Title: The Pennsylvania farm journal, v. 3
Place of Publication: Lancaster, Pa.
Copyright Date: 1853

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg086.3

V

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PEMMSYLVANiA FARM JOURNAL,

!'E VOTED TO

HORTICULTrnE, A(>KlCrLTri(E A.\D RUKAL KroNdMY.

!* o"*

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Cl!»''

EDITOR,

J. L. DAIiLIXGTON.

ASSISTANT EDITOR,

A. AI. SrANGLEU.

voimm ill

WEST CHESTER, PA.
J. M. MEREDITH & CO.
1853.

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1853.1

INDKX

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Aii.ilysia of Suil> ; I'rof. Mapcs' reply to G. B.

I>r<»\\iie, .... 3

A^ri.iiltur.il School Convention, . 27, 28, 2'.)

Aii:il}>i>"l Soils ;iii<l Trtif. .Mapcs, . . r).'i

Ayrshli-i' Ivill, hundcc scci.tnl,
Airririilturu! College,

" Jleview, No. 3, .

" ll.'vi.'w. No. 5, .

" Kmirw,

A;rri*Miltur;il Soci(4v, ( 'Ix'stor (\)iiiitv,

71

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Applt' tret' Borer,

A;i;riiMiltur;il lu'vicw. No. 1,

A[»pl<'8 for Mllcli ( 'ows,
** .Jonatliiin,

** l']s()y)us S})itz<'!il)"r

" >>>M m, to debtroj,

Analysis oi' Soils,

Atkin's K(':i])('r,

Art.licial M:inur(>s,

AiMrcss liv 1*. Falconer,
'■ W. Il:inl-v,

PxHlIor*! ( 'oiuity,
Mercer ( 'ounty,
•Juniata Countv,
AVarrcn County,
Northamption County,
Beaver County,
J*erry County, .
Montour (^)unty,
Centr(.' (^iunty,

. 170
. 1.7.)

H9, 124

<SH, i;'. .

90

IK)

100

100

100

. 100

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. 141)

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. 110

VM

. 20'J

201)

. 2'64:

211, 230
2 1 3

2;;s

134
141)

lieuiis, Lima, to jiiTM'rve .

Birds hIiouM 1m.' sparrnl,

Barking Troes, to prevent mice IVoni

liushes, time to cut

liorrowitiii; Tools,

Brec4iii;r Ivanis, Selection of

r>arl(?y, Nepaul

<'urrants. May's N'ictoria

Cililornia, A;i;riculture in

(^>rn Fertilizers,

" Sheller, (Jrave's Patent
" IManter Tennock'n

Bread,

Planter, new on(^

Fodder, Howinf^ . ,

F'or seed,

StowelPs Evergreen,

(i, Walker's crop of

Planting,

(^rusher, . , ,

County Fairs,

Cattle and llo^s, Scouring Food for
Choice Pules ior Breedin<z; Stock,
(Jedar of" Lebanon,
(^alves, liice on . . .

Cattle, lV)int« of . . ,

44
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loi L-iioi 11^,

SI

North Devuns,

llerefords,

Ayreshires,

Market abuses of

Hi

A<]!;ricui:ura! SuclcLy, Pcnna., renrnlatigiis; {;,i- L;iii- | ;V.i

'A^^

P

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Au^jrusta Bose,

Apples, Early Iiarvast,llcd A.strachan,
Alderney Bull, , .

Ai!:ricultural Exhibition, Chester County,

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Tio^^a county,
P(Mnisvlvania State,

237
235

Fayette
( Ireeii
Lavs'renee **

Northumberland county. ISO

LSI)

1S7
l>(;lawar(.' Stat(\ . 311
Bradford County, 3>12, 315
York County, . 290
Bucks County, . 290
Berks County, . 290
(.^aniden it (41oucester, 290
Pittsbur^r, . . 301

New York, . . 31G
Address by Amos K. Shelley, , , 91

" i loll. < ieorire Chauilters,
" " Dr. Ihnerson.

" " (ie()rj:;e T. Stewart,

" " W. S. Kin-,
Arabian Horse,
Ald'jrriev ( \)\v,

iirewers ;,M(1 Barley, ,

Breeding Stock,
Bote in 1 Torses,

l»utter, prize essay on .

AVorker, new Patent
lilacklierry, New Il(»chelle
Cultivation of
Wlulv.,
Barn, Cascade
Breeds of Ponli ry,
Book Notices,
Bement's Compound,
Bee-keeping explained, Quinby's treatise, , 195
S03(l

orwi i

44
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203

ISl

. 2S7

311

17

10

1 1 , 50

05, GG, G7, 13.0

149

70, 202, 217

291

IC), (')

137, 1 14

109

9G, 189, 278

189

'' Importation of, in Ohio.

" lmp(jrted,

Cranberries, Upland. ^,

Cherries, J51ack Tartarian,"
" Yellow Spanish,

Elton, . ,

Chickens, Cochin China,
" (la})es in

(Queries about Breeds,
To Fatten,
Celery, mode oi cultivating]:
Correspondents for Farm Journal,
Calyste<^ia Pubescens,
Carts and "\Vaf:;ons, care of
Cart, s(4t loading
Caterpillars, . ,

Clover, Tall Speeimen
Cows, 15reedin<^ for Milk,
" Holding up Milk,
" Ayrshire,
(MderMill, Ilickok's
Chicory,

Cliemistry of A-rritailture,
of Horticulture,
Clinton (irape,
Cedar Deodar, . . ,

" gi;.;antic in California,
Crystal Palace, . . . ,

Cranbei-ry \'ines.
Cherry Trees, (ailtur(! and manag<3ment,

" Festival, . . ,

Catalpa, new variety,
(dover Seed 1Iu11(m*, Wairener's
Car for transporting Cattle,
Dahlia, ....

D(M)dar Cedar,

Durham Stock, Sherwood's sale of
** Fail Ducies sale of

Cattle, Col. Sherwood's sale of

HI

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20.

48,

4(

Bull

"Mars

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197
229

277
304
33G

;'.,'.7

309
0
24
20
3G1
117
4
4
119
295
40
250
58
3GH

327

318

370

39

4, 33

'66

34

3G

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3,9
47
42

. 43

43

49

ioG, 208

. 109

112

G9

. 82

83

. 84

8G

96

100

. 108

180

112

13G

142, 151, 173

1G3

1G2

180

44

. 197

198, 220

200

207

211

234

3,12

. 318

7G

. 83

151, 252

119

273

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IV

INhl.X.

rT>BCT!i

^war<*ir> mwaww^

Domestic Receipts,
Dwarf Poarw,
Digging; Machines,
Don't sell your best Stock,
DurJiam Cow, hiiio/'

" Bull, "Tontiac,''
Daries, London

Delaware, Ajj^ricultural Progress iii
Drought on Plants,
Dogs of 8. licrnanJ,
Exiiihition, Metropolitan
Eggs, to Picservo
E:ihil)ition, Chester County

ri'i!ii^_vl\ aiiia I Inriieiihural

I'itt-l.uri:

275, 3G5

330

344

352

. 345

309

133

184

19

. 204

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<^<u;iii'i Nitrate of Soda,
" Analysis of Inferior

'Vv.vl'r aihl rrieo of

Man. is,

suli-tii utc for, . ,

! ', XpiTllM' Ilt^ \N'ifh.
Mr! I I'dOSt,

ill hilaware,
Grist ]Mills, Improvement of
Grapes, >aviot!t^^ of

( J.iO>('lilT|-\ . I f 'U;_^|it()Il"s tSlH-lilillg,

114 I ( ii-;iiii I'aii, \v \v { att'iit,
1 1 1, J.V,) ( iai';j:t't in ( 'n\v-,

114 (iu«'n(in (»n Milk ( "ows,

Stall' A u;i'ifult oral, Prfinium l/i^t of 1-4 iIu«Minn's Systoni,

J »

Pi'anklin conntv
Philada.
Mont^ronn'rv "
AVarnn * "
Iniun "

Srhuvlkill '

ooo

237

2:^>7
2:;7

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(Jrass, Sweet Scented and A'ernal

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321
309
321
322

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,') 22
322

359
347
349

York

(M.r>trr

Sii^i jiit'lianna

New ( 'a-fle ^nunt \ , Hcl.,

State, at ritl-lmr--,

Statr r.'ii!ti-y.

N atii'iiak (.1' I lories,

iiedlord county,

Pliiladelphia county

ISIontour County

^fifflin . iiiity,

\\''-!iii Ireland cmmty

ScliuylkiH c'lunty

Nortliunilici'land ct-unty

Mercer county

York county

T'l'anklin ctiunty

lied to rd county

P"nn-vlvania 1 lurticultural S<(Motv .",(•*)

A'i Ini'Tini Ivepurtsot on Fruits ."'.71

Fruit Ti'i i-v, tn cure \\ (tunds in

rrnning and Managenu'ut,
** Special Manures iur

Fruit culture in Prlawai'»\
Fat Si'M-k. Maiui^zfoicnt ul' by Butchers,
Fanufi>' ' 'lults, . .

Founder in 1 lorses, . . .

Fannin::-. Moral Intlueuce (T ,

Fi 111! ^^ • :iM w ( !ra--. . . •

Evergreens, time to transptant
Fruits, Pennsylvanian Seedlings,
Fall Ploughing,
Fanner'^. Education of
Floi'i ( estrica.

Fruit 'i'reos, Speeitic Maiuircs for
I'at Animal- at lix hi bit ions,
Fruit, Hints on tiunnin:^
Fly in Wheat, . \ , .

Fruits of June,
Fertilizer for choice plants, .
Flax culture in Tndiami . ,

Grape Culture I'n tlie West,
Gri<!:e;'s Advice to Youn<r Men,
Glanders, Cure for

248 lien Fever, .

24S jl(,g. Chester countv,

2bs Herd PM.ok.

2bS Ib.rse Stai»le,

247 Ilav iu I'ulk, Measurement of

2 IS

24S

2lsi i' Fle\ators,

241 1 lorse, Norman

219 iled-es (d" ()sa,-e Orange

" V

r(^ss,

in ( ^ 1 1 cctcr ci ii I nf \'

iliu.i;

185

. 259

284, 285

278

298

214

. 236

202

. 342

. 359

. 332

. 229

O') •)
_o.)

208
18

137, r,9

. 132

. 273

294

. '2\H)

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25

. .".2

. 9

. 9

. 138

. l''l

2(10
5/

50

Horticultural Societv, Pa.

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30, ()2, 9;:, I'M. 192,
209, 272, 3()'.». :ni
Chester eoimty 31, 04, 91, l'.*2

259
200

State ,,i' I iclawaro,
F.\bl!jiUuLi>,

llarut'ss t(» keep in (ir<ler

" To Clean
llar\('<t Hymn, . . ,

Ilenerv. 1 )e-cri]ition of . ,

1 lo^r ( ",-(,p ,»r ( Hiio for I S.')?,, . ,

Fencing in INnu'-y Uania
Fruit culture, Pr(dits of
French Merino Buck
Fruits, Native and Foreign
Feldspar in Chester county
Guano,

*' on Turnips,

Horse, \o\el Way (d Holdini:;
Horses, Ibilkv, to Tui-e,

" Trade in New York,
'* To :-ubdue a vicious one
llducation (d".
Horse power, Palmer's
.')"7 ' Hvai'intlis, to Praise in (illasses,
317 i Horses, tbe Breeding (d
279 1 Hessian Fly,

2S7 I Iron Fcnct\ Walker's Patent, .
3(»2 ' Imj.ortatiun of Fnglisb Cattle,
314 Indiiic, to raise

320 lc<' Hou-es

288 Imported Stork. II . Sliultert on
5, 6j I niprove spare MiiiUt"S,
15 I Icr House, IMan ni'
51 j dapan Pea,

f»0 ' dei-sev Cows, Cost oC importing,
1 1"» K ieking ( 'ows,
l''-7 I LilicN. dajian
143 I Lu/.erne count v. cii>p< (d
Lime, t be. »i-\' of ae! mn.
*' Spreader, ( 'ooper's
" Mei lianical effect of
Burning,

theory of
Pbo-<]diate tbiniry id'
Landreth'- Se.^i I'aiiu,

170, 184
171
197
201

. 357
366
332

. 352

370

3, 16, 19

. 108

Lan» a.^lcr county, (."rops in
Ladies Deparnn iit, . . ' .

Leaves, dead, importance of saving,
Liebig, Professor

149
314

. 298
KM)
291
2', 17
. 303
. 303
200
215

. 2;;o

255

.".29

:;r)0
. ;551

3(')9
1(')3

1st I. ISO

202

'J!i7. 212

bl2

344

369

. 282

200

.".9

. 71

90

51

115

101, ion

iss, i;;9

. 155

d5

Lit;

. 118
157

. 201
280

1853.1

INLKX.

i«s-«wnnaH»->naumBM».«r«M4l

Br'»fw**s^'-'»^

I ,1 iMiii I. mil wwi ■ m I "I »uyniWMKt4MN«e> ^*M»rt'v».w«n.K«JV»r

Liol»ig, Prof Norton's reply to . . 281

Land, to Measurs an Acre, . . ^ 368

Lantbd Fr()perty, past, present and prospective

pnce^s ol ,

Lime, Super Fliospbati* of
Lectures on Agriculture,^
Manure nuikiug and saving
** waste of

'* bea|KS the ritdie^t juine,
" M ituiLL'ement oi'
Milk. Trade ol ni New York,
Fan-, material for

362
341
347

9, 253

45, 196

293

328

36

200

Poultry, Gapes in

Book, new . •

l)lack Spani.sh •

'• llaiMii-"

Fine lot .d'
Potatoes, to raise Irom Seed,

Small and lai-ge for Seed,
llarvestin;:,
pot, to prevent,
Mexican, Wdd
" Disease of
*' Hot, (Mire lor

Plant,
Premium, , ,

72
81

80
234
306
300
291

•' N utriciou-^ (qualities oi

3Iowin-' Macbines, d'rial (d' at .Mount Holly, Ls9

4^ " " . , . . KJS I Plastering Corn,

" Ma( bine, Kettdium's, . . 214 Plum Trees, P>lack Knots on

" ami lletipiug Macbincs, trial of in Ohio, 2;;0 " Warts on

M..les, to driv(^ away, . . . 232 Pabner Worm,

Marble in Ib'rks coiintv, . • • 255 Po| py,

Mapb', Norway .^. - - 25S Pigs, Prize Fssay on

314
216
232
234

1
7

]Meai'-, hres-ed in <)!iio at New York,
Madd"r, to r;iis(^
Mules vs. Horses,

Alats. Sk.eep Skill ....
Mowing Macliin.\ Improv<Nl
Markets F.uropean. State of
" FiiiladelpKia
*' Wilmington
Northumberland County, leit(U- f «rm .
National I lor^e Lxbibition,

Agriculture,
Osage Orange Hedging,
Orchard Grass, ....
Ohio, County Fairs in, . . .

Orcbard, FeiFs, on Hudson,
Fotfr county, Stati>lics ot
Fiune, when to . . .

Flougbs, p. billing

Fianiing Trees, ....

** Directions fir
** Corn, .
Provi^i' IK. Ilei-mitically Senlrd
i*ears, Dwarf ....

Ibairre d' Aiemburg
Seckel on Ap])li' stock
Pdood'iood Mad(dine
Tree, Stuyvesant,
peurre Brown, . . .

Pieuri'e ( Fitbirt, . . .

Penn-\lvania Seedlings
1 li^b ]irice oi . . •

on C^'ii'"''' ^•' cuUltvate
Plums, detl u-on,

Washington, . . .

Plou-'oinu'. de(>p effect of

Plou-l!-. I'"b<hing . . • , . ^

Premuim Li>t ol' New York Agricultural SocLdy, 50
IMou-li. leil handed . • • ' Lz

iNacli Worm, . • • • ' -^o

Plough, Michigan doul^b' . . ,78

Potatoes, dilbu-ent manu)-(\s for . . 80

Fbiiu tree, black knots on . . .84

" Pens, (Construction of
2(')2 I " To cui'e Sow from Dcstroving
303 Pres(M-ving Fiailts in their own dnice
297 Publisluu's' N.)tice,
.")lo Fidv(.'ri/.ati()n ol" Soil,
;;F.) < Puttv. to solten
i;il) j i'eaidi ()r(du!r(b large (nu» in Ohio,
;;19 I " Cui-le.l Leiii' in

S3 I J*i"oduc 'r< anil Con>\nners,
;').')5 ; Par>iiip>, ('idture atid \ aloe of

23

pi, lot;, 107, 220
:'diO

300

:;42
. 171

172, 173

2S6

. 170

183

220, 20(), ;'.-23, 304

299

. :'.2()

VM

2r)S, .",20
258

Phospliate of Linu", Mineral
Pn miiiiii h r Crops by Pcuna, Ag. Society,
Patent Office, . . • .

Patent Office Iloports,

1 1 Fum|tkin<. l'i'"ncb Ibittei"

tt
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70
L">9
175 '
2< '2

''O'J

259

2<'.3

'J S3

:',oo

O 1 o

>> 1 -i

;;7ti
:\\:\
373
313

:', 1 8

4
21
15

50
104
lis

P20
195

20;')
350

i'aiaii'; niachiue,

Fopnies, . . • • •

Latent. , LiM of ;n, 95, 223, 250, 122, 304

Pcnnsvlvauia Agricidtural Society, proceeds of 375
Poultry, Management oi . . .1.^

^' . ^ . , . . 350

Improveif, . . . ^50

Improvement of . . * 23

Show of, at London . . H

Breeds of . . . .154

.<

Pork li'om a Lu-^bel o*' Corn,
(Quinces, Salt ior ....

^'2 Ren.ick, (nM)r<re, Tribute to • . •

VJ, L'l Fo'view. Agricultui"al • . .

277 Ik apt' Seed, , . . •

. II " ( 'nlti\ at ion of ,

'"* Lange l,.r ( "ooking,

Ilabhits, Lop-Lare(l . . . .

Paspberrie-, large yield of
Pailroads, Advantages (d" to Farmers,
Recent Im|)ortations of Stock,
lleasons tbr su]»plying Cattle with water iu their
yard, . . « •

2I0 I Fvos"S in Autumn, Manure for •

277 I Lose, Augusta ....

2(»1 I Kam L(>tting, .....

30s ' Leaping Machines, Trial (d

43 1 Ibiaping and .Mowing I']xbibition,

44 Keceipt"^. LomesUc

46 Shanghai l''owls, . . .

56 Staggers lilind. Receipt for

Spirea Frunifolia, . .

Strawberry (Question, 20, 52, 82, 89, 100,110, 117,

152, 20 1. 251. ;'.••- L
Strawberries, \ arietier of . •

** Cultivation of

" ^NlcAvoy's Superior,

85 Sow, Profitable
120 State Fair. . . • •

School lor I'arnu'rs in Peunsyhania,
Shanghiana ....
Soil, lienelit of Stirring
Sheep, Imiiortation of French Merino
French Merino
Cots wold
'* Best Breed for Mutton,
" Foot Rot in . . •

»> •' —

214

119

295

78

117

157

17, 36

24

45

41, 70
152

188, 292

80

. S3

109

. :;70
. no

Ml

17, IS')

59

. 313

140

VI

i\hi;K

f DECEMnRR

Shirt Bosora<j, how to do up

Seeds of Vegetables, Having

Sugar of Milk for invalids,

Soiling Cattle,

Steam Power on Farms, .

Smut ISIaehine, . .

Squash, Marrow ♦ .

Spading Mac^hincs, ,

Shepherd Dogs,

Slugs, how to KiM .

Smoky Chimneys,

Super- Phosphate of Lime,

" ^ " Analysis r.f

Stock, I'n-li [itnntrt(Ml , ,

" i'^Ttraits ,.f

" ilaisin;:. Lord Sp.'iu'cr'K rules lor

" (Ireat Sal(M.l in Kentucky,

" I li;:;h price of
Soa;> Su'is,

I'nr wat'Tln;^ Plant-",
Steers, Trainiiii:; . ,

Steer, M unuioth , . ,

Pn'e IMafitrrs and .Viir-.'rvm:^n.
Trees Gir^iled, . " ,

*' for Lawn. . . ,

Tninsplauliug
•' T.'^"'i^];i*Tv,- r.rotoetion for »

M.iMunMf h lii ('alifortiia,

190 Th.' ! Iii-^l'.iiid's Cuinpintient

202 Tag^art. i),i\id ' .

203 Ta|.io,:i I'u.iling,
217 I Turnip-, th.' \\ av to T^il]
228 I " T. I put a '.vay
240 Tijul' r, than/'' •>(' from Clearing Linu,

llill, l!22

<(

<(

]S Ul

n'icr \r,i- -ui a-'re.

\\ Crocess,

Tea Culture,

i'aiiiiin,:, \'

*' Great Discovery in
Thome's Importations \)\ iKnliams
downs

272 ^ *' For Cutting,
• 274 Urine, li >\v to 8ave

. 293 Vegetables, hrviog for Farm Use,
• 294 \ eiitila'iri'j; Appai'aius,

, 320 Viciou- ( 'aitl(^,
m. 2:)r,, 2'^2 AVnol, Amcri.'an
83 Wonderful 'i'rees
10 W(»rk for .Month, 2h. (.1. r»'.. l-JI.
. 50 Willow, O^er or Basket
1^01 '' Weepinir, Ori;r;in of

/\ Usi(>r, ■ .
2HU Windlass for Raisiii;^; Stones,
124 Women's lli-lits,
215 Weevil on Potatoes, ;

12 ^V a^on, l)uni{)inir, 4 *

AN heat, Cross-Drilling, ; ;

" Clean Se.MJ, . , .

" riy,

(iuano and otlea- ATanur»'s fir
*' (Jreat Crop of

_ ' . voHiniondetl, «•

A> Ind Power lor Kai^inii; W^atcr,
AVool in Creene count \,

** ill Mercer countv, :

AN ine and (Jrape Culture near (Cincinnati,
AVa^hinij; Mo'hines, India Rubber
AVei^hf ,,1 Live Stock, . :

Yew, Ani-riean • .

. 332
231

210

259
'M) I
. 304
219
313
ir)2
I'.i'.)
237
. 308
',]'.] 1

i'.s, 101, 271'., ;;i(;

21, 75

. Ill

22

24

. 141

103

. 320

320

303

124

. 104

283

ml South-

. 358, 3G0

135

3(;3

109

l:VJ, 190

1 43

150

: 1S5

. 1S7

IS, 107

Ml, 147

318

1 - I

. ■ i(;4

114

. 203

; 19S
2(U

;;10
. 100

1853.]

INn^FX TO TCLrSTRATloNR.

Vl!

**W i IUMMlrVJ»-*T ■HWHHMfM

IMH :\ lO II.IJ STU A'lIoNS.

Vpph', Hector, . ♦

Farly Marl.e-t . » »

** Ked Aslraejian
'* Jonathan, l'iUS(»pus Spit'/enburg,
\iresiiire !)ull, iKindoo scouud,
\tkin's Aulonia1«'n lleaper,
\pple pearing iMacbine,
Aldcrnry Hull,
Ayrshir(! and Curhaiii CoWS,
Hlack Spanish Fov.ds
}?arn, Cascade, plan of
Coop t's LiuK^ Spreader,
Corn Plant<'r,

llenery,

II ickock's Cider Mill
17 I I Do;:, ('hester county
175 '" unimproved ; »

209 I India Kuljber AVasliing Machine,

73 I Japan Lilly,
213 Kctchunis Mwvvin<i; Machine

85
77
113
81
143
115
14, 20

Chilson's air warming and ventilating aparatus 199

Cherries, Black Tartariiin, . . . 43

Yellow Spanish, : . , 43

Klton, . ; . . 43

I'ochin China Fowds . : . j 49

(^irrant A'ictoria t t v . 0

Dahlia . . i ♦ ; 14

Deodar Ce(lar. . , » ^44
Durham Bull, Mjirs, .... 27.)

Durham Cow, duno, . t » 345

Durham Bull, Pontiac, . , . ,'ibO

filrave's l^itent (Jorn Slieller, . ♦ 301

iiaj i'lciss, i'alciU . . i . loo i

i i

Lop-Fared Habits, :

Norman Horse,

Osage Orange Hedging

Pear, Ott : . ,

lirandywine . ^

pMairre d'Areml^urg

Bioodgood . 4 .

Madeline

Drown Beurre, Bcurro Ciifart
Plum, defferHon . . i

" Bol mar's AVashington
Palmer's Improved Hors(i Power,
Salmon's n(;w (irain Fan
Siphon for Dairy Men . »

Strawberry McAvoy's ; »

Spirea Prunilolia
AVornis, causing gaps in Chicken?
AValk<T's Iron Fence .
AVind Power

AVuiicnui'a Clover n,:i:! Tiir.;^tl]"

290, 297

130

26

20

204, 2(;5

71

. 214

, 120

57

210

5

5

. 70

175

175

210

43

. 44

329

233

98

. 188

45

. 100

. 103

. 104

i

I

t
I

j

VOL. a WEST Clll'STEli. PA., Ai'lil[ri85:r " No. 1

T II E F A R M J 0 U K N A L . ^'^^''^^y'^^-^ ^'^'^ ''your f...isl.tnn.. O.n- n^M.hWs

na (We.l Lniach) and x\uw York; sottiem, nu. c-.un

A. .... Si'ANiii.rni, /V.SM>/1ANT i'-DIJoR.

A(; i:\Ts.

Tin: Farm Joiuxal may be had at Hr' full*, win-
^ ''•''^~" °,wa.„h- tu whirl, ,he .otM,.)n..nr nm^t hav. 1...^,

moncod, and In 1820 tluM-^untv numlnTrd 10L>I of
l'"P"l;iti..n. MrKnin had thr nnth-t ol' th.' Allr;;he-
J'.v with iirrhaMd>u,n,' valh'v iuid t\w "Ischunuan

U J. A.ncn, S.„:!,,M, s,, ,,,„„.;,,., A,.nt for cl.ioMyco I,,,,.,.;,,,,,.,,:,,,.,,,, ,„,:,„ i';;

Fiiihi<!il|ihia.
<'. M Sa.x-jox, 1;-)l\ F.ilton st., New York.

V. II. SrAxci.FK, - - Lancaster, F.
'»• 1-. ^i'a.\(;i.i:k, - - -'\,lunihia, I'l
<.r:n Hfk(.nkk, - - - Ilarrislajr-, !',i.

'• ?''::'"'^' Pittshui- I',..

' ,• ^\- '^'"^v.MK, - - - rhamhcrslMir- Fa
II. M. K\ui.!v,s, - - . Carlish.. |»a.
A. L. W AKMFi.h, - - York, Fa.
^\/'. HnMKK, nt Altoona, F>h.ir Cn.infN.i. our an
^.i-n/.<d a,u-,M,t for F,hiir and ( 'rntn' ro.nit .^
A. F. IJkadv, Cumherland and J>.>rrv r,,untirs

A- Iv Ukadv, CumI.erland and J'.rrv r.untirs ^"' ' ''"^ ^^ ^'''"' ^ '"'''"^^ '^f'-i <>l''an in ihoir n.nto

•o<. l*Ki:sT<>.v, Kcnnett Sjnaro, for '("ii.Mcr an<l ^^''' r^'i'l^fi"" in Fsio ^as F» families : in 1S'>(

J >-Hware counties. th.y numbered FMi. Fntil l.Si:G their iudieial di".

'h'NATMA.v DoRu-AKT, Laneaster^.n.n.fv tr.;,. ... M-.,. i'»t'r ju.inial di>

Wbi. li v.a,^ '-■'^— iMThiip^aporlinn wi.> on il^r "\)y\i\..
^^■oud•■ branch ..i th- Si„„amahonin- in the South
Ka.^t oorn..r ol the enunty. JVtter lav between,
^^•lthn,:t any im|Mutant outht, eut oirirom the We.t
»>'^""-l' hy th. tiiidM.r and .•oalIan.]s(d' Clinton, and
''''"//'^/"/ to bo sodifKeult(d'ao,Tss that they enm-
riain-brv.n in JM7, when J eann> to this'phu-.,
tl'Ht {n:.sun,s p;ts>in,::- In-m Fastorn Tio;:a r.. Smetli-
I'wi-t, wouM take Fornin-and Oh'an in ihoir route

20

'h)\ATHA.v I)or\v-ai:t, Lancaster jountv
AM/iRusK Pon/rox, Huekin^rham, for'Fo ksco.,
il. V. NiruoLsoN-, Fsg.. Waverlv, f.uz rn. eo.
And ot i5ooks(db'rs •'•eneraliv.

1

Potter Count\ , Pa.

i "1- the lullowin- interesting inh.nnaFMn r, lative to
thetopo-rnphv and a^^ri.ulturc ot one of our north-
ern count!.-.. XV,. jtre indebted to Dr. A. F. Flwyn
^orre.pondin;; Srrretary (d" our State Socio, y. l\ \l

';""";""^ '" ^^ I"lOraddrosM-d to iom \n John M.
^'•^""i^'"b Coudersport. in that county:

CocUEKyiMnrr, dan. oHi {>')?,
Dear Sir:--To do awav v.ith the inn.ivs.i.n"
^;r"'"''" '''-' ^'^^l^i''^•^^hich I n.ay bc'unc.p.al
^^>;'-, rnu;rha.o: hiJly" i. .Uund character lor any
^;^tnet of country. With such an in.pn...n abroad
.' ', ^"'''^^''''''^t^^r'-'-'l-bit i> notastoni.il-
;ng tiiat the adyanco of Vua.r county has been slow

oast and the latter on the west do not boar this rep-

bo ZLT lll'\lri' t?T '' '''""'" "'-" "^^ ^""' " '^""^"^^' '' '''' '''''^^' '' -^'^■-•- '^'^-' '-rtl
All three, I think, were set off in the j half comprises the head waters of the GcnDe^.ee

tnct centered at William^port, lOO miles .listant.
Ab-ait that tinu' the Court was remoyed to Smcth-
I'ort, the county .seat .d" Mclu-an, and for ten years
all their len-.il businos was transacted there. Jn

FV>i) thep,,pnlation ofMrK.-an was.-niy FF;'.), xn hile
that of FoLler was I2r,.-. ; ...nd in 1 >:.;r,/l thin!; the
first Court Ava. h^ld ,n ,i<;. pi^^^., ,.^^. ^j^,, j^^^, " .^,^^_

su<, 1S.">0, tlii> county numbered about 0, (Kill, beiu"-

^hn-.rtlnin McKean, and a rapid approach ioward

iK'-a. Mr have now a daily >:a.^e to the n.uth ; a.

>rm.-wo..kF- mail to the northwest; oii^ wo.kly'tu

thr northeas, to the ea.t, to tbe west ; and tnreo

weekly to the south; a lu-i. h Cnrt Ibai^,. inaijy

fini^hetl, estimated to cost about .^ 1 .,,000 ; the ..ui;.

tV'lN about HOUO in debt lor loans, and iii a pros-
perous condition.

Now for Lhe topography: Pass a Ifno cast and
west through thi. ]dacc, wJiich is about 15 miles
south of the State line, and you diyido the county
into two portions, which are entirely different, at
least in reference to the shape of surface. The north

w .-y.

A' .

.'""tSS

7w

POTTKil POrXTV.

Al'RiL,

ttvnrTTivimxn "v-i

Cowaneequo, Pino Creek, tho ()swo<ro and otlxM-
branches of tho Alle;;hony. Of couisl' the hills jirc
h'>w, equally fortllo with th(^ va1h\vs, and the wlmle
jnonerallj well watered. As yu ;ij»j)riia( h tin' South
half, and eontlnue tlirou^^h it, tin hill heconn' hi;^h-
er and steeper, the intientations of th(M'alleys more
decided, l)utexe(M'din;;]y fertile, tlu.^ tops of the rid;;es
es hruad, and when you crain aecess liy raisin;:; the
valleys of the snialltr streams, you find liaiidsome
rich lands, with liard timher, antl W(dl located for
lar^-e farms. Such is the character of what 1 have
8(»en, and 1 think a fair general representation of the
wh(de. The principal waters of tlie southern por-
tions are the Nortli Branidi of the Sinnannihoning
and Kettle Creek, some of the head springs of the
former heing only three or four miles from this place.
Of the soil, I fear I may he charged with praising
it too nundi, hut permit n)e to say in advance, that
■when 1 started for tliis county, my nnfarorahlc im-
pressions were as stronii as vouis can he. I liave
been here ahout '> years, and my husiness has hcen j ^1,^. Siherian crah, hlackherry, the white hlackljerry,

'i'he soil is generally a rich hlaek loam, with none
of the "hard-pan" that trouhled our friends oi'Tioga
sorelv, until w Jhrmcr tau;j:;hi tluMu that d(!ep ])Iough-
inu would enalile them to use it; and 1)\it litth' of the
clay that mak<'s the S(jil (d a )>art ol McKcan cold
and difllcult to work. The tim])i'r gmcrally upon
side-liills (»f western aiel northern exposure, is hem-
lock, ])ut this is not always the case, nor is it alto-
gether confined to such localities. ']'her(; is consiih^-
rahle hemlock in the county, also large hodies of
pine which are heing rapidly removed.

Upon the tops of the ridges and in the valleys of
the north half, the timher is chiefly heech, maple,
hirch, cherry, ash, lind(»n, g(dden willow, and occa-
sionally chestnut oak and hickory. In the south
part add white walnut, eucumher, white wood, locust
and the chestnut. Oak and hickory hecome more
abundant, and near the south line I tliink an occa-
sional hlack walnut may he found. Of wild fruit
wp h:i\e the Tilum. th(^ thorn apple, almost equal to

Buch as to glv(^ me a thorough knowledge of the set
tied portions of the county.

Tlie husiness of this county is undoul)te(lly (jra.s^.
That is, the making of hutttr and idieese, the rais-
ing of cattle and sliee]t, and the manufai-ture of wool

red and ycdlow raspberries, strawberry, gooseberry,
black currant. Mandrake or May a])ple. I liad al-
most forgotten the whortleberry, and proljably have
overlooked some familiar fruit.

If a botanic physician should stray into this wil-

hy the numerous water powers scattered over it. AV%m ,]orness, he will find the gentian, sarsaparilla, liver

wort, and a thousand other old acquaintances ; while
the white flowers of Shadberry and the plum, or la-
ter in the season the splendid a/aleas and successions
of other handsome flowers. Or if you are in the
southern half i>f the county, the magnificent and
(Torgeous flowers of the elk laund please the eye
and relieve our woods from any ai)pearance of aban-
donment. Our woods pasture is excellent and cer-
tain ; in fact, a large majority of the settlers allow
their cattle to depend entirely up(m it, until driven
•n by the first snows of winter, without fear of their
losing flesh or heing in had condition for wintering.
Our water is pure and climate healthy, the only
complaint we have to make is of an annual visit by
Jack iVo.v/ on the 12th dune or thereabouts; often
too slight to do any injury, but sometinn^s nipping
the joints of the clover or cutting the corn to the
ground.

If there is a reduction of temperature in the south-
ern part of the State at that time, I never noticed it.
r>ut if you have had the patience to wade througli
this medley of facts, wedged in without forethought
or regularity, I must begin again. "To remove the

have no lime in this county ; (price at this place >^l
per bushel :) (►f course wheat is forbidden. Hut
grass and oatis are luxuriant, and of otiier crops we
can raise wdiat we need if we had good farmers ; but
a good farm(^r with us is like Kandolph's black swan:
"rara avis in terra." The average yield of oats must
he over 50 bushels to the acre, and KM) bushels has
been ;;athered from new land ; that is, where the
trees have been cut, burnt, the seed sown among tlie
stumps, and scratched in with a harrow. 1 have
seen th<^ tall Ohio corn, on the valley of Kettle Creek,
and on(^ field was pointed out to me on the Sinnama-
honing, that had been successfully planted with corn
for 1'^ successive years, without any manure, and the
yield of the last year was 2o or .".0 bushels to the
acre. But in the Northern part tlu' corn crop has
not been so favorable in consequence of the late
frosts in the spring, which have been greatly ameli-
orated by the increase of clearings, and will doubt-
less be removed as the settlement ])rogresses. I have
seen the scarlet rr.dish as thick as my arm below the
elbow, and about a foot long; oni(ms that one would
till a common sizt^l saucer; parsneps and carrots to
match ; have eaten as good celery as I ever found in

the Philadelphia market, and a farmer below us on impression," you must pay us a visit; not as the

^

I

1853.1

roTTKll OOtrNTY-URPLY-OrANO AX1> DWAllF PKARS.

the river, weighed the product of one of his pump-
kin vines, and reported seven of o2 Ihs. each, and
2 of 25 lbs. each, making an aggregate of 274 lbs.
from a single vine, and 1 should not omit to say
that potatoes were raised in this place last summer,
weighing from 2 lbs. to 2| lbs. each.

stranger comes, riding through im the State R<jad,
laid on i\\Q worst land in the county ; but visit our
farming districts in the north lialf (for about three-
fourths of our population is on that portion,) or visit
the valley of the Sinnamahoning, and the Norwegian
settlement in the south, and I think you will acknowl-

edge that "the impression" was worse tlian the real''

• I

I

ity.

Send us good farmers. The unseated lands of
the C(»unty can he bought from ^W t.) $5 per acre,
and in some parts (d the county, for even less than
$.'5. Farms with more or less of clearing and im-
})rovements may be purchase<l from $10 to !?2(l per
acre. There are no^ improxfd breeds of stock in the
county. 1 endeavored last spring to raisc^a club for
the purchase of an Alderney hull, of your friend,
Aaron Ch^ment, hut failed. I hope to he more suc-
<cessful since the organization of our Society.
Very respectfully yours,

JOim xM. HAMILTON,
A. L. KLWYN, Esq.

4««

Professor Mapes' Keply to U. Illight Browne.

We C(.py the following editorial from the April
number of the Working Farmer, being a reply to a
criticism of our oorresponde-rit, G. Blight Browne, in
iebruary nuuiut.-i Kji i a,rm Journal, upon an analy-
sis of soil, publiHh<;d in that paper.

We give it with the view of letting the public see
both sides of the question, our only object being to
elicit truth, and subserve the great interests it is the
intent of both papers to pnmiote. In discussions on
such matters of great im|K»rtance to the farmer, we
see no advantage in using personal and offensive ep-
ithets. There is no argument, at least in than. We
omit here some expressions of this character, which
we thiiik uncalkvi for. All analyses, professing to be
of !i scientific character, are certainly open for criti-
cism and examination.

"With the letter to which this uncourteous writer
refers before him, and witli the following [)aragraph
contained in it, our readers can form some idea of
ins s<'nso of propriety.

'''Vou need not attempt to add the whole required
quant i/i/ to your ,soU in one, two or three yeans, but by
iontitiuuKj the use of the amendments recommended^
icK/i a rejerence to the relative pr(q>ortions only, yuu \
inll vhUunJull crops, and erentuatltj place ymir soil iu \
acunddtonto be u^jrked with very 'sliyht (niantities of'
Jarin or other manures:' ' ^ ± j

"Poes G. Jilight iJrowne not know that many soils
^"MtaiM a much larger proportion of lime than that
\Ne have recc.mmended / Does lu; not kninv s(»ils fer-
tile without manure, as given by Johnson, Norton,
and many otlu-r authors, accord precisely with the
requirements stated by us in column No. 2 '> And
^'i'li liy suppose that in the fac.^ of the paiagrai.h we
'lave just quote<l, that we could have intended to have
recommendod these amendments to be added in the
<iuantitiesnamedy Would not any common-sense man
UMderstj.nd that we give this as showing the compo-
mmts of a perfect soil, and advising the gradual ap-
p oximation to such conditions as in tiie language Id'
our letter i r^ r^

«nl?V ' ''^''^'' '' j^*' ^^^'- 1^»''>^^"<^ tliat i?5 is too small a
Z.^1 V;'" -"'^b'«'« of a soil, and for this reason we
employ those who choose to work at that price, and
AdrZ f'''''' \». ^riting the accompanying Letters of
fduce, for which we charge $25 each. But Mr.
^rowne seems not to be aware that many chemists are
iiow engaged in analyzing soils at $5 each.

"As to the gentleman to wdiom he refers, Mr. Wil-
liam II. Bradley, who was our pupil, and who lately
died at the Saxon School of Minck!, in (iermany, we
would refer him to the recent (Jerman Scientific Jour-
nals, to ascertain th(,' reputation of Mr. Bradley, as
an Analytical (^hemist. We tliink he might find it
at least e(pial to that of (j. Blight Br')wne.

"I>r. (.Miarl(>s En<lerlin, whose Euro[>eari reputatic^n
cannotbe unknown to Mr. Browne, if he reads chemical
works at all, has analyzed soils, (certainly sixty with-
in the last two months) for us, at $5 each, and with
a degree of care fully equal to any that could he be-
stowed by Mr. (i. Blight Brown, and probably with
as just a conception of the state or condition in which
the lime might be, that he might find combined with
the soil.

"Dr. Antisell, Dr. James II. Chilton and others have
analyzed for us at the same price.

"We find it more profitable to employ the services
of others, and to confine ourselves to the writing of
Jjctfers (f Advice founded on these analyses.

"A chemist who has one soil per month toanalvzo,
certainly cannot perform it with any profit to him*^8elf
at $5 dollars ; and while we admit that the price is too
low. stiJl w«> ;ir»' widl awnr** of tho (nr-f flmf tl>o «.«t>.

tlemen we have named carry on the analyses some-
times of a hundred soils at once, causing them to be
repeated by their jiupils as tests of their exactness ;
and in a well systemized laboratory, where so large

I an amount of business is done in the analyses of

; soils, that it is not unprofitable.

"Mr. (J. U. B. says tliat some of the most fertile al-
luvial land in Ohio cont^iins but a shade over one-half
of one per cent, of lime, but this lime is a carbonatf\
Does he pretend to say that an alluvialsoil filled with
organic as well as inorganic constituents readily
adaptable t(> the use of plants, is to be taken as a
guide f()r soils like the one analyzed by Mr. Bradley?
If so, we should advise Mr. G.*^ B. B^. to review his
agricultural studies.

'*•*'

<;tiano and Dwarf Pears,

The following inh)rmation coming to us by a rath-
er indirect route, we copy from the Maine Farmer,
being an extract from a letter of one of its corres-
pondents:

During a brief visit, last autumn, to an intelligent
cultivat(»r, who resides in New Jersey, on the banks
of the Delaware, some 20 miles above Fhiludelphia,
an(l who grows fruit and vegetables f(,r tliat market,'
while conversing about liis facilities for obtaining
manure, he remarked that stabh^ matuire could l)e
had, hunled on the bank of his farm, from sloops, at
$2 per cord, but thought guano, at $50 per ton, was
decidedly (dieapcr, besides heing free from weed
seeds, and li(> used it almost ext lusively. 'J'he soil
was what we should call a good light loam, although
it is ihere termed a strong loiim, I'n <listinction from
the saruly lands (d' eastern New .Jersey.

Among the many things which attracted attention
at this place, the (me that interested me the most
was ari (.rchard of 1500 pear trees, on the (piince
root. These were not all plantecl at the same time,
nor were they alike in other respects, for some ilOO
or 40(1 of them were grown in this country, and
grafted upon tin; common (juince, probably tJx' ap-
ple or ]iear (piince or S(>edlings IVom tlinn. 'i'hese
were dwarfish cnouyh, and though they had been
planted 7 years, had l)orne but little, and decidedly
realized the idea which used to prevail, that quince
rooted pears were necessarily poor, weakly and slior

GUANO \\r> T»WAT1F PKARS POTXTS OF CATTLE, Jcc.

ArnrL,

1853.T

PF.W'SVLVAXTA SKFDLlvnS.

lived trees ; but the other 1100 or i '_!'•() wore fine
trees, imported from rnince, and ;::r()\vn on the An-
gers quince, or some othfr liyl>ii>! Miricty, «'4(i:iny
adapted to this purpose, und tluir «on(liti<tn was in

able is it to place the Kii;.'lish cart )mi-. ami tin^ !:iu;li
})riMl r:i('iT vn the same claps for riir} » tifion. Wc
v>'.u\{ t(» kiiMW the true j»()ii)t> of t-iu-h l>ii(i]^ liot to

striking contrast to that of the othcr.^. Tin ift v, I jnd<:;'' an AyrMliirr bv ihu fc^taf^'lard tJ' 'Aw hurhaiii,
healthy, of Vigorous <;rn\vtli. and braring all lli<'y I 'I'hc (Muiirn^an .M' the ('ommittfp, F. Tu-t-li. is (me of

wore able to do without ininiv. Ilaviniz; l»t'<'ii .hic- i . ,-• . i .. ♦• .^i <■..,.. . ,. . ., ., i .^ ,.v
- .„''.•' " ^[\v most sv'H'ntiiU' ao.d j>iarti''al ianiiti\-j and tstouk.

))r(H'ders in the countiy. and v.'c lo(tk for something

really valiia]»le fntm his miitivred judgment ami lar;^e

experienei", lb' is also suppwteil by tie weight of

the luo.'-t eminent breeders va New Y-^rk, w lios*^

nanies have h»n;^ ))een ])i'forL' the pu])lie. A\ C shall

lay the report )>eforc our readers at the earliest uuj-

ment.

EXECUTIVE MEETlNi; — FEIJKL'AKV 8, 185o.

fully thinned out, the fruit was hvruc and ot tine
quality, an i presented a rieh treat to thr eye, as wrll
as prunuse of a richer one bye and bye to thy pa-
late.

Among them mtko ]"iO trr.s. (thn'e rows,) oi' the
variety railed Duchesse d'An;:;onieme, ^vhieh had
been olantinl four ve:irf*, and were bearing nearly
enough, and I am not svire l)ut (juite en(jugh, to |>ay
the eost of the trees. ])lanting, and the land they
stooil on, f >r he liad l)ar^ained th(^ whole cro|) to a
denl'T in Philadelphia at Si per do/en, and would
nndou})tedly i-ealize 12A cents each for then) ; and

how n anv p.ars, at that pric, would it take to pav /Vt'.sv /«/~-Messks. Phentice, Aij.en, Kki.lv Van
r.i) orTaVts. for a tree, and 'J') more to j.lant, anil M^kikjkn, Hlanciiakd, Tuckek, IUttekfield, Joun-

" " Son, CoKNlNO.

niulcli, and tend it ])roperly tlie first year, and alm>,
tlie i*M»tli ].:irt of, say S'J(M) for an aereof land, (tliey
Nv.'if > l.-et apart, with ten feet fjctween some rows,)
autl lor two or three pounds of guano ])er aniuim,
for three years, at 'J', ets. ])<'r 1)»? 1 reckon a dozen

POINTS OF CATTLE.

Francis Uotch, Kscp, at the request of the Fxecu^
tive Committee, liaving prepared stat(^n\<onts of the
Points ot the improved ]»reeds (d' animals, the same

and a half wuuid not be out of the w;r T plucked we- -^bmitt-<i t., t),.. UuMnl hv tlu> Sr.-retarv
one or two of them, althounrh not fullv grown, to Mr. L. F. Am.en moved that a committee be ap-
l)rint: honn^ an.l e.-nipare witli mv own,%vhich were ' pointed to take in charge the Points of Cattle, pre-
growing on trers .,nlv two years^ planted, but they I pnred by Francis U(.tch, Esq., to consider the same

weighed 15] and lGounccs,'andminc only 11:1 and' ' -' ' '" ^'"' F.vo.ut.v. (!rm,m,ft..e. nnd that

12 ounces.

This, by the way, is a \arioty whidi always suc-
ceeds best on a warm, rirli, ]i;:lit soil, imd a^ mino
was heavy, and thf trees only j.lantt d some sixteen

months, 1 did'nt feid iwaetiv invdined to "gi^*' ^M* • i w i- n

tlie sirn,'^ as v,-t. Ibitto return to guan.s which ! H- H- Van K<'nselaer, C. S. A\ amwright, W m. Kelly

and r(^port to the Executive Committee, and that
the Secretary supply eatdi member with a copy of
tlie same, and that tle-y br requested to meet at their
oailiest convenience.

C'(>m?/< ///a— .Messrs. F. Jvotch, P. F. Alien, F. P,
Prentice,.]. M. Sherwood, (Jeo. Vail, L. (i. Morris,

came pretty near being lost .sccuf of in running (n'ei
this oi'tdiard. there are two oi* tliree points {)i some
consequence to jje (Jetermined i)y the cultivator be-
fore using it. and tiis >ue('es.^, presuming, ol course.
that he buys a gi;od artit le. will ]»e very much in
j)roportion to the correctness of his ]>ractice in regard
to them— the (juantity, the time, and thcMuode of ap-
]dicatinn. The (quantity should lie rnuiKjIi — the time
lonix enough before the seed for it to impart to the
soil ;ill its acrid and caustic propi^rties, and become
thoroughly mihb and the mo(le would be to cover
deep in light soils, and less deep in pro])ortioii as
tlicy are hea\ier. S. L. (J,

F. (Jorning, jr., F. \. Thomas, Thomas Ibdl, dames
Hrodic, Lorillard Si)encer, I'ud.ert Pome, A. P>. Allen,
Geo. (darke, S. P. Chapman, W. H. Sotham.

7.V,vo/iV'/, That the (•onimittee be re(juested to meet
at Alhanv, first AVednesday (4th) May, at the Agri-
cultural ilooms, at P» A. Si.; and should any nieni-
l>er be unable to attend, that he h)rward to the Sec-
retarv his views upon the Points su])mitted.

\i ' >

, d;

HI.,

IS

).».

-••^

Points ot Cattle.
AVe copy the following frnm tlieJournalof tlie \ew

(^riNCEs Love Salt. — The quince tree seems to
have a constitutional fondness for salt. AV^e have
never seen, says the Horticulturist, such superb spe-
cimens (d' this fruit, and such a general luxuriance
of the trees, as at Newport, lvh(»de Lsland, on the
sea coast. A gentleman who noticed the fact, seve-
ral vears ago. told us lately that he had ]iro}ite.l by
the "hint, in giving to cach^of his trees atoj) dressing
of two (jUiirts ot coarse salt every spring. P>y scat-
York State Agricultural Society. If jiroperiy «";vi- . (,.p;,j,, the salt (;ver th(* siirfac<' it dissolves slowly,
ried out. and irom the names of tlie Committee we j jmtl does no Iiarm wdiatever to tlu^ rootv, ])ut makes
have no doubt it will be, we may exp,-ct what has l'"th f )liai:e and fruii much more heaUhy.
long been v> anted, some reliable sfandird lor judging
stock. There is a vast amount of ignorance among
farmers as to wdiat the true and desirable in.ints and
disliivpdsliing characteristics of tlie different ]>reeds
of animals really are. Purhams, l)e^•ons. ner(dords,
Berkshires, Southdowns, Ibikewells, all liave ).arti<

-••*'

Corn lb;i;\i». — Fvim-v )>ody who has )*een at the
Mansion House, Ibitbilo, li'as learned the lu.xury
of the far-famed corn ]»read there provifh^l. The
clerk is often ta.xed to write directions for home man-
ufacture, and 1 thus procure a receipt for domestic
use whi(di \ eoiiv for voii, so that those who wish,

ular good qualities, pcadiar to them a^ a /'or-/. The > may tiy a piece of Iread from the mansion. It is as

points of a Hereford differ nun h in»m those of a Pur- i'dlows

ham. The value of each breed relatively, may be a
matter of opinion and dbscussion, but the animals
thomselvcs do not admit of comparison. As reason-

One fpiart of sonr milk: two table spoonfulls of
saleratus ; four oz. butter; three eggs; three table
spoonfulls of flour ; and corn meal sullicicnt to make
a stiff batter.— 7j*t/ra^ New Yorka\

5

"**■

Fig. 1

Pcnii^v Ivaniii Seedling: I'^ruits.

Hr.cToR Ai'i'i.r.. Fig 1. barge, (d.lorig, somewhat
*:iunical, mottled and striped with red, on a prominent
yellow ground, with numerous russet dots ; stem
slender, I of an iwch long, very deeply inserted in a
slightly russetted cavity : 1 asin of moderate d(^{.th,
plalte<l : calyx small, nearly closed; flesh crl^p; tex-
ture Hm- fljiv(<r pleasant; core small; will keep
through winter, till May.

The above is a seedling found a few miles east of
West Chester, on a small property belonging to a
colored man, JIect<»r Mullen. The tree is the only
one of the kind in tlie neighborhood, is about forty
years (dd, a good and regular liearer, and is resorted
to for some miles around, on account of the rjuality
of the fruit. We have no hesitation wliatcver in r(!-
coiiijnen<ling the Hector apple as eminently w(dl wor-
thy of cultivation in this section of countrv. Its
large >!/..■, fair and fine a[»pearance, will always nnike
it saleable in mark(d, and it is, besides, very plea-
i^ant and tenderin taste, rankinn- at least, "y<'rv <'0(id.''
F^ach State has its varieties of fruit, specially
adapte.I to its own culture, sowe of whl(di, at least,
do not answer so w(dl in other soils and (dimates.
Fine see.lliiifrs, wherever originating, deserve to be
treasuivd up and cultivated in preference to new
and unknown varieties.

Ott Pear. Fig. 12. This is a seedling from the
fecckle, originating with Samu.d Ott, .Montgomery
county, Pa., and is a very valualde acquisition to our
list of earb/ pears, and one of the highest flavored
known ; approaching, in that respect, the character
of iU parent. Col. Wilder, of Boston, than whom

there is no iiigher autln^rity, says : "The ( Itt is .jnitc
first-rate, and in jhiffr, surpa.sse.s Madeline, Blood-
good and Bartlctt.''

'i-. 2.

The (u-iginal tree is about I'i years old. Fruit
roundish, tiirhinate, skin greenish russet, \\itli a mot-
tled re(l <dnM'k ; stem one and a qiiailei' inches long ;
cavity small ; calyx large ; basin shallow ; core small;
flesh whitish yellow, melting, rich, perfumed, aro-
matic ; ripe in August.

6

PEXXSVLV \\T A SKEDLINGS, CURRANTS, &c.

April^

1853.]

PAIll.l A WllKX TO PliCM'

T wnkY<««nr f^nscwv (•iir.n

Brandyvvine Pear, Fi(r. 3. Another very valu-
able seedling, originating^ ;i few iiiilcs from ^Vi^st
Chester, and ripening about the siim»' time as tin*
preceding. We consider iL t'<jM:il in any other i:ir]y
pear. It grows vigorously ^vith us, both < i» ptar ami
quince stock, but has not been fVuitrd on the hiUrr,
80 far as we know. The shoots are j)alt' nhv. ratli
or slender, but of upright and rai)id growth, making

Ma\'s V irtoria Currant.

Fig. 3.

a handsome head. Loaves small, smooth, dark green,
serrate, 'i'ho shape of fruit varies s(^mewhat, bnt
;r''nerally resfMuliles our engraving. Size medium :
stem 4 to .] incli long, fleshy at l)ase ; skin smooth,
dull, yellowish green, mark(Ml with russet dots, antl
thickly russett(Ml alxuit tln^ eye; calyx open, set in a
smooth basin of" ninh'rate depth: flesh white, very
melting, full of sweet, rich and refreshing juice •. beai>
abundantlv.

"WiiiTK r»!.\(KiiKRiiv. — This fVult IS noticedin n
late number of llovey's Magazine, by Rofikrt Man-
ning, lie says the color is like that of a vt^ry ripe
Sweetwater grape; shape like the bh.ck : berries
slightly smaller; flavor good. Its most remarkable
property is '*its prfHluctiveness, in whi(di, (says K.
Manning) it iar sur}^asses anything else (d' the kind
1 have ever seen. The iVuit is borne on long clus-
ters, twoof which come from (Mery l)ii(l ; and on two
of these, fifty berries have been conntcd :is the pro-
duct of a single bud.^' In conseipience of the poor
success which has attended all attempts to improve
the blackberry by seedlings, R. Manning recommends
that it be crossed with this pale variety.

In the general ]»ro
gress of i;ii]»rovenieiit
in fruit c\dture, the cur-
rant has iu)t Ijeen neg^
lected, and several new
kinds are now cultivat-
ed, in place of the old
and inferiorcommon red
and whit<\ Our engra-
ving faithfully repre-
sents what wo have
fruited for some years,
and believe it to ]h) the
best red, ^Iav's Victo-
ria, or IIoiCHTON' C^*^-
Ti.E, It has been a-
war(Jni the liighest
]>rize- at the I^ondon
Ilortifultural Society's
exhibition, both for size
anu excc'iienee. ii was
a seedling accidentally
discovereil by an aj)-
prentice to a jobbing
gardener, who took care
ofthegardcnbof'llough-
t(Ui Castle. It is distin-
guished for its long

l)unches, five or six in-
ches long, and vt^ry
large l)erries,whi(di oft-
ten measure | of an inch
in diameter. Tiie fla-
vor is excellent, and the
^ruit hangs on longer
t'nin any other variety.
J. Rivers says it is i-
dentical with Hioliath'
a fine late variety. May's Victoria currant is mucli
in demand, and we think fully deserves all the prais^.^
U has received.

4»>

The Hen Feveu. — This modern e{>idemic has shown
itself in our vicinity within a short time, and is char-
acterized by all the peculiarities which have marked
its ravages elsewhere. Some of our most valuable
citizens are now suffering from its attacks, and th<M'e
is no litth^ anxiety ftdt for their recovery. The morn-
in<'- slumbers of our neighbors are interrupt(Ml by tlie
sonorous and deep-toned notes of our Shanghae
Chanticleer, and various have been the; iiKpiiries as to
iiow he took "r';/f/," and what we gave him for it.
"Chittagongs" and" Burma Footers" are now as learn-
edly discussed as "Fancy Stocks" on change.

One of our Fanciers comjdains that he i< obliged to
use e"-ir for coffee worth S'"' ]»cr do/en. Twentv-fivo
dollars a pair is now no uncommon price lor full blood
chickens, and plenty of buyers at that. — [I Indiana
Farmer.

Dahlia.

We present our
readers with an
etirrra\ ingof"a/>r/-
Jrcf 1 >ahlia. Theri^
are but few varie-
ties that <'onform
ntirely to this
|iatteri\; but the
j^reat increase of
new see(llings,an<l
the (lifiieulty of
disc r i m i n a lion,
where- they are
brought into com-
petition, at Ilorti-
cultural Fxliibi-
tions, makes it ne-
cessary to have a
}}i'rj'ri't stdiuhinJ.
'J' he re are varie-
ties whoseoutlines
are quite cfpial to
the above, and it
should be the aim

of every cultivator to endeavor to apj)r()ximate to it
as close as possible. The London Horticultural Mag
azine, in describing a perfect Dahlia, siiys, "tin; flow-
er >houM be a [terfect circle when viewed in front,
the petals should be broad at the ends, smooth at the
edges, perfectly fret' fVom in<lenturo or ]>oint. They
should cup a little, but not enough to shnw the under
surface. They should ])e in regular rows, forming
an outline of a jierfect cir<de, without any vacancy
between them, and all in the cinde should be of the
same si/e, unilbrndy open to the sann* shajte, and not
crum[de(l. 'I'hc {lower should form two-thirds of a
ball wdien looke(| at sideways. It should be inbricat-
ed, that is every petal covering the joints of tin* two
petals under it, which perfects the circular appear-
ance.

The centre should be perfect, the umbloomed petals
laying with their points towards the centre should
form a button and be the highest part of the flower,
completing the l)all.

The flower should be symmetrical. The petals
should open boldly without showin^r their under side
even when half ojiencd. and should form circular rows,
uinlornih- laid and ealarsine; bv dc<:rc(^s to the outer
row of all.

1 he flower should be very double, and when well
grown, four inches in dianu'ter and not more than
six.

I'll" C(dor should be dense, and free from splashes
or blotches, or indefinite marks (»f any kind.

If llowers are exhibited which show tin; disc,
or a green scale, or have been eaten bv V( rmin, or
damage(l by carriage, or partly decay(Ml, the exami-
ners should reje<^t them at once."

The season for planting dahlias is at hand, ami in
making purchases it will be well to select sue h as
approach the above standard. The description may
also be of use, in enabling committees at the differ-

ent Iloriicultural Fxhibilions in the interior of our
State, and where the best varieties of this super);
flower are s(ddoni scm, to dicide undcrHtandingly,
when; the eoinpetiiion is (dosi'. We have sei^n ])er-
sons standing in intense admiration ov(^r an (»hl"strai-
ta Fonuossissiuia," and selecting it a« a liner variety
than fifty supeilt soi-ts (dose bv it.

The hahliais an ev:jii.ci;il lavoi ite <)f ours. Kxcept
the ltos(>, it has n » rival out ol the (ircfUi House, for
brilliancy antl \arirty td" color, an<l splendor (;f gen-
eral effect, when grown in large nnisscs. 'I'ln^y arci
very easy of' culti\ation, bloom profus(dy, and con-
tinue four to fiv(i months, till hard Irosts. Wlien
grown singly also, in lawns or grass plots, and well
secured, the effect by contrast with ether shrubbery
and by way of r(di(d, is very fi, e.

Tin? Dahlia has been improved by skilful culture

in respect to height, as well as otlna- respects. In-

(hMubihisshould be considered one point of excellence.

ForuH'rlv, they used to retiuire snnill bean pol(»s, six

or seven feet f'igh; but nniny of the new ones have

dw:»rfed. not irrowint: mor*^ than half that. Queen

of Kngland, white and carmine, Miss Proctor, (-ream

tino-ed with ttink, and Yellow Standard, in our col-

lection do not grow higher than three to three and a

j half This is (pilte a desideratum.

I We cultivate about eighty varieties. If asked to

i name the best tw Ive, we should say the following;,

, in addition to the thrcM! above, and pcrhajis some of

j our readers will give us others, for the next number

I of the Farm dournal:

I Anta^'onist, white, Princess Ra<lzeville, white and

I purple, Madame Tahler, buff tipped with hnmze,

Roi des Points, crimson moroon, lihic ti])ped, Fame.

'shaded plum, Star, white tipped with crimson, (^*(d-

lia purple edgeil ])ur(; white, Jenny Find ri» h, ruby

! purple, tipped with white, Miss Rhickmoore, purple

tipped with white.

When to Prune.

A correspondent has iurnished us with the fidlow-
ing t(\xt; "At what times in the year should the dd-
icrent kinds of pruning be performed, in the cold
latitudes (d" the north and the milder <dim:ites of the
south?"

We bold that pruning in geivral, in our northern
(dimates, is safest alter the severe frosts of winter are
over, innne(liat(dy before^ the sw(dling of the buds.
When performed' early in the winter, or in the au-
tumn, as is practise<l properly in mild climates, the
ends of the (Uit shoots dry up,%hriv(l and die; losing
the buds intcMided to nuikc' leading slujots, and leav-
ing "lead points that rcjuirc! unndi lal)or to prun<^()li
afb-rwards ; or if large braii<-lie.4 ar cut off, b-avjng
a bro;id, fresh surface, the wood and bark dry up an-l^
riMpiire a long time to heal. W(^ p(udorm most (d
our prunin;^ it? the month of March, although a great
deal of the Tess exact nursery pruning is done in Fe})-
ruary. Southward, as the winter is mild and spring
early, weshould pr(der pruning very early m the win-
ter or immediately after the fall «d' the le;if, becaus-
activlti/ in the functions of the tree cununcnces early,
or scarcely ceases, as we must belicvo it docs during

WTTKX TO TMM'NK— Cr.WO AM» LI. Mi:. S:

Avnih,

■r«E?wr-« iBiwrr"

1853.T

SAVIXr, M.WUUK-IIOUSE STABLE.

9

w\m I M* «■ wrnvv^mr^

if

I*

our intensely cold weather, and l.y pruning early we ' better than where the iiniiure had been applied. For

econinniso the nap an<l strenjith ol the tree. *i _. •. i \ r ^ n i ^

44 1, . . J .'^ ,, , ,, ,,„ I the corn crop It li;is Imm'ii ii.niitl I'uualiv :i'lv;intafre()UR.

I runtiKi in tlie sf'dsonichctit/d' leaver ureon. I he i . ^^

only prunin^r we hohl to})e sound, safe and er, nun, Ml. 1-^^''' ^^^'^^'^^ "' '^^ "^^' '^"' P'^^^ s.as,,n, the dmiand

able, at tliis season, is that of the f'nujcr (tn<l thinnh, the ])resent sprin<^ fur ('X('(mm1s that of last year, and

in^ other words j^mt'/i/n//. It is (luite inconsistent ^vc ir;ir al-o th.- snp].ly will he sliort, AttlK^tinic

witii c;ot)d niana-ienient t'l n-nr a crdii t.f <M»od >lio(>ts • •. • • ' i>i -i i i i ■ i i

, ,r , , '^ ,„, . ' , ^; . , *-, we wnii' It IS searee m rliiladelpina, and eonunands

and then cut them away. J Ins can only be avoided | '

by nipping superfluous and ini-jil i rd shoots iit two ' ^"^ I"'" "'^'^'

or thre*' inches growth btdbre tiiey attain to w li-

ness. This eeononiis(>s tiie force of the tree and turns

it into a channel uli.-i-i' it will ]»!•< n^-rc instead of

fiustratin;:^ the ends \v<- :i!r ainiin;-; at. For instance, Nided the .supply is ^'oin^ to h<.ld out, su<i;gests a

it we ]'l int a Voun-; tree, and lia\e piauH'd it with a ' chan-n' in our system which has her(dofbre Ix'en more

xiew In a eertam lorni, and contrary to our expecta- ! aifHcult ; that (il applvin;- all the barn yard manure
tions a slidot hreaks out at an uliexpeeted point, and

The introduction (»f ^uano, and the adniilte(l fact
of it< ;ireat intrinsic value as a fertilizing a;!;ent, pro-

assumes a \i4<>rou,s li;<J»it and rol»s all otlier parts,
i' Would evidently he unwise to tiderate this intruder
until itanivcb at full ;:ro\vth, and then cut ii jiwav.
Too ni,iii\ trees aiv' thus nianaired. liv the ne'dect (d
surunuT [.runinu, or pinclnn;;. We atlniit. however,
that tieri' arc rases in ^\hi^ li t!i'' summer nI•unin'^
(•r cntii-e lopping off or cuttin;;- out lii-aiudu's (d con-
siderable size, may )»e judicious and sale. For in-
sttince in the case of ne;j;lected oi'chai'd trees, in a
luxui'iant state, with dmse hea<ls in which the fruit
is deprived of air and li^^ht. In such cases branches
mny he thinned (tut and th<* cut surface heals over
more rapidly and >mo'.'!ldy than at any other time,
lint it is uiisaic to prnduee anv vi-rv s(H>ible diuii-
notion of t()lia_2;e, as it arrests tie' -i(»wt!i ol tln^ tree.
All pianiiiej: in the ;^ro\viiiL; sc;i>(.it. tends to arrest
pruwlli. .Nurserynu'U know tliiir a >li;j-!d prunin^iiof
stocks before budding;. Avill -> arrest growth as to
make the bark adhere lirmly ; when, l»elore the pru-
nin;;. it lilted freely. It is only mu this principle
that most all pruning:, to proini'tc fruitfulness, mu>t
lie done at a jinint ol ;Tcater nr l<'s>^ activity of "-rowth,
\i\Ui sprin;: pninin'j; i-< cl'icn resorted to a^ a means
(d subduing :i saperabuudant vi;:;or, and it has the
snin(i (dfect as root pruning tn a certain extent. —
Horticulturid for Jan.

■-♦^

f.aano and Super Phuspli »te of Idine.

The ii-iial practice "d our ( dicstcr county farmers,
and. indeed, oi eastern Per.nsylvaTna. is to ndy on
their barn yard manure for wheat and ])otato crops,
S'ldoni u-iiiLi; any (dsewher*', exi-cpt an occasional

to[)-dressin;;- to pasture and mo\vinL: ;^rounds. The

last sea-oM a vry considerable amount of -;uano has ! (j,,.,. •ly'id mowiiV <rr,,unds. If these expeetativ)ns are

to tlu' corn crop, which is a gross feeder, and using
-'uano for the wheat. The increase of the corn crop
will more than pay for cost id guano, and we b(dieve
there will Ix? larger cro]^s of both. As much of the
strervth of the manure will remain after the corn
crop has had the benefit (d' it, and wlbudi is thus all
.rain, as is usually left in the fall, by ordimiry process
of exposure to the sun and rains for o or (• summer
months. The tdfects id" guano havi^ also been more
permanent than was at f'."-» ovrw..f..d Mnd uitldn our
knowledge' the bencdit has been observed for three
years after its applieation, and in one case four.
Soils c(.nsi.lere(l heretofbre second and third rate,
valuiMi at :^^•» to Sot) per acr(>, by its u<e ;it the rate
of 300 lbs. to the acre, haw b- . a nuide to yield a
product equal to that of the \ery best. As regards
the superphosphate of lime, many iiujuiries have
been made id' us as to its comparative value with gu-
ano, but ex])erienc<\ in this section, has as yet been
.[uite limited. Some few tons* were S(dd I'rom the ag-
ricultural warehouse, in West Chester, last fall, but
cbielly for the wheat, which, so far, looks well. Our
farmers hav.^ be.n 'luit*^ ca])tivated with the high-
flown colors of thcf^//r/7/.sr///ni/' in theAVorking Far-
mer, particidarly where it speaks of an increase of a
ton (d hay to tin; acre, from the use of 100 lbs., and
also 1 loo bu. of roots to the acre,and are dlsposedt o try
it the present spring, as a top-dressing for their pas-

been used in tbi.- sertl,,n, and so far as w»' can learn. j.,..jpi^,,,]^ .^,j,l (.siMH'ially if th<7 ^//v not, we shall
with very decided b. nelit ami pri.fit. Owing t.» the ' ij.^y,. ,ii,,,.,. to say about Professor Mapes' super-phoe-
usual reluctance of larmers to put tie ir thoughts on pj^te of lime. The con.litinn of the ammonia, being

intlu^ form (d' a sulphate, (non \(datile) would seem
to indi«ate its preference over guano as a top-dress

ing.

"t^f the kind prepared under the supervision ' f Pr'tf. Mapea.

-••^

paper, we have been unable to obtain .any ner-urat<
and d<»ta!led experiments, but, without exi-option, so
far us we \\;\\v le'ar<b with Xo. I. l*cru\ian ^aiano,
the results Innc been ve)-y satisiactorv. Applied to
the potato crop, spread in the furmws. and the po-
tato dropped on it, as ^^cll as when sewe.l broad-
cast, the yield has in nninv cases surnassed that of a t^ ..c ^ n'v\ t \

*- • ' Fren< 11 ]Mi:kino Shf-ki*. — 'Ihe yieculiar charac-

lieavy coat <d barn yard manure, in tl,.' adjoining teristics id' the Fremdi Merinos are, that they combine
strip. I'iir the \\\\, at i-rop it has abo an^were(| ?/v// luith mutton and avooI (pialiti(>s. A\ Indhers of this

where ploughed in previous to sowing. One farmer I"'''*"'!' =^^ <"^^ >'-^''' '^"^"^^l ^'^'^'^^^^ :it> to 35 pounds the

. , M 1 , , , (luarter, and thev shear from S to 2S lbs. of lieautiful

occupying rather a hilly i)lace. says the Nvbole ox- ^j^^.^jj^^^. ,^,. ^^..,^,^;.^j ^^.^,,,|_ -,^}„.^^. .^,,, sup<M-ior nurses,

pcnseof tiie guano, SOOlbs. to the acre, was not more -md very prolific, and naturally tanu! and ipiiet, re-
thnn equal to the cost of labor, of merely hauling ' quiring but little fence to control them." — Norihevn
and spreading the manure, and the grass afterwards Farmer.

.Making and Saving ^lainire.

A correspon(h'nt in tln^ '( 'otintry (lentleman," under
the si;.;nalure (d" ('om[)oster, writes as follows: —

In the first place, let me say that my hogs are non-
lined to the pen, and a small yard in tin; rear of it,
nearly the wdiole year rouni], (my breeding sows on-
ly being allowe(l to i-ange in winter.) My horse barn
•stands adjoining the pen and on oie* side of the yard.
riie manur(» from the letrse stable is thi-own directly

ways prefer to have lowest in fr()nt,exeept for the rea-
son, that sucli a stable cannot so rea<lily ])e kej.t dry
'^'"' •■I'"'in. We p!-<'('er it, because wleii standing up-
oti sueh ;i 11, „a- the mus(des w!ii(di were mo-t employ-
ed in draft, aiv temporarily relb^ved and rested, arid
It will b.' prrceiwd that when a roadster is in pasture?,
and at liberty to (dioose his {)osit:on, ho will rest him-
s«df with his fbre feet lowest, lint as it is hi^^ddv ne-
cessary that the l,ors(! })(> kept dry and ch'an, we
liould allow a falling hack of some t\vo iiedies in ten

in this way I can Inive it turned just when 1 wish.

'file whole is allowed to remain in the yard through
the suMimer, and m the fall 1 find it all rich and rot-
ton manure. The horse manure, which (dherwise
heats and dries so mmdi, and by evaporation loses half
Its fertilizing properties, without a great deal of ex-
tra labor is bestowed U|)on it, is now th(»roughly
mixed witli thi' hogmanurc, an<l all ini|M.,v,.4 t.nn.-

le man
into the h(»g-yard. 'f he hogs are allowe<l tin; liberty j feet, in the planksiir tl'ie Voor^
of the yard, and so the horse and hog manure, and ,,, r • , .

the litter <d' both, g) tog(!tli(T. The yard has been [. feeding IJox f.r hay, should l)e a manger,e()m-

cleared so (dten, that tin; earth has bVeri tak.m out ">^'*j"^^'» b> within s(.me ei^^hteen imdies of tln^ floor,
mor.' than a foot (h'ep, and it will hold water like a! )^"^^'"- underneath, that space for the bedding, dur-
dish: and the water that hills into the yard, with the ' '"^' ^'"' '^=^v time. Of the general subjcid, of hor.sc
urine of tin; animals, keeps it w(dl saturated most (d I '^"''^ ''^^'"''' -^'''''^^ ^'''^' ^^^'^^^ speak at another time. The
the time. Oeeasionally we scatter a few (piarts of , •^^•^^'•♦' should h.» so arranged with reganl to //////7,that
corn over the yard, and the windi! mass will soon he ' '^ P''.''*^;"^ '>" coming from without, W(Mild experitmee
turned up-side*' d(.wn by th Mudustrious pigs- ^nd "" '^'^^"-'*^^>' *^ *^''^^'*''"""^"^' ^'^'J^'^'t^ '^vithin. We do not
• '■ ' ' •'' approve of having a bright beam of light, let in im-

mediatidy uf»on the horses eyes; but should pnder a

well-dilfuse(l, subdued light. VcntiJalion should be;

wcdl provided lor, to dispose of the foul air muI keep

u{> a })roper (drculation.

H(vlding should not he neglected, and on this sub-
ject we have bestowed some attention of late, espeei-
• . all> in oo>ei \ niHT ^i, ,.,-,. Sims oi an experiment in the

by. Wy a liberal supply of beddin- to both horses (;xtensive Liverv and Sale Stables (d' Messrs. Blak(^
and hog.,on(' may increase this heap to several loads Sc Williams, (.f this city. The material used for this
for each animal kept. \ purpose is snw-du.^f, and tin; results have been highly

When .straw is not at hand, a resort to the woods satisfaidory. Several l,ushels of dry saw-dust are
for leaves as bedding, is an excellent substitute, and ^'i'""'*vn into the stalb upon whi(di the h(.r^(» standi
they are certainly within the reach of all. I have 'inrin^Mhe ni^-ht. In the morning it will be fouml
drawn several loads of them this fall, and fiml them ^'"^^ about a bushel has to be removed — one half of
good fir bedding. Any one who has not trie<l it, wdll ^vhi(di is manure, and one half saw-dust, so widl sat-
he surpris<'d to tind out how easily and (piickly they I'l'^ited as to contain a large ])ortion of ammonia, per-
are (detained, f rming the double officii of absorbent and purifier;

thus the air of the stable is kept pure, and the ammo-
nia saved f »r the compost heap. This compost Mr.
lilake has appli(>(l to his stiff (day land, and reports
that it operates like yi-ast. making the ground very
li;;lit ami mellow. In the morning, that portion of the
iMMJding whi( h remains dry is shoved up under the
manger, t(» serve for another night.

Another advantage from this material for bedding
is that a horse which lies upon it is mucdi easier clean-

f*-

The Horse Stable.

Tlere is scarcely any (dass of people, who have
mnre professinnal pride than hostlers and the various
kinds (d drivers, espeeitilly coa(!limen; and the per-
son who is not too proud to learn, can gatlu'r vei-y

much ju-actical information, as w(!ll as shrewd expe-
rience fV,,m fl.^o. „ I • ri -^ 'II 1 '^ i"'»L a noise wnicn in-s upon ms mucn easier Clean
I it ni (, ii(»m tliesc; rouirh specimens of humanity. The \ iv ^\ i • i r i. .i i .
eKneriencd lw..fi ^ i 1' ""' " \\V ■,. "" , cd ofl tliao ouc whndi lies on straw; the saw-dust en-
«-\pf 1 lencMMi hostler lias a hundred litt e apt)lianees . • i.i i • i • xt
bv whi.d. I,,. WM . 1 • "'""/''" L"^''* '.M'r'''^f'*-'M tering among the hair, lirings away the se -retions,

f • I 1^^^^^ in making his faverite appear ,,,„,, ^he curry-comb and brush are applied, leaving

V !•; w h^ ; , .7' ^'''^ f"'\ \''''" ^'>n>r.s;'d at I ,, pH.ht lively coat. In warm weather ft has another

eems " ?^^ '''' -"" ' ''=^^*''' ^''''''^ TT /'"'' great^nlvantal..,that of being much cooler than straw,

Th s d! . ;n c»ommon by groom and steed. ,, „,,, .., ^5,,,! ,,^„i j^.^^^ed hoise can sleep pleasantly

AVe lave ;!l- "^■' r'"'- '''' 7^'T ^""' \"- ^^i^'""'^ incitements to h-veri^h restlessness. The e^s-

hirV n, n 1 o'^^ r'l\""'' ^'7 V' '' '"'' ''"1^ '" ^ "' tablishment of .steam mills in all pa. ts of the .onntry,
are^ h 1 • ' 1 '"' '"'"'- """ "' =' ' ^'*"'^- ^<""'i'''- ^'^'^ "^^^^"'•'••■'l <'=»^v of aciess to almost every

ti^ne wh' n '' ■?''i'''' ^;rooms,asw;e were for some „,i.h,,orhood, an.l we (halbt n<d, when its virtues are
our '., d ' . r 1 ; ^'^P-'''=^l P['^^^^ ;^ ;^-^^'^'"^^ "P"^ I better known, it will be generally ap].lied to stable

T hT ,• : < ' fr T; 'r^ ''^""^^'^^ ^^^ rr^'^- I '^-^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^--^^^^ -f ^'-^^^^-^^ ^- the holJe, ami also of
1 IK lloi.se .Stable should be so coiistru(ded that cur- ' ■ ■ ■ - -- '

r<'nts of air can b(» effectually shut off from coming
directly npoi, the horse, when desired. This is fre-
d'K'iitly impossibh. in many stables that we have seen,
111 <• ons.Mpn.nee of ,,|H.n seams, thnmgh the siding
and floors ,d' the stalls. A horse put in <U(di a stall,
comuiL^r ^varm and moist fVom the road, with the win-
ter winds blowing; upon his reeking hide, is very mmdi
in danger <d' faking eold, ami laving the foundation
ot disease, aside from the imme<liate discomfort and
stiffernng of his body. His hack may be kept warm
hy a blanket, hut his le^^s will be still sadly exposed,

ired.
•aft horses, we should al-

tiirnin;; an (dherwise us(des.s article into profitable
account. — Ohio Cultivafor

-HN-

and thus the elasticity of his travel impaired.
lliG Stable Floor,* for dra" "

Mfasi HKMKNT OF IT.w IN' BiLK. — Multiply the
length, breadth and height (»f the hay into e i<di oth-
er, and if the hay is somewhat seitlerj, ten s(»lid yards
will weigh a ton. OloV(^r will tak(,' II to i'J yards
to a ton.

An English Quarter of Wheat is eight Imperial
bushels, of 70 pounds each, 9 1-3 American bushels,
of CO pounds each.

10

BREKOING STOCK— IMPORTED STOCK

A mil.,

IMPORTED STOCK— POULTRY SHOW— ROTS IN' HORSES.

11

IIi(M(liM<; Stork.

The foHowIng vory exceUont rcjiiarks on breeding,
by L. C. Ball, of New York, an; w^ll worthy of at-
tention. The article appeared tir.st in llic Ohio Cul-
tivator.

Mr. }5all says: — The exporicnco of ;ill licrti^mcn
and breeders, from the days of dacob down to tlie
present time, has only tended to one result, nai"»'ly —
T/iai like produces like. On this prineij>h* havi' all
the changes of form and habits w hicli scpafatc wild
from domesticated races, and which ciiaractfrise the
numerous breeds and varieties ot iniprovt'd luiimals
been made.

St> well understood is this principal, that no drsired
pro{)erty, wiiether of strength, speed, f )rni, tmipcra-
iniMit, or disposition, is cimsidereil unattainable; and
no lault or ini}»rrfrction, l)Ut what may b<! tM'adieiited,
and the intelligt'ut breeder pursues his o})j(>ct with a
contiddiice of success, which the result fully justifies.

''This power of nnin to aiffct useful ah<'rations in

bttu'ciii wUuiii and Ih'.m.si Ivcif, no siimlai ifn /.v ./<.><«><■"
erable.

Who lia.> not seen some human Individual, standing
ab)nc in the family, bearing no rf^cinldanrc in foa-
tui'f or habits to parents, brothers or sisters; and who
was rvidontly sent back to gathrr «ip the srattrred
threads of lifr's wch among the graves (»f a preceding,
pcrliaps remote g(Mi< ration.

The fact is very clear that animals transmit to
thoir offspring (jualitics which they do not themselves
exhibit, 1) it wlTu'li thev have nevertheless inlie-rited,
anil preserved in latent or rudimentary forms. Ilow
else can the too (;ommon and mtdancholy fact be ex-
plain(Ml, that those hereilitary disejises which afflict
one geneiation of the human family, ]tass harmles.sly
over the sect nd, and break with desolating fury up-
on the third.

The animal, whatever traits of excellence it may
possess, whose t»ffspring exhibits defects of form and
constitution, has come from (in impiirr sfock, in which
the sanir (i'fech woe proniinoif: and theref()re the re-
sult,though seemingly contradictory and inexfdicable,
the anim il creation," is shown by the fact that among 1 j^ j^,^^ ^^,|,.^|^ J^^^ intelligent observer of nature's laws
every species of domesticated animals, then; is a | j^iViit confid.mtlv predict.

great numix r (»t varietit's, each characterised by per- i f^- ^|j^. breeder who looks with admiration upon the
nnunmt marks and (pialities, of color or forni, or by j ^^^^^^l points and fine appearance of an animal, could
the size and shape of particular organs and parts. i^,^(,^v ^he history of its ama'stors for a dozen or twen-
These varieties, tliouirh ditfcrinir widely in anrxMr- ^^ p-pnerations, ho onM nm.-li letter iml*'-,* of its val-
ance, qualities and lialjits, are all obtained Irom one \ ^^^, .^,^^| ^\^^, propriety of transferring it to his own
original stock, by the conlinueil observance of this I ^,,j.i^v^ ,,i. jkmmIs.

one principle: Of breeiiing from those individuals' lu^portant improvements may doubtless be effected,
which possess the desired (pialities in the highest de- ^yithin short ])eriods of time; l)ut these improvements,
gree, and rejecting all those in which opposite tenden- | ^^^ Ijccome inherent, and constitute; permanent and
cies are perceptible.

If animals with short lini].»s are (f-sircd. t en all
those individuals of the species which have these
parts of more than medium length are rejected : and
from each successive* generation, those having the [
shorte>t liml)S are selected to be the parents of the |
proposed new variety; and thus, in no very long pe-
riod the work is accomplished.

Solar has this practice been continued in the case
of swine, that animals of that speci(»s have been
bred in wiiicli the limbs W(^re not of sufticient length
to raise the body from the ground

unvarving tv|>es, must be continued in unbroken hul-
ce^ssion through many generations.

Those animals, therefore, whi(di have descended
from a sujx^rictr race, through a long and unbroken
line (>{' healthy ancestors, are the only relial)le sour-
ces to which the breeder can r(>sort, for preserving
nscdul (pialities already o])tained, or for reaching to
a hiiiher degree of excellence.

The passion for small heads and Hue limbs i'^ ^t I ^^^^j^ ^ , j^cwis G. Morris, Mount Fo

this time so gniat, that animals are freejuently pro- i ,,. ' .at x^ i • i. i r

1 1 • 1- I fi I 1 • I 11 1 f .' Chester county New York, is taken fro

duced ill which tlu^ h(\id is hard y large enough to i '- '»'^i''^' uv»uiii,j ,

Fresh Imported >*tock.

The following list of recent importations of fine

rdham. West
m the Boston

perform its appropriate functions, and the limbs are j Cultivator. Such enterprise is worthy of all praise,

and whether profitaV)le or otherwise to himself, is a
large contribution to the public good, the value of
which is not easily estimated.

SiioRT-lIoUNs.— 7i////.s'. "Marquis of Carrabas,''
roan, calved dan. l('), b^ol. Jired by and purchased
of F. 11. Fawkes, E.s.p, Farnley llall, Otley, York

shire.

"Rome<»," roan, (ailved April, b^oO. BriMl by and
purchased of the Marcpiis ot Exeter. The latter se-
lected for N. J. Becar, Estp, Eong Island.

li'ifcrs : "Rloom," red rose, calved January, 1S50.
Bred by Fowle, North Allerton, Yorkshire ; pandias-
ed of J*. S. Tampieray, Es([., Brent Lodge, llendon,
Middlesex.

"Romelia," roan, calved 1851. P\irchased of J.
S. Tanqueray.

"Eady Booth," calved Decc^mber, 1850. Bred by
J. Emmerson, Eryliolm(\ purchased of J. S. Ian-
queray. The latter selected for Mr. Becar.

\)i:yi\s^.—J}ii//: "Rodm^," alias "Frank (^uartly,"
calved Maridi, LS)1. lired by and j.urchascd of Mr.
John Quartly, Scmth Molton, North Devonshire,
"Earl of Exeter" (38) dam, "Curly" %.)

Cow6': "Birthday,'' (38.) Bred by and purchased

unable to support for any long time, the weight of
the body.

But every rule has ^/;>;)(n7'/// exceptions — and none
more, or more fatal to the ho})es (d^ the l)re(Mler, if
blindly followed, than this, thaf like }>ro(Jurrs like.
For instance — an animal is obtaiiUMl, which combin<*s
to an cmiment degree all the (pialities whiidi rentier '
the species usetul; and the owner indulges th<^ ex-
pectation, that the offspring will possess all the good
(pialities of tin* sire, and that heni.'eforth his pastures
and stables will b(? filled with the b(\<t and most per-
fect specimens of the breiMl. The result, however,
disappoints his expectations, and leads him to doubt
the corre tness of the rule he has so rigidly and per-
severingly followed; for not one of the }>rog(my reach-
es that degree of piu'fection whitdi m;irk(;d the sire,
while more than half are below tin; standard of me-
diocrity.

How an^ these facts *o be reconciled, and the prin-
ciple so clearly understood as to be practically use-
ful?

Philosophy and experience have demonstrated tjie
fact, that animals, from the highest to the lowest, /re-
quentbj resemble remote ancestors^ and renewed forms
that existed long before the birth of their own parents

of J. A. 'I'homas, Es<p, South Moltou, North Devon-

"Princess" (380.) lired by and purtdiascd td James
(^iiartly, Esq., South .Nbdton, North Devon.

'flic figures r(d'er ti> the numhers of the animals
as registcrtnl in tin.' Dt;von Herd Book. None (d tlui
Short-horns except "Mar<(uis of (hirrabas" an? yet
re"-ist(!r(!il in the Herd-Book, their owners having
omitted to send theii- pedigrees to Mr. Stratfoi-<l, the
editor, previou-i to Mr. Morris' |»urchasi' ; but tln^y
will b(^ inserted in tin? next volume. Both Sln>rt-
lioras and Di;vons are very fine s[)ecim(ms of their
hreeds. 'I'he Devon cow, "Birthday," received seve-
ral prizes in England, and is one tit the mt)st beauti-
ful animals we have ever scsen. ll(!r br(;eder, Mr.
Thtunas, was a vt^ry succ(;ssful competitor of the late
sliow (;f the Smitlifi(dtl Cduh. The other cow and the
bull ar(! alst) very fine ; the latter esp(?cially very
complete in form, and of good size and firm constitu-
lii>n.

SwiN'E.— Mr. Morris also brought out an addition
to his sttxdv of Essex, Suffolk and Bt'rkshire swine.
The Essex were bred by and purchased of W. Fish-
er Ht)bhs, Es(p, Boxted Lodge, near Colchester.
The hoar is of the best of this gentleman's noteil
stock, and is altogetht^r a nit^st perfect specimen of
his speiics. TIk! Suffolk boar, an ex(!ellent animal,
was bred by and purchased of Lord Wenlock, York-
shire. The Berkslilrt.'s were purchased of Mr. ^Vll-
ht)n, bailiff to Sir R. (1. Throckmtjrton, Berkshire.

SiiEKi'. — Mr. Morris brought out for Ininself ami
-Mr. litH^ar, two South-Down rams and six ewes, bred
by and p irchased of tin; cehd)rated breeder, Mr. J.
Webb, Babraham, near Cambritige. He ha<l btd"ort\
quite a flock of South-Downs, as }>urchased t)t Mr.
Webb.

Li atiditlon tt) the above stock, Mr. Morris selected
ami brought t»ut for Mr. Corning of Albany, tlirei;
llerefords ; a bull and two heiffers.

ol)taine(l for a sin^rb. ],ir(l was .£21. For the e<r(rs,
OS. to 10s. eatdi was readily (d)tained. One pair of
Cochin China fowls fetched* Cl'.I.V.

A number of agriculturists attendetl the sale wht>
appt;an;d tt) receive an impr(»ssion that the hnsetling
id poultry wjis becoming mt)re ]>rofitable than tin?
breeding t)f rattl(\ T!<c times has the ft)llowing util-
itarian notions upon the subject:

^ "A fowl, alter all, is not m;it(n*ially the nutrt^ pre-
cious ft>r being "goltl" or "silver jiencilletl," '•whit(?
crested" or 'Mt)uble-combed," thou<:h "doubli-breast-
, 1. [)roiairable, might be an (digible tpiality ta
intrtHluce. (hie variety we see styled "dumpicN" or
"bakies," attractecl great admiration for the extraor-
dinary shortness of their legs;" but W(? scarc(dy un-
derstand the atlvantage of this feature, unless, indeed,
tlu^y will go into a smaller saucepan. Th(i end, in
short, of all such exhibitions as that now open,
should be the improvement, not of prirate "(M)llec-
tions," but of the public stock, and the breed deserv-
ing the price is not that with the largest comb or the
rarest plumage, but with the best proiiiij»e of g(meral
usefulness. If, twelve months hence, eggs should
prove better, chickens cheaper, and all poultry more
abundant than now, wi; shall be the firf^t tt) ackninvl-
edge the benefits of the Baker str(?et sht)\v ; but, if
the result is ct)nfined to the monstrof*ities of private

"col'er** •-■■•" ■

by the notoriety of this week's display-

-•••-

The liondon Poultry Show,

From the 11th to the l.'Uh of January, tbtTt^vas a
^land |iunlti-y slit)W in Londt)n, at wdii(di were (^xhi-
biied no less than (Uo pens of tlifferent species tjf
jowls, e;i,(d) containing from two to four animals -
besides eleven pens of geese, thirty-three of ducks,
ten of turkeys, two hundred and forty-nine of pig-
(^ons, and ft)ny-eight of rabbits. Of the fowls there
were two hundred and forty-nine pens of the Cochin
China breed, sixty-three Bantams, seventy Dorkings,
besitles Spanish, Malay, Hamburg, Polaml, &c. On
the first day thert^ wjjre some hundr(Hls of visiters,
at an atlmissioii fee of five shillings, on the second
day over five tht)usand at a shilling, ami t)n the thinl
day a iiundi larger numb'T at th»> same price. Very
high prices were })ut upon some <d the pens. At th(>
auction salt^ on the last day the highest price paid
was S240, for a (;.)chin China cock and pullet. The
general stdling prices varied from fifty to two pounds
f -r f^udi pen.

i lie London Correspondent of the National Intel-
ligencer says there wer*; three <reese whi(di weie-hetl
togeftier 48 pounds. There wtM-e gigantic pig»M)ns
fi'iii India \vit!i magnifici(Mit phimes ; beautiful
Australian j)igeons of most (hdicate ])lumage : tur-
k(iysof prodigious size ; antl f »ur Cotdiin (ddiia fowds,
f»rwdii(di C»i;'. (or S-'> 1 '>) was retpiiretl. There was
a single h^-n for wdiitdi thirty guineas (^150) was re-
fused.

At the sale which tt)ok place at the close of the
exhibition, no l,irds of the Cochin China breed,
the majority of them being young ones of three or
four months age, realized X309. The highest price

Hots in lIor»eH.

The folltiwlng on the subject of Bots in IIt)rses.
gives some information, new and interesting to most
people. We copy from the "Journal of Agriculture:''

Many years ago, assisted by Dr. lioe, of White
Plains, N. Y., we made examination of a horse that
appeared to have died with the bots. We found the
cuticular coat of the stomach almost entirely covered
with them. They were upon the top, and upon the
bottom, and upon both sides. Ttiey worked side qy
side, lik(^ la/y street sweepers; and were in no wdse
hurried or interrupted in thdr operations by our ob-
servation. Sonm were lapped over others, as sucking
pigs who g(;t the upper row of teats are wont to feed,
riiey ate systematically, and as I remarked in the
paper (juoted b(dow, "they swept clean" as they pro-
gressed, as a silk-worm cleans a mulberry leaf The
stomach was alive with these sluggish but persevering
pests. But that the horse died of the bots, although
there is reason so tj think, we dare not untertake to
say; for the weight of authority is against us, never-
tlndess, i/v fhink he did. * -x- ^«- *

We "exliibitetl" tt) our subjects a tempting dose of
sweetened milk; in fact we submerged a p»>rtion of
the stonnndi in milk and molass(\s, but the adult hot
pref(>rred tln^ tripe, whatever the baby hot might do
with the drink. We tried an application of sulphur-
ic acid, (t)il of vitriol,) to their backs, without percep-
tibh^ effect. We steep(Ml the portion of the stt)mach
in the acitl without at all interru{>ting th<dr meal.
This is accounteil for by the fact, that tin; bots are
coatetl w ith mucus, wdii(di dtdentls them against the
acid. Fiiiiilly, we trieil a powcM-ful burning glass;
and either worried out by the protracted fight, or un-
equal to a contest with the sun, they gave up the
ghost, Ibit this riMnedy Wt)uld be somew bat tliflicult
of administration, with a living horse, and th(>r(dore
we do not "]^atent" it.

After the bots are full grown and fairly estal)lish-
ed, and in operation, they are safe from most applica-
tions; for this reason, that as many of them must be

12

B")T^ 1\ llnUSKS-TRAIXTVO STKFKS poTJSTTTVf; I'LOAVS. ,(r

April,

1853.]

rOMMrXTfATlOVS

n

engaged on the upper portion of the stomnch, modi-
cine cannot rea(,*h them, unless th ' stomach is kept
constantly full of the medical a^ent, and besides,
their moutlis are so deeply buried in the liusin(?ss be-
fore them, that they will not (^uit it for the most se-
ductive drug.

In view of the whole matter, we come to these con-
clusions. So long as there exists a sufficiency (d' mu-
cus in the stomach, the bots will m.t attack the cuti-
cular coat, and will at tin' )»r.»jM'r tini*' b(Mlison<'-aged,
passed out (.f the stomach with tlie ciiyle, and evac-
uated with t h.' dunir.

ill the C'UHnit'neement ol the attack they may b<^
oxpcllcd l>y the r«.'mt'(iy rccdiiunendcd, (swi'tcncd
milk,) or more easily )»y ujrccn and succulent food,
♦So Ion;: as they confine themselves to the mucus, their
]»resenee is not (lan;:;erous to the life or health of tlie
animal, tlitmn^li they c:innot })e clainu'd ta be jiosi-
tively essential to his cduiibrt and well Ijein^j;. 'flie
act r.i eatin;; the cuticular coat is not (d itself pain-
ful to the horse, f(.r the coat is insensible; but, tln^
cuticle reiuoved leaves the stomach at least liable to
inflamation. At this sta;;e we dn n(»t doubt that fa-
tal elfi ('t> Ilia V follow.

On the whole, it appears to us as idle to say that
horses do not die oi the bots; as to deny that chil-
dred die of measles or hoopin;:; cou«!;h, because the
cases are rare, where iiyktuj and ^tu.'iuitablij Ina/cd,
they do not recover.

increase. A command shouhl never l>e given unless
enforced. Many bear with bad tricks f »r a longtime,
with(tut even an expression intelli;:;ible to them — ])ut
when patience departs, a thorou;;h storm of ))lows is
poured upon them, 'fhis is the way to ruin every
beast; a single blow should be given for each oftence.

■<•»■

Training Steers.

The following mode of transforming the wild and
unmanageable steer, into the gentle and well-trained
ox, is both reasonable aid instructive. A\'c extract
from the "Country (b-ntleman."

The first point is \i> make them tame and gentle.
This may be accompIi><hed by feeding them out of the
hand, and car<ling them daily. They should ])e ap-
proached gently, with-ut y(dfing at 'them until they
are frightened out of their wits. After having redu-
ced tleni to a state of pcriert <locility, a good y(»ke
should be procured, suitable to their size and strength.
A small pen is necessary to put on the yoke; ap-
j.roach gently with the yoke, patting and speaking
gently to them until you have the yoke on the off
steer; t .en let an assistant drive the other under tho
yoke. Their tails slu.uld then be securely fastened,
to i)revent their getting the habit of turning the voke.
Tiiey should be yoked in the morning, and unvoked
ut night— in ihi.s n>anner, for several days, until they
become accustom, d to the voke.

The first thing to teach tluMii is, to stop at the word
of command. This may be done liv striking them
across the face; the blows should 1m'- r peated until
they stop, and th(>n discontinued; ];v striking them
for every non-observance of th.» word of command,
they will soon learn that by stopping thev will avoid
it, and will act accordingly. Thev mav )»(> tauicht
then to "gee" and "haw,''' by ^r.^n'tlv ].ushing them
around, iiackmg may be taught by beginning with
an empty cart on a side-hill; then on a lev(d; then
withan increasing load, until thev will ba( k nearlv the
same load they will draw, they should never be
put to a load that tlicy cannot*^readily draw, or
drilled by prolonged exe'rcise beyond the period when
it becomes irksome. Long and^M^peated yelling, or
the use of the lash, is both cruel and us«dess. Char
and intelligible, yet low and gentle words, are all that
is necessary to guide a well-trained ox. The ox un-
derstands a moderate tone more perfectly than a bois-
terous one, as all sounds become indistinct as they

l*()Usliiiig plows.

To all tliose who are exneetin;! to iio tlirou;jli with
the old operation ol" polishing a new plow, by ser.af*-
ing it the following spring, 1 would propose the fol-
ing (dieap and eH'ertual remedy: —

(Jo to any druggist shop and procure^ 4 o/. of sul-
phuric acid, or oil of vitriol, which will cost fro?u
five to ten cents, according to tin; conscience of the
druggist. Take a stii'k and wind U])on the end of it
a wolh^ri rag, and tie it on with a coarse strong tvvin(\
making a swal»; si^tyour pl(»w where it will be (v-vpos-
ed to the sun, if convenient; then pour tlu' sulphuric
acid into an earthen bowl, and dilute it with an
e<pial (piantity of rain or river water. Take thi^swab
and thoroughly moisten every part of the ]»low that
re(piires polishing; work fast, lest the acid eat up
your swa)> befort> y<iu have gone over the surface,
and be careful not to get any on your clothes or skin,
for it is very corrosive. Let lii. j-L.-.v stand about
21 hours, then scrape olf the seales wliieh will have
arisen all over the surface wet with the acid: hitch
on the team and go ahead. and in from iiite<-n minutes
to (tne houi-, the plow will be smooth and bri;:,ht.

The rati( nale is tliis. The outer coating of the
castings is composed of a mixture of stind and iron,
more or less porous, thus admitting the free passage
<d* the acid, whiidi dee((mposes tin* iron, (dianging it
to an oxide, and as soon as the s<did iron is rea(died,
the action of the acid terminates, or is very slight,
owing to a want id' surhice upon which to act.

Original Communications.

I'mi- ilir K,n 111 .Inurnal.

Planting Trees,

^Lich has l»eeii written alxtut the best time and
mode (d' ])binting trt^M-s, some recommending the au-
tumn, otlu'rs the spring, some advising {\i'o\) plant-
ing and others objecting to it as improper, and scarce-
ly agreeing in any essential particular respi'cting
the time or the mode. L{dieving that I have learned
something from the mistakes I ha\emade, 1 propose
to give, through the .Journal, soiiic opinions on these
subjects. Of those woody plants that are quite liar-
dy in this t limate, and gi-ow freidy fVom cuttings, it
is found that many of them succeed best if the cut-
ting is cut smooth at the base, at or about the time
that the autumn growth h;is entirely ceased, and in-
serted in light soil in which the superabundant mois-
ture will fi'Mjly draliMii]': under tlp-se circumstances,
a callus is generally formed during the winter, from
whiidi roots are emitted early in the grow ing sinison.
llut if the cutting is put in a heavy clay soil, reten-
tive of moisture, there will bo no callus formed,
and the base of the cutting is frequimtly so much
injured by the superabundant moisture during the
winter, that no growth will take place ; and if the
base of the cutting is rough and uneven or ragged,

it is very common that the rougher points die, and I trees as an orehnrd, and then to ^nbjppt the Prld to
that the disease thus begun, extends to the entire the usual roiation of croj)H, viz : Indian corn, oats
base of the cutting. Li tlu^ case of heavy wet soils, and wheat, one year eacli in succession, tbcM grass
it is better to take off cuttings })efore the commence* j two years for mowing and one or two yejirs f^)r pay-
ment of •'■rowth, and cover them with sand, till the turage. This couise has two great disa<lv:jntages ;
rrround is in working order in the spring, and then one of thein is, that the cattle during the time of
put them in the ground fur g'-ow ing. .Such 1 believe pasturage d(»stroy many trees : and the other is, that
is the case with the greater part of hardy, deciduous, ' during the ^^easons that the bind is plowetl yearlv,
woody plants that grow freidy from <Mittings. The the tree roots are not allowed to i-isc into the ploweti
difhirence between growing cuttings, w iihoiit roots, ground, but are kept immediately below tlie run of
;,)id tree- with roots, is much in favor ai' the latter, the plough ; but the gr(»und being kc)'*; loose and
hut the healinirof the wounds, made in taking up the <'P''" ^'.V culture, they re«-eiv(! the rain and moisture

tie.' and separating the cuttings, is almost (Mpially
iiupMrtant in both, and tin; circumstances favorable

frcfdy, ami during the first half of the eorn season,
and the latter ])art of the oats ami w lu-at v(;ars, with-

to one, we may fairly infer to Ik; also favoral)le to the ; <)<»t much competition from jiny growing crop. ]I-ut
nther. If, thendore, what I liav<' stated of cuttings l then follows three or f)ur seasons of grass, during
be true, as 1 beli.'ve is generally admitt<'d, it would I ^^••'i*'fi t'^^t' th.^ ground is not j.loughed. and the
fdlow that hardy trees will be planted in dry, light i ^^'^"^l^' surface covered with grass, ami the trees hay-
Huils with most success in the autumn, sufficiently i i^'n to compete with the grass in obtaining iiourisli-
soon alter the cessation of growth to heal the wounds | "^<'"t, it bec(.mes necessary that the small roots make
of the roots befbre the severe weather commences ; j t^'*-'^' ^^'0' upward toward the surface in ordey to
and tiiat in heavy, wet soils, the planting should be \ 'd'tain a porticm of the rrJn and dew sufficic'nt to
(hderred until thi' ground became in working order i ^I'TP^'^'t their gr.;wth, aud toward the ilos.' of the
in the spring, in every case cutting the br.)ken and .!-^''=i^^ seascms the tree is mainly supported by roots
wounded root> smoothlv -o that they mav h.'al freely, i drawing their sustenance from very near the surface

The ground should ])e in gojd working order at the
time of planting, and w(dl pnvssed (bjwn. so as to

— in the very best soil, jbit now comes the s;ul re-
verse. A deep ploughing takes placf'for Lidian corn,

come in close contact with every ].art of th.> roots. I and these roots are now cut away, and for three years

N..W as te the mode of jdanting. It is frequently ! the tree has to seek its supi)ort through :\ smaller
recommended to dig a deep hoh'. tilling uj. so much j number (-f roots, and which have for years Imm-ii al-
wlth e-ood *'ai-d -n >oil as will h-ave sufficient '""^t inactive. Alth<. ugh young and healthy trees

f^ ^ I

depth for j^lanting the tree; this, in light di;ei) j may sui>[>ort a few .-hanges of this kind, yet they
Boils, and porous, open subsoils may be right, ( cannot be so long lived or so protracted and vigorous
])Ut in iho^e place, in which t!ie subsoil is an i :i^ they Wi.uld be without tliew periodical and vio-
inipcrvious, hard j-an, ..r retentive clay, holding wa- I'-nt (dianges. IMoughing annually with sufficient
ter, it is obvious that the good soil in this pit must, j manuring, or not ploughing at all would eith(>r of
in the wet season, be eiitir.dy saturate(l with wa'er, j them be better for an orchard. A good method of rais-

ing an orclnird is, first: Enclose the quantity (,i
ground wanted, with a g«)od fence : afbir one year's

in which healthy growth can hardly tak(3 place, and

in the drv season it will ]»ronn»te vig rous growth

only so long as till the roots shall liavi! extended to ; cultivation with corn or potatoes, ]>lant the trees:

the sid"< of the bol(\ .vheii, being below the soil thev keep the ground in cultivation for several, say ten

inu.-^L penetrate into the stiff, unyii;.ding and barren
subsoil, or turn up at the edge of the hole, (as if
they were in a tubj until they reached the soil, so as
to escape from the ]>it. in either case the growth will
be affecteil iiiiuriou>ly. It is import;int. especially
for common fruit trees, that the roots pass freely
through tli(^ fertile soil, aii'l that thev should not be
placed below it ; and, therefore, it would be better in
those places where the subsoil is yery ret* ntive of
water, instead of digging a deep hole and bringing
good soil and putting in it to support the tree, that
the soil 80 brought be placetl on th'- surface and the
tree planted in it, the roots then would exert their
natural tendency to grow outward and downward
without being obliged to enter the subsoil.

It is common in many places to plant afield, or
more commonly a part of a field, with apple or pear

vears, with Indian corn, ])otat<j('s, pumpkins and

^ 111

cro]>s ill' that kind that require cultivation during
their ^'i'^'^vth. L'iving sufficient manure to kiM>p tin;
land lertih', and mn'er putting rye or wheat in it.
As the roots and tops of the trees extcaid, do n(»t
plough or put i!i crops close to them, so that neither
the roots or tops may be touclu'd by tlie plough or
the team. At the end of the term o-f ten years, or
perhaps earlier, the culture may l«e discontinue(i,
and tlie rrround used onlv for tln^ production of fruit.
No horses, exe(q>t for ]doughing it, nor cattle or
swine should be •j>ennitte(l within itie enclosure till
the trees are nearly grown ; aft<>r which time hogs
may be let in during th(3 time that unripe or wormy
fruit is dripping. In this case trees maybe plante.l
closer than when it is intended to continue cropping.
I think 25 feet would be suflBcient, and the trees

*i fc' ^^ i^J^ K*%

14

COMMrXK'ATIONS.

April,

1853.1

rOMMrXUWTIdXS,

15

shuuld be permitted to brunch urarer to the ground
than is allowable where it is intended to (Mtntiniio
the orchard i>i mltivation. The heal of our suin-
mers acts injuriously on the bodies of iipplo trees
when the tops are not sullicieutly large to ward off
the rays of the sun durin;; thn hottp«t part of tlie
day ; and, therefore, other cirrumstan" •> b<in ;:;('» jual,
a cool nortlnTii or nortlicastrrn exnosurc is niorestiit-
able for apple orrbanls than a warm ^outbern or
80uth\vc>t('rn one.

A. W. COllSOX,
Jlont^^itmcry eo., '2nd mo., 24th, IS">I5.

-HK-

F(ir tlu- Kami Journal.

Plantinj^ Corn.

ToTiir. KniTT^iis OF the Farm Joirnal: —

As tli(* cultivation of Indian corn is attendee! with
nnii'b labor, I ask the liberty of presenting a device
bv wb.icb the t<'di(»us proeo.-s of inarkin;j;off the ground
with intersecting furrows may 1»e avoifled, and the
ground left leSiS liable to VNa>li liy heavy rain>< prior
to cultivation. The contrivance for this purpos(\ I
call a spacing frame. See above engraving. It con-
sists of a s(juare frame of a suitalile size, with four pro-
lectiu"- lingers. The ^i<^cs and interior (tf the frame
are so constructed as to indicate the points f u" drop-
pintT' hills of corn. "^I'lie design of the finger'^ is to con-
nect with the adjoining rows of drnpj)ed corn. Tlie
frame mav In' made of liglit lath, well stiffened at the
corners, ;ind larg(^ enough viwh way to e:?tend the
breadth of four hills of corn. Ate<pi;il spaces across
the interior of the frame should lie inserted two |)ie-
ces of lath, and the whole st) s(iuared and spaced
off as to indicate the points for dropping sixteen
hills of corn. At the dropping points, holes may
be made and funnels of leather or other suitable
material inserted therein. Near the corners, han-

dles may he placed lor greater convenii'nce in mov-
ing th'' frauK^ forward. The frame may fc made
lighter and cheaper by omitting tiie interi(tr lath and
f'iir\nels, and placirig (dastic strings, ;it right angles,
in their stead. Indt^ed, all the fuiuuds may be dis-
pensed with liv substituting marks on the sides of
tin; frame, to show where corn shouM l>e dropped.
(hi the other han<l, the funncds mav be made so as to
contiin the seed with sliding valves cc>nnecte(l by
wir(\ to enable a person to drop four hills at a time.
Hut I believe the more simple plans to be better.
Simphi dtnices are more within the rea(di (»f every
one, and less liabb* to get out of order.

DiRKCTioNs FOR lJsiN<i. — The ground being Y)lowe(l
and well harrowed in tin; usual form, a straight lino
may be drawn the ])readth of the field, sufficiently
near the fence by means of a piece of twine and a
few stakes, to guid(i the instrument the first time
across the fitdd, after which it will be guided by the
drop]ied corn, one row lieing left uncovertMl f »r that
purpose. Two persons, a{>pointed to drttp, each pro-
vitietl with a Itasket 'of corn, can place the frame near
the end of the string with the tw(» pariilbd fingers in
contact with th(» line ; then drop the hill-' as spaced
bv the frame. One drojtper then takes his station in
the foremost corner r.f the frame, next to the line,
and the r»th''r brdiind the opposite corner, and c-arry-
in"' th(^ frame forward until the hindmost dro!)per
can place the finger next him in contact with the
dropped cort).an<l the foremost then place his in con-
tact with the lin<' ; drof) arain, and soon, across the
fi(dd. On returning across tlie fi(dd, (if the frame is
made correct,) the corresponding fingers will keep in
concert with the dropped corn. Should the rows be-
come crooked by carelessness or the unevenness of
the ground, it will be necessary to straighten afresh,
as the instrument will not work w(dl only in a straight
line.

I anticipate an objection against this mode of
planting on the surface of the gr>und : that the corn
will not grow so well.

Tlie fairest pxperim-'tits having ItecMi my guide, I
could not perei'ive th«> smallest diifer(mc(> in favor of
furrows ; but Ix'tween a poor, shallow soil and a deep,
rich sctil, the difference is strikingly (d)vious.

SiKicing frames on the above principle may ])C
constructed lor dropping other seetl ]», sides corn.
Small <»nes can be made for horticultural ])urposes,
and tle'vcaii be so varied i!i structure as to enable a
[)erson to drttp seed in '-((utinuous j>arallel rows. Last
spring \Nas my first opportunity f >r trying my device.
I planted altout ten acres, dropjting it in the above
way: and although j>art of the field was hilly and
uneven, it was doiui to my entire sati.->factit>n, thus
saving the labor of marking witn the plough.

The easiest plan of outwitting the insects, ts^hich I
have experienced, is to plant plenty of seed ; I find it
better to pluck up than replant.

Tin' \vrit''r'> motive in presenting the alx.ve "imple
innovation is a desire to b.mefit others. It is referr.-d
entirelv to y<»ur disention. Should you deem it ]»ro-
pcr you can "place it on the track," or you nniy,
witlmut offence, slide it off the "emliankment."

M. LAKKIN,

East Brtmdvwine, (Miester county.

-••►

Fall Ploughing,

Mk. Koitor

the Farm Jonrnal T find, for raising tlie premium
crop of l()(t liushels per acre, Mr. Walk<'r ploughed
in the ]»eginni! g of May, and planted the last of May.
In the same numbor of the Journal 1 find, (or the,
next ju-finium crop, Mr. M.-('re:i has given his time
for ])lowing as some tjine in March, and that very
litth' r.fter culture ^wv necessary to keep down the
weeds.

In the January number of tlie Prarii* Farmer of
1S4T, I find an artiide sigtuid A. L., which speaks

The subject on which I shall make ' ^^'"^ '^^ ^''^^ ploughiT,g for corn :
a few r<-marks, is one which I consider of importance j "^'^ ^^'" V^'''''^ ^'^'^'^'^' ^ 1^^^'' ^'^'^^ ploughing for corn,
to everv farm^u', and one that I have never seen dis- j ^^^^ repeated tr.als, has mostly been abandon.nl on
Missed -lu the Farm Journal, though other subjects - ^^^'^ land, especially early fall ph,ughing. I have

(,f less importance has ))een commented on in its col-
umns. 1 mean the proper time for ploughing corn

(rround.

I have been a practical farmer fjr some time, and
;v constant reader of agricultural works, funl yet can
I tw'ver adont the popular plan of ploughing my corn
ground in the fall. I havt; frequently conversed with

succeeded l^est with the corn crop — taking into ac-
count labor and yield— where the planting followed
the ploughing as soon as possible. '^

I shall here say that I fully comuir with A. L. in
saying that taking in account la})or and yi<dd he is in
favor of spring ploughing. I have always found the
yield better in spring pbjwing, and labor much less

Yours, (tc
SAMUEL MLMMA.

Locust Grove Farm, r)au{)hin co.,

Ftd.ruarv l'>th, \^r>:].

-•♦*-

'^ . r- r 11 1 I • 1 ii . . , m keepin<r weeds an(i grass down,

the advocat<'S of fall jdoughmg, and the pnnci])al , ^ ^ ^' swrrF

rea-ons urged are: a preventive against the cut-worm,
advance with their spring work, and that theirteams
are in a better condition to do work in the fall than
in the spring. The first of tliese reasons may, in a
measure, b(* an inducement to some for fall plough-
in'^ ; but t.) me it is not, for I never have had much
troubh* with the grub. My mode of management is
to plant deep with the hoe, and not too early in the
season. The advantage 1 find in planting deep is,
that if the worm cut off the stalk, it still gr«)ws on
without injury, and if planted shallow, the worm
takes it s(* close to the grain that it must die. As
to the tw(t other reasons, 1 think they should have
little weight, for in my opinion, teams well wintered.

Fur thi' F.irrii Jou i- ul.

Agricultural Heview-- No. I.

The township of Hirmingham, Chester county,
Pa., is situated five miles south of West Chester, the
county seat, 1.5 miles north of Wilmington, Delaware,
and 25 miles west of Philadcdphia : these are 'the
markets which receive its products. It contains two
grist and saw mills, with machinery attached for
grinding plaster and cob meal, one shingle machine.

one store, one blacksmith and two wheelwright

^ . % , , , • , • shops, one tavern, which, and the store,! regret to

are better able to perform hard work in the spring ^ i . n • •. i- \ ■ \ \

, ' ,, ^ , , , , 1 say, are licensed to sell spirituous liquors, by inliab-

than they are in the fall, after a whole summer p hard . -^ / , . i • .1 j i- • w ^ r

-^ itants of the township, the demoralizing effects ot

work

which are plainly evident in the vicinity ; two places

Mv own experience too, has taught me that ground . ,. " , , • a • 4. 11,..., ..»,«

' , . , , • r of worship, one school averaging thirty scholars, (me

plouu;hed in the fall, and subiected to the action (d , ., , ^ ,.,... , • r ^^

I -^ ' ,) I ilvvovx' t\i O (Win voliimoM niimcroim oiiarnes ot ex-

the frosts, heavv rains and snows of our winter, will
become hard and unmanageable the following spring
and then will rerpiire as much labor to get it proi)er-
ly pulveri/.e<l as another ploughing ; and then my
impression is, it will not retain moisture as well as
spring ploughing.

Another re.'ison for spring plowing is that it can

Library of 2,(M)0 volumes, numerous (piarries of ex-
cellent building sb)ne, and one of liuiestone on its
border. l\)pulation about 300.

It comprises about 3,000 acres, skirted on the west
by the Hrandywine creek, (bordered by extensive
meadows,) and is intersected throughout by small
streams (>f the purest spring water, affording, in con-

1 , ,, , , • 1 r n ^u 11- 1 necti(ui with the spontaneous growth of the natural

be better done than m the fall, the ground being al- ; "^^"^ ' • , , •>

• , 1 n 1 1 • ' n-rasses, 'Vreen trrass," //oa r;ra/'^7?.sv.v ; "blue grass,

wavs m better order for phuitrhing. gr.i. .<.., j^'*- »• ^ ' i J ^

T, , . , •' ^1 r iwi . T 11 poa rowpressa; white clover, injuhvm rrj>nis and

1 have seen plowinir done in the fall thiit 1 would r ' ' ^ I y r r •

, , , , , , 1 r .1 • others ; facilities for the method of farming practic-

not have thanked a man to have done for Dothing. on ^Ji'"«^''* ' » . , ., • .. '

... . , J 1 ■ * ed; irrazing accompanied with grain raising, not ex

my farm, m conseinience of the ground being too ' ^ ^ ' . . , , • 1 .1 i

•^ 1 n ri . ,11^,1 :^ ,.,,.».,. ,.*lw»^ cj.fiiofwinu and which tlloU<'^l

hard.

To prove my position, I find in referring to agricul-
tural works, that where there has been an extraordi-
nary yield, it always has been the product of spring _
plowing. In looking over the February number of loam, inclining to clay in the flats, and containing a

celled in many other situations, and which, though
less profitable than others, is less laborious, both in
the family a id field.

The surface is mostly rolling; soil a deep sandy

IG

COMMUMOATIOXS.

AfinrL,

con,,.aor. Mo per ocntagc .,f nmull st.mo ; M,l.s„il plastor, the ..plan.ls, (.(tcr clearing ufT the ta.,^r)

«a.ulyan,l gravelly on the uplan.l. elay.v n, ,1,. ,„- „ere ,.r„,,|-a ».ih ;rrain .-,. 1„„. as U,e cr„,, ^va8

teryales : there i« little H'a.ste la.nl; ,„„l„.,-, »l,i,e tlu.n.l., ,„ , ,v |,„.,l„. lal,,.,. a„.| ?i„ „ l„.i„g c'.„h.1

an.l hlaek „aks of superior ,iualitv. ,-.,1 a,M wl,iie cred as -irorn onf a„.l „! liiil.. ;.,|,„. ,,-,« oil',.,

nckory walnut, white nn.l r-ll.w |.,.,,lar, >,m|,|., ,„a,le co,«,;h,„ ,„. aa.l,..! t. ,h,. ,a„fre of Jtoek « 1,'i, h

beech, ttc. I ,,,.,,1 111-, I • .

. V' "it '''?;^''''' twenty fanns, mostly ran;:. wiMt.r pn...,.,!..,. w:.s ..tlitn.l |,-„.u luUu.al or\vat-

in;;from 100 to loO acres; these are m.I.IIm.I,.,! i..- ernl .n.M.I.w !, nk. Tin... wtT. e«teen,o.l fl.o f.r

to 1) or 10 enclosures, (prinrlpaMy ly -w.nn !.,.•.,- ni^r's .,,lc drp.-i.tl.n.v. \,.,v, thnso wmM- n,,l mmK

Home hedges of the \ ir.inia ^\...urrnU.Jus curdala, , cuu>ti,ut. .on., of our nm.t pnKh.^ti^.> hindV,,.!

i'lM (h.'se :itv n,,v. l„.,n- aLai,.!.,,,..!.) exrlusivr of eontinii.' increasing in t.Ttllity.

\\ "Mtillaiitls and pcrman.Mit juciidnws. r-:- .-: : 1 _

TIk' r .tatit.n (.f crops alni.»^t univ<M-s:ill v iiur^ucd
]^: \'\v>\ \r:u\ asvu on an old sod; l!nd, oats ; ;;rd,
^' '"'•■^^ ; I'l'i clover ami tiniotiiy, mown or pa>lurcd ;

- v«

0th hay, »>th hay : 7th, Stii. 'itli. pastur.".

The division ,,1 hmd. avcra-o products of crops
and places may he seen in i!ic t;ihl" anncx-d, ihi'
estinnitcs of grain (T.-ps and prices ai-e taken fi-oin
actual ne'inMrandimi. I'oi- the la-t (en vears, on a farm
of iiietliinn eai^acit V. Iha'ces enihrn.-e tli.. l..\^• rates
eaiisri! hy eoiMiiiercia! <lepi-eH>i(,ii^ jii vears >iiice
■i'"i till" hi-h e.nes conser|nent iipMii the expoitations
of 1847. Wheat crops einbriice tw,. good crops, av-
eraging 27 and 2v> hufthuls, and two i)oor ones of 9
and 11 bushels, occasioned by winter-killin-, Hos-
sian fly and rust. Corn crops ranged from 20 hu.,
owing to the excessive dr(»iiu!it of !>!!, to xi lai.
Other items aiv Irem p r^oiial ohser\;iti n, aid ,,!'
course ar^' ^nly nn ap)trte\ii);atioii to the actual re-
sults, tho' I believe they arc nearly c^urect.

Su^cient potatoes are inteide,] to h. rai-od tosnte
ply each family: the ri«-k of disease ]ir.'\tnt- ;in\-
thing furl her. They ari- irenorally planted in part ^.[
the oats iitdd. Sweet potatoes and ( itr .n melon-!
thri\e and produce well, hut are not much cultivatc(l. i
]Miieh att< iiticn i< paid ti. raisin-r avari(>tv of -Mrden '
V'lretiililes I'tu- honn» use in their season; an<l some
tu the sniiiUer I'ruit^. (airrants, gooseberries, raspher-
ries, &c., hnt ic>t a -r^at deal gi\en to pears, jdums,
cherries, peaciies or grape> : huckwlieat non<' ; r\f.
little or none; roots fur stock, tuiiiip>, Swedivh ,,;•
common, beets, carrots, &c.. hut liitlc "rown.

Durham stock <d W intakor's im]...rtations, has
been introducfMl. and thei-e ar<' pur- hr.d and -radc;
animals oi that and other crosses. Also. S<.uthd(.wn
sheep, bred from Jo..pIi (Jopfj's importations; and
the stallion Hilligence, bred from an inipmtt d Nor-
man horse, lings, Berkshires recei\c no lavor. Tlie
^'Chester county" is universal. The fnllowin- are
the weights of several killed the pa-t fall, at ahout
16 months old: 525, 5iri, 4»2, 1:^1 Ihs., althou-h the
average would be about 300 lbs.

f '■ "S" "2 ~ ^
i' Ci r. TO c ^ -1

"^ Z. >■ ■*"• _^
^ r. ^ ••' ^

— ?r in *; —

~ y. y. S^'<

li 15

3 T

tz ' r. J^ '^ r*. "■ /• A rt" ■« si " £,

P o '^ ^'^ c «. i'- :r

C i! '^ -T — '^,

a_ *5 -• -• - -

CM

C
_ ^, -1

r^ ^^ -^ '^^ 'V N^

235

V2

C -

- ft ^

f>

is.

:f ? S 5

4 '■ r £

riQ

CO

<-♦•

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r>

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^

o

g

©

V.

.

o

^1

gx

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X

-5

:3

HI W i->CC o><o

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<i 5 o i S = -

2 35 4 Ei^ 2 3

■415*

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b3

cnti b

'72

1
•3

i i^ w<

55 i

3.

"Amount consnnnMl'' does not in(dndo grain fed t(r
dairy coats or feedijig stock, intended ft.r nnirket.

Aumher of horses, oxen and cows do"s not om-
hrac(> young st<?rk nnder four vears of a-j;''.

I.iinc ai'llvertMt, costs per l.ii-li. 1. - - l". cts.) t
t..nm..l i.i.isfiT. ♦• •' t.-n, - - ^u M j Iiuroncraluse.
f<nmiio. >■("!•>• little used, - - - -W
lixiH'iisc of taking corn to WlliiiiiiiL'toTi, - - - 5cts. pcrbu.
' o;its to l'liilii(U'Ii»lila. - - ....

Thej»e "pi-oducts" nniy scverjilly claim attentieiii
lier.MHer. C. li.

liiruiingham. .". I'd mo., \'^^)?^,

4«»

Within half a century, and for one. hundred years
previously— for this district has been a strictly an-ri-
cultural one since the days of Penn—and before the
present alternation of crops, accompanied by sowing
of artificial grains, and the application of lime and

For the Farm Journal,
Mhite I? arkhen \.

There has b(vn a con>idei-ahle stir latelv anion"-

n
the h»>rliiailturists about a sj>ccie's ol' the ruhiis rillo-

.9?^y, Ciillcd the whit<' hhn-kberry. It is said U) he

very fine. A\'hefh. r it is or not it rr>allv mu^t lie .a

curiosity among the triln- (d' dark berries. Can any

readers of the Journal give a history of it, and where

it can be obtained ; as such information would be

very acceptable to a subscriber. J. C. 13.

Do.vningtown, Chester co.

1853.]

COMMUXICATIONS.

17

For the Farm Journal.
Shanghai i^'owls.

MtssRS. PlniTORs: —

A\ 111 not your raey correspon-
dent inform us how Iiis remarkable "celestial^" were
kept? What niunhcr of the sixty or seventy com-
mon \o\\\:- produced the (oui- do/.-n e.-^r^ jj, danuary?
\\ iial w ro fhnr a-cs and how k<'pt. aside fiuin rang-
ing the l,;irn iin I vard? hid no sin-Ie indnidiml
equal the V'eliow Miangha.' ?

I'iM p<-h of Shanghais he reared last season .udy nx,,
quilelatc it Is true, hut iron, the f mr up to tins date'

TUREi: e-;j;s ha\ e heeli (detained.

So h>n..^ Messrs. i: I:,,,,,, ,,, ,.,^^^ ,p, „^,^ j^^^.^^^^^^, ^^^^
cleeply indoctrinated m the n,ysteri..s of celestial
chn^'kendom, and an- williu:,^ to puhh.h, vou shall
have hoth sides of the (pnv>ti(-n.

Ir was not theinn.nti.ai to ask the ilev Mr 11 u(
yet d. ]'>. a. what

»r

, ■ , , . - '^^'■"^ ^'"' ''''unirkahly iu>i,d 'arietv

urh isolated ..xpernnents,whieh it require.;no clair- tlmt was promlucu.t .nough-^hut the culo/i/lr f It

vnyance to pronounce upon, are (d,jeetionahle. \oth- I ^^'^7/ iniglit he avoid.'d hy'farniersfL

mg hutJoir/Ji.srxsc could induced. B. (J. to put them

forth. It was unnecessary f .r him to add that he

"did not rak.' the disease in tlu^ ordinaiv way," Imj-

cau-^e his symptoms indicate; a violence of attack

yrry extra. udlnary, and wddch homeopathic doses of

ruy s,'i/j]' would n(»t er;niit'at(

r

J. K. K.

-•••-

Fur tlir i-.uiij Juurnal,

Hrewcrs and Parity.

my .v,V//;' would not eradicate. ^^"- J^'f^'T^f^: ~

I'nnit n.e too to give (-vperinnmts. La^f \„ ,, , r ^ ""'^'^'^'"^ ^^ ^'•^'- I'-^'>'»^}lvanla farm-

tumn a pau- were purchased for the ^.ry nn.d- ' ''-'^^^ ^''•'^;^;<'^^ ^^'^ ^-Ircular of the l>hlladelphia
crate sum of two dollars, irom a p.a-,n who^e > :.,, „ ^" ""^''^^^ ' ^'^ ^"Vitmg us to ^^ . ntrgcy

^•Pm-n -. all tnatters pertaining to in,proved stoek ' u l^ k7 ^'1"?;'" n"'' ' ' ""^ ^'"'"■''^' ^'''' -^'>

isccatkoiru, an I whose iavorahle opi!.„n of this ' "'^/""^:'^^^- ^f^ -'^l-n of dollars annually sent

varl.tv. Induced Inm to t.erseven.ne ,,... H..;,. :.: " ^ ?' ^ ^'^'\" ''"•''"'' ^''"^" "^^^^^ ^^'-'^^ers with their

vare^ty, induced him to perseveranee l..r their in- , supidles
troduction which was really Icrinc. Jhom his re
presentations corroborated hy liie i!ook--\ mv anxietv

' '''^'' '"^^'^" "P i»'y mind to sow barley
this sp,nn,^ wle.. one of my m-i^hhors gave me an
account of his experience with the hrcwers last Win-

was aroused almost to chirbvi f,nr lie could ' f^,. ;. ,\ l ...

•i - -a.l,. ,, a fn,.,„l r..r "aO Iw n,:.n.„„. ]tZ^,\s'^;^T'"T"^^^^

fooiuMueu \\"i' iMie ' bright and soum, Ave <rh 11 r fni'tv ,,;,. / .

cl.ar,,.,l „„.-.„„H,i,„. V,„, .ill ,K.,v..;vn .hat all Ku.^H. H,. ,„„ it O .],,;: ''''',''' J. '" !'"
--^^ "1 ,1,,. la,., ■• hav,. „„t a„ c,. .„„e O „,.. ! tn so,,,, half a ,0..,, O ,,';;'; :'''':' ''

Dig.

per hen in tweUr d.iys

The llilriy hnv- produced since the first n[ .Janua-
ry, seven hundred and iifty eg.-, that is ten per day,
or one lor every three hens. \,, aecoum wa^ kej.t
in December, and if that month he added,, c have an
•average of hovch per .lay, nearly one per <'vrvy four
^n^n^, lar ahov." tin- av<-rag.> of the improved "'cracks."
^'»t 1 am Well convim-e.l from appearam-e of <'gg8,
•Jgo Of chickens, &c., that the seven hundn .1 and'
fatty eggs were produced by half of the common hen,,
thereby doubling the average. A single individual
produced fifteen eggs in eighteen days.

A friend on whose statements reliance can confi-
dently be placed, informed me this day that from

• xr ,r , ' •^^•'i":i'ge price

, in A(nv York tor several y.^ars past V f

All my ....... ..,,. were cut off i. e. their heads ' them would touch it,-som; declined lus!rJ7lnl

n.l . ith these six new "cracks,'^ the race .d improve- 1 price, and <me or two ha.l the nn^gnaniiL; U Xr
nent commenced. No. tor the result, which like i sixty cents: Completely out of ;atience wllht:
^ '-^ -t •'. 1>. (.. IS admitted to he isolate.] and pndj- whole craft,my neighbor left his sample with a fnVnd
^^'•!v premature, These three hens, proenr .1 in No- ^ an.l went homo, well satisfied that the fumms cir
^t•mlK■r, have had the same treatment, uith the ex- ,: <'ular of tln.se hivwers was a n-ular piece oi 's.am
caption of an occa-^ional tit hit -d' lueat an i roast po- ' "ion." By ae.-i.h-nt Mr. Kudman of 'he "I-\.de
tatoes. uah thirty ,,r the c.mnnon st.-ck. ipto thi. lir...-ery," in (Jpmmi street, happen,'] to 'n. .-t wiih
time, they have pro..!uced twenty-five eggs, that is f'"' samp^le. an 1 at once off Ted sev.Mitv live c-ents f, r
one egg in four days, or .'.pial to an average (d .me ' the crop; ami mor.M.ver, agr.'cd t.) take next seas., n

all th.,' Ptmnsylvania barley of (Mpnd (piality that
may be })rought to him, at tl e sain pri.-e. S,, much
for tic great circular tint was issue 1 wij, so much
para.le last Fall. Had it not ■!>e<"n fr ihe llheralify
of Mr. Iludman, my neighLv;r would ilavc had his
barlev on his hamis yet.

1 have troubled you .Mr. Kditor v.ith tlicsc hasty
remarks ju^f to let the farmers know wh.-re to take
their barley when tle^y seek a market for it in Phil-
adelpliia. And it' th.y should want to take home
with them a cask of ale tliat would make even an,
ultra teetotalar's mouth, water, they would find the
very article at Mr. R.'s establishment.

A Bucks Corxiv Farmer.

ft." »

IR

COMMrXIOATIONS.

April,

mm*mvt

m».)

nOMMJ'\(rATIO\S.

For the Farm Journal.
The Wluat I'ly, A^alii.

The followln*; passjijj^es are extract(Ml from a rooont
Letter from l>i-. T. W. ll.MUiis, thr author cC tlm
valuable work on th(^ Insrrfs injitrious fn vajctation,
dated Camhriih/r, Mns6:, Feb. I'i, IH53, to Dr. Wm.
Darlington, of West Chester. Inronnalloii from such
h'orh atithority will, no <l(»uht, be duly apiu-t'ciated
by our Aj^rieultural iVimds.

have ht'ii the ease with the speciniens you have Hcnt
to me. The inscctM are in th.lr dormant state; some
havr- shed th^ir skins; otht'rn have merely shakt n
thomselves loose from their skins, without throwinj^
them off."

"A (h'tailed account of the history of tliis insect
will be found in my Trcatis(^ on inscijts injurious to
vegetation, a new editiitn of which hafl been rccont-
ly printed; but the for«';2;oin^ brief abstract embraces

,, '^ , 111 .vor thp Ti-insirtions of JiH the essential particulars. No remedies have been

"ff vnu luive ever looked o\er ine i lans.ii uoiir^ ui i /• xi • •

II >ou nave i> i i successful in arrest nj^ the ravages oi this m-

thel/inna.mS<,ciety(.f London, y(m may remember tully«uctu.>iu^ r. A^a,.,^ ju^t

.1 f i.r Mr Mir^hnm and s^ct. It is highly important that the cliaH, aust,

♦rv linvo Kiu^u the accounts, i)V >^ii- ^>»arsnani anu o ^ i . ,, .

to ha^♦ srtn tneaccouni , y ,.„.„..,.,,.,, I and refuse straw, if f<mnd to contain the maggots,

Mr K rbv of an insect iniurums to the wheat Liop^ '"'^ ^ » . i i. u „

Mr. i\irn^,oi an lu i. j ,,.„ J s'^ould be immediately hirrni, m as t.) destroy the

inKn-land, half a century ago. 1 his insect was s .ouKi nc imm y , . ,,,,,^ .,, fl;.^

ailed 7V.J/. 7V,7,V/, and is now referred to the ge- dormant maggots and prevent their change to fl es
:^ O.//..,.. an.; its common nam. i. tin- .A..- Crops have been saved irom injury V>y s^--^- ^^^

\t ron.-lw-d this earlv part of the Autumn or late in the; .>pring.
/7i/ Tw.Mvtv-five or more years ii^o, It reaeliea mis t.uiy i-'-m
fly. iNNUit) tn. orm } Pi,;.h Provinces; Si)rin-wheat has dcme better than winter-wheat,

r :■;.,;•:: r :r r ;;::;":,l"v:;:",;::::: u. ^ ..i..u,, h- .,.„ ,. n.w k,,,..,,,, a... .... ^.

bonlors :,,■ l,ower CUu.uia ir. 182S, and has gradually or 20ti. of May. Other r.n.ed,.. have b.cu tr.od,
spread through iNew r.n.Ku.u u„u .„,.. V„.l., .ud aad of these Bee my book aboTO nanv'.l +

* . , , . ******

'T have satisfied myself, on historical grounds,
that all the species of Cururbitu'.ire. originally Amer*
icau. They were unknown in Europe before the dis-
covery of the wrstorn continent. The two or three
species, referred by botanists to India, ar.' proved to
be exotics there. They came from this Wrs/rm In-
(Ua. Lven CHnirbita ovifera turns out nvi to be a

19

seems to be working its way southward and west.
ward overy year. The amount of damage done by
it varies greatly in ditlerent years and i)laces; and
in some instances, it has nearly disappeared from
places wh.-re it formerly prevailed. In its winged
.state, tin. insect is a minute tly or stingless gnat,
much smaller than the Hessian lly, with orange-color-
cd b.nly and legs, transparent wings, and long bead

like antenna^ The time ot the appearance ot these ,^,,ti,, ,,f Astrachan. Urche found it there only as a

flies varies, according to temperature and situation,
from the beginning of dune to the end of August;
but the principal swarms appear in the wheat-fields
ill New England from the middle of dune to the
middle of July, at which time the Hies lay their eggs

cultivated plant in the gardens, in company with In-
dian corn and lira/.ilian beans, all undou}>tedly in-
troduced directly or indirectly from America."

t In a subse<iuent letter, referring to tliis subje.'t,
Dr. 11. says:--! may not have sufficiently urged the

middle of du V, at wtiicH lime ine im:a uij ti^ ix ^ ^o' ur. 11. says: — 1 iiiitj "v.«^ ••-'- ;■"'" ^ " ,

haUdi in abcmt eight days, and produce minute or
ange-colored maggots, which live on the pollen and
on the soft substance of the grain while iu the milk,
extractiiig it from the base of the germ. In conse-
(luence of this depredation, the grains do not fill out
plump, and are always more or less shriveled and de-

imporiancc ui uv;oi..v,ji».b v..^ ^ - i V,„nr1

the wheat-insect left in the eliaft. It may be found
expedient to reap the wheat early, or before .he mag-
gots have left the ear.. The inseets w.U hen rema
Fn the cdiaff, and dust after the gram .8 threshed an
winnowed, with which they .honld be I'^^'t- '«
this way a large proportion of the ne.'ct year .s fswarffl
0 Hies will be^lestroyod. If this be neglected, an
the magijots are letUo de«eend from the gnun m

plump, an.l are aiwa\s moiu u. .. .- - j,„. ,„,vj,i;„ts are le,, i.. u,... ..v. ■•■■■■■ " ..ronna

Live. The maggots conte to their '''" ^■■- >" - U-'l^, .'V are .•at.,,.ed w,U^^ ^

.out fourteen days, when they cease ^'^'^^J^ \ X:^Z^:^:t\^^^^^ the following year."
main torpid for a few days, during which they cast , I ^^^

their skins, which are delicate transparent films.

After this, the greater part of the swarms, if the
weather be sufficiently moist, descend to the ground
and burrow under the surface, where they remain in
a dormant state till spring, when they take the chrys-
alis form in the earth, and emerge from their retreats
as flies in June and July. Late broods of the mag-
gots are sometimes harvested with the grain and car-
ried into the barn, where they will b.' fo.iiel in the
ohafT and in the screenings of the grain. This is
very likely to happen if the maggc^s have not come
to their full growth, or if their descent to the earth

Fnr Ih.^ Farm .Journal.

C;ucnon on Milch Cowh.

Since the publication of the last Journal, therf
has been several sales of cows within eight or tei
miles of West Chester, and as your readers abroad
may want to know what a (;.)0i> cow i^ worth here
(having the "Milk Mirror" perfe.^t,) we will add tli'
prices (d' twt>. One sold in Thornbury, Delawar
county, brought $bO 50; another st>ld near Paul'
in Chester county, brought $G 4 25. The above co^

lu ■ f 11 growth or if their descent to tne earn, were well known and tried; the first one making «^
'::!^.^^S:Xts\...^'^- ^^^ -mstolo^ eleven pounds of butter a week all through *

Summer, and will not go ,|ry, and within six weeks
of calving, will make four pounds of hutKo-. The
second one (last season) with licr first calf, made (en
and a h.ilf puund.s of butter tlie week she was tried;
ani at the sale was within a month or six weeks of
calving, arid was making fom- pwurids a w,.,.k tlniu.
Our rea:^on n»r noticing t!ie above cows i.s not so
nneli to briii- thn,, Ixdbr.' tli.' p,iih]ic, |,ut to prove
thr sci.-iicM of (MicnMii. IJuth th.^^c cow.s having the
•'Milk Mirror" nearly or (^uite perfect. 1 will also
ad.l, tliey were l)oth Vork State cows, bought out of
droves when lieifers, for prices ranging from S-H to
V^\ The advantage of the science is this: It mat-
ters not what country or what }»reed a cow comers
from, if she have the "Mirror" perfect, slie will not
deceive the owners expectations; and also, it is not
worth the trouble and expensr^ (,f importing stock
for milking purpo.ses, when we have themarhome,
and can raise tiiem to perfection by following the ad.
vice (d (iuenon and NefHin. We will cIosm; our re-
marks bv askitiL'- a oue.^t^on Will not the nbove

prices pay for breeding perfect animals for milking
purposes? ^

ting the largest an] finest of the chickens, f;,r ,nv
next summer's stoek. (I a!H(, keep on.^ en.xver lor
(^very five hens, and hav no lame chl<;ks.) \ow I
l'av<>as large, fine, hardy, and prolific fowls, as any
reasonable woneni can de.Ire to oossess; without the
«'xtra care and nursing, which is rcfpiired by the im-
[)orted hree<is.

■*••

__ Jt'or the Fanu Joiir.Mai.

Mr. Editor; —

Perhaps at this peculiar period of
hen roost celebrity, while the attention u{ farmers
nnd h. .use-holders is so urgently directed toward
the improvement of tli(>ir chickens, a woman may l'
be pennitte<l to give tln^ result of her own experi-
ence, for the benefit (d those unfortunate mortals
who are unable to obtain the far-famed Shangai, or
t.ther imported crowers and cacklers.

I have been nominal mistress to flocks of chickens
during at least twenty summers, but fbr a great part
of the time I left the management of the }.oultrvyard
to whoever was pleased to attend to it And it was
managed after this manner. The q^^s, were collect-
<'<! for eating, as long as the cool spring weather con-
tinued, and no hens permitted to set until May or
June. Then the earliest chickens were eaten in the
^^tll- at,.I the late l,,dr o;n,wn ones, kept to perpetu-
•tte the stock. It is a popnhir belief that late chick-
'•''^ lay best in the spring. Well, our chickens de-
teriorated sensibly. They grew to be no larger than
ph'Mis'ints. and nnmy o{' the voung chicks were crip-
ples, and unable t<» walk. We were always chan-^-
"'^wnh our nei;rh),,rs, not only crowers.'but he,?s
and settings of eg^^s; all to no purpose. Finaliy I
Ix^^^un to philosophise upon the subject. I alwavs
preserve the earliest s(^tting of peas, beans, and oth-
er garden veg(^tables, for seed, and so improve my
varieties: and I now resolved to try the sam.' with my
lowls. 1 observed that ha'f grown <hick.>ns in the
lall were only half grown chickens the next sprin

May I ],e permitted also to offer my obser^ation
upon the causes of the potato disease. You must
observe that I have had opportunity of analy/dng tln^
quality of this famous esculent. My M(.ther (Idoss-
ingson her) always used potatoe starch in her fami-
ly, and this she manufactured herself.' I was her
(ddest daughter, and my fingers knew the evils (,f
contact witii the grater, when they were scarc(dy
larger than a rye straw, as I assisted at the annua'l
starch making. Of course I folh.w my mother's ex-
ample, a:..; ;...wJvv. cv^iy Autumn as much potatoe
starch as I need for family purposes.

In the fall before the potatoe disease broke out
in this vicinity, I was surprised at the small quanti-
ty of starch (djtained by my usual {u-ocess, from the
usual measure of potatoes. 1 thought it must be left
in the dregs, and acc.)rdingly washed and strained
them a sec(md time, but obtained nothing. So it has
been c^ver since. Now, I presume that this paucity
of farina, which leaves the potatoe watery, and soft,
is the true reason of the decay or rot; and that any
process of cultivating or manuring, wjiich would so
regulate the chemical action and affinities, as to give
the potatoe its reqiusite quantity of farinaceous mat-
ter, would regenerate this valuable article of food.

My opinion is not a mere vagary, for we always
devote apart of the garden to potatoes, for early use,
so that I have an opportunity to watch them, and to
try and oh'^erve every suggested experiment, for pre-
venting or checking the disease, as >«^ellas of observ-
ing the various indications of its existence and pro
gross. And 1 am wtdl convinced that many of the
appearances whicdi have be(!n deemed amsrs of the
disease, are mer(>ly emu-ts, some of them sectional
and some accidental.

Will scientific farmers please give my opinion a
•'trial by jury," befbre they condemn it?

LYIHA JANK Pi:iIiSO.Y.

<•►

Sol

commenced by -setting- my liens as early as
^ney showed an inclination to hatch, and then seloc-

For (lie Far.u Journal.

Experiment with C^uano,

In July, iSoO, I sov^vd a fi 'Id of 2^ aeres v»ith
bucdvwheat. Of this, two a,crcs was sown with eu-
ano, aboul \)i) Ihs. to the acre : the remaining I oi an
acre had n-» manure of any kind. We harvested and
thrashed in October, and from the two acres sowed
with guano we had 51 bushels of good plump grain;
and from the j of an acre not guanoed, we had iia

> ifi

20

rOMMrXICATlOXS— EXniBITION— OORX PLANTKR.

