pet iy Why es ee ed Has ARAN AT Vat at yh a sp eh" AA are ores ey 4) POPU Paral ae a dewsie bea ee mi tits teh ints aoe a vy wih) iW) toi « tn i) ii ay? Nave its NP ee Ori A at 4 Ne 1h Mapa) PaaS i one scotia naaiaung ahh iets tae main ei Pam i My) pain tiie ae i ie eae Mt i oe i ie oi ii ania mete ' vs asaed oat sh i; pin) ih <3 seit ait HRA 2H => S=2eSTS5 += aS ates pS EHge <=iz zu fSEEE = Beste press 2Eee rare BS =. SEES ‘ae sh, sii Hats sian i ie! , Pete U hat ats a bah vik ae Calihey ) IE 4a Hes aS - a i Hh Paet hae at rt Va tadatt ihe lh atheded | it ee by! ri nul we} if hath ite fay ae ean ty oH) rr sate bitty ic neat ‘i haps iat cibsuye ny a va oe ee st aa a he WH) i * sti At Mite rity 0 ied, ae nk de a “Ath : Hatta uae - ’ a i a ae i ie tio su Hin tyke eS - 3=. =. =. SSS 34:52 == esis as Sette fat ee = eee SEES = aS = StSS2assss5 SEES : act sie ce neat > 1B) diaeariteng . iy id a att es Hit — aa As a SY ‘3 ‘ i Hits " inh hh \ i] \ 7 a ; cs cae oe a Ny an Hise i, CH ‘ ae Y Meat ue i oe +h a ange i ‘ ae y ith enh HY} } ti ait eit u pot waits fH fat tx Hh) a tA ‘i 4h Me aaah i at is) ae ath He ay hs {f bie! junkie thie eee ae Cee a ee 3 sie is } yt Hin He alt Ha rat abe nee mina ne oe i} pararasvaniedtael \ TRE Hy inde Hk i i) i uy it tite a aig i ey ie Bt i a ret ie it anlagth sth ta HS HH ee We ste Sa Bi eae Nt EM pen SE EARN ae i es : ea saint aA an Sabu ce sia i i a ae Sot : i ae . by ie sina it ii Nit se ta ie aut AWAY 4) i i va aa itt | . aS Ae ae : et aah tia EM by ib mh a a if tht = _ it nhibt Ha i Hh Butt Gant th i a i iy eae if at te ih Ae i ne Ha ih 4 iil a yh Seta ue fe ‘i it A Hilt a ih) a i NCH yep iP ae AR a ae yh in Worn’ had a Hane i He iM a hy Anti i it adits ia tule! seats | ) nb " cs Hi - o H an Hit it Ah ae ehh gi i OMEN “a an f i} ti a a Nh } } | ih: Hits “4 “i tHE | iy tity ath Py Nahe { of Hatta hy : At aa oe a ae a ; f tayad it) Saya Lobe Sah Py Ii) Tahal df } | ae ee ae ue enn o oF iia ae d a afi Pty nt aE isin Hei iu nati soe it oe aT rant tt ‘ : i v 4 i Hi Het wt ae 44 Mii) 7 nats ie MSO f wih : it ban At} th Ny iy iat sar ait ie co it me inh ¥ i eve | ie eSATA Y ay MLB Mat oie Ny ayy d He Ai i) ith if fhigte a NY Ne i it Daas Sa mene es on R NIRHtY nai! tht Reha Co } ett i Oye ait a ay is ran ah a iy t tes a aa a tt Bi i ; . Hi ‘ial net ieee en ‘ 4 ie Hey Hy } i SHH Naaye uy aa fit Feat Rta Nba ia iene a et rity Hi nit ati Rails et 8 wes ih H ait a ce il a! : ce i i i 3) oe F ‘4 ii pat Ho) 8! aon bit ie bal Tyedae ita “i it hie Tada Peat ave al vapt tohalesg syste . Beha a edn iy Arey tile twp PLAN nase ip atte fe reat suit Nei Ialareasans shi [ a eo Bk 4; nti Hf aa ate i gid POR Ht ph att i) Mh i ih oe RRM HE st i neat it i ; wn Line st ! al a +) } had t ss a ie a ast ie hone sili i Hie ny) ii; ati ) rand fy he niet aay i hat HS th Hie e feerese EEE Hilssiiss at ict Sea Sse Soe 4 33. = = i i" bt i Ae ae i f ) Sate yi ie Aint th + pi Rat a _ a ie isch e i aad Wty iy) CENTS ie slaastig aa ta ats ia ee sists ies ae ig i it Mi oe By an ae res iat tit si it he shh hit He a sed solbep nt ‘ i ‘ it ‘5 i arth pita ayia tf Ni . } nit Hegeeaiki i} | ih ge ae iit nea fh ; sti ah ve i iit . 8 ine an on ai i ft sti bent Hs oe aia ‘i fetid Paetead Might ae be vi nt aus Fa ER Hes co i Tt ae i Ps ih a oe i Ne HY ie ua ie aa AEN ae ‘i wih it seat Ein a ie iii nse nee ie ahs is ite rt ; Hat on i i ii i ine a : rity an Hs tae ae nt via ty fits wet it Sr aihtes ahaa if aig i i a baht ce es ne ; ; i Ht) a. 3 si ht Pee sii Pye t| mie Hyn tah i ae iy sy i nia i i $ i erie Sasaterntargroe iy Rots bth i it eins He iat i Ae te U2 Kae a THR ocRaE ae Nath eee STAN at - . i cane is ancl, Pity aie i Aerial ay ae fi eit Hh} ah saan aah) a elaitt} Pea tf nity aie ie iG iat re aNaseaise ie, if sity pie a at ors ey a DAMA rests sacks ig i ae yf ae ANE cash MF Kit i art Hatneatieaniee i ty orale be hayes Spe: sa dev ety ans a MH era ia fe Hite att ise in 4 WE if ia aoa ais ne ee “fi riche ante Honey Hee oe PAE eh Het iN palate iat a My nh ae mi fi) i bit nets Biches? babe oN) sdlehn we \ bit ail 3? ne v3! vail ae " aN * date ehh i a RMT PAE Geant gl iat shanti ee et path * Ht Pat Fi iin eg sparnana Dd phere he} a ih i) anit te seh rh * f nate QeMESDS Stay habe’ eas Ht aie ie the ie iti it oe 14 PAPILIO. DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO LEPIDOPTERA. VOL. IV. 1308 Tx EUGENE M. AARON. NA ya eo PHILADELPHIA : GEORGE B. CRESSON, ENTOMOLOGICAL PRINTER. 1884. INDEX. iWA@ sai? AV INDESS LO AUMHORS AND SUBJECTS. Book NOTICEs. Check-List of Insects of Canada; Label List of same . First Annual Report of Injurious and other Insects of New York; by J. A. Lintner Synopsis of N. Am. Species of Satya: by lone B. Sar . EDITORIAL COMMENT. Appreciative Entomologists . European versas American Entomologists Multiplication of Synonyms . Possible discontinuance of PAPILIO Permanent Curatorship of Am. Ent. once Prof. Lintner’s First Annual Report : W. H. Edwards’ New Catalogue . : = LOO: ‘ NoTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS; by Hy. Edwasds ad E. M. Aaron . AARON, EUGENE M. A Question of Priority Eudamus Tityrus and its varieties AARON, S. FRANK. Certain methods of judging and describing new species Collecting on Gulf Coast of Southern Texas AARON, E. M.andS. F. . List of collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera from So. Texas ANGUS, JAMES. Notes on some species of Catocala BEUTTENMULLER, WM. Food-plants of Lepidoptera . : . BuUrrER, A. |G. On the generic distinction of Megonostoma : Touching the so-called ‘‘ Controversy’’ concerning Species. EDWARDS, HENRY. Apparently new species of N. Am. Heterocera Notes on Mexican Lepidoptera. : 11,) 50; Some new forms of N. Am. Moths The genus Gloveria The lepidopterous genus Datana 80 81 8I 109 III 171 134 166 ie 147 I Tan 25 49 WS)S) 172 SS) E20 Is) 43 105 23 Epwarps, W. H. Capitalizing specific names Descriptions of new butterflies, mostly Row eens Notes on Colias Christina and C. Astraea On some Historical Errors : Exepaenery stages of Colias Harfordii anal c. Barbara ‘© Lyceena Melissa es ‘« Melitzea Chalcedon, ete. Phyciodes Camillus Papilio Zolicaon FRENCH, G. H. Arctia Geneura, Strecker.—Female New species of Gnopheela Eteparalory stages of Catocala een: ‘© Drasteria Erichtea Grote, A. R. A new species of Nystalea GRUBER, AUGUST. On the caterpillars of N. Am. Papilionidze and Nymphalide: translated from the German by C. E. Aaron; with 3 plates. 83, HaGeEn, H. A. Types of Tineina in the Cambridge Museum, Mass. . 96, HoLuLanp, W. J. Description of a new species of Sphacelodes Kirsy, W. F. On a copy of ‘‘Peale’s Lepidoptera Americana’’ in the British Museum LINTNER, J. A. On some Rio Grande Lepidoptera MoNnNoGRAPHS OF N. AM. LEPIDOPTERA NEUMOEGEN, B. New Heterocera from various parts of our continent Raivey, CV. On the Dimorphism of Teras Oxycoccana ScHAus, WM. Early stages of Mexican Lepidoptera SMITH, JOHN B. Hiubnerian STRECKER, HERMAN. Citheronia Infernalis and Catocala Babayaga WRIGHT, W. G. Description of a new Hemileuca Preparatory stages of Lyceena Amyntula 34 33 30 167 gI 63 128 162 1538 20 148 I5I 72 103 135 38 94 Gp 100 183 13 19 126 ili NOTES AND QUERIES. AARON, E. M. Denudation for study Erycides Okeechobee Eudamus Zestos Mr. Strecker’s Collection Notice to Subscribers Pamphila Baracoa in Florida Pamphila Cernes : Pamphila Panoquin in New iersey Unusual Occurrence BEHRENS, JAMES. Agrotis Vorax EpWARDS, HENRY. Mexican Lepidoptera Papilio Antimachus Epwarps, W. H. Callidryas Philea and Terias Mexicana in Wisconsin Limenitis Eros ELwEs, H. J. Concerning so-called species ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE A. A. A. S FERNALD, Mrs. C. H. Sexual attraction in the genus Samia FRENCH, G. H. Gnophela Arizona HowarbD, L. O. Entomological Society of Washington, D. C. Mann, B. PICKMAN. A new Entomological Society Rav Ee: ‘Lepidoptera of North America’’ ScuHaus, W. J. Pachylia Ficus SMITH, JOHN B. Polia Vorax Reply to the Editor WEED, CLARENCE M. Parasites in cocoons of Samia Columbia WorTHINGTON, C. E. Killing large Lepidoptera WRIGHT, W. G. Collecting in Southern California . Phi (OF 22 61 41 114 150 62 22 Er2 PIM 41 21 Tig 62 113 114 42 112 82 AI 150 21 114 I12 41 yep te) GENERAL INDEX. A Achlyodes Thraso 145 Acopa Pacifica 46 Acronyctodes, new genus 78 a Insignita 78 Aegeridae, Rio Grande 146 Agarista Grotei 14 Agraulis Vanille . 140 Agrotis Vorax 21, 114 Alypia Disparata . ne ** « Grote 13 | ‘© Hudsonia 43 ‘“ Octomaculata 146 Alypioides Flavilinguis 13 | Amblyscirtes Eos 144 | Ameria Nigricosta 14 ~~ “Unicolor 146 | Amphonyx Cluentius . II Anza Andria 179 ‘“ Glycerium . S17G Anisota Suprema 16 - ‘“ early stages 102 Antarctia Expressa 60 Antepione Imitata 48 Antheecia Petulans 123 Apatelodes Angelica 146 a Vivax 2 77 Apatura Antonia . 141, 178 as Celtis 141, 178 3 Cocles 141, 178 = Leilia iG ie: Arctia Eminens . . a50 ‘* Geneura, female 158 Arizona Butterflies 53 Argynnis Arge 2 “* — Myrina, larva gI, 120 Astragalus Crotalariz . _ E26 B Basilodes Mirabilis ee Territans Bombycidz, Mexican . new ; es Rio Grande Cc _Calledapteryx opinaterata Callidryas Philea a: Eubule i Sennze Catocala Abbreviatella . i: Amatrix, prepara- tory stages Angusi Arizone Aspasia . Babayaga Dionyza Hero Insolabilis Nuptialis Obscura os Pheebe . a Residua oe Walshii . Whitneyi |Charadra Nigracreta Charis Czenius Chlosyne Adjutrix Citheronia Infernalis Colias Astrza ‘* Barbara ** ~~ Boothii ce Czesonia ‘* ~ Christina - 94 45 14 44 146 18 Les 173 173 SY: 35 74 13 124 125 35 37 125 35 74 17 143 177 "a 30 3 4 4I 139 30 Colias Eurytheme 139 | Eudamus Albofasciatus Se iaartorait 3, 4| es Tityrus ns ss prep. stages 2 | os Zestos Copzeodes Procris 143 Eudule Nigricosta ‘« var. Waco 180| Euhalisidota Aperta Ctenucha Modulata 14 | ¥ Cervina a Proxima 14 Eulithosia, new genus . é Venosa 146, - Composita . zs Votiva . m2 * Thoracica 'Euptoieta Claudia D | Danais Archippus 140 | EF as ce neo | ae pie Bh Food-plants of Lepidoptera. = Svar. Strigosa 175 | ee Saks Modesta Datana, the genus 23 s Drexelii 25 | G Deilephila Lineata 145 | Diludia Collaris 12 | Gelechia, species in Cam- Dioptis Nervosus . 15] bridge Museum Dircenna Klugii 7 ZO Geometra Tridaria Drasteria Erichtea, egg and pScolenaere Mexican lanvae een é , . 148 | SN! Drasteria Erichtea, chrysalis 149) eta ae Hew Sens, « Magnifica 18 | - iArizouensis Drepanodes Vehemensaria 19 | . poo | Jalape . E ‘< Olivacea Ecpantheria Leucarctioides . 41 ‘« Venerabilis “ Sennettii 147 Gnophela Arizona 20, a Tenella 15, 41 Hopfferi Elachistidae, genera and spe- | cies in Camb. Museum 153 | H . Elysius Russatus . 60 Hadena Metallica Eresia Graphica iyi ze Viridis > Wexana 141 Halisidota Armillata ‘« Punctata yz ss Cinctipes Erycides Batabano 42 = Mansueta is Okeechobee 21, 42 a Propinqua Erycinidae, Rio Grande 143 Heliconia Charitonia Euchetes Emendatus 61 | Heliothis Suavis A Fumidus 61 Hemileuca Electra 19, = Immanis 75 Hepialus Confusus Vi 182 26 61 T4 77 igh 43 44 +4 140 98 19 18 47 105 107 107 109 108 108 112 Tet 2 17 17 76 76 iS) 14 45 42 122 Hesperide, Rio Grande Heterocampa Lunata - Muscosa Superba . Hypena Baltimoralis oe ce Inclyta Hyperchiria Schausii J Josiodes Distincta j Inversa . Junonia Lavinia K Kricogonia Fantasia 138, - Lanice 138, Lyside 7s sN Terissa 138, L Lagoa Superba Lepidoptera, Mexican . Libythea Carinenta Limenitis Arthemis, larva ae ae Disippus Eros Lithocolletis, species in Cam- bridge Museum Lithosidae, Mexican new Lyceena Alce a _Amyntula, larva sh pupa 143, Cyna Antibubastus . os Exilis Filenus Hanno Gyas Isola Melissa, preparatory stages . vl Lyceenide, Rio Grande Lycomorpha Contermina ~ Marginata 143 | 44 | 79 noe 112 80 16 M Macrosila Collaris Mecoceras Schausaria . Megonostoma, generic dis- tinction of Melicleptria Exalta Septentrionalis . Melanchroia Spuria Melitaea Albiplaga |Melitzea Chalcedon, stages : Melitaea Bollii ‘“ Definita Didyma, larva Elada, var. Perse Imitata Marcia, larva . Nycteis, ‘‘ Il Phaeton, ‘‘ I42 Tharos, 116 | oe ilies. 116 Metraea Argentalis 62) Mexican Lepidoptera N 14) 14) 141 prep. 174 | 174 174 1745 el 175, 90, 79 | : : 68, 89, ce 132, 151 | 14 43 var. Irene 180, Neonympha Areolatus . 126 | a Gemma 127 | os Sosybius . 180 Nisoniades Funeralis 180 Noctuidae, Mexican 143 | a new : , 180 | Nymphalidae, caterpillars 809, 180 Rio Grande . 143 Nystalea Indiana . 180 | | oO gt Opharus Eucheetiformis Nathalis Tole 6 ce 144, cc 143 13 13 12 18 58 124 45 15 175 63 176 176 gI 175 134 120 53 120 go Ls) 19 II ey 172 142 142 142 182 16 44 119g 140 7 15 Pachylia Ficus Ai Pamphila Baracoa, in Fla. 150. = Bellus 57 | a Brettus . 44 | - [envatee oret= toides 180 Bs €ernes, - 62 | es Campestris 180 = Cestus 57 - Comus . 181 Ss Deva 55 ly Eos ‘ 181 | es Huron . 143, 180| iG Iowa 181 a Lasus 54 Lunus 56 | Manataaqua . 62, A Osceola 181 | + Otho 144 . Panoquin 22 | “ Phyleeus 144 s Vestris: - 181 zs Vitellius 181 Bobo Ajax, larva 188 Antimachus 21 AT | ‘* Asterias 136 me SS elanva 84 | ‘« Brevicauda, larva 85 ‘“ Cresphontes 136 ‘‘ _Daunus, early stages. 100) ‘““ Helleri, early stages. 101 | ‘« ~~ Machaon, larva 86 “ Philenor 136 | is os larva 88, 118 ‘* Pilumnus. early stages 100 ‘“‘ Thoas, var. Cres- phontes . 172 an dlroilus, larva 87 Pinus. 9. 86 ‘* Zolicaon, early stages 162 Papilionidz, caterpillars P 84, vil TALS _Pericopis Schausii | ' Perigzea Benigna . | ‘« Continens pa Wilecta _Phasiane Aberrata Philampelus Linnei Pheebis Agarithe . _Pholisora Catullus ce Hayhurstii larva . ae Emissa Harrisii sius Phaon' 3 Tulcis\: et Vesta, cardi . Pieris Amaryllis Protodice Plusia Snowil im | Polia Vorax - Proteides Zestos Atrata ; Pyralide, Mexican Pyrameis Atalanta ms Huntera Pyrgus Locutia ‘« Tessellata . Syrichtus. Pyrrhomorpha Fusca R Robinsonia Perfecta Ss Samia Columbia var. _Plusiodonta Effulgens . |Pseudalypia Crotchii, | Papilionidze, Rio Grande 136 59 122 5 A Phyciodes Camillus, egg and Phyciodes Camillus chases Nycteis, var. Dru- Bou- var. 144, Rio Grande Lepidoptera i022) 47 145 137 145 145 128 130 130 57 57 141 177 177 II4 121 19 141 141 181 181 181 43 135 60 ez Satyrus Incana Seirarctia Bolteri . Sennett, Geo. B., expeditions Smyrna Bloomfildia, early stages : Smyrna Karwinskii, early stages Snowia, new genus a Montanaria Sphacelodes Floridensis Sphingide, Mexican pe Rio Grande Sphinx Insolita ‘“ Quinquemaculata Stiria Nanata Synchloe Adjutrix ie Lacinia . a Mediatrix a Saundersii Syneda Perfecta i = elerplexa.t Synedoida Aegrota Systasea Zampa T Tamila Arefacta Vill 2 12! oS) IOI 95 96 72 II 145 T45 T45 O5 I4I 177 177 177 46 47 47 T44 123 Teras Oxycoccana, dimor- phism Terias Linda “ Pisisa ‘* Mexicana Nicippe Tetracis Indiscretata Thanaos Tristis Thecla Blenina S - Ebanks owe seer ‘¢ M-album Melinus Poeas Sival.: Thyatira Batis Triprocris Aversus ce af Varina, new genus ‘“ Ornata Zz Zygeenide, Mexican ce new 143, 7 DO 139 113 139 48 182 179 179 22 22 179 143 179 16 4 od 94 o4 13 13 Saar 21 OS) D2 8 3) ee BoGENsS MM. a Sono \ if i. en ie, - * X PHILADELPHIA: \ HAzzarD & CRESSON, ENTOMOLOGICAL Poa TERS, mae NG TIT No. 55 North Seventh Street. 1884. CORO 2 PAPILIO. A Journal, devoted to Leipidoptera exclusively, published monthly, July and August excepted. Price, $2.00 per annum. Exchanges of Entomological writings with societies and authors throughout the world are earnestly desired. Advertisements will be inserted on the covers of PApiILiIo at the rate of $1 a year for 6 lines or less. Longer advertisments may be contracted for at equally low rates. Sample copies forwarded on receipt of 21 cents.. Back numbers supplied. All communications and remittances should be addressed to EUGENE M. AARON, Lock Box 2500, Philadelphia, Pa. ~H. K. MORRISON, Dealer in Insects of all Orders, Box 35, Morganton, Burke Co., N. C. = a ap , Complete collections, particularly rich in Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, from the following desirable localities : Key West, Flia., Nevada, Louisiana, Idaho. I have at present many rare Lepidoptera from Arizona, and large series of Coleoptera from Arizona, Washington Territory, California, Montana, and North Carolina. Single specimens at reasonable rates, and series offered on very low terms. Especial care given to making collections to order in any group: larve, Micro-lepidoptera, Galls and gall insects, and families to which, in general, little attention is paid. Collections bought. Lists and full particulars in regard to Entomological material on hand sent on application. A.W. PUTMAN CRAMER, 51 Douglas B. NEUMOEGEN, P. O. box 2581, Street, Brooklyn, E. D., wishes to ex- | New York City, wishes to arrange with change with collectors of Lepidoptera. | collectors in -all parts of the world for mt Put ___ | the collection of Lepidoptera. Will ; also exchange. The undersigned is desirous of pro- curing, by purchase or otherwise, the | -geriade, Cossida, Hepialide and | For SaLte.—CuHeEcK List of the Plusias of the world. Asiatic, African | MACROLEPIDOPTERA of America north and South American forms much de- | of Mexico (Diurnals, Sphingidz, Sesii- sired. Hy. Epwarbs, dee, Zygenidz, Noctuide, and Geo- Wallack’s Theatre, _ metridz). Price, 50 cents. Address, New York. | Entomological Society, 9 Broadway, . E. D., Brooklyn. A new disinfectant for Entomological Cabi- nets. The material is in the form of cones, cast around a pin, so that they are ready for immediate use; are clean, and occupy very NAT. SIZE. little space. They are highly recommended by Drs. Leconte and Horn, and Messrs. Hy. Edwards, E. T. Cresson, and E. M. Aaron. Price per hundred, $1.00; postage, 1o cents. ENTOMOLOGICAL FORCEPS.—Designed more particularly for Lepidoptera, but useful for all orders. Price, nickel-plated, $2.50. Sent by mail, on receipt of price. BLAKE & Co., 55 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. HALF SIZE. PAPILIO. Devoted Exclusively to lepidoptera. Edited by Eugene M. re, | Philadelphia, January, 1884. Nowa Lock Box 2500. TO THE SUBSCRIBERS OF PAPILIO. The pressure of a number of business engagements upon me, renders it impossible for me to continue the pleasant task of editing “‘PAPILIO,”’ and though the journal appears to be on the high road to success, I am compelled to sever the connection with it, which for three years I have endeavored to make of value to the Entomological world. My regret, however, is lessened by the knowledge that I am enabled to transfer my stewardship into even better hands, and that the work which has been to me such a ‘‘labor of love,’’ will henceforth be ac- complished by one eminently fitted for the task, whose enthusiasm and ability are well and widely known, and who brings to his newly imposed position a very large experience in the Entomological field in addition to the valuable qualification of a practical business capacity. In in- troducing my good friend, Mr. EUGENE M. Aaron to the subscribers to ‘‘Papiiio,”’ I ask for him the kindly assistance and support which have in the past been given without stint to myself, and I bespeak for the journal a long career of uninterrupted prosperity. New York, January 18, 1884. Henry EpWarbs. In assuming Editorial control of PAPILIO, I have only to say that it will be my constant aim to conduct it in such a manner that the change in its management will not be too conspicuous. — It has shown, not only its right to exist, but that its discontinuance would be a serious loss to our Science, and it was this fact alone that induced me, in compliance with the requests of some of its most earnest supporters, to take up the mantle laid down by my accomplished predecessor. If I am furnished with the necessary amount of MSS., Papitto shall appear promptly each month, but in a magazine of this kind the Ed- itor is entirely dependent on his contributors, and cannot furnish “copy” from his own brain whenever his printer may stand in need thereof. Therefore all LEPIDOPTERISTS who wish to bring their re- searches before their fellows, and who appreciate neat and accurate typography with prompt publication, are requested to make PAPILIO their medium. EUGENE M. AARON. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF COLIAS HARFORDII, H. EDWARDS. ? BARBARA. H. EDW. By W. H. EDWARDs. EGoc.—Shape of Eurydice, Eurytheme, Philodice: slender, fusiform, the base broad, top sloping to a round point; the sides ribbed verti- cally, the space between the ribs crossed by numerous horizontal striz; color yellow-green, in a short time changing to crimson. Duration of this stage about four days. YounG Larva.—Length .12 inch; cylindrical, a little thickest on anterior segments; color brown-green ; each segment four or five times creased transversely, and on the ridges thus caused are fine black points, with each a short black hair; scattered among these are club- shaped white hairs; head rounded, scarcely at all depressed at top, thinly covered by black tubercles, and hairs which are longer than those on body. Duration of this stage about three days. After first Moult: length .16 inch; same shape, and marked with points as before; color dark green; along base a faint yellowish stripe; head rounded, green, the points and hairs black. Duration of this stage about four days. After second Moult: length .28 inch; dark green; the basal stripe more distinct, whitish; before end of the stage some larvee show traces of orange in this band. To next moult about three days. After third Moult: length .4 inch; same shape; color dark green; the band pure white from 2 to 13 inclusive; in the first part of the stage it is stained yellow in middle, later the yellow has changed to red; head a shade lighter than body. To fourth and last moult about three days. After fourth Moult: length .55 inch; in three days reaches maturity. MatTurE Larva.—Length 1.1 inch; greatest breadth .17 inch; slen- der, cylindrical, thickest from 4 to 8; each segment except the extremes creased transversely six times, the intervening ridges flatten- ed; on these are many fine conical black points, each giving a short hair ; on dorsum the hairs are gray, on sides and beneath white ; along base, from 2 to 13 inclusive, a continuous white band, through mid- dle of which runs a stripe of vermillion, and the white below this is stained yellow ; under side dark blue-green ; feet and legs green: head sub-globular, a little depressed at top, thickly covered with black tu- bercles the size and shape of those on body, each with a black hair ; color of head lighter green than body; ocelli emerald. From fourth moult to pupation about five days. CuRYSALIS.—Length .75 inch, greatest breadth .18 inch, depth .2 inch; compressed laterally, the thorax prominent; the head-case , oO beak-like, pointed, rounded on the under side, less so on the dorsal side; mesonotum rounded and rising to a low carina; abdomen coni- eal; color yellow-green, the abdomen more yellow than elsewhere and granulated with pale yellow; along the side of abdomen a bright yellow band, through which runs a red or an ochrey line; on ventral side a line of small ferruginous spots; on middle of wing-case a blackish dot, and a series of marginal dots, one in each interspace. One chrysalis, instead of the ventral lines of spots, had a continuous reddish band which crossed three segments. Duration of this stage nine to eleven days. Duration of the larval stages about eighteen days ; of the entire period from laying of egg to imago about thirty-one days. Colias Harfordii was described in Proc. Cal. Acad. N. Sci., Feb’y. 1877, from seven males taken in southern California, the female not mentioned; and omitting here and there an unimportant word or line, thus: Bright lemon-yellow. Primaries with the border moderate in width, equal throughout its entire length, and more or less serrate on its inner edge. The band is divided by the nervures, but never to its extreme edge. Discal spot oblong, yellow, surrounded by black. Secondaries with the border narrower. Beneath, uniform pale orange, a little palest on internal margin of primaries, avd devoid of the black and grayish scales so apparent in Occidentalis and Chrysomelas. Discal spot of primaries as on upper side; that of secondaries clear white in a brown-pink ring; and there is a faint indication of a row of sub- marginal spots of brown-pink on both wings. C. Barbara is described in same paper from two females, “‘the male unknown:’’ Whole surface light canary-yellow, with a black cloud at base, and a few scattered black scales along the costa. The marginal band of primaries is composed of black atoms, through which the yellow of the ground color is distinctly seen. it is broadest at the apex, thence narrows slightly, and continues of equal width to the inner angle. In this respect it differs greatly from Laurentina, (=/n- terior), in which the band is apical only, and obsolete before reaching the inner margin. The discal spot is small, ovate, deep yellow, in a black ring. Secondaries are destitute of any border. The discal spot is circular, pale orange, surmounted by a small spot of same color. ‘Under side of primaries pale lemon-yellow, powdered along the mar- gin with black atoms, more broadly so at the apical and costal edges. Discal spot with the yellow centre very plainly marked. Secondaries more closely and thickly powdered with black atoms, giving a green- ish appearance to the surface, and with a dark rose-pink streak at base. Discal spot large, circular, clear white, surmounted by a smaller one, each in brown ring. In the Proc. Cal. Acad., for June, 1878, Mr. Edwards says that he is inclined to think Barbara is the female of Harfordi7. The differences between these two supposed species were given in the above description as follows: Harfordil. Color: bright lemon-yellow. No black at base mentioned. No discal spot of hind wing men- tioned. Under side pale orange, devoid of dark scales. Barbara. Color: bright canary-yellow. A black cloud at base. Discal spot of hind wing pale orange, with smaller spot. Under side pale lemon-yellow; pri- maries powdered along the margin with black scales; hind wings more closely and thickly powdered, giving a greenish appearance to the surface. A pink streak at base. No submarginal spots mentioned. No pink at base mentioned. A faint indication of submarginal spots on both wings. The chief points of resemblance between the two, according to the descriptions, are found in the discal spots of both surfaces, and the fringes, rose-pink. Evidently there are two types of this species, the //arfordii type, lemon-yellow, no black at base; under side free from dark scales ; the Barbara type, canary-yellow, black at base, under side of both wings dusted black, the secondaries thickly. Neither of these forms has the fringes of upper side wholly pink; they are rosy, mixed with yellow on upper half of fore wing, and posterior half of hind wing, but the rest, amounting to nearly or quite one-half, is yellow only. On the under side the fringe is always yellow at and near inner angles of primaries, and usually next outer angles of secondaries, the rest pale pink, with more or less yellow mixed through it, but sometimes clear pink. I have upwards of fifty examples of the species before me as I write, nearly all from San Bernardino, (two bred from eggs sent from that place); of these 7 are females, two of which came from Mr. H. Edwards, marked ‘‘type.’’ Also a & from him marked ‘‘type.’’ And this series shows that the two types run through both sexes. That is, there are the two sexes of the Harford type, and the two of the Bar- bara type. It isa very curious thing, and for this reason I go into details at some length. Some of each sex are of a lovely bright and deep yellow, called in the description canary. Some of each are lemon- yellow. The typical male has no black at base; a bred female shows the same peculiarity. On the other hand, many males have the black at base as dense as in the type Barbara. On the under side the type males are devoid of black scales, but some (Barbara type) are just as much dusted over both wings as the type female, the hind wings also having a greenish hue, as stated for the female. The type female has no submarginal spots, but other females have the spots as distinctly as any of the males; on the other hand, occasionally a male has not a trace of these spots, others have a trace, as in the type; but some have the spots as conspicuous on both wings as in many PAzlodice. There is always a little pink at base of hind wing in both sexes. The discal spot of under hind wing is usually white, but occasionally is diluted rose. Now it is the fact that the males bear a certain resemblance to the males of C. /nterior. Dr. Hagen, in his Colias paper, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xxii, p. 165, claims that in Wash. Terr., he took 4 ¢ ¢ 5 2° 9 of Harfordii and Barbara, and that Mr. H. Edwards “‘recog- nized instantly’’ that they were of that species. It is true, eight of these nine examples had wings of a peculiar shape, ‘‘only one has the wings of the common shape,”’ and no males have submarginal spots below. Nevertheless, ‘‘they cannot be separated from Adwardsiz, ex- cept as a somewhat extravagant variety connected to the type by inter- mediate forms.’’ On p. 167, we read, Hlarfordii and “‘ Laurentina seem by the shape and color of the upper side to be nearly related to Phz/o- dice, but otherwise to belong to Edwardszi = C. Interior. ‘Till the contrary is proved they should be so placed.’’ The probabilities are that not one of the 83 $ ¢ 46 2 @ captured by Dr. Hagen in Wash. Terr. and treated of in the paper quoted, was Ldwardsiz. Such wild comparisons as the above are so frequently made in this paper that I must infer that true Adwards77 is yet unknown to Dr. Hagen. ‘Till the contrary is proved they should be placed with Adwardsz = /nterior!’’ {donot undertake to pronounce on these nine ¢ 9 sup- posed Harfordii, except to say that they could not possibly be Ffar- fordii if they were Edwardsiz, and they could not possibly be Adwardsz if they were /vferior. Nothing is more certain than that, but what they were I have no idea. They had ‘‘a peculiar shape,’’ unlike that of Harfordii, and while they are not described, it is let out that there was no trace of submarginal spots, which is a feature of Hlarfordiz. Edwardsti is a large species, has a black discal spot without yellow centre, yellow fringes, and the under side is dusted over the margins of primaries and all of secondaries with gray scales like Alexandra; the discal spot of hind wings is small, white, with a delicate edging of rosy scales. There is no trace in either sex of submarginal spots. That is a very different thing from Har/fordi7, of either type, and no lepidopterist would have thought of comparing the two. As to /nterior, the differences are decisive, and indicate a different sub-group. The description of Baréara (?) given by Mr. Edwards settles the matter in a few words: ‘‘ border broadest at the apex, thence narrows slightly, and continues of equal width to the inner angles.”’ There never was seen an Ldwardsii or an /nterior with a border like that. Mr. Edwards, as if he had a prevision of the memorable raid into Wash. Terr. to be made one summer day by our great Neurop- terist, adds: ‘‘in this respect it differs greatly from Lawrentina, im which the band is apical only, and obsolete before reaching the inner margin.’ Laurentina is Interior, neither more nor less, and that is the style of border found in it, and in its next ally, Pedédne. There is no other American species with a border like that of the female FHlarfordit. Further, /ntertor of both sexes has a large deep roseate discal spot in a heavy brown ring, and often a diluted reddish ring out- side that, and it has no trace of submarginal spots. Its under side is yellow; the males thinly dusted gray, the females rather densely. FHlarfordii in both sexes has a white discal spot in slight brown pink ring, submarginal spots from a nearly obsolete trace to a bold series over both wings; and either little or no dusting on either wing, or if of the Barbara type, heavily dusted, and of a greenish hue. The sub- marginal spots connect the species with Phz/odice, but the Harfordit type of male is not Phzlodice, and the border of the female is in an altogether different style from that species. HarfordiZ may stand be- tween Philodice and /nterior, but not as linking the two species. It should be as a sub-group, with a rank equal to either of the sub-groups which contain these two species. Mr. W. G. Wright had several times taken the two forms Harfordiz and Baréara in copulation, in 1882 and 1883, and was fully satisfied that the two made but one species, though he had not learned that Mr. H. Edwards had come to that conclusion. Two pairs so taken were sent to me, and now stand in my collection. One of these males is canary-yellow, not black at base, the under side much dusted, the sub- marginal series of spots complete and conspicuous. The other male is pale yellow, with but a trace of the spots on hind wings; the under side moderately dusted; base above black. These are between the two forms. Both females are typical Barbara. Mr. Wright was greatly interested in the peculiarities of this species, and kindly undertook to supply me with eggs. These he obtained by tying females in bags over Astragalus crotalaria, which he had observ- ed to be the food plant. Mr. Wright had before this obtained one egg laid on Bur Clover, A/edicago denticulata, but this egg was not laid till the @ had been confined with the plant six days, and she laid no more. That plant could not bea favorite. The females which laid the eggs on Astragalus were sent me, and they were type Barbara. On 13th of July, 1883, came the first lot. Eight larvae hatched on the road, and two eggs. Next day came thirty-one larva. These had been six days out. The young larve looked like those of all other Coliads with which I am acquainted. It is not easy to find distinctions be- tween larvee of this genus at any stage, but such as there are consist mostly in variations of the longitudinal bands, and of the black spots under the band, or in some cases, on the body above. Comparing the mature larvee with that of Philodice, Harfordii is more slender, lighter green, the red stripe more continuous, and below it the band is yellow. There is an absence of black spots, which are almost constantly found in Philodice under the band. Nevertheless, of the Harfordi larve, ~I one did have small black spots under the band. Comparing with Eurydice, the two are very much alike in form, color, surface, but the larva of Eurydice has the red stripe macular, and there are peculiar rounded black knobs about the body which are not found in the other Coliads named. The eggs and chrysalids of all these species are after one pattern. I offered these larvae red clover, that being the usual food plant of Philodice, but they at all stages refused this. White clover they eat readily. The same thing occurred with larve of C. Hagenii from Colorado. Its food plant was an Astragalus also, and red clover it utterly refused to touch. I lost many of the Harford larve all through the stages to pupation, either from change of food or change of climate, so that I got but two butterflies at last, 1 ¢ 1 Q. The former came out 8th August, the other on 6th August. Both were bright canary-yellow. The female has an even border quite to inner angles; no black at base; a slight trace only of submarginal spots, and very little dusting on under side. That is, it is of same type with H. Edwards’ male Harfordii except as to color, which is that as- cribed to Barbara. The male is of the Harfordii type, only with color of Barbara. In a letter received from Mr. Wright, dated 26th Dec., 1883, he speaks of finding larvee of Harfordii of all sizes up to mature, and, as he says, ‘‘this proves that they breed here all winter.”’ O A NEW SPECIES OF NYSTALEA. By A. R. GROTE. Nystalea Indiana, n. sp.— ¢. Antenne shortly pectinate on basal half, simple to tips. Wings long; abdomen exceeding hind wings. Head and collar discolorous ochrey. Fore wings dirty gray, with up- right faint brown lines. Two brown costal spots at middle and two beneath them on median vein. Reniform, two brown points connected by a pale shade. Fringe dotted. Hind wings with whitish pellucid base and black borders. Expanse 42 mil. Indian River, Florida. This has no apical pale patch, like Conchifera. This tropical genus has not been previously found in the United States. There are hardly any but West Indian forms found in South- ern Florida, and to work them up properly it needs a full West Indian collection. It is evident that for sometime the synonymy of the species must be uncertain and there is no other way than to describe our species in cases of doubt. Ultimately the collections described by Mr. Walker from the West Indies will have to be overhauled and compared with Floridian collections. oo PREPARATORY STAGES OF CATOCALA AMATRIX, Hubn. By G. H. FRENCH, Carbondale, III. EGG.—Somewhat spheroidal in shape, the longitudinal diameter being .o2 inch and the transverse .035 inch. They are ridged longi- tudinally, 14 of these reaching the punctured area at the apex, these alternating with shorter ones that do not reach so far. The base is scarcely more flattened than the apex. Color very pale dull olive. Duration of this period from 200 to 249 days. YounGc Larva.—Length .12 inch. Color brown, one dorsal and three lateral stripes a little darker than the rest of the body, hairs and head concolorous, the number of feet 12. Toward the close of this period the sides are more of a brownish yellow with four reddish brown stripes, the lower or substigmatal not clearly discernible at first, and on the venter dark brown spots in the centre of joints 4 to 8. Duration of this period six days. After first Moult.—Length .35 inch. Color of the dorsum brownish buff, the sides dark purplish brown; by transmitted light it may be seen divided into four more or less distinct lines, the pale alter- nate lines narrow and faint. Head brown not very dark, with faint traces of lines. Scarcely a trace of the centre of the dorsum being lighter than the rest of the dorsum. Venter pale, joints four to eight with each a central black spot. First and second abdominal legs about one-fourth the size of the others. Duration of this period four days. After second Moult.—Length .65 inch. More striped than be- fore, a dorsal stripe somewhat moniliform, the centre purplish brown on a yellow field or the outer part of the stripe yellow. Subdorsal line yellow, between this and the dorsal stripe a stripe the color of the cen- tre of the dorsal stripe. Joint 8 a little raised and all but the centre blackish. Subdorsal region two stripes, the upper like the second dorsal, the lower almost black; the substigmatal line and the one sepa- rating the two stripes gray. Head striped with a number of blackish longitudinal lines. Thoracic feet yellow, the others yellow with a black base. The black isa smoky purplish black and not clear. Venter pale yellow with the usual black spots. Duration of this period three days. After third Moult.—Length .75 inch. As before, the dorsal space is composed of three stripes, and each side to the lower part of stigmata two. The central of the three dorsal stripes somewhat ellip- tical on each joint, the central part pale dull reddish yellow, outside of this clear pale yellow. The division between this and the next stripe a more or less distinct black line composed of a series of dots, a simi- lar series of dots, marking the division between the reddish yellow and 9 the yellow portions of the dorsal stripe. The second stripe dull pale yellowish red. Subdorsal line another series of black dots, but more nearly a continuous line. Below this line of dots a pale yellow line bordered below with another line of dots, a similar pale yellow line and bordering lines of dots separating the two lateral stripes, the series of dots next the lower stripe more prominent. The centre or body of the lateral stripes the same as the dorsal in color. Substigmatal line pale yellow bordered with black. These black lines are so fine that they make but little of the color of the surface except the lower lateral one. Joint 8 elevated in the region of the posterior dorsal _pilifer- ous spots, back part of the elevation on back and sides mostly black, except the pale yellow lines; more black also on posterior part of joint eleven. Piliferous spots rather prominent, orange, the hairs black. Head paler than the body, a black stripe on each side, and two on each side of the front. Quite a prominent fleshy fringe along the side. Toward the last of this period the general color changes to a grayish red with a yellow tinge between the joints. Duration of this period three days. After fourth Moult.—Length 1.05 inches. Pale reddish gray, the stripes as before but faint, indicated principally by the rows of dots. Sides of posterior and anterior parts tinged with black. Duration of this period eight days. After fifth Moult.—Length 1.40 inches. Ground color very pale lilac-white, the body still having some of the appearance of stripes between the joints, but the general appearance is of a uniform color with rows of black dots. Joint 8 still elevated, and the posterior pair of piliferous spots on joint 1r more prominent than the others, pointing back and with an oblique black mark from behind them forward. Middle of joint 8 yellowish with black mottlings on the sides running back to abdominal legs on joint 9. Head nearly a clear color, a black line down the sides of the cheeks and another fine one back, a little brown in front. Stigmata pale brown, finely ringed with black. A little faint yellowish along the back, head and legs with faint brownish tinge. Mature Larva.—Length 3 inches; width of head .17 inch; of joint 8, .35. Height of joint 1, .15 inch; of joint 8, .35, tapering gradually each way from joint 8, the place where the measurements taken being a little elevated. More distinctly striped than at the beginning of the period, there being three dorsal and three lateral to each side; the central dorsal pale, the parts on each joint somewhat elliptical, the broad part between the joints the narrow in the centre. The whole body dot- ted with fine black dots that seem to be as during other periods. The second stripe on dorsum darker, more intensified on joint 8. The darker stripes are made darker by the slightly darker ground color. First lateral stripe pale, the dots gathered in its centre in slightly elliptical IO masses, much as in the dorsal, wider than the next. Stigmatal stripe dark, including the dark brown stigmata. Below this a pale stripe that reaches to the fringe. Color of all the stripes gray, slightly flesh colored in the paler ones. Elevation of joint 8 more distinctly black in the dark stripes, the central fulvous on the elevation without the black dots. Piliferous spots orange, rather inconspicuous except the posterior dorsal pair of joint 11, which are prominent and project backward. Head mottled with pale brownish, otherwise as at beginning of period. Three of the ocelli black. Legs pale. Venter pale without the black dots, the centres of joints 4 to 8 with purplish black spots, traces of same on other joints. Duration of this period twenty-five days. CuRyYSALIs.—Length 1.25 inches, length of wing and tongue cases .65 inch, these reaching to the posterior part of joint 5. Shape to joint 5 cylindrical, the rest of the way conical. Depth of thorax .4o inch, of joints 2 to 4.38. Head, thorax and wing cases chagreened, rather coarsely, the head end rounded, eye cases not very prominent. Abdominal joints punctured, tip ending in six hooks in three sets of two each as to length, the two longer turning outward, the two short at the base turning inward. Color dark chestnut-brown, covered with a glaucous powder. Duration of this period from twenty-eight to thirty-four days. October 14, 1882, a female Amatrix was brought to me, from which I obtained the next day 261 eggs. These began hatching May 3rd, 1883, and continued hatching to June 21st, making the egg period from 200 to 249 days. Only the few that hatched first were fed, and the greater part of those failed to reach maturity, owing mainly toa form of bacterian disease that has prevailed in the most of the species of caterpillars I have attempted to raise this year, and it has not been confined to the breeding cages, but has been as destructive in the fields. Two imagines were raised, one pupating June 21, and producing the imago July 25, the other pupating July 8, and hatching August 3. This gives us a minimum period of 277 days from the egg to the imago. Supposing that the difference in hatching of the eggs noticed here is their usual way, this accounts for fresh specimens being found in the woods from August to October, and I think very likely with a sufficient number of eggs other species would show a similar trait. I am of the opinion that all our species are single brooded, this being based on observations of different species in the woods, and rearing three different species. This species was fed most of the time on Cottonwood, though they were fed for a few days on Lombardy Poplar. In pupating they spun leaves together, lining the leaves with a very thin cocoon of silk. Both specimens obtained were males, one with the fore wings the uniform gray, the other with the dark longitudinal shade through the middle of the wings. II NOTES ON MEXICAN LEPIDOPTERA WITH DES- CRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. By HENRY EDWARDS. It has recently been my privilege to examine a magnificent collection of Lepidoptera, captured chiefly in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, by Mr. William Schaus, Jr., many species in which appear to me to be new to science. It is, however, Apfipossible that some of those now characterized may have been described in the ‘‘ Biologia Centrali- Amer- icana,’’ but as that magnificent work is inaccessible to me, I venture to put upon record my own descriptions, even at the risk of creating a few synonyms. For the following species I have searched in vain through the recent publications of Walker, Butler, and others, and unless they are known to the authors of the ‘‘ Biologia,’ I think I am justified in my present course. It is a matter of great personal regret, and a great loss to science, that Mr. Schaus has, for the present at least, been compelled to leave Mexico, and abandon his observations upon the insect fauna of the interesting region explored by him. He had already done much toward a knowledge of the transformations of many rare species, and had exhibited so much zeal and intelligence in his work, that his cessation from labor in this enchanting field is greatly to be deplored. In a few years Mr. Schaus would undoubtedly have become one of our foremost entomologists, and it is earnestly to be hoped that he may yet be enabled to follow the study of the science he has done so much to illustrate. The types of the species now noticed are either in my own collection or in that of Mr. B. Neumoegen. | hope to continue the description of other forms in future numbers of SSPAPILIO; ” SPHINGID. Amphonyx cluentius, Clem.—Palpi dull buff, blackish above. Antenne sordid white, shading into brownish at their base. About the base of the legs are some dull buff hairs—the tibia are reddish brown, the tarsi a little darker. Thorax and head blackish brown, the former without distinct stripes, but with buff hairs intermingled, a roundish blotch on the sides, and a streak of the same color at the base of the wings. Abdomen blackish, a gray shade on disc, and a narrow black discal line on four posterior segments. The lateral spots are five in number, bright orange, margined in front with black, and reduced in size posteriorly as in all the genus. Primaries blackish brown, with a fawn-colored shade along the internal margin, widest at base, and enclosing some rather broad velvety-black waved lines. LZ There is also a black shade touching the buff patch at the base of wings. In the middle of the wing is another fawn-colored shade, reaching from near the centre to posterior margin. A black deeply- indented line runs sub-marginally from interior margin nearly to apex, where it branches into two forks, one slightly indistinct, going direct to apex, the other becoming creamy-white, and touching costa about its posterior third. Behind this last, and nearer to apex, is a small oblong black patch, bordered in front with cream-color. There is also an obsolete cream-colored dentated line near the base, running toward the disc, and a very indistinct cream-white discal spot. The discal field is also clouded with velvety-black. Secondaries rich black, with rather narrow yellow semi-transparent band, reaching from the costal margin to the centre of the wing, and cut by the black nervules. Nearer the base is a large, nearly ovate orange spot, below this, and nearer to anal angle, another smaller spot of the same color, while the abdominal and anal margins are wholly orange, the former more broadly so. The exterior margin is more deeply toothed than in other species of the genus, the dentations being distinctly edged with yel- lowish. Beneath, the abdomen is wholly buff, with five black triangu- lar patches, the primaries are brownish with a bright orange patch from centre of wing to near the base of the internal margin, and another orange streak at extreme base. The secondaries are also brownish, showing the orange semi-transparent streak, and three basal dashes of same color. Exp. wings 133 mm. Length of body 73 mm. Nearly allied to A. Anteus, Cr., and its variety A. Medor, Cr., but differing in its much darker color, and in the presence of five, instead of three orange spots on sides of the abdomen. Diludia collaris, Walk.—This name, which has hitherto gone as a synonym of 2. Brontes, Dru. must be restored. Specimens taken by Mr. Schaus prove its distinct character. It differs from D. Brontes, by the dark medio-costal triangular space which encloses the white discal spot, and by the fewer distinct undulating black lines, and from D. Jasminearum LeC., by the absence of the black streak, which in the latter species passes obliquely from costa across median space, to the middle of the posterior margin. There is also in D. collaris a more distinct waved black apical streak than in either of the other two species. The lower wings very much resemble those of D. /asminea- rum, but in the two examples I have seen the ‘‘ hoary bands’’ spoken of by Mr. Walker are nearly obsolete. This I do not regard as a character of great importance as in many specimens of 2). /asminearum they are strongly marked, in others entirely absent. The present species is very well figured as Macrosila collaris in ‘‘ Figures of N. American Lepidoptera,’’ by J. W. Weidemeyer, L. Calverley, and W. H. Edwards, Plate 18, Fig. 1. Exp. wings 105 mm. ZYG/ENIDZ. Alypia disparata, n. sp.—Allied to both A. octomaculata and A. Wittfeldii, but differing from both by its more slender form, longer antennee and abdomen, and narrower primaries with more produced apices. There is a strong character in the presence of a very large and distinct vitreous space between costal and sub-costal nervure, caus- ing an enlargement of the costa as in 4. Lorgudnii, and others. The primaries are more than twice as long as broad, greatly produced at apex; the anterior spot is oval, larger than the posterior, which is sub- ovate. The lower wings are like those of A. 8-maculata, the outer spot being quite small, but they are more transparent than in the com- mon species. Otherwise as in 4. 8-maculata. Tecnu Exp. wings 38 mm. Length of body 18 mm. Alypia (Agarista) Grotei, Bdvy.—Three examples of this rare spe- cies are in the collection, one of which has two spots on secondaries instead of one, as stated by Dr. Boisduval. The thorax also has four pale yellowish spots, two in front on the edge of the collar, and two on the sides. These may have been obliterated in Dr. Boisduval’s exam- ples. I think this is the insect recently described by Grote as Adypzozdes flavilinguis. The tongue in A. Grote? is bright yellow. Lycomorpha contermina, n. sp.—Nearly allied to LZ. pholus, but differing in the larger field of orange on the primaries, and the absence of that color on secondaries, except along that portion of the costa hidden by the fore wings when expanded. The orange space of the primaries covers two-thirds of the wing, its posterior edge being some- what waved. Fore femora and hind tarsi dull buff in front. The remainder of the insect is blue-black. goes Exp. wings 33 mm. Length of body 10 mm. Lycomorpha marginata, n. sp.—Wings above and below dull orange, with very narrow black margin to primaries from middle of costa to near internal angle, the margin being a little widest at the apex. The secondaries have a broader black margin which narrows out as it reaches the anal angle. Thorax and collar orange, rest of body glossy black. iDeshee Exp. wings 19 mm. Length of body 8 mm. Triprocris aversus, n. sp.—Primaries, lower side of all the wings, and upper side of abdomen bright glossy greenish black. Secondaries above, and all the rest of the body dull black. The wings are nar- rower and longer than in any of the allied species. It is nearest to 7- atrata, French, from Arizona. ene Exp. wings 28 mm. Length of body 9 mm. Ctenucha votiva, n. sp.—Head, front of thorax, base of patagiz, fore femora, and abdominal tuft bright crimson. Primaries greenish 14 black. Secondaries of a bluer shade than the fore wings. Abdomen concolorous with secondaries. Wings same color beneath, whole sur- face with metallic lustre, especially the abdomen. IO Exp. wings 45 mm. Length of body 15 mm. This species is nearly related to C. Rodinsonii, Bdv., but differs in having only the last segment of the abdomen red, whereas in C. Rod- zusonit, that color obtains in the five terminal segments. Ctenucha proxima, n. sp.—Closely allied to the preceding. In this species, however, the abdomen is wholly bronze-black, the only red coloring being on the head, collar, pectus and disc of thorax. The fore wings are greenish black, the secondaries of a bluer shade as in the previous species. Under side wholly blue-black. ‘ea Exp. wings 50mm. Length of body 18 mm. Ctenucha modulata, n. sp.—Wholly brassy-black above and be- neath, except the head, collar, palpi, pectus, femora and lower side of abdomen, which are bright orange. aD Exp. wings 38 mm. Length of body 14 mm. The three species now described may belong to Grote’s genus Pygoctenucha, but I have not Mr. Grote’s diagnosis of that genus at hand, and therefore cannot decide this definitely. LITHOSID and BOMBYCID-. Josiodes distincta, n. sp.—Primaries dull brown without any or- ange band or spots on the upper side. Secondaries with broad orange median band reaching quite to the external margin. Abdominal and hind margins also orange, the latter slightly toothed in centre. Beneath, the primaries have the base and costa for two-thirds its length, and the whole of the median space orange, leaving the internal, apical, and posterior margins black. Secondaries as on the upper side. Thorax and legs dull brown. Abdomen brown-black beneath, orange at sides, and black dorsally. DeOpe Exp. wings 43 mm. Length of body 18 mm. Josiodes inversa, n. sp.—Closely allied to the preceding, and pos- sibly only the other sex. It differs in having to the secondaries a wide black border, leaving only the abdominal margin and a broad median band orange, the latter not touching the posterior margin. The orange mark on primaries beneath is of the same shape as in /. distincta, but smaller, thus leaving a much larger black margin. FAG Exp. wings 42 mm. Length of body 17 mm. Ameria (Eudule, Hbn.) nigricosta, n. sp.—Bright orange; costal border narrowly black, widening at apex; fringes of both wings black; tibize and tarsi orange. E5d% Exp. wings 24 mm. Length of body 1o mm. Closely allied to £. tnvaria and E. conformis. 15 I have followed Mr. A. G. Butler in referring this species to Hubner’s genus /:udule. Melanchroia spuria, n. sp.—Bluish black; primaries with the apex and fringes broadly white. Beneath both wings have the base broadly orange. Thorax with sordid white stripe at sides; collar reddish, rest of body blue-back. Exp. wings 26mm. Length of body 9 mm. ae Dioptis nervosus, n. sp.—Smoky-brown; thorax with orange teg- ulze; antennz black. Primaries with a broad white median patch reach- ing to costa, but not touching internal angle. This mark is narrowest at costa, swollen behind its centre. There is a very distinct, pale or- ange, circular apical spot, and the nerves at base are streaked with whitish. Secondaries have the abdominal margin broadly, the poste- rior margin narrowly smoky brown, the rest clear white. On the underside the markings are repeated. ee Exp. wings 28 mm. Length of body 12 mm. Ecpantheria tenella, n. sp.—Head black below the eyes, cream- white on the crown. Thorax above cream-white, with seven rather large black ovate spots, two on collar, one on each tegula, two on disc, and one on base. Pectus and base of legs dusky black; tibize cream-white; tarsi dusky black. Abdomen dull orange at the sides, blackish at base, with a blue-black dorsal stripe on four posterior segments; anal ex- tremity black, beneath cream-white. Primaries cream-white, with six irregular bands of black spots, basal consisting of two spots not reach- ing internal margin; second of four spots; third of six spots, crossing the middle of the wing; fourth of five spots; fifth of six spots, those at the internal angle being connected with the marginal band, which consists of six spots, the apical being very minute. With the excep- tion of the marginal band the costal spots are always the largest. The nervules are dull-yellow. Secondaries cream-white, dull yellow at base. On anal margin, which is produced, as in all the genus, is a dull-black cloud, bordered with dull yellow. On the underside of the wings the markings are repeated. Teese Exp. wings 45 mm. Length of body 18 mm. Opharus euchetiformis, n. sp.