis from Florida
is, I think, described also from the West Indies, but I have not
been able to compare types. The difference in the neuration of
hind wings alone is a generic character quite remarkable and
constant, so far as I have examined the species.

EUSTROTIA DiSTINCTA. n. S.

Size of Apicosa. Distinctly marked with black and white.
Base of wing blackish to tremulous black t. a. line, behind which
is a following uprighe white shade band. Ground color obscure
grayish olivaceous . this obtains on median space outwardly, and
encloses the small pale reniform. T. p. line much exserted and
irregular. A black apical patch with a white shading between
it and t. p. line. Another on internal margin before the angle,
edging the t. p. line outwardly. Hind wings fuscous, with an
ante marginal shade, like Apicosa; beneath paler, with double
shades and dot. Fore wings pale along terminal margin beneath.
Above, the black apical patch is partially cut by the pale s. t.
line. One good specimen. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.

Prothymia Plana, n. s.

Smaller than Coccineifascia and without the band. Fore
wings dark yellow with contrasting pinkish-red fringes. No
markings. Hind wings translucent stramineous. Beneath all
pale yellowish, as is the body. On primaries beneath the fringe
is discolorous. One specimen. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen,
Esq. So simply marked as to be easily known.

Neumoegenia Poetica. Grote.

In describing this species I omitted to state that the costal
region of primaries above was broadly white. It might be as-
sumed from the rest of the description, as the ground color is
given as " white," and the species is so simply marked and strik-
ing, no confusion could occur from want of detailed remarks.

EUSTROTIA Propera. Grote.

A second specimen shows traces of the blackish subterminal
line, marked on costa, and the terminal space is centrally soiled
with blackish. The fringe is dusky. This minute form can be
confounded with no other ; it belongs to the Apicosa series.

Genus PlagiomimicUS.

Front with a large, deep, empt}' cup, extending beyond the
facial vestiture and thus completely exposed. In Polenta, the
globose clypeus is surmounted by a shallow excavation with a
slight central protuberance. In Basilodes there is merely a
wrinkled prominence, the rim of which is hardly raised ; this holds
for the second species, B. Chrysopis ; in which it is a little smaller.
In Stiria the prominence is somewhat cordate, with better defined
edge, and there is a button-like protuberance inferiorly where the
base is indented. This holds for Stiria Sulp/mrea, Neum., except
that the protuberance is pushed in a little without being central ;
the excavation itself is a little more circular and smaller. In the

i85

two species of Stibadmni the front is much as in Basilodes ; in
Aureoluni Hy. Edw., an exquisite species, the excavation is a very
little deeper and smaller than in Spiiniosum, in both partly con-
cealed. In Stiria the patagia are prominently deflected. I find
the labial palpi much longer in Basilodes, as compared with Stiba-
diiim. What Mr. Smith says as to the relationship of these genera
is partly correct ; I have overlooked the resemblance which Basilo-
des bears to them, but I should not unite them ; each has some dis-
tinguishing points and Stiria, especially, somewhat strongly de-
parts. Basilodes, Stibadiiun, Stiria, Plagioniimicus and Polenta
belong to a group, oscillating between Calpe and HcliotJiis, which
I have called ^itiriinoi in the New Check List.

But, contrary to Mr. Morrison and Mr. Smith, I demonstrate
the presence of a tibial claw in Polenta Tepperi, from an Arizonian
specimen in coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. The difference between
Polenta and Plagiorni>niciis is thus confined to a modification of
clypeal structure. It is not more distinct from Basilodes than the
other genera. Mr. Smith accuses me of '' resurrecting " Trigono-
phora; if he will look in Lederer, he will see that I took the
genus from Lederer, and that I have followed this most distin-
guished authority in using Hubner's genus. In two very import-
ant statements I find Mr. Smith thus quite wrong. I shall allude
to others. Mr. Morrison's statement that Polenta had unarmed
tibise always seemed to me doubtful from the great resemblance
between Polenta Tepperi and Plagioniimicus Pityochromus {Media
Morr.) in shape and ornamentation. The genera are not suf-
ficiently distinct. Consult Bull. B. S. N. S. Vol. 3, pp. 75-76,
1875.

Plagiomimicus Expallidus. n. S.

Wings pale olive ochrey with the s. t. line white-edged on costal
region, margining outwardly the costal, dark triangular shade.
T. p. line oblique, even, edged with white inferiorly. Median
space somewhat yellowish and darker inferiorly. Stigmata lost in
the pale shading of the discal cell, which shows a dark dot in the
middle. Hind wings whitish. Smallerand differently colored, of
a faded hue compared with the dark Pityochromus. Montana,
Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Expanse 26 mil.

