THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED BY PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID A PEEP AT UNCLE SAM'S FARM, WORKSHOP, FLSHERTFS. .^, . Bv P. TOCQUE, ^VDEBIJJC TUOUCiHTS,' &c. ^M /;>.;'«; /^*''«"' «'"'<»'« American continent, i^OSTONr AKLIOfS H. PEIRCE AND COMPANY. 1851. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, By CHARLES H. TEIRCE & CO., In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. George C Kand & Co., Printers, No. 3 Cornhill, Boston. T&3 TO HIS EXCKLLXNOT SIR JOHN GASPARD LE MARCHANT, Knight, and Knight Commander of the Orders of St. Ferdinand and of Charles the Third, of Spain, Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over the Island of Newfoundland and its Dependencies, &c., &C., &c., THIS WORK Is, with His Excellency's permission, most respectfully dedicated, bj his very faithful and obedient Servant, PHILIP TOCQUE. WoreeBt«r, Maasachosettji, U.S., March 1, 1861 (Vi358762 PREFACE In the preparation of this work, the Author has but one object in view, namely — a desire to make the inhabitants of his native country, Newfoundland, ac- quainted with facts and incidents which came under his own personal observation, and more particularly those persons whose information regarding America (a country which is destined to be the greatest upon which the sun ever shone) is somewhat limited. In collecting mate- rials for this work, the Author availed himself of the works of Mr. Hay ward, the State Records, and local pamphlets which fell in his way during his travels. He has spared neither time nor labor to make it useful and interesting. It must, however, be regarded more as a compilation than as containing any great amount of ori- ginal matter. The Author has visited the principal manufactories of the New England States, with the ex- ception of Vermont, conversed with the superintendents and most of the operatives employed in the mills, and in A* VI PREFACE. this way has acquired much valuable statistical information. The Author has not spoken of half the places which he visited; to do so, would swell this volume beyond the limits which he intends it should occupy. Owing to tlie Author residing at Worcester, he has devoted a larger space to Massachusetts than to any other State. If, therefore, in the perusal of this very unpretending volume, the reader can catch a glimpse of the agricultural, commercial, and industrial features of this gigantic country, the Author's wishes will be abundantly gratified. P. TOCQUE. Worcester, Mass., U.S., March 1, 1851. INDEX Arrival at Boston, 3 Agricultural Returns, 84 Augusta, 115 Kennebec River, 115 State House, 115 Arsenal, 116 Ship BuUding, 116 Army, 133 American Antiquarian Society, 143 Boots and Shoes, Manufacture of, 90 Boston, 3 Meeting of Old Friends, 3 Mr. Stevens, 4 Statistics of Newfoundland, 6 Climate, &c., 11 Hon. Edward Everett, 11 Landing of the Pilgrims, 1^ Harbor, &c, IS Churches, 16 Population, 19 Emigrants 21 Health, &c., 22 Shipping, -24 Imports and Exports, 24 Railways, 26 City Officers, 28 Courts, 28 Common, 49 Schools, &c., 30 Vlll INDEX. Temperance, 32 Public Buildings, 43 Novel Bridge, 45 Brighton Cattle Market, 163 Brother Jonathan, 186 Coal, 84 Charlestown, 49 Navy Yard, 50 Bunker Hill Monument, 51 Ice Trade, 53 Cars, Railroad, 148 California, 213 Cambridge, 64 Gigantic Chimney, 64 Washington Elm, 65 Harvard University, 65 Cattle Market, 66 Vegetables for Boston Market, 70 Cod Fishery, 96 Commerce of the United States, 215 Connecticut River, 1 78 Cattle Market, 66 Congress, 219 Childs, Mrs., Ill Denominations of Christians, 220 Distilleries, 36 Exhibition of all Nations, 135 Fisheries, Herring, 97 Whale, 88 Salmon, 97 Cod, 100 Mackerel, 97 Newfoundland, 102 Fugitive Slave Law, 192 Fillmore, Millard, 189 INDEX. IX Government of the United States, 219 Grapes, Culture of, 36 Gold, 214 Hartford, 180 Scttlementof, 180 Population, &c, 180 Public Buildings, 181 Charter Oak, 184 Tom Thumb, 18S Death of General Taylor, 186- Imports and Exports of the United States, 217 Iron, 85 Jenny Lind, 77 Lexington, 75 First Blood shed in the Revolution, 75 Monument, 7& Lynn 86 Population, 87 Manufactures, 87 Fisheries, 87 Lowell, 157 Population, &c., 158 Manufactures, 158 Harriet Farley, 161: Spindles, 161 Cotton, 162 Lakes, Commerce and Extent of, 212 Light Houses, 117 Massachusetts Returns, 83 Mount Auburn, 7t Cemetery, 71 Dr. Webster, 72 Capital Punishment, 7* X INDEX. Marblehead, 94 Fisheries, &c., 95 Maine, Inhabitants of, 119 Militia, 133 Mackerel Fishery, 97 Mississippi, Commerce of, 204 Mint, United States, 214 Meteorology, 156 Newburyport, 102 Population, 103 Fisheries and Shipping, 103 Rev. George Whitefield, 106 Navy, 133 Newton Corner, 164 Dr. Teulon, 164 Eliot, 165 Monument, 166 George Copway, 166 Newfoundland, 102 Portsmouth, 115 Navy Yard, 115 First Line-of-Battle Ship, 115 Printing, first in America, 65 Portland, 115 Pin Manufacture, 179 Providence, 171 Population, 171 Manufactures, 173 Brown University, 172 Eoger Williams, 173 Arcade, 172 Constitution, 174 Presidents of the United States, 191 Post Office, 202 Produce of the United States, 218 Population of the United States, 220 INDEX. XI Railroads, 137 Revenue and Expenditure, 220 South Boston, 56 Rev. Mr. Clinch, 56 Institution for the Blind, 57 Laura Bridgman, 57 Salem, 90 Dr. Bowditch, 90 Shipping, &c., 91 Museum, 91 Witches, 92 Fisheries, 92 Salt, Manufacture of, 101 Ships built in the United States, •. 116 Seamen, number of, &c., 118 Sedgwick, Miss, 166 Schools, 145 Steamers, 205 Springfield, 174 Valuation, 1 74 Beautiful Scenery, 176 United States Arsenal, 1 75 Muskets, 175 Thunder Storms, 176 Fourth of July, • • 178 Slavery, 195 Steamship first crossed the Atlantic, 206 Temperance, 32 Thompson, George, 200 Tonnage, 116 Territory of the United States, 212 Taylor, General, 187 Taylor, Father, 3 Voyage from Newfoundland, 1 Vineyards, Cincinnati, 35 XU INDEX. Whale Fishery, 88 Whale Candles, 90 Wine Manufacture, 92 Witches, 92 Wages, rates of, 119 Women's Rights Convention, 155 AVorcester, 120 League of Brotherhood, 120 Olive Leaf Circles, 120 Elihu Burritt, 149 Peace Congress, 122 Statistics of War, 125 Population, Churches, &c., 136 Lunatic Asylum, 142 Roman Catholic College, 141 Schools, 144 Medical College, 143 Statistics, &c., 147 Dr. Dick, 150 Paine's Gas, 154 Witch Hazel Pointers, 223 :|!lllllM!ll!!"ii;''l' A PEEP AT UNCLE SAM'S FARM. On the 5th of Nov., 1849, 1 left St. John's, New- foundland, for Halifax, Nova Scotia, in the Royal Mail Steamer " Falcon," Capt. Corbin. After touch- ing at Sydney, C. B., for coal, wc arrived in IJallfax on the 10th. Here I met with many friends whom I had previously become acquainted with : among others whom I visited was his Excellency Lieut. Gen- eral Sir John Harvey, the Governor, from whom I had received much kindness and attention during his administration of the Government of Newfoundland, as well as during my visit to Nova Scotia in 1847. I was received by Sir John with that courtesy and cordiality which characterize the good old Englbh Gentleman. On the 17th of Dec. I left Halifax in the sailing packet " Vixen," for Boston. I was glad to have as Captain my old friend and countryman, Richard Magher, who had commanded the first mail steamer 1 2 A PEEP AT ever employed in carrying the mail between Halifax and Newfoundland, which extended from April, 1844, down to the period when he was so unfortunate as to have lost the steamer " Kestrel," at St. Shotts, on the Newfoundland coast, in the summer of 1849. St. Shotts has been the scene of a number of shipwrecks, comprising several of H. M. ships of war, as well as of merchant vessels. They all appear to have been carried there by a mysterious current. A highly in- teresting and philosophic article has been written on the probable causes of the shipwrecks at St. Shotts, by Mr. St. John of Harbor Grace, and published in his paper, the " Conception Bay Herald." I was grieved to find that Captain Magher was under the impression that the remarks of Mr. St John did him a great injury. I endeavored to remove this erroneous impression. Capt. Magher took great exception to the remark " guided by the rule of thumb." My in- timate acquaintance with Mr. St. John led me to say, that he would be among the last men in the world to do or say any thing to injure another, particularly Capt. Magher. Petitions from the merchants and other leading inhabitants of Newfoundland, had been sent to Mr. Cunard to reinstate Capt. Magher in the command of the mail steamer, but apparently without UNCLE SAM'S FABM. 8 effect. Capt. Magher had not only commanded the first mail steamer, but also the first mail sailing packet up to the time of her being superseded hy a steamer. We arrived in Boston after a stormy and most dis- agreeable passage of nine days. Among my fellow- passengers was Mrs. Haddon and family. (Mr. Had- don had previously gone on.) This gentleman had been sent over to Newfoundland by the Board of Ord- nance in London to superintend the erection of Government House in St. John's, during the adminis- tration of Sir Thomas Cochrane in 1825. It is said to have cost the British Government upwards of £50,000. Owing to adverse circumstances, Mr. Haddon has been compelled to seek a home in the great American Repubhc. Immediately on my ar- rival in Boston, I waited on my Newfoundland friends, Messrs. Rice and Pearce. The next day I proceeded to see the Rev. Edward T. Taylor, or, as he is gener- ally called. Father Taylor. (The aged ministers of every denomination are called Fathers in this country.) Father Taylor is a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and has been Pastor of the Bethel Church on North Square from its commencement. It was erected by the " Boston Port Society " in 1828, at a cost of $28,000. The building is of brick, eighty-one 4 A PEEP AT by fifty-three feet, aud -will seat fifteen hundred per- sons. I have received the greatest kindness from Father Taylor and his hospitable family. He has great oratorical powers. He is truly a great original. He uses very quaint sayings in the pulpit. Some of his imagery and illustrations are beautiful. Very fre- quently the same sermon makes the congregation laugh and weep. Father Taj'lor is a man of high respectability and great influence in Boston. He was one of the Delegates selected to go in the Jamestown with provisions to the Irish in 1847. A few doors from Father Taylor's residence, I found my country- man. Dr. Molloy, who had been our family physician at Carbonear, from my boyhood up to the time of his leaving for Canada, fourteen years ago. Dr. Molloy still practises as a physician. ' His eldest son will re- ceive his diploma to practice some time during the year. Dr. Molloy frequently accompanied me in my wanderings through the great thor,ough fares of Boston. I next visited the Rev. Abel Stevens, A. M., who is the author of two or three works, and the editor of ^* Zion's Herald," the organ of the Methodist Epis- copal Church for the New England States. He is a man of great talent. The most eloquent speech I ever heard was from Mr. Stevens, delivered at the UNCLE SAM'S FARM. ^ " Young Men's Missionary Meeting," at the Brom- field street Church. His style and language was much Uke Richard Watson's. I have on all occasions received great kindness from Mr. Stevens. I was in- troduced by Mr. Stovens to Bishop Janes, who was then on a visit to Boston ; also to the Be v. Mr. Cran- dall, Presiding Elder of the Boston district. I was also introduced by Mr. Stevens to all the preachers, who were then holding a weekly conference at the Bromfield street Church. During my first interview with Mr. Stevens, he asked me what they thought of annexation in Newfoundland. I told him they thought nothing about it ; that in this respect it was quite dif- ferent from Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; that many parts of thoso provinces were settled by Loyalists at the time of the American Revolution ; that these countries were on the continent and joining the United States, with which they had constant inter- course by land as well as by sea ; consequently a great deal of the American habits, customs and man- ners are diflfused through the continental British prov- inces ; but that Newfoundland was isolated and separated from the continent by the Gulf of St. Law- rence, and had nothing of the American character diffused amongst her people, nor a particle of sym- r 6 A PEEP AT pathj with the annexationists. As Mr. Stevens ap- peared to know little or nothing of Newfoundland, I gave him, so near as I can recollect, the following information. Newfoundland is an island, 350 miles long, and 200 broad. It is the last land near the continent, on this side the Atlantic, and about 1900 miles distant from the nearest part of Ireland. It contains a population of 100,000, scattered along the sea-coast, the greater part of whom are engaged in the cod fishery. The population are wholly English, Irish and Scotch, their descendants being the natives. One half the population are Roman Catholics. The other half are Protestants, comprising the following denominations : 35,000 Episcopalians, 14,000 Meth- odists, 400 Congregationalists, and 500 Presbyterians of the Established and Free Church of Scotland. It is the oldest colony of the British Crown in America, having been discovered by Cabot on the 24th of June, 1497. It has no interior settlements, and but few roads leading more than eight or ten miles into the interior. Almost every family has from one to twenty acres of land surrounding their dwelHng, from which they raise their vegetables. The land, however, is very poor ; not a particle of loam is to be found in the island. The forest consists of pine, larch, spruce, UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 7 fir, and birch, of a very scrubby, stunted growth. Maple, oak, ash, beech, elm, or any other of thoso beautiful trees that adorn the American landscape, are not to be found in Newfoundland. Although bar- ren and rocky, Newfcmndland produces some of the finest potatoes in the world. Last year (1848) it produced 5,000 barrels of flour. Sir John Gaspard Le Marchant, the present Governor, is a man of energy and enterprise, and has greatly facilitated agriculture in Newfoundland. In 1842, an Agricul- tural Society was formed under the auspices of Sir John Harvey, the then Governor. This Society has greatly increased in usefulness under the fostering care of the present Governor. It awards premiums for the best crops, &c. The principal annual agricul- tural produce of Newfoundland is as follows : Bushels of Potatoes, 1,300,000 Bushels of Grain, 11,695 Tons Hay and Fodder, 12,000 In 1845, there were owned in the island 2,409 horses; 8,135 cows and oxen ; 5,750 sheep ; 5,077 hogs, and 6,791 goats. The whole agricultural produce annually has been estimated at X 300,000, or 1,500,000 dol- lars. Its annual imports amount to nearly X 900,000, and its exports to about the same sum, amounting to 8 A PEEP AT 4,500,000 dollars. Of the imports, X 230,000, or 1,150,000 dollars worth are from the United States, while the exports to the United States amount to only £20,000, or 100,000 dollars. Nearly the whole of the export produce consists of fish and oil. New- foundland employs upwards of 300 vessels in the seal fishery. The number of seals annually taken is about 500,000. Taking into account the fisheries and for- eign and coasting trade, Newfoundland annually em- ploys about 2,500 sail of vessels. St. John's, the capital of the island, contains a population of about 22,000. It has been visited by three terrible confla- grations, by which, each time, nearly the whole town was destroyed. The last occurred on the 9th of June, 1846, when over 2,000 houses were destroyed, and property to the amount of X 800,000, or 4,000,000 dollars, consumed. On the 12th of February, 1816, a most destructive fire desolated a great part of the town of St. John's. When the intelligence of this calamitous event reached the city of Boston, a deep and powerful sympathy was excited among her citizens for the destitution of 1500 human beings, left home- less and penniless amid the frosts and storms of a Newfoundland winter. Burying in oblivion the recol- lection that the year previous the two countries were UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 9 hostile to each other, and regardless of the disputed riglit to fishing on the Banks, which right America wished to claim, but Britain was unwilling to concede, the noble and disinterested citizens of Boston only re- membered the claims of their suffering fellow-crea- tures upon their hospitality. A vessel was immediately loaded with provisions, which were sent to be distrib- uted gratuitously among the distressed inhabitants of St. John's, where she arrived in safety and delivered her valuable cargo. It was considered a most daring and hazardous enterprise for a vessel to brave the storms of a winter passage to Newfoundland at that period. The principal street of St. John's is built of brick and stone, and some of the shops are equally as fine as are to be found in the city of Boston. It is more of an aristocratic place than any other of the Amer- ican British colonies. Several partners in the mer- cantile firms are members of the British House of Commons. A partner in one firm is one of the Directors of the Bank of England. St. John's is lighted with gas, and has water-works, connected with which are numerous fireplugs, to be used in case of fire, as well as for watering the streets. For the ex- tent of population, it probably does more business than 10 A PEEP AT any place in the world. It is the principal market for the agricultural produce and live stock of Prince Ed- ward's Island, and the eastern part of Nova Scotia. The island is divided into nine Districts, which return fifteen members to the House of Assembly. The Council consists of nine members, who are Executive and Legislative, and are appointed by the Crown. The Chief Justice of the island, the Hon. Francis Brady, is an Irish gentleman, and a Roman Catholic. The Collector of Her Majesty's Customs, John Kent, Esq., is an Irish gentleman, and a Roman Catholic. There are also two of the Stipendiary Magistrates Irish Roman Catholics. The other principal oflSces of the Government are filled by Protestants. Mr. Kent, the Collector, has "been the leading politician of the country. He is a great reformer, a good speaker, and a man of considerable talent. The carboniferous group of rocks abound on the western part of the island, where there is a coal field thirty miles long, and marble in abundance. Copper, iron and lead have been discovered in difierent parts of the island. Mr. Stevens appeared surprised at the resources and trade, for so small a population, and said he won- dered how people could live in so cold a country. I UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 11 told Mm he was quite mistaken with regard to the climate. I said the thei-mometer was very rarely four or five degrees below zero in the winter season, and during the coldest days not more than ten degrees. During the summer the thermometer ranges from sev- enty to eighty-five degrees. In Massachusetts, the thermometer is from ten to twenty degrees below zero, and more in the coldest days ; and in the summer the mercury ranges from eighty to over one hundred de- grees. Mr. Stevens said he had no idea Newfound- land possessed such a climate. I told him it was per- haps the healthiest climate in the world. No fevers of any kind are generated in the country. Not a frog, toad, lizard, snake, or any other venomous rep- tile, has ever been found in the island. In all my subsequent interviews with some of the leading men of this country, I found that whenever Newfoundland was the subject of conversation, they invariably carried in their minds the idea that it formed a part of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. I recollect, in a conversation with the Hon. Edward Everett, on the meeting recently held in Portland for the purpose of forming a railroad from the States through the British Provinces, Mr. Everett began to speak of the great advantages Newfoundland would 12 A PEEP AT derive from having the railroad running through it. But \Yhen I called his attention to the fact of its being an island, he said, — "I have cause to remember Newfoundland ; I was near being shipwrecked on Cape Race." I presented Mr. Everett with a copy of the Newfoundland Almanac, containing the general statistics of the island ; and in return received from him a copy of his last Oration, delivered at the seventy-fifth anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill. I also presented His. Excellency, Governor Briggs, with a copy of the Newfoundland Almanac, and also Hon. Millard Fillmore, President of the Uni- ted States, who expressed himself much pleased with the amount of information which it contained. One cannot visit Boston without being reminded that he is in the home of the Pilgrim Fathers, who fled from persecution in their own land, and braved the storms of the Atlantic Ocean, that amidst the " rocking pines of the forest " they might find for themselves a burial, but for their children and princi- ples a home. The landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, from the Mayflower, on Plymouth Bock, took place December 22nd, 1620, in the depth of winter, with no place of abode, amid frost and snow, and sur- rounded with savages and wild beasts. The first UNCLE SAM»S FARM. 13 settlers of this State ^rere men of learning, wealth, and religion. Nursed in the lap of luxury at home, they endured great privation and suffering on their arrival in this country. They must have had great courage and perseverance. They used to carry the hoe in one hand and a musket in the other, to protect themselves from the incursions of the Indians. The landing of the Pilgrims is annually celebrated through- out the New England States. It is called " Thanks- ^ving Day." Service is kept in all the churches, and business of every kind suspended. Boston is the capital of the State of Massachusetts, the metropolis of New England, the literary emporium of the west- em world, " the City of the Pilgrims,'* " the City of Notions," the " Raihx)ad City," " the old English City." As the stranger for the first time paces the narrow, crooked streets of Boston^ the events of the Revolution crowd upon his mind. Here it was, that, in 1773, a number of citizens disguised themselves as Indians, boarded some British ships loaded with tea, and threw three hundred and forty-two chests of it into the sea, rather than pay the tax imposed on them by the British Government, which finally led to the Independence of America. Boston took the most important part in the struggle for Independence. It 2 14 A PEEP AT is emphatically the birth-place of American freedom, and up to the present hour has taken the lead in all political and social reforms of any consequence. Boston is situated on a peninsula, at the western ex- tremity of Massachusetts Bay. It is about three miles in length, and one in breadth. Its surface is quite uneven, and rises into three eminences, from which originates the name Tremont, or Tri-Mountain, by which it was called by the first settlers. Its In- dian name was Shawmut, It received its present name on the 7th September, 1630, in honor of the Rev. John Cotton, who was an emigrant from Boston in England, and second minister of the first church. It was incorporated a city in 1822. The peninsula on which Old Boston, or Boston proper, is built, ex- tends from Eoxbury to Winnisimmet Ferry, a great part of which has been reclaimed from the sea. It is surrounded by the waters of Boston harbor on the east, and Charles river on the north and west. South Boston was taken from Dorchester in 1804. It is connected with Boston proper by two bridges. East Boston, a few years ago, was called "Noddle's Island." It is connected with Old Boston by a steam- boat ferry, which starts from either side every five minutes. UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 15 Boston harbor is one of the most commodious and beautiful in the world, containing about seventy-five square miles, in which the whole British Navy might ride in safety, completely land-locked. The harbor is perfectly free from sand-bars. The most important part of the harbor is entered by a narrow pass, about three miles below the city and Navy Yard, and is pro- tected by two strong forts. Independence and Warren. Boston harbor is bespangled with numerous beautiful islands. The soft materials of which these islands are composed are gradually yielding to the action of the sea ; and where large herds of cattle were once pastured the ocean billow now rolls. Boston harbor is the reservoir of the Mystic, Charles, Neponset, Manatiquot, and other small rivers. Boston is the second commercial city in the Union, and fourth in population. The whole length of the harbor is lined with about two hundred docks and wharves, more than five miles in extent. Boston is called the " Athens of America." Her citizens are considered more of a literary people than any other community in the Uni- ted States. There are over one huudred newspapers and magazines printed in the city, and about one hundred and forty charitable and literary societies. In 1648, all the inhabitants assembled in one 16 A PEEP AT church; now there are nearly one hundred. Some of the churches of Boston are splendid. The Meth- odist Episcopal Church on Hanover street, with its buttresses, battlements, turrets, and pinnacles, pre- sents a grand and imposing appearance. It is built of freestone, in the Gothic style. The pews, pulpit, organ, and gallery fronts, are of black walnut, richly carved and ornamented. The spire is two hundred and twenty-six feet in height above the level of the ground. It formerly belonged to the Unitarians, and was purchased by the Methodists for $90,000, or £18,000 sterhng. The celebrated Rev. Dr. Cotton Mather, and Rev. Dr. Increase Mather, were con- nected with the first congregations of this church. Every visitor of Boston feels a strong desire to visit the " Old South Church." It belongs to the Congre- gationalists, and stands at the corner of Washington and Milk streets, and was one of the places of meet- ing of the leaders of the Revolution. " Here was delivered, in defiance of the threats of authority, and in presence of marshalled soldiery, Warren's fearless oration on the anniversary of the Massacre of the 5th of March, 1770. Here was re- peatedly held the meetings of oppressed freemen, which called forth those peals of patriotic eloquence. UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 17 which aroused this whole country, and shook the British throne." The Brattle Street Church, once Congregationalist, but now Unitarian, has a cannon ball embedded in the brick m front ; the ball was fired by the American Army, stationed in Cambridge, on the night previous to the evacuation, March 17th, 1776. Trinity Church, on Summer street, is the principal church belonging to the Episcopalians. It is a splen- did Gothic edifice, of granite. The organ of this church is said to be one of the most costly in the country. The Rt. Rev. Manton Eastbum, D. D., Bishop of Massachusetts, preaches in this church. From this gentleman I have on all occasions received the greatest politeness and attention. The Bishop is an Englishman ; he came to America, however, when very young. He has visited England once or twice since his elevation to the Episcopal Chair ; he is per- sonally acquainted with the Archbishop of Canter- bury, the Bishop of Worcester, and other leading Pre- lates of the English Church. Mass was first cele- brated in Boston, in an old French Church, Nov. 22, 1788. The " Church of the Holy Cross," in Franklin street, is the principal one belonging to the Roman 2* 18 A PEEP AT Catholics in Boston ; the present Bishop, the Rt. Rev. J. B. Fitzpatrick, D. D., is a native of Boston. There is but one Presbyterian Congregation at present in Boston, who occupy one of the public halls for worship. The oldest church belonging to the Episcopalians, is Christ Church, on Salem street. It was built in 1723, and is the only church in New England with a chime of bells. It is built of brick, and has a steeple one hundred and soventy-five feet high, in which are eight bells, which peal forth some beautiful tunes every Sabbath. There are inscriptions on all the bells, three of which are the following : " We are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North America, A. R., 1744.'' '' Abel Rudball, of Glou- cester, cast us all. Anno, 1744.'' *' God preserve the Church of England. 