—Fore wings fawn color speckled with brown, with three small dark brown dots in the disc, and two rather larger behind the cell. Secondaries slightly vitreous at the base, dull fawn color at the margins. Under side same as the upper, with a yellowish shade at the base of the wings. Head and thorax concol- orous with the wings, as are also the legs. Abdomen bright orange at the sides, with a lateral row of black spots; fawn color at base, with five black dorsal spgts. The whole of the under side of body, includ- ing the base of the tibia, is dull buff. Tee Exp. wings 48 mm. Length of body 19 mm, 16 This species exactly agrees structurally with Walker’s genus, Lep. Heter. B. M. page 728, the form of the palpi, and the length of the legs serving to distinguish it. Anisota suprema, n. sp.—Primaries above reddish brown, with faint indication of a basal black band; an oblique black band from near apex to near internal angle, being indeed the sub-marginal band. The nervures are all prominently marked out with black; a clear white discal spot, and the extreme margin narrowly black. Secondaries wholly jet black. Beneath the primaries are dull crimson at the base of costa, this color widening out as it approaches the black sub-mar- ginal band, which is here distinctly seen. Sub-costal nervure pale yellow at its base for one-half its length; rest of the wing smoky, with the nervures black. The same pattern of coloration is repeated on the secondaries. Antennae, head, thorax, tip of abdomen, «and fore femora, orange; the rest of abdomen and legs jet black. Iga Exp. wings 53 mm. Length of body 22 mm. A magnificent insect, by far the handsomest of its genus. Hyperchiria Schausii, n. sp.—é. Primaries much produced apically, rich olive-brown, darkest at the posterior margin, a straight basal streak of dull ochreous across the wing. At the junction of this with the internal margin arises another streak of the same color, run- ning from the basal third to the apex. The discal mark is irregularly ovate, dull ochreous. Secondaries bright orange, dusty at base. Discal areolet red, with black ring and a black pupil, around which are a few white scales. At the termination of the orange space is a black sinuate line; behind this, following the same course, a rather wider reddish line, while the margin is fawn color. Beneath the wings are pale oliv- aceous. Primaries with the oblique band very distinct, black, a large black discal spot, in the centre of which are a few white scales; apices and margin dusky. Secondaries reddish along abdominal margin, a small, white discal spot, a waved, reddish brown sub-marginal line, with a faint shading of the same color behind it. Antenne orange. Thorax and abdomen dusky above, reddish fawn color beneath. Exp. wings 80 mm. Length of body 23 mm. Q@. Similar to , but with the discal areolet of secondaries more distinctly marked on the lower side. Exp. wings 100 mm. Length of body 40 mm. It is with sincere pleasure that I dedicate this grand insect to my valued friend, Mr. W. Schaus, whose entomological labors entitle him to the widest recognition, and whose personal kindness to myself merits my warmest regard. NOCTUIDA. Thyatira Batis, var. Mexicana, n. var.—Differs from the Euro- pean form by its larger size, much darker ground color of the wings, 17 both primaries and secondaries, and by the pinkish spots, having a larger and darker internal shade. The number and shape of the spots are the same as in 7. dafis. The ground color of the primaries is rich dark olive-brown; the secondaries the same color, with fainter median band, and a little lighter shade at the base. Exp. wings 44 mm. Average exp. of 7: Batis. 34 mm. Charadra nigracreta, n. sp.—Primaries chalk-white; median band blackish, moderately toothed anteriorly, nearly oblique posteriorly, slightly waved in the middle. Reniform clear white; apex blackish, from whence runs an imperfect black dentate line, interrupted before reaching the internal angle. Behind this some blackish shades, margin black, fringe white. Secondaries smoky-black, fringe white. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish, with black speckles. Wings beneath smoky; fringes and costa whitish; antenne testaceous. Ig: Exp. wings 32 mm. Length of body 14 mm. Hadena viridis, n. sp.—Primaries bright dark emerald-green, with black blotched markings, and with the nervures marked with bluish. The usual lines are obliterated, but the black marks are arranged in a series of three broken bands. Reniform green, sub-reniform black, both indistinct. Secondaries smoky black. Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings. Palpi and legs dotted with brownish. Be- neath the wings are smoky, the discal mark, and a marginal band on secondaries, distinct. toe Exp. wings 29 mm. Length of body 14 mm. Hadena metallica, n. sp.—General color rich purplish brown, with metallic lustre. Fore-wings richly shaded with blackish. The t. a. and t. p. lines are distinct, dull red, and in contrast to ground color. The former oblique forward from internal margin to near base of costa, which also has some reddish shades. This line is interrupted near the median nervule. The t. p. line bends outwardly near median nervule, and is joined there by a pale ochreous faint line, which reaches to the nearly obsolete reniform. At base of internal margin a small spot of bluish white scales, and an ochreous spot at internal angle. Sub-mar- ginal points angular, black. Secondaries smoky brown, dusky white at base, fringes whitish. Beneath the wings are dusky, white at base, with rather wide smoky margins, the t. p. line distinct, formed of black dots, and passing through secondaries, enclosing distinct discal spots. Palpi, thorax, legs and abdomen, mottled with brown and reddish above and below. The abdomen has some white tufts at its extremity. Antenne testaceous. it Ge Exp. wings 40 mm. Length of body 19 mm. A very handsome species, somewhat recalling the coloration of Am- phipyra sanguinipuncta, Gne. from N. S. Wales. 18 Drasteria magnifica, n. sp.—Primaries rich brownish fawn color, a slight basal line enclosing on internal margin a distinct black velvety spot. On costa some large triangular brown blotches, not extending beyond the median nervule, some faint brown waved median lines, and an oblique sub-marginal line. Behind this a double row of black points, and a regularly toothed marginal line, the dentations rather deep; mar- gins brownish. Secondaries smoky, with ochreous waved median shade. Abdominal and external margins also ochreous, the latter with toothed marginal black line. Thorax brownish. Abdomen ochreous smoky, tip ochreous. Beneath wholly ochreous, with smoky shades on primaries. I Gy: Exp. wings 58 mm. Length of body 25 mm. The largest species of the genus known to me. GEOMETRIDZ. Calledapteryx opinaterata, n. sp.—Body and wings ochreous brown. On the primaries is a broad median space, widest on costa, constricted in the middle, and widening again to internal margin. This space is edged in front with a brown distinct line. Posterior edge brown on costa, whitish in the middle, the median nervules also whitish. The posterior margin has a brown dash at the base of the sinus, the other spaces being freckled and clouded with darker brown. Secondaries a little more ochreous than primaries, with similar median space, edged with brown and whitish, and very deeply toothed externally in the centre. Some whitish shades near anal angle, and a dark brown shade at base of costal prominent tooth. Beneath wholly ochreous, with brown freckles, most distinct on the margin of the wings. rio? Exp. wings 40mm. Length of body 15 mm. As far as I know this is the second species of the genus yet discov- ered. It is very like C. dryopterata, Pack. (Monog. Phalznide, p. 313) but is much larger, differing also in the form of the band on primaries, and by the absence of the dark shades on the internal mar- gin. Mecoceras Schausaria, n. sp.—Bright apple green, with a slight bluish tint. The costa is pale, and on the wings are numerous bright red dots and dashes, almost invisible without alens. There is an oblique submarginal band common to both wings, yellowish, with some red spots, a more distinct red spot as the band reaches the internal margin, and again at the anal angle. Beneath wholly pale green. Legs and abdomen whitish beneath, both with long hairs, especially on hind tarsi. Antennz testaceous. iow. Exp. wings 45 mm.. Length of body 22 mm. Somewhat resembling JZ peninsularia, Gr. but the color is much brighter, and the bands and spots less distinct. 19 Drepanodes vehemensaria, n. sp.—Ochreous. Fore wings very much falcated, with a broad brown irregular band from apex to middle of internal margin, and carried along the secondaries to middle of abdominal margin. On primaries, within this band, are several brown blotches, the basal being the largest. Behind it are some smaller specks, the same coloration and markings also obtaining on the secondaries. The whole surface of both wings covered with brown dots and waved lines. Beneath paler, with the markings repeated. Thorax and ab- domen concolorous, with brown shades. tod Exp. wings 40mm. Length of body 18 mm. Geometra iridaria, var. consequaria, n. var.—In this form the costal border is very distinctly freckled with black, the oblique sub- marginal line very broadly bordered with white, and the whole of the nervules behind this line are very prominently shaded with white to the posterior margin of both wings. Antenne white, with black spots on basal five joints. Abdomen green above for basal five joints, the rest white. Beneath the fore wings are green, the hind pair white, lines less distinct than above. Near base of hind wings some distinct small black blotches. it ohes Exp. wings 31 mm. Length of body 15 mm. I have also received this form from Georgia and from Florida. PYRALID&. Metrza argentalis, n. sp.— ¢ size of JZ. osternalis, Gr. Pure sil- very white, with black basal dentate line not extending from internal margin beyond the median nervule. In front of this is a single black dot and behind it a double black dot. A sinuous and very distinct sub-marginal black line, broken into spots at the apex. Lower wings wholly silvery white. Under side with the lines of primaries very faintly displayed. Head, thorax, and abdomen pure white. Exp. wings 32 mm. Length of body 14 mm. O DESCRIPTION OF A NEW HEMILEUCA. By W. G. WRIGHT. Hemileuca Electra, n. sp.— ¢ expanse 2.25 to 2.50 inches. Head bright rust-red; antennz dark red or reddish black. Prothorax white, with tinge of yellow; patagia black, bordered and tipped with white; thorax black above, red below. Abdomen bright red above, below black with white bands at each segment. Legs black; body slender, comparatively, with red anal tuft; length .85 inch. Fore wings narrow, two-fifths as wide as long; white and black, sub-diaphanous, basal third apparently reddish from the showing 20 through of the red under side. Costa strongly concave, edged with black; outer margin with narrow black border, through which some of the nervures cut as white lines. In hind angle is a large ovoid space ex- tending over half way to apex, darker, yet more transparent than any other part from absence of the opaque white scales, sparingly dusted with minute black scales, and across it the nervures are deeply covered with black. An oval spot of dense black overlaid with white scales in the middle occupies the basal half of interior margin, in its widest part extending half way to costa and connected therewith by a black band. Discal lunule very large, irregularly oval, white overlaid with reddish yellow, and bordered with dense black. Hind wings rust-red, with scat- tered black scales on costa, and a narrow border of black sharply defined, broadening toward anal angle and ending thereat; near inner margin an indefinite, smoky, longitudinal cloud; discal spot very large, quad- rangular, black. Beneath, costa of fore-wings narrowly edged with black, a thin dark border on outer margin, the basal part of wings rust- red, the color becoming obsolete, but following the nervures through- out. Discal spot as above. Hind wings wholly red, with a sharply defined border on outer margin narrower than on upper side. Discal spot as above, but cut by a faint white transverse line. Hlabitat:—Southern California. Described from 2 ¢ taken on the wing, flying high, near San Bernardino, Cal., in Oct. 1883, by the author, and now in his possession. Following Drury, this name is given for that daughter of Atlas— the ‘‘ missing Pleiad.’’ oO A NEW SPECIES OF GNOPHLA. By G. H. FRENCH, Carbondale, III. Gnophezla Arizona, n. sp.—Expanse 1.90 inches. In color and marking this resembles G. Hoffferz7, but in shape of wings is more like G. Vermiculata. Thorax black, on the prosternum a patch of orange hairs that extends up to the humerus and over the front of the anterior femora. Abdomen steel-blue, five more or less distinct whitish spots on each side. Ground color of wings black, the hind wings with a steel-blue reflection in a certain light. The pattern of markings similar to Hopffer?, but is of a paler whitish yellow color, with the following dif- ferences: of the three central spots to the primaries, the discal and submedian are pointed next the body, and the anterior and posterior of the four terminal ones are very small. The secondaries have three medio-basal spots arranged similar to those on the primaries, a little less pointed basally, and the second or middle one a little smaller. Beyond these a row of three situated in the costal, first and second cells, the first lapping a little in front of the discal, but not as much as in 2i Vermiculata, the second is quadrate or nearly so, the thirdovate. Fringe at apex of both wings anal angle white. In the fringes this form re- sembles Vermiculata, but in the space between the central and terminal group of spots it is like Hopffer?. Described from 5 3s from Arizona, received from H. K. Morrison. O NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. PapiLio ANTIMACHUS, Drury.—Several specimens of this rare and remarka- ble butterfly are now known to exist in collections, though until within the past few years nothing was known of it beyond the type specimen now in the collec- tion of the Hon. Wm. Macleay, of Sydney, N. S. Wales. This was purchased at the sale of Francillon’s collection for the enormous sum of £30 sterling. In the Hewitson collection are now two others, taken by Mr. Rogers and Miss Diboli. The former of these cost Mr. Hewitson £20. Other examples are in the cabinets of F. J. Horniman; C. Ward, of Halifax; H. Grose Smith; Thomas Chapman, of Glasgow; B. Neumoegen, N. York; Herman Strecker, of Reading; Honrath, of Berlin; and C. Aurivillius, of Sweden. A battered example was sold at Stevens’ rooms, London, for £5. Probably about fourteen examples are now known. The home of the species is the West coast of Africa, from Sierra Leone to the Gaboon River, where it flies in the hottest sunshine. HENRY EDWARDS. PACHYLIA FIcUS, L. is very destructive in its larval stage to the Eucalyptus trees planted in various parts of the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. In some districts the whole trees are stripped of their foliage. It is somewhat singular that the larva should leave its general food, which is the leaves of Ficus and kindred genera, for those of an imported plant, of a very different natural order. W. ScHAUS, JR. DENUDATION FOR StUDY.—Will some of the readers of PapiL1o who have succeeded in denuding the wings of Butterflies without injuring them for the study of their neuration, favor me with their methods ? I desire to prepare a series of wings in this condition, but have so far failed to discover a good process. E. M. AARON. Notes ON AGROTIS VORAX, n. sp.—The body light brown or gray, the lower side of a beautiful pale greenish metallic hue, with two parallel rows of black points lengthwise. About middle of August I observed the caterpillar forming an ‘‘army worm,’’ thousands marching, or rather wriggling across roads and stones and fences to attack a new tree, after having left a former one leafless; they choose young ash trees, making their way up the green stem, of about four to six inches thickness. While feeding they are continually shaking one end of their body, either holding on by fore or by hind legs. The larva is chocolate color, scarcely over an inch long; emaciated, thin, in spite of all feeding. The next thing observed about them was that, coming to the ground in thousands, skinny and meagre, they bored themselves into the hard soil, leaving a small sandy tumulus outside. Forming afterwards such a bulky chrysalis and heavy moth, one might conclude they continue their feeding under ground. On September 4th the moth made its appearance from my chrysalids in captivity. In October only they were observed generally abroad, and came for shelter to the houses about the time of a snow-storm on the 4th of October. JAMES BEHRENS, San Francisco, 22 ERYCIDES OKEECHOBEE, Worthington. Careful comparison of this large Hesperid, a typical specimen of which has been kindly loaned me by Mr. W. H. Edwards, with specimens of Zrycides Batabano, Lucas, in my own and the American Entomological Society collections, shows them to be the same species. Lucas’ description in La Sagra’s History of Cuba, is brief, but as full as most of his descriptions, and answers to the type of Okeechobee in every particular. Two specimens of Batabano from Sefior Gundlach, in the collection of the So- ciety, with one from Hayti, and another with no locality label, show considerable difference in the amount of shining blue atoms on the secondaries. The speci- mens from Marco Island, which Mr. Worthington used in describing his O#ee- chobee, are evidently less sprinkled with these scales than the more southern specimens of the species usually are. I have, however, a specimen from Samana Bay, Hayti, which in every way agrees with the description of Okeechobee. Mr. Strecker gives Batabano a place in our fauna in his Catalogue, page 163. E. M. AARON. PAMPHILA PANOQUIN, ScuD. IN NEW JERSEY.—Various collecting trips to the sand hills below Atlantic City, N. J., have convinced me that this is one of the most interesting collecting fields in the Middle States. The locality consists of a series of sand ridges thrown up by the action of the wind, none of which are over twenty-five or thirty feet high. These are generally bare on top, with the sides thickly clothed to leeward with Everlasting, Mouse-ear, and various small shrubs. In the narrow valleys, between these ridges, trees (mostly Cedar and Holly) grow but little above the highest ridges, above which point they are stunted by the constant winds from the ocean. A few rivulets spread out occa- sionally, making stagnant pools and marshes, which are surrounded by flags, rushes, etc.; most excellent localities for Hesperid@ and Odonata. ‘This locality extends for about one mile in length, and varies from one-quarter mile to one hundred yards in width. Though so small in extent, this is the only locality on the island that is attractive to butterflies, and therefore many species may be found in a very small compass. Here, on blackberry flowers, I took, on the 25th of June and ist of July, 257 specimens of Pamphila Panoguin, Scud., a species heretofore catalogued from the Gulf States only. In his description of Panoquin (Proc. Essex Inst., Vol. III, p. 178), Mr. Scudder gives Connecticut as a locality, but in his ‘‘Systematic Revision”’ he states that this reference “ was erroneous.’ In the light of the fact that Pazoguin is one of the commonest but- terflies at Atlantic City, it seems probable that Mr. Scudder was right in giving Connecticut as a locality. Here I also had the pleasure of seeing a fine specimen of Thecla M-Album on the 11th of June, and, stranger yet on the 1st of July, a fair specimen of 7- Leta was taken. This adds another locality to this rare but wide-spread species, which, though never taken in any considerable quantity, has been captured in Canada, Maine, New Jersey, West Virginia, and Arizona. Among other captures in this locality may be mentioned the following: C Eubule, M. Pheton, P. Batesti, J. Cenia, N. Areolatus, T. Smilacis, P. Massa- soit, P. Phyleus, P. Accius, P. Ocola, P. Viator, P. Delaware, T. Persius, E. Lycidas, all of which, with the exception of P. Batesii, N. Areolatus, and P. Viator, have been taken in sufficient numbers to indicate that they are not merely occasional visitors. E. M. AARON: Small Brass pincers, per pair each, per 1,000 Assorted sizes, per 1,000 Insect Net Rings . 5 Blocks, each Ege Drills, each Sheet Cork for Insect Boxes, size 12 x Entomological Pins, Klaeger and Carlsbader, in packages 500 Setting Boards for Lepidoptera, each Entomological Supplies ON SALE, BY JOHN AKHURST, 32 Nassau Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Improved Entomological Forceps, made of fine spring’ steel, nickel-plated, 6% inches long, price . $1.50 : : : ; ei io At ak OES 3% x 4, per dozen sheets. 1.25 1.25 1.50 75 25 : d Eg (0) .20, .25 and .30 ALSO DEALER IN INVA wae ASIN 1D scOomric LNebere: N. B.— The above prices do not include the cost of transportation. Money Order or Registered Letter MUST accompany all orders. Rev. W. J. HoLvanp, Fifth Avenue, | Pittsburgh, Pa. , solicits correspondence with collectors in all parts of the world, and is prepared to purchase or exchange Macro- and Micro-lepidoptera. \s es- pecially desirous of obtaining perfect specimens of the Sphingid@ and Lom- bycid@ of North and South America, having in view the preparation of Mono- graphs of these two groups. arrangements made with collectors in foreign parts. WANTED. —Chrysalids of Papilio Turnus and Asterias, in any number to 100 of each. Will exchange chrysalids of Ajax, or purchase. W. H. Epwarnps, _ Jan. 1, 1884. | Coalburgh, W. Va. SCIENTIFIC AND MEpICAL Books, Minerals, Shells, Fossils, Birds, Eggs, Insects, etc., for sale by A. E. Foore, M.D., Prof. Min. and Chem., Fellow Am. Ass’n Adv. Science, Life Member Am. Museum Nat. History, N. Y., and Philadelphia Academy Nat. Sciences, 1223 Belmont Avenue, Philadelphia. Specimen copy, 32 pages illustrated, NATURALISTS’ LEISURE HOUR MontHLY BULLETIN sent free. Over 1000 Entomological books and excerpts in stock. alee) Special | AND | Recently Published, Price ros. 6a. NEE AS AT i 0 Y= 2S Se Mi a Cash in P. O. LEPIDOPTERA.—Diurnals and Noc- _turnals. Orders for Florida Insects will be promptly filled during the com- ing season at reasonable prices. Ad- dress, Won. WITTFELD, Georgiana P. O., Florida. References: E. M. Aaron, Phila.; W. H. Epwarps, Coalburgh, W. Va. WaANTED.—Good specimens of Lepi- doptera of the U. S. to complete my set for the purpose of preparing a Manual of Macro-lepidoptera. Send lists to G. H. FRENCH, Carbondale, Il. GRroOtTE’s NEw CHECK LIST OF HET- EROCERA can be had of Hy. Epwarps, 185 East 116th Street, New York. Price, $1.00. For sixteen 2 cent BEST OFFER OF ALL) tnicca'Sistes, pos: for trial xg” papers GHOIGE NEW SEEDS for trial Ig papers growth of 1883, §@ to 500 seeds in each, a// the following: New Large Diamond Pansies (40 distinct sorts and an endless variety of shades mixed ;) Double Aster (12 colors;) Verbena (100 kinds mixed ;) Velvet / lower (8 colors;) New Nicotiana (large, white, very fragrant ;) Chrys- anthemum (8 varieties;) New Lmperor Petu- nias (20 varieties mixed, finest strain ever of- fered ;) New Dwarf White Candytuft (each plant a perfect bouquet ;) Canterbury Bell (8 colors ; Hibiscus (cream color with black spots ;) Dowdle Portulaca (8 cols, ;) New Fairy Queen Stock (pro- fusion of lovely pink flowers ;) Céarkia (10 vars.) New Catalogue, with elegant Plate of Pansies in 10 colors, 5@€., or free, with seeds. L. W. GOODELL, Seed Grower, AMHERST, MAss. TREATING OF THE ODORS, DANCES, COLORS AND MUSIC OF INSECTS, By A. H. SWINTON, Member of the Entomological Society of London. CASSELL, PETTER, GALPIN & CO., 739 and 741 BROADWAY, NEW YORK: THE BUTTERFLIES NORTH AMERICA. BY W. H. EDWARDS. HESPERIDA WANTED. The undersigned wishes to corre- _ spond with collectors in all parts of the HovuGutTon, MIFFIN & Co., Boston, | have issued Part XI, Vol. 2, of this work. Price, $1.50. Contents:—PIERIS SISYMBRII, larva, | etc.; P. BECKERI, larva, etc.; PIERIS NELSONI; LIMENITIS EROS; LEMONIAS | Nats, larva, etc.; L. PALMERII. After May 1, 1883, the price of Parts Ito VII, 5 plates each, will be $3.50 per part; of VIII to XII, $2.25 per part; or 75 cents per plate—to all new subscribers. $40. MONSIEUR ALFRED WAILLY (mem- ber Lauréat de la Société Nationale d’Acclimatation de France) formerly at 110 Clapham Road, London, has re- moved to TuDoR VILLA, TUDOR ROAD, NorBITON, SURREY, ENGLAND, and will be glad to obtain by purchase or exchange,living cocoons and pupe of American Lepidoptera. H. RippE, Naturalist, Blasewitz, Price of bound volume, | Dresden, Germany, has for sale a large | stock of recently collected and well | prepared insects, especially Lepidop- tera and Coleoptera. . Very fine and beautiful species col- lected by Mr. Carl Ribbe in the sea- sons of 1882 and 1883. An extensive stock of Amphybie, Conchyliz, Birds, etc., etc. Moderate prices, and extra allowance on large orders. World who have Hesperide for Sale or Exchange. Many rare North Amer- ican Rhopalocera for exchange. EUGENE M. AARON, Lock Box 2500, Philadelphia, Pa. GODEFRO!I MOLLINGER, Wagenin- gen, Holland (formerly at Godesberg, Germany), wishes to arrange with col- lectors for the purchase or exchange of any number of good pupe of Amer- ican Diurnals. FP. Philenor, Turnus, Asterias, Cresphontes, etc. Good pu- pz of the following European Lepi- doptera can be sent in exchange this winter: P. Podalirius, Alexanor and Machaon; Thais Polyxena-and Medesi- caste; Anth. Cardamines; Pol. Amphi- damas; Lyc. Iolas; Van. Levana ; Heter. ; Acherontia Atropos; Smer. Ocellata and Populi; Saturnia Spini and Pavonia, and some others. Also, prepared (blown) larvae and many first-class specimens of mounted Lepidoptera can be had in exchange for American Diurnal-pupe. WANTED.---HEMIPTERA. The undersigned will be glad to ob- tain, by purchase or exchange, Hemip- tera—Heteroptera from all parts of North America. Correspondence with careful collec- _ tors desired. Address, S. E. CASSINO, Peabody, Essex Co., Mass. tem % CEY YO ea FAFILIO. DEVOTED TO LEPIDOPTERA EXCLUSIVELY. | Vol. IV, No. 2.--FEBRUARY, 1884. | | ker. i & 4 1y Rub. Me Pte x . Subscription Two Dollars per Annum (Ten Numbers). at EI DU 1S 8 Nh BuUGENES MM. A ARROW. PHIDADELPHIA: Hazzarp & CRESSON, ENTOMOLOGICAL PRINTERS, No. 55 North Seventh Street. i 1884. : | Ge ~O HRA OY aE Sree Se | GD| eae A Journal, devoted to Leipidoptera exclusively, published monthly, July and August excepted. Price, $2.00 per annum. Exchanges of Entomological writings with societies and authors throughout the world are earnestly desired. Advertisements will be inserted on the covers of PAPILIO at the rate of $1 a year for 6 lines or less. Longer advertisments may be contracted for at equally low rates. Sample copies forwarded on receipt of 21 cents. Back numbers supplied. All communications and remittances should be addressed to EUGENE M. AARON, Lock Box 2500, Philadelphia, Pa. _H. K. MORRISON, Désler in“ Inseets' orally Orders: Box 35, Morganton, Burke Co., N. C. Complete collections, particularly rich in Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, from the following desirable localities : Key West, Flia., Nevada, Louisiana, Idaho. I have at present many rare Lepidoptera from Arizona, and large series of Coleoptera from Arizona, Washington Territory, California, Montana, and ~ North Carolina. Single specimens at reasonable rates, and series offered on very low terms. Especial care given to making collections to order in any group: larve, Micro-lepidoptera, Galls and gall insects, and families to which, in general, little attention is paid. Collections bought. Lists and full particulars in regard to Entomological material on hand sent on application. A. W. PUTMAN CRAMER, 51 Douglas B. NEUMOEGEN, P. O. box 2581, Street, Brooklyn, E. D., wishes to ex- | New York City, wishes to arrange with change with collectors of Lepidoptera. | collectors in all parts of the world for j the collection of Lepidoptera. Will also exchange. The undersigned is desirous of pro- curing, by purchase or otherwise, the t Eegeriade, Cosside, Hepialide and For SALE.