Genus Capis, Grote.

A Deltoid genus with broader and squarer wings compared
with Sisyrhypena. Antennae ( $ ) simple, ciliate. Vestiture flat-
tened, hairy, very silky. Eyes naked, tibiae unarmed as usual in
this group. Ocelli ; eyes unlashed. Body slender, untufted.
Abdomen not exceeding secondaries. Labial palpi loosely held,
exceeding the front, third article short, second with longer and
thicker scales. Tongue rather weak.

Capis Curvata, Grote.

A rather small species, deep brown on primaries to the
curved s. t. line running from apices downward somewhat obliquely

i86

to within internal angle ; outside of this the wing is paler.
Hind wings dark fuscous. Head and thorax dark brown. A
male, received from Mrs. Fernald, taken at Orono, Maine. Pre-
viously I only had the female. The species is nearly concolorous,
and may be known by the curved s, t. line.

AZENIA. n. gen.

Vestiture flattened hairy. Eyes naked. Form very slender,
like Sp7'agueia, wings narrow, long, primaries widening a little
outwardly. Antennae simple. Legs unarmed, thinly scaled.
Front with infra-clypeal plate prominent, but overshadowed by
a parallel, long, distinctly tridentate, flattened, clypeal protuber-
ance. Labial palpi closely scaled, a little longer than in Xan-
thoptera.

AzENiA Implora. n. s.

Pale lemon yellow. Two ochrey dots in place of t. a. line.
A median ochrey shade band, irregular and faint. One or two
dots in place of t. p. line. Minute points at base of pale fringes.
Hind wings white. Beneath whitish ; costa of fore wings a little
clouded. Head and thorax like fore wings. Abdomen pale, a
little exceeding secondaries. Arizona, coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.
The armature of the head is disproportionately large.

Xanthoptera Clausula, n. s.

Allied to Scniiflara, but much smaller. Thorax and base of
primaries bright lemon yellow. A fine white line, perfectly
straight, divides the yellow base from the leaden outer field which
is delicately frosted with white, and encloses a vague white cloud-
like spot, the reniform. Fringes interrupted with pale yellowish
above internal angle, outwardly. Hind wings translucent fuscous.
Abdomen pale. Beneath pale, glistening, with reflected darker
shades on fore wings. Arizona, Coll. B. Neumoegen Esq.

The labialpalpi are short ; front globose. Eyes large and
naked. Agrees with Semiflava, which I have left with the type
of the genus Ni^ro fimbria, in XantJwptcra.

ESCARIA. n, gen.

Wings frail, wide, abdomen untufted, a little longer than
hind wings, body slender. Labial papi short. Eyes naked, un-
lashed. Front with a moderately prominent, rather wide, cup-
shaped protuberance, nearly hidden by the erect vestiture and
with a central protuberance, not reaching over edges of cup, set
in erect vestiture which fills the cup itself. Vestiture mixed, flat-
tened hair and scales. Legs apparently unarmed. Seems to fall
in between the Tarac]ie-X\\.& genera and Eustrotia. Size of E.
Carneola.

EscARiA Clauda. n. s.

Grayish fuscous. In the $ the ornamentation is better
written. Orbicular paler, spherical. Claviform moderate, its
upper edge accentuated in black. Reniform moderate, lunate.
Lines fine, perpendicular, edged with pale or whitish, especially

i87

in ? , which is darker, and the white s. t. line quite prominent.
Hind wings pale fuscous, trace of median spot and extra mesial
line ; a vague terminal band. Beneath grayish fuscous, with
common line and faint discal spots. Four specimens, one with a
reddish tint which seems a variety. Arizona. Expanse 20 mil.
Coll., B. Neumoegen, Esq.

PREPARATORY STAGES OF SEIARCTIA CLIO. PACK.

By Dr. Hermann Behr.

I do not know if the metamorphoses of this rare insect are
known, and I therefore deem it an entomological duty to publish
what a lucky chance has revealed to me on this subject. We are
indebted for this interesting discovery to Mrs. Curran, wife of
Dr. Curran, the well-known author of valuable works on Micro-
scopic Botany. Five caterpillars were brought to me by Mrs.
Curran, resembling most those of a species of Halisidota — in fact,
they were so like those of the Halisidota of the oak {H. Ed-
wardsii) that I at first thought them identical, but I afterwards
observed that the hairs do not spring in a stellate form from
tubercles as in Arctians and LitJiosians, but that they grow in bushes
like those of the larvae of Halisidota, and of the European Syn-
toinis Phegea, and the tufts were combed backwards as in Ecpan-
theria scribonia.