ApRI!.,

T^.^.ri

- i»t1fc->**i - f ■ »».if-»Wi»-

bushels of poor, shrunk, good-for-nothing. Tlu^ fol-
lowing is a statiiracnt of the cost and yicdd (;f each
acre:

Balance in favor of ;;uano

g^20 10

%

NoGrANO-2:l l)us. ii. Wherit at 10 ets per bu., $1 K)
yielded per acre

Last season a number of y)lants, started in a tem-
perature of 05 deg., and ripened in one of 75 to 80
deg., profbiced all pistillates. Twelve runners from
GcANO — 51 bus. buckwheat nt 50 ci^ por bn., $25 50 j these j»lants were selected, potted in small pots, and
ISO lbs. of guano at ?j cts. per lb., 5 40 ultimately treated as other plants for forcing. Seven

of the strongest of these produced stuminate flowers
and the otl^er fiv*^ pistilhite, like their parent plants.
Another set of 100 pots, last season, produced all
pistillate^. A siniilnr set, forced easily this season,
prodiK'od all but tlif weakest plants, perfect. It has
bcDi dotil'trd \vlw't!)cr tlir Alice Maude, in ni;iny
Balance per acre in favor of guano, SS 58^ I collections, is c.nv.-tly so, and it lias ])(>en su--(>sted

A Yorvc r.'.!LMKK. that tiie grower.-i sbotUd obsc^rve wlntlKn- their y)lants

ai-e ])istillat<'s or staminates, in ordtT to decide. I
have su])mlttod tlie abovr observations to you, hop-
Corn Fertilizer, irg tlicv may l\av(> a practical b* aring on that <pies-
As tlK' tlui.' is drawing near r)r j.lanting Corn, I tlon l-y sh(,\viug tb(> distinction l-twccn pistillates
consider it v^rv inu.ortant thsU Farmers ^Imuld bo \ and stamlnates to bo worthb-ss-cuUivation pro.bic-
acquainted witli tbo })eFt nv^^r nf preparing seed ing either the one or the otii<>i

With ''

$ 1 dir^i

1<) 05

-«••-

I'l-r !h(' I'avm .luuriKil.

corn for planting. Tlio inndo I liave prartiscMl fir
several years, with <:roit su'-coss, is, inini<'d:at.'ly be-
fore depositing the seed in the ground, to mix two
quarts of soft soap M-it)i bnlC a bnsliol of set.'d corn;
after that is done, put a good supply of Pla^tor witli
the alcove, and mix \v,ii fn;;,>thrr. IMant the corn
with as little delay as possible afterwaids.

GEO. WALKKR.

West Chester, March 23, 1853.

. «»*

THOMAS MF.HHAX.

-•♦^

-••»►

The MetrujMvlUan I :\lH])i(iou.

At tiie Motroiidlitan Kxhibition, v»]ii<'li closed a
>li(.rt linio since ;it \Va>bington, I). C, we notice that
rhoster county came in for a share of the honors.
The Messrs. Pennock, of Kennett Square, received
tlie first premium for their new Slide Grain Brill.
Three other Briil^ wrrerTcbiT)ited — Hunt's, GatcheH'H
and Urrnv's. Messrs. Lee, Pierce k T.eiv, of this
llie Straw l)erry (iuo^tlon— lIoveyN Seedliu{;. county, whose Orill is in deservedly high repute
The iuliowingcommunicafi..n was read at the late ' wlierever known, were not represented at this Exhi-
ineetino" of the Pennsylvania Hmticuliural Society: bitiun.

To nil, 1*ENNSVLVAN1A HnRTK I l.llKAl. SoriFTY:

In accordance with a suggesiinn of the society,
expressed in one of its r(»gvilatii)ns, that 'notices of
peculiarities in culture, management, i\:c., ol the ob-
jects are most desirable," I make a fevs^ reniarks on
the sexual charactcu-s of the plants of Hovey's Straw-
)>erry, 1 have exhilnted this evening.

This variety is usually classed as a pistillate, and
considered worthies when not planted in the neigh-
borhood ot a ^tluninate kind. I liiid by repeated ob-
servations, made while forcing them, that they be-
come a staminate by being lorced slowly, in a mode-
rate temperatun^ : -at the same tinn^ an ahuielama; of
lie-ht, and a regular supply of moisture— conditions The above cut represents a new and improved Corn.
well known as essential to a healthy luxuriousness riantiv. re^'ently patented )iy S. k M. Peimock. of
of the stra.vberry. On the oth( i- haioL I iind that Kennett Square, in this county. Remarkably sim-

m:\v corn pi.amf.h

whatever tends to check that luxuriau'-e has a ten-
dency to produce the pistillate f)rnj. In. tiie speci

pie in its construction — having neitlier Cog-wheel,
nor fixing of nny kind, that can possibly got out of

mens before you, *)ne very weak from over watering ' order -this Drill iiinst soon work its way into favor

and deficient drainage, is a pistlllat«- another, a
very weak plant and forced rapid.ly. lias the e.nthers,
very nearly abortive ; while the otlu?r plant which
has been in the forcing house since the middle of
January, and in circumstances every way favorable
to their healthy development, are as perfect as possi-
ble.

with fanners. It is s > constructed as to drop four to-
si.x grains to tlie liill, three feet apart, or one to three
grains eighteen inches apart; covers them the proper
depth and presses down the earth with a roller. A
set of steel teeth accompany the Drill, when desired,
so that by removing the planting arrangement, it
may be converted into a Cultivator. This Drill, we

nKOUGE PvEXlcK

^l

understand, was thoroughly tested last spring by sev-
eral farmers in this county, and gave general satisfac-
tion. Tliey are for sale at the Agricultural Wai-e-
liouse in (his lioroiigli. See advertisement.

-<•*-

Tribute to fieorjre Henic k.

i\o one would buy. The butchers scouted his uflera
to sell, even at redu, ,(i jtiices.

>V ilh that patient and rpjiet courage which has
ever marked the man. Mr. Kcniek ordeie.i ^^^u .,r
three ui th- UK.st indiirerent .d' the cattle to In- >iaij-h-
tercd, at his own exj.erise, and the l>ut( he.- was'^li-
rccted to give the meat to his customers, if lie could
not H(dl It at his stall. A fact was made I nown, and

1 do not propose to give an extemled biography of I a valnal.le les^.,^^^as taught to the la.teherand
the individual whoso name heads this artieie. nor to I ccmaunie,-. That meat was "th- best lor its h»oks
narratemany ol the nu-idents of his liie. My only | they ever saw." The h.t was sold; anolh.r and
<d,jcct ist., '-(';':^-;d ..ne or two of his prcaninent ; am.tln«r fbllowed. \ow, all is plain aiol ,.asy. "Anv
a.-ts, uhicn will, sulh.-e to show that a plain, unassu- I one C(mld have done that." S<, thought and said
mmg, unamoitious armer, may confer great benefit th.msands who have foHowed C(,lumbus to tiie N<.u
on his country. 1 here ,s nothing grandilo<p,ent in W,.rld. Nor was there any mystery in makin- the
a iarm.M- s lib.. On the contrary, iiow calm tlu; in- ! egg stand up, after the great <liscoverer ha<l showiMJ
eepti. M, how gradua the expansion of the culliva- ; them how to crush the end. The "forlorn hoi.."" was
tors doM-ns. i-or him there is no sud.len realiza- the pioneer band to hundreds of thousands of fat

tion of hopes, in. silent tlioughtfulness he prepares
tlie ground— ill his mind, deep plouohin^r jiiid careful
harrowing produce fruitfulness. Erom the huddiio-

cattle, which have gone from the Great West to the
nnirk(^ts of Ibiltiniore, Piiiladeljdiia, Xew York and
Hoston, an<l to b»; shipped from tlndr ports to the hir

tothenp.iungof h.s mental growth, his mind g<»es <listant isles (d" the ocean. It has hl-en comraited
sraight onward to its conclusmn. iiut on account , that not less than twenty thousand fat cattle, per an-
ot this slowness. d deveh.pment, this leaning on and | nnm, cross the Sciota 'river, between the town ol
learning Irni Mature, he has soim^times been called , Pik.don and the mouth of Darby. .North and south

a dull, plodding drud;;e. I <.{" tl,,.«o Yu.irO^ fJ.o r,..,»i.o... ,.:.c.* i innrwl I,mv.»

>r .• 1 . , . . . , oouruj, nave

lo tne young nusiiandmanju.-t setting our in life, '

I might say, ladiold in (Jkokok IIenkk your modeh
Leaiii fr(.m hizn that a fruitlul int.dlect may dwell'
with niodesty and merit. And if y.ai would he riv-
eted in attaidiment to the noblest and most ancient oi
avocations, be assured from hi< history, that content
and plenty will ev<-r he the reward of him who assid-
uously cultivates both the soil and the mind. Such
a farmer is al)ove and Ixyond the feverish itchin-'-s
f(»r fame and notoriety. ^

In the winter of l'S(}4— 5, before turnpikes and
canals atforde.! an outlet for the vast <rrain surplus

not been incdmled in the r(;ckoning. Has n(jt Mr.
ib'iiiek opencMl a mine of wealth to the feedeis and
farnuTs ol the whole western world, and at lla; same
time seeure(l to our eastern hrethrena con>tant sup-
[>ly (d' a great necessary f)f life?

This was not the only useful and strikin"- exaniohi
of that amiable and virtuous eiti/en. Ahiait thirty
years after he had >hown his hr./ther farmers how to
get their corn to market, after he had practically de-
monstrated that thousands of cattle, and countless
thousivnds of hogs, could he fattened and driven

,.,... - - r- ...,...^>^ wheri^ ther(^ was the greatest deniaml lor them, he

<d the rich l,ott<.ms and plains (d' the West, the pros- presented to the agrhailtural so<-i(dy .d' this county
pectsol tlie larnier were gha.my and unpromising in la certitieat", signed by gentlemen .d' the highest
lie- extreme. Hogs roamed at large, and iatt-aied ,diara<der for veracity, that he had pr(,dueed bVM
witliout the care or solicitmh' of tlndr owners, ,m the bushcds of corn on an acre of grouixl. I know that
superahundant waste of the forest. The Hmall villa- , this achlevment has been since equall.Ml and surpass-
gesot tlie tliinly settled country, could scarcely con- od, but I mention it here, because it was tin,- first
sume the beet wluch one good farm was able to sup- time, I beliey(>, that the well attested proof i>i so
pi\. And it every big cabin m the country had been I large a vield had ever been made public, and because
a ahstu ery, and every man, woman and child had ' this wonderful product was upon the vei v ground on
uranic their own liome made whiskey like mother's | which, so long a time previous, he had fl-d his "for-
niilk, th(>y could not have consumed the products of ! lorn hone."

heir groaning corn fields. The nominal value of The Ibm. ^din L. Taylor states, in his communi-
inai hane or hlessing of man, as it happened to be eatiim U> the Plough, the Loom and the Anvil, that
in a ii.juHl or solid state, varied from ten to six cents Ion the 2nd xVovember, 1S;>>;>,, (b.v. Allen Trimlde,
pt'i taishei. At thisjuncture Mr. irenick determined (leorge lleniek, and (leneral Duncan .McArtiiur,
i;» make an experiment, whudi his friend- and nda- with others, formed the '"Ohio Conipanv U,v import-
the'fiehl"''"' '" h^'tterthan huniing his corn in inir Kn-lish Cattle." Xow, sir, iMdieving that none

I- ' , , of the gentlemen engtiged in that noble enterprise,

catfl"""''? '^*'^Y7' ^'^ ^^"'''' ^^'»"^'^^^ I^^' ^^'<1 !^ Jot of ' will ],o lessened in public esteem by my doiifg so, I
can e, an.i started them on an untried road, to a mar- will state the facts and circumstances which calle<l
i^ti ne^oua the mountains. How long it would take, that company into being. On that day the genth-

Ci n r*r f7 ^'^'^''* V' ^"' ^''*^ '*" ^^"' ^^''^>'' ''^ '" ^^'''^^ '^1'*" i"^^' mentioned had been examini'ng a lot of
) uition they w,nihJ reach their d.'stination, no man Kentucky Durhams. descendants <d' the importation

ta or' i) v. r '''^ ^^^'^ ^'^^^'*' ''^*''' ^i''^"" ^'"' ''^'■'"' ^^ ISIT, when Mr. Renlck asked iiis eompanions why
fun" l"^ ^^ 'r '^■"''*'^ valley <d the Mississippi, were tliev couhl not form a conjj>any, and send on to Kng-
leuou.o tlie pasture, one of his eommiss, -rating land and bring out a lot (d' iinprov.'d Durhams for

know notiiing of

/• ' . [ -..V, w... ,,i n,.^ v,vf mill ii>.>i;i .tin il:^

([eo-!!- 1'*''] ''''''', ^^'''^l' '^'V^ •'''''^' "There goes pour themscdves ? He said, truly. " W

" <'ig(! s forlorn hope." Forlorn hope it was, but a the purity of tliis stock ; the j.edigrees m;iy or may
den-'k-'' r^''^''^"^ P"rched upon its banner. The un- not Ix^na-le up for th<- occasion." The sugg.isth.n
cessf /''V^'^'^^^i ^^■^•''^'^'^•^^'' '^'^^ ^^''^'"^ eminently sue- I was approve(b and that \er\ day the articles of asso-
hU t^- 'l \" ' '""^ triumph the more comrdete, 'cialion, formingthe first Oliio lmr)ortati(.n Company

liilt ^^'T ^^'^^'"^ severe. When they reached , were signed. What has be<-n the result? A^k all

w'h. « "^r* lu -^ r "*^ ^^"^^^ surrounded by friends , who have attended to our Valley or State fairs. Not
^ncp ] ;i?^^ "^ ^^ whispers. To the inexpcri- only has there been no deterioration, but in the opin.

e i^ea eye, the cattle were sore, hollow and poor, ionof one of the best judges in America, Dr. Arthur

I^Ht

'^2

OKOUOE RENinK— TKKK I^LAXTKRS AM) Xf'RSEHYMFA^

A j'fnr..

!';'> 1

»«i»Ji.il^Ji

AVatts, "he saw nothing suporior to tlirm in all
Great lirituin," when he was exiuuinini; their Htoek
art agent of tlio third and last e()ni])any, loinied in
LSoli. In some respects, as 1 unilciMland Ironi Inni,
the pure descendants of the lirst and secnnd impor-
tations, are ah(\id of any thing In; saw on the Em-
j>ire Island. In every cll'ort to iuipruvo our cattle,
Mr. lleniok Inis taken a leading part, 'i'iicre is an
old a(iage, "Let honor he rcndrred lo whom honor is
due." It wonld givo nic unfcigntMl j)leasnr(^ to see

der the same eulturo, in three years, than a Red Can-
ada or Newton ri/tpitt, in five; and at any siy-o, their
stout shoots, straight trunk, and smooth, clean hark,
are pleasing to the ey«'; wiiilc the slender, twiggy,
rough-harked trees, arc just the reverse. These; con-
siderations should he taken into acecnint. Tlic nur-
serynnin is paid no mnrc for the slow growers tlum
he is for the rapid growers, and it is nnt reasonahle
t() expect tlu'm so large or so vigorous looking. Then
there are vari(»ties, such as the A*. /. (jrccninf/ and
this rule applied justly and fully to him. I think it i Fall rijjjHn, of irnguiar growth, Avith very seldom
would have a wholesome, an encouraging effect upon ; a straight stem, that it is quite unr» asona'hle to ex-
the rising agricultural generation. There is no so- pect as symmetrical as a Jhildicin or a Aorthcrn
ciety, State or National, which would ni>t do honor i Sj>i/.

to itsell hy passing the highest encomiums, or offer- i if we turn to pears, w«> find these remarks equally
ing the iiighe.st rewards, for actions and services i aj.plicMhle If Mr. A. will order from his nursery-
wnich have hecn of such general and unrestricted man the Ilirflctf, SeckcUJiu/runf, Deiichese d' Angou-
g'jod. The experiment can never he repeated, ])ut | lone, Marie Louise, and Winter Nelis, he will find a

me effect is lor all time. 11 is ]>''ac(?ful and (pii(;t
home needs no music from the trumpet of fanie to
nuike it moic ha})py ; hut il that (dass whitdi he re-

marked, and perhaj)S to him a v<'ry disagreeahle con-
trast in their size and form. The Bvffunt and Duchess
may })e eight fei^t high, thrifty, and smooth as young

}.resents, wishes i(» attain and maintain the first ])o- willows; the Hartlett not ov(U' five h'Ct, and the Seekcl
bition in society, let them acknowledgt; and ap|)reci- t four: while the Marie fjniise and Winter Nclis will
ate his good example. It i shtill have caused, hy | not only he suuill, hut twisted into the most hmtastic
tlii.^ eommuirnation, the young sons of' the soil U) and untree-like shapes. Looking at the Jiujf'um and
esteem and value tin' character (d" the modest and : tiie Di/ehrss, he will at once say, "Now tlu^se are
amiahie uld S.c.irh liranch I'atriartdj. ( iF.okof. Kksmck. wh^f I cull tr/Mw — \\^<t whut i wMotcd- Init tlu'so "
of Kosd county, (Miio, I sliall he aujply compensated. ; turning to poor Mnrie Loniseand H7/<A'/- A>/».v, "these

\V. Maksiivm, A.ndkuson,
Ohilirolhc, Dccenihrr \^, \><^)- -Count rt/ Gentleman.

•«•*>

Tree Pluatcrs antl \ur>eryuien.

There is one point ahout nursery trees, that gives
rise occasionally to consid«M-ahle discussion hetween
the buvers and sidleis, and it has occurred to us that
it miy-ht he well to offer a few remarks on it at this
time. We allude to the dissatisfaction and disaj)-
pointmtiit tliat purchasers exj)»'rience onrecei\ing
from the nursery trees of a somewhat cmoked tjr ir-
reirular <rro\vth, <u* of smaller si/.e than they had ex-

are horrihle.' The nurseryman, who perhaps search-
ed n[) and down evfU'v row in his nursery to get the
straightest an<l best ones to please Mr. A., who is ve-
ry nice, is sure to get not less than two pag(*s of a
scold; and not only that, he must lose a part of his
bill and ever after the trade of on(^ whom iu^ hoped
would be a good customer.

Turn again to cherries, and we find the same sour-
ces (d disa{)pointn)ent. Mr. A. wants halt a dozen
(dierry trees — tall, liandsome, well-shaped trees, of
uniform size and shape; as he intends them for orna-
ment as well as fruit. Wtdl, he orders Ji/aek Tarta-
rian, ]'cllow Spanish, Xajxdeon Jiiifarreau, May l)uk<\
Iltll' de Choisi/, and Bdle Mai/niji^fue — all first-rate

pected. \Vc are very well awa.<- that it is not a little .

a'r<rnivatin«r to receive trees of four feet in height in- <'herri(>s; but unfortunately, when they are received,

sttTid .d" six or ei.'ht.as expected; or to get them Ww. liette <{r Choisi/ iuu\ Ma:/niji,jue are mere dwarfs

with stems curve<rand twisted in half a dozen differ- b.'si<h> the majestic BlaeL- Tartanans and ^apoleons,

cut ways, in>tead of i.eing as straight as a gun bar- Ho then regrets he ordered them, and blames the

rel. To the amateur wlu. intends to make but a small nurseryman for n(^t knowing better than to send

plantation, and desires every tree to be a model, this them.

IS p irticularlv provoking; and in his trouble, unless So with plums. No one need expect to get Ureen

he be as patient as did), h»' ivpriiaches the pimr nur- ^'^7^^ a!i(l >/Ar.vo;rv of uniform size with Jmpenal

proacnes me \

care not abou: - J

•M'r>men: they must take care (d do, they will gcMierally be disai.pomted

/

servman mostse\ c'r(dy. 'Now weare not about to plead ^^/'/''-v, Smith's (hleans,nv Maf/num Bonunis. If they

the nui
Thcv are, we know V(M*v well, often

the case oi

ihemselves.

much to Idame, and deserve re]>roach; but they are

not unfrequently censured without good reason: and

if those will) purcdiase trees would study beforehand

the o'.uiractcrs of tin; varieties s«dected, as to growth,

they would not sonft«'n be disappointed.

Now we will suppose, fnr instance, that Mr. A. or-
ders from his nurseryman a dozen apple trce^, as
follows: — Early Joe, Summer Uose^ Anwriran Slim-
mer Vearmain, Fall Pippin, Crarensfein, Porter, Jiald-
U'in, Fa/w'use, Northern Spy,Neuiou-n Pij)])in, Melon,
an<l Red Canada: and that thest? tre(>s are to be, we
Avill say, three years ol»l from the bud or graft. We
wi)uld"find that the Cvacenstein, Baldirin, Fidl Pip-
pin, FamensCy an<l Nnihcrn Spy, whitdi are strong,
rapid growers; are large, thrifty, beautiful trees;
while the others, wdiich are remarkably slow growers,
are not more than half as large,and will be pronoun-
ced small, scrubby, stunted things, not fit to be seen,
much less planted. A Baldwin, Grarenstein, or

Those who regard the size and shape of their trees
as of the tirsf importance, must not be very tenacious
ab.)\it varieties; and, on the contrary, thos<; who place
(piality fh'st, nmst be less diffiiailt to phrase as to size
and form. The reasons are obvious. There are cer-
tain reipiisites, however, whi(di purchas«;rs have a
riizht ti) demand from the nursery n)an under all cir-
cumstances. These are — 1st, That trees be sound
and thrifty, stout in pro])oition to their height, and
sup[>lied with an abundance of healthy, uninutilated
roots. 2d, That tlie varieties be genuine, od, That
thev be ])acke(l and prepared for transportation with
the"^greatest ]>ossible care and skill. Tho pundiaser
who fixes his mind upon mere sizfy forgetful of these,
stands in h,is ovvn light; and will, if he lives long
enough, find out his mistake. <

Would it not be well for nurserymen to indicate,
or arrange in separate classes, slow growers and those
of a very irregular or crooked growth ?

We thrown out these hints for the purpose of draw-

Northern Spy, will be larger in the same soil and un- ing attention to a matter that, as long as we can

TMRUOVEMKNT OF rolLTMY— MKXIOAN WILD POTATOKS.

oo

reniember,has been productive of disappointment and
no little unpleasant feeling, that might just as well
be avoided. — Gcncssee Farmer.

-••»■

Improvement of PeuUry.

The EiK/lish Jforhiny, Cochin t.^hiini and Shauyhai.
AN'hili' most other interests involved in the eirch^
of domestic economy, have, fnr a few years past,
been consulted and imy)roved, the subject of poultry
has, until lately, been wholly neglected. Thethoun;ht
that fowls of a larger size, finer forms, more beauti-
ful T>lunia;ie, and of" better habits and character
cculd he cultivated, s<M'ms not to have ent<'re(l the
mind of the farmer. 'J'he himiliarityof this interest,
together with its universality, has wholly clouded
the idea of its importance. Every poor man, able to
hire a roiun sufficient to shelter himself, his wife and
his stove, has kept his half dozen fowls. And the
able huaner with his five scores, has hardly once
thought of the beauty and utility of uniform color,
larger size and Itetter character.

That there has been room for great improvement
in the native fowls of this country, and that the in-
troduction of foreign breeds has already accomplish-
ed much improvtMuent is not to be disputed. Ibit
it eannot be (joncuvitMl that evervthinf^ that is foreign,
is from that cause alone, superior and excelhint. 1
see not whv a bree<l of fowls, as lar^re as a turkey,
should be less expensive to keep than the turkey, oi
should be more [)rolitable, or in every respect prefer-
able to the turkey. Why then should l)reeds of an
enormous size be sought after?

The English horking, <'ither wdiite, (ir rich buff, or
fawn color, well sha{>ed, hardy, domestic, and weigh-
ing, at twelve months (dd, four to six pounds dress-
ed, is a desira])le fowl. But in some respects the
Chinese varieties are an improvement upon this
breed. The Shanghai and Cochin China, wdiich are
the best of these varieties, are generally rathcT lar-
ger tliini the Dorking, and more plump and beauti-
ful in form. If not more costly to keep, and equal-
ly hardy and jiroiific, they would he the preferable
fowl. So far as my experience extends, (and I have
kept l)oth kinds during summer and winter,) I have
imagined no difference in the productiveness of ei-
ther, or in th.e expense of sustaining them. Although
I would not relinquish the culture of the Dorking,
still I esteem the Chinese bird, all things considered,
the "ne plus ultra'' of domestic fowls.

A cross of the select Dorking hen, with the Shauir-
liai or Cochin China cock, produces a most excellent
fowl. The China, being a tropical bird, does not
tledgp as spe«'dily, nor reacdi maturity as soon as the
Ijorking, wlTu h is a native of a lilgher latitude.
This cross, thercdore, wdiile it somewhat increas(>s
the size of the Dorking, and improv(\s its form, ex-
pedites also the maturity of tlie Shanghai. A bir<l
of this cross will be full fledged in about half the
time (d" a full blood China. But the pure China is
still the more beautiful bird.

J here is altog"ther jin erroneous impression exten-
sively e:itertained, In r(>gard to the nec(>ssity of feath-
ered legs, to the purity of the Idood of the (liinese
fowl. The fact of feathered legs, in the varieties of
both (.'ochin China and Shanghai, has nothini!: to do
with the purity of the blood (.f (dther. In their na-
tive country they are b(»th clean limbed and feath-
ered, and bear tln^ same name, as T am assureil liy a
gentleman who has cultivated both, and imported
them, for his own private use and gratification.
Feathereil limbs, as a curious and singular feature
>f the bird, may perhaps please for a short time.

And to the man of fancy, whose "henery" is swept
and garnislu'd, may do wtdl enough. Hut to the ev-
ery day man, whose h)wls have accc^ss to th<^ barn
yard, tin* cow pen and the floor (d' the pcukers, thene
feathered app<'ndages must be any thing else than
desirable, in muddv, wet and freezin;r weather. Like
the lioncy bee, their legs would soon be heavily load-
(m1, but with a freigjjt of rather a different (diaracter.
The freer from feathers on the legs, therefin'e, the
mor(^ desirable would they be for the farnnn's use.
The leading shadi's of cMl,»r of the Cochin China,
s »em to \)c. buff, orange (tr yellow. Of Uie Shang-
hais, the same, and also a brownish yellow, fring(;d
with blactk, often very beautiful — while the cocks of
both varieti(;s carry extremely rich, high colors. The
Dorking, the Cochin China and the Shanghai, not-
withstanding the ridicule to which the latter have
been at tim(;s suhjec^ted, are probably as near the
standard of excellen<;e, for all the purposes for which
they are il(\signed, as we can reasonably expect or
desire. — Wool Grower.

Mexican Wild Potatoes,

Prok. Mates — Dear Sir: — The articles in tln^ Dec.
Xo. of the Farmer, in reference to a new kind of
Rotatoe introduced into France from Mexico, reminds
me ot an intentum wnicti i tiave n>r some time iiau,
to describe, for the benefit (d' your readers, a n(iw
potato wdiich has been raised by Mr. A. Uai-e, of
AUoway, in this county, for four years. The pota-
toes were brought from Mexico by a returned sol-
dier, and had been planted one year in this country.
Mr. Half, procured four ])otatoes, whi(di w(Te about
the size and length of a man's thumb — ^kin thin,
white, eyes shallow, and flesh very wdiit<\ These
were car<'fully divided and planted, and produced as
follows:

VKAU. SEF.n ri. ANTED. PRODt'CT.

1H49. 4 ]>otatoes. \ bushel.

1850. \ bushel. 21) "

1S51. 24 " 350 "

They were offered in market last spring, and sold
readily at all prices— some at :i^lO per bushel, and
some at 25 cents each. Being thus disseminated, we
can better judge of what they will produce in gene-
ral cultivation, and I have asked many farmers in
reference to the yield. All have been planted, so
far as I have learned, without manure, except one
lot, and most of them on sandy h)am. The products
are as fdlows :

Messrs. Rovs & Schoonover raised 100 bu. from 2 hu.
Mr. HoFMAN *' 57 " " 1] "

Mr. Bkavdi:n' " 30 " " I "

doSEI'II \ KI,1,KKS io t

The smalh'st yield was 18 " " 1

Mr. Hale informs me that they have increased in
size ev(U-y year, and many are now six inches long,
and some which I saw at th<^ State Fair at Utica I
should think were seven inches, for which the owner
refused 12^ cents each.

They have been dug early and late, kept in cellars
and in banks, and show no disposition to rot. \V hen
cooked they are pearly wliite. mealy, and in season
wdienever mature. Tl'ieirform fits them partiiailarly
for baking; and when ])roperly baked they h^ve no
rival that I have (n<^r eat(!n. Steaming is the best
meth(Kl of cooking. When boiled, care must b.' ta-
ken not to overcook them. The first time my hired
girl cooked them, 1 cautione.l her not to overboil
them. She seemed a little riled, and replied, "In-
dade, will ve be after teaching a paddy how to cook
praties? When they came on the tabic they were

A

>'''H

.."■"?>

24

MEXICAN WILD POTATOES-AnUirri/rrUK-WILLOW. kc.

April,

rooked, potatoos wjitor jind all, into very ^ood mush.
Jiut u vory little care will prevent this; and then vou
have a luxury in a potato. Should they prove;* in
other loealities to be as free from rot, as productive
and aH (h^hcious an they have d.,ne in this reirie.n
they will forma very valnnl.!.- nddition fn (h.- potato
crop. '

While most otlKT crops in tl... I . .S. have increns-
ed Hinoe the census of lS4(l, the potato rr-.r, !, as di-
minished. This iH owin;; to the rot. In IMn tiie
product was 1()S,298,(IC,0 hushels; in IS.V) 10 | ()•-,'', .
UHli ; of these, 3H,2r)<),19G were sweet. It' a ^ imty
can he fouisd which will not rot, this Min-.unt v,]\\ I,o
doubled m the next ten years, mwi ur .!,,,11 tlien
ra.se ^dO.OlHMHH) lM,sl,els_nnIv nnr-th,ni thn crop
in importance in the I'nif,.,] Stales.

TIm' variety iiitrnduccl Irit. Traur,. fV,.,,! Mexico
^^.n yellow ni-..ie. v|.,l.. tl.is Is \vl,it... 'I'|,is ,,iiv
ansefron, tl. • tv.,, kiieh h.ivi.,- Im-fi |.nHai.cd iVom
dm-n tit l.val,,;,,., f,,r tin' l..l^.,^^in;: .•xtracL fnun the
report of the iIo„. Mr. Ki;nnki.v. Snperiuten.lMnt of
the Census, shows thar tli.y -n.w wild in many
places:— "It has \,rvu faiisd in an indiu^enoiis stale m
('hih, on the ni(anilain> tear Xalpar/tiM, an.] Meri-
dosa; also near M..:,'. •violin. Lima. (,hiito. as we]} as
S:infa Fe do iJo-nta, and more reeentlv in Al-xie., on
th-^ tl.uiks of (Ji-izaha."— H'urkin./ Fn],„rr

LvoNs. N. v., Dec, IS L\ K. W. SVL\ KSTFrv

IS 53.]

CHESTER COUNTY IIOO.

25

son begins, clover commences to ;;row an<l grows ver-
ry bushy and tender. The Indian s(juaws gather
baskr'ts full, every day, making a kind of beverage
of it. The hills and valleys are covered with wiTd
oats aiiil ew :\ir. 'i"li<' caff!.- atel stock get Very fat
()n these oats and .lover. The clover comprises somo
fifteen or twenty varieties of .veiy liw and c(dor.
The grasses are very fine; the native timothy yields
from two to five tons per a<!re. It is ten fcet'high.
The pin grass is of a very curious growth. An acid
clover grows very ahnnd'ant in the valh'v^: t!i<> na-
tives made a b'ln iiiide of it; it is wry heailhy. Ife
gathered one Im-le I .d smridover we'ighing ;] i|js.

The 11. -V. Mr. I'dc'i, of < 'aJifofnia. stateil t!\at veo-o-
tatiiai !..'-an in N ov^anher, and dri^d np in .June.
Drought eoniinues till \ovem!)er, and generallv wilh-
nul ij.'w. Tlie people commence cutting ba'rley a-
liout f!ie last of May, and let it lay on the gi-ouiid
' o\e.- two months, iKitrak'Ml uj). — S(-irn/i/ic Amt/iran.

«•»

Osier Willow,

-*•*-

Vgricultiiic in ( alirornia.

On the Till of la.^t October, a lai-g.> aL'rienlfural fair
was held at Saer mr-nta, which was ipiit.- an affair.
An address was on that occasion delivcTcd bv Dr.
John F. Morse, in which he made thefoHnwing'state-
ments relative to farms of different gentlemen. He
«aid that, on the garden of .Mr. T. nmtr, numlM-rin-

r,() :

ler.'^ w.M-e raised bO bushel

<d' grain p.>r a.-re.
lie employs In men, and realizes S.V.)r, nveklv. 'fli.'
garden of Messrs. Sniitli A Harln r, nnini.erin- ;;•)
acr(^H yields ^(U) a da v.

Mr. Soiithwick, (»n'his lirm. kee|.< I'Joe.,w.', at a
cost of $(•)<)(> permonth. lie s.dls IT'i -all-ais ,d' mdk
dailv, at$l f^ergnlhwi. 1 1 • reali/."< >;';.;.oim) annual-
!v Irorn Ins dairy aloie-. (iai. 1 1 utrhinsnn. on 80
acres, realizes 5U bn.],. iv ..f wlieat per acre, which
wei-hed .VJ pounds to tie- bushel, and was' worth
5^'.»l..').s4.

Wdliain H. Davis, on a firm of r.Od acres keei^s
2.«Ul() hea.! of stock. .1. M, Horn. <d San lb.se Va|.
ley, has a farm (d" *J(U) acr(>s. whi.di produces 8(1
bushels of bailey to the acre: also, lod acres of p,,-
titoes, producing iiOli bu>^llels per a^-r.'. They are
w^)rth St p,>r hnsliel; besides hirg.' crops (d" wlcat
and oats.

Mr. K. S. Beard, (d'tiie same Valley, has .' 1(1 acres

in barh^y, wheat and oats, yielding on an aveia.'e,

50 bushels per acre. Also, 200 acres .d' potatoes!

yielding 2'>(i Im^hels per acre. Ag-regate amount
n value. .'?2(;0,00tl. '"'^ "

At a late mei'ting of th- Farmers' (dub in this
city (N. Y..) Mr. Shehon. of California, stated that
Indian corn did not generally flouri-li in California.
It grew to an enormous ludght with small .rops,
from 20 to 25 feet high, at least. The < limat.^ is ex-
e^eedingly changeable. Mr. S. said that he saw some
Canada corn f)ur to six fent high, the ears bein*'-
near the ground. The w-v-tei ly winds njvh in a't
San Francisco, and rarify the hot air in the valley
where stands the city, the liranches of trees are ail
bent to the eastward. Various trees are so injured
by wind and sand that they become stunted and,
row up in a bush form. As soon as the rainy sea-

The ( Kier A\'iIlo\v is getting to be (>.KrensIv(d v used
in this countiy f.r bask«'ts, cradles, idiildreji'- wa"--
on bodies, and otle'r purpos(\s. We b'dicve it is mo,>t-
!y imported from Fnrope; it grows fimdv, howcNcr,
m thiv conntrv, atid we see no reason wiiv it should
not he eiinnaied sniiicient ly to supply tie' home de-
mand. It is grown :it ('(dton's nurs-'ry, \.'\v N'ork.
At a lite m-etini:of rhe New Y..rk Fa'rmer's (dub,
W(« iearn ly the \e\v Voik 'fribune, that the follow-
ing remarks on the ( ulture a'id commeiTial value of
this article were made by George Dickey.

'fhe Osier Willow for basket miking— price in
N.w York from .*U to Scents per pound, is imported
iVom France and (b^'many, but (diietly i'vom France.
England grows all she uses. There'is a <-onsidera-
l)h' 'piantity grown on Staten Inland, near liiidiiuond,
which bi-ings about five cents )ter pound on tin; aver-
age whmi prepared for us(\ It is planted in small
size.l twigs by the acre, in damp soil, leaving sonic
path\va\< beiw^'cn. aiel it is necessai-y to keep the
ground eh an and clear oi' the growing of weeds and
"ther juants. It will grow in soil unfit for otlier
]inipoves: it will not grow W(dl on light or sandy soil.
The l)ark is taken ofl' by a triangular instrument
whi(di catches tin; twigs that are drawn through it,
the ]»r(Uigs of the instrument being made round and
ai-ranged to press hard on the twigs as they are puU-
el through the maidiinery, the ju'ongs of wdiich are
made uf iron.

-••^

A Reciii't r<<i{ 1 uf: I»i i\i) Stac.ckks in Ho(;s. — A
correspoielfnt of the INIiidiii^an I^arnier. (lire, as, as a
remedy lor this disease, to Ideed them in the tiiird
wrinkle in the ro(d (d the mouth. Mv practice is to
thi'ow the hog on the back and cut across the wrin-
kles, and f have never had a cas(i that did not (dfect
a cure. J. B.

-*•*-

(JfRDi.FD Trees — A correspondent of the fbniessee
Farmer says that girdled trees may be })reser\e(l bv
the f(dlowing: Take out a block of wood (^xtendin"-
above and bcdow the girdle, and take from the body
or limb of another tre<' a blo'k corresnoinlin"" in
si/e ind shape, with tli(> bark on, and adjust it in
the place, and bind it thcr<% on the prin iple of en-
grafting. This plan, it is said, has proved succees-
fuL

i^^: -..-^

LlARp, jiJV-Sf

CMicster County Iloir.
The above Engraving is from a daguerreotype

''l^"n'"ss of a fine boar o!" the (dn-ster county breed,

'•'"'' "^'"l '"'^-"'"l f'V A. liolmar, AVest Chester. Ow-

'f»o' ^» tlie position ho stood in at tlm moment, his

back appears som.'whaf holl,u-, n.or,' than it rc'ally

IS. In otlier r.-sp,>ct.s the likeness is good. He is a

large amnitl. and wo,,!,! u-,d.:h fbur or fiv«; hundred,

!inl lu'i^un-s from his nose to the root of the tail.

''•" r-et MX in, dies, and five I'e.-t (me in.di ar.cand the

.i^irth. His descendants have '^.>w) to various parts of

the Union, and haveh.lp^d to increase the reputation

^'f Chester c(anity Iiog. fa- large si/e, combined with

^■"ry neat fa-m, comparativ.dy small (dfal. great

••'■P^'' ■•^•"J l-ngth.d' carcass, and easy fatteidn-!' In

these parti-ulars tin. breed is unMirpa-ed. A con.

SKierahle numh, r have b.Mai slaughtered the past

winter, weighing over five hundred. They are em-

Pf^at.cally the f.arnmrs hog, yielding a large amount i

'^^ 1-trd. S.en(Md"our farmers who manufa.dnr.. sau- '

sage on a l.rge scale, find there is rather much of'i

this for tiedr our. j ...

" I"npM-e««. and are encpiinng m some

places f,r IJorkshires, in whom there is a greater

P»-^por.,Ierance of lean meat.

Thespocinea. before us is represented frothing at
t^^'^ nionth. Ins way of showing a little honest indig-
l^^tion at the process of the age, which requires him
w stand up fop the daguerreotypistto copy, a process
»'i8 ancestors were not subjected to.
^ As the Chester county breed of hogs is now so
ciy known and esteemed, we have endeavored to

, ascertain their origin, and by whom introduced into
I our country. It appears from what we can learn,
' that the credit is due to Capt. dames .bdferis, wh.',
I occupied a fi-m on the forks ,,f F.randywinr^. a few
, miles from \Ve>t (diot.r, alt^T retiring fr^^n the sea.
I Ills ship used to trade between Liverp.xd and Wil-
' mingtoii, HMliuar... ;ind in one of his voyages, ln>
procured a coui»le of )if,gs from P.edrordshire, with
tln» view of introducing them into this county. -
I'll IS was ahout thirty-five y^airs ago. They were
tlien callfMl the Hedford bre(Ml, and have been
recogni/.cd by Fnglishinen. who were familiar with
tlnan ahout that time in Iie(lfordshire. At present
the breed of hogs there is not so disfi/ff, but has
been crossed more or less with <»;hers. From tliis
origin they have been generally distrihiited in our
own and surrounding counties, an<l are now known
as the Chester County Breed. They are pure whitw.
Those uho wi>h t(» see them in perfect!. .n, can do
80 by visiting tln^ piggery uf A. F.olinar, \\Iii(di now
contains about sixty, and shows what can be done
with them in comfortable, quarters and sv^tematic
management. The piggery is one hundred and four
feet long, with a steaming house at one end f(»r boil
ing and steaming food, and <livided by hoard divi-
sions into seven different comjiartments. 'fhese are
all paved with brick, and regularly cleaned, having
suitable drainage.

Improved breeds of swine are as important to fhe
interests of the farmer as improved breeds of other
stock, the object being in both to make a given

■00W

20

iron AVOIIK roll THK MnNlll.

I 'in I..

1H53.]

wouK roil Tin: momii ackk! ltik.m. sciioot- ro\vi:\Tiu.\.

i)-'
^ 1

amount ut loud produce tlio greatest profit. They arc | have been replactd hero by th. Oh..' . ...unty. \\ e
equally worthy the attention of the seientif;. l^reed- kn..v of non. of thi^ stripe IcU n. those d.^f^.n.s.
erand mana;;.r. As an evidence of .l,at ha. been ',unl had to send to our fn.nd S. h.n Robmson, to
attained already, we Hubjoin hy way of m^nparison, pn.-ur. u. a portrait of ^.me ol thosv about ^o^v
a portrait of the old unimproved l>rcc(l of hogs, which ^ ^ ork.

nORK FOR TIIC MONTH.

F^^RM. — K.-ad over dircrtioiis of hist month, and at-
tend to what w:is omitt<Mb Sow oats as soon as the
ground i.^ in order; harrow thorougldy and then ndl.
PiW8 roller over mowinjr fields.

hours. It takes tliem less time to eat and is easier

diiTcsted,

(liv(! all animals (hiily accr^ss to salt,
ruin OianARi).— Plantln- trees niay ,>till be done
this month, and in doing ?o, cut off all bruised an'!
Top-drefiS winter grain not ])r.'viously manured, },i-nken roots ; make the eut from the lower part, so

with >hi'rt manure or (Juano inid Plaster

l'l..u-'h for corn, and suhsoil Ix'f-re ground ])e-
comes too dry. Much of i1p> suee.-s o( thr crop,
dependsongoodploughiugan.l i.r.'piirationot gr^anid. 1 gj^e to peach Lrce,s that tiic \s-rni i> n^t :i: \Nork.
Avoid pueli plnn-j-h^. as turn up auil leave a smoot'i, ^^ ^^^^^ ,';irtli was rt>moved from the hody of thr trct'^

that the cut surlaee may Ix' down,

Ib'iid in by cutting <df the en. Is of branches of
lar'ie trees.

<da/c ! and unhr..ken furrow. The sun often hard-
ons such, into himp'^, imjiervious to harrow, line
pulvcri/atiou of soil is of great importance. ^\ e
have f 'und Pr^ity'sv^ Rogers' ploughs, to plough and
jiulveri-e at the same tinn^; open scams and cracks in
the furrow, whicii admit air, and greatly aid the
subse [Ucut operation (if the harrow. Spread nanure
or (biano ]»re\ious to ploughing. No advantag(> in
]danting corn in this sei'tiou ]»e{ore set:ond week in

last fall, ]>ut a^hoNcMull or two of wood-a>he> ;ir<»und
c;ichtree, and return the eartli that was taken away,
(iuince trees should he dug arouml and w»dl manured;
we have fumd that salt scattered un<l.u- them answers
an excellent purpose in producing fair fruit. Coose-
herries. currants an<l grape \inesi: n ear ohi,lrom cut-
tings should not he trans].lanted in plac. s; in digging
the'^holcs, make them large and deep, fdling in what
^vas before occupied with su])soil, with surface loam,

next month, hut the ground should h(^ often stirred i^>;^^ingthe suhsoil on th,i top to become improved

previously. IMant Potatoes f)r early crop. IMough |^^. (jj^, ^...ntact of sun and air. These should be hea-

and }>repare for root crops. Also for sowing corn ^.^^. luanured, as the gooseberry and currant are

for fxlder: rea^l article on this in last volume of Jour- ^ank feeders. All transplanted trees should be mulch-

nal, page 325. \ cd l>y p'ltting around the roots manure hay or straff.

Give particular atfution to stock. After being ' drafting of apple and pear may still he continued, i:

well cared for all wintei, thev often fall oil' in last the graits were cut in season and properly taken care

month hefore pasture. Kwesand Lambs slnmld of till the leaves begin to expand. (Iierrms, pluni>

have allowance of grain and roots and good hay, ! and iH.iches slumld have been dcme last month. Ive-

dailv turned out in fine weather, on a pasture h.t nn.ve all insects from trees, and apply wash helore

reserved for the purpose. Continue or increase ab ^ recomnnmded. and renuMuber that trees need cuUi-

lowance of meal and roots to Fre^h Cows. It is an vation.

old saying that stock well ^vinler<Ml. are half sum- Ve,;etahi,e Cardex.— This is an Important menlb
mcred. Tiiey should go out to grass in good order. i,j the garden. Finish planting out esculents fo:
There is ii<-ver anv profit in keeping stock hrlow the \ „,>,>,!, and at a distance from others (.f the same genut
thriviiuj p^int. To iiuTcly keep them alive will not
pay.

Do not turn out stock to grass too (>arly. Feed
well all working cattle, both oxen and horses. Cut

hay is of great advantage, as it economises time, and
gives animals more time to rest, between working

All kuuU of seed may usually h- i>hinted this mentli.
reserving such as are tender (d' frost till the la-st
Make plantations of asparagus. Plant out rhuhiirb^
horse-radish and onion-setts ; also seed for next year?
pips. Sow peas, radishes, lettuce, every few daj'
for a succession. Plant out cabbages, cauliflower

jiriil lettuce froin cold frnmea. V].\t\\ Lima beans, ' have not heen app..inted delegates, he admitted to

seats in tlu* (\)nverit!ofi.

\ oteij, on motion of A. S. Roherts, of Piiihid(d-
phia, that a committee of thr(>e i)e ap})ointe<I to wait
on the Coverutu- and Heads of Departments, jiud in-
vite them to take seats m this hody.

The ('hair appointe(| under the resolution, .Messrs.
A. S. Roherts, ol Philad(>lp)iia; A. O. lleister, of
Dauphin: II. d(»nes Rrooke, of Delaware.

Voted, on motion of A. b. Flwvn, of Philadel

cucuni!"''-^ and iii'l-'Us in pot-^, umlcr frames or in
inverted so<ls, to set out w hen \\<'ather is settled.
Ti-an-til int mclicinal lierhs, and sow seeds of more.
Koepgioiiiel hoed ami stirred ami free fi-otu weeds.
500 Ihs. td"goaiioto the aci-c ha-< heen found «(ju;il
to ordininary dre-'.ing of manure h>r \ egctaMe grow-
ing.

Flower (J \i'J>f\ — < 'ontinue the «lireetions given phia, that the counties ofthe State he called, and the

last moii'li. all >uch work as ])ruinug Roses, and ! *^^'','-'^^';^ P^"*'^/*'»t ^''•''»' *'J''''J'^"^'!il^ '" order.

' I*eiuliftg this (-all, the eommittM* on nominations

liowerin.:; Shriih-, lIoe\siickles and Cre(»{»(?rs of all
kin<b, laying sod, planting hox edging, transplanting
!icrhae(>oiis plants, manuring and digging the flower
heib, sliouM he concluded this month. Continue to
nlaiit J'iVergriH'ns, and all kinds <d .shmfihrri/. In the
rau'c which rxis/.s f )r e\er Idooming plants, some of
the Brightest (lems of the Flower (Jarden seems to
he thrown completely in the shade, \v(^ would gladly
h'Mil I h lid to hrin:; them into the su isliine, (espei'-
ially ^^ iegilia K isea, Forsyth.ia \'erc.iissimia, Spirea,
Uevesii do Prunifolia,) for this i-eason, that thev
bloom hefore inc eai'iiesi rose. ii tne weather is
s'.ntahlc, flower .--ee(ls mav he sown on a warm hor-
<l'r the latter p.art id' the month. A good method to
]4aiit them, is to hreak the soil very tine (if the soil
is of a c/ay nature, mix a little sand to loosen it,other-
wise the seeds will not he ahle to gr^rmlnnto,) then
take a six inrJi flowerpot inverted, and {iress the soil.
Sow the seed in the ring ma<le })y the flower pot, if
the seed is very fine, merely pressitig it with the flow-
•'!■ p"t will he found suffii-ient; other kinds should
have a litth' si/il strewed li;:;htly over tliem. A g(»od
lesson i> to h" learned on this suhject if W(» ohsc^ve
the .s'i/cfr.<sfu/ e;ermination (d" see(ls dropped from the
j'ar.rit plant. Tulips Hvacinth, Nandssus, itc, mav
hi jihinted the early part <d this month, l^lants tiiat
ha^ hecri wintered in celjers, should be }>rought out
the latter part of the month; hut previous to that
tliey should have fresh air admitted to them as freely
a> pussihle.

-••^

State Agricultural Scliool Convention.

I'arviiant to pnhllc notice, the A;!;ricultnral S.liool
Convention met in the Senate Chamher, liarrj>hur'r,
lii';^<lay, March *ith, IS'^A,

The Convention was called to order hy Simon Cam-
m)n. and organized hy the appointment (d Christian
Mver-^. (,f Clarion couiitv, Presid«'nt, an<l John Mont-
p'laery. .,f \orthumh(>rland, and Alfr.jd L. Kenne-
''.^"- "1 l*liila<lelphia, S<.cretarie8.

^ '*''■''''"> motion (dC. Uli-ht P>rowne. (,f ?k[ont-
;^"in-ry c,,unty. that a c .mmittee of seven he aj)-
I'oHiteil to nominate p.'rmatu'ut oHicers of tiie Con-
vention.

^^ >\ ereupon the ( Miair aj.judnte.l the f(.lh)wing gen
^■"iii-n:-(;. IJli^lit Browne, Mont-<unerv; Wm. iFeis

sul)mirted th(: names of the following ofHcers:

J*resi<h'nt — dolin Strohm, of Lancaster county.

\'ice l*residents — Fverard Oldes, of .hiniata c().;
.Jolin Murdoch, dr., of Allegheny; James Miles, of
Fri<^; (diarh's B. Trego, of I'hiladelphia.

Secretaries — A. (). HeistiM-, of I)au[)hin; John M.
Sullivan, of Butler; Alfred L. Kenedy, of Philadel-
phia.

'J'he President elect, on taking his seat, thanked
the (.'onventi(m for tin' honor they had done him,
and invited their earnest attention to tlu; im]>ortant
edu'*ational movement in wfiiidi thev were enira<!;ed,

Th(! followin;r {/enth'men were received as dele-

O ri

irates.

t^r, Berks P.O. W;,v, AUeghenv; IL N. Mct^illister,
T w^V '^- •^"'''^'^'►n, Lrie. A. O. lleister, Dauphin;
•^- W. Alexander, AVashington.

.^'''^'^'h''^,^^^^'^^^' That the officers of the State — AUn-d L. Fdwyn, John C. Cresson, Algern.
o icuitural Society, who are now present, and who Roberts, William M. Meredith,David Laudreth,

Adams — David Mtd linger.

Allegheny County Agricultural Society — Benjamin
Kelley, Wm. Martin, 1*. (). Way, Henry Ingram, J.
Fi. MeCahe, John Murdoch, Jr., .J. M, K. Snodgrass,
\{. i\ AValker.

lieaver county — B. B. Cliamherlain, A. iloberson.

I>lair county— .Iov(.j)}| Dy^art.

Bedford county — Levi K\ans,

Ibitler county — John M. Sullivan.

Bradford cftunty — Charles F. Weller, Jr., John
Passmore.

Berks county — Wm. ^L lleister.

Centre county — 11. N. McAllister.

Clearfield county — NV'illiam 15igler.

Columhia count v—-t >eorge Scott.

Ciimh'erland county — Fredt'rick Watts, CMM)rge H.
Bucli 'r.

Delaware (N)unty-J. P. Abraham, H. Jones Brooke.

Dauphin county — David Mumma, Jr., John V.
Rutherford, A. (). lleister, Simon Cameron, Ibdjert
McAllister.

Fri county — J. B. .Johnson, John S- Walker, James
Miles.

Favett(! county — A. M. Hill, Amisi Walker, Thos.
Seariirhr.

Juniata county — Fverard Ohles.

Lehanon county — John C. Seltzer.

Lancasti'r e .unty— -Joseph Konigma<h(^r, Jolin
Strohm, Benjamin Ilerr, David Cockley, Christian L.
Hunsicker, Ahraham Kruffman.

Luzerne county — S. Bene(li(;t.

Lycoming county- — H. B. I^icker.

Montgomery Co. Agricultural Society — C Blight
Browne.

McKean county— Byron D. Ilamlin.

Northampton county — Cdiarles Aug. Luckerhach,
Isaac Bicdiards, Thomas Barr.

Northampton Agricultural Society — George W.
Stein, AVm. IL Hutter.

Northumherland County Agricultural Society—
•John Montixomery, .lames Cameron.

Potter County A«rricultural and Horticultural So-
ciety — James L. Books.

IMiiladelphia Society for Proi-otioii of Agriculture

ernon S.
Isaac

28

AOKirri.TrnAT. sriirDi. coxventiov

Al'Ri]

1853.]

Ar.nTni-Tf'HAr. srnoor. rowFvrrox.

arts wliicli \'i'V\\\ tlir MTV Kasis (if his (utarc occupa-
tion, he is cither entirely i^noiaiit, or is only a/.lc to
colh'ot a f(jw isola!'-! faetH, of whoHO j^oncral hearing
and whose a|i{iri'jt!"iate position in the |fhih)S(ipliy of
agriculture, lie kn(i\\s very little, or nothin^^ at all.

This ciinditiiin ot' things nets as unf'a\ <»rahly (.n
the inili\i<lual as ujMin a;j:i icultnre. \n man is div
|)(i>e(l to lielir\(' that he is practising a j»n'iession of

hen h

Newton, John S. Hart. ( diaries 13. Trego, Allred L. > mat«dy c(.nneetea with a-nculture. At present, in
Kennedy. i i»o part of this State or of tin; I'nited Stat<'H, can a

Schuylkill eounty— John 11- ndricks, Jacob Ham-' farmer's son h<. tau;;ht anythin- hot the rudinnMitaij
mer, John Horn. I hraiudies <d e.lucation. <H'all tliose sciences und

Somerset county--. I(»hn 1'. II. Walker.

Susijuehanna county — tii'or^e W alker.

Union countv — Hli Slyfer, O. \. \Vorden.

A'onango county — Kdwin C A\ ilson.

AV'arren county — J. Y. James.

"Westmoreland iminty — John McFarland, (/. V
Markle.

^Vashin;J:;ton C\iuii(v Agricultural S M-iety — T. AV
Alexaiidi r, .1 . M . Mchnnald.

Wyunnn;:; cnnnty — K. Mowry.

\'(.ted, on mtttidu oi ( J. l>li;:ht lirr>wn, of Ment-cni . <■

erv. that a ci.mmittee (d' seven he n]>pointe(l to pre- action of his mind, as respects his art, are rather the
pa're husiness for tin' action (d' the Convention. sujierstitious ol,s( rvance of old cust(.ms, whichcaine

T!ie (diair appoiiUed Messrs (i. Bli-ht lirown, of to him as tin' traditionary experience (d" his m.
Moni^omeiv; A. L. Idwvn, (d' Pliiladclphia; 1*. M. c(>stors, than the n suit <d' his own <d.servatien or
Watts <d' ("umherland; Sinion rannron, ol Dauphin; thon-ht. T>ut tlie doctrine (d' precedents, however
lieniiiinin lleiT, of Lancaster An-ernon S. lloherts, sale, is too unyi- Idin^^ to continue as a constant and
of Phil.i.lelpliia, and 11. \. .McAllister, «if Centric

(hi motion (d Mr. Kolnrts, John S. Hart, of IMiil-
adelaphia. was added to the c< iniuittee.

Tho folloNN in"- -'cnth UH'n weie admitte(l to seats in
the CouNcntion:

Iv. T. Inderhill, "Westchester county, New York;
Morris Leetdi, "Mercer county, Pa.: Msi.xwidl M(('as-

ninch im]iortince, \\ hen lie is conscious ol no verj
consideraltle effort (d tii(> mind to ac<|uire it, and
finds that jiis facts, all his knowled<;e, and the whole

fixed rule, to whicdi no exception can he taken, and

/■ ^. t : I .1 : . V... .1 ....,,.,> ■,,.J..,. .>.,^ <.i.-..li,«.

fi-.ini which there is no drparture, un<ler any circum-
stances.

Thei-e is a spirit of exaiuintilion ahroad in the
world. lr( ni wlntse scrutiny nothin«i; escapes; and ac;-

ed as a kinil of tran-juil rt'tirenient for dull mliid^

' ,et

fcdlowinti: resolution

Kes.d\e(l, That the rorrespondincr Secretary of

the Stat<

A^^ricultural S(

lin,(ireene coutity, Pa.. (leori:e \ . Lawrence, \\ ash- },.^^ passed to thocrucilde of the c-hemist, tiie closei
in;i:ton county. Pa.; O. !>. McFaddeii. ! ^^\' {},,. philos(.pher, under the close and de(^p exaini

Votetl, on motion ( f K. C. Walker, that when the u;itlon of the man of science, and entered amongthe
Convention adjourn, it adjourn to meet this evening, p|.^,j',^m),i speculations of the political economist.
at 7 o'clock, in the sanio place. I ^^\^q destinv "f this nohle art is now entii't !y remv.'

Joseph Koni;:macher, < f Lancaster, sul mitted the ^,,j |,.,,j,, ,,i,'.,-e manual dexterity or the pursuit of old

customs. Powerful and acute minds are husy with

it, minutely examinin<; its practical details, in allits

I... I I. II. .V-. .......... I. . ociety he r'Mpiested to open a ,l,.p;irtnien*ts, endeavorinii; to hreak down the tdisti-

Correspondence with .Jtdm Meshullam. of .lerusalem, ,,;inev of old ideas, hy analysis of their truth, aril
l*alestine. in rcL'aid m the success <d the American forni'itrinidples and philosophy from wdiat has lierf^
Agricultural Ccdony .VssiK-iated with him in the vi- t,>f,,r,. ]„.,.n l)ut a crude mass of ill arranged and iir.-
cinity of Jerusalem, f^r the purpose id' enli;;htenin^ perfectly examined assertions. It is now a pro^^rei;-
the prople oi the Holy Land in the bcience of A^- ^jy^. .^y^^ .xnd rapidly assumin;^ the form and ceiidi-
riculture. ' tion /»f a science. ('onsci(ais of this, those w ho liavf

On motion, the resolution was adoptinl, and a the interests of .a|!;riculture deeply at heart, have (l^
letter from J. .Meshullam, as puhlishe(l in the Salt- termincd to ]»ropose to their lellow citizens, and the
hath Ivecurder, of New York, was read to the Con- fj^rmers of the State, a plan, by which they canno:

I only keep pace with the p;eneral movement, hut pre-
vent thems(dves from fallin-i behind other States.
j which are already commencing:; the establishmento!
Schocdsand Professorships of Ajrriculture.

7V^/^._-The FaruK^rs' Hi;.;h School of Pcnnsyl
vania.'^
I Sifiiafion.— An importsint object, next to healthi-
ness, in th(» sele(dion<»f a site i'^^r this scleiol, is v;i
ru'tv of soil and td' surface. It wdll be necessary f;^
the*]t^M>il^ ^'' ^"' tau<i;ht, if it be possible, all the dif-
ferent modes of husbandry capable of beinp; per
formed in our (dimate. The soil should admit of thf
cultivation (.fall tlu' grains, the ^razin^r of cattle
and the raisin*!; of all the pro(lucts of the dairy: ^^
ihat (>very pujiil may have full (>xperi(>nce, andi
complete* pre].aration" for the practisin<; any onpol
these models of farminfr. The place chosen shouk
be near a market, or of such easy access as to alio*
of ready sales; thoii^h we would not recommend tn*

immediate n(df^hborhood of a lar^e town, that th^r*

• ■ ' ' nduc!

vention

( )n motion, adjourned.

KVKMNC. SESSION

TIk^ (\»nventi')n re-assemlded at 7 o'cdock.

Meesrs. Williamson, of Chester county, and Bid-
die, (d Phihnhdphia, were, on motion, admitted to
seats in the ( "onvention.

On niotiitti (d James Cameron, (d X(»rthumber-
land. that the ('on\ent!on m-w hear the report of the
Committee ajtpointiul this mornin;:; to piepare busi-
ness, whi(di was so ordered, and the following; Re-
port was read Ity F. .M. Watts, of Cumberland:

PwEPOIlT.

The plan whiidi the Committee offer to the Con-
vention is, they think, simple, practicable and in-
expensive, and perfectly w<dl adapted to carry out
the d(>si<:n they have in view, and fulfil every hope
of the most san^^uine friend of a^iriculture.

They do not propose the f .undin,;; (d a university,
or any svst<'m td' e(lucati(U« whi( h would re(pnre a
1( " ■

r any system ot eaucatton wnnn uoum - 1 - - ,,^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^Q^ „, t,,nptation to the moral con

,nj^ prebnunarv preparation <'•; '^'M^'^rt of the pu- | ni . Pennsylvania offers many such .itn^

pil, and rnd. en<lowments from t le State or indmd- oHlu bom nn ^ ^^.^^ ^- , .^^ ^^ ^^^j,.

uals. They design only a school where instruction iy'"»' •""*

can be had in the usual branches of w hat is called "on. , ^. . .„ , ^ u^a «

an EuMish education, and in the elements of the Quantify/ of L«u<£ -This will be controUe »

diflferent sciences which are immediately and inti- much by the site fixed upon, that wc cannot vvtuu

terniine the precise quantity; wc are of opinion, how- ' To combine practice with theory, to learri the rea-

cver, that not less than tw(t, or, if possihle, three aons of thin;];s, and to acipiire, hy esperit'iice, tiio

hundrcil acres, should he puridiased, as one of the whole root me of jt farmers life, are the greai j)ur|)o-

desirable (d)jects in the education of the boys will he ,ses in the establishment of this s(dio<d. We would

(),,, knowIed;:;e of nnichinery, as well as some .'skill also i»i-o[)ose that a certain num'orr ol j»upils h" edu-

in its construction. cated gratuitously; one might he a Imitleii from each

Eilucational (>r(janizalion. — As the leading object Conorr(\ssion;il district.
of the school is instruction in a.;ricul! in-'-, tie' hrad ! JlnililituiH. — In an experiment, suidi a.'i is now pro-
should he a practical farmer; a man coniy(et<iit to posed, the smallrst possihle ont lay shoull 1m- krpt in
teatdi the best modes of husbandry, to in-tnict in view a- oik! (d' tlu; most important considerations.
til. ir (it tails and possessing such an amount of me- In founding an Institution, the succe.is of which de-
cliaiiical skill or knowle(lge of nuKdiines as will en- pen<Is on legislative or indivi(lual encouragement,
able him to des'-rlhe the uses, tifgeth^r witii the «!e- the great object should he permanent practi»-al use-
^irrn and value, ol tin; various agiicultural imple- fulness; and in order to attain this and rec-ommend
iii.nts and nnudiinery. He should likewise he fa- the plan to the farmerM of the State, we rejcjct, in all
miliar with the raising and fattening of stoidv-cattle, cases, every idea (d" mere ornament. It is not ne-
ainl the growing ol wo(d; have a knowledgt; of the certsary to erect any (^her buildings than tlnjse usn-
dillerent hreeds (d animals; or, to sum up liis quali- al on a farm, enlarged to such an extent astoaccom-
fit-.itions, he must be a good farmer, capable, by his modate tht; incr(»as(Ml number of persons. A single
charactt-r and exam])le, of moulding the puj)ils en- building, containing apartments for the instructors,
trusted to his care to smdi habits of mind and of sleeping rooms for the pupils, rfudtation rooms, :i.
persevering industry as will send forth into tin.' Com- library, le(;tur(^-room and laboratory, arranged to
lit ^wealth active, aid*; and accomplislnM] farmers. i hohl with comfort one hundr(Ml persons, is, perhaps.

Assislti itfs.- le-sides th<' Princip.il. whose duties
have just heen givcu, we ]>ropose tliree assistants ;
uiw. to teach the usual braiudies of an Knglish edu-
ef\ti'''n ; nn''>th^r t<* iyisti-nct it* To»tnrf>l t.)ii1<iv<,».1i|- •
and the third In Chemistry, Ceology and IJotany.

all that is mnresstiry as a cominen(;ein(Mit. A harn
suited to the si/e of tin; farm, with ev^'ry conveni-
ence f)r the feeding: of cattle, the care of liorses and

(•o\^-ca tlu» ^\i\v'\iTi\ (if I'Miitvi MTid thi> Tir(«»»f»rV!it 11 n» <it

manure, with a granery, corn-crih, implement house,
It i- no j'arf of oiir plan to call^fi»r men of the lilghest a shed foi- waggons and carts, with a can iag(!-houso
'jualificatioiis in any ore' of thes(» departnii'iitv ; as attaeheil — these, with the excc])tion (d" a sjiring
it will not he possihlle to ]>ay the large salaries such house as a part <d" tin; dairy, and some small build-
persons might \ery justly (^xpect, and to wliich they ings for poultry, seem all that is necessary at the
would be justly entitleib even if the minds (d" those i opening of our design.

pupils whom we hope to see gathering to this school ' Now, inasmuch as tho yjewfl of your committee
were fitted to reeeivi^ any thing lieyon(l (dementary n.re based upen tie' i<lea that in I^eiinsylvania we are
instru'-tion. There ai'c, hoW('\er, many young men a))o!it to eTiterupon an untrif^l yiroject, the first die-
in the t-i-untry fully comjM-tent to tak<Mdiarge of such tates of prudence suggest that we should proceed
■I s-ininai-y, and to advance the pupils as far as their cautiously so far as regards our first expenditur<; ;
a^" and [irobable continuance at the school will ad- that the institution which we pi'opose should rather
init. Iiesid"s the studi(\s already mentioned, whiidi grow thai; ln' suddenly forced into })ractical useful-
are such as are taught in the «ichools and academies ucss ; that its operations may be tlu; result •)!" expe-
of the latel. there are others, liidoiiging to agricul- j rience, rather than the suggestion of mere theoreti-
ture, which arc of the utmost inijH.rtance to the prac- ' eal cjilculation. "We think that the first (Mitlay should
tical fanner, smdi as several departments of Xatural be:

History. Surveying, and Veterinary Sui-gery and I^'or 1^( 10 acres of land, - , . $o.()00 00
Medicine. These, if tin; S(diool bec()mes a place of i Necessary buildings and improvements, 8,(M)0 (){)
resort for the sons of our farmers, each of wdiom is Stock of the farm ami furniture, o,()()U 00

to manage and work his own property, must be made, — '^

at some lime, a necessary [lart of the plan of study. _ S20,()0 ) 00

/V;u7,s-.— Xone should'he admitted younger tllan The question no^v presents itfelf, how is this mo-
f'urteen or fifteen. M'hether an examination should ti'\v to he raised, and how is the institution to be sus
h.' rerpiiredis a matter meriting some consideration, tained? First, we propose that it shall r(;ceive legis,
tliMULdi it does not scni to Im^ absolutely nec(>ssary ; lative sanction, liy :ui act of incorporation, and that
as a hoy will so(»n display his ineomp(*tenee to re- th<> amount of money wdd'-h it will be nee(>ssary to
ceive the prescribed studies, without the formality ex|)end, and provide for the mainte^nanco and support
^•f an examination. Tln^ times for admission may of the institution shall ftrin the capital, to be divi-
l-'f twice in a year, selecting the ]»eriods when the- <lcd into four thousand shares, of twenty-five didlars
season for hilior in the fi(dd commences, and when it each, making on(^ hundred thousand dollars ; an
''1"^''^. All th(> pupils will be rcnpiired to work, as amount wdiieh, if the project l»e successful, as we an-
the husiness of thfdr lives is supposed to be practical ticinate. may, at some future day, Im necessary.
hushaiidry ; of which they must learn and become I '^ <> I'i^i^'^ this amount for the early requirements of
h'-i^iclrnt in the most minu'te d. 'tails. No one, under the Institution, we must rely upon tlie i'nited efforts
any circumstances, should he allow.d t . escape from of individuals and tln^ representatives u[ the wliole
labor, of whatever kind it may be, or to seh'ct a par- people. We are satisfied that individuals will con-
te'ular portion; and there should l)e no evasion of tribute at least ten thousand dollars. 'The Pennsyl^
tlies,. rules, unh^ss in cas(;s of f)hysical inability, vania State Agricultural Society will contribute five
i'li'' ohje,-t h.'ing to impart a j.ractical as well as \a thousand dollars; and if the State will contribute
scientific education, every pupil must be taught those [ ten thousand dollars, we shall thus b-e in possession
uotails of personal lab(»r'whi(dj will form a large part <'f thi^ means (d commencing a school, which wo have;
of the future duties of his life. A certain number ! every reason to believe will grow into size ami exten-
of hours in each day— the committee think that , sivc Bsefulrkess. Let it n.-t be supposetl that the
tliree, at least, will be necessary — must, therefore, be ' views of your Committee are too limited with regar<4
devoted to this purpose. ' ' to the character of such an institution, AVe are wcU

30

^^rirooL rovvFA'Tinv -iTonTirinTrijAT. ^oril- ty.

Arnft,

18SS.1

IIOUTICIILTUUAT. SOCIKTIKF^^T.IST (»!• ]>AT]:NT8.

81

/

cyrta Ktri«^ilus:i. Attonti(»ii o!" the Society was partic*
ularly cjillid to the ii(»w plantH shown hy Mr. Knurr's
h(»us(>s, Tcmpf'ltania (ihuud Azuhn hI/ki yfn'dfa, A. /vx-

aware that a more onlar^od plan would bo nioro
commensurate with the character of the ^r(>at State
of PennHylvania ; and if l\n) Len;isl;itnr(' in it;^ wis-
dom hIi.juM deem it expedient ao-l pnlitl,- u, ruhxr^o' rpiisifa, 'Ahutihn'^h-iafum rJ/iA-m///f.' and'a ' fitir \Z\
it, we sliall h)ok iipnn siich action as Ix'in-r -^i mitst'
happy exproBsionof tiic public will. Our view is t.> '
let this project have a lM';::innin^^ and wr liav.> all
confidence that, und'-r tli- ^^rniai inthimc' (»i mli'dit-
encd miixls, it will work itsdl into pvihlic I'axor. I

Your ('otninitttcc, thereti.re, (fVcr lor tli.- conside-
ration of the Convention the followine; ;

lles(»lve(l, 'i'hat lie a ('(.nunittee whose

duty it shall h<» to draft a hill in accordance with the
principles of tliis report, and sul.niit the sunn^ for the
action (d" the Leojislature.

The Huhject matter of the r(»port was (dofpientlv
discussed hy F. M. Watts, of ('uniherland; .John C.
Cresson, IMiiladcdphia: Jienjaniin Hen-, Lancaster ;! ten specimens, the Kaster IJeurre, to Thomas II

Havid Muninia, jr., Daujdiin ; Wni. M. Meredith,
Philadelphia; (I. lJli;:;ht Hrown, Montt^<»inery ; das.
t\uneron, Northumberlatul.

On motion of A. S. Fv(d»erts, of Philadelphia, that
the Idank in the resolution he hlh-d with the name
r»f Frederick Watts, (d ( 'unilierland ; Simon Came- i
roll. I>au]yli)n; Christian Myers, Clarion; II. dorns !

« j

Brook, (d" helaware, and the Fresident of the C,,n- !

Ventloo. whndl was so ordered mihI the (oie«ti<.o n^- I

currin^ on the resolution as amended, it was unani- 1
mously adopted.

A vote of thanks to the Senate for tlieir kindness
In.teiKieriiiL!; the use of the Hall, and to the tiresidiii"-
othcers of the Convention was pas>ed. and tln^ Con-
vention, on motion, adjourned.

-•••-

I'cnnsylvania lloi tlculturul vSociet^.

The stated meetin«j:; of this Soeietv occurred in the
Chinese S.ilfMiii, on Tui'sday evenine;, March F"), JSo.'i,
the Fre^idcnt in the (diaii-. The Mulden ehanire from
mild to severely cold weather, precludecl the impos-
ing display ot lar.'i;e Azaleas, Khododendrons, and
tine green Iiounc plants usual at the Mar«di meeting;
yet thn^c who attended were amply repaid with the
sight ot' ni;'.ny iriterest ing plant>, and beautiful v\\i
Howers in the tasttdul designs, baskets and bcxpu'ts,
slnnvn. Mr. d. F. Knorr's ganh'uer, from West Fhil*
aiiclphia, exhibited a dozen of tdjoice lilooming plants,
six pots filled with Hyacinths, and the following
new kinds: — Tt injh'Konia *//(tuc(i, Ahnfllvn Vdnlnnit--'

Hi, Jzalni aJha-stnnta.A. ^xqaisifa, Chinan'a.s, Car-\ the garden of Nicholas Lot, (d'Kead'in
jniiiftfa, \(nir oj Wahjihl. Junnosa, Mr. ^//'/'<'7/ | nal tree wlii<di stood on the adjoining premis(>s is
Jlrrtxrt. Miiiianio' and Amic Uuhsart. Mrs. (\)p(j's | „,,^v <lead. The fruit is roundish, slightlv oblate,
gard(>Ner brou-lit a do/en s(dect standard plants, a : faintly ribbed, of a warm, vdlow color, appVoachin
collection ot Cmcianas, and two species shown fori „range ; stem sh..rt, thick ;"cavitv op.^n, shallo.v, (d,-
the first iu\u^ — h'hu<losf.unniiij(trdrnonhs, and /^//- ; tuse, irregular; basin shallow, wide, plait. ■<!. Flesh
pocyrta tiirifrdosa. V Wv Kaabe, a large vase with aj vollowish.'with a slight orange tint ; flavor sj)rightly;
great number of blooming Hyacinths— a rich show. ; J|i,.,ii{v "'r,„»(i."

On the fruit table were seen a small basket (d"j y/// OhHui/rr—X mitive app^e of Pennsylvania.
Strawb«'rnes from Mr. Cupe's houses; Faster i5eurrc It originated with .Mr. Olilinger in Alsace Township,
Pears, from Thos. Hancock's; St. (bMiuainand \ou- j F>crks county. It fruited in F^-VJ, for the first time,
ville d'Ksperin IN-ars, and Feinette tranche Apples,! Fruit IjeloW 'medium size ; roundish; waxen y(dlovv,
from Mrs. d. F. Smith; and Newtown Pippin and Uvit}, a i.ale, brownish cheek, containing manv white
Carthouse Apples fn.m Fobert Corn. dins; :in<l also i sp,,ts, with usually a russ.'t speck in (>acli; ' stem ;|

h'cti.tn (d" Cip.er:irias Carmimita, \ icar (d \N'ak(dild,
formo^a, Mrs. Sydney Herbert, Marianne and Ainie
K«>!'sart. And f»)r an American peedling Camellia,
a lifie double white, the silver medal to dohn Sher-
wo<»d. Ii<)ii({U('t desiyns, for the l)est, to Thos. M(»e-
han, gar.h'ner to C. Cope; for the second best, to
ThoR. Me-hran, gardener to K. Corn. bus. Jia.sket <>/
Cuf F/oinrs, for tli(» best, to Thos. Me<dian; for the
secoml best, to A. Hall, gardener to lb Rodney King;
and a special premium for a Basket to Thos. Me-
ghrari; ami anotlier to Pet(>r Uaab(», for ;i large Pyr-
amid of HyacinthH.

By the Committee cm Fruit. — 7Vr//-.s'— For the best

an-

<'ock. A]>i/lrs — For the l)est ten s])ecimens. tlu^ New-
town Pippin, to Thomas Meghran ; for the second
best, the Ileinctte fran(di(\ to F. (Jouin, gardener to
d. B. Smith. And a special premium to 1'lmmas
.Meehan, gardener to C. Cope, for a Ijasket of lIovey'«
Seed 11 tig straw} terries,

Hy the (\»inmittce on \'egeta])les — For the ])est and
I lost interesting display Ity a private gardener, to
'I'homaH M<'ghran, '^ ;:"!fner to K. Corncdius, and for
the second best to Thomas Meehan, gardener to C.
Cope.

A\) IXTFKIM IIFPOKT.

The I'ruit t'onimitKM; respectfully report, That
since the last stated meeting of the Society, they
have received a;id .'.\amined specimens of the follow-
ing \arietie8 of fruits*

Fr(»m Charles Kes>ler- T/tc Jict((h'u(/ — This valu-
able winter peai- has been noticed in several of «)ur
ad interim reports. The present specimens which
were eaten on the 11th inst., have strengthened the
favorabh; opinion previously expi-esse.l by us, <d"its
merits.

T//r K<nn — which we have previously described,
appears to be a late keeping winter apple, assuming
a more beautiful waxen appearance with the ad\ancc
of the seas.ui.

K(^< ninij j}(iriy — This is the third time this.Fdicious
litth; apple has been submitted to our examination,
during th<' pres«MU season. Facli successive trial has
served to confirm our estimate of its value.

The OidiKjc — A medium sized native apple, from

'J'he oriiri-

1"

two large collections of V'egctaldc. from K. Come
lius' and C. (/ope's,

Tlie following jtremiums were awardiMl: — ■ Azalea,
fertile best grown sprcimen, to Tlios. Meghran, gar-
dener to Robert Corrudius; riaiifs in y/^/^^ for (Ik;
best P2 specimens, to dohn Bell, gardener to d. F.
Knorr; for the second best, to Thos, Mech;m, gar-
dener to C. Cope; new plants shown for the first time,
to Tho«i» Meehan, gardener to C. Cope; a premium of
two dollars for Rhosdotemnia gardenoidcsand Hypo-' purposes.

of an inch long, slender; cavity deep, wid.^ russet-
ted in rays; basin wide, shallow, furrowed; see<l
brown, short, round ovate ; fle.sb yellowish white, fine
texture; sprightly ji^ivtr ; (piality "g*^*"L"

The Ihtni pliiiij — \ lai'ge, roundish, oval, yellow
apple; stem short; cavity contracted, shallow; ba-
sin narrow, rather deep. This is entire|\ distinct
from th<» Dumpling of Coxe, and is a good deal cul-
tivated in some parts of Pennsylvania for culinary

•
I

The Alsace — A seedling a[>ple of Alsaci; township;
Bi/j* m dinm : form conical ; skin whitisli yellow,
with a pale blush on tic expose(l side; stem short,
sh-nder ; cavity narrow, accumiriate; basin deep,
open : fle^h whitish, fine texture, juicy ; pleasant
flayer; (piality, "good." Though (^aten on the I'ith
ol.March, it in said to bi' in eating order in S -ptem-
bcr.

T/f Fiilli nifahlrr or Fnniiralih'r — The I'allawater
of Powning— A large, yelhtwish green aj)plc, with a
brown blush, uniformly fair, and (d' "irood" nuality.
It is abundant in our markets, and, at this pcason (d'
the year, the largest apple to be found there.

From ^V^ Boas, of lleading— 7V/r Krousrr — This
appa' has been ilescribetl in ii previous report, and
is r<'present(Ml as being wonderfully y)ro(luctive.

Fr.uii Cas[>er Ililler — 7Vir. Hess — A native apple
ot Conestoga, Lancaster county, Pa. Si'/.e me(lium ;
form variable, sometimes roundish, often conical;
red, in stri]>es of different hues ; stcsm short, rather
stout ; cavity narrow, moderately deep, slightly rus-
s(;tted ; l)asin deep, narrow ; flesh greenish white,

tender; flavor agreeably aromatic; (pialiiy "very

™ 1 "
good.

Five genUemen were elected meniFers.

On nioiin«i, adjourneil.

THOMAS r. JAMKS,

llecording Secretary.

-*••►

Chrstrv County Horticultural ?*.nrlcty.

The state.! meeting of this Society was Indd on the
l2th in-r. F'lants and llowers were exhibited by
Pasfdnill Morris & Co., and A. Marshall & Co.

A pr(>mium was awiirded to Paschall Morris vt Co. >
for the best display (d' (ircen IIousi; Plants.

Also to same I-'irm for best oisplay of hyacinths,
land tli.« b.'st colle(;tion of (>vergreens in }iots.

Tlie display .d' apples was unusually fine f. ir the
season. d.»shua Fmbree exhibite(i 'M) \arieties, and
was avvarde.i a premium for the best display. Amos
II. ParliuLCfnn, Pi varieties ; Ziba Harlington, 11;
donathanl'. Baldwin, 7; Kobert Lamborne I ; Rich*
ard Powning, some very fine Baldwins of Chester
county growth. P. Morris it Co., exhibite<l ;i speci-
men (d the Hector apple, anew (Chester (jountN^ seed*
ling; also two other se<jdlings. dohn Cope exhibited
a plat<' of f5ue St. (Jermain P.Kirs. INsar.s were also
exhibited by Ziba Ihirlington.

Premiums were awarded to Ilachel Taylor for bes:
one dozen radishes, and best half peck of spinacdi.
Among the plants exhibited by P. Morris it Co., were
Habrotiian»nus Klegans, five varieties .d" Cineraria.'*,
Begonia, Fuschi(u<les, Cammellias, splendid Azaleas,
Fi)rsythia \ iridissima, a new shrub from China, in
(lower, ]terfect1y har<ly; Spirea Prunifolia,HeliotroT)es,
scarlet C<M-aniui^is, L.Mdinaultia Formosa, itc. Alfk)
evergrc^eiis ini».)ts; AbiivsMorinda.Taxodium Semper-
virens, crypt.aneria ja{M>nica, arancaria imbricata,
cupressus fnnibri*, abi.-s Douglasii an.l several
others.

The annual .'lection (d offii'(*rs was also Indd, which
resulted as follows ■:

PiiEsioF.N'T — )ohn Fuitter.

Vice INiesidents — Jamjs II. Bull, Amos H. Dar-
lington.
Kecordixc; Secret.\ry — Isaac D. Pyle.
CoRREseovDivo Secret.\uv — Josepli P. Wilson.
Tre.vsurbr — John Marshall.

ijsr OF i»\'ri;NT ci.Ai.^is

Issued iroin the rnlted Stat«;s I'atcnt Oflirr.

1Ik<ki,i\(; V\.sx AM) IIkmc. — By d. P. Arnold, of
T,ouisville, |\y: 1 do not confine myself to any iKir-
ticular form or arrangement of the parts, so long as
the ma.diine is so constructed that it will operate art
set forth.

I .'laini the method of heckling hemp by subject-
ing it to the action of a series of mixe(l beaters and
combs, the teeth of tlui latter being of varying length
—•Some of them projecting .^o far, and others beyond
the lieaters, and the whole operating substantially a*
pct forth.

Also a rest, having a narrow slot o[)en at one end
in combination with a concavt^ ])rojecting beyond
tlu^, end (d' the cylinder at the open end of tlie rest, as
«ct forth.

For Saw I no Srovr.— -By Jas. T. Bruen k Jas. (L
Wilson, of Hastings, N. Y.: We claim lifting the
saws at or sufficiently near the middle of the stroke,
to (dfect the spr-cified Tuirpose.

Also int(^rp')sing india rubber or it« equivalent, be-
tween the ways, and the inclined proj(!ctions which
lift the saw frani(\ as specified.

CfiAiN Washers. — ByCeorge it Ccjorge AV. Feaga,
of Frederick. Md. : We (daim tlu^ method, as descri-
bed, of separating grain from smut, garlic and (»ther
impurieties by first .vashing it in a trough or rei*er«
voir of water, where the separation takes place, and
then conveying tin; washed grain to a drying appara-
tus, wdiere it is thoroughly dried, the whole o[)eration
being perlbrmed as set forth.

llii,!, S.!.i; Pi,,u's.— By d. (\ Bi.jwell ,^,], Hall,
.»f Pittsburg. Fa., executors of Samin { Hall, dec. :
We claim the manner of arranging the mould board
U]>on tlie land side, to wit, placing their hinges at
su.di a distanc<' from ea(di other on each side of the
centre of the land side, that eacdi mould board may
lie supportcfl l»y th'' cilgcs and projection, as far a?*
practicalde, fr-ni the hinges and rest upon the
grooves ni^ar the middle id' the land side, as :5et
forth.

Potato IMookks. — By F. C. Schaffer, of Brooklyn,
N. Y.; I am aware; that machines have been previ-
ously used for <ligging potatoes, but in these; machines
the potatoes are dug or scooped from the hills by
means of a concave or scoop formed of a single piece,
the brush cylinder carrying the potatoes up the con-
cave and into tin; r<^ceptacle. 1 therefore do not
claim the above arrangement ; but I claim the '^ar-
rangement and combintition of the s(!oop and endh^ss
! apron, by which the potatoes are lug or scooped from
I the hills, and tin dirt tli(»roughly separated there-
from, as they pa^^ up the endless apron into the re-
ceptach\

Rakes to Harvesters. — By T, Baylis k Daniel
Williams, of Tecumseh, Mich.; We claim the con-
struction and method of operating the rake, together
\\\{\\ tlie use (»f tlw; jointe.l brake, in facilitating the
discdiarge of th»3 sheaf at the rear of the machine,
as set forth.

ScvTiii: Fa-tksincs. — >By P. Frost, of Springfield,
Vt. : I (daim the peculiar constriu'tion of tin; loop
and the set ring, with the grooves, in tin; manner s<'t
forth.

CiK. fi-AU Saw?. — By Ammi M.Ceorgo, of Nashua,
N. H. : 1 claim in comltination with a (areolar saw,
driven by friction, near its p.'ripliery, the guard plate
with its arbor, around which the saw runs, and by
which it is held into the wood, and on which tie-
board or veneer, being sawed, may rest and relieve

1|K '

32

LIST OF PATPATS.

ArnTL,

IJ>V"'«M-if«flW4

tho saw fnun all friction thorolrom, and },y which ! of Waslun;;f„n, \K C, & \. K. Smith of >'ew York
m.ans I an. ojMtn cut boanl. or vonecrs, ofiCitv): 1 chun/th. aj.Vle parin^^ inachi ,c^^^^
rj..arly ..yial width with t .e d.anietor of th- ..u . a. .d w.th a stationary circular rack or way, in i.ombl
Uusuib U. I nation wuh a trav(>rsin- lever, lor operating the fork

.Manvre fepRKADERs.— r>y 8ilas A . II'Mlu;os,of Lan- ' <»?» vJimIi thr .ij.plr ,M- other article is phiccd, thcsaid
castor, Ohio: 1 claim constructing a inaimro cart '''"I'^'H" linini^a pini-m (mi it, wiiieii traverses tho
with two bodies, the front one of which is raised or j ^J^i'l i'Ji«;l<, an<l u;ives rotary motion to the fork, niak-
tilted, for the dischar<;e of manure into tli'- rmr one, ' i"^' the appjr to revolve against tie swinging sprin*--
by the aetiorj of th»' hi?i<l axle, by reason oi annili.T l<i'ife, ^^■\u\'■ the handle is pu.-^hcd baekwards^md foi"
iixle and tackle, when thrown into gear bv tie- hand ^vard> In a horizonta! direction, bs' the oi)erator in
lever, arranged as set loith. ' the manner described. ^ '

1 also particularly (daiin the eo!nl)in:Ltion of th<

endless a]>roii, the tilling hody, and raising tin' tail
board aiinuham'ot.Mly with tlirowing in ;;e;ir theend
less slotfod aprt»»i, e.s srt lortli

o

K\r\M.[N(; Dkiii.— r,y Thos. Trovscr, (.f \(>w
^ ork City : I eiaini tlie eoinbinat ion olthe itndineii
cutt<'r, with a screw cut thereijn, bi'vtd scr.-w pinion,
or its e(jni\itlent, and collar arrange<l in the manner

v;v, , r \T^,M.Tv,- i> n I) T /.I'. , o. . .J...XI,. ,11, .iiiu tjoiiiu :uriin^e<i in tne manner

^^n , M .MiNK..-l>y Dan. Pease, Jr., of IMoyd, deseribed, s. that bv ludding said collar, durin- the

'^- ^•: 1 «daini the einploynn'nt of the iuljustable'dt
fleetor, s.-t at an angle to throw the grain "in diib-rent
directions, in coiMbinatioii with the recei\rr, the to]»
of the said receiver being adjustable to any height
desired, and the fidnt jnece of the sann' bein.r set in
su(di a position. \\\ j-( latioji to the ,\i HiM-tor, tliat it
will, wlo'ii the grait! striken the .h-llcetor. he thrown
against the said rlaTe' siirf;;ce. whifdi, j'n ni its ])(>eu-
liar position, \\ ill tiirow the ;:!Min in a partiallv
spread state, up agam-t the lidjustable top. which
cau»ea it to spread still more, ao.i men to tail down
on the ribbed bottom, and pa>> oirthrou^'-h the wind
pipe.

Also, causing the jiiaio to <pi-ead t(» u irrcater oi-
less degree, by making the top of the recei\er ad- : ^T'^ain. and tliu> j)revfntaM tnidue acMinnihition of
justable to diHereni heights, as described. , *' i . i ^^ -. r.i • ,

IIancinc; FAiof (Jates.— By John Filson, Milrov,

rotation (d" the dril!, a continuous fee<l motion iscom-
municated to the cutter.

WlNVOWFR^OF OllAlX.— liy A. 15. Childs, of Ro-

(diester. N. \. Pat<Mited in Kngland, xMav '2'2, IS.VJ:
1 elaiiu regulating the blast (or th.> second winnow-
ing ol' grain, by combining v/itli the revoUing fm,
which generates bot!i the first and si-coiid hia^t, aiel
a compensating safety valve, as set forth, but J make
no elaini to a ^pl■ing valve, in i'v,.li; ^s such a contri-
vance is well known lor v.upmi- jiurposes.

I also claim the .^"lf-rr_riila' n-- \ alve, whi.di pre-
vent^ di" a lmi>>ion of aii- into th- maciiine, wiiile it
■'peii-^. to .li.vcliarg'' t !;e i 111 piiri t ies x m ,,i ra t < 'd tnun tlnr

Pa.: I claim the lower double jointeil hinjie, in com
bination with the appara'n^ attached, and constitu-
ting th(^ upp(>r hing". as .le-crilM'd. for the purpose
of holding the gate at a.ny inclination reiniired. for
the purposes set lorth.

AViN-\o\V'ERS. — By G. F. S. Zimmerman, of Tjarles-
town, Va. : I claim the invention, n>e and applica-
tion of the perforated vibrating table, arratie. (( to a

them at the bottom of the air chaml)er.

For Sawino Stone.— P.v das. T. linien Sr. .Tns. O,
\yilson, of Hastings, NT. Y.: Wii claim lifmig the
-aws at Of Mitiicicntly near the middle of the stroko
to etfect tiie specitled purpo>e.

Also intei-pusing indi.a rubl>er or its eipiis alent, be-
tween the ways, and the inclm ■ 1 projections which
lift the saw frani". .a - sp;' •iti'-il.

Crnuv ('oM!!~— r.y ^\■nl. Wlechi-. of Trov. X. V. :

1 claim the application of a rin :;, lo ip. or lixture on

sloning bottom or platform, tin- i)aralicl sawdike i v i • , , ' ,

,• ",. „„- ^ , ' ,1 .1"""*' ','.'*"' ••nrrv conihs. loi- th." insertion o .1 thnnih ;is a eaiard

strips (U- sa\^ pu'dier^. combined with an osei atnn-- ., i ",. t ♦! e .i • • i ^ -t ^uaiu

11,1. , , '""' " r- aiel ie-«t therelor, th<' rmt' <u- loon bein"- made in one

rake and stra w l.ea ter^ "r curved imm'^s. tie wk.C • ,..fi ♦! i i ' i- , ^ '"-i*^^ "» ouo

I ■ , 1 , • -.1 .1 ' •,, • , .'"•", piece with the baidv strap, as s< i orth.

c oni'iineii and working witii the oscillating hinged i ' ^^

standard, and suspending strains, substantiallv Jis^set -- ,. .. .....

|-,„.^|, r r. I ^ llcrnietically .Sealed Previsions.

1 do not. liow<>ver, (daim the inventicui of a com- '^''"' bn>ine>s (d putting up provisions in hermeti-
biiKMl thresliin;:. separating, and nn iniiow ine-machine, ["'^^h' ^•';il''d riw^^^ has become (|ni'e an important one
but only smdi parts as ai-e s,>t forth. '^ i ''^ our city, f here are five !are;(' e.tal'lisjinients migag-

Corn SHi'i.f.Ens. — r.v d. \\ Smith, ..f ITumunds- ''"' I" ','• l^'*'*' «'""f'"^>^"^''' I"bMei-, elanis, nmaVs
town. Pa.-. 1 claim the hcvelLd .orln- Ph.-k. ,., =^"'' -;^ '^p s n.ngu-, with grc, com, gr.Mm p.'as,
shelling bars, in separate pieces, in t'le^ manner and • ^"''''^ ^''"''' ^" .^^"'''' T;'"'"'' ^^^'•;,^^'" ^^^ P«t up in
for the purposes set fu-th ; but I do not claim to be I ".'^!'^''"^^^ 'P'^vntities. l>nr a small portion of the ar-

the inventor of sprim^ hlo^-ks or shellin.^ bar. j ^""'''^ <^"V''' ^'''' '""'^ v ^'"^'''V" "^""'''' '^''^ '^^''^^^r

o i> . ,.. IT <: IP Ax--,,^ ,T* ,t-- , I M"'^""^V l^'uig sent to \en- \ ork and L'osttuy, wher,-

See.. 1 , NMERS.--I>y Samuel .^ ^ .Ibam II A\ ith- ; they are sold to vesseb- honnd to California, and on
crow (assigm.r to Samuel A\ itlierow) ol (.ettv^burgh, ,^,„, j,,,,. ,ovau-<. am! likewise for Jiome consump-
l^^.:AVeclanu arranging tie sprin-^^atnl roller with- ,;,„. When 'taken fror. tin- ca-s, thpy are irenerallv
in a tubo, forming one end oi the ho|,per, m Mich in excellent .nder, and retain mmh of their original

manner as to prevent any UKu-t^ seed, from leaviu"- u.,^ . ..itiw.,,,,i. .> ,.i i '7

J . -1/ , '';" ^- tla\oi, altho'igh monih- ;; el even years may have

the hopper than is rerpiired for planting, the whole
arranged as set forth..

Also, the arrangement of the drag bar uinler the
plow beam, and ])assing through the adjustable han"--
er, and a slot in the neck (d' the mould board, for the
purpose of giv:ng additional latm-al -rippoi-t to it, and
protecting it from the earth, which runs up on the
mould board, in tnrning the fnriows, the whole beiip'
arranged and combined as described.

Machives FOR Paring Apples. — By AVm. II. La-

elapsed since they were sealed up—Portland (Me.)

Advertiser.

*•»-

A New IIf.iu) Book.— The Scioto Cattle Importing
Company intend sh.ortly to ]Hiblish a Herd Book, e.**-
pecially lor a re«'(»rd of the pedigrees of the cattle
belonging to the different importations of the Scioto
Conriany, and the thoroughbred descendants (d said
cattle. All persons having such animals, are re-

— "- " " -- - "T - .... a^. x^.t- quested to send he pedigrees, without delay, to Tho»

idle, of New York City (assignor to S. E. Fenwick, S. Bennett, Secretary, Chillicothe.

f

7

i|B/

VOL. 3.

WEST CHESTER, PA., MAY, 1853.

NO. 2.

THE FARM JOURNAL.

J. h. I)ARLIN(JTON, Ki)iT(M{.

A. M. S1»AN(JLKK, Assistant Editor.

\c;i.'.\TM-

• The Farm Joi:r.val mav be had at tin; followin<'
places : —

W. B. ZiEiJEU, South od, St., principal Agent for '

Phjladidphia. |

C ' M. Saxton, ir)2, Fulton st., New York.

W. II. Span(;i,ek, - - Lancaster. Pa.

I>. E. Spangler,
Geo. Bek(;.ver, -
H. Miner, - - -
d. R. Shrvock, -

II. M. IvAWtlNS, -

A. L. Warfiei.I),

Columbia, Pa.
llarrisburg. Pa.
Pittsburg, Pa.
Chambersl)urg, Pa.
Carlisle, Fa.
York, V'A.

AVm. Domer, of Altoona, Blair County, is our au-
thorized agent for Blair and Centre^ counties.

A. F. Bkadv, (^imberland and l*eriy counties.

Jos, Pkesto.n, Kennett S<piare, f )r Chester and
Delaware counties.

JoxATHAN DoRWART. Lancaster county.

Amhrose Poulton, Buckingham, lor Bucks co.,

II. W. Nicholson, Fsq., Waverly, Luzerne co.

And of Booksellers generally.

Points of Cattle.

In our last number, we referred to a valuable forth-
coming report, on the points nf cattle, by a commit-
t(;eof the New York State Society, headed by Francis
Ilotch as Chairman. In connection \\ith some ex-
cellent [)refatory remarks by him below, we (piote a
scale of Points, as reported for four breeds, Durham
Devon, IL^reford, an<l Ayrshire. They deserve the
especial attcmticm of persons called upon to decide
at agricultural exhibitions, lietween rival animals
often (dosely lialanwed, and may sahdy be referred to
as a future .stdndnrd. If attended to as they de-
serve, we shall have no more awards at our annu-
al exhiljitions calculated to disgust intelligent Breed-
ers, and render the fact (d having obtained a premi-
um often a mere burlesque. AVe hope the commit-
tee will not stop their work till thej have arranged
a scale of points for sheep.

"As to the points conslitxiting exrdhuc.e,\\iiU^ per-
haps need be said, beyond the remark, that reference
has been had to the particular uses and characteris-
tics of the respective variety under consideration.—
For instance, the heavy, massive form of the he<?f-
making, indolent Short-hf)rn, would be, in many td"
its details, inapplical)le to the activity (d" the xXonh

•^'; '•'!•'—"-:- excollr-nce as a laborer on a lighi

soil, must beone of its leading' considerations in the
estimate of its usefulness. feo again, of the Here-
ford,whose double value in the yoke and in the sham-
bles, re(piires a balance of properties, that is not
called for in the animal whose ordy destination is
the butcher's block. The Ayrshire is a breed who.se
improvement has had riderence solely to dairy prop-
erties ; it would be destructive, therelore of that very
improvement, to require in this, either the substance
or symmetry of the other breeds.

"Another consideration has also intluenced the
numerical value affixed to {\\Qsarne points in differeiU
breeds ; Mdiich is, that where from a natural or orig-
inal tendency, there is a deli(dency or a difficulty in
bringing any one or more points up to a maximum,
they are marked higher in that breed, than in one
kn(jwn to be naturally strong in that particular; for
instance, it is more difficult from the general confor-
mation of the animal, the heavy shoulder, and the
massiveness throughout, required in the Short-horn,
to breed the crops full up and even, than it is to do
so in a North Devon ; hence, that point well de-
veloped in the Short-horn is marked 4; in the North
Devon only 3. So in the Ayrshire, whose great ex-
cellence is her dairy properties, the udder is marked
0, while in the other varieties of iinprored breeds it
is marked low, inasmutdi as their im[)rovement has
had reference sntflii to <'arly maturity, weiirht. svm-
nn^try, reduced offal, rpiality, and the best feeding
pro[)erties, yielding the greatest amount of meat al
the smallest expense."

STIORT-IIORNS— TIIE CO\Y.

Peoioree — showing unbroken descent, on i»oth
si<les, from known animals, as found in the Fngjish
Herd-Book— 10.

The Head — small, lean and bony, tapering to the
muzzle; the face s(unewhat loug — 2.

The Nose of a light delicate color — 1.

The Fve is of great signifi(^ance. and shoiiid le
prominent, bright and (dear — "prominent" from an
a<M'umulation (d' "adeps" in the liack part of its
socket, which indicates a tendency to lay on fat —

•>4

POINTS OF CATTLE.

[Mat,

"bright/' as an evi(l«»ncc of good disposition — ''clear/'
as a guarantee of the iininiai's health; whereas a
dull, sluggish eye bcdongs to a slow fctMh.T, and a
wild, restless eye betrays an unrjuiot, fitful temper
2.

M'liK Horn's — litiht in sulHtance and in color, and
svmnietrieallv f^et on th<' head; tli*' ear somewhat
lar""e. thin, and with considerable action — 1.

lilE Neck — ratiier nhort than lon;r, tapering to
the head; clean in tiie throat, and full at its base,
thus covering and tilling out the points of the shoul-
ders— 2.

The Ciikst — Ijroad from point to point of t!»e .shoul-
ders; deep from the anterior dorsal-vertebra to t!ie
floor of tlie sternum, and both round and full just
back of the elbows; Hoinc^times <lt»signated by the
]»hrase, "lhi(^k through the heart." These are un-
(^uestionably the most important points in every ani-
mal, as constitution must depend on their perfect
developement, and the ample room thus afforded for
the free action of the heart and lungs — 8.

TiiK l^KisKKT, however deef) or projecting, must
not be couid'ounded with raj)ar<7// of chest: for though
a very attractive and Sidling point, it, in rcwlity, adds
nothing to the space within, however it may iiuTeasc;
the girth withovit. It is in fact nothing more or less
than a muscular adipose substanc«\ attached to the
anterior portion of the sternum, or breast-bone, and
thence extending itself back. This form, liowever,
of the })risket, indicates a disposition to lay on fat
<MMi<'rallv throughout the frame, and in this point of
view is valuable — i.

TuF. SuoiinKH, where weight, as in the Shurt-
lu>rn, is the object, should be somewhat upright and
of g(M>d width at the points, with the blade-bone just
sufficiently curved to bh-nd its upper portion smooth-
ly with the (*rops— 3.

The ('r<«i'- must be full and level with tln^ shoul-
ders and ba k-. and is, perhaps, one of- the most diffi-
cult point-- to brc( d right in the Short horn — 4.

The r»A« k. Loin, and Hits should be broad and
wide, f Mminj; a straight and even line from the neck
to these'ting on of the tail, the hips or bucks round
and wt 11 coV'Tcd — ♦"'.

Tak lvr\n'> laid up high, with ]denty of flesh on
their extreme ties — '.L

Tni; rKi.vis should be large, indicated by the
width of hips, as already mentioned, and the breadth
of the twi>t '2.

Thf. 'fuisT should be so well filled out in its
*'seam" as to form nearly an even and wide plane,
between the thighs — 1.

The (.^lAKTERs — long, straight, and well developed
downwards .'.

The Carcass — round: the ribs nearly circular, and
extending w(dl back— 1.

The Flanks — deep, wide, and full in proportion

to condition — 1.

The Leo— short, straight, and standing square

with tbe body— 2.

Thh Plates of the belly strong, and thus preserv-
ing^ nearly a straight under line— 1.

The Tail — flat and broad at its root, but fine in
its cord, and placed hi(/h up and on a level with

rumps— 2. • i • , i j v

The Caurtaoe of an animal gives style and beau-
ty; the walk should be square, an<l the step (juick;

the head up— 1. .,,.,.. ., . ,•

Qu>ALiTY— On this thcthriftincss, the teeding prop-
erties and the value of tin; animal depends; an<l
upon the touch of this ((uality rests, in a good meas-
ure, the grazier's and the butcher's judgment. If
the "touch" be good, some deficiency of form may

be excused ; but if it be hard and stiff, nothing can
compensate for so unpromising a feature. In rais-
ing the skin from the bndy. ^Mtween the thumb and
finger, it should have a soft, flexible and substantial
feel; and when );eneatli tlujout-spread hand, it should
move easilv with it, and under it, as thou'rh restiiiLT
on a soft, elastic, c<'llular substance: wlTwdi. li(twever,
becomes firmer as the aniujal "ripens" A thin pa-
pery skin is objectionable, more especially in a cold
climate — 8.

The IIaik slnuild be thi(d<, short and mossy in
winter; fine, soft and glossy in summer — 1,

'I'he riuiER-— plialde and thin in its textur(\ reach-
ing well forward, roomy btdiind, and thi^ teats stan-
ding wide apart, and of convenient size — 1.

POINTS OF TIIE SHOirMIOllN BULL.

As regards the male animal, I have only to remark,
that the points desiral)le in the female are generally
so in tin; mal(% but must, of course, be attended by
that masculine charact«^r which is inseparable from a
strong, vigorous constitution. Kven a certain de-
gree of coarseness is admissible, but then it must be
so exclusiv(dy of a masculine description as never to
be discovered in the iemales of his net.

In contradistinction to th(? cows, the head of the
Inill, may be sht)rtor, the frontal-bone broader, and
tlie (.Ktcipuai liai and hironger, liiai it may receive
and sustain the horn — and this latter may be excus-
(hI if a little heavy at the base, so its upward form;
its ((uality and color be right. Neither is the loose-
ness of the skin, atta(died to, and depending from the
un<ler jaw. to be deemed other than a ligature of the
sex, provided it is not extendeil ))eyond the bone, but
leaves the gullet and tlirojit (dean and free fr(jm dew-
lap.

The upper portion of the'neck should be full and
)n}isn/I(n\ for it is an indiciition of strength, power
an<l constitution. The spine should be strong, the
bones of the loin l(»ng and broa<l, and the whole mus-
cular system wide and thoroughly developed over the
entire frame.

NOIITII D LYONS— TIIE COW.

Plritv of Blooo, as trhced back satisfactorily to
importations of both dam and sire, from known
English breeders, or as found in the lately establish-
ed Herd-Book, for North Devons — 40.

The Head should be small, lean and bony, the
forehead wide, flat, or from a fulness of the frontal
bone over the eyes, somewhat dishing; the face
straight; the muzzle fine; the nostrils open; the lips
thin, and rather flat — 2.

The Nose of a light delicate color, it being a test
of pure blood — 2.

The Eve should be bright, prominent, and clear,
but niihi and gentle in its expression, as indicative of
that spirited, but tractable disposition so necessary
to cattle that must bear the yoke; a beautiful orange-
colored ring should invariably surround the eye — I.

The YjAK — thin: (d' a rich orange color within, of
riKMlium size, with a (jiiick and ready movement, ex-
pressive of attf'iition — 1.

The Horns — light, tapering, of a waxy color tow-
ards the extreinifv, and iraily, as well as svmmetri-
callv ]:)laced on the h(\ad ; the oc(;ipital l)one narrow,
thus bringing the base of the horns nearer together.
—I.

The Neck of medium Icnglh, somewhat light in
substance, very clean, and pretty well set up on the
shoulder — 1.

The Chest — deep and round, carrying its fullness

iftsn.i

POINTS OF CATTLE.

35

w •

1 l,:u I. M- t!,. ,.ll,uvv., tims allonli,,;:, hy ti,.. al,i „l r,..,,,,. „„ ., ,.„-l, „„.||„«. vinMinj-".uIwtan.-c between

a springing rib, abundant intermil room for the ac-
tion of the thoracic viscera, the heart and lungs, and
that too without an extrtnn widtli forward, ancl be-
tween the points of the shoulders, whudi might in-
terhre with the acti<m (d" the animal. — ^.

The IbusKET — it being assummed that it* adds
nothing to the internal capa<*ity of the chest, must
not overload the breast, l»ut Ix^ sufficiently dev<doped
to guarantc(> a feeding property, attend(;d With a lull
prtij)ortion of fatty secreti(»n — 2.

'i'uK Siion.KER Is, in this breed, a very beautiful
aiul important [loint, and should in a f/t7//re approx-
imate in f )rm to that of the horse. It should tak(! a
more sloping position than is fi)und in most other
breeds, with its points less projecting, and angular,
and the blade bone more curved, thus blending with,
and forming a fine wither, rising a little above the
level line of the back — IL

Tin: Crocs full and even, forming a true line \v\\}^
the somewhat rising shouhh^r, and level back, with-
out either drop or hollow — 2.

Hack, Loin, and Hies, broad and wide, running
on a lcv(d with the setting on of the tail — <).

TuK liiMi's— lying bro^d apart, higfi, and well
covered — 3.

The i^ELVis — wule — ,i.

TiiK Twist — full and broad— .'^.

'f UK CHARTERS hmg and thoroughly filled up be-

lt and the iu'.!v(de — S,

Same g.Tci-al remarks in regard to points (d' the
I^ovou bull, as made in refi-nnce to the Short-Horn.

HKREFORDS— THE CCW.

IVuiTv OF Blood, as traced back to the satisfac-
.on ol committees, to imported blood nn huth .sides
iromsome known En-dish breeder, or as f >und in
Lyton s Ib^ndord lirrd Hook; 40.

The Head, moderately small, with a good width

of forehead tapering to the nuiz.le ; the cheek-bone,

ather deep, but clean In the jaw ; the nose light \n

Us color, and the whole liead free from fleshiness; 2.

I HE Eve full,mild, and cheerful in its expression; 1.

iHE Ear of medium size; I.
, The Horns, light and tajK^ring, long and spread-
ing with an outward and upward turn, givin- ao-ay
ainl lofty expression to the whoh' head; ;). '^ ^ "^

The Nkck, of a medium length: full in its junc-
tion with the shoulders, spreading well over the
sh..uhler p(,ints, an<l tapering fine to the head: 3.

1 AE e iiEST, broad, round and deep ; its floor run-
ning well back of theelbowB, which with a sprin-dnt:
tore-rib, gives great interior capacity to this alMrn-
porfant pr.rtion of the body; 8

The Brisket, when in flesh, larg«dy d(^vel(»pe<l, de-
scending l..w between tlie legs, and'deep, by cover-
ing the anteri(u- portion of the sternum, or brcast-

tween the hocks, or hip bones, and the rumps; with i„,7n. l.nf r, .,-.... ; ♦ r • -.i .i

a good muscular developement <iown the thigh to the ^';J'/'^^^^ mtefenng w,th the action of tiie

hocks— 4 ' o ^'-'^^ j iii''iii:tl wlicn m working condition: :j.

-P ^ v" \f A .11 r u ^ ,, . , '''"^' SiioiLOER, lying snugly and closelv b. wards

I II., hi VNK— Moderately deep, full and nvllow m the top, and spreading towards the TM.ints-'the bhide
proj.ortion to condition-1. \ sl.^mv^ son,.«what back, and running pretty well up

iHE Lf:<;s no t<.o short, and standing as s^piare Into the withers, which bv rising a very tri'fle above
and straight bidnnd, as may be compatible with ac- the lev(d line of the back,\rives to the ox a V(M-y ui)-
tivity. I he bone cpiite small below the hock and standing, and b-autiful forc-<Mul. The whcde sliould-
kne..; the sinews large and clean, with the fore-arm er well clothed with muscle- 'A
w,;ll developed-:^. ^ Tun Crocs, filling all up evenly behind the shoul-

Iiif: f arcass round and straiglit; irs posterior ribs ders, and bh-nding it smootblv in with the muscles
ahiK.st circular, extending W(dl ba(d<, and springing i of the back: 2.

nearly horizontally from the vertebra, giving in fact, | Tki: IJack, Loin ano Hies, should be broad wide
mindi greater capacity thrtu would at first apjjear — 1. , and level; 4.

The Tail, at its junction, lev.d with the back, The Lumi's should lie nearly, (ir quite level with
l^mg very slender in Its cord, and finishing with a i the back, and their covering Should be abundant
tass.-i of white hair— 1. | mellow, loose, and freely moving under the hand,thu8

The Color, in its shades and degrees is more or I ^'j^'^ving great ajitltudeto fatten; 4.
less governed by fashion; but in the Hevon is always ! I'^^k I*elvis, roomy ; indicated by wide hips, as
red. Formerly a rich blood red was the favorit<^ col- already mentl(»ned, and the space between the rumps,
'>r, and a test of purity, and now a -omewdiat light- ' which should stand well apart, ;i;iving a general

er color Is in vogue, approaching rath<M' nearer to

that of the Sotd/i Devon, whicdj is a larger. c<>ars-

•ef, stronger animal. Jn all cases the color grows

lighter round the niuzzh'. Avhih^ a dark mahogany

•color, verging almost to a black, and growing vet

breadth to t!ie post<'rior portion (d' the animal; 4.

The Twist broad and full: 2.

Tin; Hind QrAiniK. large and thoroughly develop-
ed in ifs upper and more valuable ]iortiofis, as beef.
The thigh gradually tap. 'ring to the hock, but mus-

<iarker about the head, always was a very (piestion- ! cular: ',].

•uble color for a fnie North Deron^ more especially! The ('ar( ass, round thrmigliout ; full and capa-

when accompanied by a dark nose— 1. j<'dous, with the under line o:' tlie belly lcv« i, or near-

ITiiE Hair should be shm-t, thick, and fine: and if Lv ^'>; 1-
•showing on its surfrce a, fine .Mirl, or ripple, if lor)ks ''"'"^ Flnnk full and uidc; 1.

I'loher in color, and is supposc'l to indicate a hardier ; '''"^- '^^^is, straight, uj. right : firmly placed to fu]-
and inonUhrifty animal — 1. j port the superincumbent w<Mgr!r : a strong back sir.-

TiiE (h)i)KR should be su(di as will afford t}i'> ]»e8t 1^^'' ''''^ ^'.^' '^" nutans a larg(% coarse, cannon b one; ;}.
promise of capacity and product 1. 'I'l'^- Tail, large and full at its point of attiichmerit,

Cariua(;e. — The Hevons h.'iving from their cxccd- bnt fin ^ In its coi<!: I.
lence in the yoke, anotln^r destiny'^bf-^ides th^itof the i '''''t" Carri \';i: j.r-mpt, rcsoKite, and cheerful; and
butcher's blo(;k, it Is all important that tlic animal's in the ox, giy ^nd lividy: 1.

carrian^e should indicate as much; Imt to obtain this, ' The Qrw nv i- indicated by a flexible, soft, yet
something of the heavy, inert, squarely mcnilded substantial skin, resting on a somewhat iirm, i ut
-nimeof the merely beefing animal muut bo relin- rich, mellow, and elastic substance, becoming firmer

^^iiished for a lighter and more active frame — 1.

yUAMTY.-The skin elastic,flexible,and not too thin, dition: 8.

as the animal approaches its maximum cf

COH-

36

POINTS OF OATTT.K— SHANGHAI CHICKENS.

[Mat.

The Hair, thick, closo, ami i\inv; 1.

The Udder should bo such as will ufVord the best
promise of capacity and produc;!: 1.

(,\>LOR, r«Hls or rich browns, <irt<.'ntiin(;s very dark,
with a white or "brocklcd" faco, jiro now the colors,
and niarkin;j; <>1 the Hereford, th()U;j;h L^rev Herefords,
or cream-colored, were not uneoninion; I,

Same general remarks in re^j^ard to j)oints of the
Hereford IjuU, a^ made in rclcrenco to the Short-
Uorn.

AVUSIIIRKS— THK COW.

PuRiTV OF IJi.ooi), as tracH'd baek to importations
of both dam and sire, under such evidenct^ as will
satisfy committees; 40.

'I'liE Head, as in other l)reeds, small; the face h)n<!;
and narrow; the mu//de and nose dark; 2.

The Eve placid and not strikingly lar;i;e; 1.

The Kar of full size, and of an orange color
within; 2.

The Horns small, taperin^i; with jin outward and
upward turn, and set on wide apart, the face some-
wliat dishin;:;; 1.

The Neck of medium lcn;j;th, clean in the throat,
very li;:;ht throughout, and taperinjj:; to the head; I.

The Sholldeks Ivinir snujily to the body, thin at
their top, small at their points, not long in the blade,
nor loaded with musele: o.

The Chest must retain sufficient width and round-
ness to secure cijustitutiou. The lightness of the
fore-(prarter, and th'> "W(.'dge-shape'' of the animal,
from the hind-ipiariiT iorward, arising nu)re from a
small, fiat and thin shoulder, than from an undue
narrowness of the chest; 6.

The Crops easily blend in with so thin a shoulder
and previ'Ut all liollowness behind: .).

The 1»ki,-ket not over-loading the fore-end, but light;

o

The Hack should be straight and the loin wid(>,
the hips rather high and well spread; S.

The Peevis roomy, causing a good breadth at
what is termed the "thurl," or ''round-bone," and
between the y)oints (d' the rumps; 4.

The (^lAUTEKS long, tolerably mus(Milar, and full
in their uppt^r portion, but moulding into the thighs
below, whi(di should have a degree of fatness, affor-
ding thus more apace for a full udder. The flank
wtdl let down, but not heavy; 0.

The 111 us, behind, spring out very round and full,
alfording space for a largo udder, which by Ayr-
shire breeders is considered very essential to secure
the milking proy>erty ; the whole carctass thus ac-
(luiring increased volunii^ towards its post<'rior por-
tion; 4.

The Kr.Mi's nearly level with the back. pr(»ieeting
but little; li. '

The Tah, thin in its cord, of full length, light in
its hair, an<l siH somewhat further into the l)ack than
W(>ul I b" admissible with some oth(*r breeds; I.

The Lec.s delicat*' and fine in thc^ bone, inclining
to be short, and w<dl knit together at the joints; 1.

The Udder in this breed is of more special im-
portance, as tin; Avrshires have been br<Ml almost
exclusively with refertMice to their milking pro;MM-ties.
The great feature of th<» udd'T should be capacity
without l)eing fleshy. It should b(^ carried squarely
and ()ro:idly forward; show iiself l:irg(dy behind. As
ii rises upward it should not mingle too immediately
with the musch^ of the thighs, but continue to pre-
serve its own peculiar texture of skin — thin, (hdicate
and ample in its folds. The teats shouhl stand wide
apart, and be lengthy, but not large and coarse; G.

The Handling will show the skin to be of medium

thickness only, moving freely und(U' the hand and
evincing a readiness in the animal to take on flesh
when a drain on the constitution is no longer made
by the milk-pail; 4.

J'he HAiRsolt and thick, in the ])hraseology of the
country, w(M)ly; 1.

Color, varies — a dark red — a rich brown — a liver
color, or mahogany, running into almost a black;
those very much broken and spotly at the edges on a
white ground are th(^ fav.>riti; colors at the present
time. The light yellew is, however, a c lor some-
times found on very good cows, but these pale colons
are object(Ml to from an im]>ression thtit such belong
to animals of less constitution; I.

(■ARRiAGE should 1)0 light, actlvo, and even gay;
this latter appearance is much promoted by the up-
ward turn of the horn; 1.

Same general remarks in regard to points of the
Ayrshire bull, as made in reference to the Short-
I Horn. — [Boston Cultivator.

-••*■

Shangjhai Chickens— Henology.

Mr. Editor: — As the hen-fever is getting up pret-
ty high, up this way, and some of the symptoms are
beginin^ to show themselves on my good wife, by
occasionally hintinir about eg<::s, chickens, hen-hous-
es, ^Vc, I thouglit 1 would asK a lew (lue.siions oi. you,
before di})ping into the business, as you know, or
ought to knoNV, that we expect editors to be able to
answer all (piestions.

Now what do you think of the variety called .s7/a/j/;-
hi'jh, whose name don't belie them ? 1 tell my Sviie
they ain't got no body at all, an<l that wIkmi the
head is cut off the legs come right a])art, — am I
right? She says, neighbor liuckingham's wife told
her, that they were the beatenest things to lay on the
yearth, and "that they'd sit and lay both at oust. I
don't believe it, because it is contrary to nater. I
think they only recline a little, as it were, and — b>
rusalem'.'how can them things set ! my jack knife
can set as well as they can. And, I tell you, Mr.
Editor, they put things out of joint too, dreadfully.
When neighbor Buckingham's wife got her Shank-
hi'jhs home the other day, old Kink happened to
hear the rooster crow for the first time, and not
knowing anything about the matter, summoned half
the niggers on the place to come and help got the old
blink-eyed mule out of the crib. Judge of the ex-
hibition of teeth and white eyes, on ascertaining the
truth. Old Kink says dey don't sit on do roost same
as udder chick(m no' how, but dey sits straddle of do
stick, cause why, wdien dey 'tempts to sit same as
common chicken, do head ain't hobby 'nuff for de
legs, and dey falls off backwards. Correct philosophy
thTit'. They'sit when they eat, I know, for I've seen
'em do it : and I've seen 'em try to eat standing, but
its no go, for when they pock at a grain of corn on
the ground, they don't more'n half reach it, but the
head bobs right between their legs, making them
turn a complete somerset. They may bo like a swing-
,.j ,>.^^ — jrro-sr thfui if looks, and that's bad enough,
anyhow. I'd as soon see a pair of tongs or ccm-
j)asses walking a])out the yard as these Shnnk-Ini/hs.
And I ha<l like to have forgot to tell you, that Pete
says they are great liars, cause dey crows long time
fore <lay'in do morning, when 'taint day. Kink says,
I\^te don't 'llect dat dey legs is so long, dey see day-
light a long time 'fore common chic^ken.

'"with all the advantages and disadvantages, I am
at a stand what to do; to get or not to get, that's the
question. What say you?— [Farmer & Planter.

MOHAWK.

1953.]

NEW YORK MILK TPvADE.

37

I
I

I

I

The MilU irade ol \ew 1 ork and \ iclnlty.

The following chapter from Dr. Trail's work on the
milk trade of New York will be fitund well worth a
perusal. In his introduction the Dr. makers the start-
ling anouncenKUit, that e(</hl or nine tiamsand chil-
dren die annually in the city of New York fr(uu dis-
eases caused by the use of impure milk. Incredible
as this statement may seem, at first thought, it be-
comes too painfully apparent, in glancing {it the array
of facts set forth in this little book. "In hundreds
uf cases," says the Doctor, "the symptoms of pois-
oning by swill milk are so obvious, that physicians at
once impute the disease to this cause, and prohibit
the use of milk entirely. And to this abstinence
from bad milk are the patients mainly indebted for
their recovery. In my own practice I have every
year grown more suspicious of distilh^ry milk, when-
ever I have seen a vdiild presenting a sickly appear-
ance, loose, flabby flesh, weak joints, capricious ap-
petite, ifec. "^ '^ * This assemblage of symptoms
is often attributed to worms ; but my experience has
full V p^^' *^" ''^'' y^^c^ fnof t5l*>v> »>> •11'' ? o '^1^1 '*'h mnrp fV'^-

(piently the cause. I have known these symptoms

defy all medication until the milk part of the diet

was eatir(dy abandoned."

We have already stated that the swill milk daily
consumed in this city, Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and
Jersey City etiualled about two thirds the ((uantity of
the pure country article, that is, near one hun(ired
and eighty thousand quarts. This, however, it must
be understood, is not produced in New York alone,
for there are extensive cow stables in the neighbor-
ing cities, from which the city receives large supplies
by steamboats. Every morning about thr(;e o'clock,

the boats upon the different fc'rries are crowded with
»v^; I ir ,.T.. .-,^^ : c ii. _ 4 4 _• i. .. . •^! " r 1 ?

milk wagons coming from the

'sister cities" fo dis-

tribute the poison among our people. Some of thes(i
vehicles are labeled "Pure Country Milk," "West-
chester County Milk," "Orange County Milk," etc.,
80 that those who receive it are under the impres-
sion that it is the pure article with which they are
supplied. This system of deception, although fr3-
<piently exposed through the press, is still in fatally
successful operation. It is true, that some of the
milkmen driving these wagons do supply their cus-
tomers with excellent milk, but the number is very
small when compared with those Viho do not. There
was one man engaged iw the Inisiness who put up a
notice that he sold "only pure milk and wafer,'' and
80 implicit was the confidence placed in his \\ord
that his business was very extensive.

We have computed, as accuratcdy as posisible, the
number of cows on this island which are fed upon
grain, swill, and other slops, and find them amount-
ing to al)out four thousjind. Of these, more than
<uie-half are kept in stables connected with distilhn--
les, and the remainder sire to be found in various
sections of the city where stable rent is (djcap. Some
are as far as three and four miles bey(Ujd the (;ity
Innits, and to these the swill is carri(;d in barrels
upon carts, The most extensive distillery in the city
is that owned by a Mr. Johnson, at the foot of Si.x-
teenth street, on the North River. It produces
more t^will than any other in New York, and it is
H;i,id even more than any other in the United States.
Wh(;ther this is correct or not, it is not necessary to
enquire, but of one thing we are certain, that it

is one of the greatest nuisances which has ever been
tolerated |)y our authoriti(>H.

^V e do not refer to th<i manufactur<' of spirits, for
with that we iiave nothing to do in this connection,
we simply uUude to the production of swill for the
us(; of cattle, and the evils inflicted on the con m mi-
ty thereby. Thousands of )){irrels of this h(rihle
stuff are consumed weekly hy the miserable-looking
and diseasecl juiimals cotdine(i in the stables to which
we iuive ri'ferreil. This, of course*, is a source of
considerable revenue to the (jwner of the distillery,
whose interest it is to Hup])ort the sale of the swill
milk, and to discountenanc*! that of the [ture article
from the country. He makes thousands of dollars
yearly by this branch of business alone. The price
paid for the board' of each cow is hIx cents per day,
or about twenty dollars a year, and, estimating the
number of cows kept in the Sixteenth street stables
at two thousand, the yearly income will be found to
amount to ftu'ty thousand dollars, TIiIh is an im-
mense sum of money, and it would require more
than ordimiry strength of principle to resign a bus-
iness so lucrative, from motives of public philan-
thropy.

I The sale of swill, as we have stated, is not confin-
! ed to the stable in the immediate vicinity of the dis-

t\ llorV 1)11 1 p'Vf '^ti 'I •J O'/0!J t'* ^^ <1 1 cf M ri M/» tii invi^ti t^y*

I for miles from the city. Some of our readers,

i doubtless, have seen the vehicles in which it is car-

j ried — heavy lumbering carts, with one or two barrels

! besmeared with swill and dirt, and emitting a most

offensive odor. They arc.' drawn each by one old,

broken-(lown, spavined horse, and occasit)nally by a

team of oxen. Crowds of thes<; carts <luring swill

I days m:iy be seen around the distilleries, waiting

i their turn, and so large is the quantity sold in this

i way, that a whole day is often consumed in its dis-

' tribution. The price per barrel is about a shilling,

and many tlumsand barrels are disposed of weekly

for the use of cows and pig«.

As the only object of the men wdio keep these
cows is, to turn thi'm to the most profitable account,
I the expense is curtailed in every possible way. They
are allowed no straw for bedding, but a very t-nuill
(piantity of dry feed, consisting of hay and grain, is
given them, and the floor on wliich they are compell-
ed to lie, is generally covered with ordure.

As comparatively little is known of the internal
arrangements and general management of these es-
tablishments, we will give a description of the one
U) which we have referred as the largOHt in the
city. This stable is situated at the foot of Sixteenth
street, between the T- nth Avenue and the North
River. The buildings and ground are owne(l by-
Mr. Johnson, the proprietor of the distillery adjoin-
ing, from which the cattle aresupfdied with tht; swill
or slop. There are, properly speaking, three stables
running parallel with each other, from the av<'nue
to the river. They were all originally constructed of
wood, but it was thought prudent, in consequence of
a fire which broke out in one of them ahout four
i years afro, and whi(di destroyed a considerable a-
I mount of property, to rebuild some ^n inoiu witn
I hrick. Their len;rth i.s from five hundred to seven
I hundred feet, and each one is made to contain lie-
I tween six and seven hundrcnl (-ows. Their appear-
ance outside is any thing but inviting, and the stencdi
can sometimes be perceived at a distance of a mde;
but the exterior, disgusting as it is, conveys no ad<'-
(piate conception (jf the interior.

The cows are rang(!d in consecutive rows, of four-
teen or fifb^'u to a row, and an^ separated by wooden
partitions which do not extend furtiicr than the ani-

Hi V. ■-

'i'.t.

as

XEW YOIIK MIl.K rilADP:.

[Mat,

1853.]

KICKIN'G COWS-COAL ASHES, A<^

main' shoulders. At the lioad ol' t'iu:h row is the i falls into the liqui<l, w In n tlie hand of the milker
trough which contains the swill, and to one of the : most nnccrcnionioiisly iulluWH it and hrin^.sit out. The
boardfi which forms the frani«'-woik innncdiattdv a- ' uddt is of sonic cows hav(^ Ix-cn known to Ix^ afHi(;trd
bovo this, the cows are secured hy a rojte fastened with ulcers, yet evt-n in that condition they were
round their necks. The unfoitunatc animals are so i milk'^l, ;ind the milk mixed witli the jijcMieral stock
placed as to be almost constantly over this trough, for distribution. These details, dis^ustin^ as they
except when lyin<^ down; and even that jiosition, in- are, fall far short of the reality,
stead of allbrdin;:; tlieni rest, only subjects tiiem to a The treatment to which the poor animals are sub-
new torture, for tlie ;rr<»iind tlooi- of these stables is ji'ete(l is so severe that they often sink under it.
saturated usually with animal iilth. It is almost When they become diseased, as not unfVeipientlv
needless to state that st.ibles kept in this condition h;i])])ens, they are milk<Ml u]» to within one or two
cannot b(^ wholesome, and tliat the atmosphere which days of tlnnr death; and when no lonji^er aide to
pervades them would, of itself, be suilieient to taint stand, they are held up until tli(^ process is perform-
the milk, and render it unfit for use. The ceilin;:; is ed. A friend who was an eye-witness to a case of
from seven to ei^ht feet hi;i;h, and t^enerally at one this kind, informed us that when every means had
end (d" the stalls is a small roouj where th(» cans, and been tried to make the cow stand, and when kicks
other utensils re({uircd in the business, are kept. | and blows proved ineffectual for the purj>ose, two

This room serves also the purpos«\s of an ofliv e, and men sustained, wdiile the third milked her. AVhen
altlj(tu^h it is something; cleanei' than the adjoinir.;j; their sunport was removed, she fell to tlic ground,
stalls, it is not i'vi^o from the stench. As ground where she lay till death put a period to her sufferin;^.
rent in this locality is very hi'di, the economy ui' The milk thus obtain«?(l must ])e infected with the (lis-
space is a ^rciit desideratum. Thus the same build- ease of the animal, and, of course, is most deletcri-
in;; in which tin; (;ows are ke})t is also used as a ous to health. Its fatal effect upon children may })(i
staldi,' for the horses cm}»loyed on the milk routes, seen in the terrible mortality among the infant pop-
Th'-y are, however, more carel^dly tended, ^n't better ' ulation of the city, who subsist almost exclusively
food, and tlieir sta )les are kept cleaner. The cows upon milk.

HTP oecRrtion:! 11 V tt'd with h;iv Mnil <rrMin Lot tlio bit-' 'IMie ojiMTititv of milk furnished dailv }^v the eows
ler is always mix"d uith th(» slops in their trouL];b, in Johnson's stabh's is about twenty-four thousand
and tbi' i'ormer is most sparin^dy distributed. When i quarts, but it is increased to thirty thousand by the
the swill is first served it is often scalditi;:; hot, ar.d a a<lditi ui of six thousand ({uarts of water. The j>rofits
new cow requires some days Ixdbre she can drink it in aecruin^ from this arc vt?ry large. Estimating this
that condition. It instinctively shrinks from the milk at five cents per (piart, the price at which it is
trough when the disgusting liiiuid is jxmrtd in, but sold, its total value will be bund to amount to .*!,-
in the course cd" a week or two it bee( mos accusiom- I 50(1. This may oxcimhI the reiil receipts by one or
ed to it, and, finally, drinks it with an evident rel- two hundred doll.irs, for it is impossible to arrive at

n

\A\. Tlie apy)earance of the unimal after a few
weeks' feetling upon this stuf}^ is most disgusting; the
mouth and nostrils are all besmearcMi, the eyes as-
sume a lea<ien expression, indicative of that stuyiidi

an accurate estimate without an inspection of the
acc >unt ]u)oks. Allowing twelve (pnirts of milk as
the daily avt}rag(! yield of each cow for nine months,
we find that the receipts from the sale of milk of a

ty \\h:(h is generally the consequence of intemper- singh' animal amount tt) about SKVd in that perio<l.
ance. The swill is a stroiW stimulant, and its effect About .>40 more is made by the water with which it
i!p'>!i the constitution and health of the animal, is is diluted, and whi(di is generally added in the pro-
something similar to alcoholic drinks upon the hu- portion of oncv-fourth.

man system. Of this swill, each cow drinks about , This increases the amount to about $200, from
twenty-five or thirty gallons per day, so that the total ' whi(d) a large profit is obtained after the deducti(»n
consum])tion in the stables is about fifty or sixty of all the expenses. These expenses are compara-
thousanu gallons. The quantity of milk given upon tively trifling upon a milk dealer wdio has as many
this food, \aries from five to twenty-five (pnvrts daily, as eighty or a hundred cows, very few of them hav-
that is, in every twenty-four hours' , ing less than twenty. The loss by the death of cattle

The cows are milked twice, once at three o'(dock is sometimes very heavy, as many as ei^ht orten dying
in the morning, and once at two or three in the af- ; in one v\eek. On a r«H'ent visit to Jcdinson's stables

the writer saw two lying dead outside of the stables,
exposed to the \iewof the public, and not far from
these were two others whiidi had been turned out to

ternoon.

The operation of milking in these stables is as |)e-
culiar as it is disgusting. At the appoint(Ml time,
the man who is specially engaged for this purpose
enters the stable with a pail or can, and, raising tin

die. One had fallen over on its side and was in the
last af^onies of death, and the other was making vain

cow from the Hlth in which she has l)een lying, and \ attempts to stand up. Such scenes are very fre(pient
with whieji she is i'overed, commences the niilking . at this establishment, and may be witnessed almost
process. About eight or ten minutes are generally daily. The stable-men are hardened by association
requin.'d to milk a eow, but the time is of course al- < with them, and regard them as the natural concomi-
ways regulated bv the (juantity given. An i^xpert tants of their business. Of those that are (liseased,
hand at the work will milk a (lo/en cows in an hour | mort^ than onedialf are disposed of to butchers, who
and a half, and we are told of one man who ])erform- I can purtdiase them in this condition at two or three

ed the task in a still shorter timt». Ther(» is no arti
cle of food which re(piires more (deanliness in its

cents a pound less than they pay for healthy meat.
[f they run dry Ix'fore becoming diseased, they are

manipulation than milk. The vessels in which it is ' fattened (bloated) with a kind of food termed ship
contained require constant ( leansing ; but the men stuff, which ctmsists of mill dust and the W(»rstkind
engaged in the swill milk b\isiness scorn all such " ^ '. , , , .^

nicet}^ for with them cleanliness aiqxars to bo an
exploded i<b'a. Their hands are seldom or never
washed before milking, and indeed if they were they
would soon be soiled by the c«)w's udder. In the
process it occasionally happens that a lump of dirt

of grain, and sold to such butidiers as will buy theni.
A lar^^e amtjunt of this kind of meat is used bv
the poorer classes, who never suspect the reason they
obtain it ch(\aper than it is sold elsewhere. The law
has made it a misdemeanor to sell diseased l-eef", and
about a year ago several persons were arrested for

I

I

its vifdation, but at present, although the practice is
continuc'l, we seldom hear of any arrests liein*'
made. It is not M'vy ditlicult to d«;tect this meat; it
has aju'culiarly bluish appearance, a?id becomes ]»u-
trid in a much shorter time than good beef. It also
takes more of it to W(Mgh a pound, and when cooked
there is less t)f it.

'J'he catth; that ar(! in Johnson's stables, and in fact
in all that we have ever visited, uro seldom or n<'ver
allowed to hnive them. They are c()nstantly breath-
ing the fetid atmosphere of their [»risons, their t<'eth
rot out of their jaws, their hoofs grow to an unnatural
length, and turn up something similar to the point of
a skate. Th<;se are the marks by which a slop-fed
cow is generally known, and it is impossible to mis-
take them. Sometimes the hair falls off, ulcers break
out in various parts of the body, and the hoofs be-
come so sore as to render the animal quite lame and
unable to stand. It is m(dancholy to see some of the
poor creatures, when they are so fortunate as to get
out of their pens for an hour or two, attempting to
walk.

-HK-

kicking Cows.

In T^iv T^rivate lett'^v' frf?!!'' mv venrrnldo fVinnd
I).»vii) Thom.xs, 1 often find valuable scraps, like
the one b(dow, which I can detacdi from the corres-
pondence withor.t breach of confidence.

Wh(»n I was in the habit of milking half a d(jzen
or more cows myself, (whi(di, maugrt; the M. 1)., I
did, till rei'ently,) I tried the plan detaile*! l^dow, on
the vicious kic^kers, and found it to answer admira-
bly. One blow on the cow's leg followed every kick
until a cure was eff(^cted.

It should be borne in mind, however, that cows of-
ten kick homjhdr, and still oftener from sore teats,
Kindnt'ss and care are the remedies then ; blows on-
ly aggravate the mischief. — [Prairie Farmer.

J. A. K.

A Perveiise Animal SrnnrED. — A late article on
Kicking Cows, in tin? Albany Cultivator, has remind
ed me of a story that was told nearly fifty years ago,
by a worthy Englishman, with whom I was intimate.
An itinerant was at a nobleman's to exhibit feats of
horsemanship, and the people had collected from far
and near, among whom was my friend. When the
man had d(me with his own horses, he turned and
said "Now, my lord, I am willing to ride any horse
of yours in the same manner." Having one remark-
ably stubborn, the nobleman, to have some sport,
told a groom to bring her out. The stranger then
deliberately mounted, ami urged In'r to move, but
not one step would she stir. After a ]>ause, he qui-
etly dismounted, gave her (»ne severe strokes with his
whip, and again resumed his seat in the saddle. Tin;
mare continued immovable, but the man preserved
his temper, an<l got down (piietly a second time, re-
poatinu:; the blow, but with no Ix^tter success. After
the third stroke, however, she was completely sub-
dued, and move(l forward with perfect obedieniu*.

It now IxH'ame (evident that the desiirn of tin' horse-
man was, to give the animal time to associate the
idea of her dis(d)edience with the stroke that follow-
ed. AVhcn this was established, she was willing to
move.

On the reverse, if a shower of blows had been
dealt out, as thousamls of horsemen would have done,
the mare would have no time to reflect, and both she
and her rider been roused into fury. With good
temper, great savings might be made in the article
of whips.

Coal Ash^s.

Mr. Editor: — In your weekly paper of 1 2th June,
I notice an in(piiry from a correspotnlent, "whether
coal asln's can be used with any benefit in agricul-
^^ir(! ?" Ami as I have not set^n a reply to this (pies-
tion in any subse.pnMit number (d tin; Farmer, 1 will
venture; to give my own experience in tht: n)atter.
small though it nniy be.

About the year ISIO. while publishing the Far-
mer's (Jazette, at New Haven, I found a heap of an-
thracite ashes in my garden in the spring — the ac-
cunmlated siftings from two stoves during the previ-
ous winter. Having seen the suggestion in some
agricultural paper, that these ashes were of some
value as a fertilizing agent, it occurred to me that I
might try the experiment without cost. According-
ly, when about to commence the operation of gar-
dening, 1 spread the ashes over the surface of the
garden, as evenly as possible. There were some-
two or three cart loads of them, and they had lain
in a snug heap near the centre of a small garden of
not more than four or five rods square. Across the
spot where the heap had lain, I had a bed of com-
mon blood beats, and a few rows of string biians. —
The general effect of the ashes on all parts of tin;

Spot which had been occupied by the ash heap, the
result was really surprising. Ihe growth of beets
and beans, in that part of the beds, was nearly
double that of the sannj vegetables beyond the limits
of the heap. So marked was th(Mjifferenc»% that it
was prominently perceptibh? to the eye as far as the
gardcm could be seen. The soil at New Haven, as
you are probably aware, is a light sand.

I have no doubt that coal ashes are worth some-
thing Hs a fertilizer ; and that on farms within two
or three mih»s of any of our New England cities,
they will pay for carting. Generally, I suppose,
hous(du)lders in cities will be glad to give them t(t
any person who will take them away. I think ot
trying their virtues on a portion of my mowing, by
spreading them tu'ther this fall or early next spring ;
and if they have any material effect, you may possi-
bly hear from me again. — [New England Farmer.

-•♦»■

Sulptmr for L.lce on Calves, &c.

The September number of the Stock Register quo-
ting from the Genrsre Fanner, recommended sulphur
fed to animals as d«Mith to all such vermin. I tried
it on scmn' calves, so covered with li»;e that the outer
ends of their hairs were thick with them. Tobac-
co and other rennMlies, inid but little effect. I fed in
salt and meal, giving a spoonful to each calf about
twice a week. In two weeks not a louse could
be found. A neighbor who has often used the
same remedy, on all kinds of animals with perfect
success, assures nn^ it should be given in fair weath-
er, or the aninnils housed, else tlieir is a liability of
taking cold and injury being done to the animals.
— I Itural New Yorker. 'J'. E. W.

'•♦^

lifroRTATiov OF Cattle. — The cattle growers of
Madison county, Ohio, says tin; ('leveland Herald,
have organized a cattle importing com})any, thecn|e
ital stock, ;?10,000, all taken. The company will
shortly send on(» of their numlx^r to England, to make
selections and purchases. A similar company is
being formed in Indiana, witd a capital of $lIO,UUU.

4' *

4n

ST(nvKLi;s i:vkiu;kkf:\ cons.

MaV,

Stow^elPs T\ver^reen Sucet Corn.

Hn who expects to find tliis jirtirhi of corn as
miu'h svijM'rior to the commori kinds, as the aniliro-
hia of the j!;o<ls was to tlic io(v<! of mortals, will lay
down liirt eoh and pick his tiv^th in disappointincnt.
Jle will rise from the table ami eall it a humhu;:;. —
Th(» fact is, he who has ^ood NWn^t (^orii u]><»n his
table, picked at th(> ri;;lit time, and widl cooked, has
an epicurean dish that he mi^'ht ask any sensible i
^od m the Mylh(do;ry to partake oC, without fear of'i
refusal. Should sonu^ (M»rman commentator upon !
classic lore undi'rtake to prove that this was the ver- ]
itable ambrosia, it would be diflicult to disprove the
]>osition. The man who does not appreciate sweet
c(»rn a*< a standard of gustatory excellence, is not the
man to appreciate any edible. But, wen; the Sto-
well's decidedly sup(M'ior to all other kinds f )r the
table, we sliduld not expe(;t to have the multitude? be-
lieve, even alter they had trie<l it, AV(; hav(» Inward
;\ very sensi))le man assert that t!p^ common fi(dd
pumpkin made as ejood pi(»s as tlu^ marrctw srpiash,
ot Boston noloiiety. ?'rom that date our faith was
vei"V muidi stren'rthene(l in the (dd adaire, "Thc^re is
no use in <li<putinL:; about taster;." If this new va-
riety of corn is as ;^(tod as the old tor the tabl(\ and
lia« oiiiei- t?xc(dlenocs ihat uie oi(i uoi'S noi possess,
it will prove an ac<[uisition.

It lia- b 'cn introduced to tlif^ a;:ricu1tural public
mainlv ibr iultIi the M'j^encv of Proffv^^sor Manes; who
lias sent out thousands of samples of the seed to the
readers of his pa})cr in variou>; ]>arts of th(^ (;ountry.
He <5ives the followinnr account of its origin in hi>^
paper for DcccuiIxm-, iSoO; — "Stowell's sweet corn
IK a new sort, and is every way superior to anv
other we have seen : for, aft(>r bcin^ji; ])ulled from the
ground, the stalks may be pl.iced in a dry, cool
]>laco, free from nnusture, frost, or violent currents
of air, 'to prevent dryin;:,) and the nrj-ains \vill re-
main tnll ;tii I milky for manv months. Or the ears
may bi' pulled in Aui^uvt. and by tvin.iz a strin;r
loi»sely ai'ound I lie small end. to prevent tho huskv
from dr\ in^ away from the ears, they may be laid
on shelves and kept moist and suitabh^ for boilin;:.
f'lr a year or m(»r(\ This corn is hybri<l, between
the M 'iioniony soft corn and the northern su<]:;ar
I'orn. and wast first ;:rown ]>v Mr. Xathan Stowell,
(d .Hurlin;:ton, \. .1 . Near the close of the Fair of
the A:u"ii/aii Institut(\ ISoO, I presented tlu^ Mana-
;j;eis with two ears, pulliMl in An<rust, 1S40, and
t\v(dvc ears ])ulhMl in ISod, They were boiled and
served up toir-'ther, and appeare(l to lie alike, and
c<|ual to CMin fresh from the n;ardcn.

"The ears are larger than the usual sweet corn,
and contain twelve rows. To save the seed, it is
necessary ti plact* the (vu's in stro!t;r <'nrrants of air,
freed from most of the busies, and assisted slie;htly
by fire heat when nearly dry. In dtimp ]daccs this
corn so(»n moulds, an<l biM'onies worthless. The
seetl when dry. is but little thicker than writin<^ pa-
per, but is a sure ;j:;rower. The stalks are very sweet,
and valuable as a fodder."

A writer in the Rural New Yorker tried it in 18;)1,
and speaks thus of it:— "I'ntil it b(^;j;an to tassid out,
it appearetl ve) v tnmdi like enormous broom corn,
and exhibited no sym]»toms of puttin<; f )rth ears un-
til very late in the season, when it eared rapidly
and b -re three very lar^o, full oars on all the best
stalks, and in som^ cases tin* f >iirth was fairly set.
Only a very few of the stalks bore sinj^le ears. It
matured rapidly and very perfectly; but it was many
weeks afler frost set in, and the corn was housed,
and after the husks had become entirely white, be-

fore any of the kernels presented the shrivelled ap-
pearance of sweet c»)rn.

"Tfiat it will do all that has been said of it I have
no reason to dou]>t, as far as my observation throu;;!!
one season extends. I am satisfied it is a most val-
uable a(Mpiisition to our sweet corn. It ^rows free-
ly, is of the first (piality, and produces in my garden
this season far beyoml any corn I have yet seen. J5e-
sides the ;;reater number of ^rruins on a stalk, each
ear and kernel is very lar;2;c, althou<:;h it dries down
for seed to a very small var and kernel. Aery few
of the ears have less than fourteen rows, and I have
ji:Bt noti(;ed an ear of it ordy seven inches lon^, and
yet it had sixteen rows, and contained more than
ei<;ht Hundred kernels. The day I planted this corn
1 planted an equal number of hills of a very supe-
rior kind of sweet corn, the kernels of wdiich most
perfectly resembled this; and althouf:;h the exposure
and soil were equal, yet t!ie Stowell corn surpassed
it in every respect. I shall try it another season
with increased interest."

