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INDEX.

Introduction and Dedication.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society Property.

Roll of Members from 1820 to 1861.
Constitution as amended February, 1908.
Declaration and Petition for Charter.

Major George Seaburn and D. A. Smith.
Governor Perry’s Address.

Old Pendleton and Farmers’ Society by J. C. 8.
Reminiscences, by Maj. Benjamin Sloan.

Social Visiting Club, by H. E. Ravenel.

Thos. G. Clemson and the beginning of Clemson College.
Circular Letter, by Hon. W. H. Trescott.
Address by Dr. Tait Butler, February 13, 1908.
The Champion Corn Crops and Rice Crop.
Goober Jack, The Runaway Slave.

The Black Ghost of the Rocky Branch.

News Notes during. the early days of the Society.
Old History of Society 1815-1820.

THE PENDLETON FARMERS’ SOCIETY.

To present the history of this old society from its founding
in 1815 and relate all that is of interest and value is an under-
taking far beyond the ability of those to whom this important
task is delegated. The motives, the ambitions and the incentives
of its founders, could we but know them, would make classic
agricultural literature. The theme is one worthy of a real
historian and we regret that the task was not bestowed upon
some one more worthy. The compilers of this history have
been burdened with other duties and keenly feel the imperfec-
tions of their work, knowing that years of work would be re-
quired to adequately present the record of the society’s members
and the efforts and effects of the venerable Farmers’ Society
of Pendleton, S. C.

As an organization the society has always been that of an
adult school for farmers—a vanguard in the march to the pro-
gressive in agriculture—a pioneer ever opening new and true
methods in the first and greatest vocation of man. It has not
taught the robbing of soil fertility and the exhaustion of na-
ture given fertility for present gain and at the expense of fu-
ture usefulness, but its efforts have been to teach the secrets
of continued profitable tillage and not at the expense of the
soil’s future usefulness. The society has consistently stood for
the conservation of the natural resources of the soil. In its
early history the means of preventing surface washing, or dry
land drainage, as it was then called, was a frequent topic for
discussion. One of the members of the society once stated
that the two great problems ever confronting him were, how to
make good and useful citizens of his children and how to keep
his soil from washing away. Upon the membership rolls of the
society we find names prominent in peace and war, science and
art. Many members of the society, and their descendants, are
prominent among the distinguished in many States and many -
names are found upon the register of the Nation’s great.
These names are found among the leaders of men as statesmen,
ministers, teachers, scientists, generals of industry, of army, of
navy and wielders of the pen shaping the destiny of a nation.

4 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

The earlier history of the society (1815-1820) is republished.
The earlier events have also been well set forth im the last public
address of Governor Perry, reminiscences by Maj. Benj. Sloan,
James Seaborn and others.

We wish to thank the following gentlemen for rendering val-
uable assistance in the collection of data for this history: Col.
Joseph N. Brown, Col. Robert Thompson, Rev. J. R. Earle,
Dr. J. H. Maxwell, H. E. Ravenel, Chas. 8S. Reid, E. B. Benson,
Ed Trescott and others whose names appear in the work.

C. L. NEWMANN,
J. C. STRIBLING,
Committee on History.

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JOHN C. CALHOUN.

DEDICATION.

To the memory of South Carolina’s greatest statesman, John
Caldwell Calhoun,—a progressive farmer, eminent lawyer, and
patriotic citizen. Born in Abbeville County, South Carolina,
March 18, 1772, died in Washington, District of Columbia,
March 31, 1850. Called by his people to occupy the highest
political stations within their gift, from the State legislature,
Congressional representative, United States Senator,—to the
office of Secretary of War and the Vice-Presidency of the re-
public,—he remained a leading and conspicuous figure in the
annals of his country, to the close of his eventful and useful
life. Leader of the war party against England in 1812, author
of the tariff measure in 1816, burdened with tremendous re-
sponsibilities in other lines of his political life—he never dis-
appointed the hopes, nor betrayed the confidence of his people.
Faithful in every crisis, he has left us a legacy of unique pa-
triotic virtue, of inspiring memories and imperishable hopes.
To his memory, which South Carolina, with tens of thousands,
of patriots beyond her limits will ever cherish, this volume is
respectfully dedicated.

‘NOISNVJ NOOHTIVO

FOREWORD.

Reminiscence anent the wisdom and prophetic vision of John
C. Calhoun. Sitting in the north porch of his colonial man-
sion about the year 1845, while engaged in conversation with
Dr. Thomas Lewis and other friends: that if he stood in their
places and desired to begin life with the growth of a populous
city he would settle in Martha (now Atlanta), Georgia for the
following reasons—that he believed that in the near future be-
tween here and the Blue Ridge Mountains a great railroad would
be built from Washington to New Orleans, and that other sys-
tems of railways would climb over this chain of mountains
through the gaps near Martha—now Atlanta, Georgia, going out
from the rich valleys of the Ohio and westward in search of
the Atlantic Coast. This conversation was related to the writer
by the late Dr. Cherry of Seneca who was present when Mr.
Calhoun made this prophetic remark which has since been writ-
ten out in the unmistakable alphabet of accomplished facts.

J. C.)'5.

Pe Fi}

‘HOHTIO/N NOSWAT) TIVH TVEYOLTOOIUDY

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HAPTER I.

PENDLETON FARMERS’ SOCIETY PROPERTY.

The following abstract from the Statutes of the State—kindly
furnished the Society by Col. Joseph N. Brown of Anderson—
established the fact that the Society owned one-half acre lot
prior to 1820:

ANDERSON, 8. C., APRIL 2, 1907.

Mr. J. C. Srrisiine, Pendleton, 8. C.

Dear Sir: I have been making diligent search of our Sta-
tutes, and can not find any disposition by the State, of the Pen-
dleton Court House and jail. So far as the Statutes are con-
cerned at least so far as printed, this property still belongs to
the State. But no doubt the Pendleton Farmers’ Society has
acquired title in some way.

1. Deed on record is from Joseph V. Shanklin of one-half
acre lot known as Farmers’ Hall, on .......... Street giving
no boundaries in consideration of one hundred dollars paid by
Col. Thos. Pinckney, Jr., March 23, 1820. Recorded in Book
P. Page 116 R. M. C. Anderson Dist. Witnesses Joseph P.
Lewis and Sam’l. G. Earle.

2. Deed from Pendleton Farmers’ Society of same lot to F.
W. Symes, signed by Robt. Anderson. Dated June 9, 1832,
consideration one hundred and eight dollars. Recorded in Book
5. Page 311 R. M. C.

Previous to the War between the States, it was not usual to
pay for recording deeds until taken out of the Clerk’s Office and
this will account for Mr. Benson’s paying it so long after it was
made. Very truly yours,

(Signed) JoserH N. Brown.

: Tm ah,

Tees

ifs ——_—_——»

PICTURE OF PENDLETON FARMERS’ HALL.

ey ane * al

AN mt ahah yt Ei

Pendleton Farmers’ Socvety. 11

The following notice published in the Pendleton Messenger,
December 23, 1818, is evidence that the Society owned this one-
half acre lot during the year 1813 and they were then preparing
to build a “Lodge” for their use by popular subscription of
material.

NOTICE.

“The members of the Pendleton Farmers’ Society, who have
subscribed for the building of their “Lodge,” are required to
have the materials subscribed, at the Society’s lot on the first
of January next; or as soon as possible. These persons who
have subscribed particular articles, will please apply to Major
E. Sharp to know the quantity to be furnished.” December 21,
1818.

PENDLETON DISTRICT DIVIDED.
Act 20, Dc. 1826.

STATUTES AT LARGE, VOL. PAGE 289-290.

“Col. J. C. Kilpatrick, Major Lewis and Thos. Garvin, com-
missioners, with two surveyors to mark the line. James Har-
rison, R. B. Norris, M. Gambrell, J. C. Griffin, Wm. Stewart to
select plans for court-house. Anderson District—Andrew Ham-
ilton, R. H. Briggs, J. C. Kilpatrick, Wm. Bearut and Jabes
Jones for Pickens Dist. Col. Jacob Ben. Ion, President Senate,
J. B. O’Neall, speaker of House of Representatives—That the
court-house for Pendleton now contracted to be built be aban-
doned and after satisfying such damages as the contractor may
suffer from the loss of his contract which shall be determined by
commissioners appointed to run the line aforesaid, the balance
of the money appropriated be equally divided between the com-
missioners aforesaid, one-half to be at the disposal of the com-
missioners for building their respective court-houses.”

DATE WHEN PRESENT BRICK BUILDING WAS
COMMENCED.

The Act of the Legislature in 1826 dividing Pendleton Dis-
trict into Anderson and Pickens Districts and also suspending
work on the new court-house shows that work on this building

12 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

was then in progress and it is said by some of the older citizens
that this wall was built up about to the window sills by Pendie-
ton District, and that the balance of the wall was built by the
Pendleton Farmers’ Society before October 9, 1829 at which
date the treasurer’s book shows that hall was rented to W. Clay-
ton & Co. for exhibition purposes and that $10 rent was re-
ceived for the same. October 13, 1834 Dr. Gibbs paid $104
for four years’ rent of room rented March, 1829.

That the Society was owner of the brick hall October 10,
1828—an item of entry on treasurer’s book of that date for
$6.00 being paid to “John Adams for work done on Farmers’
Old Hall,”—is evidence that the Society then owned a new
hall at that date.

In the year 1843, it is stated by John Hall—the son of Calvin
Hall the mason—and others, that Calvin Hall built the four
tall, brick columns at ends of the brick Farmers’ Hall and ex-
tended the roof over them as it now stands, and made other
changes inside of hall.

That Thos. M. Sloan had the hall built, note item on Treas-
urer’s book dated September 30, 1844 where “$266.81 cash paid
T. M. Sloan balance of $400 due for building hall.”

Treasurer’s book show that bonds were paid at intervals to T.
M. Sloan and B. F. Sloan from 1845 up to 1853 to the amount
of $515.77 “for building house” which no doubt was a debt for
pbuilding the present hall which is verified by a notice by George
Seaburn, editor, in the Farmer & Planter for December, 1853,
viz.

Tue PENDLETON Farmers SOCIETY.

“We are pleased to announce to the members of this oldest
Society in the State which has for a few years past been in a
state of torpidity than otherwise that there is evident signs of
a waking up and recovery from its lethargy.” “Tt is now out
of debt in which it has been involved in consequence of build-
ing a hall (the best probably in the State) for its use and in
future we trust to be able to offer more liberal premiums than
have been given.”

The foregoing statements from our records set aside the legend

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 13

that the present Farmers’ Hall was built and used as a court-
house by Pendleton District and that John C. Calhoun made
speeches in court in this building. But that John C. Calhoun
no doubt did make many speeches in this hall before the Farm-
ers’ Society and perhaps on other occasions too, we here sub-
mit the following notice copied from the Pendleton Messenger,
October 11, 1839.

“At the anniversary meeting of the Pendleton Farmers’ So-
ciety, being the first Thursday in October, the following gentle-
men were elected officers to the Society for the ensuing year:”

Hon. John C. Calhoun, President.

Dr. James Stuart, Vice-President.

J. V. Shanklin, Second Vice-President.

Dr. F. W. Symmes, Corresponding Secretary and Librarian.

HK. B. Benson, Rec. Secretary and Treasurer.

Treasurer’s book shows that John C. Calhoun, notwithstanding
the fact that he was an honorary member—paid his annual dues
the same as other members every year until 1830, when he paid
$18.00 for nine years.

14 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

OLD SUN DIAL.

In conversation with Mr. Harleston, who makes the within
affidavit he told me that when Col. Huger was leaving his Long
House place near Pendleton, he was present and heard a dis-
cussion between his Father, Col. Edward Harleston and Col.
Huger as to what disposition should be made of the Sun Dial
that stood in his garden and that the conclusion was to present
it to Pendleton Farmers Society, which to his own knowledge
was done.

Mr. B. Frank Sloan formerly of Pendleton told me that he
distinctly remembered seeing Maj. Geo. Seaborn (who was a
surveyor) with his compass placing the Sun Dial in the Public
Square at Pendleton.

JAMES SEABORN.

Walhalla, 8. C., May 31, 1907.

STATE OF SouTH CAROLINA,
COUNTY OF CHARLESTON.

Personally appeared befcre me Mr. Jno. Harleston of Char-
leston, State and County above named and made oath to the
following effect:

I am a grandson of Col. Frank K. Huger and have a distinct
recollection of my Grandfather, the said Col. Frank K. Huger,
making a gift of the Sun Dial that stands in the Public Square
at Pendleton, S. C., to the Old Pendleton Farmers’ Society.
My recollection of the circumstance is very clear and I further
believe that Maj. George Seaborn, then President of the said
Society received the Sun Dial for the use and benefit of the
Society.

Sworn to and subscribed before me this the 10th day of May,
1907.

(Sig.) JAMES SEABORN, (Sig.) JNo. HARLESTON.

Notary Public, S. C.

OL_pD Sun Diat, RED SHIRT CANNON,

PENDLETON FARMERS’ SOCIETY.

Anderson Mail, February 10, 1908.

On February 13, the Pendleton Farmers’ Society will have
a meeting of more than usual interest. The executive commit-
tee at a recent meeting perfected arrangements for an open ses-
sion on the above date and all are invited to be present, and es-
pecially the ladies. An interesting program is arranged.
Among the speakers will be Mr. Tait Butler, veterinarian and
director of Farmers’ Institute for North Carolina, and Dr. S.
A. Knapp, chief officer in charge of the Demonstrated Farm
work carried on by the National Department of Agriculture.
Both of these distinguished gentlemen are entertaining and
gifted orators and a rare treat is in store for those who attend
this meeting.

The Pendleton Farmers’ Society holds an important position
in the history of the State and in the history of the United
States. It is one of the oldest organizations of its kind in Amer-
ica and is in fact as well as in name a farmers’ society. Its
organization dates back to 1815. On its membership rolls, pre-
served in the old hall owned by the Society, are to be found
the names of John C. Calhoun, and Thomas G. Clemson, both
of whom took an active interest and participated in the work of
the Society. Ina paper read by Mr. Clemson in 1867 the advan-
tages of the establishment of the College such as Clemson Col-
lege were strongly set forth and from this germ of thought was
developed the Clemson idea that finally culminated after Mr.
Clemson’s death and through the execution of his will, in the
location and establishment of the College that bears his name,
and has more students taking the full agricultural course than
any institution in America, if not in the world. One of the

16 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

oldest members of the Society was not far wrong when he re-
marked that “the Pendleton Farmers’ Society is the mother of
Clemson Agricultural College.”

This Society owns its handsome colonial hall in the center
of Pendleton. This building was erected in the early part of
the last century. The membership of this Society through its
ninety-three years of existence has been large, and descendants
from the members are scattered from South Carolina to the
Pacific Coast.

A little less than a year ago, it was decided that the history
of the Society should be written and this important undertaking
was assigned to Col. J. C. Stribling who has collected a large
amount of material in addition to that embraced in the minutes
and record of the Society. This history is to be published by
the Society and Col. Stribling will be thankful for any historical
notes bearing in any way upon the past of the Society or any of
its members. Col. Stribling may be communicated with at Pen-
dleton, 8S. C.

The executive committee of the Society is anxious to secure
pictures for hanging in their hall and requests friends of the So-
ciety to make such contributions. Particularly is it desirous
that pictures of old members be secured for the hall as well as
rural pictures of either interest or value. Acknowledgments of
such donation will be made and they will be carefully preserved
in the history hall.

C. L. NEwMayN.

CHAPTER ITI.

PENDLETON FARMERS’ SOCIETY.

List or THE MEMBERS FROM 1820 To 1861—ARE YouR
ANCESTORS ON Ir?

Robt. Anderson,
Dr. Wm, Anderson,
G. T. Anderson,
Rey. J. B. Adger,
Capt. J. E. Adger,
E. B. Benson,
John P. Benson,

J. G. Baker,
Armstead, Burt,

B. Batchelor,

O. R. Broyles,

G. T. Barnette,
Aaron Boggs,

J. N. Boggs,

John C. Calhoun,
John KE. Calhoun,
Wm. Clark,
Samuel Cherry,
William Carter,

A. P. Calhoun,
John R. Cherry,
Colin Campbell,
Archibald Campbell,
T. Herbert Cown,
EK. D. Cherry,

J. W. Crawford,
Ransom Calhoun,
W. R. Calhoun,
Rev. A. H. Cornish,
H. EH. Campbell,
K. M. Cobb,

J..W. Cobb,

James Dickson,

Thos. Dickson,

Dr. R. E. Elliott,
Geo. E. F. Foster,
John B. Ferrell,
John S. Foster,
Alfred Fuller,

Col. Jos. Grisham,
James C. Griffin,

J. D. Genlord,
Col. Israel Gillerson,
Dr. A. 8S. Gibbes,
W.. H: Dr Gaillard,
Charley Gaillard,
Gen. F. N. Garvin,
G. G. Gilman,
Edw. Harleston,
Col. John Hunter,

Col. Francis K. Huger,

David K. Hamilton,
Wm. Hubbard,
John G. Hunter,
Thomas Harrison,
Bentley Hasel,
Alfred Huger,
Joseph Hillhouse,
John Humes,
Ezekiel Harris,
James Hamilton,
Paul Hamilton,
John Hastie,

J. W. Harrison,
Col. W. A. Hayne,
John Holmes,

Wm. L. Jenkins,
W. R. Jones,

John C. Kilpatrick,

Robt. Lewis,
Jesse P. Lewis,
W. C. Livingston,
J. O. Lewis,

A. F. Lewis,

T. L. Lewis,

Je Latta,
John Maxwell,
Jas. L. McCann,
Isaac Murphree,
k. A. Maxwell,
S. E. Maxwell,
C. B. Moses,
John C. Miller,
M. 8. McCrary,
H. C. Miller,
Jesse Martin,
M. P. Maxwell,
Warren Martin,
Martin McKay,
J. C. Miller,

S. E. Mayes,
John McPhail,
Jephtha Norton.
John L. North,
Jesse W. Norris,
John 8. Newton,
Thos. Pinckney,
C. C. Pinckney,
Thos. J. Pickens,
William Poe,

A. C. Pickens,

Richard S. Porcher,

John Robinson,
Willis Robinson,
A. W. Ross,
Carver Randal,

Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

H. E. Ravenel,
John Raleter,
Thomas Reid,
James Stewart,
David Sloan,
John M. Sloan,
Benjamin Sloan,
Benjamin Smith,
Wm. C. Smith,
J. V. Shanklin,
EF. W. Symmes,
Wm. Sloan,
Elam Sharp,
Thos. M. Sloan,
B. F. Sloan,
Wm. Steele,
Robt. Simpson,
George Seaborn,

Archibald Seabrook,

John T. Sloan,
R. F. Simpson,
J. R. Shelor,

J. D. Smith,
William Simpson,
Edward Symmes,
J. L. Simpson,
David S. Taylor,
D. R. Towers,

HK. A. Tate,
John Verner,
Samuel Verner,
Wm. VanWyck,
Joseph Whitner,
Samuel Warren,
Jacob Warley,
J.T. Whitfield,
Thos. Warley,

J. D. Wright,

Greenberry Whitten,

S. M. Wilson,

J. S. Lawton.

19

20 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

NEW LIFE IN THE OLD FARMERS’ SOCIETY.

At a meeting held in Farmers Hall, Pendleton, S. C. on Feb-
ruary 14, 1906, the members names mentioned below were all
the surviving members on the roll who at this date began work
to build up a larger membership by publishing the following
notice:

The regular quarterly meeting of the Old Pendleton Farmers’
Society will be held in their hall at Pendleton, 8. C., Thursday,
14th of February, next, at 10 a.m. As most all of its members
are now old men it is important that every old member of this
Society put forth a special effort to get up a lot of young farmers
to join the Society at this meeting, so as to perpetuate the life
and history of the Society. List of members: J. C. Stribling,
vice-president; S. L. Eskew, secretary; executive committee, J.
C. Stribling, B. Harris, H. 8. Trescott, J. W. Simpson, M. M.
Hunter, E. G. Evins, Jr., O. A. Bowen, J. KE. Lewis, J. J. Sitton,
R. E. Sloan, R. W. Simpson, Jas. T. Hunter, J. N. Hunter, J.
M. Pickens, Dr. P. H. E. Sloan, C. Hankle, Dr. W. W. Watkins,
Samuel McCrary, E. Hopkins, J. J. Lewis, Warren J. Martin,
Dr. J. H. Maxwell, B. Frank Sloan, C. W. Young, J. A. Price,
S. C. George, H. E. Ravenel, Daniel Ravenel, F. J. Pelzer, A. T.
Smyth, Dr. T. J. Pickens, B. F. Crayton, Julius Shanklin, Col.
M. P. Tribble, B. C. Crawford are all the living members to date.

Members of Pendleton Farmers’ Society in 1908, when this
history was written: President, J. C. Stribling, Pendleton, 8S.
C.; Vice-President, B. Harris, Pendleton, S C.; Secretary and
Treasurer, J. B. Harris, Pendleton, 8. C.; Corresponding Sec-
retary, Prof. C. L. Newman, Clemson College; Librarian, B. H.
Sadler, Pendleton, S. C.; Chaplain, Rev. K. G. Findley, Clemson
College.

Executive Committee: B. Harris, H. C. Summers, J. N.
Harper, John L. Long, A. N. Richardson.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

MEMBERS IN 1908.

1D ies TE) S Lid Sal Sys a Pendleton,
irre WANISY tie Mer) s aise ied eh tani 6 eee sei Pendleton,
Bree CO Tayi hiijecis ee ieos pie sidicl's Sd ials we sialon Pendleton,
Se eee EMIGCEMB ey eye Aas © acon othe ae Shoe wold: Seats Pendleton,
20 AMEE SST 051070 Ra re Oe a Pe Re Pendleton,
lita Al ce ol BSB Sk WO gas Oo a eal ea A Se Pendleton,
Pea iMesEP UIRLET. SUS coh e's ks Kain Srakece aisle La eee Sheol Pendleton,
epabyem IGM ATOSONM soils 6 Leste eM ale ev ese ewes Pendleton,
irs ey PECRCOLL. Lots fsa ts ores ee eae Pendleton,
(BL ULSS QS T1123 Oe EAR gen ee ar Pendleton,
PMB TEB SRE MG ny. ces elaisieue oobi stare tinea LS Soe ele Pendleton,
MMR EL UIDLORD can isiei a Shik e artim wines ME Tos Rana Pendleton,
SUE AE EONS Sik se deatn rg Wea 6) 5 MacUc ilec ec Yihane a} Pendleton,
LPL eit ICL Er gis ae an Re a Pendleton,
Bie, Slo UNITE VEIN apaaleaat ere Mea Sine NR a ge ae Pendleton,
NEL EVENS Na era ons ble nieieawieels . See es Pendleton,
ee SELEORN Suet tities Sols Setsecs vie ee 6 ieee Pendleton,
_ELio® GORSIDS (OTST (CON AN fea ee ee a Pendleton,
Pe CO RAIN Dirure oils eo hated ate ioe at wails ess Pendleton,
Drs -BATMeth se). ss 2 Bis an yeicn eta SR ae a Ne Pendleton,
1b Coe ie Cc IIe i ee ee Pendleton,
2s sgt NT 1A ae al Ag eRe AP SUE EN Pendleton,
(NES Gs GTS 1 ee ae a Raveyehonce Pendleton,
Mieasiema Virtue. tears ek eel ee er a yas e Pendleton,
SUPER UeMDUITNGI Sites Rae se ced She Sorc Siete ole Pendleton,
2b NESS Tn GEIS SS rene oo ol a Pe Pendleton,
Mreatir a Es eA yale ic Sim Helge cidtel sate cee e shele 3 Pendleton,
Pee er SET ee co's ss Vee ee. mem we ik S Pendleton,
“TN es She U1 PS] 8 0) g)30 10 Vase an a Ne Re ee nL Pendleton,
TN CIS S ASS 010 Cee ile na BO te a Pee A Pendleton,
Taree Re SoS se ale rahe S sgchini a ws aps Boob To wakes Pendleton,
OV TSR O08 FU IR SS ce ay ee A Pendleton,
AV. Tb SUANTITN RAS Hapa ea ee a ae Pendleton,
LT LE SUUUN eS ne Bae ei Siem a agree Pendleton,
Dee etc = aor), hee Ch ie Soe Lad Pendleton,

pens

UIBOS)NT® 1.3 172 CR aN pC a Pendleton,

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22 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

rsa, An erin hoe Oe Wha alan a ca pabeak Clemson College, 8S. C.
Se TEL Proves ack) coctuuae avaeamine Clemson College, 8S. C.
BS aC limikcs@aless a etal ies cin ene ae Clemson College, 8. C.
Bees shard! cot aii eta, aie ae Clemson College, 8. C.
Ag cSchilletton wei. ve nl seny aan recone Clemson College, 8. C.
Dr. (AS Ne ReGterny Wado ate anes ee ee Clemson College, S. C.
Dic cue WAS CRE eta ciebiy cia ei ohapeontete te Geers Clemson College, 8. C.
Wi De (Garrison drew Re ras sine eeke Clemson College, 8. C.
Wig Ate BOOS erty, chousrinu ys meade tre eneterele Clemson College, 8S. C.
TK UB SEAWEED cat ys ccas ss ahstenstoreener cles waetcle Spartanburg, S. C.
Sf) DI ol Sahin oy pre tape eat lr teas PIN A ee it ie Sandy Springs, 8S. C.
Di Ue N UL VOTY i. ve Baier Wie alts aucmate patie se eke eotanone Anderson, 8. C.
sosep iy vewetmelss Pa ltrs Meelis lat eieree Anderson, 8. C.
GOIN ANG UB ro bl Miva MAGN ellen eetaala tes Osos Anderson, 8. C.
Jo DE Maxwells) 2 fe a ee Oe Anders pm iheemes
As We Chupa bam ue: ie wel AN cag ater sine tataun rate Anderson, 8. C.
HW ReRGd ola oN SW Lek aM iON na oartY aakO eR IES PIB Reco orc Anderson, S. CU.
BU ARSC WN pene CT Li: wisi oar hota Ue toca eureh ate a lai ge Anderson, 8. C.
Wise Co sc ANV EL URGLIN Sea he alls os cata ANCL ae BVO iat near ae e Anderson, 8. C.
ERAS elon ecient nor aN ae Une ant cuatencte, sane Anderson, S. C.
AS: EW MEL OTS ek hiv ane Cede hanies are Woe nents de tale aegis Walhalla, S. C.
ees Wie Sebo erm!) icse, a ety ei ere ek Se eee malate Walhalla, S. C.
Solamiy Ave FW haere eho ein ee he eee a ee Lereel ae aeae Atlanta, Ga.
Ghash RS Wonaimenr 25 2 Vane re A AneY 0s et a ee ere ti eteal e Atlanta, Ga.
AOAC. WAaIET OT va yw er yctions eapel heer sei tcaray dar A pee Atlanta, Ga.
Baal pS oan 2a aate sig Alors ene aoa elie ie at wevescee Charleston, S. C.
Die liege MP eriy oxiiter Ai lara wxlocnce Map Ani rela Greenville, S. C.
Me Wi aR Sea TOOK 20. sca holene peste erence tay oe eee Savannah, Ga.
By RAS rama ehian (2 el Ae hs et tae earn rte cen Easley, 8. C.
Chase Te Mart liar i Pt BEA Ae te a sean Re tal Easley, 8. C.
Ae OSMAN 2 BAe a sponte er ath oct bt yee Ney eee Septus, S. C.
CoMPLIMENTARY MEMBERS.
Wa Neg aL Pa rh ig 07 001° ga MRM RLOE Dereon cv olaC artes Ep rey cel 4 Daily Mail
Chreshiiredsiie ate ee wre ai err suks etl aie area ee Intelligencer
Oe Mo Clareksea leg ao) drane ies teliihe "aleve een tans ney are Ora Intelligencer

OVE Wines EMER ete ee 22s AD re pee heen aia Pendleton, 8. C.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 23

Honorary MEMBERS.

Bolemiee: Cae OMOMEPBON Aleck. ss isieesi es Swine sles Walhalla, S. C.
NET eE BENG POLOAMY ccs Saleh et are see tere acai AS eve University, S. C.
bree Messi Teom niet Keni leer: A ater ered saa, NS RAN ts Wok, hie ee bea ay aMiel shehioie aah
FMM EEMBER UO LI nt oy 2, oe SV ge are Cs SU Rie ovanet Sew liar wash a ol ecnieatae ele ale aia
Seem catry aN UIA NATTA) Mite ort) teees aos oct Ak Bh Sean wd ae 8 wis oun Sie
mM ACU tema Ce ee Nt uch ok Sat line Lar at th fur bl (cee a

oie f nif sy

te),

ey ry, aeels

CHAPTER IV.

CONSTITUTION, AS AMENDED AND APPROVED FEB-
RUARY,, 1907.

ARTICLE 1. The Society shall be known and styled The Pen-
dleton Farmers’ Society.

Art. 2. The object of the Society shall be the promotion and
improvement of agricultural stock and mechanics.

ArT. 3. A President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treas-
urer, Corresponding Secretary and Librarian, shall be elected
annually by a majority of the members present at the anniver-
sary of the Society, on the second Thursday in November,
in each year, the persons elected to continue in office for one
year or until a new election takes place. In case of vacancy, by
death, resignation or otherwise, the same may be supplied by
a new election, made at any stated meeting of the Society, the
person elected to serve the remainder of the year.

Art. 4. At all the meetings of the Society, the President
shall exercise all the duties of that office, all motions shall be
addressed to him, and on all questions he shall cancel and de-
clare the votes. He shall have power to call public meetings
by giving public notice of six days. In his absence the Vice-
President shall exercise the same power. A quorum for the
transaction of business shall consist of seven members.

Art. 5. The Secretary and Treasurer shall keep the books
and papers of the Society, and the assets regularly stated at
the meeting previous to the anniversary. He shall produce his
assets fairly stated, books and papers, and deliver them to his
successor on the anniversary or to the order of the Society.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. * 27

Art. 6. The Corresponding Secretary and Librarian shall
have in charge all letters addressed to the Society and answer the
same with the counsel of the executive committee, which letters
and answers he shall keep regularly filed. He shall also take
charge of the Society library and keep the same filed safely in
the Farmers’ Hall. He may loan out books to the members,
keeping a list of the books and persons loaned to. No books to
be kept out longer than from one stated meeting to the next.

Art. 7. The stated meetings of the Society shall be on the
second Thursday in February, May, August and November.

Art. 8. The members of the Society shall be distinguished
into regular, honorary, and contributing members. Regular
members shall consist of persons residing within the State. All
members of agricultural societies in other States and countries
with whom this Society shall correspond, and all persons of
this State and other countries and States who shall be elected
for the purpose shall be honorary members, and are merely in-
vited to assist in the meetings whenever they may come within
the country. Strangers desiring to be auditors may be intro-
duced by a regular member. Honorary contributing members
are of the description hereafter mentioned. Every citizen con-
tributing and paying into the hands of the Treasurer a sum
not less than ten dollars may be elected agreeably to the rules,
an honorary member, without regard to place of residence. Those
who thus laudably enable this Society to extend its usefulness
and promote its objects are invited to assist in its meetings.

Art. 9. New members whether honorary or resident may be
elected at any stated meeting, being proposed by a member.

Art. 10. For the purpose of defraying the necessary ex-
pensessof the Society for... 0. kes Ss and prizes, books on
agriculture, improved instruments, on farming and other import-
ant objects, every member shall pay annually into the hands of
the Treasurer on the anniversary the sum of one dollar. At
the close of which said meeting the Treasurer-elect shall......

28 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

before the Society a list of the members specifying who has and
who has not paid their contributions. No part of the Society
funds shall be disposed of except by the executive committee, at
a stated meeting.

Art. 11. New rules and alterations may be passed at any
stated meeting of the Society by a vote of two-thirds of the
members present.

Arr. 12. That an executive committee of five (5) members
of the Society be appointed by the President on the day of elec-
tion of officers.

RULES AND BY-LAWS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF
THE PENDLETON FARMERS’ SOCIETY.

Rue 1. At all meetings of the Society the President shall
take the chair and call the meeting to order at 10 o’clock a. m.

Rute 2. Any member wishing to move a resolution shall
reduce it to writing and address the chair standing. No reso-
lution is to be open to discussion until it has been seconded, but
the mover may state any.......... observations touching the
merits of his resolution before it is seconded.

Rute 3. No member shall be allowed to speak more than
twice on any one subject without permission from the Society.

Rue 4. Im all cases every member shall arise and address
the chair uncovered. The member first up shall have the pre-
cedence. The President shall confine the attention of the So-
ciety to the member speaking, and not suffer him to be im-
properly interrupted.

Rute 5. In cases of more than ordinary interest the Society
may go into committees of the whole on the requisition of any
five members, when the President shall nominate a chairman,
who shall preserve the same order and decorum, and cause the
same rules of debate to be observed with the exception of the
third rule.

Rue 6. The previous question may be moved and seconded
at any stage of the debate in committees of the whole, and shall
be in the following words: “Shall the main question be now
put?” Should the committee decide in the affirmative the main
question shall be put without debate.

Rute 7. Whenever a resolution has been disposed of by a
vote of the Society, it shall not be in order to move that or a
similar resolution without a vote of the Society to reconsider.

Rue 8. Every member of the Society who shall violate any
of these rules and who shall not conduct himself with decorum
TG Dee es both of language and manner shall be called to
order by the President and if necessary be directed to take his
seat.

a0 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

Rute 9. In cases of gross.......... , Violent and ungentle-
manly conduct the Society may expell a member, the resolution
for this must be signed by two members who should name it
silently to the President who is bound not to disclose their
names, and who is to request the member to withdraw, after the
debate the member shall be introduced and informed of the sub-
stance of the charges and is required to make his defense after
he returns, either at the moment or at the next meeting, when
a vote is taken, and it shall be by ballot, and shall require two
thirds of the meeting and which shall consist of at least three-
fourths of the regular members, to expell a member.

Rute 10. All applications for admission to the Society, and
all resignations must be made in writing.

Rue 11. All members who have paid their dues, and desire
to be still members are requested to sign the by-laws.

CHAPTER V.

DECLARATION AND PETITION FOR INCORPORATION.

The original charter of this Society was granted in 1817.
The undersigned declarants and petitioners,

NAME, ADDRESS.

Je Coser bing oN oi oe aha ante 6 Ne te eee See Pendleton, S. C.
BS META CES os Dy eb San ic tate Sage pan conc ae tere Tetra ae Pendleton, S. C.
Cale Ne wanna yo) tenn tae ae sete Clemson College, S. C.
SN PATTERN wenshitaie a Seek amc atten uae bi ake Pendleton, 8. C.
EH CxSummers, Jr sc ose kere ech iie a eieu Pendleton, S. C.
eg MAREE POEs 05 lyre Men nia a teeny: BY arsine Clemson College, 8. 2G:

being two or more of the officers or agents appointed to super-
vise or manage the affairs of the Pendleton Farmers’ Society,
a corporation which has been duly and regularly organized for
the purpose hereinafter to be set forth, do affirm and declare:

That at a meeting of the aforesaid organization, held pursuant
to the by-laws or regulations of the said organization, they
were authorized and directed to apply for incorporation.

That the said organization holds, or desires to hold, property
in common for the Religious, Educational, Social, Fraternal,
Charitable or other eleemosynary purpose, or any two or more
of said purposes, and is not organized for the purpose of profit
or gain to the members, otherwise than is above stated, or for
the insurance of life, health, accident or property.

The said declarants and petitioners further declare and affirm :

1. Their names and residences are as above given.

2. The name of the proposed corporation is The Pendleton
Farmers’ Society.

3. The place at which it proposes to have its headquarters or
to be located is Pendleton, Anderson County, South Carolina.

Pendieton Farmers’ Society. 33

4. The purpose of the said proposed corporation is to further
interest in agricultural pursutts.

5. The names and residences of all managers, trustees, direc-
tors or other officers, is as follows:

President, J. C. Stribling, Pendleton, 8. C.; Vice-President,
B. Harris, Pendleton, S. C.; Corresponding Secretary, C. L.
Newman, Clemson College, S. C.; Secretary and Treasurer, J.
B. Harris, Pendleton, 8S. C.; Executive Committee, H. C. Sum-
mers, Jr., Pendleton, 8S. C.; J. N. Harper, Clemson College,
SC.