The food plant was Apocynuni androscemifolium. The larvae
were full grown when I received them, so I cannot judge if they
would eat other plants of the Apocynnni or Asclepias group. I
tried Vinca and Nerium without success.

On the 20th of May the first began to spin and formed a web
exactly like that of Halisidota. On the 12th of July I found in
the breeding box a pair of Seir. Clio, the following day another,
and on the i8th a single female.

The history of this transformation confirms my idea of the
systematic position of Seirarctia and EcpantJieria being near
Halisidota and Syntomis, to which genera also the neuration of
the hind wings of the present insect bears a very close relation.

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

Larva of Amorbia humerosana. Clem. Body thickest near the middle,
uniformly yellowish green, with a few scattered whitish hairs. Thoracic plate
green, a curved lateral black dash on the first segment. Head pale brown,
greenish in the centre, with a lateral black dash. Thoracic and abdominal legs
and feet concolorous with the body, the anal feet black. Length when at rest
twenty-two mil.; when crawiing, 25 mil. Width in widest part, three mil.
Food plants, the poison ivy {Rhus toxicodendron Mx.), and the spice bush
{Lindera Benzoin Meis). Pupated September 16, in a folded leaf. Imago
May 21. L. W. Goodell, Amherst.

i88

New Localities for Butterflies. July 22d I saw a specimen of
Liinenitis arthemts Drury on the side of a mountain ravine, and on Septem-
ber 5th, one of Papilio crespho7itcs. Cram, in an open field. I did not succeed
in capturing either, but had good views of both and have no doubt of their be-
ing these species. Both were fresh specimens, crcsphontes especially, seeming
to be just from the chrysalis. L. Arihemis vcwist be exceedingly rare in this
section, and I believe this is the first specimen of cresphontes reported in this
state. L. W. Goodell, Amherst, Mass.

Stretch's BombycidjE of North America. Under date of June 20th
Dr. H. a. Hagen, writes from Portland, Oregon, " In San Francisco I saw
the plates for Stretch's new work on the Bombycidae. They are really splendid,
and the photoliphography admirably executed. I was so much interested in
Stretch's work, and in the author himself, that I urged him to join our party,
and was very glad when he decided to do so. I really believe that his work will
be a great step to a better understanding of the Bombycidae, the more so as
Stretch lias an excellent knowledge of the larvse of many species. I think also
that many spurious species will be eliminated and brought together."

Ceratocampa Regalis at Sugar. I had a remarkable experience last
evening. I v^as sugaring a small wood close to my garden with poor success,
when, lo ! upon the trunk of a small ash tree vvas a splendid C. regalis, sipping
the sugar with all the enjoyment of a Catocala. I had no net and only a small
cyanide bottle, so I gazed in astonishment and despair for a few seconds, when
it leisurely fluttered away. It is known that this species is attracted by sweets ?
David Bruce, Brockport, New York, August 4, 1882.

Moths and Butterflies of Monroe County, New York. Butter-
flies have been very late and scarce this season, D. Archippiis not having as
yet appeared (August 4th) and only a few P. Rapa and C. Philodice having
been seen. One very light Pierzs Protodice was taken last week. This spe-
cies was very common here in September of last year. I took forty larvse of
M. PJiceton on June 1st. They fed on almost any low plant or shrub, many of
them on Tyf)ha Latifolia, but they appeared to prefer Lonicera, and in con-
finement Plantago. I raised thirty-one examples. The remainder were stung
by parasites, but kept on feeding two weeks longer than the healthy subjects.
Pap. Cresphontes has occurred this season in abundance, though previous to
1880 it was almost unknown in this neighborhood. In that year a lady bred a
fine ? from a larva found in the garden on Dicianimis fraxinella, and last
year I discovered larvae feeding on garden rue, Ruta graveolens. This year
it has been seen in great numbers. I have taken seventy larvae feeding on
Prickly Ash, have reared ail to the chrysalis, v/hence they are now emerging in
beautiful condition. Yesterday I had the pleasure of seeing on the windows of
my " Vivarium" living bred specimens of all the species of Papilio found in
this district, viz.: Ajax, Turnus, Troilus, Asterias and Cresphontes. The last
named species appears to be entirely free from parasites, not a single example
that I have found being stung. DAVID Bruce, Brockport, New York,