Another writer in the same paper ^ivqs us his ex-
perience for iSa'J: "When I read of the wonderful
productiveness and kcepin;^ <iuality of this new kind
of corn, 1 rather re<];arded it as a humbu<i;. llow-
ovor T l.on-rht a -'ill of seed for twentv-hve cents,
and plant<Ml it. May 25rh, in rather an untavorable
spot for late ])lantin,ii;. l^Lit it matured in f^ood time,
and produceci from three to seven perfect, ^oud ears
on a stalk; and one stalk had on it sixteen— the
shortest about tAvo inches, but well filliMl out, and all
ripe enough, ami ;^ood for seed. I wish to record
niv vot.^ in fiivor of the evergreen corn, f/iaf if ?V no

i(}lltlJ>UiJ.'"

I will add to these trials of the article my own
exp(M-ience for the last two st^asons. I procured a
few see(ls from the office of the Working Farmer,
in New York, in the springof 18r)l. I planted them
late, but owinir to the drought only six kermds came
up. 1 had eighteen perfect ears from these six ker-
jiels, and two imperft^ct ones. This showed the corn
a very superior Ix^arer. The growth of stalks Avas
large.

1 had now seed enough to plant about one-third
of an acre, after giving away some to friends. The
soil was badly exhausted by cropping, and was not
highly manured. But the growth of stalks was
large," and the yield of corn was satisfactory ; though
the%oason was"^ om: of great drought, and corn sutf-
«>red much throughout the country. Some of the
stalks had three ears, and many of them two, with
settini^s for more, showing what it had a mind to do,
if the'^soil had been in bett(>r heart, and the season
more propitious. I h v(> no doubt that in very rich
soil there will be oft(»n three (Mrs upon a single stJilk,
and some stalks of twice that numbt^r. We n.ay
th m set down the advantages of this sweet corn, as
mainly the following:

1st.* Its exquisite flavor is not injured by the hy-
bridizing, as has been the case with other attempts
at crossmg the sAveet corn with other varieties.

2d. It secures a very much larger yield of corn.
The number of rows upon an ear varies from eight
to twenty. A very large pro[)ortioii of them are
twelve and upward". Most of the large ears have
from four hundred to eight hundred kernels upon
them. Then we have more ears upon a stalk.

;',d It prolongs the season (d green corn until
frost comes; and if it be pulled up ])y the roots ami
i sh(dtered. it lengthens it until freezing weather.

4th. If you have a fruit room where you can com-
mand the temperature, you can have green corn the
year round on the cob. But as we have no such

i«r),il

FINE OUrilARD— STIJAWP.KIUIIKS.

41

room, we ha\c n<'t te>te<l the corn in this respect.

5th. It furnishes the largest amount of fodder of
any kind of c(»rn grown in tin; N<jrth. Prof. Mapes
saVH,"The Stowell corn when thickly sown will yitdd
doiilde the burd(?n of stalks and leav(5s tif any otluir
corn we have tried. It is more easily cure(l, and
nreferre<l by catth^ even to the best Knglish hay."

The oidy drawback to be apj»r(diende(l, and this
perhaps is imaginary, is the danger of its crying
back to the original from which it was produced— a
danger that is common, I believe, to all hybrids,
tnitil l(»Tig eultivation has fixed their peculiarities. — -
Whether the variety (d" rows that the different ears
assume is any indication of a relapse, the experi-
menter must judge for himself. I have full confi-
dence in the* article, and believe it a great acqui-
sition to the garden and the farm. 1 Plough, Loom

and Anvil. ^ W. CLIFT.

Stonington, Ct., January 17th, 1S53.

year. 1 am nov pliU'iug roujnl^ <'.\ch tree oni^pejjc -;
of charcoal dust, ai'.ii .pr-opose in t^^g s[)ring to;co>er ',
it from the compost heap. •■'••••

My soil is a strong, de;p, sandj lyam. ti/ia gru-vcl-
ly subsoil. I cultiv;it<i my or.d'arc gr lui.ds, ms if
ther(^ were no trees on thei.i, a. id .m!ko grain (.( ev.'ry
kind exccqtt rye, wlTudi is so very injurious that 1 be-
li(!V(! three successive crops (d" it would (h^stroy any
orchard young(;r than twenty yary. 1 raised last
vear in an oridiar i containin<!;2n acres, trees IS years
(dd, a crop of Indian corn which av(u-age(l 140 bush-
<ds of ears to the acre." — [Downing's Fruit Bo(jk.

4«*

A Fine Orchard,

One of the finest orchards in Annn-ica is that of
Pelham farm, at Esopus, on the Hudson. It is no
less remarkable for the beauty and high flavor of its
fruit, than the constant productiveness of trees. Th(;

proprieloi", ii., ii. leii, u.-m^., iui,-> kiiioij itii iiii->in >i i»6

witii some notes of his experiments on fruit trees,
and wc subjoin the following highly interesting one
on the Apple.

"For several years past I have been exp(^rimentlng
on the apple, having an orchard of 2,0i)() bearing
Newtown Pippin trees. I found it very unpr(ditable
to wait {or what is termed the "bearing yjar," and
it has been my aim to assist nature, so as to enable
the trees to bear every year. I have noticed that
from the extensive productiveness of this tree, it re-
quires the intermediate year to recover itself — to ex-
tract from the earth and the atmosphere the materi-
als to enable it to produc(^ again. This it is notable i
to do, unassisted by art, while it is loaded with fruit, j
and the interV(Hiing year is lost; if, however, the j
tree is suyiplied with proper food it will bear every i
year ; at least such has been the result of my expe- |
r'ments. Three years ago, in April, I scraped all
the rough bark from the stems of several thousand
trees in my orchards, and washed all the trunks and
limbs within reach with soft soap; trimmed out all
the branches that crossed each other, early in dune,
and painted the wounded part with white lead, to
exclude moisture and prevent decay. I then, in the
latter part of the same month, slit the bark by run-
ning a sharj) pointed knife from the ground to the
first set of limbs, which prevents the tree from be-
coming bark bound, and gives the young wood an
oi)portunity of expanding. In July I placed one
peck of oyster shell lime under each tree, and left it
piled about the trunk until November, during which
\\nw. the drought was excessive. In November the
lime was dug in thoroughly. The following year I
collected from these tre(;s 1700 barr(ds of fruit, part
of which was sold in New Y'ork f »r f )ur, and others
in L(»ndon f >r nine dollars per barrel. The cider
made from the nduse, (hdivered at tin* mill two days
nfter its manufacture, I sold for three dollars and
three quarters per barrel of o2 gallons, exclusive <>f
the barr(d. In Oeb)b(^r I manure(l tliese trees with
stable manure in whi(di the ammonia had been fixed,
and covenMl this immediatfdy .\ith earth. The suc-
ceeding autumn they were literally bending to the
ground with the finest fruit I ever saw, while the
other trees in my orchard not so treated are quite
barren, the last season having been their bearing

Strawberries.

nV WM. R. I'RINCE, FLUSHING, N. Y.

I have y)erused the notices of many varieties of
strawberries in your journal for previous months,
and in other periodicals, but have not seen any satis-
factory and conclusive details, such as would impart
to the reader the full knowledge requisite to make
his s(dei:t ions M/i^/^T.vAi/ir/t/iy/// a/tfZ wiUi ahsolule cer-
faiiifi/. Some excuse may be alledged in conse(iuence
of tlie last season having been particularly unfavor-
able, and of the limit(Hl period that has in most ca-
ses beeu devoted tr, the-e investigations. I -hall not
in the present article discuss the subject of sexuali-
ty and relative productiveness, but will leave that fey
a future communication, and confine myself in this
sohdy to describing the characteristics of a number
of varieties, so as to enable amateurs who are not al-
ready conversant tlu^rewith, to make appropriate se-
lections f)r th(! objects they have in yiew--l)e it: as
regards large crop's f >r market, or for plentiful fam-
ily" use, or for insignificant crops to merely gratify
the fancy. The varieties which have an asterisk at-
tached were originated by myself from seeds during
the last eight years. v den(')tes the pistillate varie-
ties. II and V denot(i thos(» varieties which combine
plants of each sex, and all the others are hermaphro-
dites or bisexual, and may be used as fertilizers.

^l. U /^iro/i.— Vigorous growth, very large, dark
scarlet fruit, sweet, rich, melting. Highest flavor of
all, and very productive.

*2. Triumph.— Vina large fruit on strong stems,
beautiful color, very productive. This is a seedling
from the Earb/ Scarlet, and a great improvenient on
it, being twice as large, and thrice as productive,and
very valuable. It sometimes produces a partial crop

in autumn. j v •

'K]. Charlotte.— llather large,dark scarlet,delicious
sprightly flavor, productive, but with very short pe-

dun(des. r. ,

^4 Supe.rlatire—^\oi\n)m size, being the same as
nurr\s Xrw J'ine, of which it is a seedling, but is
more vigorous and more productive than its parent.
Berries light scarlet, of a ricdi and spicy flavor, r.

*.'). Coronation.— Xery large, bright scarlet, ovate,
tart but pleasant; on strong peduncles. Estimable.

*C). }fa(jniftqne.—\ery large, orange scarlet, roun-
ded, very productive, v. .

*7. Monstrous Swainstonc.—^ igorous foliage, ver}
I'lrtre scarlet berries, delicious flavor, productive. ^

^^S. Maxinins Swai nsf one.— Xi^ry large, deep crim-
son, hiirh flavor, moderate bearer.

*0 Tmce-Bearinq Swainstone.—l.'ArU, medium
size, scarlet, oblong cone, rather acid. \ cry produc-
tive. Second crop in September.

\i)- MerveiUe (Peles.)-Very large, scarlet, obhmg
cone, beautiful, rich and high flavored Good bear-
er. This is the largest and most celebrated trench
variety.

mm

42

SKLKOT FUr ITS.

[May,

IQ,?:^.'

SKLKOT Fin ITS.

43

*11. I'lyHate.—Lixi^r^, (lee[> .s,;ul..t,. beautiful, very
productive A gcoo^ fruit .^t^r.^iparket, of vigoroun
growth and luxuriant foliage.- : : :

12. Crimson Coui'.— V'mv size or rather lur^e, oh-
long^ow, -Jji'i^rht,.,.i,„<s..ui, I. -aotiful, rather acid with-
out'8.ji|rar, th/i M'r.(is:(l,.'e,',lv t mhe-hh-d. It is of a very
vigOtouS i^Tovvih/aiid very prodm-tive. )•. There i^s
aherniaphnHJitc variety winch is less pnuiuetive, l)ut
which should he used a>s a hrtilizer for th<' pistillate.

*13. V'/////o////V(/<— l^^send.les its parent, the Crim-
son Cone, hut is iiuich earlier. It is very productive,
but the iruit is rather soft for earrian;e to market, v.

♦14. Crimson rinc. —Ir.ir^r, conical, <leep scarlet
or crimson, sweet, rich. Very })roductive. u aiul i".

Hi). C'o>-/i»fco;y/a.— Very large, scarlet, conical, beau-
tiful ^ond flavor, firm, suitable for market. A seed-
lin;.^ ot the Hudson, v.

/■lb. Cluster Ifudson.—Viur size, conical, scarlet.
\ ery pro<luctive. v.

^17. C/i(intpion. — A splendid seedlin<^ from the
Montevideo Vine, very larg«» scailet oblon^; cone. A
fair bearer for this class, and ripenin- gradually for
three wer-ks. The growth is vigorous.

^l^^. Estelle. — Secondary size, crimson, conical ;
productive; peculiar flavor, ii and v.

^\\K ProJ'ust' Si((rlet.—S\uni} size and color as
Lari/e Early Searlet, and much resemldes it; of fine
llavor, aud produces twiee ciie (piamuv oi iruit, re-
sulting from its s(\xuality. v.

*'!(). Sijlphiilr.—Wn'y large, light scarlet, rounded
or short cone, beautiful, excellent Havor, productive.

*2l. »Sy>//-a/.— (Jood size, elongated cone, pleasant
flavor. Usually produces a second crop in Septem-
ber.

*22. Tivoli Scarlet.— Xrry large, oblong cone, beau-
titul. Estimable, >'ery productive, r.

"^2:). Cniijue Scarlrf.—Vuvsc shaped, light scarlet,
rich flavor, moderate bearer.

-1. IJis/inj,'s Ortui'/r. — Tin; true variety is round,
of moderate size and beautiful orange scarlet color,
not highlv flavi)red but a profuse bearer, and partic-
ularly desirable as one of the later varieties that fol-
L)W the gv'iieral cro|). There is a spurious variety
cultivated at Jlocluvster and at Boston under tin's
name, which we published in our rejected lists many
years since, v.

25. Boston /'mr.— Largo and splendid, of ])eauti-
ful color and line quality. It will produce a fair crop
on a strong soil, if kept free from runners. It is one
among the many imf)ortant acquisitions for which we
are indebted to the Messrs. Ilovey, of Boston.

2^. Hoceifs Seedlinijf. — It is almost superfluous to
describe this very large and splendid crimson varie-
ty. The foliage is broad and luxurient, not as tall as
most other varieties. Th<» berries are rather dark
colored hir a market fruit, and vary greatlv in size;
at the ditt'erent pickings, and theyaV*' not so highly
flavored as the prw-eding variety.^ It is, howev<>r, so
large and productive, that few will be willing to dis-
pense with it. 1'.

27. Ilu/itsmans Pistilhtte. — A seedling of ^Imitein-
deo I'uie, very large, short eon«^ or roun<led, Ijright
scarlet, indiffenmt flavo»\ A'erv priwhictive. r.

■^28. 7Viump/i'int Montevideo. — Monstrous size, o-
vate, de<'p scarlet. A fair bearer for this class, whi«!h
ripens its fruit gradually. There are several other
line varieties known as the Colonia, Cordova, Para-
na, &c.

29. Crescent Seedliny. — This Itcing newly introdu-
ced from the South, its merits as regards a Northern
climate require further trial. The plants have not
as yet shown any perpetual character here. Uovey's
Seedling has proved equally as perpetual or long-

hearor at the South as the Crescent, the climate ap-
paniitly imparting that character.— [Horticulturist.

<•••>

Upland Cranberries.

At liMigtii we have ocular proof of the fact, that
cranberries in the greatest perfection, can be raised
on upland, sliady and gravelly poil. Mr. Joseph Or-
cutt has brought us for exhibition, a large rcx^t of
cranberrj-virhN placed in a b.»x, which is made to
contain afpiantity ( fthe soil from which it had ]>een
removed, the vine thickly hanging with ripe fruit —
He made the experiment three years ago last May,
planting forty bunches in a row two feet apart, with-
out previouy culture, merely by removing the sod, and
planting the cranberries with no more troul)le and
attention than he would have taken with a cabbage
plant.

The soil is a sandy gravel, fit for peach trees, and
of which five hundred and twenty-three are growing
in an orchard so near as to shed their leaves on the
cranberry vines.

T.iC first year he picked about a pint of fruit, the
second year, four quarts, the third, or present year,
from seven to eight cpnirts of remarkably fine fruit.
The vines have shot the present season, three feet
six inches in length, are buprisingly strong and
healthy, and the old wood is loaded thickly with the
finest berries.

We no / consider the (piestion, "Can cran])errles
be cultivated with success on upland ?" as decided in
the affirmative. — [Boston Cultivator.

• «••

Select Fruits.

The descriptions of the following choice varieties
of Cherries and Plums, are from "Downing on Fruit
Irees.

Among the long array of names, these have prov-
en to be especially worthy of (cultivation. AVe shall
contirue in future numbers, engravings of our best
and most desira1)le fruits, so as to make the Farm
Journal a book of reference to those about to plant
orchards, and commence Fruit Culture, as a syste-
matic branch of business. This regular feature of
our Journal has been received with much fiivor, and
will be a great aid to those not perfectly familiar with
proper selections. Farmers, judging from the de-
mand f(>r trees, the present spring, are awakening at
hist to the importance of growing fine fruit, not mere-
ly as an in<lispensable part of domestic economy, and
family use, but for marketing. No use can be made
of land, in our opinion, which will be so profitable.
Those who have dairy farms, and attend markets
regularly, are particularly interested in cultivating
fruit of all kinds, to go along with their butter, poul-
try, etc. A large proportion of marketing in the
vicinity of Philadelphia, goes by railroad, and a few
bushels of Bartlett Pears, choice Plums and Cherries,
ttc, in addition to what is usually taken, will but
slightly increase the expense, and only on account of
the additional weight. We hav(> known farmers to
sell Bartlett Pears readily at their stalls at 50 cents
per hall peck, and other smaller fruits, a succession
of different kinds kept up, at prices which show in

I

I

I

I

I
I

the year's ace cunts, quite a handsome sum. "By the
time this number of the Journal r(\aches our readers,
the planting season for Fruit Trees will ha^e passed
If it has i;ot lieen iniprovcd, let the resolution be
forine<l, and the ground prepared by Potatoes or oth-
er hoed crops and good fencing, for planting in the

fall.

Plans for orchards, selection of varieties, etc., should
bopre[tared and widl digest(Ml; iiK'inorandums ma<le,
before th"' j)lanting sea-^on comes round, when it often
finds one hurried and un[)repar(!d.

CIIKKIUES.

Fig. 1. -Black T autakian'. This
superb fruit has alreadybecome
a geiKjral favorite in all our
gardens; and in size, flavor and
])roductiveness, it has no su-

ferior among black (jherries.
t is a Russian, and West Asi-
an variety, introdu(;ed into Fiiig-
lainl about 17'.M), and brouglit
tiionoe to this country iijjout
twtmty years a;ro. It is re-
mark'^'>'" ^'"* '^^^ rai)id vi'^o*-
ous growth, larg(* leaves, and
the erect habit of its head. —
Tin? fruit ripens al)out the
middle of June, a few days af-
ter the Miyduke.

Fruit ol" the largest size,
h(\irt-shaped, (sometimes rath-
T obtuse,) irregular and un-
even on the surface. Skin glos-
sy, bright purplish black. —
Flesh purydish, thick, (the stone
being quite small,) half-ten<ler,
and juicy. Flesh very rich and
delicioufcj.
Figure 1.

Fig. 2. -Yellow Spanish, P>io-
ARKKAr,GRAFFi()N. Thisiioble
fruit is the Bigarreau par ex-
cellence, and is unquestiona-
]>ly one of the largest, most
))eautiful an^ delicious o f
cherries. It was introduced
into this country about the
year 18()(), by the late William
Prince, of Flushing, and has
be(»n very extensively diss m-
inated under th<^ names of
Yellow Spanish, (iraffion,and
liigarreau. The tree is short
but thrifty in growth, mak-
ing strong lateral shoots ,
and forminn: a lar<:e and
handsome head with sj:)read-
ing branch(;s — and it com-
mences bearing abundantly
and regularly even wdiile
young. Its very large size
and beautiful appearance, to-
gether with tlu; firmness of
its flesh renders it a very val-
uable variety to cultivate f )r market

Fruit very large, and id" beautiful waxen appear-
ance, regularly fjrined, obtuse heart-shape-l, the has e
a good deal flattened. Stalk stout, nearly two inches
long, inserted in a wide hollow. Skin pale whitis h

yellow on the shaded side, bordered with minute car
mine <lots and deepening into bright red timly niar
bled on the sunny sid»«. Flesh pale yellow, quite
firm, juey, with a ri(di, sweet, and d-'lieious flavour
if allowed fully to ripen. In perfection the last of
June.

Fig.?.-Ki.TON. The Elton, a seedling
raised in ISOO, by the late Presi-
dent of the London Horticuluiral
Society; is certainly one of the
first of cherries in all respects.
Its large Kiz*\<»arly maturity, beau-
tiful appearance, luscious flavor,
and productiveness, render it uni-
versally esteemed. It is a cross-
bred variety raised from the Bi-
garreau or (Iraffion with the
White Heart for its m'ah' parent.
The trees grow very vigorously,
and are readily known, when in
foliage, by the unusually dark red
color of the footstalks of the
leav«;s.

Fruit large, rather pointed,
leart-shaped. Skin thin, shin-
ing paie yeiiow on tue mi.iuru
side, but with a cheek next to
the sun delicately mottled and
streaked with bright red. Stalk
Figure ;>. long and slendr'r. Flesh some-

what firm at first, but Ix'coming nearly trnd'M-, juiey,
with a very rich and luscious flavor, not surpa-^sed tiy
anv lartre cdierrv known. Iviix'ns a))out the middle
of June, or directly after the Mayduke.

Fitrure 'J.

PLUMS.

J K F F E R S 0 \

Plum. Fig. 4. —
If we were ask-
ed w h i c h we
think the most
desiral)le and
beautiful of all
dessert plums,
we should un-
doubtedly give
the name of this
new variety. —
When fully ripe,
it is nearly, shall
we not Hiiy fjn He
— equal in fla-
vor to the Green
Gage, that un-
8 u r p as sable
standard oi fla-
vor. But when
we contrast the
small and rath-
er insignificant
apearance of the (ireen Gage, with the unusual size
and beauty of the Jefferson, we must admit that it
takes the very first rank. As large as the \yashing~
ton, it is more ri(dily and deeply colored, being dark
yellow, uniformly and hands(»mely mark'^l with a hne
ruddy cheek. It is about ten days or a fortnight la-
ter than th«; Washington, ri])ening the last of August,
when it has the rpjality (»f hanging long on the tree,
gradually improving in flavor. It '1m< -^ not, like

Figure 4.

if- 1^.

'S.triSfii.

..V -i'N,-^"

wj«;\.-*.

44

SKT.K(^T FIMMTS -DKODAU (MlhAR

TMay,

many sorts, appear liable t > tlio attacks of wasps,
which destroy ro many of tiir ll^^lit colored ])1uni8 as
soon as they arrive at maturity.

We received tho Jofft^rson Phiin a few years a;^o,
from the late Jiid«;r Hiiel, by wlioni it was raised !md
named. Tiie ori<i;iu!il tree is still, wc believe, ^ntw-
in his garden near AUjaiiy. It is ji -rood and regular
bearer, and the crop is very handsome ujxin the
tree.

liraiiclios sli-riitly downy, loaves oval, flat. Fruit
lar;;«\ <.val, slightly narrowed on one si(l(», towards
th(» stalk. Skin ;;old(»n yellow, with a))eaiitirul pur-
plish-red cheek, and eovcTed with a white thin l)loom.
Stalk an inch long, pretty stout, very slightly insert-
v\\. Sutun; indistinct. Flesh deep orange, (like
that of an Apricot,) parts freely, and almost entirely
from the stone, whicli is long and pointed; very rich,
juicy, luscious and highly llavorcd. Hangs a fort-
night on the tr(;e.

JJui. mar's Wash-
ington. Fig. 5. The
"Washington un-
doubtedly stands
liigher m gen(Tai
t-,-iiiii,iiion in this
country, than any
other plum. Al-
though not equal
to the (Ireen (bige
and two or three
others, in high tla
vor, yet its great
size, its beauty,
and the vigor and
tlu' hardiness of
the tr<'e, are (jual-
ites whith have
]»rougbt this no-
)de Iruit into no- Figure o.

tice every where. 'I he parent tr<M» grew originally
on l)(dancey's lann, on the east side of the Bowery,
New York, but being grafted with another sort, es-
ca])ed notice, until a snrkrr from it, planted by Mr.
Bolmar.* a merchant in Chatham street, came into
bearing about the year 1818, and attracted universal
attention by the remarkable beauty and size of the
fruit. In 1821, this sort was first sent to the Horti-
cultural society of London, by th(> late Dr. Hosack,
and it now ranks as first in nearly all the PiUropean
collections.

The W:i-<liington, larg(\ broad, eruiupled and glos-
sy f>liage, is a strong grower, and forms a handsome
round head. iiike several other varieti(^s of |»lum,
the fruit of this especially in sandy soils, does not at-
tain its full perfection until the tree has Ijornefor sev-
eral years. We have measured them very often six
inches in circumference, and once f>om Mr. Bolmar's
original tree, seven and a ({u.irter inches.

Wood liglit brown, downy. Fruit of the largest
size, roundish oval, with an obscure suture, except
near the stalk. Skin dull yellow, with faint mar-
blitjgs of green, but when wtdl ripened, deep yellow,
with a pale crimson blush or dots. Stalk scarcely
threc-rourths of an inch long, a little down, set in a
shallow, wide holh)W. Flesh ytdlow, firm, very swei't
and luscious, separating fretdy from th<;st(tne. St(me
pointed at each end. Ripens from about the middle
to the last of August.

*WbIch he purchased from a market woman.

Deodar Cedar,

The Deodar Cedar, a native of the high mountains
of India, an<l found at aji (devation of 7 to 14,000
feet, is one of our acquisitions from aV>road, which
maintains its foremost place as an ornament to the
l*ark and arboretum, while many others coming into
the country, with a high reputation, hiive grown
more or less into disfivor. The Deodar, of which
our engraving is a specimen, thirty feet high, is per-
fectly hardy, and ([Uite a rapid grower. These are
two irreat desideratums. Then a;rain it maintains its
color at all seasons, having the advantage in tliis p,ar-
ticular of the C )dar of Lebanon, and others which
become of a dingy, l)ro',vn hue in wlnttT. AV'e regret
to observe this latter to be the case with Cryptomeria
Japonica.

Thr» f)liagiM)f the D^ )dar is (piite peculiar, being
of a silv(^ry green color, its hal>it pendent, graceful,
and with its rich, luxuriant fbliagf', f )rms one of the
most picturesque, a;id h'Mutiful objects on a lawn
that can b* imagined. Its popularity is greatly uu
the increas(\ and as it has ])oen tested, in this coun-
try for sevijral years, can now Ije recommended with
great confidence. Those in our grounds, in the se-
vere winter of ISll and Wl were but very slightly
affected. Tli<' wo^d of the Deodar is valued in its
native country for its great durability. We copy be-
low from a late number of the London Gardeners'
Chronicle, some appropriate remarks as to the style

1853.1

CEDAK— SFIllF.V FllFX FOLIA FboKF PFKNO k

45

i

I

of f/ mdscapc Gardening, for which the Deodar is bes**
adapted.

"Like the Cedar of L(djanon, th(> Deodar is chiefly
valuable as an element in landseap(^ e()m[)()sition ;
and its (diaracter in rtdation to this point has hither-
to, I think, not Ixm.mi {)ointed out. Tfic extremely
rigid lialiit of the Cedar (d" Lebanon, its strictly hor-
izontal l)ranrhes, and, especially that peculiar flat-
ness of" hi'ad wdii('h is remarkablt; in older s))tM'imens
(thos<' at the' (>h(ds(Mi Botanic (iardens, for exani{)le)
and which paintiM's have so much and so happily in-
troduceil into their j)ictures, combine to render it
what may be called an archit<M*tural tree; and the
comparatively dark hue of its foliage contributc^s to
heighten that character. It is, in fact, singularly
adapted for associating intimately with buildings in
the Grecian, llomau, or Italians styl(\s of architecture;
or, indefid, with any structure in which the lines are
prinei})ally horizontal. With the Deodar the cast; is
wid(dy different. It is essentially a garden or lawn
plant. Its drooping branches, pyramidal or conical
form, and the extreme paleness of its almost glaucous
foliage, <{uite unfit it for blending with architectural
objects, and demand that it should stand out alone
aud unaccompanied. Nothing can be more grac«;ful
than its appearance, thus isolated, on a lawn or in a
|.,tiiv, (..tiiiv.cii.kiiy »vi.c.it iii iho neighborhood of the
darker-foliaged Coniferous plants as in a Pinetum.
It is true that, lik(i its kindred Cedar, it is an appro-
priate; ornament in architiM.'tural gardening, where it
makes a delightful avenue. But it will not bear to
be hrouglit too near a Intuse, much less into contact
with it, having nothing in its aspect or habit that
would at all liarnionise ^vith any style of building,
Its expression, in short, is tin; very opposite; of that
demanded in an archit(u;tural accompaniment, and
which is so admirably realized in the Cedar of Leb-
anon.

Tho Djodar loses nearly all its interest and beau-
ty unless allowed to retain the wlude (►f its bran(;hes
to the very base, permitting no encroachment from
its neighbors without being seriously damaged. — [Fid-
ward Kemp, Birkenhead I*ark."

Splrea l^ruiilfolla FIr»rc PIcno.

-•♦^

Piiospir.\TE OF Lime. — Mr. Johnson (agent of the
State of New York at the London World's Fair,)
took to England specimens of a deposite of Phosphate
of Lime— apparently a true vein, from two to eight
feet wide— found on the bank of Lake Champlain,
Crown l^oint, Essex county, N. Y. He presented a
sample to the Royal Agricultural Society, by which
it was immediately referred to its chemist, Prof. Way,
who analiztMl it and reported that it contained :'>0 per
of Phosphoric Acid, 40 per cent of Lime, c()m})ined
with Peroxide of Iron, Sand, Magnesia, and a little
Potash, Soda, &c. Prof W. estimated the value o '
the American Phosphate as about equal to that of its
IJritish counterpart.

Soon after Mr. ^:a return to this country, he re-
ceived a letter from a leading British house engaged
in preparing jirtificial nnmure, stating that, should
the Crown Point mine prove equal to the sample ex-
hibited (as it will) he was prepared to make an offer
for the entire product. Thus, while not one-tenth of
our own farmers residing within a hundred miles of
Crown Point know or (;are for the «;xisten(;e of any
such mine, and hardly know w^hat I'h(»sphate means, |
the British farnn^rs have; probably secured tin; «;ntire ^
deposite, to fertilize their fields three thousand miles ^
away.— [N. Y. Tribune.

We give an engraving of a branch of this beauti-
ful spirea in flower, which will give some idea of its
character. It is one of the contributions from .Ja})an,
aud is a great acquisitiou to our stock of hardy
shrubs. The flowers are pure white, very d()u])le,
and bloom in clusters very profusely. It answers ex-
ceedingly well for forcing in the house, and either
there or in the floW(T garden, with its delicate wreaths
of snnill sn(»w white blosoms, is a most attractive
object.
The spireas are a very numerous family. Don, in his
gardeners' dictionary, enumerates over forty species,
and several varieties. The three best we consider to
be, the above, with Kt^evesii or Lanceolata, and Doug-
lasii. Keevesii is a native of the Mauritius and Chi-
na, blooms in the spring, and is also pure wdnte;
flowers in umbels, and in both leaf an<l flower is very
striking and beautiful. We consider it the best of
the list that we have seen. Douglasii is a native of
the northwest coast of America, blooms later in the
season in panicles, of a rosy lilac color, and is also
very pretty. Some spireas are indispensable in every
good collection of shrubbery, and a succession of
bloom may be kept up with them through the season.

-«•»-

Waste of Ferth^izino Mantre. — At the meeting
of the Farmers' Club, on Tuesday, an arti(de wa^
read by Mr. Pell on the; waste of excrement in our
city sewers. He said that the subject was of gr(Mvt
importance. In our city, with its present population,
taking as an average that ca(di person, young and
old, yield sixteen pounds, -it would supply eiglit hun-
dr(?d poun(h of wheat or rye, with the re(piisite
(pnmtity of nitrogen, more than is necessary for an
acre of land. Thus, our city might afford nitrogen,
annually, suffndent to raise 480,0(H),()00 pounds of
wheat, by adding a small quantity of ashes and
bone-dust. Th(; English are as improvident as we
are. All the matter in the sewers in I^ondon is
emptied into the Thames. In New York, f)(»(),Oi)0
tons of this ex(;rementitious matt<'r is lost. It was
proposed by Mr. Pcdl to get the proper authorities to
try and save this vast amount cf fertilizing manure,
which was lost in our cities.— [N. Y. Daily Times.

•■.■■-- M-j'-

40

roMMi \l(\\'ri(»\.^.

May,

Effect of Deep PLOuoniyG.— »A concapondont nV more hills, twisted tof^cther by the tops: tho sfj/JJi'!
the New En<:;lan(l Fariiier,st:ites that : ' ^ro cut with a hoe, in t)i.> himi niii<rs before the dew

**A Ktrikinii; instance of th<' benefits nvuhin'Mi'. in , ,,. , . ,• ,. i i i ix- ■

continued deep ploii^j^liin;:;, was l)rou;rht to our iinLicc • (- ' .

;^ester(hiv, on viewing the cultivated <;round of J. ^*»'- winter, whrn the ^n-ound is fr(»/,en. In two or
M. WhippJe, Es(j., on the ]>f\nkH of the Connecticut ' three weeks it will })e sufficiently cured tn cuinniencc
river, near Lnw, 11 This lun-l was naturally a li^dit jj^i^kj,,^,^ ^^.^ d,,. j,,,,^,, j}, ,,;,,. j,,^. ^j^^^^j^^ j^,^^.„^

and sandy soil. IIis men were cn^a;j;ed in <:ath(^rin<^ [ , , ,,• , , r ii • i • ^ r

' luisk an«! IiiikI the toddcrwiUi straw. into four (»r iivc

in the crop of hay from an extensive field, whi(di
yielded more than two tiuis to the acre. The in(|ui-
ry arose, by what ni^'ans was thecrttp made so a)>un-

sheaves, t<» b'* ^Imeked until the husking is finished,
th(Ui stacked or ricked by th»^ l^arn yard. I'Ik- sound

dant,_(m lan.l so shallow? _ His answer was, '/cr;> ,,.,,.^ ,^,.^, hauled to th(M-rib, leaviuij; soft ones and
ploirni'i //iiiiith/. That for ei^htor ten years past, he

nu])bins to be placed by thems(dv(*s, for present feed-
ing. Cribs arc; usually four and Inilf feet wide }>y
ten hii^h; slats runnin;^ perpendicular half inch apart,
and elevated two feet from the ground, by tinned
posts.

Seed. — -Varieties of yellow Hint, inclining; to gourd
se<;d, are universal-— the rr<l r(th is in best repate, a
deep grain, fourteen to eighteen rowed, large cob
and strong growth of fodder. Trevious to planting
soak in siiltpetre water, one <u' two days, and roll in
plaster. This crop is subject to attacks from the cut
Corn'. — l tv Urst m rotation is tne most iniporian^ j vi-ini, i.r.-i pn\rnu\f, um lu wiiiin- jumigniug; wire
ip^ain crop, the older the sod the better, if w^ll s'^ ' <>r liesirt worm, which, W(»rking beneath the surface

\isually jdouglied /u'.'/rc itir/cs deep. That he })ut on
his grounds hut a light dressing of staltle manure —
m ide no comj)ost whatever — but relied almost entire-
ly on the improvement of the soil, by turning the fur-
rows deep. His cro|>s were ([uite ec^ual to those we
have ])een accustomed to see on strong land, highly
manured." '^ '-'' 'Similar benelits were apparcMit
111 till' growing crops of corn and oats, in thesidjoin
in<r lots.'^

—*-

For the Funn .For.rrial.
Airrirultural Ucvlew, No. *Z.

with nitural gr;issos, mostly lim m1 one yesir or the
fall previous on the sod, or after ])loughing, f o-ty or
fifty bushels per acre, ploughed about six in<'hes
deep, either in the fall, ojwn winter wratler. or as
soon as the frost is out in thr -pring. The team for
this usually consists of one yoke of oxen, and p:iir
of horses before them, (tr two yokt* of oxen; the time
of planting alTuit the Nt of oth month, (May) pre-
vious to which harriov first lengthwise with the fur
row, thru ero-s. and re-cross, <liagonally, or at rigii^

nmrles; if not w-'ll nn'llowed liarrow again, then i ,, " • ^ i w i
<iii^i^^, ^ ^ Harrowing half day,

Rtrik(> eait four aiel a half feet lietween the rows, if »f i • ^ i f .•

'^^^ .-1 ->l:irking out and planting,

in drills, and four by f*mr and a half or four, il both i o ,

^ I oceci, - - - - .

is difficult to count(M-act; moles, these maybe tra[»ped,
and birds — to keep off tlu^ latt(u*, some inclose their
tields with twine stretched ()n poles; others scatter
loose grain about, after the corn comes up. and until
it gets fairly started.

The average yi(dd per acre is fifty bushels ; price
fifty-five cents, for the last ten years — from actual
acc(»unts.

Cost of rai^iii']' per acre:

Ploughing so(l, on<' and one fourth dav.

wav^; it the former,dro[) three grains every two f(H't, in-

One and half bushel plaster, and putting on,

tending two plants to remain; if the latter,four orfive ; jj^^^^^j ,^^^j^^ .^^^j thinning,
grains to the hilbthree or four plant . to stand. Some | euhivating four times, - -
place a handful of compost of hen manure, ashes , ^.^^^^j,^^^ .^^^^^ shocking, - -
and pl'.ter, in the hill previous to dropping: this in- | i,^,,,,;,,^,^ ^hrec cents per shock, -
mires an early start; cov.^r with a hoe. A goo<l crop : Ori1)Mng, one cmt per bushel, -
will depend niueh upon the after culture. As soon ! shdling, two cents per busl:el, -
as the plants are all fairly up. run the cultivator i^j.^^^.^j^^^fl^.^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^,^,^|,^.^^

through twice in a row, then apply [.laster, a hand- Onc-fiflh of 25 loads manure, a SI,

fill to half do/en hills; this will take alx.ut half pj^^^, |>ft^^ |,„^j„.|, n,,^,,^ ,^ p- ^,^.,^^^^

lardiel per acre; hand hoc once, and when about six Spreading lime ...

inches high, thin out to the rerpiisite numlier; this pencin<^

can best be done directly af\cr a rain, as it disturbs ! Taxes,

the remaining plantsless; at interval- of a week give Interest of ^S5y - - . -

it three more dressings; some plough it the last time,

and pass the cultivator once to harrow out the />f//A-5; r>xpense, ....

it may then stand until the labors of harvest, and Fifty bushels cow. a 55 cents,

preparation for fall seeding are accomplished. About Stalks and cobs,

this time the grain will be glaz<Ml and nearly ripe.

It is then cut off about one foot from the ground*

with sialic hiioes, and placed in shocks of forty-eight

S4 00

1

(10

SO

"

10

-

50

1

00

2

00

1

50

1

50

50

1

00

2

50

5

00

I

50

50

1

00

50

0

10

$30 00

$27 50

7 00

Product,
Profit per acre,

$34 50

$4 50

hills each, resting upon horses, formed of two or The crop is charged with one-fifth of the manure

1^53.1

COMMUNICATIONS.

t»t in tim, MWuaitBBOimmimatm

47

and lime applied during the course, as five crops are
removed from tlie soil.

frtun prrjudicr. I consider these importations havo
been of ^rcal advantage to the whoh- eountrv, and

It is supposed to euntain ten per cent of land for that the increase in eonse(,u.'nce of them, in the pro-
fcnce materials, and the labor thereon to b<- e.pial to <luetion of both be.>f an<i duiry products', have ],een

"^'♦''7 Ki"''ii^- We are all under great obligations to

the interest of the investment.

A jiair of horses and driver is valued at S2 ]>er day;
(V yoke (if oVi'ii and driver, SI; a man, 75 cents, in-
cluding the kerpi and board of ea(di.

Oats. — Si'cotid in rotation is geiKirally grown, pre
paratory to Wheat; Init were it not tiiat early s(»wing
of the latter, seoins to answer best, an<l the conse"
ipieiit inconvenience attendant upon removing the
corn crop in time for its seeding, this crop would
most probaldy lie dispensed with. It is considered
aa exhauster, and on strong ground is frequently
lodged, thereljy causing much additional labor, and
it is sown two or two and half bushels pu'r acre on
the fresh ploughiMl corn stubble, twice harrowed and
rolh'd; early sowing succeeds best. Seed, common,

Mr. lb-nick, of (Miio, and to (Jeneral (^idwalader,
.blinds 0,,\ven, D.-nnis K-dh-y, T. V. lb mington, Mr.
Twaddel and others, in this se<-ti..n, who have tiic
means, and are willing to pay high pricrs, and to in-
<'ur the risks of so doing, which the generality (d"
arm.'rs could not afford, to introduce improved stock
nto the country. The whole farming community is
ultimately benefited by it. AVho that notices the
droves of fat and stock cattle, and milch cows, com-
ing here from the West, but knows and seas the great
improvement in their form and quality within a few
years. Many of them show a crosH with Durliam
Devon, or other imported breed, and at the same atn*'
andwith /cs'-v/mi can be mad(! to weigh some hundred

on-' sided, and black; the latter gives a heavier yield I pounds more than the old unimproved native stock,
but are more lia})le to fall. Time of sowing, Third ! It is a strange notion, indeed, at this time, to talk a-
month, (March,) or Fourth month, (April,) as soon ! bout the imr»orted stock beinir of noadvantaL'e. I nrc-

as the ground is in order. Harvested Seventh month,
(July.) Average yield per acre, thirty-five bushels;
averag'^ price, thirty-five cents — for ten years.

Cost of raising per acre:
Ploughing, three-f (urths of a day.
Sowing and harrowing, - . . -

Uolling, -------

Seed, two liushels, . . - . -
Harvesting, ......

f hreshirig, three cents per bushel,
Mark<'ting, five cents per bushel,
One-fifth of twenty-five loads (d manure, a i?l,
Ditto, fifty bushels of lime, a L') cents,

Fencing, -

I axes, -.--..-

Interest on $85,

Expenses, ?I9 75

Thirty-five bushels oats, a 35 cents, $12 25
Straw, . - - - 7 00

SI

50

50

15

70

1

00

1

05

1

75

5

00

1

50

1

00

-

50

5

10

rro<luct.
Loss per acre,

Birmingham. 4th month.

10 25

C. B.

50

For the Farm .Tounial.

Imported Cattle.

Mr. Kditor:

Your correspondent, H. Shubert, In a
late number of the Journal, seems to go against the
introduction id' inijiorted cattle as "an unfair specu'
lation," and "thinks it has taken money out of far-
mers' pockets, without any su])stanfial benefit." I
beg leave to differ from liim on these points entirely,
and as I do not own a single pure blood animal, have
none for sale, and no interest in any, can speak free

sume Mr. Shubert has no cxperioicc with them, or
he would not v<'nture such a statement. I have f(-d
some part Idoods, and know that less feed will mak(;
more weight. AV'e thus gain at both ends. I am
aware that the full bred Durham, often makes what
the liiitidier calls too Jhshy an animal, having to >
much predominance of inu<(de, not sufficiently inter-
larded with fat; still we are speaking now of using
them to improve our native breeds, and my own ob-
servation and experience is, that when crossed they
improve the latter greatly, giving tliem more size,
greater aptitude to fatten, mmdi finer fi)rin, and with
less offal; nutting the weight on the most valuable
parts, and also mindi e.asitir to be kejit in good con-
dition. The heaviest and fattest, and most perfect
animals on record, are the pure Durhams, At the
high prices which Mr. Shubert so complains of, there
is, however, very little danger of the full bloods be-
ing slaughtered for beef, so that its being "dry and
coarse" avails nothing in the argument, as we are
speaking of them fir iinproviiKj our native stock. It
is well known that the beef of part lilooil animals i^
nc^ither "dry nor eoar<e," l)ut riedi and juicy. Now^
as regards their value for milk and butter, it is welj
known that the pure Durham cows, in this respect
have far exceeded any other lirecMl. From my ohser-
valion, the cross with them has much improved our
native stock in this particular," at least it is so in this
neigliborhood ; our most produeti\(' dairies being
those wlierc^ the cows have a strong cross with
the Durham. No doubt tliere are sonn^ fauiiUes of
the Durham stock not deep milkers, liut Ix-tter for
feeding, and a farmer must select such as suit his
purpose, whether for the dairy or shambles. He can
be suited in bntli res])ects, an<l has cause to con-
gratulate himself that public spirited gentlemen

•-■'^^!^m

.■^'JiLiS

^.•^■■^A

frl- !^ '

kr/'. ..^

■>;t;

48

roMMrxirATiovs.

r.M

AV

havo given liim the opportunity, by payin^r hiorh pri-
ces fur good stock, which p(M-haps n. itiirr Mr. Shu-
bert or the undersigned could uirord, or would run

the risk of doing.

II. .LXCKSON".

Philadelphia county.

-••►

Georiie WalkerN Premium Crop ol Corn.

Mr, Editor — »^//':

It waf well remarked, "before
agricultural societies wore introduced in any com-
munity or Slate, little indeed was heard of wonder-
fully r(Mlundant crops, because no in<luo(Mnent bad
yet been given for intlation, or slight of hand meas-
urement." An extravagantly large crop of corn
having been reported at the v^tatefair, by Mr. George
AValker, of this county, I will, with your leav(\ offer
a {^w remarks thereun by way of clucidatiuu ; and
which, sir, ynu may pui.lish in the Farm Journal if,
in your ju.lgment, they will sul)serve any public
benefit.

Messrs. Cope and Chaml)erlain gave it as their ^
opinion tir.it Mr. W.'s crop would shrink from one- ^
fourth to one-third. From the cxperi.nr.- I have lui.l, !
1 think tull wne-third at least. On, or about the first
of Deeemb.'r, several y(Mirs since, 1 saw some corn
in a mill Nshidi took my fancy, and I bought the toll
of'tu-o l,usbcls(six quarts) for seed. After being'
thoroughlv dried it did not look like the same corn ;
and it had actually shrunk one-fourth. It was one
of our earlier kinds; and had it been taken from the
cob as soon as it ha.l become hard, its shrinkage
would not have been less than one-third. Mr. W.'s
corn was in a very green state, much of it only in
roasting condition, and was much marred by shell-
ing it. '^ N*iw Ave all know that grains in a humid or
moist condition will not take a close position in the
measure, and the more so in proportion to their l)e-
ing broken. Fv.>n for this one-tenth more, I think,
ought to bo allowed. I have also been informed ],y
one who tested it, that this kind of corn is generally
four pounds below standard weight, or ime-fourteenth.
The above fractions added together make fifty-three
one hundred and fifths, or a trifling more than half
to be deducted, riMlucing the one hundred and sixty
bushels to seventy-nine and three pecks !

The judges of corn for our society, of whom Mr.
W. was (me, reported only one hundred and twenty-
five bushels. If I plivce more ccmfidence in this, I
hope no one will fed aggrieved. Applying, then, the
foregoing computation, we shall have a mere traction
above sixty-three bushels of merchantable gram to
the acre! That those who measured were sincere,
and measured as correctly as they could, under the

circnmstanco.^, T do not doubt. "Rut surely, grain in
tin; condition wliich that was, ought never to })e re.
ported hy neMMire to any society, nor any where else.
This re])orting of wind and water as grain (and I (;an
not call it else) will not do; and societies ought, ami
1 sincerely hojx; they will, rai:-M' an elfoetual liarrier
against it. 'fliere In nothing of which 1 am surer
than this, that those who persist in doing so, will do
niore iniurv than beneiit.

From the common t(Mior of remark at home, as
well as abroad, neither our soil nor our society are
deriving much credit from that crop, how great soev-
er it may have been. The report is not luuch be.
lieved among us ; and others have as good grounds
for disbelief as any here have. Indeed such are the
circumstances, and which I have not room t9< relate,
as to warrant disbelief.

Iloason and common sense, as well as justice, de.
mand that, in making up the report of crops, n/)th-
in-*- imairinary, inflated, or calculated to mislead,
should be admitted— that nothing but absolute meas.
ur(Mn ;>/</v,w//7/ grain siiouia i)c [)resenie(i. r jwcis,.
reliable facts, based ui)on absolute measurements— -
such statements as commend themsidves to Ixdivf—
such as embody reality, ever find favor and are list-
ened to with applause: the reverse commands disbe-
lief and disgust, as well it may; and it tends direct-
ly to prevent the increase of nn'mbershiji, and to
throw back the enterpri/.e.

He who will take the pains to measure some of his
corn next season, in the </rccn and in the dfi/ state, I
am sure will bo surpristMl at the difference. 1 am
conlident he will not regard my com])utation as in-
consistent thert, if he now does.

Forty bushels of corn to the acre is, I believe, by
our farmers considered an average crop for our coun-
ty, morefaHio.g below than over going that quantity.
There are, lw)\vever, a very few localities, which,
having long enjoyed great natural advatages, by ex-
cessive craniing from the barn yard, and extra atmos-
pheric influence, owing to the variation of the season^
have pro(luced much more. But he who entertains
the belief that four times forty have l)een raised to
; the acre, greatly errs. All th<« s-(^ctions of our State^
i as I am informed, have been challenged l)y a citizen
I of our county, for corn raising. With all due differ-
ence to the gentleman and his opinion, 1 think ho
sets our county a little too high. My opinion is, d
the farmers of tlui other counties will but cram c.r-
cessircli/ their best soils, and measure the grain as
soon as it is out of the milk— do just as some here
have done — other counties can then tell as big, if not
bigger, corn stories than Sus(iuehanna has done.

S. A. NKWTOX

Brooklyn, April 2d, 1853.

P

1853,]

rOPITTV riTlXA F(>\Vi>'

49

Cochin China Fowl^.

Imporlidin b^o".,//// W,ii. i\ Ihi'buan,
We takt' great pleasure in offering to the readers
of the Farm Journal, the above (wigiual aiel e\"el-
I'ut eu '■ravin^'-s of Shanghai. <ir Cochin I'oina TowN.
recently imp .rt.^d by Wm- C. Rudnvit.. K-q.. oi I'li;!-
adelphia. They were drawn fr-ui life, and engrav^Ml
by E. Chirkson,wood engraver, Philadelph-a, and are
highly creditable to his skill a^ a correct artist, and
faitliful ddineat»r. The portraits of Southdown
liuck, and (Chester county 15.. vr. in f.rmer numbers
of t!i • F irm d .ui-n il, wor>i also engraved by him, and
have been pronounced the best which have appear-
ed in any pr^riodical in this country.

In r.ispect to these Fowls Mr. Iludman writes us,
"the artist has made excellent iikenose^. Tle^y are
of the Cochin China breed; the Cock fifteen months
old, weighing twelve pounds, and the hen eleven
months, weighing 0} lbs. They were imported -the
Cock and two liens— in the ship II ore.tio, of New
Bedr)rd, and arriv-d in January last, in ninety-seven
days direct from Shangliai." Th-y are the pure
cinnamon Bujfs,—^nd a friend in Philadelphia, who

is well booke 1 n[. in the prevent state of the t'lock-
en market, says, "they are wortn to-lay, in London,
Five llunlred pounds sterling the trio!" Mr. Iia<i-
inu\ inform^ u^ that h • i< "s 'lling tlie e-<;s at twen-
tv dollar^ p"r d i/,"M.and that nirn* 'lo/eu are already
,,r.b"r.'d at those high ]. rices." \\' shall only say,
•■,,n our own hook." tliat. aft<'r scing these fowlfci,
we were forced to concur in the general sentiment
that they are the finest ppecimens of Shanghaies yet
iin[>>rted into the United States. Tliey are wll calcu-
lated to increase the ju-r\ ailing epi.b'inic, to a very
crreat extent, and even to affect tlu)s.N like our corres-
pondent J. K. E., who have heretofore stood imper-
vious to all Fowl diseases. . Th?se seem to us to be
model specimens of Poultry, and as we survey their
))road and prominent breasts, deep and heavy bodies, ^
with small and beautiful neck-^ and hea^ls, we feel
for the first time a kind of chicfcm hrarlrdneHU creep-
ing over us. Alth.mgh low and very near the ground,
asT'hickens ought to be, they will stand hi'jher in tlie
estim.ttion of good judges, than som:* whose great-
est recommendation is that they can eat off an ordi-
nary dining table without sfrddting

fV*'

'■i^ira

tums^

4 ~ * >f*'vgtaMg^pM

50

PORTRAITS OF STOCK-TrFDr.ES.

fMAT,

I* ittiaits 1)1 Stnrlv.

"The Fiditors of tho IVnnsylvania Farm Journal,

grows rai>i<lly and wtrongly, has >li;ii|. Liiurns Lu tiie
ground, and is vory hardy. AVe have seen the tips

after discussiufi; yirotty sharply tho portraits of nni- or oxtrrmities,of late gro^vth. f .r two or throe im^hes,
mals as given in the >\;;i'icullural pa])ors, and :i!-.i
in the New York Transactions, announces their .lu-

terniination to tolerate none hut hiiihiul ji(irti-;iits ;
and for this purpos(; tliey intend to use only diiuucr-
reotypes. 11a, h,i. ha! Good friends! If yt»u do
not get against a stuiii]) before you get far you will
be lucky. The l)a;i;iif'rr('otyp(' is cap.ilde nf biiuL;
the most lying and uufaitliful of all ]ir<)rt'<s"v. You
will sec bettor wIkmi you 'j,t't tlicre.''

ki!l''d by tho wintor, but this does not occur with tlie
old and hard Wood. 'I'lif ho(l^:;(' must, of course, he
kept trimmed down, so a^I•l 1mm nmo stiff. One of our
friends tells us of havlu j; lately seen a heifer with
her head parilv throU2;h au ( ).>a;ro Uranirc hud-'-o,
and so fast that she could not move it either way,
ami by hor holhtwin;!; and antics, resting (Hi h*a' Ihre-

We copy tlio above iVom tlu; Frairio Farm(>r. AVill foot, with h<'r hind om^s up in the air, an^l tiio coni-
ihat paper tt U us o{ a//// f/nnt/ that is not ''cnpalih'^'' \ motion witii tho stock around her, he concluded one
oi' being twistofl and p(;rvertod iVom its true and j experiment would be satisfactor3\

])r()per uses. Where the ohjccf is to llattor the ani-
mal, and not to ^ive a trufhfuJ portrait, W(» grant tiu^
daguori'eotype niaij bo i/iadi' "tho niost lying and un-
iaithlul of all prooossos." The iaiilt here is not i)i t}\o
dauruoriootvpo but in the i/ih hf of tho owner. W \\\o
object is merely to make aliandsomt^ looking jnCfiirr,
there is no use in having tho daguerreotype, or tho
animal either. An artist can make a ligure of a
cow, 0^ ^"^1. or sheer>. with'^ut poking o'«'>"" -f +'>'v^i

Wo have seen a f(;w good osage orange hedges in
this State and Ohio; and W(; append an extrjict from
{I private letter written by our excidlent friend S.
Francis, of (ho Illinois Journal. Wo. says: — "Our
agricultural committ(M' have made examinations of
osage orange hedges in this county; and wo found
some that had boon set out only threi^ years, and
then turned out — makin«j; an eflicient ionco airainst
horses, cattle, ^sh(-ep, hogs, pigs, and even chickens.
We can now say "Kurekal' We have found it. —

r|i

Vh

n o-

ormr

-.i ■

1 1

•r.vrr

U.i

before liim. When, however, a porfnn'f is wanted, 1 make a good and effectual hedge fonct;. 1 would

1 .., .^:,. r ,. ,. ;., ;m.. ♦,..»: ., . i „ , . sironu;lv recommend, however, that it b<' cut back,

and wo can ci^nceivo of no use m illusti'ations tor an- ! ,. ^ * , , b ■ i

.' j tar more sever(dv than usually, m order to give iL
rieobural journals unless they are really j>'>'/^'"A^-^ i a thick bottom ;'h.r on that its main excellence <le-

we contend tliat twenty artists can be f amd, who
can copij from :i <laguerreotype, for one who, like
the late lamented J. A. ^^ oodside, can take a por-
iraiL from nature.

We had occasion nut long since, to empiiro in Fhib
adelihia f -r an animal painter, and were rec(siu-
ded bv several arti--t< to one. wiio wo wore told, had
a great talent that .vay, and wa> the b>'st in the city.

pends,

W'o find, al<o, tjiat tlie prejudices of our farmers,
against this species oi fence, are fa^t givin.; way, and
the numbers of those who plant hed^i'S. ('onslaiilly
and rapidly im*reasing. <hie gent.enian t(»ld me he
had sold plants enough, the ]tast season, to make a
hodii;o from this city to Fhiladelphia. •■- * ^ '^

\\'hat a ))eautitul sight will theri(di prairies of Illi-
nois })resont, when co\ered with farms enclosed by
the osairo oran:i;e I and this soon to be done, in ceu-

W^e employed hitn. to draw some woH (ornu'd, and j tral Illinois.

very neat, improved sto.-k. Wh.Mi finished, their I 1 have often had occasion to say, with you, that by

, *, 1 ,, ,-, ., , .1 • i helnir;^ to introduci* this ])lant, l*rofessor Turner has

backs were h<dlow, like the concav" (d the moon, m | . ' '^ i • i • i i • .i -i-

j d<»no more good m his day and ;;oneratn)n, tlia i it
her first .pnirter, rumps sharp and angular, heads i j^^, i,.^,j ,.^j,^\,^,|^,,| .^ j^,,^^, |i,\. i,j pounding Greek and

coarse ami lu^iivy, and such subjects altogetlujr as Latin into the brains of that class, who prefer an-

w.mld bo likely to attract, and retain a large flock of i ^i^'»^^ l^»i'^' to living and useful knowledge. "_

, ' . . . , , , -1.', I ()n<» word more. TIhm'o is a i)oint wdiich time,

crows. Ill the anticiiKition of an early repast. W fien , , ^ ,, ,,, -..r-,, .,'. , , i . •>

' . j alone, can fully sotth; — Will this hedge last ."^ —

we en(piired of him ir/>ij ho made su(di caricatures, I ^y-jp ^jj,. ^,\.^^^t, when t)^, bosir the constant mutila-
we found he had - //'/"/ro/v*/ to make tlnun as ugly as tion necessary to k(>ep the hedge in shape? Analo-
possible, as he remarked they looked more ''pictur- i-'v i^'^'l its native habits aiv in ,,ur favor. ThouLdi a

esque nnd rustic like.''

-*•*-

Osage Orange Hedges,

We cli[) the f<dlowing from tho l^-airio Farmer, from
wbieh it appoai's in Illinois, the " ^Av*///^' Ordntjc (}}ies-
tio)i,'' has not ])roved so difficult to settle, ;is the
^^ Straichemj Question" in some other place.-. A com-
pact fence against horses, cattle, sln^ep, pigs, and

IxFALMULE Femi,i)\ 1(>k 1>ots IN IIoRSES. — A Cor-
respondent of till' "Albany Cultivator" some years
chickens, in throe years from the time it wae set out. ' since, gave the following receipt, as an efleolual and
speaks well for the deej) soil of the Frairies. If it immediate remedy for bots in horses.

tall tree, on the rich river bottoms, tho Madura is,
like tho native Grab, a rounddieadod, long-live(l
IhvAKF.along the dry ]»rairie borders, and in tho thin
upland soils id its native region. What soil and sim
effect there, akt can more perfectly accom[)lish here.

J. A. K.

-*•*-

would do that in five years in Fennsylvania we
should be satisfied.

As remarked lately by one of our correspondents,
Fencing is a very heavy item, and tax upon our farm-
ers, and from what we have seen of the Osage Orange

TTalf pint of \'inegar.
Do.. do., Gin,
Do., do., Soft Soap,
Do., do.. Molasses,
well shaken together and poured down while foam-

here, we are inclined to favor its being planted. It ing.

»

*

i8r>3.

rOMMlMGATlnNS.

51

i:«luraf!on of Farmers,

To Tin FniTORS of the I'ai;m Jolrn.vl. — It is a
curious in(piiry why tho knowh'dire of aLii'ieulture
progresses so slowly ; and wliy it has \c\ attained.
so little in this (\»untrv. It is a faet whi(di we m-o

to pay. liosidos, if this exp.^nse should have bc(^) un-
dergone the firnoT has in all pi-id»ahilit \ di'ivon liiu
S'lU from all tasti^ or doire to pur-iio the callin;:; for
wliieli his nialuror jud-iiient intend''(| hini. And if
the boy should retiii n to the farm, it "m to exhibit to

all willing to concede, that our production^ arc IliLle ' his di.>ap{yoiiited lulher and brothn-^ how little he

more tlian ono half of what they should be, and far knows ol the business of hi-^ futuro life.

less than what tlu'V are elsinvhorn : and yet wo seem In an A'ifiiajltiiral S^hod! the pupils are laborers

to be content to bid'- our timo, and be sati-li''d with "u the (arm as w.dl as in tln'ir study; iholi- bodies

result-, whon accident o,r ehance shall pi'oduee t!>em, are ('(lueatfd to the art, and th-'ir minds to the seieneo

or when we >hall be jostled from tin "old way" by of hirmin;i;; — whilst tln-ir hainis are employod in the
the c*n!iing gom^ration.

work of th«! farm, their nrnnls an* employed in tln^

]Nb)ro than seven hundred years before the Ghris- P^i^-^^^'t of the knowh'<ln;,. of the reasons for what
tian era, Isaiah prophetically speaks of a threshing j thoy do— there is tlnuTby an intermingling of the(r
machine, "Behohl, I will nmke thee a new sharp ' retieal science and practical art, whi.di is but tube
threshing instrunnmt having teeth." Ami yet this <-"ntinued throu-h their whole future lives. The In-
intinnition pointing out almost the vory structure of; '^titution thus b(^comes, in a measure, self-sustaining;
the machim> now in so connuon use, was not realized ! 'I'^'l tbe i)riee of education may he reduced to a mere
until the nineteenth century; and then reeoived with , fi'dle.

a .loiibting caution that well nigh dam]. 'nod the ex- ^ Tin' subject is now before our Legislature in a
periment." The niendiant has carried his mterprize i ^'^^^ ^^'^^^^^^ pruvidea fur the charter of such an iubli-

Hito every nooK ;ino e.uiei oi Uir Kuo»n- .u.u . ....d tution aS WC propOSC. If It sliuuld bcCOmC U luW,

aim -t writtonunknown world;— tin; loarne.l have ex- ^o desire to call ]»ut,lic attenticm to it, as the best
erted their talents to the dev(dopem<>nt ami pnietical »it-»^ure whi.di the ago has j^roposed ; if it should
applieatiiUi (d scientific prii^ciples, which iias given J»<'b lot the farmers of the State look to it that it

dues not fail a;j;ain.

FilKDK. WATTS.

Garlible, April i'i, 1853.

-••►

to their ciass an envialjle place in the estimation of

mankind: — the mechanic, availing liiiu.- .It of these

developements of science, lias given tbom form and '

shape to an extent wlTudi entitles them U> the admi-

ration *d' the world; whilst tho farmer stands to gaze F'T Um- i-Virm .lunnini.

with mitided fMrrin"-s of doubt and aMMnl-^hnient, ''Theory of the action of Lime on Agrieuiture."

that all the other pursuits (d iiie whirl -. ra^.idly Su(di has bcai tho tli lo .d several commuuicationg

pj^^^ |,j,jj_ I we have read in this Journal, from the jcn of Mr^

AIM .• n 1 r .. ♦! ;. .l.>.;t*,,l -ilv \\\, (J. l>li;rht Bri.wne, in oin; or two (d which he pre-

AV hat IS the remedy for tins admittoii i'\il ; >\ o n, i • i

, , .• " ( r • , f) ■ ,, ,1. Hw. 1 S'juts to the public j-ather novel views upon this sub-

ans\sei-- -tho education of farmers son< t hi oU;:li tfie -"' •• i i r

n • 1 1 1 1 w ' ieet- and i(h'as which cijrLainly sciom somewhat dis-

medium of an agricultural school. \N o moan a jeei, anu i i a-, > j ^

school to educate boys in the art and seieneo of fUrm- : o"nlant with generally receiyed opinions. 1 he htt-
in.^: and unless the fkrmors of our State will zealous- | ter would be no fault, rather an excellenco, were li.s

1 '^ , ,• -1 ^ -111 1. (••* 4i „.> doctrines only sunnortoil by some lietter analogy, or

ly (Miibraco this idea, and avail themselves of it, there ^''^"'" -^ '""J ' 'i'l J . . "•^'

. , , , • I-.- 1 .1 ■ • 'it least bv arguments a little more convincm;:, and

IS no hor.e that their condition can Ix' oth.orwisc im- ; '^^ ^^'^^^* "J ai^u.m „ ^

,, , , , r .- 11 • .r' l...'iriri(r '1 little stron""er upon the i)oint m (luestion.

proved, l.ut by the lapse of time, and hai'.pening ( f t>< armg a nun, .uoh„ i up i i

We wish particailarly to call the attonthui of the

r ,^ ' n . readers oi this Journal to an i!rti(de in the March
f 'lliis Country . • , , ,,

" No., ill whieh Ml-, iirowne deiiio that the nndlow-

iin^td a soil bv linns can bo in tho least degree at-

accidental circumstances.

There is no one (d the eidleges o

adapted to instruct a firmer; on the contrary their

pvstoiu is cahulateil to educat<^ young men to a >tate - - . ...inr^ml

• . . ^, 1 * .• ^^ . 1 tribute* t(» the action of this agent upon the inineial

of entire unfitness f.»r any smdi occupatu)!!. A ))oy, r if„.iwJKrtM

. ■, r 1 _.i matter of the earth, confining this result \N holly to

gra<luated at one of our literary institutions, has al- _ . ,,.,.;. ,„.,t
^ - the liberation of c;trbonic acid from tin' . rganic mat-
ter.

readv spoilt that part of his life wdii<di alone can be
profitahly employed to learn the art (d' fanning; and
science w^ithout art, is still worse than art without
science. There is pO( uiiar reason why farnnrs sh iiild
tako op this subject and make it their (twn. it is a
fact with regard to the system upon wlTudi literary
institutions are at present based, that their pecuni-
ary resources are never adequate to their necessities,
however economical they may be. The consequence
of this is that education is made to cost more than
they, who rely upon the products of a farm, are able

Mr. r.rowne .sustain.s his .views almost entirely up-
on the following ar-ument: Tiiat tin- comparative-
ly small amount -f lime is so widoly dlfbi><'d thr-a-h-
outthe s<»il, that its action upon the mineral matter
could not possibly be pereeptiblo. .\ow if Mr. Ibowno
is a ehemist, (as we suppose }v \< fi-m tie' fa^f that
he advances original theories on obscure chemical
subjects,) he will certainly recollect the fact that a
peculiar characteristic of that class of compounds

S5

(^hMMI'MCATKiNS.

[M

AY,

called eilicatefl, is, that a largo quantity of a provi-
ously founfl FiUcate possesses the proporty of emu
binin;; with an iilinost indefinitely smill (piantity nf
anew base, (audi as linio,) f(»rnrin;^ a (ioul»l.' ^:ilt.
whose solubility depends entirely upon the [>r()portion
of the silicic acid to the inw ])!ise.

TliUrt a vt'i'}' lai':;'* purtiou f miii'Tal matt'T may
be seriously clian^ed in its cluMnical nature by a
comparatiyoly miinit(> (juantity of liiue, and the re-
arran;i;eui"nt of" tli" atom produced by this transfer
of el(MU(uit.s, in th" true cause of th(; apparent miv.
ebanical clb'cts produe(-d.

(biotinij^ now in Mr. lirownf/:^ own lanj:ua<''e his
theory, by whieh be aci^ounts f)r tbcso chan'j-es,
which is as ioUows :

**\Ve liavc H{"'n that in th(> 'Murse of di>eay of
th<' ve;i;etabl(» matter found in the soil, ve;j;"table aejds
arc fornv.MJ, wlii. h liave more affinity for lime than
c^irl)onic aciil iia^. W hen the carhonatL' of lime
viobls its carf)onic a 'id in favor of one or the (tiher
of thos(» acids, car^ )ns' a\-id is set freiMu the ^asiMus
etate. This carh onic acid occupies a much hinder
§pacc in t le ;:;as • )us ^tate.t'ian it did when (-(tmliined
with liuic, and by ils expansion has a tendency to
rend assunder the earth in whieh this phenomena
takes place. In other words it li;2;htcns if iti the
Fame was that it li;^htens a loaf of bread. I b'lieve
that in this way only i-^ the soil niellowd by lime,
and that, in n* instiince does it render it more com-
pact." We woiil'i sav that of all the untenal'le
theories that have from time to time' boon advanced
upon thi"^ subject, this 1> certainly the most vision, ^_
ry. ('fantin;;- that th re mii;ht be enouirh carbonie
acid extricated from the soil (which is certainly a
etartbin':; improbability) to lii:;hten the earth "as a
loaf of bread," docs Mr. Drowne suppose that it
could possibly b^ detained hm'j: in a m<Mlium so por-
ous as the soil. And siree the oxyi^en (>f tlu^ air
must pass down thronL;h the earth to oxydizc the
carbon, i-^ it not probable that the carl)onic acid
mav e<T(^ss just as freelv. Another point we may
advert to also; Mr. l>rown.^ of course recoil, mts that
carbonic acid is very soluble in wa'er. Now suppos-
ing the earth sh >uld b(^ "li<i;htened" ]»y minute bub-
bles of carlionie acid, doos he not know that the first
rain would dissidve t!iis almost entirely. Allowing
this soil now a few days to dry, on pb)u-hini; it up
he will find it just as mellow as it was b-f'^re. Has
a new volume of carbonic acid been extricated alrea-
d^^? Tf so, pray how b'Ug is the 17 p"r cent, of or-
ganic matter in a fertile soil to last? No, Mr. lirowne
has certainly been rather too hasty in the piiblica-
tion of his tlieory. The man who vauntini^ly says of
one writer -*'the idea eugnjcste itself to my mind that
he was only f )llowing in the footsteps of s( me ilkis-
trious predecessor who wrote it down because he
tlioiight it should be;" and of another, *'The theo-
ry, however, as there laid down, is so incomplete in

its details, as not to furnish to the reader sufficient
;j:round either to adopt or rejiu(liate it," eannot he
too }i;uar<li'd when h<' advance- dogmas of his own
cremating, lest h > fall into the same error he atteni[its
to correct in others. J. 11. I>.

'J'iiornbury, Chester CO., Fa.
Ajiril lOlii, i-^oo.

-«•►

T]\e Slrauherrv Q,uNti(ui.

Fu:sniN(., A])ril lltli, l.*^');-,.

To Tin: KniTORs oi tui; I'ak.m doiuN ai.:- -I jiave

just perused in your April nvimlxu", an arti(d(^ sign-

' ed "Thomas Metdian," which it appears had been

I address. 'd to the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

The }uiblic have become weari(;<l with talk con.

cerning the Strawlierry, based in error, and I'aleula-

t<'d only to mislead. .Mr. .M. states that some plants

of lloyey's Seedling, whi(di is a ]>isiillate, "became

staminate l)y being forced slowly in a mixlerate t<'m-

perature," but he does not t« !1 us that >u(di plants

produced Iruit; aiet il theydet so. irh.tfirr if wa.s

Jtroil net ■! )rit!i,iiif lln ixtssililc cuiinrrfinn of S")ll(<j(her

rnrl' f'/ /I'lf '//•(ill// sf'U/i iiiit.fr. It i^ well known that
lloyey's Seedllnir and many other ni.Millates liavc
abortive stamens, which can be more fully develop-
ed bv position and special culture ; but this creates
no surprise, when even man liimself is abortivrdy
mammiform. The real (pi'v-tion to be solved is this-
I>oes the Pistillate Straw bi-rrv | lani, v l/udi by itsfdf
is barren, (dian/e its sexuality b\- the culture re-
ferr(>d to, an*! pi-oduce frui' ? P there any man Itold
enouirh X > make such an assertion, and if so, let him
furnish us with (Mmclusivc proof [declare it to he vi-
/rrhj i,/ii»>ssil>h , and that if ten acres were covered
with forcing houses, and all wiM-e tilled with plants of
llovev's S(>edling, there would never \) one perfect
berry produced to the ,ai<l of time. 1 l)ase this as-
S(M-tion, firs!, on the immutal)le law of natun*, whose
eternal imjjross is stamped on vs^'tx object of cre-
ation, and especially on tic sexuality (d" animals and
plant.s, and I'roin ir/n'i/i fh' r< ii< r^ r has hi<)}, cnil li'T-
> r I, I nil' <ni;/ ihrtalioii; and secondl}', on my own
long experience, and that of every truly scientific co-
laborer. The statement, therefore, in the article re-
fercd t(j, solar as asscrtin- "the di.siinction between
Pistillates aiid Staminatcs 1(j i)e worthless; cultivation
producing ('ilher th" one or the other," is not only
utterly erroneous, hut is calcnlated to excite ridicule
in every scientific mind, and is to be classed with
the silly prejudices ab^ui planting pumi)kin seeds at
tlie itwrease of the. moon, and the puerile notions
about sixteen year locusts.

The characters of the three natural varieties of
the Strawberry, Staminate, Hermaphrodite, and Pis-
tillate, are permanent, and thereftue no change can
possible take place. I shall discuss this subject fully
in the Horticulturist, the commencement of which
will be found in the April number.

1853.1

C0MMrM(\\T10N8.

53

I

If it were possible that the transposition of sexes
in the strawberry could be accomplished in the man-
ner referred to, it would e(piallv apply to all utlu>r
plants, and to all animals; and it would be no longer
necessary to pos-es> but one sex of liorses, cattle, or
fowls. For, be it remembered, tin; same et(^rnal and
iiijiiHitabh' law applie to the humblest ]tlanf, antl
to the minutest insect, that applies to the mightiot
trees and animals of (»ur }^l(d)e.
Yours very respectfully,

WM. II. PIUXCK.

4«*

For the Farin .Tnunial.

Analysis of Soils and Professor Mapcs,

Messrs. Koitoks: — ■

I have ever considered it a
niisuse of tl»e pages (d' a journal to occupy its space
with personal contentions, and do not intend to be
diverted from the ta^k 1 havt; undertaken, by false
issues, or ]tersonal attacks. Atiy arguments that can
be adduced to b<Mir on the sul»jeets under discussion,
T am willing to notice: '"'^ '^ ^^'..nl,^ t.o l.nt \vtst<^ .,i
your time to rea<l a journal made up of discussions
of the fiu-mer (diaracter. Any gentleman desiring to
<-.anmiinieate with me on su(di •subjects, ean save the
a^'^ricultural r' ad^r nnndi misspent tim(\ bv addres-
sing me thruugh th • post office.

In an (issay lately published iji tliis journal, I inci-
dentally mentioned a subject w hich it s(M'ms lias given
offence to Professor Ma)>es. The sulject merely so
touched u])on, is one whieh merits more attention
tluui a passing notice.

It is a matter of mmdi interest to the farming com"
munity, to know whether any pra<'tical g(»od ean re-
sult from the possession of an analysis of a sample
of soil taken from the farm: and whether any consult-
ing Agriculturalist, from an inspection of such analy-
sis, is <^nal)Ied to write letters of advice calculated to
bring great returns to the farmer. If such stupen-
dous benefits as are contended for l)y some gentlemen,
can accrue; then advantages like these should no lon-
ger be ne-d(Hned by the readers of the Farm Journal.
if otlx'rwise, tln'y should not ex[»end their hard earn-
ings in such fancy trimmings.

A ])roposition is now, or has lately fjcen befor(^ our
Legislature, to appoint a State Agricultural Chemist,
and tlu; pro]>riety or impropri<'ty of such appoint-
ment is a matter of great moment to the farmers of
this State. I f^r one give my voice for the appoint-
ment of such officer by the State. I will give you my
reasons f.r so doing. I am of the o]dnion that it ean
be of no ])ractical use, f .r eatdi farmer to know the
exact quantative analysis of his soil; but I Ixdieve
that great pubbc bcnidit will ensue from the welbcon-
duete<l labors of a competent person paid by the
State. The duty of such officer would be to examine
the several varieties of soil found m the State, and
in a publication cxf these examinations, lay down the

gcneial treatment eiudi vari<'ty should i-eeeive,aceord.
ing to the }>est information in his power to <)l)lain.

I am fully perHua<le 1 that the plan ado))ted by pri-
vate enterprise, is a great burthen to thecommunitJ
of farmers, and that they icap no adeipiati; return.

be' us s<'e how the mutl''r is done in New Jersey '.'
\Ve are toM by lh-(d''S>(»r Mapis, (Marcdi iSo;',, p. 1)
'"The whole receipts (d' the WOrking Farmer will be
expended upon it. Any advanta;;e wc may derivu
by its circulation, is but incidental to our pursuit of
a consulting agriculturalist."

(>\pril 1<^5^, p. I) Till' sauK^ ^entlemat? t«dls ui
that he en)[)l(»ys under him. Dr. Charles Knderlin,l)r,
Anti/,ell, Dr. James Chilton, (Did olhcis; that Dr.
Anti/-(dl has analyzed sixty soils for him in tlu; last
two months, and that some of those gentlemen have
one hundred going on at a time.

This is a grievous and unnecesstiry expense, for
the obvious retison that th<'i-e is no us(! in more than
one analysis of any vein (d" soil running through any
section of eountry. No man who jtresentshis sam|)h!
1 of soil to l)e analyzed, ean s:i> ni:u it lepicscnun nf.;
i average of his own land, any bett<'r than it does that
j of his iK'ighbor living on the same v(dn of soil. If
this were not the case it would be singular, indeed.
f(,r the samj.!.- was, no doubt, not taken from all over
his own farm, but liMm a selected spot. 1 hear s(unc
,,j,P yjiv— but he mav have manured more or less than
liis neigh))or. This ar-pf^ars, at iiist >ight, formidalle
indeed: but vanishes on examination. Constant
cropping for many years by the one, without any
manure, and new land might diifer some, even per-
ceptil)ly; but the difference in the farming of two
neighbors would not be appreciated in analysis.

In ord<'r to lea<l to a better understanding of this
matter, let us transcribe three (d these analysis from
the pages of Prof. Mapes' Journal. (March 1852,
page 2.)

Moisture . - - - -

Veiretable matter - - - -

4.
o

(Quartz Sand

Alumina

Per-oxide (^f Iron

Lime

Magnesia

Potash

So<la

Chlorine

Sulphuric Acid

Phosporic Acid

('arhunic Acid

Loss

- 88.25

4.10

.11

. .80

. . .10

, . .02

m

trace

. .18
fanit trace

.02

100.00

This was made for a correspondent at Wandiam,
Massachusetts, by Dr. Antizel.

April 1852, page 25.

■.i'

51

C0MMUi\iCATlO\S.

[Mat,

^o. i

.GO
87.12

No. 2
10.

8.35
1^.10
.45
trace

.05

.07
.si

3.

o

5.

4.

Organic Matter

Silica

Alumina

Iron and Magnesia

Lime

^lagnosla

Sulphuric Acid

Phosphoric Acid

Chlorine

Potash I

Si)(i;i I " -

Carhouic Arid

This An;i1y^i-? was inadi- for W.irron, Somorset

CO., N. •)., !,y \y. H. liradlry.

May, Is.") -J, pa;i(" }*.».

No. I
Silica
M u 1 i 1 i 1 1 : 1
L I n 1 (3

Magnesia
Uxide ot Iron
Oxide of -Mi.Mu -ia
Potash

Si

No. 2

*otash 1 .. . 1 . .1
. ■, }■ estnnatoo to;T tl
joda j ^

S(').;;i
I'.lo

l.o t
trace

o

<> ,

\or

Chlorine
Sulphuric Acid
Phosphoric Acid
Organic Matter
Water Loss &c.
Carbonic AlhI

.14
.14

trace

.35

.uO

.10

.11 i

.40

:n

5.
2.

The reader will observe in tlic two ]\\<t ia])les, a
second colunni iinrkt'd No. 2; Sp'MkiiiL; <»t" this the
learned l^rofessor says — "The necessary amendments

are ni id" undiT \«>. 2.

Till" jiosscssion (»!' a p;i{w'r like rithfr of tlio three
above tahlos, would not siL^nify niu(di in the hands of
ill" ordiiiarx' fanniT: Imt in it lio lias his live dollars
worth, 'i'iiaf is the \)V\rr rliar;r<Ml (nr tlu^ document,
and il' rcall\ and lairly made, has cost S2") wi»rth of
lab^tr. Uii; what u-" can t li" tanin'r make id" it ? ][r mended?

bv t!i(^ latter, or No. 2, we are informed how mu h is
11' ' ded to make our soil fertile without putting on
any mor(>; or in other words, a perfect soil. Any-
where bcLwueu nouu at all <'\ a c*aisLiluciit, and the
niimhor or proportion in tin! 2d column; and we must
go oil adding,at least so says the learned rmfcss-
or.(Apiil 1>"!', ])age l.)"Youneed not attempt to add
"till' wiinlf rcijuircd (jiiantity to your-"il in one, two
"or three years, but l)y (Continuing, the use of the
"anieiidiiHMits recommendcfl, with reference to the
"ndative proportions only, you will (d.tain full crops
"and eventually ])lace yowr soil in a condition, to 1)0
''Worked with very slight i{uantities of farm or other
'"manures."

Accompanying each of these tables is to be found
the lettcTof advice as sent }»y the learnicd Professor,
and bas(>d upon tlu^ several ta!)les,

1>V a jX'rusal of theso three letters, tin* reader will
iind that substantially the same amendments ar<' ])re-
scrilxMl in all three cases, yet other than their being
al.iout the same as ri^gards Sand an<l Alumina, they
differ as mu(di as could l)e expected.

The lirst soil contains (d vegetablematter,.4;55()Oll)S.

.130G8lbs.
.7r)23 lbs.

.17424 lbs.
.9801 lbs

•

.}7'dl('> lbs.

faint trac(\

n(»ne at all

- .iOS'J lbs.

The second "

The third

The first soil contains r.f lime,

The second " " " -

The third " " "

The lirst contains of Phos. Acid,

The second " "

The third " '* "

lie ri'commen(ls for all (d them:

.Muck,

potash, or a>lies,

Uo!ies (lissolve(l in <ul, acid,

Salt and lime mixture'.

Night soil, or its (Mpiivalent,

Peruvian guano,

Charcoal dust.
AVill anv bodv t(dl mo what elsc^ could ho recom-

Ka*di leitia- abound-^ in advice about other liltle
matl rs, to be found in :aiy agricultural buuk.
Tf is a familiar fact to you all that one bushel per

does not understand sullicieniiv these elements and
their functions to be guided by such a table.

We have it! Does it not put you in mind of some-
thing you have heard bi fore. "Walk in gentl.-m.'u, j ac'-e nf Planter will manifest it- imj>rovement, so as
onlv a sixpence." loi* \"«len you ar" lairly in, you ! to l>e oliscrved by any oie\ '1 Ic dose (d reruvian
discover that the charge for going out. i> more than ilnano is only about .^'HI \])s. to the acre, dissolved
forgoing in, AVell, as the farmer cannot un-lerstand l)one-. are rar.dy apjdi -d in larger (quantities than
this, he must have a letter from Professor Mapes to ' three bushels lo the acre.

explain it. (April 1853, p. 1) "We agree witli A[r. ' AVe are told liy Professor .Mapc>s that 100 lbs. of
Browne, that $5 is too small a sum f r the analysis j hi ^ improved suju'r Ple.-idiate of limo will increase
of a soil; and for tliat rea>on we oinp'oy those who' tln^ crop onothird.

choose to work at that price, and use our time in
writin"" the accompanying letters of advice for which
we charge $25 each."

But of what use or supposed use is this table of
constituents? By the first column we know how
much of each constituent is already in the soil; and

If we calculate the weight of an acre of soil to
the depth of nine inches, wo will find that it is
2178000 lbs.

One hundred of the learned Professors' fertilizer
contains 19 lb. of Phosphoric acid. If 19 lbs. of Phos.
acid can do so much good, when spread over such a

(

1853.1

COMMUNICATIONS.

55

large surface, there mu-t be some reason for it, be- i be, that the farmer is expected to bring his ground

cause soils that contain nneii hirgi^r (piautities of
this material are beneliicd b^ il.

The loarncd I *rof essor rf^eomniends dissol \ ed bones
in all three oi' the above cases, yet tie- on<^ soil Ikc^
none of this material in it; the one has a laint trace.

crop to thai point at s«nuc lime. Professor Mapes
tells us lie does not expect this to be done in one, two,

or three years. But let us see if it can r-ycv be
dont!.

By reference to the 2d CMbimn of the 2d and 3d

and the other has I -i^OOO or one p(Mind for cv.a-v two tabh;s, ]>otli uf which wcr-' conipihd by .Mr. W. 11.
thousand <d soil, and when calriilatcd will Ifo loimd l*radley, a ;icntlcinan (so says I'lofc^ssor Mape>) of
toanioiini to Jmn'.) lb<., wlTn Ii wiaild cost SI l'"> -7 cts. I •"*" inicinnnioii abilitv, a stmbait and eleve of tin;
pro\ idcd resort were had to the Icarne*! Piofessor's learneil ;:;cntlenr.un

J 5

improved super phosphate (d" linie to su])ply it. If
this be correct what use then to know the exact

As te item (d" organic matter. The table No. 2 r<'-
rpiires that this ingreilicnt be brought to 1<I-1(H). No,

amount in the soil? Why not use the fertilizer | ."> only re((uires that it should ))(> ))rought to ."i-lOO.
without knowing '.'' | Why this wide difference, amounting to tons (d"

As to the lirue no one can help se(;ing the great "iii"»ire, should be established, })etween these two
disparity. The third specimen has more than on., soils, which are exactly alike as to silex and alumina,
p aimi of linn; fbr every sipiare foot of ground, yet 1 cannot tedl. But you ha,ve it so laid down. Tin;
the learm-d Pndessor although he says, that it do(>s f'i''^t of these two would have to apply one hundred
not need lime as much as it does other amendments, tons of dry manure to the acre.

yet he prescribes h'nir^ when he comes to tell this in-
dividual the amendments In; should put on his soil.

As to the item of Potash. No. 2 is rerpiircMl to add
riotash until it (;ontains.'> -100. No. .'*. is onlv re(iuir-

Nothing can b<' more evident than that the (pian- ed to bring his land up to 1-500, or the '.JO-lOO of 1-
tity that already exists in the so Is, gtmerally to be ^ ()0{)^

luuiid in Pennsylvania and N(;w -lei-sey, has no
weight in the choict; or application (d" annanhnerits.

As Potash is a very costly article, this is a serious
diiferenci;. No. 2 would reipiire (id.IlO lbs. ol Pot-

There is one matter that may have struck the at- .^,j, .^,„i Xo. 3 would only re<pnre bloii lb-. If we
tentionof the reader, and that is, how it <-ould be | g^^i^j.^j,, j)„. ,,n]inary Potash o| r,,ninierce at five
possible tor a soil to contain 2.20 of lime and not thej^^^^^ ^^i^vWK, and 10<)^bs. .,f commercial Potash to
slightest trace of carbonic acid. j ^.j^.u .^|,,,„f ,;o n,^ ^f r.'iil Potash, the Pota-h would

Mr. I'radley may have been a very able (diemist, cost S-! i-cnts jier n)s. The real Potash for No. 2 would
but to avoid suspicion of error, he should have ex- cost SoMo 00. 'Idiat for .No. ,'> would cost Silt^ij 00.

plaiiii'i! the state (d' combination in wdTudi he found

No. 2 is re(piired to bring his bind up to .VlOO of

this lim.'. It ••ould not hav:- been caustic lime, be- ]>li,,spij(.ric acid. lie w.aild hav*; l07Sll lbs. (d'the

cause as caustic lime it could not exist in the soil for .^^.j,} ^,, furnish, and cahailate<l by the pric(^ oi' tlw

any considcrabh; length of time, before it would take improved sujier Phosphate of lime, he would have

(•arbonic acid from the air. Too little is yet known ^^^ outlay lr^l.'U7<» 'M ■> cts.

(d' agricultural chemistry, for any man to be guided
( ntindy by an analysis of tin; soil. Too little is
known {>{' the laws oi' a>'-ricultural (diemistrv for anv
man to be able to sav^vliV 10 lbs. of Phosphoric acid
'.iddcil to a soil which already contains lO-^'J lbs. can
be so beneficial.

(Alb.iny Cultivator, April, l^oo, jt. IM.) '•barm-
"ers have been told that analysis would show the ex-
"act Composition of their soils, and its wants ; that if
"any ingniiicnt should be deficient, the chemist
could point out with accuracy of mathematics, tln^
8u))stance and the ipiantity that would restore its

Xo. o would hav(; to outlay for S712 Ib^. SlOS'J.

Let any one look at the above, ami say whether it
is within the bounds of reason for any one to ex-
pi'ct to be able to bring his land up to this mark, or
anv ^vav near to it. Is it not ridicailous to set down

cideT m-'aii in

• tliiii

!i'j;ure« m this manner, \\iiic

or mean h)lly /

I cannot help thinking that smdi wide discrepan-
cies between these tables are vci-y extraordinary, and
that thev were b«»th set down by Mi-. A\'. 11. l»radley,
and endorsed bv Mr. .Map<'s. that neither of ihese

Gentlemen, in their zeal for the mineral Lhuor3',
"fertility, withonr resorting to the random and em- | j^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^j ^^^ ^.^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ,,.^^,^ ^^^ ^j^^

"pircal course of api.ly.n- a, wh de set ol hrt.lizers ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ .^^ random, and liave no fixed ideas on

*'in the shape of common manure. Kxperimeuts of > i • .f

' ^ the su o)ect.

"this sort ha\e Ix-m a'aindaiit I v t ried, a few have, ' , • , n • .

u , , , , , , * ■ 1 1 1 r 1 1 I 1 heiie the wisdom of our Legishit ui-e will })oint

succeeded, and these ha\e been widely puldislie<l ; i t

it

il

"most of them have failed, and the lailures have
"slowly found their ^ay among the intelligent por-
**tion of the farming community."

If the second column means nothing, it should not
be added to the table; if it means any thing, it must

out t(j tiiat body the propriety ol taking the matter
into their own hands, and out of that of gentlemen
interested in the sale of fertilizers.

G. BLKiHT BROWNE.
Gwynedd.

ruy

OOMMrxIOAl IONS— HAPK SKKD, <<:c

[Mat.

For the Farm Journal.

Polisliiiif^ Pious.

The {ipplicfttlon of Sulpliuric urAi], diluted wltli its
own weight of water, t» tho mould-buard oi' ;i plow,
;viid allowinc:^ it to r<Mn:iin on th(^ iron twniiy-riur
liours, would bo oalculatod to (.'at tlitj surlaco into
hole."', and destroy the iron. Dilute Sulphuric acid
will not only dissolve the oxides of iron; hut will de-
.«»troy the metal.

If those who wish to spare tiiemselve^ the tfiul,!.-
of polishing a rusty uKjuld-boavd, will Imve ri'.'niir^e
tn iQuriati(* acid, ''(piitc as (dicap an arti<d ,) they
will lin<l tliit thi'^ ;ii id will not toiu-h the iron, hut
will r(^nder tin' I'ust .soluble and (>asily renK)V«Ml. —
1 would not adsi-*" allowing!; tho surfact' to rtMjjain
moist with any avdd t -a en: y-(our hours. Muriatic
:u>id \Yill do th'' work in live ininut<»s — ami s'lould
be either washed oil', 01 cb'ansed by nnmini^ through
tiie soil without delay. ii. 1>. B ,

n wvncdd.

' The product; amounts to 40 or 50 bushels to the acre.
' The green leaves and dry haulm are considered ex-

I cellent for stock, and th*' rape cake left, aft<>r the
I seeds are expressed, are oiten used as a top dre.s.iing
I for different ciops.

in rtv^iird to sLrawbcrrii;:*, they ynat/ be transplant-
I ed at any tiioo of Humnior. advantage bein^ taken of
a damp spell nl vvcatli'i'. li' \>n[ nut in dvdy, August
or Septriiib-T, after the young runners have acipiir-
od strength, and Ix-rwnuMVfdl t'.stablishcd, (and none
! others should I'o ).lanted,uhev will become rooted be-
fbro winter, and if slightly ]>rot«^cte«l from being
heaved out l/V fi-i;>^l'>, will bear a fair cri.jp the tollow-

ing season

-••►

■^•^

Knpe Seed.

l*Rn-rE( r 1\i;m, A^iril o, i^53.

•J. L. Darlington:

"'l.huir Sir — finding t Irit rape, or
rape seed, is by some con-^idered a jn-.itliable (•.•.. p. I
would like to know moro about it than I do. ind-e 1 1
know nothing about it. Will y«)U please to publisii in
the Farm Journal Ik^w it is raised, when and how the '
seed is sown, how the crop is cultivated, when and
how the seed is gathered, and Imw fil is nianular-
tured from it. Also, wli it kind »•} sul is mo-t suit-
able for it. I

Will it do to plant strawberry pJants any tin^e du-
ring summer ?'' I

We have but very 11 tie knowledgi* of this crop, in
the United States, and do not at present know ..lany
place where ii is cultivate 1. In Knglaud it is gr.»wn
extensiv(dv, ehietly tbr th" oil, expressed from the
seeds, and i> e tn^idered vi-ry }^r(ditabl(\ although
i-ather exb ui-t'.ng to the l.md. It belongs to the
r>ra>sica i'amily. ai^d likes a deep, rich and dry sod,
;ilthoULi;h oib'ii grown on reidainn-d nnvrdies, as a^
tirst crop. Jn llnglanil the season ior sowing, is tlie 1
same as tho common tur.iip. either Inoal cast or in
rows, and is transplanted the latter part of sunini'T,
in rows a foot apart, and six inches in the row, or if '
the land is rich, one foot to eighteen incdies aput, is
thought to ensure a better crop of seei], tlian when
closer.

It is also sometimes sown broad cast, and j)astur]
ed off in the fall and winter with sluM^p. The roots
remaing over winter in the <^round, go to seed th«'
following season, but the si'-ld is not equal to where
they are transplanted.

Making allowance for the difference of climate,
rape, for seed, probably should bo managed hero as
cabbage or turnips.

Great care is necessary in harvesting the seed, to
prevent its being shaken off,or exposed to high wdnds'
aud it requires to be threshed out as moi\ as reaped*

Premium Idst of New York State Agricultural

Society,

We liave nv-ei v'll. just as our paper is goiug to
press, a Journal '.ifr(r, of the New York Agricul-
ural Society, ct)ntaining list of rremiums i\.>r pres-
ent vear. The exhibition is to ]»e held at Saratoga,
on the -JOth, -Jlsr. 22d an^l 2;;d of S,'ptein1)er. Tho
ran-'e <i" artii-les for Ci.mpetition is verv wide, em"
bracing stock oi' all kind>, and their produce in hut
ter and cheese; wool and silk, donny^tic and other
nianufactures, needle, shell and wax work, flowers
nnd fruit. Theso latter present quite a large list.
Th-'re are also j.n'niiums lor paintings, tmimal pamt-
in<'-s and drawiii^-^: stovs and silver ware, cutlery;
managenKMit <d' larnis; experiments in draining; ex-
j)erinients in the preparation (d Flax, as a su])stitute
I for wool and cotton, SlOd premium; experinn-nts in
the ( nltivation of Potat(M^«^, Sl2o premium.

Tiiere are also premiums for hay presses, a large
list of farm iniplennnits, liydranlic rams, best improv-
ed tiles, hay and cattle weighing scales, :^l2<); best
plow, S-Jo: best lot of butter, nnide ))y girls under
twentv-one years of age, silver cup: second b«\st,pair
l)Utter knives; third best, set tea spoons; fourth, sil-
ver me(lal.

Altogether, the preminni list is one of the most lib-
era] rharaeter, and highly creditable to the enter-
])rise, and pu]>lic spirit o}' tln^ Empire State. We
hope our own State Society will soon Ix^ible to olfer
similar inducements b) competitors. The Keystone
must not be behind hand in any thing.

J*rnniii'i-(tfirr premiums, paying f >r at least all ex
penses and troul)Ie, with a reward to superior skill
and diligence, and operating as real indnmz/rn/.s-, are
the -n-eat causes of the success at the State fairs in
New York and Ohio.

Rich Men may cast large offerings into the trea-
sury without the slightt^st personal inconvenience or
selt-denial ; but when the poor widow casts in hertwo
mites, which is all her living, we are sure that so
exemplary an act of self-denial results from a pro-
found sense of her obligation to God.

1853.1

NORMAN HORSE.

57

I
I

Norman Horse— Duke of Xorman<l>.

[inportt'd front Havre, b'/ Mr. Saniud Holman, of
Chester Coaiili/, Ri., in tJi'i Samniir of 1851.

We beli''ve tbi-^ is tho second iinportati )ri of N >r-

"They have derived the name of Diligences, from the
fact that they are almost exclusiv(dy ilriven t . tln^ir
coaches, or wag(ms, as ihey would b • call 'd leav,
woi"-!iing thirty to forty hundred poumi-. without ]>as-
L;n"'ers,an 1 i-a iking witli tleMU a spee 1 oft'ii to twelve

se

laan Ib.rses into the United States, — Diligence, ira- ^^\y^ .^.j h »ur." The color ot the Norman horse is
t)ortel bv Ivlward Harris, Ksq., of M o u'est own, New I ,r,.ner;illv <rrav, varying somewhat in sliado; height
Jersey, being the fii-st, from w^honi t!i' Xormm stock f,.,,„^ f.urti'eii and a half to sixteen hinds high;

W'i /hi thirteen to sixteen bun Ired p )'ia h,

The Duke of Norm inly is now f )ur an 1 half y<Mrs
old, fifteen hands three inches high, will grow to six-
teen. His weight is fifteen linnilrt;d pounds.

Mr. Harris who passed througli France iu 1851,
speaks of "the line condition in which these horses are
always kept.inspicC of hard driving.and worse groom-
ing, the great age they sometimes alt lin, and the
rarity of spavins, wind-galls, or other blemishes of

the limbs."
„,^.._._ , The address of Mr. Ilolman, is Chester Springs,

hardiness with quick draught. The Norman stock of I Chester county, Pa.

horses have been kept distinct for ages,and are traced certificates:

back as f\ir as William the conqueror. They are I do hereby certify that the two r>'lig^''"«^ ^'^^^=^'

the origin of what is known here as the French Ca- sold to Mr. Samuel Ilolman of ^ ^-^^^ ^^^^'^^^^

nadiauTshow a g- eat developement of muscular now- ^^^^ ^^^^^^^Zi l^;uS;d i

er, and it is generally conceded that no stock of ^.Q^sider them as fine as any I ever bred, and I doubt

horses, of the same weight, cither in Europe or whether a better pair of Colts can be found in Nor-

'1

America, can perform the same heavy, fast labor, mandy.

in several of the States are descended

Th" "Dakc of N n-mm ly" w is sele^tcil iu France,
by Mr. If .Inim liiuK'lf, having gone expressly for
that purpose, and as will be seen by the annexed cer-
tificates, he has succeeded in procuring a very supe-
rior animal, whose purity of blood, and character are
unexceptionable.

The imp )rtati<»n will be a valuable one to the far-
ming community, atfording an opportuity to combine
just the requisites wanted in the horse of all work, of
the American farmers, great strength, endurance and

58

CORN PLWTlNa.

Mav,

Given under my hand, at lluwan, in Nm iirmly,
July lat, 1851. /. n.MoXT.*

I do hereby certify that T shlp|>(«(l rh(> two Norman-
dy Dilij^ence Colts, h(m;4ht l.y Mr. Saimi"! Holman,
of Z. Piniont, on tho Sth of July, A. I>. IS.M, on
board the Packet Ship Scianne, ('apt. Williams, con-
8i/]^ned to R. II. Hopkins & Co., N. \ 1 am well ac-
quainted with Mr. Pimont, and ^vitli tlii^ -tork of
Horses, and kn^-w that tlicy ar.> thorough Diliiri-nce.
These horses arc hrld in liin;h ('stiniati(»n licr." on iie-
count of their uncoiiiuon bono and mn^.-ular power,
quick action and durahility, and I cuusider the pair
sent, a iair spfciinrji of the stock.

Given under my hand, at Havre, in France, duly
10th, ISM. Y. BARBK.

We do certify that the rrray liorses, C()nsi;^ned hy
Mr. Samuel llolmiin, to us, were received from on
])o!ird the Pa(;ket Ship Scianne, Capt. Williams, nn
tlM| 12th day of Au<!;ust, A. 1>. ISol, in ^ood con-
dition, and delivered them accordin^j; to Ins ord(»rs',
one to liis hntther, Mr. F. H(dman, and the other to
Hr. M. P.rown, (.f Ohio.

Given under our hands at New York, Au<'. 15)t}i
lN')l. R. H. H()1>KINS& CO.

-••»-

Corn Plantinj^,
A friend has kindly sent us a manuscript of Pro-

ceedlttirs oi a recent meetin;^ of the "Philadelphia
Society (oi- promotin;j; A;j;riculture," which wc are
pleased to be able to brinu:; l)(dore tiie readers of the
Farm Journal.

Philadelphia Society for pr.mntin^ Agriculture.
Meeting A pill 0, 1853.

Debate on Corn Planting. Subject proposed by
I)r. <(.)u\erneur Kmerson.

JJu. Kmlk.^dn wishes to h'arn the opinion of mem-
bers, and their ex{)erience jis to the compa.-ati\c ad-
vnntages of p1antin;j: corn in hill^, (»rbv the (hill. He
preferred ih,- latter. His drills were at fonr feet dis-
tanc(\ and the c )in was dri»p]icd oiie grain for every
foot. This, however, lu; thought t(»o (dose — especial-
ly if a drought occur in the latter part of the season.
He thought fiv(^ fe(»t distance, and on(i fiot apart, tlie
best for average seasons. I'liis liad ])rodueed excel-
lent crops. AV^ith him tlie chief (d)jection t(» drilling
Corn arose from the drought, 1)ut e\en in foul ground
])etter crop-; hail been yi(dded by su(di ]>lauting, than
in liiiN at equal distances, in the usual wav. He
dropped but one grain in each hill, and r(>-plantcd il
necessary.

Mr. James Gow en had planted in drills. The
|)lan had b^eti tri<Ml in the South, and objected to on
account ol" the corn //y///'/, as it was termed, that is
becoming scor(died in appearance from the tall luxu-
riant corn, not lia\ irjg free air and space 1(U' its de-
velopment, lie always drilled in cban land, W(dl
prepared, and liarrowccl in sunshine, between 10 A.
M. and o I*. M. Then he drills with confidence, at
three feet di>-tant, and om» foot apart. — has succeeded
perfectly. His only objection was the great destruc-
tion caused by high winds in the months of August
and September. The corn in drills presents a broad
and almost continuous sheet to the winds, and hav-
ing less root support was more prostrated.

President (Dr. Tlwwi.) Has Mr.Gowen no trnnble
from weeds ?

Mr. (Jowex — None whatever. if the ground l»e
Well prepared, (,ji,. ,,r two hoe-harr(*\NiriL'^ in a \earr
are a])undant to keep it (deaii both imm weeds and
gra-s. I am satisfied that one of my crops averaged
more than one liundred busliels shewed corn to tho
acre, prior to thfj occurrence of an aut\imi\al storm.

Ma. C. \\ . li\KiM<o\ said that tlu; propel- distance
for planting should b(^ (hitermined l»y the (pnility of
tin; soil, the ({uantity and kind of nuinure, and the
amount ofhibor. To those who were favored on these
three points, drill planting might be preferabh\ But
considerations of economy and profit attached him to
the old fashioned hills — say four feet by four feet,
four grains planted, and thre(» stalks cultivated to
the hill. Thus treated, his crops liad averaged sev-
enty-three ])ush(ds and on(* p(M*k to the acre. A great
indication was to stir the ground, and k(M^[) down the
we(Hls. This, with tlu; drill, had been fou!id difficult,
without a resort to hand labor, and in many places
drilling had been abandoned.

Mh. a. S. UoijKiiTs thought tlutt the first thing to
be done, was to make the ground rich. Corn could
not bi^ over mtinured. The general error was to put
in too little manure.

1)k. Mmkrson had ibrgoLten to state, that dui-in^ tlie
summer before last, a very dry one, as members
would rec(»llect, he had a fi(dd of drilh'd eijrn, which
he had, on account of the drought, almost given up
as ruined, yet eventually it proved to be but slightly
injured.

Mr. Harrl^un — Had Dr. Emerson any in hills fur
comparison?

Dr. Kmkr^on — 1 had, and 1 never, other things
being the same, saw corn in hills e(iual to that which
had been drilled.

President — Has Dr. Emerson ever heard of one
hundred and sixty b\ishels per acre?

Dr. Emerson — No sir, and certainly I never saw it
mea.sinr<l I

Dr. McCre.v had produe.'d ;i line crop in hills, four
feet by three feet and a lialt', without manure. He
hadsim{)ly turned under the sod, no stalk was less
than eleven feet high.

Prfsii>e\t — How old was the sod?

Dr. McCkea — rntouched since 182b. 1 think that
poudrette and planting in drills would have im[>rov-
ed my crop.

Ml-, d. (!. Fi-iii:r wi>hed to impiire what quantity
of poudrette wa^ thought the best.

Dr. McCrea — With a ([uart to the hill, the yield
has been euurmous.

Mr. Isaac ^V. Hoberts — My crops have averaged
f()r twenty years, ninety bushels to the acre. ! have
used poudrette ever since I have been able to get it.
I plant in hills four feet by four feet — four grains
and a handful of poudrette to each hill.

1853.]

CORN TM-WTING SAT.K OF CoWS. .<C

.'i^

)

Mr. Isaac Newton thought fmr fei^t ten inches,
f)y four feet ten inches, afforded a bett^-r yield than
f)urfeet by fuir feet. He used a compostoi" pii:, uia-

below the level of the ground. Tf this be increased

or diminished, tic plant i< iujureil. The plougli in
tln-owinL!: it- i-id-n' over the i-Mot-^, Imj-ies them deeper
nure and fence and head-land scrapings, and he had | than bejbre. and tlc-y suifer iu r,,iis,Mpience. .;. A f-
it hauled out in February. When h.' wanted it well ' te,- tln^y liaw b.vMui- habitu ited to this state.tliey are

ag.iiu uiic<,vcr''d by a flcrMiid ploughing. l'.a«h time
th(^ plant, iu aco )uini »1 ii ill j; it^'li to the nrw con
dition, was chcoUed. Corn rct^uircs but superiicial
I'ultivati )u, and two inches were suf^cient to kill the

turned over, he sprinkled a lew grains (.i corn be
f)re heaping. Thepi'is would 1)" sure to find them
an I h<' knew n > betrer shovel for the purjios" than a
T)i<r's nose. A shovi-l full of manure to each hill,

I ^ * i I

allei about fifteen or twenty bush d^ ])er acre to the I wciMis.

croi). H ' d >"-i not u^i' th; cultivator because he is | Dr. Kmkrson' r(;garde(l th(; corn crop as the basis

H.Ltisfied that running it between the rows after tht
ornisthre- f>'t high, la.'erates the fibres, whi(di
(>ven thus early are sent out from ])elow and above
th.; -'round's surface, iu dry w(;ather,and when tie;
corn is tassrdling he runs the plough so as to throw
the earth toward tln^ hills and over the roots. If
RufBcient (»f the compost is not at hand, he obtains
charcoal dust from r(din<'ries, mixing one buslud of
it with two bushels of plaster, and a bushel of hen
manure.

Mr. Gowen maintained that bad handling ot the
cultivator was aloiu; the cause of injury to the radi-
cles. In proper hands thc^ hoe-harrow was uneiiual-
h;d for the purpose. Nor n(3ed it bi^ run so close, or

of our cultivation. He had heard mu(;h of Dick(!y's
corn drill, and wisluvl to know if any member pres'
ent had useil it. The inventor had never raised less
than lUO to 11.) busliels to the acre. ^

Mr. (iowEN suggested that the kind of drill was of
s(M;ondary importance to the management of tho
crops.

Discussion closed. »••

-<••-

;,.a^..oa»8 System. High prices of Cows,
At a recent sab; <d dairy cows, twenty-tw(» in num-
ber, belonging to Henry D. Court, near West Ches-
ter, six av<u'ag(!<l over >^.")() ]>er head; six over ii^dO,

80 deep as to risk luiurv. To prefer the idough to ' and the remainder, many of them not being fresh
the cultivator he thought extraordinary. The latter till ne.t (all, from S.",:; to >,;:. ].er head. 1 hey were
could be regulated to any .b'pth gn-atcr than one of what are called common stock, but had been sc-
inch Itwasimpossibh-t.. plough as shallow as our, h3cted fnmi droves chiefly, by Guenon s System,
corn hoe. Correct principles taught that the plough \ and the result, as in many other cases in t!.is vicini-
lacerates wor>e than was possible with the eulti- ty, proved its entir.; correctness, They had formed
^j,^^j.^ part of a milk dairy, an<l averaged twenty .piarts^

Mr! Sewtos explained mon; particularly how he per day for six months. Guenon's system is one of
wouM handle \u< plough so as to avoid the difficulty the most valuable di.s«M)veries of the .lay to the farm

apprehended by Mr.Gi>\ven

Mr. a. S. lloiJERTS had always phmghed in olden

ing community, and when widely known throughout
our Stat.', will produce in the aggregate an enormous

^ ;' " ", : * XT ■' M • i> ! ^.ivin.r of oxnense, in rearing and keeping poor milk-

times, but things ha.l changed. Now Major R.'y- ^.^^i^'n <^\ '^V ' - ■'' ,s dairy

bol.l, of l)elaW::;..-go,..l authority-in his contracts ers, and in time, an e(iually ^^^ /^^^ ^^ ^^^l^
with those h.^ emph,yed, always sp(.ified that n.> pr.,ducts. bm.^e the appe^u-ance of u^^
p'o igh should be used among his corn. tides in the Farm dournal on this - U > t^'- ^

' ^ ' i„M'n, and still continues t.) b(! applications at tlie

Agricultural War.dmuse, in AVest Chest.'r, from va-
rious parts ot i>ennsylvania, for the pamphh-ts ..f
(Uir.wm ^ Netlliu, :iud so lar a-> has been lieanl from,
rrectness of the syst.MU has Immui fully verified,

Mr. S. G. FisuEuiiepiired if any pres uit ha.l i>r<)-
duced on poor I ui I, on • hundred and ten bushels to
the acre by means of (iuan.)? That had been done by
Mr. (\issidy, (d our city, the celebrated p.^acli grow-
er. Mr. C. has raised seventy acres of corn, av.u-
aging eighty buslcds j.er acre. Ten (>( these, on
which l'.i> lbs. Guatio p"r acre had been thrown
broadcast, and pbaiglied in, yi.dde.l IF) l)usliels oi
shelled corn each. The height of tie' corn was also
extraordinary, it averaging eighteen feet. Mr. Fish-
er had tried the plough in the corn fi.d.l ; so had his
neirrhbors, and all ha.l aban.loned its use, an.l a.b)])t.
ed the cultivator. He agre(^.l fully with Mr. (i.)wen
on this subject. There wer.; reasons f)r this prefer-
ence, based on the laws ef the vegetable «jcouoiny.
Ist. The long roots, extending several feet, laterally
were cut by the plough, and the growth of the plant
checked. 2d. All roots require a certain distance

the coi

when closely studied and und.'rstood

-••«►

C atswold Sheep.

The f.llowing are the weights of six "new Oxford-
shire or Cot. wold Sh.jcp," bred and latt'iie-i by Wm.
K,.yb<d<l,o( pelaware, and lat(dy slaughtered ifi Phil-
a.lelphia.

No. 1.
** 2.
'• 3.
'* 4.
" 5.
" 6.

Live wt.

3G2 lbs.

295 "
295 "

273 **
259 "
242 "

Dead wt.

2iVM lbs.

21 :i

203

201

LSI

IGO

u
((
(<
((
(<

Age.
4 yrs.
o

3 '*

3 '*

2 '*

2 "

tit ^ i

GO

Ff.OUA CESTRICA.

wtmnrWe-frnm^^n * KttimiXma^ k-.-J' tm^\ijr.\

TMat,

I'lora Cestrica, an lltrboi i/Jii{^ Coiuj.uniun i trom the proliminiiry UiscuurHca in the lirst part of
For the YvuiKj Ihtlanists of Chester Count i/, J'a., by the work:

William DarUnr/ton, .U. /> , f.L. /). ^ ,,....

. ,. . « ,, , • , . , , . A very n.itur.il nroliniinary irKiuiry, on ihti n:irt

A new edition of the above inviihiahl. v.^rk, is ^f ,, ,>,,^;,, e„.ao;in^ in the study df lUann-ul in-

just issued from the press, luid is nuw on our ta]>h\ ' dr.-d, in any other study-— wouM he rospeetini^ the

It is arranged accordin«; to the natural sy .stein, and : "/'/"'//, '"' vaUio, of such an attain iwni ; aii<l th(>re-

is one of the most complete compendiuins of any lo-

fore — in order to eneourap;e the youn;; Jieginner — it

, -P,, i. . XT ^ 1 1, . • 1. "i*iy ^*^ ^^''11 ^" '"'it at some of the inducements to

cal Flora^ extant. Not only are all tho indi-onons th. undertaking^. These may be considere.l in ref-

plants which have yet Vx'en discovere<l in our <• )un- .i-f nee to mental discipline, intfdleetual <!;rat ilieation,

ty enumerated and aceuratidy described, but also ! '^"'^ praetieal usel'iilur -s. It is impossible lor any

those which have become naturalized, and are culti- | !^"^^' ei»'i'>^vr;\^v;'^'' the common attr.but«^s of hunniu-

- . itv, to avoia Item^ si»ni"tliin:j: i»i a \iiliinti isl . ( )iio

vated for domestn- purpo^.-s, th.' first bem- jo-int- ,,f jj^,, earliest iieliraii.-ns of Intejlret, .•un-i^ts in

cd in lumian, till} second in Italics, and the last the perception, and di>rriinination, of the bein;!;s and
in small capitals so that the eye (jf the studont objects siibjeetiMl to its eo-aii/.ance. In proportion

,„ .,, .„!,. . ,.1 11*. 1 "^ fPi • 1 as the mind is exitandod, and its faculties disriplined,

may eml»rae(Mhe wiiol(» :it a i;lan«'e. J here is also . '..'... .^ '

' , ^ -^ so are its ]»o\vi'rs oj diseniiiinatiun aui:nu'nti'(i. Adt-

a«i;lo8saryof ^Jotaniearrerms, a list of abbre\ iation^ ' ,,,,,/ >v/, 'ir.'—or that knowlrd-e \v!nr|, enables us

a classitied list of t!i ' naturalized and eultivateil to ascertain, to di>rniu,nisli, and to ;in ;in'j^i', or elassi-

plants, an index of ord ts, ;i;eiiera and sp.'cies, with <>' »'i''':^ted bein--^ -is enipliati.allv a srluir, nj' nhser-

,-,,.,,,., , ruliiiii; and no study has a happier trnd'aiey to in-

synonyms and an index ol Kn^rlish names, ton;et ler , i i •, r i» r . .. i ,.. ,, ;. .. vf lo-r, ,

. , ^ ' .-^ (luec lialdts ol att Mition, ami aeeiiraey m noticinii;

with a synopsis oi the Linn. an arrangement of the , the (diaraeteristic batuirs of (.bjeets. No one is
genera treated of, uit!i i-cfcreners to the natural or- ' Ies.< likely to be milled by vulvar pr"judiee<, or to
ders to whieh tliey sevcivillv b-'lou!'-. K\erv tliiii"- no-
pears to have been done, as re;;arils siinpli<iy ol
elucidation, completeness of ela-sifieation and descrip-
tion to make tlie work entirely acceptable to the

be made i\\v dupe of inipo.>Lure, than the earidul ob-
server, and niuin^' in -ludont, ot Nature, liaonu-
al scrutiny riMider- biiii acute in •!< tecting error, and
diseoverinj; trutli. while it makes him (cautious in
reeeivinfi; marvlfiuv statements unsupported by cred-

youn;; botanical Student, and the' Agriculturist, as iblc testimony.

well as the older and more experienced gleaner m ^^''.'il'' 'V^ hiculties arc thus improved by a saluta-
.. n 1 1 /. ii . 1 1- 1 ^r> 1 • I ry discipline, his taste is no less ijrratificd by the

the fields ot this delii'httul science. ' -j c\\ . \ , i .r „ii fi.. :r..,,.;.r...tn

" pleasures ot the study : — and, ot all the inanimate

The work comprises a description nf six hundred j pr^^i^^.ts of creation, {here is none more a-;re(>able

and fifteen Genera, and thirteen hundre.i and niiu'ty- | to contemplate, than those v,hi(di e<»nsliti:te the IV;-

three species of plants of Chester county. < )t the>.>. ' r^^^/^^'' Kn>:r'<>/n. I>e>tined, by tiie wi.v.lom of a

, 1111, • 1- * 1 1 1 bountiful Providence, lor the ^u-^tenance ol a \\\'^\i-

eleven hundred and lour are indi;renous, one liumlreil i r *■ n i , .^ ^u^ f;,r.n

'^ er (»rd(U* ot crtnitures, — tiiey iiave, at tlie same time,

and fifty-seven are naturalized, and a hundred and ]„.,., j admirablv adapted to th" purpose of a<lorning
thirty-two cultivated. AUhuugli intended to be en- thesurfaeeof the earth, and (•liar^ini^ with fragrance

tirely complete, onlv so far as regards Chester coun- the atm sphere which surrounds it. Occupying an
, . .^ , ■ , ,- , ni I- intermediate position, ])etwcen mineral> and. animals,

ty plants, It embraces a large part (d the Hora of they afford us the means of investigating the won-
the middle States, and will be valuable to the gener- ^\^.J.^ ^f organic life, without the infliction of torture,
al student. I or the necessity of witnessing the sufferings wdiich

The present edition is also enriched with the ad- :^ttend such researches in sensitive beings. Hence,

... , ,. T 1 xi .1 • . 1 . the study of the ve«r(>table cremation has ever been a

dit.on of five discourse's by the author, introductory ^.^^,^^^j^^^ ^^^^^.^^^j^ ^^,j^,^ ^^^^^j^^ ^^^j^^^j^ ,^,j^,^^.^ j, ,^ ^.^^,^

to a knowledge of thi' scicnce,and explanatory of the delight in the C(»ntem|-Iation of Plants and Flowers,

leading features (d' the Linne;in and natural systems, which is never f(dt — and can never be a])pre(!iatcd —

To tleTse who are apt to be confounded with the tech- l-y th.)se who find their chief gratification in the tur-

. , - • •/• 1 r moils and commotions ot the animal world. 1 lie

meal terms and necessary scientihe nomenclature of ^j^^^^^^^i^,,^ ,,|- ,,,^^,^ .i^.,;,.^^ j,,,,,,, ^^f j^s character

Botany, so far as to be afraid to commence the study, [ frnni association, and external impressions; and it is,
we would especially commend these preliminary ' doubtless, partly owing to the Inland iniluences of a
discourses. In the 'usual happy style of the author, '''''"''} ^^^^ ^^'''^ enlightened agricultural communities
, , , , 1 , p 11,- 1 / ill''' less prone to those cruel excesses, wiucli so olt«>n

he has taken hold of and brought to view, th.^ slrony ^^j^^^^^,,^ ^,^^^ artificial and struggling society of crowd-

points.the important link, on which this science bin- j g^ cities. If such be the trampiiii/ing tendency of
ges, and condensed them in a striking coup (Vicil the a simple rc.s'/Je/ice among the N'egetable tribes, — how
raostdefinite and comprehensive we have seen. Tlicy propitious to the growth of the gentler virtues must

seem to take one into the inner temple, and reduce to
a small compass the (ip})ayi}it mysteries of the great
groundwork often so formidable to bogiuiKuvs. The
work is neatly printed and handsomely got up in oc-
tavo form, of about six hundred pages, and accompan-
ied with a map of the county. It may be obtained at
the Agricultural Warehouse in this Borough, price

$2 00 We extract the following excellent remarks ' ^eudd the scrambUii^' rivalry of political UHplrants, and is 30 seductive

be the pursuits of the />/»^////,s7, who may be .said — •
alm(»st without a figure — to hold daily converse with
solium of the lov(diest works of the Cr«\ator, — and to
regard with something like the pleasure ofafViendly
recognition, every i*laiit which he has successfully
investigated 1^'

*No one ever heard a true lover of Botany complain of fmh'umritat^
orof a want of pleasant employment for his leisure hours. His pur-
suit*, it Is true, do not produce that vehement excitement which at-

\^'y^\

V\/)n\ CKSTRICA— WollK Foi; Till: MONTH

r»i

t

■

We know, indeed, tlraL those grov(dring iin.rtals
^ho consider nothing as valuable, but uu^yv. tangibh;
wealth, are apt to ri^gard the researches (d' tiie \ it-
urali^t a- u-eloss and frivolous, — ^^ju^t as gross, un-
cultivated mit\ds suppose nil pleasures to consist in
flPHMual gratifications, and have no concejttion of su(di
a thin"" as iMtel].M-tu;i1 enjoyment. It i^ the besetting
infirmity ot sorditl natures, to mistake the iiisfrnmrnf
(or the uhjcd ; to limit th(> aim, and confine the af-
fections, to the mr<ins of enhancing our <diaracter, as
rational beings— instead af employing those uK'ans
for the aitainment <if a, nobhu* cn<l. Ibit, is it (ntc,
that the studies of the Naturalist are useless jind
frivolous? On the contrary, the most bigot(!d Utili-
tarian-on a moment's reflection — will be for(;e(l to
adinit. tliat tlc'V are fraught with results of dailv,
and hii;-h jintrfirtU value, in many of the most im-
)iert:ni7 pui->uits. To the Agriculturist, the (iarden-
;.,-, tie' Physician, an<l the .\rtist, a corr(!ct — and
,.v',"ii ,- ientific— knowle.lge of the N'cgetable King-
dom is. to a certain extent, indi^jx'nsabhr. — for, a
srirntHi'- knowledge (.f jdants iiier.ly implies an ae-
.piain'tance with their true character and properties, -
and f/idf.cvovy person whose business is with plants,
i^ hound in honesty and good hiith — as well as bv
the recpiirements of self-interest— to possess. ^"'•»'
i<nowledge is, (d course, to be best obtained liy means |
,i tic in iM sl^illfiil, systematic, atel laclle method (tf
investigation : oi-, in other v/iu'tls, by th" help (d a
truly scicnlijic <tr,<iiii;<ni' nl.

The successful culture <.)i Vegetable Pr-Mlucts, re-
quires a knowledge of the character ;iol habits of
tho plants which yield them; tmd that knowledge —
80 far nv it i-- possesse*! and applied— is neither more
nor le^v tlian j>rnrfirfil linfauij. H • who is lUMpiaint-
ed with tie- -reatest number, and he^t understands
how to multiplv the nio^t valuable, is at once the best
Botanist, and the nio-t accomplished Agriculturist
and ( iardener.

Is it not desirable, then, that we shoidd extend our
knowledge of tie- u-eful IMants,— and h;nn to esti
mate corre.-tiv, their true and relative values ? Is
it not n.'.-e.-^arv, also, that we shouhl have a i!ompe-
tent knowle g(> of the {.e.rnicious and w'.rthlens
Plaiit-^'.' liut, to accomplish this, is to mak(^ a re-
spectable progress in the Science of liotan!/. Hence
1 cont.'ud, th;7t a certain portion of I^.tanical knowl-
edge is indispensable to th.; lunvirr who aspires to
excellence in his profession,— and who would aid in
clevatin- tiiat proh's-iou to tlu' rank whi(di it is en-
titled tMJpild. amon- human j-ur^uits. It is not n.v
ces^arv that le- ^houl 1 prosecute the study m all \\<
extent"; for th<it would be ih.- bu-^itcss .,f a bfetime:
liut he (Might to make himself ac(iuainted with tlie
Vegetation of t!ie region, or district, in which he re-
sides,—and he >hould undcrstau'l well the character

to the e^iror fancies of the crany and ambitious; but the gratifications
TftsultinR from tholr culture-h«.nR fonnderl on a consciousness of U,. tr
value to our f.dlow creatures, as well as to ourselves-arc of tlu' most
precious and endurln^' character, -and are, mrncovor, wholly in<lepen-
dent of vulvar Utste or caprice. [Sec .Sir II. levy's (JonxolMiim^ m
Travel.]

The attractions of Rotanlcal Science are truthfully and appropriately
allndedto. in the following extract of a h'ttor from th" late Mr .Jam^^
EnwARM SMri H to th«^ Kcv. Dr. Muar-F.NnrR^J.-dated London, March
f,, i79:}:--Von (arm.)t t)e more enthusiastically fond of Itotany than I
am; and vour letter pron.ises me afresh Instrnwe, in addition to many
alreadvcxpcrhmce 1, that this Htudy-charminu in Itself-ls still more
vatuahle a.s a key to the Intercourse of the most amiable minds. To
Botany I owe frl'M.dships and connexions I e!se could have had no
chance of formln ,-; and your I-ettcr. ovcrnowln« with the milk of hu-
man kin Inr-ss. and with th.; amiable modr^^^t.y of real merit, promlsOf,
me one which it will b3 my mo-st anxious care and amblUoa to de
serve."

of all th .■.' plants which unmedintely concern him,
! as an .\''rlculturist. 'idiis is a dutv hv no means so
ditlieidt as is gen(^rally supposed: .\nd with the aid
I now Jitl'orded hv <'|einent;ii'_v inel s\'stencitic writei's
' on the subject, the attainoe lit i-< r^'ielered a-< agreea-
bly interesting, to :in iiit^'iligent mnel. \\< it i^ profita-
ble in its praeti(;al results. Tin; man who do(;s not
know the more imj)ortant plants by \vhi(di he is sur-
roufch'd -whose ey(! has not h-anit to diMei-iiumate
tle'ir characters,— is deficiriit in one of the primary
(pialilieations nf an enli^'htencd cultivator (d the
soil. In truth, it is mortifving to see a good practical
Farmer, or (Iardener, ignorant nf soni • ol the very
plants whi(di it most belnive^ him to know. — wasting
his time, and his energies, in mis-directe I efforts to
p'otect hims(df from the \'e;r,. table pests which in-
vade his "■r()unds. Manv of our farms are already
over-run Avith worthless we. -'Is, which are extremely
difliciih to subdue; and we me numaeed with the in-
roads of others still more annoying and perni'-ious:
^'et there are but few of onr .\ - riculturists who ar(»
able to identify these inva'h'i-'^. ule-n they make their
appearanco, — or who se^ni to be awaie of tin' im-
pnrtance of [irompt and vigorous ne-a-ures for tlear
extirpation.*

-••^

WORK lOK Tin: MONTH.

Faimi.- The mo^t preifitable crop rai-e(l on the
Farm. Indian forn, now reipiires special attention.
We are not favorable to too early planting; tiu' second
week in the month, f )r this section, will answer ])et-
ter than earlier. As a general ruhs any crop whieh
starts well, ami has a r///o/o;/.v. iinu>frrrni>f <l -r^wth
(ill ii'.aturitv. re^nlts bett-r at la-t, than if che<d;ed.
:ir stunted, and barely kept alive, by unlavorahle
,-han'n>s of w.-ather, a- a lite fn.st, ^K-c. 'id:e corn
erop reipiire^ a warm mmi. We have ^eeii tin- yoiun^
le.ave- tui-n velhcv, tie- e|]ect .,f a lah- fio-t, and out-
stripped in growth by that lalei- planted. if weath-
er is<irv, soak seed before planting, and roll in ydas-
ter. Some sp"eial manure should be applied to each
hill, to hapten the early growth. A comj.ost of ash-
es ])laster, ami rich mould, such as scrapings of
wer.d shed, soil from head lands, it--., should be used,

or ].oudrette, \\W:r\, h^> been foUU'l excellent, iu tllC

prop' rtion of a g.od hmeilul to every two hills, drop-
,..1 and covered v. lib the .Mrn. lir :n, a- reeoinmen-
ded in March number of Fa; m diurnal, allbrds a
valuable stiiindant to the early growth.

riant Potatoes for pi'inelpal erop in tliis month^
Cuano in ( 'hester county, has be-n proved to make a
b.tter potatoc crop than tie' be^t ham sard manure.

Prepare ground : -^ ow corn lor f. hhr. In a ^Iry

spell of weather, often occuring after harvest, and

♦ I have seen an excellent old Farmer zealously wa^iui: war upon the

fetid Chamomile (}farufn (hOda, /X.') under the mistaken belief tliat

ho wa.s conteridlTiK arralnst that tronhlesomo nnisance.tlie Ox-eye 1 alsy

(I^,u:antnrmum vuJ.nrr, Lam.) Some yeans sine, a dlsiln«ulshed ,u;^

leulturaU-eralemen published a series of essays, for the purpose of

rousmtr the farmers to a simultaneous attack upon what he supposed

fn he the ainada ThUtte. It was soon discovered, however, that tho

Lt which he had in view, was U.e conu.aratively "-"'l'-,^ ^'^^^^

L/r.s.'nc m::L or Wild Te. 'el : and y-t Uu'. r-d f'^«^*^'> ' ^hlsMc {fhrn-

uraar^m.., Sc^n^) was then actually Intro lu.ed and «preadln« a-

round him, unrccognlzcl and unknown, cOther by hhn.self or his nel,h.

bora!

62

'\vr)i;K mi: tin: mo\tit.

[Mat,

IM^

"when pasture is short, wo liave found this crop, cut
in a green state, and fed to cows, to greatly increase
the yield of milk and I utter.

Avoid turning stock too soon to pasture fields^
Sow one bushel of Plaster to the acre on nil ;:rass
fields. Inspect fences all aroiiud ilujlanii, uinl inaku
them secure against the stock. Clean out and \\ liite-
"wash cellars, reinovp potatr.os to l^arn flonr, (M- ('tlirr
dry place, to r''t:n-'l lliclr s|)ruiitiii;:;.

Cover iiiaimrc in hani-vard, rroin acti'tii of sun
and lains, or connxist it with altcrnati^ iayors of soil

1 •• ,

if not already douo. A\'at(di the stock on rank ]>as- !
turo, every morniii^, to <^uard against lloven, which !
may 1)0 quickly rolieviMl hy hay rope, drawn tightly!
in tlio niniith. and oxtiMiding back of the horns. 'J'lic
iH'ition o( th(> jaws, tiius produced, liberates the gas
in tin; stmnach.

Frttt Orch akd, — Fini^li ]ilanting Fruit Trees,
Strawberries, lia^pberr!;'--, drape \'ines, &.c., as soon
as possible. AVa^h tlie harl; of newly planted trees
with mixtures, before rcoommcuded, to prevent their
Ijecouiing l-ark bvamd.

Trees in Idci^^oni air^^iii'^r ^valls or trellises, should
be protected against late frosts, by covering with
sheets, or shading with evergreen boughs, to keep
off the sun's rays. Destnjy webs and larvi\3 of in-
sects. Muhdi the ground undergoosberries,wilh coarse
hay or litter, and sprinkle salt. Mulcli Kasp]»errios
and Strawberries with spent t;in bark. Shorten iu
llaspberry canes ono-tbird. and flii: in manure. —
Apply salt to (Quince Trees.

Caterpillers may be found close to body and limbs
of trees, morning and evenini:. and l>ei(ii-i> ^le^v is otl'
in mornin'^ niav rea'liU be destroyed, \yiLh a brush
or swab a1lix<'(l to a pele.

Pyi-amidal Tree>^ should be headed back, and use-
less shoots ]»runed away.

IveiKwv with lVc>sh manuring Grapevine borders.

l)e>trov ants with boiling ^vater, poured into their
holes.

Vegetable G.vrden'. — Plant and s<.w such seeds as
were omitted last month. Thin out earlv plantings
of Beets, Carrots, Parsnips, Sal>ify, t^'c., and trans-
plant from frames and warm I (orders. Tomatoes.
Eo-o" Plants, Pepner, Lettuce. Those t(Mnl(>r i^{ frost i
should be reserved till last (tf month. Sow Peas for!
succession crops at least twice in this month. Plant
brush and pole Beans, the hitter should hay<^ the
poles set in first, and the beans planted around them.
The grounti )»eing cleared of early t-ropsof liadishes,
8pina(di, &c., should be prcjtared for Btnds, Carrots
and Cabbages. Keep the groutul free from weeds,
and stir frequently with hoe. Pine pulverisation and
frequent stiring of soil are indispensable to good gar-
dening.

Plant Cucumbers, Melons and Squashes in open
ground towards last of month.

Sow a few Turnips for early crop, so as to get them
of good size before heat of summer.

Draw earth up to stems of Cauliflowers, and water
in dry weather.

Finish sowing seed of all kinds of pot and nndici-
iial hi'rbs. Sprinkle tobacco dust, unl-leached ash-
es, or quick lime, every morning on such plants as
are being injur-'d by injects, till they are destroyed.

Im.ow i,R <i\iiDEX. — All sucli Work a> dig;:;lng tlow-
er garden, laying sod, planting liox ed";ir}g, &c.,
should be coniduded the early ]>art of this month. —
(Jrass plots will soon r<»quire mowing, whitdi should
bo eyerdy and lu'atly done, at least once a month,
from May till Octolx^. A W(dl kept F^awn is a great
ornament. Nothing but considera))!e jiractice will
enable on(* to mow slioi-t gi-a<s a>! it shouhl be.

Continue to platit flower seeds according to the
directions giyen last month. Annuals that have
been forwarded under fraiu's. -h(»uld have air admit-
teil to them fr"e]y, and alter the middh' of tlie month
finally transplanted to wdiere they arc to bloom. —
Roses that liaNc been kejtt under glass, may now be
planted out; al-o. Petunia^. \ ei-hcna-. Sal\ias, lieli-
otrop<?, Scarlet (jeraniums. Plant Dahlia ri)ots, but
those wbi(di have been grown under glass, should
not be set out till the latter part of the month. Plant
Tuberoses, Gladiolus and Tiger flower roots.

Plants that have been winti'i-eil in cellars, should
b" ])rought out now. If they reipiire re-potting, do
it iiiuno(iiately. If" the jiots or tubs are as large us
desir(;d, take th(^ plants out and reduce th<» roots
considerably, {ind -hako th.> cdd soil well out of
tliem, r.>-]Mit with good fresh soil. Oleanders, i*om-
egranatos and Myrtles do well if plant<.Ml out in good
rich ground to be taken up in the fall.

-»•»-

Pennsylvania lIorticuKura! Society.

The stated meeting of this sorictv was held on Tues-
dav evening, April P)th, in the ('hin"<«,' Saloon, J)r.
W . 1). Brinkle, Vice President, in the chair. The
dis)»lay was unusually rich, and the Hall crowded
\vith gratitieil ylsitors. The extensive tables of the
society were complet(dy covereil \vlth the many
beautifiil ob)ects (d" (whibiti'Mi. The inipoine; show
of blooming plants was ct)ntributed Iroiu more tiian
a do/,en green houses, and |)re<ei-ited oucnt"the finest
ever seen at a nu)nthly nn^'ting. Uobert liuist's fore-
nmn brought a gr(\it number of intci-esting and rare
specinu'ns, several of which were new and shown
f )r th > first time. l!li()'J(>(lrniJron iavaninnii, a beau-
tiful species, "with flowers of an or.iiigc hue; f/astro-
lohimii Ihiinimondii, Dcndnjhinm lUandifordKininii.
Zieria trifoUata, Tetranihra IlengeUi, and Ceanothus
riii'hliiiii. Of Standard plants, were a splendid spe-
cim-'U of r'iindia .spcciahi/i.i, measuring twtdve feet
in circumfei-em (\ and f(.'ur feet high, displaying hun-
dreds of" trusses (d' flowers, a large and grac(>ful Ac-
acia pubcsceiLs, a very fine cnphea platiiccuiia, a hand-
some Spicvralleevsii, and a dozen (d' the choicest (Jiff
erarm.9 of merit; and the new and beautiful seedhng
Camellia of N J. Becar, of New York, called "Dow-
ning." The worthy proprietor of this plant proposes
to dispose of the stock by subscription, at $10 for

iP^r^

noirrfci'r/rpi; \b soctptiks.

C3

each plant, the proceeds to go towards procuring a
portrait of the late lamented gentleman whose name
it bears, to be placed in some ilortiruituial Hall in
the United States. Mr. Buist will locdv.' the sub
scriptions. Also a collection of~ in -liuinous plants in
flower, very interesting, d. i\ Knorr's gardener ex-
hibited choice plants, whicii were not (db'red in com-
petition. Of those shown lor the first tinu', and new,
were yEschi/uauUnu alhidns, A:jih<i I'rint des Hhjis
and 1>< I phiiinini ll'diihi of (Miauromie and fine Cine-
7-ai'i(i.s, A'.'ildcs, Tcni fih loiiid ijlunca, i5cc,

Caleh Cope's gardener prescntcil new plants for the
first time, sliown in \>^in>in — - /iZ/ododnidroH dlhsonii
J'liii li't 'f< r.si-hnJj'i'Uii, Lalimita lUacimt, Minndns spe-
ric.->, laiseil from seed prestaite*! to tin; Society, frou)
('alif(M-nia, by Capt. W. McMiidiaels; and Cnhidium
disro'df, the first phiiitseen in bloom, C/n''niri(( Se(!d-
lings; Az<d)'(i Smifhii, a beautiful plant, with nnmy
nioi-e of the choicest specimens. From Thonnis Kich-
ai'dsou, of New \ ork,vvere beautiful plants — Tiojkvo-
Iniii Irirnloiuin ,'n'\\vA'[\i\\Y trained over wire in a irlo-
hula, form, in fidl bloom; a decidedly pretty object;
J'u/c'ni :<i>rc((d)dis, an<l twelve select Cinerarias. W.
^\ . i\eens, gardener, of West Philadelphia, brought
twelve handsome' plants — Kujihorbia .sph Hilms^ ('(d-
ceolarias, Aiiihn in-oclmd, J'J/ica, ctv-. Pol)ert Scott
exhii)ite(i a largi; coiieeiion, not \n competition, m
which were Some of the choi(;est Ivoses. Adam IJImm',
a tahh' of very fiiHi JV/ari/oniin/is. lienjamin ( iul-
liss, a hirge collection of Seedling \ erijenas, i\:c.;
also, twch/e ]>eautiful Hoses. Charles ^Pdler, a large
table of Calceolarias. Peter Baabe, three larg(i vases
of Hyacinths, Tulip-, and Narcissi; also, a fine dis-
play of Seedling Margarettes, a dwarf Appf' ti-ee,
iji pr(dus(; bl<>om. Moore & \V arnick, Cannh-n, a
ciioice collection of plants. Bobert (.'orneliuN^ gar-
dener had a beautil'id AzaJca iiidica and Afahcniia
Oilumnt. Martin Cundhudi, a great inimbrr of Pan-
sies. William llooson, ( 'inerarias, Pansies and Au-
ricula-. \\ illiam W arnick, Camden, Pansies. II.
lug. T.-oM's ii;ardener, a specimen of" Pirli/frit S/irifn-
Ijdis. Kobert Kilvington, speciin'Mis of" three native
}d;ints, raised from seed brought by Mr. llernnmn
au'l Dr. Kern, of Kx. Kxpediti(jn— CV^^/o///^/, J'crJ'o/i-
fitn — this sp(^cies is used as ji salad. rcidstvtiKm
Afariiiii't and Nuttalia sp., H. (J. Hanson, had sliown
for tin,' first time, PiiKiuiiida Intca rnd Sarract^/iia
Druiiinwndii. Capt. Marston, a basket of dried Im-
jn irtelles, itc, very })retty. Handsome designs and
bouipu'ts from C. Cope's, II. (yorntdius'. and others.

< )n th(! Fruit Talde were delicious Strawberries ami
Figs from .Mr. Cope's cons<'rvatories; Pears and Ap-
ples from Mrs. d. li. Smith; and Apples from llobert
Corn(dius.

< >f N'egetables, in IMr. Cornelius disphi}', were forc-
ed l\)tatoes, (Jucumbers, Cauliflowers, k^:. In Mr.
Cope's, Asparagus, IN'as. Fremdi Ueans, Tomatoes,
and otln^r esculents.

Premiums awarded on the occasion were: Rosses —
for the best twelve to Ib'njamin (j!ulliss. Cinerarias
— for the best, and for the second best six, to Thus.
Fairley, foreman to i;. iJuist. Pansies — for the best,
and second best six, to Martin Cundhudi. riants in
Pots — for the best twelve, to Thos. Fairley; for the
second best to Thos. >bMdia,n, gardener to C. Cope;
for the tliird best, to AVm. ( Jrassie, gardener to W.
W. Keen. rhud in a I*(d — f"or tle^ best grown speci-
nien, (I*im(dia Spectabilis,) to 'fhos. I''airley. f/idi-
genous Plants — for best display to Thomas Fairley.
Plants shown for the first time in bloom — a premium
of three dollars, to Thos. Fairley, and another of two
dollars, to Thomas Meehan. Bouquet Design — for the
best formed of cut flowers, to Thos. Meghran, gar-

dener to U. Coneliii>; \^'V ihi- -' ■■ ,n(| hr-f hi Thoinns
Meehan. Jhisld J'unind nf Cut F/mrrrH — For the
best to Tho-. M.'<jlii;in; for the second hest to d'hos.
-'b-eiian; joi- t li*' In.-^t f(irme(l of indi;j,cnous tlnwei's to
Thiis. Mcgiii-;in. And special premiums n\' two dol-
lars ea(di. fbr a hcautiful Tropodluni I li-nlniu m , \^)
'fhos Uicluirdson'sgard.iier. To Adam I l.cr for a
display of Pelargoniums; to Charles Miilci-. I...- h .|is-
I'lap of Calceolarias, and of (,iie dullar ca.-h, to Pe-
ter Kaabe, fur a <lisplay of S.'C(irni..r Mar;/in rd< .<; and
to lienjanin Cn!lis>, for a collection of Seedbn"- Vcr-
lierias.

The Committeo notice a collection of (rnojdifdi-
II ins from ('apt. Marslon, and two plants, Piugiiicn-
lii lidra and Sarraccnia Druinmondii, .shown for tin;
first tiim; by 11. C. Hanson.

Pears-~Vi)Y the best ten specimens, Saint Ger-
main, to F. Guoin. A/ij)hs — For the best ten,
Newtown Pippin, to Tliomas Meghran. And a
sj»e(;ial premium of tw(j dollars for a disli of Hovey'.s
Seedling Strawherries, and another of one dollar,
fir two varieties of Fi;;s, to Thos. Meehan. ('iiciiin-
hrrs — For the best brace; (^(inHfloirrrs, for the fjest
thr<'e heads, and lUiiihuilt. for the hest twelve stalks,
to Thos. Megran, ;.:;ardener to }{. ('ornidius. ,S'/7/ Knlr
— For the best: and for the second best Uhuharl), to
J lios. .>ieenan, ganiener to C. Cope. J/i.\j)hi//— l or
the hest h\' a private gardener, to fhos. Megran ; f"or
tin' second hest, to Thos. Ab'elnin.

The Committee notice and call the attention of
the Society to a specimen {<{' hemj); manuf"actured
from the ti'ore of theokra jlant, which appeai-s to
possess remarkahle -.fremith and fineness of texture,
it was shown hv 'fhoma-^ ihinlap.

AH iXTKKIM BKPOBT.

Piiii.Ai/Ki.i'mA, April VJ, IH!')?^.
Tntln' Pn siijilif of (Ik Pi'iinsi/lraniii ll')ifi<-iiHnr(iJ
I iSocietg:

The Fiaiit Committee respectfully present the fol-
j lowing ad interim Peport :

' Since the Stated Meeting of the Society, in March,
the following Fruits hav(! be(>n submitte(l to tin* ex-
, jimination of tlie Committe(>:

From Dr. J. Marshidl Paul, of Bidvidere, N.J. —
Specimens of six varieties of Apples:

1. Name nol known — large,'; roundish oblate; red in
stripes; (d" "good" (pnility.

L\ Of medium size; roumlish, inclining to conical;
red in strijics on a yellow ground; flavor not particu-
I larly fine.

'.'). A Xew Jersey Seedling-small; obhmg, angular:
I red on an orange-yellow ground; pleasant flavor:
"good" (juality.

4. Of medium si/,e; roumlish oblong; mottietl and
striped witii red on a greenish yellow ground: has

; som(3resemblanc(> to Herijfordshire Pcarmaiu,th(jugh
\ inferior to it in flavor.

5. rricsfh/ — <d" hue size, but partially decayed.

6. Ih iiuliful sj'f riimiis <f lh>' Mtmmoufh Pipjn'n —
a native of iMonmouth county, New Jersey. Although
one of our best winter ap[>les, it is not descrihed in
Downing's Fiaiit and F'ruit Trees, of America, nor in
Thomas'^ Fruit Culturist. A concise comnn'ndatory
notice of it, howey(u% is contained in Kenricdc's New
Amerh'an Orchardist, and Barry's Fruit Carden. As
it does not ai>j>ear to be extensiv<'ly cultivate(|, or
generally known, althougli its prodm^tiveness, size,
and quality, render it worthy of a phn e in every
collection, we give the following description: Size
rather large; roundish, inclining to conical; greenish
yellow, with numerous russet dots, sometimes a few

,4 I, ^'-^^.a .1^4

^4

xionncvi.rvw.w. socii:tiks.

M

AT,

«^ ■*•«■■ .ir JKr«>*MBtWMKir^

IPWWK»K#e.«!U»'# ->WJ4M«aMHi

crimson spot^ and unitormiy a red .•h.M.k;a Ht.n. of tun-, flavor iJcIicatelv perfumed; .luality "vorvirood "
looduini l(»ngtli, rather nlcnder; cavity deep, open, j li not "hcHt"

Hli^htly ruBHOted; cal^x lur,^.. l.asin <!..{. s,.u..ti,n..s :.. The /;/;.#..- A seedling, of Sprin;; township
plaiUMhseed l|<,rht jrr.yish hn.wn, rath.-r l.u-.; il.sh IJ.rk, county, P.nn'a. Siz.M.w nuMiinnr nam
yellovviaii white, tine tf'xtnrc; tlavnr \>'v\ j.ltii^ant: " ' " ' m

(|uaUty "very gotnl," if nol "In'st."