6. That they desire to be incorporated in perpetuity. Where-
fore your petitioners pray that the Secretary of State do issue
to the aforesaid The Pendleton Farmers’ Society Certificate of
Incorporation, with all the rights, powers, privileges and immu-
nities, and subject to all the limitations and liabilities conferred
by an Act of the General Assembly of South Carolina entitled:
“An act to provide for the incorporation of Religious, Educa-
tional, Social, Fraternal or Charitable Churches, Lodges, Socie-
ties, Associations, or Companies, and for amending the charters
of those already formed and to be formed,” approved February
19, A. D. 1900, and other provisions of law.

Given under our hands and seals, this 21st day of May, A. D.
1908.

J. C. STRIBLING,

B. Harris,

C. L. NEWMAN,

J. By -HARRIS:

H. C. Summers, JR.
J. N. HARPER.

CHARTER YE (7:

t
Near?

BRE Oh SO

ing *

MAJOR GEORGE SEABORN.

Major George Seaborn, once president of the Pendleton Farm-
ers’ Society was born in Greenville District, South Carolina on
August 1, 1797, on Golden Grove Creek. He moved to Pendle-
ton in 1840 and was president of the Society afterwards, and
took a great interest in all things pertaining to Agriculture.

He wrote a great deal on the subject and was long a corre-
spondent of the Southern Cultivator and the American Farmer
of Baltimore, Md., and other Farm Journals.

In 1850, he in connection with Mr. J. J. Gilman of New
Hampshire established the Farmer and Planter a paper devoted
to the farming interest at Pendleton under the firm name of
“Seaborn & Gilman.” Mr. Gilman soon retired and Major
Seaborn continued the publication until 1859.

Major Seaborn married Sarah, a daughter of General John
Baylis Earle. He died at his home near Pendleton, on March
1877.

I have a very distinct recollection of the old court-house as
it stood in 1840 and 1841 and afterwards. Whether it was
completely finished I can not certainly say, but it looked all
right to me. It had on a roof and within were raised seats like
all the old court-houses had in that day, the back seats being
raised 7 or 8 feet higher than the front ones. JI remember that
particularly and think IT can now see the judge’s bench and the
bar as it was then. I was in the building once at some sort of a
public meeting, I don’t know now what, and remember when
the “ayes” and “nays” were called for on some question or res-
olution, Thos. J. Sloan, a twelve or fourteen-year old boy, an-
swered “aye” with the others, and we boys thought he had com-
mitted the unpardonable sin and expected to see him summarily
executed. This was after we had moved to Pendleton and I was
a schoolboy.

T don’t know when the building was commenced. It might
have been in 1826, but my supposition has always been that
the old Pendleton District was not divided into Anderson and
Pickens until 1828. I don’t know that court was ever held
in that building, that was before my time, I was born in 1831.

38 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

I don’t know how the building came into the possession of
the Farmers’ Society, but know that it was torn down and the
Farmers’ Hall was built of the material, which was probable
as the court-house was larger than the Farmers’ Hall. When
the Hall was in process of building, a thunder storm came up
one night and the lightining struck one of the scaffold poles on
the east side next to where the Masonic Hall now is, and shat-
tered it to splinters.

When the school teacher, Mr. J. J. Gilman, sprained or broke
his ankle once and could not walk except on crutches, he taught
in the Farmers’ Hall a good while lying on a cot.

The two north-rooms of the ground floor was used for some
years as the printing office of the Farmer & Planter an agri-
cultural journal published by Seaborn and Gilman, but this is
of so recent a date that I suppose it is remembered by many
persons now living there. The publication was commenced
about 1850.

Col. Edward Harleston once occupied the lower northwest
room as a Law Office for a short time, and we all remember J. J.
Dukes’s Ginger Pop Shop in the southwest room and T. J. Wer-
nen’s tailor shop in southwest corner.

The traveling shows used to exhibit in the large hall above,
and a company of North Carolina Indians once held a Green
Corn Dance there to which they charged an admission fee.

I have been told that the first court-house at Pendleton was
situated down on the branch where Shanklin’s Tan Yard after-
wards stood. In one of the record books in the Clerk’s Office at
Anderson is recorded the contract for building the first court-
house. It was to be of logs and the size and length of the logs
were specified. In the same record is the deed to the land where
the village of Pendleton was built.

I could make this account fuller perhaps, but it would be more
a history of Old Pendleton than of the Farmers’ Society, which
I don’t suppose you care for.

Very truly,
JAMES SEABORN.

If I had the time I would be pleased to contribute something to
your history. You know I helped print the “Pendleton Messen-
ger” in 1857 and 1858 when it was owned and edited by Seb
Symmes, son of Dr. Symmes. —

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 39

The paper was moved from Pendleton to Hartwell, Ga. and
from the material was printed the “Hartwell Messenger.” War-
ren D. Wilkes, a distinguished man of Anderson, assisted in edit-
ing the paper. While the paper was printed at Pendleton | was
the “Printer’s Devil” and as the “Carrier Boy” I distributed the
“Messenger” to its 80 or 100 subscribers all over the town,

I remember very pleasantly many of the distinguished citizens
of Pendleton and community, among them was the wife of John
C. Calhoun, who always had a pleasant word with me as I car-
ried the paper to her home every week. She lived at the place
now owned by Mr. Henry T. Sitton on the right of the public
road leading to Autun, S. C. and Anderson, 8. C.

Pendleton was at that time a thriving, business town, with
two hotels and many stores all around its square. The Blue
Ridge Railroad had just been completed to that point and the
cars were making daily trips between Anderson and Pendleton.

I have always had a warm place in my heart for Pendleton and
its intelligent and sterling citizens. No better people live any-
where than those of Pendleton and surrounding community.

Wishing you and your co-laborers great success in your under.
taking, believe me your friend and fellow citizen.

D. A. SMITH.

CHAPTER VII.

GOV. PERRY’S ADDRESS TO PENDLETON SOCIETY.

VALUABLE HISTORIC PAPER PRINTED THROUGH COURTESY OF COL.
J. C. STRIBLING——ADDRESS WAS DELIVERED BEFORE
THE PENDLETON FARMERS’ SOCIETY
IN THE EARLY EIGH-
TIES.

Address delivered before the Pendleton Farmers’ Society, Oc-
tober, 1884.

Gentlemen of the Pendleton Farmers’ Soctety:

I have been invited, as the oldest surviving member of your
Association, to address you on the 69th Anniversary of your So-
ciety. I duly appreciate the honor, but feel a difidence in at-
tempting to discuss the great and all important question of ag-
riculture, before intelligent, educated and practical farmers, such
as you are.

I was brought up on a farm, in Pendleton district, and accus-
tomed to all the duties and labors of a farmer; but soon entered
on professional duties which, for more than half a century, have
withdrawn my attention from this, the noblest occupation of
man. I have, however, never lost an interest in agriculture, and
have read and studied much on the subject. I am now living on
an extensive farm and in some measure supervise it, which is
under the direction of my youngest son. I have noticed with
great pleasure the progress of agriculture and the wenderful im-
provements, in agricultural implements, since my youthful days
as a farmer.

The “Pendleton Farmers’ Society” was organized in 1815 and
is now one of the oldest agricultural societies in South Carolina.
That its existence should have been continued so long is highly

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 43

creditable to the agriculturists of this community. It speaks
well for their intelligence, patriotism, science and love of im-
provement.

The war with Great Britain had just closed, before the organ-
ization of your society, and the country was greatly depressed in
all of her resources and industries. Agriculture and commerce
were especially at a low ebb. The farmers around Pendleton
village, in 1815, were educated and highly cultivated citizens,
and many of them quite distinguished in the State. I may men-
tion Governor Andrew Pickens, and his brother Ezekiel Pickens,
sons of the patriot and Revolutionary General Pickens; Col. Rob-
ert Anderson, the son of another Revolutionary General, and for
many years Clerk of the House of Representatives ; Col. Warren,
a gallant soldier of the Revolution, who lost a leg in the war of
Independence, and for many years a representative in the Legis-
lature from Pendleton District; General J. B. Earle, a member
of Congress, and for many years Adjutant General of the State;
Samuel Earle, a member of Congress; Mr. North, a highly culti-
vated gentlemen and of great moral worth; Thomas Harrison, 4
distinguished lawyer, and State Treasurer John E. Calhoun, the
son of one of our first United States Senators, and an accom-
plished gentlemen; Col. Richard Lewis, Joseph Whitner, Mr.
Gaillard, the Taylors, Maxwells, Sloans, Bensons, Cherrys and
many, very many others of fortune and cultivation. These pa:
triotic gentlemen farmers determined to try and advance the
cause of agriculture in their district, and hence the origin of the
“Pendleton Farmers’ Society.” To the credit of your district
this Association has continued to flourish, and has added to its
members, John C. Calhoun, Vice-President of the United States,
John Gaillard, President pro tem of the Senate of the United
States, Judge Cheves, one of the purest and wisest men South
Carolina ever produced, Governor James Hamilton, the Bayard
of the South; Col. Francis Huger, the liberator of Lafayette
from the dungeon of Olmutz; Col. Thomas Pinckney and Charles
Cotesworth Pinckney; the Hon. Richard F. Simpson, for many
years our representative in Congress, and many others of the
most distinguished men of the State.

Some thirty or forty years ago I was invited by my friend, Ma-
jor George Seaborn, then President of this Society, to address
its members at one of their anniversary meetings. When I look

44 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

around me now, I see but two members (Mr. John Sitton and
Mr. Gaillard) of the Pendleton Farmers’ Society who were then
present on that occasion. They have all gone to that bourne
from whence no traveler ever returns—John C, Calhoun, Gover-
nor Burt, Dr. Symmes, Major Seaborn, J. Overton Lewis, the
Taylors, the Maxwells, the Bensons, the Sloans, and others, who
were here then, are here no longer.

And what great events, my friends, in the history of our coun-
try have taken place since that period. A civil war has swept
off hundreds and thousands of our most gallant and patriotic
sons, fallen in battle with the lost Confederacy, the Southern
States have been depleted by hostile armies, and our slaves eman-
cipated. But worse than all this, those freed negroes were set
over us, as our political masters, under the control of rogues and
scoundrels from the North, who came here to steal and plunder.
Nothing in history is more infamous than this cruel outrage, on
the part of the Republican party of the Northern States.

But in 1876, the Centennial of American Independence, the
white, noble people of South Carolina, under the patriotic and
gallant lead of General Wade Hampton rose up in mass, and pro-
claimed that they would no longer submit to be governed by ig-
norant negroes, plundering carpet-baggers and infamous scalla-
wags. In the providence of God this movement was successful,
and the leaders of that regime have fled from the just indigna-
tion of an outraged people. R. K. Scott, the Radical Governor
of South Carolina, fled with his stolen wealth to his old home in
' Ohio, where he murdered an innocent young man, who was try-
ing to conceal the disgrace of his son. F. J. Moses, the successor
of Scott, in the Executive chair of debased and degraded Radi-
eal South Carolina, fled to New York, where he has been convic-
ted of crimes and sent to the penitentiary several times.

Since this overthrow of negro carpet bag, scallaway rule, in
South Carolina, we have made rapid strides in all the branches
of industry. Agriculture has revived, and our crops are almost
doubled. The white people have put their hands to the plow and
are no longer above cultivating their farms by their own man-
ual labor. They have been greatly aided, too, by the recent won-
derful improvements in all agricultural implements. The Sulky
plow; the reaper, the steam thresher and a variety of other labor-

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 45

saving machinery, have almost made the farmer independent of
his colored hireling. Mason’s machine for picking out cotton,
the most wonderful invention of the age, will make him more so.

The phosphates, too, have come to the aid of the farmer and
thrown a flood of fertility all over the State. By means of this
manure, cotton is grown at the foot of the mountains. Before
the discovery of phosphates, there was not a bag of cotton sold
in the town of Greenville, and since the use of this fertilizer,
thirty thousand bales have been sold there in one year. Its ap-
plication to corn and wheat, and all the cereals, is equally ad-
vantageous. -

But there is danger in depending too much on this expensive
fertilizer instead of stable and barnyard manures and compost
heaps. When well applied these manures are as good as phos-
phates and much more permanent. They are not so easily car-
ried out and applied to the fields, and they are more troublesome
to make and preserve. This is one reason why the phosphates
are preferred. In the early history of agriculture in South Caro-
lina, no one thought of manuring his land. This was too much
trouble. The farmers thought it better to clear new land, wear
it out and move off to a fresh country. This vicious custom has
cost South Carolina millions of wealth and thousands of her cit-
izens. How great would our State be to-day if she could reclaim
all her emigrant citizens and the wealth they carried off.

The spirit of emigration weakens also the patriotism of the
emigrant, and he no longer loves as he ought to, the home of his
birth or the home of his adoption. But since the overthrow of
Radical rule in South Carolina, this spirit of emigration has
ceased, and everyone thinks of improving his lands, instead of
wearing them out. In former times the ignorant farmer never
thought of preserving his manures, and very often built his sta-
bles and cow lots on the side of a hill, so that the rains and
floods might keep them clean. I have heard farmers say that
they never manured a foot of land in their lives. Now, there is
scarcely a farmer, no matter how ignorant he may be, who does
not try to manure as much of his cultivated fields as possible.

In the early history of South Carolina, the largest portions of
the lands were in woods, and cattle were permitted to range over
it at pleasure. The Legislature passed laws requiring everyone
to fence his fields, and declared how high a lawful fence should

46 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

be. But a few years since, the legislation was most wisely
changed, and an Act was passed, requiring everyone to fence his
stock, and authorizing the farmer to cultivate his fields without
any fence at all. I regard this “no fence law” as the wisest Act
the Legislature has passed for many years past. The expense of
fences in South Carolina was five times more than the whole live
stock of the State was worth. The wisdom of this law, in requir-
ing all cattle to be kept up is seen all over the country, in the
improved breeds of cattle, hogs, sheep. It is seen, too, in the in-
creased and improved quality of butter brought to market. In-
stead of being engaged in the latter part of the winter and early
in the spring, in making and repairing his fences, the farmer
now has time to haul out his manures, and make a thorough prep-
aration for his crop.

The first consideration of every farmer should be to drain his
low grounds thoroughly, and keep his uplands from washing by
deep plowing, sowing them in small grain and clover occasionally,
and hill-side ditching if necessary. Deep subsoiling will almost
render the farmer independent of ordinary droughts. In order
for the roots of plants to extract the fertility of the soil, it should
be well pulverized, and no clods left unbroken. When the
ground is well broken and pulverized and deeply subsoiled very
shallow ploughing afterwards is best for the crop. It is a mis-
take to suppose that breaking roots improves their growth. As
well might we expect to increase the volume of water in a creek
by cutting off the spring branches which feed it.

It is a great mistake to plant so much cotton as we do, and de-
pend on the great West for our corn, flour, bacon, lard, horses
and cattle. It is doubtful whether there is any profit in growing
cotton under ten cents. When the planter sells his cotton and pur-
chases his supplies he will very often find himself in debt. He
should make corn, wheat and meat enough to do him, and raise
his own horses, mules and cows. Then he may plant as much
cotton as he can cultivate. But there are a great many crops
more profitable at this time tian cotton. I think tobacco is one
of them. So are the grasses, when weil cured and fed to the
stock. They improve the Jand too, and keep it from washing.
Lucerne is one of the finest grasses the farmer can grow, and it
may be cut three or four times during the season. It is very
nutritious and stock are fond of it, green or cured. General

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. AY

Davis, whilst our minister to France, said he saw the peasantry
of that country eating it as greens.

It requires less labor to grow wheat, rye, oats, barley and the
grasses, than it does to grow cotton; and this should be an im-
portant consideration with the farmer, who has to hire labor.
These crops too, are more profitable in proportion to the labor in
raising them, than cotton. They also improve the land, instead
of wearing it out, as cotton does.

For many years it was supposed that the grape culture would
never succeed in the United States. In 1846 I visited Mr. Ed-
ward Everett, then President of the Cambridge University. He
had been minister to Great Britain, and traveled all over Europe.
He said to me that we never could succeed in cultivating the
grape, that there was something in our climate which made
grapes inferior to those of Europe. He remarked that the Chi-
nese who lived in the same latitude that we do, on the other side
of the earth, and were a very ingenious people, never had been
able to make wine, and we could not in the United States, But
within a few years after this conversation, wine was successfully
made in Ohio and California. And it is now well known that the
grape grows remarkably well in South Carolina, and that excel-
lent wine is made in many parts of the State. Dr. Marshall, in
his lifetime, planted a large vineyard on the side of Paris Moun-
tain, in Greenville, and made several thousand gallons of wine.
Mr. Buist, and several other gentlemen, living near Greenville
City, have flourishing vineyards. Mr. Carpani, a Frenchman,
has recently commenced a vineyard on a large scale, and so far
has been successful. He says that our climate is better adapted
to the culture of grapes than France. Mr. Garraux, a Swiss, has
sold grapes this year, and made wine on one and a third acres, to
the amount of six or nine hundred dollars, and I have seen it
stated that Mr. Wanner, of Walhalla, has made on one acre,
grapes and wine to the amount of seven or eight hundred dollars.
How much more profitable, then, is the cultute of the grape than
that of cotton. It would be well for our farmers to take this cul-
ture into serious consideration. What a great blessing it would
be, to have cheap wines, substituted for corn whiskey, in South
Carolina, as a common beverage.

We might make sorghum a valuable crop, and it is easily cul-
tivated, and converted into molasses. Thousands of dollars

48 Pendleton Harmers’ Socvety.

might be saved in making molasses out of sorghum, for our ten-
ants and hirelings, instead of purchasing an article not superior,
from New Orleans. At least every farmer might, at little ex-
pense, make enough for his own use. In course of time I have no
doubt sugar will be made from sorghum molasses.

It is very gratifying to see the interest taken all over the coun-
try since the passage of the “stock law,” in the improvement of
cattle, hogs, sheep and horses. And perhaps, in no county in the
State, is the interest greater than in and around old Pendleton,
and it is manifested by the improved breeds of cattle and horses
now on exhibition at this place. What a contrast between the
fine Jersey and Holstein cows, seen here to-day, and the poor,
scrub cattle that we used to see shivering in the winter rains and
sleets, and fed on shucks and nubbins. The same contrast, too,
may be seen in your breed of horses.

The agricultural interest of the United States is more impor-
tant than that of any other, and yet it has been heavily taxed, by
the present Republican party in Congress to protect Northern
manufacturers, the National Government collecting one hun-
dred million of dollars over and above necessary expenses, ex-
travagant as they have been. At this time there are four
hundred millions of dollars lying idle in the Treasury, and
yet the Republican party refuse to reduce the taxes paid by the
people. The high tariff benefits only the capitalists, engaged in
manufactures, and does not increase at all the wages of the poor
operative. In 1841, before the present high war tariff was enac-
ted, the wages of the operatives were higher than they now are.
In England there are no free trade, no protection and their labor-
ers are receiving higher wages than they did under protecting
tariff. In Germany, France and Italy, where there is a high
protection, the operatives do not receive as much for their labor
as they do in England.

This injustice to the agricultural interests of the country is a
great shame, but can not be remedied whilst the present Republi-
can party are in power. Hence the ensuing election for Presi-
dent and members of Congress is of vital importance to the whole
country, and especially to the Southern States. The Republican
party has been in power more than twenty years and they have
introduced corruption, trickery and swindling into every depart-
ment of the government. During General Grant’s administra-

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 49

tion of eight years, the defalcations amounted to ten million dol-
lars, stolen by the officers. In order to conceal their rascality the
officers of the government have cut out leaves from public records
and destroyed them. If there be no change soon our Republican
system will be at an end and all boasted liberty sunk in corrup-
tion.

But I think it is almost as certain as any future event can be
that Governor Cleveland, our Democratic candidate for the Presi-
dency, will be elected on the fourth of November next. Then
there will be a reform in all the departments of the Federal Gov-
ernment—corruption will be at an end, taxes will be reduced,
economy will be practiced, the rascals will be turned out of office,
the constitution rights of the United States respected and our
Republican Government restored to its original purity. Then we
may expect to see the country prosperous and manufacturers will
flourish as they never did before in the United States.

The evil effects of a bad government on the prosperity and
happiness of people are incredible to those who have never exper-
ienced them. In illustration of this truth, I would refer to the
seven or eight years of Radical rule in South Carolina. All in-
dustries were depressed, the negroes were idle, and the whole
people seemed to have lost all their energy, taxes were ruinous,
our fields uncultivated, in thousands of instances farms were
sold, too, to pay taxes, and the people felt degraded when they
reflected that their beloved State was under the regime of
audacious rogues and ignorant scoundrels.

But as soon as the State threw off the government of the Radi-
cals everything revived and our industries flourished, and the
wealth of the State has been increasing five or six hundred thou-
sand dollars every year since. We shall experience the same bless-
ing when the Democratic party gets possession once more of the
National Government. No nation in the world ever prospered
more rapidly than did these United States for fifty years under
the Democratic party. The purchase of Louisiana, the purchase
of Florida, the annexation of Texas, and the acquisition of
California, were all made by Democratic administrations. Dur-
ing this time, too, our shipping was on every sea and our com-
merce was spread over the world, our agricultural products were
increased a hundred fold and our manufactures were in a most
flournishing condition under a moderate tariff. The war with

50 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

Great Britain and the conquest of Mexico were likewise under
Democratic rule. The rights of our sailors were vindicated in
the war with Great Britain and our National honor maintained
in our conquest of Mexico.

In conclusion I beg to pay my respects to the ladies who have
honored me with their presence here to-day. It is said to be
happy you must have something to do, something to have and
something to hope for. This is a wise saying and a most truth-
ful saying. Then all farmers’ wives should be happy. They have
the full consideration of these three things in an eminent degree,
besides the occupation of their ordinary household duties, they
have their dairies to attend to, the milk of Jersey cows, the rich
cream and golden butter to take care of and some attention to
pay to their favorite live stock, feeding their poultry, etc. Be-
sides their love for their husbands and the children, they have
their pets to love, in fine horses, fine cows and fine dogs. Besides
their hope for Heaven hereafter, they have to hope for good
crops, increase of live stock, good seasons and many, very many,
other things. But after all, our happiness in life depends very
much on ourselves, our nature and our constitution which we
may modify and improve but can not entirely change. Some
persons are so constituted that they will be happy under any
circumstances and in any condition of life, and there are others
who will be happy nowhere and under no circumstances. It is
their nature and they are to be pitied, not blamed.

And now ladies and gentlemen, wishing that we could live to
celebrate the centennial anniversary of the Pendleton Farmers’
Society, and see the wonderful improvements which will take
place in agriculture in thirty-one years to come, I bid you an
affectionate farewell.

CHAPTER VIII.

52 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

OLD PENDLETON.

By J. C. STEPHENS.
In Cotton Plant for April, 1890.

This spot has always been the home of an educated, intelligent
and refined people, and to-day every town and city in this State,
yea, in every city in the United States, has within its borders
some citizens who have a tender spot in their hearts that are
warmed with fond recollections of old Pendleton, and rejoice with
her citizens in the new life of the town which is now booming up.

Clemson College is located in the edge of Oconee county not
far from the corners of Oconee, Anderson and Pickens, some-
thing more than three miles from the hospitable and cultured
town of Pendleton, and in one of the richest sections in the Pied-
mont belt.

The college is planted in good soil and the “child of the farm”
(the college) will be reared in a healthy and prosperous farming
community, whose reputation for good farmers and great states-
men is to South Carolina what Hempstead is to England. May
the Clemson Agricultural College, perched upon an eminence
amid the beautiful hills and rich valleys of the Piedmont, shine
like a glittering star amid the darkest hours of every farmer of
the State, and its influence for good be as bright as the noonday
sun and shed its light upon every branch of industry within our
State.

PENDLETON FARMERS SOCIETY.

Among the noted members of this Society who have died since
the war, are Maj. George Seaborn, who was proprietor and editor
of the old Farmer and Planter, published at Pendleton, and Maj.
R. F. Simpson, member of Congress and an able writer on sub-
jects pertaining to agriculture, and father of Col. R. W. Simp-
son, the executor of the far-famed Clemson will—which was sus-
tained in the Supreme Court of the United States, and a decision
filed by that august body on the 7th of April, 1887, also presi-
dent of the board of trustees of the Clemson College.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 53

Thomas Stribling, one of the charter members of this Society
is the father of Cornelius Kinchelo Stribling, who left his fath-
ers home near Pendleton at the age of twelve years, walking all
the way to Charleston, 8. C., and later at the age of eighteen,
1812, he entered the United States Navy as midshipman. From
this adverse and trying tramp, in his start in life, this plucky
young man made good at every station of promotion from mid-
shipman to commodore, and finally was placed on the retired
list as Rear Admiral of the United States Navy, and died in Mar-
tinsburg, W. Virginia, 1880.

Ex-Governor B. F. Perry, father of Congressman W. H. Perry,
of Greenville, President O. A. Bowen, and Hon. Thos. G. Clem-
son, minister to Belgium under President Buchanan, a noted
mineralogist and chemist for the Confederate government, soon
after the war, while President of the Pendleton Farmers’ Society,
first began agitating the subject and feasibility of establishing
a State Agricultural College, which culminated in the bequeath-
ing at his death, “Fort Hill” plantation (the historical home of
his father-in-law, John C. Calhoun), and a large endowment in
money to establish and maintain an agricultural college at this
place which is to-day the “Clemson Agricultural College” a house-
hold word in every farmhouse in South Carolina, and rightly the
honor and credit of having given more substantial aid towards
promoting the interest of the farmer than any other citizen of
this State is due to Mr, Clemson, through whose efforts and gifts,
mainly, South Carolina has an agricultural college second to none
in the South; and the locating of this college at Fort Hill, under
the shadow of the old farmers’ hall of Pendleton, a veritable
mother in agricultural institutions and progressive agriculture,
seems in every way very appropriate.

Col. L. J. Allston was the son-in-law of Aaron Burr and sub-
sequently Governor of the State. The name is a familiar one in
Georgia. Rev. Dr. Waddell, as an educator of youth, attained

54 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

a fame and made an impress that is felt to-day throughout the
South. Col. Joseph Grisham was the father of Mrs. Senator
Joseph E. Brown, and grandfather of Judge J. J. Norton.
George Reese was the father of Dr. Milton Reese and Addison
Reese, and the grandfather of Judge W. M. Reese, who has illus-
trated Georgia in high positions of honor and trust.

The fruits of the workings of this Society may be seen in the
number of well tilled stock farms around it, which is said to
contain more and a greater variety of fine stock than any other
section of the State. On every side of town may be seen rich
meadows and pastures covered with fine stock that are increasing
in value and average.

Truly the Pendleton Farmers’ Society has been a mighty fac-
tor of good for the whole people. May it continue to live, labor
and bless mankind forever.

CHAPTER IX.

WHOLLY REMINISCENT.

BY MAJOR BENJAMIN SLOAN, PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
SOUTH CAROLINA.

My earliest recollections are of old Pendleton. I was born on
my father’s plantation which was separated from that of Mr.
John C., Calhoun by the Seneca River. His dwelling—long
since burned—stood upon the crest of a high hill three quarters
of a mile, perhaps, lower down and on the opposite side of the
river from that of Mr. Calhoun. Before I was old enough seri-
ously to take note of things he moved his family (in 1838), to
a home which he had prepared in the village of Pendleton, and
from which he could still attend to the plantation. This he
did that his growing family might enjoy the advantages of the
excellent schools already established there. The smaller chil-
dren, boys and girls, were taught by Miss Mary Hunter, one of
three spinister sisters, from Pennsylvania, who resided in a little
house where now stands the home of Mr. Norton Hunter. Her
school house stood in the edge of the Oak Grove contiguous to
the lot on which Mr. Miles Hunter now resides. In many in-
stances two generations of children passed under her faithful
hands. As soon as it was judged that a child was sufficiently
well versed in the three k’s, if a boy, he was passed up to the
Male Academy, if a girl, up to the Female Academy, each of
which was presided over by excellent teachers who were paid
salaries—considering the cost of living now, and then—compar-
able with the salaries now paid to full professors in the State
Colleges.

When I passed up to the Male Academy Mr. Joshua Gilman
from Baltimore—a gentleman and a scholar—was the master.
By means of his many attainments, his bonhomie and his firm
character he kept the boys, large and small, well in hand. Even-

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 5Y

tually he went to Mississippi, where he gained a competency and
retired to an easier life. Up to the time of his death Mr. John
C. Calhoun, as I remember it, was one of the school trustees.
The school building, a wooden structure with two large rooms,
was situated in the grove, close by the old Presbyterian Church,
on the west side of the Greenville road. At one end of the
larger room was a raised platform, flanked on either side by a
small room used for storing globes—astronomical and geograph-
ical, and apparatus—physical and chemical. Well do I remem-
ber the experiments, usually made on Friday afternoons, with
the various pieces of apparatus which for that period were quite
up-to-date. The experiments made by means of the first-rate
static electrical machine never ceased to startle me. The world
was then, as now, groping in the dark to find out what was the
nature of the ‘electric fluid,” as it was then called; and, in
spite of the wonderful uses to which electrical energy is to-day
put, we are not one whit nearer to the discovery of the exact na-
ture of electricity. It may be that we shall never know any more
of its true nature than we know of the nature of that mysterious
force which we have always with us—the force of gravity.

In the school building was also a good library. The books
of Classical Authors (translations); of History; of Travels;
miscellaneous books of Science and of Standard English litera-
ture were to be found upon its shelves. I believe all of these
things have long since disappeared.

Boys were prepared in that school for the Sophomore Class
of South Carolina College. If they did not go to college they
were at least fairly well equipped to begin life’s battle. They
were well grounded in English—Smith’s grammar was used as
the grammar text book, and, in my opinion, there is none so
good in use to-day. Spelling which is to-day, alas, a lost art
was persistently taught from the “Blue Back Spelling Book.”
The study of the Classics, as far as it was pursued, was thor-
ough, and every boy, whether he intended to go to college or not,
might have his try in Latin, at least as far as Cesar and Virgil ;
and in Greek, through Xenophon. And so too could he pass
through the intricacies of the pure mathematics, mastering arith-
metic, algebra, geometry and trigonometry. Surveying was well
taught. Geography and history of course had their full share of
attention. In short, at that time the Pendleton Male Academy

58 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

was truly a “High School.” Would that we had to-day such a
school in every county of the State.

I might speak truthfully in terms of equally as high praise
of the Female Academy which, as I first remember it, was
presided over by the Misses Bates of Vermont—and most ac-
complished women they were. After teaching in Pendleton for
many years they went to Charleston, 8S. C., where for years they
conducted successfully a school of high order. These ladies
were followed by the Goulds, father and daughters, from Balti-
more; and then came Miss Jebb, a highly cultivated Irish woman,
and while she was still there, (1852), I myself left the dear old
village to try my fortune in the wider world beyond. Since that
time only at fitful periods has my residence been in Pendleton,
or in its neighborhood.

A “Labor School,” as it was called, a school where boys were
to be taught how to grow crops, to do carpenter’s work, ete., had
been at one time established on a farm several miles distant
from the village. I believe the farm was afterwards owned by
the father of Col. Richard Simpson. Its management, however,
proved to be a dead failure, and the school soon perished. This
event occurred, however, before my time.

In those days, it seems to me, that the youths of society were
not so cock-sure, as they are to-day, that they knew everything
worth knowing and that they, only, knew what to do and how to
do. On the other hand, intuitively they seemed to appreciate
the fact that there was still before them a sterner school into
which they really were not prepared to enter even as “preps.”
At any rate the memory of the high regard and esteem in which
the older generation was then held by the members of the younger
generation is still fresh with me.

A reference to the annual rolls of the Pendleton Farmers’ So-
ciety, from its birth in 1815 through the first half of last cen-
tury, will fully justify this tribute from the young people of that
day, and commands, equally, respect and admiration from us
grown-up people of to-day. What an array of names of illus-
trious men do those rolls present. Con it for yourselves from
the history of that famous old Society published in this book.
Their descendants are now to be found in every part of this
State and, indeed, in every part of the United States.

The resident members were, in the main, sons of men who had

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 59

first wrested that beautiful country from its savage wildness and
then had given their strength and help in wresting it from Brit-
ish rule.

The Honorary members were, chiefly, non-residents; many of
them, however, had summer homes, these were from Charleston
and the coast, in the immediate vicinity of Pendleton. Mr. Cal-
houn’s residence was within a few miles of the village, but his
public duties demanded the greater part of his time in Washing-
ton. All of them were men of refinement and high culture.
The names of many of them are identified not only with the
history of South Carolina, but with the history of the United
States.

No wonder that old Pendleton should have been so aggres-
sively progressive in eliminating savagery and in upbuilding civ-
ization. Excepting Charleston, here was established the first
newspaper in the State, The Pendleton Messenger, and the first
farmers’ society, the Pendleton Farmers’ Society; and here, too,
was established one of the first agricultural magazines in the
South, The Farmer and Planter, and here also was established
one of the first mills in the South for spinning the cotton fibre
into thread and weaving it into cloth, the Pendleton cotton fac-
tory.

The schools have already been spoken of. No wonder they
flourished as they did. The constant thought and care of these
men gave to them life and nourishment, and from the lives of
the men themselves inspiration was drawn.

I can add nothing of value to the history of the Society.
Youthful impressions are all I have to draw upon. At its an-
nual fairs, usually, were gathered many notable men. Mr. Cal-
houn, if he was at home, always attended. He gave to farming
much serious thought, as he always did to things which he
thought worth pursuing at all, and introduced into the neighbor-
hood many improved farming methods; for if Mr. Calhoun did
a thing, reasoned his neighbor, there must be something in it.
I think he is responsible for the introduction of hill-side ditch-
ing for protecting the hills from gulleying; terracing, however,
has sinced proved to be a better method. His practice induced
farmers to plow deeper in preparing land for crops; he brought
to their attention methods of selecting seeds for sowing, and I
think he introduced Bermuda grass into that section of country,

60 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

a grass which is really a blessing to us of the South, but one
which provokes the ire of a ploughman.

I remember particularly his presence at one of the annual fairs
and the great interest which he, as well as all the other gentle-
men present, took in a “sub-soil” ploughing match. The match
was held on the fair grounds in a lot adjoining Mr. W. H. D.
Gaillard’s garden, the Methodist parsonage now occupies the
same space. Hach exhibitor had his own plough-share and stock
both home-made. The plough which even so youthful a lad as I
readily saw distanced all others had a share, made of a bar of
iron about two and a quarter inches wide by three quarters of an
inch thick with a small wing welded on to the flat side near the
pointed end, which was appropriately and securely attached to
the stock. The share readily penetrated the soil to a depth of
from ten to twelve inches, while the little wing, acting like a
“oround-mole” beneath, beautifully pulverized the earth above.
I had the impression at the time and have borne it with me for
years that this device was due to Mr. Calhoun; I have now, how-
ever, reason to believe that it was really due to Dr. Broyles. I
have yet to see a better sub-soil plough.

I fancy I can now distinctly see Mr. Calhoun standing with
face aglow, for the nonce all problems of statesmanship forgot-
ten, watching the solution of the problem of “sub-soil” plough-
ing.

In the forties of last century an effort was made under the
auspices, I think, of the Farmers’ Society to introduce silk cul-
ture into the neighborhood of Pendleton. At any rate the effort
was made. Cocoons might be found in an outhouse of nearly
every home, and “Multicaulis” trees, a rapid growing species of
the mulberry, the leaves of which were to supply food for the
silk worms, were rapidly and widely set, but the venture came
to naught. There are, however, in the neighborhood, still, re-
minders of this venture. Cocoons of the silk worms may yet be
found in many an old outhouse, and occasionally in the waste
places may be found specimens of the “Multicaulis,” I am not
sure that this is the botanical name. And perhaps there may be
still another reminder in Mr. Speaker Joe Cannon’s suit of silk
and wool, for the silk and wool were spun, and the cloth was
woven not far away from old Pendleton,

In the days which have just been spoken of, Hamburg, dead

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 61

now, was Pendleton’s nearest market. In the fall, cotton, and
whatever of salable produce might be on hand, was borne to
this market in wagons which on their return brought back a
year’s supply of necessary goods, tea, coffee, sugar, molasses, salt,
iron, ete., and such luxuries as the market, could supply, and the
weight of the pocket-book justified. All food stuffs other than
those mentioned were produced at home. Hach plantation was,
in fact, as a separate principality. As far as victualing was con-
cerned each might have stood a siege of considerable length, and
in every way it was fairly well self-sustaining. Perhaps my
father’s was the most modest one of them all, but he had his car-
penter, his blacksmith and wagon-maker, his shoemaker, carders
and spinners of cotton and wool, looms and weavers of cloth,
sempstresses and field laborers. There was a mill for grinding
corn, machines for threshing and cleaning small grain (home-
made both of them), a machine for husking and cleaning rice, a
cotton gin and screw press (primitive both of them, it is true)
and vats for tanning the hides of animals slaughtered. Horses,
mules, cattle, sheep and hogs were bred and reared on the place.
The planter truly lived at home, but his life was a busy one and
full of responsibilities, and for his wife there was ever an impera-
tive duty at hand. But it must be confessed that money was
scarce. The price of cotton ranged from 5 to 6 cents per pound .
and corn sold from 40 to 50 cents a bushel; the latter was con-
sidered to be an excellent price.