—CHECK List of the Plusias of the world. Asiatic, African | MACROLEPIDOPTERA of America north and South American forms much de- | of Mexico (Diurnals, Sphingidze, Sesii- sired. Hy. Epwarpbs, dx, Zygenide, Noctuidz, and Geo- Wallack’s Theatre, ' metridz). Price, 50 cents. Address, New York. Entomological Society, 9 Broadway, E. D., Brooklyn. A new disinfectant for Entomological Cabi- nets. The material is in the form of cones, cast around a pin, so that they are ready for immediate use; are clean, and occupy very Nat. SIZE. little space. They are highly recommended by Drs. Leconte and Horn, and Messrs. Hy. Edwards, E. T. Cresson, and E. M. Aaron. Price per hundred, $1.00; postage, 10 cents. ENTOMOLOGICAL FoRCEPS.—Designed more particularly for Lepidoptera, but useful for all orders. Price, nickel-plated, $2.50. Sent by mail, on receipt of price. BLAKE & Co., 55 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. =o —— HALF SIZE. eee ellelealy:, Devoted ixclusively to Lepidoptera, Edited by Eugene M. ie, | Philadelphia, February, 1884. ae 4. Lock Box 2500. 2 THE LEPIDOPTEROUS GENUS DATANA. By HENRY EDWARDS. (Read before the Linnean Society of New York, December, 1883.) It is my purpose this evening briefly to call the attention of the so- ciety to a genus of moths well known to entomologists and collectors, the habits of which, however, as far as a close study of the various species is concerned, appear to be but little understood. All persons accustomed to notice the objects of nature are familiar with the cater- pillars of these moths, which are found in spring and summer in large numbers upon the terminal branches of our oak, hickory and walnut trees. They are generally bunched together in a somewhat compact mass, and on being disturbed throw themselves around in a singular and somewhat ludicrous manner, jerking their extremities from side to side, and bending the body so that the head and anal extremities meet over the back. They are mostly blackish or brown in color, with stripes of yellow or white, variously disposed in the different species. The destruction they cause is terrible, it being by no means an uncom- mon occurrence to see whole trees denuded of their foliage by the at- tacks of these pernicious caterpillars. I have found as many as 130 individuals in one of their bunch-like masses, while others were scat- tered over various portions of the tree. The depredations they com- mit are therefore readily understood. It may be said that on the young larvee being hatched from a bundle of smooth, shining, whitish eggs, which are laid by the parent generally on the under side of a twig or stem, they commence their work of destruction by devouring only the softer parts and the lower side of the leaf, gradually, however, con- suming all except the stem. When fully fed they descend the tree in- dependently of each other, enter the ground, and transform to a smooth pitchy brown chrysalis, not enclosed, as a rule, in a cocoon, though it would appear that the insect if not quite deep enough in the soil has the power to protect itself from the inclemencies and changes of tem- 24 perature by spinning a thin web. There is only one brood, the insect passing the winter in the chrysalis state, and emerging as a perfect moth in July and August. The imagines have the wings of various shades of chestnut or chocolate brown, with a general resemblance as regards their pattern and system of markings, viz. : four or five trans- verse lines of a darker shade than the ground color, one or two discal dots and a square, oblong, or triangular mark of the same shade upon the disc of the thorax. Common though the caterpillars are, the per- fect insect is very rarely met with, and it is only by raising them in confinement in large numbers that the species can be obtained for the cabinet, or for purposes of closer study. My friend Mr. S. L. Elliot, of this city, has been for the past three years devoting a large portion of his time to the breeding of these insects, and it is to his labor and observation that I am largely indebted for the substance of this paper. The genus Datana is of rather wide distribution, occurring as far north as Creda. southward to Texas, and west as far as the borders of Nebraska. It appears, however, to thin out as we get towards our northern boundary, and is by no means abundant in Peas two species only as yet having been reported from that State, while it certainly does not occur west of the Rocky Mountains. At the time of the dis- tinguished entomologist, Thaddeus Harris, whose work on the *‘ Inju- rious Insects of Massachusetts’’ was published in 1852, only one species was described, but Harris says, ‘‘I have seen on re oak, the birch, the black walnut and the hickory trees, swarms of caterpillars slightly differing from those described, but their postures and habits appeared to be the same. Whether they were all different species, or only varie- ties of the well-known species arising from difference of food, I have not been able to ascertain.’’ The doubt which naturally arose in Harris’ mind is now, through the careful investigations of Mr. Elhot and others, set at rest, and no less than eleven species totally distinct from each other, and bearing unmistakable characters peculiar to themselves, are now known to us. Four of these were described by Grote and Rob- inson about thirteen years since; one by Walker, one by Drury, and one by Graef. The remainder are new species, and are at present un- described. One of these new species I desire to bring before you this evening. J am quite aware that there are many entomologists who will maintain that these varied forms are what, for the want of a better term, they are pleased to call ‘‘ varieties,’’ and the statement that these slight differences are due to the food- plant, or to some climatic or other circumstances, will by no means surprise me. But such objections fall to the ground in the light of Mr. Elliot’s experiments, the caterpillars being changed from one food-plant to another, losing none of their characters, but producing from generation to generation the same iden- tical form. And I maintain that however closely allied two or more species may be, if they possess characters peculiar to themselves, which bo mn characters are produced and reproduced through successive broods without change, the same thing always producing its progeny exactly similar to itself, it is entitled to rank as a species, and not as a variety having a tendency to return to its parent stock. I say here nothing as to the origin of these forms. It is possible, nay more, it is almost certain that they all sprang from one form, but by the law of develop- ment they have now become, to all purposes necessary for us, as per- manent and fixed as any other species can be, and as such they must in future be investigated. It would be tedious for me to enter upon a minute description of the species of this genus, but I have brought together for your examination the larvae and perfect insects of many of them, so that you may for yourselves remark their peculiarities, and observe their differences. At the same time I wish to append to this paper a description of the larval and imago stages of one of the new species of which I have spoken, which I have called Datana Drexeliiz, in honor of Mr. Joseph Drexel, of this city, who has done, and is doing much to foster a love for the study of Entomology amongst us. I may here also state that a complete monograph of the group, with colored figures of the species in all their stages, is now in the course of pro- duction by Mr. Elliot and myself, which will, I trust, clear up a good many of the difficulties now surrounding these insects. Such a work naturally must occupy a considerable time, but I trust it will not be delayed longer than the close of the next summer. Datana Drexelii, n. sp.—Larva, fullgrown. Head almost globose, jet black, shining, with deep frontal sinus, slightly roughened about the posterior edges. Second segment wholly golden yellow. Body black, with four distinct, equidistant stripes of citron yellow, the space between the two dorsal lines being a little the widest. hese lines all become conjoined, and form a yellow blotch of irregular form at the posterior extremity. A citron yellow line runs along the base of the feet and legs, which is broken at the place of their junction. The anal segment is jet black, with two protracted points. It is very shining, like the head, the rest of the body being dull. The spiracles are dull orange, as are also the swollen bases of the abdominal legs and thoracic feet, Beneath there is a rather broad and distinct yellow median stripe. The hairs are long, few to each segment, dull white, most numerous on the lateral region. Food-plant, high-bush huckleberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum). Length 1.80 inch. ImaGo.—Very like that of D. A/inistra, but differing in the following particulars: the primaries of Drexeli have zzvariably five transverse lines, and two darker spots on the disc, while in AZnistra only four lines and a single spot are to be distinguished. The color is slightly yellower brown, and the thoracic patch always paler than. in AZznzstra, while its edges are more oblique, and not constricted, as in the older 26 species. This latter character is very conspicuous in the females. The posterior spot on the disc of Drexeld always rests ov the second trans- verse line, while the corresponding mark in J&@n7stra is placed between the first and second line, or in the field of paler color enclosed by these two lines. The tip of the abdomen, too, is usually darker in Drexeliz than in JZnzstra. It must, however, be admitted that it is difficult to define their separate characters in words, but when a large number of specimens are placed side by side, they are apparent to every observer. In the pupa stage there is little difference, but the pupa of Drexeliz is always a little larger than that of J/nzstra, and the spines of the cremaster are decidedly longer. O EUDAMUS TITYRUS, Fabr., AND ITS VARIETIES. By EUGENE M. AARON. PapiLio Trryrus, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 532, No. 382 (1775). Thymele Tityrus, Kirby, Cat. Diur. Lep., p. 571, No. 39 (1871). Papilio Clarus, Cram., Pap. Exot. I, pl. 41, E. F. (1776) Var.—Ludamus Tmolis, Burm., Rev. Zool., p. 33 (1875). Thymele Tmolis, Kirby, Cat. Diur. Lep. p. 816, No. 54 (1877). Var.—Proteides Zestos, Htibn.,* Zutrage, 4th 100, p. 9, figs. 615, 616 (1832). Telegonus Zestos, Kirby, Cat. Diur. Lep., p. 574, No. 29 (1871). Eudamus Oberon, Worthington, Papiiio, Vol. I, p. 132 (1881). The large and interesting Hesperid, Protezdes Zestos, Hubn.,* seems to have been entirely overlooked by students of the North America fauna until redescribed by Mr. Worthington under the name of Oderon. It has, however, been in the possession of collectors, as from Florida, for many years. I have in my collection a specimen from the collec- tion of the late Dr. Asa Fitch, which is labelled ‘‘ Florida, Sept. ’53,”’ and the American Entomological Society possesses three specimens, one of which was presented by the late James Ridings prior to 1870. I have also received this form from Yucatan; Samana Bay, San Do- mingo; Nassau, Bahama Islands; Matanzas, Cuba; and Sanford, Florida. Mr. Worthington describes it from Marco Island, Florida; and Hiibner, and Kirby following him, from Surinam. | Strangely enough Dr. Gundlach fails to mention this in his Catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of the Island of Cuba (Paprito, Vol. I, p. 111, 1881); nor does he mention any species that he could have confused with it. Hiibner’s description is sufficiently full to identify this species, and his figures of it, as is usually the case with his figures, all that could be * | feel some doubt as to the propriety of accrediting this form to Hubner, as it is figured in the 4th hundred of the Zutrage, which was published by Carl Geyer in 1832, six years after Hubner’s death. The reference in Kirby’s Catalogue is erroneous. 27 desired. Worthington’s description agrees in every particular with Hiibner’s, and a specimen of Oderon, kindly given me by Mr. H. Ed- wards, is an exact counterpart of Hubner’s figure, both above and below, so that there can be no doubt that they are identical. Having settled the fact that Zesfos is entitled to be catalogued among our North American Rhopalocera, and that it is undoubtedly the same as Oberon, the question of its specific worth at once presents itself. Mr. Worthington has pointed out its striking resemblance to Hudamus Tityrus, Fabr., but has mentioned the following differences as entitling it to recognition as a good species: ‘‘ the yellow spots are less confluent and more opaque, the general color deeper and fringes not divided by brown on the veins; beneath, it differs conspicuously in the more uni- form color, the purplish cast and entire absence of the large silver spot so prominent in its ally.’’ Before attempting to show that these char- acters are not of specific value, but on the contrary belong to a rather inconstant varietal form, I would state that my conclusions have been reached with over 160 specimens of Zztyrus and Zestos before me. When compared with specimens of 77fyvus from the northern portion of the United States and from Canada the yellow spots of Zesfos are ‘less confluent and more opaque;’’ but when compared with speci- mens from Arizona, Yucatan, Florida, or even North Carolina and Tennessee, it at once becomes evident that these differences no longer exist. I have before me eight specimens of 77¢yvzs collected in Arizona by Mr. H. K. Morrison in 1882 and 1883. All of these without a sin- gle exception have the yellow spots considerably less confluent than in Zestos, and three of them, together with specimens from Tennessee, Florida and Yucatan, have the spots somewhat more opaque, the two larger ones being a deep orange in place of honey-yellow, as is usually the case in 77tyrus. Compared with bred and fresh specimens of 7Z2tyrus the ‘‘ general color’ of Zestos is undoubtedly ‘‘deeper,’’ but as starving the larve will frequently produce this condition, and sudden changes in the tem- perature always do so, it cannot be used even as a character for varietal differences, much less for specific. Unfortunately many of my speci- mens of Zestos are far from being bright and perfect ones, and there- fore I cannot so readily compare the fringes, which certainly seem to be, with one or two exceptions, unicolorous, and not alternately brown and ashy as is usual in 77tyvws. However, I find among my Arizona and Tennessee specimens of 7%/yrus three that closely approach Zestos in this respect ; and among my specimens of Zeszos one that is nearly as bicolorous as typical 7z¢yrus, and fully as much so as those from Arizona. From these comparisons it will be seen that the upper side affords no constant differences, and that consequently it is beneath, that we must look for those characters which should be considered specific. In ce 28 Tityrus, as usually found in the Northern and Eastern parts of North America, there is along the outer margins of both wings, beneath, a broad shade of pruinose atoms extending on the primaries from the apex nearly to the inner angle, and on the secondaries from the costal edge two-thirds of the way to anal lobe. This character is almost wanting in Zesfos, but is in all specimens under my notice, faintly in- dicated by a reflection which is undoubtedly caused by a slight sprink- ling of the same atoms observed in 77¢yvas, so that ‘‘the more uniform color’’ in Zestos is only caused by a partial absence of these atoms and not by the entire absence of any positive character constant to 77tyrus. The uselessness of this character is all the more manifest when Zesfos is compared with certain specimens of 77tyras from Arizona, Tennes- see and Philadelphia, in my possession. Two of these, from Arizona and already alluded to, have all the characters of Zesfos mentioned by Mr. Worthington, except the absence of the silvery spot on under side of secondaries. Those from Tennessee (two) and from Philadelphia (five) were all bred on Locust (Roéznza), and the Philadelphia speci- mens were starved so severely that they were the only survivors of thirteen larvae. These nine aberrant specimens of 77¢yrus approach much nearer to Zestos in their uniform coloring beneath than to typical Tityrus, from which, as already observed, they also differ in the lack of confluence, and the opaqueness of the yellow spots on the primaries. Together with these characteristics of Zestos, these and other speci- mens of 7%tyrus have also ‘‘the purplish cast’? mentioned as another peculiarity of the former. This, moreover, is frequently observed in freshly-bred specimens of 77?¢yrus, especially those from the Southern States, and in one specimen before me is also quite decided on the apex of the primaries above. The ‘‘entire absence of the large silver spot so prominent in its ally”’ ( Tityrus) is now the only character left us whereby we may with cer- tainty distinguish Zestos from 77tyrus, and it remains to be seen whether even this seemingly marked peculiarity is sufficient to warrant their separation specifically. In the summer of 1882 I had, among other species of Hesperid larve, about fifty larvee of 774yrus feeding on Robinia. Through carelessness thirteen of these, which were in a compartment of my breeding-cage alone, were overlooked, and no food was furnished them for three days. When discovered two of them had succumbed, several others bid fair to follow their example, and all were much shriveled and reduced in size. This seemed to afford such an excellent opportunity for the observance of the effects of starvation on larve, that I continued this neglectful treat- ment as rigorously as possible until all but seven were dead. Of these seven, one had not sufficient strength to spinits pupa-case, and another died when almost entirely transformed to the pupa state. Of the five remaining ones three emerged on August 4th, another on the 6th, and 29 the last during my absence from home on the oth or toth; this latter specimen was unable to fully expand, and was aborted on one secon- dary wing. In all five of these specimens the silver spot is much re- stricted, and in two examples is divided by the ground color of the wings about two-thirds of the way from the lower end, leaving much the largest portion towards the anal angle. In another specimen the silver is confined to a narrow streak slightly broken in two places. This latter specimen is closely allied to one in my collection received from Mr. Herman Strecker, and labeled ‘‘ Audamus Tmolis, Buenos Ayres’ (see Kirby’s Catalogue, p. 816, No. 54). These specimens make an excellent ‘‘ missing link’’ between 77¢yrus and Zestos. Above they have the confluent and less opaque yellow spots of 77z/yvus, and the almost unicolorous fringes of Zesfos; beneath they have pruinose atoms as in 77fyrus, and the purplish reflections of Zesfos; the speci- men from Buenos Ayres ( 7yo/’s) has the silver spot a mere streak, much less than half the area of that of typical 774vvws, and the one from Philadelphia has it but slightly more than half that of 77tyrus. In both of these specimens, and in another of the starved ones, the restricted silver patch is bordered, largely on the outer side, by a dense sprinkling of scales slightly lighter than the ground color. This has its counterpart in Zestos, where there is, to quote Mr. Worthington, ‘‘a faintly indicated paler median band extending two-thirds across the wings.” In several specimens of Zeszos this median band has exactly the gen- eral outline of the silver spot of typical 77#yrws, broad centrally, ob- tuse below, produced more narrowly above, dentate towards outer mar- gin, deeply emarginate within. Another specimen of 7ztyrus before me, labeled ‘‘ Upper Amazons,”’ is differentiated from typical 77tyras in an exactly reverse manner from Zesfos. This specimen has the silver area extended, by a dense clouding of silver atoms, to the margin, so that the whole outer half of the wing, except that portion immediately over the anal projection, is overcast with a silvery shade. Neverthe- less the outline of the typical patch is indicated, and conforms most nearly to specimens of 7?fyvus from Yucatan. From the above facts, and bearing in mind the strong tendency to vary found among their congeners, I am convinced that Zes¢os should be catalogued hereafter as a variety of 77tyrus. Having seen how starvation for but a few days towards the close of their larval period will change 7%#yrus, and cause them to approach Zestos in every particular, it is easy for us to imagine 77tyrus larvee constantly under just such conditions as will account for Zesfos as one of the broods of the former. My correspondent in Yucatan has on several occasions complained to me of the excessive drouth which dried up the grasses, ete., on which the Hesperid larvae fed, and which con- sequently made it very difficult for him to obtain them during that 30 period, and rendered them exceedingly scarce thereafter. 7 ztvrus in its more southern limits feeds largely on one or more species of wild bean, which is commonly found in marshes and along small streams, and which is very sensitive to dry weather. It is very evident that if constantly compelled to subsist on an insufficient diet both in quantity and quality (lacking moisture), 7%tyvws would soon develop, in the brood so subjected, a strong tendency toward the Zestos form; and as this is exactly what any brood of larvee attempting to feed during the dry season in the tropics must be subjected to, it seems entirely natural to find that form not uncommon there. Therefore, until further light is thrown upon the subject, I shall cata- logue the species as at the beginning of this paper. I have dwelt upon this subject much more fully than I should have done had I not considered it a typical case of the unfortunate work that has been done on the Hesferide. In this case, as in scores of others, characters that are found, on examination of a large series of speci- mens, to be inconstant, and which, however constant they might have been, were unworthy of specific distinction, have been employed in a manner that can only prove unfortunate for the authors using them, and for the science so abused. Mr. Worthington’s mistake in supposing his Oderon to be a new species was quite natural, and a mistake that any one who described with limited material from only one locality would be likely to make, especially as he probably had not access to Hubner’s Sammlung. But what reason Mr. W. F. Kirby can give for placing these forms, so nearly devoid of constant colorational characters, in different genera of his catalogue, using 7hymele for Tityrus, and Telegonus for Zestos, when their structural, or generic characteristics are identical throughout, is beyond our powers of conjecture. Their being so placed, however, accomplishes good, inasmuch as it calls attention to the utter worthlessness of these genera as at present separated by cataloguers. O NOTES UPON COLIAS CHRISTINA Edw., and C. ASTRAEA Edw. By W. H. EDWARDS. _C. Christina was described, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1863, from 4 ¢ 1 2 received from Mrs. Christina Ross, and taken at the Portage of Slave River, about Lat. 60°. So far as I know, these examples were the only representatives of the species in collections until 1883. The male was yellow, with a large deep orange patch on the disk of each wing; the borders broad, black, and like those of Zurytheme,; the under surface of fore wings yellow, of hind wings covered uniformly with fine black scales; the discal spot of same wing small, white, in a red- brown circlet, about which were scales of same color; no patch at outer angle; no sub-marginal spots in three of the examples, but traces of such spots in the fourth. On the Plate, in But. N. A. Vol I., this fourth male is represented with three points in the three lower interspaces on fore wing, and three in the middle of hind wing. The female was wholly pale yellow, without any border; under side thickly dusted, the discal spot as in the male; no patch at outer angle; no sub-marginal spots. C. Astrza was described Trans. A. E. Soc., 1872, from a single male taken in Yellowstone region by the Hayden Expedition. Upper side pale ochraceous, a little orange-tinted on disk of hind wing; border pale black, of medium width. Under side of fore wing yellow, of hind wing so thickly covered with blackish scales as to conceal the whole surface; the discal spot of hind wing small, white, without a ring, and like that of Alexandra; no patch at outer angle, no sub-marginal spots. Subsequently I received another male, from Yellowstone, agreeing in all these points with the type. So far as I remember, this comprises all that was known of Astrea up to 1883. In the summer of 1883, Mr. Wm. M. Courtis, M. E., then at Judith Mts., Montana, sent me four males, 4sfx@a. The specimens before received had been much rubbed, and were old and faded before cap- ture. The Mt. Judith males were in fair condition, and the peculiar ochraceous shade was deeper than in the type. This color occupies the same parts of both wings as does the deep orange in Christina. But one of these four showed the entire wing covered with ochraceous, except just at base, where yellow prevailed. The type Astrea had the discal spot of under hind wing small, white, with no edging. These Judith males all differed from the type here, having a few roseate scales around the white spot, or else a mere thread of roseate. All were im- maculate and thickly dusted. With these males came one other which approached Christina, but the orange was rather a decided tint than a solid color. There came also two males, E, of deep lemon yellow, with orange-ochraceous on the disks of fore wings only, restricted to the median interspaces, which it filled to the marginal borders. Both had the discal spots as in the first mentioned, were thickly dusted and im- maculate. No yellow females came from Mt. Judith, but there were two white females, and these at the time much puzzled me, as it did not occur to me that they must be albino Astr@a. These are greenish white; one with a faint broad border reaching quite to inner angle of fore wing, with interior light patches; the other with a slight border on upper half of wing only. Beneath, both are thickly dusted; are without patches at outer angle, and without sub-marginal spots; the discal spot of one is 32 white in narrow edge of roseate, the other white in ring of red-brown. Captain Gamble Geddes sent me for inspection a large number of examples of Colias taken by him in 1883, in the N. W. Territories of British America. Among them were many male Christina, typi- cal form. Others shading from deep orange to pale, and into ochra- ceous. There were also several forms of yellow female, including the immaculate one originally described and figured; also many white females, some of which were precisely like the albinos from Mt. Judith. After a brief and hurried inspection these insects were returned, and I am not able to speak of them now except in a general way. But I have lately received from Captain Geddes for my own collection four typical males, Christina; one male (E*) like E of Mt. Judith lot, that is, with pale orange on disk of fore wings only, the rest being yellow; and one ochraceous male, close to the typical A4sév@a. Of the four orange ex- amples, two have the under side greenish yellow, as originally described for this species; both have a slight red-brown ring about the white discal spot; one has a small red-brown patch at outer angle (the only instance known to me where that mark has appeared in this species), otherwise immaculate. The other two examples have the under side deep yellow; in one of these the discal spot is in roseate edging, with red-brown scales interior to that; otherwise immaculate; the other has roseate edging only, and is immaculate, except that a few black scales in the sub-median interspace of fore wing gives a suggestion of an ob- solete row of sub-marginal spots. The pale male, E’, is yellow beneath, immaculate, dusted; the discal spot duplex, each part white with rosy edge, and slight outer ring of red-brown. The sixth male, like Astryga, has also a duplex spot, and traces of the three lower spots of sub-marginal row on fore wing, other- wise immaculate, dusted. The three yellow females differ from each other; No. 1 is like type Christina 9, figured in the Plate; no marginal borders; immaculate beneath, densely dusted; discal spot duplex, the larger part white with some rosy scales amongst the white, a thin rosy edge, and red-brown outer ring. No. 2 is color of No. 1, but with the faintest shade of orange in median interspaces of fore wing; a few black scales about apex and down hind margin suggest a border; under side densely dusted, immaculate; discal spot white in thin rosy edging. No. 3 has decided but pale orange on both wings; and a decided pale black border, with a whitish space in middle instead of a series of spots. Under side im- maculate, dusted thickly; discal spot duplex, each part in slight rosy edging. Of the three white females, No. 1 is like yellow No. 2 except in color, and the white has a faint yellow tint; under side immaculate, dusted; discal spot white in slight red-brown edging. Nos. 2 and 3 are greenish white, with pale broad border entirely across wing; one o>) ww has light patches inside this border, the other has none; beneath im- maculate, densely dusted; the discal spots small, one in rosy edging, the other in red-brown. At this present writing I have also before me four yellow females, and six white ones, of Captain Geddes’ collecting, but belonging to Mr. Neumoegen. Of these yellow ones, none are uniform in color, like the type; No. 1 hasa flush of orange; 2 and 3, more orange; 4 decided orange on both disks. One has traces of sub-marginal series of spots, to wit, a few scales in three lower interspaces on fore wings; otherwise all are immaculate; all are thickly dusted; and the borders of upper side vary from a few scales at apex and along margin to a well defined broad border, with interior light patches; discal spots just as before described. Of the six white females, two have slight borders, mere traces of the inner and outer edges of a border; one has the half of border on mar- gin distinct; the other three have full width borders, with interior whitish spots; one of these has also a border to hind wings, made up of separated patches lying at the ends of the nervules. No other female, white or yellow, has shown a border to hind wing. Beneath, all are heavily dusted; one has two little clusters of scales on fore wings on lower two interspaces, otherwise all are immaculate; the discal spots of all small, white, in either roseate or red-brown edging. After seeing this material from localities widely separated, from Mon- tana, and British America as far north as Lat. 60°, I am of the opin- ion that all the examples are members of one species, to wit, Chvzstina. The type male has deep orange disks. As¢r@a is a well marked form or variety; the disks orange-ochraceous, and one style of color grades into the other. One of the Montana examples approached Christina in coloring, but the usual Montana type appears to be not orange, but ochraceous. All the males from the far North were deep orange. So also were most of the males taken by Captain Geddes (about Lat. 50°, along Can. Pac. R. R.), but a few showed a change towards the Astrea type. It is probable that in Lat. 60° there is but a single brood of the butterfly, and if that is the case, Christina is the winter form. Ifin Montana there are two broods, Astr@a may be the second brood, the species being seasonally dimorphic. But it seems to me more probable that the case is like that of Satyrus Nephele, there being a Northern form and a Southern form, and between the areas occupied by the two, a belt of dimorphism. Nephele passes into this belt, and on the other side of it emerges A/ofe (or the reverse takes place), as I have clearly shown in But. N. A., Vol. I]. So Christina may rep- resent its species in the far North, Astrea in the Southern area, while between the two is a belt in which both are found. The species passing through this belt loses one form and emerges under the other. The case of Occidentalis and Chrysomelas is perhaps one of the same nature. 