From R, 11. Noll, of iv wiO^ur^, Tnion county, Pa.
Specimons of two var'u'ties <d' Apples:

!. The Adams — A I'.-rnisylvaiiia SinmIHh"- \v!ii(li

ilish; sparsely strcakfl vviih icl (,ii a yellowish '-reon
<:;naind u\\ the shad-"! p.iils, iho HtrcakvS b(!in^ more
numerous, and on a law ii eolor(!<i ground, on the side
exposed to the sun: strm hroken o^i' in all the spoci-
..,,.,, . , , ,.,. . ,„ neM.s, ^l<'nd(!r, insert. n1 in a Dariovv. Mip.rtiidal cav-

oripnated nnh daun-s Adams, u \\ !.„.. y,.., I.^n- ' uy, ralvx railuT la.-.; basin wM.. oxm! ' rat.el v deep
ship, Tnion Connty. and noticed un<!.-r ih." name of plaited; .specimens evidently unripr. The Pfriirer is
NoU 8 No. 1, m (he a< mVnm Ueport for Xov.anlMT repn^smt-d as hein- a verv^late keepin- Nanety-the
last. I.u-e; nam. liOi oblate: faintly niotlh-d and period of maturity (>xtendimr to . J idy
Htrip.'d with r.«d on a -re.'uish yellow -n.und: stem From J)an<l Millrr, Jr.S'^A' ( Carlisle — 77/.' York
!ialt meh Ion- and .a.e-ninth to one-sixth of an inch ImjHriai or Jnhnsons Fine /l7///r/— This apple is bo-
thiek: cavity bn.ad, aeute; calyx rather lar-e, se^r. hrwd to Ix; a native (,f York countv Penn'a Size
),e>nts (dosed; ba^in wide, moderately (h>ep, plaite.l: ; rather below medium; truncated-oVal, an-ular the
ip.M. wn.en.^h white, (d line texture rather juicy: unexposed side i. mottle*] and striped, s" as to 'nr-
havorpl-a^antj <piality vt>ry -;;<..d. 1 he spe<-nnens sent a -n-yish red aspect on a ;;reen4^1, y.llow <aound
examined .n toy .1th <d November ^^Vl•e only n-ar- and on the sunny side the ccdor is a dull crimson
>\M as v'-o\ bem^c s-niewhat d.^- ami mealy. _ ntem short, and moderately stout; equity wide, an<,

-• ^ ": ;l/(/^'-— A uativ.' oi I enn-vlvanni^ 1 l^s rather de-.p: ,::ilvx small, closed, and set* in a <he,,

apple ori-^inatM wiih Major Samuel McMahan.of wide, plait,ed ba:;im'fl"sh IrnM^ii^l.-white^ ^
thillis.pia-e, Aorthumoer lan( eounty. S./e lar-,.; jui,,-; flavor pie isant and a-n^eabl y saccharine: (niab

roundish; red, sometimes idi-nd- 1 with \elloNv dn the
shaded side. St( in \ariabl'' in length, of medimn

tiucKneSS; cavity lallie;- Wl^.e, li;o.iel-atrl V Meep; ha-

sin uneven, shallow ; llcsh yelldwi-di. rrisji ; lla\or

ity at lea<t ■';^oo(j

>nf 'j:.)nn'ry ^iOiare. V run
small: roun li^ll-(,vate: red, int' r^pi-rsed with numer-
ous lar<i;e white dots, on a yellowish <;round: stem half
an inch lon<;, slender: .avity deep, rather wide, some-
" <^ar<len (d ^'"'^^"^ russeted; calyx clo.sed; basin deep, open, fur-
ni'^lium- ()))- ^ ^'^^^^'^' ^*'^^' aliove medium: se.-d nrreyish bn)wn,acute-

,,...,> ,-..11 ' ovate: flesh white, tender, fine texi'ure. juicy: flavor

a;4i<M'ably sae(diarine, .'xcee.linulv jdea^ant and an-
matic; (luality "very ;.rood," ii' iiM ■•JH'^t." The den-
kin.> is ..ne (d' tho^e deli(Mous little appio peeiiliarlv
ht'ed fbr tlu' table, at evenin-- entertaiuiin n!<. And.
in coiijumtiori with tie- i'lveniiv^ Part \ . will p^roba-
bly supplant the iVinirn" d'Api, nw to.-- festive 00-
casions.

On motitm adiournei]. . '•<..

THO.^.. ""■ UMKS,

.g Secretary

-••#-

-V4>> > i.

1,"" to many tastes "-very ''•ut)d."

From. r. R. ^'mr^ of Germantown.--77/^ JruUru
— A native apple of .Mi)nt;]:;onierv e.amtv. Pmnsylva-
pleasant, a-reeably saccharine, and n-^.mldes, in ;;'=^' ^^''' = '-'' '•':'^''>=^<'''« ^^^;'' -'-In." M. denklns, of Ha'-
some_measure,thatof theCaitlu.u^e, to svliieh, llu^v- ^'""^ ^"^^"^'"IN near Mont .lom^'ry ^.nia.v. F.
ever, it is su|>erior: tpiality *'very ^ood."

From Charks Kcssler, of Reading. — Specimens, of
five varieties of Apples:

1. Til'' Hcphr — A secdlinf]!; from tl
]\Ir. Hepler, of lleadiiiLr. Si/.e under
late, inclining!; to conical: handsome, waxen yelf.u
stem r;ither lono; and slend'T: cavity wide, dei'p,
acuminate, and considerably rii>>>ci(Ml; basin contract-
ed, nioderatcdy deep, irrei:;nlai-, fnia-nwed: lledi rather
dry, but of pleasant !ia\«)r, (piality **i;o<m1."'

Thr ZirJicr — A sec^dlin;:; hum the picmises (d .Mr.
Sannn 1 /i<d>er, (d Iteailini:. Si/e bebiw me<iinn):
roninli-Ii: waxen yellow, with a strijx'd I'eil (dieck,
and a cicatrix on one side, exteiidiuij:; from the base?
hail wa\ti» til" calyx; stem brok'ai off: ca\ ity sli<:lit-
Iv rii^^eted. raoderatfdv d 'en and very narr(tw, with
a small protu'ierance iirojectin;!; into it: calyx small;
basin iianow, rather df^-p; llesh somewhat dry, but
pleasantly flavored; <iua!it y "Lrood.''

,']. Tlir i\<r'i-si,,l{ — A s< eillin:;^ fiund la^f Autumn,
p:;rowin'_r timon'j; the itrii>h on the side (d" the Never-
sink mountain, in IJerks ctainty P-'nn'a. 'fhouixb
not live fV'ct bi,i;b when di>coV(u-ed, iis brancie's con-
tained two bushels (d' apples, ^\[' most attractive ap-
pearance. Fruit lar<i:e: i<amdi.di; exterior of an ex-
ceedin,u!;ly beautiful wa \>-n oraii;:'- \ell!>w color, with
a I'W' russet dots, and a delicately striped and richly
mottle(l carmine (deck: stem \ cry short and railcr
stout; cavity narrow, acmninate, >li I'l-c-v; ealsx laru;e;
basin deep, rather ^vide, furrowed; seed greyish yel-
low, acute-ovate; flesh yello^vish, somewhat tough,
owing probably to the fruit beinir much shrivelled:
flavor approaching that of the Pine Apple: ouality
**very good."

4. Thn Marks — A seedling apple from (Ik^ premi-
ses of Mr. Marks, of Berks countv, ]*enn'a. Size
medium; roun<lish, tapering slightly to the crown,
and so me wdm'o angular; yellowish white, with a few
russet dots, atid nearly c)vered with a faint orange
bluslr, stem half an inch long, a twelfth of an inch
thick ; cavity narrow, i\(},o\i acuminate; calyx small
closed; basin narrow, rather deep slightly russeted;
Boed yellowish grey; flesh -whitish, tender, fine tex

C :cstcr Camnty IlorticultuC

Tlie monthly meeting of this swi-
usual at th(^ M »rticwUural Hall, onrr
day of the past manth. J, lluttor,.

(Miair. I-

Society,

• Avas hei-l ;,P
,ec>nd Satur-
Ident, in the

•>*'

.< .»

T\v(dve varieti'^s «»f Appb>s, embracing several :e'W
varieties W(M'e (ixhibite(l by the pn'sideiit : also, ten
by /iiba Darlington, and two varieties of P(\irs.

The first pi-(anium fbr \\\i\ bcstdi,>piav ot (Jreen
House jdant^, was awarded to Pasrhall Muads k
Co.; and a!>o, for the \m^-~\ (lispl ly <,[ cut tlt>wers.

Uriah V. Painter wa^ awaidc I a special premium
for a good display of Hyacinths.

Specimens of well grown Lettuce and Radishes,
were exhibited by Richard 1). Tayloi-, and Pas(d!all
Morris & (-o.

Premium lor the best head of I^ettuce to Richard
B. Taylor, do. ; for the best two dozam liadishes to
Paschall Morris L Co. •

The time for holding the semi-annual Kxhibition
in June, was fixed for tfie IGih, 17th and 18th days
of that month. Mr. and Mrs. Fergus were elected
life memberB, and J. W. Hartman un annurd mem-
ber.

'X

-'^^^^MiJt

, <■'■■• fj 'Yf ^Tti MSff

'■ ?'■■! ,v>:>-

1 '^^- • -^^i \WT.r

^^^f'^si^ni

'^A^'
.^V

<•<>

VOL. :i WESTCIIKSTEK, fA-, JllNK,IS5:i

iNo. W.

TIIKFAKM JOUKNAL.

J. T. I)A1HJN(;T()\, Fi.iTon.

A. M. SPA\<;LI;I:, AssisTANr Ki.iToR.

The pAKNf d(U-ii.\\i, may be had at tie' following
ydaces : — -

W. I). /i[:!!F.R, South od, St., principal A;j,enl for
Philadeli)hia.

r. M. S.\xTO\, P32, Fulton st.. New York.

\\. II. Si'AN'OLER, - - Lancaster, Ta.

B. F. Spaxoler, - - - Columbia, Pa.

Geo. Beronek, - - - llani-hnr:::. Pa.

H. MiM-.K, ----- i'iit-le:r-,' Pa.

d. K. SiiiivocK, - - - < '!iaiiiber,>burg, Pa.

Jl. .M. llwvia.NS, - - - Carlisle. Pa.

\. \i. W \ i{i iKi II, - - \ oi-k. Pa.

A\ M, ho.MKi;, id .MtoMiia, Pdair ('(ai!it\,is our au-
thorized airent for lUaii" ami ('eiiti'e comities.

A. L. BuAnv, Cumberland and INaiy c(ainties.

Jos. Preston, Londonderry, for Chester and Lel-
awai'c eonnties.

doN Alii A.N |)o!n\Ai;T. Lancaster county.

Amijiiosk Pol !.T(»n, Buckingham, for Bucks co.,

H. A\'. .Xkiioi.so.v, i^is(^, AS'averiy, Luzerne co.

Aiel of l)ooks(dlers iienerallv.

Prizo I>ssay on tfic I'roduction of Iluttcr,

ivL.\I) l.KiuKK THE PoVAL A i ; I: ic I 1/] I IL\ I. SoClLJV

or b.NoLA.M).

AVe lately extracted fron tie' (.biarterlv Journal
of the above society, for the Farm douinal, a prize
essay on the abortion of cowp, wlTe h excited very
considerable attention, j'articiilarly with that por-
tion of our readers, exteii-ively engaged a- dairy-
men. Extra copies of the ddornal containing it
were called for, and wliich thus contributed to its
extensive circnlati(»n. We commence in the present
numljcr, l>'^>i!i ilie vame sonrco, a prize essay -ji] but-
ter, which will be read with e((ual interest, as it em-
bodies a series of accurate and valuable experiments,
first as to the xliemical constituents of milk, the
changes in its composition and the amount, accor-
ding to exercise and food, the general management
of milk and cream in the best dairy districts of

Lnylaiei, the ceiiiparati\ c ipiantity (d' ibift< r \ icld-
eil ly sweet cream ( hurn.ed alone, (d' .-wei-t milk
a.nd its cream < huriCMl to;rctIier, ^Mur cream chnru'd
alone, vfiur milk aie! cream (diurned together, scald-
ed or 1 >i'\ (ai diir ■ (aiani (dniriie 1 alone, tie- piMp^r
tpnip<'v;,tm.> <.{ '•r..;ini, (fee, and many oth^^r details
'd i.'Hieli nnpertaiiec to tic d:»ir\ man. The CSSay
will be concliid' d in aoether numltci-.

The time has gone by, when the relations of sci-
ence to, and influence upon agriculture in its broad-
est features, or most minute pra(;tical details, can be
disregarded. The practical farmer owes a heavy
debt of gratitude to the scientific investi-ator, who.se
labors and ri'->;trche< fully .Mpjal to tlit.-e oi tin;
fi"Id, lias made .«?//.v/^'//i out of «diao<, !in>> >!i iwn him
the great ground wnrk id" all succe.-^.^l'ul hudiau'liv,
and has explained Lln^ secret principles and the true
causes of re.-iuks, successful or otlierwise, of even the
ui'-t trifling afiparentiv, and minute of tlie dai-
ly o[>erations <d the farm. Ii\''r\ succes.sfiil (aiiieT,
whctli-r c(in.-ciou^: of it or not, who rear- a line ani-
mal, or L'ro\V> ;\ laru;" criep. ],[\{ p!-()\-,'S the triitli oi'

scientific know h «i^e. but • liei-.s a confirmation » f'the
necessary cdiinection between siamd theory aiel suc-
cessful practice. So far Ir^iin tlcre being any natural
aiita'/Mtii ■ 111 hetwecn the-e, tle-ir mutual dependence
and close union is as unavoidable in ]inin* nf fact
as the reciprocal benefit is beautiful. ddie hirmer,
taking his isolated case of successful ( nlture, gener-
alises) up to liic cause, \Ah:cli :-'i lie ' '.infill l■^ ti> him
aiU'-ng h'r minnffahlrlaw^, which, win n tl.n-nndi r-
stood, rcffulatt hi- ditar" )trnrfir,\ \\\^ scientific co-
laborer, on the other hand, iir-t lays down his broad
j>r/yic/j?/^.v,his rules for action and upon them, bases and
proves his operations, as a 'test of th-dr truth. These
fidlow necessarily as effects follow causes, and thus
science and practice go ham! in hand.

In P^ngland, owing to a denser population, re(iulr-
Ing absolutely less imperfect and wasteful culture,
and to a greater concentration of wealth than In the
United States, experiments In every department of
a'^riculture, arc conducted with a minuteness and

mi

••\K-^-j.

'-'.*i^

GO

TTTR PRODUrxIOX OF BUTTER.

fJcNE

IftW]

tv

rilE PRODUrTIOX OF BTTTTER.

accuracy entirely unaiainaljle here. Miikiu^ every
lowancc for difference in climate and nystems of
farminji;, many of them are highly valuable to us,
and we shall continue occasionally to give thi m
through the Farm Journal.

IMiLK — the fluid secreted by females of th." class
mammalia, for the nourishment of their young — is a
white, translucent, ai^ueous emulsi(m, the principal
components of which are the oily eom])Mini(ls .mIIimI
butter, casein or curd, a species of sugar and cjiLain
salts.

As respects (piantily ai; i <|uality of milk, tli-n.
exists a wide range, not only with regard to tin viij
from cows of different breeds, but also frotn ( w.i oi
tlic ^anip ])ree(l; the subject is still further cmnjilica-
lc(l, tiWMiL^ to diversities citlirr in lhc(pi:ility <>r(j\i!in-
titv, i»i- in b'.th, cauM-d by (ceding on ditlcrrut. va-
rieties ot l(Hid; which are' again liai»ie to xai-iation
with respect to the period of gestafinn at wliich tho
milk has been collected. Rapid changes in its rhm-
acter oecu!- I'l-eceding and Ininiediatcly at'* r partu-
rition.

l^essaign examine*! i.iilk at t'li dlirmiit periods,
Undorthomu-rnsoop,. ,uilk :,,,,,..„■. :,< a t>:n,^|.;,- f-ur l.,;fo7e a.ul >ix ali.r ,,;irU.rition Th,. milk «-

ed, of N;n ial.l.. .Ik, ,.■■-, in i a,,,. ,nilk, as nv.U "ai,„.U , )->, .;-, a,,.! 'Jl .lavs 1... Or,. ,,aitunt,„n, c„„-

as i„ |i,at ..I ,lilV..|v„t ani.nals. Tl„.s,. .^l„l,„l,.s ,„l- ta.n.'.l „„ ,.as,.,n, lail M, plae,- ,, , ulbuim;.,; n„ s,,-
lect .,,...1, il,.. su,-ra,.,. ,.!■ .1,,. milk. «1„.„ all.,u,..l t.. ^.T -f "nlk a,,, ...Oa.-tu. a,..,. Imt a K,-ns,hl,. ,,,um-

ked dobulos ,.!■ lauv ,„a,t',' ,..l,..,s ,...„si.l.r ,1,,,, 1....I, all,,,,,,,.,, an.l ,.as,.,,,: «!,,,. .mk,,;l,.v,.n .ajn ,.e-
tl.ovaros„rr.m„.l...l i.v a .r„ti,„-, ....nlai„i„j; „„.,„- I'"'-;. a.O s'M.rtlv aft,.,- u, oonta.n...! fn.| U-tu- acl
bran... Th,. la„.r vi.w is, i„ s..,,,,- ,1,.;.mv.., ,v„.l-r- ^u„l s„,::ar „1 ,„,lk la.t n„ r,-,- s,„la 1 1,0 u,„ks ..x-
e,l,„„l,al,UOr„„..l,..,i,-.,„„Ma,„...tl,a. ih.-v 1.. ..... a,.,,,,.;,! , .,, •'n, -Jl a„.l .. I ,lavs altor parbnaU.,,,,

1 1 i. 1- 1 ,1 ' ,• I 1,, ,.,l,.Aa con^nne, casein ano no alitumen.

coalesce by standing, or \Nncn i:'M:!i_\ iitaoMl. UMi does ^ _ . .

ether dire'ctly dissolve tluau; but Nvlen lOM'tic arid is A valuabl" scries of exjM-nneaits was instituted by

added to milk, it appears to diss(*he the cuntainin.: Dr. IMayfair, l^-r the purftose of ascj'riaming "tlio

caseousor albuminous neaniiranc. a.ml the -lobules j clian<.:es in coni)i(isition of the milk ol a cow, aeccr-

din'j; i(» Its c\cr(a^'' aiio emo. iii»-v .iie jii4iaii>iitju m

tie- first volume of the "Ti-ansactions oi" the Chemi-

then coalesce into drops, \\\\:rh eitlier r^adiiN laK
up

The specific <^ravlty of milk varies: that (d the ; caj Society of Lon<lon," in the course of which the
COW is cenerallv'^about l.OoO. As it i-^ alVectd by ; author expresses a r.'-ret, which all agri.ailtunst.s

the presence jf butter on the one han.l, wlThh di
minishes, and the casein and salts on the other, which
increase its density, it is ditlicult to ascertain a mean,
or to form an estiro'ite of its value by this means; all
lactometers are conse(|ueiiiiy lallible as indicators of
the value of milk.

According to Berzelin-. tic -|n'cific -ravity of
skimmed milk is 1.033, that of cream l.ni^l. consis-
ting as follows:

Skimmed Muk.
Water . . • ^^8.75

Caseous matter, or curd, with a trace of butter '>.00
Sugar of milk . . • 35.00

l[vdrt>cblorate an.l phosphate of ])ota-b . l.On

Lactic acid, ae^iate d' pota-h. and a trac of

lactate of iron
I'arthv ]dio-phate6 . •

must participate m. "tliat the value of the experi-
ments is diminished by not boing exteiid(>d over a
series of days on each kind of food." 'Ibit m Kng-
land." the author adb. "where tie price of ether is
so exoriiitantlv liigh, the expense of such experi-
ments is a seVi(»us cons'obu-ation for a private iiuli-
^i,llla]." As these experiments are of the utmost
imponanc'\ as 'guides to sound conclusion respectlnj^
the subjectuich r InvMi-ation, the {ollowiug extracts
are subjoined:

The cow which wa- th(^ subject of experiment wa8
oftbe Shortdlorn breed, and the perio(l that had
ela]>sed since calvin;; unkuvjwn. When the experi-
ments were instituted she was in good milking oun-
, (lition. In order to estimate the average amount ef
t).00 j milk, it was measured several days ])revious to the
ii.;iO (experiments, during which time she subsisted upen
' nfter-'M-ass, the meadow lieing about half a mile dis-

Cream.

liutter

Curd

AVhey

4.5

3.5

92.0

100.0

llaidler obtained from b^O p;n'ts of cow's milk

Butt.T . . . ;••'_'

Sugar of milk, and s dulde salts l.ii
Casein, and m-obibh' salts 5.1

12.7
and from 100 parts of milk, the produce of two cows,
he procured the following salts:

Phosphate ol iimc 0.231

Phosphate of magnesia

Phosphate of iron

Chloride of potassium

Chloride of sodium

Soda

lt)OO.UO , tant from the cowdioust

Evening's Milk. Morning's Milk.

l^iarts. ^^la^ts.

■ 5 4^

5 5

4} 5

4
4

October 5

6

7

«« 8

« 9

5
51

o.i>lil
0.<'«'7
0.144
0.024
0.042

0.344

o.oi. i

0.007
0.183
0.034
0.045

0.490

0.C7:

The weather was fine fbr the perio.l <.f tho yoar,
bnt the ni;;hts b.-inu; rathercold, directions were <^\\-
en that th" cow should b" driven to the house, ami
remain there .luring the night. In the morning she
was put out to grass, but bnmght ))ack in the even-
ing. <bi the .evening of the 0th the analyses wore
commenced, and were followed uj) for .'^l^ceessive day^.
In every case the speciin<ui of milk analystid w;i>
taken from the milk ).ail afler the cow bad bfcu
thoi'on-hly milked, and the nii#: well stirred.

1st day. The cow fed in tlu- meadow upon after-
(rrass during the day, was driven home to the cow-
house in the evening: the milk then obtained amonut-
ed to four quarts; specific gravity, 1.034.

t^'1

11.128 grammes* of milk gave-

Casein

.011

Butter

.404

Sugar of milk

.429

Ashes

.Of.S

^Nater

9. bit;

In 100 parts.
5.4
3.7

3.8

0.0

80.5

14 lbs. of hay, and 8 lbs. of bean flour; siie gave in
the evening 5 (quarts of milk — 11.29 lbs.; specific grav-
ity, 1.033.

17.820 grammes gave —

ll.llN lUO.O

The animal received nothing to eat durini: t!ie
niglit, consequently the milk *d the m .miii;:; must
have lieen derived iioni the previous day > loo(l. —
'i'lie milk measured four and a half (quarts; specific
^ra\ity, 1.032.

lo.'J.'^*' graniines yielded —

Casein

Ibitier
Sugar

Ashes
"NVatta-

.010

;;.!'

.804

5.0

.4(;8

3.0

.091

O.,')

13.247

87.U

In loo parts.

15.1!80

loo.o

Casein

Ibitter
Sugar
Ashes
AVater

0.707
l.l'.io
U..^i5
0.104
15.004

In 100 parts.
3.9
G.O
4.0
O.G
84.2

indo

17.820

lb 'fhe inornm'j'- miik amount'vi to 1 ipMrtS —
G0..'>2 lb-.; spcilic -ra\ity, l.'io-.
I'.hb 1 1 •rramnio \ i^hhd —

Casein

Butter

Sugar

\shes

Water

In 100 part.'-

0.535

2.7

O.U78

4.0

0.9'.) I

5.0

0.110

0.5

17.021

St').'.)

I'.l.t'.dl

loo.o

, , ,„, 1 • ^ r .,1 • 1 ' • i. ''th dav. A. Ill'' cow kent as beforf. consumed 1 I

i:, 1 av. 'J be object (d this day s experiment was ^ i --n ii . f / ,f , i ^ i

, • , , •' • c \ L 111 lbs. hav, and ..0 11. s. notatoes (steaine<|, she irave in

tu ( i-cover wiiethcr an increase of butter would be . >'. ., ' / .-^

,, ,. ,. ,, -^1 jv • ^1 the evenniLr .)A dua

procured bv leeding the cow with after-gia-s in the
stall. ltr''tused, however, to eat this f.od, and be-
in - troni ii- companion, strugc;led fbr several bour.s
to ream Its iiherty; to render it iraiupui. a coui-
panloii wa> introduced to the Same stall, aid it was
tfieii induced to consume 2S H^s. of good hay, and 2;J
lbs. of oat-meal. The milk of the eveninu^ mca.sured
3^ (juarts; specific ;j;ruvity, 1.031,
22.bc)4 graiiiiiiL'S yielded —

piarts of" mill; — bb b"^. lbs.; specific
gravity, l.o.'.K.

Is. 1 41 ^raiiinics vit'lded—

Casein

Jbitter
Sii;iar
A -lies
AVater

1.124

1.150

o.sb7

0.137

I'.bloO

111 100 j.ari;
4.9

'^ 1

3.8

0.5

85.7

lOo.O

Casein
lUitter
Sugiir
Aslies

Wat.r

In 100 parts.

0.7 10

;bo

O.S45

4.0

0.713

;;.9

0.009

0.5

15.708

87,1

loo.o

22.i;s4

The raorning's milk amounted to 4 (piai'ts, but
owing to an acciilcnt was not analysed.

3d <lay. A. 'f he cow was kept in the ,-le 1, and
consumed 2^ Ids. of hay, 2;^ lbs. of oat-iical, and S
lbs. of bran Hour. Tli(3 evening's milk amounted
U) I (juarts — 10.34 lbs.; specific gravity, ].' •! b

2o.lbo grammes gave —

Casein
Ibitter
Su;i;ar

Aslicji

\\ ater

1 .202
0.905
1.112
O.130
19:7b")

In 1"0 parts.
5.1

4.>

0.5

85.4

ion.!)

2:;.1(»0

B. The (pi.antity of milk obt!iin«Ml in the morning
aiiioiinted ',,) •}] ipiarts — 11.01 lbs.; specitic gravity,

i.O.jJ.

l''.U5 grammes gave —

Casein

Butter

Sugar

Ashes

Water

In lOO T)arts.

0.758

3.9

0.888

4.G

O.S77

4.5

0.129

0.7

10.793

86.3

bhll.

100.0

4th diiy. A. The cow kent in the stall as be-
fore, received this day 24 Ibs.'of potatoes (steamed,)

*A gramme equals 15.434 English grains.

18.141

lb 'fhe niorning'.s milk amoiinted to bj •p^^'^rts —
12.20 Ihs.: specific ^'r:ivity, l.'>;;o.
jt'ij lO «:ramm«'s yielded —

(/asein

Butter

Sug'ar

Ashes

"Water

In loo parts.

o.r.dO

3.5

0.H35

•1,0

o.f.is

:\.x

0.(1,^2

0.5

14.575

S7.3

loo.o

1(..740

I)uinns, in an announcement to the Friuieh Aca<l-
emy, advaiuMMl the tin ory that the fat of animals is
wdioUy derived from the fatty matter contained in
their food. As the tlieory of the formation of fat
is of the flrst importance in dairy-farming, Dr. I'lay-
fair makes the following just ofjservaticjns wdth ref-
erence to the preceding experiments: —

1. (.)n the second day tlie cow r<'ceived 2S lbs. of
hav, which contained n.b; lb-, of fat, and 21 lbs. of
oaf-meal, containing <>.o50lbs. of the same constit-
uent, 'fhe cow produced (calculating according to
its specifie gravity) about 10 lbs. of milkjn which
were 0.909 lbs. ot^ butter. Ibit the food altogether
contained only 0. 4S0 lbs. of fat, so that 0.bS3 lbs.
of butter must have been produced frijiii other sour-
ces.

2. TIm' f''"d received by the cow on the 3dday con-
sisted of 2« lbs. of hay, 2;^ pounds of oat-meal, aid
8 lbs. of bean-flour.

28 lbs. of hay miitain n.b"')0 lbs. of fat.

2J " oat-meal " 0.050

8 beans " 0.050 ''

In the food ii.:, 12
The milk uf the evening amounted to 10.3 I lbs. and
contained 0.4 lbs. of butter; that of the morning to

•. 1 •I'ifi

,^i$, ffji

08

Tin: iMionT'rrrox of buttkr.

I.JrvE

11.01 lbs., and contained 0.5 Ibn. of butter; the whole
amounting!; to 0/J lbs., of wliich only l).o42 lbs. could
possibly have ])ecii turnishcd by th(3 food, assunrm;j;
that the fat in the food could only be converted into
butter.

3. Tlio cow received on the 4th day lllbs. of hay,
8 lbs. (»f beans, and 24 lbs. of potatoes.

14 lbs. of hay contain ().2lS lbs. of fat.
8 •' beans '' O.O'jG

24 " potatoes " 0.072 *'

In ihcfood o.ivir;
The evenin^^'s ini'l; :mi<iuu;«'<l l'» I'J.'.' 11'-., ;iii<l rnn-
tained 0.80 llts. ol butter; that «•!' tlw iiiurnin'j; to
l()..')2 11)S., :iihl contaiocd O.oO llis. TIk' cow there-
fore, fiirnislicil (lunni:; till' <la\', l.->''> llis. of butter. — ■
The fat in the lood t»nly aniountod to <>..", 1*» lbs., thrrc-
fore 1.O04 li)8. nuist have been ohtaincil iVoni otlxT
sources.

4. <Mi tlie 5lli day the (M\v received 1 I Us. of hay,
and ■'' * 11 '^. "f ]>otat» m-s.

14 lbs. Mt hay contain <t/Jls jl,.'. ,,f {^t.

oO " [.otat.x^s '• U.U'.io

' u ;;iis

In th" \oni\

The milk of the evciiiu;;; aui'tunttd to Kl.bS lbs.,
and contained 0.000 l]>s. of buttor: thnt nf tho morn-
ing to 12.20 lbs., containiii'j: ".-V.iT Ih-^ "f butt<r. 'i'Ji" ' d
cow, therefore, furni.shetl 1. •_!«>.; Ih-. of huttn-. Tlie
fat in the food amounted only to n.:',!i^ 11, <.: hence
0.805 lbs. of butter must ha\e h^'ou produced Ironi

other sources.

From tho preceding calculations it is presumed
that the excess of butter, beyond that contained in
the food, has b(^en produced by a separation ol" oxy-
gen from the elements of the una/')tis<Ml ingredients
of the iood, such as starch anl>u-ar, in the manner
pointed out by Liebig.

In the preceding experiment th^re are several va- :

nations; this will ever be f^Hind the ca^e where so |

much <lepends upon the health ;uel disposition ot' the

animal, over which man em pi-.^-'ss little, it any

control; nuiny circumstances may pa<s unheeded bv ,

the observer, Avhieh may |M,\veriully intluence the |

character nf the milk, "it will b<' seen that in the j

milk o\' the iir>t day tlnn-ei^a small amount of but-!

ter. The cow had he n exposed in the ti(dd durini: j

th(^ day, and hence rcijuireil a ;^reater (iiiantity ot

una/etised fond to support th • heat of her body than

wouhi have been necessary had she ))een })roteeted

from tie' cold; hut in the evening; she was removed

into a warm, wi'll littered stall, where the warmth

thus commuuiea!''.! was equivalent to a certain a- ;

mount of food; hence we iiu'l thai ih- milk >'i the

morning was considerably richer in butter. Besides

the warmth of the shed, less 1)utt. r is consumed by

the oxygen of the air. In the >tall, the respirations

of an animal arc much less fre<|Uent than in the

field, and corv(M(U(Mily h^-^s oxygen entiu's into its
system, liencc it is a lu-actiee to milk those cows in
the field that are distant from home, and to drive home
to be milked only su(di cows as are close to the blied.
The exercise re([uired in walking home craises an
increased i)lay of the respiratorv rystem. and there-
fore increases the anmunt cf oxygen iidiah'd. Tliis
oxv^en unites with pan oi" tie' laitter :ind consumes
it;*^all good dairymen allow the cows to walk home at
their own pace, and never accelerate it. \\ he!i a
cow is harrassed, and runs to escape from the an-
noyance, her milk becomes very much heated, di-
minishes in volume and in richness, iind speedily
becomes sour. This is a fact well known to all dairy-
men. During runing; the cow inhales a large quan-

tity of oxygen; this unites with the buttter, tin; heat
evolved l)y its combustion elevates the temperature of
the milk, and acetwus fermentation being induced,
the milk thus becomes sensildy sour.

The view here taken of the production of butter,
from the amylaceous and other unazotised poitions
of th(»food, is supported l)y the increased amount of
butter yielded, after being partially fed upon pota-
toes, the quantity of casein in the milk appears
also to be intimately connected with the nature of
the food, being more abundant when supplied with
bean and oat-meal; and would justify the conclusion
that within certain limits the (piality (d milk may
he niade to vary in in its composition, by regulaliu;^
the i<M)d (tt the animal.

As the preceding ex] W'l'imeids may be looked iipnn
as Iteing on too limitcMl a scale to dravr a just ceii-
elusion, I will here insert what was ]M»inted out to me
a> a remarkabh' instance in ]u-aclical dairy maiia-.j-
me'iit, in the county of Chester, whi<di is stroii<:ly
coniirmatory of the previous views;---

It has been remarked in Cheshire, an 1 1 lieliev.'in
other extensive chee^^e districts, that it i> imi)e-Ml.i.}
to make cheese of the fir^t <piality Ironi milk nbta'.n-
e<l Irnm cows fcil upon tare^ and (devi r; n-t withstan-
ding whi(h, 1 had pointed out tn ne' a farm wIotp
tho whole of the cows wer-' f'-nl nlum-t (x.du^ivotv
during the summer, on tares and clover, the entire
pro<luc(» of wd)i(di dairy was com.'rted into .dieese,
and that ef a .piality >o excellent, 'hat it always ob-
taine.l the highest prii'e Inun the Leeh.n dealers at
the Chester cheese fairs. The circumstance was re-
lated to me as an illustration of what could be ac-
complished bv management, — the dairy woman be-
bv_r (.steemed one ol the best hands in that celebra-
1,'d (diet -(' making county. My <'wn cnmdnvions
W( re, that mere mani]»iilation had little to du with it,
The b-'st (dieese is a L-oiupound (tf cheese and hiuter.
When tli<' cattle were ied at large on leguiniiieu>5
food, rich in ea-.dn, that vub<tance greatly prepun-
,hM-ated in the milk, tie- ], utter being ].artially cou-
sumed by the animal in the (Mair^e (d the exercise
reipbrsit'" to jU'ocure its I'ood. Ac.;when ied in the
h..u<e wiih the like f >od, the butter was necessarily
vi(dde(l in un-*'ater proportion, t'onscfpaently iornird a
ri(di fat cheese. In coneludin;! these observations on
milk, it must be remarked, that the milk (.htaiiUMi
from diilerent breeds varies gr(>atly with respect to
the (piantity (d' butter wddidi it contains, and sthl
more with r(\spect to the milk drawn iVoin the coay at
the cuiumencement, and near the coiudu.-e^n ot the
milkin--, the latter being proviiu'ially termed "stri[>-
pin-s'"and '-aibM-ings." S,diubler says that the
milk la-t di'awn contains tliri'c times a.s muchyream
as the tirst. Dr. Anderson found the cream in the
la<t cup of milk drawn from tlio n<lder, compared
with that of the lirst cup, in the proportion of lO to
I; it is conscfpn^ntlv of the greatest im])ortance
that the cow shr,uM be mllk.-'l perfctlv "dry iu
each meal.'' For another reason this .aighttobe
caro^ViViv attended to; when tie- larger vessels are
re<nilarlv emptied, milk is being constantly secreted
hfthQ capillarv milk vessels; when, however, from
any cause the wh-de are allowed to become gorgea
for a lengthiMied piudod, this secretion ceases, and
absorption" <d" the thinner, or watery portion com-
mences, it ni:iy easily be conceived that this absorp-
tion takes place more readily in the smaller ana
more distant tubes, than in the larger and more ex-
ternal vessels. If this full state of the vessels con-
tinues any length of time, the secretion of milk wm
cease or dimiinsh, not unfrequently attended by ^^
rious intlammation ; materially impairing, or an

I

k

I

lRo3.

TUK pp.oDrrnoN of lu ttki^v— rEij:i:v.

60

cother destroying, the function of the milk gbueb

in milkin'% the cow should be milked "clean'^ at
once; son»e are in the habit of doing this at twice or
thrice. The cow is a sensitive and capricious crea-
ture, easily oth'uded; and il the dairy maid rin" from
her 'before the milk is all witleirawn. theehances are
that she will not stand ({uietly, with the lurther pro))-
ability that she will Iwlil back her milk tie- second
time. When there are more than one dairymaid,
each should have a ]. articular set of cows apportion-
ed to her; cows preferring to be milked by a constant

soil a spade deeper, spr(»ading it ov(;r the ground

e(piallv. In tie' bottom ol this trenrh (h'posit the
manure or compost. Farm yard manure, night soil,
ho;!; pen mamire, and other uell decomposed nuite-
rial is tie- best loi this vvgetable. whe li depends
for its jtrid-'ction on quick and luxuriant growth.
This should he well i ucor ))o rat ' 'd with the soil and
reduce(l to a fine >tate tor tin; reci-ptioii uf the plants.
Plant them in doulde rows in th(! tremdi at < i-ht:
inches from plant to jdaiit, and ahout l-ur imdies ))e-
tween the rows; tie- j.lants ,-ln.uld b<' all' mate in the

? , I, ,,| ..i-a-<s ^vU.■u th- ciws arc Inad.^l u l-li i.nlU, '. not to r.'.huv th- routs |n„ „nu:li, Ihi.v nmy i,.- ir,„o\-

, 'n ,. i" 'v/l'l always t ivam.l a sccuii.l Uuv: l.y , ..I withoiil hciii- >l„vk.Ml l.y liriii,- tl.ria w.tli a -af-

■li Jf,' „..an- l>v,,u. nlly a t.a-.up lull to hall a ^nui Am tfoxvol. The soil ahoal ,1.. Jo,,,,;; ,,lM„t- sho„ hi

ol iiidk can he (.t.iamed.

Milking >hould be done Jasf, to draw oil the milk
asnuicklv a^ jMi^silde. Troni tlie j.eriodof drawing
the tirst milk Irom the heifer, to the time she is in-

tended''lo h" }'iit U)>,

for the butidier, genthmess

arid kiudiie,..^ ^lmuld be exerciscil tcwards In r. No
d(»uht some cows are very capricious and trt.ublesome
—such ought to be sold, or m iit to tlu! shiughtei-
houseas soon a- possible: if a cow can not be man-

be ma<le as fine an<l nndlow as possible. 'Idie middle
of July is quite soon (Miough to ]dant out the gener-
al crojt of Cel.'ry in this (dimate; they cannot endure
a much longer summer, and by planting earlier not h-
in^'- is gained. The s..il mu-t be iVeqiienil) <tirred
tolvce]) dovni weeds and admit tie- aii-. Iti^ not ad-

\ isalii'

' U) earth \\\> until tic

plants

i;i\e attained a
g(M.(l si/.e; a.> tley do not k- cp \N'dl dur'.u;: th.e wm-
?i'V when ;h-y are (auihotl up too soon in the season.

hoU^eassoon a- pos«sioie. n ,i . ^nx . a.i ..", ,, - ■■ ■ ■ ' i m i i ,. ttl,,.,,*

aCov,Lhkh.,lnckthu>„,,sa„aH.ksw,U !.■ lou,„i W.-y ;;o,.,l ( VhTy .s ^vo»„ and '.'l^""' ■'■' / '^'
^o^ ... -11 .1 : -.11. ,..:,i _,..... fi.:,,,. ,,Mtt f 1,' till ciiverin'-- IS nut «tii lor the

of no avail, Naue cdw- yield their milk with a co-
pious How on the gentlest handling, otiiers re. pure
great exertions. The udder ot the l(,rmer will liave
a soft skin, with short teats; that .d the hater will
piKSsess a thick skin, with l.ng and tough teats, lie-
fore leaving this part of the subjecL it may be meii-
tiuned,that in some parts of Switzerlan<l and France,
it is not an uncommon practice to spay milch cows
whilst in a lull How of milk, a short time after calv-
iii". \>\ which means tiiey coniiim^^ in milk some
years.

cart'him.:, until the final covering is put on lor the

winter

M i e 1 1 a . 1 l-> II

-♦♦v-

Celery.

The production of good C.dery is^ a podnt well

,,t re'(uired for use until tin
l;.tter ]iart (d the season may be <afoly treated_ in
t'hi.. wav, a> it will b>' sutlicieutly blaieded by b-dng
ruveriMf (luring winter. A p.ortlwn lor imme.riate
n>e mu>t be earthed up as soon as the plants attain a
heigh: h of six or eight inches. This operation must
be 'carefully managed, taking care to keep the soil
from getting into the heart of the plant. The most
certain method is to hdd the leaves closely together
with one hand, while the s ,il is drawn up around

them with tlc" other. ■,•,••

The fii-t eai-thing i> the most im])*>rtant. II tlii> is
,.,.lv attehd'd to. th(» Slice. -eding <aie. ai'e not 80
V t'.be m:-:nana;j:;i'd. d'he live feetspa<-e is uo-d

pr.
lik<

worthy tie- care .d' the gardener. f^w vegetables ' f,,r the parpo.>e uf covering up !■ rtne w.nier. W here
are nmre hi;;hlv pn.ed or rcMuin. so much attentnm such a space is left, .t .^ not necessary o '"'•"•v* . ;•;
trom the tune tdie seed is sown till it is lurni.l.ed to \ plants trom tie- trench, as . , smnet.m;; j 'l'''';; | ';;3

the table. The drouths ot summer ami tho severe j may be coverd up as they stan-l. le -lea, ai r
frosts of wint^-r ar.' alike injurious to it; and to en- is trom rottin- wh.;n covered up ui this wa.N, aiel o
sure a crop, the soil must be in the best condition. ; prevent this the soil mu.t be made ^;'; 7^"l';;;V^;.^;:
Moisture is essential to its cultivation, and a supply | prevent any water fnen entering In - ^e.y •• yi
ot well termented manure or rich e.mipo.t is one of ; season, boards are l-^';'\. ''^''^ .^''\ '^7;;^, ' . . ''!
the tirst condith.ns towards success. An open, tree, the stalks are removed from ^'l'// ' . ' ;'' ;;;. j,
loamy soil sutHciently rich in vegetable matter will placed on the ^r'^^^'^'^ ^^^'^/^^^'^-^'V h\' ; /'' ' V,
suit U. Stitf tenaeimis clay is to be avoided, as it dry soil to a sulhe.ent depth to exmude he n. n

,. , . , •^. .1 ,•.. 1 1 ,0 ,. ...1 w t I vtrM\r ,,r h.Kird-. It co\el ed W hen 01

binds too nimdi. and prevonts the Irei; develo|u;ment
of the plant: such soil also induces canker, wlulefree
sandy l-;uii, with a sufficient supply of well de/i im-
posed manure, will raise it, free trom this. As a
large quantity ol' manure must be supplied with the
crop to ensure it- rapid growth it is not essential that
the soil should be preyiously very rich, its ]diysical
conditiun is more imp*>rtant. In choosuig a piece (d
ground for Celery it is advisable to take int(; con-
sideration the nature (d the crop that may tidlow, so
that the best advantage maybe taken (d the high
cultivation generally applied to it. The L^round

I

covered with <traw or board-. It , , r

they are notlik.dv to rot, an I are well blammeu by
the latter end of wait. -r. 'flyit portion ot the crop
for early use may be secured in a s|.arale trench,
may be d.eposited in a dark part of the cellar.

thiMM'are only two or three vareties of Celery eiu-
tivatedt. aiiye-vteiit in this vieinity, of whi-di Sey-
mour's Whit'e Solid is tlie mo^l iKclul. 1 he Ked

S.did is cultivated to mcuc extent, but is not Imuii-I
so suitable as the White, and i^ not st. mu-h used
now as f )rmerly. There is a great diherence in the

(uialitv (d'seed depending up .n the stock Irom which
cuiuvation generally appuea 10 u. .... ^.„.... quality is.e i ,]i.app .iuts manv

where go.id celery has been raised will be eaj.able ,t is ^rox n. It is a -..a ^'"'^ ' I ^,,.„.^ ,,,;.
Of pro^Tucing ai^y crop re.piiring highly manured | persons 111 not germinating ^^'^ •^ '\ ; ^ ^ ' ,
soil the following season. A very successful plan is wed. may come no Ireely, -''/' ;= ' ' \,n .imil r
adopted by som.rgardeners to secure a shade for the following, from the sanm y^^;-^'f'^'^\^^^^^
young plants; they plant a row of peas or com be- soil, imiv disappoint Mo stuic in the soil is impoi
tween the trenches, which is taken off the ground tant.-L^"^^ ^^''^ Agncultor.
before the soil is re(piired for earthing up.

When the ground has been chosen, mark off a
space of five feet in width, and open a trench
eighteen inches wide, throwing out the surface

-*••-

Crush the catcrpillers in the egg, and you will
gave much time and injury.

'0

BEf'KHR D'Ai'!i-:Mnr:f;(; pfar— new p»e ackberry

r.J

r\p

/

Ileunc (I' Xrcinbcr'^.

The above engraving is a correct outlini' of <»ne
of our very best AV'inter Pears, very I'rtHlihtivc.rijirns
readily, and grows finely on Ix^tl; IN ir and <,>uiiuM'.
Tr is sometimes cunfoini l^d wiili (llnut MoiTrau.
uliicli it rov:onib!(»-< in tlu' ciilor of l)ark. Tliis Intter,
lioW'Mrr l;i. a MiLiarv t!a\ or, uliilc tlie l><nirr<* d'-
Ar-'MitpT.: i-> dtl;'> <wK ai'id or vinous character, and
with leaves more deeplv >iiTat(Ml. It is a l>('l;:ian
variety, obovate, n.arr-v. in,' to tin* stalk: skin thii-k,
t^reenish vell(»w.vellow a* inaturitv,\vith <i)ots of i\i<-
set; stalk short, half to one inch lou;:;, thirk an^l
fleshy towards insertion, calyx small, in a deep ba-
sin. Flesh buttery, meltinc^ with a ri.h vinous or
sub acid flavor. Ripe in I>.'iMMu1)('r antl danuary.

'I'lic Vew l^M•ll(l!e l?laclv])ejry.

"The Secretary reminded the Chali- that Mr. Law-
ton, of New R Mdielle, W(»stchester county was pres-
ent, and he was the gentleman who exhihit.'d a re-
markable stalk of a blaekbej-iv. w liicli ua^ tlien on
the table; wheren]-)on tlie Chair reipiested Mr. Law-
ton to ffive the Clul) some iniorniation reLranlin':
this remarkable new variety of fruit.

*'Mr. Lawton stated that one of his neio-hbors dis-
... "

covered, some six or eight years ago, a bunch of
blackberry vines, by the side of the road, of differ-
ent ((uality from the common high blackberries, and
so much superior that he was induced to transfer
them to his garden. From this small beginning they
have been propagated as m'lch as possible. Mr.

L. fir-t olitaint'd tht-in in 1848; it is his intonrio'i
to sot ten a.'M'es as soon as h<' ••an 's^t t!ie phnit<. lie
^tate'l that the stalk exhihifil lia^i h-.-n heaiietl hack,
so tliat it re-('nili!e(l a hush lour and a half f^'et hi^di,
witli a spreading head, whicii lie piesw led Iroiu his
knowledge ,,f tlu^ g(nieral yicM, ha'l borne a gallon
ol fruit.

'•The character of thesi^ berries is very unlike the
fruit of th(^ common high bhii'kberrv vines, which is so
long and full of seeds, whih; the new varietv is n(Mr-
ly round, very j'ulpy, tin; pipe Iteing large, in which
the seed are entirely hi<l i'roui vi«'W. lb- stated that
he had measured many bei-ries that were three inch-
es round: tha^ the gmei-al si/. • and shaj)e w're as
near like ll.tvcv's ^(■.•dliicr m ra w! n'l-ries, as anvthiii::
hi' e iihl ■••aiip ire th<ni to. The flavor of the fruit
'^ swtct a.ml rieh. to a rennn'kaMe ih^;:;ree, aTcl vines
long bearing. His first crop I'ipened duly 'J.'^th, and
coutiuucvl till the second week of Sept(Muher. The
next, August 1th, and eoutinued foui- we(d<.<. Last
summer, owiinj; to the great ilrouth. they oidv e(ai-
tiiuu'd al)'»nt throe Avecdvs in rMil h ai-in". The\iiics
grow almost eipnilly as wi 11 in shade as in open
gi'ound: and. if an op[)ortunity is given, \\ ill ( hnih
twenty ieet into a tree.

"Mr. Lawton sold his iji'rries last suinnier to a
New ^ ork d'-aler ior ten cents a hasket - '<jual to
about twentydive cents a 'piart tic buyer piv-king
them hini^-idf. Ii is the tipininM rd' y\v. Lawton, thai
this is an ontinly new variety of tlie blackberry; and
besides the greater value of the frnit, they bear gar-
den culture much better than the other, or common
variety. The demand for new plants is greater than
can be suppled at present moderate rates — the price
now being fifty cents. ^' — [Agricultor. — New York
Farmers' Club.

I

,

IMS.I

Ai'AN TdLlES.

71

■ ,*»»i*»'ii**-ii>fi ■■mmw

.hipau Idlies,

in\e Tiiv, iVo]k> time immemon:ii. h-:^^ t-eou to'^

„..„„;„r tie' poet, atid the subject of sNVcet alluMon

T,y H-n of taste and leo.rning: frcHuently and bean-

^ifuUv 1- it ivffrred to in the scriptures, for its ex-

:,n.,{,> fra-ranceaudloveliiHvs,an.lf;'r///a-///(//-/*.vy

hiviue authority h«s deelured "'that Solomon, m ail
liisglorv wa^not .:iTa ved like .me of these. .

Tt is net inv purpose, at present to en.-,nnv whc.h-

.rtheMMMie; or varietv thus swhlimcdy .v-.^eu ot, ^
wasthe L.LLV .r THR V.vLU.v, helongmg to the gt-
mis r.nv allaria, as some have sup-posed: the Jjinun
'.,n,l.hn,, of Plinv, or the splendid m))e With which ;
thi> ( h;ipter i. introduced to the notice of jOur read

'()f the many remarkable plants imported into
rurope, witirurthc kst half century, few can r.auu :
gueh pre-eminenee for l.aiuty as the Ldies discover
ed U I)r Von Si(d)old, <luring his reseandie. in Ja-
pan, in th. vearsJ-;;] tolsn;:: -.vul^ it o' no ox.u-
gerat.on l. state, that n-a.e have .mce been ^n. r .
duced, more deservedly popular, or more highly at^

Ym- V.m Si.dxdd infori.r.s us, in his Floni J<n'"'^^^^^,
^hat i,e brou-dit with him from Japan, more than - • i
kinds of Lilios, the most conspicious ot whu-h, Un^^-
ever, are the I.Uimn sj.rinsumjsnuvumr. ca.u:a

cifolium }»ncr/.l.n> or ro.^'>n.. AH these 1>;^ « rt-,

flexed petals, and mav be brietly .h>scnbedas .dlov^b-

blblLM SI'LCIOSCM.

57..;rv Criu^s.u .hpnu L>/lnf.-~Vhrxrr, ground
color, clear lOM-.shadin;.; to white, covered with n.e
merous projection^ oi In-ight crimson, and aj a,et.
gives ittln.aj>poarance,HK Dr I'^^^^^^^^y l''^^\\^^^^^^
being -all rugged, with rubios and garnets and crys-
tal points," a plant of two to three feet m hight.

LILIUM LANX'IFOLIUM ALBPM. .

W/iiie Lance-leaved Xt7//.-Flower, pure virgin
irbitc, crested with the eame peculiar projections as

the former species, but these fire without coV)T And

^V;;,,ayL compared to frost w;rka.M^^s^^^^^^

staho'tite-: ,:r,.w. totheleaght ot tin i -"i t • r.

I HUM PVNCIFOLUM J'lNCT.VTlM,nK

KUSKl'M.

, /,vM-,..7 J.ilu.- Flowor hu-e, whito;

,^potkd Lane - , , , ..,,|,,(v

th. notals stubbed ^^l.h pal^- P;-e.r i-''^' '' i"*;|:.^

„ ,„dh^'autifu]lv^pott.d uith rose-coloK lie
„ ^,d reavP.K'u-t habit ihae -t Ict ot tne^'.lt^
' i V 'ftenattaiM.n-t.othoholghtol lour o;-

n:iinod at'ove, oUeii aiuu.on^

,,.,,!;;,-V:k;>,,....in,..r-,i../'. ''''7;;' -; ; ;; ; ;

,■:,:.,,. M ,.sp./ral favor and ;,.!.nu.a„un.
';,,,. ,!,;... amo,.., tin. vm-.v .■l,.,u:r.t V'^""> "' "'

;,,,,.„ilwinUo tlH,vo.^l>lvaJ.M.;-l-'- :^^^

au old k»t bed, compose! O I'- ■'' ', ^^^j^ ,.,

;i«;,-^i:::;,^?:r.:,:r!;:::i.';: :;;r:,;:;;i

or shifting them W a lart;- ' ■' ; , , >,, ....^Uvay^
or as often as the pots are Mlod ^-'L' "" » ,. {.

romemhcriuj;tl,at',.erfectd,au..a„.., and pleMyoI .t,

„,... indispensable to Kucc<*.. .^,, „^taincd in

,,„„dance in this climate, .1 Hn^ )- V'' ;' / , ,„,

I Land finally, singly, in pots for ""'*" ^ ,, „c

-V

"Vt!

:.^->.i;

72

JAPAN' ijrjjRS—LKPT If AVDKn m/^ri^ii^VKW porrrrr roor'

{ixils of the leaves. Their j^rowtli is accelerated bv
the j)l:icin;i; uf pieces of peat around the stem.
Br .'sCALEH, from the outside of tlie l^ulh, potted

(•Tl/V«

he sm- e ,ne. When a held is hruke as it HJiouhl
)e, th(. d.rt iM thrown from the h^nee, wliereas with
he ri;^dithand<Ml pl(,u-h, it is fhn.wn to the fence, so

lu tlie prat and sand, and sul.jected to a sli-^d.t I there is left a rid-e six ..r oi-^hi IrMh... hi-d. 'ill nm,w?
lH"at;tiieso do not ve;5etate rapidly, but eventually Hh^ held, hrst by hrin^^ .h.^wu there in break
make o;,od bulbs, and those scales maybe divided '^'^'^ «<'^"«>n<lb^ hj cleanin- the plou-dis in cultiv Lii m
longitudinally into two or three parts with the knife [l^niirie Farmer. ° ^ ° cultivation.

each oneof M-Jiich will form at the bottom a new
plant.

JIafidixess and AnAi'TATiox TO THE Oi'E.v Ground.
Tiiat tlie Japan Lilies an-l tli-ir (.i]'~],rii,.:. ii,:iv bc-
ctmie tenants of our ^Mrdens, and Mifiiri.ntl v liui^iv
to endure our climate, \< v.\\\A\ t-. I, . dr-i.v.r Tli""
;^carcity nnd hi^di price nj ili: ,. \y.x\.^^ uiitil r^ •■nit
ly, bi-eii a hindran<*c in imich cxn 'rit'iic* in tlii^ re-
spect. 1 can, however, st;i:.'M mV tact^. whicli -Ivc
i^reat reason to expect that ih. y or thrir hvl.ri.ls will
i)rove so. Socm alter th<> intniductinn ..i Hh- L. spr-
cio^-nm, a bulb stood th<' wint. r jHrl'vrlv wl!. pro-
tecte(l only by a pot, in tlv <;MrJ.rii ,,f ;t -riitl.-iiiin in
this city— and 1 lim that one <il ti:- v;!,,,,. .,,rf ji:i«-,
for two or three years, r«'nniined liiiiniur. 1 in a gar-
den in the eity o'f New Vork. >!v .',\vii >^\i„-:-\rnc(}
IS quite rn(*ouraLdn<r. Eighteen bulhs w.mv j-lanted
in tiie open ;:;round last November, in a bed of Tree
l*;tM>nias, between the rows; these vmm ■ rovcired with
lour inches of peat, and when the^-r -mh 1 dosorl ip,
about thi same d(>pth of s<mi weed wa^ add.d to i!.,.
roverin;;; every l)ulb is alive, and now makin;: vi^;.
<)nms <rrowth. It is sutHciently evid<Mit, thatTf tlu)
Japan fiilies prove Ir.irdy: their culture in the open
;;rounvl. and in a dtM»pVieh border, will be of the
easiest description. — [M. V. Wilder.

M I ^ : M I" V

-•••-

Tafi riandcc! rhoi-'h.

Mjj. Ki>it(>u: — As the time will soon ]>e here

when the farmers will Ix-j^in to I^mU a1>otit for

P1ou;;1h, I would ask permission t" make a h-.v r -

marks u])on the kind to be used. In mv wa:i!er-

-*^ ■

\eu i*oultr> iJoak.
A new work on P.niltry, t-. b.' issued in numbers,

has lat.dy aa.), . in'd i,, lai-land. a^ uv notiee by a
revirw oi' M,,. ii,..i f,^,, ,,i;:-n].o]s, in tie- < ^Mrlne'rs'
^"liroiii.dr. I; \. sp!-ii'li<lly ilhistrat.'.l v.iih c^
plates, el. '-ant euoii-h f;,r the drawin-rooir, ta
aJi.l the thr lii-vt (diiiji-ris oMaipied v/itli tie' i
"i thi' Shaii,L;liai orL\>chin Cl>ina, with v^i-y dctail-d
ditiiiition-^ and ''.'y^eriptii^n^ ■:<{" true sjireiniens. For
t!«e ml'oi'nia'i ai of > \iv iri.atds, interested ;., hrecd-
iii:' i'.aiii;-_v. \\ >• .,noi,. tie- ioliowin- ivnmrk^ oT the
rcvii^wvr. It would anp.;,r ••th;'t the lai-, double
ear lobe, immediately b( low the deaf ear," is one of
the most important points of a genuine Shan;!;hai^
;ind that the fails arc to be curtailed, if notabsoluie-
iv dispensed with.

"As regards some of the detail- to whlrh it rcCjr<v
we may mention that from 8 to lU lbs. each &iiould
have l>een stated as the extreme, not as the. ordina-
ry weight of Cochin China hei s \*.'t^ djj not believe
it is the average^ oi' aiiy vard in ia^^land, and it is
far bey.ael any ov.- ■pi w iiere tho Mrd> arc v» i-ougly
fed, and tile had piaeticc ol ;:(vinj: meat :.nd li\er-
is ;nlop*Ml. The adojitioT\ 'A NNoiuht a^ihe true cri-^
terion (d rncrit has eae.-.-d iniieh evil, i^nd we cannot
[•'V a nnam n^ a;j;ree with llie idea, that Jinv stiiiidard-

servation. When
head enterprisiuL''
tiie st(nie out of r!i

handed ploii-'h 1' .•
l)arns, near d\\ 'llin:: •
I see the left h iniLd j
is the o-reat ad\ anta--

i'l \\ !ii'iL^hl)orhood of nal iz^-w-

ini

a-, (th.

o-

Wlio >/;|\-,' till

o

AV

ht

...i». IV- 11 M,»» tiM.- Mim lu in; u?*eo. in inv Wan' er- r ■ w ' i i.i. ny '. ,

inss t!»-o>,Kl. s„okor.Io,„ 1 Mav. ,„a.lo s„„„. il,,;.,.,!,- '■"" !" ' ''■ ■■'"'■^?"' « 'f '7^ 1", ".■-;'-'^ v>.-,«ht,
— *'' line,;. Mii-ai p-ed.ng IS resorted to, aiei lai-d-, properly

a-^'. ) 1 se- niMvil V used tin- ]

own

r.

a-eakaw-'. Wdea-e there are go.)d
-■•■ '•'' ' -loek and lav^e meadows,
'e-!i- ^\ «m1. >.vys (an\ wliere
r the Irtt I and'd j.!. Ji^h ".'
Well, in the lir.^t placo, tie- >ai',ie tram wi!! I i-eak
more ground, and d if heUei- tlm:, with tie l•i^i.|
banded ]dough: liow is this".'' your lead hoi- .e \v,Jks"^ir-
the furr(..w, while your off horse walks cm tie haid
ground, conserpnmtly your ])lougb. always cuts th.e
.^ame width of furrow: v.diere:vs wdth tiie right hand-
ed ido'iigh your lead Ihu-so Malk^ 71 \ar tla^ fiiriDw
a.nd :he nearer the furroA\ li^ \\:ilk<, t!i ■ Ies=^ t!a^
plow cuts, rjid w4ien thcgionnd i- \' i-, Jia:o'. I - i
sure to step into the furrow, (lia .-aie ho: ., s liaw
more sease than some folks,) in so doi; - lie pushes
the otf horse on tho ploughed groiind, aief thus'
throws tho pJough entirely out, CH)nse(pienrU the
the land is as full of gouts, as badlv .-pun \arn.
and in finishing aland the team, ]el■^ to l^. f.^med
s^ven^l times atditferent piaces,. or go over the sanje
^nmnd several difliTent times. All these difficul-
ties are avoidtnl in the left handed plough. With
your lead, or near horse, in the furrow^ und the off
horse held to his place by a jockey stick, extendi u"-
fnvn^ the leader's breast to bis bit, let the plough-
in\\\ be eve-r so careless, the plow continues to da its
Work with uniforn>ity. Another consideration of im-
portaiice, almost any horse can he taught to go by

'.'■;. rtnivoi-iai<, Ij^eome cr.ia'ixta-eai.s iu llieir li;;l.it>:
J hence, a. •li^i^a.se (d' in!e!n\ai i':>i, w Idea has lately
' eari-ic.i i»;!' many (»■' tie hesr birds iii fin^hviid, and
I i-; lav n^orc i.:rd thr.n jl' ii is not (dten the cause of),
'v.h.it i< e ili'd tl;e I".\h;'/it ion Tevaav Wci'_:;ht rw<\
i!"\cr he a c!'il! "ion raili -s idb-d to ever v ot lie- ji dnt
oi e:\ci l!«';nje; ii' it once bv;coines the n:air. i.oint,
th*^n leedip.g for three wer]:^ ]a-ior to tie' exiiiMti.))\
V. i!l alv.ay.s attuiii it, to tia' d.rstruction ,-[' tiic hird^
and the loss of the unlucky weight wV.n n.av pui-
chas:e. Th.ereis an important omission in tie' eliar-
acteristlcs of *he Slianghai honi the long double ear-
lobe iminediitidy ))elow the deaf ear has escaped no-
tice. The i:iil ouc^stion in the cocks is hardly fairly
t:-e::,t.'d, it is truc '^uo tail ;:t al!" has becni asked for,
and is still a desideratue-. la-obahly Mr. ".\ndrews^
of Dorchester, has con ■' nearer to it than aaiy one
else. Wo 1() i>ot like either sickle or scimitar i'oath-
ers. All l;)irds honestly exliibited have two long
feathers in the middle of the tail, 1 ;'.! tb.ev should
be reversed and lie fhit, rolling oa(M' like tliose »f' ww
ostiic-h. It will not, we think, be d.cuitAl that liio
exuberance of tail is a n\ark of coa,rseness, and of-
ten of degeneracy; and as it is undeniable tails have
been trimmed for exhil)ition, it sbould be the aim of
a writer to destroy every possible excuse for such
practices V — '[London Gardeners' Chronicle.

-*♦#-

Education is the proper employment^ not OJuU c^t
our early years, knit of our whoj,o live*-.

>

!i ''I'd be erected, according to the (juota-. *

>tf^'£:— -

74

AYnSlllllE BULL.

fJ'nri

Ayrshire IliilJ, Dumlct' the Second.

The Property of JJ. 1*. iV' ntice, Mount Hope, near

Albany,

We are indebted to E. V. Prentice, >roiuit IFupe,
near Albany, for the oposite en^ravini; ul" his Ayr-
ehire Ijiill, hinid(;e Second, winner of tlie lirst prize
in 1851, at Ilochcstcr, :is a on" yar <il(l. The t;n-
graviii;^ was taken a few iiioiitlis aft^Tward-^, and as
E. i*. Prontiro writes us, "hardly do.'s him Justice."
His sire was *'i)an<ly," imported by Samuel (J. AV^ard.
Len<»x, .Mass., and his dam th** imported cow Ayr.,
80 that hisl)lo(jd is pure on both sides. "We are in-
formal th.^ pro<^eny from "Dandy" hav»^ proved to }>c
siip'-rior milkers, and we should expect that of the
Hull oeforeus, from his ])e(li;^ree, to fully represent
the character (d the Ayrshire Itreed in this resp(»ct-
It is a ^reat question, yet unsettled, and deservin;; the
espe-'ial notice of our au;rieultural societies, whi(di is
the best breed of t-ows fur the dairy. The individu-
al excellencies of an animal, no matter how great
her yield, arc of not so mutdi important''', as which
is tho ha^tbreciJ, or which most ;:;eiierally and iiwa-
riablf/ produces the most milk and butter. This is
an interesting (question, about which there is mm h
variety of opinion. We see and h.-ar occasionally
of individual nnimals producing: a very large 3'ieM.
and wiiichis adduced in proof that the Durham, De-
von, .Vldorney or Ayrsjiin\ as the case may ha])pen,
are tha mo»^t protltahle for the Dairyman. Such in-
stances do not prove miieh, l)ut leave the (pi(>stion
still an open one, to be settled !>y I mg contlnu<Ml ob-
servation and experiments, and wt? suggest that uur
State agricultural societies should apjiointa stamling

committee, to institute e\[)erim(Mits and collect facts,

tending to show in an impartial report, wdiicli of all

our improved A/v/v/.v of cows, is the host for the Faif.

If til'' milking prop{>rty has be(»ome //aw/ iu any one

breed, nnd is som(>thing mon; than merely an acci-
dental property it ought to be known. The yield

for the ir//i>/r i/r((r sliould b(» taken into the a(*count ;

the pasture, feed, and othci- circumstances ])roperly

weighed and considered. A cow giving twenty to

thirty quarts for a few weeks, and then going dry,

would not be so profitable, as a smaller yield, contin- | ^-^^^ ^^^" ^''^''"^ Journal

lied through the season.

U is contended by the advocates of the A^yrshires,

that more inoariablf/ than any other ])reed, are they

good milkers. Ait-.m, in his agriculture of Ayr,

Scotland, says, "the Ayrshire is the most improved

breed of cattle to be found on the Inland, not only

for the dairy, in which they have no ]iarallel, under

a similar soil, climate, and relative circumstances,

but also in feeding for the shamVtles. They are in

fact a breed of cows, that have by crossing, coupling.

ed to fee<l them, for the1^^^pose8 of the dairy, or fur
fattening them for beef."

This is strong praise, and a^thich we should be glad
to hear that experience with them iri the (Jnitod
States, would sustain. ProfesT^r L.w, in 1S41
says of tlieiii. "that tle-y had sprbx\ oyer a Lirt'c
tract of country, and hy contin u<'( I -jj,iixti^re with
one another, ae(piired such a communitv ^f c\\arac'
t^^rs, as to I'orm a distinct ami well (lefmc''- hr(M^d "'
The origin of the Ayrshires is in some doul)t,Ti,ut iv
is generally supposed to have resultc*! from a cro5>^
of the native st<jck, with the Ahlerneys, and perhaps
the Short-Horns,

r()l. Le Conteur in his paper, on the Aldcrnoy
liow, says "he has noticed Ayrshire cows that seem
to be of Jersey or Alderney origin."

Stephens, in his ])ook of the Farm, remarks, "they
are in <uch high repute for milking ((ualities, that
most of the nobility throughout the kingilom are fur.
nished with them."

The information that we have as to their milking'
(pialities in the United States, would seem to con-
firm their reputation in (Ireat Britain, but is as vt
too imperfect to settle the (question, that they are iJie
hiUkiny breed. Aj/r, the dam of Dundee Second, has
given on grass feed only, twenty 'piarts of milk a day,
and continues in milk till near calving. One (tf tho
Ayrshires imported by the Massachusetts agricultu-
ral society, produced sixteen lis. of butter p>.'r week
on grass feed.

Colman, in (me of his re{)orts on the Agricul-
ture of Massachusetts^, speaks of an an account be-
ing ke]tt fir S(;v(>ral months in succession, oi' tho
milk given by four Ayrshire cow^, Uno of them,
wliose account was carried through the year, yielded
o,(S()4 ([uarts of milk, beer measure.

On the whole, we know enough of the Ayrshire?,
to make us anxious to know a good dejil more, and
shall be ohlig'^(l by any infbrm;ition from thos(! who
have had experience with them,

^Vi' liave ])y u'^, an engraving of "Ayr." tlie moth-
er ni' Dundee S M-ond, aNo farni>hed us hy I'. P.
Prentice, and wliich wc ^liall insert in the nc:it num-

-♦•^

Deodar Cedar.

When, at the instance of the late Lord Auckland,
at that time <Iovernor-( leneral of India, the Court of
Directors ordered a large (piantity (»f seed (»f the De-
odar to be imported annually for distribution, here,
a s«>rvice was reinlered to the !^nite(l Kingdom tho
extent (d' which eajinot, as yet, be estimated, Knough,
however, has been seen to asssure us that we have ac-
quired in some abundance an everegreen tree of
sinirular beautv, nerleetlv hardv in these latitudes,

and so unlike any other coniferous plant in its man-
feedin- and treatment, been improved and brought i ^cr of growth as to add a new feature to the rich

"* , „ , ,. 1 • 1 Ti. xu u n vegetation of these islands.

to a state of perfection, which fits them above all | -^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^.^j^ ^^^^^^ satisfaction that the East

others yet known, to answer in almost every diversi- India Company has ordered a ton weight of the seed
ty of situation, where grain and grasses can bo rais- ' of this tree to be placed at the disposal of Qovera-

l»i:(»DAi; ( Kl'AP— OSIKU WILLOW,

75

* i .r the service of the Woods and Forests, ami

;;;'| i:.,,V:r..:Ul'ri.aint.O,..s, lily W,,.!,..! u,.l,

Lv,n,M> for aet.TioratiMl sc(m1h, tho pnMluce to l"'
?" " si noce«saril.v 1,. ,,ro,li,/,ou,s. ■I'l.e char,.
nTt^r\,^■' it having I..-" c..i.li.l..l to lour o.mm...it
Ir;;- ,m.u -M,.ssr.. .il..u.UMnin,.nl 01usw„.-k: .nv-
"" ,? Klinl.uv.V Skirvin,, of L,vorpool, and Wat
" ;,' .,C Kna|.-hill-w« have sccunty for tho cro,,
I'in'' skilfuUv .nana-r<l, whi.h no onfi would have
La rant,.oa il' tho soo.l had h,.o.. phiood .1. tho hands
!;; Ih' pro^.ut l>oi>"ly Survoyors of tho Koyal 1-or-

'^'f;ovorn.nont nvIU thus hoconio possossod of a vory

1„ luanti.vola fast-rowinj? troo tho vaU.o o

vhT.h 'anno, 0,0 ovor-ratod, whothor it >s ro;:ar.h.d
L a nur^r, n, .s! us.lul lor protoot,on,_an,l prol. ahh-
f,r thiuniu.;. or, a.-.or.lin,^ to tho tostmwmy of thoso
who aro lan.iliar with it in Indui, stron- and dura-

l)le as timber. ,

We apprehend that m) hardy tree yet known has
tlie same high value as the Dondar, as a nu--^ ' he
^eoteh Pin.' is sohcavvand compact m its toliagc
ihat it keeps light off the deciduous trees which
crow among it, and olfers great obstruction to the
free circulation of air, doing about as much harm m
this wavas it effects good by giving shelter Ironi
heavy gales. Its poles too are so bad that it niust
always bear a very low price in the timher mark ^t
Dirch which is a far better nurse, because its light
airy foliage and pyramidal form otfers no hindrance
to the action of light and the free circulation oi a,r, j
and who.c pole, usually fetch a good price has_th<
fault of bein- d.'stitute of leaves in the early spring,
and i^, moreo"ver, subject to the mysterious and in-
curable -rot.^' On the o:her hand the Deodar com-
bines the gracebil l-rm and rapid ^T'-^th »•! t'-
Lireh, with the evergreen character (d the .Votch
Pine, without the faults of that species, an.l we have
every evidence of every observer who has seen it in
India, that its timber is of excellent (piality. As that
is a very material point, and since wo have occa-
Hionallv*l."ard it suggcst(Hl that because the Deodar
is nearlv related to the Cedar of Lebanon, it>^ u" h'T
will i.ro'l.al.ly partake (d- the bad quality .d the lat-
ter, It seems worth while <iuoting the opini.ms o
those who are per>onallv aciuainted with it. 1 hat
no infen'uce «ain V,e legitimately drawn from the sup-
posed relatieoship of it to the Cedar .d Lebanon is
Bufficientlv shown by the Scotch Pme and the I mas-
ter. They also are nearly rehitctl: and yet the o M
tiniher of the first has great durability an.l strength,
while the latter is at all ages worthless for any pur-
pose exeept fire-wood. A similar but more striking ,
contrast is .)lfered bv the Pinast(M' and P.nus hisi.an-
ica, species surelv more nearly allied than the ueo-
dar and Cedar of' Lei. anon. Now we have the evi-
dence of Captain Widdrington that the latter was
lar-ely used in the Spanish navy f<.r deck-phinking,
a purpose to uhidi Pinaster timber could never be

''^The'positive testimony of Indian travclhM's seems
conclusive as to the .lurability an.l excellence of l».;-
o.lar timber. Baron Charles V. Hugel, now Austri-
an Minister at Florence, a good jmlg.' of such nyit-
ters, saw the tree in abundance, and lu' calls it tne
incorruptible Himalayan Cedar, the invaluable Deo-
dar." Major Madden, than whom no one has more
carefully investigated the history of ILmalayan Con-
ifers on their native mountains, quotes this very ex-

|, region of V. llugel. and cvi.l.-ntly a^^.a.ts to it; he
even thinks it worth iiepiiry whether it really repels
the whit.; ant, which seems to be a Himalayan no-

MoonToft— and there never was a mon; trust-
w..rthy reporter— in the first volume oi \\\^^ trav<'l.^,
niak.'s use of th.' f.dlowing languag.'. "'ni-' inost
valuahle tr.'c of Kashm<u-(« is, how.'V.-r, the Deo.jar,
a variety of Ce.hir, the timber of which is extensive-
ly emidoved in the cimstru.ti.m of houses, temples,
ami bri.bn's." An.l he a.hls, that pieces of it ha<l
heen foimd little decayed, although exposed to tho
action of water for 400 years.

Wc liave, moreover, the high authority ot it.

Hoyle who hing resided in the De.xlar c.nintries, that

the timber is of excellent quality, an<l of great

stren.^th as well as dura))ility. It is univ.Tsally em-

ployeTl in the Imihling of tem]des, in which n-.n." but

the^],est materials would be .anployed. 1 li.Muod.' ot

nsin.r it is to construct a solid frame work ot the

timber, and then to fill in the ^^l>'^;''';/>''^^";;7. ;;'\^i

st.mes, so that the main strength of the laiihling is

made to depend upon the Dcnlar rather than the

mnsonrv. Thus use.l, it is exp..sed to a trial which

nothin.rbut timber of the best .luality could supnort

, . . • o ♦ii.if \v(> have

This is in complete aeconiancn v>.t...i.. .i ai. %m. n^^^^

ever heard of the .piality of Deodar wood; and must
])e regar.led as conclusive;. • i . f , fi,n

The ..nly subject of d.mbt in .mr mm.ls us to the
issue Of the gVcat undertaking m-w <l''-ribed i
,,l,,l,,Mhe gentleman to wh.nn tlu. voung l.^^^H^^^^^^^^^
will be finally intrust.'.l, after tle-y shall haNcbe n
delivered up to (Jovernm-nt l,v the nurseryne.i wl •
are to rear them, will know cither ^^' -^''; :;\: ' ".'
or how they ought to be plante.l.-U.ardeners Chron

iole.

-*>■

Osier or IJiskot Willow.

\, consldoral.lo attontiou l.a. lat.iy hr.u dip-rlcd
in tho Unito.l Statos, to tho .n.ltivaliou of tho liaskct
Willow, uo copy tho h.llouin;; short arti 'lo ros|.oct-
in- itH culturo, and niana-.'tnont in Kn.^la.nl, from a
huo numbor of tho London (lardonor's Chronudc.

More than twonty varh'tios aro alludod to, hut tho
most prolitablo, wo bsliovo, is oonshlon'd to ho tho
Salix Viminalis Linn, whioh is valu,.d ospooially for
its amplo produoo of vory lon^. strait, slondor,touj;h
and floxihlo hranohes, and wlo^.i allowed to (^row,
forms a troo fr.iin ton to tuonty loot m ho.-ht. It

> has loavos. linoar or Ian, lae, ohsonroly on-nato,

white and silky honoath; stipules very small, suh-
hvn,.eolate, ovaries almost sessile. Flowers m Apnl
,,r Mav, hefores tho loaves come out.

(NiEKS are adai.tod to low wot patrh.s ol
„,„„„.l, whore scarcdy any otlo-r .vo,, oan l,o :Ovo, -
Urod. Thov are lar^;.dyf;r.,wn,n Holland. nS,

and so.no ..ihor oountrios ol Kuro,.-. atol i.i K".l ni 1,
;uMX,.smost,do,,tifulinthollatpoi-t,ouoll., -

"sll,ro,wVo.-oorIm,.dsof.;()or,.lao,.so.^

„„t unusual, and aro fonnd also ""I"' ' ;, ' „
,,f the Fens. Tho laiol must ho so situated that ^^. t-i
I :, statO ttpon the surfaoe for more , .u; a .

I days atatiu.o in sumin..r: n, .u.ttor, t.o o ,

' m.mths- Hooding will be to. '''«;''V'"'nf about tlrol
■mps or water-troMohcs should bo .J"- ' "'" . "™!

foof apart; the earth thrown ""V'urtwo foot on.
impro'vos tho drain.age. Sets '^ -'',', *7_*^^,^;j"th1
are then planted by boing thrust halt-way into tno

■^^■m^&£3^

76

sTr vwr.F.pjnr,^.

77

OSTKIl AVILI,(>\V_STHA\vr.i:ii|;(KS.

I JUXB

ground, in rows, and about oightoon inclies equal
distances from each other, the trenches occupyinir
spaces between every other pair of rows. The set^
are to be purchased from old ()si('i-;rr,,unds at the
rate of 10s. per lOOd, and about 12,0(7(J are ro(nnred
tophxntone acre. Great care should l)o t.ik. i, t,,
procure valuable sortH^ as tliere ar<? more tlian tw-u-
ty ditterent vaiieticH of (Xsicr, nnd these are also of
varying (luality. Several kinds niav b.> crmwn upon
the same ground. The st-'ms mu^t' 1,.' l..ft f,r two
years to strengthen, and m the third auiiiinis ti •
Osiers may be cut. Toe cutting tii.,, rum., annual-
ly, the llexible shoots iuln- conininnlv fiuin >>lx t^
eight feet long. The ..nly mana-.-mm't the land r- -
<inires js the chuppi;,- doun and clearance ,,l w>mmN
;""■",:' V'-n-. II .uld ••gn'm," th.' en,p.siua.y eithn-

■l' '-I'll ol liV till' '.\:-VO 111- In- ( 1

M' <li

()

hV

111.' taiiieli,

•Mers. whrn .-nt, ai-r ti-htly lied up In bundles, with
:ni "rlM,::n.i," the bundles measurin- VI inrhes ruund
at the di.Mance of one 11m,i {n.m their tliii-k end; an<l
tlie.M' bunches are cuinin(a,]v s,.i.i i;,i- l(»d. ,,,• i<. ^..^, ),
Osier-;:roi]nds have ],een kn^wn tn ) riduer a . mp ni
300 bunehes per acre, whirl. wouM aiuuunt in value
to lliC.^or 1.7C.; buta good yield may be !•.■ -koned
worth 5£. orOX. per ucre.andan ml. ri'')r(|ualitv (dten
(bmmishes tlie return to less ;iian b ilftliis sun'. 'nu>
mam expense is tlie cost of tue huel; ibe cuttiii-, ^c,
amount to ]>ut a tritling sum. Extensive gr.,\v. is
do not generally s-dl their Osiers "green,'' but })r-
pare and send them to market "white/' The lu- -
cess cnnsisting in setting up the Osiers immedi-
ately alter cutting, witii their thick ends a few inch-
es deep in water— letting them remain until the sap
ascends freely— and then peeling oir the bark with
an instrument fur the purpose. They are tiicii dried
and sold by the ton weight.

-♦♦•-

iSUaw !)cn ics,
73 Varieties, ly William R. rrince. Flushing, K Y

[Continued from last number ol larm b.urual.J
30. Ahi/ssiintni Prince. — Onooi'lh-. Hriaekle's se(»d-
lings, of nedium size, ciuiical form, and dark crim-
son color, produ. ii\ .. i-.

31. M-fhcen Scarlet, or \'i<-f,,ri.i, — \'erv larg(\r(iun-
dhh d-i'ressed. dirk -.arht, showy, coarse, \X'ry pru-

due'i\e, jirwfii! h- (,,;■ niai-kei. p. "

o'l. Ilihl«,iL. — Thi-anei(iir ami vry distinct va-
riety 1- id' nth-al with t!ie ' Hii>!.^(t/i >./' ( 'niciiiii'i/t."
I lie li wit is of la: .:e «,i^i., }.ointed corneal ioi-m, dark
tciirlet or crimson when fully ripe. ;i!id i> tlen oi'.-x-
cellent flavor. The berries redden Ni)medays before
maturity, and are in conseijuence often plucked pre-
maturely, and the fruit from this circumstance Ikis
been deemed inferior in swo:;tness and (luality. The
berries have the p(^cii1iarity ot remaining green at
the extreme point until tiny- attain iierfee? niaturiiv,
when that becomes red also". This is oie- of the Itnv
varieties of which we possess plani^ of b<.th sexes,
and they have been grown jointly at tiiese nurseries
for more than forty years. It appears that at Phila-
delphia they possessed only the jy/.s//7/a/e variety, and
that it alone was transmitted to Cincinnati "many
years since, which serves to ac^'ount fi.r all the ohiu
plants being of that sex. It is highly proibietive,
and perhaps none other will yield a larger crop, but
it is indispensable tiiat its own male, or some other,
should be connected as fertilizer. It is entirely dis-
tinct from the '' Hudson'' s Baij,'^ of the Lond(jn Hor-
ticultural Society, which is one of the ^a/r/tY^, where-
as this is of the Pine family. In my investigations
1 have found it to be identical with a variety called

''Miilhcrriir and it may be identical wah the variety
so named in the Catalogue of the London llortieul-
tural Society. Alx.ut thirtv-tive years a<^o it was
generally calle.l -A',-/ C7//7^'' and T think it wa< in,-
]M.rtedfrom England by my father, the late A\ ii.i ivv,
I'lUNCK, limber that name, but lie finding it distinct
from the Chili lamily, ehanged that name to the
present one. n andp.

33. Burr's New iVnr.— Medium size, li^^ht searht
linndsome, high, spiey flavor, not a lull bearer, and
. the plant le^^s vigorous than many other varieties, p.
.11. Hiin\s Srarh! V/Z/yi/z.—lbither large, roun(b

'■d .u- ,di(u-t cone, scarlet shov.v, ne d-r ite fhivor, rath-
I •■!• soft for marked, ripens eai jv. \ei-v produetiv «, the
most valuable (d' IJnni's v.arie'ii.'s. 'i-.

:\'k lu'nil /Iu>l.-ou (.'birr's.) — Kathor large, e(,ni-
<;il, dark searlet. sho\Ny. medium .quality, arid, m-,„;,|
inv preserves, very produeiive. e.

_.".<'.. ^'>//^///A//,v(I>>urr's.)-.-Large, ,l,.,rk scarlet, infe-
rior da\()r, \'ery produetive. \\

' '"' ^'""" pi-ieeoding varieties were originated liv
Mr. don.N lb Ku, of Columbus, Oldo.

"ot. S.rcna. — Ilather large, light scarlet, fine (!;l-
vor, prfuluetive.

36. luaa. — Large,broad rounded, light orange scar-
let, peeuliar Color, beautiful, early, produeiive, infe-
'•i'M- !!av >]\ but merits culture f .r'its other (piaiities.
•t i> nne nf a distinct family or species, natives of
uur wetLerii prairies.

30. Jennet/ s Seedlinr/.—Lavc;o, rounded or obvato,
crimson, too acid until fully ripe, then of good fla-
vor, very productive. It has been mu(di overrated,
wdien there are so many otliers preferable to it. p. '

d<i. fjzzic Iui!(.hi'i,li, — A seedling orin-iimtod by
I)j{. r»!(i\<.Ki.i,. of I'hila.hdphia; the fruit ^r. amd. av-
eraging larg( r tlian il'>rn/s Scallij;/, hut inferior t,,

tliar in flavor, very productive, a showy fruit ol iitilo
\alue. p.

41. Genesee.— Maihrv ]:irg, , wltli a ne(d^, bright
criiiHon, sliowy, moderate llavor, fruit on long steins,
' ]>roduetiv(% growth \!l!,m1'ous.

I 1l. — Moiij-uf Sv/;/' /.- d.arge. roundi>li, li;j;]it scar-
, let. L;()i>d flavor, very ])r«Mluei i ve, c.'^limalile. ]•,

4'. Clnnux Siitil,'. — Medium siz", cMU.ieal, li'dit
searlet, gotul flavor, rather aeid. r.

41. (hdH'jr rrolijic. — barge, I'ounhd, oraii'-'e, scar-
let, rather aeid. \ery jU'oduetive. l.iti'. i*.

4). Srar/'f (.'<>/o. — llalher biig", conical, bri-ht
scarlet, ])rodueti\-e.

'file five precoding varieiii^s were originated l)y
Messr>. Mi\^ sm.ik A I>\i;i;\, of Keehcster.

40. McAcoy^s Sujtcrior. — Uf vigorous growth, fruit
very large, rounded, dark crimson, juicy, very good
fb^or, fine e«dor, very productive*, i*.

17. .Ue.|r'.//'.s- risli!l,ih\ Xo. 1. — A seedling from
the /'///•,/, and bears mueh affinity to its ]tarent in
color and size; large, bri-ht scarlet, very hiLndsoiiic,
productive, but not highly flavored, v.

48. MAcoijs Extra Perl. — Large, beautiful, pro-
ductive, moderate flavor and medium ipialitN. i*.

49. Schneicke's Jlennaphroditey or Lonyworth's Pro-
Hire. — Fair size, rounded, se.arlet, sweet, very fine
flavor, ])roduetive, of vii;()i-ous growth.

50. Schncfclce's Pistillate. — Large, rounded, crim-
son, very juicy and good, but n )t c(jual to McAcoys
Superior, p.

51. Jfot/amcnsinr/ Pine. — Secondary size, conical,
crimson, juicy, not sweet, and but littfo flavor, strong
fruit stems, ripens gradually, very productive. It
is of vigorous growth, and assimilates greatly to the
old Hudson, of which it is doubtless a seedling, r.

\

¥

i

i

I

— '—— — ' " '^ — ^ ' "" '" '"* '^'^ , , 1 r I "'> Jhniihm<i This ancient Kuro])ean species is

i;o. ),WA./. ^e.//..,.-Fair size, dark -a, Hnel ^.>. 7^^^^ m.vor of.itl iVnit!a.d IVr

^;;;- ,nd Ur .. the oM ^/'^f-' I-^- ;:;^- J ,, > ^^ ^Z nJli is moreen obieet oi curiosity.
'%.P ^!rxican A inne.^V ouu^yhy tu^^u^^^ ,^ ,„.rn,aplnodit.. xanejes from

of the bdtiest vobamic "^^•"•'\^^^''\:' r^^' ;\\^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 1 No 03 to 71, commencing with tiee //e /w. /'..-. 1 do

resemides the Alpine varieties of ^^^^f '^ ' ^^^^ ' ^^ ^dnk w^rthv M" enlnne, .xce,. bv sueh fa.u^
llistinct from all other. American species, Inut scai not^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ .^.^^^^^^^ ^ ^^.^^^^^^ ^^^^^,.j^ ^j^^,^ ,,^j ,i.

let, and(d' mo.lcrate size. ^ | ^. g^^^.^n y,.^y,y,,^. Very many persons have

i55 ^tma/^'^^-^l'*'i't conical, light scailet, juicy, v^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ (,f strawberries as produced

nrood flavor, productive, p. ' Py pistillate plants, and then ha- think mueh ol a

^*50. y/LTomc-Oood size, light scailct, ^^^'^^'' | ; /jj.^i ,„,. ' They >beuM eulti^ ate some ol thepis-
finc flavor, productive, i'.^ i, ...uiful ex- ilbites noted as -Very ]aoduetive," and tie m decido

celb.nt tlaNor. va-ry produetive c. j ,j;^,,/ ,,„i j/ ;,,,• Strawberries as they are so well

^0,. VVe./.^^w^.•. -i>arg',elongatedcon. ,. umsOn, ^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ J^^ ,ultivator.

The b)llowiirg varieties are ..f little eouiparative
valu.' on account of their unpreduet.veness, or (d the

.• .1 • 1...: 1 l,.n .> i.iii\^(>ont'iit'

»^";^j'iv;;r::::'.-;:;i-.^"'--M, ,u„. nav... very

1 *^,. Vi!c ihtweriu"*, estimabb'. J'-
produetiN.', ^^^^^^;; V ' "' , .^..,,,. i^^i^t scarlet, excel

11. it i>Mi'te<l lor the secoml tunc me p-i' ^ i u , . i,^-..- Mcr ^......•\ i-i....ir

^.v-jiiialie'. iL iiu.i<-'i i\/i <^ I Aberdeen li(>e-lii\e. Aiic

BUiiiiiier

vaiue on .n^ewiiiii. w. . .. ,

inferior (lualitv <d their fruit, and have eon^e.pient-
l>oen sup<'rseded, as w<dl as forty other varieties a~
Misbed in our catalo-ues: n ,., , .u

Aberdeen iiee.biv<-. Alice Maud, rnnccss:)^ Idaek

e-iiiu.i"" • '-.. , ^vneroeeii no. -11. > X - - ■, .

, ,.r I- ' i» ■ * p.,; f'- P-'r/e- Ibirr s Seed in;:: burrs Late

oriUgvuulli au.l Its l:,ruy Oliaji". ';.';,,... ,,„|„, „r K....t; lUUHl.r, (svnuMy.n:! V .V s N;.- n,,^

^■''•--^'^^v-r"::;^^^— i^is'':,;';.;.. i■.•■-•-.'•".•"••'l■l■-'^'■-:^^^-i''':n^.^::;,;!,.:,l.::;:::

of t!.. varieties 1..1- a .yl^uM marka la t. ' I ^,.' „.,„,^„ . Ui.'ha.M-.i.-- |-.:nl,v. UH'l,ar.h..M > Uu:

,U„..r lu.h,;. ;lav,„v,l varH.u..s t ,s a 1; ; ' ;t ; I;;,, ,^.,^^,^,. s.ain.Umo; WUL, , .„■ ^^ .Ify s > 1-

aua o.cced,n;;ly proau.tux. :u. . ■ ' , , ,._ ■

""^La,ve Iviy Scarlet, or Early /;;.'/;";,';.•-- J^i:Z^i^^^ of .o groat a ,„„„.,..,• "l-y-;;-.
well kn.AVU that it may sorn. ,nmecca>'ary to ' ' '^'•' « | '"-i ,. ,,;,.,, ;, valnal,!.' ('..r -nv yr^-v-^u '■< "t-

l,air..ralun .i-p. l. I^.s ^-.^01 vo,^ -•!"•. al> ,iia.^ ,„„,,„., a >,.Na-

,.rtirr/..r, r.,.uki„;; ur...n.T Iron. ,-,r.-umsta.u- than | « - • ' < t -^ . ,^,| „,. .,,,,,., 1 Onvvt,

fe-:-y:;.^a:;n':::'^..:r:;,!:r;iir:;i^^

'r ,s crops, 7vn.! I .,■:,„ .avly .lo.^nn,: l-r,...!- ^''«> .^^^ ..',,,,,„„ „,vo,-. 'J. .'/.■>;;..., v ^"rrr.r--
po„,l llavor, <,iod.Tate licarer, only valuabU, Im '- a,.^^.|.,_^„„^_ ,„.„„,- „„.! ,,ro.lu.-t,v..nrs.. ... I",':l

"J;r: „„■„.„ -v v..„ ,... ";;v:s*l ;:;;,"':ia;^^^ ,:,„„. '.

(Voni'oili..i. xaricties more easily than a >{'
this. A ,/Mill.,.. vano.yln.tn '1- ""; , ;;, \
very vahmhle, as Its sexuahty would uia.dy U.'-
bavrenness of the parent. ,.i„f ,.„n;,..il

05. I'nuccs^ /,■„'/„/.- !.a,-e, .lark scarlet, couiuil,
KOO.l I'.avov, rip.'iis lat.', poor bearer.

r.av.,r,ri|,..ns laf, a l r ''^■^^••;"-- '",'';';,, i - 1

preceding wUl produce some ^"'"".'■^''■'' , " 'l, ,,t,d 1
peoial pains -xi-e given to strengtb.-n .he soil, a,, I

to detach all the runners. ri«„,-,nr Glohe

(,-i to 71 M'lall'x Back IM., hleaunt, uiwe,

J ,1 I ■r,IH}r are Kn.dish lf..rninphr.v
Mammolh aiul Jiol'Jtc, arc r...„

dite varieties, m.,stly ..f &>'"] l^'V..r, ''•' 1' ' ."'j';,
crs in our climate, and their b.l.a:;- -- ^'• y ''"^'^J^
be burnt by .mr powcrlu sun. Hie M'OumolU,
tliouiih large, is ..f miserable Havor.

~" r.n?,il IKitlev's 1— It has been much laud-
cd, but is now deuounce.l in Lngl.sh puhcation
Vi "a shy bearer and insipid m Uavoi.

iJpcrM hcarM, a^ tb. y are „<,l l r...;uraM.', lo.t h.v-
fn!' yxt been otfcred ior sale-LH""-"""''^^'

Peach ^V(»rni.

'n>t, rrreat onomv to IVaeh L^rowin',, after de-
stroying "whole orchards, which woi-.d olherwtso
belong lived and profitable, is for^ miatelv witfnn
our control. \\\^ operations commence at or pist
b.dowtbo surfaeo of the ground , as may easily be

detected by the presi.m f g'r a. .Ml .l..^- i— ^«-

sary is, to bare the neck or c dlar of the tree, in the

ject ty ilic ou:.

'■f

"■ ''-MM

ib

PEAOTi M^onM-mnu.F pLornn.

f^vU, loavin. tho place whore the roots start out, ex- hi^h authority. They are f
posed through the winter. In the spring, fill i„ Ilntch, Esq., f)!' Farinin'ton

fJuVE

roni tiio pen of Calvin

around each troo, Imlf peck of air slacked lime

wood ashes, and if the earth i., heapo.l „,,,,„ ,,

few inches 80 much the better. I„ ,he fall ;,,.:u„ , six acres for'cV.rn'V;';,;,,!';:.:;:,!;''! '"""'"l "'' V'""'

^ or ,/'"'f >'«;"• ">"«=«, 1 obtained one of the Michi^in
it a I ""''''-' ^^n'«'''^' n,an„fa.-t„red by Messrs. J'ro v 4
" a M,ars, of Boston, u,nl ,.s,.,l it for breaki,,.^ ,„, Zut

bared as before. Lime an,I !>„tash are both aspecific
manure for the peach tree, givin;; it increased vig-
or and productiveness, and its leaves a fme hoaltbv

deep green color. We have known th. wnnu to bu , -vard ^oun.J, fnr the swai.l Z^ so cover.,
destroyed by this treatmont, but .b... b. bas ,1/ 'l-t. H.an. Many have a,lnun::;^t bo work do^;';:^
ready made an nntran.., he bad better b. flr.st f,.- I ..''''•^'r''' =^"^^ ^y'"" J'"/^"" ''^'"l ^^ and nianv have

able tor plantin;,^ lait after seeing ib. work so ad-
mn-ab ly done, concluded I could have it in uu lett^
«tH ^ tor planting, and proceeded to plant without
!l! l!!?'l;'"^T'i""!-. ' "'■^•';'' f'^^'J 'H'^ter hoeing Jn

it lay

rated out with tl^. ki.ifo and do.strovod. Tho 1

irni'

i„ "1 1 , . ,' -- ■' 'I, tiii.i iii;iiiy nave

".'■" ■";l^"s„i. wl„.„„ b.-is I „ Inuse. .Mi, ],.

-'"'«"- "•-'-. -f .!.'■ --•...• Tbi;i;.,;;;:diof';;:'[;;;irii;-:;x^^^^ -''---^ —''

answers nio.^t effectual as a prevontivo '""

For larg.' >.hrd trc-s, the (piantity of lime ol
OS should be increa.^^ed to a peck (»r more.

a.Mh-

Mirbigan Double F1(mi-Ii.

Mr E.MToK:-V,Mn- r.adrrs ba^o no doubt hoard
of tin- .Mirbi.aM Dnubl,. rinuLdi, and s.uuo of lUnu

The quostion has been askod', "Can you plou-h
and han-ow at once r Jn roforcnce to this .question
an hnglish ])a}»er remarkw:

, "11" wo coubl have a ].lougb so niado that it woubl
111 tho act of inverting the furrow, .li.o, broak it in-
topiooos and pass over tho bottom ,.f tbo furrow
without th.. IViotlon of any smooth surlar. nf iron or
othrv mairnal bt-ing drawn ovrr, oloslng up all the

'nay be glad to kimw niore.d' it. peculiar form and f.'''^''^ a"< ''-^^uos in tho undrr >trata. 1 think ibore is
'^'^^■^^"^^^^■r-'^- , I little doubt but suob a plout^b'.s oultiv.-inn would

It couMsts of two ploughs on tbesamo lu.am. about ' ^'^PP^^aoh (when porform.'d at o.p.al d. ptbs) fork or
ton inches apart. Tim 1,,. >,.»».. iM-.u-n laKos -i n,r. '''pa'-^ cubuaLiwa.'

slilelu-tivVT'^"' ""''7 '" 'ln;tli,Hnd lays its ^ think,_ Mr. Editor, this extraot and moro with it,
row Tip if^ r 'V7n ''''■' '^''' J"'"^'*'^'"^ ^^'^- ^^''i'^-'^^''''^ "^ your own pap.-r. Our Iri.nd over tli
nr :; I? ^7'^'' '"^'"''' ''>^f"nfn, outting six , ^^'at-r nov.r.aw tbo Michigan Doubl. i>l,Mnd, or he

or eight inches d.vpor, and throwing the suUil >vould have .said-^rbis i.; the very im demon we
oyer the advancing furrow slice in as loose and meb ^^re looking for-it inverts and puh crimes ust Ta
W a condition as could be desired lor planting. ! we had conceived it possible for the thin-*! t {]l
Ihe cJU,/^c^v/....r.^.^^ once phn.;/L; witli '^one-it realizes in the most complete sen e tic idea

this plough, IS made to look like an old ti.dd plou.^h- ^>' /'^""U^un^ and humnnnn nl uL -
ed and hai rowed. Twi..- 7,I<.ii.ri.;,.,P ,..:.k *i. . /" i' . , . . "

l-arm.|r^ have a d-M-p interest in ac((uainting thom-
s';lvos with this ]. lough. No man wishes to ].b.ugh
ills Ian 1 twice, and harrow it b. -sides, when <>nre

. o ' -- •"■■.V .w^- ,11. wiu iM-m piou'^n-

ed and hairowrd. I wi..- pU.u-hing with the com-
nion plon,uh wuuld n,,t d., as w.dl. The workim- of
t.ic doublo i.lon.^h at agrioultural biirs in Ma^a-
cliusetts, ha-> tak 'I! firiMcrs; l,^' <in.>>,.; > 'n 1 i.- ' ; /• • , . " " " " •""" ^< »> nun f//<'c

lor pnmt o this m,- | ,„,|v |.,.(,.r i,, the mnr„T„us iinpnriaiit iioi,!,-,,,. nt bv the fLn,„.i-s „f \I .\Z. U

nRn.-u .u,:,l ,v,..r,. ,h„; hav. b,.,.„ pobbshrd „i,l,i„ sl,'„|,l b. n ,t...l a ' 1 md ' , v t ' V v,h

in.ston, April 1.3th, i^oo.

MASSACIIL'SETTS.

tria as to satisfy /////-'//" at least, of tlieir value Ac-
cordingly 1 wrote to Mr. IVoutv, the proprietor and
manufacturer .d' this j.lougli, to send me two of the
best structur.>, which he did; they were tried in every

b.rm thought desirable to tost nn^rits. The result was, Trial oi" Heaping Machines.

that each and all expressed their opinion, that the Th. f lln ' r

piDUgh was a decidrd impn.vcnoMit on anv pI-Modis f>»'lowin:: notice was rec-ivod affpr fhn b.rm

they bad ever seen, and that it would be'fouihr.d ''' ^a^t numbor of Farm Journal was mad- no an. I

^'in tl^ l>lvmo";;i/': ^'"7'"''' '? tho farm ;^ • too bit. for insertion. For convenience of publica-

in me I 1} moutli ('(Mintv rotiort IS the . ow nrr- fl ... w : . . , '

-Rarelv is se.n work luoro^horoIlghly and '^ ^ "• ^ ----J to have our matb-r arranged not

diti.msl^ done. This plon-h may be commended to '^ ^^'^ "^ '"^''^' ^'""^^''' =^'"' ^^■•" ^''^^''I'l ^^e

tbenoticeof all thos, birmers, who are .b-sirous of ^^^^'"''^^ 't' our friends, who biivc <-.mniiinioations or
pulverising tbo;r .0,1 thoroughly in the least time." h'^inutes .d" meetings interesting to ih. farmers of the
IhenampshircAgricultura society sav— "For turn '>;f.f , nr i n- • la. l.cis 01 ine

ing in of gras« lamls ancl stubble, fhi'^in)plenu>nt is ^''''':^ ''^'^'^'^ ^^^''''^'^^^ ^'^ -^^^aal copies as early as
considered one of the most im])ortant that has come - P'*-^-'''''^'^ *"' '^'^ ^o procure their insertion in the cur-
to notice.- The Jiorksbbv Society say: -Theplou-h I ^^^^ number. Thr trial of reaping machines, about

i!::i::^:::^i.rtz^ S^c ^d^ if if;::d^ '-'' '- r''^ -' ''--' =^^^-^-^ ^- --

IMttsfield.- Mo, r.y i>i, u^cd, ot ubicturers and agents. The diifuailty felt at annual

Any number of such testimonials maybe gather- ^"^^'^^''t'**"^. in deciding upon the merits of machines,

^^an^"^^^'!^ a^rricultural d,)cuinents of last year. impossible to test practically at the time, will be ob-

Ihe following statements maybe coDsidered as viated by the exhibition now proposed. There will

!

ir.'i 1

KKM'INO MA(:mNKS-A>.Kl'M.T'HA'. -'"H-n

!'(»TAro f;n

„;^„ubt be a lar«e concourse ol fanners ,re»cnt,
Zi tho occasion «-iU be one of great mterest.

Tl e high price, and absolute Bcare.ty of fam 1 -

^ ''^ "^ * . , _1. _.,«*. K« r.orfnrme<b if at all,

The ball is now fairly started, and Chester coun-
ty will soon W. up ^vith the times, and ^Ai!i> brr sister
c.mnties in thk respect. The o^ue.fion bas b.x-a often

,.. . , .. i;. .1 r, ,r. rf a i»i»nr<»v-

^" :..;.: rice, and absolute scarcity of f^rn. U- conn e ,n ...,.....■ , ^^^^^^^^ ^_ ^. _^ ^^^ ._^_^^^,^^

'""' ^" "."llv inereasin.' tbo necessit;/ fm- a;;n> ul.ural
'^*^?fn" aTitiu^^^^^

Tun Mu"^'f-f---^'^^'T'.'>-'' •'•■'

to! a MdVuic^nl amount of labor being concen-
^r:llduponit,^vbicbeanonlybere„v.a,,.^^^ ^

u,e of good b.bur_ .avn>^ ""' '"'.,^^: ^..^t,.,,, i,,,,.?. Th.. commo.TK.l twubi.ms :u,a depression ol price*

and drilling machmes bay and ^»- ; , ' „,. ^^„^.^ „„, ,■„.,„ ,,,.,„i,„.,., about .bat p.rind, caused
,„...e.cbun., X.... ™ >;;;;;;; l'-,,^;2,,, ..d ht t.. dedin,., and .... bn.ason bana.,.,.,. pa....! .ver

■^ r,.. y.ar. are -;-'-'' ,, ' ,„.„,,j ,,„. „ u.e Cluster county Ib-nicultural S.c„.,y. 1 h

ISKCa WUy ^^iieavMi t.«'uiiij, ]..

rd stock, and highly cultivatrd larms, should ))e
witliout an <.rgani/'ufion (d this kind, It maybe
replied, tliat soin,. tm .r twlv*' j-ars ago, and in ad
vanceof much luoNom.n* ..n the subject in any other
county of the State, a SocV'ty NNa^ establish. 'd here,
- -' ■ • ' ^ _.- 1 .1 „i,i>bing (vbibitions.

;:;•„.' and' no.wing xnachines. of approved con
Auction and .-urking, :ir^lso much wanted.

,„,.„,,,sT TO TARMRKs.-Agreeably to previous

• „„„..in.'of I'armers was bold at the

':::Tt-n , t .ri'llil' .U-lphia, on Sa,urday,.tlK.

r \ ■ 1 -,V! Ibr the purpose ol talcing into

'" : :• ,,: i n 1 pr priety ol b 'iding an Kxhilafon

", I .i nl.'vi ng and reaping n.aclunes the pres-

,■ Thr inecliu" was organized by ap-

'■"! :■"" \ V, V (rsm;ol .Montgomery county,

Cr,„^a;;:iTh.anasl'ratt,ot Unaware, Seer.

'^biladolpbia, Montgomery Chester and IVlaw,.^^

counties, were re„resetj n ■- ; t;";:;,,^ ,,,!.,

poarance of a >'''."?-■"""', ,^.|, ^„ ,..xl,ibition,
Ue nnnnunuus m bt , r f hu . ^J . ■„,

)ver

11 LO VAOOllli'-, nn'i "^"^ •" - ' ...

to the Chester county Horticultural Scciety. This i.^
now and has beep since, in active and flourishing op-
eration, but an Agricultural society sceus also ro-
rniir(.'d, to keep pace with the present progress of im-
provement. County Associations of this kml have
been useful through the State, in bringing iarm.-rs
tocrether, awakening enquiry, and extending a kno>.l-
eifge of improvements in stock, farm implements arA
productions.

-♦♦^

To Prevent the Potato Hot.

Wfstfkn- Sakatog.v r.u., ijmoneo., In., /.,"•' '.-^^^•
Permit mo, tlirough your paper, to make l^^own to
the farmin- part -d" the community a perfec cuio
' d e^entlv of the rnfafo AV, having tested it
'\"'^> ,, r „.. ,..wi. ,>orl ..•t success; wbih:

pearance ot a ao og-.tu.,.. ' -'■ ,^ exhibition, ..^d nreventive of the VniaU> y^o^ nav.ng u-^u . .

/> ' /• „ .l,..f V..IIM., >viv ,. ui<-.Y^»'i^ 1 1 ... ;„ ,,,.f ,>,,lv soUTul. oUi

farm fur ,bat purpose ^^^^ ^^^^^..

1-aac >■";''"•''''''• V'^fi'-w (■,,r<on, w.re ap-
fnrd Kluo Pearson ami Alan n. ' '
•ntdaeonnnltt.o to Invite luanuactu^^

rs to attend the exbil.ltion with tluurma^^^^^^^^
Editors ar. re-piestedto give notice ol said cxni

^>i^i<^"- 1 -.1 f Inlv at Silver's

Adjourned b) ni-et on the ah of duly at :5m c

Ilofi in Flowortown, at 10 o clock, A. .n.

By 'order of the meeUng^^ cOllSON, Chairman.

T. Pratt, Secretary

f'ivp lost t leir rlinU' rinpi.v iw - . r

d tin. rut, l.a ro.tores tloM'utat.ao .tMirnm^

ive vb'or and tlie pro.luct is nut unly ^"">:'l' "^
;;::.;;C;^iMSOuJseHU..n.ly pruduc,ngtw,ce ..

n:wtr';bo,r,n,ublea,Me..pon..iu,be^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

order \.» llive them a chance to tiy it, ii m.y
^r ner In. present season, trusting entirely to the
pn per, tin. pr(_. * , „.,, pr„ ,-

Ches,er"^.ntyAKr.cuHurat society. P^'lIj-vtuiS" r:rr?m:n::iTu'y inay'se,, prop-

A meting of Farmers was held on the 2oth ""■. I-'' <^ «- '-•^^^ '^,,,,,1 Fair, f<.r the discovery al-
^ . , ,. ,, Ai',..^ Pi,n<for With a view cr* «^^ intu i*^ „,,.rU^ <d the r)reventiv(\—

at the llununihural Hall, West Chester, wt.h a Mw
to re-organl.e an Agrbniltural Society m t us county,

Johnl■arko^.K<M..^va«e'^"'•'l♦''*'^^T' r

.. . . ■ ,.,fiMi \ ii>(» Ires-

!.'"'r.reir «t Ann:;:. V;;;, for the discovery, ab
; , ,ev 1. vve tested the merits of the preventive -
t,.r tliey nave '';■"■. , j,,,, ,,„/„/„ ,<,/ is as ful-

■'''"■■ '■'■■'V;;''y'T,]r; k of ne.s«/'aiul mix it tbo-
luws: lake one ptcK oi nu ,,^^,,,,.

^"^n ;;;!<,; ,.., was caned b, the Cba^r, Jacob ,„. :n.. ^.^ is ■" of Z'" ^■-'" ^^l''
Massey and John Ualdwn were appuu.tedX ice 1 e.- , -"^^ ;',-[,;,,„ ;, „,.. ,„.»,) and immodia e-
idents and James Tierce and Al^.s and,.,. Marsb or J/.W . ,, '.Ig tie put Uu,. ,be .;;;ond --

as the young l"'*'^"' '"-",, ^'Vibb-puonful of
main vines next to the f ' ' ''• ' ' '^.^'e ,„ .et it

the abuve mixture tn Vf f \ ' 'i" ; ^h; ,^ prm. Is

„„ the main vines, as ,t '''''.'•",':';,,„„, \,,. ...ix-

IVum anting ol -^^^T^Xt^^---"^ ""• '"■'■'^'
ture cum.ng in e(,ntaet w th tnv. • ,,,

„,■ i,, before it reaches the '"'j '; , ; , ,„, ,heir
1 11 4,1 trv It as thev would he ^^cu p.n •

do \\*dl b) try It, ^^;^ - ^^ ,v«dl as the

Seer.taries. The meeting was addressed by l»i

■WalkurandJulm S. Bowen, F>4.

„„ ,„„i„„, 1>,, Isaac Walker, John S.Bowen, and

Alban \V,.bb, were appointed d committee to prepare
and report a Constitution for the Society, who.alter a
Bhnrt interval, reported a Constitution, which was

adopted

' do «'ell to try ,t, as ""■-V "" ; "^ ., ^' „„,, ,i. ,l,c

appointed to repurt ^^-^^^^^^^^^^^

aed meeting, to be heW lu '''^ /.res.irjs fiu-nisb anip e c«^i^^^^^^^^^^^

Chester, at the time of ,he ap- „,.. above, '"•^'^-'VV'^" T Ibu.''

,ral and Industrial Kxhibition, , a tnal to prove it.-L>. n p^NovEit.

A committee was
officers to an adjuurnec

Borough of West Chester at^^hc.- ^^^ ^[^Z'^:,.:^.^. T"'-<-
proaching Horticultural and Industiiai x.:^n

on the 18th of June.

;d

u

MMUMMM

itMMM

^ ti^MMnXIOATTOVS.

for III cT arm Journal.

M

f'TB

Pofrttoes,

., ^ ,. EsTiiERTox* April 4, '53.

Messrs. Editors:-— *

As iho tiir.o for planting po-
tatoes is approaching, T son.! Vn,, the result of a
careful cKp<n-imont made nmI^ .ruTorent manures,

green. The spots where it had hcon sown, could ^^
observed at the distance of one hundred yards. Qq
the Wheat and Corn I could perceive no differenco.

A. 0. lllESTKii. '

witht!:o remark that I sUrJl maVo a'Vi mihrt'rW! . '^"'"^f''^'^^.^^ ^,'-""*"f"' P»W'«--«<'" -^oruo month,
this Snrin- and tvn.t th.f r , ""'"^' '"" '''"'"" ^«'=° '"*" ""• ""^'-'^i'l- ^'•^ ""^ con,

elly soU^ "mcstono, »l.v.t and grav- : ,,s „nc of our best praeti,;a' larmcrs, and tho n.sult,

6a the 19th of \r,,. !,,* t ^.., ,,-., ,, "^ '"« interesting e..,,. rio.ont are ^voIl worth the at-

possible, .oig! n.- ',:,,: ™ T" ": "",'"^"' ""■'''«■-" '""■"■•■'-

Ida,;, ■• :M'--f. .-.,. ,„ece..„ oaH, hill, „,:,„„. n.„„..,, K,,,,;,;,,,, ,.„ ,,,,,, ,„„„ ,,,,,,

^_^^N^. . I w.'Iv.. h, Ik lluv,. ,„,.,.,. i,M.a,.|, hill. K.n- a i;t,|... more than n,„.-,hi,-d ih- ,,n- f (lua,,., It

-K , s Ar„t,.,al(;„a,,„, ,aa,r„r:o->ur,.d in Now V, rk. I„.,.,an,.. a,.,,ar,.nt tha, it is Uy far the n.u.U valuaiX
^woounees tot!,, lull, .„v,.,v,!,a„.in,-l, w.,1, p.anal „| ,!„. ,,.,,u, „,■.,.„,.„ ji,,,,,,,., ,,;,„„„. ,,,

before apidy.n.,. ,!,. .,.„.„. Un. n,ch o,> top of, n,ay he tak-n a. a .-alW- .vnwal ..rin.r.'.n
Uuano.

No. 2. Twelve hills, tlircc pieces to each liiH. Sa-
line or Chemical FrT(i!;/, r. nianunh'dirrd in IMiila-
delphia, covered a^ \o. 1.

No. 3. Twe]-.,. liilN-. thr.." pieces to each liIII, P,,- -Jan-iary 1>:,J, 1 pun/has,.,! ^ s^w, which has .shown
tatocs first rolled in Plaster, covered one inch with | herself .v. mo, what remarkable in point of fecunditv
soil, two ounces plaster tlien applied, and again cov- i and withal has been rather profitable. If you think

For the Fann Journal.
Profit al)Ie Sow,

Editor.s (.;• Till- r.\!;\i .JiM i;vAi,: ])oar Sir^:~Iii

ercd with one in«'h of oarth.

Xo. 1. Saino numliiM' potat'u-^ f\n,| Iji]]^ ;^v; r.rnior:
applied two lamops ,,{ air-.-hick(Hl Lini.', ao.l fovored
as Xo. 1.

No. 5. Same as farmer; well rotted short barn-
yard manure oyi the i^otatocs, anl rovcred twu inches
with earth.

an account nf her last year's doings worthy a place
ill V"nr \a!ui)>].' d(.unial, I will -ivf It, to you.

I l"»uj-iit li.T in .laniiary fir Si"). Second of IV^,.
uary >ii.' bv-am.' tli- iimtJi.T of lii'tcon pigs, oi' which
she saved tliirt<>.>,!. twu being uvcilaid. One of the
thirtcfu died w li-n about thr'v^ months old, from
eatini;' too Tourli l.uttormilk. On Jnii" l<th, -lio

No. 6. Same as iwrmcr: ^I.Tt bani yard manure br.^u.ulit f .nh lili..^, nmro youn- -rnrit.'rs., of which

under potatoes, covered two indi..^ witli earth.

she k<'pt i\v«'lve: ono oC wliicli I i^av.' aw

_ , . ,^ and M'M

■^';- '• ^•'"^'';>^^i^t:e.ivon.d mo inch with eart]i, :inoili.T {..r S[ .mI. On Xovomber l^.M. .}.<• 'liad iilbvn

'^''i'^""^ ^'^■" ""•"••'^ P;'ruvlan (niann, and c.;vered innr.>, fourtroii ,.{' whicji livcl: two I >m!,1 t'>r S| lM
\\\[\i aimtlwr iiti'h (d earth.

On the l!;;d Srpt.>nil)'>r, 1 rai-o,] tie ni. am] careful- oxi-t

apiece, on-; was killed for a roast, and eleven .-till

ly w-Milc'^l tie' pnulnot "[ cadi tw^'lve hilN.

-\v). I. K'liti.-hUuanu; weighed 44 poun^l^.

No. 2. Valine Ferlili/er: weighed 5G] pounds; clean
smooth skin.

No. 3. Plaster; weigle-] 42Jpoun<b\

'i'lic firvtlitt'T, in Scpt-anhcr avera'.r^d 120l1is. of
pork, rach at 7] cents, or .^lU8. The second, on
December I ^'. a\eragcd 75 lb., at 7} cents, or .*?o5 80.
The thii- 1 1 value now at S-") eacli, making with those
sold, S:)7 50. The old hely, if she shouM n.t Imp-

No. 4. hinec w.'1-Ii.mI 11 pound- Jound one rotten ' pen to dl.-. |.r uni-<'> to produce an .tlea- Int. I kre-w
potatoe,and -kin M all r.ugh. not le^w many. Tho prindpal f-.d uf these hogs,

'^'1\^/ ^}^^'!''^:^'''^ I'Kinure on top; weighed o4 ibs., has be n tic milk fr..m'a 4airy .,f twenty cow^', wdh

some corn to fatten.

I have been offered double what I save for the

one-fifth of all nibbled by mice and moles. I think
seed was partly eaten.

No. G. .^lanure hchic; weighed 44] lbs., also eaten, sow, and allowing her to be worth that, k will make

but not so much as No. 5. for the whole lot, S2')l 3(i. Deducting ^V>, the lir.t

No. 7. Peruvian Guano; weighed 67J lbs., even in cost of the sow, and >7o for corn, which is more

size, smooth skin, free from excrescences. than they consumed, it will leave $1G1 30. A tol-

I have before tried Peruvian Guano on AVheat, erable fair proSfc for one year, from one sow.

Corn and Oats. On the Oats there was a marked

benefit, the growth was taller and the color a darker ' Oxford, April :5th, 1853.

E. V. D.

I

185.1]

ni, \rK ^p\NTQ:n fowtq

Rl

"MKmnn*^

niarli Spanish 1m)w1s, j

The a}>ovc original and spirit. 4 cnL'raving of P.lack
Spanish Ftiwls, ]M4onging to \\\\\. <\ Hu4nian, l'.<q.,
Phila<I( Iphia, was ex»'euted by Kdward (4ark<Mn,
who, })y tlie way, is earning (piitc a reputation in this
lino, f,,r his faithful and truly natural portraits of
finiuials.

These f(>wls are b"autifnl sp('ciin''ns df a breed,
not y(^t mw'-h known, liut hi^dily value. 1 wherever
i:itro(b)(<'(]. fur 'Trat lavintr ijuiiiitics, combined with!
very t.aeler ibsh. Tleir eggs are white and unusu-j
ally large, nearly equal to the Shanghai, ami where;
these are the ehi<d' object, it is highly ])rohable that
this is ///e linrj. They are also well adapted for
cajions. The col'r of this breed is undornii^} black,
when the stock i< pure. The combs of both male
and hartal'' are lar'^o and of a brilliant scarlet color,
the hens' (Iroopin*:: to one side, \\liile that of the
male is erect and d'-eply serrated, A singular fea-
ture of tliis fowl is a w hue spot on each side of the
face,— -ami to this parti, nlar mark *'the fancy'' set
the value. In Knglaud, among many of the poultry
fanciers, these fowls take rank with the Shanghais,
and are in great demand at very high prices. We
bave seen the cross of this breed, with both the Shan-

ghai and Dorking, and they are considered very i»ruf-
itable either for the firm or the table.

Our frieiel Rh Iman will have a Hno opp.irtunity
to t.'st the r.'sp.'.-tive jn.'rit'- .4' his hree.ls <4 Poul-
trv, and w.' h.)p" t" ic.ir (V'an him upon tie; suhject
throu/h the columns of the' I'arm Journal.

*%*-

Fine Poult ry.

"William C. "Rudman,we perceive, holdH some of his

fine stock of poultry for sale. The pnrifi/ of this

stock can be relied up(m, and those in want of such

will do well to look after it. See his advertismienf.

— ♦«-

A(1<lrrss by ^^ illiam S. King.

Brforc (he New Hampshire Agricnltxiral Society.

AVe are indebted to the author, one of the able ed-
itors of the Journal of A<;riculture, for a copy of
the above aldress, from which we shall take pleas-
ure in making a few extracts for another ntimbnr of
the Farm Journal. It onens out to the sun light,
some of the prejudices of the day, which have done
80 much to retard the progress of agricultural im-
provement, better than any thing we have seen
lately.

.'■■■*'"*■?

82

EPITORTAL.

r-Ti Nj

Correwpondents lor the I'arm .Juuniiil.

We believe that in Pennsylvania are as good
Farms and Farmers, as valuable improved Htock,
some of the very best agricultural iniplcuiints, as
successful combinations of soienc*' and prastice in
cultivation, as can b»? found in any otlicr State in the
Union, but there seems to exist a most unaccounta-
ble reluctance to extend and proj7inh/a(e through the
medium of the press, thr-ir exptn-icnce and informa-
tion, for the benefit of tlu'ir ])rothor farmtirs. (Com-
pared with New York and New Kngland, the con-
trast is most striking. There, a farmr-r who practises
a successful system or rotation, raises an extraordi-
nary crop, or by judicious and skillful crossing, im-
proves liis stock, considers ic a kind of dufi/ to pro-
mulgate it through an agricultural paper for tlic gen-
eral licnelit. It is not so here, but it oiKjIitio ])e. It
should he considered one, and that not the least of
the duties owing to society, not to hide our light un-
der a hushd, but to contri})Ute our mite, whethcT
small or large, to the jig>^regate good. We liope to \
ni:\ko the Farm .inurnal tiu' medunn, tnrougu wiiicii
intelligence and information on all agricultural mat-
ters in !\'i\nsvlva!iia, is to he distril)utcd. It is tlie
only strictly Agricvdtural and Horticultural periodi-
cal in the State, and its pages are at the service of
all, willinf^ and disposed to ct>ntril)Ut>' inf'Dnuation.
They can be filled, if our farmers so wish it, with
choice and select valualile and practical matter fir
other States and countries, accompanied witli such
editorial remarks and sugj;"stions, :i^ we con-ivler ap-
plicable to -uir own section, but we greatly ].rrf'r
ori<>"inal communieatinUN tVom reiui^ylvania larm-
ers. We do not car^ for hiudi tl^wn sentiment, and
well turn "d p.-riod-^. an^l merely theori'tical abstrac-
tions. What w(» want are /J^Vx, rj-jxriinnifs', rrsulfs:
phiin facts, ])lainly given. Tliese fVre really valua-
ble to us and our .Journal, and we can but I'onsider
ittlie ,////// of tlie Farmers in this State, to cultivate
more thi' /I'lhit of disseminating their agricultural
knowh"!'^'' and (^\])«'r!enct\ Ifv writing for the pa])er'^.
Wo Will welcome their e.-iitrihuti m^ with ]>h'aMire,
and in this way more than any other, can llic Farm
Journal be made creditable to, and worthy of Penn-
sylvania. We are disposed to do all we can, l»utnn
editor t)r dozen editor>, can do what can oidy Ix^ done
by practical farnnu-s theni^(dv(>s. variously situated,
as ref^ards soil, climate, or other eircum<tances.

Since the Journal has come into our hands, our
list of subscribers has been receiving: <*fmstant acces-
sions. AVithin three or four weeks we have had an
increase of nearly two liun<h-ed new ones, from the
State of Delaware alone, which shows it is being ap-
preciated in that quarter, and tliat her farmers are
awake to the spirit uf improvement. This always
creates a demand for agricultural reading, as it i:. al-
so a necessary result of it.
We want 10,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania du-

ring the present, and hefore the commencemeht of
the next volume. Witli thanks to friends in various
sections ui' the State, who have forwarded us clubs,
we hope they will not relax their ctl'orts.

-^•¥'

The Strawberry Q,uestion.

We have reeeivf^l from Thomas Meehan, I'hila-
d(d{)hia, a letter in reference to the criticism by W. 11,
Princ(% in our last number, on his essay, read before
the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. The letter
was accompanied with a specimen of a straw])erry
plant,"McAvoy's red," y,'\i\\ two satpes from one root,
having one pistillate, and the other staminate, blos-
soms, each of tiiem what would be called well devel-
oped. We have something to say on this hackency-
ed subject ourselves, but shall await another time,
till tlie ])aper bullets, we hear are in preparation are
dischar<'tMl. We observe T. Median's essay has made
quite a stir among our friends, the (Jincinnatians who
linvf^ (rone into reg-ular con(dave on it, and T^iS'^^ed a
formal resolution, after long discussion, "that this
Society Indd that expcrienje has only confirmed
their previously established oy)inions as tn thi; per-
manent character of a pistillate strawberry, as given
to the wortd in their report of 184G.'' There is
a sensitiveness in tlic " (iuccn city" ab-ui thi3
"strawberry question'^ so long a mooted one. ^^ a
siiall say no more noir, than to express the oi)inii)n,
that notwithstanding the above resolution, tliestraw-
Iterries will continue to blossom as they ever have
done. More anon.

-•♦^

Agricultural College.

The New York Legislature, the day before its ad-
journment, passed tiie bill incorporating the New
York State Agricultural College. The plan of in-
struction eml)races ])ractical and scientific agricul-
ture, chemistry, mc'chanics, mathematics, surveying,
en-:;i'neerinL^ i^^dogy, botany, the practical manago-
nuMit of the farm, oY the da^iry, and farm stock.

We clip the abov(> from one of our exchanges. An
act something similar, embracing a plan of an Agri-
cultural College lor Pennsylvania, was before our
Legislature, but we cannot learn that it passed into
a hiw, or by what species of maneuvering it was
omitt<Ml. Ferhaps s(mie of our readers can inf)rm
us. The farnuM-s of the Slate, and indiMnl the whole
people are intoro^ted, and it is their due that the
particulars should be known, who voted for or agaui^^t
it, or who failed to call it up. There seems to be
less difficulty in appropriatinj the money of the pe<>
pie, than in passing laws of this character, calcula-
ted to increase the nonn^ .d' paying, and which tend
directly t" the ^^irral benefit, and are actually re-
(^uircd by the example of States north and south of
us. W^e hope it will still be persevered in at the
next Session.

1853.1

EDlTOFvlAL Sd'ATi; FA IK.

83

Calysti'gia I'libcsrens.

Under the title uf ''the iww and (diaiauin;^ Chinese

Sale of Durhairi stock.
Col. Sherwoud's sal(Md alnait thirty tliorou-^li bred

Climber," the above plant has b.^n very lar;;r!y dis- [ short-horned cattle, twmtv of th.-ni cows an.j'lirifW.
trihuted, frnm eertam s^M-tiuns, and a pretty round tie- nanaind.r voun- hulls, will take plae.' at \u-
speculation has been made out of it. W.; know of j burn, x\ew York, ,.n thr Sth uf dnn.-, at on- ..'(dock
places in Pennsylvania,wliere it was received through | W M. These animals hav- h. .n hr.d u ill, care fmni
tlie mail first, at the very moderate priee of fifty cents | the b.«st blood in Lngland, and are well worthy of
per tuber, and aft(>rwards as it was found r./.vy o/' attention. Several of them an- from "Yorkshire-
luvpajation, it was s.Mit as prencnis, to induce pur- man," imported by Jos<!ph Cope, ( dcster countv Ta.

cha'^es of other arti(des

In the N'ovenibtM* No. of the Farm Journal, we wrote
an editorial about this weed, cautioning the public,
and advising all traces of it to be carefully hunted
out, emptie(l on the brush heap, and 6//r^i(v/. We re-
fer to it a.riin now, its a friend of ours and a careful
fannrr, inlbrnis u^ it lias spread through his ground
ill a iiio-t ;ilarming manner, and would appi-ar to be
Worst- than daisy or even Canada thistle. lb; has
i<iun<l it two fret under ground, and thousands, in
every direction, all ;i;rowing in a short time f"(»mone
or two plants. Calystegia belongs to convolvulacea,
and 11 k'' cnnxolvulus arvensis, that pest id' Lnglish
farniinn;, {< (.-sp. .(dally to be dreaded. Let no lime
bo lust in its extirpation.

-•♦*-

\nal3>i> ol i*rol'css<>r >Iape.s' Sui>eri)!i()>hate ol'

IJme.

A\ e observe an analysis of this article has been
made by Professor didinson, of Yale Cidl. ^\ wdio
says it is composed (d
u7 lbs. plaster, (sulphate of lime.)
21 l!is. in-Mlubh' jdi(>sj)hate.
15 lbs. superphosj)hate of lime.
5 ll)s. free sulphuric acid.
-,i lbs. ammonia.
'Iho other twenty pminds are water, sand, ^^c.

Nortliumberlaud County.

A friend at Turbotville, Northumberland county,
ins.'inlinir u^ a list of new subscribers, wdnds up his
interrstingcpisih' in the following strain:

"We, in this county, may justly b )ast of possess-
ing one of the best and most beautilul portions of
the earth. Our limestone t >wnship is (not inappro-
priately) (bMioinlnated Para<lise. And we have irood
old Adam and Kve^ still living in it. J do not mean
that i-atriarehal pa.ir who lived in the garden (d'Kdeii;
but a venerable couple (d about three score and ten,
who are surrounded by a numornus progeny which,
like themselves, seem to enjoy to their In-arts eon-
t'lU the bounties (»f Divine Providence. Wc have a
iif^althful climate, a superior soil, a))rofusion of lime-

The state l^'uir.

Our State Agricultural Exhil)ition and Cattle Show
whi(di is to l>e held in J^ttsburg (m the 'J7tli, !2sth,
2'.)th and aotli days of September next, sliouid not
be lost sight of ])y the farmers, horticulturists, me-
chanics, manufactures jind arti/.ans of IVnnsylva-
nia. Tlie tinn; is already at hand when exliibitors
shouhl b(? making those preparations which tliey
cannot in justice to themsfdves dispense witli, prior
to bringin;r bef )re the public gaze those arti(des and
animals whi(di thevwisli to cioor in /.rn>,».,o;f;,.,. ,..:fi.

1

the many competitors on occasions of tliis kind.—
There is, however, plenty of time yet hdt to enable
every (.ne who wisin-s to get up .v/>///r//////y for the fair.
The premium list whi(di is very extensive and which
• db'rs more and higher ]>r('niiums than was oll'cred
i'V the Society last year will so(.n be ready fbr jmb-
lit-ation.

Premiums will b(^ (jffenMl to compt^titors without
the State. and encouragenn^nt given by handsome re-
wards fbr pi-i/,o articles in all branches of imlustry,
with th<' hoi>e that they may Ix; all represnitcd.

I desire to say to tie' larni«'i-s and others of the
western eounti.'s of tie' State, to not hesitate niakin"
preparations for coniprting at this exhibition /xcuK.se
it is to b(^ held in their midst. It is exp(,'cted that
those who are convenient will Iiav(3 the most to ex-
liildt. Ih) not think that because it is a S/dte exhi-
bition that you, who have been in the habit of c(^m-
peting in county fairs, will be outdone, and tliat there'
is no chance f )r you to succeed. Let inj farnu'r sav
— it will be no use for me to eoni" in as ;in exhibitor,
and that the pri/.'s will all be bone' off liv those who
come from n/<,'r. Let me say to you that tie" citi/rns of
l)auj>]iin e(.unty, at the first exhibition, and th" (dt-
izens of Lancaster county at the seeoml, fell into this
(^rr()r,and did not coibtribut(! as they could have done.
After the lairs were over I heard farmers of those
counties regret their want of ('(uifidence in what they
hod to exhibit — one said he eouM liavf taken sueh a
preniiuni. and another that he could have beaten
suidi a pro(luetion, and anotlu'r that he could have
beaten such an animal, //'he had only known what

stone, and an enterprising population. Nothin-' was on exhibition before he hdt home.

Let no one for a moment suppose tliat lie or she

seems wanting but to reduce Agriculture to a sci-
ence, and to enlighten the community therewith, in
order to make us prosperous and happy."

huSS-f*^^^''*^''^^^'-'^'^'^^ ^^^^ resided for forty years near

cannot be benefitted by prepjiring sSinnethinj for the
Fair,but conclude that it is the aggregate zeal of a//,
that gives life, and energy, and spirit to the honora-
ble and valuable competition of an agricultural ox-

81

OTATf: FAlll-i'AnTS AXn WAOOKS-PLUM TllKR.

Mrv

hibition. There is no man m Uic cuiumunnv, who
deserves the name of a farmer, and no woinuii ^vll^
esteems the important place she hnhh in lin- hus-
band's house, Who doeH not, or iiiay imt po^^-^r^^ s.mr-
thing of which she may be justly ^iroud; and ^svon
if they shouhl bo mistaken in thi\th.y will at all
events be entitled to tho rnMlil of havin- aih.rd.Ml :i
good example of thus t.-'tityin- tlirir upprohath.n of
an institution whicli th^v must 1m< (•(.rivliuv.i is c:il-
culatcMl to t^i.r.Mtl ahroati int' )nnatinii of tlu' hims t
valuablo charactt^r, and introduce improvcm»mts ot
the hi<ji;host value to us all.

The only way that a fair rcprcsc^ntatlon of the
products oi' the farms ot i)ur country can ])e^ luul is,
for each farm t on an occasion of a Str.tc Fair like
the present, to brin- the b-st h" has -ot, and a part |
of every thin::, for tln-re is no on- so poor a farm^'r
but what e.iu excel \\\ soinrtlmo?. On.; of the best j
ways to ],romoto a-nculture. is the fre.(uent meetin<!;
of the tillers of the soil— a frequent con>v--"..r ,,1
notes, and a social convers.^ with one another upon
the diiferent modes of fannin-, and upon tlie results
of certain ex;, 'riment^ a^ tried by each in diiferent
flections, and upmi ditbM-ent soils— a brin-in- to<;eth-
er of their yearly produn^ in competition, and an ex-
change of seed- and hr'-r.i^.

SbonM the upportunily of the coming; exhibition
be dulv appreciated by tl"ie iarm.M's and others of our '
country, we may continently expect to s.m> together ,
at that tim •, th • lar-est (>oncourse of people ever as- \
semblelin P nnsylvania. That the diiferent branch-
es of indastrv wiU b'" repn>s.Mited in almost endless
varied-, no on > <-an doubt, and that our sister States
vrill c-'.ntril.utelar-ely and compete strongly with us
for our t,ri/.e<. we may confidently anticipate.

Kverv effort will be made ])y the Society, to pro-
mote tile interests of exhibitors, and to encourage a
laudable eomp'tition in all the industrial pursuits.
The Society anticipates that this, their third an-
nual exhibition, will be much larger than cither the
first or second, and situated as it will be, where easy
communication may be had to it from the Kast and
the West, that it will possess every attraction and
advantage that contribute to the sucoess of an Agri-
cultural Kxhibition.

KOUERT r. WALKKIl.
Sec'y Viuna Sfate A'jricuKural Sociciy.
Eliza HFTu, May 0, 1853.

xWnvr his new cart, and the old one seems so unbear-

.i!,|,."lhit the curt is taken from the shop before the
ii^^l,. i,,^, in the wo.ul and the joints <^[;- l^'-ilf

tilhMl Nvith pVint— the huaner ''guesses It will do,
ana away ii goes to commence a Htralghtdur^^^l^d
<.ovirse to decay. A few days after it rams The
.nrt is Foakea through. the jmnts absorl) water
.,n.i .well. lUeamld.ye, when the water has dried
„ut, alter having been dragged ahout th;" larm ior
several days, the joints beeome loose._ 1 h,^ process
needs only to be repeate.l a suffieuMit n urn her of
t-nn.s to give you a heavN, ricketty body, whieh, in a
f.w rears, breaks up, and sends you to the mc^clum-

le again.

1 R.'^?.-

Al'PLE PAIRING MA( IIINR.

85

Care of Carts and Waj;ons.

U is stran-e what a ditTerenee there is among far-
^.erV^ith regard to the importance of housing their
.\«rcart^ Prudent, economical men in
'"^^''^hinJs are wholly in.uisible to the great los.
Zv PxSnce b^ allowing their expensive velucles
't^^bE upo'n and soaked. l>y the storms, and
u 1 A or.r1 shrunk by the blazing sun.
'''Wal« and carts f?om the maker's shop are sel^
dom well painted. The owner gets so anx.ous to be

iiut tlic wiip.-l-i ,u-c tliiMuost imi.iirtant yMi. I P""
thorn hiis tlM. MK.st hilicH- iHM.n ,.x,,omhMl HI pn.pnr-
ti„M t» th.-ii- wci.irht, un.l ..f tl,rin sh.,..!,! tho mos
,ar.' 1.0 taken. Tlic hul,-^, -rncrallv, iin- mua.. nt
elm Klni, cxpcsod to the weather, is ul short ,lura-
,■„,„. It is used heeause it is diffieult to split it m

,'riviie' the spokes. Mhit ik liiil.s iiivnriahly

;,.arkr.,Hl o,,e^,^v!.en uiieovere.l hv pmi.t. and ex-
pose.l to the leather. AVhite o.k tniihev-mue, ,1,
all tiiul.er-losesits streii-th au.l tenaeity, alter l,o-
In.r a.^aiii aiel n-ain eM|H,M..l to rani^a.id air. ilie
lull, then L'rMW> s..lt, !ni. sp-K- > - .ie in.o K :» ^orj
little, and the roiise.pienee is tli.at the tir-j is louso,
and the IdaekM.iitlis aid is nee.l,.d,

A wa-ou left out of doors will, m a hw years, h.-
eon.ea spou-v, le^avy ma>s, uiiprolitahle to .iso M
,„-oof of the ;'orreetness of these remarks, wc know
Lfalavnerule.l,a-ren a,. vu three sets of wheel,
by exposure, and not hy w,.rk, uh.h' aie.lh.r h.e. ,i
mir.f wheels perfeetlv s. .uiol, hu 1 1. a year ..r.«a
r".;:' his neiel.'hor-slirVt pair. In the hrst ease tl,e
wheels have never l.een housed, winter nor snnuie ,
l,ut have hoen left hy the roadside, as if unpn-nal t
,vs the stone wall to injury Iro-.n the weather. In
tl,e other ease, the ear, has heen niu ..rinly hoie-O,
L,d alwavs well painted. It must he very into 1;
pl,le to ti.o reader which is the wiser course.-"L-><«
Eiif^land I'armer.

Black Knot on the Plum Tree.

The following, on the ahove .liseaso, from the dis-
tinguished entomol.igist, of New England, is worthy

of attention. , ,• ,<

"Lot those who are interested in the solution M
the qnesthm, earofnlly examine the twigs ol la.t
Ur' growth, and if any puneluiosor fissures apii
^ntlyeaused hy inseets are f,ai„d m t h, ^^-^''_
l,ark of tlie.e twigs, lot every we.unded r;'^ >> ;
ed hy tving a i.ieee of coarse yarn ahout 't '' "^>
'1- ,en let these phn^es he narrowly watched, to Ht
wSi'; warts originate therein during the sunin^.

and let the results he made ^"?"-" ''''.'.", f^e
,1,0 other han.l-let those twigs that ■"' '" ^ ,,,.
from punctures and wounds, he also careluUy «i>t '
':; a^d if warts arc foun.l h- be I-o uced upon t m
in the course of the summer, let lie Un t .U o « n
known. in this way the puh he '"^'^ !; ^^^ ,^,e
whether the warts do or do not ;;;'",„,; ,o
punctures or woun.ls made before the warts In'
upture the hark. You perhaps are aware 1 , O he

prltised eye can detect the j-'P'.''"' ^^ Y, ' , t ia
bursts through the circle of the wig. Cut O^
thi,s state, as^ar as the inner '^",!<^;"^,^7 ^e
found to be discolated, and app y tnc salt o^d
to the part, and the disease will be arrested. I
ton Cultivator. ^ .^ UARRIS-

IMPHOV IJ) APPLE PAHIXC; MACIII M.— 8 i;r. 1.

The annexed engravings represent a very ingeni-
ous and useful machine for paring, coring, and quar-
tering apples, which is also applical)le for ]>urpo<e>;
of a similar natiirt' when^ the first operation i^ only
reipiir.'il, au'l is owneil hy N. H. Smith i\: 11. \V, Ken-
wiek, of .\e\v York City, to \vh<)ni tin; entire |)atent
has heiMi transferred by W. II. LazoUe, the iuveutor.
Patented dan. 'Jo, 1853.

Figiii-e 1 is a perspectivti view of the machine,
au'l cKhihir- thi' manner td jterforming the above
ni^'ntiorjetl opi'i'ations. Figure 'J is aNo a per-^peetive
view of the machine on a larger scale, yliowiiig the
s:amc more clearly,

Tiiis mat^hine consists of a seillicireular stationft-
ry rack, A, having a hollow traversin;; hver, B.
which turns on an axis, C, and is movtvl liori/tjntally
hack anil forth hy nnNins of llie lian<ile, (», and pin-
ion, F, wiiich latti!r gears into the tc'etli of the rack.
A. The pinion, F, is fi.xe(l to the outer end of a hol-
low spindle, wiiich turns freely inside the hollow le-
ver. 15, anil has at iis iclicr enti ;i. tIane;tMl fork, 1>. on
which the fruit. K, !> pfic-d to be ]»areti. Supjios-
ing the fruit to he as represented, on the cml of the
fork, and the handle, (J, iintveil rtiund from left to
right to the p((sitii»n shtiwn in figure "J, the apple will
be nearly pared hy the .stationary swinging knife, II.

e ^"^

Fiir. 2.

which is kept up in contact with the apple by the
spring, 11^.

As the lever is moved in a horizontal direction, as
described, the prongs of the fork and also the apple,
will traverse a semicircle, and the knife, II, will act
longitudinally from the blossom to the stem end of,

the apple. By the pinion, D, being made to travcr-o
the rack,the spin. lie attached to the pinion give.s mo-
tion to the fork, and thus the latter is made, to r^jvolve
with a rapid motion against the knife, IF. Ihus it
will be seen that the apple and the fork have two
motions— one in the path of a horizontal circle, and

8G

Aii'iJ-:

PAI'JNG MACIIINK-CAKT— rOMMl'\l(\\TTO\S.

\-h \E

the otlier describing verticle circles.

knife, II, bcinji; allowed to yield, ;in<] yt Ix'in;^ tirm

'IMie swin^rin;'

suspended in front. The earth is raised up into the
cart hv a series of ))Uekets foniicMl around the wheels,

and flexible, by means of the spring, IT, renders it and whi(!h, as th.^y revolve, ar<' tilled and <liseharge
very efficient and accommodatin;^ tor apples of dif- | their contents into the cart. — [Scientitic American,
ferent sizes and of uneipial surface, and iilso obvi-
ates the great wear and linir from tin* excessivt* ten-
sion that it is necessarily exert«Mi \n ^he oM machines
on the spring, which is drawn out, as the knife tra-
verses over the semi-diameter i)\' the truit. The ap-
ple being pared, and the handle drawn to the extrem-
ity of the rack, the niaehine is in a positie»n ready f'»r
coring and (|u;irterin;i-, the a]>it:irata-^ for jtei'lorm-
in<^ ttiese operations consists ol' a coring rod, J, which

■ 4%t—

For tlio Farm JournaL
Raising I'eultry,

West Puii.AOKLruiA, May hUh, 1853.
J. L. Daui.inctox, Esq.,

Pear Sir:— In November
1851, not enjoying good health, 1 was induced to di-

pass(\s throuirh the fork, F, having a l)Utton at its j.^,^.^ ,j^y ^^^\^^^\ to the raising of Poultry, as an anuis-

outer and a collar at its inner end, in ^yl»;^^»; 1;^^^;;;; i ;,,.; ,,,n,iovment, attended with a mod.^rat.^ degree of
IS iixcd a smgh^ prong that serves tor holding the - '"o 1 . »

apple while being pared, and then retains it when it exercise, which wouhl in all probability prolong my
is knockiMl (.if the tbrk, l>, alter having been pared, [\^^^^. ^vith my family. I pur('hase(l three pairs of
in order to be cored and (piartered. Vnr the ].ur- j (^i,,^.|j5,j (Jhl^a Fowls, Victoria stock, three ('ocks and
pose of efiectiug the last^ nauied objecrts, the c.,ring j ^^^^^^^ ^ ;,ttention)

rod, d, IS torced bv the haiiil against tiie cutt.T, I, , ^'''^ ^ ' \ ' ' '

which consists of a hollow tub.' furnished with h.ur that their precocity and prolitic cliaract.r, conibin-
knives. Th" number of thes(^ latter may, iKUvever, | ^.^\ with hardiness, would require more extiuisive ac-
he increased to any extent wh. mi it is (h'sired, instead ! ^.,,ij^i,i,,,i.^-nj,is; one <jf the Pullets being the mother

nf nii'irtf»rin<^ to fllic<^ ^'"' 't"i>h> i'nr drviu!' or other i ".. ,.J ,/. i ii/r

ot quari:erin^, lo siu ^^ eii'hty chickens before she was a year old, (of

"After t1e« apple has been cored an<l .piartered, the , course she did not uatcii th.'iu aii :) >h.- lai.l f.rty-
rod J, is allowc.l to r.>turn to its.u-igiual position by ' f,mr otrn-s in succession daiia'. 1 became convinced
means of a spnug in th.- outer e-.d, b.'tween the but-

ton and the pinion, F, the said spring being com-
pressed as th(; rod is forced against the ciiti.'r, I, and
resuming its former position when the bin 1 i^ with-
drawn—the apple and core falling ii.to proper re-

that there had n<»t been sutfici<'nt attention given by
the Farm. u-s to that branch of their business, or our
country would iiave been much better supplied with
poultry. My success has induced several gentlemen
to solict a ]>ublication, giving a description in d.'tail

cei vers.

This'machine presents manif.ld =^'^yantages over , establishment, also the result of my

anythiu- of :i similai natur(\ both with respect to j ^' ^' ^ ^ • , ,• , • i-i

Cheapne'ss, .lurahility, and also saving of lab.»r as | diflerent experiments m hatching and rearing chick-
well as time, it being capabh* of ixud'orming almost ,>,,s by artiticial means.
double the amount .d' work in a giv.ui time than t-an ^ j ^^.ju ,.,„jjjji(.jj^e ^vith my chicken liouscs.

be done by any otleT Am.mg its ^^^^^l}^^^;^^' ^ '; | -,-,,. ,,,., UuhVnv^ is eleven fbet scpiare, sixteen
use of a trav.Tsiu'^ h indle instead ot aiuank, !»} ^ , , r ^ ,• i

which it ha^; a horQontal i.Kt.'a.l .d" a r.dary motion, | fe.^t high on the south swI'n and tw.dvc feet high on
thus rend'riu^ the optu-atiou .(uick.'r and also easi- | ^ho north, with a. c(dlar lour feet deep, tlu^ wh.de di-
er to be eff.'cte.l. All the ].arts of this machine can j ^.j^j^^^^ j^^^^^ ^j^^.^,^, stories. The btisement eight feet
l.> niade light (>r as strong as desired andm)t one o, ^^^ ^^^^,^^^^ feet high, with a

th.uu is liable t.. ;r.-t .uit ol or.ler. It is a machine "'n J c , ^ ^} ^

tllat will en.lure%vith..ut requiring to be repaired j slanting ceiling parallel to, and four^ fee below
f.r a great nuiul)er of years, and it i)ares apples ; the roof: a passage four feet wide partitioned ott the

with gr(>at raj.idity and with astonishing precision
A sil\^-r me.lal was awarde.l to the inventor at the
last Fair ot th.» American Institute, it being the best
machine ever before on exhibition.