The yield of cotton per acre was also small, due chiefly to the
variety of seed planted. It was difficult to clear the seed (green
in appearance), of lint even with the fingers, and the gin left so
much of it clinging to them that each seed resembled a fluffy
little ball. The staple was very short, and in harvesting the crop,
the “locks” of cotton stuck so closely in the bolls that the very
best “picker” could gather not more than 100 pounds per day.

The evolution of the many splendid varieties of cotton, now
produced, from the old “green seed” cotton is due to the persist-
ent and highly intelligent scientific work of individuals,
throughout the cotton producing belt, who in turn have been
stimulated to action by just such organizations as the pioneer of
them all, the Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

Before closing this paper it may be said, with emphasis, that
it is eminently fitting that the great “Clemson Agricultural and

62. Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

Mechanical College” should be, as it is, firmly established on the
lands of that farmer and exalted citizen and statesman who in
loyalty and devotion to his State, stood pre-eminent, Mr. John C.
Calhoun; and established, too, right in the heart of that country
whose citizens took the initiative in organized effort to uplift
the farmer and to magnify his calling.

CHAPTER X.

SOCIAL VISITING FARMERS’ CLUB.

The following epitome of the minutes of our Social Visiting,
or Auxiliary of the Old Pendleton Farmers’ Society is contri-
buted by H. E. Ravenel, the prime promoter and diligent secre-
tary of the club, and a son of H. E. Ravenel, a prominent mem-
ber of the old Society, who died in 1863.

PENDLETON, 8. C., January 24, 1883.

The Club met at Mr. J. C. Stribling’s place. Present were,
Rev. W. H. Hanckel, and Messrs. Taylor, Lewis, McCrary, Rav-
enel,—Mr. Stribling in the chair.

It was resolved that it be made the duty of the present commit-
tee of four to draft an address to the Pendleton Farmers’ Society
to explain our object in joining it.

It was also resolved that it be recommended to every member
of this Association to authorize Mr. Stribling to propose our
names for membership at the next meeting of the Pendleton Far-
mers’ Society; that it-is our sense that the same is a duty upon
us; that it be made Mr. Ravenel’s duty to inform the members of
this resolution, and of the time of the next meeting of the Pen-
dleton Farmers’ Society.

The next meeting was appointed to be at the residence of Rev.
W. H. Hanckel.

The business meeting adjourned. The Club inspected Mr.
Stribling’s silo. It exhibits very satisfactory and instructive re-
sults. The whole inspection and discussion was most beneficial.
Proceeded to examine his premises, found all arranged for econ-
omy and convenience. Also grain and grass crops, giving rise to
one of our customary instructive talks, Also an experiment in

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 65

preserving potato vines in a bank, opened in the presence of the
Club, and found all of the vines entirely rotten. The bank was
not protected, and it was agreed that the experiment should be
tried in a sheltered bank. We expect one or more members to do
it next year. Also saw Mr. Stribling’s application of grass ter-
races instead of hill-side ditches. He uses tall meadow oat grass,
and is a clear advocate of the system.

PENDLETON, 8. C., April 19, 1883.

The Club met at Mr. George E. Taylor’s place. Present were,
Mr. Taylor, Rev. Jno. B. Adger, Rev. W. H. Hanckel, Mrs. C.
Hanckel, L. A. Bellotte, D. K. Norris, H. E. Ravenel, and J. H.
Lewis.

The day was chiefly spent in discussing agricultural questions,
with a due mixture of other matters.

Dr. Adger said that he wanted the opinion of the members on
certain questions, to wit: He has a piece of difficult bottom
which he wishes to put in grass, will it do to plant the land in
corn, and sow the grass at the last working, or will the grass not
stand the summer sun; that is, the kind we are accustomed to sow
in this country. It was questioned then whether the land would
not be too foul at the time, but Mr. Lewis proposed that the land
should be planted in corn very late, say between the 1st and 10th
of June, so that it would not have time to get very foul, and it
was thought by thorough preparation, late planting and careful
working this difficulty could be averted. Mr. Bellotte suggested
that probably one bushel of peas sown with the grass would shade
it from the excessive heat without choking it, ond would also im-
prove the land when it died down. The idea was deemed useful
and practicable, the manner of getting rid of the corn stalks
and stubble after harvest also received some attention. The
result obtained by the doctor will be interesting, as the whole
matter is new and experimental to those present.

The doctor further wanted counsel on the question of how to
treat a very rough and obstinate hill-side next to his barnyard.
It was thought he might succeed with Bermuda grass upon it,
and so make it valuable.

Mr. Norris brought up the question of the limit of our produc-
tion of cotton per acre, and the practical extent of our competi-

66 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

tion with regions south and southwest. The comparison received
some discussion, in which, without getting the most definite
practical results, it was pointed out that we must admit our cli-
mate and lands to seem by present indications not such a nat-
ural home for cotton as the middle or coast sections of South
Carolina, and other regions similarly situated, but against this
we set our ability to raise more grasses and better stock, to drink
purer water, to live on our plantations all the year, and to pre-
serve health.

Further, experience justifies the expectations that we may pro-
duce a bale of cotton to the acre, without manuring to excessive
cost.

Mr. Ravenel asked some questions about planting cotton in
checks, and the putting seed immediately on acid phosphate,
which last he had done to a small extent this year, the first to a
large extent. Mr. Norris stated that he had seldom seen a good
stand of cotton in checks, and thought it would be well always to
drill seed, and then plow out if checks were desired. Mr. Bel-
lotte said that he had planted seed on a limited quantity of acid,
with good results.

A matter of much importance was brought to attention, touch-
ing the production of crab grass for hay, its value and its relation
to other grasses, as affects us. Mr, Norris points out that crab
grass is indigenous here. If fertilized, turned over and left a cer-
tain period of the year, say from the 15th of May till the middle
of summer, most land in this country will of itself produce one to
two crops of luxuriant crab grass, and after removing the crop,
afford an excellent pasture till frost. The grass is easily cured,
makes far better hay than much that is put on the market, is
palatable and nutritious. Mr. Norris had much experience with
it in the middle country, and some members use it quite largely
here. With this at our doors, why do we seek to import so many
grasses at such expense, beyond what we need simply for winter
pastures? The question received no satisfactory reply.

In relation to the question of excessive manuring of land, the
Rey. Mr. Hanckel gave the result of an experiment made in the
low country which went to show that there is no such thing as
over-manuring.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 67

Mr. Taylor did not take the Club over his place, giving for
his modest reason the explanation that he had really nothing to
show, but we saw from his piazza some very attractive fields of
grain, and a young orchard which, in future years will cause the
Club to appoint his day in the fruit season; and the dinner, pre-
sided over by Mrs. Taylor, gave proof of a garden about which
the rest of the company indulged in savagely remarks, while
our jealousy in no way impaired our appetites. The secretary
thought the other members had better not tell their wives what
Mrs. Taylor had, and the other members thought the secretary
had better get a wife to be told.

Adjourned soon after dinner.

Henry EpMUND RAVENEL, Sec.

PENDLETON, 8. C., May 17, 1883.

The Club met at the residence of Mr. D. K. Norris. Present
were Messrs. Norris, Harris, C. Hanckel, Taylor, Stribling,
McCrary, Lewis, Ravenel, also Messrs. Caldwell, Henry 8. Tres-
cott, and Miles Pickens, who were with us for the first time, in
all.

Mr. Norris after some arguing, took the members over portions
of his place. The spring oats seen were not very promising, and
Mr. Norris said that he had seventy acres in the same condition,
and no fall oats. The crop was a sight to be regretted. The sea-
son seems to have been generally unfavorable to spring oats, and
on Mr. Norris’ place the later droughts have been especially dam-
aging. Going on, we saw many acres of very fine wheat, promis-
ing excellent yield. It was on fresh ground, Mr. Norris’ place
being entirely or almost entirely, land which he has cleared in the
last few years. He moved upon it a few years ago when all was
forest, and has subdued and brought into good tilth several hun-
dred acres of strong, well laid land. We saw a part of his cotton
crop, looking well.

We also saw his underground drains, simply two boards nailed
together like a trough, and put in inverted. One which was seen
to be doing its work well by a copious discharge of water, Mr.
Norris said had been put down for five years. Others had been
in the ground shorter periods.

In the bottom drained by these instruments Mr. Norris hopes

68 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

this year to make one hundred bushels of corn to the acre. We
shall take interest in the result.

At the house a business meeting was held. The minutes of the
meeting previously held at Mr. Stribling’s and Mr. Taylor’s
places were read and confirmed.

On motion it was resolved that a special subject be discussed at
every meeting, one gentlemen to be first heard on each side, and
then the debate to become general. The subject chosen for next
meeting is: “Crab-grass as a money crop; viewed also in its re-
lation to domestic consumption, and in relation to other grasses.”

Mr. Norris was appointed to present views in favor of crab
grass, and Mr. Stribling against. The subject has already some
informal discussion at more than one meeting.

The next meeting was called at Mr. Ravenel’s for June 21st.

The Club was entertained at dinner, presided over by Mrs.
Norris, and after considerable time spent very agreeably the
members dispersed.

HENRY EpMUND RAVENEL, Sec.

PENDLETON, 8. C. June 21, 1883.

The Club met at the residence of Mr. H. E. Ravenel. Present
were Messrs. Lewis, Taylor, Norris, Rev. W. H. Hanckel, C.
Hanckel, Trescott, Bellotte, Ravenel, and also the following visi-
tors, Mr. B. Frank Sloan, Mr. L. W. Jordan, both of Seneca City,
and Messrs. 8. P. Ravenel, and S. P. Ravenel, Jr. of Highlands,
N. C.; and also Messrs. D. and M. P. Ravenel of Keowee, S. C.,
and Mr. C. C. DuBose of Keowee.

Some inspection of ‘the Ravenel’s farming was made, though
the day was too hot to go far. The Club saw some checked cot-
ton, and several acres of cotton manured with about 2500 lbs. of
the Furman Formula to the acre, under several different methods
of application, of some of which Mr. Bellotte gave particular ex-
planation.

The Club also particularly inspected experiments with Ber-
muda grass on uplands, so far very unpromising, and suffering
from drought.

On entering the house dinner was had, presided over by Mrs.
Ravenel. Afterwards a business meeting was held, the Secretary
in the chair. The minutes of the last meeting was read and ac-

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 69

cepted. Mr. Norris delivered a well received talk on crab grass,
Mr. Stribling, who had been appointed upon the discussion, was
absent.

On motion, the following subject was adopted for the next
meeting: “Oat culture, with special consideration of the ques-
tion whether or not oats should be planted in cotton. Messrs.
Lewis and Ravenel were appointed to lead the discussion.

The meeting was fixed for July 19, at Mr. J. E. Lewis’ place.

Adjourned.

Henry EpMUND RAVENEL, Sec.

PENDLETON, 8. C., August 16, 1883.

The Club was called to meet to-day at the residence of Rev.
Jno. B. Adger.

Present were Dr. Adger, in the chair, Messrs. McCrary, Lewis,
Trescott, Stribling, and Ravenel, and Mr. W. M. Porcher of
Berkley County, a guest.

There was something interesting and a good paper read from
Mr. Stribling on the subject of preservation of land from wash-
ing. He advocated doing away with ditches on hill-sides. Some of
those present were convinced by their experience that the system
would not do on steep lands. No method of saving washing bot-
toms seemed to be known or imagined, unless it be setting them
in grass. A system of ditching and banking on outer angle has
been spoken of favorably for narrow creek bottoms. Much dis-
couragement was expressed at the want of interest in the club on
the part of many members.

Those present sat down to a hospitable dinner. The next
place of meeting was necessarily left unsettled, to be fixed by the
Secretary on consultation with certain members.

Henry EpMunpD RAVENEL, Sec.

CHAPTER XI.

~>
ew

Pendleton Farmers’ Society.
THE BEGINNING OF CLEMSON COLLEGE.

PLANTING THE GeRM THAT GREw Up Into CLEMSON AGRICUL-
TURAL COLLEGE, SouTH CAROLINA’S GREAT INSTITUTION
OF LEARNING IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION.

At an impromptu meeting held in Pendleton Farmers’ Hall
the 24th of November, 1866, the following named members were
present: Hons. Thos. G. Clemson, William H. Trescott, Hon.
R. F. Simpson, Rev. A. H. Cornish, Rev. Hugh McLees, Maj.
Benjamin Sloan, Col. W. A. Hayne, Dr. P. H. E. Sloan.

At this meeting a committee consisting of Hon. R. F. Simp-
son, Col. W. A. Hayne, Hon. Thos. G. Clemson were appointed
a committee to appeal to their fellowmen for aid to found an
institution for educating our people in the science of agriculture.
This committee then engaged Hon. W. H. Trescott to draft the
following circular letter as an address from said committee to the
people.

Dr, P. H. E. Sloan who has held the Secretary-Treasurer of-
fice of Clemson College since the college was founded up to
date, and held same position of Pendleton Farmers’ Society from
1875 to 1886, endorses foregoing statement as follows:

The above meeting was held in my office, and is correct.

(Signed) P. H. E. Sioan.

JANUARY, 1867,

At a previous meeting. held the 24th of November, 1866, Hon.
R. F. Simpson, Col. R. A. Hayne and Hon. Thos. G. Clemson,
were appointed a committee to appeal to their fellowmen for aid
to found an institution for educating our people in the sciences,
to the end that our agriculture may be improved, our worn and
impoverished lands be recuperated and the great natural tesour-
ces of the South be developed.

Whereupon at a subsequent meeting of the said Society held as
above (January, 1867). The Hon. Thos. G. Clemson addressed
the Society in an interesting and most able and instructing dis-
course and submits the following appeal, in the form of a circular
which by direction of the Society was printed and fully circu-
lated, both at home and abroad. At the same meeting many in-
teresting addresses and essays were delivered and read to the
Society by Mr. R. A. Maxwell, Col. Livingston and others, after
which the Society adjourned.

T. S. Hayne, Sec. T. RB. S35. 82:C:

THOMAS GREEN CLEMSON.

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‘IDATTON NOSIWAT)

CHAPTER XII.

74 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.
CIRCULAR.

WRITTEN BY HON. W. H. TRESCOTT.

At the meeting of the Agricultural Society of Pendleton, 8. C.,
held on the 24th of November, 1866, in its hall at Pendleton, An-
derson District, Hon. R. F. Simpson, Col. R. A. Hayne and Hon.
Thomas G. Clemson were appointed a Committee to appeal to
their fellowmen for aid, to found an institution for educating our
people in the sciences, to the end that our agriculture be im-
proved, our worn, impoverished lands be recuperated, and the
great natural resources of the South developed.

Considering the prostrate, and almost hopeless condition of
our country; our cities, churches, farm-houses, fences burned;
our banks, railroad companies, and other institutions which held
the savings of the old, the helpless, the orphans, etc., made
bankrupt; our plate, watches, furniture, cattle, horses, the trin-
kets and clothing of our women and children, even the contents
of our granaries and meat-houses carried off or destroyed; a
large portion of our most productive lands sequestered from their
owners to the freedmen; we are grievously taxed without repre-
sentation ; our property under the Constitution berated without
compensation ; we have been left without food, or the means with
which to purchase that which the harvests have failed to produce.

Considering that our lands are so impoverished by the growth
and exportation of cotton, that much of them will not pay the
cost of cultivation, and that our agriculture generally is in a
wretched condition ; that legislation has failed to protect the agri-
cultural resources of the Commonwealth from unnecessary and
wholesale spoliation; that we have emerged from an unmerciful
war, in which we engaged to support a Constitution under which
we were born and educated, and find ourselves ruined, but with
natural resources undeveloped; our population leaving their
smouldering homes for other and far distant lands; our mineral
wealth no less varied, than vast, intact; our immense water pow-
ers without application, either to irrigation or manufacture; our
best lands undrained, unprofitably luxuriant, and rife with pes-
tilential emanations; that avenues to honor and wealth are re-
stricted for the want of science, upon which the arts are based,
and without which civilization can not advance; and that ignor-
ance is the cause of our destitution, and the parent of crime, mis-

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 75

ery and death. We, the Committee on behalf of the Agricultural
Society, and our fellow-citizens, now make this our earnest ap-
peal to the well-disposed of all classes and sects, for aid to found
an institution for the diffusion of scientific knowledge, that our
civilization may advance, and we may once more become a happy
and prosperous people. We believe without such institutions, we
shall ever continue to be at the mercy of ignorant politicians and
demagogues; but with them, we have a hopeful, if not a bright
future for our descendants. An appeal more exalted and benefi-
cent in design, for a people more deserving, was never offered for
the consideration of the civilized world.

If this, our prayer, meets with sufficient response, an institution
will go into operation from whence science of the highest order,
in all its forms, will be gratuitously dispensed to unborn millions.

This upper region of South Carolina would appear, above all
others, adapted for the location of such an institution. For the
picturesque, this mountain region will vie with Switzerland. For
health and climate, it is not excelled, if equalled, by any portion
of North America.

Donations of funds, books, apparatus, are earnestly solicited,
and considering the purposes of the Society, it is hoped that all
public carriers, railroads and express companies will exempt pack-
ages from charges.

A record will be carefully kept and handed down to posterity,
accrediting the donors for their respective contributions. Agri-
cultural and other societies, and those who may have influence,
would confer obligations upon the Society by acting as agents in
collecting and forwarding contributions.

Editors of newspapers, and other publishers, are respectfully
requested to give insertions to this appeal, that it may meet the
eyes of all who feel an interest in the advancement of civilization
in this ruined, but still a part of our common country.

Letters and contributions to be directed to Hon. Thos. G.
Clemson, LL.D., Chairman of Committee, Pendleton, Paar
son District, South Carolina.

CHAPTER XIII.

DEFECTS IN OUR SYSTEM OF FARMING: SUGGES-
TIONS FOR CORRECTING THEM.

AN ApbprRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE PENDLETON FARMERS’
SocreEty.

BY DR. TAIT BUTLER, DIRECTOR OF THE FARMERS INSTITUTES OF
NORTH CAROLINA, FEBRUARY 13, 1908.

I shall devote my attention to a discussion of the following
statement of what 1 deem unquestionable facts:

1. What is the matter with South Carolina agriculture?
There is something radically wrong with the system of agricul-
ture practiced by any State when the gross earnings of every ag-
ricultural worker averages less than $175 per year.

2. The great problem of those interested in the agricultural
uplift of the State is: How can the earning capacity of the
agricultural worker be raised to a point sufficient to induce our
boys and girls and our laborers to stay on the farm ?

3. My answer to this question is: We must have more agri-
cultural knowledge, more farm machinery, more work stock,
more general live stock husbandry.

4. More live stock is essential to greater soil fertility and a
more economical marketing or utilization of the products of the
soil.

5. More farm work stock and more farm machinery are es-
sential to the full utilization of human labor.

6. Sufficient farm work stock will never be had until we breed
lite

7. We will not breed sufficient farm work stock so long as
we buy feed for live stock.

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1. CALHOUN MANsron. 2 Barracks. 3. Textringe Buitpina. 4. AGRICULTURAL HALL,
CLEMSON COLLEGE,

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 79

I have distributed among you sheets of paper on which is a
comparison of certain phases of Iowa and South Carolina agri-
culture to which I invite your careful attention. I realize that
comparisons are odious, but I make these solely for the purpose
of graphically presenting the subject which I propose to discuss.
My thirteen-year old boy—who has been studying the record of
South Carolinians in the late unpleasantness—after reading these
comparisons looked very seriously at me and asked: “Papa,
are you going down to South Carolina and tell those people
what you have written there?” I replied, “Yes, my son, that
is my intention.” After a short period of thoughtful silence
he again said, “You had better not do it; for those people sure
can fight, if they can’t farm.”

If it would not be less dangerous it certainly would be more
pleasant to recount the glorious achievements of your famous
men, for who could not find inspiration for his best efforts with
a Calhoun or a Hampton as a subject, or we might easily find
it discussing your delightful climate, natural resources and un-
surpassed agricultural possibilities; or we might take peculiar
satisfaction in paying our respectful homage to the courage and
chivalry of your manhood and the beauty and refinement of your
women; but the professional orators and politicians can do such
tasks far better than I, so I shall not trespass on the field which
they have ever cultivated so assiduously and successfully.

Moreover, if we have not had too much of this palatable, if
not overly nutritious mental food in the past, I feel quite cer-
tain we may depend upon our good friends mentioned, to supply
our every need in the days to come.

I now: desire to call your special attention to certain facts
stated on the sheets which have been distributed among you. Be-
fore considering these I may state that in estimating the num-
ber of agricultural workers all those, male and female, above ten
years old who are engaged in any kind of agricultural pursuits
were counted.

In calculating average earnings of agricultural workers the
gross value of the products were used, which, of course, in-
cludes value of live stock products.

In estimating the value of fertilizers used per acre all im-
proved land, no matter how used, was taken as the basis on which
the calculation was made,

80 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

Please not what is brought out by the first five pomts in our
comparison ; namely, that while Iowa has five times as much 1m-
proved land; produces more than five times the value of agricul-
tural products and each acre of improved land is worth nearly |
five times as much as that of South Carolina, she still has a
less number of agricultural workers. lowa’s improved lands
produce only forty cents more per acre than the improved lands
of South Carolina.

Now note, comparison six, what the foregoing statements
mean: namely, that the average agricultural worker in Iowa
earns more than five and one-half times that earned by the aver-
age agricultural worker in this State.

The remainder of the comparisons made are to show the rea-
sons for the much greater earning capacity of the Iowa farmer
over his brother in South Carolina.

He cultivates more than five and one-half times as much land
because he uses seven times the horses and mules and nineteen
times the value of agricultural implements; while his expense
for fertilizers is one seventy-eighth and he is assisted by cattle
valued at 35 times, hogs valued at 33 times, dairies that produce
9 times and hens that produce 22 times as much as his South
Carolina competitor who will not care for and feed live stock
because forsooth it is too much trouble.

Now, my friends, we hear much about the boys and girls leav-
ing the farms and of the scarcity of labor, but I tell you in all
earnestness and sincerity that the boy who can not earn more
than the average of $174 per year ought to leave the farm or is
not worth worrying about. Of course he will leave the farm,
and I am here to approve his judgment and say God speed him.

Moreover, farm laborers will not stay on the farms, and those
who have left will not return, unless they can earn more—unless
you can pay them more—and they never can as long as there is
only one horse and $14 worth of agricultural implements for
every two of them to use.

Moreover, you have not done your duty to those boys who have
stayed on the farms, and after all that have left there are still
a great many of your people living in the country. You have
made great sacrifices to educate those who have left, to become
doctors, lawyers and preachers, but what have you done for
those who you know were going to stay on the farms?

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 81

I have no quarrel with you because of what you have done for
those boys that have gone to the cities and towns to supply fresh
blood and energy, always so much needed there, but I ask, I in-
sist that you do as well by the boys that are to farm. When
you do the earning capacity of each agricultural worker in the
State will be raised far above $174 per year.

As to the labor question, I know you will think me unortho-
dox, but I do not hesitate to declare that you already have too
much labor! You have not more than one-fifth enough horses
and mules; less than one-fifteenth the agricultural implements
and not nearly enough improved land to profitably employ those
you already have. With sufficient work stock and suitable ma-
chinery and implements the laborers now on your farms can be
made to do four times what they now accomplish. ‘

What is the solution? Educate the farmer and he will get
more and better farm work stock and use more and better farm
implements to cultivate more and better land. You need more
live stock because it is also the essential basis of permanent and
economical soil improvement. While your improved acres pro-
duce as much in value of products and much more per dollar
of their market value than those of Iowa they ought and will
produce four times as much under a proper system of agricul-
ture involving the feeding of sufficient live stock.

The great need of our soils is more humus, more decaying
organic—vegetable matter, and stable manure is the most eco-
nomical method of supplying that material.

You need more live stock because no farm product that is suit-
able for feed for live stock ever ought to be put into the ground
direct as a fertilizer. Such products have a double value—a
fertilizer and a feeding value—and not more than twenty-five
per cent. of the former need be lost in securing the latter.

I have now given you my answer to the question: What is the
matter with South Carolina agriculture? I have also in a gei:-
eral way pointed out the remedy and now I propose to devote
a little time to showing how the remedy may be secured and
applied.

More live stock of necessity means more feed for live stock,
and I therefore propose to consider briefly three by-products of
South Carolina farms that are suitable for feeding live stock

82 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

from which you do not now secure more than one-half their real
value. I believe I can show that we already have and are wast-
ing feed enough to keep double the live stock we now maintain.

‘The three by-products which I shall discuss are present on
nearly every farm:

1. Cottonseed and cottonseed meal.

2. Corn stover.
3. Legume hays.

COTTONSEED.

Cottonseed has two values which the farmer should consider—
a feeding value and a fertilizer value.

FEEDING VALUE.
100 pounds of cottonseed—116 pounds of corn.
100 pounds of cottonseed meal—150 pounds of cottonseed.
100 pounds of cottonseed meal—175 pounds of corn.
Cottonseed has two values which the farmer should consider
at $23 per ton, and corn at 40c. per bushel, are about equally
cheap for feeding purposes.

FERTILIZER VALUE.
One ton of cottonseed contains:

i> pounds of ammonia at.6 1-2 cents... ....5.2) sete ee $12.35
26 pounds of phosphoric acid at 41-2 cents ........... 11%
24 pounds of, potash: ab.5, cemte acc. cscs, un 's bas vo aes 1.20

CROGBL. 52's ts: Sos Gavia) eat vets ety See es 8 creek $14.72

If cottonseed be fed to cattle and the manure saved with rea-
sonable care, seventy-five per cent. of their original fertilizer
value may be retained in the manure. In other words, when
cottonseed are fed to cattle and the manure saved with reasonable
care, a ton of cottonseed will give $11.04 worth of manure, at
the prices paid for mixed commercial fertilizer; that is, by
feeding cottonseed to cattle, we can get per ton:

Mentiliger yale-sof! 5x2 eva ts, Glos ae ee ee $11.04
Peering value ol. .520 SS 2. Ayana oe ade eae) eae 16.66

vc: | CE OAD On Nam wee Magness tad ons I,

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 83

CorroNsEED MEAL.
The fertilizer value of a ton of cottonseed meal analyzing 6.5
per cent. of nitrogen, 2.5 per cent. phosphoric acid and 1.5 per
cent. potash is about:

130 pounds nitrogen at 20 Cents <5. .5 vce ee vie eee $26.00
50 pounds phosphoric acid at 4 1-2 cents .............. 2.25
SOM poOuMdse OLAS Hb D COMES mi. netic 2 le cyelq ein = sre = singers 1.50

MIR ren lee tareOn sna a nia e's ner eperocona oh iopaete te tices ala wince i $29.75

After feeding, three-fourths of this fertilizer value, or $22.31,
may be recovered in the manure when saved with reasonable
care.

The feeding value as stated is $25 a ton on a basis of 40 cents
per bushel for corn; therefore the total farm value of a ton of
cottonseed meal when fed is:

BCS MMe VATS ae tt nye ale eh Olas a! avo Satee lenses eran ales Ses, $25.00
lee rantrateleny emit we Metso men ip aelety Shine lp dat) talc Rosi Mya. Utama ay 22.31
BRentellenrar en cored recited Ualtes taenetr any tuck ean el sok fle k a $47.31

If it is claimed that these are too high values to put on cotton-
seed meal and cottonseed then I reply that either corn is not
worth 40 cents per bushel to feed or you are paying too much
for your commercial fertilizer.

Corn STOVER.

As the corn crop is grown for food purposes only we should
study its food value and harvest it so as to obtain the most from
it. Taking the whole corn plant:

46 per cent. is ear (grain and cob).

54 per cent. is stover (stalk, blades and shucks).

But the animals are able to use as feed a larger percentage
of the grain than of the stover, hence the feeding value of the
corn plant is:

Ear 51 per cent.

Stover 49 per cent.

The greatest food value will be obtained from the plant when
it is put into a silo and fed as silage.

When harvested for the grain or ears the whole plant should
be cut and the stover used as feed for live stock.

84 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

PuLiiIne Corn Fopprer 1s ExPENSIVE, WASTEFUL AND Dogs
Nor Pay.

In experiments made to test the effect of pulling fodder on
the yield of weighed shelled corn per acre the following results
have been obtained :

Georgia—Pulled 23.9 bushels per acre; untouched 27.3 bush-
els per acre; loss 3.4 bushel per acre.

Florida—Pulled 28.2 bushels per acre; untouched 31.1 bushels
per acre; loss 2.9 bushel per acre.

Mississippi—Stripped 35.5 bushels per acre; topped 29 bush-
els per acre; untouched 43.5 bushels per acre; loss 14.5 bushels
per acre.

Alabama—(Two trials) ; loss 4 bushels per acre; average loss
6 bushels per acre.

FoppER OBTAINED.

Georgia—270 pounds per acre.

Florida—580 pounds per acre.

Mississippi—936 pounds per acre (tops included).

Average—595 pounds per acre.

These figures indicate that on an average 6 bushels of shelled
corn per acre when sacrificed for 595 pounds of fodder, and the
labor and cost of pulling of the fodder thrown in.

The feeding value of six bushels of corn is nearly as great
as 595 pounds of fodder, therefore the man who pulls fodder
pays for the fodder obtained in loss of corn and has the pleas-
ure he gets out of the delightful task of pulling fodder as his
sole reward.

One acre of corn, yielding twenty-five bushels of shelled corn,
will give an average of over one ton of stover (stalks, leaves and
shucks). 'T'o harvest an acre and shuck the corn and shred the
fodder costs from $3.00 to $2.50. A ton of stover is worth as
much for feeding as 1,500 pounds of timothy hay bought from
the North for $20.00. This stover costs $3.00 a ton to secure
with the harvesting of the corn crop thrown in and if fed to
steers they will pay $5.00 a ton for it. At least they have paid
me that much for it for the last three years.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 85

Thousands of tons of this valuable feed is allowed to waste in
South Carolina each year while you buy thousands of tons of hay
and pay from $20.00 to $25.00 a ton for it.

LEGUME Hays.

A ton of cowpea hay has a fertilizer value of about $12.00.
A ton of peavine hay is equal to 1,600 pounds of wheat bran for
feeding purposes, but if we estimate its feeding value at $8 per
ton then when cowpea hay is fed and the manure saved with
reasonable care we get a total value from one ton as follows:

ea abana aye lan cig 2 eect nie ce ace eol oo ates es coe Loe ot Mae ee $ 9.00
OIE, BIE SYP ata hale pe Uae yd SOUT anc meine dC ace Poe a RS 8.00
UR tallitgs See east cey ik apart pace cae Ue ne ron pra: Makes at Saran $17.00

These values are all reasonable and within the bounds of prac-
tical operations but can not be obtained unless we feed better
live stock, give that live stock better care and save the manure
as its value justifies.

CHAPTER XIV.

i"

88 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

CHAMPION CORN RAISERS OF THE WORLD.

In 1887, Z. Y. Drake, of Marlboro County, S. C., beat the
world’s record by producing 255 1-4 bushels of corn on one acre,
winning a prize of $1,000 offered by The American Agricul-
turist.

In 1906, J. A. Tindal, of Clarendon County, 8S. C., won the
prize of that year open to the United States by growing 182
bushels of corn on one acre.

On account of their record in growing corn, the names of these
gentlemen has been placed upon the roll of the Pendleton Farm-
ers’ Society as honorary members of the Society.

CHAMPION RICE YIELD.

In 1848, Dr. O. R. Broyles grew 110 bushels of rice, weighing
43 3-4 pounds per bushel, on one acre on Eighteen Miles Creek,
near Pendleton, supposed to beat the world’s record at that date.

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“GOOBER JACK,” THE RUNAWAY SLAVE.

THE Story or ONE or THE PiIEDMONT’s Most PicTURESQUE
AND Notorious SLAVE-TIME CHARACTERS.

BY COL. J. C. STRIBLING.
From The Charleston News and Courier, 1908.

(The story which follows is one of the many original articles
which will appear in the forthcoming history of the Pendleton
Farmers’ Society, which was organized in 1815, and of which
many of the most distinguished men in South Carolina have been
members. The gentlemen who are engaged in compiling this
narrative have kindly permitted the exclusive publication in
the Sunday News of this delightful narrative of ante-bellum
days. )

Doubtless old “Goober Jack’ was the most notorious character
that ever lived among the slave-time negroes of the Piedmont
section of South Carolina. His reputation among those of his
race was similar to that of the heroic and daring Capt. Morgan
among the Confederate soldiers; and a history of the Pendleton
Farmers’ Society would be incomplete without a sketch of the
old-time darkies and the amusing and peculiar traits of the
famous runaway negro.

The name “Goober Jack” had been given to this particular
darky on account of his especial fondness for pinders or pea-
nuts. During his runaway or hiding out period Jack would dig
goobers, or peanuts, at night from any peanut patch that might
be conveniently situated and store the spoils of his foraging in
hollow logs, trees or stumps for future use. At times, during
the fal! or winter, the range of Goober Jack could be traced
by the little heaps of goober hulls which could be found at the

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. ot

roots of hollow trees, old logs or stumps, or about the entrance
to rocky caves, where the wild squirrels had broken into the
darky’s store and availed themselves of a liberal dividend from
the accumulated earnings of common stock without the services
of a receiver for the proper adjustment of the liquidation.

Goober Jack’s resources for supplies, while “out in the
woods,” were numerous and blest with abundance. He had but
to levy tribute upon any handy potato patch or goober field,
milk the cows that in those days were stalled in open pens win-
ter and summer, and in summer, upon the orchards, melon
patches and roasting ear fields, all of which usually produced
in abundance. And frequently, when the sweetening frosts of
autumn had come, Jack often gathered the luscious persimmon
and a *possum from the same tree. And he was also an expert
in the art of suppressing effectually the riotous noise which the
fowls about the barnyard usually make when disturbed in the
dark hours of the night by being suddenly pulled from the limb
of a tree or from the fence or other convenient roosting places.

For a change Goober Jack would sometimes loiter among the
shadows round the old-time kitchens in the back yards of the
plantation homes, biding his time, when the cook should be going
from the isolated kitchen to the dining room in the “big house,”
when he would make a sudden raid, lift out of the pot a cooked
fowl, a ham or a pone of bread, and fly to the swamp with the
speed of a fox.

Goober Jack’s wardrobe was easily replenished from the farm
house clothes line or the garden fence of the washerwoman in the
same manner that he recruited his larder. For headgear Jack
always wore a cap.made from a coonskin, with the tail of the
coon which had furnished the hide hanging out from the top of
his cone-shaped cap. As for shoes, he cared as little about that
article of clothing as did the Indians who roamed through the
territory in considerable bands.

Jack had an uncontrollable desire to roam at will and his
master, the late Col. John T. Sloan, had become convinced that
whipping neither kept Goober Jack at work nor sent him to the
woods. He simply followed the bent of inclination. Just as
the peculiar spirit moved him, Jack would come in and go to
work, or he would leave the field and go to the woods. He
seemed to obey only the alternate calls of a dual instinct, one

92 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

turn of which was a call to the haunts of men, the other to the
haunts of the beasts. And no one, not even Goober Jack him-
self, could tell with any degree of certainty whether he would be
at work on his master’s plantation the next week, or in the
woods roaming from one plantation negro quarter to another at
night, and many roguish and cunning darkies at that time made
many expeditions of theft, which were credited to the account
of Goober Jack.

All the children, both black and white, living within the lim-
its of old Goober Jack’s range and having a knowledge of his
reputation, dreaded his appearance, as they might have dreaded
some veritable black demon, although he never was known to do
bodily harm to anyone.

When the children in charge of the “black mammy” became
disobedient or unruly, all that was necessary to be done was to
whisper into the child’s ear: “Ef yo chillun don’ be good, [ll
tell ole Goober Jack whar yer sleeps to-night.” Upon this warn-
ing the unruly chap never failed to line up and pay due respect
to the commands of “black mammy,” as every child dreaded a
call from Goober Jack more than anything which could be threat-
ened.