34 Of the females, there are several distinct types; the pure yellow, immaculate; the yellow with more or less of a marginal border; the pale orange with medium border; the decided orange with heavy border; and there are intergrades between these. In addition to these are the white females, which seem to constitute a very high percentage of the whole, perhaps fifty per cent., a remarkable number as compared with Lurytheme or Philodice, for instance, where the albinos probably do not constitute one per cent. I have seen no white female absolutely without traces of a border, but the traces are sometimes very slight, and there are grades just as among the yellow females up to a heavy border, and even a border on hind wing, which is unusual. As a rule, the discal spot of fore wing is black, but if there is a clear space within the black spot, in the orange examples, this is orange; the spot of upper hind wing is usually orange, but sometimes ochraceous, the latter color perhaps always in albinos. The under side is always densely dusted, often so as to conceal the color of the hind wing. The discal spot of this wing is white, but occasionally a few rosy scales are mingled with the white ones; and either there is no edging at all, or there is a slight edge of roseate or of red-brown. One instance only has been noted of a patch at outer angle; and one only of distinct sub- marginal spots on hind wing. This is the male figured on the Plate, and the spots are seen to be very small, and limited to middle of the wing. On the fore wing never more than three small spots have been noticed, and these are in the lower three interspaces. Some examples have traces of one or two spots, always in the lower interspaces. Both these spots and the patch are exceptional, and are caused by reversion. That is, the original of this and many of our species had a patch at outer angle, and a series of sub-marginal spots on both wings, such as is seen in all the members of the Eurytheme sub-group to-day. Chris- dina lies between that sub-group and the one which contains Alexandra, the type Astrea & approaching Alexandra. O CAPITALIZING SPECIFIC NAMES. By W. H. EDWARDS. Lepidopterists have followed quite strictly the rules of Zoological Nomenclature adopted by the British Association, 1842, and amended by Section D, 1865, even where to many of them a further modifica- tion in certain points has seemed desirable. At the meeting of the Association, 1865, a report of a new Committee appointed 1863 was submitted and adopted by Section D. Moved by Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, seconded by Dr. Sclater, ‘‘ That the report now read be approved and adopted by the Section, and that the rules or propositions, as thereby altered and amended be printed in the Report of the British Associa- tion and recommended for the general use of zoologists.”’ The proposition, VI, reads thus: ‘‘ The recommendation ‘ Specific names to be written with a small initial.’ The committee propose that this recommendation should be omitted. It is not of great importance, and may be safely left to naturalists to deal with as they think fit.”’ This sufficiently disposes of the whole matter. The ‘‘ tendencies’’ which Professor Riley speaks of, PapiLio III, 165, have nothing to do with the proprieties in the case. I see there is a little bit of a “‘ ten- dency”’ already to print the genus names with small initials. Ten years hence this fashion may find followers. O NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF CATOCALA. By JAMES ANGUS. In the Check List of Macro-Lepidoptera, published by the Brooklyn Entomological Society, some changes have been made in the specific character and relations of the Ca/ocale which, in my humble judgment, I think had better not have been made without the clearest and most undoubted proof that such changes are called for. In the mysterious life history of the Catoca/@ in their pre-imago stages, too little is yet known to warrant us in determining as facts what we know only from mere inference. The future may develop facts to necessitate many, even radical changes, but till then we ought to proceed with caution, or the last error may be worse than the first. In the list referred to, Angus? and Residua are classed as varieties of Jnsolabilis. 1 hope I shall be pardoned for briefly giving my rea- sons for dissenting from this conclusion. It may be considered rather indelicate in me to volunteer to be the advocate of the merits of a spe- cies named after myself, but the name is of litthke moment, and would not, in a scientific point of view, weigh a feather in my judgment. In some respects /zsolabilis and Angus? are somewhat similar, but in others of material importance there is little or no affinity. Insolabilis is one of the most invariable and easily recognized of our black under- winged species. The beautiful silvery irroration covering the bluish gray ground-work of primaries, a constant and peculiar feature, is lacking in Angus. The dark shading on the inner margin of the pri- maries of the former we never find in the latter, but as /so/abilis is so well known I need not speak of it further. There are three distinct forms of Azgzsz, all of which are more or less incorporated in Mr. Grote’s description. All three forms were before him at the time, and the differences noticed; but for convenience 36 I will take the liberty of giving each a designation by which they may be recognized. The three forms may be distinguished as Angusi, An- gust (a), Angusi (b), Grote. The first is the normal form, the fore wings of which have none of the black shading of the others. Angwsz (a) has a narrow, dense basal shade in the direction of, and just reaching the sub-reniform. An- gust (b) is the most remarkable; the black shade, which occupies but a small space on the wing of the preceding, is in this enlarged to nearly one-third the surface of the wing; it commences with a sharp point at the base, and gradually enlarges, until it reaches the reniform and sub- reniform, both of which it incloses in its track. The reniform, how- ever, is never obliterated, but with its lighter color shows conspicuously through the dark cloud. There is here, however, sometimes a partial or complete interruption, but not in the strongest marked examples. These three forms of Angusz I have raised in considerable numbers, and in about equal proportions. I have also captured many of the imago. They are generally to be found under the loose scales of the hickory bark, and, like some other allied forms, they are not easily started. Repeated raps with a rod are sometimes necessary to move them from their lair. While I can see no reason whatever for confounding Angasz with J/nsolabilis, 1 am even still more surprised that Reszdza should have been brought into the same relation. In Anxgasz there is some resem- blance to /vso/aéilis, but in no-particular can this be said of Reszdua, unless it is in the blackish fringe of secondaries, in which there is a partial, but not an exact, resemblance. Had the reference been made to Odscura 1 would not have been surprised, and would have hesitated to offer a protest, but the fringe I suppose acted as an obstacle in the way. In /rsolabilis the fringe is always black, and in Angus? gen- erally so, but I have in my collection an Angas? (b), the fringe of which is as white as any Odscura I have ever seen. Restdwa and Odscura are quite variable in the color of the fringe; some of the latter are as dusky as the general run of the former. Were it not for the dusky suffusion of primaries and generally darker fringe of secondaries, Restduwa could not be distinguished from Oéscura. They are, with these slight excep- tions, so much alike I would not be surprised if they should yet prove to be the same species, but I would not like to jump to this conclusion without good and sufficient proof established by breeding or otherwise. Hundreds of Odscuva have passed through my hands; I am also familiar with their habits, and from my own personal knowledge I have no hesitation in saying that it and .Szmz/atz/is are identically the same; the latter was described from the largest, and the former from the smallest examples; there is really no other difference. I might here say that I have a very singular Oédscura in my collec- tion raised from the larva. It is of a brownish or smoky color; head and collar very deep brown; but the greatest peculiarity is in the an- terior and posterior lines which are not separate, but united on the edge of the costa, and again before reaching the inner margin, or on the sub-median nerve. The generally prominent teeth are entirely want- ing, and the indentations are scarcely noticeable. The united lines are heavy and irregular, and remind one of the outline of an island on a map. By a sudden sweep of the transverse posterior portion of the line—for they are but one—between the reniform and sub-reniform and around the lower edge of the latter, that part is left entirely out of the inclosure. The insect is fully developed and perfect in every par- ticular. I think it was also a mistake to degrade two such beautiful species as Whitneyt, Dodge, and Adbéreviatella, Grote, by classing them as varie- ties of Nuptialis, Walk. The two former may yet prove to be identi- cal with each other. Of this, however, I am doubtful, but they cer- tainly have no specific affinity with Mwptialis; the size, form and color are in no way alike. Adédreviatella and Whitney? are certainly very closely allied to each other, and yet in some particulars they are quite different. Take, for instance, the marginal band of secondaries. In the eleven examples of Adéreviatella in my collection, in ten of them the band is interrupted before reaching the anal angle, forming here a round or oval spot; the eleventh one is almost interrupted. In the thirteen examples of WAztney7 I have, not one of them is interrupted; but instead of going into further detail on the relative merits of these two beautiful species I will take the liberty of quoting Mr. G. M. Dodge’s opinion from a letter lately received. He says, ‘‘I see there is a disposition on the part of some to regard Addbreviatella and What- neyi as varieties of Nuptialis. 1 have collected large numbers of the two former, and judge, from my observations, that they are distinct. In Bureau County, IIl., I found only Whitney. Here all are found, but Whitney? is far the most abundant, and Muptialis rare. Abbrevia- fella appears a little earlier than Whztney2, and the latter can be found in good condition long after the others have disappeared. If the three were identical there ought to be some intergrades, but I have never met with any that were not distinctly one form or the other.’’ In Texas Nuptialis is common, and Whitney?i unknown. I think the late Mr. J. Boll informed me that he had never taken either MWh2tney7 or Abbreviatella. 38 MONOGRAPHS OF N. AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. The growing interest in Entomology, and especially in the study and collection of the Lepidoptera, seems to indicate that a ready means of reference to certain groups which may be chosen for examination, is among the greatest needs of the science to-day. To endeavor to sup- ply this want in the most practical manner, the undersigned have for three years past gathered material, and solicited aid from some of the most eminent entomologists of this and other countries, and with the promise of pecuniary assistance from influential gentlemen in New York, are enabled to announce that they will shortly prepare for publication the monographs hereafter mentioned. These will be issued as rapidly as possible, the editors only pledging themselves to lose little time in placing the various numbers before the entomological public. The price charged for each will be a very small amount above the actual cost, the object being to bring the series within the reach of all who are interested in this branch of Natural History. Though occasionally dealing with insects of other countries, in the case of homogeneous genera, it will be the object of the projectors to pay the greatest atten- tion to the species of the United States, and it is confidently asserted that with a fair amount of patronage, they will present to the ento- mologists of America one of the most valuable works ever offered to the scientific world. The species of every group treated of will be figured in detail, and as far as known, the earlier stages will be given. The illustrations in colors will be ample and complete, and peculiarities of the structure will always be given in the most careful manner. Though until the present, only privately announced, the scheme now made public has long occupied the attention and thought of the edi- tors, and they have received promises of support and assistance from many distinguished entomologists. Among the monographs already promised are the following: 1. The genus DaTANa, by S. Lowell Elliot and Henry Edwards. No GEOMETRID, described since 1875, by Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr. 3. The genus IcHTHyURA, by Roland Thaxter. 4. The family ASGERIAD&, by Henry Edwards. 5. The CocHLiopop& (Limacodes, etc. ) of the United States, by Henry Edwards. 6. The recently described species of the HESPERID&, by Eugene M. Aaron. The genus ArctTia, by R. H. Stretch. ~I eh) 8. The LYcC&ANIDZ& of the United States, by W. H. Edwards. g. HALisipora and allies, by B. Neumoegen. 10. The genus EUCH&TEs, by Henry Edwards. s
49
CERTAIN METHODS OF JUDGING AND DESCRIBING
NEW SPECIES.
BY S. FRANK AARON.
A few papers have appeared in recent numbers of PapiLto and else-
where, on the subject of true species of Diurnal LEpIpopTERA. As
a citizen of the ‘‘ Republic of Science’ I may venture to add my voice
in submission of evidence, which has, it seems to me, been overlooked
in this discussion.
Certain entomologists hold the opinion that by observing the charac-
ters of lepidopterous larvee they may, with certainty, establish distinct
species; that if two forms, appearing as varieties by the characters of
the imagines alone, differ in the larval characters, they are specifically
distinct. Mr. W. H. Edwards, the chief exponent of this doctrine,
has expressed himself to this effect: that by breeding he has established
distinct species, which by the imaginal characters alone appeared to be
mere varieties.
A work has recently been written by Dr. August Weismann,* con-
taining some very interesting experiments on raising LEPIDOPTERA,
and it will be found of value to the scientific entomologist.
Regarding the subject of larval classification, Weismann has shown
that the larva and the imago vary in structure independently of each
other (vol. ii, p. gor); that the larvee of two very distinct forms may
have much resemblance (due to adaptation of similar conditions of life),
and, vice versa, that very different larvae may produce the same species
(chapter on Phyletic Parallelism of Metamorphic Species). In the
summary and conclusion of this chapter he says, ‘‘ Thus the caterpillar-
shaped and maggot-formed larvae of the Yymenoptera differ from one
another to a much greater extent than their imagines, since the latter
have experienced a complete transformation of typical parts, while in
the caterpillar-formed larvee these parts vary only within moderate limits.
Similarly in the case of the Dipéera, of which the gnat-like larvee diverge
more widely from the grub type than do the gnats from the true flies.
On the other hand, the divergence between the imagines of the fleas
and gnats is considerably greater than that between their larvae; indeed,
the larvee of the fleas would have to be ranked as a family of the sub-
order of the gnat-like larvee, if we wished to carry out a larval classifi-
cation.”’ (p. 505) Again (p. 506) he says: ‘‘ The larve of the fleas,
on account of their small divergence from those of the gnats, could
only lay claim to the rank of a family, while their imagines are sepa-
* Studies in the Theory of Descent, by Dr. August Weismann, with notes and additions by the
author. Translated and edited, with notes, by Raphael Meldola. With a prefatory notice by
Charles Darwin, two vols., eight colored plates, London, 1882.
50
rated from the gnats by such a wide divergence, that they are correctly
ranked as a distinct tribe or sub-order. The inequalities in the lowest
groups, varieties, can be regarded in a precisely similar manner. If
the larva of a species has become split up into two local forms, but not
the imago, each of the two larval forms possesses only the rank of a
variety, while the imaginal form has the value of a species.”’
Therefore, the mere fact of finding the larve of two varietal forms
different does not proclaim these two forms distinct, for it is the char-
acters of the imago that are of specific importance, and we have seen
that the larvae of the same species may vary.
Thus, ‘‘ Colias Hagenit,’’ Mr. Edwards’ latest synonymical achieve-
ment, is no more entitled to a specific name than is C. Arzadne, for
Hagenii does not differ in any specific characters in the imago, and the
larval characters indicate only a variety, if they even indicate that.
The red within the band, not over it, is valueless specifically. The
discovery of Hageni?, however, may do one thing, it may unite Phz/-
odice with Eurytheme.
In Mr. Edwards’ ‘‘Comments on a paper entitled “The Genus
Colias,’’ his arguments regarding the species Chrysotheme and Eu-
rytheme are perhaps well taken, but not at all conclusive. If after
‘“the diffusion of the same species over two continents,’’ and their
permanent establishment in certain southern localities in those two
continents, both forms remain true to their original type or ancient
progenitor, they could not correctly be separated as different species
by the separation in their habitats alone. Our American Wolf, which
some eminent naturalists now consider identical with the European
species, offers a somewhat parallel case. It is subject to variation in
this country, and has been divided into several species, but these are
now known to be one, and as long as no constant characters separate
it from the Old World Wolf, they are all classed as one and the same
species.
Modification has not taken place in these Coliads, except in the va-
rieties of Eurytheme, and I have no doubt that if specimens of Chryso-
theme were sent to Mr. Edwards labeled ‘‘ Western States,’’ he would
call them all Acewaydin. It is preposterous in Mr. Edwards to assume
that mere climatic varieties in one form only would proclaim them dis-
tinct, for there must be some difference in climate to allow for that, and
it is like the case of the Wolf, in which the European species is sub-
ject to less variation than the American.
Regarding the subject of community of origin, let us look on the
same side of the shield with Mr. Edwards, viz., the Darwinian side.
‘We can understand why a species or group of species may depart in
several of its most important characteristics from its allies, and yet
safely be classed with them. This may be safely done, and is often
done, as long as a sufficient number of characters, let them be ever so
51
unimportant, betrays the hidden bond of community of descent. Let
two forms have not a single character in common, yet if these extreme
forms are connected together by a chain of intermediate groups, we
may at once infer their community of descent, and we put them all
into the same class.’’ (Origin of Species, p. 426) Therefore, if we
have two forms of the same genus, but without a single specific char-
acter in common, and these two forms are connected by intermediate
forms, we at once infer their community of specific (not generic) de-
scent and varietal modification, and we class them as the same species.
There are many instances in nature. Among the snakes, for exam-
ple, in the genus Ofphzbolus, Prof. Cope has shown that two forms,—
one Northern, the other Southern, for a time considered distinct, —have
been found to grade directly into each other, and therefore are but va-
rieties of the same species. He has not insisted that they were distinct
species, as Mr. Edwards would have done, and then justified himself
on the ground of reversion of character. Nor would Prof. Cope have ~
called every intermediate form a distinct species merely because their
young might differ from other young forms.
Referring to the closely related but geographically separated species
of plants, quoted by Dr. Gray, Mr. Edwards says: ‘‘I do not find,
by the way, that Dr. Gray gives these related forms any less rank than
species.’’ Of course not, for there are absolute constant specific char-
acters to separate them, otherwise Dr. Gray would have called them
all varieties of one species, for wide geographical separation is not
alone a specific character. Why does not Mr. Edwards call every
marked variety a species, and the ancestral specific type from which
it springs a genus, for by his reasoning it must be so. Look at the so-
called different species allied to Papzlio Asterias, viz.: Lndra, Brevt-
cauda, Batrdit, etc. If these forms are all distinct—and it is plain to
see that they all sprung from one immediate progenitor very different,
for instance, from the ancestral type of the 7zrnws group—then they
should be classed as a distinct genus by themselves, for it is evident
that they possess an aggregate of characters that will proclaim their
community of origin. May we not better call all these forms but the
varieties of some one form, say Aséerzas, and infer that the characters
descending from the immediate ancestral type are only specific? |
think this illustration may serve to show the absurdity of calling every
slight variation a new species.
The above considerations may prepare us for a brief criticism of
the methods by which certain naturalists rush into the publication of
new species. Mr. Edwards has said: ‘‘If, in my opinion, a form of
butterfly of which nothing is known except by the dried specimens, is
distinct enough to deserve a specific name, I give the name without
hesitation.’’ In another place he adds: ‘‘I spot the new form, make it
conspicuous, place it where it can not be overlooked, and leave it to time
or
i)
and fuller materials to determine its position.’’ This is as much as to
say that without hesitation he calls every form that he may consider
distinct a new species, and leaves it to time and fuller materials, with
eight out of ten chances to prove it a useless synonym to bother the
heads of students and to increase the more than worthless literature of
synonymy. Is this working for the good of the science? It may be
working for the honor of Mr. Edwards, for if the described form prove
distinct, his name is certain to have priority. It is, of course, not to
be supposed that a describer must never make a synonym, for it is im-
possible always to draw the line between specific and varietal characters,
but he may keep on the safe side. He would not err in describing a
new species from but one example if its characters differed from those
of its nearest allied form in as marked a manner as in the case of
Vanessa Antiopa and V. Milberti, or Argynnis Diana, Idalia and
Cybele, or Melitea Phaeton and Chalcedon.
On the other hand, if a new form is closely allied to a known species,
I maintain that it should not be described with a new name, without
large material to determine the constancy of its separating characters.
To show what I mean by closely allied forms I will mention here some
so-called species which I think should not have been described as spe-
cies, and which will eventually prove to be mere varieties of one an-
other:—Some of the allied species of Papilio Asterias, Callidryas
Eubule and Senne; Danais Berenice and Strigosa; some forms of
Argynnis, such as Cybele, Carpenterit and Aphrodite, Zerene and
Monticola; Melitea Anicia and its allies; most of the recently de-
scribed species of Apatura; Satyrus Alope and Pegala; Lycena Me-
lissa, Scudderti and Acmon ; and numerous other examples.
If Mr. Edwards wants certainty as regards distinct species and va-
rietal connection, which is what we all want, he may attain it by breed-
ing from the egg if he always goes far enough to establish it upon the
characters of the imago; his larval characters will not do. And though
he may with certainty establish a variety, he can never with adbsolzute
certainty prove two forms to be specifically distinct. Sufficient cer-
tainty will be admitted by all, however, if but one form be raised from
many sets of eggs, and by comparison of large series from varied lo-
calities no intermediate grades be found.
0
— RID 3S
cn
>)
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF BUTTER-
FLIES, MOSTLY FROM ARIZONA.
By W. H. EDWARDS.
TERIAS LINDA. PAMPHILA BELLUS.
MELITZAA NYMPHA. CESTUS.
PAMPHILA LASUS. PHYCIODES NYCTEIS, var. DRuSsSIUS.
- LUNUS. MELITZA HARRISII.
“Terias Linda, n. sp. ¢6.—Exp. 1.45 inch.