1744." The present min- ister, the Rev. John Woart, A. M., has been the rec- tor of this church for the last ten years. Mr. Woart is one of the most intimate friends I have in America. Federal Street Church (Unitarian) is the church over which the celebrated Rev. Dr. Channing pre- sided from 1803 to the time of his death, in 1842. This church was first formed by Irish Presbyterians, UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 19 in 1827. It adopted the Congregational order in 1786, and finally became Socinian, or Unitarian. The Unitarians, I believe, are the wealthiest people in Boston ; at the same time they are amongst the most liberal in the support of all benevolent institu- tions in aid of the cause of humanity and religion. Of the rich men of Boston in 1849, there were eight who were taxed for over half a million of prop- erty ; seven for between $100,000 and $500,000 ; fourteen for between $300,000 and $400,000 ; twen- ty-five for between $200,000 and $300,000; and one hundred and twenty-five for between $100,000 and $200,000. The following are the names of those taxed for over half a million: Abbott Lawrence, $1,032,400; Robert G. Shaw, $829,400; David Sears, $752,600 ; Jonathan Philips, $688,000 ; Jo- siah Quincy, Jr., $619,000 ; John Wells, $616,000 ; Thomas Wigglesworth, $556,000; John Bryant, $549,700. The population of Boston proper, according to the census of 1850, just taken, is as follows : Native bom, 75,459 Irish bom, 52,960 Other Foreign, 10,359 Total, 138,778 20 A PEEP AT There are 2,112 colored people. But including South and East Boston, Charlestown, Chelsea, Rox- burj, and the neighboring towns of East, West, and Old Cambridge, Dorchester, Maiden, Medford, Brigh- ton and Brookline, which are component parts of Bos- ton, and are as much associated with it as Westmins- ter is with London, Magottj Cove with St. John's, Newfoundland, or Portland with St. John, New Brunswick, the population of Boston would be over 300,000. Boston is rapidly expanding itself into a great city ; and in the course of a few years probably will contain a population of over half a million. Places which a few years ago " told of the stirring of the ocean old," are now laid out in beautiful streets, lined with fine buildings. The City Authorities are now reclaiming, or rather making, a great quantity of land at the " Neck," leading from Boston to Roxbury. Two of the principal streets of Boston, Washington and Tremont, lead straight on from the city to the furthest extremity of Roxbury, a distance of about seven miles. The whole number of alien passengers which ar- rived in Boston, for the quarter ending July 1, 1850, was 15,559. The total number of emigrants which arrived in the United States from April 1, 1848, to April 1, 1849, was 247,500. UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 21 The sacrifice is very great indeed in becoming ex- patriated from one's country. I cannot describe the painful emotions I felt, when for the last time I saw the shadowy outlines of my native land die away in the distance. A thousand fond recollections clustered around my heart, of home, and kindred, and friends, perhaps never to see again on earth. Thousands have been disappointed in coming to America. Many persons imagine that by coming to this country they will at once be placed in comfortable, if not affluent circumstances, without toil. This is a great mistake ; every body must work here, and " go ahead ; " their constant course must be — onward and upward. The following important table exhibits at a single view the number of emigrants from the British Islands, in the last eleven years, and the chief places of their destination. AoBtralia North United Colonies AU other rotaL Yean. American States. and New Places. a""**. Colonies. Zealand. 1839 12,658 33,536 15,786 227 62,207 1840 32,293 40,642 15,850 1,958 90,743 1841 38,164 45,017 32,625 2,785 118,592 1842 54,123 63,852 8,534 1,835 128,344 1843 23,518 28,335 3,478 1,881 57,212 1844 22,924 43,660 2,229 1,873 70,686 1845 31,803 58,538 830 2,330 93,501 1846 43,439 82,239 2,347 1,826 129,851 1847 109,680 142,1.54 4,949 1,487 258,270 1848 31,065 188,233 23,904 4,387 248,089 1849 41,367 219,450 32,091 6,.590 299,498 Total, 441,034 945,656 142,623 27,680 1,553,993 22 A PEEP AT A large number of British emigrants are brought to this country by funds gratuitously provided by rela- tives already in the United States. A writer in the London Chronicle, July 15th, after learning the amount of bills negotiated in this way by five houses in Liverpool, estimates that the sum of one million sterling, or nearly $5,000,000, is thus sent over every year. The number of paupers in the State of Massa- chusetts in 1849 was 24,892. Of this number 9,128 were from England and Ireland ; the cost of supporting which amounted to |441,675, or upwards of "£88,- 000. The value of labor performed by paupers in Alms House, $17,000, or about <£3,500. It is estimated that there are 200,000 Canadians residing in the United States. Boston is the healthiest city in the Union, standing higher in this respect than all the larger cities. The weekly mortality of Boston is from 60 to 80 deaths. According to a table kept in the City Registrar's office in Boston, the Ameri- cans present a much higher standard of longevity than do the foreigners ; and foreign children's diseases also prove much more extensively fatal than do those of the children of natives. Diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid, typhus, and other UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 23 fevers prevail very extensively. More die of con- sumption, however, than of any other disease. Three things operate very powerfully against the health of the American people : — First, close stoves; air-tight stoves are every where, in the kitchen, the parlor, the cham- ber, the counting-room, and the workshop. Secondly, the constantly eating sweetmeats and confectionary^ morning, noon and night ; thus the digestive organs are constantly kept in action, when they should be at rest ; and thirdly, fast eating^ the wearing of thin hoots and shoes, and the want of exercise hy walking. No one will think of walking half a mile while he is able to pay for a cab. Boston is the capital of the State of Massachusetts. The State contains 7,250 square miles; 321 cities and towns ; and has a population of 973,715. It sends ten members to Congress. The number of State Senators (which correspond to the Council in the British colonies) is 40, and the number of State Representatives (corresponding to the House of Assembly) is 356. The present Governor of Massa- chusetts His Excellency George N. Briggs, LL. D. ; belongs to the Baptist denomination. Lieutenant Governor, His Honor John Reed, LL. D. The Governor receives a salary of $2,500 per annum, or 24 A PEEP AT £500 sterling. Boston has railroads branching ofiF in almost every direction, thus connecting it with the remotest parts of the country. It is the great depot for all the manufactures of the New England States ; all contributing thus to make it a city of great com- merce. The following is the number of vessels arriv- ing at the port of Boston for the past six years : — Year. Foreign. Coast'wise, Duties on Foreign 1844 2,174 5,009 $5,956,962 1845 2,305 5,259,441 1846 2,090 4,780,186 1847 2,740 7,004 5,448,361 1848 3,009 4,908,927 1849 3,111 5,031,994 Besides the above, a great number of vessels are employed in the fisheries, wood carrying, &c. It is computed that altogether over 12,000 vessels annually enter the port of Boston. In arrivals from foreign ports in 1844, New York excelled Boston by only thirty-four vessels. The following are a few of the principal articles of import during the undermentioned years : — Year. Bales of Cotton. Ilhds of Molasses. Bbls. Flour. Bush. Com. 1843 151,090 61,774 610,964 1,540,306 1844 175,529 77,426 686,586 1,960,663 1847 197,824 82,219 1,036,783 2,601,424 UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 25 * The exports were : — Year. Bbla of Flour. Bales of Cotton. 1843 94,675 1,876 1844 107,862 6,000 The value of the domestics exported (principallj cotton goods) in 1844, amounted to $1,234,458. In 1847, 518,800 barrels flour came into Boston by the Western Railroad. In 1845, the freight of a barrel of flour from Albany to Boston, 200 miles, was 25 cents ; from Buffalo to Boston, 521 miles, 85 cents ; from Detroit, 848 miles, 105 cents ; and from Chicago to the same place, 1,563 miles, 125 cents. The average price of flour in Boston for the previous ten years, up to 1844, was $6,80. The British reader will bear in mind that 100 cents make a dollar, and five dollars make one pound sterling. The following is an extract from the inaugural address of Mr. Quincy, the Mayor of Boston in 1846 ; " A few years ago Boston had no facilities for com- municating with the interior ; and when the Wesk and the North began to develop their vast resources, ^nd to become at once the consumers of our manufac- tures and the producers of our food, our easiest com- munication with them was through our sister cities. To them our manufactured articles went } to them our 8 26 A PEEP AT merchants resorted ; our city was shut out from the advantages of the fertilizing tide that was flowing between the Old World and the New, and we were almost stationary while other cities progressed. But the railroad has changed all this, and given us a new facility for the transaction of our old business ; has created and developed new and incalculable resources, and given, perhaps, a greater impulse to our city than to any other in the world. Five years ago, Boston had comparatively no back country; now, nine hundred miles of New England railroads centre here, and as many more within New England are in the process of construction. These render Boston emphatically her capital. Considered in this light alone, the position of Boston is one of present power, with a certainty of rapid advancement. But her connections already stretch far beyond New England. She is on the high road between Europe and the West ; and that vast country has become tributary to her increase. The car that leaves our city this morn- ing may deposit its merchandise in thirty-six hours on the shores of Lake Erie, five hundred miles from thg, place of its departure ; from thence, inland seas, navigable by vessels of the largest class, stretch away for hundreds of miles along shores fertile for agricul- UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 27 ture, or rich in minerals. Canals already connect these lakes with the valley of the Mississippi, and with the navigable waters of her tributaries, which, extending twenty thousand miles, communicate with forty thousand miles of shores unrivalled in fertility. But more rapid modes of communication will this year be opened. The railroad from Cincinnati to Sandus- ky, built by the aid of the citizens of Boston, will bring the Ohio within a journey of three days ; enabling the traveller to reach Boston from Cincin- nati in twelve hours less time than he can Baltimore, although the latter place is three hundred miles the nearest. " But these are but a small part of the railways that are to increase the prosperity of Boston. There are already in process of construction roads stretch- ing towards Montreal, Burlington, Ogdensburg ; roads branching from Albany will reach Kingston, and extend thence through Canada West ; others running from Buffalo to Detroit on both sides of Lake Erie, will ere long reach the upper sources of the Missis- sippi ; and the child is now bom who will see them terminate at the Pacific. The time may come when the expectation that led Columbus to seek a passage to India from Europe by proceeding west, will be 28 A PEEP AT realized, and the direct communication between those points may pass through the city of Boston." There are in the citj of Boston twenty-seven banks, with a capital of $19,280,000, and out of Boston ninety-two banks, Avith a capital of $7,320,- 000 ; making a total of one hundred and nineteen banks for the State of Massachusetts, besides which there are forty-two institutions for savings in the State. The officers of the city of Boston are a Mayor, eight Aldermen, forty-eight Common Council-men, twelve Overseers of the Poor, and twenty-four School Committee-men. They are chosen annually. The Mayor and Aldermen are elected. The Mayor only receives pay. The Common Council are elected by the wards, but receive no pay. The two branches of the city Government usually act separately. In their collective capacity they are called the City Council, who appoint the city officers, and fix their compensation, &c. The following is the number of Courts held in Boston : — Circuit Court of the United States. This Court is holden at Boston twice a year. UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 29 District Court of the United States. This Court is holden at Boston four times a year. Supreme Court of Massachusetts, for the counties of Suffolk and Nantucket. Law Term, in Boston, in March. Nisi Prius Term, in Boston, in Septemher. Adjourned Nisi Prius Terms of the Supreme Court in other counties are frequently holden in Boston. Court of Common Pleas. A term of this Court is holden in Boston quarterly. Municipal Court. This Court is holden every month, for the trial of criminal actions, for the city of Boston. The judges of the Court of Common Pleas preside alternately. The Police Court of the City, for the trial of crim- inal cases, is a court of similar, hut inferior, jurisdic- tion to the Municipal Court. It sits daily. Three Justices preside alternately in this Court. There is no jury. An appeal lies to the Municipal Court. Justices' Court. This is a Court for the trial of civil suits, under twenty dollars. The Justices who preside in the Police Court alternately preside here. There is no jury. An appeal lies to the Court of Common Pleas. This Court sits twice a week. It is a Court of Record, and much of the minor business of the city is transacted here. 3» 80 A PEEP AT The Probate Court is liolden at the Probate OflSce once a month. All the above-mentioned Courts, excepting the Probate Court, are holden in the Court House, a spar cious and elegant granite building in Court street. The Supreme Court of the United States is held in Washington, and has but one session annually. It consists of a Chief Justice and eight Associate Jus- tices, who reside in different States. The Chief Jus- tice, the Hon. Roger B. Tanej, of Maryland, receives a salary of |^5,000 per annum, and the Associate Judges $4,500 each. The United States are also divided into nine Judicial Circuits, in each of which a Circuit Court is held semi-annually, by a Justice of the Supreme Court, and the District Judge of the State or district in which the Court sits. The United States are also divided into forty-three districts, in which District Courts are held by thirty-five judges. The educational institutions of Massachusetts are not surpassed by those of any other country in the world. There are now in Boston 197 schools with 20,000 pupils in attendance. These schools are sus- tained at the public charge. The following sums were paid from the City Treasury in support of these UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 31 schools during the past year, (1849.) For instruction the sum of $176,930 ; for repairs, fuel, and other expenses of school-houses, $57,695 ; for new school- houses, $99,489; making a total of $334,114. There are about 2,000 children attending private schools not educated at the public expense. Manufactures of almost every description are carried on at Boston ; the whole in 1845 amounted to $10,- 648,153. The Mayor, in his inaugural address in 1 850, says : " The city debt, exclusive of that contracted for water, (which is $4,540,000,) amounted on the 31st day of December to $1,623,863. It is estimated by the Auditor that the debt, even if no anticipated expen- diture shall be authorized, will amount at the close of the financial year (30th April) to the sum of $1,726,- 803. To meet this sum we have bonds and mortgages, $242,000 ; balance to credit of Committee on Reduc- tion of Debt, $28,000; City Wharf, valued at $600,- 000 ; all amounting to $770,000 : besides the Mar- ket, (yielding over $30,000 per annum,) many other public buildings, the Public Garden, and nearly ten millions of feet of upland and flats in the 11th and 12th wards. The specific appropriations for the cur- rent financial year were $1,415,600. The Auditor 32 A PEEP AT estimates that the total amount of expenditures for the year will not be less than $1,729,300. The increase is caused mainly by appropriations ; — for filling up the flats, (of which I have already spoken) $100,000 ; for carrj'ing on construction of new jail, $123,000; and for additional paving, $70,000. The city tax assessed for the year was $1,174,715." According to law no liquors are allowed to be retailed in the State of Massachusetts. Yet we find Boston well supplied with oyster saloons and bar- rooms, where a great quantity of liquors of every description are vended ; probably a greater quantity of spirits is sold in this way than if they had to pay for licenses. I do not remember, however, to have seen but one or two drunken men during the three months which I remained at Boston. The city is well supplied with Temperance So- cieties. There are 42 Divisions of the " Sons of Temperance,'^ with 3,000 members ; besides which there are ten or a dozen other Temperance Societies. I heard Gov. Briggs deUver an address at a meeting of the " Cadets of Temperance " in the Samaritan Hall. I also heard Mr. Gough lecture at the Tremont Temple, who is said to be one of the most popular lecturers on temperance in the country. The lecture UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 33 was good, but did not come up to my expectation. Father Mathew is now visiting the South. The Rev. Paul Denton, a Methodist minister in Texas, lately advertised a barbacue, with better liquor than usually furnished. When the people were assembled, a desperado in the crowd cried out: "Mr. Paul Denton, your reverence has lied. You promised not only a good barbacue, but better liquor. Where's the liquor ? " " There ! " answered the missionary, in tones of thunder, and pointing his motionless finger at the matchless double spring, gushing up in two strong columns, with a sound like a shout of joy from the bosom of the earth. " There ! " he repeated, with a look terrible as lightning, while his enemy actually trembled at his feet ; " there is the liquor which God the eternal brews for all his children. " Not in the simmering still, over smoky fires, choked with poisonous gases, and surrounded with the stench of sickening odors and rank corruptions, doth your Father in heaven prepare the precious essence of life, the pure cold water. But in the green glade and grassy dell, where the red deer wanders, and the child loves to play, there God brews it ; and down, low down in the deepest valleys, where the fountain 34 A PEEP AT murmurs and the rills sing ; and high up in the moun- tain tops, where the naked granite glitters like gold in the sun, where the storm-cloud broods and the thun- der-storms crash, and away far out on the wide wild sea, where the hurricane howls music, and the big wave rolls the chorus, sweeping the march of God — there He brews it, that beverage of life, health-giving water. And every where it is a thing of beauty ; gleaming in the dew-drop ; singing in the summer rain ; shining in the ice-gem, till the trees all seem turned to living jewels, spreading a golden veil over the setting sun, or a white gauze around the midnight moon ; sporting in the cataract ; sleeping in the gla- cier ; dancing in the hail shower, folding its bright snow curtains softly about the wintry world; and weaving the many-colored iris, that seraph's zone of the sky, whose warp is in the rain-drop of earth, whose woof is the sunbeam of heaven, all checked over with celestial flowers, by the mystic hand of re- fraction. Still always it is beautiful — that blessed life- water ! no poison bubbles on its brink ; its foam brings not madness and murder ; no blood stains its liquid glass ; pale widows and starving orphans weep not burning tears in its depths ; no drunkard's shrink- ing ghost from the grave curses it in words of eternal UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 35 despair ! Speak out, my friends, would you exchange it for the demon's drink, alcohol ? " A shout like the roar of a tempest, answered "No!" It is estimated that the annual cost of intemperance is, in France, $260,000,000; in Great Britain, $105,000,000 ; in Sweden, $65,000,000 ; and in the United States, $40,000,000; besides the cost of prisons, police, asylums, work-houses, &c., which is in a great measure attributable to intoxicating drinks. A great quantity of wine is now manufactured in the United States. Several cargoes, I believe, have been shipped from New York to Europe. In Cincin- nati, the capital of the State of Ohio, the " Queen City of the West," grapes are cultivated to a great extent. Within twenty miles of the city there are 743 acres of vineyard culture. The average produce per acre in 1848, (a good season,) was 300 gallons. In 1849, (the worst year ever known,) it was 100 gallons. New Catawba wine, at the press, brings 75 cents a gallon. When ready for sale, it is sold at $1,25 per gallon. The product of the Catawba per acre is considerably more than that of the wine grape in France. The following is a calculation of the cost and profit of a vineyard on the Ohio river : — 36 A PEEP AT Cost of a vineyard per acre, say $250 ; interest per annum, $15,00 Cost of attending, per acre, 60,00 Cost of making the wine, 25,00 Probable average annual product, 200 gallons, at $1,00 per gallon, 200,00 Supposed profit per acre, $100,00 Considerable quantities of the wild grape of Mas- sachusetts are being manufactured into wine. A farmer of Princeton a few days ago informed me that he made 65 barrels of wine during the past year. The number of distilleries at present in Massachusetts is 43. The following are the principal distilleries and breweries of New York. Messrs. Cogswell, Crane & Co. have an immense distillery situated in Williamsburgh. The various buildings occupy seventy-five lots of ground in all, valued at 150,000. At this extensive distillery, there are manufactured vast quantities of saleratus, whiskey, alcohol, New England rum, and domestic liquors of all kinds, and the work is done with steam-power, by three engines, from ten to nineteen horse-power, and UKCLE SAM'S FARM. 37 a number of boilers. The above firm gives constant employment to upwards of seventy-five men, and the following materials are consumed annually at their factory : — 300,000 bushels of grain ; 7,500 hhds. of molasses; and 5,000 tons of Lackawana coal. The establishment has been in operation ten years. Messrs. Nathan C. Ely & Co. have a very extensive distillery at Williamsburgh. The buildings (con- structed of brick) cover twelve entire lots of ground, and cost $30,000. They have two steam engines, of fifteen horse-power, also two large boilers. With this steam power a vast quantity of saleratus, N. E. rum, and other kinds of domestic liquors for exporting and this market, are manufactured. Messrs. Ely & Co. consume annually, 7,000 hogsheads of molasses ; 800,000 gallons of whiskey, and 2,000 tons of coal. They have been in operation about eighteen years, and at present give employment to some forty men in the various departments of their establishment. Messrs. 