Anisota Senatoria, Smith-Abbott. During the past summer this moth
was very prevalent in Columbia County, New York. It made its appearance
at Oak Hill, the residence of Mr. Hermon T. Livingston, in the township of
Livingston in the latter part of June, and before the middle of August the
larvee had consumed the leaves of all the young oaks, the older trees not escap-
ing severe spoHation. I observed that the oaks in the woods adjoining the
place were not attacked, but that the trees skirting the forest suffered as badly
as those upon the lawn, and were nearly stripped of their leaves. In the early
season I destroyed myriads of the insects in the grasses under the oaks, just
after pupation, and also some five thousand eggs soon after depositure ; but
notwithstanding these precautions against a damaging visitation, severe disfig-
urement, if not injury, to the oaks resulted from the insatiable larvae. A very

i89

close observation of the habits of this moth has led me to determine that they
can readily be exterminated from oaks situated in a lawn by trimming up the
lower branches. The moths pair in the grass under the oaks very shor.ly after
pupation, and as the wings of the fem.de are small in proportion to the size of
her body, she is unable to make a very extended flight. The eggs as discovered
by me were attached to the underside cf the leaves at the termmal twigs of all
the branches nearest the ground, the branches at an elevation of twelve or
fifteen feel not showing a single deposit.

Frederick Clarkgon, New York C!ty, December ist, 1882.

Alexia Argillacea Hubn. — This moth appeared at sugar October
seventh and eighth at Karner (formerly Centre), N. Y, October seventh, four
examples werj taken, one of which was crippled and not able to fly and was
crawling up a tree to taste the sugared bait. October eight, twelve examples
were captured, one of which had just emerged from chrysalis and was not fully
developed. It was leisurely climbing a sugared tree shaking out its wings in the
act of development. It was allowed to remain until its wings were fully ex-
panded and hardened, when it too fell a victim to the cyanide bottle. As I have
not kept a record of all the moths captured at sugar previous to the month of
October this year, 1 cannot say positively whether I have taken Aletia earlier in
the season. I have, however, captured them at sugar every autumn since 1877.
The weather after the seventh and eighth tui'ned cold and stormy, consequently
I did not again sugar until October 12th, but no more of this species have
been captured since. The moth is taken with Glaea, Ljthophane and
Scopelosonia all of which are known to hybernate. May not the AUtia also pass
the winter in this manner? This is an intei^esting subject for consideration. The
specimens captured were all of them bright and fresh, and appai'ently had very
recently come forth. I am convinced that the moth breeds in this latitude, and
that its larvse feed on some Malvaceous plant. I think that the facts set
forth clearly prove that the present brood have not emigrated from a more
southern latitude. — James S. Bailey, M.D. Albany, N. Y., Oct. 25, 1882.

Fennaria Sevorsa. Gr. — This species must be known as PhcEgarista
Sevorsa. I have just discovered that it belongs to this East Indian genus, the
occurrence of which, in North America, is extraordinary. Having but one
type, which I could not denude, I failed to study the neuration and mistook
the position of the species, which is quite distinct from its old-world congener.

A. R. Grote.

Notice to Subscribers. The present number concludes the second
volume. The index and title page will be issued shortly. Intending subscribers
to Volume III., 1883, are requested to forward their names to the editor as early
as possible.

Erratum. On p. 139. Pamphila Python ? should be P. Python 5.

Issued January 24, 188^.

INDEX.

Volume 2.

INDEX TO AUTHORS AND SUBJECTS.

BOOK NOTICES.

Butterflies: Their Structure. Changes and Life-History, by Sam'l
H. SCUDDER J 7

New Check List of North American Moths, and Illustrated Essay on
Noctuidas, by A. R, Grote 146

OBITUARY NOTICES.

Charles R. Darwin, F. R. S 81

Charles G. Siewers 145

Bailey, Dr. James S.

Femoral Tufts or Pencils of Hair in certain Catocalae 51

Behr, Dr. Herman H.

On the Habits and Economy of Some Species of Sphingidae i

Preparatory Stages of Seirarctia Clio, Pack 187

Brodie, Wm.

Food Plants of Platysamia Cecropia 32

•' " Samia Columbia 79

" " Telea Polyphemus 58

Buckler, Wm.

Some Points in the Natural History of Papilio Machaon, L 85

Chambers, Victor F.

Tineidas or Tineina 115

Coleman, N.

Notes on Orgyia Leucostigma, Harv 164

COQUILLET, D. W.

Life-History of Eustrotia Carneola 57

On the Early Stages of Two Plume-Moths 61

Edwards, Henry.

Description of New Species of North American Heterocera 123

Further Notes and Descriptions of North American .^geriadas, with
Descriptions of New Forms 52

On the Early Stages of Papilio Rutulus, Bdv H2

IV

Edwards, William H.

Descriptions of New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera taken by Mr. H.

K. Morrison at Fort Grant and Graham Mountains, Arizona, 1882.. 136

Descriptions of Butterflies Taken in Arizona by Jacob Doll, 1881 19

Descriptions of New Species of Butterflies Found in the U, S 45

List of Species Taken in Arizona by Jacob Doll, 1881 28

On the American form of Papilio Machaon L 74

Two New Species of Thanaos ... 179

French, G. H.