Applications for State ri.-hls, whi. li will b.^ -rent-
ed at a moderate price, and for ina.diines to )).■ made
to the sole pr..prietors, N. E. Smith t^ \\. W. Fenwick,
U Vandam street, N. Y.— [Scientitic American.

-»•»>

Self Loading Cart.
Measures to secure a patent f..r the above have
heen taken by Samu.d Parks and Francis C. Pue, of
AVarren. 111. Tie' novelty of this cart consists in
having on.' or more plows un.lerneath tlu^ axle, and
in tittrng arouiul th.' whe.ds a s.'ries of buckets, by
which the cart is made to both dig up tic earth, an.l
likewise load for itself. The plows ar.' s.'.-ure.l to an
adjustable frame underneath the cart, ami tie- d.'j.tli
to which they are required to enter the ground is r.^g-
ulated bv a lever attached to a transverse bar at the
back of the frame, which is operated by the atten-
dant. The position of the lever and that of the plow

north side, with steps for the Fowls to ])ass to the
roosts, and also to th.- nests (eight. 'cn in number)
which are situated near the mi. Idle of the buildin::,',
till! best location to prot.-ct them tV.un excessive heat
or cold; the hens entering thr..ugh holes in this par-
tition, to the nests, the eggs Ix^ing taken out from a
{.assage on the other side, wlu'rci there are small
panes of glass set into each shutter, that o)>ens into
tlie nests: this buildingis lighted and aired with win-
dows in ea di story, on the south side, one window on
th." we.-L lighting the passag.- to the roosts, and one
in the east end n.'ar the ceiling with :i trap door in
the roof for ventilation, which is only partly lifted,
by means .d" a cord and ]>ulley atta.died to the cover-
ing over the tiap door: all the windows have glass,
and open to give air, wdiich is essential to the health
of the fowls. Adjoining this, on the east is a room
for feed, five feet by eleven— next to this, is a bud-
din": twenty-four feet by eleven— glass on the south

Sr ^uprril i^S^i^!^^ 'll f-\ and east end. witU glass roof, pitching to the

»

1853.]

COMMUNlCATlOXg.

87

giuth, Nvi'h a passage way two feet wide by three] himselt, and )..• ahlc to jHrf.-et the hatchiiej; .d eggs,
feet high, for the (dder f iwls to go to the roosts and and rearing >A (diick.ais without th.' aid 'd' th.' hen.
nests, fr-'iM an o|i.ai shed east of this building: east Th.' niaminel is a bail. ling thirte.ai feet bv sixteen
of this she.l, on the same line, there are thr.-e other! feet, with a tight groov.'.l j.artition .livhling it into
chicken houses ten feet s.juar.', one story high, v,ith two tipartm.'nts, the f'r.uit one seven feet, the other
glass wdndo\\s on the s.tutli side: all the hou-e^ have ' nine, jn this })artiti»)n ar(3 two ojxuiings to re.u;ivo
separate yards, joining to a grass lot. shadiid with th.' trnnt ends of the ovens. These ovens an* six and
trees: the fowls enjoy the luxury of this lot alternate- a half leet l.»iig, tw.) te.'t two inidi.'s wi.h', nineteen

i

]v. the shoi-t tiin.' giv.'U th.'ui is vry imlustriously in.di.'S high on one side, an<l eii:;hteen inches on the
einjd<'\ed in eating the grass, no time being allowrMl ' oth.T in the clear, the back en.l cd.tse.l, and made
theiu t.t tr.'a.l it down; ]>y this arrangeuicnt a smai-L entirely of inch hoards; lined with tin, s<dd(U"ed wat-
li)t is ren.lcre(l ecpial to a lar.;k one. er tiglit, with shutters in two erpial y)arts, hung to

N'erth of this range of buildings is a Puck yard | the ))ottom and in the miildle with hing.'s, two Vuit-
and house, the lower part f.)r ducks, and the upper ' tons to close the front end. In th? upper ])art of the
for chi.'kens, and an ar'ificial I*ond, sup]died with shutter there ar*! two sliding valves, ea.di four imdi-
water, by m.>ans (»f a pipe inserte.l into !i wooden cs ))V six, to give air, and regulate the heat. The
pump, six in.dies b.d.)W the nozzle, that when the outside ed" the ovens and the ])artitions sIduI.I ])e
])uinp is use.l, a portion of th(» water runs into the well coated over with pitcdi to exclu.!.! moisture, arel
pon.l, as w.'ll as distributes fresh water along the preserve the wood fr.mi decay. The ovens should
line, into the several chicken yards. In the duck ^ be place.l eighte.'u inches above the grouu'l, support-
yard are two kettles, holding about fifl}' gallons, cov- ed with posts, at the back end, and four feet apart,
ered wit!i a shed, t.» boil fee.l in, f)r tle> ducks and with an open board partiti.ui, th.^ boards running up
chick(!ns; all these buil. lings I have louu'l indispen- ami down t.'ii inches apsirt, to divide the dung be-
Faldo in br.'.-.ling the (diii'kens distinctly, and with- ' tween tiie ovens, arid yet n<»t entirtdy s.'jKirate, that
out mingling. My iirst experiments in hatching by in r. iiewing th" .bin.:; .d" on* ..ven, th.' others may
artiticial means, was with a.n Hccaleobion. about t"ur I not be chilled. 'J'h.T.' --hiuM h.' a window in the
feet long, two feet high, an.l two feet deep front to | back, to give air and r.'ceive the dung thr<.u;rli: the
back legs, twenty inches high, with tour drawers, ' dung shouhl be such as is mad.' in a well littered
four imdies deep, and two feet s.piare, phiced near to ; horse stable, and used straw and <Iung mixed and
one cii.l; th.'.lrawcrs encompassed with a copper case, | w<dl watered, while being thrown into a pile, where
containing a sheet of water, three inches thick, con- . it i> t.) remain twenty-four Ivuurs, to soak, :in.l admit
ne.-ting \sitli a larg.' body tw.> f.'ct each way, thr.mgh the r.'dun.lant water to pass off; it shouM be pho-ed
which a small inui stove passes to heat tie' wat.'r. loosely an.un.l the ovens, whi.di will not r.'.iuire re-
in th.' t.ip .Irawer are two openings, one front and j newing for two weeks; (lien r.'uew .ndy half <d" the
one ha.'k, with valves connected by a small iron shaft I huigth of th" oven at a tim.', judging from th.' h.'at
with the front valve, where is inserted a glass tube ' when more of it is to be renewed, which will be re-
with a bulb at each end, nearly filled with mercury, I quired about every two weeks. Tan will make a
so regulate.!, that when too warm or too cool,themer- 1 very good bed und<;r the ovens in place of the dung;
cury uill expand or contract, throwing the weight j the heat will last longer. The egg box four feet
from on(^ end of the valve to the other, opening or long, two feet wide, three inches deep, lined with

closuig it, as r(Mpiired; this self regulator of the heat

in the 'Irawers, removed the ne(^essitv of s(j close at

tention to the fire. This mode will hat(di the eggs

baize; ten imdies of one end covered with wire to
keep in the chicdcens that are just hat(died — the other
part of the box should have a light frame with twine

by keeping the heat in the drawers b -tween O-S^ and phuu^.l Ix'tw.'cn the eggs and attach.'.l t.» the frame,
104° Frahrenh.'it. My next exp.'riment was, to pile ^ to turn all the eggs at one move. The egg box rests
bricks ar..un<l the stove in place of water; I found i on a carriage which runs on rails laid on the bottom
the HKAT would pass around the drawers as well as j of the oven, with a moveable attachment to run the
theWATEii, an.l keep a unif )rm he;it that wouhl hatch ' carriage entir.dy out of the oven; the egg Ix^x turus

eggs equally well, but attended with more i'ersonal
CARE. 1 next experimented with u.mise dung as a
means of generating heat, which has resulted in
p<^'rfect success, in producing fine healthy chickims in

on a centre, to reverse the ends in the oven,

The carriage is ma.le in two jiarts, tli" Iow.t part
has grooved wooden pulli.'s let into it, to roll ..n the
rails, the u}»per part is c(Uinected to the l.iw.-r with

twenty-one days fri.m the commcnceiu.'nt of their small bars of in.n, about eight inches long, with

heating. This mode will be more useful to the far- holes for a wood scr.'W in each end, ami the screws

mers, as they have the material at liand, and would put into the top and boLt.im, where they lay together;

cost nothing but a little labor to accomplish the which moves like a paralcl ruler; and conliued to

hatching of eggs to any extent. This mammel (to
use the Egyptian name,) I will now give a minute
description of that every farmer may build one for

different heights by a hook, about ten inches long,
fast to the upper part, and liooks into staples, driven
into a piece of wood fastened to the lower part; this

88

rOMMl .\(« A'l (ON

i.l

\f.

arrangement is to sustain the egg box ;\t fliflff^ront
heights to suit the required degree of !i«';vt. wiiirh I
have found to be, as neur ;i^ \\ 'lui !).' ki-pt, to one
hundred degrees from tin' llrst, to the l;v-t stiige.
The egg box sliould be moved out of the oven in tlie
morning and towards evening, to avoid a strong ligiit,
and only twice aday, witli ;ui little noise as possible,
to insure successful liutihin- .

iStv ffMMl room (AN !•" in,i'li> I'KurFCTi.v ovrk;
thrdU'.:'.! oui' ti{ tlu« doors is :i liol.- one ;iiid u muirti'i'
inches in di:iin<'tcr, over whii-h is ;i piiN-c of cloth, an
inch hoh' in it, th;it :in eg;:; will exclude iill the light
except what jkis^cs tiirough it, wle'H in feur <lays e;in
be seen the first pr()i;Tess o{ the chick, which. 11 i^et
visil'le. boil it for th«' vouii;:; hrooil.

Next in oT'A T is th.' re;iriiiu; tiie rhlcken'* without
tlie ;ud of tht> hen. In tie' h;v^"ine!\t <'f the first
nani'Mi huildlu'j;, on a level uith tie' top of the l.cca-
leobion. i- ;i platfonn four !'(-.>; hy -even, witli a slide.
to open in line weather into ;v viii;ill vard. al<o. onf
toopeninto a sn^ill \s i)-«' fi'ont hox, over the Mccaleo-
bion which Is niodcnttily le-atod from a suiall stove:
in this box is ;in Mini iei\! n\ otleT, made ol" rahhit
skins, hiin:; ah >ut two inclc^ l'ron\ tic bottom;
where the chicks are first placer in three or four
days they are let into the next adjoiniui: apurtim m
where ther-^ is w sheep skin mother. Over this apart
m-nt is another \> itli a shei'p -kin raised hiL;hor at on(
end tlem the olle'r. lor the rliiok'-ns further ;idvanc
ed, (to run under.) In the glass building, is a ]>lat
form sixteen feet by four, uh >ut i'our l-'et aho\.' tie
ground ll j"r for chickens still further advanccl
(with a yard to it.) tie y ar^' le'Xt shut out Ironi this
H})artment, and run with th.' full grown fowls. All
thf^se apartments will accommodate about five hun-
dreil chiokcjis of the diffrrent -A'^o^. Tills niod<^ ol
liiitchin" and rearing; chii'kens is attenih^i with noj
half the loss that usually takes place, wdien liatched
iiiel r-'ared !>y the hen.

With reL::ard to hMMhuvj:. fhe first me;il, I give
grated stale wle-ar br.ad, liM on a sanded floor.
next 1 '.:iv.' bread l>oiled m n\itk, aiel whib' hot, mix
coarse ground Indian me;il, niakin,' it n-arlydry;
for the (dd.T fowls, \ giv^> wh.>at screeiilngs ami
wle>h' ri>v\\. once a wtM^k ]>olled meat.

It will here be seen, that 1 hav<^ ma<h^tbe nianaj;e-
ment of eggs, as plain and.sim[)lc its Ca})taiii Cooke,
"standing one on its point."

Yours most respoctiully,

JOSEPH S. KKHN.

For the Farm Jou nial.
Ajjricutuiiil llcvicw, No. il.

-♦♦*■

JJjjdierd County Vgricultural J*ocicty.
President— J OSEP I! !'.. NOliLE.
Vice Presidents— Hon. Job Manx, TTrvin' Y(Mcf,

Joiix Bowser.

Corresponding Secretary— TTiV^ia/Ti Ilarthy.
Recording Secretary— /o^/i Moiccr.
Treasurer— >Srtm?<e^ Brown

AVheat, third in rotation, is suited to the soil, and
wlien it escapes the effects of di^<'ase, insects, &c.,
is profltabh-, some ]>lough but once, but it is becom-
ing mor(^ customary t* plough twice, being more
likelv to Insni-o a good ^tand oi' ;;rasses, wher(» this
is done; plonuh dei)>, immediately alter oat^ har-
vest, iiarrow (»nce, tleai haul and ^pi'i ad "J" to '_*> ox-
cart loads barn-yard manure, per acre, ploughin^.^
thlsunder(diroctly preitedlug sowing, )wlth a shallow
furrow, mark out in six pai'.e lands, sow, harrow
twl(N\ sow four to six (piarts timothy s(Mm1, y>///c/n/t
l>ni(i'iisc, and roll it in, or cover it with the last har-
rowlii"-; when drilled, which is practised to a consld-
erahle extent, harrow twice after ploughing, aiel sow
grass s(NmI imniiMliately In^fore or after the drill; time
of seeding, from the bUh to tlu' 'Joth of '.>th month,
(September;)of harvesting from the 1st to tie; loth of
7th n\onth, (duly.) cut whe i the heads begin to
uroop; if Clear oi grass, oouno oin-ruy ;tlter the cra-
dle, sto(..l iu o}>en stock f «r li hours, then hauled
in; when necessary to shiM-k against rain, let - handn
take ten slu^aves, p.lace (". of" th.ese In a double row, 1
at each end of tle-e, ja-ess them into a small com-
pass at tMp. move the bands of the 2 r. i-iainin;;
sheaves (which sleudd be large ones) nearer the
hutts, let these be raised perpendicular at the sides
of the shock, spreading the hea<l at th(^ saimMlnn",
and while one person (dasps both, let the other
hind them together. Wheat well put up In this way,
will withstand any ordinary rain.

Seed. Xumer(vu> varieties have been, and are at
present in use. A'o'/;, a vvliite wheat, yield (d straw
•n)od. but grain Um small to ])roduce a fine crop;
abandoned. Prime samples (d White wheat, from
Maryland and (;enesse(^ X. Y., have ]>e(^n tried and
proved failures. -'Jmies,'' 'diershy,'' White wheats
•'Klue Stem," and "Red Chaff Bearded," produce
fair crops at times, but are subj(/et to the rust and
flv. Th(^ Me<literranean, owing to its eom]uirative
.'xemption iVom these, having a stiffer straw, and ar-
ri^ing earlier at maturity, is coming into genera! la-
v.)r. This eroj) Is subject to the ravages of the Hes-
sian fly, winter kibing and rust. notice writers
of various sections recomnv^nd late sowing to escapo
the Hessian fly. r,x}>erlence with us has caused the
date of sowing to become much rMfU' r than usp<1 to
]>e customary. Late sowing may avoid the fly ''»
th.^ fall, but the plants will be weak, exposed m
conse.pience, more greatly to the vicissitudes of th«
winter, and if the fly appears iu the spring, will be
a verv tit sub)(Md for it: it will also tend to retard its
maturity, thereby rendering it more liable to be
caught by rust. Varieties that mature early will bo
more likely to escapo the latter; winter killing naay
mostly be avoided by freeing the ground from sur-
plus moisture. There has also appeared within tho

185^1

COMM( .\1< A flONS.

80

last three years, a small insect, ormulje, which preys
upon the kernel in its milky state, Tnateriallj aifec-
tln" it. AVdiite wheats liase hern most Injured. It
has little resemblance to the f. irn //•'/'//, although
this is tlie name wdiich the farmers give it, I have
no doubt it is the same thus described in tic Cultiva-
tor of 1834: "The- Wheal crop has heeii n'oi-e (»r
less injured in ihe Northern Slates fur .some years,
hv -mail maggeds, which j.rey n])on the kernel!,
whil'' uio^Ning in the fiidd, and hefor<> the ;j;rain has
become hard. In some instances nearly the entire
crop ha-- heen th-stroyed, while in other cases the In-
juiy InH only been partial. It h i< been generally
Peliexcil that the maggots have proceede(l from a fly,
which (h p o-it^ its eggs while the wheat is in bloss-
om, or ,>own alter. It has also heeri remarked that the
fly is seen hilt .1 few days, and that if during its pres-
ence, the \\ heat c-ar has either not hui--t in tluvsheath
or is fir a'l\aMeed towards maturity, le* evil is exjte-
rienced fr^iu the in-^ect. No prt;ventive of tlu' evil
has ))een nuoii>htMi .tiunnj^ n-.

1 .--uiJitooe it to he the (!, riilmi >jii Inliri, and this to
be identical wiili the cause that f-d to th(> almost to-
tal ahandonnietit of wheat raising in !)utchess coun-
tv, Xew i'ork, and some other localities, some years
since.

I notice upon a perusal ot lie r^tent Office Re-
port for 18ol . that thi^ in^e,>t has first a[)p«'are.l with-
in the la.st thr'(> years, in the great wheat growing
district west of Cayuga lake.

Average per acre of this crop, «ight"en luishel.'^;
price ^1 "'. fo'the la-t ten years, fVom aeeurate ac-
counts kept. A market within five or six miles.

Cost of raisin^;' per acre:
Ploughing- three-fourths of a day, - -SI •">"

llan-owing twice, - - - - oO

Ilaiiling manure, - - - 3 UO

Snrea(liiiLr " . - - - /O

Farm Journal, and although it is somewhat a repe-
tition (if wliat is tle-re eearly descrihcd, 1 ,,!]'.-r it as
it .Mands. C. B.

Birmingham, Toh iiiMnth.

-•••►

^,,

ee(

1, one and three-fourth bush(ds.

1 SO

llarv.^-tlng, 2 (ID

Thrasldng an 1 cleaning, fivt- centb per biuliel, *.")

Marketing, •' " " " - 90

One-fifth of twenty-five loadt of mamire^ a Si, •"> "0

Do., of fifty busliels lime, a 1") cents, 1 T)!)

Fen(■'in'^ ... - 1 00

'J'axe

n'

\es.

Interest on $85,

Expense,

IMgliteea bushels, a $1 Oo,
Straw,

Product,
Expense,

- 50

- r, in

$24 40

l^ 'JO

- 7 00

.'<l:o 1)0

24 40

I

Profit per acre, - - - 1 50

The above was written previous to the appearance

of the recent articles on the "Wheat Fly," in the

For tho Fann Journal.
♦*Tlu« Straw Ixrry (tuestinM"

lb)i.Mi.si'.rH<;, Ma^ bilh, I >■"».'>.
To Till" l'h)ndii- m Till; Takm doi kv.m, :- 1 do not
think that the spirit in which the artieh' hy Mr. \V.
W. Prince, in your .May \o. was written, at all cal-

1 culated to awaken the sclentfic Impilry lie professes
to admire. Mr. P. is «'mphatlc In his "/ (hflurf U
/o hi' iif/rr/i/ iiiiposslh/c." Of what imj>ortanc(» is his

' ''declaration" in a scientific (luestion? In science
we want fa(ds, and without thes(> wt; (;are for no
man's "<le(darations." In my communication to the
Pennsvlvania Horticultural Society, I hrieflv detail-
ed fa<ds as I had ohserved them, ami exhibited plants
Illustrative of my remarks at the same time. I ilon't
care what the facts prove — I have no prt'dilection for
any jiarticular theory, I am in no way (M^mmitted to
any [»rlm'l|>le. I have used tin; utmost care in my
experiments an<l observations, indifferent as to tho
conclublons 1 might couic to. Can Mr. Prince say
why mv stat(Mnents sliouhl be received as "based in
error, and calculated enly \n mislead?" Does ho
wish me when I speak (d' a fact within my own knowl-
edo-e, to swear to its truth on the "Sultan's Beard, '^
tlui 'dh-ince's .Moustache,"' or come d wn with a
clencher? That .Mr. Prince in all his "long experi-
ence" never saw any deviation in the sexes of the
Strawherrv. i> "f no more value in determining that
they do not deviate, than the Sultan's opinion when

'•II<' '-.iw uittiiii> "\s!i ivr-. till' wurlil was r'.nii'l,
W,i-> ,-\No (iTt.iiii tti,it 111.' laiili \v IS siiiia?-'-;

r,fr)in>'' til' ha't luiiriiifil lilly iiiilc-i. au'l li.uii 1
.No >i,'ii that It \va> circular any whtrr."

Not wishing to occupy nundi of the valuable time
of our society, my remarks were too brief to be as
clear as thej might have been. I will apply them so
far as thej go to tin! (piestion as Mr. P. himself states

it: —

I)oes the pistillate Strawberry plant, which by it-
self lb harrcn, chaiiL^e its sevual character hy the
treatment nferred to, and produce fruit ? 1 reply.
I took f »r experiment twelve runners from pistillate
plantt* In my forcing house — plants so pistillate that
I had to become indebted Ti» the kindness of Mr.
Bulst for a ])lant o{ Cuthlirs Black Prince, ^vhich he
accldently had in bloom, to fertlli/e them with. —
TIk'^c runners were ].lacc(l ]>y them-elves in our ve-
getahlo forcing hous(^ ea,rly in tie' winter, in a posi-
tion where the temperature could have seldom been
over oo^. Seven out of these produceil j.crfect flow-
ers, the other iha pistillate. The latter ! fertilized
from the perfect ones with a Camel hair hru^h. and
both kinds produced their fruit. Tlie fruit was how-
ever, small, none exceeding an inch and a quarter in
oircumference,a fact I attributed to the weakness of tho

00

COMMUNICATIONS.

[J UN J

till

i-ifWR-^ti'^tw*- -irwmnr ■ ■

original forced plants, luul not to dofective Roxu.dity.
I maybe in error in my opinion that the ciiao-:;'' f'rt»iji
one sexto another, waa ilic rcsuU of cultivutinn. j
ask no quarter for anopinioii, l)ut if tliat was ont thc^
cause of the chan^^e, what was ?

As ^If P. asks for "conclusive'' proof, by which I
presume he means a reference to some autliMrity <.tli-
erwisc than my own; I will give an adtlitioniil fact
which will Nci'ifv il in siuiic dojirrc, an(l show not
only that a staminate or perfect ih»wering plant cdii \
\)i' ohtaine(l from a pistillate one, wirn'h is all 1 have .
undertaken to pi'(»ve hitherto, Idit that bv)th kinds can ,
be obtained at one time on tin* same idant. I have |
abed of MeAvoy's Extra lied. AVhcn they commenced |
ilowering recently, ther(^ were as many ]Hn'f<'ct flow-
ers as pislillatcs. On pointing the^e out to a gentle- |
man, (a^ fii'ui a h^lii'vcr in its truly ])istillate charac-
ter as Mr. I'rinci- himself, and who has prohahly ]»aid
as much attention to the snhjfH't,) ho decided that an
erri (iHMUs kind had "-ot mixtMl with thcni smnchow.
On •■xaminatioii I iouiitlthat the pistillate spikes pro-
ceeded from the .svn/if' /'/'////v as the others. I have sent
vmu a rot»t with lh>th nn, and as we are threatimed
with a further communication on the subject in the
Horticulturist,! have sent Mr. liarry ;i specimen also'
The testimony of two witnesses ought to be true.

As I have no additional facts to offer, I su])pose I
shall do um good by following Mr. Prince into the
{subject of "eternal and immuta!)le law." All laws
are "immutable" until we find (\KCeptions, and some-
times what we fancy ar(» "immutalde" laws, are
only the effects of oth'T ])rinci[)les. There Is a ]>is-
tillate plant of the iluphorbiaci'ous tribe of plants,
in a locality thousands of miles away from any indi-
vidual of the same genus or species ; well known to
IJotanists as producing perfect seeds. AVould Mr.
P. like tj have an account of it?

THOMAS MEEIIAN.

For the Farm Journal.
fiercer Count> Agriiulturul Sucitt},

JjMToR V \\\'A dolKNAl.: —

In ;i previous number nf
your "Farm jMnrnal," I have observed a refpi, st
for reports of any Agricultui-al Societies that may
bo forme. I in anv of the counties of this State.—
I have not observed any report from this county yet,
in your Journal, although we have ha'l a society in
I'xistenee for over a year. It is called the "Mercer
(\)unty Agricultural Society," and is intendeil, 1 pre-
sume, toco-operate with the Statti society, as reipiir-
ed by law, in carrying (mttho pur|)oses of its organ-
ization. It was organized early in L'^o'J. Its first
exhibition was Indd in Mercer, in September last,
and proved very successful. 'i'he di>vplay of stock
was much Ix'tter and lai-ger than tie' most sanguine
luul anticipated. Our proximity to the Westeiai He-
serve in Ohio, where there is a good deal of fine
stock, has been the means (d in:ro(luc!ng l^'tter
(pialities among us, and th(» consiMpicnce is our stock
has b"en imju-o\ing, even in the absenee of the stim-
I ulus offered !)y an Agricultural Society.

The amount and variety of articles di.-idayed in
the several hranches of domestic products — as also
fruits, implements, and the meehani.- arts, evinced
considerable progress, and much iinirovment.—
There is, of course, a great tieal to be done yet, and
we hope our society will beget a spirit that will lead
to the highest state of improvement, in all the diifcr-
('ut hranches of agricultural industi-y, and the me-
chanic arts as applied to agriculture.

The number of members of the Society tle^ past
year, was between two and three hundred, and the
amount exi)ended in premiums over S. )<>'». Another
exhi})ition will be held next fall.

The ofhc(^rs Ibr the present year will bo found be

low. Yours truly,

AV.WAUGH.

-•♦^

K(ir the Farin J(Kirnul.

Crops in laizcrne County,

KiNtiSToN, Pa., April 21), '63.
]Mr. J. L. Darlington:

Sir — T s(md you enclosed
one dollar, the subscription price of the Pennsylva-
vania Farm J(^urna1, for the present year. T hav*^
taken it from the beginning, and am very much
pleased with it. Now you may say to my brother
Farmers in Pennsylvania, that from 30 to 31 busluds
of oats sown last year, on less than tw^elvo acres ot
mowing valley land, I threshed and measured 7 1^
bushels of oats; 371 bushels were round measun-.
from one of those large field machines, which are
used here for threshing. My land was corn stubble
and my wheat on the same land, I think from appear-
ance will make 25 bushels per acre.

Yours, M. F. M.

President— DANIEL KAIllD.

Vice Presidents— (liS, one in each township.)

Secretary — A. M. Fi.i:min(j.

Jlecording Secretary — IP. Waujh,

Tr'.'asurer — /. 1). Moore,

Librarian — l.hicid Chirk.

■^•^

Fortlif^ Farm Journal.
Juniata Agricultural Society.

At an election of the Juniata Tounty Agricultural
Society, held in th<^ court-h()US(>, b(«rnugh of Miffinr
town, February Sth, I'^r)."., the following named per-
sons were chosen officers for the ensuing year:

i?KEsn)ENT — Everard Oles.

Vice Presidents— John AVoodside, James Ander-
son, Dr. Joseph Kelley, John Watson, John P. Shitz,
William Banks, Col. Charles A. Thompson, Samuel
Gayman, William G. Thompson, Hon. John Dimm.

1853.1

AGRICULTURAL ADPUESS-BOOK NOTICES.

01

j«r2 --■»* rym.vmam*-'^

Skcretarv and 'I'aKASURER — tJa< >it A. Christy, Esq.

CoRRESI'ONLUNU SecRKTAUV — Lcwis liucklield.

MANAfJEn^ — .T()S(>[ih INiiiirov, John •iac'l)-. <ieorge
McCullocii, l^r. John Irwin, doh?i Kenner, Paniel
Leiber, Gen. AVilliam liell.

L. BUCK b! I" lit), Corresponding Secretary.

Agrinifnral Knowledge.

[•hlr< s-< I'll AiiO'S /.'. Sh'lh i/jlilivcred (if iJo' siini-dn"
li'i'il l-lfhihitinn of' Whifr Udfl AedtJeiinj, Cunibcr-
l„rt,iii<l ('"iiifij, /'/., }fiirehoOlh, 1853.

Soci"tv has no W(;alth that is so uniformly under-
estimated a- that of Agricultural Knowdedge. Land
niid Labor may l>e ever so abundant, yet without
Knowledge thev ^vill ri-nniin comparatively worth-
less. Kxperienee aiel experiments, truthfully r-M^or-
dod in books and periodicals, have not only a pres-
ent value, but. if r^'ally important, they will contin-
ue to bless all coming gi'ueratious in after time. To
obtain ihi- kiowl-Mlge, it is necessary to resort t«) the
assistance of chemistry, and its kimlred sciene(>s, and
it isonlv by a continued recurrence to these sciences,
accompanying praeti(;al experiments, that W(! can
hope to substitute sound, raliunab and profita])le-
modes of cultivati')n, in place of vague popular pr"
judiccs, iir lilumlerlng ignorance. For it has Iteen
w'll said, that industry is never so eflicacious ;is
when directe(l by science. If the ]>r(diminary scien-
tific investigations ar<' mad(% and the farmer knows
exactly th-' (diemieul ingredi<'nts id' the sod whiidi he
works, and the substances wdiich compose the differ-
ent grain**, and their straw,s or vegetable-* whiidi he
wi^h"-^ to raise upon su<di soil, is it not plain that he
can su|>ply to it exactly those materials that it re-
quires; or if he does not choose to do this, that he
can so adapt his birming, as to grow upon the soil
only such plants as rerpiire little or none of those in-
gredieuts of which it is lacking.

Ahn/tst every Stat" in the Union hafl within her
borders some agricultural ]»(^riodieal, some W(»rk by
whirji t!i<' farmers can become ac(pniinted, an<l can
acquaint each other, with new facts in farming, the
result^ of e\j, Tiiuents, improved modes of opi^ration,
every thing else which would tend to improve the
t^"il ami the minil, and render more and more respec-
tahle, and advantageous, an employment which i«
more congenial to the natural disposition of man
than any other. Pennsylvania, though one of the
first States in im[iortance, was, until recently, with-
out such a publication, but was (Mitir(dy indidjted to
Works published abroad for her knowledge of agri-
cultural improvements — to publications which, al-
though admirably adapted to their own localities, are
too frequently only the medium of error to undis-
criminating minds amongst us, who do not sufficient-
ly know or consider the great difference in soil and
climate between this State and those North and

South of us. This want, however, is lew h.ipprily
removed. We have now ii periodi'-a! "i' cur i)\\]\,
which suyiplies evei-y deiielency. in the Pennsyl-
vania Farm dournal, ]iubli8hed at West Chester, in
this Stat"', the I'eim-ylvania fnrne'r b;r-* a v;ibmblo
auxiliary, and the dilferent ugrl.ultinal societies ill
the Stat(;, a Worthy organ in whiidi t<» p\il»li>h tin ir
proeeeclings. It becomes the farming eniunmnity to
sustain well this publication, and avail t htan'>«'lves (d
the valuable infornnition contained in it. Though
undoubtedly exiadlent hiruK^rs in their \\i\y, it will
sur(dy not be pretended that Pennsylvanians are at
the end of improvements in advantge()us and ju-
dicious means and mo<h\s of cultivation. In fact it
must be concede*! that we are l)ehind many of tho
other States in many respects, that would be (d' great
advantage to us if they would be more attended to.

AV\' live in an age of progress, and the farmers of
Pennsylvania must not think that agriculture alone
is to stand still, while science is spreading her wings,
anti enionnng e\ery occupation of bii^y ble m her
vivifying embrace. Look for a mom-iit at the re-
sults of scientific knowdedge, applied to ^tractical and
useful purposes every where around us. It is a
wonderful ago, ;ind under its pres>ure the w«.rld
moves along at a treneiidous rate. Agriculture
nui-t }>artake of tie- spirit that i> animating ail oth-
er branches of business. The tinn; has eem<' when
our agritailturists nnist occupy their y>roper position
in soeii'ty — that position whiidi fJod and nature orig-
inally design<Ml for them.

With these few scattered remarks, T leave the sub-
ject with you, trusting that y^'U will all >••(' the ne-
cessity of improving this (devating, and fostering this
most important branch oi l)usiness.

BOOK Nonci^s,

Prairie Farmer, published at Chicago, Illinois,
edited by Am))rose Wiiite, and J. A. Kennicott,
Horticultural editor. This is one of our best ex-
changes, abounds in valuable matter, and is cred-
itable to the great and growing State it so ably re-
presents, 'i'lcre is an otfdiand, pieplant stylo about
its editorials, wdiicli we like. Ternvs Si ()[) per
year.

Ohio Ci'MIVatoR, published by M. B. Bateham,
at ^\ '^0 per year, issue.l semi-monthly. This is
the Pioneer and now well .establishe<l agricultural
work of Ohio. We always turti to its p;iges with
pleasure, sure to find in its practical and able edito-
rials, as W(dl as original communications, something
worthy of farther circulation.

AVatkr Ci:ke Jolknai., publislie(l in New York,
mnnthly,at $1 00 perannum by Fowler it Wells. X.Y.,
ag)od exponent of the Hydropathic System oi treat-
ing disease. The advantages of water externally
and internally, in preference to artificial stimulants,
as promotive of health and preventive of disease aro

►

92

TmOK NOTICES-AVn|;K Foil THE MONTH.

[J,

NB

I

generally recognized. As a niraiive agent, it is but
little known comparatively. TIk^ ^vorl< hnforo us
treati of Ilydroj.atliy in lM)th aspects. In the great
multiplication of nostrums, iuul the increased us.^ of
Iodine, Mercury, as well as v«»j^etahle, ])(»lsons, the
fact of the human stomach ])ein;; intended as the re-
ceptacle {ov food, iwijj/iij.uc, h(M'ms well uigh (()r<!:ot-
ten. Somovaluahle hints for family ]»ractle(S may be
culled (tut el th(^ AV'ater Cure Journal .

ThK I'MlI-ADKi-rillA Fl-ORIST AND I loKTIC I'LTIR A I.

over the mow, prevents dtinf]jer from heatinj^. A
cood revolving: hurhe rake, will render hand rakee
ontireW unnecessary, and save time :uid habur.

Fkimt ()k< n,\iu>. — During this and jjeginnini^ of
next month, is the time fur regulating the heads i.f
fruit trees, l»y pinching off the terminal bud, or sh('rt-
ening, in process. The shape ol" trees is thus un.lcr
perfect control. Thin oil" fruit where too iil.undant.
MuUdi the surface of ground undi^r trees, to keep it
damp, and preserve an even temperature. (iive at-

JouuNAi..— Tliishas ktely been revived, under a nevr | tcntion to caterpillars as before recommended. Save
editor, with n.nv improvements, and W(i W(dcome it] your ])lums from the curculio, by taj.ping the tree
Avith its abl.M^orps of contributors, such as lirinckl.N suddenly with heavy blows with a mallet, every
Buist llaldeman, Meehan, etc., with pleasure into | morning,and catch them beneath in sheets spread for
tlj^, Y,,.\,\^ I the purpose. Try "the little Turk," with the coating

Each number is illustrated with a superior cdorod ' of white wash, applied to the fruit through a syringe,
litho.rraph en-ravin-. J>liilad(dpirm, of all citle-. in or dusting the tree with air slacked lime. One of
the Union, ou'-lit to have a Horticultural Journal of ' our friends near West Chester, has succeeded well
its own, and h would be strange indeed if it were for two .u tliree seascms with these remedu^s. Such

not well su]U'"rted,

-•♦»-

fine fruit is well worthy the trouble of repeating the
application lor a lew iine-N. The peach borer also
re((uires close attention this month, and cutting into
his hiding place in the bark just below the surface
of the ground--see article in present iiumlier.
Thin out o-ooseberries and currants, wher*' busheu

Work ftn- the Montli.

l,\^,i;^,,__^rhe corn an<l potato crops now re^iuire
particular attention. The latter may still be plant-
ed. This month is a very important one for th«i
corn The early gmwth should be stimulated as ' are too much loaded, and cover ground with salted
much as possible, bv tliorough and repeated passage hay, to prevent mildew. Prune grape vines where
of the cultivator, which should not be stopped till needed. Tlie productiveness of straw))erry beds may
harve.t time. Superphosphate of lime, a compost be increased by an occasional watering l>etween tha

of (iuauoand plast(^r, with a sufficient amount of rows.

01 uuauo . I i>.,„,]rette or ash- ' "^V=^^^^ the bark of trees as before recommended, if

soil, to prevent its caustic etlect, — i oiuiiette or asn

es, should be applied to each hill, and wcdl stirred in.

In co(d mornings, the cut worm will be active. We

have found fall ploughing generally a sufHcient pre-

not ahvady done. If of sluggish growth, dig in
W(dl rott(>ii manure, or guano. If any sympti.ius of
blight appear in pear trees, use the knife iinmediftte-

ventive.

A dressing of saU, five or or six l»ushels to ly, and cut ofl' below the part affected.

the acre, before planting, is a security, and has also a
fertilizing effect, particularly where the soil contains

Yeoktaiu.e Garden.— Most of the early crops of
lettuce, radishes, spinach, .*te., ])cing now past, tlifi

\

i(»rti h/iu"- etiect, partieuiariv >\ ueiu m^ '^un v.v/. ....*. x.., , , , , i i f ^ lnf« .

'? , / , 1. ,,..1 ^.p Vnowof no ground should be cleared and p.repared for late
lime. It these have been neglected, \Ne know ot /ioo ,^__,,. .„.^, .f ...i.f <1av«for *

n r • ,.1 ih^hUU Mnd nn- heets and carrots. Take advantage of moist da^sfor

rcmedu but constantly stirring round the hills,ana a])- ^ x ,i i .,,,. Tho^p

.,. 1 • r 1 WK..., coftlo.1 idant n^' out succession crops of cabbage, inose

plying fertilizers to push It forward. >V hen settled pianun„ u n r • t . l. WWer

i -^ " ., , 1- , i.viv occui.v fround in paths of onion bcMls. v> ata

warm w^atlwr comes on, with a hot sun, his occupa- ina} otcup\ loun i i

,,,,,,, 1 .,. ;.. (••uiliflowers n dry weather, and <lraw up eartli t^i

tionisffone. fhe plough should never be seen in- l.lUl^lo^^(l j , ' ,,

uonis^Kie. I - . , ^^^.1, .^^ .1,-0 advanced m flowr, sheiill

Ride the corn fieh after It i< idanted. sitms.

Biaomecorn mil. rill.nr.lMnf have the leaves bent down over them, to prutcti

Hoot crops .d carr.ds and beets, may still be plant- na\e

cd in rich, deep soil, and shouhl be attended to at them from the sun and ram. ^

n ,,„ 1.,.,, Pnf in c„rnfor Thin (mt beets, carrots and parsnips. Stir tro-

nnee IJuta P>a<^as a month later. 1 ut in corn loi . , , . , , j .,, Jl

once. ^ r .• • 1,^.1 vn (luentlv and di'eidy with the hoe, and keep down aU

fodder, without fail, and turn to directions m lebru- (lutnu} aim i , j v i f i .ru] beet

louaei, > , , ,, . 1 rp, ,, fn. weeds K dney beans maybe ]danted, and t'^^^

ary number of Farm Journal, by David Lhomas, foi weeas. ivm j •' » .

gowin«', harvesting and curing. It is the best article

which has Ixmmi written. Plaster should be sown oc-
casionally over barn-yard, hog pen and stables.

Place lumps of rock salt in field, so that cattle,
Bheep and horses may have access to it, at pleasure.

Latter part of this month, hay, particularly where
clover predominates may be cut. When the blosom
has assumed a brownish hu3 it is time to commence.
Hay should not be stirred often in the field, as its
quality is injured by too much drying. Salt spread

seed. Pe-sow such seeds of brocoli, cauliflower, cab-
bage as have missed.

Celery plants thtit have arrived at sufficient si^^
should be planted out for early crop. Dig a trench
spade deep, laying the earth e.pially <m each sid^'.
and fill in I'ottom about thn>e inches deep, of w.-U
rotted manure, incorporating it well with the soil
Cut off the tops of plants, and also ends of roots,
befare setting out, and then plant with dibble six
inches apart. Water well as soon as planted, an

I

iQ.^rl

WORK FOR TIIK MOXTIT^HORTICULTrUAT. SCm-iktIES.

93

fihadc with boards, laid on sticks, across the trench hilt( r wa-^ ili.' lo'oli tlnwer of \ ietoria ro';jja, from

till irrowth is established. Karth up in a dry time as the original plant, and a ba>ket of Wild Flowers.—

L- ^-^^ ^^A «,T ; 1 ,' ,.;..,, ti, . lsaa<' Cullius, (iardetier to the i'l-'sideut Imd a largo

♦hp plants continue growing, and avoid eo\, ring the i . /- / / • / /

the pi

heart, repeating it every two weeks, till sufVuuently

blanched.

Cucumbers, melons, pumi)kins, squashes, ol.ra,
peas, ;ind •• 'in may still be plant<-d. S^t ..ut sweet
potato sprouts in rows, four feet npart, in rirh light
peil; and keep clear o! we^^.ls till viiiej cover the
irround. A small «juantity <•!' turnip seed should be
Hownthi'^ month for early autumn use.

Phmt ont balance oi" tomato, egg plants, and pep-
p,rs, ai-o pot and otlnu- herbs from J^ced bed.

lbrb< for drying should be gathere<l, as tlu^y are
bc'^iuning toeoiu" into flower, and laid in the shade,
R() as to dry gradually

uid line ])lant ot I'liji/inrliid .sjdcndcns.

Wni. (irassie, gardener to W. W. Keen, West iMiIl-
adelphia, (vxhibite(l a speciiucu (d lloiju inijn ri<dis
new and for the lii'^t time x-m, a magnificent ))lant ;
a new rtdargonium called Madame KoMaltii ol pecu-
liar markings; a fine specimen (d ('ahinliirtu imij'
nd Ifdrtf, and manv otluT choice .^pe(des. .lames liiH-
sct, ganlener to Nlr. Ihmda^, exliibited a fine speoi-
luen (d Azdira r<irn i/(i/<i, {\h>\\\\\n, an<l other stdeet
plants. Adam b'ber })rought a large colleciion of
r(dar<:oniums in the finest stati; of cultivation. A.
Parker hail a. table of native plants. Thomas M(»-
ghran, gardener to 11. (yorn(dius, exhibited a hand-
some design and a bask( t oi' choice flowers

On the fruit table were several dish(>s (d" grapes.
From Mr. (/ope's houses Were the white Frontignac
and IJlaek Hamburg. From J. Fisk Allen, Salem,

Fi.oWF.R (i.Minr.s. -^Continue the directions giv<'n Mass., a bunch of his seedling Black ilaniburg and

l;ist month. Mow gra^^s plots, and f(dlow with the
roller. S-'cure the vount: ^hoot^ of rost;s and flower-

ir.
O

seedliri"' Musque verdrd ; also the (li-izzley Fronti
nac and verdelho, parents of the seedling.

And among the ext<Misive collection of vegetables

in"- tdants, to stakes or main brandu^s to prevent he- ^vere ('ueum})ers, fireeil Potatoes, Cauliflowers, iV:e.,

ill" broken with the win<l. Thi-^ -ives them p - ' bv Thos. MeL'hran. L'ardener U, li. Cornelius. Fine

.'^ , , -11 u 1 If . r r ;^ II .o M.ul ' ^''ii Kale, Cauhtlowers, Jomato.'s, Asparagus, Ac.,

fihniic •md t leV Will f oWer better loT it. JIoC ail'l *f 1 1 4. < ' < • IM ..1 ....I

Bna{" , ano -n N i l,y Thomas Meehan, gardener to L. t one. Kliul.arb,

rake tliwer be(ls and walk>< frequently. It ad(U ^^j- ,j|;v,„„i,,tli proportions, Ity Samuel Cooj.er-— oin;
much to the ai)i)earance of a flower ganlen. Trau^- | l.nif and ].eti.de weighing tliree pr.unds and thre(

*^*^*^ "-11 ^ . ' ,,. ,,, , _, . 1.:. .1 , 1... A\' „ 11, ,1.

(piarter-^. Fine llhubarb, two kinds, by Win. Ilob-

son. William dohns exhibited a disii (d Fremdi

Beans, Tomatoes, and r'"er^. Fiionnou> A>paragus

he planted out this month. Continue to plant dahlias. | i^^. j yi 'p.^o-o.

plant annuals in damp weather, and sow again lor
late blooming. Greeii-hou.se plants genrrnlly may

Drive a stron-' stak(! down firmly b side each one, ! Ileports (d' the Committees for awarding premiums
. '^ ,. , .1 •' 1 1 •*! *i ! on nlants and flowers: — rdarf/onluifis, h)r the best

an<l secure it sahdy to prevent being broken with the , -n^ |;;;;;^^.^;\i^,. ,,.,,,.„i p,,^^ ^.f ^dam Cher; for the

wind. Tubero<-< and gladiolus, may still be plante-h | ^^^^^^ specimen to Thos, Meidian, gardener to C. Cope.
Tulips and hyaeiuths are im|»roved bv being lifteil 7V/;y).s— for the best twelve to Thos. Fairley, foreman

years, and replanted in fresh ' to Kobert Huist: for the second best, to Thos Mee-

once in two or tlirc

. , , , . ., yn. I han. /'A//J/.S' f"/i />o/,v-~f)r the best ('(dlection, to Thos.

soil or the old one enriched, observing after lilting p.^jj.|,,^^.. (,,^ the second best, to Thos. Meehan. ri»nl
to stow away in a dry airy })lace, and plant again in -^^ ^^ .,;,/__ j;,^ the best, to Isaae Collins, gardener to

the fill, liulbs should be lifted when the tops have
decayed.

-HN-

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

The Stated Monthly meeting of this Association,
occurred on Tuesdav.'May 17, in the Chinese Saloon,
iMiilad.dphia, Dr. W. D. Brinkle, Vice President, in
tli(; chair.

The display on the occasion was one of interest,
consisting of many fine specinn^tis of gnMm-house
]dants and esculents, betokening much skill in culti-
vati..n. C)f the former a few of the choicest migf^it be
noticed. In Mr. Buist's collection, shown by Thos.
Fairley, f .reman, wen^ remarkably well grown spe-
cimens (d' Azalea Mdilhoidii, A r<irlf(/(if(i Ixora ror-
cinra, Alstrocmeria bicolor, CaUrolaria, lildin luja-
rhif/ioid/'.s, &c.,and a do/en pots of indigenous plants;
d. F. Knorr's gardener, John Bell, ])resented a col-
lection nof HI r,Hnpc/i/i(>ii. A beautiful plant of JJcui-
tia .vrar//i.v, for the first time shown; Nlcremhrrr/ia
(jrardLs\ very pretty; Sndcfhiria Vcntanalii, fragrant
Centrum (Ui'ia/diacum, Jusmiiinm (jrarilr, a dozen (Je-
raniums, as many Cinerarias and a number of Cal-
ceolarias (d' nnudi beauty. Thomas Meelian, gtirden-
er to Caleb Cope, brought P/u/sunis (irnnitnis, Chy-
ais bractescms both new, and siiown for the first time.
Statice Dickmnia rare; AUamatida nereifoHa, good
specimen ; Fabiana i/nbricata and Fuchsia Diadem.
Also, a design and baskets of Cut Flowers; in the

(len Paterson, {i)vEuph<>rl>iii spJcndrns. Judi</rn<>us
pl(int,^—{i)r the best display to Thos. Fairley. Planin
shown for fhe first time—to AVilliam (irassie, gar-
dener 'to W. W. Keen, W.^st Philadelphia, a pre-
mium of five dollars for Jfoj/a inqx rialis, in bloom
for the first time in this country, it is believed; and
to Thos. F'airley, a premium of three dollars, for a
fine cidlection of (Jeraniums, exhi))ited for the first
time. Bowjuef di'si;/.is—U)V the best, to Thos. Me-
ghran; for the second best to Thos. Meehan; for
the ]»est hand boinpiet. to Ibd.ert Kilington. liaskrt
of Cut F/nirn-s—ior the best, to 'flcs. Me(dian ; for
the seccuid best, to Thos. Meghran ; for the best of
indigenous flowers, to the same, And special pre-
miums for a fine collection of plants to James Bisset,
gardener to James Dundas, and for a basket of indi-
genous flower to Thos. Meohan.

Op ];,.„its— r;rfl/;^.s-; f(.r the best three bunches,
the white Frontignac, to Thos. Me«dian, gardener to
C. Cope. The Committee noticed specimens (d' two
fine Seedling Ci rapes, from John Fisk Allen, of Sa-
l(>m' Mass., which they think worthy of a more do-
taile<l notice in their next ad interim report.

On Vegetables— (;f/r»/m/y./-.s-; for tlu; Ix'st brace to
Thos. M<^ghran. /»7/?///ar/>— for the b.-^t twelve stalks,
and for tlm sectmd best, to William llohson. A spar-
aaus-for the best twenty-four stalks, to James M.
'ta^e- for the second best, to Thos. Me. han. /Va.?—
for^'the best half peck, to Thos. Meghran. Fuialoes--
for the best half peck, to the same : for the best dia-

04

TTORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

[Jen

BVWmb,' ■tiiry%Ktii4j»r\f*

play of Vcgotablea by an amateur, to 'riioinaa Mo-
ghran ; for the second beat, to Tho8. ]M<M'lian; and
n special premium to Samuel (hooper, for a very line j
display of llluiljarb brought in too hitc fur conipiti-
tion. The Committee called the attention ol" the So-
ciety to a dish of Frfueh Boann, I'luni Toinatoea and
Beets, shown by ^^'n\. dohns.

AD INTKIMM IlEPORT.

Pill 1. ADKi.riii A, May 17, 1853.

ToVie Prrsith'nt of the Pennsylvu/iia /lurtt<-iiltiiriil .S'-cfV/y;

Tile fruit CoMiniittcM' respectfully submit, as usual,
an ad int('rim llcport on tin; specimens of Fruits sul)-
niittcil to their oxaminutinn since the last meetin;^ of
the Society: I

From ('hnrlcs Krs.sh'V, of Rcnd'nuj, Pa.: — The Pfcif- \
fcr Aj)j>i'' — noticeil and described in the Re])(>rt lor I
April, but not then sullieieTitly mature fur testintj^,
lias since l>een examln»'(l,and is rei^ar<led as o{ "good" 1
(piality. i

FiDiii John Gonjds', of J)('!(nv'irr : — The Freeze'
and Thaw Apph' — grown on the iarm of his father,
lloxbury township, Philadelphia enunty, Pennsylva-
nia. Size luiMliuin ; conical; profusely striped and
mottled with bright rod on a yellow ground, with a
numlx'i- of li'rht dots, and freiiuently one or more
white s))lashc^ near tlie base ; stem thrfc-fourths of
an inch !<»ng, slender, inserted in a wid<\ deep, acu-
minate cavity, partially ru,^s(»tell ; calyx small, clo-
sed, «et in a moderately wi(l(\ supi^rficial, wrinkled
basin; tlesh ot tine texture, but deficient in flavor,
and on that account can scarcely be c<»n>lticred of
*'r/oo/7" quality, if the specimens were cut at the prop-
er tini". Mr. (lorgas informs us that it may be left
on the trc(> till it repeatedly freezes and thaws, with-
out sustainiii;! iniurv : luaice the name.

From Charles Kcssler, of U'ddiiKj: — J hed A}>-
ple — below medium si/.e. \\liicli ori;j;inate(l on the
premises of Mr. llain<. «>t' Pricetown, Berks county,
Pennsylvania. Form roun(li>h oblate; skin thin.
striped and maililed with Itright re(l, and nnirked
with numerous wliitish d;)ts near the crown ; st(Mn
Ion", rather sliMider, inserted in an open, deep cavi-
ty ; calyx large, set in a wide, rather deep, slightly
])laited basin: the bright red stripes remain imprint-
ed on the fruit after the delicate skin has b-jen re-
mov(Ml : the roloring matter penetrating and partial-
ly staining the otherwhise whitish flesh, which is (ex-
ceedingly tender and of tine texture; flavor. agreea-
]de : (juality "/v r// ;/<)()d.'\

From Ch'(ir!e.>! k'esslrr, <f Rradillj: — TJie Sp'rlled,
0/ey— from Oley townshij), i>erks county, i'ennsyl-
van'ia. This Apple is said to b" Iteautiful when in
perfection, and usually one-third larger than the sp"-
cimens sent to us. S\7.o two and a half inches by
two and five-eights; roundish; stripe 1 and mottled
with red on a greenish y(^llow ground, and thickly
covered with large white dots, most of which contain
a russet speck in the centre; stem three-eighths of an
inch long, by one-tenth thick, inserted in a very nar-
row^ acute cavity, sometimes russeted; calyx snnill,
set in a shall )w, furrow (ul ])asin ; seed long an<l of
a light yellowish brown cidor : flesh rather dry and
meally. but with a pleasant flavor; being over-ripe,
an accurate judgment could not be formed of its

quality.

From Charles Kessler, of Readin</ :—A hirge green-
ish yellow Apple, with a faint brown cheek ; round-
ish, inclining to conical, and somewhat angular;
stem short, rather stout, and fleshy at its junction
with the branch; cavity acute, narrow; russeted in
rays; calyx small; basin moderately deep, not wide,

furrowed; llesli tender, juicy; as the specimens wero
over-ripe, the quality could not }>e accurately ascer-
taine(i.

From ('harlcs Kessler, of Heading: — Neiviown Pij).
pin — Irom Berks couiUy: large; roundish oMdHir
gr(M»nish yellow, with faint broad stripes of red on
the side exposed t<» th(; sun. N(»t true to nanie, and
Dot c'jual in (pnility to the genuine Newtown Pit^.
pill.

iFrom Mr. S/in«/liiJJ\ — Beautiful specimens of poara,
from a tn'c purcliased (or the ('< d i/hir, ])nt whlcli
proves to be Irrdale's St. (irn/iain. 'flie latter is
distinguished from the former in being )>yrif()rm;
while tht* Catillac is broadly turbinate. Both are
valuable only for culinary purposes, and one of thcin
(Uvedale's St. (bn-main) is familiar t*) us under the
name of l*oiind Pear.

From Jomdhan (\ Ji(dd(rin, of Downingioicn.—-
Pears labelled St. Cirmain; which W(^ regard an not
•rue to name. Tln^y were not in good condition
wdien received, and we were consecpicntly unable to
test their ([uality. Mr. Baldwin, however, who is a
di>tin'j;uishcd pomologist, has express(!d so favorable
an opinion of the variety, that we have drawn up the
following (h'scription of it, from tlu' specimen he sent
us: large; o})ovtite pvrifonn; greeni>.li \..!l,,\v ^\'\\\^
a brownish red che«>k; stem an iiudi long by one-
sixth thick, instM-teil without depression; calyx wet
in a dee]*, narrow, sometimes wide basin; seed very
large; fh-sh vellowish white, juicy; specimens not in
a condition for us to determine the flavor and quul-

ity.

From Dr. Perfolei, of Oley township, Berks coun-
ty, Pa., through Charles Kessler, of lieading. — Ik
iiods A])]>!e, which was introduced into Oley, about
fifty years ago, by th<' Bev. Mr. lioas, of Keadin<^,
froln Kxeter township, wdiere it is known as the AVl-
(er: medium si/e; roundish oblate; deep crimson in
sii-ipes of different hues, v.ith one or mor(» whitish
yidlow blotches near the bas<', sometiuK's only faint-
fv strified with red on a greenish ycdlow ground;
sti^n very short and thick, ins(U-ted in a moderately
deep, not very wide cavity: calyx set in a ])laited ba-
sin variable in size and b)rm, sometimes superficial
and wide, sonnitimes rather deep and narrow; core
small; seed verg small, ]dum[), acuminate, greyish
brown: flesh yi'dlowish wdiite, crisp; flavor pleasant;
(piality ''verg^jood.'' Said to be a long keeper.

Six resident memlters were elected. On motion
adjourned.

TIIOS. P. JAMES, Recording Secretary.

-*•*-

(licster County llorlicuUural Society.

Tli(^ display of the IJokticfltural Societv, eu
Saturday, the'^ 14th of May, was very good, with a
fuller attendance than usual. The display of green-
house ])lants by M(trris it Co., and by llartman &
Co.. exhibited much skill in culture and taste in se-
lp(>ti(m— they were nundi admired. The display of
tulips by M'iss Bennett and Mr. Stromberg. in the
form of bou(piets, were very brilliant, 'fhe follow-
ing display oi AiM'ia-s shows that with a little earc
we can have a supply of that valuable fruit the whole
y^wy.. — ,J,)shua Embree exhibited 17 \ari(dies, J. b.
Baldwin 7, llartman & Co. G, didin .lames, dr., 4,
Ziba Darlington S, dohn F. Ingram 1, a seedling ol
good kec'ping (qualities and good flavor. BhuharD
by P. Morris il Co., Jonathan C. Baldwin, and John
F. In'^ram. Messrs. Morris & Co., exhibited a g"e(l
display of vegetables. This department was not 60
fully represented as it should have been.

Premiums were awarded —

f

lRr).Tl

COUX PLAXTEK -APPLE TIIEK BOUKR-PATKVT PLAhMS.

lltlWKm'#-«!

95

T<» llartman & Co. for the best 10 varieties of Pe-
largoniums.

P. Morris & Co. for the best 10 varieties of Hoses
in pots.

jl irtiuar) A ^o., for 2d do do

Mmerva iiennett, for the Ix'st display id' tulips.

P. Morris & Co., f )r the Ixj^t display of green-house
plant.

j I art ma II S: Co., f U' the lid do do

Jusliua Kmbree, for the best display of A[iples.

P. Morris tfe Co., for the best display of \'egetables.

P. Morris & Co., for the best three bunches of As-
paragus,

]'. ,Morrisife Co., for the best three bunches of Rhu-
barb.

The f dlowing were appointed a committee to su-
perintend the J one exhibition, viz:

J. liaeey Parlington, K. B. Taylor, Wilmer Wor-
thington, Jr., d. II. B(dl, and A. Marshall: also the
fdlowing ladies: Miss Sarah W. Haines, Miss C. M.
Williamson, Miss Sarah K. Butter, Miss C. L. Dar-
lington, and Miss Hetty Trimbhj.

Mr. Klliot (h'esson, of Pliiladelphia, was duly
elected a life mi'mber.

Mr. ('resson being present, made some practical
and usidul suggestions bcd'ore the Society,

On motion the e<)mmittee were instrm'ted to m-

)]\

s

n as far us it

Since, if yoii si.ccerMl in ki!lin<:

goes-- hilt it

(juest Ml-. (Jrcsson to dtdiver an ad<lre
exhibition.

■s at tlie June

-••»-

New Corn Planter.

Measures to <.' -ore a patent fir the above liave
been taken by Uardner A. liruci', olMetdianicsbnr"-;
111. In this nnudiine, directly f'tdiind ea(di furrow
8hare, is ]daefd a ]ioj)|»er, and directly underneath
the liottoni>j of the two lioppers is a 'dropping slidi'.'
extending entirely across the frame, and whicdi has
a reciprocating:; motion given to it by a le'ver. In the
bottom of eaidi h(»pper are two hole-, and eat h end
(if tlie dropping slide has the same, there is likewise

given by the Editor three or four years ago. Theso
directions are the only ones that' I liave seen tf.at
strike directly at the root of the matter— that is to
say, by pirventlng the boivr in a winged state, the
last of May and the first of June, fn.ni <lrjHKsifnn/ if:i
eggs in th.- hark .d' the tree, and therehy layin-" the
foundation of a new hro.,d. The old mode „f kTllinir
tiie bor<'rs by pushing wires into their holes
trunk of the tre(>, is ^ood
only go(>s lialf way

all the grubs in that tree, a fresh set may tl y' o'v.'t
from your neighbors' trees, as soon as the grubs hatch
out, and lay their eggs in yours. Tin- plan re.'om-
men(h'd by the Editor (d the Horticulturist, (h)es the
whole business; as many new subscribers whoso
trees may be inhM-ted, have not that prescription ut
hand, 1 shall beg leav<; to repeat it.

First, kill all the grubs in the trunk of the tree,
by pushing a wire u[> the Indes as far as possible!
Then take a pail— fill it half full of thin soft soap,
and stir in enough tobacco water to make it two thirds
full. Having first scraped off any loose; bark, m^xt
apply this tobacco and soap paint with a stiff lirusli,
to .'Very part of the trunk, and larger part (d" the
lim})S— putting it on especially thi(;k at tlie "crotch-
es," and th(! base of the trunk — the placi's whe-re the
1— likes best to deposit its eggs. If this is done
early in May, I can answer from experience for its
efficacy. \o borf>r will de{)o.sit her eggs in bark coat-
ed over in this way.— | Horticulturist.

-•♦•-

IJST OF PATI:NT ( LAIMS

Issued trom the liiited States Patent Oflice.

AViNNdnr.iis.— I5y G. P. S. Zimmerman, (tf Charles-
town, \'a. — I claim the invention, use, and applica-
tion of the p(u-forated vibrating talde, arrange(l to
a sloyting bott(;m or platform, the jiaralhd saw-liko
stripes or straw juishers, combined with an oscilla-
ting rake and straw })eaters or curved proULrs. the
wdiole combined ami workinjj: with tlie oscillatin<»"

throu;:h each sele piece of the frame a vertical ap-
erture. \V hen tht' furrow' has be(;n nr('par(Ml f)r the j i':'',,',i „t''wi..,. i' .',,/] ... ,! "\""r \ \ ^ .• •
„,.,,,, • 1- 1 • .til 11 '»»";^'''i st!^i"l:iid, and suspending straps, sul>stantiai-
Beed. the drojiing slide is operate! bv a hand lever, ijy ^^ ^^j. ^^.^j ' o i >

eo th it one of the ludes with which it is {)erforated
coiiicides with another in the side frame, w hilst the
other h(de is directly under one of the apertures in
the hopper. In this position a seed drops from the
Flide through the frame, and into the furrow, wdiilst,
at the same time, a seed is f(jrced fr()m the hop[)er in-
to the (jther hole of tho slide. The certainty of this
process is insured by having, in eaidi hopper, a bal-
ance beam, t.. both ends of which ar.' attached ver- i}Rp:.,KrNo IlKMc-By f.ewis W. (\.lver, of Louis-
tieal rods which alternately s.>rve to force a seed ,.ip,.^ k,..__i ,,,•„,, ^,,, ,.,Hibination of the <,s<-illa;lng
lium the hopper into the dropping slide; this plan beaters,*'and th.> spring bars placed above and b.dow

I do not, however, claim the invention of a com-
bined threshing, separating,and winnowing machine,
but only such parts as are s(»t forth.

Winnowers of Chain. — By S. Briggs & J. G.
Talbot, of Sloansville, N. Y. — 'We (daim causing the
upper siuv(! (;r riddle to viberate at a greater speed
than the screens, as set forth.

preventing tie' hol.'s from bein;/ <do'r<red, as the rods
Will clear tli-ni. There are two coverinjr shares on
I side of th(> frame, which are attiiched to a beam
moving in s )ck(;ts, and the tendency that the shares
have to be tiirown back, is checked by fixing a slot-
t«|d lever to the beam, and phudng in the slot a cross-
piece, whose upward motion is determined by a pin,
so that the shares are regulated at will, and wdien
necessary they can be made to clear the earth entire-
ly.— [Scientific Annudcan.

-»♦•-

Apple Tree Borers.

In \ew^ Pngbind there is no iz'-eater nest to th(»
cultivator, than the apple tree l)orer. In some parts
It has destroyed wdiole orchards. Many persons, in
fact most persons, fold their hands in despair, and
let the trees die. I have done btitter by the help of
the Ilorticulturiet— having profited by the directions

the beaters, so that the recoil of the springs afb-r ijio
beater leaves the bars, shall shake out the injinp iiVrd
clear it of its woody portions, as described.

Skei) Planters. — By Isaac H. Garretson, of Clay
Iowa — I claim planting corn in (dieck ro.\s, ]>ythe
])lanting sides, worked on the crossd)ar l*y hand, in
the milliner set forth.

Grain IFarvr^ters. — Bv T. D. Burrall, of Gene-
va, N. y. — 1 (daim first, the additional apron, to con-
vert the usual rear discharge into a side discharge of
the cut grain, constructed and arranged as set forth.

Second, the combinjition of the (airved sii}>])Orts
and the adjustable jiuirnal box piece, to preserve the
r(dative positions of the cogs in the mitre gearing,
and at the same tiim^ allow of laising and depress-
ing the driving wheel, the gearing, &c., being con-
structed and arranged as described.

06

PATr.XT TT.AIMS.

•If

M

tening of the same, as act forth.

II aURows.— -By AVilliiiin 1^'rlin. of B^MTyviUo, Vn.

I claim coTistrm-tin;!; a doiihle iVaiiK' work of in.n

bars or strains ..(' inctti', and arrann;in>:; aixl C'Miihni-

in- thr tw:. to-othrr hy -raduatin- holts or a.l].i>ta- .^_,> . Soh.mon TTornov, Jr.. of Hu-lniioii.l,

ble screws and ta,,s, hy wh.rli moans or c(mtrivuuM. 1 ''^-^^ , • i"tin<r thl" .Lank l.ollow in a

the hnv.r iVamo .an h. rlevat.d or d.press.d and Ind.: \^^'i;.^';^^^^-^^^^^ as des.ril,.d, and
tl.M.vth or t.nos, h.n,th.ned or .hort.uod n. ^^^^^ ^^^Ij^;\V^^^^^^^^ ,,.,,,

^ra^ o^ *1m^- ' y^y ji^p.^^is of thr master holts, and th.' sl.ort In.lt lor

AVvMiiN.; MAniiNF.?.— r>v (^ F. Wil-.is, <.f West r^^^j,,., throu-li the slot in the top end (»f the hoi-
Troy X. V. 1 <-laim tlio (Mnjdoym.'nt <d' the rrvol- j^^^^. slmr.k, h'.r varying the position o( the siiank
• ^- 1- - ..r... 1 ... ; >...».;n..t;,.„ Avitii the ^,.ij|i |i„. ij,;;iiu, and lor ^ivinii additional fcccunty to

th(^ fastcnin'j; of tlio sain.', a^ s-t lortli.

<MrT Mv( i<iM>-r.v H. h. Fulton, of Diira-o, III:
1 am aNvaP'tl.at a tlat" plato on tl.r sidr ot tlu' con-
,,.,v,.low hrM. u^<'d-. iliis.tlirreforo, I do nm elai

vinp; {(M'dinir n''t cylindci

in combination Avith the
two «'ts (»r .'ir.-li's of roll.'rs. oik^ set .d' said rollers
hein^ allowod to yield NvluMi tho sa-'k of el.>thos or
other arti.dr<. i^ drawn around tlio n.>t cyhndor. and
between th-' ^aid rollers an.l mad<« to spring hark hv
means ot tti.-pmi--, win.-n ;.io ccmncctcd to the roll-
ii _^ \ 1. I .'.'„,.. ..,.t i.ii,.t..d ;irr;m"'('d. and on-

between thr ^aid rollers an.l made to spring l>ark hv ^'^^^ ,^_^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ . ^|,;^_ tlirreforr, I do n.d claim:
means ot tti.-pm.--, w m.-n u.o ccmncctcd to the roll- ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^.^^^ ^^^^^ nroular ].nsinaur soaped brace and
ers, tlu' NNl'.'d." hrin- ron<lruct-d, arrann.-l, and yp- , ^.^^^^^.^.j^^^.. ^,,,^ arran-.-d hetwc'n rarl, ].a.r of r.v.l-
eratodasd.-rrih.d. and lortlw'iuirpo.e ot wa^l.m- ^.•^^./..^.^^rm- plato, and securod ia-t to the inner
dofhes and. laliln- and lh)ckin- clotli-.as sot forth. [' |„.,,. ,,f the ra<o for tl..' purpose of ooneonira-

— [Scientiiic American. JiuMhe -rain. and throwin- it upon the «.eron.l^cour-

norudierv.d^ the ra<e f>r tl..' purpose of eoneonira-
iin- the -rain. and throNvin- it upon the «.eron.l^cour-
iniTphite'and therehy preventing, its escape, bdore
it is effectually cleaned fr<mi tl. f,rst scouring
plate, directly to the dinchar-ed pa^^;',^-, as desoril.
Ml \No in comhination with the revolvin.i^ (li>h

the roller ihr facilitating the process of turnm- ^he ^ cd. the prisimUi. rin,^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^

Cheese PREssEs-By >r.lls A. TTackley, of Belle-
ville N Y. I claim the turnin- table or its e<pnva-
lent'in combination with the roller in such manner,
thit\vlie!e"ver t!ie table is adjusted f.r turnm- the

same

tin- an.idireriin- the grain from one beater to the

Breaktn(. ano PuKSSTvn FLA.-:ny S. A.C^nians,
of Snrin-tield, Mass. I do not claim sim]dv the dou^
ble action of beaters, as that is well known m a great
variety of machines for various pur])oses.

AVh'it T claim is the method of hr.«akin- and dress-
in-^ fhiK or other fibrous snhstanc(^s, ])y a heater con-
trueb.l in the manner descrihed,(vihratin- on a cen-
tral aVis ) hetw.MMi the faces of whirdi the flax .Vc,
pass s a described, when this is combined with one
Ttwo pairs of rests placed in close r-^--^> ^^^.
the edges of the beaters betW3en which the flax pass
€8, as specified.

lion, u'liNoi;:, II" ...v. .^7 a.>utriir-

[Irfirus Sjnn-{us)nr Audubon, i. also a very dcBtruc

tive bird to caterpillars. , „•

Mr. Bell stated that the l^ownv )\ oodpoeker I
tus i^./.v...v,) and the Hairy Woodpeeke/"
ViVosus) are useful birds tothe farmer as the) a ^
trov myriads of the grub or borer ,n ^-'^'V^J^
They generally take them out of young trees near
ground.

round. -. , 1 ,,. |,^ fur-

- Mr. Bell has y4-omised, at some future ^^y-^l^^
ni-h UM with an artiele on ()rnith(dogy as cnmoit

with agriculture. ^. , , i tho ceiintr^

We hope our yming friends wlio P^^rade tlu « un

. --ft- ._ , I • shootinc iackcts, will reflect before ^^'•:"<''^- ' ;.

.., as specified. J m s^k> ng ,^ac , ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ aesi-

Also, in combination with the ^-ter and r^^^^^ ; ^^Sividual of, probably, ten times his own ..
breaking and dressing, as f «^,^?\«t ™^d T ' portance to the body politic. -i:xcAan^6.
of a pair of rollers each of which is grooved in tne i

•W!)

.-.J..'., JJL

VOL.

0.

WEST CHESTER, PA., JULY, 1853.

NO. 4.

i%^m

. _^»- A .

;, -LJ*

ti^t

^ . t

THE EAKM JOURNAL.

■ ^.,■4 * ..h4 A

J. L. DAKLIXtiTOX, Editor.

A. .M. SPANMUjER, Assistant Etutok.

The F.vKVi Jolr.val maj he had at the f dlowing

places : —
W. B. ZiFFiER, South .'•d, Sl, pri^cipr.i Agent for

Philalelphia.
(J. Vi. S\xTo\, 152. Fulton st,. New York.

at thc! utuiost. The common mode of procuring
cream is ))V a skiiHiner; others have constructed ven-
sels by whieh the blue or skim lailk is JiUowed t')
flow thvou;/;h an oriilce in the hott(»m of the ve>scl.
Heeently it ha-: h(M'n propotsed to use a syphon for
this purpose: th(i ordinary syphon is, h()vvev(!r, very

Ll OUOif>Oll'c. 11 ,^\ pll<,'ll> CVt-r lOiMC IIIIU g»il»t51 ai. Uh»;,

the^' ougiu i') be h^ruied <d' the annoied figure.

"W II. SeAXOLER,

li. F. Sr.\Nr.Li;n,

<iFO. Bf.K<^NF.R, -

\{. Miner, - -

.!. R. v^URV<^K, ■
\\. M. r.AWl.IN-.

A. {.. W'RriFj.n.

Lancaster. V.\.
^^d•^lmhia, !*a.
Harrisburg, Pa.
'Pittsburg, I*a.
Chamhershurg, Pa.
f\irlisl.'. V-A. '
\'ork. Pa.

Wm !>*>mer, of Altrxina, Hlair (,'ounty, ii^ onr iui-
vhori/.eil agent for Ulair and Centre cownties.

A. E. Bk\dv, '(Hiinh^^rl'U'd and Perry etnintiev.

Jos. pRTsTov, TvondoTulen-v, for Chester and l>cl-
aware oountie*:.

Jonathan I>orwart, Lancasto-r county^

Ammrose Potltox, l^uckingham, f(»r Bu-ckr, ro..^

H. W. XirufM.soN, Esq., Waverly, Luzerne co.

And of Houksellers generally.

Prize Ksray on the Production iA Butter,

Rr..M« HKTORK TilE IbtVAl. A'.R II T LT T IJ A L So<'ILTV

<IF EnCIAM*.

[Continued from last number of viie Farm Journals]

It is almost unnecessary to remark that every uten-
sil connected witii the dairy ought to he kept perfect-
ly elea^i a^d swe^t, being well scalded, and subsc
'pieiitly wa-^hed out witli clean t'(dd water. The
milk, beiuK drawn 4rom the cow, sh^>uld he put into
a ve«^^(d to cool — a clean tinne»l vessel is the best for j actions
tl'is ^>wrjiotr; it -ought not to stand so long, or he al-
lowed to (vud so mucb, ss to permit tie; .ream to par-
tially H^-parate; being co(ded, it should be strain-
ed througli u liiir sieve into the milk dislies
(glass ones are the ])est.) The depth of milk should
not exceed! four inidies; it is stat^'d tliMt two inches is
the nio^t profitable mode. In a dairy maintained at
1 proper temperature, the eream should be gathered I men alluded to. „,,^r«t;vo miAntilr

^v^ery' twenty-four hours; hut in very hot weatiier the One series consisted of the comparatno quaDtit^

Wlier. censtructed with a curred terminal to o^c^
^.eg, the i^yphon may he carrft^d ahoHt, or may he hung
np for use at any moment, it being only requisite, in
using it, to maintain the leg placed in the milk at a
slight (iegfee of elevation above the outer leg. Sy-
pf.mis of this kind have been long in use in acid man-
ufacteries.

The pDCf^sses used for making bntter in different
districts arc; much mor" ruinvrims than is generally
imagined: a similar remark applies to the ciiurns
u^ea; the varieties of the latter have greatly increas-
ed of bte years. Kor the present, I shall confine my
remarks t(i the mode (.1 u.sing the milk, cream, tVc,
and the proper temperature of churning. The form
of tie' churn will receive subsequent attention.

Some \ery elaborate exp'M'iments on butter-making
weft^ undertaken by Professor Traill and the late Dr.
Uostock: thev were published in the Mlighland T'rans-
Tlie Vi riter of this paper was mnd'' ao
quainted with many <d' these results by out; ol tivc
experimenters, now "derrase<l, and subsequently test-
ed them on a Working scale. F)wing to nnnr^val^
and the lapse of time, the note.s are lost or mi-laid;
he, however, distinctly recollect'^ that in nil ■■-»--

m-

cea hut one the pro(1ucts, on an ordinary routine,
a^^reed remarkably with those made by tli^ g' ntlc-

lilk ought not to st-and more thau eighteen hours.

of butter jielded hj the foHowirvj::

PH."

tiajMl

^

-*''"' L^^^^l

MM

^iU

gmniiij

%

THE PRODt^CTIOX OP BUTTKR.

OMMOBVAm

ia*i

fJCLt

T3

lf;53.1

THE PROPrCTIOX OF BrTTER— TO PKESKKVK F/IOS, &c.

99

1. Sweet cream ('hurned jilone.

2. Sweet milk and its oream churned together,

3. Sour cream churned ah)ne.

4. Sour milk ;ind its cream churned together.

5. ScahhMl or l>cv()i>shire creaiii chunuMl alwno.

obtained on some occasions, but on no occasion from
No. 5, 80 completely docs the scaldin^; process sepa-
rate the butyraceous matter from the milk. The
butter of No. 5, "vrhen well wt.rkrd and washed,
W('i;:luMl I'J'.^'^ «!;rains. It bad a rich ?(11oav colui

On the 24th ol May, 18U7, the milk uf four cows und tasted a^xrccjijily.
was drawn in the same vessel, passed thrnu;i;h a ; 8imi]ur experiments were repeated, tlic reniilt of
strainer, and then divided into live portions cf six which was, that tht; lar^^est anjonrit of butter was
English [tints each, which were placed in similar ]>a- pro<h)ced by tlie l>(;v(i!ishire met)»(Hb. tlie next

Bin
wl

Ilf'llSIl lUllLn t_ilV^ll, V> llJVyll J1K.l\ J»Hl.'.A,l-l 111 .^.111H<6» M«t JUWMIIH.VI >iy LIU. I V, . »......iA. . ... V ^ -.x^— V .1,

ns of earthenware, in a place, the teiniterature of , (piantity, l«y churnin;^ the milk and creain t^rrf-tlioj.
hich rau'j^ed from 55° to 00° Eahr< | when adittle acescent; the third in (piantity was af-

ISlonday?-r>th.— 'The tem]ieratiire of the air was . furded by cream kept till it was sli;;htly sour. Thr
very hot, 70°; but that of the milk-house, by constant i nmallest <juantity was obtained from sweet cream:
evaporation uf water, vras kept about Oir. \ V)ut on no oceasKjn was butter obtained l>y cliurning

'I uesday, 2()th.-^Thirty-'nine htmrs after the milk sweet milk ah)ne-
had been drawn from the cows it was removed from In order to decide on the keeping qualities of the
beh)W the cream of No. 1 and No. o, by a syphon; the . butter ol^tained by the four ]>roce»se« previously de
cream from No. 1, and the milk and cream from No. tailed, samples were exposed to the free action of the
*> were immediately churned in <^lass vessels. j atmosphere.

' ^-,, 1 -^Swcet cream churned alone. From pre- 1 No. I was always found to remain longer without
vious'trials it was found that th.' addition ot cold I any rancid taste than the other kmds.
^ate^L- to thick cream facilitated the separation of the ^. Nos. 3 and 4 were nearly on an equality--if any
l.utter- half a iVint of water was added to the cream, ; difference, it was in lavor oi i^o. 6. v -^ 4

tl?e temp^^raturl of the mixture at the commencement , ^ No, 5 became rancid more quickly than No. 3 and
of churnin*'- was (V2°. In fifteen minutes butter ap- No. 4.

Dcared in "grains; the churniui; wus continued for When waited for kecpin<^, rancidity appear-^d in
twelve uMuuies iMii^ei, ^i luint^-ocven l./....*lcs in am-ut liic -.h.m. v.;\ior, commencing in Nu. 5, or the
all when the temperature was found at 70^ The l>utter from scalded cream; next in No. 4, from some
})utter was collected, but from the warmth of the milk and cream, then in No. 3, or sour cream; and
weather was very soft. It wa^* put int.. cold water Ij^stly, in No. 1, obtained from sweet cream, llie
until the next day, when it was Avorke*! and washed rancidity was supposed to arise from varying pro
in the u.-oal way, and wei^hiMl 1;;m") -rains. It was portions of casein: and on inKitntin<; experiments to
of a i^ood colour, and perfectly well tl-avored. ascertain this fact.it was found that casein assisted m

j^Q, 2.— Sweet milk an<l it< cream churned to,i;eth- preserving its freshness,
«r. The mixture of sweet milk and cream was i j^^ ^^.^i^j. ^,^ ascertain the dTectri of overchurainp;,
churned at the same time; though cold water was ^j^^^ cream of six pints of milk was separated by a
added after one and a half hours' churning, no but' .^yphon, and churned in a glass vessel. The butter
ter was seen. The churning was continued three ^;.i, f.^rju,.,! in about half an hour; but the churmn-
hours without obtaining butter. ^^.^^ continued for half an hour longer, when the but-

^^-o^ 3.__Sour cream cIiuimkhI alone. On 4 burs- ^^.^ i^.^i i^.^t its tine, yelh.wish, waxy appearance, ami

liad ]>eeome pale and soft, while very little liciuid r(-
mained in the churn. This butter could nut be
washed and worked until it had remained some hours
in cold water, being so exceedingly soft when taken
out of the churn. After washing it was pale, rather
soft, and weighed 2500 grains, which was evidently
beyond the due quantity, when compared with the
other experiments on the same quantity of milk,which
gave the following results:—
' No. 1. The sweet cream overchurned yielded 256G

day, the 2Sth May, the cream of No, 3, which had
been separated on Tuesday, anil ].laced in the milk^
house, was now slightly acid, and was churned alter
halt a pint of cold water had been added to it. In
twelve minutes butter appeared; and in eight min-
utes more had united into one mass. l>uring the
churning the temperature of the cream had risen
from 54^^ to 03°. The butter when well washed and
worked, weighed 1750.5 grains; the color and taste

were good.

>;^,^ 4._Sour milk and its cream churned together. ,
On tiie same day, 2>^th May, the milk and cream ^
churned together, and half a j.int ot cdd water was ,
added. It^was full hfty-seven minutes l)efore any
butter appeared, and before tlie churning appeared
to be completed one hour and titty miiiut(>s hadelaps-
cd; showing clearly that more time is n^-pured to i
churn milk and cream together than to obtain the ^
butter from cream alone. The butter was ditfused '
in small grains, and when washed and work.'d as \
lon<' as any color was communicateil to the water, it :
W(!i'^died l0O8 grains; color paler than the last, but

of good flavor.

^^y^ 5, Clouted cream churned alone. ^ Lm lues-

dav the 20tli, the milk and cream of No. 5, were
niaJed in a vessel of warm water until the t.unpera-
uu-eof the milk rose to 150°, a Devonsbire <lairy-
maid assisting in the operation. The milk was drawn
from beh)W the cream by a syphon, the latter being
kept cool until the following day, when it was

churned. , , . • ^t -lu ^c

It was ascertained that by churning the milk ot

Nos. 1 and 3, a few more grains of butter could be

grains.

No. '3. The acid cream duly churned yielded 21^7.5

grains

No. 4. The acid milk and its cream duly chnrned
yhd.led 23'.)7.5 grains. , .,1 10,-1

No. 5. Scalded cream duly churned yielded *.0. i

grains.

Tin; butter of No. 1 tasted insipid, never became
firm, and soon turned rancid. It was found to yiem
a very unusual (juantitv both of casein and watery
lluid, which could only'be separated by melting the

butter. _ 1- . • X n nf hv

It is a common opinion in some districts, tnat nj
ad.Fnv' hot water to the churn, more butter is obtaina
than by using cold water, Experiments made tor
the e:5press purpos<^ did not shoW that the weiglit m^
creased very mmdi, and it was attended with a per-
ceptible deterioration in (piantity, giving it gem-vai'
ly the a]>pearance of overchurning.

The results of the experiments above detailed are
• 1st. That the addition of some cold water, during
churning, facilitates the process, or the separation

I

the butter, especially when the cream is thick and
the weather hot. ^ ., , , ,

2d. That cream alone is more easily churned tluin
)i mixtur*' ot cream and milk.

3d. That butter produced from sweet cream lias
the finest tlavor wlien iVc-h, and appenrn to remain
the longest period without Ijccoining rancid.

4th. Tliat scalded (U-eain, or the I >('\(.n>hire meth-
od yields tlie largest (piantity of laitter; lait if in-
tended to be salted is must liable to ac(iuire a rancid
flavor bv keeping.

.Oth. That churning the milk and cream togetlier,
after they have become slightly acid, is the most eco-
nomical process lor districts where butt(M-milk can
be sold; whilst at the same time it yields a large
amount of excellent butter.

The i)receeding experiments are instructive as
showing the most judicious form in which milk and
its products ought, to exist previous to churning,
they are, however, defective in one important partic-
ular, vi/.: the etbict of temperature on churning; for
this I must reti'r to the ex{)eriments of Dr. John Bar-
clay and Mr. Alexander Allen, commenced on the
Ihth Ausust, 1S23:

ist Kxperiment. — Fifteen gallons of cream were
put into the churn at the temperarurtM>f 50°, tin;
M-..;,rlit T>or irnllon haviiur been previouslv ascertained 1
\,ii S ll)s. 4 ozs. ISy agitating tlie cri-am in tne |

\\<'v<' obtained by this cxpfriment, ol a character
niu.li inferior to that pro(lu<'ed in any of tlie former
experiments, being solt and spnntxy

[Ti> in: ( oNTiNTrii.]

-•♦»•

to ..„ _ - ^ . -

usual manner for the space of two hours, the tem
Dcrature rose to 50°; at the end of churning, being
fiiur hours from the commencement ol the operation,
th<> temperature was found to be (»<>^, or 1U° higher
than at the commencement. The (piantity (d but-
ter obtained in this process was 2'J^ lijs. avoirdupois,
or nearly 2 lbs. butter for each gallon (d" cream put
into tho churn. The butter was of the b-vst (luality.

2d Kxperiment, 20th August, 1S23.— Fifteen gall-
ons of cream were put into the churn at the temper-
ature ot°5r>, the weight per gallon being S lbs. 2 o/.s.
\i\ agitating the cream, as formerly, tor one hour
and a half, the tiuuperature rose to OO^; at the end
of churning, b'dng three hours and fitt-'en minutes
fri. rathe commencement of the o[)erati)n, t)i(| tem-
p''rature was ascertained to have increased^ to 05°, or
bf higher than at the commencemenr. The yield
of butter was 2*J lbs. 4 ozs., of good quality, not sen-
sibly inferior to that obtained in the former experi-
ment.

3d. Experiment, 20th August, 1823.— Fifteen gall-
ons of cream were put into the churn at a tempera-
ture of 5S°, the weight per gallon being Slbs. 2 ozs.
At the end of an hour's churning the temperature
lead risen to 03°, and at the end of the process, which
lasted three hours, the temperature was found b>^be
t)7°, or y° higher than at the comm(>nc''inent. The
quantity of butter (d)tain(Hl was 28 ihs., and was
sliirhtly inferior in (piality to the butter produced in
tilt! tWo pre\ious experiments.

4th Kxperiment, 4th September, 1823.— The same
quantity of cream w^as employed as in the former ex-
periments, the temperature being 0<)°, and the weight
per gallons lbs. 1 oz. During the process the tem-
perature increased as formerly, and at the end ot
three hours, when the operati(m was finished, it was
ascertained to have risen to 08°. The (piantity of
butter o!)tained was 27 lbs., of a quality similar to
that olttained in the last recited experiment.
5th Kxperiment, \h\i September, 1S23.— A like <pi;\^^*
tity of cream was used at the temp«u-ature oi' 00°,
and tlu! weight per gallon 8 lbs. The churning oc-
cupied two hours and a half, at the expiration of
which the temperature was found to have risen to
75°, being an increase of 0°. 25 lbs. 8 ozs. of butter

To Prenfrve I'ggs.

Some of your correspondents in(pjin> abont the
best method ol' k'-t-ping eggs Iresh; and as we have
apian le-re which 1 have not seen mt-nti'^ni'd in any
of the replies which have l)t'en giv<'n to tln-Nf injui-
ri(»s, I send it to you, jtarticuhirly as 1 find it bi-ttor
than any 1 have sern mentioned; — Take lialf inch
board of any conveniiait length and lircadth, and
pierce it as full of holes (each l.\ imdi in diameter)
as you can, without risking the breaking of one hole
into another — I find that a ))oard of two feet six in-
ches in length, and om; fo')t Ijoard, has tiv«; dozen in
it, say twelve rows of five each; then take tour strips
of the same l)oard of two inches broad, and nail
them together edgewise into a rectangular frame of
the same size as your board; nail the board upon tlie
frame, and the work is done, unless you chu(;se, for
the sake of appearances, to nail a l>eading of three-
(luarters inch round the board on the top; this looks
better, and sonu^times may prevent an eg*; from roU-
in" tf. I'ut your eggs in this l)oard as they come
lulrum the poultry-house, the Rmall end down, and
they will keep good for six months, if you take the
following precautions: — Take care that the eggs do
not g<^t wet (Either in the n(«st or atterwards; (in sum-
mer, hens are tbnd of laying among the nettles or
Ion*'' grass, and any eggs taken from such ne.-^ts in
wet'^weather, >h<.uld be put away f)r immediate use;)
keep them in a cool room in sunnner, and out o! the
reach of frost in wint(;r, and then, 1 think, the party
trying the experim<uit will have abundant reason to
be satisfied with it:

I find there are some in my larder which I am as-
Hur(Ml have been there nearer eight months than six,
and which are still ])erfectly Irtish and good; in fact,
it is the ijractice here to accumulate a large stock ol
C'-^'-sin Au<'r.st, Septeml)er [iinl Octoher, which last
uTuil after the fowls have begun to lay in the spring.
If two boards are kept, one can ])e filling, and the
other emptying at the same tiim;. This is an exceed-
ingly good plan for those persons who keep a few
fowls for the supply of eggs to their own family: but
would, perhaps, not do so well for those who keep a
larn-e stock of hens, as it would take up too much

room

r 1 1*11

1 have endeavored to account for the admirable
way in which eggs keep in this manner, by suppos-
incr that the yolk floats more e(pially m the white,
auTl has less tendency to sink down to the sliell, than
when'the egg i^ laid*^onone side; c(^rtainly if the yolk
rea(dies the"shell, the egg spoils immediately.

Will some of your correspond(;nts favor me with
their opinion ?-[Fnglish Agricultural Gazette.

i. (jr.

-•♦»■

Indiana State Fair, lHr,',l,

This is to be held at Lafayette, im the llth, 12th
and rUhdavs of October, this point is accessihle
l,v canals and railroad. Among the premiums othjr-
(m1 are six silver pitchers, valued !it ^X, each: tiiirty-
five' Mlver cups, valued at S15 each: seventy-five sil-
ver cun^- valued at SlO each; thirty sets o( tea-spoons,
valued at $5 each; and a large uumher of premiums
consisting of cash, agricultural w<u-ks, I ks, diplo-
mas &c. The com].etition for the sibvr pitcners
wiirbc among the cultivators of wheat and corn, and
the owners of cattle, horses, jacks and bogs.

100

XKW KVKRr.RRKX— STRAWBKUnY QtrESTION, .to.

f'Tri.Y

i

>cvv Kvergreeii.

We have received, enclosed in a l<-»tt^r from onr
friead John King, MoKcan oourjty, J*a,, a sp«M;iin''n
twig of tho Kvergreen shrub, about which tlioro has I
been consi(h'ra])h.' oniiuiry in th«^ Farm Journal. It ,
is without vloul)tth<» Auierioan Yew, Taxus Canadfu- ,
819. Its usual h»'igl>t iH two to four foot; leaves half !
an ineh to three-fourths in length, smooth, entire, '
green on both sides, narr*)wed at l>ase to a very short '
petiole. It is more straggling in growth, an<l we ';
think not 80 han<lsome either in color or habit, as the
English Yew/Paxus Baccata,which retains its green-
ness through the winter much Ijctter.

This specimen should have been acknowledged
sooner, but the letter was accidentally mislaid.

-HN-

Strawberry (iuestion.

Wo invite attention to the article in the present
number, on what has been very undeservedly mag-
nified into "o/f of the great questions of tho day."
We have entertained these ^'^^^rr» f'>»- t^-^^v vo.,r^
The high source from which the article emanates,
entirely supersedeas any remarks of ours. This ''straw-
berry question," so called, has always seemed to us
one of the mos7 sinij)If, a mere matter of fact, and it
has been a matter of wonderment, that so much
should have ]»p('n said and written, and sueli formi-
dable resohitlons passed, on what is at last comprised
within the limits of a mere nut-shell.

-•♦^

TjII Clover.

We have been furnished with a sample of clover,
grown on the farm ol Mr. Wickersham, near Phila"
delphia, which, on measuring, we find to be three

feet in heiglit.

This indicates a deep soil, and good farming. We
presume there must be a subsoil-plough somewhere
in that neighborhood.

Warren County Agricultural Society.

A Society with the above title, has lately been organ-
ized in Warren <ounty, i*a., "auxiliary to the Penn-
sylvania State Agricultural Society," and with the
object as stated in the first article of its constitution,
to foster and improve agriculture, horticulture, do-
mestic arts and manufactures. A constitution and
bye-laws have been adopted, and ofi&cers elected as

follows:

Vresi(lx:ni — Stephen Littlefield.
Vice Frcs'idmts — [Forty-four in number.]
Secrefan/ — Patrick Falconer.
Treasurer — James Younie.

Hints about Harness.

For several years ])ast, we have adopted tlic fol-
lowing ])hin of treating carriage harness, with so
mueii eomiort ana sucv'ess, that we have tonehulud
to reconnnend it to you for working and carriag-' liar-
ness.

Tile whole thing may be comprised in a few words.
With hot water, soap, brushes, and scrapers, make
your harness perfectly clean. Next saturati; with
oih, lastly, a weather-j)roof elastic polish and )>laekt'n-
ing.

For your information, we detail to yon how to ^o
about accomplishing these results. Select some af-
ternoon with a prospect of a fair day folhnvin^.
Take your harness and take it to pieces, as far us
you can unbuckle it. Put them into a tub or barrel,
and pour boiling soap suds over them, and let thorn
stand all night. In the morning, take a stifi" brush,
or corn coljs, or something else of the same sort, and
with a smooth board in |3ace of a wash-board, with
fresh water and soa]), rub the coat of gn^ase and dirt
off each side of the leather. Sometimes it is neces-
sary to use a dull oM knife to scrape with. Pass
each strap through a second clean water, and hang
up on a line, exposed to the sun. As soon as thoy
begin to dry, begin to oil them. Neatsfoot oil is the
best, uut hail uil will Ju v^ry wcil. Make a brush
by rubbing some flannel round a stick, and tyin^ it
with thread, dip this in the oil, and pass over both
sides. As it dries in, go over over them again and
again, until they will absorb no more oil. Let them
stay out over night.

In the mcu-ning, if they are all soft and pli.ible, you
m:iv ])roceetl to til^plv varnish, if not, jtut on mure
oil until they do get soft and pliabh\

The polish is made as follows:— Take a pint offish
or neatsfoot oil, add four ounces of beeswax, four
ounces clean beef tallow, one ounce rosin, and one
ounce of lampblack; melt—when melttid, add about
two table-spoonfuls of turpentine, and with flannel
cloths commence rubbing the harness both sidef,
draw the straps through and through the flannel.
The polish must be applied warm as the hands can
bear it. Let your harness hang out one night. Take
warm water and soap and wash all the black off,
which will come ofi" with sponge or cloths. Hang
up, and in an hour or so, you can buckle t(^gcther
again, and it is fit for use. You will now have soft
harness, with a dull shiny jet black surface, which
will keep so for a whole year, if you put oil enough
on them to render them as soft as woollen cloth.
They will retain this dull shiny black all summer,
and mud will never stay on long af\er it is dry.

Any person who will treat his harness so, once
a year, will never regret the trouble.

'if they need repairing, either do it yourselves or
have it done before the spring work comes on.— [hx-

change.

-^♦»-

Agricultural I'vhibition.
The Perry County Agricultural Exhibition will be
held at Hloomfield, in that county, on October 5th,
Gth and 7th. It is expected that it will be a very m-

-••»-

teresting affair.

-*•►

"Pfforthamptou County Agricultural Society,

This Society have agreed to hold its annual exhi-
bition in Easton, on the 5th, Gth and 7th days of Oc-
tober next.

Heaver County Agricultural Society.

At a meeting of the Board of Managers, held^ at
the Court House, in Beaver, May 27th, a premium
list was adopted, and the 20th and 2 1st of Septem-
ber, was fixed upon as the time for holding the an-
nual exhibition, and in the town of Beaver.

185?..!

COMMUNKATIOXS.

101

For tho F.arin Journal.
Tlie Mechanical I'Jlccts ot IJme.

Ism h;iopy to lind that the attention of th<' fami-

ly be etieeted by spreading it on the surtace suiheicnt-
ly long before ploughing in. The aeids which arc
iurnied trmu the dt'Coiapusition «»f tlie v<*geta)>h' nnvt-

o

r .,,iiuiiunitv is ))t'ing turned to the ii'^portaut sub- i ter contained in the soil, are eapabh' of deeoniposm
*ect ol the <'ifects ]»rodueed ])y lime, when used as the carbonate of lime. These acids are soluble, and
a fertili/''!-, and tliat niy letters published in the I by the aid of water arc eapahh- of pmetrating all
.b.urnal, iiave been instrumental in awakening such , p<»rtions of tlie heaviest soil. If a lieavy soil eon-

iiii.'iv.st, an<l ealling into the field sueh able commen
taturs on tliis most important subject.

lu the Mareh number, I endeavored, to the best
of my poor ability, to explain my views in regard to
the generally received opinion of the mechanical
efl'eets of lime. I perceive that the able writer whose
artiele appeared in the May number, over the initials
J II. B., has not fully understood the position taken,
or intended to be taken by myself on the subject.
My readers will exeusc mo for again going some-
what over the same ground, when I say to them, that
I am eonvineed, that the commentator is possessed ui
Diure than ordinary ])ersi>icacity, and that my mean-

tains <'arhoriate oi lime, the vegetable aeids will lil>-
erate the earbonie aeid, and it is the (Miming into sep-
arate; tjxistence of this carbonic ai^id, oecui)ylng, as
it will, much more space, that disintegrates the soil.
1 do not pretend to say that this carbonic acid will
remain in the soil, in an uncombined state any con-
siderable length of time. When a loaf of bread is
baked, no carbonic aeid remains in tho cells farmed
by the fermentation, but the cells remain. The great
object has been attained, the tenacity (»f the soil has
IxM'U overct)me, and generally it will not become hard
again, until the crop is so far ahead as not to be
much affected ))y it. Besides whivh, in warm weath-

' ■ er this nhenomeua iri cunatautlv iiomji on to some
in" nmst be very ooscureiy expresseu, uioc uc uu^iiu ^^% «-"i3 puv.uumL.iia in uuuotauvij g, ^

jiut have fallen into so much error.

Bv reference to the article in question, it may how-
ever without difficulty be perceived, that 1 have drawn
aline b.'tw.MMi the ehemicaband the purely mechanical
effects of lime. This distinction is very important, an<i
must be constantly ])orne in mind. I do not includ.-
among the mechanical effects of lime, such as are of
a secondary character. For instance: That lime
when judiciously applied increases the fertility of the
soil and such increased fertility causes the soil to
contain a larger pro])ortion of vegetable matter un-
dergoing eremacausis, as well as carbon, and thus
indirectly renders the soil more pulverulent. I
do not allude to any but direct mechanical effects,
produced by the force exerted by the lime. That the
force should be produced by some chemical property
of the lime is no objection, provided it is exerted di-
rectly, and not as a secondary result, and that the
effect be mechanical.

exter.t, provided the gnmnd is not too dry.

Professor Mapes pretends b) make a distinction,
l»etween the mechanical effects of lime on the differ-
ent sandy soils, and says, that when the grains of
sand are rourub it renders the soil more loose. He
attributes the meehuriical effect to a cliemical a<!tion.
If any such chemical action could take place, it
might be a matter of opinion as to what would be
the mechanical effect: But I contend that the learn-
vd Professor is in error in this particular. Jbi at-
tributes it to the action of the lime, on the silex, and
the consequent corroding of the polished surface of
the sand. Ih'va we are at issue. 1 contend that no
such chemical phenomena will take place. No chem-
ist has (to my knowh^dge) been able to demonstrate
that caustic lime at the ordinary temperature, will
combine with silex. True, lime in sufficient quant -
ties, made into a cement with sand, will become hard
and cause bricks and stones to adhere together, but

The learned commentator seems to have imbibed when this mortar is subjected to the action of any
the impression (doubtless owing to my clumsy man- of the feeble acids, wliich will make soluble^ salts of
ner of expressing mv meaning) that the carbonic bnie, it maybe entirely s^-pantted from the sdex,
acid to which I have ;ttributed the mellowing of the i and the latter will be precipitated It has been
.oil, is the product of the vegetable portion of the said that water in which lime is held in solution,

soil. But such is not my meaning when rightly in-

being passed through a long column of sand, will

son. nui SUCH is not UIV liuauiu^;^ ,^.iw. i.„....j • , . , ,. 1 L I ,♦• V. . ,^Tw. l.,ic

... , -^ , . ^,.,,^„^ Tnvseir .,s ' <H><''^i^ t'l" ^>»"^' '^^^'M^'^'-^^ ''^^ pure;lmtno one lias

terpn^ted. I have en<leavi>red to express m3se!i as t ....,, ^ i i- i i

... ., , .1 1 • r « f fl.;^ .wi.l pretended to say, that iC will be found combined, and

plainly as possible, as to the derivation ol this acui v-^^ J'

from t'he earbonab. of lime. My intention was to be a silicate ot l.me be f(.rmed.

understood b) say that, Caustic lime applied b> the The learned Professor also distinctly asserts, that
soil speedily becomes saturated with some acid. K j some sandy soils are loosen(Ml, and some are ren.ler-
the soil contains any vegetable acids, they spcMxlily | ed more compact by tho applieation of lime, and at-
combine with the lime. If the soil contains any ; tribute"^ this difference to the shape of the particles
considerable quantity of manure or other vegetable [ of the sand. He also without reserve lays it down
matter undergoing decay, it will obtain carbonic acid distinctly, that sulphate of liim^ (plaster) renders a

from that source. If the soil is not too compact, it
will obtain some from the atmosphere. Lime should,
however, be applied as a carbonate, which can easi-

sandy soil more compact by means of its pr.perty of
attaching particles. When we reflect on the small
proportion in which plaster is applied to the soil, and

102

COMMUNICATIONS.

f'Tri.v

the luiperlt'ct mauiior m which it is ]>ulv('riz<'<l, can | readerH \y\\\ n"! be astoniHhcd, \\hrn 1 >:iv lu tlicm,
any one believe that it could be uninipresent to stick , that I dj not recollect hearing speak oi" any buch

the sand together ?

The learned comraentatnr dues not take the same
ground willi i*ruies.sor Mapes, and whilst in tiie
words of the poet, he says to me —

Be sllcut always, wheu you doubt your sense;
And .speak, thouyh suro, with se^niiiiK dlttidence.

J'"i".

ho in an otl" handed way, disposi's (d' us h()th. Does
he cont<Mid with iiis proteg6 that lime will cor-
rode th-' s;ind, and combine with it so as to form
silicate ol' linn', and that the consecjuent roughness
will hinih'r the sand from packing? No I He takes
a new ground, and arlvances a dogma of his own
creating, ([uite independent of tin* learned Professor,
i'ii- whom ill' ieels so nundi svmpathv. lie savs:

"Now \[ Mr. Browne is a cln'mist (as we suppos(3
"hf is, trom the fact that he advances original theo-
''nes on obscure chemical subjects,) he will c»'rtainly
"recollect the fact that a peculiar characteristic of
"that class of compounds called silicates, is that a
"larg3 (quantity of a previously f »rmed silicate, pos-
"sesbcs tile pro[»(rly (if combining with an almost
"indefinitely small <|uanuty of a new base (such as
"lime,) forming a double salt."

It is to this cause, he refers for his mechanical
p w. r, w hich lie says will lighten the soil.

Before connnenting nn this theory, 1 will try to
set the Commentator right in regard to the suppo-
gitiou'^ iic has advanced touching mys(df. 1 am wil-
ling to own up, that 1 Inul atone tinu' of my life, the
presumption, to write my sell dnwn a chemist, and
after it was w^ritten— Geo. W. Drowne — Klcvc de llo-
biquet, Fabrlvant <lc produils choniiiucs — was wont to
survey it with C'jnsiderable complacency.

But that was twenty years gone. When 1 did
til us presume, 1 was fresh Hedged from the world re-
n^Avned lal>oratory of llobiquet, in Paris. 1 had
mid' pre})arations lor some of tin; then greatest
chemists in tin; world. Being at that age at which
men know least o( thomsidves, I may have been ex-
cusable, for somewhat filling int) the same ludicrous

• .1 ,1 1 1 1 1 'i I -i. 1 TUMr-iti\(' bi elementarv c()nipound, such as the corn-

error with tlic old colored gentleman, who conceited i n(.„.iu\( in citincm-ai j mi ,

, , 1 , • , 11 • . 1 • . c nonnd of oM«» atom of silii'om with three atoms ofux-

that he and his master, had panited a picture: 8am- i P^^'^"'-^ '^^ ^J'^' '^'^ "' ^'

fact.

But still we set it down as a fact, without fiirthor
inquiry or comment. In the first place, while every
reader will be ready to ac^knowledge the masterly
manner in whi<*h the commc^ntary is written, iind
that it bears within itself the evidence of being the
production of no ordinary intellect, l)Ut of one skill^
ed in the art: — 3'et as the author has not lent the
wciglit of his name to his production, it must stand
or fall on its own merits, and can derive no strength
from the gentleman's ipse dixit. No authority is
(pioted. Here again wo are at fault.

Let us see wdiat the learned commentator has real-
ly put forth in these few lines. He alleges that the
silicates (aliter dicta) the silicate of potassa, the si-
licate of soda, &c., are capable of combining at the
ordinary temperature with ind>[fiiiitch/ small quan-
tities of l'''*^'^' '^^^ OT1T7 nflior liMc:o 'in/l tlirtf tho r<ii:ii1f

of this combination is a double salt. M' smdi is the
case, it is indeed a peculiar characteristic. Let us
understand the length and lireadth of this assertion,
wdiieh seems to be the keystone to my hopes i^ any
rejiutation a«: a chemist, at h'ast In the opini(^n ofthr
commentator. If Mr. Browne is a clienii>t he will
recollect this fact, if he is not, he will not recollect
it. If hi^ does not recollect it he is no chemist.

A [ireviously existing silicate is capa])le of com-
bining at the ordinary temperature wit)', any and
every proportion of lime or any other liase, and that
any and everv of these combinations will be a douhle
salt, and the double salts thus formed, will be more
or less solulde, their S(dubility dejtending on the
])roportion the silicic acid bears to the new^ base.
We are not told whether the solubility increases or
diminishes with the increase of silicic acid.

What is a doulde salt? To answer this question
we must define a salt. As silicic acid is an oxygen
acid, wo need only consider such salts as are formed
by the combination of an oxygen acid with a b;iFe.
A salt of this character is a compound of an electro-

bo ^'round th-.' paint, and massa daubed it on the
canvass. That day has gone by, and I no longer
conceit that 1 am a chemist. I am behind the age,
and am constantly made to feel my inferiority, wdien
brou'^ht in contact with such able gentlemen as the
learned commentator. 1 do not pretend to be a
chemist, but only to have a sufficient insight into the
science, to issuo visionary theories, that the more
learned may have an ojiportunity to refute them.
This strange fancy ul mine, works a public good, for
it draws into the arena more able writers, whose dif-
fidence might otherwise deprive the community of
the benefit of their labors.

ygen, and known as silicic acid, and a bi elementary
electropositive compound such as the compound of
one atom of ])otassium and one atom of oxygen,
known as potassa. The former is an acid, the latter
is a l)ase. This class of bases has the [u-operty uf
neutralizing such aeids as silicic aeid. This com-
pound is the silicate of potash. Si 03 X K 0.

A <loublo salt is formed in two ways, an example
of one of which we have in lloch<dle salts. Tartaric
acid is a bi basic acid, or in other words, two atoms
of water, are essential to its existence. Its salts f .rm-
ed with one atom of a base are sour, and upon exam-
ination are found to consist of one atom of tartaric

W^A

COMMUXirATIOXS.

1 o;i

After this candid exposition, and disavowal, n:y acid, one atom of the base and one atom of water.

By some chemists it is considered a tartrate of pot- 1

ash and water. By the a-ldiii-n of an equivalent of j
80.1..*, Koehelle ..alts is fonucd, au-l it is found to con-,
gist of one e<iuivalentof the tartaric aeid, one ol pot-
ash and one of soda. You perceive, theref )re, that ,
the potush expelled .me equivalent ..f xvater, and the
fioda the other. Owing to this peculiarity which is
not cuniim'd to tartaric acid Ijut belongs to many of
them, it is said t<^ be bi basic.

Double ^■alts are formed by salifying two equivalents ;
of two distinct bases, one equivalent of each with
two (Mpiivaleuts oi the same acid. The acid employ-
ed in this case is a monobasic acid, such an acid only
requires (me atom of water as essential to its existence.
Siieli double salts may be separated by christiliza-
tiun, provided they arc unequally soluble. They
would' not be considered double salts, except that
they display, wheu together, some attributes which
■xre^L.t common to them when alone. Silicic acid is
an acid which b(dongs to neither of the two described
classes, but belongs to quite a diffcre^^ '>-

Sulphuric acid, tilluric acid, stannic acid, areenic
acid silicic acid, <ic., do not re(iuire any water, and
may be obtained in what is called the dry state. In
this dry state they display very feeble acid ciuahties,
and do not display any allinity f .r the liases except
at high temperatures. Silicic acid is not bibasic,
itnd consequently a previously existing silicate can-
not combine with (f/i// base presented to it so as to
f.rm a double salt. A double salt may be farmed by
fu<iu- together two previously formed silicates, dhe
bili.'a'te ol' potash for instance not containing more
acid than is necessary for its own combination, can-
nut take into combination any other base. Such
mi-ht not be the case were the salt already formed a
bi silicate, or a sesquisilicate. But with this we
have nothing to do, as they are not the salt^ mention-
ed by the commentator.

But the learned gentleman says that a new base
such as lime will combine in any (indefinite) propor-
tion. This is contrary to the theory of definite pro-
portions, and although I have great respect for the
gentleiean's opiui<m on the subject, must demur.

The h-arned gentleman says that th.^ addition ol
lime to the:.e previously existing silicates, will cause
a .louble salt to be formed whose solubility depends
entirely upon the proportion of the silicic acid to the

new base. ,

The silicate of potash and the silicate of soda 1 |
Dresume, are the most important ones found m the
Foil, and of them we will speak more particularly.
They are either of them soluble in hot water, but
sparingly affected l;y cold water. So likewise the
double salt made by fusing them together. If we
make a glass of the following composition

Potash - • - ^ '

Silex - -

we will hav3 a glass that will not at the ordinary

temperature be stable, but will 'Iraw the moisture
ir.ia t!je air, and the result will be, that a tumbler
iu;ide from Ml, h glass wiP, after remaining in the
air S(tmetiiue. Im* found to coutain curbonate (»t i»ot
ash in solutien. If, uu the c(»ntrary, we make m
glass compon.'ided oi

Pota-h ... 100

Sihoc ... - b'»>

Lime - - - - l'><>

w.' will have a glas-^ tliat will he unalterable in the
;iir at common temperatures.

It is f)r this reason that lime (or theoxideof lea'.)
has been found in-lispensable as an ingredient in
<dass, at least so says Dumas, vol. -, p. '^'^1 •
^ Some of the felspars contain no lime, some of them
contain lime, an.l yet the latter are ni>t any more
soluble than the former.

In conclusion, I feel greatly f^atlercM that so highly
gifted a critic should have reviewed my lettiTS on
Time, and has not found more defects. I had not
expected as much for them.

As U> tlie pareuiai u.iMee .uotained in the closing
part of the commentat.>r'H article, he will ac<:ept my
thanks. I will endeavor in future, to be more meek
and uKMlest in mv address when speaking of the
l.,u-ne.i. Mu.h eveuse should however be made for
,,ne, who has not had the advantages that such g. n-
th^men as Professor Mapes and the learned eommen-
tat<.r have no .loubt enjoyed, and his rude speecdi,
and strong language should not be misconstrued in-
to boastful arr.;gance. „.,..,..x'p

(i. BLIGHT BBO\VNE.

G wynedd-

The following article fr<»m one wlio has long been
a correspondent of the Farm Journal, was accom-
panied by a letter informing us of her removal to
Adrian, Michigan. While we regret to loose .ojair
and agreeable writer, as well as clo«e observer, irom
our own State, we are pleaded that she intends still
to continue favoring ns occasionally with her observa.
tions on Agricultural and Horticultural matt^^rs m
that new region. ^

Trausi»lanting of TretJs.

Mr. Farm Joirnw/.

It so frequently happens m

n,..p dav« that icience para.les some new and indi.-
,,tablc discovery in natural philosophy, which every
\Im superstitious farmer and his wife" at once re-
i co<mized, us a.<A./. wf their grandparents that it ,s
lav-ynice matter t. determine where old saymgn
I aiffer from scientific truth. ^^^^^^ .^

' ACrv many unlearned perKons u m }
tr.i.M;i:umn;tre..andslnaibsyou should he e^in^

^ to pla.^^ll^wards the North, the sanie side ot ho

[t^hrub or plant, which had looked Northw.Hm

the former situation.

104

^o'^r^n^\(•'^Tf<>vs.

^■Trir

Scioace informs us, that the magnetic curr'-nt, ]>y a man walkin'^' nlonp tho furrows an.1 pr.^^inr
which is the life of nature, passes n^lways aronna th»-' hrs foot a<:nin.^r the {rhmt, or with th.^ hoc. Th*- In-
earth in t)io same direction; tTitit eonso-^umtlj \h(^\ UtvuU h.-twn'n the mws should get n hoeing, or th.^

trees growing by its influence, ai'' accustomed to thr
tide of its current, so that If turned, they do not re-
ceive it in their accustomed manner, and eaniiot
thrive until they have accouunodnted tiiemselves to
receive the subtle but mighty iniluenco, in thoir new
position .

h\ this as ill unnum})orod instances science con-
firms tho unwritten tradition of lon<«: (,bvt.rv.^t.l,„^_
for it is a fact that trees do thrive better ifih-ir ori*:-
in il positions with respect to North and South, b(!
careiully pi"''S"rved.

Let lIortieuhuri.-tH experiment and olisr-rve the
result.

LYDTA JANE PF:TRS0\.

-*•*-

}-\>r th'.* F,;r'ii J(>:;ri.Ml.

Itape or C'ol/a. Brassica Cam|ie>tris,

Kape iSced is not only an o)>joct of tin? j:reatest i

m-

cultivator run in, or a small ]\\(>w sent throajrh, to
give them ari earthin;^ up, killing the weeds at t!if»
same time, whieli should 1x3 done as late in the lall
as the weathfu- will permit, in IVovember or l>\icem-
her. Thus th^^y will remain all winter without injury
from the frost.

In spring, thoy six mid have the cultivator run be-
tween them again, and w»^eded, or another slight
earthing given them, which will greatly strengthea
the plants.

The quantitity of seed to 1x3 sown, should be from
live to eight pounds per acre; and this should lo
Fown in the bed or in the rows evenly. It is a great
advantage, that the cost of the seed is so tnlling ia
prop(3rtion to the value of the croj).

Ic is ready to cut and reap when the upper branch-
ivs ttjrn brown, which ivill ]>e it^ .Tune f>r .Inlv R»

sure n(;t to let it bo too ripe, fi^r if the pods he too
dry at reaping, they will shed the seet^i in the lieid,
and cause much loss.

p )rtance and value, wherevi rit Is raised for th(^ sake
of the se»d. but is likewise extremely valuable as
green food for eatth^ and sleM^p. in th(^ fall .»r si>ring, it can be r(^a]>ed in the i^ame manrx)r as wheat, but
or cured for hay for winter. the hand fulls should U laid singly and light upon

The CoUa evr Uape is a pl.ant which rei^uircs by the stu]>ble, l)ehind tin? reapers, and thus il showld

preference, a strong soil, although it will come wtdl
on good sand or gravelly loams, besides careful cul-
tivation.

In Uelgium, and tht; n >rtheri\ parts of Franc«\
where it it is rai>*ed iii gr -ar abundance, it eiit(^rs into
the regular rotation on all good heavy loanis, and is
thought to be one of tl\e best prep:\rations f tr wheat,
owing t ) the tillage ol the soil, the maiuiro ap-
plied for it, and the oarc taken to keep it clear of
weeds.

'I'he ground should be ploughed in the fall and in
the spring, and again a short time before sowing,
and well manurtMl. Then the seed should )>e sown
very thin in drills, ami harrowed in in Ju/ir or Jt/hj
As the plants come u|>, they shouM be wMnle*! and
thincd out. a foot apart. A 8i]peri(vr mode is to sow
the seed broadcast, on a ic »"d rieh simmI b"-], pr(^par-
ed on purpose. When the stubble of any giain crop
has been cleared oft* by the harrow, the land widl ma-
nured and pioughtMl ti) a good dei.th, the plants are
brought out, and set out as cabbage [dants are

\\{) without stirring, until it is ready to thresh out,
which will be in a short time, particularly as gener-
ally at that time, the weather is drv and warm.

When it ia ready and perfectly dry, prepare a floor
in the middle of tho field, ))y k-velling the ground,
on which shouM be spn-ad !i lai*ge muslin cloth,
twenty to thirty feet square: spread tlie rows round,
and thrash round. One man or a boy to spread be-
fore tho thrasher, and another to turn; or it can be
thrashed by a thrashing machine, in this case taking
care, if the seed is intended to be thrashed on the
barn lloor, to remove the plants on a large sheet
spread on the wagon, to prevent loss ot seed, by the
jolting and shaking of the wagt)n.

The seed can then \)0 stored in a drv and airy
♦^ranarv until it is sent to be sold or crushed.

Tlie Rape in good ground, well treated, does not
fail to make strong steals and succulent leaves, so
that by the mid<llo or latter end of November, it
will Ix' stnmg enough to l)ear pasturing: then turn
in th«' sheep. ])ut take t^are they do not eat but just
This can be done the latter end of SeptemJ)er, (^r in the leaves, which they will crop first, not sufferino;

October, either by the diblde and by hand, S(>tting
them out in every respect like the plants of cabbage,
in rows two to tw<) and a half feet wide, and one
foot in the row; or to save much time, lalv>r and
trouble, they can be put in furrows one foot apart,
after the plough, taking oaro to put there, up right iu
the furrow, and to cover them by tho return of the
plough, leaving the leaves above ground, and after
tho piece is finished, going over it to dress all plants
that might be covered too deep, which can be done

theni to t^mch the stalks, as that would be injurious
to the plants. This will form one of the best pas-
tur(\s for your sheep, if you keep any, and will niako
thenx fat and in goo<l condition; or the leaves can bo
fathered for hogs (^r cattle, but I do not advise by
any means to turn in horned cattle or hogs, for tho
damage they will do to the stalks. The cmly safo
stock to turn into Rape, in my opinion, being sheep.
The produce of an acre of Rape, will be according
to the condition of the laud, management cind oare,

P

I

1853.]

COMMlNir ATTOXS.

105

th

f u twenty bushels upwards to fifty, which will com- | to our attention aiul v-arc, it re<piircs tbc same (juan-

•md froi)» three and a half to fair d»)llars a bushel, ' tity f)f soed a^ the Winter Rape.
i,i IMiil.ih'll'hia, N'-'W York, liosttjn, or Ualtim>.re. ; 'j'lie Rape plant is not only nf great value in the
fj'ljp yield will be materially affected ))y th..- care giv- 1 economy of th.- fmu, as one ..f the best plants f)r
on t I it ill thrashing it properly. A very full crop (\,dd,.r, as after ihr i^hin:; the s.-eds out, the planr is
>^'iil be from titty to sixty bush. ds, and upwards of vabiable, and yleMs a large (piantity of nutriti(.us
eighty busiicls have been and are raised l^^'l^^'^tly , ^^j^p.,.^ ^.^.^^j^^^^ |,^^. .^^ 1^^,^^^ ^p Hto-k, but it i^ as

in Flnnder'='. _ _ ' invaluable as a ]ilant yielding oi\e of the, best an<l

(ireat advantage may be derived from cultivating ■ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^p^j.^. ^^p .p^j „p,.^^i^,,^^ j^eeds, that is to b(;

it iu the following manner: c.)u-iidered and em[)loyed, antl must attract our most

Take half an acre of good land, or make it so by I ^..^^.j^,,^^. ^^,^,1 diligent attentitm, besi(h'S the cultiva-

niauuring, and work it a little better than ordinary ' ^;,^,j ^^^ j^ being, as observed above, a g:)od prepara-

tion of the land f )r cereal or grain crops.

The Rape is likewise extrem dy valuable for the
residue or cake left after expressing oil from the seed,
which is used extensively f)r feeding and fattening
cattle. It forms likewise one of th<; UKJst powerful
manures, being extensively used in Vm gland and oth-
er countries, and tin; effects of it arc as innnedlatc
and powerful as the best an I most concentrated ma-

laud, or as you should your garden. At mid-sum-
nier, (June or duly) sow on this half acre, thirty
pounds, or two pecks of Rape seed— this will pro-
duce a plentiful crop, as few grains will miss; let them
grow until the middle (jf September; t:ike eight or ten
iu3reM of wh(;at or oats, or early corn; plough the
stubble, and let it lie a month or six weeks to rot,
tiien plough it again: if the land ha.s been manured

I"™^^ - --^ '-^' ^' ''' ^'f ^o^^ition I ^^^^^ ^.^^^^^^^^^ j^^^^^^^,^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ .mmediate and pow-

U.gin atone side, plough a furrow, set the plants , ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^.^^^ ^^.^ difference, that it benefits

1, the furrow, at the distance of a foot, eanmg a- , ^^^^^^^_ _^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^. ^.^^_

gau>stthe side of the furrow; set the plough ^^^ ^ .^ cannot be surpassed in its fattening nualities;
niakeauother furrow, at two feet distant from the - ^.^^^ .^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^

first, ami in rcturniii;; it wiUc.v.t tlio lir-t liiiruw ..I'ts'lf

plaatc.1, nil 1 oontiuue so until tho whole li-l.l is Bot. ''"^i^'-'" ' "' • „i,,i,,.

^ If tlio liu,d, an I suppose it is. is good, i. o. h,« It is iu tU. luauufaeturo ol oil ron; its sod., tl at
been ,,ro,,erly nianu.-ci (o,- ,he previous crops, wheat, 1 it .losorvos to havo a disUngu.shed place among the
oats, L., there will bo no occasion to luauure it now, profitahlo crops, proUtaUle not not only from the pe-
l,„t if not, have y.)ur manure laid iu heaps, and euniary advantages, derivc.l directly from its cult.-
tlin.w a little at the root of every plant, a handfal' vatioii, for in supposing that only a n.munum ..rop
will he sumeieut:or, which is preferahle. hy throw- of twenty bushels should be raised, still as hepneo
in^ a handful of guami, previ<iusly well mixed with is generally nearer and sometimes over st, than ....,;
loi^r times its bulk of earth or a good handful of such a low crop even at ¥,. gross per acr,., is ce -

anyg 1 chemical fertlli/.er, at tlio foot of every plant, I tainly no despicable figure, when taken >nto account

th produce will be large, and the seed of good .uia- \ that the value of this fodder will go "«-> J; P^^
ty; in transplanting it will tell all the better iu the ; the e.penso of its culfvafon, but the ™^ -f-^'u c
dp, to roll the roots of the plants in plaster of Par- ' of its seeds into one of the best and most alua
is, !,r ashes, or l,oth .uixed. I oils, gives it claim to great preeminence, by the great

When the llape is reaped, then sow turnips; thus ' services it thus renders to agriculture, and to rn.nu-
three iirofitable cr.ips can bi; got out in two years factures.

from the same piece ..f land, and the two last will ,p,j„ ]^.^p„ oil is one of the most valuable oils
improve y.mr land. ': known in the arts of matuUactures; at once servicea-

As observed above. Rape on land makes one of tho \ Ue f-.r burning, eating, fulling, for the tanner, for tho
best preparations lor wheat, but ia this latter in- | s„ap boiler, for machinery, &c., kc
stance, I prescribe a crop of turnips alter it, if fob, T,^i^ „-,, ^^ed for macaiinery, properly prepared,
lowing pn.bably wheat, (U- at least a grain crop. I j,^^^ n,^t gum as other oils do.

The above is the management of ninln- l!'q><:;[ Already has the attentiim of government been di-
there is another variety, called Sprinj or .V.«oA ' rect,!d to it, to supply our light-houses (m the coast,
;e'(;«;-this is cultivated an<l handled iu every re- ,^iti, a good burning oil, as fish oil is constantly rais-
spect as the former, with this diffenmce, that it is ■„„ ;„ price, and whale and sperm fish getting scar-
sown early iu tlir. spring. March or -Vpril; hence its „„ ^.^ery year, and particularly should it h»l;l"""- '"

•^ ' . . ( .... *l.„t tl.rt r,piee o tis lolls

name, .Spring or .Mareii llape or Col/.a.

the

natural course. d events, that the price olfislioils

U does not yield quite so large a produce as the gets affected by the po i tical ;""- ; ' ^ , 1 "^^
Winter Hapo. but as it can be sown iu tho spring, : t.n (against ';'' -''':'':*'"':i '' „ e th p ic f "
and harvested at tho latter end of the summer, or very matonally to affect and onhanc.thFi-
early faU of tho same year, it thus has great claims articles and produce wh.ch we der.vo through

HSafifcT^

Itfi-'V

ior>

COMMlXirATIONS.

fJrr

t

«i

navigation, and which would particularly affect the
price of oils, and raise thom.

In the article of oils, the prices would rise inimeas-
ureably, not liaving as yet esta1)lish(Mi the cultivti-
tion of plants, to supply us with this, iiii article of
the first necessity.

We may then, and that at a profit of manifest ad-
vantage, estaljlish amon;^ us the cultivation of a most
valuable plant, for wliich the soil and climate of this
country are favorable.

Any one desirious to make a trial with one acre or
more, can obtain the seeds, either of the Spring or
Winter Rape, from me, either of 1\ Landreth, Of)
Chestnut street; C B. Rogers, 20, Market street, or
Paschall ^lorris & Co., oSO Market street, Philadel-
phia, at 2-") cents per pound; at either of which pla-
ces I may be addressed.

Any other information as regards the mani])ula-
tion, the produce in gallons, or bushels, the litting
up an oil mill, and process of manufacturing the oil
from tiio seeds, i will impart to applicants lor a mod-
erate and reason ablt> compensation.

As has ]»een shown, the raising of Rape Seed is
very profitable when carefully attended to: the man-
ufacturing the seed into oil is not less so, so that to
a certain degree, coml lining t!ie two togetht-r, can not
fail to be hijrhlv remunerative, and as worthv the at-
tentittn of the capitalist as any agricultural product
with which we are acquainted.

F. A. NANTS.

P. S. — I will, in a short time, prepare a short trea-
tise on Madder, of which I will have seed for sale
next fall. F. A. N.

For the Farm Journal
(.lapcs In Chickens.

To the Editor ul the Farm Journal — Can you flv^
any account of, or remedy for gapes in ehickens,
which, if not arrested, 1/ids fair to destroy th<'hr;i
half of my young ])oultry. Improved as wi'll a^
the common breed are all equally attacked, anil die
in a short time afterwards. Any information thrtnii'ii
your valuable journal, will confer a favor on several
of your subscribers in this section of the State.

n. SILL.

Erie county, Pa,

••••

Dear Sir: —
♦ ♦ -j^

Fur the Farm .Tournal.

TuRBOTViLLE, Pa., Junc 30, 1853.

* The Farm Journal is grow-
ing rapidly in public estimation, and I am happy to
beli''v<* that the community generally in this region,
are more duly appreciating those publications which
are devoted to tlie science of agriculture.

AVe have in Pennsylvania ample facilities for ma-
king our land worth, on an average, $200 per acre,
and yet tliere are but few of us who would not
willingly sell for less than half that price, and "go
West," where land may l)e had at a mere nominal
value. IJut the present generation will not pass
away until tlu^ price of land will bo estimated dilfer-
cntly. The present "era of progress" tends so rap-
idly to developethe agricultural resources of the coun-
try,— and science is shedding so much light upon

roMMrxKWTioys.

The mos

is to

In reply to our correspondent, we give an engra-
ving of the worms magnified, which are generallv be
lieved to cause the disease in poultry, called gapes.
St simple and effectual remedy we know of,
make a loop of horse hair, and introduc-' it
down the wind-pijx' of the young chick. -n, when, by
twisting the loop a few times, the worms can be very
readily"drawn out. We have seen tliis process trioJ,
and with great success. In R.Muent's Poultry Book,
is a coniiminictition from C. F. Morton, ami cod-
taing some valuable suggestions, which we copy 1>^
low.

From all I have seen and heard on the sul)ioct of

... . . • . j,^.

wl
east

rhat is called the gapes in the chickens, it is a ai^
. . ,.ase which is not generally understood, \^'^'^y
the labors of the husbandman, that his occupation is | tjierefore.give you my opinion on its nature and cure.
no lonirer looked upon as menial; and when there | This spring, having my chick(Mis attack'^l as u>iia

shall be a combi
German industry

the cultivation of tuo ovu «»*» ^^ ^^.^^^.^^^ ^^ — — incri long, inis satiBuc-u ui^ t-w^-" "'":',^~\ pQ/jh
most honorable and profitable employment among course of feeding or medicine given would not r^,^^

men. * * * * 11. M.

course ot leeaing or meuiuniy fei>^" >.v.«.^ --
thedisease. I therefore took aquiU from a hen s wiii&,

1853.]

. I ,r thf f«*athers within an inch and a hill of
thJ^end' trinini.Ml it off with a scissors to about half
in-li'wi'l" pointing it at tle> low-r end. 1 thm
r thr .'n-Nof thr Nvings to th.' legs of the chicken
affected, to prevent its struggling: plaed its legs ),e-
twcen my kn.es; le-ld its tongue b-'twccn the
thumb and fore-finger of the hdt hand, and with th '
r.rht inserted the trimmed feather m tlu; windpipe,
y h,. ,Vcnfng of which lies at the root of the tongue;)
Ihenth.' <-hieken opened it t.) breathe pushed it
Iwn -.'i>tly JiH far as it would go, (which is where
th wiT.lpip" bran<-hes off to the lobes of the lungs
1 l,w which I have never detected the insect,) and
wi'^ted it round as 1 pulled it out, which would ge^n-
.rillv brin" up or loosen all the worms, so that the
oh'icken NN »mld cough them out; if not I would repeat
the uneiation till all were ejected, amounting general-
lv to a do/en: then release the chicken, and in the
course of ten minutes it would eat heartily, although
I'.n'viou-^ to the op<>ration it was una))le to swallow,
uel it< crop would be empty unless filh'd with some
iu.li-eMtible food. In this manner 1 h»st but two out
of loriv ehickeiis ojterated on; one by its coughing
un a bmn-h of the worms which stuck in the orihce
J the windpipe and strangled it-the other appa-
r.ntiv rccu.c.cd, but died several days after^ in the
inorniie^ In the afternoon, upon examining its
windpipe, 1 foundabMuale worm in it, differing from
tlie uthl'rs bv branching olf at the tail in a number j
of roots or'branehes, between each of which wcrej
tubes filled with hun.lreds of eggs, like the spawn of '
a fish and altliough the chicken died, m the morning
the worm was perfectly alive in tlie afterno.-n and
continued so f(.r half an hour in warm water. W hih;
I was .'xamining it in a concave glass under a^micn)-
8co].e, it ejected one of its eggs, in the centre of whicli
was an insect in embryo.

From this fact, I have come to the conclusion, that
when the female worm breeds in the chicken and
kills it, these hundreds of eggs hatch out in its putrid
body in some very minute worms, which, pr(d)ably
after remaining in that state during the winter,
change in the 8i)ring to a ily, which deposits its eggs
on the nostril of the chicken, from whence they are
inhaled and hatched out in the windpipe, and become
tlie worms which I have described.

There is one fact connected with this disease— that
it is only old hen-roosts that are subject to lU and 1
am of opinion, that where it prevails, if the chicken-
bouses and coops were kept clean and fre(iuently
white-washed with thin white-wash, with plenty ol
Palt or brine mixed with it, and those chickens that
tike the disease, operated on and cured, or, if fhey
should die, have them burned up or so destroyed, that |
the eir-r-s of the worms would not hatch out, that the i
disease would be eradicated.

I am also satisfied that the chicken has not the
disease when lirst hatched; several broods that I car-
ried and kept at a distance from the chicken-house
where the disease prevailed, were entindy exempt
An.l chickens hatched from my eggs where they liad
never been troubled with this disease, were pertectly
free from it; and a neighbor of mine who l)Uilt m the
wo.hIs half a mile fnmi any dwelling, and has raised
fowls for six or seven years past, and has frequently-
set my eggs, has never had the gapes among his
chickens.

AVith my lirst brood of chickens, there was not
one escaped the gapes. But all that have been Imtch-
ed since I had the chicken-house and coops well
white-washed inside and out, with thin white-wash,
with plenty of brine in it, and kept clean, have been

107

exeiuj.t lV<iin the disease, with nc.:i-iwii;illy an excep-
tion of one or two chickens out ni' a hrood.

In operatin;:; on the cliickens, altli'iu;j;h one pc]-^on
can etb;ct it, it is much easier done to have one to
hold the ton-'ue, of ilie idiieken while the other pass-
es the feath'-r duv. ii its windpipe, and by liaving a
small piece of muslin hetwe.-n the lingers, it will pre-
vent the tongue IVom slijiping, whi(di it is apt to do
upon re[»eating th(^ operation.

A(;coiupanying this, I senil ymi drawin<j;s of the
gape worms in their natural si/,e, and as they appear
when magnified. No. 1 are the mah; worms, and No.
2 the female; you will obscu've the heads of hoth male
and female branch oif in two trunks with suckers
like le(>(dies at the extremities of the trunks, one
trunk longer an<l thinner than the other. The intes-
tines extend from the bran(diing of the trunks down-
wards towards the tail, and are {.erfectly apparent
when magniiied. The female branches oif lik*^ the
ro(>tsof a^ tree at the tail, with intermediate tubes
tilled with small oval egi:^s.

Yours, &c., C. F. MORTON. ^

Mill Farm, near Windsor, Orange county, N. Y.

-•••

For tho Fnrm .T.iMr'ml.

Tlic Fly 111 tlic Wheat— vs. Scefl (iralii.

J. L. DAUUNciTo.v, Esfi-

Ocar Sir— Tins yiociilmr

(lisoaso lias ravn^O'i our wheat ticWs t<i an (.iiurmous

extont. The fanii.T-; in \\u- a.lj .iiiiii^ cuiinties enter

the samo complaint, seme e>cpeetin- ..ne-liall a ere].,

whilst otlier.H will he glad il they enly ff-l the soe.l.

l)iirin<; the month nf April, and hefrinninj; of May,

onr fields, with a U:v,- .-x.-eptions, promised a fair

crop; when ahout th(^ 20th of May, a storm aroso

' hreakint; half or nior.; of the stalks down, when

I first our attention was directed as to the cause of such

a Ijreak.

It will he 8een,T)y close examination, that t'lc dc-
position of the ova or e-gs are generally f"r'n«'l
ahove the second joint, from three t-, eij-ht .n nun),
ber of a vermicular shape; the breach of the straw
invariably occurs at this spot, for the very great reas-
„n that this depositi.m weakens the straw. 1 ho col-
or of these beings differ, some being black, others
brown, and a fow white, and what seems stranger
still, it appears as if the latter named had a dark
vern.ieular being deeply embed.!..! in its bow. Is IJy
phicing such a one under the microsop^, 't ^^Ul he
seen that really the living being is only covered w.tli
a SIC or m.'mbrane, and that lids covering gives the
vviane.. in c.d..r. We have dep.isited a few ..1 these
anomalous creatur.-s saf.dy t., see what may hecme
of then,, .,f which we will apprise our rea.h'rs, .t
su.:cess attends our experiment. Such, in our ..pin-
ion, is tlie nature of tliis malady.

Now as to the cause we are ignorant, f^'""" "^■
sertthat a .-..rtain fly .leposits the egg m the fall
and in time an.l s..asen it comes to maturity. I las wo

rathor doubt for the rudi nts of the stalk are v..r_y

imperfect in the fall, and more than this, we see thia
deposit ia such fields, which by the lato sowmg, a..

f'.:nl«^j|£i.:--4;fc

' "'*^#^

108

'"MMirMr'ATIOXS.

8un.ea only tl,e incif.ient stages of germmation be
lore the winter's blast.

Is the dcposite made in tho Sprlnj;? This we also
doubt; for we well kn,.,v ,l,,,< U... sprouting -f (.rain
will often take place, whe . r,.,l!v i„>,vt.s ure yet in
a torp.d state, and should this deposit ooem- al-

iJrr

l«^>rl

CnMMI \1(\\TI0N.^.

109

country they cume iron., if the quaiuy and ,uanti"t;
are right. ' v

Cliestor county. Pa., Gth mo. 8th, '5:3.

The above article, altliuugh .igned "a learner"
was wntton hy one who is bettor posted up than

ter th s wo doubt very n,uch .l.-iher ,h,. i„iurv to I most, „„ .11 ..waters relative to do,.,, nfilk r ' , '"
the stalk could be as extensive, thus oavly.as i. ,..;„,. ,n.n that subject much att.n^L'f'l^s ;::;::!:;:
-nr ^^'*'^^' '^ ^i'^w to fix Konie cprfMiii >^f.>,wJ ,.. I i T '

Wp nrn +]i.,o 1 I . i i- . ^ ii-v nwim, (.,» ri.llU Standard of Sclof'ti.in

soil .'in : ;"■'"':: """ '"" """^ '^'>--^ - "■■■ '"^ ''r-'^"""'- '''''^' '''^"■'^■' -^ — •>■ wian ,, .

finll . • '" "'" "■'■•>' "'"'•"' '■'"■•' that : 'V n.iies of I'hihidolphia, and ospeciallvth.. ,1 ,•

fi ds belon.,„, ,„ ,Hir..re„t farn.ors In the immodi- 1 - <'l>oster and Dolawlu-o ouncic. 1 , ,""'

: 0 :::i;:'^;,:r,;;:f ::•;-:• ^"'■•■-\ ^^-^ ^-- "••■^■^ i ^■';";-: '" ^- ^^-' "-.. proveruar- xrt;';;

anoti,,.,. r. th i. Tr '■• .'"."■"•"•, "■'"'■^' "" i "'f " ""•"^^^^^■. ^^-^^ «"J «-'-'S -J f-Jins caul ,
ononn ' ''" •'""""*-'• "'" «'■"'" ''^ ' *^'''"" ^'■'^^^"'o' S'-adually boins ahandonod t,

n ,n,ously„,„,.d. 2d. W,. never seo .1,0 ,h,p.. : >— s u.orc roruoto. Dairy products must W,
sua..,, iu tl,.. ,-y,., ,,v,,„ i„ ,„,,, ,^ ,i^^|,,_ ^^.,,^.,, |,,^._^j^. , ter be the chiof busin.'ss of the farmer .vithin 'tl,«
c ud;"t)" '';';■''"""■''• "''■ "'■■'>■ "'"-^ ^"O- ^afoly con- 1 "''Ovo lin,its, and to thorn ,ts well as those in oth.T
2Z :'/ T" """■' '■"' '^"'''"'' ■^""" "" ^'■'"■" '-'■ '"'■" "'■ "''■ •^''^'^•' '' '■- i'"I"'rta„t to koop only tli,.

Av ; 2:;t ', '^ rr , , i ""'■^' . r "'"■''•^" '"-'•'■ ■■'"' "• •""'--"''• ""■'''-

.ve snuuM |„. .^U.i t,, 1,,,,^, ,1,^ opinion of others, | •'""'^'plos ot brooji,,.; then. (Ju.^nnu's marks -t,. ■,
on this obscure yet wide spre.u ,„.-,■»„•. j pretty ^u. ,■ ^u,ue. Inoy arc to b,. cnsidorod .uore-

Worcost,.,- M . , '■'•.''^- "f-^VKK- i l.v a- ,Tiden»:. of tl,o milkin;^ ,,uality, or thecoutrary

orccstc, .Montgomery county, Juno luth, 'o.i. j and as has boon observed, are f.urul to so,„e ,Jnt

j in each ,.l our well known breeds. Which onomnst
invariably has thrm, is still a <,uostion. Only su,.l,

individuaN, h-wovcr, no matter what th.' "l,r 1

shouhi bo retained. Alih„u^h opposed to indiscrim-
inate crossing;, of distinct breeds, which often results

-••»-

Kor the Farm Jounml.
KiTclhif; .Milk ( ous.

On reading an article in the la>t number of th,
Farm Journal, givii,- „„ti,-.. „f [■;. 1>. IVonticc's \vr
«hire bull, -l.und.v ■• I iWt ,..,ll I ' ; ■ ^'"»»'n«. "i dist.nct breeds, which often results

you may us.tl,.!,.' ' ^ '"*■ '" ''''' ^"'""""' f''^^-'^'"'^'-^ •^''-Id suppose a cross between the Lur.

There has bo,>„„,„.l, ■, , •. , I ''^"" '^"^^" '""^ -^''l'''-'i'\v bull, well worth a t,-iab A

of <iZ^^S^:f:t::t:TT ^ 'T'"-^ "■"-Pl--.uni.y is „ow o,fe,.od to the fu.i,.rs in th.

as mu buttJr .a le n '"'' '," l" ""/^ "'''"" ^ "'*^ "^^ " '^^"""'"" ^^■''^"'^ ''"-■". - - ---'

another. "''' "'^"^ ""^ '''"'^ ^^ i I"".' ^"^^''-'■"' ^"-"J" "f both sheep and cattl.

< r r 1 , ^^^'^^ ^*^^^^> whose portrait we hone to h-ivo for ji fn-

I'u-I. , ' \| " '"■''* ^•'•"■^■^ '^""■^''->° "'^' ^-'^ /'-<*"<.';, more than any animal we evorfclU

b ; , :^'''."';"';>-',;i";ya.-o vc-y near right, if Wo anticipate great advantag.f to this nebd.borhood

urea on ino itnncio c liid d,)wn l^x- '•v.-^h: '» i i r i • , " hm^uuuiuuuu

/>c^^/'." ''Tile fenial.vshtmld be the hir<'-est ''

-••.-

largest quantity and best (piality.

1 know of no nicer milk or butter,thauis -ivon and
made from a pure Alderney cow, and I think a c-oss ,
with a good .Vldernoy bull would help our stock in ! „ „ f^'""'" on Turniits': "'" *'"■" •'"""""■

this noighborbo...! vcy much, i„ this a l twvUo I '' ''^"'^""^-- , ,

and fourteen pounders, ]!„t it is usMc's to cross a I , i ■ r • , '" '""''' *'""' *'"'^'"" '"''"'''' '^

good cow of any breed with an indilf.ront bull \'^x ' "'"/', •'"■ , " ^ ^"" "'" """" "'' "" "l^*""
peoting to get good stock I bob .v„ ;. i ' l '"''"* ' "'"■'' ^"^^ '"'■>■'"'" "1"'" tins crop. About tl,o
been done. '" ""'" I •"''''"" "^ •'"'-^■- ^ P'-sl-od up ono-.hird of an aero

The best cows are generally marked Vo 1 J "^ ■"''' f."""';- ''■^^■i";; "" n.eUow ground to sparo,

Guenon's system, and s.fould be mt to the I'lt bul < g!,::" mitd' :i 'ir Lrru/kl ^ T t'"^'^ ri "■™^'''d
raise a bull calf; breed him to other cows of the bes i I ,' 7 , f'''""-''"- -^'"^ ^"'""'^

quality, and then a breed that elT.! ,ln" :-•>'->'•-'- deep as .ny largest bar-share could

quality, and then a breed that cannot be excelled
may be got up—it matt<3r8 not what the name may
be, for I hold it of no importance what name, or

turn over, probably seven to eight inches, and har-
rowed over half a dozen or more times, till it was
perfectly mellow and pulverized down to the grass.

Along side oi lIhh patcli 1 pl.ni_'h'Mi auotln'r third ul i ■'^hould also bo pleased to know from some ;;ood
an acre, and treated it in th.' same way, except usinj; ' a^ithority: tho oriirin of the so called "Chiila^ong''
ghort barn'var<l manure instead of |.niano. lioth i ^'^wl. ;ind whether tliry mny be oonfidfTod ;v dintinct
patches ot gr(..'und \ver»^ 8o\v.^d with the common red breed, or merely nicnjjrrl.s.

t-.n turnip on th^* same d;iy, the later part olMiily, and j ^^y ftasons for niakin^^ tins inipilry. is, tluit luiving
in the Fnonrh of November the crop wa?* gathered , liad tiicm from \vh;it was anil still irt considered the
with the (ollowing results: most relial)le sources, 1 found tiuMr progtiny to dis-

On the patch wiiorothe <;uano was ay»plied I took piny as many eoli>r8 ;i^ "Jo.-j.'pli's n.at.'^
up fifteen cart louds, estimated at ticnfij laishcN to 1 would furth(>r (Mnpiirc in roLTanl t(» the Cliitta-
the load, they were Ht)t accurately measured,-— ami .i^"t>^^, whether they jire not merrly a ero^s between
thi} other patch there \v'«'re ^e^YA^ eart load.-^— thus ; the .Shanghai and the [lucks eounty or Booby fowl ?
r niore than two bushels to one in favoi o- j Again. AVill juiy of your eorresro' .ii^nts onli'-'lit-

I en me in regard to the "boobies?" A gentlemafi of
The difference of growtli, all through the Reason j the highest respectability, informs me that some
was a V(M-y marked one. The guano pushed the '■, twenty-live years eince, a numlx^r of tlie Shangliai
youn^ plants ahead ho rapidly, from the moment | fowls w^ere imported by a Mr. Musser, (a phyHieian
they appeared above ground, that the //// had no ^ think,) formerly an othcer of tlie Customs in Phil-
eSoct at all ufton them; while on the other patch, adelphia, — that Mr. M. so soon as his rtock iru-reas-
whcro the grt>vvth was so much slower, the ravages of ; <'*^ distributed them through various sections of

en

hhowin

guano.

r

this insert were (juite }jerceptil)le.