11. Havens & Son have a large distillery, where they manufacture great quantities of rum, gin, brandy, alcohol, pure spirits and saleratus. The buildings cover five lots of ground, and the establish- ment has been in operation over thirty years ; and with their apparatus the distillery is capable of manufac- 4 88 A PEEP AT turing 20 hogsheads of liquor per day, and 200 casks of saleratus per month. Miles' Brewery. — This Brewery, owned and con- ducted by Messrs. W. B. & J. Miles, occupies five lots of ground. It has been in operation for the past 27 years. When first started it was a very small es- tablishment, the building was about 20 by 30 feet ; but now it is one of the largest in the city. The article of pale and amber ale manufactured here, is very choice, and brings from $5 to $8 per cask ; and even at these rates, notwithstanding the im- mense quantity of the article manufactured, being generally about 10,000 or 11,000 casks yearly, their houses of storage are seldom burdened. At this brewery is made a quality of ale equal to any brewed in England or Scotland, and the bottling of this article is an important part of the business. In order to manufacture a sufficient quantity of ale to supply their customers, Messrs. W. B. & J. Miles have now in course of erection an additional building in the rear of those they now occupy. The building will be of brick, six stories in height, and 50 feet long by 34 wide. All of the building will be used for brewing purposes, except the two upper stories, which are intended for public halls. UNCLE SAM'S FARM. • 39 The Empire Brewery, belonging to Messrs. Nash & Beadleston, covers about twelve lots, and has been established since 1845. They employ 20 hands, and use a steam engine of six horse-power. Beer and amber ale are the articles manufactured. Messrs. Pemie & Co.'s Brewery. The building is large. They have been in operation but one year, and during that time upwards of 7000 barrels of pale and amber ale have been manufactured by them. This brewery is one of the best regulated and con- stinicted of any in the city. The machinery is all driven by one engine of six horse-power. The num- ber of men employed here, on an average, is about forty. Adjoining the above extensive establishment is a large rectifying distillery, owned and conducted by Messrs. P. B. & H. Pemie, who rectify all kinds of liquors and cordials, and occupy several buildings in the rear for the storage of the same. This estab- lishment has been in successful operation for nearly forty years. Messrs. Rogers & Crane are large manufacturers of alcohol, (various proofs) and all kinds of domestic liquors, and are also extensively engaged in rectifying domestic whiskey. Their establishment, consisting of 40 ' A PEEP AT various sized buildings, covers eight lots of ground, and cost upwards of $50,000. The factory has been in operation nearly a quarter of a century, during "which time it was in the hands of James Waterbury & Co. for about twelve years, and since then Messrs. Rogers & Crane have been the proprietors. The above firm give constant employment to a large num- ber of men, and transact a vast amount of business annually. Messrs. Johnson & Lazarus are extensively engaged in rectifying whiskey and converting it into domestic liquors. Besides a large amount of charcoal, 300 tons of Lackawana coal are used during the year. The distillery of Blair, Bates & Co., which has been about two years established, consumes 600 bush- els of grain per day, employs 20 hands, and uses a steam engine of 20 horse-power. The rectifying distillery of Messrs. Hunter & Man- ley covers five lots of ground, and employs twelve men. They have a steam engine of six horse-power in operation. It has been established about ten years. The distillery of Swede, Schcnck & Co. is one of the largest on Long Island, and together Avith the rec- tifying department and lofty grain stores, covers about UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 41 40 lots. It has been established about 25 years, and employs on an average between 40 and 45 men. The machinery is driven by a steam engine of 50 horse- power. The quantity of grain consumed each day is 1200 bushels, and about 2,800 tons of coal are used during the year. The value of the whole property is estimated at $100,000. This firm are also engaged in the manufacture of N. E. rum and saleratus. IN BROOKLYN. The rectifying distillery of Bach, Sons & Co. covers six lots. It was established in the year 1811, nearly 40 years ago. They employ about a dozen men. The business is entirely confined to the rectifying of alcohol, Cologne spirit, gin, brandy, and pure rye whiskey. About 3,600 gallons of spirit undergoes this operation per day. A small steam engine of six horse-power is used in the establishment, for the pur- pose of pulverizing charcoal, 1,800 bushels of which are consumed during the year ; also, for pumping whiskey and other purposes. In Wallabout a new grain distillery has just been established by Messrs. Tower & Dingleburgh, and though only a short time in operation, does a large amount of business. They employ about sixteen men, 4* 42 A PEEP AT and consume 600 bushels of grain per day. Their machinery is worked by an en-ine of forty horse- power.' In Skillman Street, near Flushing Avenue, East Brooklyn, are two distilleries adjoining each other, one belonging to Charles Wilson, and the other to J. J. Wood & Co. Mr. Wilson's establishment has been in operation about 17 years, and, together with the stables attached, in which are stalls for 800 cows, oc- cupies the whole block from Franklin to Skillman streets. It employs from sixteen to eighteen hands, and consumes 800 bushels of grain per day. A steam engine of 20 horse-power drives the machinery. The distillery of Messrs. Wood & Co. is on the same scale as the preceding one ; they consume about 100 bushels of grain per day. The buildings are constructed in the most substantial manner, of brick. The whiskey they manufacture is principally used for burning fluid, after undergoing the necessary processes in the establishment. At the corner of Jay and Pearl streets a new brewery has been recently established by Mr. John- son, who for the last 31 years has been engaged in the business in this city. Eight men are employed, and a small steam engine is in use for washing the grain. UNCLE SAMS FARM. 43 At present they consume at the rate of 20,000 bush- els of grain per season in the manufacture of beer. The distillery of Manley & Embury, at the comer of Tillary and Gold streets, covers an extensive area of ground. It has been established about seventeen years, and employs fifty men. The machinery is driven by a large steam engine of fifty horse-power, which is supplied by several boilers. About three thousand gallons of whiskey are made each day. The principal public buildings of Boston are : — The State House, which is situated on Beacon street, fronting the Common. Its length is one hundred and seventy-three feet, breadth sixty-one feet. It was commenced in 1795, and finished in 1798. It cost $133,333. In the month of May I paid a vbit to the top of the State House, accompanied by my friend Emmett from Newfoundland, the view from which is exceedingly interesting and beautiful. It is a splendid panorama, embracing a circumference of sixty or sev- enty miles. Immediately beneath the spectator is the city, with its numerous spires and crooked streets. On the east appears the ocean, covered with ships in all directions ; and in every other direction appears hill and dale, farms and villas, towns and cities, the whole presenting one of the grandest pictures of na- 44 A PEEP AT ture and art that can well be Imagined. The first time I visited the State House, I heard the Hon. Amasa AValker (to whom I had been introduced by my friend Ehhu Burritt) deliver an eloquent and telling speech in the Senate, in condemnation of the Hon. Daniel Webster's speech delivered in Congress on the slavery- question. The Custom House is located on India street, be- tween two of the principal wharves. It is in the form of a cross, built of granite, and cost upw^ards of a million dollars. It is one of the most beautiful and substantial buildings in the United States. Eaneuil Hall Market, or, as it is generally called, " Quincy Market," is one of the finest in the United States. It is built of hewn granite. It was com- menced in 1824, and finished in 1827, while Hon. Josiah Quincy was at the head of the city govern- ment. It is nearly 600 feet in length, and 50 feet wide. The ground floor is divided into 129 stalls, each furnished w4th beautiful polished white marble slabs. The centre part of the building is 77 feet high, capped with a beautiful dome. In the second story is " Quincy Hall." The land upon which this building stands was reclaimed from the sea. The en- tire cost of the building was over one million dollars. The market yields over $30,000 per annum. UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 45 A short distance from the Market is Faneuil Hall. It was built in 1740, by Peter Faneuil, a citizen of Boston, and presented to the city. It is three stories high. The lower story is used as shops ; the second story is the Hall, which is seventy-six feet square, twenty-eight feet high, and has deep galleries on three sides. It will hold upwards of 5,000 persons. Its walls are ornamented with paintings of patriots, war- riors and statesmen. The third story contains the armories of the different military companies of the city. It is renowned in the history of Massachusetts as the place where the fathers of the Revolution used to meW. It is called the " Cradle of Liberty." During the past autumn a " Mechanics' Fair " was held in Faneuil and Quincy Halls, consisting of a rare exhibition of the mechanical genius of this coun- try. A unique bridge was thrown across the street from one hall to the other. This bridge has received the unqualified praise of the Bostonians, for strength, novelty and elegance. The inventor of this novel bridge, Mr. Lanergan, is a native of Port-aux-Swax, on the western coast of Newfoundland ; he was my fellow passenger from Halifax to Boston on his way from St. John's, Newfoundland, and is one of the most interesting and intelligent persons I ever 46 A PEEP AT travelled with. Mr. Lanergan is a Pyrotechnist, and made the fireworks which were to have been exhibited on Boston common on the 4th of Julv, but were delayed in consequence of rain to a later period. The fireworks were quite a grand display for design, color and brilliancy. The Boston Museum is situated on Tremont street. It is an immense granite building, in the Venetian style of Architecture. It was erected in 1846 at a cost of upwards of $200,000. The collection com- prises nearly half a million objects of interest, em- bracing almost every variety of birds, quadrupeds, reptiles, insects, shells, minerals and fossils, an exten- sive gallery of costly paintings, engravings and statuary, together with a great variety of curious specimens of nature and art from all parts of the world. Its usefulness as a Museum is in a great measure destroyed, owing to the rear of the building being occupied as a theatre ; a theatrical performance is considered part of the exhibition at the Museum. The charge for visiting the Museum is twenty-five cents, including the theatre. The Athenaeum is a large and beautiful sandstone building on Beacon street ; it contains a library of UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 47 nearly 40,000 volumes, beside pictures and statuary to the value of about $50,000. The Merchants' Exchange, which was erected in 1841, is a magnificent structure, built of granite and brick, and laid with hydraulic cement. " Its front on State street is seventy-six feet ; its height, seventy feet ; its depth to Lindall street, two hundred and fifty feet ; covering thirteen thousand feet of land. The front is entirely of Quincy granite, with four pilasters and two antes, being forty-five feet in height, weighing on the average fifty-five tons each. Up- wards of one million six hundred thousand bricks have been used. The roof is constructed of wrought iron, and covered with galvanized sheet iron ; and all the principal staircases are of iron and stone, and of course fire-proof. The front is occupied by banks, insurance offices, and places of business ; the rear is an hotel ; the basement is occupied by bath rooms, and the top as a telegraph station. " The great centre hall is the Merchants' Exchange and reading room. Its dimensions, fifty-eight by eighty feet, having eighteen columns, twenty feet in length, in imitation of Sienna marble, with Corinthian capitals. The most finished and highly ornamented work in the structure, is the enamelled skylight of 48 A PEEP AT colored glass, in the centre of the dome of the great hall ; and a more splendid crown to the noble edifice cannot be imagined, for it seems to be composed of every brilliant that the richest fancy could conceive. The centre of the basement story is occupied by the Post Office, and is thirty-six by ninety-nine feet. It has entrances from State, Congress and Lindall streets, through a spacious lobby of twenty by eighty feet. This story has a vaulted ceiling, which supports the principal floor, and is entirely fire-proof, the win- dows being provided with wrought iron shutters of superior construction. The total cost of the building, exclusive of land, was $175,000.'' Boston is well supplied with large and elegant hotels. Amongst the principal are the Revere House, Tremont House, Adams House, and United States Hotel, each containing from 150 to about 400 rooms. Frequently in front of these hotels are to be seen a line of boarders, sitting in the true Yankee fashion, with their legs thrown either across the arras of the chair upon which they sit, or the back of another chair, puffing a cigar. At the Marlboro' Hotel for the first time I saw the celebrated and world-renowned American philanthropist, Elihu Burritt, Esq., A. M., who from that hour became my most intimate and UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 49 best friend. I also saw Frederika Bremer, Tvhose reputation is so well known as a distinguished writer. In front of the State House is the Common, a delightful promenade, containing about seventy-five acres of land, beautifully laid out in walks intersect- ing each other in every direction, and shaded with upwards of one thousand trees, consisting of maple, ash, lime, horn-beam, button-wood, English and American elm, with a jingo, (a native of Java ;) the whole of which is enclosed with an iron paling, one mile two hundred and seventeen yards in length. About the centre of the Common is a small pond which contains two fountains, capable of throwing the water into a variety of fantastic shapes to the height of about one hundred feet. Near this spot stands a majestic elm, which has withstood the storms of more than a hundred winters. Its branches spread more than eighty feet, (which are now sup- ported by iron braces) it is sixty-five feet high, and its girth near the ground nearly twenty-two feet. Charlestown is connected with Boston by a bridge six thousand one hundred and ninety feet in length, which cost upwards of $76,000. The first time I visited Charlestown, I spent the day going through the Navy Yard, and visiting the Bunker Hill Monu- 5 60 A PEEP AT ment. The Navj Yard is about one mile long, and contains one hundred acres. On the side nearest the town, the Yard is enclosed by a stone wall sixteen feet high, and on the water side a wall extends the whole length of the Yard, embracing several wharves and a drj dock. This dock was commenced in 1827, and opened for the reception of vessels in 1833. It is constructed entirely of beautifully hewn granite, and will contain a ship of the largest class ; it is three hundred and forty-one feet long, eighty feet wide, and thirty deep, and cost about 675,000 dollars. In this Yard is a rope- walk, built of granite, which is said to be the longest and most perfect in the world. It is one thousand three hundred and fifty feet in length. All the cordage used in the United States Navy is manufactured here by machinery. In this Yard are two lineo-f -battle ships, the Virginia and Vermont, on the stocks, the former of which was built during the last war. Within the yard are ship-houses, various machine shops, carpenters' shops, stores, dwelling- houses for the officers, and marine barracks. In the engine-house are the pumps for pumping out the dry dock; these pumps are so capacious that twelve hogsheads of water are said to be thrown off at one stroke, and the time occupied in pumping out the dock is about six hours. UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 51 The Bunker Hill Monument is two hundred and twenty-one feet high. The hill on which the monu- ment stands is called Breed's Hill ; the hill a little beyond is Bunker Hill. Orders were given to fortify Bunker Hill, but Breed's Hill was fortified, and the battle fought thereon the 17th of June, 1775. The redoubts and entrenchments which sheltered the men of that sanguinary conflict are now levelled with the dust. On that bloody day four hundred and forty- nine Americans, and one thousand and fifty-five British soldiers, were slain. The town was burnt by the British on the same day. The monument is composed of granite, and has been erected to point out the spot where was fought the most memorable battle during the whole struggle for independence. The comer stone of this obelisk was laid on the 17th of June, 1825, by the illustrious Frenchman La Fayette ; for want of funds, however, the building was not completed till 1842. On the 17th of June, 1843, a celebration in honor of its com- pletion was held, upon which occasion the President of the United States (John Tyler) and all his Cabinet were present. The Hon. Daniel Webster delivered an address to the great assemblage. The following is the inscription upon the two guns in the 52 A PEEP AT top of the monument — the " Hancock " and " Adams " : — Sacred to Liberty. This is one of four cannons which constituted The whole train of field Artillery Possessed by the British Colonies of North America, At the commencement of the War, On the 19th of April, 1775. This cannon And its fellow, Belonging to a number of Citizens of Boston, "Were used in many engagements During the War. The other two, the property of the Government of Massachusetts, Were taken by the enemy. By order of the United States, In Congress assembled, May 19th, 1788. " Let that be," said Elihu Burritt, pointing to the monument, " the grave-stone of all American war." The town of Charlestown and Charles river are so called in honor of Charles I., the reigning sovereign of England at the time of its settlement. According UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 53 to the census of 1850, it contains a population of fifteen thousand eight hundred. It is a place of considerable trade and manufactures. At Charlestown, a large business is done in the ice trade, which first commenced at this place in 1803. Cargoes of this export are sent to the Southern States, the West Indies, South America, and to England and the East Indies. In 1850, the exports amounted to 55,000 tons ; the value of the ice exported from the United States in 1849 was $95,- 000. About 15,000 tons of ice are annually used in Boston and its vicinity. This ice is brought to Charlestown by railroad, from ponds at Cambridge, Watertown, and Lexington, towns in the vicinity of Boston. At Watertown, large brick buildings are erected near the pond for storing the ice. The ice is cut and taken from the pond by machinery ; three hundred horses, and a greater number of men, are employed about it. A great quantity of ice is also exported from Salem, where it is brought from Wenham, a town which formerly formed part of Salem. The following is a short account of the man- ner of cutting and preserving the ice at this place for exportation : — " The ice-house is built of wood, with double walls 6* 54 A PEEP AT all around, the space between which is filled with saw-dust, thus interposing a medium that is a non- conductor of heat between the ice and the external air; the consequence of which is, that the ice is entirely unaffected by any condition or temperature -of the external atmosphere, and can be preserved \without waste for any indefinite time. ^* The machinery employed for cutting the ice is very curious, and is worked by men and horses, in the following manner : From the time when the ice first forms, it is carefully kept free from snow until it is thick enough to cut ; that process commences when the ice is a foot thick. A surface of some two acres is then selected, which, at that thickness, will furnish about two thousand tons ; and a straight line is drawn through its centre from side to side each way. A small hand-plough is pushed along one of those lines, until the groove is about three inches deep, and a quarter of an inch in width, when the ' marker ' is introduced. This instrument is drawn by two horses, and makes two new grooves, parallel with the first, from twenty to forty inches apart, the gauge remain- ing in the original groove. The marker is then shifted to the outside groove, and makes two more. Having drawn these lines over the whole surface in UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 55 one direction, the same process is repeated in a trans- verse direction, marking all the ice out into squares. In the mean time, the * plough,' drawn by a single horse, is following in these grooves, cutting the ice to a depth of six inches. One entire range of blocks is then sawn out, and the remainder are split off toward the opening thus made with an iron bar. The bar is shaped like a spade, and of a wedge-Uke form. When it is dropped into the groove the block splits off, a very slight blow being sufficient to produce that effect, especially in very cold weather. The labor of ' splitting ' is light or otherwise, according to the temperature of the atmosphere. ' Platforms,' or low tables of frame-work, are placed near the opening made in the ice, with iron slides extending into the water, and a man stands on each side of this slide, armed with an ice-hook. With this hook the ice is caught, and by a sudden jerk thrown up the slide on to the platform. In a cold day every thing is speedily covered with ice, by the freezing of the water on the platforms, slides, &c. ; and the enormous blocks of ice, weighing, some of them, more than three hundred pounds, are hurled along these slippery surfaces as if they were without weight. Forty men and twelve horses will cut and stow away four hundred tons 6Q A PEEP AT a day ; in favorable weather, one hundred men are sometimes employed at once. When a thaw or a fall of rain occurs, it entirely unfits the ice for market, by rendering it opaque and porous ; and occasionally snow is immediately followed by rain, and that again by frost, forming snow-ice, which is valueless, and must be removed by the ' plane.' The operation of planing is similar to that of cutting. " In addition to filling their ice-houses at the lake and in the large towns, the company fill a large num- ber of private ice-houses during the winter, all the ice for these purposes being transported by railway. It will easily be believed that the expense of providing tools, building houses, furnishing labor, and construct- ing and keeping up the railway is very great ; but the trafiic is so extensive, and the management of the trade so good, that the ice can be furnished at a very trifling expense." At South Boston, for the first time, I saw my friend and talented countryman, the Rev. Joseph II. Clinch, A. M., Rector of St. Matthew's Church ; he is one of the most eminent ministers belonging to the Episcopal Church in America. Mr. Clinch is at present en- gaged in writing on the origin of languages, a work involving immense labor and research. One of the UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 67 most interesting institutions I ever visited was the Institution for the Blind, at South Boston. On the elevation where this building stands, Gen. Washington stationed his troops immediately preceding the evacu- ation of Boston bj the British ; some of the fortifica- tions are still seen near the asylum. I was quite delighted by what I saw and heard at this institution. It was truly astonishing to see and hear girls and boys, perfectly blind, reading, writing, cyphering, playing musical instruments, and accurately describing the most wonderful discoveries of science. In this insti- tution I saw Laura Bridgman, who is deaf^ dumb and blind. Her sensibilities were deeply moved when the account of the Irish famine in 1847 was communicsr ted to her — she set to work immediately, and plied her fingers night and day, until she finished a piece of beautiful embroidery, which was sold for a barrel of flour, and that barrel of flour was shipped on board the " Jamestown," to assist the famishing Irish in 1847. " She was born in Hanover, New Hampshire, Deo. 21st, 1829, and is described as having been a sprightly and pretty child ; but during her infancy she was deprived by a violent stroke of disease at once of sight and hearmg ; nor was it until four years of age 58 A PEEP AT that her bodily health seemed restored, so that she was able to enter upon her apprenticeship of life and the world. She grew up in the simple mountain home where she was born, until she was nearly eight years old, when her case reached the ears of Dr. Howe, the director of the institution for the blind, in Boston, who immediately hastened to Hanover to see her. He found her with a well-formed figure, a strongly marked nervous-sanguine teiiiperament, a well shaped head, and with the whole system in healthy action. Her parents were easily induced to consent to her coming to Boston, because she was growing unmanageable, and because they could not make her understand their wishes or her duties ; and in 1837 they brought her to the