Preparatory Stages of Arctia nais, Drury 176

" " Catocala cara, Guen 167

Plusia biloba, Stph 113

Grote, Augustus R. •

Larvae of North American Moths 99

New Arizona and Texan Moths 131

Notes on Certain Geometridce, with a New Byssodes Irom Florida.. . . 100

Notes Upon Catocala Snowiana, Gr., and Varieties in the Genus 8

On Certain Pyralidae 82

On the Pterogostic and Other Characters of Eucaterva 143

On Three Species of Euchcetes no

Some New Noctuid^e and Notes 183

Some Notes and Queries About Moths 170

The North American Species of Nonagria 94

Two New Geometrids from Mr. Neumoegen's Collection 80

Hagen, Dr. H. a.

On Papilio Machaon, L. and its North American Representatives ;
Papilio Rutulus, Bdv.; and Parnassius ; bemg Portions of a Prelim-
inary Report on the Butterflies of Washington Territory 149

ISHIKAWA, CHIYOMATSU.

Notes on Variations in Some Japanese Lepidoptera 35

JEWETT, Dr. H. S.

Notes on Adelocephala Bicolor, Harris. 38

Some Additional Notes on Adelocepha Bicolor, with Description of
a New Variety . . 144

Neumoegen, Berthold.

Description of New Hyperchiria from Arizona 60

Some New Beauties from Various Parts of Arizona 133

OSBORN Herbert.

yEgerian Parasites 71

Osten-Sacken. Baron R. v.

List of Butterflies collected on the Pacific Coast, principally in Cali-
fornia, in 1876, with Notes on their Localities and Habits 29

Packard, Dr. A. S. jnr.

Notes on Lepidopterous Larvae 180

Pilate, G. R.

A New Variety of Catocala 31

List of Lepidoptera taken in and around Dayton, Ohio. 65

Riley, Dr. C. V.

The Noctuidas in the Missouri Entomological Reports 41

Stretch, Richard H.

Notes on Papilio Oregonia, Edw 119

Notes on Pieris Menapia 103

What constitutes a species in the Genus Arctia ? 90

Walsingham, Lord.

Tineidae or Tineina 77

Weyenberg, D. H.

Nova Species Generis Ceratocampa 63

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

Akhurst, Jno.

Erebus odora, L. on Long Island 18

Bailey, J. S.

Aletia argillacea in New York State 189

Femoral Tufts 146

Ballard, Julia P.

Adoneta spinuloides, Larva of 50

Behrens, James.

Coloradia Pandora 122

Parnassius Smitheus in California 50

BOWDITCH, F. C.

Honey for Sugaring , 50

Brodie, William.

Emergence of Bombycidas 83

Bruce, David.

Ceratocampa regalis at Sugar 188

Cotton-worm Moth 62

Moths and Butterflies of Monroe County, N. Y , 188

Notes faom Monroe County, N. Y 81

Clarkson, Fredk.

Anisota sena'oria, S. and A., Destruction by 188

Coleman, N.

Larva of Pyrrharctia Isabella 18

Melittia cucurbitce, Harris 50

Cramer, A. W. P. ,

Hepialus gracilis, Gr 34

Rhodophora Florida, Gne 34

Doll, Jacob.

Zeuzera assculi, L. in New Jersey , 34

Edwards, Henry.

Dwarf Butterflies 34

Fans on feet of Catocaline Moths. 146

Insect Pests in California 34

Napthaline Cones 147

Papilio Albanus, Feld 122

Parnassius Thor., Hy. Edw 148

Powerful Insecticide 34

Swarming of Colias Philodice , 34

Edwards. W. H.

Papilio Polydamas in F lorida 1 22

Fernald, C. H.

Xylina cinerea 63

Gilbert, H. Roy.

Arctia Dione ?o

VI

GOODELL, L. W.

Larva of Amorbia humerosana, Clem 1 87

New Localities for Butterflies 188

Grey, Robert.

Early Appearance of Hyphantria 18

Grote, Anna.

On Eugonia alniaria .... 148

Grote, Aug. R.

Egg of Hemileuca Yavapai, Neum 102

Euedwardsia, new^ genus 122

Fennaria sevorsa. 189

Note on the genus Herrichia 122

On some Geometridce from Dayton, Ohio 83

On the Motion of the Wings in drying of Platysamia Cecropia 83

Species of Pyralidse omitted from the " New Check List " 148

Hagen, H. a.

Stretch's Bombycidae of North America 188

Hill, W. W.