Bucks county, and tiiat by crossing with the com-

My experiment satished me that, for a crop of tur- niori "Dunghill," the present "iiooby" breed, (if breed
nips thvjrc is nothing equal to guano. IV >T. C. you can call it,) was produced.

Can any one enlighten me a little further on this
subject ? S.

I'hiladeljthia, June G, 'o3.

F<ir ihf Karin Journiil.

The FarracrN Hijjh School of Pennsylvania.

To THK KoiToRs OF THE Tarm Jolu.nal — Like
yourselves, 1 put the en((uiry (to one ol the jturcst
members of the last House of Representatives, and
President of a county agricultural society,) why this
Institution was not called into existence, and was re-
plied that it had objectionable features, a view fully
u;^recing with that entertained by me.

i^ • ■ -niM^ II- »■

For the Fnrm Journal.
>^ indlass lor Haisiuf; Htune, Togs, *Stc.

To THK KlHToRS OF THE FaRM JoLRNAJ,: —

A con-
trivance of one of my neighb<'rs to set on cart wheels,

for the above [lurpo-^e, 1 thought might be of service
111 the report of the committee, and no doubt In j to some of your readers; if you think so, please in-

tlie irame of the bill, it is proposed that a vertain

nuiiihi r nj' piijdls he tducated ijratuitou.sh/.

sert in the Journal,

Get four pieces (d' scantling, three by five inches,

If a bill ever passes to establish such school, with ! and about three feet long, and pin them togetlier in
this feature engrafted upon it, I hope to see the whole i a s((uare form; let the back cross piece be on the top
a perfect failure. Such favoritism is beyond the days | of the two side pieces, and the front cross piece un-
of toleration, and justlj so. Let all be kept alike, | der them; let the two hind pins run through to the
and you may be certain, if you please none you will , extent of three or four inches, so that they may cor-
ofFeiid none. Such favoritism is mostly thrown on respond and enter what we call the eyes ot the axle,
wrun>^- persons. This is one reason whv the L'Jl did whicli are placed to fasten the bed en by its hocks.
i^>*»t pass. \\ iu» tois leature omitted. I have no The front cross piece should have two pins running

Jouht the next Legislature will j)ass iibill, U) give us
what we ought to have had a number ol years ago.

J. S. KELLEK.

Orwigsburg, June L'i, LSo'i,

-••^

down near the middle to straddle the tongue, then
the frame will l,>e kept to its place.

Now g'^ta ^um stick for the windlass, from six to
eight inches in diameter, and a little longer than the
width of the frame, take it to the turners and get it
rounded and a journal at each end; liore a f(;w holes
through it to insert cr(tw})ars to hoist by, and put a

For the F.\rm JunrnaL
A l<*ew Ctueries lor Fowl Connolseurw.

Mh. Eoitor: — I " ' "

Will yon or some of your poultry ' ^^^^ J'^ it f..>r the chain, an<i it is ready to be placed

correspondents, have the kindness to inform m.; on the frame. It should be put as n(^ar the axle as
throu^^hthe columns of the "Tarm Journal," where- possible.

in consists the difference between the C(.chin China | ^t appears to me to be a very simple affair, wliieh
and Shanghai fowls, or whether there is any diflV'r- nov farmer can make, may be feasily put on and ta-
ence except in name? 1 am induced to make this \ ken off, and be rendered (piite us.'lul,
request, after having examined a number of the stan-
dard works on poultry, and found that no two au- 1 enough for two yoke of oxen. E. S.
thors agreed in their descriptions. ' London Britain, Chester county, Pa.

One man can raise a stone which will be load

,*t--

^^^J^"^

**i

110

COMMUKIOATIOXf

For the Farm Journal.
Agricultiiial Review, \o. 4.

Potatoes are not raised for market, but are an item
not readily .li.pon.sed with in,!., fu.nily economy.
Lach farmer plant, aboui hull' an acre, ^Vncrally af-
ter corn, though .ome use a ^^va^, s.,d. It Is the uni-
versal practice to apply lon^. harn-vard manure, at
the rate of txventy-five or thirty ox cnrt 1. ad. por
acre; this IS spread and idnu^diod in durin;; all tl.o

Fourth month, (April,) droppin';. th. ruttin?^.'or .... ^7^'^'=;"^'^^ ' =^^"' '"■•^•^V nf thrm r.tain.-d th.-ir vitality
or more eyes each, (taken hy som. iv.m snv.O] ,. p^'^'^'^T ^ '''"'' ^'""^'^"^'^"^ ^"^t many small; non'o

three feet apart; one half nianun.d hravily with h-. .
horse stable manure: the other received a eon)r"t
of leached ashes, lime and plaster; ashes i| l] J, /
planter h about ten Imshels to the one-ci^rhth aero
each in the fiirmwH; cuttings droppod and cuv,.r,.,i
with a ho... Th. first lialfw.nvidanted Third n.unth
th.' twenty-second, iullowcd by a month of cold wet
weather, -Cuttin.jrs from nmall yeed, the vine., ^^rew
luxuriantly, and many <>f th(>m retained their vit'^dity

or more eyes each, (taken bv som. iv.m T^n.-iii i,y
others from lar;re seed.) nn rtie Luid side of every
thn-d furrow, from six t- ten inches ap^rt; .ome rake
the manure into each planted furrow; roll or harroU'
afuT phuitin,- as .oon as the plants begin to appear
harrow once, pa.s the cultivator through twice, at in-
tervals of a we.k, and lastly rhlge up with the plou-di.
Jland ho,, at tlie first boo harrowing, sprinkling one
to tw,) bushel, pla^ter along the rows, and han.l

^''^ '' ^^ '^'' ^'"^ Idmighing. Pig as soon as the .,

Vines die; this is nn.stly ab.uit the first of \intb I /n'^''"
month, (September.) an.l if any appearance of rot! ' „ ''''
spread niMm a b,.ard th.nr. m„,1 «..^;-i.ip ^^{^h fresh ^^^^"'^^^"^'
Flake.) .niiek lime. nt>ti] the appr.jach of old woath^
cr, then ] hie,, in ih.- <•< liar. 8eed used-^Mercer

We have not been exompt from that inscrutable ;;^^^7^^'"/^ ''''''; ^. '

disease, the rot, nor do Wc know anv awe, th.m.^h ! > T • ""'""' '^''^^''''^ ^^^''^ ^^^''^

from the sandy nature of our soil, we' have 'suffered , n''^: ,,./..;
less than many other sections. To guard against it I I'l^-^tcr, and sowing,

as a preventive, experience has led to car/>/ p/un/un, ^ n'^^'J'A' c ' . \ ' ' '

UDon bl-h Jiahf.^nll \f fi.... » ....i :.. i\. ... , "^ i '^u^^^-ntth of twentvdive loads manure, a .^1,

rotted. The second half, or ashed p.art, were planted
fourth month the twenty-third; cuttings half from
Hmall, half fr.nn large seed; the same difference per-
ceptible as noted above; growth of vim^s light, all
dead, sometime previous to digging; these were'tho
earliest matured, very fine in quality, of good bize,
but very few in tlie ground; no rot.

Cost of raising per acre:
Ploughing one day, . . - ,^2 (jij

On.pping, - . , , . '']* .^^

1.5

Seed, ten imsi-'els,
Cutting, do,, -
Cultivating twice,

upon high Ivjhtsoil. It fir^t appeared in i<S4;:, when
the writer had half an acr.^ on a fiat, heavv clav

Do,, of fifty bushel lime, a 15 cents.
Hauling manure.

north expo.„ro; ,,la,„..J Fiftl. „u.„th nin.i,; dj.^ ! c I" """?'

Ninth month tw,.,ay.|iHh: .n-,.v,h uf tul,.,.r. vorv ^.Z ' Jf 7'''"" l'*^- '

but almost all affected by a vi,-»l,.„t rot. OatLrod ,, ''"'!'"""- '^ ' ^''^"'« T" bushel,

eight bushels of the appiirn.dy sound, spread thorn ' ,',''"'''"*

Interest on SS5, « .

Expenses, - . .

Eighty bushels, a 50 cents,
Twenty do., a 25 "

Pro'luct, • * -

Kxycnse, • - •

Profit per acre,

Birmingham, h^ixtli month, 1853.

2-^

5 (10
7')

1 (H)

0 o-

5U
50

5 00
5 00

1 50
3 00

75
7 (KJ
1 Oi)

50
5 10

id

HI

40 00
5 00

out, l>ut h.st most o[- them. .Since then, with early

2)hiufi,i./uiu^n sand>/ loam have lost none of any ac-
count, tin. ugh the disease has been developed hi a

few tubers, N:iy half a dozen, nearly every year,and at

times neighbors have lost nearly all on iJw ground.

During the time scd has been renewed twice, from

Main.' and J.^rsey, with manifest advantag.s The

last year, th,' following experiment was tri^t'd upon

three-fourths of an am-: After corn, fir.t piMughod

and harrowed^ then half .m acre covt-red heavily

with long barn-yard manure, spread evenly, and

ploughed in every furrow; cuttings dropped every

third furrow, eight ip.ches apart; one-half from large,

the other frnm small potatoes, about the size of hiek !' -^'''^tou:— T.xp.'nr.,ev has long since Fnti>fic.l

orv nuts Pb.nfe.l P ,mw), .'i .- ^'"' ^^^'^^ ^'•'^'iii''i'^ stirring of th.. soil, is a pr.'v.mtive,

orynuts. JLuUedKuith month tne twenty-thinl, I to a very great extent, of the ordinary effects of

(the spnnir was vcrv backwar.l-^ J,.,^ V;.of ...1. ' .Iron.-I.f *^

^45 00
42 75

o 05

C. 15

Stinlnfj tho Soil.

(the spring was very backward;) (big Xinth^n..nth'
the ninth; growth of vines mo.lerately fair; all dea.l
previous to digging; the yiehl from half, planted from
large seed, Was estimated at one half more of mar-
ketable ones than the other, and on.-thir.l more alto-
gether; slight traces of the rot perceptible; the re-
mainder of the patch, one-fourth acre> was divided

into P,iii«l nnrtinn, A 11 w» » i "''°/"""'-" , lansuisheth for tlie kiudly and life-imparting rain,
into equal portions. All ware struck out m furrows, A surface which is kept constantly fine and light,

.lri)iight.

I do not, of Course, wish to !).^ under.otood as in-
cluding the doctrine that it will rend.^r rain unneccs'
.sarf/, for this vrould be to deny the wis.lom of a very
imp.u'tantpr.)Vision .)f Pro\ id.'^nce; but that it .'nahles
the farnn^r t.j.leriv.' impMrtant benefits frnm this soil, at
times and in important seas(.ns when the Avindows of
heaven appear to be literally close.l, and the earth
languisheth for the kindly and lif.viniparting rain.

\m.]

l]VIPonTATIo^^ ov vnrsnt MERiKOf:,^- waook aRBAi^E, &c.

Ill

^j^gv not alh'W I lie moisture beneath to exhale, and
it is thus rendered available for the use and nour-
ishment of plants.

By passing the cultivator tbr^M);.di a corn-llebl
once a week, tin' crop will b.' s. 'cured against the
effects of drotJght n\ueh mon; effectmilly than ]>y any
other means that can ]M^ssibly be adopteii. As th.*
Boil falls together, and becomes con>;oli.lat<'d, the sup-
ply of moisture ascends by cajullary attraction, ami
escapes t(^ the chmds. Kvery one must have n.>ticed
this in sobnl hue!. :ind ev.'u in corndiills, where, ow-
iiiir to a practice prcvah'nt in some sections, ain!
which is almost invariably with tfmse who till light,
f^aniv sttiN, the ho.; is stamped dow*n upon the noil
lann-'diatcly over the corn in planting. T^he com-
pre^sc'l earth is always iifoinl in the morning, while
the sjiaces b(-'tweeu the hills remain dr}', because un-
c,.!in}>ressed.

As tlu; supply of moisture in the soil fails, the
mark of the hoe b(!comes less and h^ss apparent, and
iiually no humidity is seen On digging ihnvn, it will
be perceived that tlie fluid is exhauste.i, while in the
Bpaces between the rows, where the surface hasi all the
tine btnn light, an<l fine, and dry, tliere is moisture
ciiuugh within an inch of the surface. I have fre-
quently been surprised .m observing the eff.'cts of this
on lands, and have alluded b) it repeatedly in my
Coiamunicatn>ns to varu)us papers, ana m sonn; in-
Ktanc. not without benefit, I hope, to those for whose
especial enligbtnu'nt they were intended. The (mlti'
Vator, were it us.'les for every (jther purpos.', whi(di
It certainlv is not, would bo invaluable fur the assis-
tance it renders in this.

All crops re.juire mn^ture. No matter Imw rich
the soil nniy ]je in the elenn^ntary matt.n's constitu-
tini: tin; food of |)lants, water is necessary to render
tlio'^e elements appro})rial)le. T'hey .'an be absorbed
and assimilated only in a state of solution, and water
i.s th.' only //unsfnnun us.mI in the laboratory of Na-
turi' in a'*(;omplishing the object, or consummating
th'' phi-nomenon named. ^Vlu3rever a crop aj^pears
to lan^iii^h and suffer for want of water, let tht; sur-
face be inuuediately stirred. Keep tin; cultivator
moving, and rest assured that its operations will
tenl more to the benefit of y(mr fields than any thing
Bave rain.— [Oermantown Telegraph.

A PRACTICAL FARMER,

Bald Eagle Farm, May 4, 1H53.

o( hmibs is about cightfcn pir ernt. greater than his
total number of ew. s, as ajj.nit one-tldrd of his fh>ck
prodnecs twins. We estimated the weight ol this
flock atlC'Hllis. each, whi<'h i.-^ a very heavy aT'"rage
for breeding ewi-s, as noarly all of them parted with
their lamlis in March.

This strain ol nh.-.p is not as fine woolod 08 some
others, bute'arry v<ry heavy tlc.i'.'^.npun large strong
b.Mlies, which n'iike good nmtton. b.\.'iy ]»art, even
the forehead and upper j)arts of the' ears, is covere<l
with woid.

Every importation of this kind is a blessing t<r
this country, which goes on multiplying its.df, very
dilfcrently from some im[)ortationH'from the same
[)lace.

Many of these sheep were marked with figure?? in
India ink on the underside of the ear, by whiidi
number they are registered. The process is a very
simple one, easily and rapidly performed. The' op-
erator has a set of numbers, three each, the face of
which are small points which will make slight punc-
tures in the skin, wh<;n pressed upon it, Suppos.j
the fheep to be marked is No. 721, he sets th.'se fig-
ures in a pair of pincers, and then rubs a little pn.^-
pared ink, indigo, or rermillion, on th.' smooth skin
of the ('ar, gives it a y)inch, rubs it a moment with
iii.-i luiger, aiui <-i i.-* ha.mi upon linn spoi, inus ny
changing figures, with this simple; little miu'hine, a
sheep can be marked any number from 1 to "JO'J.HSS,-
0(M). A thing of so nnich imj)ortance, and s.j sim-^
pie and cheap, caimot be too widely known.— [Agri-
cultor.

<t*^

%Vagon

New Importation of French Merlnoa.

The llumbolt on her last trip brought over 109
Ow.\s and two bucks of these remarkable sheep, for
6. W. dewett, of Middlebury, Vt. They are from
the celebrate.! flocks of M. M. Oilbert and Caynot,
who^t' farms they left on the ll!th of April, rea.diing
Mr. dewett's farm on the 1st of May. Mr. J(;wett
Informs us that they came into port in the finest con-
dition, having been well cared for on the passage, but
owin^r to a misunderstanding of his .»rd»'rs, they were
Rntfcrrii to remain two .lays on the lower deck of the
Bhip m pirt, wlicre for want .d' fresh air, which they
deceived by a a\ ind sail whih; the ship was in motion,
two died on board, an.l we noticed one or two others
m a bel Way: the remainder appeared reimirkal'ly
Well. The c.tst of freight, ?I5 per head, and other
expenses, will make nearly as much more by the
time tiny reach their destination, where the owner
has ujiwards of 50U of previous importations, his
entire flock now consisting of this breed.

In making sales, Mr. dewett pursues the same plan
of the French breeders, that is to get one or two
crops of lambs, and then soil the ewes. Ilis yield

Greawe.

"VVhiit a curious calculation it would be, to ascer-
tain the different amount of fore** re.[uiredto drag a
loaded Wagon with each of the different ))oxes sn])-
plie.l with (^ach .d' the different pre[)arations in turn
now used for greasing them ! Every farmer knows
that a well greased wjigon runs nnn-h easier than one
imperfectly greased,and different lubricating rnateiMals
have more or less benefici;d effect, but no one s. em.-?
to know the precise mixture that should be used. A
very slight difference in this material w.)uld Ha^e a
larger amount in the cost of the power used to trans-
port agricultural and other products, than has ever
been appropriated by the general government for the
benefit of agriculture. 8tearine, one of the constit-
uents of fatty substances, is now made in large. pian-
! titles in Ohio and elsewhere, and is as hard as sper-
maceti, withstamling the sun's heat in summ.T, and
' y>resenting at times a lubricating surfac wdn'U beat-
I ed ami attaching itself firmly to surfaces. Might
I not this material be mix.-d with greas.', varying the
proportion according to the year, so at all times to
j secure the presenct; (d a lubricating material more
lasting than the ordinary mixtures, and at an even-
; tual cost scarc(dy greater, while its im-r.^ised eflici-
(Micy might render its use profitable.— [Working Far-
mer.

-••^

Mammoth Steer.

A mammoth steer, raided })y Mr. John Brillinger,
in IMancdiester tow'nsbip, York county, ]>assed through
this phn;.' on Monday last. I If is only four years
(dd, and w.'igbs .".ISO pounds.— -[Colund)ia Spy.

The grateful soil yields back with interest all that
is lavished upon it.

115

111 una, > iMiaawM— MKh

AvnsirrRE cows, <^c»

rjn

r.r

<'.'

Ayrshire Cows.

Our engraving opposite, exliibits what is naid to be
ft faithful portrait of the imported Ayrshire cowj
Ayr. The co\r on the rl;j;ht, is Charlotte, pure Ihir-
ham, introduced to show the relative sixe of the two
breeds. They are both the properly of K. ]>. Pron-
tice, iMouiif il.jpc, near Albany. Ayr is the niuther
of Dundee Second, whose portrait was in our last
number, to which we refer, also fcr some account o^"
the Ayrshires. The subjoined (b'^criptiuu oi At/r,
XN-e copy from a forn'.-r uuiuImt (;f the Cuki\;u.)i^
where the engraving fir^t appcan-d.
^ Ayr, wh.)S(^ likouc^., »'as ))(M>n v.-ry accurat.'ly do-
lineated by Mr. \'an Ziudt, was in/pnrt.'d in Isji!.
8he IH nearly a modol of what, in our opinion, a ^Ia*r>/
cow shoubl be, :in<l on this account We dccmit proper
to ^Ive a ti.lerahiy full description of her. Sho pu-
hCMses in a hl-;li d^'^a-ee tii(,' excellent milking prop-
erties Avhioh distin;/aish the best of the breed to
wiiich she bclonjz;^, united to a niorc i^crfect .-ivinine-
try than we havo ever seen in any other AvVj-hin^

of choice animals, and to his seveml importations,
the whole country are indebted f^r some of iti, jj^Bt
stock. We understand his experience with the Ayr
shires, induces him to give thom tho ]>reforcncc for
deep milking^ over the Ibn-liams, and as he had cori.
8id«;rable trial with both broedsjiis opinion is. ■rnitK-d
to great weight. All facts ten<bng to settle the great
question of which is the best breed of cows for tho
dairy, are interesting to tlie pubiie, and we should be
obliged by havi ng the e.vpcrience oi" farmers in diff-
creuL parts of tlie ountry, on thic jM/mt. He have
had more to do with the pure Ihirhams, than any
oth.n- l)rcc 1, and can only say for ourj-elves, that
we value tlieiii and their crosses, with our selected
common stock, before any thing else. The most pro
ductive dairies in this vicinity, are of «ueh a cro^s.
One of our cows, an imported t)urhan), made l')] Ihg
of butter ]»er wc<'k, and her cream was so thick that
it could be taken olf the pan of milk, by lapj.in;:

and which we have i^-\ihm\, if ever, known (^'(ualled ' over, and in a single piece. Butter was made fr.m,
in (luf/ breed. Her body, (as will be «een bv a cmn- i u • ' • . , . '»

s ..r-. . « f 4.\ V V- ^ .1 :• ^^""^ it on imo (-c.-asion in a teacup, bv st rr n^ with n

parison ot the figures,) is small; but her frame or • ,. , , ^ I ' ' ^> uuni^ witu a

bone is proportionately less. The hea<l j^ small, i^""'"' ''.* ^^ *'^^''^ '"'^'*" ^'^'^'^ '^ ^"'^^^^^'■- 'J'^'inwasan
the face dished, the foreheai (mouo, ano the eye i ^*-^^^'^^^"^^"^^y case ]>\xi Lhcre are ceiuvia laimiief
prominent. The n-n-k U small at the* juncture of the ! of I>urham-, which have been bred with reference
head, but ptvtty deep and full nt it. connection with to deep milking, more than f,r beef; and by seleot^
ttie body. 1 he back is straiglit, the crops fine, tho • i • , i t , -^

ribs r.)und, the loins broad, tlie ilanks deep, the ud^ ^"^' '" ' '^ ^''''^ pedigrees, the mil king property

has been found to be generally well sustained. Our
celumns nr.' however, open to the discussion of this
que^tic-n, about which we know there is mucli vari-
ety of opinion.

ni;ru Price of Cattle.

m

The continued high price of cattle appears to be a
arvel to feeders of cattl(\ .V New York paper sav^

der capacious, (spreading wid-on the body, bur not

lianging h)w,) and the milk-V(>ins largo an 1 promi-
nent. The legs are small l-ut strong, hard and sin-

tewy, like tho.se c)f a deer. The great depth an. I loiigtii

of the liind <jaarters might, from a profile view, give

the idea that the chest was too liglit; but though the

)iind ((uartors are pntportionately heaviest, (as we

prefer to have them in a milch coW,) th^re is no de-

ncienc^ in th*' fore end. The sternum (or breast

bone) IS wide, the fore leg^ stand wide apart, tho ^ - ,..,,.., ^,.... j,..,., . .....

bosom is full, an 1 tli.> first ril)s are particularly full ^ ^'^''7 'T^'^^'^rial advance in the prices of beef cattle

(\n(l wide-spread at th-ir junction with the sternum, ■ 'j'"^'^ rce.'utly taken plaec in this market, referable, we

giving a chest o( great capacity for an animal of her ; !^"**' '"^ in({uiry, not so much to a growing scarcity
■"^ in those sections of the country, whence oome sup^

plies, nor to an increased consumption at home, but
to the springing up of new inviting markets else-
where. The grazers in the Xorthern Illinois region,
who have heretofore been among the most extensive
C(mtribut(«rK . » the vreat cattle markets of New York,
i*hiladelphi;i, liultimore, .,o t )m, we are now told,
now drive their herds across tlie plains to supp'v the
demand which invites them to California. Ilenee

si/e,

^\s hi'r form and general appearance indicate, ^he
is healthy and hardy. Her skin is of a yellowish
hue, mellow and elastic; and though she does notpo*
pess the fattening quality in an es:cesive degree, or
to an extent that would interfere with hordairv fjuab
ities, she thrives very rapidly wIkmi not giving milk.
The quantity of milk she aflords is, in proportion to

her sixe, (4uite extraordinary. She has giviMu when . •■ .,, ^. ..v......

on grass feed only, upwards of twenty (piarts (by ac- | J'^''^ ""^^'' ^^e C(»mparative scarcity (d nattTft in this

tual measure) pe^r day, and she continues in milk till "^'^i'l<"t- which produces in turn tlie high prices ask*

near calving. Xo parti-'ubir experiments have been : ♦''^ ^''^ ^"'''^ ^^ wholesale — say from nin<* to ten and

made with her in regard to butter, but her milk has ' ^ ^''^'^ cents per pound. At' these rates, the r tail

been ascertained to produce a large proportion of the j (-''"^'imers must b'^ content with fifteen and sixteen

richest cream. | cents, or thereabouts. 15eef is thus becoming a lux*

ller offspring are much like herself She has had \ "f.V which only the rich man is able to enjoy.— [Kx-

four calves since she left Scotland. The first, a lieif-

er, was dropped on 8hipb(»ar(( during the passa'>'e;

the next, a very fine bull, is now owned ])y .Mr. J.

W. Howes, of Montpelier, Vt.; the next a bull, now

nearly tW(» years old, a very superior animal, inh»'r-

iting in a remarkalde degree the chara(^ters of the

dam; and the next a heifer, e(pially as fine as her

other progeny, now about two mouths old. The two

last, together with three grand-daughters of Avr, are

etill in Mr. Prentice's possession.

£. P. Prentice has been for many years, a brc3der

chauire*

-«•♦•►

To Fatten Fowls*

The best food for fattening fowls is potatoes mixed
with meal. Boil the potatoes, and mash thein fine
while thev are hot, and mix the meal with thein just
before it is presented. They fatten (m this diet in
less than half the time ordinarily recjuired to hvlu^
them to the same condition of excellence on corn
or even the meal itself.

'

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*9

' ■■'^

'MmMim

tUfjiA

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l^li^^

114

KniTOKlAL.

\-h:u

\m.]

LIME S?RKAT)KR— rnriT TRKKS.

115

Chester County llortlnilfnral i:\hn>i(|(>ri.
The Chester County Ilorticultiiril an i lihlustrial
Exhibition, usually lioM in Jinn\ o.riircil nn ih.' ir.tli,

I'eiin.svlv .ifiia llort icult ii r ul Soculv
The twenty-liftli aniiual cxliihition of tins Soci-
ety, is to be hold in Philad.Iphia, on the 2l8t, 22(]

17th and 18th ult. In additinn to th" {Vnits -d" the ' und 2?>d of Soptonibcr next. Wr liave ])een favord
season, flowers, p;rcen-hoi^-.' plants, vo,ii;ota]»l<'s, the I with a printed schednlo of prrMiiiuiiis, einhraeing the

usu.il extensive li^sL ui lloral designs and boquets,
fruits, flowers and vegetables. One of the prPTaiumu
strike's ns aM rath<M' n'>vel. *'r<»r tlic ])i'^t twenty
phmt^ i'l-'eiia privat<i coUection," a siivei- jiitch-r is

>''nii

display embraced an;rieultui-al iini.lctn.nt^, Icallier
and coach-maker's wurk, earria,::«^s and liarness,
drawings, paintiu'js and seulpture, mNMllc and fan-
cy work, cabinet work, d.-ntistry, ifcc. Ahliuni^li tlie

contri])utions wei-e not <piite e(iual in anidunt to for- i prdpnscd lo bi^ "yy/v.v ///e*/," ni tli(> vahn^" of
mer seasons, tlif lar;:;(^ Horticultural Hall of the So- : Thus far seemed very lil)eral. but on reading; firth. t,
ciety was densely crowded with visitors, over four j we find it is to be /i>'ld by the owner, (not of tlu'
thousand tickets bein^ disposed of. The receipts j pitcher,) but of the successful collection, /or o/i.

t/<'ar, and to be yearly compete(l fur; tlie donor's and
victors names to be en;^raved thereon. There isori^^-
inaiity at least in thin pnmi urn.

were overf^5()l>
Anincreased ini-iulse is being given to Horticultural
as W(dl as Agrivultural improvt-ment by these annu-
nual exhibitions, all over the country. Tlu» <'flect of
which will bi- and is seen, not onlv in an increased
production from tho s«iil, ])ut in those moral influen-
ces with which attention to these two great depart-
ments is always more or less connected.

Uur Irieml- i.t lierks county have also attempted a
Ilorticultunil Sninmer exhibition, f)r last month*
which wef-liMiill 1,.. please<l to hear, succeeded to ex-
pectation.

On two of the three days of exhiltition at West
Chester, addresses were delivered bv Klliot Cresson,

Esq., of Philadelphia. They w.^re truly practical j ^^^=^" ^'"\" '^'' ^^''^^l?' us to ^say, that duhYu.l Au
and useful in lie'ir eharact'_'r. Assuming the whole
debt of the country abroad, to be from three to five
hundred milli'ii o{ dollars, he urg(>d the cultivation j
of several staph' articles adaj)ted to our soil and cli-
m;ite, as a means of reducing this amount, and ma- j
king us more (hpiiidt'nt on our own resources, such
as madd< r. rape, flax, osier willow, &c. The manu-
factur(^ of p;iper innn flax haulm, oil from the Span-
ish chcsnut, and ilyt'. stuff from the maclura were al- !
so adverte I to, and the speaker offered three premi- i
ums of ;^l<> each, as Inducements to farmers, to com-
mence the culture of these articles.

Some sjvN'iniens of prepared willow twigs for bask,
ets, were exhibit d by Isaac (i. Darlington, which ! Pitisbnr^ Horticultural Society.

appeared w<'ll ad.ipted to the purpose. They were We have received a ])rinted scln^dule of the prize
of the variety Vitellina, which is much used in list of this Society, for their autumnal cxhihitinn, to
Europe for baskets. It is found in several parts of ! be ludd at Pittsburg, on the bth, 7th, Sth, and IHh of
Chester county, and according to 'Dr. Darlington's September next. It embraces all the varieties uf
Flora Cestrica, cam<^ originally from some wicker fruit, including strawberries, blackberries, eran1)er-
work found sprouting in Dock creek, near Philadel- ! ries, raspberries, &c.: an extensive list (d vegetables:
phia, l)y Dr. Franklin, who took them out and gave' also, plants and flowers, designs and boquets. D''"
them to Charles Norris, by whom they were reared, committee for the latter (Consists extdusively of ladio?

-^ .

Rape Seed, Madder, «fcc.

We invite attention to the artich; on eultivatin'^
the rape, and whi(di has be<ui brought out by iii(|ui-
ries in one of our firmer num])ers.

The writer has had very considerable experience
in tlie cultivation of this and the niaMer eroji, on
the contiuL-nt of FiUro})e, and his inforniation ami as-
sistance will be very valuable to thos(! wiio are ahout
to commence their culture. AVe expi!ct an article un
madder from him. f'lr our n.'xr number. In the

can time he wishes us to say, that dulN
gust are the ]irop(U' time f )r planting out madder salt
in a damp spell of w(^ath(}r, and that In; has jilant-
fir sale, which he will furnish to order, at the a;];ri-
cultural warehouse and seed stor(^ of Paschall Mor^
ris ctCo., oS<> Market street, Philadtdphia.

F. A. Xants also wishes to pundiase or ri^it a firm
with the view of growing these two crops, in either
Pennsylvania, Didaware or Maryland; but conveni.
ent to railroad or water communication with Phila-
delphia, and would like immediate possession, at

least of two or three fields.

Letters addressed to him, (postage paid,) at 3W

Market street, Philadelphia, will receive attention.
_ .^^

on grounds now the site of the Custom House, in
Philadelphia.

-*•»-

Pciinslyvania Wool.
Nearly the entire clip of Wool in Greene county,
has been alrinidy pur( based at prices ranging from
forty to seventy-five cents per pound. The clip in
Washington county is pretty generally purchased at
similar rates.

— a very appropriates arrangement, and we have no
doubt their award will be bestowed where it truly be-
longs. In matters of this kind, they are the best

judges always.

Sweep-stake premiums of ?20, ;ire ofTcred for the
largest and best collection of fruits, flowers, plants
and vegetables from any State, and $10 tor the sec-
ond best. The committee of arram^ements are

A. IIersperger,Jas. Murdoch, U. II. Williams, Jo9.
McKain, and II. Woods.

rf

0^.r

CoopcrN Idmc Sprcancr. j Mr. Cooper having made arrnngen,e„ts to manu.

Ilie ahove cut rejiresents the Lime Spreader, inven" ' '^i''^'""*' ih<>i"o extertsively th,ir» heretnlur.', he will for
ted and patented by Lewis ('o(»p.T, (,f Coopersviile, ''"' future be able to supply all denj;iii,ls. J*.is(diaU
T.r.Tienster ennntr Pn mnl i. r..,.,..>..,.ntod as a most! •'^^"'•'•'^ '^' Co., ■•>:" «--rird J{ow, Market street, Phila-
ud.iiirahie inipieniejit for tlie purposf^s f.rwliich it is •tdelphia. are the ugents f>r that city, and ma(diine8
iriten.lcd. Altliough ]n\t recently patented, aiid but '"''.^' ^^® *^<^*'" '*' <^'"''' Agricultural Warehouse, any
little etfirts n^ide to introduee it to pii]>]ie uotice, its ^'""' ''^'^^''' ^1^'' ^i'''^t of duly,
merits have already Won f.r it a high place in the
i>stimation of a large n number of inteHig(mt and ob-
servant farmers, in our M\vn and adjoining States.
Soine of the advantages enumerated In its Itehalf
are:

-«*^

l<'ruit Tree§,

All airree, says a leading cultivator of fruit ia
Massa •Jiusetts, that the proper :uid only Judicious
metho.l ..f prej'.iiring tlie s.il {,,r fruit trei's is, ),y
Huh-soilir.g or trendiing th<> earth to the depth of
I. It sives Jalior and tliH", and d»>i,'.i it>j Work with eigliteen iue!ie-< or two (ect, n,,.l that, (hiring this
iniinitalile evenness.

2. It t^- an entire ntiiehlne in i^^idf to v.hieh a pair

process, the upn"r inid lower soils, t(»gether with tlio
approjirhite manure, shoiild he thoroui^hJv incorpo-
rated. The cidiivater who is notwillirie; to 'tak,. (|,,.so

cry

of horses, oxen, or mules, may be hitehed imd ;i hcid pf'dituijiary measures ha,! |„.tter abandon the project
Carrie. 1. without waste, to the j.laee where it is t.. be . "^ raising truit trees, ur,,! .save both his time "and

..oil-. , • ' . "1 onev.

U8e(i, wjjere it njav be out m operation in li-ilf a i» \ • « . *i ^ ii i ^ ..

,.,,', \. ., ^ " "*^'' *( P<'wnn»g stites that the hcst comp(»st f„r fruit

!nnmte, and wiU evenly dist^-ibute any desired (^uan-; trees is- peat and a^hes (five bushels of fresh, or ten
tity to an u!-re. ; bushels v.i leached) — a wagon load of peat, contain-

'>. U wei-h.s no more than a good ox-eart, and wiU ' '"^' ''""'' ^"'^•''''' '''"' pfn»sphat<'s.
-nn-v as large a load ' j \'l ^\'\ "'^'''f /'" j' ''"-^'il^l't. Add to evr

^' tcart loud twj busheJs of air-sJacked hnn^, for a^>

4. /t fMMJs itself, crushes n.nd thoroughly piilv/^r"!^'*^^-"^-
izes all hard lumps, an<i even .smaJJ huHns of t'(„r ''^'^'^ ''"^.'^ bushel of ground bones, two laishels of
xvlii!,. I .^^v 1 -11 . • • I , .' ' a^he-j or five pounds (d pota-'h di^-^oived in water —

\Miiie i,,rge luiP.ps will not injure the machine, but U,y^>n,rh-nL

having be-n cleaned of all the lime that is on them, A^.l hall l,u>hel of lime, h,df bu-^hel of ashes, a

may be til row n out as refuse when t)ie troii^rj, ),(... peck of salt -fbr />///;// /'/vy.v.

comes emptv. i -^'^'^ ^^^''* bushels leached ashes—f»r prarh and

'>■ >^ itli it, one man and team can do at least as \ i i ., i ,, i.,.! f r i i i r i i in i

, . vsL .IS .\(i(l a husliel (,1 linje, a l»ushel of ashes, halfbush-

mwcii Work as f mr m^m and two teams without it, el of planter— for .'//v/y>r ri^rs,

while the evenness with which the work is done can '^'^^'^ compost may be put on two inche? thick, and

in nowav be erpialed, forke-i in, so as to cover the ground as f?ir as the

n 'I'l * , . ... , j-oots extend,

V J iie rnachincrv is Mmpc and ^tron"" not liable ti r mi ' i* . .t

. -^ .iin|. ...11 )n„, iioLuaoiL 11^,. proportH»ns wdl vary according to th^ quan-

»^-> g't out (d order, and very durable— the working titv of compost to be made.

parts beiii^r ji,ll of iron. P>y the analysis of |>r. Kmmons, the asii M tlw ap-

Tlic ♦^..„^ ^c 1 1- .1 • t ■ pie tree contains more tlian one-hftlf //a/^s- so limf*

^ J'^ ^-.uit of such a maehine as this, has long largel^'rep^ndprates in the manure. The ash oi

" '''It, as It IS not only a labor-saving, but a lime the pear tree contains the largest amount of phos-

8aving implement, "'spreading the lime evenly as a phateof lime: so bone dust should preponderate in

snow-fall," thus securing regularity in every part ^^® manure.— [Valley Farmer.

of the field. Besides this, it can be regulated to ' ^

spread almost any desired quantity to the acre, C H. — The article shall appear in our next

116

* •..MMr\ir'ATh>NS.

« OWiBJ^tf «*?-*!jW»l VJ "

f.Trr

rv

For the Farm Jounml.
The Straivhrrrv ('ontroversy.

The statement of Mr. Mkkiian, in tli.' April nuin

l»er of the Fann Joiiriui!, all*';^Mii;j; that lie has (,h>srrv-

cd the sexual characters of tlir Stiawh* iiv llnworpto

be variously modified by culture, (.r ilitltT* iit intihud^

of treatment, — has elicited some strong asseverations

of opinion, in contradiction to that allegation of ffrf.

One writer unhpHitatin^j^ly do<•lan■^ the all'^L':<'<l chaugo

to be *'ut(c)/i/ i//ij>n.ssih/( ■/' and I umlcrstaiid that in

the Queen City of tin* West, they have had a ////A//<'

culture, or management. Some flowers are render-
ed double, as it is terincd, by the expansion of stam-
ens into petals; others become imperfect, and even
neutral, hy the aljor^ien cr hl!!.:hting of the stam.
ens, <,r pi.vtiis, or Ixith, The /SVyt/jy^tr/v/ appears to
be very liable to this kind of bli<;ht; and hence the
much talked of sorts, an.Miii'j; cultivators, of imtillates
and stuniinatcs, — thou^ih in all Hw pistillate flowers
which i have exaniirnMl, there witc vestiges more or
less obvious, ,m'" aburlivc .s/amens, on the rini of the

ji • i. 1 ri i. ii , • , . . , , i calyx. It also varies mueh. under culture in ^,,111..

f/aMe/-i/K/, to dcli])erate on the HulmM't, winch result ,r ^ • ,, • , ^ »' . m mw

1 • /> • y 1 . ^T ,r I ottKU- teatures, — especia'Ivin the oevclopenitMU and

ed in a I I'ntinn-inrinnto adverse to Mr. INIffuan ' , ,. . "' 1 ^»'* m au«i

,. ^ , . . character or (puihty ol the ;w/A/Jr, or what is c, 11^

Btateuient, — his tacts and (tbservations Ixano- ?v /rrAv/ 1 , , 1 . "

uionly re;:;ardod as Jnnt: lait no one, 1 believe, Iju,--

yetseenaStravv-berryplant transnuite(l into a C/'ikiuc-

foil, — thou;^h so 11 'arly allied in habit. The ,,r-

'^•■ius of plants may be ;:reatly (iis;!;ui8ed by tie' intju-

ences abo\<' nimtinneil; bait still the essential di^nn-

;^nishin<; traits are preserved, — and thenj seems to bo

no insup(M-able (»bstaele t" jii-i'vent a plant, with uiod-

itied or abortive organ>^, IVmh; rrv.'rtin;;, under a

by a clear majority of the voters present ! The mat-
ter boln;; thus s< (did, by preamble aiid resolution, a!
ter the manner of ])olitical diffKailties at a war-
meetin;.^ it may seeni to be out of ord^r, nc»w, t<i offer
any remarka on the contr(»verte(l toj)ie. Neverthe-
less, as this is reputed to b(> a f'r<'e Country, i slhaild
like to be in<lul;i«'d vvith the lu-ivilfj-i' ,■•}' sulnn-ttiri"-
a few suggestions, — if not in arre-t of iiKb-anonf. at
least as a plea in miti^atiMn of the senten('(\ ai^ainst
my friend ^Tri.ir.vN'. It is the nanark (if a vi;i;orous
and sagacious modern writer, that "no seientilie (pies-
tion was ever yet settled dogmatically, nor ever will;"
and I think the same may be especially predicated of
questions of fact, in Natural History. 1 may here
observe, that I was favored wiili tlio opportunity of
examinini];r>ne of Mr. Mfjiian's specimens, — in which
there were certainly two scapes from tluv^ame ro()t—
one bearing a cyme {)i 2)istiUnt'- flowers (with minute
rudiments of abortive stamens.) an I the (-ther a

change of circumstances, to its <M)uiiiai c .uoiuon,
and resumin-- its j.ri-tine \\<vm and character. Tho
normal, or what may b(! called the const itutioiial
character of the 8irawberry-f1ower. is to be ;?er/I'c/—
/. c. furni-hcl with both stamens and pistils (possibly
such may be the true noroial structure of all flow-
ers): aiel although many other plants, as well as the
Slrawbcja-y, ar.- f^inei with iwpcrfecf, and even nrw
ffdl ihtwers. — every A'aturalist aiel carei'ul observer
knows, that there is often an obvious effort and tr'n-
dency, in such powers, to a more complete deveiop-

\\hctlier the specimen wa^ the ]iroL!^eny ol'a pistillate,
a staminate, or aliermajihrodite })l;int, 1 should tljink
the inference plausible, if not irresistible, that the
ilovvers on at least one of these two cvnies, must have
been a modification, or altered product, of the parent
])lant. It is this kind of change, in the character of
the llowers, which I undc^rstand Mr. Mff.iiav to an-
nounce, as having occurred in plants under his man-
agement. Now, in view of tln^ counth^ss modifi(^a-
tions daily observable in tlu^ organs of plants — and
especially in thaf oral organs — 1 can perceive no suf-
ficient ground for declaring the changivs, rt^ported by
Mr. Mkeii AN, to be ''ufferl;/ i/npossible.'' The modifi-
cations here referred to, are a v<'ry differ(>nt thing
from the alleged IransitLulaiiun oj' one kind to anoili-
er, — which is vulgarly supposed to take place in cer-
tain plants, just as the Alchemists fu-merly pn^tend-
ed was effected among the metals: They merely al-
ter tho texture, distort the f )rms, or alfeot the devel.
opement, of organs; but do neither change nor anni-
hilate those essential characteristics, by which the
plant is rendered permanently distinct from every
other genus and species. The floral organs of many
plants are remarkably subject to modification, under
the long-continued influences of soil, climate, and

c r * \ 1 Ti ii 1 uit lit: t.c. to become virf'<rf and reauhfr. We oc-

a cyme of perject, or hermaphrodite i'owers: and > . . 1 .' ^ '- ivjuu.,. m^ ut

casionally see diandrous lloweis In^cnun^ di<l//namous,
— and dtihimniinns plants <le\ doping regular penfan-
<li'ous llowers: and it i^ not at all unusual to find
the staniindf'' f<(ssd of tlu^ cultivated Mai/e i/ai

Mag.^, L. a nioioirnus ])lant,) bearing frrtilr flou-rrs,
and exhibiting a very successful attempt at the pri)-
duction of an 7v// — or c/i'sf' r <ij' K<jr.'< — of tn'li^in
corn. These instances, I tru^t (for it is ikmmIK's-; t')
multiply them.) may suffice t'> show that there i^
nothing irrational, nor incrcdibh!. in .Mr. .MKiaiAs's
observations: aiel iliat itis rather strong phraseology,
to declare such ]»henomena to be ^^uttcrlg i)n})0SsibleJ*
The polemic writers on this Strawberry ((uestion,
speak of the necessity of staminate plants ainenir
the pistillate, to produce, or }>erre(!t th" j'mif. No
doubt, tho pistils must be fertilized, in order to pro-
duce seeds that will veg<date. But Avhat do those
frentlemen understand, by the ^^frjiit?^' Do tleV
mean the little singlo-seetled aL'eii' .^'^ or M/.'//d.v,wli!cli
are sjirinkled over the enlarg(^d pulpy recoj^tacle,—
or d(> they ref^r to the ?'C6'C/yA/e/e, ify>lf[ whicdi in pop-
ular }»arlanc(3 is intended by the term *'//'Mi7.^'^ it
they have refi^rence to the real fniit — tho nutlets

which contain the seed, — there is probably no ques-
tion (as already intimated) about tho necessity of
staminate influence to produce perfect fruit. But I

1853.]

COMMrXirATTONS.

II

have a suspicion, that by the term ''fruit;' they ; vertently without dou})t.) I do not (piestion that
mean the delicious receptacle which bears the fruit, j Mr. Me.d, an ,,,,, supposes they wcv Mel, as he
and if they mean to allege that the pistils must be I has stat. d them to be. It will' be famd, hoAvever,
fertilized by the stamens, in ordrrtn produce thai at- ,,11 lull investigation, that he eommenc.d with a blun-
Jargement of the receptacle which affords an e^cuZcnjf der -d a Minibir -h . Tiption with thnt xshich mn-
ftiibstitute for frmt, — tlien T have only to say, it is a fiiscMJ Mr l),,vvi.;M.f x» 1, , i,..,i .> f,aoii,r a;n\,..>.o ,....;.

largetnent of the receptacle which affords iiw esculent
substitute for fruit, — then T have only to say, it is a
question of fact, V\\\\c\\ \ hav(i had no ;idequate op-
portunity to determiuie, and concerning whieh I, for
one, should !•'■ ha{)py to receive reliable itd" iniiatien.
T" ascertain the point satisfactorily, would rcpiirc
very careful e\p'rim'nts and observations. Wheth-
er ^ach have been made, I am not inf>rmed. I may
r'liiark. however, ])y way of (inologg, that there are
instance- in AvlTudi ]u\'fds, and e\('n rrcrjifacb'.s', are
enlarge(b w here no staminate influence has been e.\-
rtcd. 'fbe conglomerate ciialescent j)isfi!s iS tin

>'r ol a -Miiibir <l, v..,-ij,ti,,n with thnt \slii(di <Mn-
fused .^lr. l>Mwning, wh 1 had a totally difl'erent vari-
ety (a staminate (me) un d-r the nam • nf Ijovev's
seedling. As to the su]>j.o^.(i summaly sp(d^en (d' in
rehitiun tu >b-.\voy's llxlra ib-d, and from whi<di it i^
'h'diieed t' ;!t this plant is also (d" a (diangealde (diar-
aitter: it aii'eamts to nothing more than to )n'ove that
the write] is ignorant of certain (diaracteristics of
that, and of at least a do/.en other varieties, Avhile it
(•an scarcely be deemed ruhe.ible that he should ]tal-
liate one blunder by committing another

Their
. ^ -J (diaraet(!r has already been commeiite(l upon ])y hor-

Osage Orange (.V'(r7'/ov/, ) fir example, attain to tieir , ticuitural writers, and b-ing fully so in an arthde
lull natural size ^although the srr,(>: are neci-vsarily j prepared by mysidf, ,iiid shortly to aj^pear in the
imperfect,) whenA no st iminate jdant i- in the neigh- | Horticulturist, 1 f'or(d)ear present comments. 1 will
borhood: and, what afl'u-ds a (do^er aualo;j;y, the in-: merdy say that their eharifteri'^fics ure as* iiininiln-
Q\w\\r\^rerppf,ir!. ,,l the n).<t;ihtt.- /■'/,< iv fiillr ,]<'\.']- I i,i(> as are those of every other variety ''*" *''■' -♦'••"*■-
oped, v/leai eiitii-ely free fr^m any staminate iidlu- ! ],p]-,.y, i n imnc of which ho^ there ever been ang rhditgr

ence. Wlcther the receptacle of the Sf/-'iirhri-rg cxc]
enlarge-, witleait the pistils lieiug fertilize(l, (as al
ready stated,) is more than I can tell: ],ut I (e.d well
assured, that any competent authority, wlio may fur-
nish the information, will mako an acceptable con-
tribution to pliysioloirical Botany. w. n.
jrcst Chester, June <», b^ '»•",.

•«►

For the Farm Journal.

Flusiiino, June 20, '53.

To THE Editors oe tiif: FviMt Joirvat: —

1 h ive
poruse(l an artichi from Thomas Me(dian, in yui-la^t

udoiferir.

Yours very respectfully,

AV.M. 1;. pRixri:.

i*. S. — 1 am willing to unite with Mr. LenL^WMr;h,
of Cincinnati, in placing $1000 in deposit, to Im- jiaid

over to any [terson who will lU'oduee otr pprfrf hry-
111 fnuii llovey's Seedling -tra/vberrv, wdien grown
by itself, wllh (U- without heat. W. H. W

-*•»'

The PcujKKk Corn Drill.
A\'e have erpially fiv u-able accounts as the f'dhey-
in'^ of the P^aiuoek Corn hrili, IVdiu several of our
(diestercouuly friend-, who g;ive it a, th'.r(aigli tri.'il

number, whiidi seems t(» be evasive, and does not at | this s'.u-in--. 'fhe advaut;ig"s of drilling in corn are
all satisfactorily meet the (piestion at issue. His | s,. manif'^t, that this implement mu<t so(jn come iri-
fir.st statement made in yfuir A^iril number, was that ! to general use.
"llovey's Strawberry," "usually (dassed us a pistil- 1

'mr

Y'v: liic Farm .lMarn:il.

Mr. KniTOFi: —

1 was tem]tted, by the notice in

your April number, to ]iui-(di;i-e (.ne (,{ |*cnnock's
new Corn I>rill-\ and it> p-rfMrniance has given ^ueji
entir: satisfaction, an. I so greatly exceeded my expect
tatloiK. that I f'el it a duty I owe the funning coiu-
munilv to call tlo'-r attention t(tthis implement, that
they may take advantage of it another season.

I have long lu'cu "f tfi^ opinion that drilling in
corn will supercede all other m<Mbs of planting, as
soon as a real good irill i< within the reach of every
seven produc(Ml perfect flovers and'fl-.e pi. lilhites, ' fV.nnT at a moderate pri<-e. An.l T dn p:-unMunce
and that these twelve plant- produced fruit. Com- ; th" rennock ecru planter a real good one though not
prising as they did, plants of both sexes, it would have ^ perfect, a.> 1 c mi M,-gPst what in my opinion, wunld
been a miracle if they had not produced fruit. But | be an improvement, to wit: to arrange it so as to drop
the whole of tho.se twelve runners were never ob- regularly and without fail, o/ic .^mm o?ie foot apart.
tained from the genuine llovey's seedling strawber- 1 This distance will allow more stalks on the ground
ry, nor from ang other single variety. They were . without being too do r, than any other mode of plan-
runners from two distinct varieties (intermixed inad- ' ting. The Pennock planter, as now constructed,

late," "(//'/ liironir a sf'Ouindf'' bg (ii'ing Jora d ,sl
^ij III (I iiiodcralr ti'iii pcrofui'e.''^

In rep.v. 1 did not mei-'dy declare such a result to
be utterly impossible, but / gav^. mg reasons therefor.

I iarlleTiii ire called for t!i.^ proof (,f llovey's
strawberry having produced fruit ''without ihr possi-
ble connectinu of' some othn' varictg nnfurollg >,f(tm\-
nate.

In .Mr. M'-ehan's reply the name of "llovey's
strawberry" is not even mentioned, Imt he speaks of
twelve runners taken from jd'-tillate plants, of wdiich

118

COMMUMOATIOXS.

11

rr.T

dro|.8 two to t^ix grains every ei;rhtPen or thirty-six
inches, as the operator may desire. I j ivi.r the for-
mer distance, and I now have a« huudsome and even
ly phmted field of corn as the State of Dehiuirr has
overproduced. When my corn first came upit av-
eraged over three grains to the hill-none too many
perhaps, at first, as it is safest to make a llh.Tal al-
lowance for birds and w.)rms. At the seon-l dress-
ing, I weeded it out to two stalks, alluwiii- the most
liealthy and vigorous to remain.

Some of the advantages of drilling in e.^rn are
these:

1st. rrnno/Nf/. — l hav(> ov(^r thirty aercs in corn
this sprin.;: (,i„. man and ah-vto ri.le th.> hor.s,.,
drilled It ui thn.,> ,lay<. it h.-ingour tirst attnnpt at
usmg a <!rill. uv l,»t iialf a day in .'XJM•I•im.Mltinl,^
and "getting uur Jiaiid in." N.-xt s.-asnn 1 will guar-
antee to put in thirty arn-x.f ,.,,ru io hands-nK "styh'
with this san..' drill, in 1,... than two and a hall .laVs.

hut I have trespassed enough upon your columns al-
ready. I will close with tho pnnlietion, that in a
f''\v years every go-.d {-.wnu^r will assoun think nf dg-
ing without a plow as without ;•, .-orn drill.

A HKLAWAKK FAUMl-K.
New Castle county, June 18.

-*•»■

For tlio F,\rrn Journal.
Summer Range lor Small I'amilies.

Mk. Eiut.ui: —
A ran/.' in tho country daring tii" summer soasou
is always pl-Msant. Ilaiig<;s in town hav*^ alx. Ij..'.
(•(iiuc fushionahlt', the only drawhaek to th.>ir intro-
duction into gt^UiU-al us(^ })eing tlu^ir si/.c and expense
Some of our readers, who for want of rixun or (jthcr
conveni<Mic('s, are eomp(dl(Ml to ust; tln^ larg(^ eookin^
stovo the wliole yo:u' round, will thank us for inf irni-
ing them tha: .Messrs. North, Cliase ,V: North, :\'.h\

-^l;»-i'k«'t street. Philad.dphia, manu(aetnr(; an ex.^ ,].

To plant file same -;round in tlieor<llnarv wav Would 'i^g^V '"'=^^ '-^^^'^ eonv.Miient summer kitehon raii-e,
keep the man and hoy busy enough during U'u (/((V-v, \ ^vhieh is so compuict as to admit of Ijeing set intoal-
at Iciist. Here then, uesides itie f,ni' ;^'ainf'(l for at- ' "^"'"^ '^'^^ fire-plaee, and yet so conveniently arran;,'^,]
tending to other work, is a ^avin- -d' the ir/\,>fr lah^r '^^^ <'> :^11"W (d' washing, baking and -eneral ro^kiu''

of planting, in the ordinarv way. a> youv»ili plant f" :^l'»'>^t as great an extent as the large ct.okiir^
* ""*" . - .t , ,sto\-. . W i) pu!-(dia>ed one complete for sev<,'ii dol-

lars, which we find tnables us to keep our house
cool, reduce greatly our expense for coal, while the

tlie thirty acres with a drill m ju>t the time re-
quired to "mark out" the ground before dropping the
corn by hand.

2d. The corn is better put in, if 1 uv,i\ n.. th.^
phrase, m vwA-y respect. ii Is planted at a unitbrm
depth, and therefore comes up evenly. Tiie grains
are dropped sufficiently close together, and the hills
iWQ m St raujht lines, .uu\ ean be eultivat.d t.. better
advantage. I can run my !i:irrow-teetli as (do.s,> as I
please, to every stalk in every hill in tli,' li^ id. llverv
farmer knows the trouble of harrowing coin when
dropped in the u.^ual /ig/.ag stvle of careless and
tired bo vs.

od. The corn is i^t so easilv washed out of the

culinary operations of the laniily are )>orformed as
rapidly and well as tarm"rl\'. W c consider it a wr-
feet artiide ilils hot weather, and take plr-a<ure in (11-
recting the att'iitlon <,{' ,,in- rea<|ers to it. S.

I'T the Fann Journal.
Sowing Corn Fodder.

Mi;. Eoitou: —

I read, enjoy, and profit by your
doui'iial, but am oe!'a>ionally puzzled for tiie want of
tilt' huh inorv information whi(di would make some

j^-,,,,,, 1 ) ,. ii I 1 , , . , , of vour arti(des int(dli;rible, Ibr instance: an interes-

grouinl I.N flood., as when plante. I m marked ,,ut fur , . ' . . , ,.

ro\r<i (>,>,» e . , . «• 1 1 ■ • ,.,,., tm'j; com nunieation Upon tho subject of ^^rowinj: corn

rows. On.^ of my fields IS (,n .piite a hill-side, and : ,. ' . , , ,, ,, ' /' , , .

fli<^ii,.l> ., 1,.,... , ■ , . loi- joiMer sole.v, tells wluMi and iiow t*; |)lant. A:c.,

tliougli a hea\\ rameameon soon ab.'r It was i.lanf. , , ' ,, , , • • .

/-»,! ;»■ T.^-..:.. I 1 , . , '"'^ '1 'f //■'/'// to cut. ( an vou supplv tho omission

e.l. It re(iuired one man Imt a couple of h.oir> to re- , • ., ^t ' r , , •.• , a-.

' Aiiain; .^Ir. .>linniua treats oi the hoautiliil ettect

pair the damages, while my neighbor's corn in the
next field was so much washed up, as to require sev^
eral men a whole day to replant it.

dth. Tho birds ar..- not so (h\struetiv(^ to drilled
corn :;> w h^u planted by haiel. Ii is a singular fact
that tho crows and Idackhirds would wander ovei- niv

produced by grafting the Hose Acacia upon the "Yel-
low Locust" — inhnt is the yelhuv locust ? is a question
which lias pu/zle«l mysolf and neighbours.

If correspiiiidonts in jire^entlng now arti(dos. of
new mollis of (aihui-o. would but retiect tha! in ei;.
der to make tlieir iidormation of valu(>, it become.

fields searching for the hills, nppanntlv takin- no , . ^ u i i ^ -.

„ . • „ ^f ., . ', • ~ ,nQQG»siiry to impari the whole of H ,' mn.h m .re sats

notice of the young corn peeping throu-h the Irvel. r ,. , , ., . i

^,. ^.„ IT r. . , , "■* I isfaction would ensue than iroin a va;rae or partia!-

grouml. In a few spots where the cu-n was cut off , . . .• i , ., • i .
>w ,Tr.M..»^ ,.. 1 .. 1 . 1 .1 , , • . statement, wlmdi leaves the mtn'e material part- to
by worms, and replanted, they would iiivarlablv fin. i , , .x ^ • . r • <v
'. ,1 ,, ., , MM , , . ' L>^ guessed at. or tlie subi(H>t of an exnoriment, ob-
it, and pull it out. Ihey seemed to thii.k, that unless ,. • .• . i ', . , ' , .• ■ i
,, . , .,, , .^ . ' times ean>inii; that to bo abandonod, or l«dt untried,
the corn was in hillocks it was not genuine, or worth i • , i- i .. , , , ,

,,. ,,.. ,, ^, ,, ,, " ,, . which a few more words of explanation would have

pulling up. AVhether they will "progress'' with the i • . ,,• -i i i i , , .i. . i-

, ,. ^1 ^ • , , , "^'^'^^' intelligible and valuable to those who seek in-

age, and discover that corn is corn, whether idanted . .• r . , r»rTa

I 1 1 , , .,, . ^ , * formation from books. llUo.

by hand or by drill, remains to be seen.

Other advantages might be named, Mr. Editor, The time for cutting corn sowed for fodder, is

1ft.^Xl

COMMUNICATIONS— SALE OF Id'UHAM CATTLE.

119

early in the Fall, say for this region middle i., last of riiantom ihl, calved April '2 1, 1853, set up pnee

qentembcr. As much depends on the season, time of ^1^)0 sold for Sl7r>-purchascd by Mr. S. liu^h. Sull

' ' ,. •. • lo- 1^ 1 1 If-* If ivan county, < Miio.

sowing, ^c, it IS diffioult to bo m:.ro definite. If ^^,^^^^^^^ ^^|^ yoar old, set up price ^1200, sold at ?-210

cut green aid befu-*; growth is matured, more care
vsdll V'C requir.'d in curinj;. same a-^ with hay. As
it is very liable to heat, wloii put in the mow, we

— purcliase(l b\ d. '!'. Uras<'e, i)\\\o.

O/ema '-id, ciiKed Doc. 27, IS.VJ. set u]) price Sb")0,
sold at sir.', purchased by d. W. Titus Dutidu'ss
eountv, N. \

prefer makin-nnall shocks in the open field, to stand . i^.^v'od'ka, a o year old, set up prloe S200, sold at

till winter, w hen tlioyean be hauhMl to the V>arn- I ^;o|f>__pj, ,.,,), .j^,,,f j,y d.».

yard as wanted. If the grouml muM be .doarod. La I'olka iM, oalved AjmIP.), Is,',.'., set up price

makesM.allstacks, convenient to the l.arn-yard, with, ^l-;;^-''l'l=^L'^'"'' M;'-'-*-!' '-'l ''.v do.

"''^'^^ *^. . j Po)»pv. a ( voar old, set up j.n<-o :^j()(>, sold at

a rail in th" oentro, placed upright for ventilation. | ;i;oo.-,„j;,i,.,dia^'Ml by do.

In rt'spect t(» the' locust, f )r grai'ting the rose aca- ; I'oppy -d, a ■". yoar old, sot up jirico S-•'><^ s(.ld at
(la on we presume Mr. Mumma, means the common :^2'.ir) — purchased' l»y S. liush, Sullivan county, Ohio.
','..,, 1 • o 1- I ', n Njtrhtsluide, a f) y<'ar (d I, set up prieeSliOO, sold at

l,„ai>t, 'Tlobmia l>seudocacia, wlncli unites readily ^^^^,,-^^,^^^^^,^ fj^ ^r. (demons, of Philadelphia.

1

v.itli the other. Its blossoms • re white. AVe know

of no l<»cust with yellow Ijlossoms.

Tie- hints about correspondents being more precise

in telling "the whohi story," are well worth atten-

diU'Z to.

ili(,0— p
I'et, a f> vear old, s<'t uj) ])rieo ;?;',<>(), sol 1 at SolU

K)

-<••-

Vnv ihi' t'ariii .Tunrna!,

Auerusta Rose.

To TIIF.

puridnised bv •). W. Titus, Dutcdn'ss county, N. Y.
IN't 2<b a :') year old, set up price S.)MO, S(.ld at SK
— purcliased ))V Wm. K(dley, of lliiine))ech, N. V.

Tet ;M, eah-r-d March 2;',' h^ ^b ^''t up price :^i:)(l.
sold at S:)(M) — pur(diasotl by .b)hn Foster, F.C

Nvmph. a '.» year old, set up ])rice S'iOO, sold at
se22li— purcdiasi'd hv Mr. S. Ward, Westchester c m'.-
i tv. \. V.
EniTOKs OF TUK Fakm JoiRXAi.:- j d-opsey. ealve.i Marcli i:^, J-^;'-' ;^''^ ^M> P';*;^ ^^^^»

Can you sold at $lt)'> -pundiased l)y J. 1 . ISrasee, Ohio.

, , r »r- ' Sarah a 2 \ <>ar old, sot up ])riee SKli), sold at ^1-')

,,r ai.v o your correspondents, infu'm us anv thing '^''7' '\ ' , ' '. *-,.,,,,,,,.

' < • ' " 11 — T)ur(diased ),v Mr rellows, ot ^eimfat.

akuiit the Augusta Uose, said to ho "a doop.'r yellow ,j,j^^, following is a list of the Bulls, in the catologue,

than Chromatella, more vigorous grower t.an bam- t},.^^ ^^ere sold, viz:—

arque, and more Ira-rant than i K^ oniensis." I pre-; Vane Tenipost,_bred hy John Sr_ .phon on,_Fsq., of
sume it must have tlowerod in or ar .und IMillarlel-
phia. the pres"nt spring, and some of us hereaway,
whe take no little' pride In our coUeotioiis oi' roses,
are quite anxious to know whether this lii;i;li llown de-
scription is sustaiiK.'d hy iaot,

: lo; 1 1 •! ]

liim in

J. (IIBSOX, Lancaster city.

AVi> have not yet setm the Augusta Tl<,<'\ and can
Hot answer the empiiry. dames !'. l\i!ton, ol Fhil-

he

Durham. bn;:land. Tob Slorwo ..1 im

18')n: s 't up price SllHK), sold at SMTil purehaso I

l)y .). lb Robins n, Wlsoonsln.

Li Fayette. 1 year old, set up ])rice .";^;idO, s>dd at
s;; li)— puroha-od bv do.

(b'u. Ihitnam, a -Jyoar old, set up pric' SoHi), soli
.^j C^.-ari — purehas.'.ri.y d. d. West, I llinols.^

P,)whatan, 1 v-ar an 1 ovr oM. set up ]>rice ?30(h
soldat >^-"'.<>*>— l>"'irchased by 11. Uradley, Wes'ehoster

eountv. N. ^ . . ,

Noveltv, 1 year :ind over old, set up price S_()n,s(,M

elnhia. is one of the agents f u- its sah-. Perhaps ; at S2i:i-pmvha^.-d by d. K. ^^'^^''''^;\;;^ ^^^^^

• , , •.• 11 : Fetrandi, I year and ov.t old. set up pri(;e >o<),),

or some one who has soon it m bloom, can answer. ^^^^^^ ^^ slUil-pnrchas.Ml bvd. T. liras.a', Ohio.

'•' ~ ■ Vono 'calved danuarv 21, ISo.';, set up price S2ni),

Col. Sherwood's Sale of Durham Cattle. ^^^^^ '^^ si2;'.'>--purehas''d by d. lb Uobinson, Wiscon-

AVe conv from th(3 Auburn State ( bizotte, tie; h)l- <\u. .

,. , , , ■ , .1 1 I).-vron a '"* vear (.Id. s(>t uii pnc^' SKM), sold at

lowing; account ot this sale, a out which there l'^^\ ^^!.;;': '^^Jj^^-^.^ p,, a. Beech, We.tehester eounty,

been much interest felt by larnnu-s and br-eders. '^ " y

The prices aiv lih imI and encouraging. Oandv, a 1 yoar (dd, set up prioo ^^loi), sold at

twenty- :^17()— puroha^* d hv d. lb Fwobinsom ^\ i^oi.n^m.

Yesterday, the Stli, the sale of a li tI of

nine j.uro br.MJ -hort-liorned ('atth>, hr.-.l and oAiied
byCi.l.d. M. Sherwood, of this olty, was sold at auc

''1ri>hm'in! oalved'March IS. jSi:^. s >t up price SlOU,
ohi at l;;2-]Mirolia-Ml bv A. Ibvudi, ot X. d

Dy V/Ol. O . .>!. ►^liorw OOO, Ol uos en \ , \> .1.^ .-"i>* <n. <i..v^ owim .i- ^■'- i ■ - . ,, . v;-' . 1 1

11. n Mt iii. Iar,„aajui„iu-tl,. uv^tiKU-tuftlHTily. l,„.oi;,co, calv^-a M nvl, Iv,.., s.t ,1,, |.ncc >, .^^ulu

James M. MiII.t, ..f \,.w Vo,k, .u'i..l as A,i.li..i„.,-r, at f;'ll.~pi.rrh i-l l^v A. l.rarh ..t .^. ..

and tho .alo con,,,,.. 1 a. 1 ■. M-.k, I'. M. ; Ti,....' w..,-; al...,. .-> M-.\ p" ' '^t > ; ";

The folW-MV^ ,s a l,>t nl ,l„. e„«s s„l.l, uitl, th,' ' so,,,. ,;,i,-t.v ...M;.,-- a, ,1,. ^.^l: a„.l ';,'';''-_;.;,?
set upv'-nc oVarh. ,!,.■ M„„ tl,..y scjld lor, and the spirited. The l„dde,-s a,>d ia„vha-. .>».., opm, al.
n,i,„ ' .1 ,1... ,,n,-.l,a>..,-.:- parts of the eo.mtry and ,!„■ sa .s^al -ona .l.v

I'aiLsv .;d, , 7 yea,- ..Id, -A op price S.WO, sold for It^lor. the sale took pla-;; . o Sh,a «■ 1 ' F

§450- purchased l.y d. T. Ilra'sse, of < )hlo. i vided a .,„„|.t„u„- d,n„..,- In I » , '> ;"

I'an. V llh aiwiar old. s... m, p.ire SiSOO, .old att..nd,u,ee, at ^vh,eh a,o„t Jl. s,U doun and pa,
fj >y-p;,\. 1,.^ :i l,y iV..-.- I'n-i'ard, .,1 West- to,)k, refre.shin;; then,.elves n.th .h.. ^■'";"-;'V,":t

Chester county, New York.

Phantom, a G year old, set up price $200, sold for
$210— purchased by J. J. Wb^st. Illinois

Phantom, 2d, a 3 year old, set up price $300, sold
fX)r ^500— purchased by Mr.ClemeDS,of Philadelphia.

pitality of C(d. S. So determined wou-e the bidders
at the sale after dinner, that the aggregate amount
of the wh)le cattle sold exceeded the set np price
$b')70. It will will be seen that few of the cattle set
up but what was bid in at an advance, thus causing

''#1 '

,-."4* ;■ *r~!V'

i,ip&^;i«'''-*':

M41

120

FAXOy LOP-EAl^KR 1M?>P>TT^ POPPIf:s.

H

^;^o':!:;:/;"1rl:''''' -""^^^^ *^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ hand. asihoy<iia^„.

f-Tri.y

uu; uidci «j>read reputation of Col
le uDiinals i)ut up Merc pure bred;

FancA Top. Fared T^ihbits.

:^rr. ne^». 1>. nurnham, cf P,oFton, Mass., a.lvortis-
OS his imnort(Ml Lop Kar Rahhiis in the Journal this
m'^nth. The en-ravin- is a likeness of this stock
^raxvn from life, an.l exhibits the -eneral character
and form of this favorite race of animals.

In a late nun,l..i- :,f tli-^ -\. i:. r.irin -i-." u- \\u^
the f .llowin- allusion to thi> breed, fiviu tii,. i.-n .d
^'^v. B.

^1k. Editor:- —

Above I hand yoii ^ drawinir fro

:m

two feet wide. Those hutches, (or apartments,) are
ran;.^od m tiers one over another, live nn ;i ti.r .„ 1
eacli rabbit .M-cupies a separate hutch. Tlie yuun.'
ai- taken from the mother at four to six weeks old:
. Kd are aftenvar.ls kept to-cthcr (six to ten,) in a
lar^o hutch, in a separatr. room ef th-' ral^bitrv
ll.oy are ready for breeding at mx tu ei,:;ht month.;

I am not aware that tl..>. prwty .nimals ;mv now
Ts'; "•'^"",^i^'^;lyl"-"i in this rnuntrv. Mr. Kot.-i.,
l>^Morn. N.\ :„.] Mr. U.d.nan. nf I)...|ham Jh-
in-tne onlv;:,.nth"neM, rhar i knnw, wlm hav. lino
stock; yet I think w- >hall

life of a doe ana ynuv^, „f ,l,o IC.jli.sh Loj,-K,uc<l\^"'>»>fr,.m tl,,. fact ,l,,u ,1,..,-. is ,
c'l / i"-,'" ''■" ,"'"'', !";"■ '"■'-'^' '" " "■!•'« ^•■■^tf't ill '^'-'"■^''^ '"'i'"0' f'"- ""="'. ''^ l'">»o n

\<'ry S()'»n st-.' uiMrc (^^
at pr('^;<'nt a "■■kwI
lid .'iKi-oad.

GEO. P. BUK.MIAM.

Dr. J. A', f

-«•»-

()p[>ies.

for the tablo, .hen fatt.no.,, Jr ^r^tTwi.?. anVaurs
lliis tnboaro beautiful cieatmvs. are very easily
reared, and have proved a most intorostinj; Addition
to the stoek of fanciersi wlio have bred Then.. In
IjnRiand they receive a go„d share of attention, and

olubsex.t there mail the b.r.e cities and ti.vvns i f'T^ of pop,des are raised in ■s;i?z;:,;;;;d Z;;';;;"
T^^tioliold annual exh,b,t,„ns, at whieh a good deal i f-^'- "'« "l^i"'". I'Ut for the oil extracted ft-ont 2
of competition is evmoed for superiority. " ; «eeds. Tliis oil is beautifully trans ,a • 1 Zc"'''™-

^J':!:^. .:■';':;"•'-' }'K' n'&!^ f--- Undon, b- .-od ,in house paintln. 'Id rlels as wa " and

Smith, of Boston, savs that immense

Liverpool and Dublin: and I shall be hai.py to sho^v
it to those interested, at my residence, in Melrose
ihe peculiarities ..f t!ii< race ctmslst cliiefly in tlieir
^reatsize, their fine colors, and their lon.^>endant

ears. Hiey areexceedin^dy pn,lifie-breedin-six or -r, ,-«^rr^ — , w.ne:, .

seven times in a year— and may be kDpt advantai-e- «^^^" ^n P<^or, sandy soil.— [Exchan-e
ously in a very small space i fe ^ L ^ 'o^

M hen mixed with white lead, leaves a beautiful sur-
face that never Ijecomes yellow. \,,w tlud linseed
oil IS raisin- in price, and as murh n( our land is nn-
ht fT)r the cultivation of flax, he advises the attempt
at cultivating the poppy here, which does very well

f^

My rabbitry occupies a buildin- twelve l>v tlnrfv k • i^ ^~', "*** ~

feet. The animals in hutches threlfeet Sg ana'usiT "'"' ^'"'''^'^S' '^'^ ''^^^y

s desirable aud

JM53.1

WORK FOR Till-: MONTH

121

-.*.'*»-•»«

\> oiiv in- Hie Munlli,

Farm. — This month and the latter part of the pre-
ceding, embraces the period of hay and harvest, the
most critical and anxious for the farmer of the whole
year. Activity, energy, ju.lgment, as well as all
the physical help that can be mustered, will now be
wanted, and iu one d(»[)artmt3nt or another, every
mau, woman and drill wim, j;i: iorced to turn
voLi'XTEER. As a cunscciuencc, many things rcrpiir-
ing attention, as wtdl as hay and grain, ai-i' apt to be
neglected, such as rom, p >tatot's, a.iid all vont (.Tnps,
and thi' vegetable gardi-n. Weeds are loo iVcfuiciit.
]v allowed t') li )ld possession ami kiM'p growing til]
]iarvt'>l is over, to the serious (e'ti-iiui'iit oi' the ci'op.
AVheuever piMcticabh; wo' tliiulc an extra hand, em-
ployed (^specially t ) k ' •;» tie' cultivator going for a
m )iith or SIX wooks, would s;ivc inueh sub-;e.pe'nt
hibor, as w(dl as secure a mu.di heavi-T yield. It i-
highly import. mt tliat tliere .^JMuld lie n., (■"ssaiioii
uf growth at th.^ pei-iod, to prevent wlii'di, eon -taut
stirring of the soil i > indi.-pen-,i1.!e. jlay .diould n »i
h^ made too much in the held, by frequent un ning
over, and c<nise!juent drying, as used to h" more cus-
temiry tlian now, mueh of the slreiigtii and iiu;'ditv
is thus impaired. Tiie free us(» of .sail in the mow
or stack, will obviate danger fr -m heating. Grain
should be cut before being dead ripe, at least a week.
Tiiis has been fully proved, to make greater weight,
and finer ([uality of II lui-, as weil as to make iJie
straw more valuable us provender. (/'//'.'/ i'"^' »":in
be given for cutting, it i.s when the :5teni jjccomeji
white and bugins to shrink, just belo >' the ear, and
when the grain on being pressed betwc'n tln^ ^^^o'
ers, is about the consistency (d doUL:ii.

As a drink for the harvest li'dl, molasses and gin-
ger, with vinegar and water, in proportions to suit
tlio ta<t(\ ar(^ a wholesone.' sub.^litutc lor alcoholic
sliaiiilaiits, now generally discard'- 1. Judg; l>u;d
used to recdmmend oat m-al and wattjr, as a whole
Some ami cnolinL: bevera<re for this season.

I'l'i' I i> Lj;a crip should !»e so.vm th' ilrst wc'k .n
this month, in ground [ireviously well [iloughed, pul-
verized and manured.

Frl'it Orcii.\rd. — Dig or plough ground between
strawberry rows, to keep down weeds, and allow
runners to take root fi'e'cly. Contiiuie pinehinir
and summer pruiiiiig pi-o • -ss, fir fruit tr»es, a.j di-
rected in last month. The shape of the tree, as well
as number of fruit bearing branches, can thus be
easily regulated.

Cut out superfluous growth of grape vines, and
also stop the shoots containing bundles, to increase
their size.

Summer pruning has been heretofore too much
I'oglected. The plain, common sense method, of
stopping i\\G growth of branches by pinching out the
terminal bud at the precise point re<{uired, and thin-
ning out superfluous shoots as soon as ihey appear^

instead of allo^^ing them to grow into limhn, to be
suV)sequently pruned or sawed off, thus making ii jicr-
feclly useless waste of growth and vigor of the tree,
will commend itself to all. Pruning, y»rof)erly un-
derstood, comprises much of the art ol Iruit snow-
ing. We have no hope of its iinportan(;e being aj)-
preciatcd, till ihis has become more oi a hnsincss
with farmers, than it now is. Judicious pruning
will then become as indispensable to bo attended to
in proper season, as hoeing corn, sowing grain, or
c'eaning out \vee(ls.

(Seiia-al pruning of tree's, wiiere it has been nc-
iil"ete(l ill winter ci' sjiriu;:', may now b'' altiaid'd to
If' tie re is fiii/c. We iiave i ound t Iiat at inid>unmiei\
when the tree is in it^ full viger, tli'' woiinils liial
over rea^lilv, and (iuicldy ^vit!iolll injury. In shap-
iinj; young trees, tic plan ol 1 iw li^ads. say live fe(:t
!rom the jrround, is t » be recoraii!end''d. d 1

f5

lis IWo-

mot<'S convenience of picking the fruit, and i^ high-
ly u-"l'iil in hading the trunk iroiu the' ell^-.-t (d ilic

hot sun.

The blight m I'car trees should me.v ir- wat(died
for, and the Uni'i- amputated imnielliitcdy It^'low tiie
parts alFected. We observe this smiscm an unu-aal
amount of the slug on the leaves ol the Tear tree.
Unleadied ashes, or air-slacked lime, dusted over the
tree, is a certain remedy, U) be rei>eated, if neces-
sary.

Ru<lding of Pears and iMums may ].•• performed
this m -nth, at any tiiu ' Avhe'ii the bark s-parates
freelv from tin- wood. If the weather is di-y, and
there is danger sao may -top liowi ;■■, l)eiore buds are
mature, cultivate an I w^n-k ilie - .11 around tie' trees
to produce coutluued action of the sap \essels.

Sliak" or ,iar .piickly Plum trees QVi'vy m »rning,
and c )lle.'t for burning or feed to the hoj;s tie- Iruit
wliiidi tails <'""titin!ng the eggs of the eurculio.
Were this plan adopted by all cultivators, the rava-
ges of the 'ditth- turk" would be sensibly diminish-
ed. Wheie-ver praet'-ahle, hogs and ].oultry should
li;i^,> the run of the (Vuil orcluir.L to eat up the fruit
which lulls prematurely.

Veget.viile Garden.— Attend to direetlons .d last
month. Transplant during damp spells of NMuthr, *
cabljages, cauliflower, cfhM-y,as before directed., ddns
latter should first be pilcked out of seed bed, and
transplanted to a prepared piece of ground, Ixd'ore
final removal into trenches. Try salt i'or this cr..p.
Sow endire, small salading, snnini-r radish, ruta ba-
ga seeds, &c. Plant cucumber seed for pi<ddes. At
last of month some spinach and lettuce may be sown
f(ii- a utunin use.

Cut oif and dry for use, -u.-h herbs as conm into

flower.

Peas maybe planted for Fall crop, also sugar corn,
for table use or marketing.

The main turnip crop should be planted in drills
the last of this, and the beginning of next month.

122

PEXXSYrA'ANIA irORTrrr^TTTfnAT. SOrTI'TV

Gather all socds as they ripen, and hang them up
in a dr3% airy place.

Stirand pulverize the ground thorouglilv ]»etween
all vegetables, to promote their growth,and keep down
all weeds.

I'hir

Sow plaster and ashes over hi
squashes, pumpkins, &c.

the first shown in Aui.'nca--all ironi Mr (Vw
( ..nservat.»ry, three 15un,-hes of Wliite Sw^M/tWaf'
(.rapes from A. J. Smith, ^Mr.loncr at K.lon If n'
A rich display of nine dishrs of Cherries fiMni M
J H.Snuth viz: Royal JIativ(^ IJi^arrean (\,.u';
l»iri-s Seedhno;, (iobet, IJellr Ma-nifinu.' Knvi
ills of cucumber, M"ii(iii..rencv, (Jriott(5and M i\,liike J^iu- H '{>

terhad the ( iross Ilative, Uui;ine Xoir. Hlju-k 11,!^^^

Where plants require water, it should be dune in p''' ,''''''^'; /■''''7'''~'\/i'^»^ ^'^ the Col. WiM,.;
the evening. Kaspbernes, C.ooseberrn;s ;>,!> to the poun<buu,| \\Uul

an.l K,-d ( urrar.ts. .J. !• . Knorr, iuur kin,l..,i Cn,
AVoRK FOR Flower GARDEx.—Att-nd to m.NvIn.. ''^"^'- ''• ^^- '''='^'"< =t di>h .1 thr .Mova.u.nsin."

Srass plots, hoeing and rakin^^ n.w.-r b.d and walk^ ,.^'1 -r'-; ^^ "'•, ''"''.•^-•'.'l- '^.u-Iy Ili.lnM.n,! ^.u^
'p- „^^, r n .1 '''^"^- • Jjlaek J artart'aii < i.-rries. >i- ii-iiickl.. I'., .i

lie up carefully the y.,u,„^ .I,,,,,,. „, nKini,,;, rosos I rios. viz: Mrs. In...rs„ll, Mrs \s![lZ il'JV'r
iincl „tl„T croc|K>i-.s. 1'.- .h.wn v..,|,er,;L< lui.l priuiii- '"",'■ l."ii-»,.rtli, Kmilv and \„. ;;., Il.,'.ni.| l'),-. J k"
asas thoyc<iii!iiiii.> to j,'iM\v. 'I'licv ivill |Ii\vit iimcli •^'i''''"'" •'^'■'•'lliii^' lvii,-i|ilj,.n-i(.s. ' ' '

bettor «!„.„ ,i,.,| „,, to stak,.s. Tulips',' hva.M„il„ '''I;'; '"■;' 1=''-^- Y'^''|,'''l-' tal.l.s w,-,-,. funuslM |

and balbuus ,• s .,.,„.,.mv mav 1... lilt, I l,i ,„ , ,1 i 7V , ""'■"^''"' K'"-^'''""'^ ^""i JiJ

.- " '-I'l.v ina\ h< iiittMi tlii> month. tMcli ,,j them ereilit.

Supply their pla-- with tli.- last s.,Nvi„i;- of annuals. ' '^-'^nios Ki. lings exhibited a ease contai.iin- .„■.-
As soon as the bvbrid p.^p.-tual n^srs aiv out ol" I'''^"*''^ P^'-^^iferous ins. M-ts, which he had e(,Ile.-t<-?| 'this
bloon,, pnn... tle^ vnun^; >hoots. bark to within t!nve r'"'"' /\ attraeted att,>ntion. and eontain.d the
or four im I ft-" 1! I , n ''"'"" ^'"" horersof lb." Map!-' tree, tlio L.ndrn, t hr At,pl,. a,,,!

or tour bud-^oi tl,. old wo,m1. It wdl cau^c them to , (>uin<M.. tie- Chrrrv and Loeu>t, the Ash, tl,; n,,',,

start growing again and produce bloom. Cut the ' '^"'^ A^'i.tln^ IVaeli, the Currant and (b»osel„.rrv una
seed pod of all perpetual roses, as soon as thrv liav.
shed their bloom.

-•••-

til' S(piaxli,

l^remiunvs awarded on this occasiim u<-re:
iiy the Committ'M' (,n Plants and Flowers, vi/,;—
G!o.riNi(is-~Vn\- the bi'st six t(j dumcM liisset, garden-
er to dames Dundas; inr the second best ?,, .J,,liu
IVll, AV.'st Philii |(>lpliia. /•;/r-//.v/,/.v--Fo;- th." In'st
six, to A. IJurnett, gardener to II. Tratt MeKcan.

I*ejiMs3ivaiiia Horticultural Society.

The stated meeting of this society, was' held on six, lo ... liurnett, gardener to II Tratt McKo-m

luesday evemng. June 2Lst, in the Ciunese Saloon, I Plant, in lUs-YoAhe best twelve, to T onas Fii

>lnladelphia,C,en. Patterson,l>resideU,in the chair, lev, foreman to K. JJuist; lor the LoT best to

Ihe display wa. remarkably fine, in each depart- 1 Wdliam Cra^.ie, .^ardener t.. Wnr^V Ht 'rtle

ment. Among the plants might be inenfione.l in : third best, to John Hell. 77,//./ nt a' /'./-For t'

speeia commendation a f, w only. In Mr. Ibiisf. he.t grown s| imeu iia.luua S,n,, J, „ t . .la

collection M-ere V -/..///,,..,,.;.,/,,., ni liower, and Pollock, ^•a^dener to F. bMini.- VV././v U....'!.
rea ly very handsoine,.uid Tcroma Jasnunnules rosea, the /Irs/ lin,r^-\ premium of sAo Thos. Fairlev lere-
bothin-c^serued lor the hrs^ ttin, and Fu.hMa. Vo- man to K. Huist,ior hue plants .n bloom '^\lil
ronicaw.^ o hers. In Mr. I.-nnig's were a fin. /. ....v..//- . and 7: e...a >.v...../..v ... .; . pn.un-
p ant of (rardenm Stanle,^^^^^^^^^^ ,1,1,,,., ^,, j,,,„^ ,,,^i, .. j,,, l^^-^^,,^

dcndron Be^uuuana, nn^ M./nuUa ^iboUii, n.^/ Uudersonu, s\^ yrry heautiful (iloxinias /uLltu.

and shown f.,r the hr>t tune, and a beautirul colle.- Achimeoes; a premium of two dollars to John I'ol-

lonof i.loxmias. In dohn P>ell s, We.t PInladel- hn-k, gardener to F. Lennig, lor CVm./. ..,W yie/A.-

].ha were Dr/f./nnnn, I i n^lrsnnn, Sipliomw p>,/os, , niana ^nA Mnhni/iu Sctholdii: a i.remium ui one

.,.;/ "'V :^'-^"';'""\/>'[^"""^n>ua, A ;/rawlidis.i,nh dn\livt<> Thos. M.-ehan, gardener to C. Cone, for

n(/a>u{siasj> WnniMrxu-o, new, an 1 brought for the ' /-Jrau/IimnnH Smip^r/toren, :md S>,n/,onunin,lo, uiti-

nrst time, .\un mh, /-//,/ v/v/o//.vline specimen, and dns. Un^^w/ desujnH-Ym' the besi to Thos Meehan;

SIX n. w . oxM.ias. In > r. ( ope s-were Siphnr.un^ lor the secon.l best to Thos.M.-hran, ganleuer toll.

^m!!^' :__;;^;!".^ A/ /W///.//./0./ s,,ni.rjl.nuis, ,)f re- Crneliu^. Has/:r/ of ('„f F.oiCrrs-inv the be,t to

'" ' ' ' ' • • thesame: for th" second best to Robert Kilvingten;

ft>'' ^he l)e<; .»!" Indigeneous llowers, to Thf»s. Mo.-

ban; lor the best hand ljo(|uot, to John H "I!. Aiii a

special premium of one dollar to Thos. Metdian for a

box of ('arnition flowers. The Committei' notice' as

deserving sjiecial attention, a V(M-y fine specimen in

John lie Fs collection of Dclnliiiiiiua, Reautv of
1 1 1111 ... • . 1

cent intro.hntinn, <ix heautiful Fudiias. a ' do/.en
choice plants, and cut Carnation-. In AV. AV. Keen's
^ West Philadelphia, were six choice Fuchsias, and a
dozen select plants. Mr. Dundas' gardener— A hand-
some array of a dozen Fuchsias on one table and six
Gloxinias, choice sorts with C'tfrcolariasj^tc. 1 1.
Pratt Mclvean's gardener, 'forri>dale— Six of t!ie li-

. ir-r ; . ,^ -.-., ^>'....^..iu — .ji.v oi i;e- li- ./oMii ix'is coiiecnou oi uciniiiiinna, iseautv 01

nest fuchsias ^\uaxn. Robert Cornelius' gardener Charrone, a hardv herbaceous plaiH recommen.U
brought a well grown plant of Cammnuhi r>/rami- as a verv desirable Moon, .,f ..,•,.•.» .in-.ti,...

brought a well grown plant of Cdmpamiht Pf/rami-
dalis in profuse bloom. Hoquet designs and baskets
were exhibited by Thomas Meehan, Mr. Cope's gar-
dener—Thomas Meghran, Mr. Cornelius, John Bell,
and Robert Kilvington, all in good taste. Mr. Mee-
han's basket had a fullblown tlower of the Victoria
Kegia, the 113th from the sanx' jilant. IJeautiful cut
seedling AY'rbenas were shown by T. F. Croft.

The fruit table presonte I a tempting sight,and con-
tained black Hamburg and white Frontignac grapes,
the Kliza, Druid Hill, Early York and George 4th

I — "" .....
as a \(,'ry desirable Mooui of i:i-eat iluratioii.

By the Committee on Fruits. For the best lilack
llanihuig and White Muscat of Alexandria (jJrape.s
to Thos. Meehan, gardener to C. Cope; for tin- host
Cliei-i-ie>, Burr's Seedling, and for the second l)Ost,
Belh^ magnilhjue, to Francis (iouin, gardener to Mi-.-J.
d. F». Siuitli. The attention of the Committee \\;H
especially attracteil hy a small (luantity of the tine
strawberry, the Moyameiising seedling, by J. M-
Tage: nor can they omit to notice the superior collec-
tion of Peaches, Apricots and Nectarines, for which
*i 1 _ -1 • / .1 1 II _ i.^

peaches, the Downtown, Early Xewington and Pit- they award a special premium of three dollars to
maston Nectarines; the Shanghai Peach, believed Thos. Meehan; and fine varieties of currants, for

l8r.TT

PKXXSYLVAMA HORTICULTURAL SCCIFTY.

nZ

which thev award a premium ot two <lollars to •). i. ; new American Seedling Strawberry of su[.cii"r qual-
Kn«»rr. 'I'hey aUo notice; choice varii^ties of Seedling | ity, after two years' trial.

p-isnix'rries, from the gardens oi Pi. Brinckle and I 2. S(dimitz'H .No. .'i. — A SecMlling of the \\ ashing-

DrMitihcll. I ton, exliihitcd now l,r th.' first time. I'niit large;

iw the Committee on Veg(;tables. 1'^- the best ; riamili-ii ovate, sometime , inelinin'j to conical; l!;:,ht

disnhiV '>f ^'^'n*^'^'^'*^^^' '>y •^" ;in»!iteur gard«'ner, to crimson; seed ci-im^on, often MJl'tW, set

Thus. Meehan, gardener to C. Cope; for the second
best, to Thos. Meghran, gardener to. R. Cornelius.

.\n IN'J'FPl.M i;i:iM)i;T.

Pii ii..\i)Eia 11 1 \, duni' !'• 1H53.
T) the Pre.ti'if'tit qfthe rimnsyloaaia ILn-UculLuraL ."iocutj

Tic Fruit Committt'c, in ])re'srntlng tlp'ir usual
iiionihlv ad ini"i-iin Ib'port, would remind the Soci-
ety tiiit. at tic stat!'<l meeting of last month, speci
iiwiC' I'l't wo new < Ji*;
// iiii'"ir'/, til'' otlcT

. . .. _ , .... in 1 at lor

deep iieh ntations, with intrrvals .-omcwhar lid-ed;
flesh pale red; flavor pleasant. i|ualitv "\t ly good;"
sexual eliaraeter vis/illalr. L.ut lar"^'', Fedil "-reen.

From Caleb Cope. — Spc'ciimn.s ol four varieties (d"
St r.i wherries:

1 . McAvovs SriT.i:!oi{-.'l'hi> variety ori"inated with
Mr. Me.\vny,(it ( 'ih'-imiati, and was forniei 1 V known
as his No. 111. In May, IS.")!, it received ;i pr( luium
of Sl(K) from the Cincinnati Horticultural Society.
Mr. Copi/s .sjtecimens were of greut si/.e and beau

;raj>es (one a seedling of the lUnrl: ty, some of them measurin;.^ //re (ni<l a hulf Inr/irs in
.•r tlie Miisqw Fen/r/,j were exhib- rirru/ii/'nrnr/'. Fruit very large; roundish' ovate, o(;-

Ltor, d. Fisk Allen, of Salem, Mass- I ,..^sionallv sliizhtly neckc<l; deei» brilliant crimson;
.. . . . I »,,..;... ,,♦' ...,..., 1 • " " .• 11 ' , • • .

lied h V t t\C Ol'l J^l nUi- • ■ , , 1 ■ , » ,i.-Mi;ii,ii 1 jr i^ii J, II I 1 J in 1 IMM , mill Wl in lUI 1 1 CI 1 III.''

achuscUs. W'l-liiug to have an opportunity ot care- see(l crimson, sometimes yellow, set in indentations
fully cxaminim;- thcM- two vari<>ties, tin; Committee not de.-p, (.xerpt in the largest sjiecimcns, when the
uiilv n »iice(l them cursorily in th'ir regular Report intervals are ;dso somewhat ridged; flesh red: flavor
for'tlnt evening, with a promise of submitting a more ; cxipiisittdy line; (piality "best;" sexual character ^>i,v-
detail'd pom -logical description of them m their'////,,/,..

June ad mt. Tim K -port. The spec-imens having been , 2. M( Av.»v'sNo. 1.— Earge; roumlish, deep scar-
winter forced, and b"ing ripe in Martdi, w-ere kept h-t; li-ht crims(.n scd; indentations rather deep, in-
tixt long after tlieir maturity to bij in their ;:;reate,.t t,M-vals not rid^^ed: flesh wliitish. nartlv stained with
perfection. i red; tla\or a^rccahle; tpiality "good," j)erhaps "very

Ali.kn'.- Sr.ioi.i-o; Ui,\'k 11 amiu k<;.— 'f he lamch ^ j^,„„|." sexual «diaracter ;>/'s7/7/(//c. An ahundaiit
Kliiliitcd wa> not \';iy large, though it is proliahb l.rarer.

iture Will he au imi)rovement in (his resjiect. JiciTi/
large, black, c/m/; seed grey; flesh si»!id, and possess-
ing much of the character of the Blad; Ilaml)urg;
quality *'ver^ good."

MusQUE \ KKUEL. — This is a natural cross between
the Cii'i/./ly Froiiti^nan and tiie \'erd<dho, the AVine

o. .Mc.Vvov's lv\TK.\ IvKi). — Large; roundisli; sear-
let; seed red, sometimes yellowi>h; indentations ti l-
erablv deep, intervals somewhat rounde*!; fh-sh yel-
lowish, slightly staine(l; sub acid tlax'^r, ijuaiity only
"good;" pistillate; extraordinarily prMJuctive.

1. E()\(;w(iK Ill's Puoi.inc. — Tliis fim; variety orig-

Grape of Maifria. Hmuli large, shouldereil, lo ,se: ■,,;;, ted with Mr. S(dinei(d<c, of Cim-innati, and was
6c'r/7/ rat Icr small, aliout half an imdi in diameter, | ],,,.„, ^^-ly known iis Sdnu ick'-'s Hermaphrodite. \'cry
round, itale re(l: seeil light cinnamon c(dor; ll vor j^^i-ir,.; i-oundish n\;ite: brilliant crimson; seed of tin

— 7 [ I

rich, saccharine, highly pea-fumed, (|uality "•hest:"'
said to b3 as early as tiie Black July, and the Pit-
m as tun.

Mr. Allen d<.>serves th^ thanks <»!' Pomologists for
lia\iii'- ori'-'inati'd two varii.'ties of Crapes of su(di
excellence. And being of native origin, tliey may
pro\i . l.,r out-tloor culture, better suited to the re-
ipiii. nients (d our clim.ite than their translantic pa-
rens.

From 11. W. S. Cleveland, of liurllngton, X. J.—
FiiK." s|»ecimens ot Strawberries, without a name

same color, sone-time^ y(dlow!sh. set in rather deep
indentations with rounded intervals; ilesh Yrd\ flavor
fine; rpiality "very good." A variei y of great excel-
lence; perfect in its sexual organization, and remaik-
ahly ))ro<luctive, a rare circumstance with staminate
varieties of large size.

From llobcrt Buist. — Fine specimcMis of two vari-
eties of Strawberries, McAvoy's Su{)erior and McA-
voy's \o. I, described above.

From IP'nry A. Dreer.— A disli of the }fotitunen-
.simj S/nnrhrrii/. This fim; variety originated with

Flint large; roundi.>h, sometimes ovate; d;Lrk red; I (^j;,.pij.^i.,[ v^^.l,„ljt/,, of this city, and took the premium
bC' d id the same color, set in superficial depressions; [ off;. ,.,>,! by the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
calyx reflexi'd; .stamciis persistent; flesh ylhiwish ; f;,,. ||,,. ),,>^{ see(lling strawberry exhibite(l in I'^iS.
white saccharine, high fl.uored; quality "best." The'
fruit and leaf clearly indicate the variety to be a
lluutbuis, probably the Lafayette. It is to be regrett

ed that this luscious class of Strawberries is so little
cuhivat"d.

FiMin Mr. Stuart. — Beautiful specimens of Straw-
berries, Ui>r<ifs Srciilun/, n[' last year's planting;
some nearly iour inches in circumf'avuice; (piality
"very good."

From Gerhard Scbmitz, (jf Philadelphia.- Fine
specimens of iu:o of his Seedlin'j Strawberries:

1 . Tin: P i; N N SY L v an i a . — T h i s vari ety i s a seedl i ng

"f the Moyamensiiiir, and was exhibited by Mi

4 1. ** ^^ • 11"!

Fruit ratlcr large; iMundish eoidcal: <leep crimson;
seed crimson, sec in i-ather deep (lej)re< -ion^, with
rouiided intervals; flesh rd; flavor very tine; (piality
"best;" sexual (diaracte-r, pistillat(>; leaf large, witli
criMiate serratures.

From Pr. F. W. (\arpent<-r, Lancaster.— 7V/e 7'/ /-
U)ii/)/i <>/' (Uiiidx rhiiKl (dou-ry, a native of Cumltcr-
land county, Pennsylvania. Specimens fine. Large;
obtu^ic hc:irt-.->hape(l, sometimes roundish, compress-
ed at the sides; deep crimson, tilniost purple when
fully ripe; suture indistinct; stem rather long, shaider,

inserted in a broad opi^n cavity; apex slightly de
JO' *^^'- I pressed; stont; roundish oval, compre<s(Ml: flesh raih-
Schmilz last season, tor the first time. Fruit large; | ^^ golid, red, slightly iidh(>r(^nt to the stone; flavor fine;
broadly conical; dark crimson; seed crimson, 'i"'^ umijity "best;" period of maturity about the middle
when shaded, yellowy set in d( pressions not very

deep, with roundish intervals; tlesh red; flavor fine;
Quality *oest;" sexual character ;></.sV///a/d7 leaf large,
deep green, serratures crenate. The Committee award
a premium of five dollars to this variety, as the best

of June.
The Treasurer submitted his semi-annual statement,
which was read and referred.
Charles Kessler, of Reading, was elected an hon-

, 'ii

r.TR.TPn rnrXTY AOUICULT.-nAT. SOCIETY-ROAP 8tTns

"^oai) Soads.
Tho value of tliis ];,,„;.] n. a sfi,„„lanf, of vfti»^

124

(.rary and correspondinn; member, and lour irentlc-
men contril.utmg members. b^"ut

Adjourned.

TIIOS. 1'. .J AMK8, J{ecording Secretary.

1., "■, , .' ■■■ "'I'Mii iiiaivc 11,, 1, ,, ,• .

^— althou;;-!i f!-,„n th.ir w,!! kuuwn ha!,iN nf .nt....!"- '•

Chester C0UHI3 A^^.irulturai Society. and eeunou.v in m!.,- matters, vN'e ^lumhl !.., ,' '"^

\fo„oi- 1 led to expect hotter thin-s In a st-u ":''''''

Atan adjourned meeting of the Chester County putrl.litv soap-suds is r;3pl.t whf ^^ :^ ^
Agncultural Society, held at the Coo.: ]l,,use, in ,1^ ve,.,:n,|... in\. state of a^^^^^^

I

m?,.]

I'lUvMii'Ms mil sTA'n: \\\\\.

125

imM)tf%mMmm-.mfiL.m

TJ«t of l*r< miuins.

^... wtiiu ui uiis innn.i n. a shinulant of ve^k. I r ih. nnnroachinn Stafr J./riruUural Kxhihitlm

to /I at

No. 7,Nativfs ok HyiADEa.

borough of West Chester, on -h. I .:|, 'a^^( ''uZ ' 'l'" T^>' '".""li'-", I,m:.;:i: li;' Z\nZllZZ^!!^

■ ■ " ^'';-'n"""V""'"-^''"il="'"" I'V tho root. , ,fX-
"■"I'! - us vahi.. as .■,. ,m,u-,.vI,,i .;; 1.,... :. ■'""'■

A. D., 1H53, John V.u-l.;- ..vas call,.,l ,, ih,. n.an-' I .' r"'';''"",''""' ^'"^ ^'''•••' ^y th. rootsol p ! ,'*

a.^ Alexander Marsha,, a„„„,„„.,. ...^.^^ """' ; ^l-:;:,.;;;;;::; ::;li;;;:;;;-' ;;;::;;:|:- i. ,;; .f

^S,^;;:;;:::;-vr.;';;;::;::;n;;:i:rrr

follow „^ Man,,. I „;|.,.„,. ,;,, ,,„, ,, :.,,„a,„.,„'„, ,a„i,.a. V""'^'''''-^- 'I'-'at-s as a s|„....lv uu,| elire "'

I, the ah-rrous or wiii-od d,T,r(> lator^ I.v wl.i i

V.sn,Kvr-Isaa.. W. N-an!,..,.. j eta,,,.. a„. so olt^rinfest.'.,! and ,i;..'rn; ,' " ' iTf

M . I M-ii.KMs-- >a.,.|,ai, W.i-tl,. .7„l,n D. Kv- ^'1^". a nu.st ^a,nal,,e aciinvant in tho funMul. r

an.. I.,-. l.lH.n.z,.,- \. |,„-k,.v. I..«is i;,.lnr,„, j c„m|,„st. F„r tl,is pnrp.so a la fu k ',

. saao I,. \ al;..,,..,s,.|,!, |,„„-,ia„, <;,.n. ,;,.,„•,; •^'";"''"'" -">'■•„,..,.,, in s,,,,.,- ,.,aee ea^v I , ! t'

iiaitiuan. Xaihao W alt.m, .J:„-.'. .Mass.>v Wm ?
l>ni>ps,.r,:Hi I'.u-ker. Abncr (umva, dwhu .) M.n
a^han.

CoRRESPONDivG Secretahy-J. Lacey Darii.i^.ton

XuEAsuRER— Dr. Geor^^e Tl: mum^.

On motion, Resolved that .h.lm S. iir.vm IN,, i„.
a committee to appoint a committee consisting- of on.'
member from eacli to^vnsliip, to obtain members to

tills »>npiofv ri^JLw.f *l... :„:i.!_x! n /-.^

•l.'i' to which, without .hlh.'uhv, th. wash Inu., the
Muk and hiundryran h(> r.^-uhirlv r .luw.sl "hiti
this res.-nuir all the wash matfu- pro-luoMl I,, Z
arm and about the ..tu>.,n, .-m.m.i., ,„. tiii-nw,,-
i-n.s, r..fus,>, a.!,... nnirk, torC ri.!, soil, aiMlrhin-

manuiv frnin th. woo,l->!i..,l: in short, rvrrv s,i!...a-;^
^•ap.n,!.' ol a!.>orh:n-tli" rich, r.-rtili/in- 'ij, „i,i .^,-

"?'!","'.'^V^ <■•'• ^''" i— "lit of the soil and plant- 1,
'viii.'h It IS to be applied.

iJ.v a little systematic attention to matters of this

tlllVi f l.n o t-n>ii.i 1 . .« .1 /• • 1

fijr i • \ ,, '^;'"'^»'P' to obtain members to | !'^ 'i little systematic attention to mitfor., nf fV

and p!y th^^am to'r'r, ir'''!^'"" '^'^'' ^'l^ ,'=.'-^"'«') r"""'^' '''« -"--' ''-•'-" " -'^.H^lu 0' ,?
tonuwl ,h '• tl"; I roasur.,-. Mr, li.w.n l'- inim,.asura!.,y inoreaso,!, ar,., t,,," |,r,„,,„-,iv,. oa

l!lphti " ""'"" "' "^"' —■"•■-'^ -^ n.^ !'-'ty;.rnjanyUrn,s,„,.vr,,,an,oaas^.ln./,s,:v:,I

1 VU w 1 Ihckey, ^sanmrl Pcimock, m- results.

tl.o r,n-r.s|,,,n!lil,. S.vn.,;;; ' '" '''■'""•' '",:'' '^ '"P "' "'' -"'^ i" ^' ^•^"■' "I i"-i'i.'nt ,,u,ri,|.

i»n niui„,n, Dr ] U Wii'ko,- S.nifl, >.^l,.,,., I i ' "•)' '" ^'''''-' "I'-'i- eiinal to tliat ol' a cord ot proiur-

Mnu.„.d ,„ n.,,n,-t .., ,! .1 (^,r^..s,H,ndin ' S J;., a V n '"' ""'V''"' ''j'^ •M'l'l"" suds to vo;; ,ati.,n, an.l .arc-
""■ ,"'talo ,,,anl, its host variot 0 • f „ d s n' ''•'"•' '.'''T"''"' "'" '•'-""^ '•^'» ''^ ..tln.fwiso thano.n-
^_^^^ '''''''''^" ■'■'''"''''''■''''-'''- yi"''<''l'd Its v,.ry;;i-,.at officaey and va,uc. Whore

<io ni.tlnn, I,,.. (',,rros,,,,ndin- ^M,.,vf,,-v »■•, • i,. •' '■"' "'"'■'' V"^'"'"'"'^''"- ",'"''■'''""■'• it mav l>o ap|i,iod
structcd I , n,ak,. ,■..,,, r, un\ o Uu ro ■ nd ' ,■ i.a " "1"" '■','"'",:'■""■ '"■'■"■'■ l"nn,.ntation- ,,as ','k,D
Character of the harloy crop l-i''litahle jdace. t w,l, i,.r,„..nt in t!,,- l,..,,,. and thus in l„oc

On motion. Henjarnin .{. Passmore Dr E y ' ^'i'^T' """'■' ''''''"" '""'■'"-''"'''"'-■ "''''''

Dickey, and William Webh were anp-.i.'.t^l a coin i" '" l"'"l'"'';"',' ''•^ '" P"""^''-. '- 'i' ^i' '>"'",;or

mitte,and instructed t„ rryJZ ^}^ro.luZ^\^^ "^'^"T' ^^ ''"""^""■•■- - ■•^"''■■'- >1--*
Secrctary,_on tho ntiht, .,|'p,an„ as a n , uuti: ^ ":;:'," :":''':".:::" '-■•"— 'I; )V'"' ^' ^"'^-

ecretary, on tho utilif v of ^,,:,,io is a manure.
On motion adjourmd.

''<'IIV I'AIIKKR, Chairman.
A. M AUSl I A liL, Secretary.

The first annual exhibition of th." above Society
now fully ororanized, will be h.-M .,n t!ie loth, liith,

■ • • • ■ ■ • ■ I 1 1 1 1 . V > > I . 1 » I I I 1 , 1 ,^ 1 1 1 1 i -

ci.Micy of soa))Mids and urine, a valuable comiinst
may h- made of any soil, even sand.— [Farmer and
-^b't'hanic.

-•♦^

'I'ea (11 1 (11 re.

Tlio IlnoJiGBter Ani'Tican sav-, tlial a gentleman
wlio lias carried on both tho ciili i\ at ion oftlio tree,
and th(> inanufaetnre of tea troiii tle-.r loaves for

and 17th of September next, in \V..^t Chester at the '"^' inanufaetinv of tea tion, {h.,v l,,,v.'s for

same timp n«j Hio llnrflr^MU.,..! r i •, ■ • ' ,- j >ears, and some ot the time omj.loyed two hundred

same time as the Horticultural hxlnlntion. 1 rom ; men at the work, lias left that place, after an oxton-

tlie amount of improved stock, of all kinds in the ^ sive examination of the soil and climate of the Seuth,

county, as well as maaufactories of agricultural im- ^^*^' China and the East Indies, expressly to import a

pleraents, it is expected it will be an interesting l^""""^ of youn;; plants, superior in every respect to
'ff,- ^ ^ ^"^ intutstin^ those cultivate.! by the late Dr. Junis Smith, at Gren-

''^'''^' ville, South Carolina.

CLASS No. l-CATTLK.

]N<). 1, SUnilT lilJliNS.
IJULLS.
t. »,n<t Hull 3 yt'ars old an<l «0Ht Bull between 1 & 2 yonrs, $10
,i|»«ar'i^. j^^ ^^^^ i.'i llrst IJullCuU undrrlOinonthd, 5

?r;^rilullb' twopii 2 .111.1 3 years. 15 Second best do do do 3
St-onJ l'*^^'*^ do do do 8

COWS.
n.^«t row 3 vearfl old and up i'—i I:, 'u ,- between 1 and 2

Kili^fi^l^itwcen 2.t:?v,^tr. ^^ i;.^^.^ .i^M^ Call undrr 10 ^
Second do do do <Io 1" Sr,.j,i.| liV-t llrlLrCiill '!■) ;i

Xo. 2, lM:v<)X«.
mi.LS.

l-orbest Bulls ycnr-. n,i ! ^^v■ 1!.^, !5o;M,r-.w, .n 1 ,<• 'J v-.r^, f in ',

Foom'/nVstdo do i:. H.'st IMilCiUuiH.r 10 i.ins, r>

lloht Bull between 2 & 3 years, U> second b' -i d* .to S

Second do do do 8

COW^l.
Rest Cow 3 year.H and ui>- itc^i IlcUci- between 1 and 2

wards ^-''' V'^wrs, $10

Kfi . .1.1 br«t do do 10 Seeond best do do ft

HeTlMiLr bel-.vcon 2 and 3 B.-.t Heib-rralf uuderlO mo3. f,

ypj^r,^ 15 Second best do do J

Bt-coiul'beat do do 10

ia,J,h.^.

For best Bull 3 years old and up- Tblnl best Bull bet'n2 A Sy'rs $ I

wards, i.\'i \\.<\ Hull itftwci'n 1 & 2 years, 0

Stjcond bent do do lo S't 'Mid htsL do do -4

Thinl bt'^it do do s 'I'hird best do do 2

Best Unll between 2 & 3 years b) Best Bnll Cult under 10 months, ^^

Second best do do 8 Second best do do 1

COWS.

For best Cow 3 years old and up- Tblnl !te>t Ilelf.-r bet'n 2 k 3 yrs Si

wards, $12 Best ll.-Uer Ijclwceii 1 A 2 years J>

Sctotid best do <lo 10 Sevond tiest do do 4
Tblnl br.-t do do H Tbird brst

Best Htdlt-r b.d ween 2 &3 years, nn?<-^t Ibit.r Calf un<bT lOnios, 3

Second best do do 8 Second best do do i

X(t. ''\ WoKKiNo ( )\i:>r.

I'lrli' •! I'un (., ,.!ii \iik.' iVoiii to i!ii' County Society onl !il'd

iiH'iiiliri s, oi aii> > iniiity S'li'li'- tlt'i'ii. f,')0

I > . I ert'lllllllll to III' paid In thi> |{l-l li.illl >.f 0\.|| lli;L l<:s

C'lUiity sinii'i\ riii !i K-1 : h''i '■- I Im'i :; \ Mkr, l.">

M. ) ir.VJ ■■ \ okf i)i < tM!i, I'J

Sit iind bi-st ti'Min "t 20 yoke Sfcoud li<'--I Mm Io

Irolll llH-llllnM> nl;il'\ ('(illlltV 'I'llilll (I'l iln tt

Soi'ii'l >■, ( I'li'ini .; Ill III !i" jolii
A tart w ill 111- p'."'- id. d 111 ti-i th.' w firkin- (pi.i'dtif-! '.f tlie Oxen.

i\<». '.>, r \T Catti.f:.

10
5

No. o, lli:Ki:i'OUiAi.

BULLS,

For be«<t Bull3 vcars old and up- Best Bull between 1 k 2 years, $10
^..jpl^ ■ $20 Second best do do ft

S.'coiid best do do 1ft Best BulK^alf under 10 months, ft

Ilfst Bull between 2 and 3 years, 13 Second best do do 3

Second best do do 8

COWS,

i;p«t Cow 3 years old and uj)- Best Ilcifer between I a J

vv.'inls, $20 years, ^i"

S.M oihI iM'st ilo do 15 Second best do do

i;->t II. -iter between 2 & 3 years 1ft Best Heifer Calf Uixle;- 10 mos. 5
Second best do do 8 Second best do do 3

Kiirl'i'-! p:iii t.a Slicia or U.'MM ?1'' S.-i im 1 ln^; do

SciiMi'l lii'^t do d<) I'l B'-st Fat Sit'tT,

|i<•^t Kat ( <)\v. lo ."iii'iid l>f>t do

Second h.'Nt, '' I hlnl b»'sl do

I'.iM lut ILii.-r, 10

Ai'pih ants lor prendunifl for fat cuttlo, niii-it furidsh statements o
inaiinir "\ t>-''i||n;i.
ic.v .luiU'cs on Fat Cattle, will Klve particular attention to the anl

iM.t.,. .liiltcd lo tbcm lur (.•.xaiulnalioii. ll 1> b(d!t.'v«.Ml that allotii'.-r

t hiii;;s Ixdnu' cpi.il. tb"S<' arc tin- best cattle iliC biivr thr ;,'r.'at«' -t.
v.-ci>;lil In tliusmalk'.-.t superlicics. The Cattle P. iir JudK.d a^. I-'ai Cat-
tle, will all be wid«he(i, and the Judges will taite measures to get the

supcrlUie.s I'f eaeli.

X"j. lU,MiJ.Lii C«»u'3.

For best Milch Cow, $20 Second best Milch Cow, $15

flrSrThe Cows to be kept on prass only during the trial, and for ten
days previous to cacli period o( trial. The lime of trial from loth lo
20t"h of Jujie, and Iroiii lotli to 201 li of AiikusI.

STATKMI'M to IIK FLKMSJI.'I) contaimno

Fird The a«ean.l l>recd <d' Cow, ali.i time <d calvlii;,'.

Srxnud The quantity of milk in \vid;;lil, and alM) of br.t trv niiido
from such Cow, dmiiiK each ix-rb"! of ten .lays. ,

Thinl A statement to l>e madelo the Judges, of the facts.vcrillefi
by tlie alb 1 IV ii "I I I'liipetitoraiid one' <)tliiT persoit couvursaut there-
wlUi.

No. I, A\ k<iiii;f.

l;!'!,LS.

For best Bull 3 years old and up- I'.esf Bull bewtecn i .*. 2 years, $10

wards. Si!'' Scc-oncl lic-^t d'l dn .>

Sm-oihI iK'st do .io l"' Best Hull Call umb i 10 mos. .'. ! i{,.^t Mrood Mar

)tf>t IbUl between 2 & M xear^, l.'i S.eond I'.-t do d" M .Iranjlil,
i'^eeotnlbesL do do .^

cows.

ForbestCow3yearsold an 1 111- Best lliiler bi'twecii 1 and 2
wan Is. $20 year>. $1"

Seeon.l best do do 15 Secoiwl best do do o

Best Heifer brtwi "ii 2 and 'A Hesi H. ■iter Calf under 1^ ni'»s. :>
years, 1.5 Sec'iid be»l do do 3

Second best do do 8

CLASS X(»,2.

Xo. 1 l.lloiiH- \M) .Ml I.E.S.

No. 5, Ilo I. Sir: IN'.
r.ii.LS.

For best Bull 3 years old and up- I'.est Btdl between 1 & 2 years, $10
wants. S20 Seeon.l l)est .lo do 5

Pccoinl best do do i:> Be^, iPillC.iH tmd.'r b) iniH. f)

Beat Bull »)etvveen 2 & 3 ye.ir-J. l.j Second be.-iL ilo do 3

Second best do du ' 8

COWS.

Forbost Cow3year3old and np- H. -l lleilcr between 1 and

wards. j"*M \iai-. Sb)

Second best do do 1.') .-^.t mid best do do ;')

Best Heifer between 2 & 3 years, l.'» Boi II. iter Calf under 10 mos, 5

Second best do do 8 Second best do do 3

For best Stallion heavy draught $.'50 Second best do do $20

Sceomi bot .lo I.'. 2il r..->t llnr-i' <."olt between 2 it 1

tor beavj- > I ar- old, 20

.",0 Sernn.l lie>' do (!() P)

Seeon.l l.e-t .1 > do 20 l!e-.t Kill.y or .M.ue Colt be-
Best Stallion t.-r quick dran:,ht. ;;■) !\veen2a:id !, 20
Second be>t lio i!o 20 S.Toi,.| |.f-,t do 'lo ll>
IJcst I'.rood M;tre lor .pM" k I'.i'-i Iloi ,!■ Cod, b.'t wen I &2
.Irauudit. ■•'-" ,>'■■"•-• ^ , , ^'}

S.'Cond l-.-t do .|o 2.1 >.-. oMO I.e-t do do ,,

l!i-.i .^laipon lor saddle, ;;o i'..-t Hll.s or Mire Cult be-

Srrond l..-f -lo do 2^1 ivM ••n 1 .V 2y.'ars. b!

Hc-t lie-od Male for . -saddle, ;vi Se. oniUM--,t ,|.,. .|o 6

No. 0, AbOFK

;nkv.

lU I.LS.

For bc^t Bull 3 years old and ui>- Be-t Btdl b.-twcon 1 A- 2 year.
wants, s20 Set onil best do do

5^20 Set oiiil best do do .>

15 liest Bull Calf under PI months .5

years, 16 Second best do do 3
8
COWS.

For best Cow 3 years old artd up- Best Heifer between 1 and 2
„ wards, $20 years, , $10

N-eon.l best do do 15 Second best do do 5

Be.st Heifer between 2 & 3 years, 15 Best Heifer Calf under 10 mos, 6

•Second best do do 8 Second best do do 3

Second best do do
Best Bull between 2 & 3
Second best do do

Xo. 12, Mat< HKi' UoR.-F.s, /If.i.iiiNr.-^, M.\ur,<, Jacks

ANl>Mll.l>.

For best pair carriage Ilorsea, S20 Tbinl be..,t Single More, SS

Secon(n)e8t ilo do l.'i Be-l .lack, W

Tbird bent ilo
Ucst (i.d.iini,',
.^econd Pe-t,
Tbird be>t,
I'.cst >in-le Mare,
Set'oti.l best do

do

Pi >.( tHi.l best, 10

Pi He-^t pair of Mule?, W

,s S.'i o;pl t.e■^t. 10

T) i;. -I I'aiii oi Mules not less

lo tb.iii ,"ur, 20

8 Seeon.l best do do 10

CLASS No. ?,.

No. 13. SlIEEl', SwiNE .\M) i'ol t.TRV.

Sheep a)ul iToe/.

Ll.NE WOOLKO.

K,,riM-^t U'lik $10 Seeon.l best do do $o

i;.. onil best, .10 « Best p.-n ofLatnbsnot less thati

iie^L pen of Kwe.s not less than ». "'

li^sL pen V j^ Second best do do 0

Long Wooled.

Pnr hP«;f Buck $10 Second best, <lo t6

Bo,t pen 0. EWC8 not loss than ^^ ^^^\^^, ,, j, "%

, .-'»••»■ i-/.- PIS* "VS

■■'',;?'"\c

120

Middle M ooi.kd.

s^'?.?iV^T^ • f 10 Si-comi best ,1,. ,io cr,

lU.stpenolEwe8notle«8 tlmn VhanV ^^""^^^^ "«t los,

3' 10 S<'. I t'.-^t. [J

Native or Mixi.u iU.uou.

For best Iluck, mo

St'cojid hrst, do ^

PREMIUMS rou STATK PAIR

Ih-ai pea oi Ewt'8 not less than
*' 10 Second best do do

Imported Sheep.

Second best do do ^6 ' «^-n"i .:■. do'-"'^"'"^ ""^^ ^ ^!::i'^\:^^l

1^-t pen o. Lamb, not less ^ I Third best do ^', "l-oMuri^.U

sJ^lond'^e.t do H. *')? ' "'i^ n^';::; ': ''' 5'^^;5 ^!?-« ?>• !!-•:"-- -

For best Imported Buck,
tietond best, dw

$15 Jlest Jnii>ortcd Kwe,

10 ^^eeoIld best ,do

i AT Sheep.

6

$15
10

^/ . 1 I '. 1 ^ $<» >«'eoiid best n(. ,1,,

Kxo dbestdo do .-. Thipl iMM ,!„ , J

inlrd best do do ,:

(secouu beat do do a

3

pXll'SH'^- I »-„'•;;-"■' .''traw cutter^
b.-st<-..r„ Cuaiv„t„r-Dlpl„,„„ ' .J^;,;,:^^ Uo'"""'

■ " '" ■" '" 1" H<-st Clovcrliiillcr

band pow.T .or hills or drlli;;, S.eondr;;';^'"'' ^'"^

Diploma and p) H.-si <)x ('art

u VlV h"*^ ''"^ ^ 5 ^ri-oiid do
JJestt iiltlvator for general pur- Best lIor.>.'Rake

poscs-Diploma and lo Second b.-st i[o

Second be«t do 3 Besti.x Yokf

lit'>r lin.id ( ast SoWer-Dlplo- S'cond bet -lo

s.';':,;d'i!..st do 'V'7j ^''"■" ^"^"-' '-^«c pow-

l« -t K<)il«Tl..r ueihTal usfi r, v,.,,,,,.] ,„.^, ,,„ Ift

li.st (1,1.1 i'n,>h.ra,Mi;„lU.r V '■'' ""'"' i'''^^'

c^'""'"!"''- . r> s<'e(Miii i.rM .b. ■■'

llrst ^a^nl^K' .Mill-Dii-lunui and M Nnund Ur^t du ' "^

><H<Mid b(,>( do 5 .

5

No. Is, Fakm Imi'm:me\ts No. 2.

For b^'^t IMov. (;r,ir>,

S('<(»nd br-I d<»

Ib'st W.mnii luriicss f.>r farm.
Stidrid bf,>r du
lif-it ("an (iiMfv,
S».'cond U^■.■^L d

•10 licst double ser (\nri;ige harness 6

lu

5

No. 1 i, >v\ j\E.

.1^ \i;>.i. i;!:i;i,i),
Forbestlloar over2years ul.i, ^lo vrar>
fccona best do uo ., >ccuu.i'best do do

Lfst iJour 1 year old, lu Jbe.i biv.dnu' bow 1 vear.

tevcoi.d be^l ao do 3 bccoua bc.i Tm uo *

i>e^i i>oaro nionthband under 1 i.tvM lot ot p.gs not less than
«V-.,i. » I , ^^ SundeiO nioiithi. JO

Kcondbestdo do 3 isccond boi uo do a

l>est breedniij Sow over 2
Includuig tiicMcr, Jicrk^llire Hampshirf.Leicester and their -radts U'-i ('b.-sr Pn-ss,

fcJl.\!.l.l.,,r.i.l, ** ' i S''^'»"l l-'^l d..

Forbejt i;oar over 2 years. .lu d.r ., ^^o J^c^M.rbe^t'.Ji'" ''"'''

f<ry K ■^^ "*" 1 ''*' ^ •■'^■'^'^"" ^^'''^ ^i^ <»'^ 4 ' I'^'^-l ■'^^'1^ strainer,

lv:*...;^T .■^r"'"'*; lO m-^ ^ow o months and under ; Second best do

f^^K .'?'''*'., '''',» ^ .^•^^•^'' 10 H^^^^tPotatoe Masher,

A>tMlioaio months and not one Second oest do do 5 Second In-st do

v^?.^5', K ., . , 10 i>v>i jotoi pl„'.,,notifS3 than 5 Uesl (jraln Cra^iie,

fcc.ond be*t do do 3 uuiuiidcru montus, 10 Second best do

^l

t''< SlTOlld liot (111

-' I'.iM .sin-lc sn ('an-ia;s'r harness i
■■! >iti-:id 1m >t ,1,1 :'

2 ll>,',>t >rM|,. and llariii^.s i,,r

3 ^ nctK'i al |ii,ii)(),sc's, ^
2 Sectiiid lu-^i do J

1 For best Churn

Second best ilo

X". l'.», F.vK.M Imillmknts No. o.

i

2

$.i Itest si.K Axes.

2 Bfsi >i\ .Manure Forks,
.5 Second i)r>[ do

3 liesi six |oii;f handled shovels 3
3 Seeoiid best do j
2 Best ^l.v short handled shoveU. 3

2 Srcon I b(_'st do j

1 IK'si six sfjades, g

3 Second best do j

2 Best six Corn lloca, |

3 Second best d(j |
1 Best set of JIor.se shoes, 3

then^gnulcl*^'''''''"'''"' ^"^^'''*'' '"*^'"'*-'^ ^''""^' ^'hinese, Mocha and : sSiml" beJt'dn"''*^''*' ""^'^ ^"^^'^^"^ ? '^v" 'iV' "^ 4*^^*''''>l'«^'"'re8,not

iJ^'i.;::^?^ ^^-- 2years, ,0 Second hot do do 5 ' "Sn'b'f;' ilil" ' ''"'^^'

totcondbcstuo Uo 0 i-orOe.>l laltcndlluK, i B.st ^. x II iv Fork^

i.e»tuieedini;bowlyearandm, >ccond bcM ao a"J i! JJ'coi.d b! -I do '

— Best six Grass scythes,

I Second best do

Ao. i.>, I'oLLlliV.

Best lot of Shan;;ha> fowls not Bet loi oi Bantams wji k-^i ib.ui

less than 3-i cock and 2 hens, *3 j-i cock and 2 iieiis, *3

heconu bcM do do 2 Second bc^t do uo 2

llesiiot 01 porklm; 1-owls not less lieet lot ol Ganie Fowls not less

lhau3-icocivand2nens, 3 than 3-1 cock and 2 hens, '1

Second be-t do uo 2 Sccona b.->i Uo do '.

i.e»tioiol Poland i-owls not kii li«■^[ lot 01 oi native ur Dim idll "

Ihana— lcockand2 btii->, 3 Jrowi- not le^^ t .laii J " •<

Secondbt^ldo do J >■ . ii.,.i ii,-.>t do uo

Best lot ol biuck SpaniiliUul Ics.-, U.m 1,,; J'uultrv ow n. il b\ r\hi-

Ujau3— 1 cock and 2 hens, 3 buor.

Second best do uo 2 L.,i ., m coihi tionc.i FmvK

liesi lot ol Jersey Blues, not less i.< -. ji.iir oi ( ai.on->.

than3— 1 cock and 2 hen.N, :', <. 1hia<\s

Second be&t do do ;; a,, ,i,j (.,,>(.•,'

licst lot ol IJuck's tounty Fowls uo do ^^ i.iM'ieese

not le&s than 3—1 cocii and 2 do do .Mii>to\iv Ducks

c^*^"*?i ♦ . , •'' '-^ ^"^ t 'iniuon'Ducks, '

Second best do do 2 Uo do PluI-owIs

Best lot Cochm China, Malay or Best Caponed i 11. key '

Chittegong i'owl»,notless than Best lot oi Guinea low'is not less

3—1 cock anil 2 hens, 3 than 3, '

Second best do do 2 Best exhibition of Pigeons,

I Best six (Jrain scythes,
Second best do

1 less than six, j
3 Second best do 3

2 Best dozen xsu" liruonK. ;;

3 Srcon I bi'st do i

2 Best do/.en Shaker or twine tied

3 brooms. ]
3 Second best do 1
3 Best half dozen Corn baskets, 5
2 Second best do J

A<.. 1^": Farm iMn.rMKNr^ wo Mach inkkv x\o. 4.

For best l-or.aM,. >^aw .Mill. ^2^^ !•.,., W,.i.,bi,v. .Ma. Inn. for^ren-

M.'.M Meani hni^'inr iiii-iaiiii pnr- rral iai m piirp<..-„',. ^.-i

CLASS \o. F

No. 17. Fi.oU INC M.MCFI.

p()<rs fa>il\' p(jr!..
ib'-t I'oriabir Ori^t Vliii.
iSuM Mou iiu' or Ki' i;i:n/ .Ma

rhiiii' dbpliiriia airl
Second l«i'>i do
l!i'-t >wr. |. ||(,rv,. power,
Sfi ond 111,-! .[o
Ib'-I Kailuuv l,(ir>i' j.owcr,
S-'e<in i ii.'-t do
i!.'>t 1 hr, -hin- Ma. liinc,

Scrolid |i"-.| ilo

Hot >t'parator,
Sfcoiid bt'st do
Best Portablr ilay Press,
' Second best do
^ Ik'st ChurninK Machine.

Best dog power Churning Ma-
chine,

10
hi

. >

;i
.i
.J
o
6

3

lar-f

21 l!i-i io; 01 -niall and
2(t .s.al.'-^

15 •>! I'. .liable Cidrr Pr-
-'' |il"ina and 10

1" Sn olid Im-i do i

1" l^''"' li.il I do/rii Floi'.r tiarri'ls
.'i Sil\ rr .MrdaJ

Id Sffoiid bf>t do 5

i'' l{f>r \ ariri \ ,,[ (',ioi),.r wurk
]" SilMT M<-dai

.') Set oiitj li,'>! do 5

!'■ I>f.">f ShinLTb' aiid"S(a\r cutttT
'> Silver Medal
10 Second best (lo 5

5 Best invention fr-r spreading
5 Lime, 5

Be.-^t collection of Farmer's tools
n"^: W-^ M xr X., ''* ai'ranj;ed ill H dei)osit, 5

B.- \V ashinR Machine, .s ih-M invcniio,, tor securiu;;!!..'

^•■^' '""iPt^or wells. in run <.f wa'.r .n .li mn 5

•'';''''""' '"•^' 'I" 5 Second Im'M .!o S

Be.M arr.ini^iiiirnt toj- laislnp: Best and nio>t iniincioiH col
water ..thcr III. in imimip, lb l.-.t ion of A-riculOiral luiple

{Second best ilo 5 years,

Best Sub soil do lu Scco.nd best do

Second best do 5 Third b(;.-it do 5

First Premium to be awarded to i-ourihbest do 3

J9dr"i'he name of Plowuian must be given, ius well as the kind of Plow
to be used, at the time ot entry.

Best Farm Wagon,
tieeond best do

CLASS No. 5.
No. 17, Farm Implements No. 1.

$10 Best ( orn Stalk cutter,
5 Second best do

CLASS No. G.
No. 21, F>AiRy, Sugar and Honey.

BUTTER. f

Best lot (quality as well as quantity considered,) made from Scows In
30 cosecuti ve days-20 pounds of the butter exhibited, $20

$5 Second best do ^o

* A Certlflcate, signed by the owners of the Cows, and at least onfl

t

k

1853.]

Fi;i;\iliM-^ Ini; :-r\'!F FAIi;

V27

I' . r iK-r^-'n who a.nslsted In milking and mi
I*..!/' to the tads of the case, to accompany ea
ItAt lot ol 2ittt>s Butter, made in June, lft63,

ot
1

No. 24, I>"\i!;^TlC iMaNL'FA( ILKES.

aklng the butter, certify

ach lot of butter.

110 Best lot of Silk Cocoons, $8 Secf^pd best do

wond best >U> 5 ; S«-cond best tlo [, Third best do

Hest nrklo or tub of salted btittcr not less than ^ months old lu Best spe.lmen of Piiiw Slik. r, p.eKt pair W «.o|.n Mittens,

Second iM'St do ft ! do «lo Keeled Sl^k, 6 Second best do

*„', .Mlrklns of butter, not less than 3 months old, 20 j do do Sewing fcvlik, ft Best Home Made Shirt,

j'mniuin.i t(> Oe award>'<l to (.'ills utoUr twenty-one yearx qf agr. | do pals Silk Stockings, 5 .Second best do

Vnr the l»«'s>t 1'^^ often lbs of butter,maile any thne,— Silver Milk

Second best lot of 10 lbs of butter , made at any thne— Pair of Silver

He t' lo'i (d ft It)"; butter, nmdeat any time— Set Silver Tea Spoons.

S.eoii<n»«'st do <lo do <lo do -Silver Cup.

Jlest l>arn I 'd .Salt for Dairy purposes,

S'coudbest do •[;>,,/•'* ,,

]W-\ barrel Coarse Salt for i)acklng,

{second best do do do do

("IIFFSF.

$3
3
2
2

6 Ik'st Marred Flannel, 12 yards
6 Silver ("up.

()\F VF.\K, A.N 1> OLDER.

Ilo^t 10'"^ fti^ Cheese
Second I" -I do

Tiilrd t i-t do

do Silk Shaw!,

do do Handkerchief, o Mlvercup.

do pair WOoirn BianketH Sliver Se^Mid best do

„ Cup, Best Plain Flaimel, 12 yards,

SecoiKl best do ft Second be>i do

Tldrd best do n Best 10 vanls Burred Llnen-

Ib-t 10 yards Woolen Cloth, 6 Silver ('uj>,

Se( ond best do 3 Second ttesi do

Be-.t l.J yanls Woolen Carpet— Bestldvards Plain Linen— Sll

Silver Cup, verCup.

P

I
2
1
6
3

9

ft

3

ld;SS TH.\.N ONE YE.XR OLD.

Se< ond be^t do

Third ber^t do

H.-t IF arih Ku;,'— Silver Cuj)

Second b<'r.t do

I'iiiid Im-i do
|10 Foinlll be-t do

5 I l'>'-i IwIl; ( ariM t .1"> > ur is,
3 I Set ond l>(>| dc»

Third b( >t do

lle>t doulilf ( ovelitt,

Sri'ond bi'^i ilo

Third li">t do

$10

ft

3

2

■fhiid Im--i

Best itm lbs Chef se,

Sc. onil be>t do
Tirird best do
liest "-a dozen Cheese box.-;.
do 3 Dairies fi<»iii .iin .ounty, lint l-'ss than 3 cheese from each. -.i ,,^.^, . vv,.,„im Knit 111 II
Those wlio prexnt Ciiee^r torlhe pri iiiuinis (dierrd.niu.st state m
writing, the time it was in i !••; th<' ininiiH! oi , ow ■- kepi; w brilnM- the
f|iee«*e was made tVoin oiii\ 1 s\ o or inorc iniikin,,'->; v tnM \\v any a Idi-
(loii is made of cr<aiii: t lo' i;u.u;l M > of n met ii-cd. .uid i li>' niodc of

preparliiK' if; the mode .d pi e.-.snre, anr l he Ir.Mini.nt oi clu'-'^e alU'r- ' i5...t Orn.nie inal .\<i'dl.' Woik
wards; and the kind ot salt used. _ Second lM>t, do

c'lT/i * I) i \' I i ii/»\'L^\' Best Ottonniii Cover,

SUG A 1 1 AM) HO \h\. second best do

I Ue.sL 'l.tble ('over,
Best 20 lbs Maple sugar, fft ' s.'.ond invt do

l»eco"d l>est do 3 1 i',, -,1 An nil lal Flowers,

Bt'st !•• lbs Ifoiiey, ft ' .sc.ond best do

iSeenod best do 3 j ij.-vi \arieiv Worsted W^ik,

The Honey to be taken without destmylnc: the boos; and tlie klnl ol , 2nd be.^t do
hives used, an.i the management ol tlic same lo be stilted.

8 Se. ond In-st do
ft 'Ihird best do

r.'-l in yard- l.lnei, Piali.T,
f) Si.olid br-l d,,

;< '1 liiid 1.1 -t I ill

2 lifst 111 \iuds 'low ( loth,
[) Second iii'st do -^

3 Hesl pidr Cotton Knll H'l Hose ~,
2 Sriond liiAt do -

.'« h'st p.ur Lln.n K nit Stoi kind's "i
.i >'rond 111--,! do

3

2
6
;{

2
.5

i li.'sl pair LiiHii Knit III ilos,-
15>'-i pair V\ oojeii Ivnltl Moi_klni;s h ,si-, on.i \„-^\ n,, .,3

^'■'■oll.l iir,i lio 2 ll'-t pound ol Linen SewinK

ft

Till.

.■5 >!■( Olid bfest do

No. 2"), TToisKiioMj M.vNi r.\( rruK.s.

3

CLASS No. 7.

No. 22, Flour, Corn .Mim., (Irmx, Seeds and \'eg-

ET.Mil.LS.

FLOUR AND COK.N MEAL.

Best barrel of Flour,

Seiond best do

Third l>est do

Best barrel Corn Meal, prepared from kiln dried com.

Second best do

Best Sample Corn Faiina,

Best Wheat Farina.

Best sample 5 loaves liaker's Bread— Silver M.dal.

Second best <lo do do .|o -Diploma.

Best sample, b) lbs each, wat.r an 1 biiii.T era<kers— Silver Me lal.

Si'.'.)nd best ili> .to do ii.> do — Diploma.

Best Smut Ma. bine,

Second i»;>t .lo

2
8

2
3
S
3

$111
:>
3

10

• work.' I (iiddi^ii and IJack $.:»
2 2iid bisi do
;S I'.fsi Omll,
2 2n.i b<-st do

o l»< .iL ( 1. .. 1 . . 1 I 1 1,1 lie,
2 2lli! be-t .lo

.'5 Ib-l Lamp -t.uid Mat,

2 lilld let r|o

;'> lli'-i < >i iiaiiii'iit.il Sli.'il ^Vl.Ik

;{ 2iid ii.-t do

Be.st laiK'v Work u ii !i Nee.llel.^i 15. -t sj,,. ine'ii \>a\ Fl. nv.r<

Chair. :'. lii.d 1.1 M .:..

2nd be.it do 2

I'remiums of $2 each, 10 the number of ten. may be awarded on ar-
ticles conduk' within this class and not enumer.ited above.

ArMcles ol domestic manufacture to be made In the fandly : and, In
alleases, theexhibit<»r must t'urnlsh evidence that the artlclcH are so
manufactured. An. I ii<» artiele nninnf'actured In tacfories. or out ofthe
taniily will be received in .iilnr oi the classes ..i d .in.sib iBanuluc-
tnr.'

.>) -Iid bi'-t lb' ^\

.} 11. ■•t T<;!nato Figs, 6

3 2ii.| li.'st .1.1 J!

2 Dest speiiiiHii n! |iK k'.-, .''i

.•', 2ri.| .b'-,t do ^

1' It. -si -aiiipl.- .ii .\pplr Lutter, 3

Jlld li'-st do '2

'A L.'st (^niiu >■ nn I I'.i. !i iJultcr, .'.
A 2m. 1 lic-t do 2

I pMst Honif .Made Soap. 3

U.'M Hum.' .Ma^li' Bread,

2n'l b.'-t .|o

IJr-,! I'l.iMiii Cak.',

2nd best do

Best Sponge Cake,

2nd best do

Best Pre.s<!rve3— silver en p.

2nd Ix'st tlo

Best Fruit .Felly,

N(t. 2'"), (Irain, Seeds and VE(;ET.\iiLEs;

Best bustul White Wheat. :>$ do >\>> Kuta Batra.

do .1.) Led \\ heat, .'i do d.) Simar Ibets,

do ilo .^1.' literraiean Wlieal .H .1" .bi Carrots,

do ilo Kve,

• in III V'llow ( larden See. I

( 'on,

do do W lute Flint, C.»rn,

do do Mi.\edCorn,

do do Oats,

do do Barley,

do do Irish Potatoes,

do do Sweet potatoes,

do (lo FieM Turnips.

3
3
3

.'J i|o do Parsnips,
.lo i|.i Fla.\see.|,

'', lio sanipli- ol Hops, n<d, l.'ss
■A than 10 ths .1

3 do do ol TlmoLliy See.l i
3 bushel. 3

3 do do of newly Introduced
3 grain, valuabl.' i" farmiTs
.1 led b'ss than I busliel, r>

3

ft ft "Sam pies of grain and seeds in all eases, t.> l)e deposited witli the
Secretary.

2n.| b«'st do

lb t l.iiii.ito Preserves- Silver 2ud be^^t do
l np.

I'ersoiis will 1-1' t rad.' i - i; \Ki\<;. (ami"' . iM 'i
tlon. as it Is inti'iidi'.l alone !or t be em ourau'ein.'iit .n Hoiis.'k. cp'^rs.

3

list in ( .inipeti-

For 12 best stalks of celery

Second best do

6 best heads of Cauliflower,

Second best do

12 best White Table Turnips,

Second best do

12 best Carrots,

Secojid best do

12 best Beets,

Second best do

12 best ParsnijjS,

Second b.-^t do
12 best ! Miiiiii--,

Second best do

6 best beads of Cabbage,

Second best do

6 best heads of BrocoU,

Second best do

12 best Tomatoes,

Second best do

2 best Purple Egg Plants,

Second best do

12 best Sweet Potatoes,

JJ'> Sec.inil best .lo f2

•J Ib'st '.; p.'i k Lima Beans, .i

'A Sdi mid liest .io 2

2 Ibst bum h Double Parsley 2

3 Second best do 1

2 3 best Oanleii S. plashes, 3

3 Secon.l best do 2

2 3 best LaiKe S<inashe.s, 3

3 Second best do 2

2 3 largest Swetd Pumpkins, 3

3 Secoml largest ilo 2

2 3 ]arL'e>^t Fiel-I Pumpkins, 3

3 Sf.. .11. 1 birut'st .lo 2

2 12 best ears ytdlow Seed Corn, 3

3 Second best do 2

2 12 best ears white Seed Com, 3

3 Second best do 2

2 Best 12 Table potatoes, 3

3 Second best do 2
2 For the choicest and largest as-

2 sortment of Table Vegetables 10

1 Second best do ft

No. 2r», M ANl F.VCTI KLS OTHER TII.\N l)u.\IESTlC.

lb 'St piece black Hroail Cloth, .Aiiifi ican manii'a. tine, lid > ards Dliil.j-

ina.
li.i piece bhn- Dr.'al Cl<dh, Amerban inaniit.u tnr.'.2il yar.ls— I)ii>lo-

nnu
do pie^c Woolen Carp. I maiiul.u t nied in la. lorb'S, 2U yards -Dlpb*-

ma
.lo piece ol Satinidt. 2dyar'ls Diploma.
• lo i;le:iched Cot Ion S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,:: , .'Wl > an I - Oil .loin a.
<lo unlileache.l C<dt<tn Shiriiii;: M\ \ariU l)iplonia.
do Ideached (Cotton SheeliiiK'- ^i'» yanl.s Dijdoina.
do uiddeached Cotton Sheeting, 30 yards— DIplema.
do Linen She. tin;:. 2<1 yards— Diploma,
do pairW.'oicn lilaiikid,s — Diploma.
do \aritdy .d Flannel— Diploma,
.bi varitdy oi .\iiierican Sbaw|s--|>ipl'ima.
do ](d 111 imn, w.um n and . bildr.n s Loois ami Siioe«. Diploma

and
2n.l l)cst .lo
Best lot ol nii'ii and w oni.'irs Sadiil.'S and I5ri.lles, Diploma an. I

2n.l best <lo

Best Travelling 'I'runk. Diploma and

2nd best do

Best Carriage, Buu'gy ami Hunt in,' U agon, each.

Best specimens ol Cabinet \\ aie, Diidoma, and

2nd best do

Best Imprnved Bedstead,

2nil best do

Best imi'i-oved School Desk and Chalr^^,

2n.! best do

Best lot of Sole. Harne>- add I pper Leather,

2nd b(;st do

Best lot of Calf skins, dressed,

2nd best do

.{

10

.')
5

s

6
ft
S

•

s

10

i
ft

8
ft

»

No. 27, Agricultural Productions.

Of Field Crops.

winter premiums.

For best 6 acres of Com, $20 do acre of Irish Potatoes,

1»

(ii

128

B«8t acre of Corn,
«lo S acres of Wheat,
do iicru (io

«lo 5 acres of Kye,
do acre do

do A acres of Hurley,
do 5 acres of Oats,
• In acreut' Tiimtlhy Seeil,
iU> acre of Clover .Seed,

rnFMTTTMS FOR STATi: FAIR.

^'hir

10

2()

do ^ acre do

2<) do acre of Carrots,

10 do }^ acre do

1-^ do U acre of Kuta IJa-^a,

« do '4UcreSuKrtr ]{»•.• rs,

■^ do '.I acre MuD^cl Wurtzcl,

i^ do '.I acre Tuniiiis,

' ^*^ >''**w.mimwwij>» ji

10 , licet :

do ,'a acre Tobacco

10 ' "'"V^s;;;^!iiii!:^i^:si^>"^^^'>'^-itnr^ acsig„»»uiubi;

5 j 2iid Ueist do
10 r.Msl variety of Hrlttanla Warc-Fllver >[edal

^5 yllu besr^'^''do ' ^'^*^^«^^'a»-«-i?Ilver Medal,

lor

f

CLASS No. 10.
No. 28, Fruits and Fi movers.

FRUIT.

Best and. cnvaf est nnmhor of choice vari<Mes of Ai.mI^. i .r, i
kind maikecl and labeled with the lu.nel *^^ ' "^ '^ '"^'^

2ii(l best CO
Uest do7.cn of Fall Apples,

2iid hot do

Itest 5 varieties, named and labeled.

2iid iH'st do

IJest dozen ol Quinces,

2iid l)est do

llcst collection of I'lunis, C of each varletv

2nd best (b) • '

iiest collection of grapes prown in the open air.