institution. It was ascertained beyond the possibility of doubt that she could not see a ray of light, could not hear the least sound, and never exercised her sense of smell, if she had any. No instruction had been given her, nor had anybody conceived the practicability of penetrating within the dark cell which enclosed her mind, for there was no case upon the records of history where the attempt had been successful ; but on the contrary, the vain case of Julia Bruce, at the institution of the deaf and dumb, in Hartford, seemed to make it hope- UNCLE SAM'S FAKM. 59 less. It is impossible, in our brief space, to describe the humane and persevering care, inspired by the highest genius, which has since presided over her edu- cation, and gradually opened to her mind, through her solitary sense of touch, the light of knowledge. She has been taught the manual alphabet of the deaf mutes, and now converses by these signs with wonder- ful rapidity. She receives the communications of others on the palm of her hand, while her own words seem to fly from the points of her fingers like electri- cal sparks. She now reads with fluency the books printed in the raised character for the blind, and writes with ease." The following is an extract from the last report of Dr. Howe : — PROGRESS OF LAURA BRIDGMAN. " Her progress has been a curious and an interest- ing spectacle. She has come into human society with a sort of triumphal march ; her course has been a perpetual ovation. Thousands have been watching her with eager eyes, and applauding each successful step, while she, all unconscious of their gaze, holding on to the slender thread, and feeling her way along, has advanced with faith and courage towards those 60 A PEEP AT who awaited her with trembling hope. Nothing shows more than her case the importance which, despite their useless waste of human life and human capacity, men really attach to a human soul. They owe to her something for furnishing an opportunity of showing how much of goodness there is in them ; for surely the way in which she has been regarded is creditable to humanity. Perhaps there are not three living women whose names are more widely known than her's ; and there is not one who has excited so much sympathy and interest. There are thousands of women in the world who are striving to attract its notice and gain its admiration, — some by the natural magic of beauty and grace, some by the high nobility of talent, some by the lower nobility of rank and title, some by the vulgar show of wealth ; but none of them has done it so eJGTectually as this poor blind, deaf, and dumb girl, by the silent show of her misfortunes, and her successful efforts to surmount them. " The treatment she has received shows something of human progress, too ; for the time was when a child, bereaved of senses, as she is, would have been regard- ed as a monster, and treated as a burden and a curse, even among the most civilized people of the world ; she would, perhaps, have been thrown into the river, UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 61 or exposed upon the mountain to wild beasts. But now there are millions of people bj whom it is recog- nized as a duty and esteemed as a privilege to protect and cherish her, or any one in the like situation. " There is something, perhaps, in the rarity of such cases of manifold bereavement — something in the fact that she is the first person who ever came out of such a dark and silent prison to tell us plainly of its condition — something of pride in the proof which she gives of the native power of the human soul ; but still, bating all this, the amount of tender sympathy in her misfortunes, and of the real attempt to lighten them, which has been shown by thousands of sensitive hearts> is most gratifying to reflect upon. "lauka's present state. " At the period when the last mention was made of her in our Annual Report, she had gained a sufficient knowledge of language to converse freely by means of the finger alphabet, on all topics which would be under- stood by girls generally of twelve years old. She had begun to come into relation with a variety of persons; with the teachers and pupils in the school for the blind, all of whom could converse rapidly and easy with her. She had become intimate with several 6 62 A PEEP AT instructed deaf mutes, and had formed quite an exten- sive circle of acquaintance, -v^'ith ladies for the most part, who had taken pains to learn the manual alpha- bet, and with whom she was very fond of talking. " These influences were found to be favorable to the development of her character, and she was left to them. I thought it better to pursue this course than keep her as strictly under the influence of her teach- er's mind as she had been in the early period of her instruction. She needed, however, and has continued to have, special instruction. Miss Sarah White has continued to give all her time and attention to her education. She has been to her a constant com- panion, friend, teacher and exemplar. She has devoted herself to Laura for years, by day and by night, in health and in sickness, in joy and in sorrow, with zeal, patience, and discretion, and has had a wholesome influence upon her mind, heart and character. " I can claim no other credit for the improvement which Laura has made in latter years than that of securing for her such a teacher. If she is short- coming of any natural qualification for the task which she undertook at my urgent request, I can only say, on the other hand, it would be very hard to find any UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 63 one who possesses so many natural and acquired qual- ifications for so novel and arduous an undertaking. Her success has been great. She has done far better than I could have done. Her gentleness and equa- nimitj of temper have tended to keep her pupil in that happy mean between excesses of feeling, to which persons of her temperament are constitutionally disposed. " Laura loves her and respects her, and makes no severer criticism upon her than the playful one in the following extract from her little diary : — " ' I had a very pleasant day. I havo been very hilarious. I could not help laughing incessantly. My mind is very full of drollery and mirthfulness. I wish that my dear teacher would have a little share of my mirthfulness. She does not like fun as well as I do — I love fun so much. " * As I was very busily engaged at eleven o'clock, I was agreeably interrupted by some circumstances which occurred so unexpectedly. It was [the entrance of] one of my dear friends, Miss E. R., the sister of my old teacher. She took my dirty right hand, greeting me very warmly — who wore gloves. " ' I asked her how she liked our sunny home ; she said she admired it very much. She surveyed it 64 A PEEP AT Vf'ith. much interest. She asked me whose the boquet of flowers were. I assuredly told her that they belonged to Miss W. She returned that they smelt very fragrantly and delicious. E. altered her mind at length, as she could not stay as long as she [had] hoped.' " The words included between brackets are added ; the rest is an exact coi[)y, punctuatim et literatim, from her diary, which she writes in a legible hand.'' I have visited Cambridge twice. Cambridge com- prises, Cambridge Port, Old Cambridge, West Cam- bridge, and East Cambridge, which are connected with Boston by several bridges. When I was crossing the bridge to East Cambridge, in the month of August last, I observed the American flag flying at the top of a gigantic chimney, belonging to the Cambridge glass works, which had just been finished. It is 240 feet high, which is twenty feet higher than the Bunker Hill monument ; its form is an octagon, and erected of brick, upon a massive granite foundation of thirty feet in diameter. It was two and a half months in process of erection ; 800,000 bricks and 100 cubic yards of granite were used in its erection ; it is said to be the tallest chimney in the United States, UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 66 Cambridge is a celebrated place in American His- tory ; it was called Newton in 1630, and in 1G38 it was called Cambridge in honor of the principal inhabitants, most of whom were from Cambridge in England. In this town Washington became commander-in-chief. It was the head-quarters of the American army during the Revolution. On Cambridge common is the Washington elm, under which Washington is said to have stood while his commission was proclaimed to the army of twenty thousand men. The original external appearance of the " Craigie House " is still preserved, which Washington occupied. In this town the first printing press was estabhshed in America by Stephen Day, in 1639. A great variety of manufac- tures are carried on in the various parts of Cambridge. Old Cambridge is the seat of Harvard University, which is the oldest in the United States. It was incorporated in 1638, and named Harvard College, in honor of the Rev. John Harvard, its principal founder. The principal College Buildings are : University Hall, built of granite, containing a chapel, lecture rooms, dining halls, &c. ; Harvard Hall, a brick edifice, con- twning a library, philosophical apparatus, and minera- logical cabinet ; six other large brick buildings, each four stories high, and the Library, an elegant granite 6* 66 A PEEP AT edifice. The library is the largest in the Union, and contains more than 57,000 volumes, besides pamphlets, newspapers, and maps. The Law Library contains 13,000 volumes ; the Divinity School Library, 3000 volumes; the Medical Library, 1200. Diifferent societies connected with the College have libraries amounting to about 10,000 volumes. The president, the Hon. Jared Sparks, LL.D., very kindly offered me the use of any volume which the library contained. In the library I saw several old works on Newfound- land, written by Whiteburn and others. Cambridge is about three miles from Boston, and contains a population of upwards of 14,000. West Cambridge is a great market for cattle from the interior country. The following is the number for sale in the market on Wednesday, October 2d, 1850 : At market 3361 cattle — about 1361 beeves and 2000 stores — consisting of working oxen, cows and calves, yearlings, two and three years old. Prices : Market Beef — extra $6.12 1-2 per cwt. — first quality $5.37 — second ditto, $5.50 — third ditto $5 — ordinary, $3 to $4.60. Hides, $5 per cwt. —Tallow, $5.50. Stores — Working Oxen, $63, $70, $85 to $97. Cows and Calves, $18, $27 to $35. UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 67 Yearlings, $7, $10 to $12. Two years old, $10, $15 to $22. Three years old, $16, $20, $28 to $30. Sheep and lambs — 4630 at market, nearly all sold. Prices: extra, $3, $4 to $6. By lot, $1.50, $1.75, $2.25 to $2.75. ^ Swine — retail, $5 to $6. Seventy-six cars came over the Fitchburg railroad, and eighty-four over the Boston and Lowell railroad, loaded with cattle, sheep, horses, swine, and fowls. Number from each State : — Cattle. Sheep and Lambs. Swine. Hones. Maine, 1987 New Hampshire, 635 2300 Vermont, 644 1685 15 Massachusetts, 95 645 25 12 New York, 130 Canada, 30 Total, 3361 4630 155 57 There have been at this market during the year ending October 22d, 1850, 56,144 cattle, of which about 28,814 were beeves, and 27,330 were stores ; consisting ofworking oxen, cows and calves, yearlings, two and three years old. There have also been at 68 A PEEP AT market 168,204 slieep and lambs, 7,678 swine, 1,245 horses, and a large number of fowls and veal calves, not numerically calculated. Since the first of last January (less than ten months) 2,843 cars have come over the Fitchburg railroad, and 1,447 over the Boston and Lowell railroad, loaded with cattle, sheep, horses, swine and fowls. Number from each State, during the year : — Cattle. Sheep and Lambs. Swine. Horses. Maine, 17,233 14,056 24 JSTew Hampshire, 13,411 48,371 15 69 Vermont, 17,914 88,445 1381 418 Massachussetts, 5,749 14,657 431 237 New York, 511 1,043 5733 15 Canada, 1,326 1,635 482 Ohio, 118 Total, 56,144 168,204 7578 1245 The Market is situated within four miles of Bos- ton. Operations were commenced about one year ago ; since which time it has increased in business and importance with unexampled rapidity. It con- tains one hundred and eighty-eight yards for the accommodation of cattle and sheep, one hundred and thirty-seven of whiph have been built the present UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 69 season, "with convenient lanes leading to all of them ; the whole covering an area of twelve or fourteen acres. The yards are all free, no charge ever having been made for the use of any of them. The Fitch- burg Railroad, which connects with the Vermont and Massachusetts, the Cheshire, the Rutland and Bur- lington, the Sullivan, Central, Ogdensburg, and the Connecticut and Passumpsic Railroads, passes through these yards. By means of these roads, cattle, &c., are brought from Canada, New York, all parts of Vermont, from New Ilampshire, and Massachusetts, and landed from the cars direct into the yards. The Fitchburg Railroad Corporation have now nearly completed two side tracks for the accommodation of the cattle trains, where they will be able to run oflf the main track about ninety cars, which can remain there until wanted. The Boston and Lowell Railroad, which connects with the Northern and several other railroads, lead* ing through the different sections of New Hampshire, has a spacious cattle depot at Somerville, within two hundred rods of the market, with an extensive side track for running off the cattle trains from the main track ; and all other requisite conveniences for land- ing and yarding the cattle, sheep, &c, 70 A PEEP AT Great quantities of fruit and vegetables are culti- vated at West Cambridge for the Boston market. George Pierce has nineteen acres of his farm devoted to "the raising of vegetables expressly for the Boston market. Mr. Pierce's average weekly sales of vege- tables for nine months in 1849, were as follows : — March, $49 April, 60 May, 80 June, 90 July, 140 August, 139 September, 140 October, 180 November, 39 The total cash receipts for the sale of fruits and vegetables for 1849, were as follows : — Peaches, $591 Porter Apples, 149 Pears, 23 Greening Apples, 12 Baldwin do. (windfalls,) 36 30 bbls. do. (picked,) 186 $99T Total vegetables of all kinds. 2,629 $3,626 UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 71 The farmers of Massachusetts in general prefer cultivating Indian corn instead of wheat, as the corn gives a greater profit. Indian corn will yield from fifty to one hundred bushels to the acre, besides a large amount of fodder for cattle ; when cut green, as many as twelve tons to the acre of the best fodder for cattle has been obtained. About one mile west of Cambridge University is Mount Auburn Cemetery — the magnificent monu- mental " city of the dead." The Cemetery com- prises 110 acres, and was consecrated in 1831. It is enclosed with a massive iron fence about ten feet high. In the centre is a lofty entrance-gate con- structed of granite, which cost upwards of $10,000. It is beautifully laid out in gravel walks, shaded with almost every variety of trees and flowers. Lots of ground are laid out as family burial places at equal distances, between which are beautiful pathways fringed with flowers. Numerous costly marble pillars and monuments burst upon the view in every direc- tion amid the foliage, which add to the beauty and grandeur of the scene. The avenues and paths are named thus, " Willow Avenue," " Myrtle Path," &c. In front of " Central Square " is a monument 72 A PEEP AT bearing the simple inscription of Hannah Adams, "first tenant of Mount Auburn." The Cemetery has a beautiful granite chapel in the Gothic style of architecture, measuring sixty-six feet by forty, and about eighty feet high. The exterior is surrounded with a row of octagonal buttresses and pinnacles. All the windows are of stained glass, with emblematic designs. The first and only time that I visited this Cemetery was a few days after the interment of the unfortunate Dr. Webster, who was executed in Boston on the 30th of August last, for the murder of Dr. George Parkman. The following is the inscription upon the monument on the lot owned by Prof. John W. Webster, on the Narcissus Path, Mount Auburn : — " Angel of death ! did no presaging signs Announce tliy coming, and thy way prepare ? No warning voice, no harbinger was thine — Danger and fear seemed past — but thou wer't there ! Prophetic sounds along the earthquake's path — Foretell the hour of Nature's awful throes ; And the volcano, ere it bursts in wrath, Sends forth some herald from its dread repose ; But thou, dark Spirit ! swift and unforeseen, Cam'st like the lightning's flash, when heaven was all serene." A cold shiver came over me as I passed the jail- UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 73 yard while the people were assembjing to witness the execution of Professor Webster. Who can contem- plate it without a shudder, to think of a fellow-being sent into the eternal world, in the full possession of his physical and mental energies, for the awful crime of murder ? Very able arguments have been adduced for and against Capital Punishments ; my own views are decidedly against Capital Punishments. In the State of Michigan the abolition of the Death Penalty works well where it has been tried for several years ; and in the convention which was held during the past year for revismg the Constitution, there was nearly a unanimous opinion in favor of the law as it stands, which has abolished the gallows. The trial of Dr. Webster excited a deeper interest in the public mind than any trial which has taken place in the United States for many years. The following brief sketch of Professor Webster is taken from one of the Boston newspapers published on the morning of his execu- tion. " John W. Webster was the son of Dr. Bedford Webster, at one time a member of our State Legis- lature ; he was a man of considerable wealth and great respectability. John W. was bom in this city, about the year 1788. He received a most liberal 7 74 A PEEP AT education, and adopted the profession of medicine, but finally devoted his studies and time to subjects more congenial to his tastes — geology, mineralogy, philosophy and the arts. In 1823, or '24, he trav- elled in England and Scotland, in company with Pro- fessor Boue, of Paris ; then visited the gay metrop- olis of France, and afterwards went to the Azores. At the latter place he resided for some considerable time, and on his return home published an interest- ing and valuable work on the geology of the Azore Islands. A valuable collection of minerals, which he had procured in his travels, he sold to Harvard College for eight thousand dollars. He edited, for a time, the Boston Journal of Philosophy and Arts. "In 1837 he was elected Erving Professor of Chemistry, Natural Philosophy, Mineralogy and Geol- ogy, in the University at Cambridge. This honor- able post he obtained, it is said, through some peculiar partiality shown him ; and he was indebted much to the friendship and assistance of Dr. George Park- man. The same year he delivered his first course of lectures before the Medical Class of the Univer- sity, at the institution in Mason street, in this city, at which time he succeeded the late celebrated Pro- fessor Gerham. Professor Webster's salary was UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 76 fixed at nineteen hundred dollars per annum. In this position he commenced that awful epoch in his life which has this day closed with his death. " By the decease of his father, in 1834, Professor Webster inherited a fortune of about $40,000 ; but this has gradually been wasted, until his family are now left with but a comparatively small income. Extravagant in his habits — generous to his family — wishing to maintain a brilliant position in society — he threw his fortune heedlessly away into the vortex of fashionable life. Money went, and debts came ; pecuniary troubles accumulated thick and fast ; his was not the calculating economy that could avert impending ruin. Old friends became ruthless cred- itors — poverty and the jail stared him unpitying in the face — at first he practised fraud, and finally, when disgraceful exposure of some kind must come, he meditated the violent death of his most persecuting creditor. The world knows the rest." The town of Lexington was formerly a part of Cambridge ; here it was that the first blood was shed in the cause of the Revolution, and on the spot a monument is erected bearing the following inscrip- tion : — 76 A PEEP AT Sacred to Liberty and the Rights of Mankind! The freedom and independence of America, Sealed and defended with the blood of her sons. This monument is erected By the inhabitants of Lexington, . Under the patronage and at the expense of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, To the memory of their fellow-citizens, Ensign Robert Monroe, Messrs Jonas Parker, Samuel Hadley, Jonathan Harrington, Jan., Isaac Muzzy, Caleb Harrington, and John Brown, Of Lexington, and Ashael Porter, of Woburn, Who fell on this field, the first victims to the Sword of British tyranny and oppression. On the ever memorable Nineteenth of April, An. Dom. 1775. The die was cast ! The blood of these martyrs, In the cause of God and their countiy, "Was the cement of the Union of these States, then Colonies, and gave the spring to the spirit, firmness And resolution of their fellow- citizens. They rose as one man to revenge their brethren's Blood, and at the point of the sword to assist and Defend their native rights. They nobly dared to be free ! The contest was long, bloody and aff'ecting. Righteous Heaven approved the solemn appeal ; Victory crowned their anns ; And the peace, liberty, and independence of the United States of America was their glorious reward. Built the year 1799. UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 77 The last time I visited Boston, Jenny Lind, the " Swedish nightingale," was holding her nightly con- certs. $600 was paid for a single ticket. Jenny Lind gave in the Tremont Temple in Boston her first charity concert in this country, the pro- ceeds of which were $7,255,09, and appropriated as follows : — Boston Port Society, $1,000 Association for Aged and Indigent Females, 1,000 Musical Fund Society, 1,000 Farm School for Indigent Boys, 600 Charitable Orthopedic Association, 500 Boston Female Asylum, 500 Howard Benevolent Society, 500 Young Men's Benevolent Society, 500 Society for Prevention of Pauperism, 500 Parent Washington Total Abstinence Society, 500 To Messrs. Charlto & J. M. Spear, to be appropriated to the Reformation of the Prisoner, 255 To a poor Swedish woman, the mother of nine children, 100 To a poor woman of Boston, 100 Total, $7,255 Jenny Lind also contributed large sums of money for benevolent objects in the other American cities which she visited. It is said Jenny Lind pays X4,500 annually under the English Income Tax. She has invested in the British three per cents, about $750,000. Her 7* 78 A PEEP AT annual income, from that source alone, is about $22,- 000. She has given away in charity about £84,000 ; $400,000, as nearly as can be estimated. <£ 27,000 of this was given in England ; ^SjOOO in Edinburgh. The entire amount of her European wealth is esti- mated at $1,000,000. The Rev. George Scott, Methodist minister, who for several years was sta- tioned at Stockholm, says : — " Strange as it may appear, it is nevertheless true, that Jenny Lind has contributed not a little to increase the present religious excitement. We know that this celebrated cantatrice had not been received in the capital of her country with the enthusiasm which might have been expected ; the reasons are before me, though I am not at liberty to make them all public ; — thus much is, however, known, that the amiable songstress not only positively refused to appear on the stage as an actress, but on many occa- sions openly declared that the ungodliness of her fatherland filled her with alarm, and in her regular attendance on public worship selected those churches the pastors of which were known to be spiritually minded. The fire now broke loose ; all the papers, with the exception of two, boiled over with the bitterest invectives against the pietists, who not only UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 79 started the Home Mission, but had, worst of all, taken captive the * Swedish Nightingale.' " The following account of Jenny Lind is from the pen of Hans Christian Anderson, one of the most distinguished literary men of Sweden, and of whom an interesting sketch has been written by Mary Howitt : — " One day in my hotel at Copenhagen, in the year 1840, 1 saw the name of Jenny Lind among those of the Swedish strangers. That same year I had been in the neighboring country, and had been received with much honor and kindness. It would not, there- fore, be an unbecoming thing on my part, were I to visit the young artist. At this time she was almost entirely unknown out of Sweden ; even in Copen- hagen her name was known to but few. She received me with great courtesy, but distantly and coldly. She was, as she said, on a journey with her father to South Sweden, and was merely come over to Copen- hagen to see the city. We shortly after separated, and I had the impression left upon me of a very ordi- nary character. It soon, however, passed away, and I had forgotten Jenny Lind. In the Autumn of 1843, Jenny Lind again came to Copenhagen. Boumonville, the ballet master, one of my friends, 80 A PEEP AT had married a Swedish lady, a friend of the fair singer. He informed me of her arrival, and told me that she remembered me very kindly, and had now read most of my writings. He entreated me to go with him and make a call upon her. I did so. I was no longer received as a stranger. She cordially extended her hand. She spoke of my writings, and of her friend. Miss Frederika Bremer. The conver- sation then turned upon her appearance in Copen- hagen. ' I have never made my appearance