Rare Noctuids 50

KiRBY, W. F.

Fans on Forelegs of Catocala Fraxmi, L 84

Mead, Th. L.

Thecla Ista 18

Morton, Emily L.

Arctia nais 17

Neumoegen, Berthold.

Emergence of Bombycids from pupa state 18

Packard A. S.jnr.

Butterfly Parasites 84

Probable Differences in two broods of Drasteria frecthea 147

Riley, C. V.

Xylina cinerea loi

Sanders, Julia E.

Larvce of Sphingidas 147

Stretch, Richard H.

Alypia dipsaci, G. and R 181

Callarctia ornata. Pack 147

Larva of Gnophaela Hopfferi, Gr , 82

Occurrence of Lepidoptera at Sea 82

Wright, W. G.

Early Butterflies in California 63

Editorial Notes.

Actias Luna in May 82

Bombycidae of North America _. 50

Insect Enemies 18

Mr. A. R. Grote's Collection ; 82

Phycidse of United States 148

Synopsis of Noctuidce 50

Wing variation in Lepidoptera 18

Vll

GENERAL INDEX

Volume 2.

Acopi incana. n. s 128

Acronycta occidentalis, larva ot. . 181

populi 43

Adelocephala bicolor 38

" Trans, of... 38

" var. immaculata, . . 144

Adoneta spinuloides, Larva of. . . . 33

^Sjeria asiliformis 56

" candescens. n. s 123

" exitiosa, var. Fitchii 55

" Henshawii. n. s 56

" pfcestans. n. s. ....... 98

" prosopis. n. s 99

" quercus. n. s c,8

" quinquecaudata 56

" tecca 56

" tipuliformis 56

" parasites of 71

Agrotis jaculifera 44

" messoria 42

" repentis 42

Albuna denotata, n. s 55

Aletia argillacea 62

" " in New York. . . 189

Alypia dipsaci loi

Amblyscirtes Nanno. n. s 142

Amorbia humerosana, Larva of. . 187

Amphion nessus, Larva of 147

Anisota senatona, Destruction by 188

" " Eggs of 189

Anthocaris Rosa. n. s 45

Antiblemma guttula. n. s 127

Apatura Leiha 23

Araschnia fallax 35

Arctia achaia, Variation of 91

" decorata, Larva of ...*.. . 179

" nais 18

" " Transformation of ... . 176
" " Comp'd witfi phalerata 178

" variation in the genus.... 90

Argynnis Rabdia 36

Argyria auratella. 73

Arta statalis 72

Artaxa, Diagnosis of genus 13

" ingenita. n. s 12

Asopia costalis 72

Azelina albomacularia. n. s.... 130

" ■ Arizonaria. n. s 130

Azenia. n. g 186

" implora. n. s 186

Bembecia marginata 52

Botis abdominalis 73

" adipaloides 73

" plectilis 72

Butterflies of New York State. .. 188

Byssodes obrussaria. n. s loi

Caccecia roseana, Food Plant of. 182

California, Insect Pests of 34

Callarctia ornata 1 47

Capis, the genus 185

" curvata .... 185

Catocala cara, Transformation of 167

" " Food Plant of 169

" concumbens. Fans on

Feet of 51

" Desdemona. n. s 15

" Helene. n. var 31

" Snowiana 8

" Varieties of 9

Cautethia Grotei. n. s 10

" " Position of 11

Ceratocampa regalis 188

" Vogleri. n. s 62

Check List of N. Amer. Moths. . . 146
Chloraspilates Arizonaria. n. s. 80
Cirrhobolina vulpina. n. var.... 14

Clisiocampa grisea. n. s 134

Colias philodice, Swarm of 34

Coloradia Pandora 122

Cotton-worm Moth , , 62, 189

Cossula. n. g 93

" magniflca. n. s 94

" " Habits of . . . 94

" " Transfer, of. 94

Cossus Angrezi. n. s 93

Cranibus dissectus. n. s 73

" topiarius 74

Darwin, C. R., Death of 84

Dichelia sulphureana, Lnrva of. . 182

Dilophonota festa. n.s 12

Drasteria erecthea. Two Br'ds of. 147

Dwarf Butterflies 34

Early Butterflies in California. . . g3

Emergence of Bombycidas 18,83

Endropia homuraria. 100

" textrinaria 100

vinulentaria loi

Epirrita dilutata 82

Erebus odora 1 8, 82

Escaria. n. g 186

" clauda. n.s 186

Eubolina Meskei. n.s 128

VIU

Eucaterva. n. g 80

" labesaria. n. var 143

" Structure of 143

" variaria. n. s 80

Euchstes abdominalis lii

" eglenensis iii

" inopinatus. n. s 13

" perlevis. n. s 131

•' pudens. n. s I2j^t'