On one occasion Goober Jack having become so unruly and
unreliable as a hand on the plantation, his owner concluded to
sell him to a negro trader to be sent West, following the cus-
tom. of those days to sell to these deporting traders all slaves
who had become unmanageable, such negroes being carried away
to the big plantations of the Mississippi country.

Goober Jack was accordingly sold and delivered to the negro
trader at Pendleton Hotel, where the slave was chained and
locked up for the night in a back room for safe keeping. During
the night Goober Jack picked the chain lock and the door lock
as well, and making his way to the saloon of the hotel, helped
himself to the fine drinks and cigars to be found there. And
when morning came, to the amazement of everyone, Goober Jack,
feeling gloriously mellow from his night among the decanters,
was strutting back and forth along the front corridor of the hotel,
with a big cigar in his mouth, taking the ease of a gentleman
who might have been owner of a fine plantation and fifty negroes.

However, without further trouble, Goober Jack agreed to go
West, and he walked at will along with the trader’s wagon, un-

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 93

til he reached Mississippi, where he was sold. But about a week
before the negro trader reached home again, Goober Jack was
seen in the neighborhood of Pendleton. And he was soon at his
old tricks once more, which he enjoyed as much as any common
freedman of to-day enjoys the fulness of his liberty. In fact,
Goober Jack was an interesting subject of conversation through-
out the country, and was regarded as a huge joke at the expense
of his owner, who, however, felt a degree of pride in the normal
ownership of the most noted slave character in the Piedmont sec-
tion of the State.

Some months after Goober Jack’s return from his expedition
to the Mississippi country some boys were fishing on the river
at a point where Ravenel’s bridge now stands, when one of the
boys discovered some chicken feathers hanging on the briers and
canes near the west bank of the river just above the spot which
was used as a flat landing at that time. This discovery excited
the curiosity of the boys, and immediately they slipped out of
their clothes and waded into the stream'to make an investiga-
tion. They took a back trail of feathers that were lodged among
the shrubbery along the bank, thinking to locate what they be-
lieved to be the den of some big mink, where all the missing
chicks of the neighborhood had gone to satisfy the appetites of
Mr. Mink and his family. Some distance up stream, at a large
canebrake, where the canes were leaning unusually low over the
bank, the boys discovered a large hole which had been tunnelled
into the ground at a right angle with the river. The boys now
grew enthusiastic, believing they had discovered the home of a
mammoth mink or coon family. The abundance of feathers
strewn along the bank of the river and near the mouth of the
den indicated that Mother Mink or Mrs. Coon had very recently
gone through with a house cleaning operation which supplied
the feathers for the trail that had led to the discovery of the
den. One of the.boys was dispatched to the house of an over-
seer living not far away, and he soon returned with men, dogs,
guns and tools with which to make an effectual attack upon
the varmints which had been making such heavy raids upon their
hen roosts. But no sooner had the men begun cleaning off the
bank, preparatory to digging into the hole, than they became
amazed at finding an old plank window shutter ingeniously con-
structed into a suitable cap for a ventilator shaft into the den

D4 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

below. This shutter had a number of auger holes bored in it,
into which were twined a few pieces of laurel and cane twigs,
the whole having been covered over with leaves in such a way
as completely to hide the existence of the shaft. On the re-
moval of this shutter Goober Jack’s last hiding place was re-
vealed, and out came the old runaway, like some huge varmint
in reality, to make a hasty compromise to go to work again for
another period.

The discovery of this den cleared up the mystery of how Goober
Jack had frequently lost the dogs which had peen put upon his
trail at the river bank above. This usually occurred at the
point where the railroad bridge now spans the stream. Jack would
enter the water here and wade down stream to his den, thus
destroying all scent of his trail. On some occasions Goober
Jack succeeded in dodging the best-trained blood hounds of the
country by floating down the river on a log or leaping upon the
back of a work ox or an unbridled horse found grazing on the
meadow and riding out of range of the hounds, turning the ani-
mal loose when he had no further use for him.

Perhaps the most ingenious ruse he ever put into practice was
on an occasion when he was being hard pressed by a pair of the
truest dogs in the whole country. Approaching the road just
as an old-time closed coach, with a footman’s or trunk seat be-
hind, was passing, he kept himself concealed behind a tree until
assured he could not be seen by the occupants of the coach, when
he crouched low and ran forward to the rear of the vehicle,
climbed upon this rear seat and lay there quietly concealed.
After riding about two miles out of range of the hounds he
leaped from the coach again and made his way into the depths
of the wild woods, back to his haunts, as free and about as
happy as any denizen of the wilderness.

If there was one of Goober Jack’s feats of ingeniousness more
wonderful than the last, it was that to which he resorted at a
rock quarry on Seneca River a little way above the present site
of the Blue Ridge Railroad bridge, on the south side of the
river near the old Treaty Oak on the Cherry farm, which marks
the spot where Gen. Pickens made the treaty with the Indians.

The rock quarry referred to was walled in by a bluff, and the
river formed a natural stockade which became useful as a sort
of corral in which all the bad negroes of the country could be

Pendleton Farmers Society. 95

guarded and made to work in the quarries by day, while afford-
ing a means of preventing their escape at night. Goober Jack
was among this gang, and while there he received one of his
roaming irresistible calls. Not being able to swim or to pass
the watchman on the land side, Goober Jack turned a wash pot
over his head and deliberately entered the stream, literally wa'x-
ing across the bottom of the channel with ten feet of water
above him, the imprisoned air in the inverted pot supplying the
necessary oxygen to his lungs while making this perilons and
daring passage. Landing safely on the opposite side, Gocher
Jack gave one of his peculiar blood-curdling, wild, panther-lhke
screams, thus bidding farewell to the command of his masters
and plunged into the canebrake with the utter familiarity of
some wild thing of the woodland.

As a “leader” of songs at the old-time corn shuckings old
Goober Jack was the king of them all. Goober Jack could as-
semble more men under his leadership to sing at contests by
dividing the corn pile than any other darky.

Goober Jack kept a very peculiar cow horn to blow for his
dogs that had a ringing, shrill sound, that reverberated over
the hills and vales of the Piedmont region and could be distin-
guished from all other horns, and was heard many miles beyond,
where the sound of ordinary dog horns died away.

About dusk in the evening of some big “corn shucking” Goober
Jack would mount upon the top of a tree on the highest hill in
the vicinity, blowing his horn to the notes that told all the ne-
gro men in the range of many miles that a corn shucking and
feast were in store at a nearby plantation. Almost every negro
quarter within the sound of Goober Jack’s horn would be de-
serted by the men at once to rally around old Goober Jack and
march for miles to the plantation where the “husking bee” was
on, singing corn songs that echoed over the hills as they ap-
proached the corn pile.

These old-time corn piles were usually piled in long ridge-like
shape on the hard ground in the open near the corn cribs, and
contained anywhere from a few hundred to several thousand
bushels.

The younger generation of South Carolinians that never saw
a real corn shucking of ye olden times, in ante-bellum days, has
missed one of the most enjoyable annual festivities in our State’s
history.

96 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

About the time when it appeared that the bulk of the negroes
had arrived from the nearby plantation the “boss” or foreman of
the plantation proceeded to “divide the pile” of corn by placing
a fence rail across the middle and allowing the two “leaders of
the gangs” to choose their men for winning the jug of whisky or
fat turkey that was to go to the gang that cleaned up their pile
of corn first.

Now, the real hard work and tussle to a finish was on in ear-
nest; such fun and high singing has never been witnessed since.

Old Goober Jack and his opponent each mounted and paced
the top of the ridge of their respective half of the corn pile,
leading the favorite festive corn songs, which was answered with
a loud, strong chorus from every hand around the corn pile, and
nerving every hand to do his best, tearing away the shucks from
the ears ike madmen fighting to win or die.

The antics of old Goober Jack while pacing the top of the corn
pile amid the flying ears of clean corn as they passed or hit him,
was like nature’s own opera house. The leaders of these corn
songs would mimic the cock’s crow, the hooting owl, the bellow-
ing of a bull, the whip-poor-will, the mocking bird or the killdee.
When mocking the killdee Goober Jack would place a large corn
shuck about his hip pocket for a tail of the killdee that he planted
while he pranced up and down the corn pile bowing and swing-
ing his body in imitation that would shame the killdee, calling
out:

“Never see a killdee but what he was in the motion.”

Chorus by all hands:
“Oh, round de corn, Sally,” ete.

Another favorite song, or chant, was like this:

“De little bee suck de blossom,

De big bee make de honey.

De nigger make de cotton,

And de white folks tote de money.”

The chorus, by all hands, being:

“Gin corn, nigger,

Gin corn, I tell yer.”

After finishing shucking the corn, then comes the “round up,”
“carrying the boss” on the shoulders of several big negroes,
marching all around and through “the big house,” setting the boss

Pendleton Farmers’ Soctety. Sa

in his chair at the head of the long table, loaded down with
roasted whole pigs, fowls, stacks of sweet potatoes and pumpkin
pies, “knee high to a nigger.”

After all had feasted then came in the old-time nigger fiddlers
and then came dancing by some of the select young men and
women, which wound up the festivities in time for all hands to
get back home “by the crack of day in the morning.”

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CHAPTER XVI.

“1 ita

THE BLACK GHOST OF THE ROCKY BRANCH OR THE
SLAVE-TIME POSSUM HUNTER.

BY J. C. STRIBLING.

Among the foothills, vales and spurs of the Blue Ridge Moun-
tains, better known as the “Piedmont Region,” is to be found
the greatest variety of natural food for the opossum, raccoon,
rabbit and squirrel. In the dense forests that cover the rivulets
of the deep ravines with arching boughs or shelter the banks
of the larger streams, and along the hedgerows of the cultivated
fields, abound the wild summer grapes, the crab apple, the win-
ter grape that hangs upon the vine until far into the spring, the
luscious muscadine, the cherry, the summer and winter huckle-
berry, persimmon, gooseberry and dogwood berry, together with
the toothsome paw-paw and the large variety of wild nuts. And
all of this makes the Piedmont Region the natural paradise of
the nocturnal huntsman. The fat and greasy opossum is the
prime object of the night-time hunter who begins in early au-
tumn to lay in his supply of resinous pine pieces for making
the necessary torch lights when the hunting time came, an abund-
ant supply being ever near at hand. And when “de fros’ ripen
de possum” in October the hunting season begins and it ends
not until the coming of the whip-poor-will in March.

The negro population of the Piedmont Section, during the
slave days was almost, if not quite, equal in numbers to the
whites ; and with these blacks owned in small numbers, as a rule,
throughout the section, the slaves were brought into closer per-
sonal contact with the whites their owners, and in consequence
received better attention and care and gained a higher form of
civilization than their less fortunate, half-barbaric brethren of
the large rice plantation of the low country. Still, most of these
old slave-time darkeys still cling to their native beliefs and
superstitions, among them being the fear of ghosts, the power
of the graveyard rabbit’s foot, the cat of nine lives and many
other hoodoo practices. But, notwithstanding these fears, the

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 101

darkeys preferred hunting, and traveling about the country at
night rather than in daytime; and no sportsman of the turf or
the pavilion enjoys his sport more than did these “possum and
coon hunters” in their primitive way. And indeed, the “pos-
sum hunt” meant to them not only sport but profit, for the
luxury of a feast “possum an’ *tater” was something to be
looked forward to with the keenest relish; and not the greatest
“chef” of the land could excel the “ol’ black mammy” in the
preparation of such a luxurious feast. The simplicity of the
feast, served in the log cabin by the old black woman in her
clean straight frock of homespun, and with a spotless white
handkerchief tied about her head, bore a charm that whetted
the most languid appetite to a pitch of gluttonous inclination.

The possum hunt is nature’s sport by nature’s man, with na-
ture’s means and in nature’s way; and no turfman ever bestowed
more care or kindness upon the most valuable racer of his stable
than did these old-time darkeys upon their hunting dogs. And
there is always one dog in the pack that leads the chase, another
of the cold nose (one especially enabled to scent a cold trail).
another that can whip any raccoon or strong dog, and still
another that never fails to “tell the truth at the tree,’ which
means that where he bays at the root of a tree, the game is sure
to be among the branches.

And this brings us to our story. One corn shucking season
in the later days of the old slave time, the report was spread
among the negroes throughout the neighborhood that a “great
black ghost” had been met on several occasions by the huntsmen
who visited the “Rocky Branch” section; and various were the
descriptions of the big black ghost, some declaring that the crea-
ture had stood erect like a man, with long shaggy hair covering
its body, and with a pair of great gleaming eyes that shone like
balls of liquid fire in the darkness. Others who had come in
contact with the mysterious thing avowed that it resembled
a tremendous black bear with horns on its head and other mon-
strous protuberances from its body; while “Old Rance,” who
prided himself upon his daring, and sniffed at the fear which
he declared belonged only to “dem common buckra niggers w’at
ain’ been raised ‘mongs’ ‘telligent whi’=folk an’ Db’lebe’ ’en
ghos’s an’ sich like” and who was considered the greatest noc-
turnal huntsman of them all, declared:

102 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

“Dat ghos’, *e des beat all dem animile yo eber see. W’en
yer fust see *im, ’e stan’ up on ’e two hin’ laig des like a man,
an’ *e hab horn on de back o’ ’e haid, an’ long whiskers on ’e
chin des like de buckra man; an’ fo’ yer can see how ’e do it,
’e done turn to de bar and des come down on de groun’ ‘whop’
wid all ’e fo’ feet—den, boss, fo’ de Lawd, yo neber see dog run
so seence yer been bo’n. Eber dog tuck ’e tail *twix’ ’e laig an’
come tearin’ roun’ hin’ me for ’tection. Now, Boss, it ain’ nut-
tin oncommon for dese yere puppies to run fom common tings;
but ween ole Rock an’ Troup an’ Blaze all pull out an’ come
tearin’ pas’ me, dis nigger ’cluded dar was some’n dang’ous ober
dar, so I des say to me foot, ‘carry de body out o’ dese woods;’
an’ sho nuf, des as *um sta’t off good, de torch done blow smack
out—an’ dis nigger done run ober eb’ry saplin’-log, an’ rock in
dem woods fo’ ’e git home an’ de nex’ mawnin’? ’um had fever
in de haid, whilst dese ole laig so stiff, dis nigger ain’ scursely
walk dese fo’ days.”

Thinking that perhaps a real bear had strayed down from the
mountains, we made arrangements with Old Uncle Henry, one
of the bravest of the colored possum hunters to take some of
the boys with him on his next hunt in the haunted region, in
order that he might keep guard over the ghost, should he find
it, while he dispatched a messenger home for me. And accord-
ingly, only a few nights had passed when I was aroused from
sleep by loud calling at my door:

“Boss! Boss! do come, git yo double barrel gun and fotch ole
Bull, V’se got de ole black ghos’ treed in de big yellow poplar
ober on de Rock Branch.”

In a short while, my friend “Joe,” from the city, and I, to-
gether with old “Bull,” the large yard dog, were on the way to-
ward the Rock Branch to engage in what we supposed would be
a bear fight. Our guns were well charged, and old Bull, who
had the reputation of being the king of all the beasts on the
plantation on account of his having, on one occasion, brought
down a vicious bull at the bidding of his master, was frisky and
eager for the fray.

On reaching the top of a high hill about a mile from home,
old Henry called a momentary halt.

“Dar!” he exclaimed, “Boss, des lis’n at dat fine music!”

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 103

From far away in the distance came the howl of the dogs,
deep-voiced and ringing clearly on the night air. My friend
Joe listened a moment, then in a tone of disgust, remarked:

“Well, I can’t hear any music or anything else for the howling
of those darned dogs.”

Old Henry looked up with a look of mingled surprise and re-
sentment on his face. “Dat’s it, Boss, dat am de fines’ music
eber yo hear. Des lis’n to old Troup, ’e soun’ de bass, an’ Marsh
de counter, Sam de tenor, whilst Venus carry de tribble high as
de moon.”

Then he gave one loud whoop which rang away among the
hills and vales for miles, stimulating the entire pack of hunt-
ing dogs to renewed vigor in baying the game still far over the
hills.

We now pushed forward until we reached a deep, boggy ravine
which we were to cross by “cooning” a fallen tree trunk. (Coon-
ing was the act of crawling on all-fours along the fallen tree.)
Joe undertook to walk it upright, but when about midway, old
Bull, who in his eagerness for the fray, had broken away from
Henry, came rushing between Joe’s legs, upsetting him and
sending him head foremost into the bog below.

Uncle Henry, who by this time had come to regard Joe as be-
ing a little “off,” on account of his want of appreciation for
fine possum hound music, rather reluctantly began to assist in
removing the mud from Joe’s eyes and mouth, as the latter
came up from the bog. While thus engaged, Joe’s false teeth
accidently came out of his mouth and fell at old Henry’s feet.
The latter stood back aghast at this frightful state of affairs.
And in his deep distress he exclaimed :

“Boss, bettah sen’ for Doctor quick. Dis yere mon mout’
done broke all to pieces, ’e jaw bone an’ teet’? done drop out
on de groun’.”

On receiving the information that these teeth were not natural
but made by hand, the old darkey muttered half to himself:

“Dese yere city buckra am de curiousest human ’um eber see,
walkin’ *bout yere live wid ’e mout’ full ob home-made teet,”

Without further hindrance we soon reached the haunted spot
to find the pack of dogs keeping up an incessant, deafening
noise, baying and springing into the den, only to come out fas-
ter than they went in, snapping and growling as they went

104 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

and yelping and snarling as they came. High up a tree
near by were two negro boys who all the while had been encour-
aging the dogs to keep up the baying while Henry had gone for
help. A little persuasion brought the boys down to assist; and
one of them held the large torch light, the other held the end
of old Bull’s chain, and Henry held his collar, the powerful dog
being now almost unmanageable, surging here and there and
standing erect on his hind feet showing his full length to be as
tall almost as old Henry himself, and evincing a ferocity equal
to that of any ghost or bear as the case might prove.

After placing Joe a little above the tree on the opposite side
of the ravine, I was about ready to station myself just below and
a little to the right of him; when, suddenly, old Bull, having
dragged his keeper a little too uncomfortably near the big open-
ing in the poplar tree, was released; and Henry snatched the
torch from the other boy’s hand.

At this juncture, I must confess, a case of genuine “Buck
Ague” began to creep over me. Buck ague, as known among
huntsmen, is that feeling that presses on just before the game
advances within gun shot. At the same moment, old Bull, with
all the hounds close behind him, plunged into the den, and such
a mélée followed as was sufficient to raise the hair on end.
There were the sounds of baying and yelping, snarling and snap-
ping of sharp teeth, the rattling of a chain and the confusion
of a most ferocious encounter inside of the hollow tree; and
above the din arose a thrilling squall strangely human and yet
animal that pierced our ears with its agonized shrillness—and
out of the opening came a confusion of yelling dogs, old Bull,
the big white dog—and some tremendous black object, all
clinched in such close quarters that it was impossible to get any
idea of the true form of the game, ghost or animal. Over and
over, and down the hill all roiled together, in the meantime up-
setting old Henry and extinguishing the torch, leaving all in
utter darkness. And at the exciting moment when the torch
went out, the loud report of a gun rang out on my right.

When the light was renewed, the scene which presented itself
to our view was ludicrcus in the extreme. Down in the bed of
the ravine below, old Bull was standing over the dead body of
a huge black billy goat. Hard by lay one of old Henry’s best
dogs killed by a misdirected shot from Joe’s gun. Perched

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 105

high in the bending tops of two slim saplings, with their heels
higher than their heads, the two negro boys were clinging, lizard
fashion, to the branches, with their big eyes glaring down upon
the confusion below. But the most ludicrous situation of all
was that of old Henry himself who, with arms clasped round
the trunk of a tree, and with legs locked below only a few
inches from the ground, was holding on for dear life as though

forty feet from the ground and out of all danger of the Black
Ghost.

CHAPTER XVII.

CURRENT NEWS NOTES DURING THE EARLIER
DAYS OF THE SOCIETY.

NOTICE.

The undersigned Commissioners appointed last session of the
Legislature, to aid and assist the State Engineer, are now ready
to accept proposals, or contract for the erecting of a brick Gaol
in the village of Pendleton: and will continue to accept them
until May, next. Persons wishing to contract will apply at Mr.
Samuel Cherry’s store, where the elevation plans and specifica-
tions will be exhibited for inspection, and where all proposals
will be received sealed. It will be essentially necessary where
proposals are forwarded that the securities be named in the let-
ter.

Samuel Cherry,
Francis Burt,
Elam Sharpe,
Commissioners.
March 24, 1819.

Pendleton Messenger, Wednesday, April 7, 1819.

The African Slaves, sixty-three in number, seized by the
United States, sold at Milledgeville (Georgia )on the 17th inst.
for forty-one thousand seven hundred and ten dollars cash: the
highest went off at $890, the lowest, except one at $380—$662
round.

(Pendleton Messenger, Wednesday, September 9, 1818).

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 109
A SUCCESSFUL WOLF HUNT.

The farmers of this place have for several years past been very
much troubled by wolves, destroying their sheep, which have
been seen several times but which could never be taken.

On the night of Monday the 2d inst., they killed three sheep
belonging to James C. Griffin, Hsq. The next day he collected
five or six of his neighbors, and after dinner they surrounded
the thicket where the wolves had been heard howling before day-
light near where the sheep were killed—they soon started a large
he-wolf which after running around the thicket several times
attempted to pass where Mr. Griffin was standing, who shot him
—he ran a little distance back into the thicket and after a little
resistance was killed by the dogs. The party then returned to
the village, but having observed tracks of different size, decided
they would search the same woods again; in a short time they
started a large she-wolf, who ran around the thicket familiar to
the former and was killed by Mr. Jno. Miller, Jr., within 150
yards of the same place—both within a mile of the court
house. To those acquainted with the ways of the wolf, the cir-
cumstances attending this affair are very singular, and a similar
occurrence is not remembered by the oldest hunters.

Pendleton Messenger, June 10, 13818.

110 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

PENDLETON FARMER®S’ SOCIETY.

Resolved that the resolution offering the following premiums
at the Regular Meeting of the Pendleton Farmers’ Society, in
September next, be published:

For the best calf, bull or heifer, raised in this district. Ten
dollars.

For the best Ram Lamb raised in this district. Five dollars.

For the best piece of cotton cloth, not less than twenty yards
manufactured in the district. Ten dollars.

For the best piece of woolen cloth, not less than ten yards,
(all wool). Ten dollars.

Resolved that the candidates for the calves and sheep, to be
awarded at the next meeting of the Society, must exhibit a satis-
factory certificate of their age, to the examining committee, and
that the certificate of a member shall be sufficient.

On motion ordered that the above resolution be published in
the MrsseNGcER, together with the resolution offering the pre-
miums passed last September.

R. ANDERSON,
Secretary.

August 13, 1818.

Pendleton Messenger, Wednesday, September 2, 1818.

RAN AWAY.

From the subscriber on the 1st inst., Walter Adair an ap-
prentice to the shoemaker trade. He is about nineteen years
of age, about five foot and six inches high and of a swarthy com-
plexion.

All persons are warned against harboring or employing him as
the utmost rigor of the law will be enforced against any person
who may do so.

Six cents will be paid for delivering the said Walter Adair to
me, or for lodging him in the gaol at Pendleton, but no expenses
paid.

THOMAS RICHARDS.

August 3, 1818.

Pendleton Messenger, August 5, 1818.

Pendleton Farmers’ Soctety. 111

PROPHECY.

In anecdotes of the life of Bishop Watson, lately published,
we meet with the following prediction made by the bishop in
1804:

The death of a single prince in any part of Europe, remarkable
either for wisdom or folly, renders political conjectures of fu-
ture contingencies so extremely uncertain, that I seldom indulged
myself in forming them: yet it seems to me that it is proba-
ble that Europe will soon be divided between three powers,
France, Austria, and Russia, and in half a century between
two, France and Russia: and that America will become the great-
est naval power on the globe and will be replenished by migra-
tions of oppressed and discontented people from every part of
Europe.

Pendleton Messenger, Wednesday, August 26, 1818.

NOTICE.

The employment of an agent or attorney is not necessary in
any claim against the Government. It is most generally at-
tended with expense and sometime with actual loss.

Claims will be promptly settled when the accounts and vouch-
ers with which they are connected are transmitted to the proper
office.

Money will be transmitted whenever a receipt for the sum
due or, where the amount is not ascertained a receipt in blank
shall be forwarded to the Treasury Department.

Military patents and certificates of military pensions will be
transmitted in the same manner, whenever the necessary vouch-
ers are forwarded to the proper office.

JOHN Quincy ADAMS.
Wm. H. Crawrorp.

J. C. CALHOUN.

B. W. CROWNINSHIELD.

Washington City, May 27, 1818.

Pendleton Messenger, June 24, 1818.

112 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

At the Anniversary Meeting of the Pendleton Farmers’ So-
ciety, the following gentlemen were elected officers for the fol-
lowing year:

Jas. L. North, Esq., President.

Jas. C. Griffin, Esq., Vice-President.

Col. Robert Anderson, Secretary and Treasurer.

John T. Lewis, Corresponding Secretary.

Pendleton Gazette, June 17, 1818.

At a stated meeting of the Pendleton Farmers’ Society, held
at the Pendleton Court House, on the 14th inst., the following
resolutions were adopted:

On motion, Resolved that notice be given in the Pendleton
Messenger, that the second Thursday of June next, will be the
anniversary of the Pendleton Farmers’ Society, and that general
attendance of members are requested on that occasion.

On motion, Resolved that a committee be appointed to request
Mr. Thomas Lorton to provide a dinner for the members of
the Pendleton Farmers’ Society, on the day of their next anni-
versary, and that all the members intending to join in the din-
ner, be requested to leave their name with Mr. Lorton, on or
before the anniversary.

R. Anverson, Secy.

Pendleton Messenger, June 15, 1818.

PENDLETON FARMERS’ SOCIETY.
From Pendleton Messenger, October 20, 1843.

The Farmers’ Society of Pendleton met as usual on their
anniversary the second Thursday in October. Various business
was transacted, and officers elected for ensuing year. Agreeably
to previous request, an address was made by Mr. Ruffin, of Vir-
ginia, which, on motion was ordered to be published in the Pen-
dleton Messenger. A public dinner having been prepared, the
Society dined together in Mr. Cherry’s long room. The purely
agricultural toasts below were given on the occasion. Mr. Sea-
brook after the toast of the committee was received, replied in
a few appropriate and handsomely expressed remarks.

We regret exceedingly, that a complimentary toast to Mr.
Ruffin, and his toast to South Carolina, in reply, being furnished
us on a small slip of paper, have been accidentally mislaid. Pos-
sibly some others that were given have shared their fate.

Some of the reports made to the Society, the award of pre-
miums &c., will probably appear in our next. Mr. Ruffin’s ad-
dress appears to-day.

TOASTS.

The President being called on for a toast said, I propose gen-
tlemen the memory of a distinguished agriculturalists, who has
fallen since our last anniversary meeting, the Hon. James M.
Garnett.

By the committee—Our Guest: the Hon. Whitemarsh B.
Seabrook, President of the Agricultural Society of South Caro-
lina, devoted to the improvement of the whole State. We wel-
come him among the farmers of the up country.

By Hon. W. B. Seabrook—The Cause of Agriculture through-
out the world, and succeess to those who by precept or example
sustain it.

114 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

By Hon. John C. Calhoun—Agriculture: The most important,
but the most oppressed branch of industry.

By C. C. Pinckney—The Pursuit of Agriculture: The most
useful, the most honorable, the most ennobling of all human
pursuits; adapted to every class in every clime.

By Dr. F. W. Symmes—Pendleton Agriculture: To be im-
proved and made profitable only by economy and manure.

By F. Burt, Esq.—The Agricultural Survey of the State: The
first recognition of the farming interest by our Legislative au-
thorities.

By Hon. R. F. Simpson—South Carolina: If behind her
sisters in anything it is in Agriculture. Present exertions,
would seem to indicate that she will not be long behind even
in that.

By Col. E. Harleston—The Farmers of Pendleton: They
have now had it demonstrated to them the resources of the dis-
trict, may they use them with zeal and energy.

By T. G. Clemson—In the absence of Marl, permit me to pro-
pose to the citizens of Pendleton, a more familiar acquaintance
with the effects of the application of those soils which contain
Potash, Soda, and Magnesia.

By Capt. John Maxwell—The man who made 12B of wheat
per acre on poor mountain land, and 30 gallons of corn stalk
syrup to the acre.

By Dr. O. R. Broyles—Dry land ditching, and a judicious ro-
tation of crops, the first and the most important by far in the
practice of Agriculture, and yet they are almost entirely neg-
lected in this district.

By Rev. A. Fuller—The Agricultural Interest: One which is
identical in every part of the Union.

By B. F. Sloan—The Agricultural Interest: The only great
interest that has neither asked nor received the protection of
the general Government.

By AG) He Seabrook—Commerce, Manufactures, and Agri-
culture; but the greatest of these is Agriculture.

By J. O. Lewis—Marl: May it add as much energy to the
men as it has fertility, to the soil of South Carolina.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 115

Mr. E. B. Benson is appointed Secretary and Treasurer, and —
W. H. D. Gaillard, Corresponding Secretary, of the Pendleton
Farmers’ Society; to supply the vacancies occasioned by the
much lamented death of our late Secretary and Treasurer, and
also, Corresponding Secretary, J. W. Warley, until our next
regular meeting, which will be on the first Thursday in April;
when an election will take place to fill those vacancies.

GEO. SEABORN; President.

December 16, 1843.

The Society will award the following premiums at their Hall
in the village of Pendleton on Friday, October 13, 1843:

For the best two acres of corn grown in the district on

upland, provided the produce exceeds fifty bushels per

GINS Se Go Shae rt eae Uae 7) Pee gee AC PES earn een ae $10.00
For the best two acres of corn grown in the district on

low ground, provided it be not less than seventy-five

Wen else DOR PAGEC acjeak Coit ae isch. o euaats Boajaleal aa Coane $10.00
For the largest produce of wheat grown in the district,

on two acres, provided the amount per acre is not less

Pham MMeDL yy DUSHEIS Vy eaiicrr. bh atloe dyes ab eww Salad os $10.00
The land on which the above crops are grown to be laid

off in a square, or oblong form whose sides are not to

exceed their length more than double.
For the best quarter of an acre of millet ............. $ 3.00
For the largest produce of provender of good quality,

from one acre, provided the amount to be not less

Bue WtOns, well GUNed Ve-Hijsi vince dace oo ws love, v bros s ahels $10.00
For the largest quantity of rough rice grown in the dis-

trict on one acre, to be of good quality and not less

ie emir lites avy S DUNGIRCIS).P pcsape cients taee alin) 2°ael nce Raich ad wr 3 = $10.00
For the best specimen of corn stalk sugar not less than
Resta MOTETACL GS ate Sara fait ww ay Slalutene nutegsca aad cress: os lelete tect cher ate $10.00

For the specimen of molasses, not less than five gallons.$ 5.00
For the best pound of sewing silk, made in the district.$ 3.00
Porshe best pair ot silk half-hose’...'.. 525i... 08.65 2 $ 1.00

116 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

For the best bull calf of an improved breed under two

VERTIS Obes ea tn a ER STA n ee hs AG) $ 5.00
For the best boar of an improved breed, under 12 months

(6 Lesa Rl LUPE SAM EMEP GALA NL Coin Aree LARS ty hl!) $ 5.00
For the: best ram of an:improved breed!............04 $ 5.00
For the best sow of an improved breed, under twelve

TEVOTBULIS OLA tse vakela dee toate ia etancds ile et ge $ 5.00
For the best ewe of an improved breed .............. $ 5.00

The stock to be owned in the district.
J. W. Wartey, Secretary P. F. 8.

Pendleton, January 20, 1843.

COMMITTEES FOR 1843.

Committee on Grain—T. M. Sloan, John Maxwell, Paul Ham-
ilton.

Committee on Provender-—J. V. Shanklin, B. F. Sloan, J.
O. Lewis.

Committee on Corn-stalk Sugar and Molasses—J. 8. Lor-
ton, T. R. Cherry, A. C. Pickens.

Committee on Silk—D. S. Taylor, A. H. Seabrook, F. Burt.

Committee on Cattle—R. F. Simpson, Wm. Sloan, A. F.
Lewis.

Committee on Hogs and Sheep—Geo. Seaborn, J. T. Sloan,
O. R. Broyles.

On Discretionary Premiums—T. J. Pickens, Wm. Steele,
Colin Campbell.

Committee to prepare Premiums for 1844—Jas. Stuart, EH.
Harleston, R. A. Maxwell.

Committee on Sales at Auction—J. W. Warley, W. L. Jenkins.
Alfred Fuller.

Committee to provide dinner on ensuing anniversary—W.
H. D. Gaillard, A. S. Gibbes, E. B. Benson.

J. W. War ey, Secretary P. F. S.
September 1, 1843.

LET THE BOYS HAVE FUN.

The Labor School referred to below was organized and in
working order about the year 1825, and was perhaps the first
attempt at an Agricultural College in this country.

Eprrors Sun.: We often, of a winters night take our pipe
and think over some of the pranks and fun of boyhood days,
and laugh to think of them. Seventy-five of the worst boys in
South Carolina were sent to a manual labor school. Rev. J. L.
Kennedy was the principal; noted for his great ability to man-
age and educate bad boys. At the sound of the trumpet every
morning at daylight these bad boys assembled in the recitation
room for prayers. They would shoot pop-corn at each other,
and carry on mischief in such a manner, that Mr. Kennedy had
to pray with his eyes open to keep them quiet. We have tried
to keep posted in the history of those seventy-five bad boys, and
as far as we know all succeeded in life, and many of them made
eminent divines, lawyers, physicians, merchants, planters and
politicians, with two exceptions—one did a mean trick at school,
which followed him through life, and one made a drunken, mur-
derous gambler. I know you like short articles, and will only
give one among a thousand pranks played on each other: Some
of the big boys were musicians, performed on violin, flute,
banjo, &e. This school was located four miles from Pendleton,
S. C., a town noted for its pretty girls. The big boys were in
the habit of going on Saturday nights to town to serenade the
girls and would not let the little boys go with them, so they
concluded to play a trick on them in revenge. A creek ran
across the road a mile from school leading to town. The big
boys, dressed in linen clothes, had a nice time. While they
were gone, the little boys procured shovels and buckets, dragged
and toted black mud from the swamp, spread it nicely over

118 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

the steep little hill running down to the creek, and stretching
a well-rope tightly across it, awaited the result. As the sere-
nading party returned late in the dark night, the little fellows
raised a frightful yell and the big boys started to run and were
tripped and piled up in a heap in the black mud.

The prank showed energy and pluck. A boy who goes with
his head down, moping about like a lousy calf, is not apt to rise
in the world when a man.

Written by the late Joun B. Benson.

Hartwell Sun, May 23, 1877.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE
CONSTITUTION
AND
BY-LAWS
OF THE
PENDLETON FARMER® SOCIETY,
TOGETHER WITH THE
LETTERS AND PAPERS
WHICH HAVE BEEN READ BEFORE THE SOCIETY,
AT ITS VARIOUS MEETINGS.

CONSTITUTION OF THE PENDLETON FARMERS’ SOCIETY.
As Published in 1820.

Art. 1. The Society shall be styled, The Pendleton Farmers’
Society.

Art. 2. The objects of the Society shall be the promotion
and improvement of agriculture and rural affairs. Their atten-
tion shall be confined to these objects.

Art. 38. A President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treas-
urer, and a Corresponding Secretary, shall be annually elected,
by a majority of the members present, at the anniversary of
the Society, the second Thursday of June in each year. The
persons elected to continue in office one year, and until a new
election takes place. In case of vacancy by death, resignation

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 121

or otherwise, the same may be supplied by a new election, made
at any stated meeting of the Society; the person elected to serve
the remainder of the year.

Art. 4. At the meetings of the Society, the President shall
exercise all the usual duties of that office. All motions shall
be addressed to him, and on all questions he shall collect and
declare the votes. He shall have power to call special meetings,
by giving public notice of six days. In his absence the Vice-
President shall exercise the same powers. A quorum for busi-
ness shall consist of the President or Vice-President, and at
least four members.

Art. 5. The Treasurer and Secretary shall keep the hooks
and papers of the Society, and the accounts regularly stated.
At the meeting previous to the anniversary, he shall produce his
accounts fairly stated, books, and papers, and deliver them to
his successor, on the anniversary, or to the order of the Society.