out of Sweden,' she said. ' Every body in my own land is so affectionate and loving to me. If I made my appearance here, and should be hissed ! I dare not venture on it.' I said that I, it was true, could not pass judgment upon her, having never heard her sing; but that, nevertheless, I felt convinced that such was then the disposition in Copenhagen, that she was certain to be successful. Boumonville's persua- sion eventually gained for the Copenhageners the greatest enjoyment they ever had. Jenny made her first appearance in the part of Alice. It was a new revelation of the realms of art. The fresh young voice found its way into every heart. Here truth and nature reigned. Every thing was full of meaning and intelligence. At one concert she sung UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 81 her Swedish songs. They were so peculiar and so bewitching, that, uttered by such a purely feminine being, they exercised an omnipotent sway. The whole of Copenhagen was enraptured. The first artist to whom the Danish students gave a serenade was Jenny Lind. Torches blazed around the villa where the serenade was given. She came out and expressed her thanks by singing one of her Swedish songs. I saw her then hasten into the darkest comer of the room we were in, and weep from emotion. ' Yes, yes,' she said, ' I will exert myself. You shall see that I will bo better qualified when I again visit Copenhagen.' " In her public exhibitions she is the great artist who rises above all that are around her. In her own chamber she is a young and sensitive girl, possessed with all the humility and piety of a child. In Copen- hagen her advent made an epoch in the history of our opera. She showed our art in all its sanctity. I had beheld one of its vestals. She returned to Stockholm. Thence Frederika Bremer wrote to me : * We are both of us agreed as to Jenny Lind as a singer. She stands as high as any artist of our time well can stand. But as yet you do not know her in her real greatness. Speak to her of art, and you 82 A PEEP AT will wonder at the expansion of her mind. Her countenance is lighted with inspiration. Converse with her upon God, and of the holiness of religion, tears will spring from those innocent eyes. She is a great artist, but she is still greater in the pure hu- manity of her existence.' Indeed, nothing can les- sen the impression made by Jenny Lind's greatness on the stage, save her personal character in her own house. Her intelligent and child-like disposition here excites a singular power. She is happy, belonging no longer to the world. Yet she loves art with her whole soul. She feels her vocation. Her noble and pious disposition cannot be spoiled by homage. On one occasion only, in my hearing, did she express joy and self-consciousness in her talent. It was during her last stay at Copenhagen. Every evening she ap- peared either at the concerts or in the opera. She heard of a society, the object of which was to take unfortunate children out of the hands of their pa- rents, by whom they were compelled to beg or steal, and place them in better circumstances. Benevolent people subscribed annually for their support, yet the means for this excellent purpose were but small. ' I have an evening disengaged,' said she ; 'I will give a performance for these poor children, but we must UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 83 have double prices.' Such a performance wag given, and returned large proceeds. When she heard the amount, her countenance lit up, and tears filled her eyes. ' It is beautiful,^ said she, * that I can sing so.' " According to the Assessor's returns, for the State of Massachusetts, for 1850, we have the following results : — " Since 1840 at least 800 miles of railway have been finished in the State, and many lines of stages displaced ; but the horses in Massachusetts have in- creased from 60,000, in 1840, to 74,000, in 1850. In the same period cattle have increased from 278,- 737 to 299,000, while sheep have declined from 343,390 to 179,537. The product of wheat has de- clined from 101,178 bushels to 28,487, and Indian corn increased from 1,775,073 bushels to 2,295,856. While cotton and woollen spindles have doubled in number, distilleries have decreased from 78 to 43. 1850. 1840. Number of Houses in Mass., 134,041 96,550 Baras 74,765 63,806 Superficial feet of Wharf, 14,834,350 8,402,886 Number of Cotton Spindles in Mass., 1,220 624,540 " Woollen " " 208,848 113,457 " Bleacheries " 23 10 « Paper Mills 114 98 " tons of Shipping " 628,770 498,057 84 A PEEP AT " The Railways in the same period have increased nearly 600 per cent." Massachusetts annually produces over 1,000,000 bushels of fruit, valued at $800,000; 600,000 pounds of Maple Sugar, 8,000,000 pounds of butter, and about 8,000,000 pounds of cheese. Massachusetts is the greatest manufacturing State in the Union. There are about 480 Tanneries throughout the State, which manufacture annually about 2,000,000 hides of leather, and employ up- wards of 2,000 hands. The number of boots and shoes made is over 22,000,000 pairs, which give em- ployment to 27,000 males and 19,000 females ; be- sides which almost every description of manufacture is carried on. Immense quantities of Iron and Coal are raised in the United States. The quantity of anthracite and bituminous coal raised throughout the Union in 1847, is estimated at 5,000,000 tons, the average value of which, at the place of consumption, is estimated at $20,000,000, or $4 per ton. The greater part of this coal was from Pennsylvania. The number of furnaces in the United States is estimated to be 540, yielding 486,000 tons of Pig Iron ; 954 bloomeries, forges, rolling mills, &c., yielding 291,600 tons of UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 85 bar, hoop, sheet, boiler, and other wrought iron, 30,- 000 tons of blooms, and 122,000 tons of castings ; the whole valued at $42,000,000. Pennsylvania alone is said to produce 250,000 tons of iroji au^ nually. Some idea of the extent of the iron trade inland may be formed from the quantities carried on the canals. In 1847, there came to the Hudson, on the New York canals. Pig Iron 21,608,000 pounds ; bloom and bar, 26,348,000 pounds ; Iron-ware 3,014,- 000 pounds ; 340 tons Iron and Iron-ware cleared on the canals at Buffalo and Oswego ; St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., shipped 515 tons of pig, a surplus made there ; 7,716 tons of pig Iron reached Buffalo, via Lake Erie, and 1,256 kegs of nails; 15,103,565 pounds of Iron and nails arrived at Cleveland, via the Ohio Canal, and 4,085 tons of Iron and 12,537 kegs of nails were shipped from Cleveland coastwise. There cleared at Portsmouth, Chillicothe, Massillon^ and Akron, in 1847, about 5,713 tons of Iron ; 5,269,055 pounds of nails were shipped at Akron. The trade in Coal and Iron on the Western rivers and lakes is very large. The Coal trade of Pennsylvania is now probably greater than the Iron ; both employ the canals and 8 86 A PEEP AT railroads, and require thousands of canal boats and railroad cars for transportation. A ton of pig Iron is made with two and a half tons each of ore and coal, and a ton of limestone ; also, say for labor and pro- visions while smelting the ore, and contingences, $6 — in all $20 ; other $40, chiefly for labor, coal and provisions, are required to convert pig into a ton of bar. Iron canal boats were in common use in Wales thirty years ago — they are beginning to be made here ; also war steamers. Fences, and even porches to houses, are often of iron. The pipes for the Cro- ton water in New York required many thousand tons. The annual value of 150,000 tons of iron ore of Ma- ryland is worth $600,000 at Baltimore. A single foundry in Tennessee sold, in 1844, of sugar-kettles, $50,000 worth. In the month of April I made a tour through the States of New Hampshire and Maine. The first place which I visited was — Lynn, which was first settled in 1629. It received its name from a town in England. Its Indian name was Saugust. It is about six miles in length, and is almost surrounded by water. The river Saugus flows on the West, the harbor on the South, the ocean on the Southeast, and a chain of Ponds, called the " Lynn Lakes," on the north. The town has broad UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 87 and pleasant streets. It is one of the most thriving towns of New England, containing a population, in 1850, of 13,613. In the northern part of Lynn is a Mineral Spring, which is a place of great resort. It is one of the most celebrated places in the country for the manufacture of shoes. It was noted for this manufacture before the Revolutionary war. There are about 3,000,000 pairs of women's and girls' (or, as the Yankee would say, misses') shoes annually made here, valued at $2,000,000, or X400,000 sterling. The manufacture of calico amounts to $70,000, and of Morocco, $34,000. There are va- rious other manufactures, too numerous to detail, besides agricultural produce. The value of fresh fish taken amounts to $13,950. In 1849, Lynn em- ployed sixteen vessels in the Cod and Mackerel fish- eries, and two in the Whale fishery. The following is the quantity and value of the "Whale Oil produced in the United States in 1845 : Gallons of Sperm Oil, 6,704,716 Value of Sperm Oil, $6,233,276 Gallons of Whale Oil, 9,572,990 Value of Whale Oil, $2,961,619 Gallons of other Oil, 72,409 Value of other Oil, $28,764 Pounds of Whalebone, 2,937,509 Value of AVhalebone, $1,147,518 Capital Invested, $11,805,910 88 A PEEP AT It will be seen that the value of the Whale Fishery alone, amounts to the enormous sum of £2,074,233 sterling ; whereas the total quantity of Seal and Cod Oil of Newfoundland does not amount to more than £300,000 per annum. The greatest quantity of Whale Oil exported from Newfoundland was in the years 1830 and 1834, which was about 200 tons ; valued at £30 per ton, amounts to £5,000. There were also 117 hundred weight Whalebone; valued at £4 per hundred weight, amounts to £470. Previous to the last war between America and Great Britain, ten or twelve vessels belonging to Massachusetts frequented the Western Coast of Newfoundland in pursuit of Whales, and were very successful ; but after the war broke out, the Whale Fishery on the Newfoundland Coast by the Americans was abandoned. The following is the number of vessels employed in the Whale Fishery in the United States during the years 1848 and 1849 : -— Years. Ships and Barques. Brigs. Schooners. Tonnage. 1848 581 21 12 196,110 1849 510 20 13 171,483 The falling oiF in the outfit for the Whale Fishery is attributed to the emigration to California. The ves- UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 89 sels employed in the Whale Fishery belong princi- pally to New Bedford, Fairhaven, Westport, Nan- tucket, Warren, Stonington, Mystic, New London, Sag Harbor, and Greenport. They have generally a crew of twenty-five men each, which makes an aggre- gate of 12,750 men. Taking into the account those employed in carrying the oil, &c., to market, we find it takes about 860 vessels of various tonnage, navi- gated by 12,000 seamen — about one tenth of the whole mercantile marine of the United States. It is estimated that the expense of manufactories, wharfs, stores, and other expenses connected with it, amount to no less a sum than $70,000,000, or upwards of £14,000,000 sterling, and that more than 70,000 per- sons are employed in it. In the prosecution of this business, there are consumed 46,000 barrels of flour, 36,000 barrels of beef and pork, 900,000 pounds of copper and copper nails, 1,500,000 barrels, 2,500 tons of iron hoops, &c. The following are the imports of Sperm and Whale Oil, and Whalebone, into the United States, for the week ending January 7th, 1850. Ships. Bbls. Sperm. Bbls. Whale. Founds Bone. 3 8,780 300 1,400 8* 90 A PEEP AT Most of the common Whale Oil is exported from the United States to Northern Europe. Most of the Whalebone is also exported. The product of the Spermaceti Whale is used as lamp oil, making can- dles, and various other purposes. The quantity of Spermaceti candles annually made is over 3,000,000 •pounds. By a chemical process these candles can be tinged with any color. Candles from Nantucket are often sold for pure wax. From Lynn I proceeded to Salem, which is fifteen miles east of Boston, and contains a population of nearly 19,000, and in point of wealth and commerce it has always ranked as the second town in New Eng- land. It was first settled in 1626, and the earlier inhabitants thought of making it the capital instead of Boston. Here the celebrated John Endicott resided for some time after his arrival from England, and who was the first Governor of Massachusetts under the First Charter. Here was born the great American Mathematician and Astronomer, Dr. Bowditch, one of the most remarkable men of his day. Salem took an important part in the struggle for independence. About sixty armed vessels were fitted out from this place during the Revolution. It has a commodious harbor and good anchorage, and is more extensively UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 91 known for its East India trade than any port in the United States ; but it has greatly declined in commer- cial importance, most of the shipping having been removed to Boston, although continuing to be owned in Salem. The following are the number of vessels belonging to Salem in 1850 : — 20 Ships, 9,953 Tons. 34 Barques, 8,500 u 42 Brigs, 6,782 <( 8 Yachts, 185 u Coasting and fishing vessels. 16,000 (( Total, 41,420 Chestnut street is one of the principal streets of the city, has rows of trees on either side, and contains many beautiful buildings. The East India Marine Hall was erected in 1825, and cost $25,000. It is 100 feet by 45, built of granite. In this hall is a very fine Museum, consisting of upwards of 5,000 specimens of natural and artificial curiosities, collected from all parts of the world, amongst which is a model of the first ship sent from Salem to the East Indies, in 1784. One of the most interesting specimens I have ever seen is in the possession of an old gentle- man, consisting not only of animals, fossils, &c., but 92 A PEEP AT also some of the most curious pieces of machinery, invented bj himself. The value of the manufactures of Salem amounts to upwards of $2,000,000, consisting of leather, boots and shoes, cordage, cabinet ware, tobacco, alum, ves- sels, &;c., &c. The value of the cod, whale, and mackerel fisheries amounts to about $300,000. Here there is a large steam cotton factory, employing up- wards of 500 hands. Salem is celebrated in the history of America on account of its Witches ; although the delusion ap- peared in other places before Salem. In 1692, nine- teen persons were tried and hanged here as Witches. At this time laws were in force in England against Witchcraft, Avhich received the sanction of the re- nowned Sir Matthew Hale. The Rev. George Bur- roughs was executed in 1692 on Gallows Hill, in Sa- lem, for Witchcraft. The following is in the hand- writing, on the church record, of the Rev. Samuel Parris, who was born in London, and settled at Dan- vers in 1689, a town adjoining Salem. In 1692 Witchcraft first made its appearance in America, in the family of Mr. Parris. UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 93 " 27Tn March, Sab., 1692. Sacrament Bay. " After the common auditory were dismissed, and before the church communion of the Lord's Table, the following Testimony against the Error of our sis- ter Mary Sibley, who had given direction to my In dian man in an unwarrantable way to find out witches, was read by the Pastor. It is altogether undeniable that our great and blessed God hath suflfered many persons, in several Families of this little village, to be grievously vexed and tortured in body, and to be deeply tempted, to the endangering of the destruc- tion of their souls, and all these amazing facts (well known to many of us) to be done by Witchcraft and Diabolical operations. It is also well known that when these calamities first began, which was in my own family, the affliction was several weeks before such hellish operations as witchcraft was suspected. Nay, it never broke forth to any considerable light until diabolical means was used by the making of a cake by my Indian man, who had his directions from this our sister Mary Sibley, since which operations have been plenty, and exceeding much mischief hath followed. But by this means it seems the Devil hath 94 A PEEP AT been raised amongst us, and his rage is vehement and terrible, and when he shall be silenced the Lord only knows." From Salem I proceeded to Marblehead, the sterile appearance of which reminded me of mj own native land. Marblehead is Newfoundland in miniature. On the barren rods which for the most part surround the harbor, are erected fish-flakes, for the purpose of curing fish on. What would a Newfoundland fisher- man think of seeing fish-flakes only three feet high, six or eight feet wide, and from ten to twenty feet long, built of narrow strips of board, and so frail as to be incapable of bearing a person to walk on them ! I am sure he would laugh at such an aifair. Such, however, are the fish-flakes of Marblehead. From the first settlement of the country to the present time, Marblehead has been celebrated for its enterprise in the fisheries. At the commencement of the war between Great Britian and America, this was the second important town in the colony of Massachusetts. It is distant from Boston sixteen miles, and contains a population of 8,000. The number of vessels be- longing to this place is about 100, which are employ- ed at the Banks, and in the Labrador Cod Fishery UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 95 and Mackerel Fishery. The annual value of the Cod and Mackerel Fishery is about $170,000, or X35,- 000. The various manufactures of the place are said to amount to $400,000 annually, or £80,000. A steam Cotton Mill was erected here five years ago, the statistics of which I have not been able to obtain. The land near the sea is very hilly and rocky. When the celebrated "Whitefield first visited Marblehead, he asked where they used to bury their dead. Notwith- standing its rocky appearance, the land surrounding the town is very fertile, the Agricultural Society hav- ing awarded premiums for the largest quantity of hay, barley, and corn, obtained here from an acre. This town produced in one year 1,500 bushels of gram, 2,000 bushels of fruit, 17,525 bushels ot vege- tables, 550 tons of hay, and 1,295 pounds of butter. When I sat down to breakfast at the neat, homely hotel of Marblehead, I fancied myself sitting at the hospitable table of Newman & Co., at Harbor Briton, in Fortune Bay, Newfoundland. The first dish which appeared on the table was a nice dish of fine fried halibut. The whole place has a Newfoundland-like appearance. The barren, naked rocks skirting the water, covered with fish-flakes, the fishermen moving about, the schooners preparing for the fishery, and 96 A PEEP AT the ocean billows in all their wildness dashing without the harbor, wrapping the rocks in sheets of spray and foam, all strongly reminded me of my native home. The Cod fishery in New England first commenced at Dorchester, about five miles distant from Boston, in the year 1633. The following will show the value of the Cod fishery for the State of Massachusetts in the year 1844. Vessels employed, 967 Tonnage, 51,796 Barrels of Mackerel, 86,628 Value of Mackerel, $637,052 Quintals of Cod fish. 334,901 Value of Cod fish. $746,263 Value of other fish and Lobsters, $100,822 Bushels of Salt consumed. 491,064 Capital invested, $1,238,640 Hands employed. 7,866 UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 97 Annual Return of the amount of mackerel and other fish, estimated in barrels, inspected in Massa- chusetts in 1849. Those re-inspected are probably from the British Provinces. MACKEREL. Bis. No.1 Bis. No.2 BIs.NaSj Total Bostou, (re-inspected) . Boston, (inspected) . • Salem, " ... Marblehead, " ... Beverly, " ... Manchester " ... Gloucester, " ... Rockport, " ... NewDuryport," . . . Hingham, " ... Cohasset, " ... Scituate, " ... Plymouth, " ... Yarmouth, " ... Westport, " ... Egertown, " ... Dennis, '• ... Barnstable, " ... Harwich, " ... Chatham, " ... Wellfleet, " ... Truro, " ... Provincetown" . . . Nantucket, " ... 7,896 4,100 88 60 60 27 14.686 1,459 4,148 4,147 8,229 392 76 1,487 24 163 2,629 2,085 6,039 1,627 6,504 3,335 7,080 106 12,886 6,327 82 46 97 178 19,822 2,106 6,818 4,681 5,207 677 218 1,821 48 188 4,181 2,066 6,401 1,861 7,726 4,666 9,256 106 2,126 4.014 80 82 11,121 822 6,914 4,566 6,859 442 277 2,524 4,275 2,111 4,166 869 6,819 8,861 7,010 218 69.300 94,847 14,441 115 104 187 287 46,679 4,886 16,880 13,424 1^,298 1,411 566 6,832 146 866 11,086 6,212 14,60& 8,84& 18,649 11,862 23,347 430 67,702 I 231,f RECAPITULATION. Mackerel 231,856 Salmon 1,821 Shad 415 Herring 872 Alewives 2,189 Cod 97 Menhaden 78 Sword Fish . . . . Tongues and Sounds Halibut Fins . . . . Salmon Trout . . . Blue Fish '474 U13 ' 62 76 142 Barrels, total 238,49l> Fish Inspection JOHN P. OBER, Inspector General of Fish. ?ce, Boston^ Janxtary 7lh, 1850. 98 A PEEP AT Statement of the tonnage and men employed in the Bank or Cod Fishery of the United States, the product of the same, and the amount of allowances paid to the owners of vessels engaged in the Fish- eries, during the year ending 30th June, 1848 : — Vessels Number. Tonnage. . 1,597 86,069 Men. 8,495 Boys. 484 Quantity. Value. Codfish (cwt.) 558,640 $1,566,919 Fish Oil (gallons) 165,210 73,654 Tongues and Sounds (bbls.) 607 3,370 Halibut, Hake, and Pollock (cwt.) . 44,933 99,491 Total value $1,743,434 Amount of allowances paid, $243,432. Statement of the quantity of Pickled Fish exported from the United States, the bounty paid on export- ation, and the amount of allowances paid to the owners of vessels employed in the Bank or Cod Fishery, from 1843 to 1848, inclusive : — Pickled Fish exported Allow, to Fishing Vessels. Total Years. Barrels. Rate per barrel. Bounty. Bounty & Allow. 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 17,575 33,318 20,871 27,703 32,441 29,915 20 cents (( ({ u (( 2i cents. $3,515 6,663 4,174 5,541 6,488 748 $165,932 249,074 289,840 274,942 276,429 243,432 $173,247 255,737 294,014 280,483 282,917 244,180 UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 99 . = = . ? r 00 CO o ►-> 00 00 00 * oo ^ 4^ CO ^ a» t9 to at i_d o o 3 2 H a 5^ o f=^ ^ cr •a r s s s e. p. »» •-> i-> to h-> t25 (D .• .• cr o 1^ C-« *. CO IC C- p k.^ 1^ •-> M M i 2 » - isiii P- 8 » r » cn i-> o CO Ik § gg 5 g g .«* » « fcO i i i I i • 1 S o. ^ *. t? ►-« lo "en 1o "«) 00 00 QO O CO «> O O 00 00 0 1 SS S S g g tXJ § p. $143 48 273 19,000 107,026 g J- _co s s s § s 4^ t- K- ^ IC 5- -? -f -" w CO CO c;t to t-i e-T «£> to o5 to C" H* f tf». fcO g. 5* i* J5« J» ^o» J^ H* ~«o "co "oo "^ § S S 3 ^ p"E 2 « « bo 2 e;« H- CO 00 ot o> "« "lo "en "oo i«k. »-> «4 00 (o C3 CO b9 it>> ^ 1? ^ w S. p CD ^ or? ^ 5: g S- S^ ^ s ;^ ® MC§* oa 00 P SO CO •^ CO ?;. g^ H- a 03 B «) g o i^. ^ S- f^ oS ^ 100 A PEEP AT WASHINGTON. A statement of the amount of Bounties on salted Fish exported, and of allowances to Vessels employed in the Bank and Cod Fisheries annually, for the years endino; 30th June, 1844, M5, '46, '47, and '48 : — Bounties on Pickled Fish exported. Allc •w. to vessels employed in Bank & Cod Fislieries. 1844, $6,663.60 $249,074.26 1845, 4,174.20 289,840.07 1846, 2,540.60 274,942.98 1847, 6,488.20 276,429.38 1848 747.80 243,432.23 Tonnage of Vessels enrolled and licensed for the Mackerel and Cod Fisheries from 1844 to 1848, inclusive. Mackerel Fishery. Tons. Cod Fishery. Tons. 1844, 16,171 75,179 1845, 21,413 69,826 1846, 36,463 72,516 1847, 31,451 7 0,178 1848, 43,539 82,632 Kate of allowance to Vessels in the Cod Fishery : — If 5 tons and not above 30 tons, per ton $3.50 If above 30 tons, per ton, 4.00 If above 30 tons, and having a crew of 10 persons, and employed at sea for 3^ months at least, but less than 4 months, 4.00 Allowance to any vessel not to exceed 360.00 UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 101 TOTAL VALUE OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES IN 1848. Qoantitj. Talae. Pounds sterling Codfish (quintals) 558,640 $1,566,919 Fish Oil (gallons) 165,210 73,654 Tongaes and Sounds, (barrels) 607 3,370 Halibut, Hake, and Pollock (quintals) 44,933 99,491 Mackerel (barrels) 173,256 1,274,104 Shad, Herring, Ale- wives,Bluefish,Lob- sters, Ac 150,000 £633,507 Value of the Whale OU in 1845 :— Sperm OU, $6,223,276 Whale Oil, 2,961,619 Other Oil, 28,754 Whalebone, 1,147,518 £2,074,233 Total, £2,707,740 The value of the Fresh Fish consumed in the United States must be enormous ; probably much more than the above. A great quantity of salt is manufactured in the United States, which is used in the Fisheries, as well as for other purposes. The first salt produced by solar evaporation in America was made in the town of Dennis, near Cape Cod, in the year 1776. In the 9* 102 A PEEP AT towns about Cape Cod, there were manufactured in 1837, 669,064 bushels of salt, valued at $219,870. Great quantities of salt, however, are manufactured in other parts of the States. AL VALUE OF THE NEWFOUNDL. AND FISHERl IN 1847. Quantity. Value. 'Codfish, quintals 837,973 £596,990 Oil, Seal and Cod, tuns 8,670 243,646 Seal skins, number 436,831 46,280 Salmon, tierces 4,917 12,794 Herring, barrels 20,903 11,234 Total, 910,954 About the same quantity as the above is taken by the French and American fishermen on the Banks and along the shores of ISTewfoundland. The exports from Newfoundland in the year 1814 were 1,200,000 quintals of codfish, valued at <£2 per quintal ; 20,000 quintals of pickled fish, in barrels ; 6,000 tuns of cod oil, at ^32 per tun; 156,000 seal skins, at 5s. each; 4,666 tuns seal oil, at =£36 per tun ; besides salmon, mackerel, furs and berries to the amount of .