Upper side citron-yellow; primaries have a triangular, black, apical
border, descending on hind margin not quite to inner angle; the inside
edge of this from costa to discoidal nervule is even, slightly incurved;
below the nervule somewhat serrated; no black at bases of wings;
secondaries have a black dot on margin at the end of each nervule.
Under side paler yellow, uniform; primaries have a black dot at end
of each sub-costal nervule; secondaries have two dots on disk at end
of cell, a dot at end of each nervule, and a few black scales on disk in
the discoidal and median interspaces.
2 .—Exp. 1.5 inch.
Paler yellow than the male; the black triangle somewhat broader,
the marginal dots as in male; on inner side secondaries have a large,
ferruginous, rounded spot at outer angle; other markings as in the
male.
From 1¢,1@, taken in Mexico, a short distance from the boundary
line of Arizona, by Mr. Morrison.
This species is allied to 7: Zzsa, same shape and size; paler yellow,
the borders of fore wings confined to apex and hind margin above the
end of lower median nervule, and less excavated than in “zsa; no
discal mark on fore wings, and no border to hind wings, both of which
are characteristics of /zsa. Under side immaculate, except for the
two dots on are of hind wings and a few scales on costa, and on disk
of same in 6, and a ferruginous patch in 9. ZLzsa is much specked
and spotted.
Allied to Ahnuta and Arachne.
Melitza Nympha, n. sp.
6 .—Exp. 1.33 inch.
Upper side black, spotted and banded with fulvous and white; both
wings have a sub-marginal series of small fulvous lunules, followed by
an extra-discal row of large fulvous spots, the anterior ones, on prima-
ries, showing obscurely white centres; the next, or third row, is pure
white on secondaries, yellowish on primaries; on secondaries, outside
arc, a demi-row of three yellow fulvous spots; a fulvous spot in cell
next arc, two yellowish spots, opposite each other, resting on the ner-
54
vures, and in mid-cell a fulvous patch; secondaries have a large fulvous
patch in cell, with a deep black sinus on posterior side; fringes white,
fuscous at ends of the nervules.
Under side of primaries bright fulvous; along hind margin a row of
irregular-sized buff spots, rounded, or partly lanceolate, on anterior
side, those next inner angle with a black stripe; through all runs a
sub-marginal black line; on the clear extra-discal area is a row of
minute white spots from costa to second branch of median; then a row
of obscure white spots corresponding to the discal row of upper side,
a black mark inside each spot; four curved black lines cross the cell,
and between the outer pair is a yellowish space; secondaries have a
marginal row like that on primaries, but more regular, cut by a line in
same way, and all edged black on anterior side; next above is a clear
fulvous band, not macular, and with no black dots in the interspaces
(as in the allied species); the disk is crossed by a broad buff band, on
both edges of which is a macular black line, and another runs through
near the basal side; this buff space is continued up inner margin to
base; a band of fulvous next crosses from costa to sub-median, edged
black, greatly widened in the middle, and inclosing in cell a buff spot
with heavy black edging; then a band made of irregular square spots;
a band of fulvous, and finally, the base is buff.
Body above, black, the abdomen ringed with fulvous; beneath, buff-
white, with some fulvous on side of thorax, and the sides of abdomen
fulvous, the ventral stripe white; legs fulvous; palpi fulvous above, at
base yellow-buff; antennee black above, finely ringed with white, the
under side yellowish; club black, fulvous on under side about base, the
tip ferruginous.
@ .—Exp. 1.5 inch.
Upper side largely pale fulvous, the basal area only black, and spotted
fulvous; the light band is yellowish on both wings; the sub-marginal
spots are largely lost in the fulvous ground, especially on secondaries.
Under side as in the male; the second band on secondaries without
black dots.
On the under side this species closely resembles AZ/nwta, the mark-
ings being of same pattern, but there is an absence of black dots on
the penultimate fulvous band of secondaries. On upper side the dif-
ference is wider, Mympha being black, with a white discal band;
Minuta fulvous, with no such band.
Taken by Mr. Morrison in southern Arizona.
Pamphila Lasus, n. sp. ¢.—Exp. 1.4 inch.
Allied to P. Ottoe, Edw., which on the upper side it closely resem-
bles; color bright fulvous, greenish over apical area of primaries; costal
margins of same wings fuscous; the white spots of under side repre-
sented on upper by obscure pale fulvous; stigma as in Oftoe, long,
on
Nn
narrow, bent just above the second branch of median; behind it a
large roughened patch, a shade darker than the ground elsewhere; both
hind margins very narrowly edged by fuscous; secondaries clear ful-
vous, except along costal margin; immaculate; fringes long, white,
with a yellow tint towards apex of primaries and at anal angle.
Under side of secondaries and apex and costa of primaries light yel-
low, with a green tint; part of cell of primaries fulvous, about base and
along inner margin black; a large buff patch nearly covers the lower
median and sub-median interspaces, and in the former is a brown-ful-
vous patch next the margin; on costa three white spots, and an oblique
row of similar ones in discoidal and lower interspaces. Secondaries
have the costal margin mottled brown; the sub-costal and median ner-
vures and branches clear white; across these branches, beyond disk,
is a band made up of confluent white spots, bent in the discoidal inter-
space at a right angle; most of these spots are slightly edged black on
outer side; in cell a small white spot with black scales on the basal
side; at the ends of the nervures a brown point.
Body above covered with yellow-green hairs; beneath, thorax and
abdomen green-yellow; legs pale brown, yellow on under side; palpi
yellow, greenish above; antennz brown above, yellow below and along
base of club; upper side of club brown, tip ferruginous.
Taken in southern Arizona, by Mr. Doll, and in Mr. Neumoegen’s
collection. Differs from all the allied species by the ornamenting of
under side.
Pamphila Deva, Edw.—There are two species confounded under
name of P. Deva, Edw. The original description of Deva, Trans.
Am. Ent. Soc. V. 292, was as follows:
2 .—Exp. 2 inches.
Upper side uniform glossy brown, rather light in tint; primaries have
three translucent spots, sub-apical, small, round, equal, in a straight
line depending from costa; a fourth slightly larger than those near the
top of the upper median interspace, and a fifth, an elongated narrow
bar, in the next below, a little nearer base than the fourth; both these
completely cross the interspaces; secondaries immaculate; fringes con-
colored. Under side slightly paler in tint, darker on the disk of pri-
maries and up to base, lighter next inner angle; the spots repeated,
secondaries immaculate.
Body above dark brown; below, the thorax gray buff, the abdomen
brown; palpi white; antennz annulated, brown and dull white; club
black, reddish at tip. From a single example received from Prescott.
The description of Deva in Papiio II, 138, is of a different, but
closely allied species, to which I give the name of Lunus. Deva is
redescribed as follows:
$.—Exp. 1.6 to 1.8 inch.
56
Upper side light glossy brown; primaries have three minute (often
mere dots and more or less wanting) semi-transparent sub-apical spots
on costa, two narrow bars in median interspaces, the upper one some-
times a dot only, and both sometimes wanting; fringes of primaries
fuscous, of secondaries whitish. Under side brown, thickly dusted
with gray scales over apex and hind margin of primaries and all of
secondaries; the spots repeated; secondaries have a black-brown dash,
transverse on middle of wing, beyond disk, sometimes wanting.
Body above, color of wings; below, the thorax gray-buff, the sides
gray, abdomen gray-brown ventrally; palpi white, not pure; antennz
brown above, either yellow-white or annulated with that color below;
club black above, yellow-white below, tip reddish.
2 .—Exp. 1.7 to 2 inches.
Color of male; spots slightly larger, and in addition is sometimes
seen a minute spot next sub-median nervure, in line with the other
two. Under side as in male.
Mr. Morrison has taken many examples of this species.
The other species is described thus:
Pamphila Lunus, n. sp. ¢.—Exp. 1.8 inch.
Upper side uniform dark brown; primaries have three semi-trans-
parent sub-apical spots on costa, a narrow bar in upper median inter-
space, a large sub-rectangular spot in next interspace, and a large spot
with a deep angular incision on either side at end of cell; fringes of
primaries dark brown, cinereous at extreme ends, of secondaries yel-
lowish, mixed with cinereous next anal angle.
Under side dark brown; the apex of primaries thickly dusted with
gray scales, the spots repeated; secondaries thinly dusted gray, which
scarcely obscures the ground color; on middle of wing two transverse
black-brown dashes, one extra-discal, and in this is a short, fine white
streak, the other a little above the middle of disk.
Body above, color of wings; below, thorax gray, the sides darker
gray, abdomen yellow-brown; legs brown; palpi dark gray with many
black hairs in upper part; antennze black, on under side annulated
with yellow; club black, yellow at base on under side, tip ferruginous.
2 .—Exp. 1.9 inch.
Same color; spots as in male, but larger; a seventh long and narrow
spot appears in sub-median interspace. On the under side this spot is
lost in a yellow patch which covers the area next inner angle.
Taken in Arizona by Mr. Morrison.
There is about the same difference between the spots of Lamas and
Deva that is found between Bathyllus and Pylades, in Lunus all being
large, in Deva all small; on the under side Deva is decidedly gray,
Lunus dark brown with comparatively slight dusting of gray. Deva
has one dash across disk, wnazs two, and the outer one includes a white
on
~I
streak; the fringes of hind wing of Deva are white, of Lunas yellow,
and the difference between under side of thorax and palpi is of a like
nature.
Pamphila Bellus, n. sp. ¢.—Exp. 1.2 inch.
Upper side uniform dark brown, glossy; stigma on primaries dull
black, narrow, straight; fringes long, orange.
Under side brown, over disk of primaries, to hind and inner margins;
the remainder of primaries and all of secondaries, except next inner
margin, where the brown ground appears, has a greenish black reflec-
tion, and under the glass is seen to be thickly covered with green scales;
fringes as above.
Body dark brown; legs same; palpi orange, the terminal joint black;
frontal hairs orange; collar and the hairs at base of antennae same; an-
tenn black, luteous on under side; club dark red.
From one ¢ taken in southern Arizona by Mr. Morrison, 1883, and
in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection. Stands near Ves¢ris, Bois., = Azowah,
Reak., = Osceola Lintn.; and is distinguished by its orange fringes,
palpi, ete.
Pamphila Cestus, n. sp. ¢.—Exp. 1.5 inch.
Upper side brown, densely covered with yellow-green scales, and on
secondaries yellow-green hairs; primaries have seven semi-transparent
spots, three sub-apical on costa, three in the median and sub-median
interspaces, forming an oblique row, the two upper ones large, and one
in cell, next arc, large, with a deep angular incision on either side.
Secondaries have a similar spot in cell, and a demi-band of four large
spots across outer half of wing, with a slight fifth spot concealed under
the long hairs; fringes largely fuscous on primaries, white next inner
angle, a little cinereous in middle of each interspace towards apex, of
secondaries white, with a few brown hairs at ends of nervules on upper
half of wing. Under side mottled greenish gray and brown, with a
purple tint; the spots repeated, enlarged; op secondaries the five spots
are confluent, and two in addition appear in the sub-costal interspace,
one near outer angle, one near base.
From one ¢ taken by Mr. Morrison in southern Arizona.
The species is conspicuously marked with spots, and is prettily varie-
gated on the under side, much resembling P. Python, Edw., in the
coloration. It stands near that species.
Phyciodes Nycteis, var. Drusius.—I give this name to the West-
ern form of the species; distinguished by the excess of black on upper
side, and consequent restricted fulvous spaces. The fulvous is dull,
and the black pale. This is the Colorado and Arizona form of Vyctezs.
Phyciodes Harrisii, Scud.—I should place this species in I/elitea,
Group II, next before Hoffmanni. The larva shows affinity with J/-
litea rather than Phyciodes, and the markings. of under side give it
place near Hoffmanni and Gabéiz. 1 have a singular variety of Har-
visit, bred by me in 1877. The normal larva at last stage is red-fulvous,
crossed by red stripes, much as in Phaeton. One of the brood at last
stage came up almost wholly black, the fulvous being restricted to a
few specks and dots on back of each segment. The butterfly from this
larva is black on both sides, the fulvous pattern obscured, as if washed
with black.
O
ON THE GENERIC DISTINCTION OF
MEGONOSTOMA.
By A. G. BUTLER.
In a paper describing the early stages of ‘* Colias Eurydice,”’ Mr.
W. H. Edwards advocates sinking the genus J/egonostoma as a syn-
onym of Colias, on the ground chiefly that the species of the two
groups do not show generic differences in the preparatory stages.
It is seldom, indeed, that my opinion on entomological matters dif-
fers from that of Mr. Edwards, but in the matter of genera we do not,
as the saying is, think through one quill.
In a large group like Pafilio I hail with joy the creation of any
genus founded upon easily discoverable structural characters as being
a real blessing to one who has to deal with the Papzliones of the world,
and when that genus has been thoroughly broken up I shall certainly
adopt the whole of the fragments as genera.
A genus is avowedly a convenience; in LEPIDOPTERA it is, and
always has been, based upon characters to be found in the imago; and,
since the LEPIDOPTERA have been scientifically studied, it has been
considered imperative that such characters should be structural. I
believe that generic differences commence in the imago, and therefore
that strong resemblances may be looked for in allied genera; such dif-
ferences as may be shown in color certainly do not indicate distinct
genera, as is evidenced by the larve of the different species of Macro-
glossa; whereas, on the other hand, certain characters are indicative of
family distinction, as in the case of the species formerly associated
under Acronycta.
Mr. Edwards says that Reakirt has indicated certain appendages
which he calls ‘‘ Eupronychia,’’ as the most important character for
distinguishing his genus from Colas; well, it seems that as these ap-
pendages are apocryphal, Wegonostoma is to be abandoned; yet, in my
‘“Revision of the Genera of the Sub-family Pierinz’’ (Cistula Ento-
mologica; Vol. I, Part III, pp. 33-58, Plates I-IV, 1870), for which I
traced the wing of nearly every genus then known and reproduced it
on stone, I did not see fit to sink Reakirt’s genus. If Mr. Edwards
59
will compare my figure of Co/ias on Plate I, Fig. 10, with that of Aeg-
onostoma on Plate II, Fig. 4, he will see that the outline of the prima-
ries is not the only character which allies Megonostoma to Gonepteryx,
although the affinity to Colias as shown by the branching of all except-
ing the first of the sub-costal nervules of the primaries is certainly
greater; the neural differences from Co/zas are as follows:
First sub-costal branch of primaries emitted considerably further
from anterior angle of cell, so as completely to alter the shape of the
cell; median branches almost equidistant at their origins; costal area
of secondaries broader and more rounded at base; angulation of lower
disco-cellular veinlet pretty nearly equal, so that the inferior angle of
the cell is less produced.
Lastly, I do not think the pattern of the imago should be taken into
account at all; the Co/ias type of pattern occurs in other genera, and
in the case of Zeracolus 1 can trace its gradual modification into a
totally different form closely resembling the orange-tipped butterflies
(Euchloe Cardamines, and allies).
Oo—_—
NOTES ON MEXICAN LEPIDOPTERA, WITH DE-
SCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
By HENRY EDWARDS.
(Second Paper.)
BOMBYCID-.
Pericopis Schausii, n. sp.—Jet black, thorax with a few white
spots in front. Abdomen with the tip rosy red, and with white linear
bands beneath. Primaries with a red dot at the base near costa, and
an oblique sub-median band of bright lemon-yellow; terminating near
the internal angle. Behind this and near the apex is an oblique oblong
yellow spot followed on the middle of the margin by a small yellowish
white spot. Secondaries with a median band of white, oblique outwardly
and broken in the middle. Tibi and tarsi streaked with white. Mark-
ings of wings repeated on under side, with the course of the nervules
at the base marked with white. Edie
Exp. wings 53 mm. Length of body 20 mm.
Arctia eminens, n. sp.—Head cream-color on crown, black in
front. Thorax cream-color; collar with two large black spots; three
spots on disc, and the tegule in the middle black. Abdomen black
above, with orange lateral stripe, below dull cream-color, with three
rows of small black spots. Pectus and fore tibiae dusky black; middle
and hind tibize black with cream bands. Primaries black, with four
oblique macular bands of cream-color, the basal bent forward on costa
60
and enclosing a longitudinal streak. Behind the basal band is a sub-
triangular blotch, and on costa two small dots. The median and sub-
median bands are near together, parallel from internal margin to median
nervule, where they join fag become confused, the median band broken
into blotches, and running forward to costa, the other reaching costa
more directly, and widening as it approaches it. The sub-marginal
band is narrow, widening near apex. Margins cream-color, enclosing
seven black spots, the apical largest. All these bands, as well as the
nervules, cream-color. Secondaries smoky black, the fringes and a
spot on costa, cream-color. Beneath, the markings are repeated a
little more faintly. mts
Exp. wings 45 mm. Length of body 18 mm.
Except in the coloration, I see nothing to separate this from the
genus Arctia.
Antarctia expressa, n. sp.—Primaries smoky brown, mottled with
dull white, especially along the course of the nervures. Secondaries
unicolorous, much darker than the primaries. Head and thorax smoky
brown; fore tibiz rosy red at the base, the rest of the legs smoky;
abdomen bright rosy red above, with dorsal row of small black spots,
dull black beneath. All the wings smoky beneath, a little reddish at
the base. Tex Que
Exp. wings 34 mm. Length of body 14 mm.
Elysius russatus, n. sp.—Primaries roseate brown, discal mark
ovate, white, placed behind the cell. At the base are eight orange
patches surrounded by a roseate ring. These are irregular in shape,
the middle three being fused into a band, the basal spot smallest. An
oblique dusky sub-marginal line. Hind wings bright rosy, palest in
the middle. Thorax orange-red, with three fawn-color streaks, and
two blotches of the same shade on collar. Head, palpi, pectus, tibize
and abdomen bright rosy red; tarsi whitish. Beneath, the primaries
are rosy, the white discal spot very distinct, and a dull brown ovate spot
near the base. The secondaries are a little fainter rose-color than on
the upper side. aces
Exp. wings 4omm. Length of body 18 mm.
This insect agrees with Walker's diagnosis of this genus (Lep.
Heter. B. M. p. 714), and appears to be allied to #. Sanguinolenta,
Cram., and 2). Dorothea, Cram.
Robinsonia perfecta, n. sp.—Closely allied to R. formula, Gr.
(Proc. Ent. Soc., Phila., Vol. V, Plate 4, Fig. 3), but differs in having
the secondaries clouded with brownish along abdominal margin, and
by the abdomen being bright orange for its posterior half, and wholly
so beneath; the pectus and base of all the legs are also orange. The
costal band of primaries is of nearly equal width to the apex, and the
61
oblique band across the middle of the wing joins the band running
along the inner margin af the internal angle, and not adove it as in
Grote’s figure; the bands on the lower side of primaries almost oblit-
erated. 2505
Exp. wings 50mm. _ Length of body 19 mm.
Euchetes emendatus, n. sp.—Allied to £. zzopinatus, mihi. The
primaries are pale fawn-drab, with the nervules distinctly marked. The
secondaries are a paler shade; sordid white for two-thirds of the wing,
darker on the margins. Head fawn-color in front, dull orange on
crown; collar dull orange, the rest of thorax concolorous with prima-
ries. Abdomen, with base, fawn-drab; posterior segments orange,
with row of black dorsal spots fused into a line at the base. Abdomen,
beneath, as well as the legs, fawn-drab. PATS
Exp. wings 32mm. Length of body 13 mm.
Euchetes fumidus, n. sp.—¢. All the wings smoky black, with-
out any markings above or below; collar cream-white; base of antenne,
fore femora, fore tibia and abdomen rosy red, the latter with three
black dorsal spots.
Exp. wings 30 mm. Length of body 11 mm.
2. In this sex the costa is wholly cream-white; the wings beneath
have a whitish tint, and the broad tip of abdomen is also cream-white;
the primaries have the posterior margins much flecked with white scales,
giving a pale appearance; all else as in the male.
Exp. wings 39 mm. Length of body 14 mm.
NOTES AND QUERIES.
Eupamus Zestos, Htibn.—In a letter under date of March roth, Mr. C. E.
Worthington writes as follows: ‘‘ Your remarks on Zesfos (= Oberon) are in-
teresting. I depended on others to examine Hiibner, etc., as the books are not
in Chicago, and I was assured that the species was not described therein. I had
about eighty examples, all singularly uniform, and a number of 77¢yrws, of the
usual type, from near by. I distrust such forms, and had there been but one or
two pairs would not have described them, for I greatly dislike to add to the
burdensome synonymy.’’ He adds: ‘‘I shall try to do some collecting during
the coming summer (if we have any summer); just now there is no limit to the
ice-field, which is said to solidly fill the lake clear across to the Michigan shore.
I have once pursued butterflies over the ice, and may do so again this year.”’
Mr. Worthington would like to obtain ‘‘a few live pupz of G/over?,”’ and can
supply quantities of the pupze of Cecropia and Polyphemus. EE. M. AARON.
INFORMATION ACKNOWLEDGED.—I wish to acknowledge replies to my in-
quiry in the January number of Papiio, from Messrs. W. H. Edwards, Philip
Nell, John B. Smith and Rev. George D. Hulst.. The latter has described the
method used by him very fully, and for the benefit of certain readers of PAPILIO
who may be as much in the dark as I was, I reproduce it here.
E. M. AARON.
62
DENUDING THE WINGS OF LEPIDOPTERA.—Put the wing in alcohol; then
into a saturated solution of chloride of lime, leaving there until the colors are
pretty well faded. Have an ordinary microscopic slide at hand with two or three
drops of pure water on it, somewhat spread out. Take the wing out of the
chloride of lime and put in carbolic, or dilute hydrochloric acid, leaving only a
moment; take out and put in the water on the slide. Carefully put it in the shape
you wish, which in the water can be done without difficulty. Touch the edge
of the water with blotting-paper till it is about drained off; then put the blotting-
paper flat on the slide, wing and all, thoroughly drying it. On taking up the
paper the wing will remain on the glass; slightly dry over a lamp, brush off the
wing lightly with camel-hair brush to remove dust, etc.; put on Canada Balsam;
heat a little and put on a microscopic cover, sufficiently large; let it dry as any
ordinary slide with mounted object. You have then the wing perfect, entirely
transparent and in a permanent form. Legs and other parts of insects can be
treated in the same way. I have had little satisfaction with pasting the wings
in a book after bleaching; the wings are rarely well spread, and are easily broken.
The above method is very satisfactory to me. GEO Ds Hurss:
Limenitis Eros, Edw.—Mr. Strecker, in his Catalogue, indicates /Voridensis
as a variety of Disippus: “The form found in Florida and other parts of the
extreme South.’’ That applies to the mahogany-colored form of Dzsippus, of
which I have several examples, dut7¢ does not define Eros. That species, among
other points, is characterized by a white median band not found in Disippus,
and nothing was said of that; I had no idea that “vos was what Mr. Strecker
had in mind. Now it is a rule that, where two species are confounded under one
name, the author who disentangles them has a right to apply the first name to
either, and his zew one to the one he pleases.. Mr. Strecker published to the
world that I had encroached on his manor (Can. Ent. vol. xiii, p. 29), but Mr.
Mead in the same volume (p. 79) gave the sense of the New York Entomolog-
ical Club that the name Zvos, under the circumstances, was properly given by
me and should hold. The rules of Entomological Nomenclature are decided as
to the definition of species required to give priority. ‘‘ Unless a species or
group is zztelligibly defined when the name is given, it caznot be recognized by
others.’’ (Remarks under Rule 11.) W. H. Epwarps.
PAMPHILA CERNES, Bp.-LEc. versus MANATAAQUA, SCuD.—I would be glad
to receive any information of the geographical range, dates of appearance, etc.,
of either, or both of these forms, that the readers of PApiLio may be able to
afford me. I shall consider myself under lasting obligations to any one who can
tell me how these forms may, wth certainty, be separated. I have always con-
sidered J/anataaqua a variety of Cernes, at best, but have come to the conclu-
sion that the intergrades outnumber the typical specimens of either form, and
that, therefore, it is not even entitled to that rank. I hope to be able to throw.
some light on the subject by breeding them this summer, and should be glad to
receive information as to their pre-imago habits, etc. E. M. AARON.
PAPILIO, Vol. IV, No. 2, was published on March 15, 1884.
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Devoted txclusively to Lepidoptera,
Edited by | c : = — ' : ne :
ges, | Philadelphia, April, 1884. | No.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
MELITAZA CHALCEDON, BOIS., WITH SOME
NOTES ON LARVZ OF M. PHAETON.
3y W. H. EpDWARDSs.
EGG.—Sub-conical, the base rounded and flattened, the top trun-
cated, depressed, and finely reticulated in irregular five-sided figures
around a central rosette of five; surface smooth; the upper third
marked by about twenty low, vertical, sharp ridges, which increase
gradually in elevation and end at the rim of summit; color when laid
lemon-yellow, later changing to crimson, and before hatching, to black.
Duration of this stage about fourteen days.
YounG Larva.—Length .1 inch; cylindrical, even from 2 to 11,
the segments slightly rounded; color dark green-yellow; on each seg-
ment are several black tubercles, each of which gives a long tapering
black hair; 2 has a sub-oval black chitinous patch on dorsum, and on
either side of the medio-dorsal line are three fine tubercles, the six ar-
ranged so that four come to the front, and two behind, each of the
latter midway between the front pair; besides these, there are three
tubercles on either side this segment, two in vertical line in front, and
one higher up and behind ; each segment from 3 to 12, inclusive, has
six dorsal tubercles; on 3 and 4 these are nearly in cross row, the two
middle ones standing a little in front; on the succeeding segments there
are four in front, in line, and one behind and between each pair; these
tubercles form six longitudinal rows; along base of body is a row of finer
tubercles, on some segments two; 13 has the four in front, but close
together, and the other two are outside and below; at the extreme
end is a chitinous patch, from which two hairs; the hairs on 2 to 7,
and the lower of the six rows to g turn forward, those on dorsum of
6, 7 and 8 stand upright, on the other segments they turn back;
the basal row has one hair each on 2, 3 and 4; on 5 to 12, two each,
64
not in line, the posterior one being at the back of the segment, and
higher up; all the hairs bent down; head rounded, depressed a little at
the top, the vertices rounded; color dark brown, smooth, with a few
black hairs curved down. Duration of the stage about eight days.