2nd best d*

liest si>eeinien of \Vater Melon,

2nd iH'st do

Uest collection of Water Milons,
2nd best do

hesf sjieclnieii of Musk Melon,

2iul l>est do

Uest ccdlectiouof Musk Melons,

2. id best do

ik's t peek of Cranberries, domestic culture,

Hest Home made I?parklln„' »ine,

2iid best do

lU'st home made ^\'ine,
2i)d best do
H»'st home made Bounce,
a:id best do
lU'st home maile Cordial,
2nd best d(»

licst Hottled CMer, with mode of curing; go as to keep sweet for one
year, ^

The fruit exldbited not to be rem<»voil until the close of the Kxhibl
tion; and itartleul.ircare is re.pii'steii to l)e oi>served by the .Judee-
und superintendents, ilmt the same Is not injured.

$10
6

.'< I

Id
o

.')

t>

2
2
6
H

CLASS No. ! 1 .

Bacox, IIamh, Inventions .\... ih^rRrTiov vpv

No. 32, Bacon, IKm,. ^'

For best 2 hums cured by exhibitor.

^n.l do ti

M do \

tth (io 3

AH competitors for these i.remlnms.are required to have (ho., ir ^
I )okelati 1 l)ron4ht to Die Kxiiihition with t . <J , ''I'^lr IFaiii-

N

0.

■) •>

I''<'r lifst !rii

J.WF.XTIONS.

wlietli-i- wit!: wood.iron

_ '';M-.>v!n.Mit ir^- nHiiin- h<)Us.
or ot.i. r iinir;:,.] -Mh,,,. .\],.,|,ii
l»est lot ul pie»e(i hritl.,
liest lot of water or .saiel nionl.i.-.l I, rid,

roi ini|iio\eiiiti:ts m
Valuable propel i it
preii!iinil.-...|iriviin,,;n-v prrinuiiii, will h,. ..uanie.!- but

'ii.u hii!er\- ii-iiiil I
;iii'l i!"f iiu'lucicii uhib r

will be awarded
previous elasses.
I'uiier this freiieral i

$9

' ""■ C.iiMier. andliaviiill

•■'!'.v li-ad ol aiiyn-ular

ii"|)reini(ii),

Ml.

pnnid..itorin,t!,e,,.v.nn;;Vis"l;,'K' iuns''!; ;''7^^

worthy, maiiulartiired ui iron, brass l.'-itliern.M^-Mi' .''"'*''

s of
■iioi

I

es
ay be

No. ;; I, \ii.rELLANEous Articles.

I or best specimens Ul i>a,'uerreotypes-Sllver M. lal.

jlest specimen (,f Cattle 7)rauin;,--Silver me.Ial.
i>< >,)r, im 11 of animal painiin- in oil-.Silver Med U
He>lsj.ee,n.enoi l>entlstry-t>ilver Medal
2nd di»

lieot speiiraen-j of Animal Llthosraphln^^-Silver Medal.

No. 29, Flouers.

Oroatest variety of Dahlias, $.< 2nd best do

The makln- up of a Prendiim List, to embrace kvfrythinv fn vh
locm.uins should be awarded by an Aurieu t nral S,^ , d .^^^^.Ik
expectec to be perfected by any one whose ex ,n-ie.Ke in *u, h ,,

IS iior lomii I'te. a d tbiit nmiiv n'i.<..iM-i...r ,. ..♦(,. i. . . i. ...".

2nd greatest do

(ireatest variety of roses.

2nd greatest do

Ih'st vai iety of Phloxes,

3nd best do

(Ireatest variety of Verbenas,

2nd greatest do

Hest 10 varieties do

2nd best d(>

Uest collection German Asters,

2nd best tlo

2 Best <oilertion of Grornhouse
.3 jtlantsowm-d by one iierson, .3

2

2 2iid best <io

o r.est lloral ornament,

2 2iid best do

3 Hesthand Bo(|uet, Flat

2 2iiil best do

3 l{e>t liand ]{o met. Round,
2 2nd best do

:i Uest basket |{.i.;ii.''.

2 For the most ln-auiitiiMv airaii

•A

KniDiers and others, wlio wicli iiiioniiaii.ui relating to the roiTiln.?
i.xhibition. win please address the Seerefaiyat I'ittsburg! ^

I'itf.aburi;, June 1st, 185:5.

Huuhirrc, w \!,i<i:i, sfxretart.

Jiestnud greatest variety Tansies 3 ged Basket of Flow .

-•••-

$5

CLASS .\,,. 11.

Stoves, Silvf.hw akc. (Ii.a-s and (ibA-^wAUi:, Ci x-

lerv am) j^ritannia.

No. 30, Stoves.

Best Cooking Stove for coal— Silver Medal.

2nd best do

Best Cooking stove for wood Fire— Silver Medal.'

2nd best do

Best Cooking Range for families— Silver Mclal.

2im1 best do

Best Furnace or other apparatus for warmini? houses, economy of

construction and consnmstion (d Kmd and security to premises

to be taken lido consideration— jiilver Medal,
Best ornamental Parlor Stove— isilvcr Medal.
2nd best do

Best Hall Stove-Sllvcr Medal,
2nd best tlo

Best sample Hollow Ware— Silver Medal.
2nd best do

Bestsamplc Iron Railing— Silver Medal.
2nd best do
Best sample Sculptured ]Marble.— Silver Medal.

5
5

No. 31, Silverware Cutlery, and Britannia.

Best exhibition of Silver Ware— Sliver Medal.

Best exhibition of Table Cutlery, American Manufacture— Silver

Medal,
Best Pocket Cutlery American manufacture— Sliver Medal,
and best do

$.3

IJST ov i»ATi:\r c lat'tIs

Issued froiu the U„iteil States Patent Oflire.

CnMro^iTioNs Vim Tki:ati\(; Wool—IW Win. 8.
HuM) -11 .^ Amos n.irivtt, (>1 lvin;,rsvill(«, Uhiu.— Wo
c'laini trcatiii,^^ womI \vitii :i compositinn of oil and
;iK-''l»"I, to j.r.'paiv and tit it f..r the si>v>Tal iiiamiiac-
turiri;^' n|„. rations, for which ml has hoeii and is iioW
em [.Joyed.

Cultivators— By Philip II. Kock, (.!' .M. t-anfown,
A a. — ! (•hiiiii iirst. th.' coml^iiinlion ol" the iKihtin-iti"
pivot, wiLi a cultivator, constnirt'd, as described, lur
I'acilit.iiini: the tviriiiii^- of the same, as sjxu'iliiMl.'

Din iii.v.; Ma( iiiNK-Uy d. W. Morrill, .d' llanip-
toii Falls, .\. II. — 1 claim liist the ('ni|iloym._'iit oi tlio
s\v!iiu;iii;:- cutters, in cnmhiuat i(di with the swiii^iiio;
s|»ad.'. the whole heing constructed, arranged aiKfop"
crated, as set I'orlii.

Second, I jilso claim the combination of the swin<^-
ino; cutter, swin-ini: spade, and levr, t!n> wlude be-
in^- arran^nd in tix" manner speeitied.

Sfkdin,; Hoes— Hyd. A. I 'eace, of New York city;
1 claim the coml»inatinu and arrangement of a dou-
ble bladed hoe, with seed box and drop, as described
for the purpose of planting separate kernels of corn
at equal distances apart.

I

vol. 'X WEST ClIKSTER, PA., AUfillST, WA NO. 5.

T 11 E E A K M J U U W N A L

^7* ■ -- " • • ' . . -- - , .■ - - - ... ... -.

J. E. DAHETXdTOX. Kditok.

A. M. >rA\(iLKH. AsMvrvN! Ij^itor.

in the (dnirn just Itcforc the Initter comes. AVhen
] the heat exccedcfl (').")", no washin;; couhl detatdi (l»e
milk iiom the butter without the aid of Halt; but
when a quantity of salt was wrouLdit well into it, and
the mass alloweil to stand for li I hours, suhHe(4uent-
Iv beiiiL'" W(dl wa'-ihe<l with cold snrin;' water, the we-

TiiK Fmim -b'ltjN ai. may be hail at tin' followin;:;
places : -

W. 15. /iKBKR, South r'-d, St., ]»r:nciiia! A<:ent fir
Philadeliiliia.

C. M. Saxton, 152, Fulton st., New York.

W. U. Spa VOTER, - - Icineaster, Fa.

li. F. Sr\N(;i,F.ii, - - -'Columbia, Fa.

<Ji:o. liiatoNKK, - - - ]larrisl)u)-L:, Fa.

H. .MiNKH, I'ittsliuru', I'a.

I. F. SniMof K, - - - Chamber.^l'Ui-^. Fa.

II. .M. FwM.iNS, - - - Carlisle. I»a.
A . L. W \i; ! !i.! o. - - \'ork. Fa.

\^M. hoMi-K, of Alioiaia, IMair ('nuMty,is our au-
th(»ri:/,i'il an'-ut iur lilair and Centre cdiMtics.

.\. E. F!;\n\. Cumbeidand and Feiiy counties.

do:^ Fkk-ton, Londonderrv, for Chc-;er and l)(d-
'.iware c()nnties.

doNATiiw DoRWAiiT, Eancasti^r county.

ir. CAMPui'.bL, Towanda, foi- Bradford County.

If. W. Xicnoi.'^oN', Ksl^, A\'averly, Lu/;'rne C(t.

Aufl (d" Booksellers (rcnerally.

Prizr Ivssay on the Production oJ Huttcr,

i'K\i« nrroRr tuf lon'\r. AuRifi'TTi'i: m. Sociktv

o|' F\(,LAN1>.

j^Conchidei] fr lie. la-t innnber <>C the F.trm Jiairnal.]

The rc'^ults ;irc, for conciseness, slu/wn in the ful-
!o\vin<: table:

o

&5

Date of
Experiments.

1823.
Au;;u8t 18
•• 26
, „ " .30
<\ September 4

Mean

\o.ol

tern

gall.

pera

lure.

o

15

.55

15

60

15

62

15

64

15

70

Time
ncupied ill
churning.

h. m.
4 U
.3 15

.". 0
3 1
2 30

Quantity of
butter obtained
per gallon.

lb. ozs. dwks.

1 15 7.5

1 1.') .'^2

1 li M

1 I -• I L' 7

1 ill lot;

\Vel«htof

churned

ndlk i)er

^'allon.

Ib.-i, ozs.
8 9
8 8
8 8

H S

s 7

A>)out the same period a similar set of experituents
on churning cream was made ]>y "^Ir. John IJallau-
tine, of Edinburgh, from which it, appear(;d that the
greatest quantity of butter from a given quantity of
'cream is obtained at GO"*; and the best quality at 55°

Tons noi

•tion

ot the ni)

k was ex

traete.l.

t
o

■*-
o

'ii

c

eat when
• conie.s.

f butter,
the St.

1

o

em

a

^5<

_

ff-f

•^n"

o o

JS.

<- =

"o^

o?

t'i

Oo

i

"si

6

at

r.

T*

"it-C

s-s

s

a>

01

'K.

P

■/a

o

o

Of

H

'^

X

1825.

Ib.S 07.8

"

1

.June 13

16

56

m

16 8

I'v

iiours.

4 lbs. fn pint.

,V,

S

*' 2(t

16

52

56

16 0

2

liourH.

ditt...

r,i

3

" 21

i6r.2 1

56

16 0

2

hours.

•lift...

.'.2

4

.Tidy 12 Ki

(i.^.

67

15 H

.30

inln.

3Ibs. ill. /...!(..

To

A 0( t. 2»i 16,

.V»

M^..

15 12

3

hours.

4 Ihs. 1 <»z. (iu.

50

6 Au;:. 2U 16 53>a'57>al

16 5

l-'4

hours..

4 Ibrt. do.

Xft. 1 s]i(»ws the greatest 'juantity of butter prodiic(d.
'J shows the best quality.

" M excellent.

" 4 soft, white, ajid milky.

" 5 injured i)y Ion;; churning;.

'* 0 ex''ellent.

The same gentleman, after an cxijerience of thirty
years, came to the conclusion that butter is yielded
in the hirfjest quantity, and of th<' best quality, bj
the entire milk, kept in the first place until it has be-
Conn' })er(M'ptibly acid. The tinie re(|uire(l f )r this
purpose varies aecorilin;^ to tlie hf at of" tie; weather,
the temperatui-e i\\' the (lairy, &c.; this point Ix'iuf;
ordinarilv a^e'Ttiiincl b_\ tls'' firmation of a strong,
thick brat, or scum. showiiiL:; it-elf on the surhicc,
whi(di tlieu becomes uneven. W hen fit, the milk is
put into a churn, as mu(d» hot water beinf]^ added te
it ns will lirinjj; the whole to a temjterature of flf)".
It is then (diuncMJ at tlc" I'ate (.!' thii-tyei^rjit to forty
strokes per minute, until f!i'' buttci- cdmc-^. which
usuallv re(juire-; fi'nm i hree to thi-ce and a half hours,
when the \e!iM-itv i-^ <liniini -IcmI in or(h'r to c-ather
(he butter.

Th(^ followln;; tables are ;.:iven by Mr. P>anantinc
as showing tic a\t'ra'i' results (d' many expcrimentjf»
in churnin;^; milk atel <'rcam : —

No. 1. i:nf>rr }l,lk.

Temperature Time in lb i of the Heat et Uu
Season. of the churn churidn}f. cburning (hum when
ataetUng. hou,-*e. butter r.imo.

June, 1842. 65° 3h. 30m. 60° 68°

iy-Hf

>'^^|fj

" J ^^iiimmT-'mimm

130

TIIK PRODUCTION OF BUTTKTl.

[Aug

fST

\M.]

TIIK PRODUOTION OF 1;! miXl.

*i

Season.

Oct. 1842.

No 2. Cream onhj.

Teniprrntun!
of the iliura
at sctfiii,:,'.

5j

Tliiif in
cliunilnp^.

111. .30m.

Ilf.'itof tlic Il.'atofthc

chilrnin.: cliurn when

lious.'. butter cHin»'.

r)4" 59°

With ono exception I havt' iii-rrtcl, more <»r less,
details of the various modes (.1" mukin;'; ijuttrr; tin-
one to which I am about to aUudo is only, to the wri-
ter's knowledge, practiHod in the southern divisioti of
Lancaahire, and the county of Chester, and very lim-
itedly in Carlow. 'V\\(\ ))ra(!tice ;i] hided t-. consists in
dividing the milk inti* two ])()rtit>:M, vi/., tin' greater
part of the firRt nrlk is set in the urdiii;n-v w;iv to
stand for cream, the hitler heiii;^ usuallv talvcii olf
quite sweet, and the skimmed milk soM, used inr th(; [
family, or given to the jd;:;^, th > latter part of the i
milking, which is riidi in cream, is at one'> jait in a i
vessel eimtainiii .', the cream ol piior milkings: the
last drawn are hu-allv called "aiterini-'^;" in cold
weather the nii\ 'd cream and alt'rin^s ar^' set near
the lire, in or he to induce aeesirency, p'/(»vineially
t(Tmed "soiliu-." 'The churn should he s^'t at oS^
or 00^ and if smartly churned tln^ l)Utter will 'come,'
st)metimes wiiliin the hour, and rarely, it' Sft at the
above temperalurv's, will it exceed one h(»ur and a
half. In l/incashire, machinery is occa>ion;illy em-
ployed for ( horn ug, and was found advantageous 80
long ago as 179^. Mr. Thomas Wakefield, of Brook
Ilouse, near Liverpool, emjdnved a horse machine
for this purj'.oso, by 'which Ic effected, with a horse
and boy to drive, in one liour and a ((uarfer, what
was usuall\ the work of two men f(U" five iiours.

Quantity of
new milk,
quart'^.
6,471

0,9lf'>

(Quantity «»f butter
hv hand churning.

lbs.

304
- .397

348

20,110

Quantity of
new milk.
quarts.

7,2(W

S,12(l

l,b»9

2.3,050

Quantity of Ituttor
by machinerv.
Ibs.^
4f'.9
- 4S2
,574

l,.52r)

The aboNc (p^antitie.'s of milk were the jtroducc of
six >uecessi\(' tortnights.

If 20,110 quarts \ield 1.10',) lbs. of butter, h.>w
manv pounds will 2.*,0o(> qnarts yield? Answer —
1271; thus sbo'.vijiu: 254 lbs. of butter ad<iiti<inal ])ro-
duced by maidiUHMy. This favorabh^ action i^{ ma-
chinery is owing to the greater numb(»r of plunges
made within a giv(>n time, particularly when inani-
mate power like a steam-engine is employed, in which
case the exact numlx r to every minut(^ can be regu-
lated to the greatest nicety; forty ])lunges a miinite
is fouiul to be the mi^st judicious rate. In large da-
ries in Soutli I/in<Mshire small steam engines for
drivin*' churns are by no means unconnnon, the same
powder being also very serviceable for cutting (d\aff,

roots, (fee.

It has already been shown that milk is composed
of casein, butter, sugar, water, and a small amount
of inorganic salts; it h:LS also been stated that the
qovering of the fatty globules of the milk is dissolv-
ed by acetic or lactic acid; sciing this, it is easy to
conceive that cream or milk, a little acescent, will
*'give" the butter with less labour in churning than
when the milk or cream is void of acidity. Milk,

like the juice of fruits, such as tln^ gi*fipe, annl,*
pear, &(;., contains the principal ingrfMii(mts re(niisite
lor the vinous fermentati(m, vi//. sugar and a protean
compaiml — soluble albumen — -the latter liable to en-
ter into rapid change's when (^xposed to tin* irithionce
nf th" ox v.;' I! of tin' atUKKsphere: Ity which means W
becuues converttMl into a Icrniiait, which has tlip
propc^rty of slowly, in tie- lii'st instance, convcrtint;
the sugar of the milk into ulcohol, which latter, hv
further oxidatiMO, is c(inverte(l into lactic acid, th.-
lactic acl 1 a'-ling vipMi tin; coating of the hitty glo-
bules ;vs ]»n'viiiu>!v n<;tice(l. 'fhi> action in\aiiu!,lv
takes place diii'ing v.'arm Wi^ither, the "li-iicil fep
mtuitative action b''ing somewhat simihii" to that if
th(! mode (d* brewing beer at a low t<'n)p(M"atu; c, n-
practised in liavaria. Dr. Lyon IMayfair has, li(,;v.
ever, stated that in winter a difbu'cnt action takes
jilace, namely, that during cold w<'ather the tenipfr-
atur(^ is not sufliciently elevated to cjinse \inons I'it-
nn'utation, and that tlie action (»}" the oxy;j;eii in tlu>
first instance, at this season, is ('(Hihncil to the casein^
in other words th.e putrefactive jennentat ion takos
place. It is impossible, therefore, to make g-uxl hut'
ter fr<ou milk undergoing such a changi' :is is 1-cro
named, for wln-n inci)>i<'nt putrclactii>n has (incr;
commenc(Ml, it cann(»t bt* arrested by ordinary means
and i> (•onse((uentl V impart(^d to tie' minute (|uanti-
tv 'tl ca^em rtMuauung in ;i!<' ouiter, and is never
whnllv ex'racti d: such butter speedily Ix-con es ran-
cid, (Wen in winter, notwithstanding the low tejiqx'i-
ature ot that season is unfavorable to the promutiuii
of putrefat^tive changes.

The reason Trhy sweet cream requires less churn-
iuLi; than cream and milk mix(?d, arises from the cir-
cumstances that in c-rani ahjne the absorption of
oxvL^en, which taki's place at every agitation, is dif-
fused thrinighout a nuich smaller quantity ol liquid,
the lactic acid fbrnu'd is conseijurntly nuich mor*'
concentrated, and acts with greater energy "!i thf
outer coating ol the butter globuh.'s, bntt'T, there-
fore, comes mor(> ({uickly. It niu-t be observed tiiiit
however sweet the cream may he, when jdaced intln^
(diurn, butter is never formed until at'or the firniiv-
tion of lactic acid. In making laitter, sweet e;i iiu!
is a relative, rather tlnm ai\ absolute* term, e>r in
fact acescency connnences within a few hours after
th(^ milk has l)een set to stan«l. In endeavoring t(»
(»])tain butter from swe(?t milk alone, the lahour re-
((uired to form the butter is exces-ive, for in thi^^ in-
stanci^ the (piantity (d' oxygen that can be absdrbed
through the influence of agitation is pro])oi-tienally
decreased in the ratio (jf t!ie ineieased (piantity ef
li(piid throughout which the butter is diffused: whilst,
at the ^ame tiuic, a larger amount of oxygen is re-
(piired in order to convert a peuaion o{ the sugar I'l
milk into alcohol, and ultlnnittdy into lactic acid.
Hut in a closed idiurn a long time ehijises Ix^fore
these changes take place: conse(pnuitlvr we need not
be surpris(''d to find that Dr. Traill and others failed
to obtain butter from sweet milk alone; yet on one
occasion the experiment was tried in Carlow, Itutt'T
Avas obtained from new milk under the inspection of
the writer, but it took up\Nards of !ivi> hours to pro-
duce it, and the butter was of inferior <juality, li'^^''
ing all the characteristics of over-churned ))Utter.
The reason wdiy it is found re(piisite in practice to
churn milk and cream mixed at a higher tenqtera-
ture than cream alone, arises fnun the fact that tem-
peratnre ha^ a marked influence in ]>r(>m()ting chem-
u'al changes, lleasons have alr(»ady been assi^uod
why the lactic acid, formed in milk alone, mn.*t be
in a much more diluted form than that which will be
found in cream slightly acescen in order to compel'

131

to J5ive a preference to what may be terumd the |.:u>
cashire nnnhod. whi.di combine'- the best principl(>s
connected with thi' oth.M- iM.'tho.ls |}v setting asitlo
the milk fir,-<t (h-awn n* sian.lh.r eieiun, the )n..sf a-

'I'".""- •"''! .eious portion of tlie jinlk is ^.a n,j uf,
whilst hy preserving th.« hot drawn portions nod
inixmg It with the cream, it obtains the re.piisite lln-
idity; the aceseent form in which the whole j. phn-e,{
• n tln^ <4nirn !■* favowhl,. (,, Hie npcedv lo,,nalion of
the butter. Another ciicunistan. r, mV no in(;on.sid-

f^ate for this, a higher tenqn-rature and longer time
is re(juired to produce the desired efr(!ct.

Th(! preceetling plienonnuia are in strict accor-
dance with the eharacter ef »he churo o-e,! ii, jhe
various district^ wIcun^ the ho-t.'ul p oducts oi' the
row are (^huriOMl in (lifb.'reut loriHs. .Vbiv.<t invari-
ably, certainly over the niost extended area, tlie com-
nlou harr(d (diurn is n^a] in those districts wher(»
cream is churned alone. P,y the barr(d churn a larn;

quantity of butter may be made from cream, wiil^a me nutter. Another ciienm.on. .. V , • i

.o,lerate degree (d- rapidity ami at a Comparatively erahle nmmen X'X:^ T^
sb.ln -ri;; >t.'- <.l Inhou.-. particularly as cn.,„, .ti^trict, such as the northern mamdaet n n-i n -
wl-i. pur into t.m churn, IS almost invariably m , ties, is thequ.htv (d the butter-milk thus^na.
.ome (h.grO(^ acescent g(MnM-ally enough so U. the | which i. hu- supermr to that made from crea n ,'
parpos. ,.1 obtaining he butter without requirmg to Churning should h ■ r(.gulated hy a thermon et ■ c hi
hehn er oxygem.ed. ^n practical benefit is oh- : water being applied in sumnier, and warm v at r
a.ned hy using (.ream (pnte swert, as t le .ucreas.Ml in winter, to <d>tain the proper temperature, partieu^
lah.oir required ,n churn, n:; far more than counter-, lars .d" whiej, have already been .iven ^\Lu the
iKdanees any sligot auvantage wld.h butter so nntde ; hotter is nnnle from cream ahme, earlvin tin- morn-
may der.ye ho- the purpose of keeping. Jf proper; ing (about 4 o'cloek) is the best period of the dav lor
care ,s taken ,n 'making up th ' butter formed from I the purpose. When a change is heard in the smmd
ep.uii sh-htly acescent at the time of churnin-, it .d the churn, an.l an une(,ual resistance is lol, a.'r,nist
will maintain its freshness .Mjual t that made IVom the dashers, the butter mav be expected to fornT very
lre-.|i cream: at the fsam- time avoiding the risk of ! sj,,,rt I v. ^ i r

^ver-elmrnin^, wliieh will always be much -reater ^ AltmMhe butter is taktui fnm, the cd.urn it ^nusi
m ch.inung iresh than sour cream. he well s p,e y.e I m- "worked" by the hand, and all

t:,,- .hnrnin.r ,,,;!!,- and cream tlie barrel churn is ^'"' ';"'•"' ^'"" possibly can he', should he presr*ed
wholly imole((ua!<', the uju-ight (diurn, or oiu' with ' ""^- '^ '' "'"^' lor this purf)os(! kneaded, washed, and
revolving dashers, being ri^quisite in (uahu- to suflici- i ^'>'l'"l <"'♦ ^''vei-jtl times with cdean r(.ld \vat<'r, and
cntly oxy-eni/e the milk, fbr whicdi purpose this ''"' '*"' ^'"*'' '^ J''^l<' suit should be kneade<l into the

cntly oxy-eni/e the milk, fbr whicdi purpose thi^
f rni of churn is well adapted, as there alwavs re-
^.iiain .>«uihcient openings to admit the atmosjiliere;
whereas barrel (diin-ns are hermeti.-allv s-aled (hi-
a-ing the act of churning, the op,. ration 'having- to be
stopp(Ml (K'ciusionally for the purpose of (queuing a
ventdiole. v»diich is occa.-ienally done to allow fhe'es-
CHp- ot ihe/^as ev(»Ived durijug'the * hrcuking" (jf the
crean?.

The American churn varies only from the ordime
nary s(p,are churn with revolving dashers, in th,. rir-
cinn.>tance that, instead of the dashers Ivdng (tpen,
tlio hack of the dasher is a flat jiiece, witlemt any
p<*rfe'ratien. having raised edges and four transverse

nia-.s, whii-h wi I have the effect of causingthe ;;n'at-
cr part of th»? rcmainiHg caseous nnitter to e\n,|e
wh.'ii suhsequently v.'ashed in cohl water, salt ai>-
pearing to have the property of dissolving casein, as
itdoo.stin* alhumep. (,f horn-, in pickled meat-: the
whole s<yr<'t (d l>ut(di butter making (^lynsists in this
circum>tance. If inteiideil for very long ke(Miircj;, a
small qiir^ntily of s;ilt))etre, may he added, v\lii(di
will pi-evetit, in a great measure, the temhoiev of
any rem, lining caseims niatter from entering into the
puti-elaetive ^tate— the cause of rancidity— tfie diff-
erenee in quality hetwecn salt used in Knglatid and
Holland hrvving nothing to do VNith the r uperior keep-
in;,^ quxlity (d' the latter. If properly made, hall an

)' = "'-., diMding It sometfiing similar to the shelves (jf i '"^^ M"« '^V -d the latter. If properly made, hall an
-i iMok-case. When t\w. dasher is turnd round the i '."'""•^- ' , T /'' '""' ^""'f ^'' j^'^^7 '^ ^^"»'<-'"nt, if
^.-ts iormed as described, c.mvey and force intd the ' •"l*'";^^^'^ '"• ^^'*^'T";j^; /\^i<l ime-h)urth of an ounce of
mdk or crenm a quantity of the atmo.sT>here oquiva- i t. * b"^'"<l, >< intended f.,r immediate us(^

milk or crenm a ((uantity of tin? atmo.sphere C(pr;va- i
hntto the (aibic c<mtents <-,d' the ludlow sfiaee, which
^vdl remain in the interstiees alluded to, whrn their
edges come in c(>ntact with <he fluid; -in order, ther(^-
"'i-f. to produce th.' gr(-?.test ftcticm, t-^ic fluid ought
to h(> on a lev(d with the edges <d those interstices;
tills wil) ,^.,.,,,. „ |j,.,, ^1,,. j^j^^,j. .^j.^. j^^ a perfectly ln)r-
'-/.ontal j.o.-iticn. This f<n'm -d" vdiurn is the best for
<;hurning sv.cet cream, and will undouhtfd,v produce
the butter fnuR milk and cream, in anv form, in
iniiel, h-ss time than any chnrn that has yet been
^I'tiVMUced: iHit f(u- working l-.rge masses of fluid,
vH; IrJ.ourivould h « excessiyejv tieaw, and in large
dairies, where milk and civ-ain'arc clmi ned together,
steam or .>iher power would be najuired; it aTso re-
laaiii. t-) he yet te-strd <m r. large workin<'- scale,

11'!.... I ^ I 1 ... ~ ^"^ '

■■^■v ..- v.... |rw, ...',, II III|.< IKK li l,,l Kll Illl <« 1(1 II- l|7^^•,

f he rdrc^im^tances (rumected with the formation of
butter from ch)uted or scahled rream have already
been swtticiently detailed: for imnnMJiate use the
((uaHty is not fMpuil to that f(U"me(l by ordinarv meth-
(ids, and f )r keeping is wdudly inadmissible; the su-
perior ^^ei^^jlt ohtaind is atirihutalde to tin* (piantity
of CH-ein nnd coagul ited albume'q nn.'chanically
mixed with the butter. wdii(di it is impossible to era(.'-
icate by any suhse(pient ncans. Tie- recently piili-
lishe.l report (d" the "Agri(ailture oi Somerset," by
y\\\ T. 1^ A(dand, relates an experiment in which a
loss ajqteareil to exist in the weight formeil in makin""
butter Irom scahh'd cream asc!»mpare(l with the or-
dinary process; tliis experimi'Mt, liov.'ever, is contrary
to all others made with the same view.

It may be important (K'caHionally to know that a

whether the!. Of " ■"^' -' , ^^ "'^'^'"^^ ^^'=^'<'' ) t ma v be important .K«caHionally t<. know that

^a^ u rd n''^^ r ^»^'^^<^''';n- little saltpetre dissolved in warm water, an-1 mixed
^-» ",y uiL c.idinarv mi^hods. Mr. liohmson. M Lis-' ...:.,. ,,, . L ..i,..., - -.lu ...:.k „...„.:. . n,.

^dhythe crd .; . J M > 7"^"" | little saltpetre dissolved in warm water, and mixed

burn has '' r '^•- ^V' '^'/'''"T'' "^ .'^''" ^v^''' ^1'" < ^-"" ^^'^^^^ rom milk with a turnipv da-

J>a Lth '•'"'" nitroduced a churn from vor, entirelv eradicates it in th^' course of churning,

,tnc.. XNhich IS verynent and slmnh^ and well .^ factitious cohu- can be oiven to hotter by tlm

use of annetto, or tlie scrapings o< the red part of

carrots; hut neitlier will givt; the ajipear.anc*' (d' fin(»

ass jjutter. All such practices are to l>e d(q)reca

J; the latter d -eribed mode, however, is the pref

1, - - '" mm, l.lil>mm \ 'I it I iiuill IlOllI

-runcc which, is very nc-t and sim[)h% and well
ft'l^pted to gv.ther the butter, having a -rating h>r the
i"J'i"»''^^_, to v.hi<-h also hratir.g or co(d-ing appliances
can easily be adapted as the season or case may re-
quire. -^

On reviewing the whole of the circumstances con-
nected with procuring butter, the writer is induced

^'''

leu; i,ijky iin-iv/i ■■ • iii/\,,» III1/V.II, in/»»' '■ I. xj «/ii\y i>i<-i
erahle one, in case artificial colouring i.-s considered
desirable.

-m

132

PHILADKLPHIA BUTTER.

fAiTcrsT

PhiaclelpUia IliiUer.

By requestor a subscriber, we insert the foUowin^^
article, by Dr. Emerson, of Philadelphia, jxivin;,^ 1,;^
views on a matter of mn.'li interest to Poniisylviinui
farmers, viz: the cause ot the now almitUMl suj.i.iloi-
ity of the fresh butter of Philaildphia market. —
They were published some years ago, but will be
new to many of our readers.

Dr. E. is the Editor >>{' that excellent and >tan.lard
work, the i-.irnior's Encyi'lnpclia. Amid the duties
of an arduous profession, he has i^ivim eonsidrraith'
attentien to the ini;).)rtant interests of a^i-ienltur(i
To sutdi men practical larniers are often ^rt-atl y in
de])ted.

The sweet scented V(^rnal ^rass ean be pn)eured
at the seed stores in Pliiladidphia, from of) cents to $1
\)('V pound.

i'lm.AOM.rHiA, Oct. ;;i, Lslt).

Sir: — 1 wi-^h to invite your attention to a subject
relatin-; lo pa>tura-»' and the proilnets ol tl:e (hiirv.
It has already Lern laid before the public, but this so
partially and imperfectlv, that it will still })n found
by most persons !n\est<'d with no\eh\-. and as I l)e-
lieve l'rau;;lit with impoitant i)earin^s upon agricul-
tural interests.

Pliihulelphia butter enjoys a widely extended rep-
utation fur its peculiarly liigh yet deliVate thivor, well
known to all who have had opportunities of tasting
it. Good butter produced in this vieinitv is alvva>s
to be found in th<' Phihnhdphia market, but it is only
during the Sprin:; that it ])oss(\sses in greatest per-
fection tliat dtdiriDus }la\«)r to whitdi 1 her«^ inirtien-
larly refer. Tins superior tlavor. like that distingu-
ishing the Epping and Cambridge butter of the ijun-
don nnirket, has been very naturally ax-ribed to
sonietliing eaten by the cows pi-odu('ing it. Hut
^\\\\lt this somct/iint/ is has been a >ubj<ui lor vague
Bpeculation, and never yet defined or speeilicd so as
to enable persons in other loealities to avail them-
selves of it for the improvement of their own })as-
tures and dairy produets,

Extensive observations and many experiments
made and continued through many years have con-
vinced me that tin; ])roximate source id tiu' liigh lla-
v<n- of our Philailtdphia .May butter is ihi^ swu'f-srmt-
ed vernal <irass, abounding in the ohl j^astures, litdds,
and meadows td' the adjacent countn>s. Sonu' ol' the
facts and reasons upon which I found this conclusion
a^re the following:

1st. In the dairy region around Philad<dphia the
sweet-scented vernal grass, with its peculiar vanilla-
like Iragrance, constitutes tlu^ predominant Spriug
herbage on all the pasture fi<dds and meadows left
several years unploughed. 'fhe longer that j)astures
have been left unbroken, the gr(^ater the proportion
of the vernal grass, and the Ingher the tlavor <>( the
butter produced from the cows led upon them. Many
of the meadows and })asture fields hav(M-emained t(Mi,
twenty, thirty, and mon; years unbroken by the
plough. In such cases the sweet-scentcMl vernal
grass affords almost the exclusive Spring herbage.

2d. The high flavor continues in the butter during
the development of this grass, and invariably de-
clines with the maturing uf the seeds, after whic h
the stems become dry and hard, and the cattle jnish
them aside in search of fresher and greener herbage.

3d. The sweet-scented vernal grass is shown by

chemical atuilysis to contain an aromatic essential oil
of which hcnzonic acid, or llowers of benzoin i.-, th.'.
base.

This aromatic princijde is abundant, and can b,>
readily olitained by distillati<»n, furnishing a deli.rJit^
ful pci-fnme anil source of flavor. As the nnlk ofaH
animals is so very suscepti)>le ol' accpiiring disjurrgg.
al)le tastes from sultstances <'aten, smdi as garlic, tur-
nips, <tc., it is natural to infer that it may likewise
be imbued witli agreeable llavors, when the proper
agents for such a purpose are pres(Mit"d in tlu; food

4th. That the hrnznir arid is the principal -.I'^om jp,
proilucing tin? ixH'uliarly agi-eealile tlavor ot butler
made fri)m pastures abounding in th(> sweet-scontci]
vermil grass, 1 Inive ren(ler<Ml probable, if not a (lo-
monstrated fact, by several exjx^rinu'ntH in"svhieh the
flowers of benzoin given to cows imparted to the but-
ter inadi^ from them the characteristic flavor. Iq
such cases 20 or .'>() grains of the benzoin were givi'a
twice a day, y)reviously dissolved in hot water, which
was stirred into some flour or meal, and then miii'deii
with the customary nu'ss. The cows receiv(i not the
slightest injury from this or even a much larg(;r (juau-
tity ot" th(» benzoin.

The swfH'it-scented vernal grass, called by botanists
'ni//toxanl/fini> ixhtrafmn, is a native of Europe, from

wie'nee ot mu e:ud\ twriiul of our ^ctthMui'tit it \\-m

doubtless been introduce*! into the vicinity of Pliila-
dtd})hni, its seeds having ])roba))ly )>een blended with
those of other grasses. It has ))een long naturalized,
and now disputes the right of soil with the cennnon
green grass, and never vitdds ]tossessi»>n, but l)ei'tinie.>i
more and more predduiinain \nitil the sod is <lt strov-
ed ])y the plougli, after whi«di it (ding- to tlie i)unlrr>
of the field, along the fences, and luMlge-rows. When,
after a rotation of grain cr(tps, the ground is loft un-
disturbed ])y tilla^■e to be a<rain covercMl with irroen-
sward, the vernal grass re-appears, springing from
the oM se"(l hdt in the earth. Thou'ih s(ddoni sown
designedlv in this parted the I'nited States, it is of-
ten sown m Kngland, wduTc it constitut<'s a ]>art uf
the gr.twth of most ]iernninent ])astures, growin;; in
nearly (>very kind of soil, but attaining its greatest
perfection on the deep and moist, loving shady pla-
ces, su(di as th(i skirts of woods. The sweet odor by
which English hay is often distinguished is chiefly
derived from an admixture of vernal grass. Altliouj:;h
when alone it is not distinguished vi^ry highly as a
hay grass, still its early irrowth and hardiness, with
the superior nutritive ]»roperties of its attermatn.
gave it high (daims in the com]n)sition of all p'T-
nianent i)astures. In Knirland it comes into flower
alM)ut the middle (d April, and in Southern Pennsyl-
vania a))out the middle of May, the seed riiieiiin;; io
both countrifvs about the second weidi in dune. It is
worthy of remark, that in the moist clim;vtc of
England this grass continues throwing up lluwer-
stalks till the end of autumn, while in Pennsylvsuiiii
the efll.»rescen('e is confined to Spring. As the de-
velop(Mnent ol the ar(>matic ((ualities is mainly ccn-
fined to the ]»ei-iod of (dHorescence, this fact ni:iy ^'^'
plain \N by the period of highest flavor in IMiibidel-
phia butter is so limitcil.

The question might be very naturally asked'- h
t)ie sw(>et-scented vernal grass communicates ta
S[)ring ))utt<*r the liigh and (lelicious llavor we baye
riderred to, why is not this tlavor im]»arted in winter,
when cows are fed <m hay cut from meadows known
to contain this grass ? The answer I would gi^'^' '^
as follows: The principal and almost exclusive bay-
grass of our section of country is timothy, ^"'| !^
with red clover frequently combined, matures ana iJ*
mown long after the sweet-scented vernal grass hw

18.').ll

lM!i(.AT>KLniI A BrTTKR-LONDOX PAIPJES.

133

dried its stalks and lost its distinguishin;; fragrance.
Could the vernal grass b ' sown ahme, or blended with
other grass 's maturing at the saim^ time, and tin;
hay all mown a^ the stage of perlect ellloresrence
and highest fragrance, there is little doubt that but-
ter made iVum C(»ws f 'd upMU it Would m irnlest !nor(>
or less of th<' fine tlavor ;it .ith'i- times than in tie-
Spring. I think it proper to remark that the milky
products of cows fed on pastures where the sweet-
sccufed vernal grass abounds, instead (d al A'ays
possessing a delightful llavor, are s'lnu'times I'mnd
nnhued with a most disagreeable one. proceeirni"-
getiei'ally from weeds so (dten existing in pastures.

In southern Pennsylvania, garlic, ami especdally
that nauseous and troublesome plant commonly cail-
ed the "o.K-eyc^-daisy," a species of wild camomile,
[Chnisdiithi initiii Iniraufkinnuni,) arc; very often nipp-
ed by cows wluni th<' herbage is short or scar(!e. In
sutdi cases all the agreeabh; ((ualiti(;s that might
otherwise have been derived from the vernal grass
are not only neutralizeil, but overpow(»r(M] by the dis-
agreeable tastes imparted by the bad (tompany with
which it is assiKtiated, I consider the swe<!t-scented
vernal grass worthy the att(niti(ni of all farmers de-
sirou-< of pi>s-essing the means of obtaining butter
and other dairy products in tin; highest perfection,
and of having in their fields and meadow\s one of the
earliest, if not the very (;arli(;st pasture grass known.

Ihit to these advantages, great as they are, may, 1
think, b ' adih'd others (d" no small iniportan(!e; one
ot which is the capacity to confer a line llavor upoi
tb ' nvat (tf stock e;ra/ed uttni a species of herbage
fraught with a hi:rh aromatic prirndplc. Su(di ad-
vantages have, troui time inuin'morial, been the iu-
lieritance of people iu certain loi*alities, where they
were originally ind(d>ted for them to chance, as for
exaniph; with those residing in tfie vicinity of Phil-
adelphia, few if any (d wdiom an' aware that there
exists in their pastures any grasses not (^)mnion to
those (,t other places. To imleutify the immediate
agent trom whi h such advantages are derive(l, is to
remove them from the uncertain c(tntrol of aciddent,
and [dace them at once at the; disposal (d" all.

A deseripti(in (d' the grass, the merits ol wdTudi 1
have been describing to you, may be founil in the
Fanners' Encyclopedia, ( l*hiladel[diia edition tor
1^<)'>,) under the head of Anthoxanlhani Odorafuin,
figured in plat(; ('», a.

Very respectfully, youi obedient servant,

G. K.MFJlSdX.

Hon. TnoM as Ewuank, Commissioner of Patents.

«•»

"burnt sugar" to nnike grass milk in Winter. Is not
Miis interchange of kind offircs, calculated a^ th • p^d-
iticians say, to promote a friendly lueiing between the
two countries.

'The Y(u-kshire cow is the great favorite with tl

ic

» .-iii|»w.^,-.i ,ii ine I (M-Ksnire oreeU, (»! various (lee;rees

of alfinitv l>etween the old Hold. o-ness and Durham

breeds. ^ There ar<' also sonn; of his cows wdTudi are

long(M- in the horn than those- already mentiom'd,and

which are no doubt more allied to tln^ ori^'inal llol-
,L.,...,>^o .... ......1 1 1 „ I 11 T- ,

l^ondon D.iirics.

We copy the following from Haxton's n'Mv English
Work, of "How to (dio()se a milk cow,'" with a vi(!W
to givtMMir dairy farm Ts some idea of the protit of
a nidk dairy ne ir L mkI on, the brcvd of cows most-
preferred, with the relative yi-d<l of milk, mod.' of
feeding, expenses and profits. One sentence strikes
us as rather curious, "The consumer is entitled to be
served with t!ie miH^ as it comes from th(^ cow.''

'■-* It possibl" the Knglish Dairynnai are not ac-
quainted with tin; jn-ocess by whi< h a, little water is
^cidf'ntaUi/ left in the bottom of the pan, before the
J'>ilk is poured in? If so, a fair exchange of this
secret, to prevent headache from too rich milk, may
go across the Atlantic, in exchange for the drop of

derness, or ])r'rhaps have long-horn blood in them:
while ther(i are others wdiose liorns and general ap-
pearance' indicate their close; alliance with the im-
proved short-horn or Durham breed. Of these, the
most valuable is the cross b 'twcseti the Holderness
and Durham, as being good, both for the pail ami the
.butcher; on the other hand, the Holderness and long-
horns give the ri(diest milk, run soon dry, and are
more ditlicult to fatten, while the pure shortdoo-n
gives least milk, hut makes most beid in a given time.
With these properties to cdioose amongst, it \< not
dilRcult to decide whi(di of these breeds is most
protitable to the London dairyman; wdiose trade is to
s(dl as mu(di milk as he can, and only to fatten his
cows for the butcher when necessity conipfds him.

A Yorkshire cow in a lioiofoi ibiirv e-t ibli-'linient
is Sfddion calculated to give l(!ss than l^n (juarts of
milk daily, lor the lirst f lur m «nths after dropping
her calf, and many (d" this breed have been known
to give from .')0 to 40 (piarts ot milk daily, for a tew
weeks after calving. in .Mr. IJig^s' dairy 1^0 (pnirts
a day is the average ipiantity (d' a great proportion
of his best cows, and manv id' them would (Ntntimn'
in milk all the year round: but as this would be in-
jurious to the animals, and would diminish the yiehl
in the succeeding year, they are intentiomilly run
dry al)out si.x weeks betore the time ol calvin;r.

'file whole (juantity of milk produced in twelve
months, by on(; (d" these Yorkshire cows, when f 'd as in
the li ondon dairies, cannot b ' h^ss than 40(M) <piarts
or lOlM) gallons. The retail [trice of new milk is \<\(l.
per gallon, and when sold wholesale to the milkman,
the price realised by the dairyman is not less than l.v.
per gallon; so that from this data it ap[)ears that si
cow, giving 1<>()() gallons per annum, ])roduces .0(1/.
worth (d' milk during that period. 01 course the
feediu"' is very liberal, an 1. Ironi tiie hiixh price ot
green to(Ml in the ni'tropolis. is nec<;ssarily very ex-
pensive. 'Idle milkingand leeding in Mr. iJiggs' dairy
IS as follows: —

4 A. .M.. milked. A good milker ean milk sixteen
cows in two and a half hours.

4 .\ . M.. one bushel basketed" brewer*s grains to
every two ci)ws.

(» \. M., three ))ushel baskets of Swedes or Man-
gold \V'urtZ(d to every two (-ows.

5 \. M., one truss of hay to e\'ery twehe cows.

\) A, M., water; whicdi is"the only 'time they are al-
lowed to drink during tlo' twenty-loiir hours, i n
winter, and eaidi cow drinks about twenty-toui- ouai ts,
Insuinioe)-, water is given twice.

11^ A. .M., on<- bushel (d' grains to two cows.

1 P. iM,, milked again.

2 P. M., three bushels of roots to two cows.

3i P. M., one truss of hay to every eight cows.

1\ w* ^

■.?yftS.

134

j'lirLADKf.i'iii A nrTTKrv--](ri: AL \!:i \\h tastr.

■w.wg«t^i|| I mmm mt

[AiTQiiir

1853.1

!;n: w. akt wd taste.

135

In Rummor the jijreon food consists of Clover, Italian
Ilye-f^rasa, or Vetches.

The cows are nnilkod twicn a (l:iy, wliich nocnpies
about two and a half h'-ui-s (>ich ' tiim^ Th.' ((.w-
liouses are cIcuikmI out iiw. iiin< s vwvy day, imd the
gutters kept sweet by allowin- water to tlou' throu-l^
them. The cows are thoroughly cleaned and combed
once a week.

From the foregoing (hita, ih" loll. .win;; caL-ulahon
of the aiumul expense of house feeding- ;i L .ndon
dairy cow may be deduced: —

llur I Vrt ami 'I'asU-.

We make the following extracts lioin ;,n ;i,Mross
on tht' tihove topics. IwToro th.' ^^^ln•.•^ f.vcriii,,. U jir-
ron county, I'a., by I'atrick ralcoiuT, i:s,j Were
the fAiip taste, and corre<!t appreciiition of the beau-
tiful ill oatiir." and art, possessed ))y our frici. 1 Fal-
I eoner, more preval(?nt !liruu;j;hout Pt'uiisylvuuiii, we
should not see such iudiserimiuate destruction (.((jur
'.u>],\r Fore>t 'I'rccs, in and around our towns jvrni

Winter food, from lit Ujlobur to i.^t Mav. f'Jl'J vil!;v--.'s, sin-h cutin^ ij>ditr."rci)r<^ in locitinH; //,-//<, as

days):

I'll' liushcls of i^rains, iit Iw/..

\'S\ tons ol Swcdrs and Maiigold, with the

1 I'll of hay, at IMl.v.. _ . - 4 lo 0 '^''^'idd then s(M' more open spaces reserved for pu)

SuioiM.T f,u,(l, fi-,,in Isi Alay to Ist October
(lo.-J (hiys): —

well as private rural resid.'UcM's, without any rcfrr-
•^•* b 0 ^ ^.u,.(. (,, ^jj,, ;;j,i,.,i,ii,[ scenery, and natural advanta-
ges of situation, no where more abundant. We

lie ]\irks, mon» shade trees [vlanted along our diistv
streets and high- ways, more beautiful gardens, and

lU tons of (Irass,C!(.v( I-, nr \'('!c!iov, at 'JOv. (I [0 0: grass plots in front of ar»d around (.ur hou-es TM,>
15:W)Ushelsofgrains(orane4uivalent,)at(W^^i^ ,vould not only pronv.te health, and c.>mlort, and .u-

Total expense of food. - - £:]s 77; •'''•^■"'''"^' '"'^ 'O <l'i-''<"ting public taste to such thin-s,

Intereston capital. 10/., at 5 porv'<>iit.
Hazardous in^or .,),.,», or annual loss.
Attendance, le.i Iking, ^tc.,

Total expense,

Produce per C(>w:
lOOl) gallons of milk, at Is.,
Calf,
Manure, - - .

Deduct expense,

Profit,

X:js 7 «;

n [\\ (I have a good moral intliience on the ct)nHiJunity, aud

0 [(1 0 even in a strictly utilitarian,or dollar and ceuts view,

1 o 0 j would be ;i gvKid iii.r> sft/imf . If the ]>ubHc can only
. ., , 1^' <'<>nrin(ril of lliis, we predict there will be (piite a

rag" lor planting triM's. \V(' have n>) doubt of the
{) (I iiict ourselves. Many a suburban village has been
0 0 selected for a residence by strangers accidentally vis-
^ 1 iting it, who have been attracted by the rr.M.d ta^te
a»id einbtdlishuients (d" th(> private and pul>li(; Ijiiil-
dings, set back tVoui the street, and adorned with ur-
namtMital tnM's iind shrubb(?ry. AV'eknow(d country
seats biiving In-.-n incrt.Mised in vabnvsonxe thousands

CoO

1

- 4

£55

dl

<• 0
•1 (•>

ci;; lo i;

The daily expense is nearly 2.v. 3 / i»er cow md 4- i n i i .i ■ r • i ,• r i -i

, ., -r . f . ^^ '*".> *- ^^y f" ' *"'^^' '^'"' o! dollars, simtdy by th^ ju lu-ious location of luu!

the daily yield of milk tln-uughout tiio v. ar neirU
2i gallons; and no i.iuidon d:i;i\ mm wili'lon- kicpii
cow that does not give 2i gallons a day. \n the ah .ve
calciil\ti(ui no charirf' has bcM^n ma^b^ f >r i-eiir (d itrein-
ises: l.nt even alth(HJgh 1/. per cow be struck otV fi»r
this itcin, the profit is sti 1 abundant.

In speaking thus highly of the Vorkshir.\ as \n
every way wtdl adap:*-d to the puriMxes ol tle> ne'-
tr(>politan dairymtm, it must l;.o admitted that sh(> is
neither so ^t.hmI for a eh"e<e (»r butter <lairv a-^ sonje

dings, and the arraugiau.'nts of a we'l funji>Led
lawn ni\d ga.rdim.

If there is no space in the town of Warren, re-
served tor a Public l*ark or Sipiare, we shall de{)end
on our friend FalctuuM-, to have one under way hy the
tini'' of" our fir<t visit. \\'t! publishe(l in tlic Farm
dournal. of danuary last, an engraving of ono we

. have in We>t ("hester, with a list (d' tr(Mjsaud shrul>s,

ot tlie smaihM- l.ree.ls. intlie former ,'ase. <|uantitv i i i * \
i.f .».;ii- ;,fK. 1. -1 » 1 -1 • , \ •• a readv |dant<'').

ot m;IL IS the desideratiun. whih- m thi' two lattor it , * '

is (piality or ri(diness. Were the Yorkshire cow em- Could not a few pul/lic spirited indivilual- in
ployed either for the production of cheese or butter, I nianv of our inland towns in IVMinsvlvania, orj^anize

the refuse— whey and butter milk, or skimm«'d milk ,,,' , ,• ,• •• f 'i ♦ i . ;.. a

,.r,,.,M 1 ., 'i . .1 1 • ,. , , •, a tree phiiiting association, not only to phmt m a

— would he m;ii h greater than that viehjrd hv milk i o : \

of a richer ((uably: and, in consc.pj.'Me f tliis, the l*^^''^''" •^•l'»'U--\ seour.^d and hwever appropriated, to

profits wouhl he considerably (limini^le- I. In a milk this purjiose, but also in front (d' private (Iwidlings,

dairy there is no refuse; and should the consunvrs in an<l alon- the wlcde line of streets. The expense

large t(iwns complain of t e inferior (lualitv (d' milk i i 7 i <• u / ^ • . vi i i . ...i/.. qp-

c-.i.i f , fiwwv. 4-1111 I t r would iii)t be felt. (*o into the woods, aiei make se-

bold to them, they should rememb'r that tht;y cannot , , . ^ n . ^ , , , m i

enjoy tlie luxuries of the country and those ot tin; i lections of some of the finest shaped Oaks, Maples,

town at one andthesame time. The consumer is en- ' Magnolias. Ib'ecdi. Kim, as well a- Ibil^atn Kir an<i

titled to be served withthe milk as it comes fr.^m tho While fine :ind other evergreen tre«'s, and oceiij.y

cow; but whon h«' insists on haviu"- <M'a^s milk in , ■ • ji t \ ■ . »,..,na-

., ^ • , 1, ,. ,.- , , , '"■-- .-^''' '"",:' one or two seasons in ;)n7)a/7;;7 M^^z/Mir 1m ing tian^f-

tue middle of W mt^M-. le- ha^ no reas(ui to complain ' , , , . /■ ' '' x ? Vcr

should his importunity fbrco the milk-seller to adopt i'l«^'»ted, by pruning into proper shape, and tlen .lig-

the harmless device of counterfeiting an articlo to
please hi^ customer's eye, by the infusion of a drop
of burnt sugar, to give the milk the rich yellow ap-
pearance which it usually possesses when the cows
are fed on grass. — [Mr. liaxton, iu "How to Choose
a Good MilkCuw,'^

ging around and under them, so as to cut oil the

main rool

„jts, and induce a growth of Fibres. In ^'^'^

way, by proper preparation, well sliaped, and good
sized trees could be removed, either in Winter with a
frozen ball, or early in the Spring, and a surprisiOo

I

effect protluccd, as if by magic. As an additional
gtimulus. Agricultural and Horticultural Societies
in different counties, might offer pr( miuius to indi"
vidu.'ds or to county towns, who shall jdant the lar-
gest nuiuber,and greatest variety in any one season.

Extracts from an Address Inj /'. Fdlconer, Esq., he-
fore the Wdrrcn Connd/ Jjf/ctiii/i.

In forming our plans we should get as near to na-
ture as we can, artificially iniiia! ing her in ponds of
water, sjiouting, sjiaikling or dripping fountain and
rock work, and to ihcni may be added the devices of
va-c-^, Min-dials, ru>tic (diairs ami arbors, and fail
j,,tt jrt lilt' u!-gi', to liav"' your lanes, streets or parks
Will di\ri> ii''d; and e\ er ronn-mhering tiie eviu'green;
it ati'i)rd>, iv-p'M-ially in winter scem^s, the b(;witching
cdiaiia id more lavore(l portions of tin; year. And
von find tic arringement in nature arouml you,
\vliatf\rr (!:)feti<oi you (diance to look. Yes, blend-
ed to;:'"' Ici' in groups suflicient to gratify the taste (d'
the ( I'lidite and la-lidious. When the two great hu-
morists ot tie' tW'» rrspcctive hemispheres met at Ah-
botsford, Scott said to Irving, "the greatest desire I
have (»f ^'''dnir your country is to enjoy an uninter-
runted full view of \i in its ]»rimitive Ln-amleur. and
suldiiiiit V, \\illi Uie I'lea ot tliou.saiels ol miles ol un-
trodden forc^sts around me."

Tliis ]iri\ ih'ge you ''ujoy at the small exp<'ii>e of a
short ride or walk, and yet rarelv allow it a passing
thuu;;h'. or admit it> expanding influences, or r* li-^h
its enchanting pleasures, su much a-^ many of the dis-
plays of man's fancy,whi id) a r^ da odd t<i the skies, d'hi'
pines take your fancy because- they ar-' Mi>ceptible of
iiiakiie'- fir-it-rate shinirlev, and first (lualitv of hoards.
The heautit'ul maples and hickories, hecause they
mtike exeeilent wood for find. The chestnut for tle'ir
nuts, and hccau^'' they make the best of raiN and
fence posts, .\ndyour admiration, shall 1 say it,
here ends.

To those wh > have never ]danted a tree, il there

are SU( h here, ht me entreat of yu again to reil-'fiu

the tlm.', and to you that fell the lore-t, spare some

kind iicmento from the fell destrover, ami listen and

hear those

"iuiiijiu's ill th'* trfcs— Ixiiiks In f h<^ ruiuiiii;,' lirn<iks,
Srrini>ii> in >Ii»iit'.s —anil ;,'im)i1 in c vcryi Inn;;."

The uthe'r Ijranch (d" the subjet;t may be diifined as
villa or suburban gardening. And this is something
almost all claim to be interested in.

Holding still to the unfailing designs and prlnci-
}des laid iluwn in nature, ^ve might sum u]) this di-
vision of (iiir subiect hv callin;! it a miniature of the
former ; iht; dtdicati! arran:i;ements of which, in
Howcrs and shrul..- at lea>t, are under the geiith' care
and nice diseriminating faculties and perl'M-th-ns td
the more gentle hands of the ladies. \\ ell does it
become them thus to lavish their graces and gratify
th"ir ta-tes. The flower lieds mav he so plac'd as to
gratify the taste of tlie owner. We greatly prefer
this to the stiff and studied coi»vrij:ht ol' some lead-
mg personages. We would greatly pi'd'T m'l'" in-
dividuality, or originality about each place. There
is too little (d this in all other matters, or a numVier
of them, at l«asl,t!ian oU'^ht to he. Some things
niight he laid down lor the guidanc*! of all, in I'eler-
ence to the proper display (.r elb'ct. The largo
shrubs and flowering plants should always occupy
the back ground near fences or other objects, which
we may wish to hide from view. In the open ground
they should occupy the centre of the group, tlie less-
er the next, and theros3s and moss may close up the
appy clustered conical form. Then you will be

able to see th" full ejb^ct or iniiuenco <d all ; the
blendintr of the varied hues of the whoh", haNin'i re-
spect always to their H<'ason of full Ihiwir. 'flic

fountain m rdiu"" to the >^tvle |M'>t adant'd to tlu^

supply of water — diijt]»in;j; in ease of a small supply,
and spouting and sparkling in more favoralde sup-
pfn'^ and lo(!alities.

\ o\ir hilN tcian with a '; lunlanco ol" t le- -lament.
The twA 11 miL:ht hav(» a pul)lic fount, in s au'' central
pliU'e, whose waters mi-ht. after makiu'' lle'ir dis"-
plays, be converted at will wleai necessary to allay
the consuminLr elene'iits, besides alVordiier a Icautilu!

rs ^

public rc'^ort, with a little attention to the deeir.it inn
of the plaee, by a few flowers -many of tie- beauti-
ful families of plants love to near its a|iproach and
show acknowledgements in iheir blushinL;" laee i.

There are two thinirs we desire to s"e avoid d tic
mohi hill system, and th(> stiff, strai;:;ht, unnatural
walks. The smooth level surface for the lied and
sweepimj lairvesin the vv a! k^, serpentine if you ehoose,
are to be mmdi ]ir(derr(Ml. 'I'o those who d^preeate
anv thing whose merit they think is only lor orna-
ment, we would merely say, plant your y ud nr lane,
if anv voii have, with the .iwart bearinj^ fruit trei-s.
and (d' thnse the dwarf p"ar is by no means to hi' d"p-
re(dared; thev are both rich and beautiful, c-peeially
uieii h»aueu u nil ueo i ich fruits, and your since-
rirv will be respectetl. If y''ii object to t!i" fountain.
Ictusonlv sav the eranb rry thrives wed by its ^ide
and ^ecks its humid influences, 'fo n^. both liicHu
combined would be le<-, exceptionable. ^Vdlo doe-, not
feel well remunerated foraiiv thin;r he propa;:;ate> and
rears, even if he could procure w t -r a less etpiiva-
lent? There is a ])c. Miliar reli.-h i;i\eii to it. gralify-
ini: to the eve. and (b-licat-- to the ta-te — there is a
filial afb'cti'on sprin-s up tlnit knows no chan^".

Ape not too mu.di after the forei;;n plants a,nd
flower-, as for tie" French fa-hions, hut lay hold man-
fullv of the production^ <d your t»wn vallies and hills,
and vou cannot fail to be well suj. plied. We mean n(»t
to be" understood a- <lespisiii;: foreign thin;:;^, but des-
jiisin^ nierelv tho<e tastes for them, simply fir no
otheiw-eason than th-ir birth and ori-di, and not their

merit.

"U ttico' no iiiMv.il li'Miity

In th'' tie-nin lit .1 ni-r .'"'

What lias nature hdt unfinished in Warren? The
picturesrpie beauty (d its scenery and its grand pan-
oramic hills, shown by moonlight— 1 b-ar inany an
eye now looking on it* that has had this privile;:e f u-
years, and some frmii earliest visions formeil— would
b(! disappointe(l were the artist to reduce it to the
canvass and havin<; enticed ymi to this hou»e, r,r
.bime,-,' H ill hv Ida/.in- bill- to view an Italian scene,
would go homi- wdthout makin;: the discovery that it
wa- his own home.

— <#^

Weejdng WiHows.

It is said that all tie- W^'cping Willow trees i,, this

country and Kn-hin 1, orl;:in:Vt<Ml from !i twig set <.ut

I by Pope the jioet. lie received a pr. ^ent o! fi-s from

I T'lvkev. and (dc-er\ing a twig in the basket, he set it

,,ut in his -ardcn. wlcre it soon became a fine tree.

Hedferd ('ounty AgricnUural Society.

We observe by tic IbMllbrd hepiircr tliat, the sec-
ond Agricultural Fair, In this flourishing county,
will be held iu the town of Bedford, on the 18th and
10th days of October next. The list for competition
is extensive, and the premiums quite liberal.

ir^ TMPROVKD niiKK M I ir,- 1. A \ |.|:!: I ir> S'ln^ IM;M PKESKKVIN*. FKL'TTS. [Anoon

^ — * T I I I II r' '

^/*i/

HirkokN iM.pnae.l I»<,r(ahle Cider Mill. ' Tl.. pr.w. i. pn>;I,|.,l witi. a h..nv MT.u.^ht iroa

///<^/6'r 1 ex^6•//V/ 7»./A ,./ and 2 I'uidnLy Ajqda-aliuns. , s.r.-w. -.lud

Th(

t he {n-f's>iii;_:; till) or Ixtx is so arr;in"0(i

ne accompanyiii;:; ii^ni re represents acompnr-t nn<l ! that as soon as the }nv..in*r is accomplished, it .an bo
'•ffoctive machine, the whole bein- contained m one ! openel in an instant and tl..' p mu arr iiken out, and
tramo -} bj 3 feet,and 4 feet high: the whole weighs I it closed as quicklv and another chai -o put under

.son pounds

This-

the Rcrfw

nv loarhino, attcn i^'d ]ry '2 n,..,,, uIi.ti p^.p-'rly \o straw or l>a- is usod und tin' cidor comos out
M-()rkod, according t<. directions, is said to, uak.'r. to; fast and rl-Mr. Anv l,ov of 11 years of a^e can
i- barrels of cider a day, an 1 will -rind alono l.y pn-s ;,. r-adily as a nnnu
borse-powcr from MO to 300, bushels of apples a Wl.iir it possesses all tl..- advanta-. , of tho uM

Z'. . ' sty].' pros, it has none id' its faults. One tjuart (

iiic peculiar arrangement of the eyliuders is such .one barrel can ])e niado anv tim.- it suits tlu' own.

that no description of apph- will clog it up, ])nt it ' to use it, and it can ).' worked l.y liand or horse
flings wr.rk trr,. and fast — .pialities it is power. Manula.tur.'d bv W. 0. IIikok,lIarrisbur!',

^- Jli at a

beli

eved in> otln-r ina(diii e posse^sfvs.

A\'

Seed Farm oV David B.andreth.

'observe in tie' (i'rn\antown Tel(>grapli, that

J*a., and foi- sale, se" advertiscMnent.

Preservlii;;^ I^'ruits in their own .luire.

As the s''as(»nof fruits is now ;ip[(r()aelnng, it niav

dence and Seed l-arm ^f l):nid Landivtb, oi Phil'a
The extent of ground devoted entirrly to tie- raisin
of seeds, over 200 acres, as well as tho care; and ac

g

the "I-arnnrs Club" of that vicinity, have nventlv ^"' i"t.rrsting to (.ur lady readers to lu^ informed nl
1, , 1 ., • .,1 . •.,',,,,. : a method bv whi.li t!i<> mo<t didn-ate fruits can ne

Jiad tlior mnithlv me- in:;- at "iJ OMUida (' t n- re-]- ,.,,,]' ♦ , • ,\ ■ n <• i

^ ' '' ' ' {>H'sor\(M| so as to retain tlicir flavor for an almost in-

ddinitc pc!-i(K|. Thirteen bottles of fruit so preserv-
ed. Avrr-- exhibited lately at lb)(di(\ster, New W'vk, iy
William W. Smith of \Va\ no county, viz; five of

, 1 • I , cbfrries, two nl" iioaelies, one of >tra\\ b.ei'ries. three

curacy ol)Scrve(l m the r jrrowi n and ro'ever\ ation ' ,,/• in' . • .• <• . r i i i i • o

•^. ^ ■'" ' pi'^'iNauon ,)| diflei-ent \arieties (d currants, on J of blackberries,

have given this establis!imr-n( a bi-b anl well de<erv- and one of plums.

cd roputatioii. ''bandreth's seeds" are known and ; 'bbey were examined ])y a committee, and faiiid of

esteemed everywhere. We observe be has ibis sea- 'V'" ^^'f'"' "^'"^ ^'^'^ eomm'itt.M^ .expressed th.^ opinion

rri • *" T^ 1-1 , , . ^'"'^f the art ol preservniL'" fruit in this manner is ]>rac-

son oO acres in Peas, which were about bein.ir bar- i tjcable, and tlott the fruit wloa. <areb.lly put u, ' c:ui

vested, to be succeeded by a crop of liean<. thus ol>- I ho made im ke.>p as Ion;:; as mav be desirable.

taining two crops from the -me ^rr.uml. An or<lei
of four tons of seeds was lately shipped r,,r liritish
India, and they are annually sent in lar-e tpiantitii^s
to California, New Mexico, South America, and the
AVest Indies. A pair of Norman Ponies; working

The method (•!' preset ving is thus given to the New
York State Society by Mr. Smith:

Tiny are presei\ed liy pbicdni:; the ])ottles, filled
with th(^ fruit, in e<dd \\ater. and raisin" the teinp'T-
ature to the boiling jxdnt as (piiekly as possil»le; then
cork and seal the bottles ieiinediatel v. Somo varie-

«,:*!.;« 1A ;««h^c «,.« .,o«rl f^,. ,..,!»:,. *• *i i -n i i ties ot fnnr will nd fi t le bott C with tlieir o\^n
within lo inches, are used tor cultivating the drilled • . ,, , ^,, , .. , .,- *^„ „nrl

• I 1 juice — these must be hlled with boilin.i; Avator ana

crops. Ihis establishment is the largest and most corked as before mentioned, after the surrounding
complete in the United States. j water boils.— [Southern Cultivator.

)■

1853.1

KldTOlU \L

137

GueiionN .Sy.s!« ni n| < dniosihg Mileli Cows.

A new work has ialtdy ln'(,'n issued in Kngland,
containing an account of their vari..u> b.ree(ls (d cows,
"with .a description of the marks by wbieli their
milking (pialities may be ascertained, together \\itli
their management and }u-(jductive results," by d. 11.
Mugne, Professor of the Veterinary School, and didiH
H.ixton.

We are moeb pleased to find it lully sustains the
tlieorv of ("Uouou, atol (MU'robirates the I'.rncri' net' (d
our l'''i)n-\ 1\ ania larniers, partitailariy in the eastern
section ol llo' State. A It hough a notice of ( lueuon's
book ^va^ publi^he'l with his cuts, some two years
ago, in a f'-w of our agricultural eX(dianges, the si/.s-
teiii \va^ !ii-l recnmmende(l and ///vy/ upon the notice
offariiei> t IiroiiL'li tin; c()luius (d tiio Pennsylvania
Farm Jouin il. Ibre it was first <'Xpe) inient(;d upon
and fully tested, as will la; si^en on relering to many
articles and eommunieations in (air pago'^, within
tlie last le\^ neaitii.N. \\ e see it is .still doubteil ami

ridicule*! in some •■' em' c-isf.'rn lonfnd^ Imt <>yii(>-

riencc is ]U'o\iii'_:; it to be one of the most valuable
dise((veries ol tlo' (lay.

'y\ir !) M,k abo\i' referred to states, '"that in a Lon-
don dairy oi lour hundred cows, and where nine-
tentlis are far above average milkers, the upward
growth of the hair on the posteriia- pni il the ud-
der, thighs, and peidnaaim, was t<»o reuiarkable to be
accouiiied idr by ace-idental causes." in Mr. Leon-
ard's stock ol jcrly dairy cows on his farm of \\ ater
Kud, (jloucerstesbire, piobablv the fme-t pa( k in the
country, the uniturm d n elopeiuent o} ih.. upward
growth of hair, i-n the udder and p"rinaaim is very
rcmarkab.h' (ai all the host eows. Two enws verv
iiiueli like each other, (d the same age, and both
hrcil iraji the same bull, were pointed out as Inning
Something petailiar in tledi' relative [towers (d' milk-
"'r-'- 5 pen examination one (d' them was found to
have a very superior scuteheoii, while that of the
"tier wa< as mmdi inferior. The former was a fli'st-
rate nnlker. while the other w:is one of the worst in
the whejr park I

We reewiiineaal oui" farmers who luive not jair
chased (Juenon, to pi n aire one ^^ ithout delay.

tlie liberal expenditure required is no less so to the
intidligencc and enterprise (d' the propri(dor, l>a\i<l
Lfvivitt, b;^,j. \\ r slnaild like p, \\^\\ ild. harn, when
'■"Uiph'Icd, aioi abo to s,.(. \\\{- fann mi'' tniin ukui
a(je/inn/ thoroughly carried out in accordance with
it.

'1 h*'>'' <d <oir lriiaid> al.Miit ercclin;/ i'aiiii Iniiid-
ings, will dou,-ll t(.,,aiMiIt Professor Wilkin-eii. as
he has hail mueb expi i-i.ao-e, aiol is prejiaied to lur-
nish plans ad:>pted lore\.a-v \arietv ol .situation and
modes 'A iarming.

-•♦^

Cascadt; Burn.

»\cgive in au'dli, r page an engraving, with ]dan
and description of this barn, the judicious arrange-
ments of which, both general and minute, ai-e well
Worthy of attenti(in. It displays great ingenuity,
iiiid a thorough nndei-standiie'- ol e\erv thini: want
Od, a> regards coinlort, eonveiiiJlice, and (a-onoiuical
management. Sm h bnihlings and fixtures, eould
only be wanted.. and could only be used,v!o re the de-
Sign was to carry on an improved sysiem (d hmning.
embracing all that modern science and practice com-
Ijined have proved worthy of adoption. While the
dciign reflects great credit on Professor Wilkinson

Fat Animals at i:x'.il)iti(tns.

It has long Ix'cn one of the gr(ait e\ils of our Ag

ricultural Ivxhih'itions, and ijideed oittn a positive

loss to the ownej', as well as the a\ hole eeuntrv, that

an animal to ol^tain a premium. iiiii->t be Mibieideti

I lor seinie weeks or even months, to extra feeding, a

! kiml of fori'ing pmcess, to make as nuhdi fat as ]m>s-

i sible, and without wbiidi, his cdiance in coinjtetitioii

I would tie slim mdeeit. All jimuts, whether good or

bad, must be covered over with fat, all rough places

I Idled up, so as to make a round, barrel shaped form ,

i the eons( (pieij(M' (»f which (dten is the animal is ru-

: iio'd, anil never recovers bis natural eonditi'oi. 'fhis

! excessive fatness is a state of disi'ase. whieh el'tell de-

strov>< the pi-eia'eat i\ •• puwer<, ami renders him or
her Worthless for lireeding ])ur]>os( s. This is well
known to farmers, 'fhe pratdiee is altogether wrong,
and sliouhl lie discountenanced l^y committ(as jit ex-
hibitions, and in the regulations (d our agricubural
soci(die<. Let it be 'Tenerallv understood, that no
animal, whether of neat cattle, horses, swine, sheep,
or evi'U ]toultr v, whit b }*ear evidema'id having been
painpored up for a speidal ] urjiose, and thus ui/urrd
for i)reed iiig, (ain,<'\(apt when intended htr slaughter,
b(M'ntitled to a premium. If committees ar(\/?^^///e.y Jis
they (ni'j/if to be, they (a)uld <lecide if the disposition
to fatten, (whi(di is all that is wanted,) exists, with-
out this very unnatural and injurious forcing pro-
cess. Tlic prestnt system is a great evil, and should
b(> remedied, 'fhe selection of experienced men as
iud''(!S of stock, who can rrrof/nizr a good form, in
any condition oi the animal, is perha|)s the true rem-
edy.

■^•f

Montour County Agrirnltural Society.

The Kxbibition of the Mmiidoiir County .\;:riwul-
tiiral S.M ietv. will take |»lace on friday and Satur-
day, the I'Lst and i2lld daysOf October next, in th<>
borough of l)anville.

The farmers of all ]>arts of the county should en-
deavor to be well represented at this Exhibition,
Make preparation in time.

«•»

Never consider anything a trouble that has in it
the remotest likelihood of success.

i

t

' t

ir>,fi

PATKNT l!AV fKKSS

[AUGCJT

I»aUMit Hay I'ress.
^V 0 '■'•Ive above ;in en j;i-;t\!ii'j[; ol' i )('-i(M'iri^'s ]>;ltiMl t

Parr;i11''l, Iijver an 1 II n-i/, •ntil II ly Pci'ss. To it
was awni-'i'''] till' ^iU'T u\»'il;il i'lr t!i'' t>"->t li:!v Press,
at the last cxliilini'tn of the New ^'m-k A-j^ri-'ultiiral ■
Society, Ip'M at I'tica. It is saiil ti> ptssc^s niany '
ailvantai:«>-; over the \ crlieail or upright Press, ainuii
Avhieh are:

I. It^hn's not refjuii'i* to l)e taken apart or letdown !
nr loadeil on a wa.ron to ])e moved; Itut may ))e drawn
anvwhei'e ah ait a farm, dir(M'tlv upan its own shoes
secured underneath.

l2. To fill the 1) (X r<M|uires neither platform nor up-
per floor. Tills Libtn-, to^L'thcr with securin;^ and
removing the bale when pressed, is all done couve-
nioTitlv upon tho ix^'^'und.

3. Tiie uppei- (hiors opeuiu'j:; the cTitire l(>n:.!;tb of
tlic press, renders the iilbnii; and packing of the box
conveniiMit and r"inparati\ ely (>asy.

4. It is so constructed that by withdiMwiioj; bJ
bolts it can Ijo taken a[)art, when desired ; and tlic
heaviest part carried by two men — a i^reat conveni-
ence lor storing:;, &c.

5. The doors open easily. The door bandh' may
be raised with one band. There is no occasion h)r
usinir a hammer or maul.

G. By the peculiar arrangement of the parallel lo-
vers an almost entire removal of friction from the fol-
lower; 80 that, requiring neither legs nor guides, it
moves forward on a roller attached underneath, in a

perfe^'tlv st!'aiL:;]it and upriidit f)osltion, with tut It^in:
:iny power by tiUintj;, bindin;^, Sea.

Priee \',). 1, .I'll) lb., to the bale, J?ir,0. No. 2,300
Ib^. to the b;ili\ sl:;o. \o. ':>. 2on lbs. to thebaic,
sbJo. IVisehall >b>rri< .V Co., 380 Marb't Street,
Piiiheb'lphia. are a^ent^ for th" sa'.i'of tills machine,
to whom letters posNpai<l, for fartlun* inforinatiuii
may Ix' addresse(l.

A ;rood Ifiv Press is on* of the very vabialtle ini-
plem Mits for th" laima-, whiehis 1) 'in^ much eiiijiur-
ed for.in seett ons eonveniiuit to means of tran>pert;i-
tion. The rapidly iie'reaNlnj: eon sumption of hayui
our ]ar"-e eitie-^. and th" hl'-h rents of bulldimr'^ ;vl;ip-
ted lor storiuj; aw.Lv auv lar;ie oaaiititv in l»ulk. '.Vr
making these machines almost a matter of necessity.
Bales of mod'-'rate size are bein-j!; kept at varioiH
>varehou^*s and p •'uN in Phihi 1 'bithia, eoiivcni.'nt
ior use bvdrav and eart horses, wh<'re owimts (■;\n
feed it to th'uu, wiieu in a small eoinpass, duriii'l t'l'-
day ia the intervals of labor,tbus sasiiej; the expense
\}[ stablinii;. T'he consumpiion in thi< way and l»y
omnibus liorses, to say nothini: ot' private establi"^""
ment^ is imm-^nse. Wo know that many laiau r> ar ■
unu-ed to selbin;: liay. and consider it ruinous t«)
their farms. The same ruh' h wever. applies t i tin-
as to other crops. If every thinjjr is sold oil anl i' ■
thin- letui luid, of course impoveri.shment results,
part of the hay crop is sold, its place must be sup-
plied with sown corn fodder, and the use of gua^o
and other fertilizers, plaster,lirae, &c. The corapost

1>^,''>.'^..1

Enrn»i:i AL-^roMMfMr vTToys.

i^D

we confess they were entirels uo.trung. Weimme-
dialely procured a Cook P.,.Mk. and insert some re-

heap must be well attendj.'d to. The refuse materi-
als for the ])arn yard nnist be collected and econo-
mised. Under a])roper.s7.v/c'//^thesaleofhay wi]]not|eeiptH, and ^^i^,, .^ j,;,.,.,. of poei.v. u hnh we hop,
exhaust the soil so n.ueh as the sale of grain. On j will l,e .:,ti.f;,eterv to our biir ..or" .,„.ndent, fm-this
returning last fall fnmi the State Fair in eompany month, if ..^plei with a promise tn be mon; aiien-
vrith some farmers, we foun^l ai various points along tive to her m-x Ln alt. r. The spuit she di><playa
the line of the railroad between Phila iel,,},i:, and ' earr.e. us back to the davs of t1u> rev..lutio„ The
Lancaster, hay was worth ,,uly SS or .sh. p,.,- ton, husband, or sons, of suel, "a ,^ ,,uMn, wh. v.nuM hesi-

whileit was readily bringing in the city ^'I'l to S25.

tate a sin^rje in>taiit, alnMit laiekloi;: on aiaiior fur the

There are. many plae(>s in the State, convenient \n eunN-t. w,,uM (h-, r\e to be pitie^l'. Tiiey would be

public inipi'uviamaits where a piu'tion of the hay )»et ween two lii-cs.

creji iiil-hr be spared to goo.l profit; and to sueh \\ e hi r.',spe,-t to tin' insinuation, that wo. are opposed to

inn-.rhiee the above Pre^s. Sown eorn fodder will women's ri;_dits, we mu<t ].lead innocent to that

yield in «vei;j;ht a-^ well a^ nutriment, far more to the (diarge. AVe have always l,e, n a strong advocate for

aepe tlian -i-'t^^. ;t"d it will have to en'er into our ro- wom'-n's ri-hts. and haig liefbre there was such au

UUiwn crop-, and iorni part of nur sy.stem ol farm exeitenient on the subject. We thiidv they have an

mnnn-em ait. in eei-tain parts of Pennsylvania to a in<ll-.pulabl.' ri-ht to attend (o the doiuestie atbiirs of

macli greater extent than heii'tolorr

-<%*-

Seekle l*ear on Apple Storks,
Some of tlie delegates, last fall,t(j im: .nneic m

the hou.x'iioM, to teach the cliildr a>, and either make
or superintend the making of ;;oo(l wholesiaie' bread,
i)ies and eakes, darniu;: the stockings, and a thousand
j>o- other things, that the active out of door bn-..;.

mo

logical Convention at (hncinnati, from t hi' Atlaii- t'l''"" hu>!Kinds an^l brotlua'S previait them from at-

teiidine; to.

-••*■

For the Farm Journal.
AgrhiiKural Kcvicw, \o. o.

Hay, fi'.an artificial grasses, fourth, filth and sixth

tic States, report ha\liiL': he-.rd in Ojii., ,.f ciui-iihra-
ble success, aiel on ;i oi-eitv !ar-e -.,-ale, uf wni-kim'- ^^ '' ''"1"' 'T" *"'''" "^^'''^ attemi^t to rol) them of their
Ihr SccJdc Fear on Apple aiork^i. Will the editor of I'i^l^ts, and certainly shall n t .airselves.
the Western Horticultural Ileview ])lease inform us
al>out this? The Seekle is proverl)ially a slow grow-
er ill the nursery: and (-ne of the \arieiie>, too, not
destined to go out of fa>hion. The demand for ;:;ood

sized trees ba> alway- exce-ded th. supply, it it i^ ;,, rotation i^ ///'' umsf ,ssriiii,il crop, and basis of in
an exception to the general rule against wuiking creating fertility, npen the >tafe nf its product will
pears on apj)le stocks, aiel ha- been found tn ur..\\ niueli deo,.,el the thnfiiness of both workiii'^ and
with tlie apple, and makeap^.'/'ma//e/i^ tree, it is a \al- f,e, bug stock. It i- alm-M all CMn-umed by these in
uable discovery, and we should be glad to bear more the t iwu-hij.. Th(> yiell.hoth (piantity and <piality i>
^'-'^^'^ 1^- 'greatly inthieiHad by tie- manner of seeding the

— ^"^ I grasse.x; this i>. uni\ersallv done upon the wheat, and

WomtMiVs Hights. two j>loughings for this is becoming more (aistonuiry,

For the Fiiriii Juuriml. / ii i ,-.• /• i\ i' . , fl .

A, ,, I (as we as larj-er (luantities ot ;:rass seed trom tlie

Mu. hurroK:— * I : , , ,• ,

Sinee the removal of the dournal to ••"•'•' -i-^*"^! advantage to the sinaMMMbng bay <-rops.

We^tChe.ter. 1 think vour lemale subscribers iiave 'n"i"tliy, phJ> >nn prnh ns. is sown at the tim.' of

reason tu cumplain thai veu do not di>h upsomethiiiL: ^^'"^=^^ seding.four to>ix.piarts per a.'re,and covered

Tor their cnteriainineiit. \'mu gi\e u^ ic peetrv, n >

bv the la-t hari-owinj; or by rollin-j;. Clover i- sown

HontimMKf ... 1 1 1! • .. « 1 \ \ four t(j Six ouarts, us soon u^ tlie irosL i.s out in the

BtQimient, ami liaidU a leceipt lor cakes, pudtimgs, '

pa.strv or m-esiaves " | Spring. The first year after wheat, elo\er will

u<

h'red

pastry (.r presiaves. i •

I I,.,,,. , ,. I .1 ♦• 1 1 » r "-reatlv iire(baninate, this bv manv is not consi

^ '''!''<' pored o\er the articles ai)out bine, ana- .-^ . i _ ' • •

Kw'ks />f u,v;i . , • • I r r .1 » as valuable a- tiniMthv, hence the practice adopted

0^'S ol soils, raising root (U'ops, and (eedm- ill,. ni to . - '. '.

tliPPnvvo... Ill i- \- I- hv >'ane of pa>turing one vear ]»revi(ais to mow ing.

iiie cows and pigs, and long ior sumelhing more live- • ' "^ - . '

Iv ill n.Llit; . . 4.1 *i ( )th(i-> value i; f.r Acime i/«e (piite as highlv a< tinio-

V ni auditiun to tlie other, | .

T f.wii. ,r,.., 1 4 I 1- ^^.\- ♦ • 1 . 1 ' thy, th ai-h it v.ill ma bear handhn;; aiel carnage

1 tear you do not believe m Wemen's rights, and •^' ,, . , . . . . ,

tl,.,f fi-„ • ,. I ■ • , to market as will, w ci-f this the obieet: m laet its val-

i"-it this IS an age <d la-.c-ress. 1 <\o not wi.di to, , , ." ,. ,

sui.iwia M > . .1,1-1 -11 ■ ' "f" i^ manilv d'pendant upon time of <aitting and

'^'Md'^^lf :M''M''"'' ^li'i^ don t k-'cp uj) with the times. '^ • ., , • , • • •

^Ve Iciv.. ,.; 1 ^ 1 • , • • , method o! (anani:. 1 he writ(>r s practice is to cut lu

nave rights, and we intend to maintain them, . , , . .. ^

even li ^v-,. »..,,« * i, • i i y f"'' bloom, if the weather is fair, .ut one forenoon,

tvtn II ue ii^^vo to walk ruht up to the cannons ., .•,„■.

let it lay in swath until tic dew is entirelydt the

i"outh. Yours respectfully,

dl id.\ P.

Westmoreland county. Pa.

^n receiving the above, particularly in reading tho

next day, then spread it out evenly; tho latter part of
the afternoon horse rake it into winrow, if pretty dry
heap it loosely, if not let it lay until tho dew is off

last sentence.although having tolerably strong nerves, ' next day, then turn or heap, and haul in the after

4 i n

140

COMMT^NICATIONS.

fAro

■«iw— I Kimmmm

noon; it rain threatens to int.Tvene, pin* - m lar;;r Piokin'r ntone

well shaped cocks. But no Jixrd rule can be found ' I^,llln<^ - ' -

for curino; hay, the plan must vary with th.- yield, , One an 'l half in,. hols pla.for and

state of weather, temperature ..!' lUr air, <^roun,l, &c. ' TTirv.'<tiii<r . "

The second crop is hv.pu.ntly cut for seed, thi. i. ( )n. filth -7 t^v.^.ty-five load, n.an'nv . ^']

done with tiie cradle throwiri'j: two swathes to"-eth- " - • •

50
15

sowmj:,

5'

er, about the 1st of Oth ni.iith, i< -xp .<od to tlie
weather about two weeks. When w-II dri.d. housed:
and either thrashed by clover machines attach, d to
horse powers, or the heads ."pirat.Ml lr..m the strins
by Hail. an. I tak^'ii to clov.'r inilN. Vi.^M about throe
busli 'N p ':• a -rr -,i\:mm;^^ > pricu $j r>l).

SaviuL; (dovi'r seed is oxhaustln;; and injurious, as
many of the ].lauts die aftrr maturin;^^ seed, wliich
oth<'rwlso would havo retained vitalitv another sea-
son.

The seeiMid year, iil'th in rotation, there will be
aiiout an e<pia! adnnxtiuv' of l)!>tli i!;rasses, tin' hay
from this is mostly preferred.

'I'll'' t!iii-.l year, or sixth in rotation; tim«)thy will
^.iin till' aserndenev, this is eonsidere(l most nutri-
tious to be cut when bej^inninj; to seed, it is usually
spread direetly al't.-r tie' scythe, raked in winrow
towards evening, lieapcd and hauled in the next <lay.
A^ a market liay it ei^nimiieN the lii;j;liest price, and
is more lii^hly esteemed by insuT-' generally than
clover; sufficient of the best grass is reserved for seed
for home use, bv all, and occasionally whole fields
arc taken for seed; cut Nvitli tie- cradle from two to

Ditto of liity liushels lime, a 15 cents,
Fencing, - - _ .

Taxes, - - - . ,

interest on S85, ...

Expense, - . . .

First crop, one and onedialf tons, a $12,
Second crop, value one-thini,

Product, - - . .

FiXpens*', - . - .

Profit per acre, ...

BirmlnMiam, Seventh month, lSo.'>.

2 50

5 00

1 50

- 1 00

50

- r, 10

111) dO

Sis (III

0 (HI

i^24 (HI

I'.l (HI

S") Oil

15.

«•*

F'lr lilt' I'anii Journal.
Foot Rot in Sheep.

Messrs Editors: —

Can yoti inform me of any sure
remedy for disease in the fc(>t of sheep, I hi'Th-ve
som(^times called rot. It commenced in the first place
wiili laineuess in one or two, at first slight, but hai
increased so rapidly that snmf^ of ih-ni aeiually fnoj
(lown on their kni'cs, anil 1 fear it is going threu;;ii
three week< later than th<' hay. or when the /vy>w | th,. ^^.i„,i,. ||, ,,,]._ yij,. |;„,t, on exan»ining. is (Hiitr
heads shell freely to the touch: hind in sma/i sh.'aves, j i,,,^^ ^j^,, ,,,^,,j ^^^j.^^ ^^.|,]j ,^ j;,^;^! excretion, particuhir-
and leave th.-m expo.-d to the weather in <>pen ^. |,,.j^^.^.,.,^ ^,,,,^ ^.|,,;- _ u impairs tlu^ir condition v.tv
shock, about two we.k<. then thrash by flail, yield ;^„,^.|,_ ,j ^.^^^^ ,^^^^^^^. ^^^. .^,,^^. ,.,,,.,._ ^^^^^.^^^, •,,,,-,,,,
from two to four l)ushels per aci-e — a\erage priee S.'i.
If the season is dry. timothy affords little aftermath.
clover .vithsLands the eli'ects of the drouth much betr
ter.

A\ atered meadow banks, wirudi were in vogue and
highly }n-Ize(l od to IdO years ago, have mostly been
ahauiloned. owing to the great care and attention
necessary to b > devote 1 to them, thou'di there is no
doubt the pu'oduct is greatly increased by irrigation.

The average yield of hay ].er nere, is about \\
tons, though as liigh as o m,iy he cut sonietiiue-.
Average vabn^ of timothy at the harn, Sll!; of clover,
$8 t.> SlO.

llors." forks for unloading, hav(; been put into op
eration the past season, and are a great saving of
manual labor.

through the Farm donrnal, for the benefit of ytnir
subsei"ib(;rs, and jicrhajis many others.

II. S.

Huntingdon county. Fa.

The disease alluded to above by our correspon-
dent, is familiarly known by the name of foot rot, or
hoof ail, similar perha]>s, to what is called foul ehiw
in catih*. although we hav(^ not ohserved the latter co
contagious in its character. The fbot rot in sheep, h'
one of the nio-t painful and trouhlcsonie di-icas''-'^
they are subject to. The fore frrt are generally a^
tackc^l. II. S. m ly be assunMl it will spread threu;;li
his whole fl(»ck, if not spee(lily arresteu. Wo hap-
pen to have had some exjterience with it, and will
state what we found entirely effectual.

A single sheep lame with the (lisea>"e, jturcbasptl

All loose stones are picked and hauled oil' mowing ^,^^ ,,{■ ., .j,.,,^,^^ ^m connnunicate it in a >h'Ot tuu'
grounds early in the Spring, then they arc n.llcd | ^^^ .^ ^,.ij,,i,. n,,,.], pjvyiously free. The proximate

cause is often low, s dt and marshy pastures, produ-
cin;i si)on;:in(!SS and unsoundness of the hoof.

The first Step should be to remove the sIk'T ^^
hijj-h and dry pasture, separate at once, and keep the
diseased sheep entirely apart from the others, botn
day and night. They should not even be in adjoin-
Oae-third of eight quarts of seed, and sowing, 50 jng fields. Examine the hoofs carefully, and pare

and plaster is generally sown at the rale of \\ bush-
els i)er acre.

Cost of raising per acre:
Second ploughing for wheat, on account of gras-
ses, three-fourths of a day, - - $1 50
Extra harrowing, ditto, . - -

25

I

•

I

1853.]

COMMrxrrATIONS.

mimmtmrii

' ^f^ttmmmwm^m

! t

away all diseased portions, with a sharp knife. Probe
it into any loose or discolored places, to the sound

^'^f mtiwmi W'lifi

in the field. On a lialf acre, raiier better land, f
plow.',] 1„ yix large ox cart lua-U of le.r.e Maole

'he second crop if e((rn, . e

,WW, cvmi thou;;!, i, .1„,„M l.|,.,.,l. This |.:ni„_- nud ,.. i,H,r,. k,.,„ „,M.r rovr; fli. Ian I ua. ..,1... ,„:u,u,-'
scraping nnj-^t 1>" thoroughly done. \\ here the dis-
ease has progressed far, maggots will often be f unel
The foot being entirrdy cleaned and scraped, chhu'idt;
(Butyr) of antimony should be applied, as a caustic,
and repeated after daily examination, so long as
then^ is any unhealthy appearance. The sheep

ed in thr Seni.

twe.i, tiie-sc iNNo pieces lc(mld eeo no difference in

llic wheat wln^n cut. except that the mat.ured ^a^ ri-

per two or three days sooner, owin-, 1 suppose, to
tin- land being hi-her. The guano in hoih cases
showed itself to (!,,. ,l,.iij ,,i,u-k«<.

Mv cnclu-^loni. (hat Cuan.i. clx-aper ,han ma-
"liire fur wheat, as it c.M^ Irv. p..,- ac-e. U e have to

nhould also be housed at night, on -rouod c>\,ro(]
with !!!ii'\ fthe fresher the 1, n,.,-., \s\\\'-\\ should hi

cleaned olf ..vcr\ morning, and th.> lime fVc,p,ei,tly P^'y S) .V) fur an o\ cart load of* manure in Wc.M Th.'s-
rcnowel. I u v ny h i I ca^cs the fu.i sl,o,ild l,e kept tcr, an. 1 haul it three miles, which is worth half',
tied up, In rainy wither they should he k,.[,t un- dollar mon-. Whe,, I haul wood to Wet Chester, 1
d^'T>h''h'^\\-A^ \^r\ greatly promotes th.^ progress of haul manure as a },ack load, o,- 1 could not hauMt
the rot. We Imp rted a lot ..f sheep ,ne s'-a. mi, which ' lor that price, j w,,uld pnd'cr good harn-yard 'ma>
fr-m luiprop-r tr.atnoiton Imard >hip., wme badly I nur • to either of the other three if I rould nnike
affected with tic rot, hut hy pei-^cvora,,.-,. i,, tP,. efe.u-h on the farm for eacfi field. Ibit the farm he-
ahove plan, wer," f.nally cured. SonicLimes j.ario- iti- oi!t of order whi-n 1 purch i-;..d, I ea„'t make
the foot closely, airl ^'I'plyiug h(;t lime alone, ^vl!l l,r
sufficient, in tlie eativ -taires.

<♦»

ciiou-h a.syof. usin.r, a- I do, part of ,t fur potatoes
in the Snrin-. | u,.r .,„,.,. I'.tagonian (luano and
►^up-r I'ho-pliat,. uf I, in>e. in the furrow for potatoes,
along -^ide uf luanure this Spriii^^^ nu(l wheii du"- 1

For ttie Karin .Journal.
(iuaiio, .Super Phospjiatc of IJnic n\n\ tl)a|»|»cl\s '"•'}' ^>ve you i he results (d" the ..xprriment:
l^'crtilizer, tor \> li. at,

J. LaCEY i>AKl.INGT0N, Esq.

Dear Sir:— Last fall I cut

If you think this worth a plac in your Naloahlf
Journal, 3 our are at liberty to puldi-h it.

The kind of whoat raised was the Mediterranean,

two acres of corn off to seed diowu wheat. I'ai-t of the '^^"'^^'"^ """ bushel a.ud tlire- p.-ek^ p^r acr

laud \va~; a nedlow loam, and part (d' it st'-ny— the
stone a gray ^and -t^n '.

n)"a>-ured it

lilt

Westtewn. <'lie^t, r eoinitv, Pa.

J. I'. I.

throe pieces— two piecoH ha'f an acre ea.di, the other
one acre, in liic middle, and drill, d in the wheat
with one of M )()re's patent grain drdU.the fir^t week
of October. On one || iff an aere 1 sowed loHpoands
PcruviaT) riiimo helbre plowini^; on tlie otlirr I ^ow-

»•*■

For the Farm Journal.
Trres (or '.\ l.aun.

..Nit>.>^s. l!o

li (';;■

lfi\ing eorojdeted niy dwcllinii;
cd I'iM p Hind, (d^ .^iip-r I'hosphatc of bime unc werk '*""^'N 1^^ I'y -'' i'>'"t. A storie- hi-h, <d' stone, as well

a ft I

•r the wheat e;i!ne u}>; and on the one acre pieee, '^^ gradin^; and Icveroj.j- <d the grounds adjin^ent, I
> poineb of riiappcir> fertilizer h(dore drilling ''"' ""^^' I""''I'=^'"'"' ^"'i' />/'///////// the eomifig fail, and
the wheat in. The (iuaiio cost Si ."oi e.uit^. hesides ^'''■''' ''"' y'"i'' "pin'on and adviia; as to a good sele(*
preparing it for us... The Super riiovphate .^4 .^t) , ^'"" "' '"V'''";:'"*''" and dcdduons trees atnl shrubhery,
eonts an-l the b,rtili/( r SS HO cents. There was no '>!' \vhich J am entirely ignorant. i>y njy estimate
niainire of any (.thei- kind put on either piece. Tori ^^^ *''**''" ^^^'* '^^'^''"^ there is room foi- loO trees and o<»
want (if l>ai-n i-o )m 1 o';! not eut, and pu> each lot ' ''^'*^"^^^' '^^^ <^"^ ^'^ ^'*'''''''' '^ ""^^ ^'''''^^'''g- The site (d'
««!I»arate: I cannot therefore state the yield as accu- ^^^^ buildings was selected for its elevation and eom
rately as I w.uild like. La-t fall 1 could see verv "•■>"'li"u^ view. I want as mmdi variety as is consis-
little dif^Vrence in either j)iece. but in th(> Sprini: '''X^ ^'i^'' .^'"'"i ';l■^^*^ and vJn.'re pi-airticahle.esptMdal-
tlio ( iuatiocl p.iuco had a daid<er green ajijiearance, 1 '>' ^^''''' ■'"' ^lii""l»l"i-y. a succession (,i Idoiiin, fron^

fiii'l wa.^ thicker on the ground tliati eliher of [he
other pieces. When the wheat came out in head the
Guano piece was about four inches taller than the
others, and those u|,o h.dped eut it with my-df say
tl'ore is ahout one-third more to the ground, than on
'■'tli'T of the uthers: the wheat better iillcd, and a
^ iii'v yi,dd of straw.

^^ast fall a year I plowed in IGO pounds Ouano on
tliree-fourths of an acre of corn stalk ground, where

nad corn two years in succession, the ground in-
chned to clay, and where the corn was the smallest

sprin.g till fall, and such trees as are mrt «\specialiy
liafde to insects. Can you assist mey

\ cry truly, your sul'scrilier,
d. 11., Philadelphia county.
In r«'ply to our e{»rrespond«mt, we will give a li>t
of sii.di as we shouhl p;ant ours(dves, ai.d eould do
it rather better if v,(! knew of the exact si tuation of
the ground, whether much i^i' a slope or not, and al-
so of the surrounding objects, whether any un phea-
sant sights near or di8tant,are to be ohscured,or any
agreeable views to be opened. This, however, muat

^^fl^.t"^jt(j'i'^~*iV"''''

142

r'lrsiVirVTPATmN^IQ

— . JjMlfcWw -..^*a. Mr *.-.Ji»iWnaBMMfc.tl>«l'-J-'"'a--'W*<—IB^—HPlfT»ma

[Al*GtJ|f

bo left to hifl own taste and jiid^^mont. All the ! (VtflToe is made, used as eoH o or iiiIximI with it, ahd

trees named are hardy licre.

.EVKRi'.KKK.V TrkKS.

C Norw*ay Spruce,

3 Kiintjx'tin SMvor Fir,
2 Doulilc White SprilcO,
2 Halm of (iiload,
'i Austrian 1*1 1«»3,

4 Dcoilar Cedar,

2 Scotch i'luefl,

3 White IMne*>,
'i Jai)an CrypioiiicrKi,
2 ('e<lar of Lebanon,
2 lllnialayan Spruce,
2 Araucarla Inibrieata,
[i Ilt'inlork SiMUce,

4 Anu'rlcan Aibor ViUo.,
V. Plietitc Leaved do,
4 Ani'i i. ,ui .Iniiiper,
2 Irish ilo.
2 Chinese dc
2 .lunipcr Kxrelsa,
4 En.i^'lisli V<'\v,
4 Irish do,
2 I'yramldal d<>,
4 Enonyn>ous, (ireen and Vurlc

gated,
2 Anierkan Holly,
4 Tree Box,

2 llhododcndron Maximum,
2 do CrttaNVblense,

PkciduOl'S TftEE8.

6 Su.!,'ar Mjiiilc,
4 Norway Maple,
6 European Syeaniorc,
6 llor.sc Cliestinit,
4 Red Maiile,

1 Double Klownrln« Ilo'-seClvcsnut'

2 American Linden,
2 Hit'Ch,
2 Judas Tree,
2 American Krln;,'*',
2 Mist Hush, RhusCotlnus^
1 Double Flowering Apple,
' i!" '1(1 Cherry,

\\-\\

L.inl

II iium,

•J I'm pic II. ■ch.
1 I''ii>\«-, rjir,' .N.-l\,
1 Weepiii,' .\-~li.
\ (JoM.n ii.Mk.'.i Ash.
1 Varh „'ale.l eived Ash,
1 Wi'low leavc'l Ash,
! II,iN-Tla,
3 KuroDcau Larch,

1 American do

2 Tulii) I'opiar,

1 >Lio'i>olia Acuminata,

2 do Conspicua,

2 do Clauca,
1 Mountain Ash,

— ♦; Oaks,

7ft 1 Jiuko Tree,

3 Weeping' Willow,
3 Sallx Tentandrla,

1 Deciduous Cypress^

2 American Kim,

75

SiiniDiJKnY,

\ Yellow Vir.LMll.i,

1 Uhamus Caiollniamis,

2 Double Flowering Thorn,
I Ouk leaved llydrHngla,

And the balance of snuiller flowerin^i; -lnuhs, sn-di as

Spiron'5, Wi(\o;«di:i, FK)W< r'rn,!; <'inr;Liil-, -lajMii IVar,

DeutKia Sca))r;<. l'\»rsythirt, Lihic^, P(^oiii's. Ilorif'v-

'-urklt's, vVf. All (if t!i:' aliiivi' wf should most vcv-

taiiiiv liiivc, and tli<r'' v. ill still ]»•' sjiacf lor |M'rjH'tiJ-

ul roses, and ?iiany othfi' little matl'rs.to Im> i'oimd at

most ol the nursi'rios.

AltheusDonlilc Flowering,
do Varie;<ati'd Leaved,
Dwarf Horse Chestnut,
Viburnum Opulus,

For the l"'arm Journali
Chicory.

Clchvrium infyhus. This is a plant wlilrh produce?*

which it improves greatly, both in flavor and offect
being greatly diuretic :u..i i -mrali/ing the heatine
effects of the coffne. To such a degree have its
wholesome properties uxtendod the use of it>that the
Consumption has become genernl in mojst countries
even in those where Coffee is imported, duty free.
It is even getting imported largely for some years
pastil! ^-w York and probably in Philadelphia al»
so. The roots remain in the ground all wlnter.with-
out being aff.H'te(l |,y ihe severest frosts: aisv nn-
di^siroiis to raak.' a trial with from hall r » ''iieaerc
(ii- mor", ean ohtaiii th'^ s^i^ds , 'it her at D. I.- nnlr.'di's
f'o (Miest.mt ^tr(-et. ('. ?>. Tlo-cr.^, 'JW Market street,
or Ta-ehall Morris vV Co.. .;si| Mai'ket sli'ert, phi];,.
d"li'hia. and the n(rc^s;lry inti'Tmatii-n oti applJca"
ti'in, [i<)st-p:;id, wl'l! Ti niittiiiice, i,r to m^ .lircct.

r. A. \aLT6,

For the Farm Journal,
Imported Stock,

To censure or find fault adds us nu fricnd.s. but
makes us enemies of tho<e uhi- > (1 lusions we have
to com hat. k .s a disagreeahle lask. 1 reluctantly
nnd'rtake It for the jjioo.] of fho farniini!; interest.

In reading the account of the cattle sale of Mr.
Shorwood, hrings my assertion, I made in the I)e*
cembcr Xmnherof 1852, and the March Xumherof
Is'),'!, in ihe I'arm douiTial io m v rc'eroij, ('ti.ii.
Nolle !ia\ I' refuted liiy a-sertii'ii, wo are left in tf'
dark. \<'iie has cxplaiie'd to us th(^ (^xti-aordinary
quaht '. of these cattle ^old l^y Mr. Ihtink.in ('liili*
cothe, I'lr 2^2") d,)llai> ;i piece, and at .M:-. JSherewood
for 500 .l-dlars.

'1 h • e.>i-.r!uvi,)n of i'\rvy retleetiiig f.iriiea- i , tlnu
the -,id lia>^ to 'iijiply the iiercs-ary m;i t-'rial to jir"-
diiee milk, ill ? rop.)rtioii as the soil is improvi„d, ^o
i^: tht^ ^toek of e;ittle Im[>i-oV(Mi and tlie (|iiantity ami
qr.a.lity (d' n-iilk. That is an incontestilth; fact. Far-
mers \vIio ha\e .vonie hmidreiN of d(dlar>s tn sjmro
an<i sh.MUid he temjitetl to pMein-o the^e (VNtraerdi'
nurv hreoils (d cattle, fir^t siiouhl eonvidc!- if tlu'ir
soil, possess the proper iinj,i'"'lients, te' pruduee that
great quantity of milk, unhs.s the seller of such high

51 very early and proliiic fodder. There is no ),laiit priced <'nitle shouhl yr^xo flint those co^vs poggesu
that will stand drouth hetter tlian tiii;^. It i> also that exi laor^linary (juality. to dra u tlx' supply f'r tfi.^
very n-. fill a-- a pa-ture or to eut and -iv to cattle ^ j,„|Hr:i.,ii ol milk from th" atmo..phrre. If tliev
in the stall, or soil them with it. Tho ehieory i< most | don't possess that .piaHty,the ^aleofsu(Mi hi-h priced
excellent for Cows, Oxen or llo;:s. No ])lant eulfi- i ^^^^^j^ j^ ^^,, ^,„f.j|,. .i^eoptlon to extort money for
vated for fodder will hring an Cjua! return ^^^^^^ ..U'^.-U un rr:d mlUw \> ^xvn.
Chicory. Itans^cr^ well to sow the Chicory with |j. ^|,. ^,ly^ys^ ^vho bought, at the Chilicothesale,

red clover, ha.lf (d' \\\r- oni' anil half (d thenther;as
it docs well on either strontr or light soil, if they have
some bottom*

It may be sown in the Spring or Midsummer, and
even in September, either by itself or with Oats, Bar-
ley, &c., at the rate of 12 lbs. per acre. It lasts 3
or 4 years in the ground ; the roots of which Chicory

Lord Neb on for i**2.'^25, luid spent that monry m
guano, poUilr>-tti\ hono dust, ;j:yp>um :ind iime, on ni'
land, it Would have improved his stock more iiiHiii^
dozen of such Nelsons. That A\iih some cows the
milk organs are better developed than in Rome others
is admitted, but that is not inherent to a particular
breed but found in all thcdifferentbreedo. Mr. Ouen*

I

ym.]

IIINTTS ABOUT TinN.VIXO rUriT. i^c.

iM''.«l» k M. i>'4«-*«MNkwEi.As. ~- ><m4^

141

■ Mvww^ir ■^.T*

on's system, t.) Judge the ([uality of cows, could give i wearing out, must not he too greedy of n irreat crop.
u« more substantial information than Knglish herd '*'''<7 nnist master that natural r.|.irtan(f w-all
books of pedigree with pompous names. I see in ^''''1 ^<M»'<'k "H" ii portion oj th Imit. Th. ;, must

,. . r • r ii t'l. i. 4 • 1. 1 «j . ' ^'"'' 'k' "■ ' lit so as to leave tleaii . \*-n\\ di-inhutcd

the list of premium^ of the State Agricultural Soci- | ^ver the troo nn.i , iv ' 1. 1' nn a

'. . ^ ^ I <J>^r me tree, und onlv M, iiiany as ean l>e hr luwjit to

Cty, a pivuiinm .Ml llolstein (.attle. 1 here is no such | full and perfeet m.itunty w itleait injm'. ,,r d-aiii to

thing as a particular llolstein breed, fine cat- | ^*' ^'"^' t''<- ^ 1'"' ^^ '■ -hall be askeif " 1 1.,\\ air wc to

tie are found at the mouth .d' the Kibe, the same as ^'''<^^.)'"^^' '"^^"V w n.i-ht \n fine or h.w m mv to

Tou find the Normandy cattle, the finest in Franccat pi,;';., „;;'!,; "' h-'"'''^^ '^ takes som. iml. .ill!

<J 1 r 1 o • • mm » xpi 1 irn, ' tM tliiu a <-!-nn |udi(Momd\-, h'lt he w ho

the mouth of the heme, as you retire \i"\u lli" nej, -o.-s ahont it m eaiweM will' lind >nne. iodirat e.,,-. to

borders of the Kibe into th-^ interior id llol>tein,y(.u ^i''' kim. It will nut do |.. thin in all en-xs alike, In ■

tine the ca. tic pool. 'fle« Ihd-i..,,, herdsman knoWM '••^"•^•; tl»<' vi-orou> tre-, i,, ;, ;:,.n. rons ",,,]. w.nVar-

-.'..• .... rv a larii<MM-(.p without iniury, and tl-at would he

nothin"" Ol p<'<l'j;ree,iVe. Io lire\ent oreeihU"" in. he "l . . • I .1 11-

"'^' " ' ' ■^ ' almost ceitam dealh to a (hdi.-at" or h-dd" tree jiav

buys cattle at a di-^tan-e, to cross I/m breed and j in;; limited resources in the way (d' ,/'^'^'/. just a^ a
renovate hi- >toek. \\ hen it has enjoyed that extraor- j healthy, robust, W(dl-fed man can perform a day's
daeirv ri. h p:;MurefMr a whil," it bee(»mes Ibd.-tein ; ^^'"'"'^ with ease, that a Weakly, ilhf.'d man d;ire ma

. I ' 1 1 .1 . e n 1 . , attempt. The growth (d' a. tree, th" nmuaiane.' of

catte, ami lo'odue '^ that lin.' llavorouM hut '-r so erd- w, r i . ^ ♦! i .i i .» • i ^fi .nani. oi

' ' , Its {(dniL^e, the 1(1 i^th ami t)M(d<Me^v ol its voUU"-

chrate ! lo (vrmany and Kn;.rland; whieh is not owln- .-.hoots, alford a vry ndiahle vruhle a-^ to th.-\i-ur .d a
to th'' parrieular hr'-rdj Iru to that rich st)il whereon tree and its a))ility to bear a heavy crop. Some vari-
eties are naturally moderate ami coiiNtaut hcana-,

the call!'- pasture.
Bethel, Ju!v, 1863.

■*♦*•

llhitw on 'lliiMuing I'ruit.

H. SinjitHi. "".'^ '*. ^'^''1'^ ui>d(a- go(.d eiiltui'e mi;:ht never re(|uir<-

thinniii;:;. while others hear ( uoi mously SHmt. \.ars,
the fruit aetoally cirMa-in;,^ e\ci-y part «d' the ti-eV and
re'iuiririLi- iTotts and ^umtorts in krcii it IV. un 1 ..m.i-
torn to ppM-o. >;irii tree?^ eaniiot h^ar so m >uee«is«
si\e \eai->^. !ior can they lon^^ leniain healthy. Then
The prospect nf an ahundant liui; o-op throu;^h- , '"'^''^'' t-hinnin^^ tic fruits, ;j,Mod lailture must he ;:iven
out inoat of the fruit ;.:n)W in;;- re;zion- (if this eounti-v ^ ^'"'"^ "1 their fruitful _\ear-^, and toj)-ilressiii-^ (d'
have scarcely ever heeai beiUr, accordin;: to the best: •"""U"*''^ ''> '^ W(dl-(lecaye(j state, ^hinleii trees may
information we can obtain, than they are the present ha\e h^uid manur- and mniiddn^- in»t( a ! 'd top-
season. Kverything looks promising:. Last seasen the <^'*«''^«'"^' ''^^li eare as this, not eostin^r ,,.,,, i,^,!!!
crop was very li^/it generally— in m. my localities a il<'f ""'.v sustain the M;:;i a- and health -f tie^^^ },ut
total failure; and this will Vonli ihute 'nundi to the p^'oduce large, hand-ome, maidietable Iruits. Wh.ai
uhundance 'd' I his season's crop. -^ ''''■'' '"^ leaded to hre.ikinic down, one lialfor three-

New \ve wis!) to offer a few hints i!i legard to c'r- ' '^"">'t''-^ ''< '''e fruit \< W(uahle,Hs. and ail the advan-

ta'j;e of a ]:ivir rvi>v, is lo^t.
. . . '

\\ e cnrisider this -.uliif^a nf niiieh imp'irtanee to

the fruit grower, \V e knov h\ ample e.-siMudenee th??t
it is. We crop our uwu \v ■: iie,i\il\, [)eidian-^ tco

tain prec.iiitions. wlknh the eir(aini--tanees eall for:
that IS, jintvided tic er^p will he as hcavv a^ We
have reason to ani icipate. I; Is \(yy we'i kie wntlmt
in favorable soa^ou.-, altera failure e.vj,(.,dall\ . tina's
bear too iiundi. It is \riy e(.mmon to see tlean ho
load<Ml Nv ith fruit a^ ic-t onlv to eease orowiii"- en-
tirejy. hut to bend and bn ak <lown under its we;;^ht.
This sle.nld be guarded against. Trees are in a mul- irr>'^.~-^»rnrsrp Forni'f

ti"i'!'' o! easrs enftadded, hr(»k(n, eontraet diseases, I

!^'i'' ai-e. in sIkum, niin(<l by excessive bearin<;: iiml ;
every man who appreciates the value of a full grown
heaiiiiir fruit tree \vorth fn.m SKio to So*»<» as the
fas.' niay he, >h(Mild nruard against such a result as
caicludy as he wiuild his ox or his horse a^ain-'t ex

cessive labor that would be certain t.- injiu-e or kill
them.

Trees, liketinimaU, have con-^titutions that ean by
proper treatment, be kept siauid for ,i irreat lenctli
of time, or by ne-jeet or bad treatment bi-(doMi down.
^'"'' "!''iiii"n i- thit the fecdde. diseased, and short-
^''^''■'' '•' leli! ion (d' tiie pea(dl tree in \ew' dei'Sey i "^

uue, m a great m 'a-ure, ro a e^reedy or careless sys-
tem of over-eroppine-. We know how races ,d' men
and horses deg- ueiate, |i-,,ni hai
treatment — how they dwindle do\\
proportion, svmmeti-v, and inreiii.rcuce in -hort,
wear out, to use a very comnK^n but e.spi-e sive term.
Irees "wear out." too. How many we have ai! -^e-n 1 nn.KMENTs am- Tools oi Hr-itANmo'. -Kxamino
^'^'^' '" th' !!■ \..oili, even Ixdoi-e thev had ai-ri\ed at these V^^^Asy//! aid h;i\e them put in lir>t-rate order.
aniii bearing age and size, began to look old— the | See, too, that you have ;in ample supply to answer
branches twisted and knarly, the bark roUiih and i all you farming [jurposes througliout the coming
mossy and all covered with small, feeble, ilbformed season; don't Wait until yon want to use an article;

put it by at once, and be sure to get the be-t, ami
most substantial, as it is always cheapest in the long

he.ivily: but every sea-^ai \', e fave t^ piTtorm a thin
niiiii; proees-, and we -^liould consider tli<' ne^'-leet (d
it nothiiii.:; le-s than the wilful de-^truetion of our

^^

Weevil on the Potato Stem.

An Insect of the tairiailio himily, described by S\V

as Ihnnlnis f n nhtol ns^ was discovered some ti'ne ago

by Miss Morri^. <d < lermantow ?i. l*a., on her potato

stems, which we]-," miudi injurcil by it. SpeidnieU'J

wei-e ^'iit to l-hiL'kmd to iisecitaiii if such an insect

had been it'ond tlien' on the potatoe. .1. ( ). Wrst-

wood states m the i/)n(lon (oirdenia-'s ( dironielc,that

no weevil has beiui known to re^'ide in its early state

on the i\»tato, and that: the tacts a^ stateij by Miss

Morri-" are icW to "''lenee. 'I he W(>evil dep(»sits its

e-r.rs near tic I'Mwt of the leaf, whetiee he insect
now races oi nnai "^ , . , i • i n - i

I , , 111 Works Its wav dow n.eatini: oi't tliepith till it riaudies

•d laiior .and had , ^ ^ -i. " ir i \- v v i

, ., . the t!otato itseli.— L> . 1 . A'^ncuite-r.
n m size,|osc tlieir ilo

«##^

fruit spurs, loaded perhaps with small, worthless
Iruit, not worth picking up. ,„,.o,

^ow those who desire to guard their trees against run.

\:il flM' , iHM

^i^.|u,

^^p

P^l^'',,, ''i/

'''^i*^S8KKM

iii^

^i^li^Sisi

♦i!»

Wi'

!l'

.1^;

illit|llL!|i

> I

^'V' ^

I

rf

«

Ir

I

LOFT FLOOR, D.

n IT^n rooit.
'■ M :i < bed-room
ro, H»y rnow.
/, Corii nhwlKr.

I-OFT FLOOR, D.

' Trap door.

'■ <>i>-» (.pucon for bay mowing.

J/, i.iifi for corn.

3i) FL(M>R, c

a, Dri vf w.iy,

/>, HfiKrr.

r. r.ir! iig,. houao

d Mow.

:U> FLOOR, 0.

g. C-.^iT tiiill.

A, Tliri ■■(liiiii^ tii;irliit;e.

• IL.or.

J. Tthji iliKir

A, llfd ruiiuj.

L_M

./

1^!' i i.*")i:, ij.

a, Cattle pannage.
6, " sUlls.

c, Car swivel.

d, I>i'lve wav.

e, Harues!* closet.
/, Oi gialile.

0, Horse stable.
h, lliKpitai.
». Ci<h'r press.
j. St.'amiriff hex.
k (iriiiu liios.

1, St'- I'll ii)jr rooiii

W, Shi^ep fold.

n, Pa-isatfi".

o, Rout III lii.

)'. SIh-Ivi-s iu dairj.

r, I e'loiisi',

£i Ti,.,i .|,n,r.

'.lUtcr behind cows.

f fVTYT" TVTVT^ fY^-^^'^^uf^yfjfi^^'rjw^

1st FLOOR, A,

a, Driri^ war.

fc, \I:iL'ir'' '. ault^.

r , \V:i' ' r n h^el pit

d \ • . . -jellar.

1st FL()01{, a,

/. I'l; s'yeS.
y, I';. - s<?:
^. I*rivc wav.
• Ilu'^u of I'illari.
't 'J o Trees.

* •

« • • % • •

L'k

U

: i

\ hi

■ m

.- •' -M

146

CASCADE BARN.

fAuGr«T

nhz.]

CASCAl>r; inilX-r.EAPIKO ANT) MoVVINC FAN I i:n lOV.

M7

l>e8Ciii)tion of the lllust i atioiiN
Qf the eJiratum ami grourul plan qf "C'.4 SCA 1>E BAKN,'" lUsigned by
J, With- imon, for David Leacitt. Esq. To bt erected at '' lirooksidit" in
the. township (if Great Harrington^ Berkshire ihunly, Mass., and to be
(K/mpkt<d by :Scpteinber,l653

The site of thiri barn, being acros8 a ravinf, tlirouKU which Jlows a
peronnlal stream, sutttclent for a saw mill, ana the banks belntj of a
sufficient height and boldness to admit of entering the third story
of the building In the gables at either end , whh any easy grade, and
of drlviii-; teams through from either way— it possesses ailvan-
tages as <le.sirable as they are rare. The view of the elevation Is from
the \. W. Tiie length of the upper or third story ,1s to be 200 feet,and
Just spans the ravine; the second story IGU feet, ami the Urst 120 feet.
The height of the respective stories lu'^'iimluL; witli tlin tlrst. i^ IH
feet, 12 feet, and 15 feet, amMrom llu' t(»p olUpptT girtli toinak, U
feet more; whole lu'ighM)!' rrnm il....i((t ba>.'iii"iit to iMMk,.'il U'l-l.

The roof is t<j b'' a uur .ir.-, ut 4 t tcct spaa, Ui'e wi'ltli oi llio lnuM-
tog,) and rises Itf feet; tli • id aerial tur it is to bo llie h sl •• Icaij.il tin"
with a well proportlont-d cupola in tlic ei'inre. ami two large. .s;iy]i;^'liis.
Tlie lu.itiT'.al ol tbr liuildiiig is to be woo.i, t-Mcpl tin- lower .st')ry,
•a boLh >i ies, ;iii(l the neeoi) i story ou oil!' t<iile, wliii b is i(t he stone-
eiie latter w, ill, I wo stories In hei.L,'ln, to loriu tlie wall oi the dam ot
A i)oii.i tor water pow.r, ie,- ,iii<l tiOi, a> well as I liat portion o! Die u .ill
of the building; thusservinga double purpose, nud eeuiioiuiMiig in a
great degree In both material anil labor, All the stones tor the walU.
and the m ijor p irt of the timber, ar.' to he (,(.iained Irom the i.uni.

Uy building the basement story hut !2' teet in hnu'th, and iirojoctlng
taie second one over It 2fJ feet at ead) end. and a-am projecting the
Ifhlrdstory over the second in like manner, an 1 hv hinldm^' curved ter
race drive-ways In the banks of the raviiu-. w hi. h diver:;eun inr low-
er side of the bulUling, an easy ingress and egress i^ provided to each
ftory, entirely through which, teams and vehleles in.iy he driven. |

The basement is designed for storing m inure, exiluMveoi the r.HMn

Kqulred for the water wheel; whieh i- to i^e ovi'r.>lioi, twenty horse |

power, a drive way 13 feet wide, the entire length ol story, and a nar- |

row passage to a vinegar cellar, as seen at at dM\ ground plan A. This |

•ellarand that directly over it, each 12 feet In depth, are under a part ,

•f the building project inglatterally from the main building Into the |

embankment on the upper side, or towar t> the pond, and are 30 by 40

leet. The cellar level with the sec(»ii I .Mory, i> tor n.ot.v. and may l>e

entered without ascenillug or descending; the , nnvei.ience ul wliich

for conveying roots from the cellar to the ^i able-, in the second story,

to which It Is mainly devoted, will be too obvious to need a comne ut.

The roots are precipitated Into the bins, o, at the cellar through a

trap door In the floor U. They fall from the carts through the trap

door, as seen In ground plan H. ui)ou a double. moval)le, obli.iue riddle

made of '4 inch wire. The length of tlie ui-p-r riddle being 2 feet

greater than the under one, and the uj.shesof It lar.i,'er. so that it.ith.'

mpper one,) will convey the larger root.-, to bin- ne.vt to the wall^.tlie

dirtan.l the smaller routs falling »hrou.;li it, and the latter being depo.s-

sited iiilo an iimei row of l>ins. the dirt lalllng into a tunnel shaped

hopper attached to the lower side ol tin- riddle, which depositsit into

»<'ar, lh.it i> al.sou>e 1 on the lail way on which it stands to receive

the diit, 1 :>r ( (Miveyiiig roots. lul fodder, Xc , lu the catth' tor leedin-.

All the ni.mual labor r.-'iuired in lee ding the cattle with ro<K>, raw

ar steamed, orcle.pped to 11 -w roots, meal, A:c., mixed and st.aiiied, is

to runacarwhichcu:itaiii>3J bushels oi prov.uider, ljeh)re llie lincof

cattle, about 50 In number,and shovel the loo I into the let dmg box-

*The feeding boxes arc of cast Iron, quadrant shaped, ot about one
bushel capacity, and there Is one to each sl^ll. These boxes are placed
one on each side of a partition, that divides two stalls, and are each
attached atthe right angle corner ol the hoMo the tiont partition stud
tjyhlnges, sothat thebo.\es may be swung around into tin' feeding
hall, in IVontot the cattle, and over the b'edingcar,tliat the ieed which
BplUs in tilling the boxes, may fall into the . ar instea.) of on llie lluor.
After the boxes are tilled they are turned with a sh^dit t-un li before the
cattle again. In the centre between the next or adjoinin- j.air of stalls
iB an erect cylinder, two feet In diameter at the bottom, and one foot
eight Inches atthe top, which projects ecpially Into ea< h stall, and ex-
tendsfrom about a horizontal line with the toi)Sof feed imxcs; (on the
opposite side of the stalls,) to the upper surface of th.« haydoft floor,
directly over the cattle, that It may be tilled with hay from that tloor
and thus avoiding all the Inconvenience and loss occurring when the
]x&y Is tlirown from the mow to the cattle tloor before It Is fed.

The tube Is made of pine staves thnMMpiarters of an Inch thick, put
together and hooped up like an upright churn. There Is a circular ap-
erture six Inches In diameter in each side of the hay tube, at a conve-
nient height from the floor, so that two animals may eat from the
»me tube at the same time. Under the tube Is a drawer Into which
all the loose hayseed falls through lt« latticed bottom; which drawer
when full Is emptied ; and when a large quantity of seed accumulates,
Itlacleauedforuaeormarkct, The seed thus obUUied Isof a supe-

rior »iuallty, and the (piantlty ordinarily saved by this arrangt;
win pay for all the manual labor re<inlred about the building through
out the year.

Across the front of the stalls there Is also an ordinary box niaiigerdl.
rectly tinder which, and running the whole length of the stable, \^^
trough for water, with suitable openings In the bottom of themanmr
through which the cattle nuiy be watered by removing the Iron slidct
that do.se them, which Is done by means of a levor, ofn-ninj
the line of slide s at once and in an Instant, The economy of thlsw.
rangement will be apparent to all.

.Many will doubtless say that sivch facilities for watering stockun
rarcMy be provided. But to such I would reply, that even whenthe
site of the building Is level, and without any nmnlng water, 1 hav«
a plan for a rain water cistern lint wi 11 serve the same purpose with-
mUI t he use ot a puiu;). [A dei.iiled ih-s crii)tion of this elstem, heinc

lol-i-Jmi to t he >ubieet III it !er U 11 ler < on sjd i 'I a! loij caMllol 1 m' elntxKlied

in It. ! The stabl.s are li-lited by lar.i;e win lo^ss in ttie rear of the an,

I linals, thr(tu;;h wliicb also jmre air has iiuri'ss, and the rariliiM! .^rtnp

' imre escap-es tlirom;h ventilators In the root.

i»n a pi.iue with till' St able lluor. and only 2') l^'et dishuit from the

' stable, (that s|i,ace heiriu; tinder a 2n leet proj.^; ion ol i he upper Ktorr)
is tlie dair\- or milk cellar, ll is made by archin-,' o\er ii!i excavation
under the i,Mr!!i.rii entrance fi tie- third si or v. Thi' leii-ih to this cel-
lar is siicli tliat ample room is provided lor a da;'\ , u ash ami thum-

' Imr room, a n!ill< vault ot jnoprr . ap.icity to cmiain the milk of 50
eow s ; an 1 in lb. .•\trem"rear oiihe vault, is a sjaeious ice house,
,.;,eniir; to the iinlk apartiiieiii. wliich is ventilated by Iron pipesma-
soiled into the ar.h and projtctiiig to the surface of the ground, the
top of the iuIr's being covered to exclude rain, &c. There are also iron
v.iiiidiu t.s laid In the pi^vement of the dairy, open at thebaseofihe
outer wall, iiro\ iilinu' iie-'ress lor pure air at tl'e hot tnn:. The Impor-
tance of the thoronu'h Neiitilatiou ot a dahv house Is not K'enerall]r
tinderstood— or If un<lerstood, is not hetMidi.

[The designer of this plan of buildings is convinced from 30 years «i-
perlence and close observation, that the best "sprlng-hou.se," forth?
dairy. Is one without watar—as the desired temperature can always b<
attained by Increasing the depth of a cellar.]

The refuse of the dairy— [the whey, sour milk and l)Uttoniillk]-are
all emptied Into an enamelled Inm flmnel connecting w.th irmi leaders
tliat convey it to a reservoir In the feeding hall of the pigsties. The
churn is a revolving cyllii'ler, the ehurnim,' power i< itiatused forml
other purposes In the buildin--. waier. The whole arrangement ■■
dairy department of this farmstead, it will he seen, Is such that m.,
erationscan be performed with the least possible exposure txiid iaUir.

and the greatest profit.

\\ hen the roots are ta be steamed lor feeding, the car is tilled In thf
root cellar, by running It under the Iront of the bin from which the
roots are to be taken, and by lifting a slide In front of thebin. the car

is nileil. after which it Is run out into the steamin- moni by thesMe
,,]■ Hie .leaminu box. wh-u the body of the, ar ( .mtainitiu' the rooL^ls
hoist..dl,v w.iter powertoabvel with th.' top ot th.steainiiii:t>ox.
at whieh pointitstnkesaliooktlial luei ii^itates its * out eiits Into tie

box.

Therootsarn steamed whole, and the box tilled Nvitli altematelay
ers ot root-, and . hopp.d fodder: the latter tails into the box front Ih'
iloor ..ser it. 'flie lonu ot the .si.aminir box is cylindrMal -the length
ten feet, thedi. mi. t.^r lour bet. It is liunc on joiiMi.als attached to
the centre oi ....eh head, oneof whh h has on it a pull, v Mrabelt.

When the contents of the box are .mVu iently .steame 1, the bran. of
nieal,deslgnedtobe mixed with th.in, is put into the box, and tour
cannon balls of ten pounds weight each are also thrown in, the w
closed, the belt adjusted, and the power applied. It is revolved wo j
until all the ingredients In the box are thorotighly >ncorporateda
redmed to a pulp, in whirhnn-m they are fed to both rattle and snef^
When thusprei.ired.th- contents of the box are •''*'"'" ^"^'°'°^
car, byplacin- it und. r tlie b,,x,and openin:: the door-after whlcn

car Is run before the cattle and the steam, i meslln <'*^<' ^^''^*j YhTen-
The third floor C, Is occupied by a drive-way a, 13 feet wlde^ ^^^
tire length of the building; c carrlagehou.se, /; henery, </ mid ' '
for hay, grain, &c. J-larmcfs house, g elder mill, h threshing macn
I threshing tloor, J trap door, k lodgings for workmen.

Therels a line shaft extending tin- eutlre length of the l^"" ^^^
tlie p. ak...n uliichare drums two feet In diameter, at intorva >'
feet; eachof which Is suppli*'d with a strong r.4>e attached to a i^^^-^^
pHehlng fork, and when re.piired, six or eight loads of hay "^''■^^^^^
loa.led and placed In the mows at once, dispensing with a ^n^^^^'^^
labor except to insert the fork into the hay of the ^*-'*'l'^^^: . pigtn
advantage of this line of drive-way. Is, that It admits of driv ^^^^^^
ornlneloadsof hay under shelter in case of a shower, or » ^^^^^
to be unloaded in the morning while the dew is on,in wi
grain nor grass shouM ever becut. _ ,,>

The loft of the building over the root cellar Is used for «c'
and Is open to the loft of the main building, so that corn may '^ -

I

led and cleaned in this loft, and be carried by elevators and con<lnctor8
to tlie grain bins in granaries near the cjirrlage house. The lowerstory
of this side building is used f.ir sawing woo.l, boring fence posts, *<;.,
«u.l Is snitpll<*.l with a work- bench, turning lathe ami other nec-j.s.sarles
of a c^irpeiiter's ^hop.

The machine for chopping hay, straw and staJks, Is on the left of the

rnalutiuildlng near the mows, and all the straw and stalks are chop-

peij f(»r litter, as well as for feeding. Th** machine Is deslgiUMl to cut

tt'ii bushels p.'r mlimte, and will receive and chop whole bundles of

fctalks as fast ;»s a nian can place thetn In the box .

An Iron plp«. seven Inches In diameter, Ik laid In the dam, and runs
through the building un ler the tloor (»f the second ftory. In which It
may l)e tapped at any jiolut where water Is re<iulre.l In the bulMin«
It Is also to have a coupling tor a hose on the underside of it. directly
«ver the culvert, which conveys the water from tin wii. r u heel, for
(he purpose of washinir \etiic|es. rrmts, A.i',

The vehicle-, -t.m I un a lai li.-.- hrl li;.', in tlo' .piv.' wa\ of (he lower
story, orcidlar. .is ■■! i le' .ai; vert , so that t ic diri la IN into t le- ( iij vri'l
und Is washed into th ■ HoM.al.m.M' ri v.m". w In, h is ulihin <iMi\anls.
Atnongth.' iMim.-nMis a i\ aiHa^'es ot thi- airaiiKcmeiit tor uashiii;.;
vehbdes, is tb.it ol admillin.-' oi th,- work h.int; e,unloitali]\' per-
tornied, wh.'ii the watlor is s,, 4,,i,i ,,, vt,,!ni\ oiit ,.1 ilo,,is as
to render It impracfit ib|., and b\ tlie ii,e <tl a large hose wuh24 feet
bead, the u.ak is ur.ailv la,|lil.ite.l.

Thecostot tills iiunnii^,' biiiidiiig, serving as It does, /or a rami er'.s
house. lodgiUr^s lor laiiii laborers, (li, ,|airy, and all the purposes here-
in before mentioned, w.iter-wh ■,■! and machinery. Ac, is estlm.i'ed at
about ten thousand (bdlars, an 1 it is believed that It will far e\, ,■.! in
point of convenience, economy of labor and general nroui, anv hail l-
(ml' of the kind in this or in \' otle-r , ..iini rv.

Th." Desl^'ner an. I .\i.liiiect. .d this bin Id hi!.' w.nM res pet fully ^oil-
clt orders tor plans ff.M- Farm Buil<ti>i;.< ..i e\,iv ,hM ription, in any
part of the counfy. Having given mii. h .iti, n; ion to the subject for
years, he ha.s on hand a vari.t\ ..i plans a I ij.ted to ail p. i niiarl ties of
site and systems of fariulng, wliich h.- will imnish on reasonable terms-
It Is very eneotiraglng ami gratifying' t • liuii. an. I must be to every In
telligent gentleman who Is a landholder, that the improvement In this
imjKtrt mt branch of agriculture, hitherto so defective, awl so little
understood, is now beginning to enlist the attention of gentlemen of

means,by whom much will be done hi afew years for the n.elioration | uipI licoliivcs. W.' t liiii k t lir i rim of n'iU>iii<r ,,,.(1
of tlieconditlon of the American Farmer. to whom this plan is respect ' i ^ 'I n ^

fully submitted by the author.

.I<»MN W ll.KJNS.'N.
(Ir.iil II irrii'.it.ii, Ihrkuhire Co.. M is<.

Late Principal of the Mount-Any .Sgricultiir.J 1 ns-ituie. i l.rm.in
town. l*a.

the track to be cleared hx thn l,;,,,].,., i,,*,,,,. o^^,
cuttinj; of tho nnxt swatiic

It is mil. I, lo In. rr;;ndt. ,1, nv.unx{:yr\nu^v^ '.uA ptt-

o^h.b.tm^ the pnt-fp.,.! ...rki,,. ..f t!.,.i;. .„;,,,„„.,,
J Ijerc .8 a vvid. spread Muvr^.i' n.totvsi .luMit ,t, atul
thi8soason'8.ilfr...„ltvM. pr,...,nin,^ h.h.f. Miuk.s ifc
a inait,.,-,,! ,.,.r,:n,.t_v, :,s wdl as nn-.ssit v, ,h;u l.y
anotlioj- \i',»r t liiTf will i... .. , i i'

thcin. Ml.- ..MlvhrsitMii,,,, atMot.^r farm.Ts i. us to
Wlurlt.sth../.../. \..wp:u.n,,s for them are 'Mn.Iti-
plyn.;; all t.v.T th.. rout.try, the lust \uy.nt'um nf
«'"iH-,s,.ulwav,s lu'Ing superi.n- U> iu prcdee.'ss(,rs.

The IVairie F,irtn<«r, publi.sh^d atChiea-o, spoaks
in-hlyof Danforth's mn.yhu^ maehin «, as a),le t<,
''(M.t arty (hin- that is r>,/al,/r- ,yUU the .seythr, „,»
matter how thi,-k .»• ,natt..l at the Imttoin, „h| or
you,,;:, w.-t or dry, and i,»ay he driven tlnv.. <layH
without thr appllcati.,!, of a whet^to,,,"." J>rict' lur
iMowrr, .^liM); jnuwrp ;ni(| r.'Mj.er, Sll.>.

We also sec advertised in New Ytjrk papers, Fa-
hei-'sp-ain harvt'rstrrs. S,-h. mi. ■hh-y'.s reaper and ,n,.w-
cr, ati.j Atkin'.s .sclf-rakin;.'; reapers.

The inventive i^.d. ins ,,| th.' c.dintry scorns always
f.^ual Uj any emergency. Let it ..nly h.' ascertained
that a certtiin iinpl-'juent is wanted, ami th. y u ill nc-
''nniiilate aliiM^t like the '"iiupn^v ed" e.M.kinfr st^jvcs,

lUaplMfj ami Mowing; llxhibition.

As ihri-e is a very general interest lelt tu know the
result (>1 the trial oi' th.'sc machines, which was ad-
vi-rtiseil to come dl}" at Flowertown, M'tntgomery
'•'•e.nty, it may he stated that it was not so salisfac-
t'dy as had h.'en expc'ttul, 'tnly two mowing ma-
'hmes hein;^ .ntered. Ketchum's, ami . me mannfac-
tiir. <1 liy Lee, I'i.'rce i^ 'J'hoiiipson, F]rcildotin, Ches-
ter county. The former seemed to ;j;i\e most satis-
faction to the large nnmherot larmer.^ |.'-es,.|it, doing
its work well, where it had a fair chance, luit tiie
grass, (timothy,) ^vas <juit.,* thin, and was mmdi
tra!)ipe(l .!,i\vn l»y the spectators. We know .if s.-v-
erai (.! K .t.-linm's ma.diines in use, and w irkiii"- t.i
entire satisfaction. It is perhaps the best viower
now out, at least in tlii>j»art nj the country, and wilj
cat an acre of grass readily in tw-Mity t.) thii-iy min-
utes, (me man and a pair of horses is all that is re-
•piir.'il t,i manage it.

ihrec reaping machines W(3rc entered, two of II n^-
sey 8, and one in comhinatlon with the mower, by
•t«ee, Pierce & Thompson, the grain being a h.^ivy
crop of rye. The latter received the premium of $5(1.
iiussey's was objected to by many, on account of

mowing mtehin.'s his 1 „ too high h(;ret4)fore. The

e.\pci|s... ,,f cdistnictioji will warrant a cmshh-rald.;
r.'lii.'tion, and tie- am Mint i.f sales in cons.Mjuence,
will m..n> th 111 make up th.> .liffere/ice.

AV c h.'lie\e iImtc was to h.' a trial e.\hihiti(»n in
N'''W Y'.irk t!;o past ment!-, the result of which we
shall advis,. om- readers. Manny's r.-ap.-r and m.>wer,
which has ahiLrh r.'pntathm, and took the first prem-
ium there hist season, vva.s n.»t brought t.) the ground
at our latu trial in Montgomery count}'.

-*•*-

CJuano and Super Phdsphate of Lime for Wheat

;in(I (iraK.^,

OiP' of .iiir siihscrii.ers, James IJ. Ale.xander, .if
-MitHm e dinty, writes us [\,\' information ahmit, ap-
pl\ iii'.^ < Hiano f,»r wheat. lie iipjijires, is 200 ]!)>. ,,f
\o. 1, I'eiaivian ( Jiiano, eoiialto the usual dr.'s^ino*
of barn-vard manure^' IIow can \v(; iud"-e uf tie;
(piality .d (iiiaiio/ How is it prepar.'"!'.' At what
price c.tn it Im' .ditaiip'il '.' Is it Hs c(;rtain as harn-
yard manure ?

Most of the answers to above questions, will be
f.uiiid in our j'resont number, by farmers in this
county, who sp.'ak from tlii'ir own I'.Kperience, and
whose statements are entircdy reliable. Much more
of the same ptirport could be given.

The best way for farmers to test tho quality of
their Guano, is to be careful of the sources Avhero

they purchase it. The only preparation needed, is to
throwing the grain behind the machine, requiring ' pulverize the lumps on the barn floor or in a box

Id

rfe-

ifrAgg* aa-»

148

GUAXO AXD SUPER PHOSPHATE OF LIME.

fAf

<:rsT

K iw «y rfTfctf -fam^M

With a mallet. The price of Guano varies from i^\5 od at a distance, before comin- on to the grouTd
to roO, accordmg to the supply in market. As to the We walked .nx-r this field,and the difference was verv
certamty of its effects, we consi.l.r .( uuu-U luor ccr- | striking. The wheat was heaviest, as the stubble in
tain than ordinary barn-yanl nmnuiv, which has ' dicated, where 300 lbs. of ('.1:11,,. (,. t!-r „,•.> i i

laid exposed tosun and rain all summ.r. Ciiano
should be ploughed in as soon as praitirul;!,, ;i('t(>r
being spread. Some farmers prefer mixing it with
an equal bulk of plaster.

The subject of spoi-i.il ii);inur(>s, i,s n^.w oxcilino"
great attention. Without cntrrin'j; tin' ji.-ld of s('i(>n'
tific controversy, as to which of thf new tcrtilizers
now before the y)iil)ll(' is th.; i>ost and clioapost, it

been used, but innki!!- all allowance for the differ-
ence in the soil, and time of applying it, not superi-
or, as the owner nnnarkod to us, to that dressed with
the Sup. T |'liM>phat(', while tluj luxuriance of the
grass on tliis last, seemed to give it tiie jirpffTonce*
It was also used at tlio rate of ^00 p,^. tn thr a*>rp.

'Innatlian (Jlircn, of East Goshen, use*] ;;<H)ll,s. (in.
ano to tiio acre, and )M>th wheat and grass arc much

seems enough for us at present to ])u])ish sue 1 facts 1 ... ,. r. ,\ , r .x , , ,

, ,7 .. r . iM'ttrr from that portion, tiian where the Ar.v/ slicl

and results from the use of one or more of them, as
are within our own knowhulge. These are what are
wanted, and we hope our farmers will comuumieate
their experiments for the general benefit.

dames Pierce, n{ West Bradford, ('hcstcr countv.
applied iUK) lbs, of Uuanoto the acre, last lall, it wa>
ploughed in to tho usual depth, and the wheat drill"
ed. Part of the field \va< dressed with the ordina-
ry (piantity of ])arii-yard manure. 'fhc other cir-
cumstances, as regards soil, secdin;:;, Sec, were pri^-
cisely the same. The wheat Wr,- the (luaiioe.l portion
"svas at least three times greater than the other, and
fully equal to a third portion, which received the ma-
nure which had been kept under a shed, free from
exposure to the weather.

liobert ^liller, Westtown township, applied oOJ lbs.
Professor Mapes' Super Plio>[.hate ni l.ime to thr(>o-
fourths of an acre of wheat :ast Fall, co>tin-- him on
his place about!?0. On several aere<a'ijoiiiiii.rj,,>;mpii.
ed barn-yard manure in th'' usual ijuaiititv, and for a
third strip he purchased and hauled iVoju West ('ln's-
ter, four miles distant, aliout th" same bulk of .y/(//y/r
manure. This latter hc^ estimated, to cost on the
land !Sd') per acre. The wheat on both stri{)s was
nin«di better than where the l>arn-yard manure was
used, the straw brighter and stiffer, and du the par|-
where the Sup«M' Phosphati' was a])plied, the grass,
was decidedly better than on either of t\\o others.
Four years ago, on the >anie farm, <;.uauo was plough-
ed in for wheat, 300 lbs. to the acre, on alternate
strips. The grass thi'=; season, on the guanoed por-
tions, is more luxuriant, and much better than the
others, and can l-e detected at a glance.

Abraham Baily, near Parkersvill(\ applied to Iii<
wheat last fiill, on differrtU portion of the ti' I 1, (Ju-
ano, barn-yard mauure, manure which had not been
exposed, and Professor Mape-' Super IMiosjdiate of

manure was ap})lirMl. The usual (piantity of ))arn-
yard manure to the acre applied in Chester county
is fifteen to eigliteen ox cart loads.

dolm Jackson, of East Bradford, sowed down with
wheat, one and t»n(>-fourth acres of corn stulile ground-
on one half he applied l)arn-yard manure, at tlierate
of twenty ox cart loads to the acre. Tic balance ho
'rcssed with IfiO lbs. Professor Mapes' Super Phos-
phate (d' Lime, on this part the wh(>at was rpiite as
i^ood as the manured portion, and some ol it better.

William P. Marshall, of West (ioshen, infornis a.
that he top dressed a pait of his pasture land last
Spring, with Profess. ,r .Ma pes' Super Phosphate of
Lime, at the rate of aljout 'M){) l])s. to the acre, — the
results of which are highly satisfactory — tullv cnn-
lirming the reputation of this fcrtili/.er as a n»o>t ex-
cellent top dressing for grass. Tpou the part of the
fi(dd where the IMiosphate ^^•as sown, the "-i-ass <tow
much more rapiilly ai»d vigorously than on the otlnT
part — so much ,-0, that the differenee was plainly vis-
ible at Nome distance from the held. And what U
quite remarkable, the cows i^howed a very deeide]
preference for the grass on which the Phosphate was
sown, always passing directly to that part of the
field when turned into the pasture.

Crops in liancastcr County.

Our old fVi«md and c(.rrespondent '"J. ?». G.'' ef
Mountville, iiaiu-aster county, l*a.. thu- writes re-
specting the crops in his neighborhood: *Tn this sec-
tion of our c()unty, grass has ma<le a full crop of hay.
Our winter grain, although considerably danu^'cd
by the fly, has nevertlndess turned out. we may say,
an avorage crop, and being much fulged was troublo-
some to harvest, — but having fine weather, \<\\< all
secured in good condition. The berry of the wheat
is very lull and plump, and will make first-rate flour.

Lime. The lattercould not b(M)btain(Ml till the Avheat No mildew or rust attackin<r the straw. Our oat

was up some three or four weeks, and was sowed on
the surface, and the thinnest part of the field. The
wheat on it was equal to where the shed manure had
been put, and tho grass, wherever it had been sown,
or even dropped in different places, for experiment,
was so far superior to all other parts,as to be observ-

erop never was better. Owing to a spell of dry
weather, our corn, potatoes, grass,gardon vegetables,
&c., are suffering, — but as the rains have commenced
to-day, we look for a renewal of vegetation.