£10,000 ; the whole amounting to no less a sum than X 2,828,976. Newbury port is considered as one of the most beautiful towns of New England. It is situated on gently rising ground, on the south bank of the mouth UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 103 of the Merrimac river. It is distant from Boston thirty-four miles, and contains a population of about 10,000. Many years ago it was a place of great commerce. As many as ninety ships have been in process of construction hero at one time. In 1808 the tonnage of this place was 30,000 tons. It has several times been visited with severe commercial depressions, as well as a conflagration which destroyed the most valuable portion of the town. It is now, however, recovering its former prosperity. The num- ber of vessels now belonging to this port is as follows : — 24 ships, 17 brigs, 9 barques, 9G schooners and 1 steamer : total tonnage, 23,962 tons. There are several cotton mills in operation here, the annual pro- duce of which is, one million five hundred thousand yards of printed cotton, and four million yards of the finest cotton manufactured in the country. They consume about one million four hundred thousand pounds of cotton, ten thousand gallons of oil, and three thousand tons of coal. These mills employ about one thousand operatives. In addition to cotton goods there are other manufactures of almost every descrip- tion. Newbury is connected with Newburyport ; it was once three miles distant, but the buildings now extend from one town to the other. Newbury was 104 A PEEP AT first settled by persons from England in 1633. It was called by the Indians Quassacumcow. The quantity of fruit annually raised in the two places is 51,997 bushels, valued at $41,000, or .£8,000. The number of vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fishery, at Newburyport, is 57, and at Newbury 18. Having heard of a family residing here from Newfoundland, we sought out their residence. They emigrated a year ago from Carbonear in Newfoundland. True as the needle to the pole, my heart beat warm towards this family. They were all born within three rods of me. I thought of the beautiful lines of James Montgomery : — " There is a spot of earth supremely blest, A dear, a sweeter spot than all the rest ; Where shall that land, that spot of earth be found 1 Art thou a man, a patriot, look around. Oh, thou shalt find, howe'er thy footsteps roam, That land thy country, and that spot thy home ! " We spent a couple of hours very pleasantly wan- dering through the beautiful cemetery. It is inter- spersed with venerable oak and elm trees, and on all sides magnificent monuments are to be seen, the whole forming one of the most elegant cemeteries I have yet seen in the country. In High Street, near the Court UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 105 House, is a fine pond of about six acres, which is embellished with a mall and terraced promenade, a delightful place of resort in the summer. About half a mile from this, on the same street, are the remains of the residence of the celebrated Lord Timothy Dexter, so called. He was a rich, but most eccentric man. I have heard a great deal of his eccentricities from the good people of Newburyport ; one or two incidents, however, will suffice. The whole front of his dwelling, which was a very large house, was orna- mented with about a hundred figures of men, beasts, and birds, a couple of which were still standing when I visited it. He at one time bought a cargo of warm- ing pans, and shipped them to the West Indies, where, quite unexpectedly, they wxre bought for either straining or dipping molasses. This strange specula- tion turned out a most profitable one. A few years previous to his death, he had a tomb erected in his garden, had a coffin made, and then had his funeral ceremonies performed on a certain day, while he him- self stood at a distance as an observer. Newbury and Newburyport have been the birth- places of some of the most celebrated men America has produced. Among other distinguished men born here were Theophilus Parsons, LL. D., an eminent 106 A PEEP AT jurist, Judge Bradbury, Judge Jackson, Hon. Wm. Bartlett, and Moses Brown, two of the mercliant princes of America ; the distinguished mechanician, Jacob Perkins, who pursued his inventions here till fifty years of age, and then went to England. Here John Quincy Adams, one of the Presidents of the United States, resided during his early days, pursu- ing his legal studies, under Mr. Parsons. It has also been the birth-place of many eminent ministers of various denominations. Here I saw the remains of the celebrated George Whitefield. They are deposited in the First Presbyterian Church. I descended to the vault with the sexton, who carried a lamp. I cannot describe my feelings when I laid my hand upon the naked skull of this eminent and devoted servant of God. The bones are very little decayed. The coffin is made of hard wood, and perfectly sound. It has a door at the head about seven or eight inches square, as have all the coffins of this country. There is a painted inscription on the coffin stating the time of his death and age. Immediately beneath the pulpit of the church is a marble tablet with the following inscription : — UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 107 . Under this Pulpit arc deposited The Remains of THE REV. GEO. WHITEFIELD, and THE REV. JONATHAN PARSONS, The first Pastor of this Church, whodied July 19th, 1776; also OF THE REV. JOSEPH PRINCE, Who died 1791. On the right of the Pulpit is a beautiful marble cenotaph, "with the following inscription : — This Cenotaph is erected with affectionate veneration to tlie memory of THE REV. GEORGE WHITEFIELD, bom at Gloucester, Eng., Dec. 16tli, 1714 ;• educated at Oxford University; ordained 1736. In a ministry of 34 years he crossed the Atlantic 13 times, and preached more than 18,000 sermons. As a soldier of the cross, humble, devout, ardent, be put on the whole armor of God, preferring the honor of Christ to his own interest, repose, reputation or life. As a Christian orator, his deep piety, disinterested zeal, and vivid imagination, gave unexampled energy to his look, action and utter- 108 A TEEP'AT ance, — bold, fervent, pungent and popular in his eloquence; no other uninspired man ever preached to so large assemblies, or enforced the simple truths of the Gospel by motives so persuasive and awful, and with an influence so powerful on the hearts of his hearers. He died of Asthma, Sept. 30th, 1770; suddenly exchanging his life of unparalleled labors for his eternal rest. There are two other coffins m the same vault with Mr. Whitefield's, one the Rev. Jonathan Parson's, and the other a poor blind man's, who had a strong desire to be buried with Mr. Whitefield. I have visited the house where Mr. Whitefield died ; and while I trod the very floor of the room in which he breathed his last, I seemed to be walking on holy ground. The house has undergone some considerable repairs, but the old room is still preserved ; the chair in which Mr. Whitefield died is in the Boston Library. One of the principal bones of Whitefield's right arm had been missing from among the remains for a number of years — until last summer, (1849) when the minister of the church, the Rev. Jonathan F. Stearns, received a letter from a gentleman in England, from which the following is an extract : — UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 109 " Some years ago, a brother clergyman was requested to obtain an original letter of the dear and honored Whitefield for me, which he thought he could easily do. He failed, however, in the attempt, but, to my gi-eat surprise and mortification, sent me what he called a precious relic of the holy man of God, one of his bones ! and precious it is, but it was of too sacred a nature to expose to the public eye, and I have pre- served it, hoping to restore it to its proper place with my own hands. This I must now entrust to you, and shall be happy to learn from you that it has been done." Mr. Stearns had the memorable relic conveyed to the vault where its kindred remains lie, on the 27th of September, 1849, after having twice crossed the Atlantic, and performed a pilgrimage of at least a quarter of a century. The Rev. George Whitefield was one of the earliest and latest friends of the Wesleys, — one of that little band of faithful men who were called Methodists at Oxford, more than a hundred years ago, whose names will live through all generations. Whitefield first arrived in this country in the year 1738. He landed in Savannah, Georgia, and laid the foundation of an orphan house a few miles from Savannah, and after- 10 110 A PEEP AT wards finished it at a great expense. He returned to England tlie same year. While preaching in aid of the Orphan House Charity, one of his hearers had gone resolved that he would give nothing ; but after hearing the preacher a little, he determined to give what copper money he had. Another stroke of the preacher's eloquence made him ashamed of that intention, and he determined to give his silver ; but so completely was he won over by the admirable conclu- sion of the sermon, that when the collector's plate came round, he emptied his pockets of copper, silver, gold, and all. In 1739, Whitefield visited America again ; he landed at Philadelphia, and began to preach in different churches. In this and his subsequent visits to America, he visited most of the principal places. Immense numbers flocked to hear him where- ever he preached. Such was the eagerness of the multitude in Philadelphia to listen to spiritual instruc- tion, that there was public worship regularly twice a day for a year, and on the Lord's day it was celebra- ted three or four times. During his visit to Philadel- phia, he preached frequently after night from the gallery of the Court House. So loud was his voice at that time that it was distinctly heard on the Jersey shore, a mile distant. Whitefield was devoid of the TNCLE SAM'S FARM. Ill spirit of sectarianism ; his only object being to " preach Christ and him crucified." The following striking description of Whitefield is given bj Mrs. Childs, an American lady of great talent, now living at Brookline, in the vicinity of Boston : — " There was nothing in the appearance of this extraordinary man which would lead you to suppose that a Felix would tremble before him. He was something above the middle stature, well proportioned, and remarkable for a native gracefulness of manner. His complexion was very fair, his features regular, and his dark blue eyes small and lively ; in recover- ing from the measles, he had contracted a squint with one of them, but this peculiarity rather rendered the expression of his countenance more rememberable, than in any degree lessened the effect of its uncom- mon sweetness. His voice excelled, both in melody and compass ; and its fine modulations were happily accompanied by that grace of action which he pos- sessed in an eminent degree, and which is said to be the chief requisite of an orator. To have seen him when he first commenced, one would have thought him anything but enthusiastic and glowing ; but as he proceeded, his heart warmed with his subject, and his manner became impetuous and animated, till, forget- 112 A PEEP AT ful of every thing around him, he seemed to kneel at the throne of Jehovah, and to beseech in agony for his fellow-beings. " After he had finished his prayer, he knelt for a long time in profound silence ; and so powerfully had it affected the most heartless of his audience, that a stillness like that of the tomb pervaded the whole house. "Before he commenced his sermon, long, darkening columns crowded the bright sunny sky of the morn- ing, and swept their dull shadows over the building, in fearful augury of the storm. " His text was : ' Strive to enter in at the strait gate ; for many, I say unto you, shall seek to enter in, and shall not be able.' " ' See that emblem of human life,' said he, as he pointed to a shadow that flitted across the floor. ' It passed for a moment and concealed the brightness of Heaven from our view — but it is gone. And where will ye be, my hearers, when your lives have passed away like that dark cloud ? Oh, my dear friends, I see thousands sitting attentive, with their eyes fixed on the poor, unworthy preacher. In a few days, we shall all meet at the judgment-seat of Christ. We shall form a part of that vast assembly which will UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 113 gather before his throne ; and every eye will behold the Judge. With a voice whose call you must abide and answer, he will inquire whether on earth ye strove to enter in at the strait gate — whether you were supremely devoted to God — whether your hearts were absorbed in Him. My blood runs cold when I think how many of you will then seek to enter in and shall not be able. Oh, what plea can you make before the Judge of the whole earth ? Can you say it has been your whole endeavor to mortify the flesh, with its affections and lusts ? That your life has been one long effort to do the will of God ? No ! you must answer, I made myself easy in the world, by flattering myself that all would end well ; but I have deceived my own soul, and am lost. " ' You, oh, false and hollow Christian — of what avail will it be that you have done many things — read much in the sacred Word — that you have made long prayers — that you have attended religious duties, and appeared holy in the eyes of men ? What will all this be, if, instead of loving Him supremely, you have been supposing you should exalt yourself to Heaven, by acts really polluted and unholy ? " ' And you, rich man, wherefore do you hoard 10* 114 A PEEP AT your silver ? Wherefore count the price you have received for him whom you every day crucify in your love of gain ? Why, that when you are too poor to buy a drop of cold water, your beloved son may be rolled to hell in his chariot pillowed and cushioned about him.' " His eye gradually lighted up as he proceeded, till towards the close, it seemed to sparkle with celestial fire. " ' Oh, sinners ! ' he exclaimed, ' by all your hopes of happiness, I beseech you to repent. Let not the wrath of God be awakened ! Let not the fires of eternity be kindled against you ! See there ! ' said he, pointing to the lightning which played on the corner of the pulpit. ^ 'Tis a glance from the angry eye of Jehovah ! Hark!' continued he, raising his finger in a listening attitude, as the distant thunder grew louder and louder, and broke in one tremendous crash over the building. ' It was the voice of the Almighty, as he passed by in his anger ! ' " As the sound died away, he covered his face, and knelt beside the pulpit, apparently lost in inward and intense prayer. The -storm passed rapidly by, and the sun, bursting forth in his might, threw across the heavens a magnificent arch of peace. Rising, and UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 115 pointing to the beautiful object, he exclaimed, ' Look upon the rainbow, and praise him that made it. Very beautiful it is, in the brightness thereof. It compass- eth the heavens about with glorj ; and the hands of the Most High have bended it ! ' " The effect was irresistible. From Newburjport I proceeded to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which is the principal town in the State, although Concord is the seat of government. Portsmouth contains a population of about 15,000. Here there is one of the United States Navy Yards. The North America, the first line-of-battle ship launched in America, was built here during the revo- lution.^ From Portsmouth I proceeded to Portland, visiting all the intermediate towns as far as Augusta, which is the capital of the State of Maine. It is dis- tant from Boston 165 miles, and situated at the head of navigation on the Kennebec river, forty-three miles from the sea. It lies on both sides of the river, connected by a bridge 520 feet long ; a short distance above the town, a dam has been constructed across the river, at a cost of $300,000, forming a very extensive water power. The State House is a spacious and elegant structure, built of white 116 A PEEP AT granite, located upon a beautiful eminence, and surrounded with trees. On the east bank of the river, stands one of the United States arsenals, a very fine building, a short distance from which is the State Insane Hospital ; it is a splendid granite edifice, occupying a plat of 70 acres. It is one of the finest buildings of the kind I have seen in the country. Ship-building is carried on more extensively in this State than any other in the Union. The following is the number of ships built in the United States during the years 1849 and 1850 : — In 1849 In 1850. Ships, 198 247 Brigs, 184 117 Schooners, 623 547 Sloops and Canal Boats, 547 290 Steamers, 175 159 Total, 1547 1360 Tonnage, 256,577.47 272,218.84 Of the 247 ships built in 1850, Maine constructed 127 ; of the 117 brigs, she built 75 ; and of the 547 schooners, 115. The total amount of tonnage employed in the United States in 1849, was 3,334,015 tons. A ship is now building at New York, said to be the UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 117 largest merchant ship in the world. She is 230 feet in length, 42 breadth of beam, 25 1-2 depth of hold, and clipper built ; she will be 25 feet longer than any merchant vessel sailing from that port. All the prin- cipal pieces are to be of live oak, and, what is alto- gether novel in the construction of American merchant- men, a system of iron lattice- work, or diagonal iron bracing, is to be introduced, with a view to secure the greatest practicable degree of strength. She is to be finished in about six months, and will run from New York to Canton, via Cahfornia, and thence home, completing the circuit of the globe with each trip. She will measure near 2,500 tons. The number of light-houses in the United States is 288, and 32 floating-lights ; 61 of which are on the northern lakes. The Secretary of State has communicated to the two Houses a list of the number of seamen registered in the United States for the past fiscal year, of which the subjoined is a recapitulation : — 118 A PEEP AT State. Natives. Naturalized. Total. Maine, 1058 16 1074 New Hampshii'e, 69 — 69 Massachusetts, 4062 120 4182 Rhode Island, 576 6 582 Connecticut, 38 1 39 New York, 2011 1 2012 New Jersey 4 — 4 Delaware, 6 1 7 Maryland, 711 23 734 District of Columbia, 4 — 4 Virginia, 431 — 431 North Carolina, 22 — 22 Georgia, 134 5 139 Louisiana, 664 56 720 Florida, 53 12 65 Aggregate totals. 9843 241 10,084 It is calculated that the division of the occupations of men in the United States is nearly in the following proportions : — Number engaged in internal navigation, 33,076 " " on the ocean, 56,021 " " in the learned professions, 65,255 « " commerce, 119,607 « " manufactures, 791,749 " " agriculture, 3,719,951 UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 119 Thus it will be seen that those who are engaged in agriculture are three and a half times greater in num- ber than those in all the other divisions. The inhabitants of the State of Maine I found a verj hospitable and generous-hearted people. The manners of the American people generally are very cold and reserved, and there is a great want of that politeness which is exhibited among the English people. That open-hearted, unreserved social inter- course, to which the people of Newfoundland are accustomed, is almost unknown in this country. The American people, generally, are a moral and highly intelligent people ; in this respect, superior to the masses of Europe. Book pedlars, newspaper agents, tract distributors, and colporters, are to be found every where, going from house to house. In this way, a vast amount of useful information and general literature is scattered broadcast over the country, and brought within the reach of those who otherwise probably would have never become possessed of it. The following are the rates of wages in the New England States : Day-laborers get one dollar per day ; servant-girls from two to four dollars per week ; tradesmen from one to two dollars per day ; clerks l20 A PEEP AT from $150 to $400 per annum ; book-keepers from $400 to $1,200 per annum. Ministers of every denomination are paid by their respective congrega- tions from $200 to $3000 per annum. Dry goods and provisions are at a lower price than in any of the British Colonies. The first week in May I spent in the city of Worcester, attending the annual meeting of the " League of Universal Brotherhood," preparatory to Elihu Burritt's departure for London to attend the great Peace Bazaar. The bazaar was opened in the Hall of Commerce, London, on the 30th May, and continued three days. This demonstration far ex- ceeded the expectations of its best friends. Stalls for the sale of the various articles were appropriated to different countries. Thus there were English stalls, Scottish stalls, American, French, German and Belgian stalls. Most of the articles contributed for the American stalls were given by the Ladies' " Olive Leaf Circles." Ladies' " Olive Leaf Circles" have been formed in all the principal towns of England, Scotland, and America. The object of these societies is to raise funds to circulate a little book called the " Olive Leaf," written by Elihu Burritt, containing information on peace, in the UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 121 French and German languages, as well as to open a correspondence with each other. These messengers of peace are now being circulated by thousands over the continent of Europe. The " League of Universal Brotherhood" origina- ted with Elihu Burritt. The following is the pledge of Universal Brotherhood, which was drawn up bj Elihu Burritt during his visit to England in 1846: — PLEDGE. " Believing all war to be inconsistent with tlve spirit of Christianity, and destructive of the best interests of mankind, I do hereby pledge myself never to enlist or enter into any army or navy, or to yield any voldntart support or sanction to the preparation for or pro- secution of any war, by whomsoever, or for whatsoever proposed, declared, or waged. And I do hereby associate myself witli all persons, of whatever country, condition, or color, who have signed or shall hereafter sign this pledge, in a ' LEAGUE OF UNI- VERSAL BROTHERHOOD,' whose object shall be to employ all legitimate and moral means for the abolition of all war, and all the spirit and all the manifestations of war, throughout the world ; for the abolition of all restrictions upon international correspond- ence and friendly intercourse, and of whatever else tends to make enemies of nations, or prevents their fusion into one peaceful brotherhood ; for the abolition of all institutions and customs which do not recognize and respect the image of God and a human bro- ther in every man, of whatever clime, color, or condition of humanity." 