Art. 6. The Corresponding Secretary shall have in charge
all letters addressed to the Society, and answer the same under
their direction, which letters and answers he shall keep regularly
filed.

Art. 7. The stated meetings of the Society shall be on the
second Thursday of each month of each year.

Art. 8. The members of the Society shall be distinguished
into resident, honorary, and contributing members.

Resident members shall consist of persons residing within the
district. All members of Agricultural Societies in other states
and countries, with whom this society shall correspond, and all
persons of this state and of other states and countries, who
shall be elected for the purpose, shall be honorary members;
and are hereby invited to assist at the meetings, whenever they
come within the district. Strangers who desire to be present,
as auditors, may be introduced by a resident member.

Honorary contributing members, are of the description here-
after mentioned. Every citizen contributing and paying into

122 Pendleton Farmers’ Society

the hands of the Treasurer a sum not less than ten dollars, may
be elected, agreeably to the rules, an honorary member, without
regard to place of residence. Those who thus laudably enable
the Society to extend its usefulness, and promote its objects,
are invited to assist at its meetings. They will be styled hoa-
orary contributing members.

Art. 9. New members, whether resident or honorary, shall
be elected by ballot, in their absence; application on their be-
half shall be made to the Society at a stated meeting previous
to their election. Three negatives shall be sufficient to reject
a member proposed.

Art. 10. For the purpose of defraying the necessary expenses
of the Society, for premiums and prizes, books on agriculture,
improved instruments of farming and other important objects,
every member shall annually pay into the hands of the Treasurer,
on the anniversary, the sum of one dollar and a half, at the
close of which said meeting, the Treasurer elect shall lay be-
fore the Society a list of the members, specifying who have and
who have not paid their contributions. No part of the So-
ciety’s funds shall be disposed of except at a stated meeting, of _
which notice shall have been given at the stated meeting pre-
vious.

Art. 11. New rules or alterations shall be proposed, and the
proposal entered on the minutes, at the stated meeting preceding
the anniversary, and may then be made by not less than two
thirds of the members present.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 123

RuLes AND By-LAWS FoR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE
FARMERS’ SOCIETY.

As Published in 1820.

Rute 1. At all meetings of the Society, the President shall
take the chair, and call the members to order, at 11 o’clock.

2. Every member wishing to move a resolution, shall reduce
it to writing, and address the chair standing. No resolution
is to be open for discussion until seconded, but the mover may
state reasons for any preliminary observations, not touching the
merits of his resolution, before it is seconded.

3. No member shall be allowed to speak more than twice on
any one subject, without permission of the Society.

4, In all cases every member shall rise and address the chair
uncovered ; the member first up shall have the precedence. The
President shall confine the attention of the Society to the mem-
ber speaking, and not suffer him to be interrupted in any man-
ner whatever.

5. In cases of more than ordinary interest, the Society may
go into a committee of the whole, on the requisition of any five
members; when the President shall nominate a chairman, who
shall preserve the same order and decorum, and cause the same
rules of debate to be observed, with the exception of the third
rule.

6. The previous question may be moved and seconded at
any state of the debate, in committee of the whole, and shall
be in the following words: “Shall the main question be now
put?” Should the committee decide in the affirmative, the
main question shall be put immediately, without debate.

124 Pendleton Farmers’ Socicty.

7. Whenever a resolution has been disposed of by a vote of
the Society, it shall not be in order to move that, or a similar
resolution during the meeting, without a vote of the Society to
re-consider.

8. Every member of the Society who shall violate any of
these rules, or who shall not conduct himself with propriety and
decorum, both of language and manner, shall be called to order
by the President or Chairman, and if necessary, be directed to
resume his seat.

9. In cases of gross, scandalous, violent, ungentlemanly con-
duct, the Society may expel a member. The resolution for
this purpose, must be signed by two members, who will hand it
silently to the President, who is bound not to disclose their
names, and who is to request the member to withdraw. After
debate, the member named shall be introduced, and informed by
the President of the substance of the charges, and required
to make his defence after he returns, either at the moment, or
at the next stated meeting. When a vote is taken, it shall be
by ballot, and it shall require two thirds of the meeting, which
shall consist of at least one fourth of the resident members, to
expel a member.

10. All applications for admission to this Society, and all
resignations, must be made in writing; and any resident mem-
bers leaving the district, shall be entitled to continue honorary
members.

11. The resident officiating Ministers of the Gospel of this
district, shall be entitled to be resident members of this Society,
free of contribution.

12. All members, and all persons who shall hereafter be-
come members of this Society, shall sign the constitution and
these rules.

James ©. Grirrin, President.

Jostas D. GAILLARD, Vice-President.
Rosert ANDERSON, Secretary & Treasurer.
JosepH V. SHANKLIN, Corresponding Sec.

HONORARY MEMBERS

Gen: Thomas Pimckney'.. . . .. . .’. St. James Santee.
Eon, Wallram-Eowndes, 3205) 2 Charleston.
eC Eni MEV el Cosy ace bos ha Sitise ry eed et oe ce Reda te IO'
Rem Se PU ZAC MRIS Eel U Gop Faves ie es PARA Is A aes Ae Nel ek ig
Dea ob rinalemubiste rey") wi niorns eth eee: Be Digs
Dremel let reps tt thd har Ste aN ROSY de eer ats eee OS
Gem OMmoEbigerery a yt shart h ah Os Cs et as al
Hon. J. C. Calhoun’. . - -. . . . Washington City.
WO dais Om a Pea ZAR eae ss), TAs See area eS MS OILee:
Coli he) Alstomt 6 ae a St. Stephens: Atabame.
ev.c Dre Wadden or a) eo Se oS A ence Ceongte.
Gen. John ‘Blassinpamiey. 1. 2° . 2. |.) 2... Greenville.
DESEs Hithouseli : is 8 oe Washington, Georgia:
ice visaae Awe ee) ee ee Se oo, estar Istana:
ied Oe Mir Ieeseeie ern T Saltese es ae EDO

RESIDENT MEMBERS.

1815.
Thomas Pinckney, Jr, Robert Anderson,
John L. North, William Hunter,
Andrew Pickens, Benjamin Du Pre, sen.,
Benjamin Smith, Joseph Grisham,
John Miller, sen., L. M. Gregor,
Charles Gaillard, Samuel Earle,
John EK. Calhoun, Richard Harrison,
J. T. Lewis, Patrick Norris,
Thomas L. Dart, J. C. Kilpatrick,
J. B. Earle, Joseph B. Earle,
C. W. Miller, Wee Darran:
Samuel Cherry, Thomas Stribling,
John Taylor, John Green,
James C. Griffin, Josias D. Gaillard,

Joseph Van Shanklin.

126 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

1816.
John Maxwell, W. R. Davis,
B. F. Perry, William Gaston,
William Hubbart, Joseph Reed,
EK. B. Benson, Elam Sharpe,
George Reese, sen., D. Sloan, Jr.
George W. Liddell, Samuel Warren,
J+ Berry, Leonard Simpson,
John Martin, Major Lewis,
T. Farrar, Samuel Taylor.
1817.
William Steele, Thomas Lorton,
James Lawrence, Rey. James Hillhourse,
Francis Burr, Benjamin Dickson,
John Hunter, Richard Lewis,
W. S. Adair, J. T. Whitefield,
William Taylor, J. B. Hammond,
William Anderson, John Holbert,
Joseph Mitchell, Robert Lemon.
1818.
John Hall, Charles Story,
David Cherry, M‘Kenzie Collins,
John Gaillard, George Taylor,
Theodore Gaillard.
1819.
Samuel Gassaway, James Faris,
R. A. Maxwell, William Oliver,
J. P. Lewis, James O. Lewis,
F. W. Symmes, Thomas Sloan,
George Reese, Jr. Henry M‘Crary,

Joseph Whitner, David K, Hamilton.

Pendleton Farmers Society. 127

ADDRESS TO THE FARMERS’ SOCIETY.

Permit me, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the
objects of this institution; to present in a few words its vast
importance to our country generally, and to this section of it
in particular; and I know not how I can more plainly and for-
cibly express myself, than by stating the situation of other sec-
tions of our happy country, which formerly were in our present
condition, but which are now advanced a century before us in
agricultural knowledge. -A learned and judicious farmer of
our sister state of Pennsylvania, describes the state of agricul-
ture after the conclusion of the former American war, as
wretched in the extreme. Their lands were exhausted by a
constant succession of grain crops, and then abandoned to weeds,
as worthless. New land was cleared, and the same miserable
system pursued. Man and beast suffered alike, as the forage
for the latter was supplied from the scanty crops of the farmer,
or the poor animals fed on dry straw and the scanty pickings
of the fields. Animal life was barely sustained through the
winter, and that with difficulty. Does this sad picture present
to your minds no home reflections? Does not a striking simi-
larity of situation present itself? From this unfortunate state
of daily struggle for support, they were relieved by a few intel-
ligent men; who, united in a society for agricultural improve-
ment, such as we now form, have, by their judgment, zeal, and
agricultural knowledge, diffused so much instruction to the in-
telligent farmer, as to convert his barren land into fertile soil,
and to substitute the wine and oil of abundance, for the miseries
of poverty and starvation.

This happy change, however, was not effected in a day. They
had to contend with the prejudices of ignorance, and the ob-
stinate and blind perseverance in bad habits of those who pre-
tended to agricultural skill. They pursued their career with
unwearied step, undismayed by the difficulties which presented
themselves, till they finally placed the agricultural interests of
their country on a footing seldom equalled and not exceeded
by any on this continent.

128 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

Such, gentlemen, is the successful career of the Philadelphia
Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, aided by similar
societies in Pennsylvania. And who will not say that they
merit the lasting gratitude of their country? We are accus-
tomed to consider men of a different character as great and
illustrious. The actions of Cesar and of Scipio; of Marlboro’
and Eugene, or in latter times, of Bonaparte and Blucher, en-
title them, in modern phrase, to be called great. But these
men derived this title from their proficiency in destroying their
fellow men. Their fame, like the pestiferous fumes of the
charnel house, arises from the gore of mortals like themselves.
It is steeped in blood, and is accompanied by the groans and
shrieks of millions. Far different, and how far preferable, is
the character of the scientific and industrious agriculturist. He
is the benefactor of his fellow men: his talents and his labors
are devoted to the support and happiness of mankind. They
make man intelligent and independent. They teach him to
derive his wealth and respectability from the fruitful bosom
which nature’s God assigned us for this purpose: and his efforts,
unlike those of the horrible traffickers in human blood, confer a
lasting benefit, not only on his contemporaries, but on posterity.

We may justly conclude then, that as war and warriors are
the curses, peace and agriculture are the blessings of the world.

In a national point of view, we have every inducement that
can operate on a well organized mind, to stimulate our exer-
tions. Living under the happiest and freest government in
the civilized world; protected by mild laws, in the enjoyment
of every right not incompatible with the equal rights of others;
it is the duty of allegiance: it is the duty of gratitude: it is
that duty, which love of country imperiously dictates, that every
citizen should contribute his utmost efforts, to place his be-
loved country on the pinnacle of national prosperity. Our cit-
izens, of all professions, should unite in this glorious effort, and
it is confidently believed that the effort will insure its success.
In other pursuits our citizens have established and sustained a
national character, not exceeded in the old world. Our states-
men are decidedly superior. In the learned professions of law
and physic, we exhibit a splendid specimen of American intel-

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 129

lect. Our naval heroes, by their valor and skill, and honorable
humanity, have extorted the plaudits of an admiring world;
and our armies have lately proved themselves superior to the
boasted discipline of Hurope. Even in agriculture, some of our
sister states have attained a proficiency highly honorable to
themselves, and promotive of their permanent wealth and pros-
perity. Why then are we so far behind them? Why does not
their patriotic example influence our conduct? Are we made
of inferior materials? Are we not fostered by the genial warmth
of the same political atmosphere? Or has our wayward fortune
thrown us on a sterile rock, incapable of improvement? None
of these obstacles exist. Our district has emerged from the
infancy of its settlement, while our agricultural knowledge is
yet in the cradle. Let me not be told that this torpor proceeds
from local causes: ‘That our numerous water courses are ob-
structed by rocks, and that we shall find no vent for our in-
creased productions. The answer is obvious. The superficial
barriers which nature has thrown in our way, only to stimulate
our exertions, are not removed, simply because their removal
has not yet been necessary. But once increase your produc-
tions; double them, quadruple them, and they will not be dammed
up at home; but like our swollen streams, they will burst with
irresistible impetuosity through the rocks and barriers which
impede their course to market. This is the natural course of
events. The connection between this district and the commer-
cial sections of our State will be facilitated, and we shall obtain
in exchange for our flour, our corn, our tobacco, and our beef
and pork, such articles as our necessities may require, at re-
duced prices.

Do we want the evidence and authority of the best and wisest
men in our republic, as to the importance of agricultural knowl-
edge to our country? It is at hand. Washington, acknowl-
edged by an admiring world to be the greatest man of the age,
“the first in war, the first in peace, and the first in the hearts
of his countrymen,” was, himself, an agriculturist. He incul-
cated by his precepts, and enforced by his example, the princi-
ples and practice of agriculture, as intimately connected with
the welfare of that country to which he has left so many proofs

130 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

of his devotion. Mr. Jefferson, on this subject, has ably sec-
onded the example of his predecessor. He has been personally
instrumental in establishing agricultural societies, and has given
us much valuable information. It is needless to multiply ex-
amples, almost every distinguished citizen of our country, how-
ever they may have differed on other points, have united in
opinion, that a successful system of agriculture is the basis of
our prosperity; that it is the foundation of commerce; that it
strengthens the federal bond of union: that it increases the
actual value of our country; that it enlightens our citizens, as
to its numerous blessings; that it diffuses knowledge, and thereby
strengthens a good government, “which is never in danger,
while a free people are well informed.” If these opinions of
our best men be correct, (and what sceptic can hesitate to be-
lieve them,) does it not behoove us to assist in this fair and
goodly work, whose object is so all-important, whose means are
so much within our reach. But I deem it useless to address a
further argument to you, gentlemen, on an interesting subject,
on which the existence, and wealth, and permanent prosperity
of our country so essentially depends; I will merely suggest a
few measures, which appear to me to be calculated to promote
the object of our infant but already respectable institution.

I propose, in the first place, that our Corresponding Secre-
tary be directed to open a correspondence with the Philadelphia
Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, informing them of
our institution, and its objects, inviting their assistance and
information, as to the means of procuring the best samples of
seeds and grain, particularly wheat, the time and mode of sow-
ing it, the preparation of the soil, and its culture generally.
The public spirited character of that Society, warrants the be-
lief that they will receive the communication with pleasure.

I recommend to your consideration, the payment in advance
of our first annual subscription, to afford the means of defray-
ing any little expenses incident to this proposition.

I propose for your consideration, the expediency of opening
a correspondence with Mr. Vaughan, of Philadelphia, requesting
him to furnish the Society with the Memoirs of the Philadel-
phia, and other similar Societies in the Northern States, and gen-

Pendleton Farmers’ Socie ty. 131

erally such other books, on Agricultural subjects, as our funds
will enable us to obtain. The well known philanthropic char-
acter of this gentleman leaves no doubt that he will execute this
commission with pleasure.

As most agricultural experiments and improvements require
time to execute them, I propose for your consideration, the ex-
pediency of offering a premium for the best field of wheat, not
less than four acres, which must be ploughed at least twice,
and harrowed in, the wheat not sown among corn; the grain
to be thrashed out, accurately measured, and a fair sample pro-
duced to the Society, at their stated meeting, the fourth Thurs-
day of July, 1816; certificates of the preparation of the ground
and measurement of the wheat to accompany the sample. Pub-
lic notice of this premium should be immediately inserted in
the Pendleton Messenger, to which should be prefixed, a short
statement of our Society and its objects; and inviting the as-
sistance of literary, philosophical, and agricultural men. The
premium should be a silver cup, of the value of ————dollars,
with a suitable inscription.

To these observations and propositions, permit me to add the
expression of my gratitude, for the unmerited honor of the
presiding chair, to which nothing indeed could have entitled
me, but your partiality, and zealous interest in the important
object of this Society. I indulge, however, a fervent hope,
that by the blessings of Providence, a star may rise in the west,
whose brilliant effulgence may illumine a midnight path, and
attracting others within its orbit, may finally shed the happiest
rays of light on the destinies of our beloved country.

THOMAS PINCKNEY, JR.
President of the Farmers’ Society.
J. T. Lewis, Esq., Corresponding Secretary.

132 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

ON THE SUPERIORITY OF THE EGypTiAN Over THE ComMMON
OAT.

BY THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY.

PENDLETON, JULY 12, 1815.

Sir—Having heard some farmers declare their opinions in
preference of the common oat, to the Egyptian oat, I take the
liberty of stating to the Society, the result of my experience
this year, as to these two kinds of oats.

About the 15th of March, I sowed ten acres, one half with
Egyptian oats, and the other half with the common black oats.
The same quantity of seed, and the same culture was used, and
they were both sowed in the same field. The Egyptian oats al-
ways appeared more vigorous and thriving; on the 10th of June,
the whole field was eared out, and shortly after, I observed that
the common oat was very much smutted, almost one ear in ten,
while I could not find one single smutted ear in the Egyptian
oats. I also observed that not more than two or three stems
rose from one plant of the common oats, while five or six were
common from the other; and the general appearance of the field
warrants the opinion that double the quantity of the Egyptian
oats will be reaped.

The common oats were cradled on the 3d of this month, :
since which, the continued rains have obliged me to let the large
oats stand, and though they are over ripe, I do not observe
that they lodge at all, though one of my neighbors informed me
his common oats were down. The straw of the large oat is
stronger and larger, and more valuable therefore for manure.

The Egyptian oat is a winter grain, and should be sown under
furrow in September, when they will furnish a good winter pas-
ture for sheep, without much injury, if they are taken off early.
They litter very much when sown early, and spread on the
ground, which the common oat does not, and its not being ha-
ble to smut is a great advantage. I have sown them many years,
and do not recollect ever to have seen them smutted. It is a

L’endleton Farmers’ Society. 133

good practice to let the oats intended for seed remain a few
days after the others are cradled, as it is probable that unripe
and damp seed, which will get mouldy, may be one cause of
the smut in oats. It is highly advantageous to cut the rest of
the crop some time before they are ripe, while the stalk is yet
green; if well cured, their value as fodder is thereby doubled.

The same results as to these two kinds of oats, may not arise,
if sown by different farmers, in different fields, and in different
years; a better or a worse season or soil, may cause an im-
proper conclusion to be drawn. The fair way is to sow them
perfect similarity of circumstances under which they were
at the same time, in the same field, and in the same way. The
oats sown in my field, leaves no doubt in my mind, of the great
superiority of the Egyptian oat.

I have only to add that the soil of the field is tolerably good
upland, some clayey loam, with a substratum of stiff red clay.

Although the subject of this communication may not be
thought very important, yet I think if farmers generally would
favor the Society with their experiments on every agricultural
subject, a mass of information would be collected, from which
might be selected a most useful and practical system of hus-
bandry.

I am sir, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
THOMAS PINCKNEY, JR.

J.T. Lewis, Esq., Corresponding Secretary.

134 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

On WHaatT.
BY JOHN L, NORTH, ESQ.

JuLy %, 1815.

Str—In consequence of the very serious damages that wheat
crops have for several years past sustained from rust, and of
the heavy loss necessarily experienced by the farmer, I have
been induced to turn my attention to that subject, and I now
communicate to the society a few observations, not so much
however with the hope of offering any thing new or interesting,
as of encouraging gentlemen to similar attempts.

Of all the diseases to which wheat is subject, I know of no
one so rapid in its progress or so fatal in its effects, as rust.
The moment it seizes on a plant, all vegetation ceases: in a few
days its leaves and stalks become dry and useless, and the grain
eventually turns out to be light and worthless. Farmers, and
indeed men of science, appear to be but little acquainted with
the cause or nature of this disease, and still less with the remedy
proper for it. The variety of opinions that have been offered
on the subject, (some plausible indeed, but none perfectly sat-
isfactory) is a proof of this fact. Dr. Darwin supposes rust
to be a fungus, similar to mildew, which resembles certain
kinds of liverwort, and’ grows beneath the leaves of plants al-
ready diseased, and conjectures that greater light and ventila-*
tion may prevent or destroy it. Whether this hypothesis has
ever found any advocates among men of science, I have never
been able to learn; but I believe it to be unsupported by the
experience of any respectable farmer, either in Europe or this
country. My own is directly opposed to it. I have sowed
wheat on lands somewhat worn, but still in good heart, and also
on the very first quality high lands, and have always noticed
those parts where it was thin, and of course completely exposed
to the operation of both light and ventilation, to be greatly in-
jured, whilst others differently situated, have escaped entirely,
or been little affected. The same or very similar results, have
been remarked by others for several years past, and as far as I

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 135

know, without any material variation. M. Segur conjectures
mildew to be the cause of rust. He describes mildew as a dis-
ease of plants, consisting of a thick, clammy, sweetish juice,
that is supposed to exhale from or descend on the leaves and
blossoms of plants. This juice is said to be of a sharp corrosive
nature, and by its acrimony, to prevent the circulation of sap.
Others again ascribe it to honey dew, which is in its nature
and effects very like mildew; and a few, I believe, to the action
of cold, which bursts the sap vessels, or to innumerable insects.
The last of these opinions seems now, however, to be generally
abandoned; for the most accurate and patient examination, by
means of microscopical glasses, does not lend it even the color
of support. Without considering further the varying, and in
many instances, contradictory opinions of writers on this sub-
ject, I proceed to mention the issue of several experiments
made by me with-the view of finding some preventive for this
disease; and also of others, which, though not made by me,
nevertheless came under my observation, and thence draw a few
conclusions.

In November, 1812, I sowed nine acres of stiff creek low
grounds in wheat; upwards of a bushel was put to the acre,
and ploughed in with two horses. When it had only its two
first leaves, the cold weather set in, and continued with undi-
minished severity for several weeks. During that time, we had
a fall of snow; it was not deep enough to do good, indeed it
rather did harm. One or two days after the snow disappeared,
I examined my wheat, I found it, as to growth, but little im-
proved; its appearance red, and otherwise unhealthy. Through
the winter it remained nearly stationary; as the spring ad-
vanced, however, it pushed forward rapidly, and promised well.
About the time rust generally makes its appearance, I heard of
some fields in my neighborhood being overrun with it. This
induced me to examine my crop a second time, when I found
it to be injured only where it was thin, or backward, or where
it was lightly manured with ashes. But these spots were also
backward. JI harvested at the usual time. My wheat, under
all these disadvantages, was fair and usually plump. It yielded
considerably more to the acre than my neighbors; and weighed

136 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

sixty-six pounds to the bushel. The spring was late; the nights
and days alternately hot and cold.

The succeeding fall I had a very fine piece of high land
sowed down in wheat; about the same quantity was put to the
acre as on the preceding year. It was ploughed in with a
single horse, but well, the land being in capital tilth. In the
fore part of the spring, which was open, my wheat became lux-
uriant. On the 16th and 17th of April, the forward shoots
were filled in the hose by frost. The under shoots then came
forward. The whole field was almost totally destroyed by rust.
Another field at some distance from the creek, and which suf-
fered but little from frost, escaped almost without damage.
These fields were sowed about the same time and by the same
hand; the quantity of seed to the acre the same. The wheat
on the creek was most backward.

Last year I sowed a twelve acre field in wheat, allowing nine
bushels to the whole, or three pecks to the acre. It was ploughed
in with two horses. Through the winter and spring its growth
was inconsiderable. It was generally much injured by rust.
On examination I found that those spots which were shaded
or thin, or where a quantity of ashes had been left, (some log
heaps having been burnt on the field) were the most damaged.
The spring more backward than the two preceding. Frost oc-
curred as late as the 22d of May. On the adjoining farm, six
bushels of wheat were put on between three and four acres of
land, some of which had been upwards of twenty years under
cultivation. It was sowed rather later than mine, but came up
about the same time. The only part affected was rather thin.
The grain is good, and the crop promises to be abundant.

To these statements I might add many others; but I deem
them sufficient for my purpose. I cannot, however, deny my-
self the satisfaction of relating a fact, which, though it has no
material bearing on the subject of rust, yet shews that the prac-
tice of thin sowing is discountenanced by some able farmers, on
the score of profit. In Switzerland, one of the best agricultur-
ists usually sowed three bushels of wheat to the acre, first, how-
ever, dressing that quantity of ground with light loads of ma-
nure. The produce, one year with another was sixty bushels

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 137

to the acre, which left, after deducting the expenses of seed,
rent, tythes, labor, &c. a clear gain of twelve bushels and thirty
bundles of straw per acre. I am particular in mentioning straw,
because it is everywhere, but in this country, considered to be
of the very first importance. It is the source whence the great-
est quantity of manure is derived, and without manure there
can be no good farming.

From the above statements I deduce the following inferences :

1st. That rust, whatever may be its nature, arises chiefly
from the alternate action of heat and cold, on plants that are
thin; or from whatever cause, unreasonably backward.

2d. That deep ploughing, which increases the pasture or
food of plants, and thick sowing, which preserves a more equal
temperature, are the best preventives of this disease.

I am sir, your obedient servant,
JOHN Nortu.

J. T. Lewis, Esq., Corresponding Secretary.

138 Pendleton Farmers’ Society. :

On Pera Hay.

BY JOHN L. NORTH, ESQ., CHAIRMAN OF A COMMITTEE.

SEPTEMBER 11, 1815.

Srr—It seems to be conceded on all hands that an ally to
Indian corn, on which we have heretofore relied for the support
of our horses and stock during the winter and spring, has be-
come absolutely indispensable, for it can no longer be concealed,
that under our present wretched system of husbandry, this grain
exhausts very much; and whilst it yields every succeeding year,
a more straitened supply, returns less offal to the earth than
any other we grow. By some unaccountable oversight, the stalks
which are in other states carefully husbanded, and turned to
good account, both as an article of food and manure, are with us,
suffered to remain through the winter exposed to the influence
of sun, air and frost, or else a half starved drove of cattle is
turned in upon them to glean a scanty subsistence. To the ex-
haustion that lands necessarily experience in the production of
every kind of white grain, is thus added waste, and the serious
damages that kneading them into mortar, invariably occasions.
In this poached state, all the benefit they may have derived from
frost is entirely lost; and they are likewise prevented from im-
bibing those particles from the atmosphere, which constitute
so essential a portion of the food of plants. For remedying
these evils, which were so severely felt in the diminished product
of our crops, and increased poverty of our farms, many of us
had recourse to small grain, which it was confidently hoped
would at once ameliorate the soil, and supply all deficiencies.
Among these, wheat and rye had the preference; but experience,
so far from justifying our choice, has compelled us to admit
that they impoverish much more than Indian corn; that they
yield less to the acre, and that their litter is not to be compared,
either in quantity or quality, with that of Indian corn, whilst
the food they furnish, is also less substantial. With the same
view, opts have been tried, but owing perhaps, to the small quan-
tity of seed sown to the acre, they have proved even more in-

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 139

jurious and less productive than either wheat or rye. Notwith-
standing, however, the ill success of these experiments, we
ought not to be discouraged, since other crops may do for us,
what we had too inconsiderately expected from those of small
grain. As promising a more favorable issue, we earnestly rzcom-
mend leguminous crops, particularly peas, which will answer
the double purpose of shading and opening the soil. hey
give besides an excellent food, and the hay made of the vines
is superior to any we have ever tried. We have known several
horses to be kept through the winter, in excellent order, uvon
what was gathered from a corn field of small extent. It is no
material objection to them, that they are difficult to cure, for
if that be the case, they are also not easily spoiled. As another
auxiliary, let us bring to your notice, oats, which ought, however,
to be sowed at the rate of between four and five bushels to the
acre, and cut before they shoot the ear. Oats have been found
to do well at the northward, on lands not differing in quality
from our own. It is, however, to be distinctly understood, that
they are to be grown in this manner, only on farms which have
no meadows. To these may be added Guinea corn, whicli suc-
ceeds well here, and affords a greater quantity of green food
for soiling, than any plan I am acquainted with. It will be-
sides enable us to abandon pasturing our fields, which is per-
haps the most fruitful source of their poverty. Chicory and
manglewurtzel or the white beet may also be tried. The former
of these is spoken highly of in England, and may answer well
here. It is greedily eaten by horses and sheep. Like Guinea
corn, it may be cut several times through the summer. Above
all we recommend meadows. ‘To these only can we look for
effectual relief from the incumbrances under which our corn
cribs daily groan; and for a constant supply of manure, upon
which, it cannot be too often repeated, all economical farming
must be bottomed. We have not noticed cabbages, potatoes,

140 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

parsnips, turnips, carrots, &c., because we do not think they
will answer. Most of them have not done well at the north-
ward, and from the trials we have made of them, they will do
worse here. As coming within the subject of economy, we rec-
ommend that all manures be diligently saved and applied; that
weeds be carefully extirpated; and that farms should never be
burthened with supernumerary horses or cattle.
IT am, &e.,
JoHN L. Norra, Chairman.

J. T. Lewis, Esq., Corresponding Secretary.

Pendleton Farmers’ Soctety. 141

ON SHEEP.
BY JOHN L. NORTH, ESQ.

Str—As merino sheep are daily becoming more important
as well to individuals as to the community, it will not, I hope,
be unacceptable to the Society, to have a few remarks on their
introduction into some of the countries of Europe; on the prac-
ticability of acclimating them here; and also on their great su-
periority over every other kind now in our State. For a long
time it was the prevalent opinion, that merino sheep degenerated
in form and size, as well as in fineness of fleece, everywhere
except in Spain; for it was generally believed that their frequent
migrations from the flat lands, to the mountains, (to which
agriculture was almost entirely sacrificed,) but more especially
that some peculiarity in the soil and climate of that country,
was essential to their greatest perfection in these respects.
From this opinion, we accordingly find no deviation, until the
year 1722, when their introduction into Sweden was made a
national concern, a premium of 25 per cent. being allowed by
the government “on the value of the wool to the grower.” The
climate of Sweden is regarded as less friendly to sheep than
that of any other improved portion of Europe, both on account
of the heat and shortness of its summers, and the length and
severity of its winters; nevertheless they have not degenerated,
even there, although Sweden possesses upwards of 100,000 me-
rinoes of the pure blood, and nearly a century passed since they
were originally introduced. A circumstance so extraordinary
as this, it might have been expected would not have been suf-
fered to pass without improvement, much less without notice ;
yet for a considerable time, (such is the power of prejudice)
no attempts were made by other countries to secure this valuable
breed. At length in 1786, Louis XIV. after having, by nu-
merous experiments, ascertained that they would do equally well
there, imported into France, under the care of Spanish shep-
herds, four hundred rams and ewes, which were by permission
of the then sovereign king, selected from the best Spanish flocks.

142 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

These so far from degenerating, on the contrary, have actually
improved in every respect; for M. Gilbert, one of the members
of the national institute, asserts “that they do not yield in any
circumstance, to the most beautiful in point of size, form and
strength, or in the fineness, length, softness, strength, and abund-
ance of the fleece.” He adds, “the manufacturers and dealers in
wool, who came in numbers to Rambouillet this year, (1796) to
purchase, unanimously agreed to this fact, at the very time they
were combining to keep down the price.” This statement is
confirmed by M. Tesaire & Huzard, and likewise by the duke
of Bedford, who says, “that he found the sheep of Rambouillet
of a size he was unprepared to expect, and that still the wool
preserved its original purity.” He also states that “samples of
the wool taken when the sheep first arrived, and at various
periods, since that time, were examined by him, with all possi-
ble accuracy, and evidently declared a progressive improvement.”
Col. Humphries, of Connecticut, also mentions in his letter
to the Agricultural Society, of Massachusetts, that the national
flock of France, gave double as much as those of Spain, and
still their wool retained its original fineness.” In England
where they have lately been carried, they have also ardently un-
dergone a change for the better; for Doctor Parry insists, “from
his own experience, that the wool of his upland ewes, in the
fourth generation, was injured when he put to them a full blood
Spanish ram.” Encouraged by the success of these and other
experiments, and believing from circumstances, that even the
condition of the imported breed of Europe might be meliorated
in this country. in 1792, Mr Livingston, then our ambassador
in France, purchased several ewes and a ram, and shipped them
for the United States. These were picked from the so justly
celebrated Rambouillet flock; yet Mr. Livingston declares them
to be inferior in every point, to those of his own raising, but
particularly in the quality of the wool. “It is certain,” says a
writer on the subject of merinoes, “that Mr. Caldwell, of New
Jersey, in all his enterprising purchases, from the late impor-
tations of Spanish sheep, has never met with any equal in ap-
pearance, fineness of fleece, or length of pile, to those of his own
raising, from his original flock.” Their easy acclimation at
the northward, and the great profit derived from them, joined

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 143

to the persuasion that they would thrive equally well in our
climate, induced several merchants to import a few of the mixed
breed from the Northern States, and some full breed Spanish
merinoes into Charleston. A few of both descriptions were dis-
posed of there. I have seen, in different parts of the state,
many of the lambs of these, most of them were superior in
form and size to the parent stock, and such of their fleeces as
I have noticed, were decidedly finer, without adding other proofs
of their progressive improvement, and of course, of the practi-
cability of acclimating them in the Southern, as well as the
Northern States. I come now to the principal object of this
communication, which is to show that they are much more ad-
vantageous to the farmer. The sheep of this state in particular,
may be divided into three or four different kinds, but I shall
only notice those that are attended to on account of their wool.
The most remarkable of these, indeed the only one worthy of
observation, is that which resembles the Southdown sheep of
England, which are thus described by Lacock: “It has no
horns, its legs and face are grey, its head and upper part of
the neck very thick, the pile planted very closely on the pelt,
the fleeces very unequal, that of the back differs considerably
from the produce of the sides and shoulders, and the brush
becomes suddenly very coarse, the pile not uniform, and fre-
quently contains a number of coarse and long hairs, which prove
hurtful to the cloth.” Their fleeces, it is understood commonly
weigh from two to three pounds, and sell in England at about
42 cents the pound. The following description of merino sheep
- is from Mr. Livingston’s book, on that subject. “The race va-
ries greatly in size and beauty, in different parts of Spain. It
is commonly rather smaller than the middle size sheep of
America. The body is compact, the legs short, the head long,
the forehead arched. The ram generally (but not invariably)
carries very large spiral horns, has a fine eye and a-bold step.
The ewes have generally no horns. The wool of these sheep is
so much finer and softer than the common wool, as to bear no
sort of comparison with it; it is twisted and drawn together
like a corkscrew; its length is generally about three inches, but
when drawn out, it will stretch to nearly double that length.