" Spraguei iii

" vivida. n. s 131

" zonalis. n. s 131

Eudamus Dorus. n. s 140

" Epigena 141

" Hippalus. n. s 27

" Moschus. n. s 141

Euedwardsia. n. g 122

Euherrichia. n. g 122

Eulonche oblinita, Larva of 99

Eustrotia carneola. Transfer, of. 57

" distincta. n. s 184

" propera. n. s ....132, 184
Fans on Forelegs of Catocala

51, 84, 106

Fatua. n. g 97

" Proposed for Troc. denu-

datum 97

Femoral Tufts 146

Fenaria. n. g.. 132

" Changed to Phaegarista. 189

" sevorsa. n. s 132

F'd Pl'ts of Platysamia Cecropia. 32

" '* Samia Columbia ... 79

" " Telea Polyphemus.. 58

Gnophsela Hopfferi, Larva of . . . . 82

Grote Collection of Noctuidee ... 82

Harmonia. n. g 54

" Morrisonii. n. s 55

Hemaris, Various Forms of 171

Hemileuca Yavapai, Eggs of 102

Hepialus gracilis 34

Herrichia, The Genus 122

Hypena Baltimoralis, Larva of.. . 181

Hyperchiria Pammina. n. s . . . . 60

" aurosea. n. var. ... 60

Hyphantria cunea 18

Hypoprepia inculta. n. s 13

Hypopta Henrici. n. s 131

Icthyura inornata. n. s 134

Illustrated Essay on Ncctuidas.. 146

Illustrations of Noctuidce 64

Insect Enemies 18

Japanese Lepidoptera 35

" " Figures of. 37

Lemonias Ares. n. s 136

" Cleis. n. s 137

Duryi, n. s 45

Lepidoptera at Sea 82

Leptarctia lena, Variation of 92

Leucophasia Amurensis 35

Morsei 35

Limacodes rude. n. s »I2

" trigona. n. s 12

Limenitis Arthemis. ab. C 45

" Eros 22

Hulstii. n. s 54

'• Ursula, var. of 22

" Wiedemeyrii. aber. . . 22

Lycasna Anetta. n. s 45

Lycomorpha latercula. n. s... . 124

" pholus, Larva of. .. . 181

" rata. n. s 124

Lygranthoecia constricta. n. s.. 128

" parmeliana. n. s. 14

Mamestra picta, Larva of 97

Marmopteryx Seifertii. n. s. . . . 134

" strigulata 81

Megathymus Neumoegeni n. s.. 25

Habit ot. 28

Melipotis perlseta, n. s 19

Melitasa perse, n. s 136

Melittia amoena. n. s 52

" cucurbitas, Transform, of 50

" Snowii. n. s 53

Metrea. n. g 73

*' ostreonalis. n. s 73

Napthaline cones 147

Nemophila petrosa, Variation of. 92

Neumoegenia. n.g 132

" poetica. n.s. .132, 184

Nonagria enervata 95

" fodens 95

" inquinata 94

laeta 95

" oblonga. n.s 96

" sub-flava, n.s 95

Notodonta stragula, Larva of . . . . 99

Qidemasia perangulata. n. s. . . . 125

Ohio, Lepidoptera of 65

OrgyiS leucostigma, Transfer, of. 164

Pamphila Arabus. n. s 26

'• Deva. n. s 26

" Nereus 139

" Pittacus. n. s 138

" Python, n. s 138

Papilio Albanus . . —

" Aliaska 74

" Asiatica , 74, 152

" Cresphontes in N. Y 188

" Dehanii 36

" Hippocrates 158

" Hospiton 1 54

" " Larva of 155

" Jutanus 36

IX

Papilio Machaon 74. 85

" Attempt to Nat-
uralize 76

Machaon, Transfer, of. .85, 97

" Oregonia 119, 151

" " Larva of. . .120, 151

" Polydamas in Florida. ... 122

" Rutulus 160

" " Compared witii

Turnus 161

Species of, in N. Y. State. 188

" Zolicaon 74, I50

" " Compared with

Oregonia. . . '. i i;o

Parasites of Lepidoptera 34

Parnassius in Washington Terr,. 164

Thor 144

Philampelus Achemon, Larva of. 147

" Pandorus, Larva of. 147

Phlegothontius celeus, Larva of. . 06

Phohsora Alpheus 139

" ceos. n. s 140

Phycidas of United States 148

Phyciodes picta 21

Pierismenapia 103

" " Destruction by 104

" " Distribution of 103

" " Transformations* of. 105

Plagiomimicus, The Genus 184

" expallidus. n. s. 185

Platysamia Cecropia, Food Pl't. . 32
" " Motion of

Wings in Drying 83

Plusia accurata. n. s 127

" biloba. Transformation of . 113

" brassicas 45