11 122 A PEEP AT Upwards of 30,000 persons have signed the pledge in the United States. Leagues have been formed in all the principal towns of Great Britain, France, Germany, and America, and addresses on the subject passed between each other. The first peace congress met in London, in 1846 ; the second peace congress met in Brussels, in 1847 ; and in the month of August, 1849, the third congress met in Paris. France, Germany, Belgium, England and the United States were there represented by large numbers of men, eminent in business, in politics, in literature, in religion, and in philanthropy ; the Catholic archbishop of Paris, and the eloquent protestant preacher, M. Cocquerel ; Michael Chevalier, Horace Say, and F. Basteat, distinguished political economists ; Emile de Girardin, the most important political editor of France ; Victor Hugo, illustrious in her literature ; Richard Cobden, the well-known British statesman; Elihu Burritt, the renowned American linguist and philanthropist ; and the celebrated Lamartine. The fourth and last peace congress met at Frankfort-on- the-Maine, in Germany, on the 22d of August last, (1850.) M. Jaub, ex-minister of the State of Darm- stadt was appointed president of the congress. Among other eminent men who were present from Great UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 128 Britain, were Richard Cobden, C. Hindi ej, and J. B. Smith, members of the British Parliament; Joseph Sturge, Rev. J. Burnet, E. Miall, editor of the Nonconformist, G. Dawson, &c., &c. From America there vktq Professor Hitchcock, the eminent geologist. Dr. Buller, Professor Cleveland, Rev. Mark Trafkon, Methodist minister, the world-renowned Eliha Burrit, Rev. G. Gamett, a colored man. Rev. G. Cop way, (Kah-GeGa Gah-Bowh) one of the red Indians of America, whose appearance in the congress, attired in his costume as a chief, excited great interest, and many others. From France there were M. Emile de Girardin, J. Gamier, M. Guillaumin, and others. From Brussels, M. Visschers. From Amsterdam, M. Suringar, and M. Druka. Pro- fessor Liebig, the celebrated chemist, was at the meeting. A very interesting letter was also read from the Catholic archbishop of Paris, giving his cordial approval of the object of the congress. The most unexpected visitor to the peace congress was General Haynau, the " Austrian butcher,'* who listened to several speeches. During the third sitting of the congress, a proposition was made by Schles- wig-Holstein to appoint a committee to decide the merits of their present dispute with Denmark, and 124 A PEEP AT offering to submit to the arbitration of the congress. The committee, however, decided that in consequence of the proposition coming from only one party, they could not interfere. But that if Denmark and Hol- stein were to unite in such a proposal, the congress would engage to find an arbitrator. After the termination of the peace congress, Elihu Burritt, Joseph Sturge, and Frederick Wheeler visited the two governments of Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark, by whom they were received in the most courteous manner. Denmark could not exactly comply with the terms of arbitration proposed by Schleswig-Hol- stein, and so the matter rests. There is no doubt, however, but that the object of the visit of these bene- volent men would have been accomplished but for the interference of the great powers of Europe. At the peace congress at Frankfort, Mr. Cobden read a letter from Baron Von Reden, one of the most eminent statistical authorities in Europe, in which he estimates the armed force of the European States, including all persons who are paid out of the appro- priations to the army and navy, in numbers about 4,000,000 men. Assuming the whole population of Europe to have been, in 1840, 257,000,000, then, according to elaborate investigation, he estimates the UNCLE SAM»S FARM. 126 males of this number at 128,120,000, of which 10,678,000 are between twenty and thirty-three. Reckoning one-third of these as incapable of service, 7,118,000 would remain, more than half of which number are actually enrolled. The labor of a man for a year is worth, on an average, 60 thalers. Thus the withdrawal of 400,000 young men from labor is an actual loss of 240,000,000 thalers per annum. The annual expenditure of the European States upon their land and sea forces and fortifications, he says, is, in ordinary times, something over 541,188,000 thalers ; which, added to the loss of 240,000,000 in labor, amounts to 881,000,000, or a sum equal to the value of the annual product of all the mines in Europe. The whole of this expenditure, during thirty years of peace, has been 16,230,000,000 thalers. One third of this sum would have constructed 15,028 miles of railway, or from thirteen to fourteen times as many as are now completed in Germany. A French paper publishes a statement of loss of life and the cost of wars of Europe in 1849, remarking that the calculation is below the cost, and that it does not include the Schleswig war, which was both bloody and expensive, but concerning which there is insufficient data to estimate correctly. The IV 126 A PEEP AT loss of life is set down at 151,812, of which 62,000 was in the Hungarian war, 31,023 in the Italian, and 23,000 in Naples and Sicily. The cost in money was $336,400,000, of which Austria incurred $125,400,000 ; France $85,800,- 000 ; and Russia $100,000,000. It is estimated that all the agricultural labor done in England, in 1848, cost X18,200,000. Official letters show that the cost of her army establishment for the same year, was X 18,500,000. That is, £300,000, or a million and a half of dollars, more are paid for preparations for consuming and impoverishing war, than for all her golden harvests, and to the 700,000 laborers who produce them. Elihu Burrit says — " Look at the fortunes which nations have squandered away in the sanguinary litigation of the sword. Take Great Britain for instance. Her wars with the neighboring nations, from 1688 to 1815, cost her £3,383,022,500, including the interest she has paid on money borrowed for the work of human slaughter. How can we measure this vast amount thus wasted ? Let us weigh it in pure gold, and we shall find it weighs 73,543,967 pounds troy. It would require 36,770 able-bodied men to carry it from the mint, each UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 127 having 200 pounds, or 9200 sovereigns in his sack. Placed in a line of sovereigns, each touching the other, and averaging three-fourths of an inch in diameter, thej would reach 484,330 miles, or twenty times around the globe at the equator. It would require 313 men to count it in a year, each counting at sixty sovereigns a second, working ten hours a day, and 300 days in a year. The wages of laborers in Great Britain, including old and young, women and children, will not average over 10«. a week. Then, at this rate of wages, it would take 13,011,621 laborers ten years to earn what Great Britain expended in the litigation of the battle-field from 1688 to 1815. It would require 520 ships to convey that amount in silver, each freighted with 1000 tons of that precious metal. Surely, war is the consum- mation of all human follies, waste and profligacy. " Here are a few of the reminiscences of war entirely shorn of poetry. They are bloody witnesses, and let them testify. In the periodical butcheries in the human family, the following hecatombs have been offered up to that god of battles which Christians and Pagans have worshipped with the same devotion : — 128 A PEEP AT Loss of life in the Jewish Wars, 25,000,000 By wars in the time of Sesostris, 15,000,000 By those of Semiramis, Cyrus, & Alexander, 30,000,000 By Alexander's successors, 20,000,000 Grecian Wars, 15,000,000 Wars of the twelve Ciesars, 30,000,000 Eoman wars before Julius Caesar, 60,000,000 Wars of the Roman Empire, Turks and Saracens, 180,000,000 Wars of the Reformation, 30,000,000 Wars of the middle ages, and nine crusades, 80,000,000 Tartar and African Wars, 180,000,000 American Indians destroyed by the Spaniards, 12,000,000 Wars of Napoleon, 6,000,000 683,000,000 " The above is a mere extract from the bloody statistics of glorious war ; one chapter in the annals of the violence, crime, and misery that have followed in the foot-prints of the great destroyer. The loss of souls is entered where human eyes may not read the list. Dr. Dick estimates the number of those who have perished directly and indirectly by war at four- teen thousand millions^ or about one-tenth of the human race. Edmund Burke placed the number at UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 129 thirty-five thousand millions. Taking the estimate of Dr. Dick, and assuming the average quantity of blood in a common-sized person, the veins of these 14,000,000,000 would fill a circular lake of more than seventeen miles in circumference, ten feet deep, in which all the navies of the world might float ! Sup- posing these slaughtered millions to average each four feet in length, if placed in a row they would reach nearly 422 times around the earth, and four times around the sun. Supposing they average 130 pounds each, then they would form a globe of human flesh of nearly a mile in diameter, weighing 1,820,000,- 000,000 pounds — fourteen times more than all the human beings now living on the globe. What a spectacle to the eyes of Him, with whom time and eternity, things present, past, and to come, are one omnipresent Now ! with whom all the actions and conditions of his creatures are not matters of memory, or prescience, but of clear and consentaneous vision ! Not a drop of that sea of blood has evaporated from the sight of that all-seeing eye. Its red, putrid, vapor is still going up into the nostrils of the God of peace. Before him that solid globe of human flesh revolves, in its crimson atmosphere, a horrid satellite around the green earth he made for man. Oh, 180 A PEEP AT Christian ! disciple of the meek and lowly Jesus, look at that blood-dripping planet ! It is the flesh of the tenth part of your race. Shall its purple surface swell with more butcheries of God's human children ? Look into that dead sea of blood ; shall it be deepened and widened from the veins of more victims to the destroj^er of mankind ? If not, say so. Say it in the majesty of your Master's spirit. Let the Christians of Christendom say to the world, that all war is a vast and unmitigated violation of the spirit and pre- cepts of the gospel, and the principalities and the powers of the earth would soon bow to the name of Jesus, and nations learn war no more. " During the last century or two, there have been twenty-four wars between England and France, twelve between England and Scotland, eight between Eng- land and Spain, seven between England and other nations — in all 51. The ascertained amount, though doubtless far below the actual amount of British money expended during the last six great wars, was as follows : — 1. War ending 1697, £21,500,000 2. War ending 1712, 48,000,000 3. War ending 1737, 46,000,000 4. War ending 1756, 111,000,000 5. American war of 1775, 139,000,000 6. War from 1793 to 1815, 850,000,000 UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 131 These wars have also cost other nations much. The last one, besides burthening Britain to the amount of X850,000,000, cost France X690,000,000, Austria £220,000,000, the rest of Europe Xl,012,000,000, the United States of America £27,000,000 ; total, £2,799,000,000 ; a sum which probably falls consid- erably below the actual cost of those wars ; nor should we over-estimate their cost by putting it (reckoning one pound sterling five dollars, or a little less,) at $15,000,000,000, all wasted, worse than wasted, by men calling themselves Christians, for the purpose of plundering and destroying other Christians. Since the great religious Reformation Great Britain has spent sixty-five years in war, and sixty-two in peace. She borrowed in seven wars, which occupied the sixty-five years, £834,000,000. In the same time she raised by taxes £1,189,000,000, thus forming a total expenditure of $8,982,120,000. This enor- mous sum, extorted from the strained sinews of labor, would have constructed fifteen railways around the globe, allowing $25,000 per mile ! To raise another such sum would require a tax of $10 on every human being on the globe. The interest of this sum for one month at 5 per cent, exceeds the amount contributed by the whole Christian world for preach- 132 A PEEP AT ing the gospel of Jesus Christ to the heathen for the last thousand years." Macaulaj sajs : In 1684, the whole non-eflfective charge, military and naval, of Great Britain, can scarcely have exceeded .£10,000 a year. It now exceeds .£10,000 a day ; and Charles Sumner, the eloquent author of the " Grand- eur of Nations," says : — "By a table of the expenditures of the United States, exclusive of payments on account of the public debt, it appears that, in the fifty-three years from the formation of our present Government, in 1789, down to 1843, there have been $246,620,055 spent for civil purposes, comprehending the expenses of the executive, the legislative, the judiciary, the post- office, light-houses, and intercourse with foreign governments. During this same period there have been $368,526,594 devoted to the military establish- ment, and $170,437,685 to the naval establishment ; the two forming an aggregate of $538,964,278. Deducting from this sum the appropriations during three years of war, and we shall find that more than four hundred millions were absorbed by vain prepara- tions in time of peace for war. Add to this amount a moderate sum for the expenses of the miUtia during the same period, which a candid and able writer UNCLE SAM»S FARM. 133 places at present at $50,000,000 a year ; for the past years we may take an average of $25,000,000, and we shall have the enormous sum of $1,335,000,- 000 to be added to the $400,000,000 ; the whole amounting to seventeen hundred and thirty-five mil- lions of dollars, a sum beyond the conception of human faculties, sunk under the sanction of the Gov- ernment of the United States in mere peaceful pre- parations for war ; more than seven times as much as was dedicated by the Government during the same period to all other purposes whatsoever." The number of militia in the United States in 1850, was 1,914,101 ; regular army, 12,326, includ- ing oflficers. Of these, 7,G96 are under orders for Texas, New Mexico, California, and Oregon, thus leaving but 4,530 in all the rest of the States and Territories. According to the report of the Secretary of the Navy, the navy of the United States now consists of: — Ships-of-the-line, 7 Razee, I Frigates, 12 Sloops-of-war, 21 Brigs, 4 Schooners, 2 12 134 A PEEP AT Steam-frigates, 5 Steamers, of the first-class, 3 Steamers, less than first-class, 6 Store-ships, 6 Of these there are in commission : — Razee, 1 Frigates, 7 Sloops-of-war, 15 Brigs, 4 Schooners, (coast survey) 2 Steam-frigates, 2 Steamer of the first-class. 1 Steamers, less than the first-class, 3 Ships-of-the-line, (as receiving ships) 3 Steamer, « 1 Sloop, 1 There are also on the stocks four ships-of-the-line and two frigates. There is also a contingent naval force of vessels, owned bj individuals, but built by contracts with the Government, and employed in the transportation of the mail, and liable to be taken in any emergency at valuation, and converted into vessels of war. This force, comprising four steamers of the first class, is employed on the line between New York and Liver- pool. A fifth is contracted for, but not constructed. One steamer of the first class between New York and UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 135 Panama. A second steamer on this line has been brought into use, but has not been finished so as to undergo inspection and be received. The contract on this line, as on that to Liverpool, provides for five steamships. The Secretary recommends the appointment of two rear-admirals, in order that the oflScers of the Ameri- can navy may rank with the naval officers of the other maritime powers. The peace question is making great progress in America ; some of the leading men of the country are advocating it. At the public meeting held in the month of May last, in Boston, for the purpose of selecting delegates to represent the State of Massa- chusetts, his excellency Governor Briggs presided, and delivered an effective and eloquent speech ; and I attended a peace meeting in the city of Roxbury with Elihu Burritt, where General Dearborn took the chair, and made a noble speech, denouncing all war. Elihu Burritt is now in Hamburgh, still absorbed with his one idea, his big thought, Universal Peace and Brotherhood. The next peace congress is to be held in the city-world of London, during the great *• Exhibition of all Nations." The American Govern- ment have decided to freight the " Pennsylvania," 136: A PEEP AT the largest ship in the American navj, -vvith the pro- ducts of American genius and manufacture, for the Exhibition of all Nations, in London. This great man-of-war was built some years ago at Philadelphia, and cost about $800,000. She has never yet made a voyage. Her first voyage, then, will not be to produce desolation and death, but to exhibit the arts of peaceful and happy industry of the country to which she belongs. My home for the present is the city of Worcester, which is situated in the heart of the State of Massa- chusetts. It is called the " Heart of the Common- wealth," and contains a population of over 17,000 inhabitants. It is the centre of a great inland trade, and of an important railroad communication ; which makes it one of the greatest thoroughfares in the country, and contributes much to its growth and pros- perity. It has railroads diverging from it in almost every point of the compass. UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 137 Worcester, Western, Providence, Taunton, New Bedford, Lowell. Nashua, Boston and Maine, Fitchburg, Eastern, Old Colony, Fall River, ej^sasssssESKS J^'^ DOLL4BS. 4,908,338 9,996,958 3,370,270 106,930 498,477 1,945,647 641,083 3,980,057 3,445,799 3,619.348 9,999,461 1,146,004 o S r Number Paaseng. carried in cars. 959,557 435,805 573,360 100,987 97,748 593,898 958,865 1,905007 875,410 1,049114 773,194 252,767 Tons M'ndize carried in cars. 248,768 273,608 96,642 36,546 15,404 978,313 181,623 102,485 987,032 70,348 83,541 62,554 DOLLS. 330,606 .561,575 225,640 33,783 50,639 179,790 67,097 332.214 204,668 404,072 167.963 102,630 1? 3 S * a M O M ? DOLLS. 379,795 789,936 198,699 27,009 36,691 936,698 89.449 190,191 969.691 113.857 84,897 71,404 ill IK>LLS. 703.361 1,345811 354,339 60,799 87,960 416,488 156,539 474!:<59 517,929 959,790 174,043 1 DOLLS. 86,883 198,301 41,876 6;i89 6,353 60,987 91,433 55,635 97,859 41399 95,094 15,773 U H H DOLLS. 72,298 105,551 22,202 8.056 7,608 62,448 28,569 44,101 a5,373 25,111 39.686 24,546 DOLLS. 246,370 354,469 99,604 23,135 28,4fil 1.37,470 49,454 158,7.58 173,234 117,477 110,459 70,556 §"8 £ T- D0LL4. 405,551 588,323 163.ri82 37,373 42,420 260,903 99,456 258.494 236,459 183.980 175 239 110,875 UOLLS. 297,810 755.488 190.650 23,419 44,840 155,585 57,083 263,841 237.900 333,900 77,551 63,168 o » o •n 2. •5* •-J o 00 J2' 138 A PEEP AT The following is the number of miles of railroad laid out in the United States : — New England States. Massachusetts. 1049 New Hampshire, 416 Rhode Island, 64 Connecticut, 446 Vermont, 287 Maine, Middle States. 202 2464 New York, 1306 Pennsylvania, 613 Delaware, 39 Maryland, 316 New Jersey, 236 2510 Southern States. Georgia, 665 Virginia, 336 North Carolina, 264 South Carolina, 226 Alabama, 68 1549 UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 139 WesUrn States. Ohio, 390 Michigan, 342 Illinois, 105 Indiana, 102 Louisiana, 70 Mississippi, 70 Kentucky, 55 Tennessee, 10 1144 Total number of miles of railroad in the United States, 7677 A writer in the Mobile Herald and Tribune makes use of the following statement, as showing the bene- ficial result of combining capital with labor ; — Georgia has 640 miles railroad, costing $11,500,- 000 ■ — 138 miles of which were built by the State at a cost of $3,500,000 ; South Carolina has 244 miles, costing $65,000,000 ; Virginia has 473 miles, cost- ing $7,000,000, and a general law authorizing the subscription on the part of the State of two-fifths of any railroad chartered and built within the State ; Maryland 571 miles, built and building, at a cost of $22,000,000, upwards of $5,000,000 of which the State has finished by the loan of State bonds ; Penn- sylvania 1,050 miles, costing $35,000,000 — 82 miles of it were built by the State, at a cost of $4,225,000 ; 140 A PEEP AT New Jersey, 206 miles, costing $6,800,000; New York, 1,009 miles, costing $35,637,000, of which the State has finished, bj loans and gift, over $4,000,000 ; Massachusetts, 954 miles, costing $46,700,000, of which nearly $6,000,000 have been furnished by the State, $1,000,000 in stock subscription, and $5,000,- 000 by a loan of the State bonds ; New Hampshire, 212 miles, costing $7,700,000 ; Ohio, 429 miles, built and building, at a cost of $8,400,000 ; Michi- gan, 355 miles, at a cost of $8,100,000, about $6,- 000,000 of which were furnished by the State ; — making together in eleven States, 6,042 miles of rail- road, upon which there are daily at work 750 locomo- tive engines and about 24,000 men, doing an amount of work which, if it were possible to be done in twice the time by horses and men, would require 1,400,000 horses, and 350,000 men. The labor performed by these 750 engines and 24,000 men, in one year costs the United States $36,600,000, all of it being done in time totally impracticable by any other mode. Eut suppose the year's work was done in the old way by horses and men in five years, requiring 100,000 horses and 25,000 men constantly at work, then the cost would be $95,000,000, or $58,400,000 more than the existing railroads in four-fifths less time. This UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 141 $58,400,000 is all of it the indirect advantage to the public for wbich nothing is asked or paid. The capital employed in building the roads, assumed at an average of $30,000 per mile, and amounting in the aggregate, for 6,042 miles, to $181,260,000, is fully compen- sated, and all expenses of transportation, repairs, and wear and tear, paid in the sum of $36,600,000, actually charged and paid for the work done. Thus showing the annual public gain to be, through the labor-saving capacity of railroads, over thirty per cent, of the capital invested, or, in other terms, $9,664 per mile. The city of AYorcester is pleasantly situated in a valley, surrounded by hills of slight acclivity. It is abundantly supplied with water, brought through an aqueduct from the neighboring hills. The most important street is called Main Street, one hundred feet wide, shaded on either side with chestnut, elm, maple, oak, and a variety of other trees ; it is two miles long, lined with elegant brick and stone build- ings. There is one Episcopal Church, two Metho- dist, one Roman Catholic, and four Congregation- alist; besides which, there are a number of churches belonging to other denominations. The Catholic College of the Holy Cross was founded by the late 142 A PEEP AT Bishop Fenwick, of Boston. It is under the care of the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, and de- signed for the education of young men for an eccle- siastical or professional course of life. It is beauti- fully situated on the slope of a hill, about a half mile from the city. A farm of ninety acres is attached to it. The Roman Catholic population of Massachusetts, according to the census of 1850, is 180,000. The Diocese of Boston comprises Maine, New Hamp- shire, Massachusetts, and Vermont. It "was created in 1808. Worcester is one of the most beautiful towns in New England. As many of my distant readers may not know what is meant by New England, I must inform them that New England comprises six States, viz. : Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Vermont. The State Lunatic Asylum, at Worcester, is one of the best institutions in the United States. It is built of brick, and con- sists of centre buildings, 76 feet long and 40 wide, and four stories high. At each end of the wings are two other buildings, 134 feet long and 34 feet wide, forming, with the main building, three sides of a spa- cious square. It will accommodate 450 patients. The present number of patients is 234 males and UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 143 229 females. Tke Medical College is situated on tlie outskirts of the citj. It is a large and elegant struc- ture of brick and granite. The fee for a full course of lectures is $60 in advance, "with a matriculation fee of $3. There are several fine halls and other public buildings in Worcester. The American Anti- quarian Society, at this place, was founded in 1812, by Isaiah Thomas, LL. D., who published the first newspaper in Worcester, in 1775, and, a few years after, the first English Bible in America. The hall of the society is a large and elegant building, 104 feet long and two stories high, in which is a library of 12,000 volumes, a valuable cabinet of antiquities, and many interesting specimens of early printing. Wor- cester is well supplied with schools, some of which are splendid buildings. The school at which three of my children attend, is built of brick, fifty by fifty- eight feet, three stories high, and crowned with a cupola. It cost $11,000. In the lower story is a sink-room, play-room, ward-room, and committee- room ; on the second floor are two Infant school-rooms, each accommodating one hundred scholars, with spacious recitation rooms adjoining. The third floor is a Primary school-room, with two recitation rooms, and will seat one hundred and sixty scholars. The 144 A PEEP AT visitor is forcibly struck with the order, beauty, and cleanliness wbich reigns throughout the whole. Each of the children sits in an arm chair fastened to an iron post, in front of which is a polished mahogany desk, about two feet long, for each. There are in Worcester nine Infant schools, six Primary, three Grammar, one for colored children, and the Classical and High school. The latter is open for the children of the whole city, as soon as they are qualified for admission. There is also, during the winter months, a school for apprentices, and three evening schools for all, whether children or adults, who wish to learn, and cannot attend school during the day. The above schools are all free. In addition to these schools, there are nu- merous private schools. The appropriations for support of schools for 1850, was $18,000, besides about $10,000 for building new school-houses. The Educational Institutions of Massachusetts are not surpassed by any country in the world. It is a hard ■thing to find an ignorant Yankee. The following are the appropriations voted by the City Council of "Wor- cester, for 1850 : — For Schools, $18,000 " New School-Houses, 8,400 Additional for Sammit St. School-House, 1,100 Total for Schools and School-Houses $27,500 UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 145 For Interest on City Debt, $3,350 C( Repairs of Roads and Bridges, 6,500 i( Paving Main and Front streets, 10,500 u Common Sewers in Main street, 1,500 C( Salaries of City Officers, 4,185 (1 City Watch, 2,100 (C Lighting streets, 1,500 (1 Fire Department, 3,600 " Ringing Bells, &c., 150 t( Funerals properly chargeable to the City, 850 4C Book printing, &c.. 800 u Support of Poor, in addition to allowance from the State, 3,300 ; <^ t-i 1 t2j H-i > CD ^ HH PO HH > M ^ Qo ? H- ^ ^ M- 222222 <0 00 ^ o> «• *. Mill! 1 1 1 1 1 1 o 3 ►- ,- N- ►- ^ ^ r, . . =^3 222222 p5 «»i»j^o> w *. k's* ^ = = -. =&'3 ^ 1 1 |3 S ^ S* 2 *i ^ «» hH 4^ W lb. »0 ►- O |h ^^ J^ 4- JJ> — ^ 00 2 ■bo'«o'cn'b>"io"4k o a X. o« «o *. «o tn Co 1^ J-J 00 o» — 4». «» *«."«o o»'*-^"c;» O • 5111,200,046 99,299,776 102,141,893 150,637,464 132,904,121 132,666,955 CO to CO to o> CO o CT a> "b' "bi"ioo"b»'co W5 Imports consumed in United States exclusive of Oi V^ V^ t£) >''r^J"> 00 «o o "^ oo~b' oow"w 2 • O «0 «0 W» 1*^ 4^ 00 00 0» to H- 00 '2 CO OS KS to to to ^ ^ H- »- <» Domes roduce exclus of H CO CO in o «0 to -s |gi--s o 13 •— ' o ~j ►-' t" CO •*»• O <0 to ^i 4>' ? O CO *>. 00 Cnj- 5' 2§§§§g u^ to O) c;^ to lo "o "-^ 00 "o "co "-J ^ ^^^ 00 --J 0> •-* *-» OJ "bs "to "^00 "en "to ^ Foreign [erch'diz exported :clusive c 4>. 00 Ci Ol 00 — o ^ OS OJ tn >*»• ■»»■ "O 00 '-J "to "-I o p to o m o 00 o* ^ OS rf" OS — 00 - - 1 H >- O O-H •-»> a W ►O 3 M §§-r _^ at O » p a. 3 ?;;-* 'E2p» O 4^ S *^ rt. P- 0-2 2. §.^3 ^ o 9- p-^ * ® « S 3 p : i 5-^ ;l- g P. |-« 0>; - p » ^ P o 2. ^ CD a> o X '^ Q. t»- rr /7> 19 218 A PEEP AT Aggregate value of breads tuffs and provisions, exported each year, from 1846 to 1849, inclusive : — Value. In the year 1846, $27,701,121 " 1847, 68,701,921 " 1848, 37,472,751 1849, 38,155.507 Total, $172,031,360 Annual products of United States industry, with the export to England and the rest of the world : — Exports : — Annual Total from Of which to Product. U. States. England. Agriculture, $654,387,597 $111,059,378 $73,495,849 Manufactures, 239,836,224 11,809,501 541,540 Mining, 42,388,761 375,154 194 Forest, 16,835,060 5,917,94 1,649,869 Fisheries, 11,996,008 2,547,654 843,053 Total, $965,413,650 $131,710,081 $76,530,205 More than one-half of the whole export of Ameri- can industry is to England, and of the remainder, J1S,043,858 is to her dependencies, leaving but $48,136,000 as the value of exports to all the rest of the world. Nearly the whole of these exports to England, it will be observed, are raw products, which go to the direct consumption, as food, which UNCLE SAM'S FARM. . 