144 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

The wool is, when cleansed, extremely white, yet on the sheep
it appears of a yellowish or dirty brown color owing to the close-
ness of the coat, and the condensation of the perspiration on
the extremities of the fleece. The wool commonly covers a
great part of the head, and descends to the hoof of the hind feet,
particularly in young sheep: it is also much more greasy than the
wool of other sheep. The skin is of a fine carnation red and
very thin.” It is stated, on good authority, that merino wool
has sold in England at upwards of 25s. sterling the pound; at
the northward it readily commands two dollars. It has already
been remarked, that “the wool of these sheep is so much finer
and softer than that of common sheep, as to bear no sort of
comparison with it;” but this is not the only circumstance in
which they claim a superiority; they also yield more wool in
proportion to their size or weight of carcase. To settle this
point, five common sheep were weighed on Mr. Livingston’s
farm, their average weight was found to be 82 lbs. 6 oz., the
average weight of each fleece 4 lbs. 4 oz., so that these sheep
gave one pound of wool to every 20 lbs. of carcase. With the
same view twelve half and three-fourth blood ewes were weighed,
the average weight of each was 64 lbs., that of the fleece 5 Ibs.
14 oz. which is one pound of wool to every 10 1-2 lbs. of carcase.
And my own observation convinces me that, great as this differ-
ence appears to be, it is not exaggerated. I last year sheared
sixteen common sheep, seven of which were three years old
wethers of fine size; their united fleeces gave me only 32 lbs.
or 2 Ibs. to each fleece, whilst four half bloods, of the common
size, one of which was shorn the fall before, yielded me 20 lbs.
or 5 lbs. to every sheep. Mr. Arbuthnot, of Bath, (formerly a
woollen manufacturer) has for several years tried the Spanish
cross with the Wiltshire breed, nearly trebling the wool in quan-
tity, and improving it extremely in quality. ‘The carcases,” he
observes, “are reduced in size, but improved in mould, and
their disposition to fatten increased.” Now if we suppose the
wool of each sort to be worth fifty cents per pound, and their
keep through the winter one dollars fifty cents, there will then
be a loss of fifty cents on every common fleece, estimating these
at two pounds each, which is believed to be a fair estimate; but
in the case of mixed merinoes, a clear gain of fifty cents, their

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 145

fleeces weighing double as much as those of common sheep. In
Mr. Livingston’s treatise on sheep, to which I am indebted for
most of the information this paper contains, and which I ear-
nestly recommend to the attentive perusal of every farmer, a
calculation of a similar nature will be found; but it is much
more satisfactory, being more particular. He there proves that
on 201 common fleeces, the grower will sustain a loss of six
dollars and three cents, or three cents per fleece, whilst the
same number of mixed merino fleeces will afford a net profit of
765 dollars; and, if the value of the sheep themselves, and of
heir lambs, be taken into consideration, there will then be a
difference of upwards of 2,000 dollars, in favor of the merinoes,
Another advantage, which must not be overlooked is, as has been
already mentioned, that they are much more easily kept, and of
course less expensive to the farmer. Every animal with which
I am acquainted, I will venture to assert, will be found easy or
difficult to fatten, precisely in that degree in which it may be
well or badly made. A horse, for instance, having few defective
points, will take on both flesh and fat more readily than one of
a different and inferior structure. Of the common sheep I
possess, one is conspicuous for beauty of form. She is always
in better order than the rest, their chances being equal; and her
lambs are for the most part the best I have. She last year
nursed two lambs without any additional food, which are not
inferior to any of the same age. Merino sheep, at least those
that have come under my observation, possess every advantage in
point of form. Compared with other sheep, they exhibit the
same superiority that the thorough bred English bull does
over the common scrubs of the country, and that they are really
more easily kept, is no longer a matter of opinion. Lord Somer-
ville, who has paid particular attention to this matter, asserts
“that the same land which carried indifferently 45 long woolled
sheep, maintained, in good plight, 150 ryelands, the lambs of
which were weaned in good order. These lambs were summered
on the same land, at more than twelve per acre; and although
kept hard during the winter, the wethers fatted to sixteen
pounds the quarter.” Laurence observes, “in general, land
worth a guinea per acre, will carry and keep in good store
state, 6144 Spanish ryelands, from 4 to 414 Spanish Southdowns,
allowing turnips, pease, and hanlin in the dead winter months.

146 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

The largest breed of Southdowns, are stocked in Sussex, at the
rate of four per acre; of full blood merinoes it will carry a pro-
portionably greater number. They have been found very apt to
take on both flesh and fat.” “It is understood,’ says Colonel
Humphreys in his letter already referred to, “that the merinoes
are more easily maintained and fattened than the taller and lar-
ger breed, insomuch that there are persons acquainted with both
breeds, who calculate that 200 of these small-boned and
short-legged sheep may be kept in tolerably good condition,
where 20 of the other would suffer for want.” Tollet asserts
“that one acre of land which will keep three Southdowns,
(similar to our sheep) will be sufficient to keep four merinoes.”
He adds what is worthy of great attention, “the produce in wool
of the Southdowns, would be 18s. 6d. per acre, that of the mer-
inoes 3]. 15s. 6d. sterling.” The common sheep cast their wool
in the spring of the year, the merinoes do not; this then is
another advantage. The French, English and Swiss Agricultur-
ists, have for particular purposes permitted the wool to remain .
on the sheep for two and even three years, without injury to the
sheep or loss to the grower, for they then afford twice or three
times the usual quantity of wool, and of double or treble the

usual length. The same experiment has been tried by Mr. Ruth-
erford, of New York, with a 7-8 ram, and with similar success.
From this, another advantage arises, which is certainly of im-
portance, in a climate so variable as ours; I mean the not being
obliged to shear them at an unseasonable time. “Sheep are
subject to colds and chills of the limbs,” which always prove
hurtful, oftentimes fatal. “The pelt rot,’ observes Mr. Living-
ston, “generally arises from hard keeping and much exposure to
wet and cold, and in fact, the animal often dies in severe weath-
er, from the cold it suffers by the loss of its coat;” and lastly
they are less lable to disease. Poverty is the parent of half the
diseases to which sheep are subject. If then merinoes have a’
greater disposition to fatten than common sheep, they are of
course exactly in that proportion more free from those distem-
pers which have their origin in seanty food.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 147

Before I put an end to this communication, let me persuade
every farmer, if his circumstances will admit of it, to procure,
as soon as possible, a full-blood merino ram, if not, then one of
the mixed breed, the higher the grade the better. By a single
cross only, he will increase the value of his flock to an astonish-
ing degree, and thus convert an evil into a benefit, since it has
been proved that common sheep are not only unproductive, but
really expensive.

I am sir, your obedient servant,
JoHN L. Norrtu.
J. T. Lewis, Esq., Corresponding Secretary.

148 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

On WINTER FALLOWING.

BY THOMAS PINCKNEY, ESQ.

ALTAMONT, July 1, 1816.

Dear Sir-—I beg leave to direct the attention of the Society,
to an object I have long thought of the first inportance, and my
observations during the last two years have so strongly convinced
me of its great utility on our ridge farms, which are generally
stiff clay lands, that I flatter myself the Somety may think the
subject worthy of their consideration: It is a winter fallow.

The modern improvements in husbandry have, I believe, en-
tirely superseded the old laborious and expensive mode of clean-
ing lands by summer fallow. Fallow crops have been introduced
which have the desired effect, and at the same time preserve the
soils from losing their finer and more subtle particles by evapo-
ration, while they yield some return to the farmer for his labor.
Still however, the principal object of a fallow crop is cleaning
foul land, and if great judgment and care is not exercised in the
selection and culture of the crop, the soil will be as much exhaus-
ted as by the old naked fallows. But the winter fallow has a
higher object; its direct tendency is the actual improvement of
the soil, by exposing it to the action of the winter rains and
frosts, which perhaps more minutely enter, separate, and pulver-
ize our stiff clays, than any other known agent. The action of
frost, however, is generally limited to an inch or two below the
surface, but by throwing our stiff clay fields into five or six feet
ridges, high on the crown, and the furrows made very deep, we
admit this friendly agent to as great a depth as is necessary for
most of our crops. In this stage of the fallow, if manure of any
kind can be procured, there is no mode of application more eco-
nomical, or more immediately useful, than scattering it in the
bottom of the deep furrows. In March the ridges are to be split
down and gathered over the manure. Thus, every particle of the
soil will be moved, and the frost, the manure, and the plough
will have totally destroyed that compact adhesion which is the

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 149

unfortunate characteristic of our clay soils. Corn may then be
planted from three to five or six feet distance on the ridges, ac-
cording to the quantity of manure or quality of the land, with
the greatest probability of a successful crop. From my own
experience, I can affirm, that stiff clay worn soils have produced
three times as much as they did, without the winter fallow and

manure, and nearly twice as much, with winter fallow, and
without manure, as they did without either.

I may be told, however, that manure alone, without the fallow,
would be sufficient to produce this difference, and the labor of
one ploughing be therefore saved; but a strong proof of the ne-
cessity of the fallow fell under my observation a week or two
ago; so strong indeed as to have influenced my decision, to ad-
dress this communication to you.

My neighbor had ridged up a field in March last, the ridges
twelve feet apart, manure was spread in the furrows, and the
ridges gathered over the manure. I was convinced there was
manure enough, as the roots of some stalks of corn, that had
been thinned out, brought up large balls of manure, as they
were pulled up. This field was planted the third and fourth
days of April, and the corn appeared to be generally about three
feet high, and looked indeed well, but not of that flourishing
vigorous growth, I had expected from its culture and the great
width of rows. A stiff field of mine, had been winter fallowed
in the mode I have mentioned, the last of November. The ma-
nure was hauled out and spread in the furrows, the middle of
March, the ridges were reversed, and corn was planted four feet
apart, the last day of March, three or four days only sooner than
my neighbor’s; and it did appear to his manager and myself,
that my corn was twice as high, of a deeper color, and generally
more vigorous and luxuriant; yet their treatment was similar,
their culture equal; his land naturally better than mine, his rows
twice the width, but his field laid hard and compact, under the
frost and snow of the last winter, being only ridged in March,
while mine was ridged in November last, and exposed during a
hard winter to the full influence of the frost and snow. This
case appears to me decisive of the great advantage of a winter
fallow,

150 Pendleton Farmers’ Soctety.

A proof of the utility of this operation is, that for several
months after forming the new ridge in the spring, the soil of it
continues to be mellow and loose, affording fine pasturage for
the roots of plants, and although a plough is never run across
the ridges, so as to displace the manure or destroy the young
roots; yet they are so open and mellow, that your walking stick
may easily be pushed down to the bottom of the winter furrow.
It is self-evident that this must be greatly advantageous, and
consequently the plant arrives sooner at perfection, as its growth
is never retarded by the struggles of the young roots to pene-
trate a stiff soil. I remarked last summer, that the fodder and
corn were taken ten days or a fortnight sooner from the part of
the field that had been winter-fallowed and manured than from
other corn planted at the same time, and one acre of the fodder
of the former was worth that of two acres which had not been so
treated.

Among the numerous incidental advantages of this practice
may be also stated, that of destroying most of the weeds by
turning them up to be killed by the frost, and their decay assists
to enrich the soil. I should think it strange indeed if our fields
were not clean, when the weeds are so incessantly attacked by the
frosts of the winter and the ploughing of the summer, in this
mode of culture.

But again, I may be told that even gold may be bought too
dear, and that this operation in husbandry, though beneficial,
will not pay by its surplus product for the surplus labor it re-
quires. As this is an objection which may at first appear reason-
able, and which if well founded, would of course render the prac-
tice of winter fallowing ineligible, I will very briefly examine
it.

I presume that I am correct in stating the value of the labor
of a man with his horse and plough at one dollar a day. Let us
suppose we have a field of stiff red clay of ten acres, and that by
industry and judgment, it will produce in the common way, ten
bushels to the acre. The only difference in the labor and ex-
pense of culture of the two modes, is the ridging up in the begin-
ning of winter in the practice of winter fallowing. For the re-
versing of the ridges in spring, is not more expensive than the
common mode of preparing a field properly for planting. I

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 151

know that an acre a day is light work for one plough, the ex-
pense therefore of ridging up the field is ten dollars, and I really
believe all other expense and trouble to be equal in both modes.
The produce of the field in the common mode is one hundred
bushels, and I can hardly prevail on myself to state the produce
of the winter fallowed field so low as fifteen bushels; I feel well
assured from one year’s experience that it is double that of the
common mode, but even at one-half more, its produce is one hun-
dred and fifty bushels, which additional fifty bushels you get for
ten dollars. To this is to be added, that your fodder in quality
and quantity is superior in the same proportion, and if you have
peas in the step on the ridge, their produce also excels that of the
common mode; in a word, your crop is one-half better in all re-
spects. It will be remembered too, that your winter fallowing can
be done in a season of leisure, and that your soil is improved by
pulverization and the destruction of weeds.

If these are facts, sir, which I have stated, and I have myself
no doubt of their reality, they are worthy of consideration; and
with a sincere hope that they may be beneficial to those of my
brother farmers, who have stiff clay soils,

I remain very respectfully,
Your obedient humble servant,
THOMAS PINCKNEY, JR.
J. T. Lewis, Esq., Corresponding Secretary.

152 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

ON PHA HAY.

BY THOMAS PINCKNEY, JR., ESQ.

ALTAMONT, September 9, 1816.

Dear Sir—A committee of this Society was appointed during
the last year, and charged to discover and recommend some
mode of maintaining farm stock, besides the incessant appli-
cation to the corn crib. This committee, among other substi-
tutes and aid, recommended pea hay, as affording a rich food
for horses and cattle, and whose culture at the same time, was
easy, and its growth beneficial to the soil. Believing the recom-
mendation to be judicious, I have adopted it, and now take the
liberty of submitting to the Society the result of my first crop of
pea hay.

The last of April I ploughed up an old field which had been
in corn the preceding year, a stiffened clay, much worn, and of
which about two acres had been manured for corn, the preceding
year, Across this ploughing I drilled in peas with a shovel
plough, three feet apart, on the 6th and 7th of May. I ploughed
them twice; the first time between the 1st and 3rd of June, the
second time between the 20th and 24th of June; I hoed them
once, the end of June. This is all the culture they received. On the
26th of August I began to cut the pea vines, and finished the

. 27th, cutting half the field which consists of fourteen acres. In
most places the dry weather had injured them, and they did not
look as flourishing as I expected. Four days after cutting them,
I turned them, putting two rows into one, and on the sixth day I
turned them again. On the morning of the eighth day, I began
to haul them in, and finished the next day; and they have pro-
duced me twenty-five heavy wagon loads of rich, good fodder. As
this produce may be best understood by comparison, I will state
that I had a field of corn of twenty-two acres adjoining of new
land, only the second crop, which had been planted very early,
and had not suffered by the drought; the fodder was very good,
and was carefully saved, and produced me sixteen wagon loads.

I am extremely sorry I have not the means of weighing a load

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 153

of the pea fodder, but I should think a wagon load of it must
weigh nearly twice as much as a load of corn blades, and the
difference in quality is very great. Twenty-five loads from seven
acres and a half in one case, and sixteen loads from twenty-two
acres in the other. Less than two-thirds of a load of blades to
the acre, and more than three loads of pea fodder to the acre.

If it be true, as has been stated to me, from the best authority,
that a peck basket of these vines, chopped in a common cutting
box, twice a day, is good sufficient food for a horse, with a small
portion of blades, when not at hard work, I should not hesitate
to believe this produce to be superior to that of a regular corn
crop, on such land, which could not be expected to produce much
more than ten bushels to the acre. Indeed I know positively,
from my memorandum book, that its produce last year, under
favorable circumstances, was but ten bushels and a half. At
this rate my seven acres and a half would produce me but sey-
enty-eight bushels of corn, and about five wagon loads of fodder.
Let us suppose a heavy load of this fodder to be equal to seven
bushels of corn (and I would not-.exchange it for ten), these
seven acres and a half have produced me that which is equal to
175 bushels of corn, in feeding cattle and horses; and I know it
would puzzle the best farmer to produce half this quantity from
these seven acres and a half, in their present state. If to these
advantages we add that peas are an ameliorating crop, drawing
very little from the earth, and shading and protecting it from
the powerful influence of the sun, that their leaves are mostly
left on the soil, to enrich it, and that they are a fine preparatory
crop for wheat, as they may be got off the land exactly in time
to prepare it for seeding. I think that we shall agree that the
committee have been very judicious in recommending the pea
culture; and I hope my success will induce some of my brother
farmers, who have fields requiring rest or shift, to substitute a

crop of peas for the common mode of sowing oats or wheat,
which are exhausting crops.

154 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

The Society will readily perceive the error I committed in
this crop: The peas were sown, as I have stated, on the 6th and
7th days of May, when they ought to have been sown as early as
the frost would permit. This circumstance and the late dry
weather evidently injured them very much.

I am, dear sir, very respectfully,
Your obedient humble servant,
THOMAS PINCKNEY, Jr.
J. 'T. Lewis, Esq., Corresponding Secretary.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 155

First PRESIDENT’S VALEDICTORY.

PENDLETON, June 12, 1817.

I offer you, my brother farmers, my best congratulations, on
the return of this second anniversary of our Society, and I fer-
vently hope that each succeeding year, may still find us in the
path of public usefulness, and supported by the voice of public
opinion. All reflecting men must applaud our motives, and I trust
that the wisdom of our measures will equally merit their appro-
bation.

It is a source of the most pure and heart-felt joy to me, that
I am enabled to state to you, that we have always been useful.
The first object to which the Society turned its attention, was.
the improvement of our wheat crops, and behold our fields are
now loaded. I have been informed, that one-third more wheat
will be reaped this year, than was ever raised in this district.
This is an inspiring fact, and should stimulate us to proceed
with increased ardor, in our laudable career.

The term for which I have been elected, having expired, per-
mit me, before I retire from the chair, as my last official act, to
implore your attention to an object, without which, there can be
no good farming; an object that will double our comforts, and
quadruple the value of our lands; that will enable us to raise
four fat oxen, where we now barely sustain one; and in short will
_raise us to the rank of real farmers, rioting in abundance, instead
of being mere laborers, struggling for subsistence. This im-
portant object is meadow. And never, in my humble opinion,
shall we truly prosper, until we admit hay fields, as a regular
rotation among our grain crops. Sow clover seed on your wheat
before the frost is over, strew plaster of Paris on your young
clover, and the experience of all farming countries will tell you,
you have the secret of abundance, and improvement with the
least labor. Give the clover a fair and impartial trial; and
should this trial prove that our sun is too hot for its successful
cultivation, we have native grasses that may supply its place,
affording a finer, and I believe a better hay, though not so rich

156 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

a pabulum for our soil. I forbear to trespass on your time at
this moment, to detail all its various advantages, your own
judgment and your books will convince you, that the introduc-
tion of clover and plaster, has formed a new era in agricul-
ture, it has resuscitated whole districts. Would that my pow-
ers of persuasion were equal to my zeal on this subject, and
that I had the talents to tempt or persuade you to depart from
the beaten track, even for one small experiment. I deem this
object so all important to us, that I will not risk dividing your
attention by mentioning another subject. I hope and persuade
myself that the views of the Society, will encourage individual
attempts to introduce grass fields as a regular rotation, and the
last words of your first President are, “gentlemen make hay.”
THOMAS PINCKNEY, JR.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 157

ADDRESS OF JOHN L. NortTH.

ON HIS ELECTION TO THE PRESIDENCY OF THE FARMERS SOCIETY,
JUNE, 1817.

GENTLEMEN OF THE Socrery—The very flattering mark of
approbation and confidence that you have been pleased to bestow
on me, leaves me no alternative; I have therefore to entreat
you to exercise towards me, that indulgence which my predeces-
sor has rendered so necessary, by his very able discharge of the
duties of the chair; and to accept my warmest acknowledgments
for the honor you have conferred. JI will endeavor to repay
the kindness, which, in elevating me to the first office in the
gift of the Society, has overlooked so many errors and deficien-
cies, by a faithful performance of the obligation I have come
under, and an early and zealous regard for the interests of the
Society. Duly appreciating these promises, I cannot but per-
suade myself, that the following attempt at calling to your rec-
ollection, some of the purposes for which our institution was
formed, and pointing out a few of the advantages of a close and
constant attention to rural affairs, will not be out of place, at this
time. It isa lamentable truth, that under the present mode of til-
lage, our lands are ruined in a few years, whilst the crops we draw
from them, give a very inadequate return for our expenditures
of labor and money. To cut down and fence in our lands, to
grow on them, for a few years, annually decreasing crops, then
to give them up to weeds and briars, and finally to abandon
them in quest of new settlements, is the only rotation now in
vogue amongst us. Nor do the evils of this system, great as
they are, stop even here; they are usually only the forerunners
of the most abject poverty; for it will easily be seen that it is
scarcely possible to escape this condition, if to the loss sustained
from waste and forced sales, we will take the trouble to add the
expense of frequent removals, and the pernicious habits they
either introduce or confirm. It was once hoped that this state
of things would work its own cure, by leading us to enquire into

158 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

its causes; and eventually to seek relief from such measures as
promised it, at the least expense, and with the greatest certainty.
It therefore was eagerly expected that ameliorating crops would
soon regularly succeed those of an opposite character, recom-
mended as these so strongly are, by successful experiment, both
in Europe and this country. The system of manuring, without
which there can be no profitable farming, and which can be
obnoxious only to laziness or inveterate prejudice, it was sup-
posed would immediately become a general favorite. The plan
of pasturing fields, already injured by a series of exhausting crops,
it was thought would speedily be abandoned, and the desolating
course of tobacco, corn, cotton, wheat, rye and oats, shunned
as the plague. Reasonable as were these hopes and expectations,
I am mortified to say they have not been realized; and to add
that our advancement towards such a change has been but par-
tial and limited. To place its advantages in the clearest point
of view, by comparing them with the folly and destructiveness
of the mode of husbandry now practised by us, and thus to
recommend this change for general adoption; to set an example
in the work of reformation; to stimulate exertion by rewarding
merit, and by encouraging enquiry, and diffusing information,
to leave ignorance and idleness and prejudice without excuse,
are amongst the most prominent objects of our association. But
it is not to the introduction of a better mode of tillage only,
that the views of the Society are confined. The improvement of
stock of every kind, constitutes another object of its anxious
pursuit ; and without taking into consideration the intimate con-
nection between attention to stock, and improvement in hus-
bandry, may I not venture to assert, that there is not a person
of the least taste or feeling, who has not often regretted the
mean and degenerating condition, and felt for the sufferings of
our cattle, exposed as they invariably are, with nothing but
straw for their food, to all the severity of the winter. And can
it be reasonable to expect that with such treatment, in winter,
without shelter, and with a pittance so tasteless and unsubstan-
tial, and in summer with no other pasture than what our wood-
lands afford, that cattle will improve? Do you increase the
power or usefulness of a mill, by lessening the requisite head of
water? Are rivers made navigable by having their supplies
cut off? Be assured that it is only to unremitted attention to

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 159

their necessities, and even ease, we are to look with confidence
for any material alteration in their size, appearance and useful-
ness. And when we turn our eyes to the state of our sheep,
do we not see almost as much to censure? From observation
and experiment, I have reason to think that this state is, in
many respects, as friendly to the constitution and habits of
this useful animal, as any of the Northern States; yet their
sheep surpass ours, as well in size and beauty, as in weight
and perhaps fineness of fleece. 'To what then are we to attribute
this difference? Are our oak ridges so small and barren, that
sheep cannot thrive on them, or is it because our winters are
so long and pinching, and our summers are so wet and hot?
Or perhaps it is for want of water and shade, that they do not
prosper with us. In many of these particulars we have a
decided superiority. Our ridges are large, and though unfit
for the purposes of the plough, yet produce an herbage pecu-
liarly grateful to sheep. Our summers are dry; I believe less
sultry and oppressive; and our winters are certainly less humid,
more moderate, and of shorter duration: never failing springs
and branches abound, and our country exhibits every variety
of surface. To speak out then, it can be ascribed to nothing
but our habitual, I had almost said, proverbial carelessness and
inactivity, throughout the winter months especially, on the one
hand; and on the other, to the diligence and care with which
the farmers of the northward provide during the whole year,
for the wants, and even comfort of this helpless, but valuable
animal. I might enlarge on many other particulars to which
the design of our institution extends; but on this subject I
have already trespassed too long on your patience; I will there-
fore but briefly add, that it embraces every thing connected
with rural affairs; the introduction of live fences; manures of
animal, mineral, and vegetable origin; their nature and suita-
bleness to our lands; the nature of our soils; draining and irri-
gation; the improvement of fruit trees; the dairy, and even the
stye.

I come now to say something of the benefits of a close and
continued attention to rural affairs; and these are so numerous
and important, that I hardly know where to begin, or how to
particularize. Perhaps I cannot fall on a better method to
attain my object, and at the same time insure perspicuity, than

160 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

that of contrasting the result of our manner of conducting a
farm, with that of those who have taken the lead of us, in every
convenient, elegant, and profitable improvement in husbandry.
That we grow not more than seven or eight bushels of wheat on
an average, whilst others raise as much again to the acre, I men-
tion at once, as a reproach and incentive: will it be credited,
that persons who are well assured that twenty, thirty, forty
bushels and upwards, of this grain, have been produced on that
quantity of land, will yet remain satisfied with seven or eight?
In the Jew’s letter’s to Voltaire, it is asserted that upwards of one
hundred bushels of wheat have been obtained from the acre; and
that this matter of great novelty, may be inferred from their
founding, on that very circumstance, the charge of more than
ignorance or negligence in Voltaire’s silence on the subject.
Nay, when in this district there have not been wanting, some
two or three instances, where the average to the acre has exceeded
thirty bushels; and yet unaccountable as it may seem, we still
persist in farming it according to the old, laborious, pestilential
and ruinous mode. In other respects the difference against us is
equally great, whilst we grow but about one hundred or one hun-
dred and fifty bushels of sweet potatoes to the acre, five times
that quantity are made in the low country, from the same ground.
I have heard of a Mr. Ford there, who has even raised one thou-
sand bushels to the acre, and that with no other manure than
the offal of the barnyard; nor do our Irish potatoes generally
stand better footing. I notice however, with pleasure. that in a
solitary instance,in this neighborhood, in proportion to the land
planted, upwards of one thcusand bushels would have been
taken from the acre. Is it necessary to inquire if these facts es-
tablish the advantage of good farming; or if these advantages
be within our reach? With Indian corn too, ihe balance is evi-
dently against us; although our soil and climate are admirably
adapted to its culture, we seldom exceed forty bushels to the
acre, on our best low grounds, and twenty on our high lands;
whilst in New Jersey, an acre has yielded one hundred and eigh-
teen bushels, two quarts; and the average crop, after ordinary
manuring, at the northward, I believe to be seldom less than
fifty or sixty bushels to the acre. In one instance, in this dis-
trict. I have known good tillage and manure to have occasioned
in the same field, a difference of nearly three to one, in their

Pendleton Farmers’ Socrety. 161

favor. But I will detain you no longer on this point, than to
beg of you to use the means within your power, vigorously and
judiciously, and thus speedily to remove the reproach from us.

I have already remarked that the cattle of this country are
poor, ugly and degenerating, and that nothing short of a total
alteration of our treatment of them, will remedy the evil. To
prove that it will do so, I beg your serious attention to the fol-
lowing statements, in which I have been so particular, because
I hope that some of you may, by that means, be encouraged to
imitate such worthy examples. “Col. Abel Chapman,’ says
a writer in a respectable Boston paper, “has raised some cele-
brated cattle, which were weighed on foot last Thursday week.
The weight of the largest ox was 2,716 pounds the smallest
weighed 2,240 pounds. The former exceeded by 12 pounds the
weight of the celebrated Durham ox killed in England, in 1807,
and for which 2,000£, sterling had been refused.” “The finest
breed of bulls and other cattle ever reared in England,” says
Mr. Willich, in his Encyclopedia, “was that of the late Mr. Fow-
ler, of Rollnight, Oxfordshire,whose stock was sold by auction,
in 1791.” Mr. Willich, “was among those who witnessed this
enchanting exhibition of animals, and admired their incompar-
able size, form and vivacity. Fifteen prime heads of cattle,
namely, five bulls and ten cows, were separately sold for the enor-
mous sum of 2,464£ or, on an average, 164£ each; the finest
bull, named Sultan only two years old, was purchased by Messrs.
Freeman & Eden, of Gloucestershire, at the price of 2201. 10s.”
It is stated in Mr. Niles’ Weekly Register, page 136, No. 9, vol.
xil. that “one hundred and eighty head of cattle, (one third of
them yearlings and calves) bred by a Mr. Price, near Upton, sold
for the enormous sum of 7%,600£”—one yearling bull for 341£
5s.—a heiffer for 2521.’—and in No. 18, of the same vol. that
“an ox bred at Springfield, Massachusetts, weighed on the hoof,
_ 3,100 pounds his length from the top of the nose, to the root of
the tail, was ten feet seven inches; circumference eight feet nine
inches.” To obviate an objection that may here be made on the
score of climate, &e I introduce from Judge Johnson’s Essay,
delivered to the Charleston Literary and Philosophical Society,
a fact that will go very far towards removing it. “Mr. Chris-
topher Fitzsimons purchased a cow of the common breed that
range over our pine lands; yet this cow, by being liberally fed,

162 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

was brought to give as much milk as twelve of those which or-
dinarily disgrace our cowpens, and her calf when killed for veal,
weighed as much as an ordinary two year old, and full as much
as a calf of the large imported breed at the same age.” Nor
ought I to pass over, in silence, the amelioration that has taken
place in the condition of sheep, principally amongst food far-
mers at the northward. Mr. Livingston, in his book on sheep,
gives it as his opinion, that his famous ram Clermont, which
at two years old weighed 149 pounds would when full mouthed,
and in good order, go up to 190 pounds. In the essay above ©
referred to, Judge Johnson mentions that “Mrs. Melvil, of
Savannah, raised two pet lambs, which he had it in his power to
ascertain were of the most common breed of the country; yet the
fleece of one of those sheep weighed 14 pounds the other 15
pounds, the wool was very fine, and the staple was of the average
length of fifteen inches, some of it went up to eighteen inches.”
And I remember to have seen it incidently mentioned in the ac-
count of a cattle show, near Philadelphia, in the year 1813, I
think, that a wether weivhing considerably more than 200
pounds had been killed, in the market in that city, the year be-
fore. When to these facts we add others which you no doubt
recollect, and compare them with such information as we pos-
sess, with regard to our own sheep and cattle, what further
proofs can we require of the benefits that follow care, persever-
ance and judgment; or of the evils that attend negligence and
sloth. That fruits may be increased to any desirable extent
there can be no doubt, since it has been ascertained that even the
fig and black heart cherry, will answer very well here; and that
they may probably be greatly improved, I again avail myself of
Judge Johnson’s essay: in page 22, he says, “indeed it is scarcely
credible to what perfection the peach and the grape have been
brought in this State. One hardly dares assert, that the former
has attained the size of a foot in circumference, and the bunch
of the latter 3 pounds in weicht.” In another place he says, el |
have seen five different kinds of the most luscious grapes of
Europe, heaped on a table in the month of October; and this
was in the most obscure parts of the State.” One more fact and
T have done. But a few vears ago, the lands of Loudon county,
Virginia, exhausted by the desolating rotation of wheat and to-
bacco, were purchased by a set of industrious and intelligent

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 163

Pennsylvania farmers, at about five or six dollars per acre. The
same lands, improved as they are, by manures and judicious
farming, will now bring from forty to fifty dollars per acre.

Before I close these few statements and remarks, I feel it my
duty to beseech you to attend more diligently to such experi-
ments as you may undertake, with a view to the advancement of
the plans of our institution; and to conquer that bashfulness,
which keeps you from communicating the results, whether pros-
perous or adverse, with such observations as you may make on
the causes of failure or success. The zeal of a few individuals
may remove some of the smaller objections from the stream of
agricultural knowledge; but it is only by the united and spirited
exertions of all, or most of the members of this society, that it
can be cleared out and deepened, as to be made extensively
and permanently useful. Books may, and will assist us; but
they will not supersede the necessity of candid personal observa-
tion and experiment. It is only on these often repeated, care-
fully noted, and honestly communicated, that we can build our
improvements. We may learn a great deal of a country from the
writings of others, *tis only by travelling over it frequently our-
selves, that we can become intimately acquainted with it. I
have now nothing to add, but to express a hope, that we will re-
main no longer insensible to our favored lot, or regardless of
our own comfort, or the welfare of those that may come after
us.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON MANURES.

. PRESENTED July 9, 1818.

The committee on manures, in obedience to the direction of
the Society, at their last meeting, beg leave respectfully to sub-
mit the following

REPORT:

Aware of the great importance of the subject, and of the dif-
ficulty of arranging a system, at once simple and efficient, your
committee have felt themselves embarrassed by another consid-
eration of a painful nature. A conviction that an incompetent
discharge of their duty may lead their fellow citizens into errors
and losses, and endanger the reputation of a system on which all
good farming is founded, and which, when judiciously prosecu-
ted, has always been attended with the most beneficial effects.
Your committee however, have not suffered themselves to be
deterred, even by this consideration, from uniting their most
zealous efforts in so good a cause; and trusting to superior wis-
dom for a happy issue, they will only add, that the subsequent
recommendations are founded either on their own knowledge
and experience, or derived from the best and latest authorities,
to which they have had access.

Before entering upon the subject of their immediate duty,
your committee would earnestly recommend to their brother far-
mers to examine and ascertain precisely, the nature of the soil
which is to be the subject of improvement. In the vegetable,
as in the physical world, the nature of the defect should be com-
pletely understood, in order to adopt the appropriate remedy ; and
as our fields not only differ materially, but are even sometimes of
an opposite quality, it is evident that a very judicious course of
management for one field, may be extremely pernicious for
another.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 165

Believing this point to be of primary importance, your com-
mittee will endeavor to assist the judgment, by enumerating
the different soils of this district, as far as they are acquainted
with them; and for this purpose it will be sufficient at present
to consider them under three divisions :

First: Stiff clay soils, generally red, with more or less sandy
vegetable earth on the surface.

This soil is mostly sterile, after a few years of cultivation in
the ordinary way; but as one principal cause of its sterility is its
adhesion, and as clay is known to contain a great portion of the
food of plants, it follows that the first step towards improve-
ment, is to destroy its adhesive quality, in order to enable its
fertile particles to act. To accomplish this object, clay soils
should be mixed with such particles as tend to open them and
break the cohesion of their parts; when this is accomplished,
this land becomes highly valuable, retainmg manures for a
length of time, and with good management will never return to
its former state. Among other substances proper to be mixed
with this soil, may be enumerated sand or gravel, ashes, saw-dust
from mills, rubbish from old buildings or yards, straw, stubble,
rotten wood, burnt clay, farm-yard manure, and gypsum, or
plaster of Paris. Tanner’s bank, and substances which promote
a strong fermentation, are peculiarly excellent, and it is believed
that a mixture of any or of all of the above mentioned substan-
ces, in a composed heap, would triple the product of such land,
if properly ploughed in and brought into good tilth by the
plough and harrow.

The second division may be called a loamy soil. This kind
of earth is less cohesive and more fertile than the former, and is
composed of sand,clay, and an oily vegetable substance, with a
substratum of red clay at some depth, on uplands, and generally
of bluish clay on river or creek bottoms. These latter are gener-
ally admitted to be so fertile as to require little aid from ma-
nures; but the uplands after a few years cultivation will require
a compost of stable manure, sand and vegetable rubbish, to break
the tenacity, and recruit the poverty which successive crops will
produce. Loads of mud and decaying leaves, hauled from creeks
and stagnant pools, are very highly recommended for this soil,
and the proportion of sand or gravel should be increased as the
land becomes more stiff.

166 Pendleton Farmers’ Socwety.

The third division will comprise light sandy soils, with an ash
colored mould at top. This soil is more porous and open than
those which we have considered. It receives moisture with great
facility, but parts with it as easily. To improve this soil, clayey
loamy earth must be spread over it, and composts of animal and
vegetable substances; but all light sandy particles must be care-
fully avoided. This kind of earth is the only one in this district,
which will bear what “Arator” calls, “the American custom of
penning,” as the treading of animals impart a firmness to the
soils which in a great measure will prevent the continual co-
operation of moisture, while it receives great benefit from their
manure.

Your committee having thus briefly endeavored, (by this
classification of the great bulk of the farms of this district), to
erect some standard by which an intelligent farmer may correct-
ly ascertain the nature of his soil, its defects, and their appro-
priate remedy, will proceed to the subject immediately commit-
ted to them; the collection and application of manures.

All the manures which can be used in this district, may be
classed under four heads: animal, vegetable, compound, and fos-
sil.

Animal manure, by which we at present mean, the dung of
horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, with the refuse of the poultry
yard, is one of the most powerful manures that can be applied to
the soil, and the most approved modern writers strongly recom-
mend that it be immediately buried beneath the surface, there
to undergo its putrefactive process, that the earth above may be
benefited by the ammonical gas which it evolves in its decom-
position. The dung of horses, hogs, and poultry, on account of
its great tendency to fermentation and putrefaction, is best adap-
ted to cold, stiff, and clayey soils; while that of cattle may most
beneficially be applied to warmer soils, On sandy porous soil,
cattle may be confined by a temporary fence, on a strip of land,
which being removed at a given time, (according to the number
confined thereon), their dung should be immediately ploughed
under, that it may not be exposed to the action of the sun, or of
rain. But as nine-tenths of the farms of this country, would be
materially injured by the poaching of the soil; and as very few
of our farmers keep a sufficient stock to improve any quantity of
land, in any way, by animal manure alone, your committee will

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 167

not detain you longer on this head but will proceed to the con-
sideration of the second class, or vegetable manure.

In this division, we comprehend either green plants turned
under by the plough while growing, or parts of vegetables, after
they have been decomposed or burnt, with their ashes, roots and
fibres.

The only experience your committee themselves have had of
ploughing under any vegetable substance standing on the soil, is
the case of ploughing in stubble. This practice has for a number
of years been performed on cold, stiff, blue clay river bottom
land, from which a succession of the same crops, for perhaps
seventy years, had’ worn away all the top or vegetable earth. The
practice has always been attended with beneficial results; for
though the stubble is a long time in decomposing, and affords
but little soluble matter for the food of plants, yet the tenacity
of the soil is always broken and a considerable degree of tilth
produced, enabling the fibrous roots of the plants to penetrate in
all directions in search of their food.