After first Moult: slender, cylindrical; color dark brown, a medio-
dorsal stripe, greenish yellow; there are seven principal rows of spines,
one dorsal, three on either side, disposed as hereinafter described for
mature larva; all but the dorsals black, these are the color of the band
or stripe they stand on, greenish yellow; the spines are long, slender,
tapering, with divergent black bristles placed at a small angle; along
base a row of minute spines; 2 has a chitinous cross-band, with several
fine points, each with a long black hair; head ob-ovoid, truncated at
top and depressed, the vertices rounded; color black, shining, thickly
beset with long black hairs which hang over the front. Duration of
this stage nine days.
After second Moult: length .24 inch; very much as in preceding
stage; the dorsum and upper part of side brown-black, the lower part
of side brown-gray; the dorsal spines and bases green-yellow, and a
little of same color at base of second laterals on the outer side; head
as before. Duration of this stage twelve days.
After third Moult: length .33 inch; color black; along dorsum a
whitish band, or double stripe, the intervening space making a black
medio-dorsal line; the whole surface of upper side thinly dotted with
white points, each of which gives a long white hair; the dorsal spines
black from orange bases; the first laterals black from shining black
bases; the second laterals black, but on the lower side at base is an
orange patch encircling the spine, except on the dorsal side; the third
laterals orange, from bases of same color, on 2 and 3, the rest black
with a little orange on upper side; the row over feet all orange; head
ob-ovoid, flattened frontally, deeply bilobed, the vertices rather high,
sub-conic, the face rough with tubercles of various sizes, each giving a
long black hair. Duration of this stage eleven days.
After fourth Moult: length .45 inch; closely like previous stage;
there is a great difference in the last two stages in the clothing of body,
some larvee having a few white points, and corresponding white hairs,
but the greater number have these points thickly sprinkled over whole
upper side, and the numerous long hairs from them give a very woolly
covering. Duration of this stage nine days.
After fifth Moult: length .7 inch; at about eight days is fully grown.
Mature Larva.—Length 1.1 inch; greatest breadth .2 inch; cyl-
indrical, of even size to near the extremities; color black over upper
part of side and dorsum, lower part of side brown-black; along dor-
sum a double whitish stripe, and a macular whitish stripe in line with
second lateral spines; whole surface covered with white tuberculous
points, of varying sizes; these are sometimes comparatively few in num-
ber, but usually they are many, and as each gives a long curved white
hair, the surface is woolly; the spines are in seven principal rows, one
dorsal, three on either side; in addition there is a row of smaller spines
along base, from 3 to 11, over the feet and legs two to each segment in
horizontal row; on 4 two in vertical row; on 5 two in horizontal and
a third below, the three making a triangle; on 11 and 12 one each; on
under side of body, on 5, 6, 11 and 12 are numerous small spines on
the cross ridges; the dorsal spines run from 5 to 12, and together with
their bases, are orange; the first laterals run from 3 to 13 and are black;
the second laterals run from 3 to 13, are black, with orange around
base, but usually wanting on the dorsal side; the third or lower laterals
run from 3 to 11, the one on 3 small and orange, that on 4 orange,
both orange at base, the rest orange with a little patch of same color
at base on upper side only; the row along base wholly orange; the
spines are moderately long, slender, tapering, rough with tubercula-
tions, from each of which springs a long hair, those of upper rows
partly white next base of spine, the others black; 2 has a collar of low
black spines with many long black hairs; feet black, pro-legs brown;
head ob-ovoid, truncated, depressed at top, the vertices low, sub-conic,
and rough (as well as upper part of face) with tubercles, each of which
gives a long stiff black hair, so that the top of the head bristles with
these; color black. From last moult to pupation about fourteen days.
CuHRYSALIS.—Length .8 inch; breadth across mesonotum .26 inch,
across abdomen .22 inch; head case narrow, truncated, the top a
rounded transverse ridge, the sides incurved; mesonotum rounded,
slightly prominent at top and angular, followed by a rounded excava-
tion; the abdomen stout; the larval spines of dorsal and two upper
rows on either side are indicated by low conical tubercles; the spines
of third row by a slight elevation on surface; color gray and pearl,
marked and spotted with black, or brownish black, these marks and
spots often edged with orange; the tubercles each edged on front side
by a black crescent; behind the dorsals two short, oblique black bars,
on some segments confluent with the crescents of the first lateral row;
on segments 7 to 11 is a row of short black bars on the posterior part
of each; on the ventral side, a blackish band of irregular outline from
last segment to head, there bifurcating; the antennz cases alternate
black and gray; a long black patch lies on middle and basal part of
wing cases, usually edged with orange, and crossed by orange neura-
tions; along the hind margin of wing a series of stripes or small black
spots, rounded or serrated, and there is a second interior row varying
in like manner; on the sides of mesonotum two curved bars meeting
at an angle on the carina; a straight bar higher up running with the
dorsal line; a few patches on top of head case. Duration of this stage
about twelve days.
66
The mature larva and chrysalis of Chalcedon are figured in But. N.
A. Vol. I, from drawings by Mr. Stretch. This larva indicates rather
indistinctly the white points which cover the surface, but gives no idea
of the tangle of white hairs which proceed from these points, which
often quite conceal the surface of the body; other larvae, however, have
a minimum of points and hairs, and the figure more correctly repre-
sents such. The first lateral spines are represented as coming from
blue-black bases, instead of black; otherwise the figure is correct. The
figure of the chrysalis is a good one. The larve, in But. N. A., are
stated to feed on Dipsacus, Castilleja, and Lonicera, but chiefly on
Scrophularia.
Mr. W. G. Wright, of San Bernardino, in 1883, sent me multitudes
of eggs and larvee. The first larvae were from Penstemon antirrhin-
oides,; others, or eggs, were from Penstemon ternatum. On 25th April
came about fifty larvae nearly full grown, a few past third moult, and two
which were smaller than the rest, were thought by Mr. Wright to be
either IZ, Gabbii, or Leanira. They all at last proved to be Chalcedon.
I put the larvee in a jar with leaves of Chelone barbata, Actinomeris
squarrosa (on both which JZ Phaeton feeds) and Asver, and an hour
later found them eating the first two. On 27th the first larva pupated.
They suspend themselves in form of a ring, as does Phaeton, also the
species of Phyciodes. My larve did not flourish, and, from the fifty
received, there resulted but fifteen pupa. I attributed this in great
degree to lack of sunshine, as Mr. Wright says the larvee delight in
the hottest sun.
On 16th May came four larvae which Mr. Wright said he had found
the preceding fall,—part of a large colony within a web, high on the
mountains, not less than about 5000 feet. What species they might
be he did not know. Certainly not Chalcedon, which butterfly he had
never seen at such an altitude. The web was as large as a man’s hand,
and in it were hundreds of larvee. Mr. Wright kept the web and con-
tents through the winter, and was much astonished on finding that the
larvee gave Chalcedon butterflies; because, in the low grounds, the
habits of Chalcedon are different from this. Mr. Wright says: ‘‘ Down
in the valley they form into small colonies, and make small webs near
the ground, at the ends of twigs, on the lower branches of the food-
plant. At third moult, or closely after, they drop to the ground, or
run down the stems and hibernate in the ground. The little webs are
very inconspicuous; even when there are eight or ten of them on a
twig, they are not noticed, except on searching for them, and they are
so small that they each hold but few larvae. Now, apparently, here is
a clear case of the influence of climate on the habits of larvae. Both
colonies came out Chalcedon, and yet had widely different habits. It
would seem as if in the cold altitudes the larve ought to hide in the
eround, and that in the valley they might be comfortable in a web on
67
/
a twig, but the case is reversed. How can a colony, passing the winter
out on the end of a swaying twig be more protected from the weather
than the separated larvee which hide in the ground.’’ Mr. Wright is
a first rate observer, and his remarks are pertinent. I suggested to
him that perhaps the answer to these queries would be this: that in a
cold latitude or altitude, where there is no danger of the larvee being
prematurely roused from lethargy by excess of heat, a web gives pro-
tection from weather, rain, or snow, and also from enemies of some
description. In the Eastern States Phaeton passes the winter in webs,
and on slender plants like Che/one, which are broken to the ground.
The larvae, nevertheless, get well through the winter, though fer weeks
or months covered by snow. So long as larvee of Argynnis are kept
artificially in an ice-house, or in a snow-bank, they are healthy. It is
the waking up out of season which is fatal to them, starvation or ex-
haustion being the consequence. On the other hand, where the winter
is warm, as in the valleys in southern California, the ground would
seem to furnish the most equable temperature. So the species of Ar-
gynnis and Satyrus go to ground and hibernate.
To this Mr. Wright replied: ‘‘ As to why the lowland larve go into
the ground, I judge it is because of the heat. The valley where they
do most congregate is narrow and sandy, between low, bare hills.
About the time when the larve go into the ground—say in July—the
whole country, valleys and hills, becomes perfectly dry and_ hot.
There is not a tree or bush to afford shade; no water, no grass. For
four rainless months the country is thus parched and torrid. It is hot
enough there in August to bake the larve, if any where above ground.
As to the woolly coat, I think it is a protection against water in the
wet season. On the other hand the larve at 5000 feet elevation,
hibernating in their web, would be protected by that against water, and
do not need a woolly coat.’’
In Papriiio, Vol. III, p. 26, Prof. J. J. Rivers says of Chalcedon:
‘“This species hibernates socially after the first moult, selecting a place
below the radical leaves of cumbrous herbage, from which situation
the larve do not stir for several months. I have kept them all the
winter,’’ etc. I apprehend that for ‘‘first’’ we should read *‘third.’’
The four larve from the web and the two before spoken of, sup-
posed to be Leanzra, were alike in that they were nearly naked, where-
as the other larvee were woolly. But one from the web became woolly
at last moult. Whether the colony of hundreds were all so thinly
clad it was too late to ascertain; but it seemed as if nature, for further
protection of the webless larva, had given them a good warm fleece
in which to hibernate.
From hibernating larve I got the stages after fourth and fifth moult.
On 5th May, I received about seventy-five eggs, and on 7th, another
large lot. These began to hatch on roth at fourteen or fifteen days
68
from the laying. On June 6th, I received a lot of young larvae, and
at least one hundred eggs. Mr. Wright says: ‘‘ These eggs are easiest
to get of any; the females confined in bags lay all over the bags, or on
sticks, and they want no shade. I set the plant close to the window,
and the butterflies like the sun and will not lay without it.’ Follow-
ing the first lot, of May, I gave the young larvee leaves ot Scrophularia,
W eee Mr. Wright had sent me, and which came in good condition,
and also g gave Chelone, and the latter was preferred by them. They
were kept in a half-pint glass, and showed a tendency to do much
spinning, though not to make a regular web. On 16th, the day being
fine, aqel some larvee near their first moult, I put several out of foare
on the terminal leaves of a plant of Chelone, in my garden, to see their
behavior. They at once went to work, and next day had spun to-
gether the leaves and were concealed within. Four days later we had
a cold rain, and the web was broken, and I could see but two or three
of the larvae; the others seemed to have been swept away. But, on
23d, weather wet and cold, I found the whole colony lying snug be-
tween two leaves, as well protected as if under a slate roof. The “Fa
was fine, and I put out nearly all the remaining larvee, putting them
close by the others, within leaves pinned together. I did this, sup-
posing they would soon find their fellows, and that the two lots would
unite. But they continued separate, and formed two light webs,
nothing like so close as the web of Phaeton. So they passed two
moults, adding to the web as it became necessary, taking in one leaf
after another along the stem. On 29th came a furious rain storm, and
on examining the webs during the storm, the older one was found to
be quite empty, the larvee probably having gone down the stem to
ground. The other was broken, and the larvee were busy repairing,
but there evidently were not enough of them to do the work in a proper
manner. After this these larvee gave up living in their web, and re-
turned to it from feeding, gathering in a cluster on the outside. There
had originally been about fifty, but they were now reduced to half a
dozen; all past third moult. On 11th July there were but two visible,
and these I brought into the house and put in glass. One of them
shortly after passed third moult, and both soon went into lethargy be-
tween two leaves, and are so passing the winter. Part of ae pee
I had kept in the house and followed their stages. In this way I have
the complete history, first from egg to hibernation after third moult;
then from hibernation to pupation, two moults being passed.
It so happened that I had at same time a lot of Phaefon feeding, and
under very peculiar circumstances. Formerly, larvee of Phaeton were
found in a small swamp about two miles from my house, near the
Kanawha River, the only locality in this region known to me for the
species. In 1878 came a flood, which exceeded anything known in this
valley, overflowing a large part of the river bottoms. This swamp was
69
under water fully two days; several feet under. Any larvee of Phaeton
would have been in web, hibernating, the month being August, and no
doubt the last one was drowned. And from 1878 to the present time not
one butterfly have I seen. About ten years ago I set a plant of Chelone
glabra in the garden, in order to have food at hand when needed, but
it had never been visited by a Phaefon butterfly, and as I live on a hill,
off the river bottom, I did not suppose the butterfly would ever find it.
But on 25th June I noticed a little knot of twisted leaf fastened by a
web as large as a filbert, on the plant, and knew it for Phaeton. How
a stray butterfly should find that single plant, entirely out of its range,
is more than I can understand. Phaeton, unlike Chalcedon, is restricted
in its food-plant to a single species, Chelone glabra, or possibly two,
the other being Lonicera ciliata, but on what authority this last has
been given I do not know. Che/one is the food-plant in this region.
Later, same day, the larvee were observed outside, extending the web,
and they were in first stage, very recently out of egg. On 27th the
day began with showers, but cleared up in afternoon, and all of a sud-
den the whole colony was found actively at work. I entered in my
note-book that I believe the unusual stir was owing to a change of
weather for the worse which these creatures had a prevision of, for I
had noticed some years ago, that before a storm great efforts were made
by Phaeton larve to put the webs in order. Two days later the rain
came, and this web was tight and all larvae housed, in contrast to the
web of Chalcedon on same plant, which was broken by the rain and
wind, and the larve were out in the rain trying to repair it. By 7th July
they had passed second moult. After the first moult, which took place
inside the original web, the larvae moved up the stem and made them-
selves a new one quite at the top, .and there passed second moult.
Then they extended the web. In pleasant weather they worked ac-
tively, but when rain fell they were all inside. And whatever damage
was done they repaired it as soon as sunshine came. On roth July
the web was beaten in pieces by a storm, and next day the larve were
lying about in great clusters on the leaves. But during the morning
they set at work and built a new web, evidently intended as the final
one, and for hibernation. Work went on daily, when sunshine per-
mitted, and by 13th the larve were inside it. It was double, and three
round holes were left on the sides for egress. Early on 14th the rain
fell in torrents, and I expected to find the web dashed in pieces. But
it was not. At noon not a larva was to be seen, and the web was un-
injured. I looked at it daily, but saw no larva thereafter. The holes
spoken of were closed by an inner coating, plain to be seen. On 26th
I brought the web to the house and cut it open. It was double, the
inner part being thin, the outer of a dense texture like thin silk; in
parts it was triple. There were the casts of face and body made at
third moult, and about fifty caterpillars, lively enough. I removed
—l
(a
these with forceps; putting them in paper pill-boxes, and they ran about
so fast that I had much trouble to secure all. The same day I sent
these larvee to Dr. Jewett, at Dayton, Ohio, to go in an ice-box, and
there they are now wintering.
It will be seen, therefore, that while Phaeton and Chalcedon are both
web builders, there is a difference. The climate of California does not
require a web as a protection against rain while the larve are in their
first stages; whereas in the Atlantic States rain is the very thing to be
provided against. One web is slight, therefore, the other close, and
the Phaeton larvee have learned to be industrious at the proper season,
either when foreseeing damage, or in repairing damage. The lowland
Chalcedon go to ground for hibernation, not taking the trouble to build
webs, but the highland members of the species seem to have found a
web most suitable for their requirements, and build one as large and
strong as that of Phaeton.
Since the foregoing pages were written, Mr. Wright has given me a
list of all food-plants of larvee of Chalcedon known to him as follows:
‘1. Penstemon antirrhinotdes.
2. % cordtfoltus. :
2 a ternatum. It was on this plant that I found a
large colony of half-grown larvee in a web at altitude of 5000 feet or
more,’’ (as before related). ‘‘ This is the only large colony I have ever
seen.
4. Scrophularia Californica.
5. Rosa minutifolia, Engel., a new species, a rose recently found
in lower California, where on Jan. 25th, 1883, I found the larve feed-
ing. At same time there were others alongside feeding on P. antirrhin-
oides. As, this rose is a plant of quite different order from any other
in the list, I affirm the fact of such feeding as coming under my own
observation.
Dipsacus, Castilleja and Lonicera, are all found here and known, but
I have never seen any larve on either of them. Nine-tenths of all
the larvee in this country live on P. antirrhinoides. The female lays
her eggs upon the upper twigs in masses of 50 to 100, or more. The
young larvee separate into small colonies and build small webs on the
outer ends of the lower branches. I am pretty sure that they change
their place of abode and build a new web at every moult, but cannot
positively affirm that such is the case. At any rate, I frequently see
deserted nests with cast-off skins at an early date in the life of the
larvee. At third moult the larve disappear, doubtless dropping to the
ground, to hibernate at the base of the bush, under leaves and loose
soil. In April, they are again seen, solitary, feeding on the fresh
leaves of their plant. The chrysalis is found suspended to dry sticks
and to stems of other plants, near by.”’
~
ON THE DIMORPHISM OF TERAS OXY-
COCCANA, PACK.
Bye Gea Vea Rte ye
The following notes are essentially as they will appear in Bulletin
No. 4, Division of Entomology, Dept. of Agriculture:
In the ‘‘ General Index and Supplement to the nine reports on the
Insects of Missouri,’’ 1881, in speaking of Zortrix cinderella Riley,
we remarked as follows (pp. 82-83):
‘‘ From specimens reared from cranberry-feeding larvee received from
Mr. John H. Brakeley of Bordentown, N. J., I am satisfied that this is
the same species briefly characterized by Packard in the first edition of
his Guide (p. 334) as Tortrix oxycoccana, and that 7. malivorana Le
Baron (my Rep. IV, p. 47) is but a dimorphic orange form, subse-
quently described by Packard as 7° vaccinizvorana (Hayden’s Report
of the U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey of the Territories, 1878, p. 522).
The orange and ash-gray specimens are thus bred both from Apple and
Cranberry. I have reared both forms from Cranberry and from Apple,
and they are undistinguishable in the larva and pupa states. The gray
form is often more or less suffused with orange scales and the orange
form less frequently with gray scales. This is the most remarkable
case of dimorphism with which I am familiar in the family, and points
strongly to the important bearing of biological facts on a true classifi-
cation. The dimorphic coloring is not sexual, but occurs in both sexes.
The eggs of this species are very flat, circular and translucent, with a
diameter of 0.7 mm., and are laid singly on the under side of the leaf
near the midrib. The species belongs to the genus 7evas, and as
Packard’s specific name oxycoccana has priority, the insect should be
known as Zeras oxycoccana, Pack. The ‘insect, according to Mr.
Brakeley, who gives an account of it in the Report of the Seventh
Annual Convention of the New Jersey Cranberry Association (1879, p.
7), commonly affects, also, the high-bush whortleberry. The gray
form of the moth is most frequent in autumn.”’
Prof. C. H. Fernald, in his ‘‘Synonymic&l catalogue of the de-
scribed Tortricidze of North America, north of Mexico,’’ 1882, still
retains the four insects as distinct species, and thus doubts the correct-
ness of our conclusions. We therefore took pains to put the question
to so full a test as to leave no reason for doubt. The experience of
Mr. J. B. Smith, in the field, is confirmatory; but from material which
he sent on to Washington, we not only actually bred the orange form
from the first brood of larva received in May and produced from the
hibernating slate-colored form, but also the slate-colored form from
larvee hatched from eggs laid by the orange form. Over two hundred
~I
No
specimens, reared from larvee received in August, and produced by the
second brood of orange moths were all referable to the slate-colored
form. In fact all the moths which issued after September 23d were of
this form, though there was but a difference of five days between the
issuing of the last yellow and the first gray specimens, the latter con-
tinuing to issue through October. Many of the gray specimens, es-
pecially those which first appear, are so suffused with orange or reddish
scales as to appear somewhat intermediate between the two extremes,
but there are none which are not at once referable to the gray form. It
is in fact an interesting case of seasonal dimorphism, and how far it is
influenced by temperature, future experiment, which we hope to make,
will determine.
Many species of the genus 7ervas are well known to vary in a re-
markable degree, but none other known to me presents such a marked
case of seasonal dimorphism.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF
SPHACELODES.
By W. J. HOLLAND.
Among a number of specimens recently obtained from the Indian
River region of Florida are four moths, which I was for some time in-
clined to identify as Sphacelodes Vulurraria of Hubner and Guenée.
A more thorough examination, however, leads me to the conclusion
that they are sufficiently distinct to deserve a specific name. I append
herewith a description:
Sphacelodes Floridensis, n. sp.—¢. Expands 42mm. Primaries
reddish brown, secondaries slightly darker. About the middle of the
costa of the primaries a large, triangular, flesh-colored spot, extend-
ing back to the first nervule. Three dark bands, the outermost form-
ing at the costa the exterior margin of the light flesh-colored spot,
divide the fore wings into three portions, of which the marginal por-
tion is the largest. The outermost band is curved from the discal re-
gion towards the internal angle of the primaries. The basal and me-
dian bands are continued over the secondaries, the median band being
triply waved and shaded very slightly on its external edge by gray.
There is a very obscure, whitish discal spot on the upper surface of the
secondaries, and a very delicate gray marginal line disposed in scallops
intervenes between the main body of the hind wings and the concolor-
ous fringes. The under surface of the primaries and secondaries are
of a uniform, velvety, leaden-gray, with a broad marginal shade of a
darker hue. The abdomen and thorax are of the same general color
“I
o>)
as the upper surface of the wings, a trifle lighter beneath. The an-
tennz, the head, and the palpi flesh colored, with a yellowish cast, and
a trifle lighter than the conspicuous costal spot.
Guenée gives Brazil as the habitat of the two species of Sphacelodes
described by him, and the presence of the genus in Florida is an in-
teresting fact.
It is but proper to call attention to the fact that Guenée, in his de-
scription of the genus Sphacelodes, says that it is characterized, among
other things, by the absence of the discal spot on the wings. With
this exception the insect before me agrees thoroughly with his generic
description, and the discal spot is so obscure in a slightly rubbed
specimen I have, that its presence would elude ordinary observation.
I have no hesitation in referring the insect to Guenée’s genus.
It is barely possible that /Vor7densis may prove to be a climatic varia-
tion of Vulurraria.
Described from 3 & in Coll. W. J. Holland, and 1 ¢ in Coll. J. B.
Smith.
CITHERONIA INFERNALIS AND CATOCALA
BABAYAGA, NEW SPECIES.
By HERMANN STRECKER.
Citheronia Infernalis, n. sp.—@. Expands 5 inches. Head,
body and legs deep orange or brick red, unicolorous, and devoid of
all markings whatsoever. Wings on both upper and under surfaces
same red color as the body. Primaries, above, slate colored in the
interspaces, leaving only the red color visible on the nervures and a
narrow accompanying lining; a large red sub-apical blotch or spot at and
near costa, also a smaller one midway between it and the inner margin;
another still smaller at base of wing as in Regal’s and Sepulchralis.
Secondaries with a row of slate-colored sub-marginal spots, and inte-
rior to these a row of streaks or dashes of like color. Under surface;
primaries much as above, but more of the red ground color prevail-
ing; an indistinct red discal dash. Secondaries with the gray mark-
ings only on the apical half of wing; a small, darker, red, discal mark.
Hab.—Maryland, North Carolina.
Described from one female now in my collection, which was bred
from a blackish blue larva with shining black horns, after the manner
of the other species of the genus. The male I was unable to examine,
but was informed it resembled the female.
Catocala Babayaga, n. sp.—Male and female expand from 3% to
338 inches. Primaries, head and thorax above, of an even, warm,
reddish gray or ash color, quite unlike any other described species,
74
though coming nearer to that of some examples of /reve than to any
other. The markings of the primaries in the several males in my pos-
session are sufficiently distinct and pronounced, though not intensely
defined; in the two females before me they are heavier and accompanied
by dark brown shading more or less. The general style of marking is
that of Walshiz, Arizone and Aspasia, to which group it belongs.
Secondaries with mesial and marginal bands shaped much as in above
mentioned allied species; but the red ground color is far more pinkish
than in any of them, and exactly the same tint as in dmatrix. The
body is, beneath, tawny white, or inclining thereto; the wings differ in
nothing decided from allied forms.
This is the insect taken several years since by the indefatigable Jacob
Doll in Arizona, and which, by some curious mistake, has been so
generally distributed as the C. Arizone, Grote, from which it is in a
moment distinguished by its warm maroon or reddish gray color,
whilst in 4rzzone@ the color is, as Mr. Grote says in the description,
‘dark grayish brown, with a glaucous shade over the more grayish
median space.”’
In Babayaga the lines of primaries are reddish brown (an intensifica-
tion of the paler ground color); in A7vz7zon@, to use Mr. Grote’s words
in the description, ‘‘black.’’ Further, in Av7zone, says its author, is “‘a
whitish shade before the brown-tinged broadly bis-annulate reniform;”’
there is no vestige of any whitish shade in the remarkably even uni-
colorous surface of Babayaga.
There are other differences of minor importance, but the above,
which have been carefully noted with the types of both Arzzone and
Babayaga before me side by side, will doubtless suffice. The descrip-
tion of Avizone is in the Can. Ent. Vol. V, p. 163, where any one
doubtful of the distinctness of the two, can convince themselves. The
original type of Avzzone is in the Museum of the American Ent. Soc.
at Philadelphia.
There are five insects in this group, all of a large size, that are easily
distinguished from each other, though whether they be of different
species or only varieties of one species, is for each one to decide as best
may suit his own pet theory in that direction. They are:
Walshii, W. H. Edws., with obscurely marked ashen primaries and
brick-colored secondaries.
Arizone, Grote, with bluish gray, heavily marked primaries. Sec-
ondaries same red as in Wadlshiz.
Aspasia, Streck., with very pale, somewhat yellowish gray primaries,
with markings not as dark, and scarcely as pronounced as in Ar7zone,
and secondaries same color as the two preceding.
Babayaga, Streck., with reddish gray primaries and markings of
deeper tint of nearly same color. Secondaries bright deep pink, same
color as in Amatrtx.