219 amounted to $14,732,927, and raw material for manufactures, that is to say, articles indispensable to feed and employ the operatives of Great Britain. The British returns give the annual production at £247,000,000, and the exports to the United States £9,564,902. The Government of the United States. — Congress sits at Washington. The Senate is conv posed of two members from each State, elected by the Legislature for the term of six years. Their terms are so arranged that one-third expires every two years. There being thirty-one States, the num- ber of Senators is now sixty-two. Tho Vice- President is President of the Senate. Wm. R. King, of Alabama, has been elected President of the Senate, in consequence of Mr. Fillmore being exalted to the Presidency by the death of General Taylor. The House of Representatives consists of 231 mem- bers, chosen from the several States, in the ratio of 1 to 70,680 persons. Their compensation is $8 per day, and that of the Speaker $16 per day, during the session, and $8 for every twenty miles travel in going and returning. The pay of the Senators is the same as that of the members of the House of Repre- 220 A PEEP AT sentatives. The salary of the President is §25,000 per annum ; of the Vice-President, $5,000 ; of the Secretaries and Postmaster General, $6,000 each ; and of the Attorney-General, $4,000. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURES OF GOVERNMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1849. Receipts. From Customs, $28,346,738 Public Lands, 1,688,959 Miscellaneous sources, 1,038,649 Treasury IS'otes & Loans, 28,588,750 In Treasury, July 1, 1848, 153,534 Expenditures. Cash, $46,798,667 Treasury Notes funded, 10,898,342 Total Receipts, $59,816,630 Total, $57,697,009 Estimated receipts for the year ending June 30, 1850, $37,823,- 464; expenditures, $43,651,585. Public debt, December 1, 1849, $64,704,693. The population of the United States at the time of the Declaration of independence was about 2,500,- 000. In 1850, the population is estimated at 22,000,- 000, 3,000,000 of which are slaves. The principal denominations of Christians, accord- ing to the latest returns, are as follows : — Communicants. Methodist Episcopal Church, 663,310 « « " South, 504,530 " Protestant and Wesleyan, 81,000 Total of Methodists, 1,248,830 Not Cora'ts. 5,000,000 UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 221 Communicants. Not Com'tB. Baptists, regular, 686,807 ♦• Anti mission, 67,845 « Free-will, 56,452 Campbellito, 118,618 " minor sects, 27,700 Total of Baptists, 937,422 4,000,000 PresbTtcrian, Old School, 192,033 New School, 155,000 " Associate, 18,800 " " Reformed, 26,340 " Reformed, 5,300 " Cumberland, 50,000 " others, 44,000 Total of Presbyterians, 491,473 3,000,000 Congregationalists, 197,196 500,000 Reformed Dutch, 33,980 100,000 German Reformed, 69,750 250,000 Protestant Episcopal, 67,550 2,000,000 Lutheran, 163,000 400,000 United Brethren, 67,000 Evangelical Association, (German) 17,000 Unitarian, 30,000 Roman Catholic, 1,233^50 Christian Connection, 325,000 Church of God, 10,000 Mennonites, 60,000 Friends or Quakers, Evangelical, 100,000 Hicksites, 50,000 Universalists, 60,000 Advents, Jews, 30,000 Mormons. 19* 222 A PEEP AT There are said to be, in the United States, forty- two theological schools. They are designated as follows : — Baptist, 10 Congregational, 5 Dutch Reformed, 2 Lutheran, 3 Methodist, 1 Episcopalian, 8 Presbyterian, 11 Unitarian, 2 42 Of the 120 colleges, there w^ere, in 1849, under the Direction of the Methodists, 12 " •' Baptists, 12 " " Episcopalians, 10 " " Roman Catholics, 13 The remainder are divided between the Congregation- alists and Presbyterians, &c. The Methodist Episcopal Churches employ 8 bish- ops, 5642 travelling preachers, and 8000 local preach- ers ; the Protestant Episcopal, or Church of England, have 30 bishops and 1467 ministers ; the Roman Catholics have 6 archbishops, 28 bishops, 2 vicariates, 1109 priests, and 1073 churches. The Roman Catholics are probably the poorest denomination, and the Protestant Episcopalians the richest denomination, UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 223 in the United States. The bishops, ministers, priests, and clergy of the above churches exceed in number 30,000. The religion, the blood, the laws, and insti- tutions of Old England live in America. Thus that wonderful Anglo-Saxon race that is diffusing itself over the globe is rapidly absorbing all other races in America. I now close this volume with the following interest- ing article from the pen of an educated and scientific physician of Haverhill, Massachusetts. WiTcn Hazel Pointers. — Singular Electri- cal Phenomena. — It has been a common belief among a large class in the community for many years, that springs of water beneath the earth's sur- face were pointed out by the mysterious movements of witch hazel rods, held in the hands of persons cap- able of exercising this wizard power. Statements made, time and again, by men of much probity and intelligence, of the wonderful accuracy of these witch hazel pointers in directing to the proper locality for success in boring for water, have attracted but very little attention from men of science. They have probably regarded them as savoring too strongly of that vulgar necromancy, 224 A PEEP AT which a portion of mankind manifest a strong aflSnitj for, to entitle them to serious consideration. My attention has recently been called to this mat- ter by witnessing experiments of a character anala- gous to thos3 alluded to above, and I am free to confess that they have interested me much, and shaken somewhat my previous incredulity in this matter. It has been ascertained that several kinds of wood, of dense, compact fibre, answers the purpose equally as well as hazel, and that rods of whalebone are still better than vegetable substances. A few weeks since a highly intelligent and scien- tific friend remarked that he had been very much surprised and interested in observing the movements of the whalebone in the hands of a guest of his, a minister of high standing, from a distant town in our State. His knowledge of the phenomenon was alto- gether accidental, and when we consider his un- doubted integrity of character, the suspicion of trick or deception on his part is dispelled entirely. He first observed the attraction of the rods down- wards while workmen were engaged in excavating for a well upon his premises, and directed the excavation in accordance with the direction of the rods. Com- UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 225 plete success crowned the labor ; a fine, gushing spring Tvas reached, and a copious supply of water obtained. It is worthy of remark, that repeated attempts had been made before this, to find water in this locality, but without success. He has since tried the experiment upon the premises of his neigh- bors and friends, and in every instance the rods have proved unerring guides. The instrument is very simple, consisting of two pieces of whalebone about 16 inches long, of a size that will bend with tolerable facility. These are pointed at one end, and then tied firmly together with a bit of twine. In experimenting, the two extremes of the rod are grasped, one in each hand, and held apart a few inches with the point vertical, describing a figure like the letter V inverted. It is a singular fact, and one that can bo accounted for upon no known principles of electrical science, that the exper- iments fail, and the instrument remains quiet, unless the thumb and fingers are turned outward in grasp- ing the rods. This has proved true in the case of all experimenters who have come under my observation, and should be remembered by those who may here- afler be desirous of testing the 'truthfulness of the experiments described in this communication. 226 A PEEP AT The following is given as the results of some exper- iments made at the suggestion of the writer of this article, and which are deemed worthy of especial notice. There being a small stream of water beneath the cellar of his place of business, formed by the waste from a fountain, he requested the clergyman alluded to above to find its locality with rods. This was done with surprising accuracy ; not only was the commencement of the rill pointed out, but its some- what serpentine course towards the river accurately traced. When the operator stood over the stream, the rods with a sudden impulse turned over and pointed directly downward. So strong was the attraction that the resistance w^as sensibly felt when its movements were opposed by the finger. In trac- ing the course of the stream, any deviation from the true one was marked by the quick uprising of the points. So delicate and accurate was this attraction, that the deviation of an inch was indicated by the instrument. These motions were as marked and de- cisive when two floors interposed between the stream and the operator. As corroborative of these experi- ments, I must not forget to say that this stream has since been detected by others entirely unacquainted with its locality. Neither must I forget to mention UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 227 the fact that when passing the bridge over the Merri- mac the rods turn downwards as soon as the edge of the stream is reached, and remain in this position until the opposite shore is gained, when the point re- sumes a vertical position once more. Before alluding to some experiments to determine the nature of this attraction, I will say that experi- ments similar to and equally as unequivocal and deci- sive as those described have been tried upon grounds belonging to the writer. Upon these grounds is a well, recently excavated, and from careful observa- tions made during the excavation, he was satisfied that no spring or gush of water was reached by the workmen. But as the side infiltrations were copious, it was decided to depend upon them for a supply of water, and suspend further boring. The rods held over, and within a radius of five feet on either side the well, remained unaffected. Beyond that number of feet westward the attraction is powerfully felt, and the course of a stream across the garden pointed out. Other streams, within a few feet of each other, have been found, one of which was traced directly to the well of a neighbor, who has an abundant supply of pure, soft, water. There may be considered nothing very remarkable 228 A PEEP AT or reliable in these experiments when shown only by one person. But when others, knowing nothing of previous experiments, are taken upon the ground, and precisely the same attracting influences are found in precisely the same places, the experiments then assume an importance which imperatively demands investigation. Such has been the case in this in- stance, and each trial has been productive of precisely the same results. Admitting, then, that the phenomenon described be as stated, and that imposition on the part of the experimenters is impossible, are there any principles of natural science which will explain it. It is obvious to my own mind that it is owing to electrical influen- ces, and that it may be found to act in obedience to known laws in electrical science. To prove this, let the conducting medium be cut off by interposing a silk handkerchief between the point of the rod bent downwards and the stream or attracting influence below, and the rods instantly fly back again. Remove the handkerchief, and the rods point down as before. Insulate the operator, by pla- cing him upon wax, or the insulating stool, and the attraction instantly ceases. Connect him with the earth again by passing a chain from one foot to the UNCLE SAM'S FARM. 229 ground, and the attracting influence is instantly felt. Let the point when bent down be connected with a delicate galvanometer in such a way that the current will pass across the needle, and it will be deflected several degrees. Place in each hand a piece of oiled silk, so that the hands may be insulated while in con- tact with the instrument, and it will remain entirely passive, though it may be directly over the attracting influcDces. These experiments of themselves abundantly show that the phenomenon is due to electrical excitation, and to this department of natural science are we to look for an explanation of this interesting matter. In a future communication I will mention some other experiments, and perhaps venture upon an hypothesis in explanation of this singular and unexplained phe- nomenon. CATALOGUE OP NEW AND VALUABLE BOOKS, rVBLISUED BY CHAS. H. PEIRCE & CO., KO. 5 COBNUILL, BOSTON. DIVINE UNION. BY T. C. UPHAM, D. D. The present work is intended to finish the series, of which Interior Life, and the Life of Faith, have already been pub- lished. 12mo. Price $1.00. A Tbeatise on Divine Union, designed to point out some of the Intimate Relations between God and Man in the higher forms of Religious Experience. Another book from Dr. Up- ham, upon •' the higher forms of religious experience," will not be unwelcome to the religious public, and, we doubt not, will share the deserved popularity of its predecessors. Christian Advocate and Journal. Upham on Divine Union. — Here is a truly good book. It has its defects, some of them theological, and some, if may be, practical, at least so far as inward practical devotion is concerned ; but it is full of the sterling gold of pure truth ; it unveils the communion of the sanctified mind with God in the inner sanctuary, and by a simple, direct course of teaching, leads the devout inquirer into the holiest of holies. Prof Upham's works have all a tinge of the old mysticism about them; but this, to our mind, is a very small objection amidst their rare excellences. They have done vast good ; the pres- 1 2 CHARLES H. PEIRCE & CO.'s PUBLICATIONS. ent volume, we predict, will do still more. It will be a favor- ite with all who hunger and thirst after righteousness. Zion's Herald. THE YOUNG MAN'S COUNSELLOR. BY REV. DANIEL WISE. Author of "Path of Life," &c. 4th Edition. *' The Young Man's Counsellor : or, Sketches and Illustra- tions of the Duties and Dangers of Young Men. Designed to be a guide to success in this life, and to happiness in the life which is to come. By Kev. Daniel Wise, A. M. 1 vol. 12mo., 255 pages. Boston : Published by C. H. Peirce." The excellent practical advice which this volume contains is conveyed in a style so winning and impressive, that the book has the interest of a novel, and at the same time the moral effect of a good discourse. It is deserving of a wide circula- tion. — Transcript. THE EMINENT DEAD; OB, THE TRIUMPHS OF FAITH IN THE DYING HOUR. BY BRADFORD K. PEIRCE. WITH AN INTRODUCTION, BY A. STEVENS. *' The Eminent Dead" is the title of a new work from the pen of Rev. B. K. Peirce. It is a series of illustrations of the triumph of faith in the dying hour. These illustrations are drawn from the histories of the most distinguished characters in the church, from the days of the Reformation to our own times. They are not merely descriptions of their last hours, but well-digested memoirs, showing their lives in reference to CHARLES H. PEIRCE & CO.'s PUBLICATIONS. 3 their deaths. Several similar works are extant, but none as satisfactory as this. We commend it without hesitation. Its mechanical execution is quite commendable, also. The type is liberal, the paper fine, and the binding neat. Zion's Herald. THE GENIUS AND MISSION OF METHODISM, . EMBRACIXO WHAT IS PECULIAR IN DOCTRINE, GOVERNMENTS, MODES OF WORSHIP, ETC. BY BEV. W. p. STRICKLAND, Of the Ohio Conference. Price 37^ cents. The author of the present volume has conceived that an uncultivated province in our denominational literature invited the labor of his mind and pen, in the subject which he has presented to the reading public. As a •* hand-book" of Methodism, presenting the provi- dential character of its origin and of the institution of its various means for spiritual culture and growth, it will find, we trust, a welcome place on the shelves of the family library, and in the reading of our people. The want of a small portable volume, giving, in a popular form, a digest of our views of faith and forms of discipline, has been felt by our ministerial brethren. Such a volume, exhibiting, without controversy, the peculiarities which give us a distinct existence among the various tribes of Israel, — the object and importance of our religious institutions, and a con nected view of our ecclesiastical polity, — has been considered a desideratum to place in the hands of young converts, and also for the perusal of maturer members of the church, who cannot aflFord the expense or time required for the purchase and reading of more voluminous works. 4 CHARLES H. PEIRCE &; CO.'s PUBLICATIONS. WISE'S QUESTIONS ON ROMANS. A new and revised edition of this popular Sabbath-school text-book has just been published. It is accompanied with an appendix, containing short comments upon the more difficult passages in this epistle. For a Bible-class, or the adult mem- bers of the Sabbath-school, a more interesting or profitable book of study cannot be secured. Handsomely bound. $1.50 per dozen. The author's familiarity with the wants of the Sabbath- school, and his success in the preparation of text-books, will be a sufficient warrant for the good execution of the present volume. The subject, one of the most interesting and import- ant books in the Scripture Canon, will afford a valuable field for study and discussion in the Bible class. — Zion's Herald. CLEAVELAND'S VOYAGES. *d JVarrative of Voyages and Commercial Enterprises. BY RICHARD J. CLEAVELAND. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY BILLINGS. ILLUSTRATED WITH FOUR ELEGANT STEEL ENGRAVINGS. 12mo. Price $1.00. This is one of the most interesting volumes of voyages and commercial adventures that has been issued from the press. The present is the third edition of this valuable and popular work, and has been printed from new stereotype plates on beau- tiful paper, and is bound in the richest styles of the art. Charles H. Peirce, Boston, has issued an exceedingly inter- esting " Narrative of Voyages and Commercial Enterprises," performed by Richard J. Cleaveland. These voyages began some forty-five years since, and closed about twenty years ago They extend, therefore, over a period of our commercial his- tory of no little importance, and are considerably more inter- CHARLES H. PEIRCE & CO.'S PTJBUCATIONS. 5 estiog than if they were more recent. The author writes with a good, pertinent style, and his volume is embellished by sev- eral fine engravings. — Zion^s Herald. THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL MELODIST. BT REV. A. D. MERRILL The music, a large portion of which is original, has been prepared expressly for the use of children in our Sabbath- schools. Of the eminent qualifications of the author, — so well known and beloved in all our churches, — to prepare such a work, those acquainted with the previous musical produc- tions of Bro. Merrill will need no further guarantee. The hymns have also been selected with great care, both in refer- ence to securing a variety and as to their lyrical merits. The publisher proposes to issue the volume at the lowest price at which it can be afforded, that it may enjoy a general circulation in our schools. The following commendation of the work, while passing through the press, was forwarded to the publisher by the Secretary of the Preachers' Meeting : — At a meeting of the Preachers of Boston and vicinity, held at the Committee-room, No. 7 Comhill, Boston, the following resolution was unanimously adopted, and it was voted that a copy of the same be presented by the President and Secretary to Brother Charles H. Peirce : — Resolved, That we cordially recommend the publication of the book of music and hymns prepared for the use and benefit of Sunday-schools, by our excellent father in the Gospel, Rev. A. J). Merrill. Loranus Crowell, President LuBfAN BoYDEN, Secretary. 1* D CHARLES H. PEIRCE ic CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. REASONS FOR BECOMING A METHODIST. BY REV. I. SMITH, Of the Vermont Conference. 16mo. Price 37^ cents. Bro. Smith, previous to his present ecclesiastical connec- tions, was a member of the Calvinist Baptist communion ; and in the present volume gives, in a forcible and pungent style, the reasons for the change which occurred in his sentiments, and for the choice of the Methodist Church as his spiritual home. The work has already become popular in New Eng- land, a large number of copies having been sold. PEACE IN BELIEVING. ^ EXEMPLIFIED IN PASTOR'S DAUGHTER, CLERGYMAN'S WIFE, PIOUS MOTHER, AND DYING SAINT. BEING THE MEMOIRS OF MRS. ANN EAST. BY REV. JOHN EAST, A. M. Third Edition. l8mo. Price 50 cents. A most affecting biography of an eminently devout lady, illustrating the power and beauty of a holy life, and the tri- umphs of grace over the pains of the sick room and the ap- proach of death. MY SAVIOUR; OR, DEVOTIONAL MEDITATIONS, IN PROSE AND VERSE, ON THE NAMES AND TITLES OF THE LORD JESUS CHRIST. BY REV. JOHN EAST, A.M. 16mo. In various styles of binding. Plain, 50 cents. The present is the sixteenth edition of this popular little CHARLES H. PEIRCE «e CO.'s PUBLICATIONS. 7 work. It contains short and instructive illustrations of the various appellations and offices of our Lord and Saviour. EVANGELISM IN THE MIDDLE OF TEU: NINETEENTH CENTURY. BY REV. C. ADAMS. Of this new and valuable work, the Zion's Herald gives the following descriptive notice : — It is an exhibit, descriptive and statistical, of the present condition of evangelical religion in all countries of the world, and is illustrated with maps. The five great divisions of the globe are separately surveyed, and quite full details of their religious state given. Then follows a section giving the prin- cipal Christian benevolent societies, and finally an appendix on the non-Protestant divisions of the world. The reader will perceive at once the value of such a volume. It will tend to stir up the general church in behalf of the evangelization of the world, and it will be a standard of continued and authen- tic reference, to clergymen and other advocates of missions We prize it as an indispensable book, and hope its circulation will be extended over the whole church. Mr. Adams has devoted much labor and research to his task^ and has done it with a master's skill. SKETCHES FROM THE STUDY OF AN ITINERANT. BY THE AUTUOa OF SKETCHES AND INCIDENTS, MEMORIALS OF METHODISM, &C., &C. 18mo. Price 62 cents. A new work, by Rev. A. Stevens. The readers of the pre- vious volumes of this author will need no further recommendr ation to quicken their appetite for a perusal of the present volume. 8 CHARLES H. FEIRCE & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. MAHAN ON ROMANS IX. A new work, by President Mahan, consisting of a series of lectures, founded upon the 9th. of Romans. This volume is thought, by good judges, to present the best exposition of this important and difficult Scripture extant, and will be read, especially by Armenian Christians, with peculiar satisfaction. RAMBLES IN EUROPE. BY REV. MARK TRAFTON, A. M. A, few of the sketches of a late European tour, composing the present volume, have appeared in the Herald and Ladies' Repository, which afford the public a fair promise of the rich treat in store for them. THE LAST WITNESS. BY REV. 0. C. BAKER. Miniature, gilt. An interesting little volume, presenting, in instructive contrasts, the final expressions of dying Christians and im- believers. TOKEN OF FRIENDSHIP. A GIFT BOOK FOR THE HOLIDAYS. EDITED BY BRADFORD K. PEIRCE. Seven elegant engravings. Elegantly bound. Price f 2.00. We referred to this work lately. It is now before the pub- lic, and will, we doubt not, receive a hearty welcome. The literary merits of such publications are hardly admitted to the test of criticism. Annuals redeem themselves from the tribunal of the critic by an appeal to the eye. The typogra- CHARLES H. PEIRCE & CO.'s PUBLICATIONS. 9 phy and engravings constitute their pretensions usually. The present one has been edited with good taste, by Rev. B. K. ' Peirce. Its engravings are seven in number, and are finished specimens of the art The contributions amount to nearly forty, and some of them are from the pens of our best writers, including a profusion of titled dignitaries. We bespeak for this volume a generous patronage, for three reasons : one is, that it intrinsically merits it; another, that it will take tlie place in our families of those often equivocal, if not excep- tionable, works of the kind which are so abundantly current at the holiday season; and another is, that it will, if sus- tained, bring out in elegant form, from year to year, a class of good denominational writers. — Zton'« Herald. The present volume has many attractions. Its letter-press, paper, and binding, are of a character to make them credita- ble to Boston, — that, too, in 1850. The matter is chiefly from our best writers, and, so far as we have examined, it is quite worthy of the beautiful exterior which invests it JVbrthern Christian Advocate. A very fine annual this. The pieces are short, and, in gen- eral, well executed, by our best writers. Christian Advocate and Journal. This is an annual, well gotten up, and presenting, in paper, typography, binding, and engravings, not only a fine speci- men of artbtic skill, but a very attractive and presentable book. It has a large list of very readable articles, mostly written by Methodist ministers. It will make a handsome Christmas gift, and we hope many a family circle will be graced with the presence of this interesting annual. Richmond Advocate. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. NOV 11 1953 LU LD 21-100m-7,'52(A2528sl6)476