But if dry stubble ploughed under, produces such happy re-
sults, how much greater would be the benefit if a green crop, in
full luxuriance, in the season of its blossoms, were treated in a
similar manner. The interior woody fibre of the vegetable, tak-
ing a longer time to decompose, would have the same effect as the
stubble, of opening the soil, while the juicy bark and leaves,
speedily undergoing the putrefactive process in the earth, would
impart a richness and fertility to the soil, which would amply re-
pay the little labor and expense that would be incurred. Lord
Kaimes objects to ploughing under green vegetable crop, merely
_ because the vegetables commonly used for this purpose, are prop-
er food for animals, and he conceives that the best way of ccn-
verting it into manure, is to pass it through the body of an ani-
mal, which will increase its value, while the dung and urine will
enrich his soil more than ploughing under the green crep. Your
committee will indulge themselves in two remarks on this objec-
tion. The first is, that so little labor and expense is required in
seeding and the two ploughings required by the vegetable sys-
tem, that any common industrious farmer may sow one field for
feeding and others for turning under, and if the green vegeta-
bles are to be cut, and carried perhaps some distance, to the stalls
and sheds, to prevent poaching, this continued daily labor, will

168 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

make it the most expensive mode. ‘The other, and stronger ob-
jection to Lord Kaimes’ plan, is that few, if any of our farmers
keep a stock sufficiently large to manure any quantity of land,
by the dung of animals alone, while the vegetable system ma-
nures the whole field at once, and equally.

Sir Humphry Davy, in his lectures on agricultural chemistry,
observes, that “all green succulent plants contain saccharine or
mucilaginous matter, with woody fibres, and readily ferment.
When they are to be employed for enriching a soil, they should
be ploughed in when in blossom, for it is at this period that. they
contain the largest quantity of easily soluble matter, and that
their leaves are most active in forming nutritive matter. Green
crops, pond weeds, or any kind of fresh vegetable matter, require
no preparation to fit them for manure. The decomposition slow-
ly proceeds beneath the soil: the soluble matters are gradually
dissolved, and the slight fermentation that goes on, checked by
the want of a free communication of air, tends to render the
woody fibre soluble, without occasioning the rapid dissipation of
elastic matter.” In speaking of dry straw, the same author
states, that when it is made to ferment it becomes a more man-
ageable manure, and that it is usual to carry it to the dung hill
for this purpose; but he says, “ it 1s worth experiment, whether
it may not be more economically applied, when chopped small
by a proper machine, and kept dry till it is ploughed in for the
use of a crop. In this case, though it would decompose much
more slowly, and produce less effect at first, yet its influence
would be much more lasting.”

On this latter point, of dry straw, it is sufficient to remark,
that this celebrated chemist does not positively recommend that
it be ploughed in without undergoing fermentation; he states
it as a subject of doubt, and worth experiment, and only believes
it to be more economical. He has himself given us the result of
an experiment of his own, which should teach us that the only
use of applying dry chopped straw, would be the opening a stiff
soil. In the very same page from which the above recommenda-
tion is extracted, he says, that “from 400 grs. of dry barley straw,
T obtained 8 grs. of matter soluble in water, which had a brown
color, and tasted like mucilage.” From 400 gers. of wheat straw,
he obtained only 5 ers. of a similar substance. This experiment
sufficiently demonstrates, that there can be no comparison be-

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 169

tween mere woody dry fibre, and the succulent luxuriance of a
vegetable in full sap; but should any further elucidation be want-
ed. we have in the very next page of the same author, a fact
which ought to satisfy the most sceptical. It is in these words:
“Woody fibre will not ferment, unless some substances are mixed
with it, which act the same part as the mucilage, sugar, and ex-
tractive or albuminous matters, with which vt 1s usually associa-
ted in herbs and succulent vegetables.”

For precision and accuracy in chemical experiments, Sir Hum-
phry Davy may be safely trusted; but your committee can not
believe he was a good farmer. Indeed most of his experiments,
instead of being applied to the valuable productions of the field,
were made on “mint” and “primroses,” in his garden.

Your committee have read with much pleasure, two small
agricultural tracts, published by Mr. Matthew Peters, and rec-
ommend them to the attention of the Society, particularly those
parts which relate to the subject now under consideration.
These works, “The Rational Farmer,” and “Winter Riches,”
contain many valuable hints on all subjects connected with hus-
bandry ; but he appears to be most intelligent and zealous on the
subject of the vegetable manures, at equal war with both hot
and short muck farmers. He goes on so far as to say that all
animal and compound manures should be excluded from tillage
land, and should be applied to meadow and pasture alone. Two
of his reasons are so strong, as to carry conviction of their truth,
while others are so plausible, as to invite the experiments of all
farmers. The former may be stated briefly to be, first, the com-
parative facility with which a whole field may be manured at
once; and secondly, the exemption from weeds, slugs, trash, and
vermin, which farm-yard manure never fails to reproduce.
Your committee, in the absence. of their own personal experience
on this subject, will briefly state his mode of bringing a field in-
to good tilth and fertility, and it is worthy of remark, that his
soil resembles that of far the greater part of our farms.

About the first of October, he breaks up a stiff field and sows,
pretty thick, turnips and barley, or rye and oats, (in all cases of
turnip sowing, he mixes one quart of radish seed with four
quarts of turnip). This crop is sown on land, ridged for winter
fallow. In February you may put in ewes and lambs. In April
or May this vegetable crop is turned completely under, with a

170 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

proper plough, and on the furrow he sows buckwheat, turnips,
and vetches, any or all (but a mixture seems preferable), and
harrows them lightly. Thus you have one crop of vegetable ma-
nure under fallow, while another is growing above it. The end
of July, or beginning of August, he turns under this second crop
as before, and the end of September his field is ready for wheat.

This is perhaps too brief an analysis of his mode, a contin-
uance of which he strongly recommends, and in conclusion he
calls on all farmers, with the consciousness of agricultural integ-
rity, to throw aside the wornout thread-bare garment of ignor-
ance and perverseness, and to consider the advantages arising
from two vegetable manurings, and a sprinkling of sheep ma-
nure, performing their putrefactive office within the soil, and
keeping therein all their native salts and fertile oily juice, with
only three ploughings.

Your committee though inexperienced on this subject, can not
avoid recommending to this Society, the adoption of a plan on
principles similar to those of Mr. Peters. The end of Septem-
ber, any of the following seeds, or a mixture of them, as judg-
ment may dictate, should be sown, on one ploughing and harrow-
ing in: turnips, barley, Egyptian oats, rye, Hanover turnip, or
any other succulent vegetable, not usually injured by frost. In
the weaning season your ewes and lambs, and young calves may
be pastured on it without injury. The end of April or beginining
of May, this vegetable crop should be neatly turned, three to five
inches deep, with a good bar share and two horses, having pre-
viously rolled it. Immmediately on this furrow, any or a mix-
ture of any of the following seeds should be sown, and harrowed
in, so as not to bring up the under part of the furrow just
turned. Buckwheat, vetches, or tares, turnips, cabbage-seed,
peas, chickory, and in general, all luxuriant, juicy vegetables.
The first of August this second crop should be rolled, and neatly
turned under; and if wheat, barley, or Egyptian oats are to be
the crop for the ensuing year, they may be sown any time in Sep-
tember, or first half of October, taking great care so to water
furrow your field, as to cause as little washing as possible.
Should this field be wanted for corn, the next spring, it is rec-
ommended to sow it with turnip and radish in September, and
your cattle, hogs, and sheep may be fed with the turnips in win-
ter, and the field be broken up for corn the end of March.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 171

All clover and other grass lays have long been used with un-
varying success, as a vegetable manure. Their direct effect is
to open and divide the soil by their woody fibre and roots, and
to enrich it with their mucilaginous substances, which are easily
soluble in water. Old pasture fields should be suffered to grow
up for some time previous to being turned in, that a larger
portion of vegetable matter may be imparted to the soil. It is
not uncommon to see some worn out fields, thrown out of
cultivation on account of their sterility, growing up in rag weed;
the farmer of good judgment, keeping stock of every kind out,
would turn under these weeds, before the seed begins to form.
This process would encourage a more vigorous growth on the
land, which should be treated in the same manner, and if he
would but assist the benevolent designs of nature, and sow down
a winter vegetable crop, the poorest soils would be restored to
a state of fertility. Let the farmer who is afraid of a little
trouble, compare the labor and expense of a few ploughings,
with all the heavy and laborious operations necessary in clear-
ing new lands, and placing it in good order to receive seed;
and he will find it less laborious to improve twenty acres of
his worn out home fields, than to clear two. This calculation
is within the reach of any one.

The ashes of all vegetables is an exceedingly useful manure,
particularly to low wet and stiff soils. The vegetable alkali
contained in them, gives solubility to all vegetable substances,
and from its strong attraction for water, may tend to give some
degree of moisture to the soil, or to other manures; on this
latter account it is of great service, properly mixed in a com-
post heap.

There are many other vegetable substances which may, with
success, be used in restoring worn out tillage land, but as most,
if not all of them, may with far greater effects be transferred
to the compost heap, your committee will proceed to the consid-
eration of the third division, or compound manures.

Sir Humphry Davy informs us that all vegetable and animal
substances are consumed in vegetation, but they can only nour-
ish a plant by affording matter soluble in water, or gaseous
substances capable of being absorbed by the plants. This great
principle appears to be confirmed by several of his experiments,
and is probably as correct an account of the food of plants, as

172 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

we are likely to obtain. We know that all dead animal or veg-
etable matter, if sufficiently divided, spontaneously undergoes
a process, which brings it at length to be a fat greasy earth,
which we call rich loam, or garden mould. The woody fibre of
vegetables is longer in undergoing this process, but its texture
is at last broken down, and it is resolved into new elements.
Animals’ matters, therefore, and the mucilaginous parts of veg-
etables being more liable to decompose than dry woody fibre,
their mixture is evidently required by their nature, and hence
the origin and necessity of compost heaps.

With regard to the fermentation of compost heaps, by attend-
ing to the foregoing principle, we learn that whenever they are
composed of substances easily soluble in water, or easily disen-
gaging their gases or vapors, their fermentation or putrefaction
should be prevented as much as possible; and on the contrary,
when they consist of woody fibre, and insoluble substances, such
matters should be added to them as tend to promote fermenta-
tion. By attending to this simple principle, the farmer will
be at no loss to prepare and manage his manure so as to make
it most extensively useful.

Your committee having often had occasion themselves, to com-
plain of the want of detailed, precise, and specific directions, in
justly celebrated authors, will endeavor to avoid this reproach
while they proceed to recommend the best method within their
knowledge of forming this most essential requisite on every
farm—a compost heap. The principles have been already stated ;
the practice is founded on them, and a small share of industry
and judgment is alone requisite to give it the most beneficial
results.

A Bountiful Providence has placed everywhere, substances
which form a manure for the soil; but man must not expect to
sit still and that manna will drop into his mouth. His facul-
ties and reason were given him for exertion, and materials are
placed within his reach, to enable him by their exercise, to im-
prove his condition. In the first place then, let every farmer
mark out a small spot, from twenty to forty feet square, accord-
ing to the size of his farm; this spot should be dug down from
two or four feet deep and the earth should form a bank round
it; a few stout post oak crotches should be planted in a line
along the middle of this pit, and shorter ones should be placed

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 173

at the sides, to receive strong poles, on which to erect a shed of
common clapboards. Having thus cheaply made a shelter for
your manure, which at once secures it from the sun, from rain,
and from water running into it, while by removing a few of the
boards, you can admit them when necessary; the next step is to
bring to it a quantity of top earth or sods, and if your soil be
stiff, a quantity of sand. These substances should be mixed,
and a layer of one foot in thickness should be spread over the
bottom of the pit; then cut down and collect all the weeds (be-
fore they seed) about your fence and farm, and spread another
layer of them, of the same thickness, over the former one; then
collect dead leaves, by scraping the surface of the adjacent woods,
and spread another layer of them; sprinkle this last layer with
all the ashes and soot you can collect about the farm; next go
into your stable and cattle yard; collect all the animal manure
they contain, and lay on another layer of this dung; over this
spread a layer of bad fodder, waste straw, sweepings of your
yard, particularly after rain, and any kind of rubbish about your
buildings. You will find that your compost heap will now be
raised about five feet; but as this will probably settle, as de-
composition takes place, to about three feet, you must begin
again with your layers, and proceed till your pit is filled up.-
Should your soil be very stiff, it will be advisable to sprinkle
two or three inches of sand or gravel between each of the layers,
as one great recommendation of this plan is, that you may suit
your manure to the nature of your soil. Should it on the con-
trary be light sandy and porous, a layer of loamy clay should
be occasionally introduced.

This mode of making compost manure, requires but one part
out of five of stable manure, to create a fermentation through
the whole mass. Should it not speedily commence, you have
only to remove some of the boards during the first rain, and the
moisture and the heat will soon produce the desired effect. All
the materials for the compost heap, should be placed ready
round your pit before you commence, as perhaps it may be ad-
visable to mix the substances a little together, and not let them
lay in such detached layers. Should the heap become very hot,
the quality of your compost will be injured, unless you open the
mass in dry weather. A very valuable addition to a compost
heap, is pond or creek mud, where it can be obtained, together

174 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

with the deposits of leaves and other trash, found in lagoons;
and your committee will enumerate some of the materials, most
of which are within the reach of us all, which they recommend
to be collected and prepared for composts.

It is presumed as a matter of course, that every one who calls
himself a farmer, carefully saves all the dung from his stock
of all kinds; to increase this, your horses’ stalls, and the sheds
or yards of your cattle and sheep, should be kept constantly
littered with either corn stalks, refuse straw or fodder, dried
leaves or shavings. This will both increase and preserve your
stable manure. The materials for the compost heap, may be
sand or gravel; sods of top earth from lanes and hollows; green
weeds of all kinds; (and rag or hog weed is excellent) dried
weeds and leaves; ashes and soot; sweepings of yards, and all
kinds of rubbish, saw dust from mills; creek mud and pond
trash ; rotton wood and bark; tanner’s bark and offal; house and
kitchen offal of all kinds.

Let not the farmer be misled by the opinion that these neces-
sary operations will consume too much of his time; let him
seriously set himself to work in hauling materials to his ma-
nure pit, and he will himself be surprised to find how easily
and how soon compost is made when he has a little stable ma-
nure before hand.

It is believed that one man and one boy with a horse and
eart will in less than one week create a mass of compost suffi-
cient for five acres of land, and how many idle weeks do we all
spend. It will be recollected also, that the greater part of this
work can be performed at leisure times; the most proper and
convenient for us, appears to be immediately after laying by
our drill crops, as the vegetables will then be in full luxuriance,
and we have some weeks of leisure. In forming your compost,
the manure from your sheep yard and poultry houses must not
be forgotten, and as these are of a hot and fermenting nature,
they should be spread over those layers least likely to decompose
without their aid. From six to ten or twelve weeks is sufficient
with proper management to render the compost heap to a con-
dition fit for application, and on emptying your manure piles,
eare should be taken to turn and mix the heap as much as pos-
sible.

Your committee could add many others to these recommenda-

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 175

tions; but they forbear, relying both on the good sense and
judgment of the Society to supply their deficiencies; and fear-
ful of exhausting a patience so largely claimed and so liberally
bestowed. In conclusion, they will only permit themselves to
express a fervent hope that their labor may be useful, which
will be their best reward, and that their brother farmers will
shew forth their faith by their good works.

The remaining subject of consideration, that of fossil ma-
nures, together with the time and mode of application of all
manures to the soil, must be the subject of a subsequent report,
which your committee hope to have the honor of presenting.

All which is respectfully submitted.

THOMAS PINCKNEY, JR.,
Chairman of the Committee on Manures.

On Pras, PEA VINES, AND FaTTENING Hoes.
BY JOSIAH D. GAILLARD.

PENDLETON, August 13, 1817.

There are perhaps, few parts of the United States, where a
strict observance of economy in husbandry is more loudly called
for, than in this district; and I verily believe we practice as little
as any civilized people in the world.

Our range, which some years ago, was as good as could be
wished for, is now almost completely exhausted. It is at least
so far spent, that during the spring and summer months, all
that our cattle can glean from morning to night, is barely suffi-
cient to make the most thrifty of them tolerable beef by fall;
and that not without the assistance of bushes and weeds of vari-
ous kinds; and the most of the different kinds of oak, which for-
merly seldom failed to be abundant, is now seldom sufficient for
the support of our hogs, half of the winter; and although this
want of range is so sensibly felt, we are (strange to tell) still
depending altogether on crops of corn and small grain, badly
managed on exhausted lands, to supply everything about us with
food.

It has been recommended in two excellent communications
read before our Society, (as a cheap and easy mode of obtaining
winter food for cattle, sheep, and horses) to cultivate the field
pea, and I did hope that practice would have been generally
adopted; but it appears that some further inducement is still
wanting; it is therefore, | am induced to add my experience in
the use of that valuable article.

In the fall of 1813, T purchased three acres of peas, as they
stood in a neighbor’s field. After two severe white frosts had
fallen on them, I picked off all the ripe peas and such green
ones as were full; the vines were then pulled up, and after lay-
ing two days, were caught in a rain, which lasted the whole
day. As soon as the sun had dried the upper side, they were
turned, and three days after they were hauled up; the produce
was one good wagon load and a half; they fed two cows and

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. LG

calves six weeks, once a day, and were eaten heartily, and much
preferred to corn husks or wheat straw, and while they were
fed on them their milk was much increased. The peas fed two
horses, twice a day, for four weeks, during which time they got
in fine order. ‘These peas had been planted some time in June,
among corn in the step, and I think ploughed and hoed once.

On the 6th of June, 1814, I planted peas in an eight acre
field of corn, immediately after the second ploughing; they were
put in the step with a hoe, and about twelve grains put in a
hole; they were worked once with the plough and hoe; about
the middle of September the vines were pulled up, and after
laying four days turned; the seventh day all the dry peas were
picked off, and on the 8th, the vines were housed. ‘Two horses
were fed on them twice a day, (and once in the day with sheaf
oats), for five weeks, in which time they got in excellent order,
and the balance fed two cows and yearlings, and four sheep,
for three months. The two cows during this time, furnished
generally about sixteen quarts of milk per day, and in the spring,
when they were turned in the woods, one cow and yearling were
good beef, and the others in good order. The corn among which
these vines grew, made something short of ten bushels to the acre.

On the 16th and 17th of the same month, I planted peas
after the same manner, in seven acres of corn; these were
ploughed and hoed once, early in November; all the ripe peas
were picked from six acres of the best, the worst acre and all
the green ones were left. Thirteen hogs, four head of cattle,
two horses and four sheep were turned in the field, and they did
not eat all ‘the peas in seven days. After feeding two horses on the
_ peas that were housed from these six acres, for two months, ten
bushels were threshed out for seed and other use; the whole bulk
after they were housed, was estimated at thirty bushels. The
corn among which they grew, was supposed to produce twenty
bushels per acre.

On the 2d and 3d of June, 1815, the eight acre field from
which I cured vines in 1814, and four acres adjoining, of the
same quality, was planted in peas, after the same manner, and
got the same attendance. Between the 20th and 25th of Sept. the
dried peas were picked off, and the vines pulled up; on the
fourth day they were thrown up in heaps about five feet high;
on the seventh day were opened, and on the 8th hauled in. These

178 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

vines fed two horses, twice a day, for two months, and the bal-
ance fed four head of cattle and four of sheep, four months,
once a day.

On the 12th, 13th, and 14th of June, 1815, I planted peas
among eight acres of corn, after the second ploughing, (these
were planted in double rows, that is, two of peas for one of corn;)
they were ploughed and hoed once, early in October; they were
seen by a great pea planter from the low country, and pro-
nounced to be very fine; early in November, they were picked
over once, and the bulk judged by the same gentleman to con-
tain at least forty bushels of shelled peas; twenty bushels were
threshed out for seed and other use, and the balance fed two
horses better than two months. The corn among which these
grew made sixteen bushels to the acre.

From the 20th to the 23rd of May. 1816, I planted peas in ten
acres of corn; these were dropt in the furrow next the corn on
both sides, and covered with the plough; they received one hoeing
and ploughing. From being planted so near the corn and in
such quantity, each injured the other, and the drought in addi=
tion, rendered the peas on the poorer parts of the field unpromis-
ing. The vines from these parts were pulled up and fed to my
horses and cattle in September, for the want of pasture for
them; the other five acres being stronger land and lying lower,
were suffered to ripen; and although they were injured by deer,
which frequented the field every night, for some weeks, and
they were not picked until late in October, they produced twen-
ty-five bushels of shelled peas; and from two acres of stiff old
bottom planted on the 19th of June, after my old method, and
ploughed and hoed once, I gathered ten bushels; these thirty-
five bushels of peas fed two horses, two months, and left thir-
teen bushels for seed; the feed given the horses was a bushel
basket three times a day, between the two. It was generally
shook down and a little heaped, and upon threshing and meas-
uring one of those feeds with my own hands, it was found to
contain three quarts and one handful; with this thev had a
common allowance of fodder. While my horses were so fed, they
were daily employed in the plough or hauling new rails in the
wagon, and they were fat. We know that the common feed for
work horses is at least eight quarts of corn per day; nearly twice
as much as mine get when fed on peas.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 179

From the 25th to the 26th of May, inclusive, I planted peas in
sixteen acres of corn, with the first ploughing, dropping them
in the furrow next the corn. This corn was never worked
again until it was tasseling ; it was then ploughed and hoed and
laid by; on one row across the field, there was no peas planted,
and on the adjoining row, they were planted on both sides;
when the corn was dry, I took two gentlemen in the field and
directed their attention to this experiment, they were of the
opinion that the row which had no peas could scarcely be dis-
cerned to be any way inferior to those which had them but on
one side, while that which had them on both sides was much
inferior to both of the others.

Between the 20th and 25th of September, these vines were pul-
led up, and, after being three times wet, were at the expiration of
fourteen days hauled up; the product was twenty loads of a two-
horse wagon, as much as two horses could well pull. I fed two
horses on them four months; and three milch cows and their
calves, and four sheep, four months, once per day; the horses
had them three times a day, a bushel basket to each, at each
feed, with two bundles of fodder; the cows’ feed was one basket
to each; the calves, one for the three, and the sheep one. While
my horses were so fed, they were in almost daily use, a good
deal of the time hauling wood; and the stable was a shed entirely
open on the north and east sides; notwithstanding this usage and
exposure they fattened and remained so.

The three cows while fed on these vines, yielded four gallons
of milk per day, and from the two which had young calves,
one half of the milk only was taken; in a word, when my
cows have been fed on pea vines they have uniformly done
well, and yielded an abundance of milk; and I have never had a
cow stuck in mire; since I have been in this country. A neigh-
bor of mine, two or three winters ago, fed four cows with young
calves well, on turnips and short corn, and I fed two with a
spring and a yearling calf, on pea vines and kitchen slops; and
I made within one pound as much butter in the week, as he did;
but I know we used more milk in our family than was used in
his; and while the butter made from turnips has an unpleasant
flavor, that made from pea vines will vie with any other (how-
ever made) for fineness, richness of color, and delicacy of flavor.
And my horses have never been in better order, had a better
skin, nor been healthier than when fed on peas or pea vines.

180 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

I have been asked, are they not very harsh food, cured so late?
If what has been just said does not satisfactorily answer that
question, I will ask the following in turn: If calves of three
or four months old will eat them heartily, and fatten on them,
can they be fairly considered harsh food? I have again been
asked, are they not difficult to cure, so late in the season? They
are tedious, but not difficult, because they are not easily spoiled.
Do they not also lose all their leaves, when cured so late? They
do lose nearlv all; but this is made up over and over again, by.
the number of full and half grown peas they will have by remain-
ing so late. Will not the fall peas in hauling up all shell out?
They will shell very little if handled with tolerable care.

It has been alleged by some, as an excuse for not planting
them, that they are weak handed, and cannot save the vines;
but this is mere imagination, for it is well known, that a com-
mon hand will not strip more than one acre of corn blades per
day; and I have repeatedly had two acres of pea vines pulled
up by a plough boy, and the vines when cured, will weigh at
least four times as much as the fodder, and will be as much
more valuable.

I do not wish to be understood to recommend my manner of
planting. It would, I am certain, be far more advantageous to
plant. them as soon as we have got our corn crop in, either in
drill, on beds three feet apart, or cross the beds with a plough,
three feet asunder, and drop from twelve to fifteen grains in a
hill. The latter mode I would prefer on account of ploughing
them both ways, which would entirely supersede the necessity
of hoeing, whereby a larger field might be attended.

The first president of our Society, gives it as his opinion,
that they would be an excellent preparatory crop for wheat.
This has long been my opinion, (although I have not been yet
able to make the experiment), and many years experience es-
tablishes this opinion with me, more firmly; and to place it
almost beyond all doubt, it is the opinion of Judge Peters.
Perhaps when they are intended as a preparatory crop for
wheat, it would be best to sow them thick, in broadcast. There
is no doubt of it in my mind, especially if the vines are turned
in with a two horse plough, and the wheat immediately, or soon
after, harrowed in and rolled.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 181

~ I should not have gone so much in detail upon the culture
and use of peas, but I know that the prejudices against them
are numerous and strong; and although I have already said so
much, I must add one remark, which is this: while my neigh-
bors’ horses are eating corn, at least eight months in twelve,
mine have never eaten it more than five; one year they eat corn
three months, and this year but two, the balance of the year
their food is peas, pea vines, and oats.

Some farmers are in favor of curing the vine in August, and
contend that they are the more juicy; but if they do contain less
juice in September, I think it then becomes more saccharine, is
therefore thicker, and I should suppose would lose less in curing ;
we know that the juices of a corn stalk are much sweeter in Sep-
tember than in August.

As a further improvement in feeding of cattle, | would recom-
mend that the shucks be well wet with brine, as they are stowed
away in the fall. This was recommended to me last winter, and
was done in this way: as many shucks were thrown in the house
at a time, as would raise it six inches, after being well trod
down; and as soon as they were sufficiently trod, the surface was
well sprinkled with this brine; as many more were then put in,
and the same process observed, until the whole were put away.
In this way one bushel and a half of salt was applied to the
shucks taken from these hundred bushels of corn, and the conse-
quence was, my shucks were heartily eaten by my cattle, and un-
til last winter, they never would eat them, as long as they could
get pea vines. This is not all the advantage resulting from
salting them ; it was very evident that they were rendered much
more nourishing, as the dry cattle which were fed on the shucks
alone, were in nearly as good order as those which were fed on
the vines. To do this properly, they should be made so wet as
to heat and mould. The expense need not be counted at all,
as cattle, while these shucks are given to them, will require no
other salting.

As there is so little economy observed in fattening hogs in
this part of the country, I beg leave to notice that also, and point
out a better and cheaper mode. The common practice is to put
them in a large pen and throw the corn on the ground; in a wet
season, they are soon up to their knees in mire, and not a dry
spot to lay on. In this situation there must be much corn

182 Pendleton Farmers’ Socvety.

wasted, and they cannot possibly thrive but very slowly. My
practice has been to make two square pens adjoining; they are
both floored with rails, and one of them is so covered as to turn
the rain, and is well littered with leaves or straw, and fresh lit-
ter added at least once a week. In the other pen a trough is
placed in which they are fed from twice to three times a day.
One meal they are fed on peas, and the other two on corn; it is
sometimes boiled and well salted, and at other times raw. This
has been my practice for three winters; and my hogs have al-
ways fattened very fast and eat much less than those fed in the
uncomfortable manner above described.

Last winter, after killing off half of my fattening hogs, the
others were fed altogether on fine corn meal, and although the
weather had got much more severe, they fattened much faster
than they had done before, and eat still less.

Last winter, when my fields were eat out, I commenced feed-
ing my little stock of out hogs on corn; their allowance was
six quarts; but when the weather became severe, they fell away
fast on this allowance. I then laid the corn aside, and had four
quarts of corn meal boiled every day, in ten gallons of water,
until it boiled down to about eight; in this a half pint of salt
was occasionally thrown while boiling; when done it was taken
up in a large tub and given them the next day, and in one week
from the day this practice was adopted, they looked much bet-
ter, and from that time increased in flesh. When the spring
opened, they were fed only three times a week, in the same man-
ner, and in the month of May, reduced to twice a week, and by
the middle of June it was discontinued. Had I persisted in
giving them the six quarts of raw corn, I am satisfied more than
half would not have seen the spring.

I have also adopted the practice of erinding all my horse corn
into fine meal, and find that I save a third after paying the toll.

T am, dear sir, with much respect,

Your obedient servant,
J. D, GAILLARD.
J.T. Lewts, Esq., Corresponding Secretary.

First Report OF THE COMMITTEE ON GRASSES AND GRASS
LANDS.

PRESENTED AUGUST 13, 1818.

There is, perhaps, no branch of husbandry, of much more
importance to the farmer, than that on which it has become our
duty to report, and we believe none is so much neglected in the
Southern states; and if any require proof of this, we would in-
vite their attention to our farm stock, and should they demand
other evidence, we would remind them of the rise which beef
and pork have taken within a few years.

Four years back, the highest price that could be obtained for
pork was five dollars, and the beef that the country afforded
was readily obtained at three cents, and three and a half per
pound. From that time these articles have been gradually ris-
ing, and at this time, you pay six and a half cents for beef, and
for two winters past the current price of pork has been from
seven to eight cents.

This wretched state of things, owes its existence té two causes.
The rapid decline of grasses in the forest, and inadequate crops
arising from exhausted lands badly cultivated. How to restore
fertility to our soil, and even to make it richer than ever it
was by nature, we have been amply instructed by the able re-
port presented by the committee on manures, at our last meet-
ing; and it now remains for us to show, (if we can) how the
want of grasses for our stock may be supplied. In this attempt
we will simply lay before you such facts as we have been enabled
to collect on the subject.

Meadows, we are strongly inclined to think, are well calcu-
lated to ameliorate our condition; and almost every farmer who
has a stream three feet wide, running through his farm, is in
possession of more or less meadow land, which, while suffered
to remain in a state of nature, answers no other purpose than
to entrap our poor cattle in the spring of the year.

Experience has taught all who have tried it, that to have a
good meadow, it is only necessary to grub out the under growth,

184 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

and cut down and remove as many of the larger trees as will
be necessary to admit the action of the sun. In some instances
it is necessary to cut a small ditch round the edge of the meadow,
so as to cut off springs; but in most cases, they become suffi-
ciently dry after a few months exposure to the sun.

Ten or twelve years ago, a gentleman residing on the waters
of Twenty-three Mile Creek, cleared a meadow of four acres
at the head of a small branch, a great part of which was so
high as to produce only what we call the broom or sedge grass;
and on the low and wet parts, grew a coarse grass, very much
resembling what we call the fox tail; but after this meadow
had been mowed two or three years, these grasses became much
finer, and yielded better and more abundant hay. For two or
three years, the product of this meadow was not considerable,
as it had been thickly covered with young maple, the sprouts
of which were very troublesome for that time; but as soon as
they were entirely subdued, so as to give the grass full posses-
sion of the soil, the quantity of hay was so much increased as to
become an object of great importance, insomuch that the annual
product for several years past, has been estimated at one hun-
dred dollars, and the last summer seventeen large wagon loads
of good hay was taken from it.

About ten years since, a gentleman residing on the Highteen
Mile Creek, cleared about one acre of meadow; which is in
the winter and spring occasionally overflowed, and six years
ago he cleared about two acres more, one of which he sowed with
timothy, in October, putting one quart of seed on the acre. This
meadow has been found to improve annually. The present year
the acre of timothy produced four large wagon loads of hay,
which made a stack eighteen feet in diameter at the base, and
for six feet up this size was preserved, from thence it was grad-
ually drawn in and terminated at a point fifteen feet from the
ground. From the dimensions and solidity of this stack, we
might safely estimate the wagon loads to average from eight to
ten hundred weight. This meadow was viewed by one of the com-
mittee some days before it was mowed, and it was then so dry,
that through the greater part of it, the ground was very much
cracked. Notwithstanding it must, from this appearance, have
suffered much for the want of moisture, the timothy was gener-
ally four feet high, and close around the roots of large stand-

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 185

ing sweet gums which had not been deadened, it was as tall and
looked as well as in any other part.

‘From the two acres of natural meadow, was taken eleven
wagon loads of hay, which made two stacks, not much smaller
than the one just described, and eighteen feet high; from the
state that this meadow was in all the spring and summer, we
must infer that if it had been properly watered the quantity
of hay must have been greatly augmented; and in support of
this inference, we will copy an article from an English author
on Agriculture. Speaking of watering meadows, he says: “This
is a part of husbandry strangely neglected in England, but of
undoubted importance. I experienced it in my Suffolk farm,
and yet stronger in my present Hartfordshire, where any person
that may call on me may see the vast difference between a
meadow in the parts watered and unwatered. I had this year,
(1769) as much hay from off one watered acre, as all the other
four unwatered ones in the same field.”

The meadow on the Eighteen Mile Creek which produced the
fifteen wagon loads of hay from three acres, is such land as our
water courses abound with; it is a stiff soil, of very fine texture,
one degree lighter in its nature than the common pipe clay.
In summer, when the earth is neither parched with drought nor
saturated with water, this soil has been profitably cultivated in
Indian corn and oats; but in either of those seasons it is very
difficult to tend, and produces but little. The foundation of
this soil is a very stiff blue clay. The growth is maple, ash,
sweet gum, white oak, some poplar and iron wood, and here and
there on the high parts hickory and dogwood. This land prop-
erly drained, and thrown up into high ridges in the winter,
with a two or four-horse plough, and an application of such
manures as are adapted to cold stiff soils, might no doubt be
profitably cultivated in corn and other grains: but it appears
by nature to have been designed for meadows, and should never
be appropriated to other use but where there is a surplus.

Among the grasses which grow spontaneously in these mead-
ows, we notice a large coarse grass, very well known by the name
of the red grass—this is generally found in smaller quantities
than the other kinds, which may be owing to the others being
earlier and thereby getting possession of the soil. This grass
delights in water; but in very springy situations, that are al-

186 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

ways cold and soft, it will not grow. Where it can be watered
at pleasure and kept wet by any other means than the constant
oozing cold springs, it yields much more abundantly than
any other grass we are acquainted with; and when it has been
frequently watered, the growth is so thick and tall as to require
two acres to cure what grew on one; it makes a coarse but very
sweet hay, of which cattle, sheep, and horses are very fond.
It is the opinion of the most experienced and skilfull farmers
that this grass is decidedly the most valuable we have either for
mowing or grazing.

We might have noticed other meadows, as there are several
others of value in our district, but we are not so well acquainted
with their character. The two brovght to your view afford
the most abundant and incontestable evidence, that with a little
labor and pains, we may have excellent meadows, not only of
natural grasses but of timothy. In short, if these examples are
not sufficient to excite others to go and do likewise, we despair
of offering anything that will have that effect. With one more
remark we will leave this subject. A meadow once established,
is done for life or perhaps for a century.

Of exotics we can give but few examples, as but few experi-
ments have been made with them in our district.

The grass called dog foot or orchard grass, (dactylis glomer-
ata) has been found valuable for grazing, which will appear
by the following experiment. One of your committee some
years back sowed a small lot with this grass, which came up too
thin, the seed being bad; but notwithstanding this, he pastured
it at all seasons of the year with cattle, horses, and sheep for
ten or twelve years; he then cultivated the lot in corn, and
some bunches of this grass was to be seen in it for some years
after it had been thus cultivated. We may therefore presume
that this grass, sown a proper thickness, in good strong ground,
would be very durable and valuable for grazing.

Lucerne has been found both in England and this country
very valuable for soiling. A gentleman of great respectability
in our state, sowed a quarter of an acre, on a stiff red clay hill,
with it (this was well manured) and in common years he has
cut it seven times; but the last summer being unusually season-
able, it was cut nine times and kept six horses.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 187

This is considered in England a valuable grass for soiling, and
although said to be an expensive one, is highly recommended
by Mr. Young; by a fair calculation he makes it appear that
the expense of planting and managing one acre is 4/. 9s. 2d;
in this he includes manuring, ploughing, hoeing, mowing,, and
hauling home, and in this he has rent, tithes, and rates 11.
10s., (which will not be found in the American account). He
then says, keeping five horses from the beginning of May to the
end of October, at 2s. 6d. per head, per week, is 14/. 7s. 6d.
which leaves a clear profit of 9/. 14s. 6d. It thus appears that
with all the expenses attending its culture, it is found there to
be a very profitable mode of feeding horses; but there it appears
to be far more so, because there one acre kept but five horses
during the season, here one quarter of an acre kept six horses.