" scapularis. n. s 137

Powerful Insecticide . 34

Prodenia autumnalis 43

" commelinas .. 43

Proserpinus Circle, n. s 9

Prothymia plana, n. s 184

Pseudopsyche. n. g 124

" exigua. n. s. . . 124

Pyralids Omitted from " Check

List " 148

Pyrgus Nearchus. n. s 26

Pyrrharctia Isabella, Larva of. . 18

Pyrrhopyga Araxes 141

Pyrrhotaenia Behrensii. n. s. . . . 123

Ragonot M. on Phycidas 148

Rododipsa mmiana, Figure of. . . 64

Rhodophora Florida 34

" " Larva of. . . . 34

Samia Columbia, Food Pl'ts of.. . 79

Scepsis fulvicoHis 81

Schinea buxea. Figure of. 64

Sciapteron admirandus. n. s. . . . 54

Seirarctia Clio, Transform, of . . . 187

Selenia Kentaria 100

Siewers, C. G., Death of I45

Sospita. n. g 57

Changed to Phemonoe. . 97

" quinquecaudata 97

Sphingipae, California Species of. —

Distribution of 173

" Doubtful Species of. . 172

" European and Asiatic 174

" Found at Sea 6

" Linnean Names of . . . i

" N. Amer., Genera of. 175

Relation to Plants .. . 4

" S. Amer. Genera of. . 174

" Synonomy of 170

Sphinx decolora. n. var il

" Nerii, Larva of 5

" pinastri, Destruction by . . 3

" " Parasites of 3

Spragueia inorata. n. s 183

" magnifica. n. s 183

Stibadium aureolum. n. s 126

Stiria sulphurea. n. s 135

Stretch's Bombycidae of N. Am . . 188

Synedoida cervina- n. s 129

Tarache expolita. n. s.... .. 131

Telea Polyphemus, F'd Pl'ts of.. 58

Teras ferrugana. Larva ot 182

Terias Damans 19

" Gundlachii 19

" Mexicana 19

Thanaos CUtus. n. s 180

Tatius. n.s 179

Thecla apama, n.s 137

Clytie 24

" Ines. n. s 25

" Itys. n. s 23

Iseta 18

" Leda. n. s 23

Thera contractata, F'd Plants of. 183

Thyreus Abbottii, Larva of I47

Tineidae, Family Value of.... 77, 118

Structure of 77^ nS

Tortrix rosaceana, F'd Plant of. . 182

Trochilium caudatum 53

" denudatum 97

" gallivorum 96

syringae 53

tibiale 53

Walsingham, Lord, on Tineidae . . 77

Wing Variation of Lepidoptera. . 18

Xanthoptera clausula, n. s 186

Xylina antejinata I02

" cinerea 43.63, loi

" Grotei 102

Young Lepidopterist, A 148

Zeuzera sesculi 34

ERRATA.

Page 3, line 22, for "indviduals" read "individuals."

" 4, " 23, add "t" to tlie first word of the line.

" 6, " 31, for "courses" read "causes."

" 30, " 31, read " Grapta Silenus."

" 30, " 42, read "Argynnis."

" 30, " 43, read "Argynnis."

" 33, " 8, second column, for "Sambuscus" read " Sambucus."

" 35, " 17, for " Menlries " read " Menetries."

" 44, " 7, for " Danopolis " read " Demopolis."

" 44, " 29 and 31, for "synonym" read " synonomy."

" 54. " 37. I'^ad " as wide at base as the thorax."

" 66, " 57, first column, read " rare, one ? ."

" 71, " I, first column, read " Heterophleps."

" 71, ' 14, first column, read " Deilinea."

" 93. " 47, read " was detected " for " were detected."

" 94> " 9> ^^^^ "After the imagines emerge,"

" 97, " 2, tor " patustris " read " palustris."

" 97, " 43. for " seem " read " seems."

" 98, " 22, after " internal margin " add a comma.

" 98, " 29, for "Querci" read " Quercus."

" 99, " 30, for "oblinata" read " oblinita."

" loi, " 13, for " Cerussaria " read " obrussaria."

" 139, " 17, for "I ¥" read "i S •"

" 161, " lines in foot note, the " o " displaced — last line read " Turnus."

" 164, " 38, for " Orgyvia " read "Orgyia."

" 186, " 23, for " semi-fiarea " read " semi-flava."

" 188, " 12, for " photoliphography " read " photolitography."

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