~
mn
The fifth one alluded to has not yet, I believe, been described; it
comes nearer to Arvzzone than to any of the others, but the bluish gray
color of the primaries, head and thorax is heavier, darker and of a
more even unicolorous appearance, and the markings are not near as
distinct and black as in Avizone, having more of a blurred effect, and
in some examples are almost obsolete. Secondaries as in Wadsh7zi and
Arizone, but of a little deeper tint. Hab.—Colorado.
Of all these five I have examined, and possess large series, and each
one holds steadfast to its own type with little or no tendency to merge
into either of the others, but that all—Aadéayaga is the most aberrant—
are closely allied, and came from one stem, there can not be the least
doubt, call them species or varieties or what best suits your notion for
the time being.
O
NOTES ON MEXICAN LEPIDOPTERA, WITH DE-
SCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
By HENRY EDWARDs.
(Third Paper.)
Euchetes immanis, n. sp.—Whole upper and lower surface of
wings dark fawn-drab, without any markings whatever; the sides and
tip of the abdomen are dull orange; the head is cream-white in front,
orange beneath the eyes; all else the same color as the wings. 2 ¢.
Exp. wings 60 mm. Length of body 20 mm.
It is possible that this species may form the type of a new genus;
the greater size, more produced wings and longer antennz, with very
deep pectinations, inclining me to that conclusion. There is, however,
no difference in the neuration, and the coloration is like that of some
feuchetes.
Halisidota mansueta, n. sp.—Allied to 7. Adwardsii, and resem-
bling it greatly in point of coloration. The primaries, however, want
the dark bands of the California species, and the abdomen is without
black spots. The ground color of primaries is fawn-color, made up
of minute specks, and traversed by six imperfect, macular bands of
pale buff, that behind the cell being the most perfect. These bands are
nearly straight, the sub-median being slightly oblique; apices much
produced. Secondaries sub-diaphanous, pale buff, stained with rose
color, broadly, along abdominal margin. Thorax concolorous with
primaries; abdomen very bright rosy red above, buff beneath, and
along the sides. Fore tibize rose color within, rest of legs buff. The
markings of the wings faintly repeated beneath. Ni 03
Exp. wings 58 mm. Length of body 20 mm.
Halisidota armillata, n. sp.—Pale buff; the wings shorter and more
rounded than in most species of the genus. There is a wide median
band of pale brownish, the basal space being also flecked with brown,
and behind the band, which is paler on the costa, is an oblique row of
spots edged with brown, and another row near margin, neither of
which reaches to the internal margin. Thorax and abdomen buff,
darker dorsally. All the rest of the insect buff. ace
Exp. wings 37 mm. Length of body 14 mm.
Halisidota propinqua, n. var.—I regard this form as a strongly-
marked variety of 77, Carye. It is, however, smaller in size, paler in
color, the spots of the macular bands much less in size, and the ob-
lique brown line running from the internal angle to near the base of
costa, is very dark, and in greater contrast with the ground color of
the wing. In other respects I can see no difference from /7. Carve.
Lic.
Exp. wings 4omm. Length of body 15 mm.
Halisidota cinctipes, G. and R.—Several fresh and apparently
bred specimens of this little-known species were in Mr. Schaus’ collec-
tion, and from them I venture to give a redescription. It is allied to
H. Tesselaris, and is probably the form described by Walker (Lep.
Het. B. M. p. 733) asa variety of that species. My copy of the B.
Museum catalogue formerly belonged to the late Dr. A. Fitch, and
against Walker’s description is written in the doctor's hand: ‘‘ does
not at all agree with our 7esse/aris, it must be a new species.’’ Walker's
‘‘variety’? is quoted as coming from Mexico and Venezuela. The
general color of H1. Cinctipes is bright buff. Head blackish in front.
Thorax with three sea-green stripes, the lateral pair diverging hindward.
The primaries have four pale fawn-colored bands, all of which, except the
marginal one, terminate on the costa in orange spots, edged with black.
The basal band is double, and does not reach the internal margin. It
is, more properly speaking, composed of four marks, three of which are
transverse, and the other oblong. The second (the median band) is
straight, widest on internal margin. The third is oblique, with irregular
edges, widest in the middle, and the fourth (the marginal) widens out at
apex, and does not reach the internal angle. Between the third and
fourth is a divided spot, something like the letter U, orange, bordered
with black, and on the costa a triangular spot of the same color. Sec-
ondaries pale buff, darker along the abdominal margin. | Abdomen
concolorous above, pale buff beneath, with a row of small lateral black
spots. Pectus and fore tibize at base a deeper yellow; hind tibiee and
tarsi distinctly ringed with black.
Exp. wings 58 mm. Length of body 18 mm.
J]
Euhalisidota aperta, n. sp.—Primaries smoky drab, speckled with
dull yellowish scales. Secondaries yellowish white, buff at abdominal
margin, and smoky at external margins. Beneath, the wings have all
a yellow tint. Head and thorax smoky brown; abdomen dull orange
at base, smoky brown in the middle, three posterior segments orange,
with a row of black dorsal spots; anal tuft smoky brown, as is also the
under side of the entire abdomen. Pectus and base of legs dull yel-
low. Dion:
Exp. wings 46mm. Length of body 17 mm.
Euhalisidota cervina, n. sp.—Primaries dark fawn-color, with a
lilacine tint, the veins all very distinctly marked in a darker shade.
Secondaries smoky, lighter at the base, becoming almost sordid white.
Beneath, the wings are all dull fawn-color, with a golden reflection.
Entire thorax and abdomen bright orange, with a dusky shade on the
disc of former, and on the three basal segments of the latter. Head
also bright orange, as are the basal joints of the palpi. On the base
of the primaries are four black spots, three on front, one on the crown,
one on each basal joint of the palpi, and ten on the thorax. There
are six transverse bands on the abdomen dorsally, a double row later-
ally, and ventrally there are three spots. All these spots and bands
are velvety black. The tibize are orange, the anterior pair black exter-
nally, and the posterior pair with black spots on the joints; tarsi all
dull fawn-color. Antenne very long, chestnut brown. ite eh
Exp. wings 48 mm. Length of body 18 mm.
This beautiful and striking insect is placed provisionally in Aahadlesz-
dota, as structurally it is more like it than any other genus known to
me. It is congeneric with /. aperta (described above), and it is pos-
sible that they may form a new genus.
Apatelodes vivax, n. sp.—é. Primaries bright reddish brown,
mottled with shades of lilac and dark orange. The basal line is white,
indented and not reaching the internal margin. Behind it on costa is
a lilacine patch of irregular, triangular shape, then a broad, oblique,
brown line, bent forward on sub-costal nervure. This is followed by
a narrow brown line edged with white towards costa, and very slightly
dentate, and the sub-marginal line is black, very deeply dentate. The
orange shades are most conspicuous at the base and near the apex.
Secondaries chestnut-brown, lighter at the base of costal margin, and
with an irregular sub-median band. | Fringe of primaries red-brown,
blotched with dull yellow; of secondaries, dull yellow towards apex
and anal angle, dark brown in the middle. Beneath, the primaries
are light fawn-color, darker at posterior margin, with a sub-marginal
brown, slightly waved line, and some brown spots near the apex.
Secondaries rich pinkish brown, beautifully mottled with chestnut-
brown shades, a broad median band of same color not reaching the
75
abdominal margin, a dark sub-apical spot, and some dark patches at
the middle of wing. Thorax, abdomen and legs concolorous; the
latter, as well as the extremity of abdomen, with many white hairs.
2x.
Exp. wings 38 mm. Length of body 16 mm.
2. Very different in color, which is here golden testaceous. The
lines are all the same as in the ¢, but there are no orange blotches; a
whitish triangular patch in the middle of the costa; fringes alternately
golden-brown and dull yellow. Secondaries darker than the fore
wings, with a still darker median shade. Beneath, the wings are
marked as in the ¢, but the shading has an olivaceous tint, and the
bands, etc., are not so distinct. Legs, abdomen and thorax concolor-
ous. In both sexes the discal mark is a whitish cloud. p OR
Exp. wings 48 mm. Length of body 25 mm.
A very beautiful insect, beyond all doubt referable to Packard’s
genus.
Acronyctodes, n. genus.—Closely allied to Apatelodes, Pack., but
differs in the following particulars: The fore wings are longer propor-
tionately in their costal length, acutely produced at the apex, without
the excavation on margin so visible in Afatelodes, and the posterior
margin is more oblique to the internal angle. The feet and legs are
less densely clothed with hair, and the abdomen is a little longer.
Palpi shorter and more slender, and the antennz with pectinations
smaller than in the ¢ of Apatelodes, while those of the 9 have the
pectinations longer than the 2 of Apatelodes. Markings somewhat
similar, but less pronounced. Hind wings slightly hyaline.
Acronyctodes insignita, n. sp.—é. Grayish white, with darker
markings. A black basal line most apparent on costa; a broad median
space, enclosing black discal spot, behind which is a blackish cloud.
The sub-marginal line is whitish, edged in front with black, dentated:
near its apical extremity are three small almost equal teeth. The space
behind this line is grayish, with darker shades, and the terminations of
the nervules are marked by black points. Near the apex, and along
internal margin are some faint fawn-color shades. Secondaries dull
grayish, with a small black discal spot, and a faint median dentated
line. Beneath, wholly gray, like many species of dfate/a, with faint
sub-marginal lines, and black discal spots on both wings. Head gray
in front; thorax, legs and abdomen concolorous. 2d
Exp. wings 42mm. Length of body 25 mm.
Q@. Paler gray than the other sex, the thorax and: abdomen being
sordid white. The markings similar to those of the é, but a little
darker behind the middle. 2k
Exp. wings 55 mm. Length of body 25 mm.
PS
Lagoa superba, n. sp.—¢. Primaries bright brown for the basal
half of the wing, with a few white streaks at base of costa. Posteriorly
the brown shade is encroached upon by a white broad line, strongly
dentate anteriorly in the middle, and passing off into narrow streaks
behind. The margin is a paler brown than the base, and is clouded
with small black blotches. Secondaries the same shade of brown as
the posterior margin of primaries. Beneath, both wings are of this pale
brown shade, with whitish clouds. Antennz and head cream-white.
Thorax brown, with the collar cream-white. Abdomen with three
white dorsal tufts. Under side of body wholly smoky brown. 2 ¢.
Exp. wings 33 mm. Length of body 19 mm.
@. The primaries are beautifully marked with long, wrinkled,
cream-colored hairs along the basal half of costa, and there is a con-
spicuous brown discal patch not apparent in the ¢. The thorax is
wholly cream-white in front; the white dorsal tufts of the abdomen are
five in number, and the antenne are black. In other respects resem-
bling the ¢é. 2 Oe
Exp. wings 53 mm. Length of body 25 mm.
The cocoon of this showy species is spun in a leaf. It is very thick
in texture, almost leathery. The hairs of the caterpillar are said to
be very poisonous. The chrysalis is very similar to that of L. cr7spata,
but it is much larger. Length of cocoon 50 mm. Width 25 mm.
Heterocampa muscosa, n. sp.—Primaries with a decided green
cast, mottled with brownish; all the lines, except the sub-marginal,
being obsolete, or at least only evident on the costa. The discal mark
apparent, small and slightly lunate in form, edged with a pale shade.
There is a whitish blotch in the middle of costa, another at the apex,
the latter divided by the sub-marginal line. Another white spot at
internal angle. Fringe fawn-color, intersected by the brown nervules.
Secondaries smoky, darkest at the margins. Thorax concolorous with
fore wings; abdomen smoky, greenish at tip. Beneath, the thorax is
smoky; abdomen pale buff. Primaries smoky on disc, whitish at apex
and along internal margin, with a few dark specks on costa. . Second-
aries sordid white, stained with dusky at the margins. Tibize and tarsi
dusky, with darker bands. Tice
Exp. wings 4o mm. Length of body 18 mm.
Allied to 1. guttivitta and H. biundata, but of a much greener tint,
and also distinguishable by the strongly marked white patches.
NOCTUID-.
Plusiodonta effulgens, n. sp.—Rather larger than P. compressz-
palpis, and brighter in color. The ground color of primaries is golden,
as in Bastlodes pepita, with a well marked, rather broad streak of
lilacine brown reaching from apex to middle of internal margin. An-
sO
terior to this is a brownish shade, which includes the distinct golden
reniform, the space around it being covered with brownish scales. Near
to the base are two sub-ovate golden spots, surrounded by a brownish
ring, and behind the oblique line a long golden streak reaching nearly
to apex, and a sub-quadrate mark on internal angle, also golden, sur-
rounded by a brown line. The margins are shaded with golden brown,
and the fringe is intermixed with gray. Secondaries and under side
of both wings smoky drab, with slight golden reflection. Thorax and
abdomen concolorous. BIS
Exp. wings 34 mm. Length of body 16 mm.
DELTOID.
Hypena inclyta, n. sp.—Primaries pale golden brown, grayish on
costa, and with a reddish tint on internal angle, a pale arcuate median
line not reaching the costa, and a sub-marginal line parallel with it en-
closing a purplish black discal spot; fringe reddish. Secondaries dark
orange, reddish along the external margin. Under side of wings
chestnut-brown, paler at base and along internal margin of primaries,
and a faint, slightly waved median line common to both wings. — Palpi
and tibiz chestnut-brown; abdomen and rest of body paler. 1 (Oe.
Exp. wings 4o mm. Length of body 16 mm.
A remarkable species, very different in coloration from its congeners
of Europe.
Notr.—The whole of the species described in this paper were taken
by Mr. W. Schaus, Jr., in the province of Vera Cruz, Mexico.
O
BOOK NOTICES.
CHECK List OF INSECTS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, COMPILED BY THE
Natural History Society of Toronto. Edited by W. Brodie, L.D.S., and
J. E. White, M. B., 8vo., 67 pp., Toronto, July, 1883.
LABEL List OF INSECTS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, COMPILED AND EDITED
as above; large 8vo., 70 pp., Toronto, July, 1883.
“In the preparation of this as well as the Label List, the compilers have been
actuated by two motives,—the registering of the Entomological Status of Canada
to this date, and the furnishing of a reliable Exchange List for the convenience
of students and collectors. . .. In the LEprpopTrERA, W. H. Edwards in the
Diurnes, and Grote in the Nocturnes, have been followed.’’ (Preface to Check
IAISE)
The list of LEPIDOPTERA is fairly complete, though the omission of all varie-
ties, and of such species as Pamphila Cernes, kudamus Electra, et al., mars it
somewhat. As an exchange list its value would have been greatly enhanced by
continuous numbering of the species in each order.
ot
ut these minor defects are all that the Lepidopterist will notice in the Check
List. As for the Label List, which is merely a spaced reproduction of the
other, it is all that could be desired ina work of that kind—a kind, however, that
is always of doubtful utility.
SyNOPSIS OF THE N. A. SPECIES OF SATYRUS, WEST., WITH NOTES ON THE
species collected by the N. Transcontinental Survey. By John B. Smith.
From the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entom. Soc., Vol. VI, pp. 125—135,
April, 1884.
In this paper Mr. Smith reduces the 14 species of Edwards’ Catalogue and
the species (Paulus), since described by Mr. Edwards, to six, viz: Wheeleri,
Alope, Meadii, Sthenele, Baroni, and Silvestris. Under Alope Mr. Smith has
placed Pegala, Alope, and Nephele as forms, with Waritina, Texana, Roopis,
Olympus, Ariane, and Gabbii as varieties of these forms, and /ucana as a
synonym of Loops.
Asis usual, Mr. Smith tabulates the species treated of—a most excellent plan,
whereby a few well directed words take the place of much tedious descriptive
matter. Nevertheless more minute descriptions, as well as remarks on various
intergrades, and on localities, are not wanting. Occasional typographical errors
somewhat destroy the sense, as forinstance, the occurrence of from where form
is intended, in two or three places. Mr. Smith evidently shares with his fellow
Lepidopterists considerable uncertainty as to the proper use of the various
terms to be applied to individuals differing from each other in less than a generic
degree. Under ‘‘ var. /vcana, Edw.”’ (p. 131) he comes to the conclusion that
he ‘cannot believe this form entitled to a distinct varietal name;’’ but imme-
diately afterwards he tells us that ‘‘ Mr. Edwards very fully described the larva
of this species and some of its varieties.’” Such slips as these, however, do not
materially interfere with the great benefit that is done by a paper of this kind,
giving the student, as it does, a clear insight into the modifications of wing-
pattern in the genus treated of.
First ANNUAL REPORT OF THE INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS OF THE STATE
of New York. By J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist. 8vo., 405 pp. Al-
bany, 1882. (Issued Oct., 1883.)
As was to be expected, this report seems to leave nothing to be desired in its
special field. Prof. Lintner begins by calling attention to the importance and
value of a study of Economic Entomology, to which subject he devotes twenty-
four pages; following with thirty-eight pages on the relative merits of the
various insecticides. The chapter on ‘‘A new principle of protection from
Insect attack,’ will prove of great interest to all students of life-histories. The
new principle proposed is simply the use of certain substances which ‘shall
furnish us a safeguard against the deposit of insect eggs. This may be ac-
complished ‘‘by applying to the plant or to the soil certain odorous substances
which are popularly believed to be disagreeable to the insect, and therefore, to
drive it away. Such substances have been termed ‘repellants,’ but we doubt
that they exert a repellant force, and we believe the name to be a misnomer.
They do so, by giving out an odor overpowering that of the plant (or
animal), thereby preventing its recognition by the insect.’’ (pp. 66—67. )
Further, on p. 68, Prof. Lintner says: ‘‘ All the wonderful phenomena attend-
ant upon insect oviposition by selection, may readily be explained under the
supposition that it is guided and controlled by the sense of smell.’’ The twelve
pages that are given to further consideration of this theory, for it ‘*can only
52
)
claim, at present, theoretic value’’ (p. 66, foot note) contain food for much
thought, and, we trust, may be the means of exciting a friendly rivalry among
all students of Economic Entomology, which shall culminate in the discovery
of that ‘‘ fairy elixir’? which, it is claimed, shall so modify insect economy that
at last ‘‘all life is obliterated and vanishes 77 _fumo.”’ (p. 76)
Of most interest to the readers of PapiLro will be the chapter on ‘‘ Injurious
Lepidopterous Insects,’’ to a consideration of which eighty-five pages are de-
voted. The life-histories of the following species are given, together with the
best methods for their suppression: 7hyridopleryx, Ephemereformis, Tolype
Laricis, Nephelodes Violans, Gortyna Nitela, Heliothis Armiger, Crambus
Vulgivellus, C. Exsiccatus, Anarsia Lineatella, Bucculatrix Pomtfoliella,
Coleophora Malivorella. Of these species unusually full bibliographies are
given, and fifty-eight figures illustrate their various stages. From. the pages
of’ PapILio and the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 7hanaos Nevins, T. Petronius,
T. Propertius, T. Somnus, and Eudamus Electra are redescribed.
A valuable addition to the work is the Appendix, containing a list of the ento-
mological writings of the late Dr. Asa Fitch. This and the remarkably com-
plete indices make this report a necessity to every student of Entomology, and
the manner in which the whole subject is dealt with renders its perusal a posi-
tive pleasure.
O
NOTES AND QUERIES.
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON has organized with the
following officers: President, Dr. C. V. Riley; First Vice-president, Dr. J. G.
Morris; Second Vice-president, George Marx; Recording Secretary, E. A.
Schwarz; Corresponding Secretary, L. O. Howard; Treasurer, Benjamin P.
Mann; Executive Committee, the officers and Dr. H. S. Barnard, P. R. Uhler
and Dr. A. J. Shafhart.
The first regular monthly meeting of the society was held April 3d, in the
Council Chamber of the United States National Museum. The following papers
were read:
tr. Some new Facts concerning the late Townend Glover. C. V. Riley.
On Insect Collecting at Pt. Barrow, Alaska. John Murdoch.
On the Insect Fauna of the District of Columbia. E. A. Schwarz.
On the so-called ‘‘ Mistaken Parasite.’’ L.O. Howard.
The active membership list of the society numbers over twenty names. Reg-
ular meetings are held on the first Thursday evening of each month.
L. O. Howarpb, Corresponding Secretary.
SW dN
THE INDEX TO VOL. III.—In reply to numerous inquiries I desire to say that
the Index, which is now in course of preparation by Mr. Henry Edwards, will
probably be sent out with the June number. Subscribers are reminded that in
addition to the fact that the work thereon is entirely a labor of love, the deficit
on the last volume will throw the expense of publishing, as well, on Mr. Edwards.
E. M. AARON.
PapiLio, Vol. IV, No. 3, was published on March 27, 1884.
Small Brass pincers, per pair
each, per 1,000
Assorted sizes, per 1,c0o
Insect Net Rings
tie blocks, each
Ege Drills, each
Sheet Cork for Insect Boxes, si
Setting Boards for Lepidoptera, each
Entomological Supplies
ON SALE) BY
JOHN AKHURST, 32 Nassau Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Improved Entomological Forceps, made of fine spring steel,
nickel-plated, 61% inches long, price
. $1.50
N. B.—The above prices do not include the cost of transportation.
Money Order or Registered Letter MUsT accompany all orders.
: : ; : 4 ; ‘ 25
ze 12x 3% x 4%, per dozensheets. 1.25
Entomological Pins, Klaeger and Carlsbader, in packages 500
pul Oras
; ; 2 SAeS@
TS
25
; ; 10
20, .25 and .30
ALSO DEALER IN
ieee) Aa SOLIS. TIN SECTS.
Cash in TP. O.
Rev. W. J. HoLianp, Fifth Avenue,
Pittsburgh, Pa., solicits correspondence
with collectors in all parts of the world,
and is prepared to purchase or exchange
Macro- and Micro-lepidoptera. \s es-
pecially desirous of obtaining perfect
specimens of the Sphingide and Bom-
bycide@ of North and South America,
having in view the preparation of Mono-
eraphs of these two groups. Special
arrangements made with collectors in
foreign parts.
LEPIDOPTERA.—Diurnals and Noc-
turnals. Orders for Florida Insects
will be promptly filled during the com-
ing season at reasonable prices. Ad-
dress, Won. WITTFELD,
Georgiana P. O., Florida.
References: E. M. AARON, Phila.;
W.H. Epwarps, Coalburgh, W. Va.
SCIENTIFIC AND MepIcAL Books,
Minerals, Shells, Fossils, Birds, Eggs,
Insects, etc., for sale by A. E. Foore,
M.D., Prof. Min. and Chem., Fellow
Am. Ass’n Adv. Science, Life Member
Am, Museum Nat. History, N. Y., and
Philadelphia Academy Nat. Sciences,
1223 Belmont Avenue, Philadelphia.
Specimen copy, 32 pages illustrated,
NATURALISTS’ LEISURE HOUR AND
MONTHLY BULLETIN sent free. Over
1000 Entomological books and excerpts
in stock.
WanTED.—Good specimens of J_epi-
doptera of the U. S. to complete my set
for the purpose of preparing a Manual
of Macro-lepidoptera. Send lists to G.
H. Frencu, Carbondale, Il.
GRoTE’s NEw CHECK LIst oF HErT-
EROCERA can be had of Hy. Epwarps,
185 East 116th Street, New York.
Price, $1.00.
WANTED. —Chrysalids of /«filio
Turnus and Asterias, in any number to
too of each. Will exchange chrysalids
of Ajax, or purchase.
W. H. Epwarpbs,
Coalburgh, W. Va.
Jan. 1, 1884.
For sixteen 2 cent
BEST OFFER OF ALL! ticca sinc pos:
tage stamps I will send CHOICE YEW SEEDS
for trial Kg papers
growth of 1883, 5@ to 5G@ seeds in cach, add
the following: Mew Large Diamond Pansies (40
distinct sorts and an endless variety of shades
mixed ;) Double Aster (12 colors;) | erbena (100
kinds mixed;j) Velvet + lower (8 colors;) New
Nicotiana (large, white, very fragrant ;) Ch7ys-
anthemum (8 varieties;:) New Lmperor Petu-
nias (20 varieties mixed, finest strain ever of-
fered ;) New Dwarf White Candytu/t (each plant
a perfect bouquet ;) Canterbury Bell (8 colors;
Hibiscus (cream color with black spots ;) Dowdle
Portulaca (8 cols, ;) New Lairy Queen Stock (pro-
fusion of lovely pink flowers ;) CZavka (10 vars.)
New Catalogue, with elegant Plate of Pansies in
10 colors, 5€., or free, with seeds. L. W.
GOODELL, Seed Grower, AMHERST, MAss.
Recently Published, Price tos. 6d.
A Shae ON VG A en el al a a
TREATING OF THE ODORS, DANCES, COLORS AND MUSIC OF INSECTS,
by A. H. SWINTON, Member of the Entomological Society of London.
CASSELL, PETTER, GALPIN & CO:, 739 and 741 BROADWAY, NEW YORK:
THE BUTTERFLIES
NORTH AMERICA.
BY
Ww. H. EDWARDS.
HovuGutTon, Mireiin & Co., Boston,
have issued Part XI, Vol. 2, of this
work. Price, $1.50.
Contents:—PIERIs SISYMBRII, larva,
etc.: P. BECKERI, larwa,*etc.; PIrERIS
NELSONI; LIMENITIS Eros; LEMONIAS
Nas, larva, etc.; L. PALMERII.
After May 1, 1883, the price of Parts
Ito VII, 5 plates each, will be $3.50
per part; of VIII to XII, $2.25 per
part; or 75 cents per plate—io all new
subscribers. Price of bound volume,
$40.
MONSIEUR ALFRED WAILLY (mem-
ber Lauréat de la Société Nationale
d’Acclimatation de France) formerly
at 110 Clapham Road, London, has re-
moved to TuDOR VILLA, TUDOR RoaD,
Norspiton, SURREY, ENGLAND, and
will be glad to obtain by purchase or
exchange, living cocoons and pupz of
American Lepidoptera.
H. RippeE, Naturalist, Blasewitz,
Dresden, Germany, has for sale a large
stock of recently collected and well
prepared insects, especially Lepidop-
tera and Coleoptera.
Very fine and beautiful species col-
lected by Mr. Carl Ribbe im the sea-
sons of 1882 and 1883... at
An extensive stock-eF Amphybiz,
Conchyliz, Birds, etc.,