The proper time for sowing is the latter end of March or be-
ginning of April, because like the turnip it is subject to the
ravages of the fly, and by early sowing it will attain a sufficient
size so as not to be affected by the fly; if broadcast, twenty
pounds of seed to the acre; if drilled in rows two feet apart,
six pounds will be enough.

The value of lucerne crops are said to be much increased by
sowing oats with them, in the proportion of six pecks of oats
upon very rich land; two bushels on indifferent soils, and three
for poor soils. As soon as the oats are sown and harrowed,
the lucerne should be sown and a light harrow passed over it
whether in drill or broadcast.

The land must be rich and kept clear of weeds to have a
good crop; it flourishes, by the English account, best on deep
rich friable loams, though it will thrive in any good dry soil,
and in the coldest climate.

Mr. Young says, although this is considered an expensive
plant to cultivate, if the value of the food be completed accord-
ing to the maintenance of cattle per week, it will pay nearly
cent per cent.

The Feather-grass, called by some white-top, (and which is
said to be a Dutch grass known among them by the name of
Weissen-heffer,) has been tried in some parts of this district
and in Georgia, and is found to answer well for winter and
spring pasture for sheep and calves. This grass has been de-
scribed by Dr. Anderson in his essays on agriculture as the

188 Pendleton Farmers’ Socvety.

Cock-tail or Feather-frass. (Stipapennata). On rich loams,
and in the meadows near the mountains, this grass has pro-
duced fine crops of hay; but there the red clover and timothy
being thought superior in similar situations, is taking the place
of it, though they still think it a valuable grass for their lands
of a second quality, which are chiefly pastured. With us it has
been found to succeed best as a winter grass. It preserves its
verdure in the severest weather, and grows vigorously during
every relaxation of frost and very early in spring. If suffered
to seed, it appears to die in June after the seed is perfected,
but it puts out again in September, affording in its succulent
juicy leaf, resembling the leaves of barley more than any other,
a rich repast during the fall, winter, and spring months. As
we recommend this grass chiefly for pasture, and it grows better
than any other we know of, except ripple-grass or narrow leaved
plantain, (plantago tenuifolia,) on poor stiff soils, it may be
worthy of remark that our common crab-grass begins to grow,
in our climate, just as the feather-grass declines, and as soon
as the crab-grass dies, the feather-grass again succeeds it, and
continues to afford good pasturage till the crab-grass appears
the next year. Thus these two grasses will afford the desirable
advantage of good pasturage all the year.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FARM STOCK.
READ NOVEMBER 12, 1818.

The Committee appointed upon “Farm Stock,” beg leave now
to report:

That this subject embraces a very important branch of hus-
bandry and rural economy, and is very extensive when taken in
all its relations, must be obvious to all who have paid the smallest
attention to agricultural pursuits. Your committee, believing
that it was only intended by the Society that they should lay
before it such facts and observations as were calculated to shew
the preference of one species of the same genus of domestic ani-
mals over another, so far as it respected the operations of
husbandry, or the comforts and profits of the farmer, will con-
fine their observations to such as are considered of the first im-
portance, and endeavor to shew why the farmer should turn his
attention to the raising and using one kind rather than another.
The breeds of horses not being so distinct in this country as
in some others, it is difficult to describe the race most valuable
to the farmer as best suited to the business of agriculture. In
some of the middle states, the large dray breed is used as best
suited to their heavy market wagons; and in the Eastern and all
the Southern states, a middle sized horse is preferred, on account
of his not consuming so much food, his being able to endure much
more fatigue, and perform more work in the same time. Your
committee are of opinion, that if horses are thought the most
proper animal upon a farm, for the wagon, the plough, and the
cart; those which spring from the common breed, and partaking
a little of the blood-horse, are the best calculated to perform
all the services of the farm horse, with the greater ease and ex-
pedition, and with the least expense to the owner. But
those which are raised upon the farm, beyond what are necessary
for its use, should, at any rate, be crossed with the best blood
of the country, as such will not cost more, in the raising, than
the coarsest, and will command a much greater price for the
saddle or pleasure carriage. And if any particular breed of

190 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

fine horses has shewn its decided superiority, in the Southern
states, for vigor of constitution, activity and strength, it is that
which has descended from the Genius* stock, which has, from its
make and qualities, become almost a distinct race.

It has long been a question, however, whether the horse or
the ox should be preferred as a beast of the plough. It has been
urged in favor of the ox, that he was capable of bearing great
fatigue, was equally docile, lived nearly as long as the horse,
subsisted upon less expensive food, and almost entirely without
grain, and in the end was convertible into the most delicious
food for man, and afforded valuable materials for his comfort
and convenience. That if by accident he became lame or blind,
still he would depreciate but little in his value, whereas the
horse, under the same circumstances, would be worse than use-
less. To this it is answered, that although the horse is a more
delicate and expensive animal, whose carcase is worth nothing,
yet that he more than compensates for these qualities, by the
expedition with which he performs his work, thereby enabling
the farmer to save much time, by doing so much more in the
same space, and “time is money.” Although the ox does not
require so much grain as the horse, yet he demands a greater
quantity of provender or long forage, and as he is certainly less
capable of bearing heat than the horse; it seems that he is only
suited to an elevated and cool country, which affords good pas-
turage and meadows; and therefore, before the ox can be worked
to great advantage in any country, grass and hay must be first
attended to. For these reasons, where the ox was formerly the
common beast of the plough, the horse is almost universally
substituted. To find an animal uniting most of the good quali-
ties of the horse and ox, with but few of the objections applica-
ble to either, is certainly a great desideratum in agriculture. In
the opinion of your committee, the mule is better calculated to
answer the general purposes of the farm, than either the horse
or the ox, as uniting the good properties of each with but few
of the bad. Nothing but ignorance and prejudice could have
kept the value of this useful animal so long from being known
among us. But of what are ignorance and prejudice not ca-

*By reference to the Stud Book, it will appear that the imported horse
which has given a name to this stock of horses, was Genius, and not Janus,
as is commonly supposed.

Pendleton Farmers’ Socie ty. 191

pable? It is, however, very strange, that the most intelligent
writers upon farm stock, appear, and acknowledge them-
selves to be ignorant of them as a beast of the plough, particu-
larly as their great value has been long known in the south of
‘Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. In old Spain, the
stock, from which they descend, is as much attended to, in point
of pedigree, as the finest horses in England—there a pair of
good mules will cost twice as much as a pair of good horses,
and in South America, a mule is considered worth many horses,
and in some parts of our own state, one good mule is valued
equal to two plough-horses. These facts are stated, to shew that
we are not singular in thinking highly of mules, and for this
preference it is thought there are reasons sufficient to convince
every calculating mind. The mule is more easily raised than
the horse, more able to bear heavy burthens, equally strong for
the draft, more patient, equally docile, will live twice or thrice
as long, capable of enduring much more labor, will do as much
work in the same time, and will not be more than one half the
expense, as they will not eat more than one half the grain, will
make use of long forage, which the delicacy of the horse will re-
ject, and will bear the heat full as well, perhaps better. Be-
sides all this, they are able to work sooner, and are only in
their prime when the horse has become a useless expense by
age. From the smallness of their foot, they may not answer
so well as the horse in deep, miry roads, but from the excellence
of the hoof, they will never require to be shod, except upon long
journies over rocky roads.

That most useful and neglected animal the cow, has engaged
the. attention of your committee, and as this is believed, upon
the whole, the most important stock for the farmer, much might
be said upon this subject, but it is thought unnecessary, upon
the present occasion, to say more than to express an opinion,
which kind is the best for the country, and the reasons for that
opinion. That the stock which is mingled with what is called
in this country, the English breed, and in England the short
horned or Dutch breed, is better than the common stock of the
country, it is believed, no one can doubt, who was present at
the cattle show in September last, of this Society, or who has,
at all, attended to the improvement of this animal. There sey-
eral calves were exhibited, all of which except one, partook in

192 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

different degrees, of this foreign breed of cattle. The one ex-
hibited of the common breed, was certainly very large, and did
great credit to its owner, and at the same time no one present
could think that it was at all comparable to any one of the
others. This was conclusive as to appearance, and if they are
not more tender or difficult to keep than the common breed, they
must be better. Those of the committee who have had the op-
portunity of judging from experience, upon this subject, think
them not more difficult to keep; but on the contrary, think that
they will look better, grow much larger, and take fat much
sooner upon the same pasture. This observation relates to en-
closed pastures, and they would not be understood to say, that
this breed of cattle requires no more food than the common; but,
on the contrary, they believe that cattle of all kinds require the
quantity of their food to be in proportion to their size. Although
this breed of cattle is thought more tender than others, in En-
gland, yet from its superior excellence, it has been increased in
most parts of that country. Notwithstanding cows of this race
give much more milk than those of the common, yet much of
their excellence does not arise from this circumstance, as they
can only yield in proportion to the food which they consume.
Their superiority arises almost entirely from their size, the
smallness of their bone, in proportion to their flesh, their inclin-
ation to take fat earlier, and to make fat upon the best parts.
This inclination to take fat earlier, and to make it upon the
best parts, is attributed by the most experienced breeders to the
beauty of their form; and they are governed in their selection
of stock, to breed from, not so much by the size as by the small-
ness of the bone; and the beauty and symmetry of the form.
It is much to be regretted, that this valuable animal, which con-
tributes more largely to the comfortable subsistence of man
than any other, is so much neglected in our country, and left
to bear every wind and rain which descends from heaven, with-
out a shelter, and with no better allowance than straw or husks.
If the farmer, instead of keeping a large stock of impoverished
cattle which tend to impoverish him, and which can yield noth-
ing to his comfort or his profit, would keep fewer, which would
enable him to keep them better, he would, for all his additional
kindness and attention, receive ample returns, in a rich variety
of delicious beef, milk, butter and cheese.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 193

However valuable and important a small stock of sheep must
be to every farmer, for food and clothing, yet an extensive flock
is not so valuable as in some other countries, where the carcase
is in great demand, and the fleece commands a ready sale. But
it is very desirable that every one who keeps sheep, should have
the kind most useful for him, and suitable to his local situation.
Some years ago, it was thought that wool of the finest kind,
would be an article of the first importance in this country, and
many men in our country were merino mad. But the bubble
has bursted, and many have learned, by experience, that this was
a delusion, and now know, that a flock of sheep larger than
is necessary for domestic consumption, is a useless expense. But
this delusion of the day has been of great importance to the
country, in causing much more attention to be bestowed upon
this valuable domestic animal. It is believed that a mixture of
the merino blood improves our native sheep both in the carcase
and fleece. All crosses of this breed, make the stock retain its
wool much better. We know but little of other breeds in this
country; but perhaps if we could get the Bakewell or Dishly
breed, which is so remarkable for its size and inclination to
take fat, it would make a valuable acquisition to our farm stock.

As to hogs, poultry, &c. your committee having but little in-
formation, and fearing that they have already trespassed too
long upon your patience, and said nothing which may afford a
useful hint to any one, beg leave to be silent.

November 12, 1818.

SECOND REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON MANURES.

JULY MEETING, 1819.

The Committee on Manures, in continuation of the report
submitted to the Society in July last, having therein treated of
three divisions of their subject, animal, vegetable, and compound
manures, proceed to the consideration of the fourth division,
fossil manures ; and will conclude with some observations relative
to the time and mode of application of manures, to the soil.

Your committee are not acquainted with any fossils to be
found in this district, which in their natural state have been
used as manures, but they are inclined to believe that marl,
or some earth resembling marl in its effects may be found. It

194 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

is believed we have neither gypsum or limestone, but at the
same time proper searches have not been made. It is here recom-
mended to offer a handsome premium for the discovery of any
substances, which actual experiment may prove to be beneficial.
A judicious mixture of soils of different qualities, would doubt-
less be of great service. A tenacious clay is opened by the
application of sand and a porous open soil, is improved by
the addition of clay; but the labor of this admixture would be
very great, and the fertility communicated to the soil, not equal
to our ideas of improvement by a system of manures. Gypsum
may be procured at a high price, and some few experiments have
been made with it, but they have not succeeded, though it is
probable the plaster had lost most of its good qualities, from
having been ground for a long time. But your committee know
that it has produced no effect, when applied to young corn in
the hill, or to young clover and zrass on very poor stiff soil,
neither was the soil benefited for a succeeding crop, as some-
times occurs with this fossil. Notwithstanding these discour-
aging circumstances, such have been the advantages in other
places, resulting from the use of gypsum, that your committee
recommend to every member, to lose no opportunity of pro-
curing a little of it and apply it to various crops, in various
ways. A thin layer of it, mixed in turn with a compost heap,
especially where a great proportion of vegetable matter is used,
would undoubtedly tend to break down the woody fibre, and re-
duce the mass more speedily to the state of good manure; and
in all operations with gypsum it should be recollected, that it
is now pretty well ascertained, that it is not in any great degree
a manure of itself, but that the vitriolic acid, converting vege-
table substances into manure, is the cause of its imparting fer-
tility to soils; where there is no such vegetable substance, it
must be useless. Until, however, the wisdom of our Legislature,
aided by the public spirit of our citizens, shall open our rivers
or improve our roads, your committee despair of seeing gypsum
generally used for agricultural purposes, even if its effects were
as decidedly advantageous here, as they have been found to be in
our sister States. They therefore proceed to bring to the notice
of the Society, another substance, which has the all important
advantage of being in the greatest abundance, and which has
lately been highly recommended by zealous and intelligent writ-
eTs.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 195

This substance is burnt clay. Sir John Sinclair, in a late
work on agriculture, published only last year, informs us that
he found the first account of clay ashes, in an agricultural work,
published in the year 1732, so that it is an old practice lately
revived, and which has been highly recommended by the most
voluminous writer of the age, Mr. William Cobbett, who, from
his own experience, recommends it in the strongest manner for
his Russian Turnip. The author of the “Complete Grazier”
also gives an account of clay ashes, and says that poor worn
soils, which, with manure, would only produce rye, with ten or
twelve loads of clay ashes, have produced abundant and luxu-
riant crops. Mr. L’Hommedieu also recommends clay ashes to
the New York Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, as the
cheapest manure that can be procured; and lastly, Dr. Mease, in
a letter to the Philadelphia Agricultural Society, published last
year, collects and cites many authorities, tending to prove the
usefulness and cheapness of clay ashes, as a manure. The weight
and respectability of these authorities, have decided your com-
mittee to commence some experiments on this subject, as soon as
our harvest is secured, and to recommend to their brother far-
mers to multiply the chances of success, by burning clay into
ashes themselves.

Although your committee do not understand the precise mode
in which burnt clay fertilizes the soil, further than by opening
and pulverizing it; yet the results of combustion are, in many
~ cases, so little known, that they will not suffer their ignorance of
the modus operandi, to check their endeavors to obtain useful
and practical knowledge; and they are the more incited to
spare no exertions on this subject, from the conviction, that if
the clay ashes do really fertilize a stiff, worn soil, they will fur-
nish the great desideratum of our farmers, namely, a sufficiency
of manure. For not only are the materials, clay and wood every
where at hand, but it is believed the labor of preparing the ashes
for the soil is less than in any other mode of procuring manure
in any quantity. Your committee will now proceed to detail the
mode they would recommend for obtaining the largest quantity
of these ashes, with the least labor.

On some clay ridge most convenient to the field intended to be
manured, dig a hole one foot deep, and from ten to fifteen feet
square. Small kilns are recommended to begin with, as exper-

196 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

lence will suggest remedies for defects. Place the excavated
clay around the sides of this shallow pit, and in the centre of it
construct a small square pen, four or five feet high, and nearly
a foot square, with small kindling wood, similar to the top of a
common clay chimney; then cut a cord of wood four feet long,
and lay the sticks crossing each other, over the bottom of the pit;
having previously made a channel from the bottom of the small
square, to the outside, by laying two stout sticks, eight or ten in-
ches apart, on the ground, and covering them with flat rock
or turf sods, to communicate a current of air to the centre and
keep up the fire. This channel will not be needed after the kiln
is once fairly on fire; then cover over the whole surface of your
kiln with turf sods from the locks of your fence, and throw on
the clay you have excavated, and dug from about it, covering
the sods two or three feet with it; then set fire to your kiln, and
cover the top of your small square pen with brush and sods, to
exclude external air, which should only be admitted from
the channel outside. It is there to be treated like a coal
kiln. As the clay burns, more is to be thrown on in the places
most burnt; and as the clay will burn of itself, you must supply
more till you have enough for your purpose. The only precau-
tion necessary is, not to let the fire break out, till you have
enough burnt, and this may involve the necessity of watching it
at night. As soon as the ashes are cool, they are fit for use, and
should be spread on the land, and lightly ploughed or harrowed
in, where it is said, they will have an astonishing effect in pro-
ducing prodigious crops of grass, grain, or any vegetable.

Your committee will conclude this part of their subject, by
stating distinctly, that the information here given is derivative,
and their authorities have been cited, They are sorry that their
own experience furnishes nothing on the subject; but they will
add, they are sanguine as to the results, and hope that the mem-
bers of this Society will zealously unite in the determination
practically to prove the utility of clay ashes on grain and tur-
nips.

The application of manures to the soil, which is the remain-
ing subject of discussion, should vary according to the nature
both of the manure, the soil, and the crop which is first to be
benefited by it. All ameliorating mixtures of soil may be made
at the most convenient season, but the application of manure

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 197

must be considered, both as to the state of the manure itself,
(which involves the controversy between hot and short muck
farmers), and as to the state or preparation of the land, for a
crop, or during its growth. With regard to the state of the ma-
nure at the time of application, justly celebrated farmers have
given opinions diametrically opposite; and yet your committee
are bold enough to disagree with both opinions considered as ex-
clusive, and to say that both fermented and unfermented ma-
nures are proper at different times, and for different crops. For
instance, your committee would not recommend the immediate ap-
plication of hot stable manure, to a crop of wheat, though they
would have no objection to a corn or pea crop; and the reason is
obvious: Not only might hot stable manure produce diseases in
a wheat crop, but it would probably introduce the seeds of weeds,
which would have an opportunity of again seeding themselves
and polluting your land, before your broadcast crop is off; but
in a corn crop we should not fear these unhappy consequences,
because our corn is a stout and vigorous plant, requiring strong
manures ; and as it is always a drill crop, the young weeds which
might be introduced with the unfermented manure, would be
destroyed in the necessary culture of the crop. These instances
will enable the Society to decide for themselves, when fermen-
ted or unfermented manures should be used. Well fermented
manures and composts should in general be applied for broad-
cast crops, except perhaps barley; and hot muck may in this
country be safely applied to all drill crops.

Although your committee have stated that short muck or fer-
mented manures or composts, are a proper dressing for wheat,
and for the reasons they have given, yet they do not wish to be
understood as forbidding altogether the application of unfer-
mented manures to that crop. On the contrary, they would rec-
ommend experiments, on a small scale, of stable manure, to the
wheat field, in order to ascertain more precisely its nature and
effects. To this they are the more induced, from having lately
seen a successful experiment made with hot muck on wheat, in
the fourth volume of the memoirs of the Philadelphia Agricul-
tural Society. Comparative experiments are not sufficiently at-
tended to, and although it is now known that fermented manures
are proper for the wheat field, yet sufficient trials have not been
made with hot muck to prove that it may not have advantages,

198 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

outweighing the disadvantages of introducing weed seeds, and
perhaps some diseases. For weeds ought not to be dreaded so
much in this country, as in others, on account of the frequency
of fallow crops; and perhaps the disease, introduced by hot muck,
may be attributed to want of judgment in the farmer, in apply-
ing it in too great a quantity. If the evil of weed seeds and dis-
ease can be remedied or even abated, your committee see a great
advantage in the superior strength and quality of hot muck, as
they believe that twenty cart loads of it will impart as much
fertility to an acre of clay land, as forty of well rotted manure;
because the former would contain nearly as much matter as the
latter, and of greater strength, and have besides all the grasses
in them, which rotted manure will have lost in the different
stages of its decomposition.

With regard to the time of applying manures to the soil, by at-
tending to the principles laid down in the first part of this report,
we shall be enabled to decide that question with greatest proba-
bility of successful result. As carbonic acid and ammoniacal
gases are formed during fermentation, and these are powerful
agents for our purpose, it follows that these gases should be
formed in the soil, where they would immediately benefit us, and
not in a manure heap, whence they would escape us, in the sur-
rounding atmosphere, and be lost. Further, as all manures
must be in a dry state of solution before they can become the
food of plants, it follows that manures should be kept dry, till
applied to the soil, both to check fermentation, and the conse-
quent escape of gases, and to preserve their soluble parts from
being dissolved and wasted in the manure heap. From these two
principles, it results that hot muck should be kept in or under
your stable as compost and dry as possible, or if in a manure
heap, it should be well covered with earth, till you are about to
plant your drill crop; previously to which, it should be carted on
the land, spread on the surface evenly, or scattered in drill in
deep furrows, and covered with the plough without one mom-
ent’s unnecessary delay. The carting and ploughing in, should
be done at the same time if possible.

Vegetable composts, having an excess of fibrous and insoluble
matters, should be treated differently. To break down and dis-
solve the woody fibre, the vegetable substance composing your
compost should be laid in layers, intermixed with lime, ashes,

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 199

gypsum, clay ashes, or animal dung, and water enough to com-
mence a fermentation should be added, and when the carbonic
acid gas begins to fly off, the heap should be well covered with
earth, and kept so till wanted for your broadcast crop. The cart-
ing out, spreading, and ploughing under, should be performed as
expeditiously as possible, and this operation in both kinds of ma-
nure should be performed as immediately before the seeding as
convenient, in order that your young plants should lose none of
the benefits to be derived from them.

There are two points which present themselves here, which
though not strictly belonging to this committee, they will briefly
examine. One, the most advantageous mode of spreading ma-
nure, whether all manures had not better be applied to a crop
preparatory to wheat, rather than to the wheat crop itself.

When manure is to be applied to a drill crop, which is to be
succeeded by one or more drill crops, your committee are of opin-
ion that scattering the manure along the bottom of furrows, four,
five, or six feet apart, is the best mode, because, one-half of the
quantity at least, will be sufficient, or saved for other fields.
Your manure is better beneath the soil, and of course more se-
cure from evaporation, the operation itself is more easy than
flush ploughing under, and if three drill crops are taken, by run-
ning your drill furrows in different places each year, they will
probably all be good, and your field will at least be all manured
by one or two cross ploughings. Unquestionably these reasons do
not apply to a broadcast crop, where the manure should be spread
as regularly as possible, all over the surface, and as regularly
ploughed under.

With respect to the application of my manure, immediately
to a wheat crop, your committee are of opinion it ought to be
avoided if possible, at least until further experiment shall test
the degree of danger to be incurred from disease on weeds. One
bold farmer, as above mentioned, has been successful in one at-
tempt at raising a heavy crop of wheat with stable manure, but
one fact should not be permitted, hastily, to overset the exper-
ience of years. A reasonable prudence will warn us that the
greatest care will not secure our young wheat from being over-
run with weeds in the spring, which will not only injure the
crop, but the land afterwards, even if the grain escapes the dis-
eases to which the immediate application of hot stable manure

200 Pendleton Farmers’ Socvety.

exposes it. In all stiff soils, it is certainly advisable to plant a
drill crop, as a preparation for wheat, and apply your manure to
that crop. Weeds will then be destroyed in the cultivation of this
crop, and your land in the fall will be left clean, pulverized, and
rich. Potatoes, beans, peas, to be cut for fodder, or any drill
crop which may be removed by the last of August, would repay
the farmer for his additional trouble.

Your committee will conclude at this time, with the following
general rules with respect to manures, and their application,
which, though they may be liable to some exceptions, they trust
will prove useful.

Farm-yard manures should be kept from fermenting as much
as possible. This process should take place in the soil.

In composts, fermentation should be encouraged so far as to
break down the woody fibre of the vegetable substances of which
they are composed, so as to render them soluble, and afterwards
kept dry and cool.

The time of application to the soil, should be that immediately
preceding the introduction of the seed.

All which is respectfully submitted.

THOMAS PINCKNEY, JR.
Chairman.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 201

On RIPPLE GRASS.
BY THOMAS PINCKNEY, JR., July 1819.

ALTAMONT, July 7, 1819.

Srr—Permit me to recommend to the attention of the Society,
a small grass growing spontaneously all over our district, and
which has the important advantages of being a native of our
clime and soil, and retaining its verdure and juices throughout
the winter. I allude to the narrow-leaved plantain, or ripple
grass, (plantago tennifolia). My sheep have never thriven well
in winter, notwithstanding they have a dry fold; a good shelter,
with racks and troughs, and are tolerably well supplied with dry
food and pea hay; but last winter they suffered so much from
the want of pasture, and brought me so few lambs, that my at-
tention was naturally turned to the best mode of procuring i1em
green food, occasionally during the winter, and very early in the
spring. A visit which I paid to a neighbor, solved my difficulty.
His sheep were in fine order, and he had not lost a lamb. A
small part of his apple orchard, not half an acre, was tolerably
well set with ripple grass, and the ewes and young lambs were
turned on it. As I know that in all other respects, my flock
are at least as well treated as his, I could impute his success to
no other cause than his ripple grass; which was his opinion also.
Thinking well of this grass, I had collected and sown a few seed
near my house, mixed with orchard grass and red clover; and I
think it has always maintained a superiority over them, as a win-
ter bite for sheep. The soil is exceedingly poor, a stiff, red clay
and very stony. I find this grass very favorably spoken of in An-
derson’s Essay on Agriculture, who says, that “it deserves the
attention of the farmer, as a valuable pasture grass. It will
thrive upon barren soils, where hardly any other plant could live.
It may most easily be distinguished on poor clays, where it is
frequently found without the mixture of any other plant; cattle,
horses and sheep, eat the leaves greedily, especially sheep, which
bite it very close to the ground.”

This authority so strongly confirming my own observation,
has induced me at this time to trouble the Society with these
remarks, as the seed of this grass is now ripe, and to recommend
to my brother farmers, to collect it carefully, and to sow it in
September, on a piece of good land, well ploughed, and the seeds

202 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

harrowed in. I would not advise the mixture of any other seed
with it, unless they can procure that of the broad-leaved plan-
tain, which also grows commonly about our fields; but I would
recommend them to give it a fair chance of success. Not to rely
on its growing on poor land; but to prepare half an acre by deep
ploughing, and manure, if the piece is not naturally rich, to sow
his seed thick enough, and harrow it in carefully. This little
trouble will be nothing in comparison of its value to him next
winter, and if he but performs his part well, I feel assured he
will soon extend his half acre to the quantity his flock will re-
quire. \

I am sir,

Your obedient humble servant,
THoMAS PINCKNEY, JR.
JOSEPH V. SHANKLIN, Esq.

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 203

ADDRESS TO THE FARMERS OF PENDLETON DISTRICT.

September 8, 1819.

The committee appointed by the Farmers’ Society at the Au-
gust meeting, beg leave to report the following address, to the in-
habitants of this District, as a preface to the queries, proposed
to be published; and they recommend that the Committee on
Publications be directed to cause the Address and Queries to be
inserted in the Pendleton Messenger.

To the Farmers of Pendleton District:

The Pendleton Farmers’ Society has been organized since the
year 1815; and perhaps they have been remiss, in not stating,
publicly, before this time, the objects of their institution, and
the means by which they hope for success.

The great object of this Society is the agricultural improve-
ment of the district, by directing the attention of their brother
farmers to the various branches of rural economy, and by the- in-
troduction of the most modern and approved system of husban-
dry ; and surely it is obvious to all, that such improvement is nec-
essary to our welfare and prosperity. We are the largest, and it
is believed, the most populous district in the State; but our im-
portance is reduced by a want of information on many essential
points, and particularly on agricultural subjects. Our fellow
citizens elsewhere, are making rapid advances in the arts which
improve and adorn society; the spirit of internal improvement is
awake and active; science flourishes, and all classes of our coun-
trymen are vieing with each other in efforts to raise our national
character, both at home and abroad. And shall we be backward
on such an occasion? Shall we be the only idlers in a contest
for the prosperity of our country? Shall we be the drones to
devour the labors and the talents of industry and skill? We
trust you have too much virtue, too much zeal, and too much pa-
triotism to suffer such an imputation to be cast upon you.

Although our lot has been cast in a remote corner of the State,
among rugged mountains, with a vast proportion of our soil unfit
for cultivation, and what is worse, without a convenient convey-

204 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

ance to market, yet we have here many advantages and blessings
to be thankful for. Our district is among the most healthy in
the Union—our land is cheap; and a sufficiency of it of tolerable
quality, is within the reach of every intelligent and industrious
farmer. If we make less money, we have less need of it here than
elsewhere—a little judgment and a little industry will procure
from our fields and our flocks all the requisites for human com-
fort. Foreign luxuries ought to be abandoned*—There is hardly
an article among them which had not better be relinquished.
Let us all unite with zeal and activity to increase the solid com-
forts of home.

To promote these praiseworthy objects, to increase the real
comfort and happiness of every farmer in the district, and to
make him respectable and independent, the Farmers’ Society was
instituted. The Legislature of the State, perceiving the happy
consequences likely to result from their exertions, granted them
an act of incorporation in the year 1817. They have since ac-
quired a little property, and as it may with truth be said their
object is to be useful, will not their brother farmers in the dis-
trict unite with them in promoting such an object. The effect
of combination is great; a few individuals, however zealous, can
do nothing; but a society composed of members from all parts of
the district, can, and will be useful in the highest degree. Much
good has already been effected, many instances of which are on
the records of the Society. The annual contribution of each
member is a mere trifle, but the aggregate of contributions
would enable the Society to extend their means of information
and usefulness. Practical books, good ploughs, harrows, and
other implements of husbandry, and good seeds of various kinds,
would be purchased. Larger premiums could be given; and it
is hoped that the day is not distant, when annual fairs shall
be established at our anniversary, to which all the farmers of the
district may resort, for the sale or purchase of fine animals, fine
samples of grain, or the products of the loom, the workshop, the
dairy or the orchard.

The views and objects of the Society having been thus fairly

*Many good substitutes for Coffee may be found. Rye well cleaned, washed,
and dried in the sun, then parched and ground, makes a beverage hardly to be
distinguished from coffee, and more wholesome. Carrots cut in very small
squares, dried hardin the sun and then parched and ground, is another good
and wholesome substitute. _

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 205

and candidly stated, the farmers of the district are invited to
become members. There is hardly a man who can not give in-
formation on some point, and if we all contribute what we know,
we shall obtain a mass of information which must be useful. It
is not essential that those living at a distance should attend
every meeting, though as punctual an attendance as circumstan-
ces will permit is much to be desired. The Society already con-
sists of eighty members, and new members are admitted at every
meeting.

As it may be inconvenient for some farmers to become mem-
bers of the Society, who are yet desirous of assisting it in so good
a cause, by all the means in their power, they are respectfully
requested to communicate any information they possess, addres-
sed to Joseph V. Shanklin, Esq., our corresponding secretary.
The Society know that practical farmers are not literary men;
the style or manner of communication is perfectly immaterial ;
and the Society, as a body of plain farmers themselves, want
plain facts, in plain language. They therefore hope that prac-
tical farmers will write to them, and lest any one may suppose
the information he has to give may not be on a subject of suffi-
cient consequence, they have directed a list of questions on the
most important subjects to be added to this address. This mode,
it is hoped, will encourage farmers to write, as they have nothing
to do but to answer a plain question; and the example once set
will be followed by others.

QUERIES.

Manures.—Have you made any experiments with manures?
Of what nature were they? Have you ever used fresh stable
manure? What is the difference, in point of strength, between
it and rotted dung? In what quantity, to what soils, in what
manner, at what time, and to what crops have you applied it?
To what crops with the greatest success? Have you ever made
a compost heap, viz. a heap consisting of dung, earth and vege-
. table matter, such as weeds? In what proportion did you use
each of these materials? What is the best method of making and
collecting the greatest quantity of manure even ona farm? Have
you ever hauled any creek mud, or other stuff from ponds or
branches, on your fields, or to your manure heap; and with what
benefit? What is the nature of the soil to which you applied this
manure? Have you ever used ashes as a manure? Were they

206 Pendleton Farmers’ Society.

leached or unleached? What is the difference in value between
these as manures? To what soils were they used, and with what
effect? Do you not think unleached ashes more beneficial when
mixed in the compost heap? Have you ever applied lime to your
land? Do you know any thing of marl in your neighborhood ?
It is a whitish, clayey earth, and will effervesce when vinegar is
poured on it. 3

Soils.—Of what nature is the soil upon which your experi-
ments have been made? Is it sandy or clayey or loamy? What
particular grains or grasses have you found best adapted to par-
ticular soils? Is there any substance in your soil unfriendly to
any particular vegetable or plant, and how have you or can you
correct it?

Tillage—How deep ought lands to be ploughed? Should the
black mould or top earth only be turned up, or ought the yellow
or red earth underneath to be turned up also? In what propor-
tions ought they to be mixed? What is your method of destroy-
ing weeds and grass in your fields? Do you fallow your land?
Do you perform this operation in winter and summer? Are your
fallows naked, or otherwise? Do you lay your fields in ridges or
lands? How wide are the latter? What is the best method of
preparing land for the reception of seed, particularly for wheat?
When do you haul your manure on the land? Do you spread or
drill it?

Stock.—Are not oxen more profitable than horses? What is
the difference of keep and work between a pair of horses and a
yoke of oxen? Do you use mules? Are they better than horses?
In what respects? Have you ever used large wooden hames for
horses? Do you prefer them to collars? Do oxen draw best with
the collar or the yoke? Did you ever yoke them by the horses?
Was the yoke placed in the front or back of the horns? How
can you improve the breed of sheep, as respects the quantity and
quality of wool and mutton? How, and upon what, do you main-
tain your ewes and lambs, in the winter and spring? Is it
profitable to shear lambs the first of the year? Do you shear
your sheep once or twice a year? What are their disorders, and
what remedy have you for them? What is the best method of
raising calves? What is the best method of fattening cattle?
How best kept for the pail? What is the best method of making
cheese and butter? Do you know the disorder in cattle called

Pendleton Farmers’ Society. 207

milk sick? Do you know any cure for it? What occasions the -
hollow horn? How is it most easily and effectually cured? How
do you raise hogs? What breeds are the best? Which is the
cheapest and the best mode of preparing them for the knife?
Grain.—Which is the most productive species of wheat; the
red, white, yellow bearded, or naked? Is winter better than sum-
mer wheat? In what proportion? What are the causes of smut,
blast and mildew? How are these prevented or remedied?
What is the best method of preserving wheat between harvest
and threshing time? And between threshing time and grinding?
Is rye a profitable crop with you? How do you cultivate oats?
Are they worth cultivating? What species have you found most
productive? Do our soil and climate suit barley? What is the
greatest quantity of this grain that you know of having been
made to an acre? How do you cultivate Indian corn? In what
manner is the ground best prepared for it? How should it be
manured and tended? In what manner and to what extent can
beans and peas be cultivated? What is the best time for cutting
up the vines? How best cured? What is the greatest weight
of peas and cured pea-vines that you have obtained from an acre?
Grasses.—W hat grasses make the best pasture? What the best
hay? What facts have you relative to the culture and value of
lucerne, St. Foin timothy, and clover, feather grass or white top,
and orchard-grass? Can not some of our native grasses be
greatly improved by culture? What sort of pasture agrees best
with sheep, meat cattle, horses and swine? What particular di-
rections can you give on the subject of grazing? Are you ac-

quainted with the narrow-leaf plantain? Do you esteem it as a
pasture grass?

Fruit Trees—What kind of apples afford the best cider?
Which is the best method of grafting, inoculating, and planting
of orchards? In what manner do you cultivate peach, plum, nec-
tarine, apricot, quince, and cherry trees? Will nectarine trees,
not grafted, ripen their fruit? May not the fig be successfully
introduced into the district?

208 Pendleton Farmers’ Soctety.

Vermin.—How do you destroy moles? Will palma christi
drive them away? How are grubs in your corn and flax de-
stroyed? Which is the best method of getting rid of the bugs
that destroy your melon, cucumber, and pumpkin vines? How
do you destroy the canker worms and caterpillars that infest or-
chards? How can you overcome the lice and flies which so
greatly injure cabbages and turnips?

Bees—Have you any improvement in the management of
bees ?

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