As to fruit, apples will be few, but we have cher-
ries, pears and peaches in abundance.''

1851]

AGRirn/n ,;\y Aid»riESS &c

-1 ir--- IIII.M ■««iMiii iMi . ^ ■•■i^kJk^, IVV.

Vma.uK.n,;! Vd.lrcssfn Uillian. J f a. tky, Kn^. I ' Vnd Sin , ,,

11'

We regret hisnig room onl\ fw,- ;!,.. fdlowing ex
tracts from an exc<dlent a-Mre.s, d(divered by Win.
Hartley, on the 2d of >ray laM, in th- f,,wn ..f IJe.I-
ford, before the liedf(n-d County Agriimltural Socie-
ty. There are other counties in our State, whore the
farmers want 'Svaking up," to avail !!i-ins,.h,.s, to
better advar.tage of tlndr fine soil, an-l iortuiiate'lo

,,.;,i, -.i ■,► ," " I'uhoad b' made to connect

"''"■'^'";'' '•'•<''^'J^T'"-a..v other road, whieh would
',''"" ■' *"';"''^ 'hauiMd to the eastern market, and
P-|>s,n-eci|y through our county, our best n.arket
^•uhlhet^I.enon works wh.ch would .prin, npla
e^^co part ol ,air couniy. p.^ges and lurnaees
w M,i,i ;,,,^.. utevery reee.s of ..nr mountains. ,.ivin-
';''""• ''• '"'"dredsol n.en and horses, and tleu-ebv
r::,"/'""- ^'" l"-'"^"- "< ""• f^H-n.er. Hucksters

cation, noar the line „t p„hii, improvement^ \s is butter 0''^:''.,?/''" '''''" '"''''"''V- ''''•^''''- '"''" l'"**'^'-y'

1 I i I . I , V . .1 IS tu '. V,;^. .tiid even luanv I nn<^s wh (di evervf'.r

ren.arked. hucksters and traders are every .ear work. nu. now lets ,0 to wa^te. ( Witness Ih: prn"..? bm'

mg ihcu- way farther west fnuu the Atlantic cities,; ."V," V^-^ '^'^^ ^^'i-'ter, which was caused by fin

in qn-st of eggs. p,,ultry, butter, fruits, ,le. to idi- ' n'") T ^'"',"' ^^■''^''"'■^ ''•■i'»»'', in some instance.; fifn

cos heret dore^ ina •ce.ssibl.'. The u-h;<fl.. .s /k„ i .' I '? '"'" ^''" ^''^.'^''^'^^'i depots, and offere.l these al

cos heret dore^ ina •c.;ssible. The whistle of the loco-
motive, wuh its long trains eastward and westward, I ^>'' v;^'^-i'^tbMo:;; i^n^r/t.tin^^^

|n<)stunprecented_prices.; iJesides, our lar.d wouhl

I .1 •,, v'-M«,u, , ......■-.,, i, „ui eunreiy, ashi-lias il if were

"•■d;eu upon the stillness .d our forest homes, '" ^ ''*'^^'''- "".'""ty, for, while our Chester county lar-
o-ought nmuy a fertile farm within ea^v reach- '""m T'*'' ^•'^*'^""^' "P and driving to market, w
i.st;.nc.. of a good market. Our fM.-..,.,:. ;,. .1,. ' ^''!! ''''"• V"!'.!'!""*''"'" ^''•'^••' '" '"•'^'•'y the sane- tine-.

and I

in- distune. • of a good mark<'t. Our faiaiiers in tin,
i!iterior>houhl i.ideed "wak.; up" to this new state of
thui-s, au<l s.'c wliat kind of produce will yi(d.l tliem
the best r"turn.

As "the streULMh of a N^oioo J^ponds on its An--
riculture, and by it, its independence is secured '' m
the same ratio slainis the strength and independ'encM

P'Thaps with little .reater expense,'hut, all things
conM.h-re.l, With at least e(pial profits.

-•••-

'riic Delaware llortirultural SorUty

U ill hold its Annual Kxhibitioii on Wednesday an I
P , i 1 •, , o - ■— .- 1 4.,..,,- Thursday, the 11th and loth of September in the

t::::i. .X^ri:::::.I-;T.:i'^:t^ o,,, ,.■„„„..„.,, u-u,,.,,,..,. l ,.„„ „,■

all pulling together, we will be more prosperous, audi ^'''''"'"''"'^ ''"' ^'"' -''•'*''^^i"" '^^ 'piit<' liberal and extea-
perhaps, may be in a worse condition, if worse'eaii ' "'^'*'' '^"'^ '' ^^'' '"'O' .i^'^^"' <'*' the j.revious di>plavs
be. Let us endeavor to gam all tlie knowled-. of -f the Society, the coming Kxinlatiou will be well
our vocation that we can — let us keen the l...^t ,1 .1 • v m, c^ •

stock, cpcially ,„ M„.|. unimalla'T.'. :aa:,:'i;;, """'' """"^ "'" ^■"■■"'-^- "'" '''-V ""■ -^^ ■'■
"tir (dimate— and. Sir, any man that is abh; to keep ^'"•'^"^P'^'tation upon all arti.des from a distance, sent

.•>tu.'k at all is l>etter able to keep good sjoek than bad '" "" "

— thou-h It may cost more at fi'r^t, in a short time
his mou.y will eonie hack, l>.'aring with it a big pr,»tit,
and we need le.t fe;:r that by the time we 'become
possessors of a fine brce.l ,,f animals that prices will
declme. x\ot so !~fine stock even in .dd Kn-dand
stdl commands its former prices— and Hue 'i^tock
everywhere will always biing high prices, at least
nntil aft(.'r all win. are' in this In. use have returned to

ypuldic conveyance. They nniy he addressed to
William Canby, \o. l.;l West street, Wilmington,

IJst (.f Patents -\cu lluttcr Worker.

Th" continuation of flcse. is iinavoidald v (U'owded
out tliis month, ller-'aftr-r we hope to insert tiiem

_ ._ ^ ...,,4,A^ nn.re regularly. Among others of gr(^at interest to

dust, in the Hastern States men who have been no- farmers, we (d.serve a j.atent has b'-en 'n-antecl to

.''r^ro'LT'':"',?, "r '"''"'i^'^'■"■• '"•^■"•>- '""I ""■- "" fn,.,„l. K. .). t.i,.k.,v, „f .his ..„„„tv, for an i,,,-
i\ \<. Us pa( k. Still rf.'ceive high prices — still are ji- 11 1 , • , .

'nassing wealth fn.m this source, and by it benefit- ^""''' '""■^"'' '''''"''' ^'""' ^''^'''^ ^''' '"'''-

in;; their fellow men. heard of it, will be a very complete affair. A n'al-

ili'-n let us, m the first phii^e, jiulicinusli/ improve ly ^^oi.d arti de fu' this purpose, (lispensin"- with the

2irkL /ri'r^'T^'/" "^ '1''' i''nil-n:.nL la.ul- „,, ,r ,he hand to the butfr, has long h.^n wanted.

^^mr/t, 6////-//.S// /y/v.v/ .// //oy.v, when abett(M-, less mis- w ,,,,•,■

chievous, easier kept animals, can be procured at a ' "" '''•^"•.- "'""' »« ^oon as they are ready

cost comparative! \ but little higher, bet us improve [ ^^^ ^'^^^' '"''^ ^^ '' '■•' ''I'-T t-^n be obtained.

.ludiciointy, but not extravagantly, our farms, and, i

my Word for it, in a short time railroa-ls, idank

Centre County Agricultural l.xhlbition.

The annual exhibition id' tin' abov^ Socdetv will

i-";ids, and all this sort of thing will cjnn'? t(.'us.

b! us ,1,, ..ur part, and th(M-e is no doubt hut that .-,„..>> >..w

^uanueis ol \aMous kinds will l)e opened for the ,», . . . 1 i«r , .',

interchange ol comuioditio. Vet. Sir. there is great ' '^^'^^ "^'^ stated. \V .> have received a list .d pi-eni-

reason to believe that our present amount of produce, ''"'is embracing stock (d' all kinds, imduding mules

ough limit,'. 1 compared with what it might he, and' wnd jacks, airr-ciiltural implements and productions,

'"ut'f;^"' ;;/"" U°" '":"■'' "I'^";*' ^'"'^'1 'V: ^^-^ -"^ ''-->•' ^'•-^' vg-^tables, Paeon and hams

;i'L lor a lailioad to Come to u>~d.ut that W(; should , , ,,

With united (dfort, make (uie. whieh will hasten the ''^"''*'''''''' '" "'"^^''tures, How-rs, and a pl-ughing

prosperity which we, by fbUnwing this course, will be I match. Idie list of judges, and regulations for the

«ure to acquire. In a few years we will be deserted fair arc also publishe \.

Jjy the western cattle, which consume so much of our

Jiay, eorn and other produce, an<l affect the maiket

to a consnlerable extent, directly and indirectly,

throughout the whole country.

-*•*-

Feeding red pepper to the hogs with their food, is
said to be good for the kidney worm.

i !l

I (•

I "

^1

m.

150

mfMPTNa WAGON".

("Anfyp^

1853.]

DUMilM. WAGOX— SALE OF CATTLE, &c.

IM

The accoiu) Kill V III;; i'!i'j^r;t\iu;r^ ri'pi'r^iuit an liu-
y>roveil hmniim^; \V ULi'tn. |);it»-!it(Ml A.n^iu^t ."M, 1852,
1852, bj Mr. T!i. aiia-s Cu^^<)l•, ••!' FnmklMrtl, I'hilii-
delphisi ouiity, PMnnsylvauiri.

v.intairos over ull tin' \^a-(lrf-> < rtln- kind hitli'Tto in-
vontet?. It is bot'!)uiin;^ ;t i^f'Ut liNnrir.' ainoiii^ f;^r-
mers and teamsters, and \rill oTentimllj, in a great
measure, take the place of carts, and the ordinary
farm wagon. It C(>m]>ii>es ail ! In- properties of abnr-
♦len wjif^on. with th(^ facilitr of" <hniniinir it^ loid with
much more ea>'' tlian tlw wrdinai-y cart. !t i^ sini}']
in its construction, and ihcrcforc not so liahle to get

r

out of repair. Tlie facilities \A dis<'liar<:ing its V^A
are notnt all ftl'LTtcdhv an iiicrcasc of weight. Mr.
William \V. SnKMlb'V, of Wliitrhall, Pa., wiio li,i>
hceu usln;j; it i'>r x'liv iiioiitlis, says that his tram can
haul (anti iisiinsicr (iiimp) wiisi ;i> iuu« u «;v,>r G500
lh>. (Ill rhi' wa'^i'ii, a< .")<MM>1))s. on an ordinary oart.
And Ml-. Mim.r io.;;ri-s, AraminL!;'>, l*;i., iiHtT liav.
in •■ "-ivn it a fair tria.l in haulini: lnnii)in\ coahu-KiMJ,
stone, lime and various other h«avy materials, recom-
mends it to the puldrc as havinj; exceded fds expecta-
tions in. many respects', paitiml irly in the ease with
which hravv loads can he disehar-'cd. An 1 all \s\v\
tiave yet ti"i''d it, riMManmiMid it lor usehilnrss aiiu
economy. The principle e;m he- appli'tl to hunh-Ci

cars ff)r railroad^, le-avyoj cart, or to Isurdm \vag-
0118 for anv pnrpo-f, at a sniall additinnal cost.
Farmers and otlx rs ure perpiested to examine i*» con-
struction, and try it for rh-n>selve^.

Figure 1 represents a perspectivo view, and figure
2 a side elevation of the wagon.

A A are the front wheels, and B B the hind ones,
C C being the side timbers of the frame. D is the

body, which i> balanced on antifriction rollei-s. K.
which tiiin on a r..d, r\tcndin<; across th'^ framt\ < •
the said n»llers foriu a fulennn and iMsirin^Hor tlu^
wagon l>ody to rest upon and slide over, as hcrctcl.r'
shown, and they are so situated in rotation to the
length of the wagon, that the body is balanced upon
them in the manner of a scale beam, so that a soia
weight upon either end wiU tip or tilt the other en/i

I

•

^f fh.» hodv An outside plate, 6, is bolted to cither >-'!«• <•> tt'«' »-arl ..i Ihoj.'^ l.imoiis llnd d short
Ot ^"' ""^ J' ^ • n 1 • r 1 -n lloru iattif ill la. -land,

fiide of the frame or pieces, C, and is formed with

liooks and stops, cd. The side timbers, ^, are faced

The Albany Kvrnin- .I.Mirnal (.1 tla- illh, states

that the siilijoitit'd circular ua< jTccivci that inorn-

with metal form in;:; runners. orraiN f .r halam-in;!: tip- ^^^ i,^ tlw S.'crctarv of tin- State A;^'ricnhura! Soci-

wji'^on body upon, and on which iL moves over ihc «ty. Tic sale iMm take place .,ii tlie 'J Itli and 'JMh

^ ot Au;^u-'t. 'I'lie aiiMdUncemeiit, Will jirt»lial'ly p"S-

^^'^^'**'^* n- y ' sess interest for our a-riiailturi-t^. and \\ e tie relMre

An anti-friction roller./ , shun- in the hack ox- p„|,]i.i, •,, (Catalogues ci' tl.. ;,nimai- will .i.-ihllesH

treinity of both the sid>; pieces, 0, pr«)jeeting sli-litly jjc. nen! i,y th text sbMimer to the pi incipal a-ri(ail-

ahovc th(ar top surface; ujton either side (.f the hnly. tnral soci-'ticsitt this cumtry.

, . . , • I • , r .1 The lat<' lameiiied l-arl 1 lie ic havin"; r'^qne-ted his

D is braced a stop pm, y, which prujccts tr.im the ,. ,. . i • v • i» i c, i \i,.

■^» '" '' 11.' I •' hxecutors to dispust! »i| jii'- .\c;ncultural Stuck, >\\\

side timl»er, ^, and when the hudy, D, is hreu-!it Stratlhrd has the honor to announce il,;it he has been

hoii'' lu- 1 ladiiii!;, as in ti;:;urc 1, serves to deterniine favored with their instructions to sell by auction,

It- |(r"
the ic"

HU- position by striking and hearin- a^^ainst \ without any reserve, at T.u-tw.,rth Court, (ilon.-estei

,,,, • 1 i- ^ • r .1 shire, on Wednesday and Thursday, the 2lth an'

.ks, <\ I he>e tuns also i >rni trunnions tor the, ,- . ', , . ^ , .. ,. - i r j

' ' j 2.)th days of August next, the entire and hir-iamei

l,o.l\ to turn up(m, in dumping the wa-on, by catch- ^ j,,.,.,! ,,r\Short-llorne<l (aitth-, beloni^ing to his Lord-
iii(r within the lower hooks, a. A earn, A, is fitted to seip, consisti"^ of unvvards of si.xty head ot" Unlls,
"k throu'h either side i.iece, C; these earns are ^'"'^s and Heih-rs, comprising the who'e o{ thejust-
"^ ,.-.,. ,, ,. , . , i ly C(dehrated "Dmdiess" and "(hxh)rd" tubes ot

Short Horns, which, with the "Fourth Duke oi York"

mted on a shaft extendin;^ across the frame, which

siiaff i- operated by the lever, /, so that on turnini^ ^v,.j.,. jMuadiased at the late Mr. liates' sah- at Kirkle-
tln! lever upwards, as in figure 1, and securin'j; it by vington, in l^oO; jilso, the 'iHike of (iloster," and
a -trap or catch. H, the cams,//, slightly lift the hark ">=^".v otlnu- promising y.ani- Uulls and lleih-rs lu'cd

cud ot the wa:j:on hodv, anil snppiu-t it, hut when

from them, as well as others friun th(> most (•••Icbra-
ted herds in the kintrdom : " ■''• ^'"' «'>h...,i;,l \\,s.\

the !r\('r, /, is tui-ned down, as in figure 'J, thecams ,,( ,m)(( South I>»wn Sheep, hn'd from the renowned

n, rill it the wag<ui body to deseiuid and run backward:
//are lock ro^ls attachetl to dis«'s or double crank^,
«', whicii are turncfl l»v the lever, ///, and w^u'k longi-

stocks of His (1 race, tin; l>uke of irndimond: ('oh
Kiin'scote, (" ant. I'tdham, Messrs. Kllman, l>ar(dav,
Harris, ami others ; since which have been used the
verv best 'J'ups that could he obtained from Mr. do-

tudinally to lock and unlock the bo<ly by sliding | ,j;^^ \v,.|,h. Al-u, the unri\allcd stock of ri;j;>. de-
throu^'h c, within catches or oiMuiings formed on the sccndcd from the most di>tingui>h.d breeds in the

standards, m, as renrescnted when it is desired to un- country. i i i-

' . ,,•.!' 'Jdie (diaracter<d the above stock may IxM^stima-

load the wagon, the h>ver, /MS turmMl, unlo(d<ing the ^^.,i (-..an the la.-t that the originals of each breed
b'idy of the carriage, and the h'ver, /, hrou;j;ht down were purchased v/ithout the shightest r(^gard as t(»
80 as to permit the body to fall upon the rollers, i price, and will be found to comprise; some of the
when a .li^^dit pressure by the haml will ,arrv the ' n.ost valuable animals in the Ihi.ted K in^^dom ; as
, , , '^ ' , •. r , r ',• I su.di thev are rspecially de>ervin- tin; attention of

body backward, and prepan; it for unloading, winch ,^^.,.,.,1,.,.; ;,, ,.,.,.,^. p.,,t ,,f ,he worhl.

is easily done hy the hand. When unloaded de})ress ('atiilo'oies, with the pe(ligre"s and other particu-

the hodv at /;, and briii"- it to its place, then raise hirs, wilfshortly be is^ue<h and may behaduj.on ap-

the lev^r, u and lock the standard, //^ and it is again p!i<-ation to Mr: Straflbrd,SU Guildford stre.t,]lusseb

,.^ . 1 <■ 1 I- 8(1 11 are.

reacfy for re-load in <»;. \ ,, ^, r.,.w. '^'^ m''."

-' ^ London, June — i^oo.

Chicory.

Our correspondent, F. A. Xauts, urges the cultiva-
tion of this plant, ricliorium Intybus. In this vicini-
ty, it is considered rather a noxious weed, which
the farmers are anxious to ij>t n<l of. We doubt
much if it will supply the place (d a -oo>l laipof Ja-
va. Von Thacr speaks (d «.ne objection to it m Kn-
gland, that they can't get the plough deep enough to
destroy the roots when they want a rotation, and that
it s{)rea<ls very, rapidly. Ibdore introduemg new
plants, it is W(dl to look at tiie facility of getting rid
of them, in eas(^ of disappointment as to their profit.

Further information may lie obtained by letters ad-
dressed to the patentee, Frankford, riiiladelphia
count v, Pa.

'^^►

A Chester County Hay Crop.

Wm. Drici's, of Midway, in writing to us upon
Other matters, mentions ineidentally his crop of hay, i
w!ii(di is worth taking note of. lie siys, "adlmy
crops are heavy and have been got in, so far, in (ex-
cellent condition. 1 had not over eighteen acres in
grass, frof'i whi(di we took off forty-nine large loads
of first (piality hay — making over fifty tons. From i
one of my fields which measure.! ',)• acres with a ^^ i);trlin"ton in his Flora Cestrica remark«^, "it is

justly ranked aiauiig the nnprofitabh; intruders.
<♦»

drill when tlie wheat was put in, we hauled (df twen
ty-nint» large loa,d.s— over ///'/7// tmi^i of hay."

This iadt tiehl, it will he'notice.l, produ.M^dom- To ('oHUKsroNUKNTS.— "d. H. B./'in reply to C.

three tons to the acre I : While the whole eighteen , Blight lirowne, is in type, but was uavoidahly

acres fall but little short of that yield. Our friend crowded out,— will appear in our next.

Dripps furnishes a good commentary on his system ''A Delaware Farnn'r" received, and will uj.peur

of farming, to say the least of it. next month.

I pf

I

"'F-

lr»^

COMMUNICATfcWS.

of which was low meadow ground, tho ,,th..p
diii- lo uphiiKl, from which woro ^'utheiv,! an/nj^
cted last year, over :!0() bushels of fruit, hu, ,„ '?
liittri- part of summer the timothy imd 'h,.p,i ',J'
proved better adapted to the low '^rnmud ])v ui^,''
possession, and thi.y.ar the str;uvl>,rrics Lhi^e 'we!
abandoned, and the -rass mown for hay, leavin
three acres ot upland in strawhorrios win'-!, w.^!
dressed, viz: the alleys Ioosou.mI with a sub.,, i] ,,! ,,'•"
an<l the stools of dwver, w,m.1s, cVv., taken innn't
h.'ds and placed in the alleys, whieh s.-rvnl tl,-
dnu)>le purpose ofretainin^r moisture and keepiu^th!!
berries elean; the yield was 151 bushels ui fVuit" j '

i'or the Farm Journal,
Cultivation of Strawbci rus.

As the cultivation of small fruits is very properly
olamHng the attention ,>{ burners, residin-^ within
convenient access to the large cities,it may not be in.-
proper occasionally to record the result of careful ex-
periments whether successful or not, as such land
murks are more unerring guides for the uniniuated
than mere paper calculations.

Strawberries being the earliest fruit to ripen, can
liave no competition in the market, and under <.rdi-

nary treatment will yield large profits tn the produ-
cer th,,.,, ,^,^.^,j^,^, 5^^ ^^^.^^^^^.^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^

ncty gnnvn, the (juality of the soil, and the cultiva- 1 ^^'^'^^'^ ^ ^-^'^'^i^'^'*! ^ ^ P<^r bushel, an,l paid i\\ eents f„
ion they receive. The kind most generally cultiva- 1 I^'^"^^^»-' '^'^'^ ^'^'ty ('<'"ts {m per. cent coinniissiun )
tea as a market crop is llovey's S.-edling, with about ' ^•''' «^'"''^^^ '^^^v-'lve dollars per acre would ho a full
onr-tenth their number oi hirge Early Scarlet, dis i ^'^^'"P^'^'^'^^i*"^ ^'>'- the little culture they received f.,
ir.hut< 'i throughout the}. lautation as fertilizers. The i "^' ^''^' account stand thus:
M^-Avoy's Superior is a m..re vigorous and hardy ' '^"^ ^"^'''""''^ *''^ ^ '^^^^'« ^^^ I'^^i^l at SKlQ
pistillate plant, and yiehled a larger crop of lar.; ' !! '"'r "S - m "i i ~ -. "
sized berri...>,tlian any otle-r H. ,r \ ? V"''^'"- ^'^ ^'^^^li-'ls at Gl cents,

sorvation this , I ^ '''^'' '''^^ ^'^'- " ^'^ ^'''' '-'''''- -'"»^^^i-^^i'>n for sellir.g

sen ation this Near. Ihe Genessee and (^nubrid-.-e j

are hermaphnxnte plant., and bore a full <-rnpnr'
large early fruit, rfpening on the 'JSth (d' -Uh month
last, and n.tny of the berries measured trom ;] to ;].••.
inches in circumference; if they continue to be as
productive as they were this season, tliov will b- Nal-
uable fertilizers.

By lo 1 bushels at $4,
Kxpenses,

77 iHj

$229 5G
Slip; III)
S22'J .%

;^:;so 44

I'roliton three acres,
i:>pi:il SlL!^ S] yrv aero.

_ , '-^'^^^ ^rst year tli(! plants are set there is no returns,

aviii- a v:in.-ty n[ voil in cultivation, I have ' ^-^"^ ^''^'-^ ^'^^i^^' "^' the plants at tln^ close of succeodin<^
grown strau-lM ,Ti,.s on all kinds, from light blowing ! J'^^^rs would bea full remuneration. Were 1 to draw an
sand to J?titr tiniotliy button,, an.l have learned to ' ^''^timate fnun some of my specimen beds a few rods
avoid either extrem.-, and now s.deet a good loam of in length, which are thoroughly cultivated,tlie n-sults
medium texture, tolerably high and undulating, so above stated would appear like a failure, but lor
as Iroely to carry off the surla.. water, eover it wi: '.n-v fu-mers, wle^re land is plenty, and labonTS
manure which should be wrll ineorpnrated with the | ^scarce, the gr at .,u^'<lIon i< not how'mueh ]>er cm
801 ;^early in the Spring n.ark the rows 4 feet apart 12 i profit can be made on ant acre, but by what niedecan
o lo ine|-..s,l,>tar.tin them. Put one hermaprodite to the m.)st clear money be made on all the land tliej
o^er^ t.-nol the p.stdlates, injecting the male or ])arre have to cultivate with the laborers at their cunmand.
plants w,n,h produce no fruit, but blossom and grow Over one hundred bushels of corn may be grown on
vigonursly, and so,.n over run and crowd out the
more Iruitful cun'-,.

The beds sbnuld b.' k.>pt mello .• an<l Ave fr

an acre of ground. Yet more clear money can be
made on twenty acres yicdding fifty bushels each.
-om Oneof my n dghbors having but a few acres of
weeds tliM first >ea>on, tie- runners carefully distrib- 1 kind devotes proper attention to somethin- les-> ihau
uted over the ground so as to h.rni tie- beds with reg- 1 three aei-cs of strawb-rrb-s, keeping the ground well
ularity, after which but little eulture is needed. 1 manured, mallow, and free from weeds, the expense
use a subsoil plougl,, whieh m.dlows the alleys with- ; of whieh h.^ has not been able to furnish, l,ut he in.
out throwing earth on the plants, the benefits of | formed me^ that he received over SlKlo'dollar.s for
which are clearly shown, .specially ir, a dry season, j the fruit this year.

by the superior vigo- uud pn-duetiveness of the | "' AVIIJJAM I>APJIV.

plants near the edge of t!ie beds over those in the \ Cmnaminson, N. J., 7th mo. l^Uth, 1853.
centre; the circumference exteieiing from 12 to lo
inches on either sid(\ and the beds being thrive feet
in widtli, allowing one foot l\;v alhys, the plants
nearly all receive nonrishnient i'yniu the moistur** and
atmospheric intlu(>nce absorbed by the soil in the al-
leys thus deeply pulverized.

In 1850 I planted six acres of Ilovey Seedling on
the plan above described, in still' clay land, one-hall

-•♦^

For t!i.' F.uni Journal.
What is ;i Ilovey's Sccdling^ JStrawlicrry ?

Sirs: —

I dislike to occupy your pages witli an ob-
jectless controversy; hence I have chosen the above
topic to write about. But first allow me to make a
remark or two on Mr. Prince's last effusion.

I

1853.]

CO.MMI'XIOATIONS

153

I am now charged with "evasion" una "ignorance."
Well, this is ])etter than downrijht lying, with which
he charged me in ins first; or in his own w.»rds, with

justice would shield an otie-i Ir ,01 an unjuNt attack.
And now, sirs, what is ilovey 's Seedling?

n^-'' parado with a l!<eiri,h .Mr, 1 >>i\\ iilM;r's

Mr. r

nrikin^astatcmientas amatt.r „t ia.t, whieh "was att.n.p, to ,.,•,.■.. what I h.ve n.w .lo,,. Mr |)„.n-
utieriy impossible.___ I am not without l,„p.. that by in/. .,b.,.nationH l-.l !,i,ntotie. e.n.b.Mon. t hat

another etfort he will receive me into the company of
the doijinatic and insolent.

llovey's w.iuM, b_v . iiitur-'. b.-eome an Ibrmaphro-
dite. 'I'lii- was denied, 'ih, sub^lanti;^t^ his state-
Now, for the "evasion" tir.^t. liuf notiee "his rca.- ^ HH'Ut, he sent hi. plants to the P.,,st,,n Societv. Th. y
ons!'' his "ut..-rly impossible!" his -long experience ^ deeble,] that tie- kin^l wa. nm I b.x .y's b.TuuM. it was
andn.'vei- .aw it," liis "ehanging a goose into a gan- a stannnat.'. Mr. howning e-udd. "of -ours^ , .^av n.)
der!" "Kvade" Mieh arguments! 1 will let De more--to them: but to tlir dav of his dratli, .so" far
(irmn.i ..peak f.rme: "See hen- are arguments .,f tei- , as ever 1 could learn, Ae eould 'neN.r be nmde' to un'
rihle i:,re.! f)r (diildren." But I did not m-'ution th.' derstand, that Ik; "b.-ran with a bluml.T."

"name ,,f Ilovey S Msdling" in my la^t. In my tirst
1 silt 'd that from [)istillate pbuits of llovey's in pots,
(wliich 1 had markeilj 1 raise.l runners, which pro-
duced soon; pi.stillate, au'l some (••■rlect lloweriu"-
plant-^. In my second 1 again referre,! to the ex-
porimenr, but oniitt(;d for In-evity sake, the mere

1 ask again, wdiat is a Ilov( y's Seedling?

Wlnm it first came out, a friend of mine received
the first jilantsin Philadelphia., direct from .Mr. Ilo-
vey. Kvery care was taken with them, as the repu-
tation of the house dependc 1 on their acian-iicv. In-
nunn^'able C)mplaints came in after thev were sent

nauji'. What a (piibble to object iH)on ! 1 shall soon , ,,f r,. . , *i • * 1 ii 4 n i r. ..

^ •' t ii. J . 11. Ill Mjoii ,,y|- j|.,,rn this stock, that Hermaphrodites "were nnx-

expect t.. lK;ir or .Mr. 1>. brin- ..„-:ig,.l in a .li..,-,,..- , ^d with ll„.,„," aiul inv Cri,.,,,! ,.,„.M iirvr,- h.cnnvi,,,-
eion as to th« number of angels that cau walk on tho ,.,!.., .u, v.. u,w „..„ t,",., „„. „h.k„h-,.,„usi huv. ,ak,.n

point td" a n(.'edle.

place in Mr. II. 's establislnnent; or (which he has

Mr. Prin>v^ may argue to all eternity that mv believe<l,) that the sexes change

plant, were not llovey's St!e<liing. I have no hope
of ever coavinciug him that it is not material \n heth-
they were or not. They were pisti Hates, and plants
with perfect flowers were raised from tliym. The
reader will pl(>as.' recollect that the [ilants were not
titv'U Irom a bed of plants in the (jpt-n groun<l, in
whicli ca^e they might have got mixed, but were ta-
k-'ii fr »m j)i.tillate plants in pots, purposely tor the
experiment, thus rend -ring any "blunder" generally
impossible.

Once more, what is a Ilovcy?

A\ hen a portion of one of my finest beds of llo-
vey's Seedling, an I wliiili portion ''ontnined c/t/'<rt'/y
hcri/i(ij)hr()(lifi' flowers, were ripe, one of the strong-
est advocates of tln^ sexual theory, cann; to see my
strawbt-rriivs, I jiointed out this portion, and tohl him
that I wanteil him to nauif tlnan. Affci" a vt-ry care-
ful and close examination le' pronounccil tlcm to be
"ccrtainlv IIom-v's." I tlcn told him they were

HtTinajilirodites. He tleai rrplii'd that t\i*'y ciiild
11 IN- I cleared myself from "evasion ?" Then, ;^,,/ h,. llovey's, but y/^z/.s/ hr Bui.t's Pri/c.

now for the "ignorance." ^ .1 1 1 f 1 1 f • it

Aow, gentl(3men, do you understand what is a llo-

1 am "ignorant of the characteristics of McAvoy's , vey's Seedling?
Extra lied, and a d.)zen otln;r varieties." AVhere | "It is a strawberry that has a pistillate flower.''
did Mr. P. learn what I kn )vv about the "do/en oth- ; Show these gentlemen a plant with lu:rmni>hroditc
er varieties?" The arroganc*^ that lifts a man up ' which you have raised directly and uninistakebiy
t" an imaginary bench, wdiere the knowledge of oth- ; from a pistillat(! plant— what then ? Not Ijeing a
or m-n can be judged, "witlKUit rule or precedent, "is ' pisiillatc it e^//i/ioM)e Ibney. 1 admit this logic Z^'
Hitnply ridi.-ulous. Ami as to the "suppos.Ml anom- unanswerable.
aly'' of McAvoy's Extra Red b.-iug w.'U known, I 'p,,„„ w'c have SlODd oflered to anyone who can

'"' '■' ''"^"'' '•■'"^^ ^^''- I^'>ngwortii him-^.df, who rais- pro.luce "one perfret berry wIhmi grown by its.df''
ed tiiat vari.'ty in his own gard.-n, and under his own ^yiio said they could .b) anything of the kind ? The
acute observation, in which he stat.ss, that he never .^|,i, ^^^^^. ,,y u^y. D." in your last, which so clear-
saw any tendency of the kind in it, and never heard ; j^ ^^^3^ f^nh my ideas, shows such a thing probably
01 It till this season; and that it is the first instance I j^,,,! ^j^^ ^.^act knowledge of whetler that can U
Uiat has come uiid.-r his observation of pistillate kinds .^'^3^.^,,,1 ,,,,,,t,p,,i,.^l,l,.^^ 'Pl,;, j, ^j,,, only thing 1
producing h.'nnaphrodite flowers." | y^^^.^ ^,,^,1 i,i ,,,nuection with tin; .subject. Mr. Long.

'Jl cour.>,(; 1 don't expect Mr. Ihincf^to place any vab worth's offer is not f )r any thing of the kiiel, but for
lie on Mr. L.\ W(»rd;an "utte;"lv impo...ibli'" will do an hmnajihrodite produc e(l by eudtivation from a pis"
in any case-— except with the public. It must not be tillate plant.

inferred from the above extract, that Mr. L. agrees There is something one can understaiel in an offrr
With my views. He will pardon me for quoting him. like this. M. P.'s offer is really too magnanimous.
l-bou*rh QQ "opposition benches," his stern love of' If his hobby horse cannot come off "first best," with.

I

154

COMMUNICATIONS.

[Arorw

I

out such baokinj^, I blush fo^ science. 1 Inive road
somewhoro that,

•'All iiU'ii, till by looslnif roinlrriMl siiKor,
Will buck tlH'lr Mwa opinions by u wugor/'

Well let it go ;iL lliiit.

So now -'Messrs. EditDrs," T ]iav.' done ^vitll tli(«
Ruhject for the present, unless nonii' unbecoming per-
sonality of Mr. Prince's, should oblige me to recur to

it again.

THOMAS MEi:ilAN

-•♦•-

Mr. Kimtok;

>'"r till' Kami .FoJiriial.

A writer ill the Julv inuiibcr of tli(^
*'Jo(irii;il ' |ii-njM)U[ids "'a lew i^ueric^ iur fowl coiino-
isLur^.

The one as to ''tho ()ri;:;in ni^ tho so nilb'd Thitta"
gong fowl, and whctlnr they may h" considered a dis-
tinct breed, tfcc." Of ciuirv,' iiDiH' l»ut thns" i'ii<ra'r(?d
111 llll|i'il! iii;^ t lieiii i';ui siiti^lUeti.i-il V iiu^wer. Vny inv
part I '' '^e seen some larcre and verv fin^^ collections
of the tiiree breed-. \i/: Sli;in^h;il, ( 'ocMii Cliiiia and
Chittagoug.s, and 1 have never becnuMe to diserlmi-
nate so nicely a- to point ont tli'- di<tne-tlve {•Mtures
of the ihree breeds, and thit there is really any very
marked difference in them, is a question as yet un-
solved in my mind.

i li;i\ <• li.id wlnit weri^ repre^ent-Ml to ine to be the
three distinct speci''^, aiel w li'-n placed tni^cther in the
same yard, I could discover really no dinerencc i^
tbeni.

They are all represented as ()ri;^inatin;j; fnni the
same source — a wild fowl »)]' (,1iina — and so far as 1
am inf(irin<'l, iliM-i\e their nann's tVoni tin- respective
State iVoin which they are exportt^l, and in niv hum-
ble ojiinion there is no distinctive features in either
of the fhrr, , other than those whi(di ])ersons iii/crcs-
t>'i1 in their fiatiir are ]>leased U) fnivi/.

'idle "boobies," alluded to bv vour correspondent,
a^ found in this stu'tion u{ the country, and which
were brou_:;ht here by some of the (\irly st^ttlers from
Bucks county, bear litlle or no resemblance to tln^
pure Chittagongs. They are not so large, are very in-
ferior la3'ers, and unlike tho species that "display as
many colors as ",Josej»!i's coat,'' ar(» most generally
of a v*'i'"wlsh brown color. P.

Money, Pa., duly KUh. ISo.-].

thejr food, and about once every two weeks a little
flour of sul))hur mix(>d with their meal, (this latter is
good for other complaints than gapes,) and Irt fj,^^
have their wafrr in shalloir iron vessels. They cm' th"
pepper greedily, and It appears to act thus far iis a
sure preventive.

I lii-st saw it more than a year since in the Farm
doui nil, and have tried it since then with the above
results.

Yours truly,

Towanda, duly 1st, iSo;'.

Ai. .S. K.

-••►

T'^r th<^ Firm Journal.
Capes in Cdiirkcns.

Mk. Editor: —

In vourlast number, a corresitondent
enquired for a remedy for </(/^/',v in '/urlicn.s'. 1 raised
sixty or seventy last Summer, and about the same
number this Summer, nnd have yet to loose the first
one from that cause. 1 give them once a week, after
they are four weeks old, a little cayenne pepper in

Drilling Wheat.

Mf.sshs. Kditoks:

Ilavin;]; ex|)iTien('ed ^reat ailvau-
tages on mv own farm, from drilling wheat, ov.a- the
broadcast sowing, and as the tlm > for seeiHii ; is ;ij>.
proachlng. 1 drop you a lim* on the subject, an^l it' ir
slial! induce ou"' or m »re f arm u's to try it, 1 s'lall
feel that I have done the State some service. The
(lit}<'r"ii,',> in my tn'M at liarvesi time, hrtweoa tin*
two methods, was obvlou- to the mo^t cari'lfss n!i>.'r-
ver, Ic'inj; oiii' third h ■ ivier in jiroduct, the dtli'T
clrcum<t inces l)"ing the same. Tlie a IvaiitaL^is of
drilling I under>tand to be: l.-l. The grain is sowq
and covered rej/ularlf/, none left near the surface to
be exposed and perish afler the first settling rain.
2nd. Tt is co\(n'i\\ 'h^ejier than with the coiinn>ii har-
row, and is not so liable to b" throwii out by thi' win-
ter. .">r.L It tak-'s a p'ck to half bushel at least less
seed, which alone will pay fu- the cost oiMrillmc:.
1th. From its regular distribution by the drill, it
cone's up and r//)^?/^ re-ularly and eveidy. which li
verv often not the ca<e, wle-n sown broailca-t. ■>th.
Tiie open spaces betweon the drills af^br<l a much
b. tter chance for the grass seed. In ev.'ry view of
the subj(M!t, my ex|)eri(Mice and hundreds of others
proves it is true ''er>//^;/y/y to hav<^ wheat drilled in. I
oma; heard of a farmer who had a drill ofTcred U)
him, to lie paid f»r by the in'T''<tsid \\M of a field •>{
oO acres of wheat. crtain ^.ortions being left through
the II. dd broadcast, and the -rower to determine tlu'
differene(> to lii^ own satisfaction. Tbis increas ■ vn
afttu-wards calculated to be lo;; bushels. The gr"'iii>i
should be ploughed twice it possible, and put in niee
order by the harrow and roller btdori? the drill comes
on the field. It is al>o im)>ortant that none but ii

lirst-rate maehin*.' shouki 1m> u.>cd.

Vours,

L. doll\-o\,

Del. Co., Ta.

-•♦^

Strawberries.

We bad in pre[.aration, some engravings of new va-
rieties of fruits for the present number of Journid
but they have been unavoidably detained till too late.
They will appear in our next.

I

1853.]

< < AIM! VTr.A'I l(i\^

If' 5

For U»e Fnrin Jonriml.
llurning l.iiue.

In a former letter I conebebMl my remarks on the
action of li»'»'' applied to th(; soil, and suggestod the
niiunuT in whieli it should be applied. Without
venturing tin? assertion, that I have point«!d out all
its functions in the soil, I should next in order, dis-
cuss its im[)ortanee as a constituent of the plants that
derive their sust-'ouu'-" p ii-'!y h-oni \\><' ^*n\.

I will, however be oldi'j'd t" lorti aside liwnithe
direct ord^'r and at ])resenl throw out som<' id-as on
the subject of it- manufatdure or preparation.

i;_,ii,. ],;\< I a in u<e as a, cement, from a very re-
mote p-iiid. In Ihiropi' it is ]>rrpared by calcina-
tion, in kiln-, ln'ated, for the most part, with fu<d, in
iiKiiiN ri-p<'ct-, analagous to wooij. In the I'nit-'d
States, \intil \<'rv lately, wood has bern the only
bed riMp! >vcd in its njanufact ure. Of late y.-ars the
seareit\ "f wood, and the increase(l healities fi»r id)-
tainin"" eoah has gi\cn rise to the use of coal as a
8uhstitutt». K ilii< ba\ o b.'cn eonstrteted In whi(di
coal alone i> u-''d: otht-r- interlard the Hm''>toiie
with coil!, aid u-i' Wood uicho" the ar(di to -tart the|
fire. The iiiu" neioufai-tureil by the use of ci)al
alone, is not con->id''r'Ml ni as good a ipiality as the
lime made from the same matc'rials, in the h»'atin^
(d which even a portion of wood is tin ployed, and
neither (d thes'' will t'<-inpare v>itli tie- old-fashioTied
W(>odd)urnt lime, ddcre is iiodoulit that thi- difler-
encereallv exl-rs, :ind if wood could lie u>ed at as
little expen-r a> coal, no c(Kil-burot lime wouM Itc
made. For the best kind of mas'mry coal-burnt

liine 1> never U-t'd.
The ol)jections to coal-burnt lime, are that it i> not

active, ai^.d does not di-play the same decree: ol vi^or

us the \\ Ml id burn t lime.

I aiii Hot aware that any one has attempted to ex-
plain \\iiy thiols the case; and all those who have
ne iiiiMnni tie' subject havti been contented to set it

down without further in«{uiry.

\\ hen a ipie^tion of this kind is prc.'sented to the

mind for >obition,the hrst eiepiiry should be: Wher*;-

ni do ihr two processes difier !

ihe Juatt'iaal in general use, in this ce)untry, f<»r
the manulaeture of hnie, i> tlie Oomolite. Pomolile
is a carbonate of lime and a carbonate of magne>ia.
It contains from "Jo- L'>( I to lo-lni) ol carl*onale <d
migiicsia. ddie Ime' madefrcjiu il is eapaljle of form-
ing the !je.-.Land most durabh; cement. It is not so
economical tor agrieultural purposes, because the
proportion <d earbouale of magnesia found in it, is
not as valuable as a like ann/unt of carbonate of
lime. Magnesia may to a certain extent ])lay the
I'>irt of hiu' in the Stjil but it can leaver be >aid
to be espial to it. The limestones wdiieh contain lit-
tle or no magnesia are more a[»t to fall to pieces when
heated, and are consequently more inconvenient to
handle. Lime made from marble is always disinte-
grated.

Carbonate of lime is composed of Carbonic acid

1 and ihc uxyil calcium \i the ordinary teniperatiire
I carbonic acid has a very great affinity 1 i lime, so
j line !i - I tlin it will deprive the cari)onate of potas-
i sa of its car))onie acid, die athuities betwi.ii -ob

stances isveiy nm. li iliversifie(l !,\ the temperatuie.
I Silex will not combine witli bme at a low temi.era-

turc, but will combiin; with it at high tempet atur«;s.
I Carbonic acid on the contrary wiil be expell 1 Ikuu

its ponddnation witVi bine by a high tempera*ui-e,and

is eapaide >>{' great atiituiv for it at a low i.ue.

I m ike n » d eilit that tho-.- who have burnt btue

with Wood, ha\ e attributed llit« whole (dVeetl\e JtoW-

rr to the heat produeed, atel herein lies the ditliculty
of ata-ountiuLT lor the difference of the re-^ults when
coal is use«l as a substitute. With coal any heat can
be obtained, li(»\veV"'r lo w or high, and (f -r thl- joir-
posej it contains no niaterial in sufficient ipiantity>
that could act iniuriouslv.

b. f)

Lehigh coal aecor<ling to Mr. \'atni\en is
( 'arboii,
AVater,

Silica, I-

iVnnnina, i" *^

Ox. 1 roll and Mang. ^- -

lli-at pr^niuced by anthraelte coal, whi-n u-ed for
the purpose in (po'^tion has no p iwer except that
which is attributable to the beat. Ib'at i^ -oppose. 1
to imliue the eonstitmaitfl of some bodies, perhaps
all bodies with r^ puUeei between their ])arti(de8.

When heat is (d)tained by anthracite for the pur-
pose (d' smelting the .,re>, care mu>t alwaysbeliad
that the coal mu-t be in .Milfieieut exce-^ over the
sujijdv of oxviren so that caid.onic oxyd be forne'd,
and not carbonic acid. In tie' ease in 'piestioii the
presenei; of carbonic oxyd ci.uld not be of any bene-
fit.

Lime when made in a ••onfined vessfd is w> l>etter
than that made by anthracit.« coal. The reason is
obvious. The san>e i)oweris used in both eases.

Let us see what power is use<l w hen lime is burnt
by the wood pro.'css. Heat ].rodueed by wood is ac-
companied by the (dimnation of a variety of gas ses
and vapors, comj.ounds of Hydrog.-n and (Carbon.
Water is aNo produced and passes with the rest
through the kiln and in aeh.al .-outaet with the car-
bonate of lime. Carbonic acid i- easily reduce.! to
carbonic oxyd at the ordinary temp^-rature of a lime

kiln.

TheeompoutcN of Hydrogen and Tarbon contain-
in- a,- tlc'V 'io ill ;i \vo,,d fir<' great excess of finely
divide.l carbon, decomp--" the carbonie acid of the
rarbonate ni' lime, and we have a lime produced by

(dective affinity.
: Experience 'has shown that lime thus produced is
,,r a JM'tter ipiality tlian that which is produced by
heat unaided bv electiv(« atfinity.

Having asc. nailed the cause the next question is
can we remedy this delect?

To be able to make as good lime with anthracite

156

COMM[I\ICATION&-POTATO niSFASK.

[Arcf„

a« w.tU wo,>a, .H ..np,.«s.We unless we resort to B„me all ,l,at we can often attain to, are m„/„ • ,
means l.ywh.eh we can proeure a reducing tire, eal- l.eing aide to understand tl.o to, bv 'tV''*
cu lated to reduco carbonic aeid to carbonic ox.d. are brought about. I, was J^Z'^^f *'•'
I we could br.n;; tl.e carbon of the coal into lo,- driod ,„„ato..s, not only es.ap.d dis,- s , l'^'
mediate contact w.th the carbonate of li,,,.., ,l„. ,1,-' w„h o,n,M,al vi^or. tL Kd tor of tl ,* ('i' T""^
B.re effect would be produced. Uut carbon 1. „„t po... .bis to ba^e 1 J o i ^ , ^^
vo atdo when ,n .ts uncombined «tate and uo are un- the insoluble .tarcb of ,l„. ,:Hato 1 v thT h "'
able to effect any such contaet. T„ polvri.e „.,. .uo,, d.xtrin,. and so^-ar u! an^^. L^^^^^^

.mestone and tl.e coal and beat ,i,. .,„.„,.. w d : old,., and .oady to b^ taV., iZb :;'•;;

dotoaeertame..t.ent,but would b. to,, ...p,.„.iv.. , B„|l„,„,, theorv, that tl,,- ,li..,,s,. is ex,, ll , ,
ll.e production „f ..aH.,ul,. ..xy.l by i, „,l,us,io„ I bi,b tomperatu,;, i.s thus a,.,.„u„„.,l f,„ •'

Nvill n..t ,|..: .■ai-b.uic o.xyd .■aiiii,it a,.,t as a r,.ibu-er ■n .-,,,,

of rarbunic a,-i,l. Ilmaec.mn (^uvu by l',„(,.ssor 1!o,,,..m.;n „f,.„

,,. , ,. ai!(M,l('Tit wbhdi 1,',1 to tins discuvorv is as I,, II

l( a -oil banvl ,.s lill,.,l with inin filin-s or bri-lit j He had contrived a Potat.Ksrttrr, wbidi ba,l tl.'.'T,;
card teeth and h,'at,>,l i-,"d h.,t,an,la current ol sti'am i 'l":i''ty of di'stroyin;; any sprouts that nii.rht |„'.'*
be passed ,I,r,,u,:,n, it, tb,' st.-am will b- ,l,.oonH,„s,.,l I ','"■ «';'^, •,'"'1 even nf tearin- away tl„. rlM-b T„ bar-

.an,l llvd,-....n will ,■.,.,,.,. ;,t tl.. otlon- oxtnouitv an,l ' ''^'". '."■/ ."'^^f'"-''; «",'" '" I"'';'«-^ 'I;-'" a;;;,i„s, ,h„
■ ' " ^" ' "" ' '•^"t "">i>''nil . ai^cident, be rcsiilvod to dry th,'i]i. In tl,,. siiriii

the oxygen will unite with tb,' inm. l!<r,i), be placMl a lot in a v,i-y l„,t i ,„: j^,„| .j^'^'

IfafiiM-w,, 'n\.\.' ,Mnipl,'t,dy ,-,niv,M-t,Nl all the iron '''i'' "f thr.'e we,'ks they wcrv dry en,ln^r|| t,i ula,,'

in th,.. ;:nn ban-,d. int,. an „.xv 1 „f iron, we continue i "'" ''"'''.i'"'" "r".'!' "'' "■","; "'■"' 'T"'"'""' ''^^''-l '

.1. „ , . , . •, . ■i,,i>i , ; ,.|-,||, ;ts that of the neiirhbonn;r arni'T- witl, ii,.,

he heat .u,l cause the na.ue hydn.^.n t. pass ha.k diliirenee only, thi.t th^" had^n. diseaJc! "nil t

throu;!;!! tho tube, the 0x3^1^0 n of the iron, will reuiiite j crop was therefore upon tlie whole, more ai.uuaaui.

with t.ie hydrogen, an 1 w.if.'r will he formed, and ^^''•'^'''■^^'>»' l^ollman tells us that Ik; regard. m1 tliisiba

the metalie li-ou will !..i us I, dor," wo eomm.Mic.Ml '"''^''^ aeeid.'nt : he, how.'vcr, a-ain dri.Ml his see^i

qii , .,, , - . potatoes m 1>-)1, and a;rain his cron was :il)iiri(l'u,r

Ihe same phen on „. t w:ll tak, pla.. In a lin.,. k iln | !u„l free ir„n, dl.sease, «dnle eveiywLr,; on r!'";!

only inaditL'rent way. If wIi^mi w^ have tin' anthra- roundi!!;; land they w^-vc mufh affected. This wa

• ./»•« , 111''

too rcniarkaMc a cirrnni>tani-L' not to excitoatten-
tion. and in \^^)2 a third trial took place. All Mr.
Bolhnan'.-. ((wn stock ul J'otatoes Ix'ing ♦'xhausted, he

cite fire incandescent, and t!i.' supply of ;iir over-
balanced by the coal, w,- pass steam throu-di the

•fii..-. +K/^ .4. 11 1 1 , , "^ L»«uiiii;ni >, u\\ II MOCK ui J oiaLoes rxMUiT ♦'xriausti

nro, the steam wi 1 )> deeomnosed and (••u-linni.. ,.. . -.1 r i ^ 1 i- 1 1^1 .

*''' ""1'*-'*^^' 'I'l'i ^'"'^<*^^"- j was ohliiTiMl to purchase his s(.'ed, wlncii liorc unmiv-

oxyd will h3 torm ' 1, an 1 1ivI:-o.;mi he eliminated. | takeahlc marks o( havin;; formed part of u cmm
Further on this hydro^'n will reduce the carhonic 1 ^'''^^ '''^'^ '"'''" sever(dy diseasetl ; some, in laet. w'lv
acid of the limestone, and water and earhonie oxvd ' !1'^'^ V^^'""- After kecpin- th-m f.r ahout a m,.nth
«r:ii i.^ 1 1 "^ '^ '"'^ room, as helore, he cut the lar-'cst l'.itiU<ies

will be produced. | ;,„„ ,|,„,ters, an,l .1,,. sinallrr int„ hah,., aiKllefl

ilie manipulation of sudi a ])rocess, of course at them to dry for another werj^. Acciih'iitaliv thnlrv-

first would not he within th'> provint;c ot' ordinary '" " " ^ "'^ *"" *'" '

workmen, hut would re<piire skill to regulate the
supply of ste;im and air.

A kiln for tliis puri)ose wouhl need to be very
much ol the s im^ c )nstruc'tion of th t-^ti i'or any ex-
pansive fire, and not such as would suit anthracite
alone which h;i-< \i > expansion whatever.

0. lllAr.llT BliOWXE.

Gwyn edd.

ing was carried so far th;it upprenensions were en-
tertiiined (d" a very ha<l crop, if any. Coiitniryto
exjx'ctation, however, the sets pushed promptly, and
grew sv) fast that excellent young Potatoes were dii^'
three weeks earlier than usual. Kvi'iitually nine
limits the ([uantity planted was produced, ainl, al-
though the neighhoring fiidds were attacked, iit> trace
of disease could he found on either the herbiige ur
the Potatoes themselves.

This singuhir result, obtained in three successiTe
years, led to inquiry as to whether any similar ca^es
were on record. \n the course (d the investig ttion
two othe'- facts W(!re elicited. It was discovered that
Potato Disease. ^^^'- I^O'^ovsky (living in tln^ g(»vernment of Wit'^bsk,

,...,, , ^ in the district of Sehege,) had f)r four veai's aib'pted

A\.>gm^ below, extracted from the London (iar- i the plan of drying his seed Potatoes, and that d.ir-
dencrs' Chronicle, an account of the new discoV(M-y ing that time tliere had been no disease on his estate.
by Professor iludman, of the Kussian Agricultural ^^^^'^^^ '^^=^i" ^^'^ aecident which led to the practice of

T r,i.'i. r • i-i 1. ui.1 1 1 1 • I i» '^ •,, this g<»ntleinan. Five vears a^^o, wliile his potatoes

Institution, vi/: that ''thorough y dried l\>tatoes wdl r • i ^ ^ \'^ <i^v,, yyini^ (

" -^ X wL.ii v>iii were digging, li»> pur oiKwn his pocket, and Mil r-'furn-

always produce a crop, free from .lisease." Wheth.-r ing home threw it t»n his stove (pock) wlwv it re-

i.v^^ ^..•_:. ,..1 ^. ..c i.i._ .. L ^ • 1 11 .....: 1 4 .......4 ...... ..:n ^i. . . •.. .. it ...:.. .. .1,..,, ..Inin-

the original cause of the rot w;i^s induced by un-
favorable atmospheric agencie.s, or as asserted by oth-
ers, to be the work of an in^iv-t, it is admitted
by all, that diseased seed, will tiaid to ]>erpi'tnatc it,
and the theory seems plausible that a high tenjpera-
ture will destroy the vitality of this diseased, organic
matter. Much of the phenomena of vegetable life,

.^...wv.*. .. — ^.. ^. v..^ , -v.^.w..« v^x ,^„v.v«,K,.v. .wv., pi-eier tor seed. Unions tliat have been kept ovfif--

bids defiance to the most minute scientific research, winter in cottages without a chimney; such Onions

mained forgotten till the snriniT. llavimr then ohan-

• I r^ -^ • 1 1

eed to observe it, he had tie* curiosity to plant it. all
dried up as it was, and (d)t;iined an ahundiint.ln'alt!'}'
crop ; since that time the practice of drying; bii-^
been continued, andalwavs with irreat succ*^^. i^^'
fessor IJoUman remarks that it is usual in Kii-^ii^i"
many places, to smoke-dry Flax, WiiciU ;indUye;
and in the west of Russia, experienced proprietors
prefer for seed. Onions that have been kept over the

1S53,1

POTATd DlSEASE-LAhlHS' DHP V i; iM jA p

ir

■I ■■■■««■■ >(.^

37

are called ili/mka, which may be interpreted smoke-
dri<"d.

The .second fact is this: — Mv. Wasileffsky, ageii-
th'UKUi residing in tin; g«'Verniiieiit nf Muliif, tr, i. in
the habit <d' keeping P..lat.e,s a|| ,hc year round by
Htoring them in the place where hi> iianis are smoked.
It happened, that in the spring (d" bsoi!, in. ^eed po-
tatoes, kept in the usual luiinie i- were insullici(>nt ;
and he made up the rcipiisito (juautity with some of
the.-e whicf had been lor ,1 limnth in t lie Mii,,l<iie
place. Tlijse i\)tatoes produced a cajiital cnip.v. ay
little diseased, wliil" ;it t!ie same tini" the ,rop Inaii
the setts whitdi \\rv<- not snedce dried w;is e\tensi\e-
ly atta<d;ed by di^ea-e. I'rolessor lJoilm;in is of
,,piiii..n that there wnuld have been no disease at all

it the .>et> had been better dried.

The temperature nMjuired to })rodu('e the desired
resn't is \\<>[ v.a-y dearly nuide out. Mr. liollman's
ruMiii ill whieh hi.^ f:r.->f Potatoes were dried was heat-
ed t" ainait ("J', and niuidi higher. Hv way of ex-
pcriue III he place(l others in the chamher of the
stuve itstdt, wlier.' tic thermonn'ter stood at loh",and
more, lie also ascertaine(l that the vitality of tlie
INitato is nnt affected, even if the rind is (diarre<l. To
tlii>, liowi'ver, ;iiil .-ouie other jtoints, we shall re-
turn next week. In the meanwhile those who have
the use of a malt kiln, or < >. n a luue mui, ini"-iit
even now try the i Ifect oi' excessive drying, for a
month seein> tu he haig eiinugh for the process ; and
if Potatoes planted m the beginning ot duly will
notyi(dd iiiiieh uj a cn>j.. it will at h-a.^t be seen
whether they are attacked by disease.

*If we admit the Potato disease to bo analogous
to the gangrene in animals, we must also recollect
tliat it IS of two sorts, the one dry and local, which is
always the \nr,<t dangemus — the other wet aiel dis-
per.-rd ihruu-h the wlede stiaicture. The germ of
the last form td di-ca-e may also }>e ns.^umed to
liuve been contained lu every s(;t of lV't:itoev since
the appearance of tin- epi,lenuc. Hut thi-^ wet gan-
greiie is chang-'d by drying into the lucal gan-reiie,
which, at a high tenip"rature, whtdly hiu.srs i!> con-
tagious quality. Ai.d thus we ol)tam a souiel ci'op,
because tic Potatoes which we idant are already

nir.'d." ^

'dhii the P(jt;ito disease may also be a putrid epi-
''"!""•• readily communicated to th(5 new crop, and
^''"■11 It may he ci.inp.ared to those' contagious diseases
1 ' wlihh men an<l animals are liable, and which act
"j"'ii tie' organization by means of a putrid j.rinci-
|de. Now, as all orgjinic matter looses its vitality
)^.en cxpe.sed to a temperature sufficiently high, so
It may he possible that hi-h drvin;: destroys tim pu
tndprmeiple, witliMin atli-riing the vitality .d tiie
A Ota U) Itself. It appears that vaccine nnitt'er looses
Its power when exposed to a teniper;iture ol 17:i\ as
wa< iKcertain.'d ar Constantinople in Is hi, 'y Dr.
i^ahiluvitsch; the virus ,,i' t!ie plague has been ob-
served to <h^a pp. a r in Kgypt und-r similar circum-
stances. In another contagious .alfection peculiar to
ne human species, it has been den.onstrat.Ml in the
jospitals of 8t. Petersburgh, by Dr. Jlosenherger,
tnat the contagious principh; Ix'comes weaker as tem-
perature rises, and that the higher the temperature,
fl "1^!'*^ r'i\nd\y it was destroyed. For instance, he
lound It was anil

th" Y'"^ d '1- Pntafo dhsease may be destroved by

Himiiar ne arc. ^ J

. '" ''"■"' """'^'■'■'•'"••''- 'd I'nitessnr Ihdhnnn'fl
VK-NN^ we have h.^, eareful to>,. palate what l> said
tobecertao. fmin Vi hat is avowe,il^ ..,,np.,tural, and

we now leave the subject to the only tribun.-tl l>y
NNbieh It can bo.judged-that of general exneriene^V'

WOMAN'S KK.ms.

IV .Mils. K. IIVNKMW.

It Nh.T r!'.;lit totilrnl uith wc.niicst tlc9
I Im loraiv spirit Ml a-i'ioii;; in,, 11. '

Makiiiu' lil> Imiiic :,iM'aMli!\ pnia'li-f.
!0t li III all Jm\.^ allotti',; |., l,i,.\ ,,..\u

J u iiiiiu an. una ,-n, \, \i\.,-, ,,i in-, h,.,io '

\V ith all tlie ^.■i.llciiillii.-iir.' .,! iM\ .•■'. ii,i,.ia

•^';','t^illi;; ll'i .)..>■ Wl|ri..lii I,,. I,,,, ,,,, J, jp,
'I lii> i> U! II lull III I'll I _\ -a \M.iiiaii - I I.; Ill I

It i- li'T ri:;lit t.i liM, h III.' 1 lilaiit iiiiiid.

I'r.iiiiiiiu; it r\ IT up^sapi in II•^ i ..in--.".
i.^ipH,! ,,ie r\i| |,a>-i'.n> lliai u,.ii;,| |:ii",i

Ml.' upuaia . mr.'iit ot liK i.mm.ii ■, loixc •
To Ifa.l 111.' .■rniiK>iiiilt Kfiitly Imck, '

>> Inn It lia> ,si!iik ill Kl""iii of <|i «-p<'st nl^ht ;
I' pDint thf -^hiiiiiK^ path ..|' vlrtui's trai-k,

Ami iirfe't; him l...rwanl. Tliti* !.>, woniun n rl«h».

Ills her riKht to »«M>the tho roueh of imln;

I'hcr.' litT tnu- iiii->i»»ii upon earth to prove,
T" <mIiii witli -.•iific (art- tlic tifn/l'.i t.ralu.

Ami kf.'p h.-r \ IkII thfrcot holirst lov«' ;'
Touatih iiriilriiiK' I'.v lii.' ioudy hf.|,

Ihiniuti the tiilKlif.iay aii.riii the hol. inn iilght,
rill h»-altli ciihucs, or th«! loved form !•, luld

To rest lorevcr. This h woman's rluht.

go l« a tlowcr, that hlo.ssonis he.Ht unseen,
Sheltere.l vsitliin the pr.'clii«t>« of lier home:

There .shf»ul<t n<» ihirktiinu Ntorm tlou<l Intervene,
There, tin- loin! .strife ot worlilllriK's nevereome.

Let her not scorn tfjact a irumini'x part.
Nor strive to coite with manhooil In jt.s might,

I5ut lay this iiia.xim closely to her heart-
That that w hlch (Jo I onlaitis is surely right.

«••

Dofirrsfir l^.crliifs— Ori'ihi'il a/cJ S-hctcd.
Apple Sag.u
One coflPee cup of sago, en.' .juart ef boilini: water
poured upi»n it, season wirii milk, f nion and .•>ii;:ar.
l*are and core as niany apples as will sl.'ind in \..i;r
dish, — pour tiie sago ..vif tln'ni, ami h'ah'' ete' hour
Serve with sugar and cream.

Miiints Pudding',

A baker's loaf sliee.l. the crn^t taken off, the sliced
buttered, lai<l upon a flat dish, and a (aistard j'ounMl
over, asp'uch as the bread will absoi-h: let it stand
half an hour, then frv it.

IJird's Nest I»iiddlnjr.

Pare and core ei^ht large apples, eight egg.s, eight
spoonsful ef flnnr, oic «piart of milk: place the ap
pies in the dish, and pour tic }>atter over th'-m, and
bake one hour.

nihilated —

In 10 hours, at a temperature of

1

<(
<(

tt

Deg. D.'g.
12.S— 138
135—145

140— 15G
150-107
«, therefore, is not unreasonable to suppose that

Indian .^Ical i^iliort fakes.

Stir into a pint of >wi'et milk, tlir.'.' ^^(]| beaten
Cf'fS, add a litf le .^alt an<l a hai! em. ..J !>!iff''r. w itii
sifted Indian meal to make a t h.iek batter; drop it frMiu
a large spoon upon huttert .1 tin-;. IJakr* them in a
duick oven. \\ lu-n thev ar.- liirhtlv hr^wne i tie v
are done. Send them to the table hut, and eat ^vitli
butter.

Pine Apple .felly.

Pare and grater the Pine Apple, and put it into
the preserving pan, with one pound of white sugar to
every pound of fruit. Stir it and boil it until it i&

158

WORK loll Tin: MdNTir,

[Au

-'GCST

■ » 1 ^MILJIt.^^^

1853.]

iiuiaicuLTi K.\i. A.\h AdrjrriTrnAL sorfF/riHS.

159

well mixed, and thicken sufficiently, then sHuin it ! plouj^hed in. Twice plonj^hinn-, and the cons,.(
and pour it into the jars and when it ha. InM-onie |;,„. pulverization, greatly facUitates iho <r,,J,
cool, cover the jellies with papers wet 111 Itriuidy, cov- i i ^ ""wi

crthe jars tightly, and treat them as apple jelly ''^ gniss seed, and enables tl.^^ drdling *- ^-

^'••luent
ution

To Cook I*aisnips,
Persons who huvc^ never eaten i)arsnips cooked ac-

o to be much
better 'lone. The ahaiitages oi' di-illiu^ovor broad-
cast sowing Iiase l^ecn so fully tested, that it

sumumI no irood latan- 1- will continue the latter if

I'll I ■ . ■ I ^t^ I I

pre-

a

ant to purchase

'■• Much of

cording to the following mode, have no idea wliat an .iiill can be obtained. Those who wa
excellent dish they are. Seiap' tlie parsnip-, wash r i ^ i .•

and slice them lengthwise; boil m pi^t water ^^^^[h - - .v-u m

to cover them when thorou^iiilv done. Then put in 'ime al'ier harvest and I. elnre seeding, is (iccupi.Mi with

a piece ot" butter, witli a little .-ah and pepper, lieat liaulin;.: out manure. Tiiis vbeul-l b- -pir;,,l ,.yppj

^p an e-iz; with a spnonlul ol' Ihair aiel pour o\er and ploU'j^leMl in as somi aCterwai-'U as pos.sihb
tlieni — tlu'V are then ready to dish up. , Much of the manure now taken on, may h" c.iiij.ir-

Parsni[;s a?-e likewi>e vcvy good split once and (mI to the dregs oi tea, alter repeated inlu-idii, tn,,lj.

rf)asted with piork in the dripjiing pan. — [Kxchange. taiii all its strength. Tue usual praetice of lutiinrf

1 t 1 •■ \' 1 I V I \i iw I >. { 111 \- ' I t>i I < •ill Si I I I I 1 I t I > )■ 11)1,111 t I I . 1 . .. .1

JJlackWeiTN ^^iM(,

it lay exposed in yards all Suium t, open to sun aii,]
Huta lla-a Pudding. ^':^'"*'' ^\''^ have .li.ssipated the Inst and laig-.t |.r.

^ T , 1/ • i- 1 I 1 tion ot its virtue. >\ hat little is leit, hail hotter Iw

Une an« a ha pints ol pulpeii ruta haira^, two , , , . • • ,, . t..... • i ii

,. , ... ' , ,' ' I i< '^ ■ . r saved bv l>hinghing in at onee. J iiniips -h.MiM n.^w

snoonlu s o wheat lour, lour e;i;i:s, hall a (iint oi , ' ' . i ,. i ., f v.. ... . i,

I.', , ,, ,1 i- 1 'IM ' be sown, on eround vacant Irom earlv pitatttos. or

nn.k, and one tabbspoonlul of butter. \Ur pan ,.,i„i, ,,i„,,, „.) ,,, ,. Drilling ,n n.w." will a,lnui of
greased and lloured, and baked with a .pi.e. lire.- ,,,,i,i, ..^jUivaiiun and niana;;en.ent.
[Prairie larnur. Feeding cattle and c.,us >utb-r CM,,<;,h,aM_v thi8

month in t heir condition, fVoiii the dry w eailirr and
torment from flies. \V In''" »'i''v leiv.. access to j^iiade
Mk. Editor. — It may umI be known to many of ' ^nd wat<M\ to stand in an*l cotil theiiisdviN, they
jour sub^'cribers ihat t!iey pussev-^s in the blackher- abandon the open lields during the heat ot tiif dav.
ry, grown so unwil'ingly by them in llieir field-;, ilic This niatter nf --hade trees Ibr stock, i- tee miirh l(>«t
means, at once, of making an excellent wine and a sight ol bv la.rmei-s. It is as i;rateiul toih^aa in Imt
valuable medicine ibr luuiie use. To make a wine weather as u-, an^l considerably promotes their thiiit
equal in value to Port, take rijie bhek- iries or <lew- -nid comfort. Milch cows now generally lull off in
berries and press them, let the juice stand o() hours ' their milk, and should have a portion of sown eoriifud-
to ferment, skim olV whatever rises to the top, then, , d^r occasionally. Have a lum}t of rock salt cunveni-
to every gallon df the juice, add a (piart of w.iter ,,iit of access in each fu'ld.

jind thre*' p.anels <*! su^ar. (bi-own >u-ar will do.) hitches and drain> nIiouM iinw be epen-'-l ;ii; i

let this stand in npen vessel- iMr'JI h-aii-s. >kim an<l .-l.-aiied -.ut, and the stnlf haiije.l to the compubt
strain it, then liari-il it until .Marc!!, when it sliMuld heap to m;\ with the wee/ls.

becarefuUv racked oil' and bottled. ("ra^lle and ;:^ras> scythes i«^hniiM b ]-■!. and with

Blackberry cordial i> made by adding ^ne jM.und ..ttier liai-\ eM iiilT tooN, collected and iaii away fur
of white suirar t<> thn'e paiiids of ripe black i»erries, i jmuilK-r sea-^in m a di-y place.

allowin"- them to stand c^r \- Icur-, then pre-^ing ^ 'I'lio-e who enjoy a lire Mtdry hickory w liiitli"

out the juice, straining it. adding nne-third. jiart of|^\'intrr season, should rememlici- this i^ tin" l-'^'
Sjiirit, and putttiej; a tea>-poonl'ul ot finely powdereil m,, nth for vMitting it. It will n<»w sea-uii pcrf''tly
alNpice in r\vr\ "piart of the coi-dial, it is at once lit .^n,[ i,,,t becduie worm eat' n. The saiiu' rule aiipli-
ior use. " ; to oak and chesniit, for fencing [)Urpo-es. ^\ hu.li Im-'

Tiiis wiin' and cordial are very valuable metlicines )„M>n very fully proven, to last much longer.
in the treatment of weakness (d' the stomai h and' Vt:(;t:TAHi,K (iAin)KN.—K(M'p the groiimi well stirrd
liowels, and are especially valuable in the '"^umnnT [ .^,^^1 ^^.^.,.,j^ ,p.^jj.,,^^.,.,p l>,.a< uiay be sown ha- F.ilb'n'P-
complaints ot (diildreii. _ Carrvolfpea ba'uhn and refuse stutf to the (•Mnip'>"^t

As this i- the xa-wu oi" such disorders, and as the |^ _,^^- ^.^^^ .^j^^i ^^^.j,,.,. .,^.1, \^rr} ^ a< are in tluwor,
berry will soon be npe, 1 have tlmu-ht it n-ce-.ary .^^^^j' p^^ them iira dry and <hady pl:iee. T;ike up
to make known the«e receipes.— [Southern IManter. ^,^^[^,^^^ ^,,,1 ..nimi s.'tts, and prepare grt und ier other
Yours, etc.. K(M).N().MIST. ^^^^^^^ Th-v -h-uld be <lried and hardened by ex-

posure to th"' sun, belore laying away. Gatherseeds

as thev ripen. ,

In hitter jiart of month cabbage and lettuce iniiv W

sown f.r cold IVames. Also, onion sed to -tiin'l t"^
tlvator and hoe, ^\ith tie- briar scythe should be jdied I ^Y'lnt^r. Tnrnips.-pinaeh and radishes may '><-'^^^^"
continually, arouiel the l\'nces, and among the corn 1 mov. Ivnth up. celery as its giowdi reifuires. Irans-
and potatoes, till they are all extirpated. They b'^^" -'Hiive

Farm Work fov the Month.
AVeeds now retiuire especial attention. Tin* cul-

shonia tl.en be gathc.cd .,,.1 .■^.u,-.-! "'-' ^. l-ap- ! Fruit O.UM,AUD.-roars. ci™^^

f •, , ,• 1 • . I mav be bud led tins mont h, \n liene\ ^-i tin s-'|

with ashes and some .sn,l, and alter being ^^''-i'^^ i j^eely, and the bark will separate, ibids lor msei1i;^'»

over a Ibw times, and well incu-p.u-atod. will be a val- | ,,],,,,,], j p,. ^yell ripened. Strawberry he.l^ mm.) '^^

uable addition next Spring to th.' manure heap. j nbmted out, advantage being taken <.t a ^^'^'^'^ ^'™j'

Late potatoes shouhl be kept well cultivated, which Finish ^Summer lunning ot Iruil "••"^^^^^ ,,,,,

obviates to some extent the effect of dry weather.
Ground for wheat should be ploughed as soon as oats
is gathered, and allowed to lay till towards seeding
time, when Guano or manure should be spread and

rinisu v-iuiiiMKi |p....i...^ -. ^f trees,

Apply wash Ixdore recommended, to trunks oi i _
if not previously done. Thin out fruit, where tn
are overloaded. Cut out all blighted Imibs. ,

Flower GAiiUEN.— Tie up dahlias to stakes, a
attend to general directions of last mouth.

I'ru ii-^\ I \ .Ml 1,1 II »i( iru 1( lira I "^eciety.

The staled meeting <>f this kSociety was held on
Thursday evening, July l''ih, in tin- ( 'hijiese Saloon,
Piiihuielphia, (ien. Patt(;rsou, 1 're-nli m /m the chair.
The exhibition ot |»lant8 wa> unexpectedly large (ur
niid-summer ; each collection containiMl some pusses-
sing interest, which itmight be well to notice. Among
tho-.e brought by tiie President's gardener, was a tine
large plant ol rinnwria 7-o.yc«, wdiich theliencral
sent home trom M' xicn, and ha> imw (In we red for
the first time. Tah';rn(U/ii>fnf(ina coronariu in fine
flower. ColuiiiiKii .srhirdi/inn, and a numbei iA' air
plants. .\miing ibibt. Ibiist'^ were /e/r plants, and
^tpiwii on liiis (M-caMon lor the tir--t time. ( ^i/rtu iitlais
iiii'/ni fiiH'<, Lii''asl( ft frdi/ojiu, Acln'iiu m s .Mtirijoi < Ihi ,
Fttrittus (hioii, til //I ol the season; Alj)lia and rr-
,s 1)1' It' lens, iiwd ^iln.iiiim \ I'toria lut/i/iii. V. licn-
iin'^'s e-ard 'iier,exhihite,l f wo verv fine plants — (iind-
nurid S/tnt^i/inci: in tdll tlowei", and riii nn rid mscti.
Caleb Cope's had three new spi^-ics, ( xhibited fur the
lir-t \i\\i>' -./n.</i' III hicn/or, I'lninirnn'ii sf/iji' /ai'l' s —
;i!i iirchei. and lli>\cy's »jI(,Ih h in<i ranlli ks^ ;i line siie-
cmioii ot CI' i'('<l''ii/i nn /vii'i/ijijiijii, Alii nt'i nihi nni i-
t'olia, (fee. ^^ . ^^^ Ke.'u's cwntained a. ii'ir plant, Ilo-
ya canipa)iui iif'i, \eiy pi'ctty, and seen Inr the first
tieie — lj(>i>liiisi)ii I Hill m I Lud' i sdiiii , Fiirh suk. <(•'•,
James imndas garueucr pr^s.-ntea nanusnme f urn.
sias, GloxuiKis, and a most beautiful air jdaiit the
CattU'lja Mui^.iia. The fruit table was lah n with
tempting specimen-^ ol' pe;iches, \"ry lar^e — called
Late A'iiiiiraM' — a see(||iug tree m fruit, iC'^owiiej; in
a 14 in di pot, also grapes of varietitss, LJlack 11 im-
burg, St. Peters, White Frontignac, Tokey and I'ui-
ple bainask, from Mr. Cojie's grounds. Vr >\n Kden
ilall were Black 1 lamhiii-;: and White .Muscat (lrap"s.
Verv large and lu-c;uu> .Mo. -rpark Apricots, hv Tho^..
Kabhins. \\ ni. \ . I'ettit, Wm. dohns ami ll. I'ratt
McKeaii. lai\^e tine goostdierries, called ('ook's White
Kagle, Farrow's iloaring iii in. Isaac l>. IJaxier had
seedling Apricots, t'oiiii-. the Koyal llati\e and Jef-
ferson ; and ■'> kinds ot gooseberrie-. Mr. iiuist,
lireda Apric >t. I*'ar> -l>ioodgo(»l. Windsor. .Nbnle-
line, Engl is ll an 1 bieuch JarL';onelle, ( 'urrant-^, Ufn-k
Naples and late black kind-. A. Parker's se ■(IHn;^
Apricots. ll. \V. S. Cleaveland, St. Michael Fig>, a
clioic.' dark \ariety. Wm. Johns, green l''i;i,s, ami
John Perkins, seven varieties ot apples.

Mr. Cope's gardener exhiliited a table ot line escu
IlmUs.

Premiums awarded were l)y tle^ Committee on
Plant- an 1 blowers. r/nnf^ in /b/x— For the best
twelve t(» Thos. j'airley, foreman to Robert ibii,-t ; for
the secun 1 be-t to Thos, .Modian, gardener to C.
Cope; for the third best to Wm. (liMssie, gardener to
W.W. Keen, ridiit in a Jol — F^r the best spe(d-
mon, (iar<J nrri'i Sfitnfi/nnn A^) .1()\\\\ Polfudv, gard"n-
er to r. L-nnig. /n'/i</' nmis l*liinls- For the best
to Alex. Parker. Phmts shown for the lirst time —
A premium of $."> lor y/oy^/ (^nnjt'in/na, to Wm.
Crassie, gardener to \V. W. Keen, one (.f a dollar
ioY Jiisticia blcolor \i\\'\ (>'<>nij>/irena Hoveyii, to Thos.
Moehan, gardener to C. Cope, and one <lollar to Thos.
Fairley, foreman to \\. Huist; fir a collection of
Achemines, Gloxinias and a Ci/rfanthns. Jii'jin/ J)k
sign — For tlv hest to Isaac ( 'ollins, garden<>r to <b»n.
I'atter.son. Jidshcf — For the best to Thos. Meehan ;
for the best of indiginoiis llowers to the saim;.

Special Premiums — Two dollars to James Bissct,
gardener to Jas. Dundas, for Cattleya Mossia, a tine
specimen ; and three dollars to Isaac Collins, gar-
dener to Gen. Patterson, for a large collection of
plants, including a beautiful specimen of Plumcria
fosea^Orc/iidas,ixnd other green and hot-house plants.

By the Fruit Comm!tte(« — GmpfH — For the best
black variety, iilack llamburg.to Thos. .Me,han.-ai -
dener to C. CojM' ; fm- the see, net |H--.t i., A. J Smith,
Igardencrat IMen Hall. For the he>t ofa white va-
riety—White front i-nac to \. .). Smith; lor the
second best, (mldei, Cji |,-elas, to Th.i-. .Meehan.
yl/>/-/ro/.v— For the JM-t to Thos. Kobliin-, for .Moor
f»ark ; f r the seemid be>t to \\ ni. \ . Peitit.lor .same
kind. rinins — For the l,r>t, the Imperial («a;j:;e. to
Isaac 1). I'.axter: for tic s.'cond he^t, .M irabelle, to
A. Parker. Fiijs — For tlieheM to IF W. S. < 'leave-

land, lor Si. .^lichaels•, for the seeoHil best fi, Win.

Johns. (t'lni.sfhrnirs — For the I, St to A. Burnett,
gardener to II. Pratt Midxean, for Roaring Lion; tbr
the second best, the lar;;e ;:;reen, to l^aae B. Baxter.
A/tjilrs — For the best,tlH! Karly Harvest, and for tie;
secoml best, the P)oUgh, to Joliu Perkins ; ami sj»e-
eial jiremiums(d' three dollars tor verv tine Peaches,
and two dollars tor a a seedling peach tre ' in fruit,
in a p >t, to Thos Meehan,

By the Committee otl \'ej;etables — ThiI'IIik's -Ww

the best halt j)"ek to James .lones; for the secou<l

best to \\ 111. Johns. For the hest disphlV of \'e"-(>.

\ tab!">, bv a pnva'e ^r ^-d m m-. t > Taos. M • si in. "ar
de'iier to (,'. Cope.

THUS. P. JAMFS,

i\.V.r. >>Ke.

•••-

Pciiiis\ Ivania State Airrlrulf urul Societv*
BK(H F.VTIOXS Vi)\l is.-,;;.

Aiii;.v.N..i.Mi..\TS Foa nil. F.viii.- — .Vil t he luenihers
of the Socie'ty. whose dues are pai<i, and ail who
shall bet-ome' memher- pie\ion- to, or at the Fair,
will be furnished with badges or cards (d meml)er-
ship, wlmdi will admit the per-on and the ladies (d"
!iis|amil\', and (diildreii under the a^re of ei;.5hteeii
N'ears (d' a'j.e, to t he F\ hi hit loll, at all 1 1 im s after the
ground- are t ir »\vn open. duriii_^ the continuance
of 'he Fair. Bad:j;es to he had at the d'rea^urer's
office, on the ^fround-, on d'liesdav morning. Single

tickets 'Jo cent--, it'l III I II I ii'l mn ji'is'i/i, Will be J", adv

on riiur-dav mornniji, at the Treasurer's utlice.at the

Fair grounds.

.Menibers will be allowed to enter the grounds in

carria'cs, with their families: but no hai'k> or other

public conveyances will be permitted to enter.

QrcJ" Members of the Socdety, aiel the N'iewing

Committees and Judges, alone. Will b'- admitteil tlni

lirst day of the Kxhihition.

Sim;« i.M- AriKNTioNis Dksikki) ntoM Fxiiiiutoks.
I The davs sidected lor the Fair are '/ ii'^'lni/, H'nhtrs-
\<ln>/, TliirsJni/ i//nl h\i>hn/ , \\\<^ 'JTth, JSth, -"Jtli and

.".full da\ s of Septemb-r.

j[j-jy" Fxhibitoi-s. must become members ot theSo-
, cietv, and ha\e their articles and animaU entered on
I the Secretarv'.-^ books, on or btdore 7'//r.»w///y m iniij/,

the LiTtli: and all artiide. ;ind animals, except /lorsfs,

must be brought within the emdosure, as early as
j Tms'I'ii/ noon, in order thai they may be suitaidy ar-
I raui4e(l tor examination by tic .ludgesoii W ednes-

(l.i\- moruim^ Hordes \y\\\ |,c received early on

Wednesday morning, but must be entered previous-

The Fxetaitive Committe > do not intend to a-sure
any exhihitor, who n"./l"fs these requirement-, that
his arti(des can Im; passed upon by the Judges. \\ hile
every effort will be made to secure the examination
and proper notice of every article on exhibition, jus-
tice to those who comph/ with the rules of the Society,
requires that they shall, in all cases, first receive at-
tention.

HORTICULTURAL A\D AillUOrLTn; A I. SOOIKTIRS.

r\

TTT-^T

JB^a^ PerHons are desired to forward to the Secre-
tary, at PittHourgh, previous to the 20th of Septem-
ber, their entries of what tliey inteiKl lu . xhihit

An office will be opened at PittshuiLrh, ahout two
weeks previous to th. Fair, fwr ih,. jiiiip,><,. ,,f rrreiv-
ing entries.

Articles or animals removed from tlic groun I l)e-
forc tlio close of the Kxhibiti(jn, (except hy permis-
sion of the J^resident,) cannot receive a pr •mimn,
thouLrh awarded.

Memtiers of the Society will 1m. ridinitt'M] to th^'
grounds on ^^('dn(!sday.

JKhz)"^ «)ii Thursday th. ^ „

tht' piiMie, and t'lHilinut' open lor twodavs.
admission 25 cents. Mcnilvrs' tickets s[.

cr to award a premium to, they will furnish a note
of the sanip to the Coniiuittee on 1 >iscr(!tionary l>re-
niiunis, ior tii'ir consideration and action.

No aninri! '>v art idr .-an take more than one prom-
ium. All produ<;ti"n placed in competition tor pnin-
iums, MUST be the growth of the comi-ktitoh^.

When there is but one exhibitor, although he nuiy
show sfjveral animals in a (dass or sub-division of a
class, only one premium will Ix' awai-i-il; that t') be
th(^ lirst, or otherwise, as the merit of the animil ,,r
ai'tii-le may be adjudged. And a premium will m^t
j bti awanled, when the animal or article is not worthy
J5hz>"^ «)n ri,ur<day tin* ground^ will i.e opened to' though there be no eomp(>tition. " '

Single j Si I'KRiNTiiNnENTs. — It is (expected that the Super-
: intendents will tak(; partieuhu* direction of all arti-

("o.Mri:irno.\ W rnioi r tiik St.\ti:. — The Pcnnsyl- : (des in their respective departments, and see that all
vania Stale AgrieuUural So.-iety makes the lield (»fi sueb ;irti(des are arranged, as near as maybe, in nu-
ci)mpetition co-ext-Misiv.- with the I'nited States, and! nn-rieal order, for their easy api)roach and cxaniiua-
cordially iiivi;<-- the riti/ens uf other States to com- tion.
pete with us Inr our prizes. ^ i.,.,^^.,,,^ M.vTcn.-The iMowing Match will take

Anunals a-nd art. res. Mitered for exhibition will phiee on Friday, the .iOth, at 'J o'clock, A. M. in a
have canl^ attach.d, with the number as entered tbdd adiacent to the place ot Kxhibiti(m.
at the l>ii>iness Oihee; uud it i^ desired that ex-

liibitors sleiuld.in all cases, obtain their cards id' num-
ber and class, pfe\loU»^ to pi;

lellig tlieir

Stock or ar-
ticles on the gr(•und^

All persons who intend to exhibit Horses, Cattle,
Sheep or Swine, or who intend to nti'er stock for
SALE, should notify the Secretary ol >ucli intention,
on or before the lIGth day of September, ami le i\,-
with him a list and full description of such stock, in
order that proper arrangements may be made for
their accommodation.

Apj)licants for premiums are particularly rcipiest-
ed to pay attention to the directions attached to the
list of premiums inr Jut cattle. /''/ sheep, hnUi r ;ind
cheese^ *fcc.; and the statement^ i-eipiired li'mn exhilii-
torsof those articles must Im- lod^-.d with the Secre-
tary belore the lloth ot September.

IxSTRUCTn)NS FOR THE JrDGES WD mu TlIF SlTER-
IN'TENDEXTS OF THE niFFERFAl' 1 M 1' A K T M i; NTS. 'J'he

•Judges are re(piested to repnrt tliem>e|ves to the
President on their arri\al, at the Ibisiness Utlice, at
the Sli'iw griMiicN : they are desire(l to meet at the
Society's tent, on the uM'ounds, at 4 o'clock, P. M.,()n
'i'ue-day, *J7th Si'pteiiiber, when the vacancies will
be tilled; and ^n \y (lo sihnj ni(onu'/i>/, at [) o'eAn'/.^it
the same }dace,tle\v Nvill be turnished with the i>ooks
of Kntrie^. and pi-oceed to decide upon the merits (d
the ditferent aniimiN and articles sunmitted lo them,
reference being maile to the numbers allixed to each.
The Judges on all animal^ will have regard t(» the
symmetry, early maturity, si/e andgiMieral 'jualities
cluiracteristic of the breeds whieh the\- judec, 'Idun^
will make due allowance for age, feeding, and other
circumstances, on the character and condition ui the
animals.

They ^\ill not give encouragement for over fed ani-
mals. They will not award premiums for l>ulls.
Cows or Heifers, which appear to have been lattened
for the butcher ; the object being to have superior
animals of this kind for breeding.

No person whatever Avill be allowed to interfere
with the Judges during their adjudications.

The Judges wdll be expected, in all cases, in mak-
ing their reports, to give the reasons of their decision,
(especially in the case of animals,) embracing the
valuable and desirable qualities of the aninuils or
articles for which premiums are awarded.

Al'vJ' Pel's .ns competing in tin; IMowing .Mitch aro
rcfpicsted to have their tc'ams hitched, and ready to
move off at the a|»pointed hour.

I'm: A!M)in>s. — d'he Ainiual Address will be deliy.
ered at 1 o'(dock, F. M., (»n /'V/'/'/'/.t he ,)Oth of Sep.
teinber; and immediately after the Addre--, ths' Ive-
portsof the \ iewiii^ ( \»mmitt(M's, or dud;j:;es, will ho
read, and the Pr-miums awarded and <listribiited.

IIav and Straw. — Hay and Str.iw will be furnish-
ed gratis, for all animals entered for premiums ; and
gram Avill be provided, at lowest cost price, lor those
who <lesire to purchase.

Favmknt nv FiiKMii MS. TIic Premiums awar<led
will be paid by the Treasurer, at his otlice ,)ti tlio
grounds, till the close (jf the 'lay, and lUi Saturday, at
the same ])lace.

All (yiish rreminm^f will be then |)aid and deliycr-
I'd, il'calleil for.

li--^ Fer>eiis to whom Premiums may be awarded,
are informed Ih'tf uiili-;s tln'ij ciiU for (In ir /*/r-
iniums at the Fair, application must be made, by let-
ter, to the Treasurer, (jleorg(} 11. Bucher, at 1 logos-
town, Cumberland County, with whom the IJ.jok. of
Awards will be left.

JGr:ij''l'he S 'cret.iry will f)rward the Diplomas awar-
ded, in suidi mam.cr as may be directed by the per-
sons entitled to receive them.

T'he lu'ports ^^i the Jiid i^es will bo published by
the Society, in pamphlet b>rm, and distributed, ad
soon after the l-'air lus practicable.

XoiK 1, id F.MiiniTORS. — The Executive Committee
willtake every ])r(H-aution in theirpower lor the safe
pres<'ryation of Stock and articles on exhibition, '//i't'^
III! i r nrriral and an a ikj^ n>< n( }ip<>it (kr ijrnii ids : hut
will not be responsibb' for any lossordamage that in:iy
occur, d'hi'y desire exhibitors to give personal atten-
tion to tlu'ir articles, and at the close of the Fair to
attend to their removal : and wh(>n the Fair is an-
nounced as closed, oyi Fri'lai/, ajh r the address, d^-
hibitoisor their agents will be rei^uired to take
charge ol their articles, as the Society cannot take
further care ot them.

IlECErTION OF StOCIv A.\ 1) AiM R i.KS AT FlTTSnURG.--

Mr. Oliver P. Suiras will give attention to all arti-
cles for Exhibition, directed to his care, and have
them conveyed from the Cities of Pittsburgh and

AVhen anything is exhibited to the Judges, which Allegheny, to and from the Fair ground, free of ci-
they shall deem meritorious, but beyond their pow- 1 pcnse to the exhibitor.

r.-. '^

ivi.v.

' ^- ft

.r I n MM FXcrrON, Editor.

A. .M. SFA.NT.LER, Assist.snt EnlToI^

A (; i:\Ts,

The Fa^m JorRXAf, niay be had at the following
place8 : —

W. H. ZiEiiER, Southed, St., j.rinripal Agent for
i'liil:i(ltd[diia.

C. M. Saxtox, 1')2, Fulton st., Xew Vork»

W. II. Si'Avoi.KR, - - Lancaster, Pa.

I». F. Span(;ler, - - - f\)lumbia, Fn.

(Jeo. Her(;\ek, - - - IFarrisburg, Pa»

'' MiMii, J'ittsburg, ]»a.

•F K. SmnocK, - - - (diam})ersburg, Pa,

n. M. lUui.iNs, > - - Carlisle, Pa,

A. L. W'AKMEi.n. - - Vork, I'a.

^^ M. l»oMr;K, of Alt(!ona, IJlair County, is our au-
th(.ri/,rd ;i;:eiit bu- iilair ;ind F'cntre counties.

•V. L. IJiiAnv, Fumberlaml and Perry c<'unties.

Jos. IV.KsToN, i-ondonderry, for Chester and Dd-
riuiip.' (Niunties.

doNATUAN DoRWART, Lancaster couuty.

'1. Fami'mei.l, Towanda, for Bradford County

H. U. XiciioLsox, Esl^, Waverly, Luzerne c(

Aiel n| lb)()l<s(dlers j'cMierallv-

vol,. :i. WEST ciiES'ri':ii. i-a., ski'temi'.ei!, i85:i. no. g.

**^

Til 1^' K \ IMf I (1 fl K* \ \ f 1^^^'''^'/.^'^''^^' tharourgood^.ousewives drvapp^b
1 11 1j 1 ^'L 11 JL fj \7 U it i.y JV jj , pn"M'l^"«''^' i'»»*'l^'•'l><'^■I•i<^^ctc.,fbr domestic us..'. Well

suppose you adopt the same course for preservation of
potatoes, turnips, apples, »S:c., for farm |.urn<Kses? All
that IS absuluteljr nroessary to uo, U) cllect this, is to
mak.! elrari, sli.-e tlnun, and exjiose them to artificial
heat, irj a kiln, or some close room, until tln^ water
is eva[»orat<'d.

For domestic uses, we pare apple> previous to dry-
ing, but for fe<Mlingst*)ck, nothing'- mere n^M 1m" done
than slicing them up. So of pMt;ito.'<,)r turnips.

'!"l)e plan of drying pr)tatoev, may ]„. n^w to seme,
but if is a thing that is done in s.-me pbices, to a
consideriible profit, for navy and d(»mestic uses. i)ried
potato is getting t . be <|uitea valuable arti(de. Some
enterj»rising V.^rmonters at llinesburg, have started
a potat.i drying establishment, and we understand,
are doing a go.ni business.

The Burlington. (\'t.) Vi-ri- Pvo>^h, in an article on
this subject savs:

*' 'J'he aj)pli<*ati(tn of (his nmthod to potatoes at
the llinesburg factory is substantially as follows: —
Being thoroughly (deansed, deprived of the nkins
and properly prepared, fresh currants of air are
move<l in contact with th(^ potato pulp by macdiino-
The air rapidly takes up and carri\'s off the

CO.

Drying Vegetables n,r Farm I se.

A frien<l says to u<. thnt he has two or three hun-
dred h.i.li.ds uf potatoes— that he has n..t hogs
|;neuL:li to eat them, and the distance that he liv.'s
^'■"" iii:irket will not allow of any profit, but a loss
ji' tie' present prices, should he haul them there; and

i^ask-' what he shall do with theiu? W(dl, rnther
tfi;|n Ikivc theni rot. he had better give notice that he
^'dl givo them away, to those who will conn- after
tliein. vVfter sufferiu'j; the scurge of the potato rot
so many yoars, and living },nf,itoh'.ss, as many have,
1, ^^ '''''^'.^' ''''^rcsliin^r to licar somebody complain,
mat he has nv.re potato.'s than he can use. It seems

iKRold tMMe<, wlipii, whatever might happen to oth-
^^ crops, we were sure ,,f potatoes enough. The
luosti.m, however, reminded us of a plan, which
^^mhf.1 generally adopted by farmers, for the pres-
"Ution ,)f potatoes, turnips, apples, and such like
Penahable articles. ^ ' i ^

fnrfi'f ^''^'^^ ^^^"™- ^y S*^"? ^0 a little expense
nxtures, the labor and trouble would not be much.

moisture. The niaterial is made to take the shape of
tu!)es, (maccaroni fashion,) and when perfectlydry,
is broken in a proper mill into the form of what is
called "samp'" m- 'diominy." Indeed it might be
easily ml«^taken for that artiele made from our com-
mon yel!(Mv Indian corn By the same process it
has lost nothing but walrr. But bv that loss it is
made to occujty \)nt one-sixth. of its (triginal bulk, and
what before weighed /'"////■ p<//inds^ now W(d<dis but
OJie jioNihl. In that condition it can be packed in
tight casks or in tin (;anisters, and be transported
just as easily as so miudi dry rice. Years of trial
have proven the unidianging character oi tiie pre[)a-
ratioii.

.\(tw then f)r thti use. For one pound of it take
three poiimls of boiling water, (u- (to speak cookery
book fashi<»n)put one tea-sp(((uiful of it info about
four tea-spoonfuls of boiling hot water. In ten min-
utes the water is entirely absorbed, an<l the result is
a well cooh'i'd dish of mashed potato, ready to he suit-
ed and Ituttered, or <lealt with ;t< ii like di-li made
from fresh potato(\s might be. The taste differs but
slightly from that of fresh potato prepared in the same
manner. We speak advisedly, for we have trie(L
Though we think any one would prefer to crush for
himself a fresh mealy potato, if he were in a con-

y"

.,'fav

'■>.

162

nnVlVO Mli.KTATJLRSJ— niKMlSTPvY OF UiMiTiCll.TCHV..

r<5

ErTF.MnEK

an article of prime neceHHity for diiily tootl. All

who have been accurttoni^^d to use it, feel the clrpri-

yation severely if placed beyond it« reach for svny

con8idcral)le time. Yet the bulkiness an(l pensiia-

ble nature of the tuber in its natural condition, make

its transportation for great distances by either land

or sea an impossibility. For the want of it, the

health of crews on long voyages, and of soldiers or

other persons occupied away from where it can be

procured, is often greatly injured. In some districts

too where it is relied upon as the chief article ot

food great distress is caused by the failure of a crop,

\ ecause the want can not be supplied except at an rials, t>e not compieieiy roueu ur ui-cuiiipoBt3a, or lo

insuDDortable expense. Let the preparation of this a state to become fully rotted and decomposed, it fol-

"imnerishable potato'' be made common, and all \ lows that its constituents can not possibly become

these evils are substantially done away with. Gov- immediately useful. Clover contains many v

nment ships whalin«' vessels, merchant's ships, l,l« fj.rtiliziner iniiredients; but until these inirred
will all make it a regular part of their stores It
will not occupy near tlie room of ship biscuit, and
can be kept in store with less risk of spoi ing. We
•^r.....,,w^ tl.uf Knronesin vessels already make it
rerularlv a part of their stores, when going on voy-
acres across the tropics, and that the discovery ships
under the charge of Dr. Kane are supp led wi h it
Travellers across the continent, and inhabitants of
those parts of our own country where the vegetable
can not be raised successfully, find the prepared ar-
ticle a most convenient one for use.

Few persons have any conception cf the amoun
I . ^ 1 _i • .1- .>„« \w. 1-aiao.l in thp form ot

or rve, as a whole, no other crop can equal it. Care
ul experiments have shown that from the same a-
mouut of suitable ground, where there could be rais-
ed on the average, 3,400 lbs. of wheat, or 5,200 lbs.
of iTJ there could be raise.l 3«,0<)0 lbs. potatoes;
or reduoiuK them all to the absolnlcly dry state, for
3 030 lbs. of wheat, or 2,080 lbs. of peas, there would
be 9,500 lbs. of potat«-more than three times the
amount of food produced in the shape of wheat, and
more than four times that in the form of peas. We
Tote thTs statement from Chemical Technology of
I)r Knapp, of Oiessen-a recent work of very great
authorit} The practical resulta of some expennjen-
tal ste on the feeding of cattle with these different
Ss, place the relative value of the potato at a
higher mark still."-[Maine Farmer.

-•♦•-

.Chemistry of Horticulture,

BY J. S. HOUGUTON, M. D., iTHLADELPHIA.

CoMi'osTiN-G Soils. -Gardeners generally prepare
tlieir 'soils, so far as my observation has extended, in
a very practical way, with little or no attention to
the chemical principles involved in the operation.
They have learned, by lung exix.nence, that a par-
tially rotted so<l makes the best gcnieral soil that can
b obtained. Farmers know that a clover sod plowed
under makes good manuring for corn; but farmers
seldom if ever, make a compost of sods for their gar-
den oi^ manure heaps, (iardeners are clearly ahead
of farmers in their m<3thod of cultivation and fertili-
zat on, but tl>ey are by no means up to the standard
of modern science in their preparation and manage-
ment of soil*.

•'^' v., - J

tried the a<lditi(m of hrating dung and wat«^r.

Now all tl»e>^e ni<*thods are slow and iinpcrfoct.
That they are slow and tedious, all who liavt? tric.i
them well know; that they are iinperlect, I will on-
deavor to proV(\

It is well known that plants can receive nutriment
only in the form of a Jliiid or a (/as. No solid par-
ticfes of matter, of any description, can enter the
circulation of plants. Hence, every thing intended
for their use must be capable of being dissolved in
water, or of being converted into a gas, when need-
ed. Now, if a sod, though rich in fertilizing mate-
rials, be not completely rotted or decomposed, or '

come

ble fertilizing ingredients; but until these ingredients
become changed from the form of clover into their
chemical elements, (lime, potash, soda, &c.,) they
can not be appropriated by plants. Again, even if
the clover be decomposed, and the chemical element-
remain in sucn relations liiai tiicy iiic lu^oiumr^ m
water, or not capable of readily becoming yases, they
can not be made available in the garden. Of course
it will be seen at once that under such circurastan-
ces a gardener may have a heap of rich material,
and yet, if it is not available, it is no better f<»r pres-
ent use than a poor heap.

The im})t'rfection of tiie process commonly adopt

well (ieconi{)o«t;u iiiulici ui «» \.>iii m^^ui**^^ w»-^ ^.....^^.^.
to act as an absorbent of the gasses generated by the
act of decomposition, and hence much valuable ma-
terial (ammonia) is lost. In all such compost heap*
a ((uantity of well decomposed turf or black, garden
soil should be mixed with the new soil, to catch the
ammonia produced by the decay of the new soil or
sod. Again, much valuable time and labor i8 lost
by the slow deca^ of sod where no chemical agent i»
employed to assist the decomposition. Lime is an
objectionable agent, because, when freely «8f<i» ^
locks up nearly* as much fertilizing material as it lib-
erates. Stable manure, in a state of rapid decay^
or high heat, is not so objectionable as lirae; but thi9
is not the best material for this purpose, Wa*. in
moderate quantities is highly important; but with
this should be used potash— the. common potash ot
the shops— which decomposer all yegetable matter
rapidly and powerfully, and does not lock it up ir
new combinations as lime does, but on the contrary
sets free even those combinations which lime renders
insoluble. ,

With solutions of potash in water, any heap ot
sod or other -, ..getable matter may be decomposed as
rapidly as the operator may desire, and all the con-
stituents of the heap will be placed in a state easi y
soluble in water, or ready to become gf «^;^\T
slightest action of water and vegetable life, m^^'- '
the ingredients of plants are by potash conTcrt^a lu
great measure into gases; and if there be F^^f"\^'^
etable charcoal, (black k)am,) or animal chaaoa,
(l„ne black,) or clay, these ga^es wil be caught up
and retained till taken up ^7 ^><'''^-^ P^'*" '' :,r 't-
ganized vegetable body can r.3sist the i^^f " ;;^^.
Ssh; it must decay, and resolve itself into its ongi

1^53.1

AGUICrT/llMlAL riTEMISTRV-IUOX FENCK-

1 i\?>

nal elements at it^ tnucli. In fact, it is not necessa-
ry that tl«»' (><>tash should toiali tlie .suhstanc*; of the
vegetable; it acts by its mere jnrM-nm in a near part
,,f the heap, disposinij not only that matter which it
touches, hut all other matter in contact with that
Mrhii'li it ittrects to decay. "Rot makes ri>t," is an old
ud.i":''; ;in<i so it is in an espocial inaniit'r witli the
rutcau>ed hy yiotash.

All \vl"> un<iertak«; the cultivation of th<; earth,
fithtr in the field or the garden, should bear in mind
these important j)rinciple8. You may have rich
fields, hut their riches may not be availaltle tu plants.
Ashes or p(»tash may be highly important to bring
your peat, turf, nn;ii<low mud, raw coarse manure,
fiod heaps, tfcc, into sufficient action, liime is uscd'ul
ill HMiall (juantities, and so is salt; but i c(msider
lar^'e (piantities of lime dangerous for many reasons
h.'^ide that mentioned above. Potash is worth its cost
tts a manure independent of its power as a decompos-
in;:^ agent, and in garden work it is indis{)ensa[jle.
Applied in solution, in free quantities of water, it
will bring a sod heap in to a better state in sixty
days than two years of rotting and turning will effect
hv'the old methods witiiout it. — (Horticulturist.

-•••-

Plalu Facts in Agricultural Chciuistry,

nv T n. HOl'OIfTOV, M. P.

Common stable, from which the urine of animals
has escajied, is not a complete manure.

The above assertion was presented in a previous
article, and explained at some length. Tiie chief
reason is simply this, that certiiin parts of the fbo<l
consumed by animals always go off in solution in
the urine, and hence the solid manure ahuie, no mat-
ter how much you may have of it, can never furnish
the material to grow tlie same cro{)s ujkju wljich the
unimals were fed, if the urine is lost.

In intimate relation to this great fact, in the econ-
omy uf manures, is this other fact, a principle, that
every soil must contain all the constitu»'nts of the
plant to be grown, in sufficient abundance, (and even
JR excess,) or the most perfect and largest crops can-
cot be [)rodu<ced.

One of the chief ingredients of plants, as lime, or
plaster of Paris, or salt, or potasli, alone, will not, in
ordinary cases, be a sufficient addition to the com-
post heap; but if the plant requires, as most plants
do, five or six leading ingredients, they must be all
there or those which are employ (m1 will be, for the
time, comfvaratively lost.

A very good illustration of this point has been
used by liana. He says that attempting to work the
8'hI without (ill the ingredients of plants present in
sufficient al)undance is like a man attempting to
build a vessel, thus-: he may have all the jiianks, and
ship knees, and spars, and sails, and rigging, ail oth-
er requisite materials, but iw nails ami spikes^ and
he can't [xissibly build his ship successfully. Nails
find spikes are small matters, compared with the rest
of the vessel, but he c in't get along without them.

^'> it is in farming. V'ou ma}^ as well try t<* build
:i -hip without nails, as to grow the jdants with the
sniallcst ingredients in the fertilizitig materials re-
^iuired by plants omitted. If you have one favorite
01 inwring agent, say lime, it may be the very thing
your [dants don't want, while the little thing they do
J^iint ivj ne;rl(M?te(L l*otatoes need f)lenty of fresh
' »am, and littJe rich manure; corn mvds much rich
'iiitnure. Yet how often do we see fsnners planting
^ueir patatoes with first rate manure, and planting
<^orn on a freshly turned sod, wi;h scarcidy any ma-
'i^ire at all. The new sod, 1 grant, would make good

manure if it was rotted, but it Is dcmbtful whether its
ingredients will become available to the corn the
first season.

AV ith th(! frrr use of stable manure it is prol)able
that nearly all the constituents of plants may be
present in the manure heap and tlie soil with tin; ex-
ception of ammonia. This may readily ))e suppdi^nl
by guano, when thought iH'cessary. The guano
sh(»uld, ol course, be eonipostetl for a week or two,
before' mixing with the manure heap, with a good
black loam, charcoal dust, or some other good absor-
be-nt of ammonia, say I'laster of i'aris. Hut stiil,
in g-neral culture, some leading constituent of a
special crop may be detici«!nt. Fjr potatoes, potash
IS wanted, in larg(^ quantity; for turnips, bone dust;
for peas, lime; for clover, plaster of l*aris. Now, if
a farmer neglects to ascertain whether or not, all the
ingredients of a crop are present in sufficient quan-
tity, in the manure he intends to use, may he not,
instead of missing the small matter, (like the nails
of the ship,) miss the leading material, some thing
analagous to the wants of the soils which arc the
most important of all.

No man, it seems to me, can deny for a moment
the necessity of looking carefully into the nature of
ftlants, and the composition of manures, if he de-
sires to practice farming with success. 1 am by no
means in favor of recommeuding to farmera to ob-
tain analyses of their soils, because I do not think, as
a general thing, they can make any profitable use of
them. They may learn the necessity of saving their
liquid manure, and the necessity and the art of sup-
plying defi(!ient materials in their compost heaps.

Twill endeavor to do what I can towards this de-
sirat)le end, by furnishing a few more plain facts in
agricultural chemistry from time to time for circula-
tion in the Agricultor. — [New York Agricultor.

Philadelphia, May, l(Sr)3.

«•»

Walker^s Patent Iron Fence.

The growing scarcity of timber, suitable for fen-
cing purposes, and the consequent high price, are
subjects well calculated to challenge the attention of
the farmer. Already, the cost of fencing is an oner-
ous tax, and with every day the tax is increasing.
The question, therefore, naturally arises, how is this
growing evil to be remedied ? Three modes suggest
themselves: one, by substituting the soiling of cattle,
for the now almost universal practice of pasturing,
the other by the use of iron instead of wood, for fen-
cing, or hedges.

It is not our intention at this time, to discuss the
merits or demerits of soiling cattle, or lu^dging, re-
serving it for a future article, intending merely to
commend U) the attention of our readers, the use of
the wire fencing; b(dieving that in point of economy,
as well as appearance, it is decidedly preferable to
the wt od.

Above we give an illustration of Walker's Patent
Iron Fence, which possesses many advantages, which

■ ' 'MJi

164

IKON FENCE— NKW TAWINC PnOPESS. S^o.

rs

friFVUKR

Application of Wind n« n Power for It.ii.ii,..

To puiiij) rroiii -L w^'l! tho rcqnlsito supplies of wat-
er, WHS a work of wn Mnall l:vl»or. It I.mI t.. tlip in.'
vestigation of a mothod of working a puiiip i,\ i,)mh„
of the win<l. Tlu^ prartioaMlity of tlic pliu, 1 .^,jj
almut to su;:jj^oat, (loos not rouitiiii t<. ).<» tostofl })v f>x-
poriment. hniiML; former years, a sni;ill wiiKhnill
was in suoccssrul .ip<»ration iipMH tlie farm ol >lr. \n-
derson, five niil.'s west of Asliland, Ohio, ,,1, the
road leadinn; to Mansfield. It worked a pump that
amply furjiisli.'d a lar«i;o stock of catih'. \v!)i,-h oth-T-
wisc cniild ohta'm no water. '!'.■ o davs oidv (!i<l jf
r<';i-^(' to perform its duties d iriri;:; niorc thiui t\v.,
years, an<l that interru}»tion was oeeasioned ]»v tin-
nieddlin;;- of n)is(diievous ]>oys. It i.s ,^ra-till in' (.}„-
titai, for an;i;ht I know.

The (M.^t (.f this simple machine, iucludin;': pumn
did not exceed Slo. ^- 1 <

H

are briefly set forth in the follow description:

The above fence differs from all other iron fences
now in use. Althou«;!i virtually a sectional fence,
and susceptible of bein«^ readily taken down, in whole
or in part, it is nevertheless a continuous connec-
tion; the rails connecting]; with each other ))y means
of the hook and eye. at the end of each rail, the
posts being used lu bear up Uic rails at eiudi con-
nection. The hook end of the rail occiipviiiM; tin-
perpendicular shtt or mortice, in tii(> ]>o^t, and just
lar^e enou«^li to allow the hook to pasj throu;!;h.

Cast Iron Sockets, of a p*-culiar form, for reetdv-
ing the posts, will i)e furnislied if desired; these are
readily driven in the ground, thus saving; the expense
of di^^^in^ ])ostdiole8, and ;;reatly facilitates the put-
tin up of the fence. Tin^se are a part of the ])atent,
as also thesinn;lc iron for c<»rner }M)st, which may be
used for strainin<^ posts.

Manufaeturt-d ],y M. Walk(n- an*! Sons, Philadel-
phia, and f'-r sale at tlie Factory, or at P. Morris i^
Co., 38U Market street, Phildelphia.

a III V^ jLiOi

Made of one-fourth in( h rods, SI oO per rod, !<'» feet-

" five-sixth " $2 dO *'

" three-eights *' and in-avier in ])roportion

Iron corner posts, properly prepared, and iiaving

iron brace sufficiently lieavy for unc-luurth inch fence,

$1 50. For five-sixth inch fence, $2 00.
.»»

Nt'W Tanninj^ Process.

W'e see ]»y the London Mechanic's Ma;::azine that a
patent process, named "PrcdhTs,'' has lat(dy found
much favor in L(tndon. After the hides and skins
are unhaired in the usual manner, they underiro a
partial dryin;j^, and receive a uniform coatin;:; of a
peculiar paste composed of various ve^i^etable and sa-
line substant'es. 'riie vegetable substances employ-
ed contain lar^^e portions of starch, such as barley,
rice or wlu-at flour, a litth^ gluten, some butter, or oil
and grease, some common salt, and some saltpeter.
The hides are laid upon tables and smeared on tin*
fleshy side, w illi the said past(% and in tliat state are
put into the interi(»r of large drums, which receive a
rotary motit»n. and by which tin* hidi^s are greatly
agitated, and the paste (by pegs in tlie insid«» of the
drums,) is fbrceil into the pores of tln^ hides or skins,
or rather they are kneaded along with the paste for
two or three hours, after whieh they are drawn out.
They are then found to be in a partial dry state, then
hung up and aired for two hours, and agtiin laid . *'}' I'^'Terence to Plate, the principles upon wliirii
^inon the ta])le, wdiere thev rec<'ive an(tth(>r dose ofi'^ ^^''^^ constructed, will be at once countrehendcd

Zi-^-g^

11. o sann; ])aste,and are again returned to tin* drums
a second time, when the sann^ operation as tliat de-

The direct application of the power, without the in-
tervention of any gearing or nnudiinerv, ol,viiitc3

sen

bed is a-rain performed. After this they receive ; Jii^i^'li fi'icti(.n, hence a suiall anioimt onlv of poWt^r

is recjuired. The diameter of th»3 wheel shouM not
exceed lour feet, a few inches is preferable. It is
lirndy lixe<l by its hub on an iron axle, foiinod of ^

a third smearing with the paste, and are kneaded in

the drums, after which they are taken out and hung

up to dry, and are then fit tor the currying process. ^ ^ .

The leather thus produced instated to be much light- «'l^i="'<: i"^'^' ^';^^'- 'I'''^' •^:^'l'^ "J" bu(;kets are secured

er than that produced by oak or other tan barks, but ' '^^ i^^^''''" <>''it"r <>nds to a wooden rim, like that ef a

it is much stnmger and will we.ar much l)etter. . It | hirg'' spinning-wheel. An inch and a halt' crunk i>

is asserted that for maciiinery bands it is twice as raise 1 on the axle at H, which, at that ponit, is f y-

strong as oak tanned leather, and thatsheei) and goat Inidrical, and uj)on whicli is adjusted the upper ends

skins are rendered very tough and durai)le. It is
said that calf skins are tanned by this process in
about three hours, and the thickest ox hide in three
days.

of the piston rod of the pump C. This, when in mo-
tion, of course commands a play of three inches.

T'liE Body of the Mill. — Apiece of pine plftnk,
D, is suspended from the cross girt of a frame E, hy

}m.]

WIXD MibL-COMMrlMTCATloVS.

IG.'i

an iron bolt, F, furnished at its lower end with a
hirire head, (», and a waslier, and secured hy a kev,
11, at the upper end, a'hnittinu^ of an (Nisy circular
motion of 1> around the l)olt. Thi- motion is coirnd-
(leiit with that of a swi\el (ui the piston rod, I. 'I'he
rudder, or vane, will n> e.vssariiy throw the whe(d at
all times into tin' win i. ! lie axle .V. is suspended
from the ImmIv hy two straps (»f ir(»r), t!irouti;h whitdi
it passes to h, !>, where it is eylindrieal witleait re-
gard t<> persp<'ctive and proportion, hut will, perhaps,
illii^-trate the subject suflicientl v.

A ia-ee/a' wliiidi merely agitates the leaves of th<>
trfe> will set the nnudiinery in operation. A reser-
\ »ir of sonu' six (U- eight hogsheads was kept nearly
tilled, and when, in windy weather, a surj)lus (d"
v.ater was raised, it was re'turne(l to the W(dl by a
w;i>te-pipe, M. In the hands of an ingeni()\is me-
oiiariie, it might, no doubt, h(! greatly improved.
Ireii. ill some of its part , might he suhstituted for

Wood.

A well, sulta})ly located, will furnish water for an
ordinary garden, and witliout labor, by the aiil of
llii> mill. 11. »w mu(di it would improve our flowers,
fruits and esculent vegetables, cannot be estimateil,
but waild surelv eflV'ct a revolution in our nresent
njiKJes of gaiaeninij; nere m tlie \\ est, wfiere we
f*iif}er mihdi every se;is(tn from <lrought. Puldic tanks,
inns, taniierie.s, and thousands of prairie farms re-
'juire i(> aid. Some active firm would j-eiider the
ceminiinity essential service if they would manufac-
ture a.^upjdy of these mills and tidapt them to some
of their improved pumps.

In all this, gentle reader, there is no Quixotism.
Its feasihility has been amply tested.

J. P. KIUTLAXD.

Cleveland, (Miio.

In connection with the above, we copy the follow-
ing]; appropriate remarks from th<' (lenessee Farmer.
T!ien> are farms all over \ew' England wdn^re their
]'r jiiie'.a-s have Immmi pum[)ing water by hand for
lar;^e stocks of cattle f »r a hundred y(»ars, wdien the
expenditure of a few dollars in some sueli contri-
vance as we have given above, would have furnished
;in ample supply.

'invited ni this nnm})er. 15y keeping the wln-id al-
, ways ni the direet current." if it had any fbrce, tlie
llariees would catidi it, and turn the wheid, as a (air-
rent water wheel is tuned. Such a whe.d. with the
necessary shaft and crank, may he made of iron for
a tew dollar-^: and everyone can under^taml, from
the 1 lustration turnished by Prof. Kirtland, that thin
simple apj)aratus will work NUcces.sbdU whenever
the atmo^plnae has any a(^tive motion. "These .air-
rent wheels(th<.y an> in no sens(! /;////..■ j and j)umps,if
manufactured in a hirge way, might b.; sold at prices
wdiich would enable every farmer to have a score of
them for irrigation, and for the distribution of li(pii-
fu'd manure, if he saw fit to make the m.ichanical
power of the winds create wealth for himself and
nninkind.

With durable and (dieap nnudiinery, vast quanti-
ties of water nniy he elevated to any (hssirabh; height
on ev<^ry farm, for agricultural purposiis; and Uio
thanks of the farming community ar(! due to Prof.
Kirtland for his very int(dligil)le illustration of a
us(dul whe(d .and crank to be put in motio i by wind.
I he water that falls upon ev<'ry s(piare foot of •'round
y '^ ^"'' I'l 1-^ <''pial, oi) an average, in this country, to
-*><> Ihs. a vear: anrl so niii.di .d" tldvi -.u <l,.^,....wlo ',],., .r.
Hit(» the earth, and re appears in wfdls and springs,
always contains both the vegetahh; and mineral fjod
of plants, (diss(dve.l out (d'tln^ oil in passing through
it,) in greater or smaller (piantitles. In rare instan-
ces sindi water is poisoned by an excess of acids, or
acid salts.

-••►

ArjRICT'LTURAL MECHANICS.

Mechanical science and arts are doing more for the
advancement of agriculture in the United States, than
all other agemdes combined, so far as immedi:ite re-
sults are attaine(l. l'ltimat(dy, chemistry, physiolo-
gy, meteorology, geology, and other departments of
the natural sciences, will confer heiudits on all in-
;i>'Miial pursuits far transcending any mere metdian-
ical advantages. Indeed, th(; most valuable mechan-
ical powers, even now, are more the fruits ui an in-
tellectual (Uilture than of original genius; and tin;
successful study of natural phenomena preceib's
nearly all important inventions and discoveries. ()p-
mtions that have been }»ractised thousands of years,
Uko tho«e of ploughing, weaving, grinding grain,
:^"d pumping or liftin;; water by wind, are seen from
an entirely new p'oint of view by the man of science;
and he i> aide to suggest improvements that never
could have occurred to a mind not illuminated by tin;
numerous and hrilliant lights kindled by modern re-
searches into the laws of matter.

We have been led into this train of thought and
remark, by perusing, in the Horticulturist, the val-
"ahle article on the "Aprdication of Wind as a Pow-
er tor Raising Water," from the pen of Prof Kirt-
land, of Cleveland, to which the reader's attention is

For the Farm Jonrna!.

AuguNta Rose.

To THE Editors of thk Farm Jourxai,: —

In reply
to your correspondi^nt respefting this new Hose. I
received from the prop'rietors early the past Spring,
a str(»ng plant inoculaled, then showing sev(!ral flow-
er buds. They all expanded fr«;ely, and presente(i a
perfe(Uly double flower, of large size, very fragrant,
and of a rich yellow color, deeper than any Chroma-
tella I have yet seen. It appears to be (piite a fine
bhtomer of strong, robust habit, and clearly allied to
Solfatare.

Of its hardihood 1 cannot speak, not having had
an opportunity of testing it. I regard it a very fine
Rose.

JAS. 1). FULTON, Phihulelphia.

Extract of a letter from the Hon. Marshall P.
Wihler, of Massachusetts:

"I am happy to say that, although I had heard a
favorable opinion expressed in rfdation to the merits
of this Hose, its beauty exceeded my anticipations.

**The Augusta Rose is certainly an ex('e|Icnt vari-
ety, having in its gri»wth the climbing habit of the
Noisettes, while in bloom and fragrance it seems
nearly allie(l to the Teas. Its foliage is beautiful; its
flower is very pure and dedicate in cidor; its form
globular and jierfect, and although very double and
full, appears to expand its buds freely. Considering
these valuable characteristics, it may he esteemed as
a good acquisition, and worthy of a place among the
best varieties extant."

M

M

icr,

COMMrNirATIONS.

f^KPTF.MBlR

F>>r till' K.Miii .I'lurii.il.

Reply t(» C;. Illi^ht llrowne, on the nicmical and
Merhaniral ICllcctH of Lime.

When [ ixiMiuiicd in the Miiv Xo. <»f tlie Farm
Journal, my (dtservations on your "Theory of the
Action of Lime," I had hut ont; oltjeet in view — to
draw from you a vindication of your "th(M»ry," and
olicit a more Huhstantial ar;'umont in favor o( it,
tlian I conceived had Imm'h |)rcsent»Ml. You had in-
troduced to the readers of tliis Journal, an orii^inal
"Theory of the Action of Lime in Aj^riculture,''
which, from its phiusihle chara<'ter, was admirably
calculated to mislead into what I firmly believe to be
error, many whose attention ha<l not l)een previous-
ly called to the subject.

But, without further commr'nt, and to come to the
point at once, it may n >t be amiss to state the puints
on uiiich we differ.

Tiic disputed ((uestion, as I understand it, is sim-
ply this:

/>.'/ ^('^nif means does lime affoi flie mechanical at-
tachment of thr pariirlrs of the soil /

Yuu contend, I believe, that lime do(\s not mellow
the soil by acting on the siliciiMis matter therein, bu^^
that the disintoj::;ration (•( its particles, is wholly
effected by tiie |jres>ure ni' the carbonic acid libera-
ted in a ;;aseous state from the lime.

I' lias b-'eu my intention to support the view that
(as far as we have been al>le to learn from the reve-
lati.ms that chemistry has made on this subject,) the
apparent mechanical chan;;e in the soil producln*; pul-
verency, Sec, is eff.'cteil ],y the re-action of the linn?
up(»n the silicates of which the principal portion
of the soil is formed. I do not mean to be so bold
as to assert that this is in reality the "only way" in
which lime acts when renderiog soil friable, but that
it ^?;>;>ca/\v (from the researches that have been made
upon the subject) to be the true cause of these sin^ni-
lar chan<^es. For who can say that the manifold and
ini;!;hty secrets of nature's ^^rc^at laboratory have all
been revealed? Xo I while we are yet compelled to
**see throu;ih a ;^dass darkly," and ;;rope with a blind
infatuation after the "hidden li;;ht," none but the
visionary speculator will presume to say that such is
the "only way' in which nature moves "her wonders
to perform.'^

This view, then, that I have advanced in opposi-
tion to you, I be;^ leave to assert, is no do^ma of my
own. I have, 1 hope, not vanity sufficient to permit
me to publish an original theory on so obscure a
question. I advance it only as the carefully matur-
ed opinion that I have drawn from the writings of
different authorities — men who have studied the sub-
ject in a scientific manner.

In reference to the origin of the carbonic acid, you
distinctly assert that I have obtainlid a wrong impres-
sion from your letters. You now say that "the car-
]^onic acid to which you have attributed the mellow-

ing of the Soil is not the product of thi; veift-tal,',,
matter of the soil," but that it is attrilmtable to !itin(>s-
pheri(! abst)rption. It was my impression at first
that y<»u W(M"e willing to c()incide with IVofosgor
Johnston, in his view that the salts of linit.' lurm^'i
by the re-action of the vegetable acids of the soil,,^
the carbonate of lime were capable of spontaruvm^
decompositii>n — that a [)ortion of the acid wouM alj-
sorb oxygen an<l pass off in anotln^r form of carlxjn-
ic acid gas and water, leaving the lime in the origi-
nal state of carbonate, and ready again to undenjo
the same chan(je.

But this point which served to add a little plaui^i-
bility to your theory, you have now entirely discar-
ded.

You have left yourself no source from which to oli-
tain the volumes of carbonic acid necessary to dis-
integrate a heavy soil, but the atmosphere, and t*
suppose that the lime can carry enough carhoni'

ence thtit "lasts many years after its application,"
seems almost incredible.

But, before heaving this argumentof yours, I wishl<j
bring before you a point in my previous article, which
you have entirely omitte(l defending, or even alluding
to. 1 s{)eiik of the argument in which 1 urgt^i that
the extreme solubility of carbonic acid in watt-r at
the ordinary temperature, iconldinevitaldy prevent \t^
ex'rtiny any mechanical pressure on the soil around it,
and therefore, the idea that this gas can rend asun-
der tlui fragments of damp earth in which it is cor.
fined, is ii ji'n/sical impossitjilify. Here the decidedly
classical analogy of the "loaf of l)read" seems totally
irrelevant, for it is the expulsion of the carbonic
acid from its solution in water, by a sudden elevation
of temperature, that produces the "lightness of the
loaf," whereas in the earth there is no such calorific
change, and the carbonic acid must inevitably remain
ill a state of solution, or else be quietly carried off hy
the spontanejms ecaporation efthe water from the sur-
face of the earth.

In respect t(j the decom})osition of the silicates of
the soil by linn^ I desire to be understood as not de-
fending, or in any way supporting, the views of Pro-
fessor >Lipes, although our opinions may accidental*
ly coincide, (and it is not unnatural that they should,)
yet on this point 1 shall venture to stand upon my
own footing.

Permit me, now, to quot(; from your reply to nu-.
the following assertion:— "Xo chemist has (to my
knowh'dge) been able to demonstrate that caustic linie.
at the ordinar}^ temj^erature, will combine with si-
lex/'

Li answer to this I may be allowed to make the
following quotations. The first is from "Liebig'-^ L''^"
ters," one of the most popular works on Chemistry
that has ever been published.

♦' Common potter's clay, or pipe clay, diffusea

rOMMl MOATIONS.

If.T

1853.]

thruu'di water and added to milk of lime, thickens I lime.") Here, in comparison with this quotation, I
iiatiiediatclv on niixing; the lime in combining with , place in your own language, the improper form into
th,. « l»«m<'nts of the clay li<piilies it, and what is which you have transcribed it.

jji,,re remarkalde, liberates the greater part of its al- "Let us see what the learned commentator has
kalieP. These interesting facts were first ob«erve<i j really put forth in these few lines, lie alleges that
\j\ I'achs, at Munich; they <'xplain the effects of cans- the Hili(;ates are capable of combining at th(; ordina-
tic lime upon the soil, and guide the agriculturist in ry temperature with indefinitely small (piantities of
the aiiplicatiun of an incaluattle mean^ of openmy it, i lime or any other base."

and srttiny free its alkalies." Hen' you have, by leaving out one word and sub-

Johnston's Agricultural Chemistry, the invaluable stituting another, entirely destroyed the sense and
friend and comj)anion of every tyro in science, con- meaning of the sentence,
tains the following statement:

"Mr. Prideaux has lately proposed to mix up
crushed granite and quick lime, to slake them to-
.rpther and allow them to stand in a covered heap
for some months, wh«m it may be applied as a top
dressing, and will readily give out potash to the

Bull.

In another place, speaking of the alkaline sili-

o.f..^ fMon.l in the ash of the stem and leaves of the
ceralia, he says: "When the alkali is set free," (by
the agency of carb(mic acid,) "the lime itself com-
bines with the silica and hence one scource of the
silicate of lime in our cultivated soils."

Silliman's Chemistry, "designed for the use of
Colleges and Schools," also furnishes me another in-

tance:

"Lime is much used in improved agriculture as a
manure, it acts to decomp(jse vegetable matter, to
neutralize acids, dissolve silica, and retain carbonic
acid."

By erasing the word "almost" before "indefinite-
ly," you have found an admirable chance to make it
known that my statement was contrary to the theory
of definite proportions, in another place by substitu-
ting the word "any" you have endeavored to impress
your readers with the id(!a that I had asserted a sil-
icate^ wouhl c(jmbine with any base, (no matter
whether it was organic or inorganic,) and form a
double salt. wlK'reas I distinctly said it was a base
(such as lime.) Had not the misfpioted sentence
been made use of several times, and the remoddeled
portion italicised, I would have been compelled to
have overlooke<i it as an accident on your part.

In conclusion 1 wotild remark that although the
subject is an interesting one, and also possesses mu<-h
practical importance, still I believe every thing neces-
sary to give us a clear understanding of each other's
views has been a<lvanced, and lest the readers of the
Farm .Journal grow weary of what has degenerated
into a rather contentious dispute, I would respect-

These quotations, taken from the most Popular ' ^^jHy decline any f\irther discussion of the matter.

works, as well as the most relial)le authorities, seem
to prove very conclusively, that lime wdl combine
with silica either in its isolated state, or when in
combination with other substances.

The latter part of your critique contains a list of
arguments brought to prove that the combination of
Jime with a previously formed silicate would not re-
sult in the formation of a double salt. All this is
very well, when confined to the neutral silicates of
potash and soda, but there an; many other silicious
compounds in the S(»il, whose chemical nature you
have passed over in silence.

I lio})e, before long, to be able to publish in the

J. II. B.

Thornbury, Chester county, July 18.

Fi

For the Farm Journal.

Potato Disease.

J. LaCEY DARLIN(iTO\, P^sq.

Dear Sir:— We promis-
ed your rea<lers of the July No., the results of our
experiment in regard to an insect making such rav-
ages in the wheat field. We regret, however, to say,
that the disastrous storm of .Inly 1st, has destroyed
our specimen, although deposited as we thought se-
curely, and of which we had many reasons U) ])elieve,

arm Journal, a paper that shall contain a full state- ; .^^ fyH developement of the nature of that mysterious
ment of the chemical character of these interesting
compounds.

Ther.' In oik. more point in your article that forci-
bly recalls to my mind the jtertinent words of the
poet:

"Siitlrc r<'Co11s wtifn^'vor cliar>,''<l looliik-'h.
l<'<uii(l yi>ur ow !i fame tin' fatal .Hjiliutt-r-^ My."

I speak of the manner in whi(di you have mis-
quoted anrl misconstrued me in Kcveral passages. In
nay communication I made the following stat^smont:
**A large quantity of a previously formed silicate
possesses the property of combining with an almost
indefinitely small quantity of a new base (such as

.lisease. We hope another year, providing it appears
•i^rjiin will enabh' us to further our experiment, and
lav it befbre the public.

We would wish to offer a few remarks, as the views
which arc entertained by Drs. Liebig and Klotzsch,
(d the potato disease; in part a preventative as well
as an increase in (piantity and <piality. These noble
naturalists have very carefully examined the motion
of juiceK, in the animal and vegetal le kingd.-m, and
from the data of their examination it would se..,n, as
if the potato rot is not due to a degeneration of the
plant, but to a combination of external causes, and if

m

\^

M

COMMUNICATIONS.

[Septei

B. Lie..-,, whose attentio^'r "Xe " r;r. Li f;;":,:'::.?"' "r'^ "^'^"" """"• - ^"' - •

oration c..es, and the plants a"r 11 J fi J T 7',' '-"'>• ""^«« of gras., f,„.,y acres „. „,,.,,

to .. are .ado plain. j,n,e faei J. H ^ ^W I ' T^' m,"" ."'' '■;"'^ ' ■':'"■ '-""■'• -" - -.:.

asmbod to inseets, want of stan-I, .t,- ^^f' ' ^" '" --^ ; " ; '"' " "^ '■■■;. -.k,,,. ,.„ a..,-,, f,,,. „,,,, „,;,.

'■"";';""" "'■ "'■■ «.-ain, u„d a litdc ex,,,.,-;,.,,.,. „.i||

Ve^rotn})les constiint

V ah ;,,!•!) in..iNtiir(' fiMm tin

earth ,ln.,,u,lMl,,.u.n,,.:..vln,.|,,.,....:,,i,,|;';;' '■'"":" ' ""■ «■•-"• -1 - litU... .x,,,.,-!,,.,,,., wH

anJ_..stlu=neva|.,„at,.,lu;:ai,, s„,|.ail„.n. is „| „„'

cessuy a con.ta,,,. v,.t l.,n„„„i,„.- ,.;,vol,m„n i„ a

'■'-^^■'"-'^li^'.-M in.va„v.x„.,.„al ,.,,„... „.i.

ii:.i>-,,i,-a„oni..eheoked, itull! 1.,^ a U\-U\y.U-U..

tenons .nlhumoe on th. ,.lant. Ti... j,.,,a:.r,,i:,„ „„

account of its delica.v, .su.lers pnrhaps ,„ „v than

any other from 8„,.h vital disturbances

_ Now we know that there is a con.:an, lut^n ha,,..-

>ng .n the air, that wl,ich is ,dos. to the earth', ,n°

face wUI become heated, an.l thus li.l,,..,-. and lis:. ,„
.nake room for that bel.u i, or heavi,.,- ai,-. ,., .h.
■same pnnc.ph, „s the boilin;; „t wa,,.,-. .N„„, du-
nng and afce,.a,e falling of nin. i, ,.,ay so happ,.,,
I.at the atmosphere surrounding the plant, will hoM
large quantities of watery vapors, having very near
the same specific weight, being ah„n, LOOOH 'a. o.
Hap ...self it will at once bo apparent that cxosmo

Jt'

s w.U l,e destroyed, and conscjuculy prod,,,-, what .at-

JLie hit' minriAao.] ^ .1.. cy

L.eb,g supposed, namely, Sonnenbrand. in such t,,
mstanee the sap instead of passing out. bv traosni-
rat|on. w.ll accumulate in the new tuber ,.• potato
acting as a diverticulum, and produce ^vh at is term-
ed a fleshy potato, full of sap. ext,-.,a,.lv d-licat. and
not able to withstand th. d.v,„„„„.,„. ,„.,„„,;

theatmo.,,1,,.,.,.. A„ ..xa,„,,l,. „r „„,,„„.„.;„„ ,.^^,,
bo .seen u, api.l,-, ,,..,» in^ in wn sca^^,,,,.

^" '""■'"■■''' "^■" ill i^- '■■'-•'■ y.,nMvad,.rs our vi,.w.

oftla.s treatise, a. ,„,l:e best pr..v,.„tative. and also

hose of Ivlotzsch. wlM will ,,„ „„.„,, „.„„„,„,,,„,

by the k.ng of Prussia, for certain expcri.uonts u.

relation to an increase in quantity and quality.

E. K. Bl'AVKlt.
Worcester, -Montgomery county, Jnlv ii, 'oj.

l'-';i up as straight and snug, and with ,r,-,t,.rl,Z
'<«./,/..,■,/,/,/, th.an after a common cradle "

'''!"■ '""^"'- '^-ill -»t about U fee,, or one a,n. f„r
-■v".-y t»o ,n,l..s ,|,at it runs. ]„ ,.,ntin.. .rain ,.-

•^ras. that ,s v,.ry much down, it is h,.«,.,. ^,?.,K „nlv

;," • 'I"- -'l-'f the li,.|d, which w.il diminish

the amount but make belter u„rk.

This machine took the (irst pn-miua, at Flower-

"xp-ctiition antl tiie deinan.l of tlio farmii,.^ e.mmu-
iiitv. '^

I" "■■'ler to prepare f„r its use, let everv larmer
make his gn.und Miei.tli. ^- „■

X. 15.-1 s,a,d y,.n thi,- very brief notice of the
reaper, to sati-ly the ,oany en,p,irie. ,|,at have been
'""'I" '" '■""■■"■'' '" i'^ "P-rMtiun. V„„ are at liKertv
to make such use ..f i,, ,. your judgment may dij-

Vours truly.

NATJIAX WALTON.

-••^

-••♦-

For the Farm Journal.
Heaping and M.,u in- Marlihir.

West Fallovvfield, July 2od, 1853.
Messrs Editors: —

I" "l country where a labor ,sav-i;iackC„el,i„ Chinas. J„hnl{u!l
ing machine is calculated to benefit .all classes of the ' covered the <;,,.■ and Span-h.d sorts

rZiS'I-llV"""' M^'^P' "' -'-tituting, The fowls repVesente.l so^e years ago, in the Peul-

Ja^: Siic berfit""^"""' '^"" '''"'' '' '-'-'■ i :?e":"^ o:' '^-^ ■'-''-' - ^"-" ^^'^'-'^'^ ^"^-

For thf Fiirm JouruaL
IJretds of Poultry.

NoKTiUMnERLA.M), Julj2r). 18.3:].
I Mk. ELUToii: —

Dear Sir: Your intelligent <'(»r-
re.sp.>ntlent -S/' on pu;.. l-M) „f the Farm 'journ:il.
in;ik''s .n.,uiri,,s in relation to Shan-hai, Cochin Clii-
iKi an.I (^hitta-on-s, which 1 will en.hiavor to an.swer
a- lar a^ tun.-, -patN'. an-I inforniatit)n will permit me.
It is now conceded on hoLli sides of thr water, a-
inon,u-'wt.ll hooked up" fowl fanei.rs. that Cochin
China an.I Shannrhai an' .lilKerent nani.'s for the ^ame
variety or nirir/i.'.,. \n this <'ountry, the term '-Co-
chin China," i,. ].retry n.Mrlv ahandon.Ml, while in
Kn::Ian,l, the de.signati.m "Shan-hai," h;is n^wr h,M.ii
recognised, Here we have oi- pr.'tend to have, JJulf,
Red, White, Black, <i,..y U..iniiiique, Spanieled etc.,
Shan-hal,- — thtTo th.-y hav Hufr, K,.l, Whi'e, and
lilack Cochin Chinas. Jn]m Hull his not y.i dis-

Vanvfn.^,. I ru.1 . al Cochin China, wita smooth dark le-s, long tails-

Many farmers have felt the necessity of some .in- and no great depth of quarter, if trul, represented,

]^r^:\ ]

COMMi \ic xiiovs.

109

are undouhtedly of adulterated blood. I .im stron*'-
\y of the opinion, that all the pure descendants of
the Gallus (li;;anteus, (of whir], tl.,. >', l!;,\v .^JL-inc--
hai is the best type,) should b(; marked with ve"y

"Miformityof pluma-t, !„,, ,,,^,„„ „,, ,„ ,,,„ ,,j,.,„.,^
ii;^ure for size, f.iiility and hanli.icss. Jv,,,,! to t!,,.
stronn; Indian, they haw rnj^, /;/„/,;,,,,. ..]5|.,, ,|,,. ,-,,j_
t"'l States." Th<.van. 1...S iufil,,,,] t- .it ,!i:ni the

Phort tails, yellow feathered le-^s, vli,,i t win-- and v;i , •' *

^ * ,.,.-'. ■"-^■•tn<[ '^l'an;;ha,s/.and,iwin,^M,a th.ir hin,^n>r bodies, exce-Ml

thcni Mil :iM avcra;^e for wei'dit. I

deep quarters. Any decided variation lr,,!M these
marks would indicate more or less imnuritv. W here-
over these arc to ])e fomel, I can, not whiit thf color

., I ive two hons of

this viiri^.ty now, whose joint wi-ht, in Maivh Inst,

i^, uncuntamiiiat, ,1 IJood may ho hon,..l for if n^.t I T'' ~'"'"' '" '"' ^ '"'"'' 1'"""^^'"' f*"" -^ane-^.n,
reli.Ml upon. * *;■""• "'^"" ^" ""•"^ "^""^!» "M. v.vi.H.in;; over 8 Ih.s.

Whil.Mt i,..luItepossihh.hycar.ru]and hn.^ con '■"'•' ^''""-'"^'^ will .-om,. up to th.-s. fi^uros. Of

tinu.-.l ..Ifu-r, to attain aln.o.t anv -olor amon^ ani^ TI "'' "" " TT"^; ^ "' ^""^'"''^'^ '* ^^'"^^^•
mals in a state of domestication, ^i.nv if not ^ll' I ' ^ "V ^'"^"'^ '""'""' '' ^''•" ^'''' ^'"'•^

l>irds palmed off as Dlaek, Whit or sj^ -kM Si - ^ '''' 'h' ^I' I '''"' '^'''''''^'^ ' '"''" '-'"'

hais ar.> to he n-^anied with suspicion This n i ^^ I '\ ''''' '' '';.:"• , ' '"'^ '"'' '---'' ^-••^-'■' -^''

.^ f-nded upon a close inspection of th.^ f. , I """ "'"^" ^^''''^'- ^''^ '^^ ^^'-^-- 'Hu-y do not

}

i- ftuinthjd uptm a close insp.jctif.n of the fowls tlu'in
selves.

Somt> of the finest Cocks an.I ![..,,<, sh..wn at th.'

Puul'i-y i-Mii'.itlon in Pliiladelphi'i. hi.t Xt.v.Muher,

w-n- White S'lan-lnil.. A trio, cnt.M- vl hy Mr. ll-r-

in.ui ()>1.T, of (rt-rmantown, exceeded in wei-;i,t, ^nv

upon tho nrrmind, and in f>rm and ro;un.i Z-vr un-

excepiional.le,yet ..tle-r fowls .,f tli.- sam." nam.', and

we wen' toM nf the .sam.' fimily, .■xhihit-.l all the

marks ot w.irthl. -ss mon-n-ls,— smooth ^l.'u.ler h-s.

hmg wini^s and tails, thin nam.w bodies, .aie! not

one in twenty promisin;^- t.j wi-h liv.' ynnn^i^ a

mat

on;j; m at.

h'iither so rapi.lly as tlu's.', hut are n.;t so 1
tainini!; a cov.-rin- as Om Shan-hais

If Ih.! Foultry Fanei.T wants -n-at weight, and
is willln- to run tie' rl>k ol a parti .-..loivd ?! ,.'k, U,.
^■aiinot do h.'tt.T tliiin n-ar th.' ( Miitta-on-s. \ay, if
he he t-nrrfol :.n.l o,.l ;,.iou<», he mav brood them -.f -i
t'1-riil.l.^' sain.-n.!ss -almost iiny color that pleases
him. For my own part, I would hn very s.u-ry t.)
;:;ive them up.

Th.' IJoohirs (or r.iicks c,,unfy Fowls) are never
'^•"'' "'' V.-llow. Th.-y run fVo,n Hhi.-k to (ir-v, -the

urity. These poor cnMtures evidently "crlcl "'"^^ "'' ^'"'"1 d<»tte.l witli white on a hla.-k ;;r>»un.i.
"' th.' .lun;-!iill si.le of the hotisn, whence ! '^'''^'-^' *^'"*' f'^'''''^'''^" ''•'''■^^•''^ ^" t'»'' •'''^'^'T Blues and

aek' to

douhtlevs tlc'ir white Ohu' hid I,.., mi so ,s7>.vv///y .jo.

rived. Th.- name Shan-lnii, as applie l' t.. th.-m.
^vas fai'>ical.

It seems to be a.lmitt.Ml, that in th.. r nirse ..f .■•,.,)-
erati..!,., this (,r any .-ther ,-olor nmv he attain. ■.!

Black davas. Jn most cas.'s tlwy f.^ath.-r as raj/idly
as the smalh'r hn'c.ls. Th.-y ar.; |;.,uty ai;d of late
maturity. You may hree*} them ;i Ion;; tim.' and ;;.'t
nothin- fn.m tii.'m that r.-s.unhl.'s a Shan;;hai, in
'pnility, shape or color.

Lat.'ly anoth.'r variety of Shan.rJiais has start'-d

without .•n.>sin-. In less than three centuries, tl.

iini'l .]'..• Ml lints .,f tile Xorth American ^Vild '*'''' ""'^''^ ^'"' ''"1*'"'""""**^ ^'^''' "* "Brahma l>ootra,"
Turk.>y. wh..-.' uniformity is as nunarkahh' as that
<d sp.M.kle.I h.\ans, have divid.'d into as many com

I'l"xi'*ns as can he f,und in any (dd -rannv's cn.p o/ '^i'*^"nt(M-k, ot Philadelphia
P^'rr Dun-hills. Why may it n..t be so with the Fin | '''?''' ^'''^ '"'"^'^ their app.'an
<^U heirs^ol Hi. K,,st in.liau Majesty-(;,.llus (il;r;,n-
h'lH ? Form i< a much stron-er indication of puri-
ty than eo|(M\

ii^ the best families of Buffs or Yellow Shan-hals,

an occasional white or black f.'ath.M- may h.. s"mi,—

•^'"1 it is likely that tlu's.; niarkin-s pathuitly fol-

' 'W.'d Up. f ,r a nuinh-r of years, w.mld lea.l to many

^Inte ..r many i>l;ick l.-ath.'rs, an.I ev.Mitiiallv t.. oil

over white or black. Th.' write,- one- hr." 1 a 'llo,-k of

white puddle ducks in a few years, from three irrav
ones. *^

and jud^nn;; fn)m a [)air of youn<,' ones, which the
writer receiv.'d a few days sin(;(;, fn.m his friend Dr.
McClintock, of Philadelphia, e.pial to any thiuL^that

mce, of a beautiful lifdit
col )r and th.3 most perfe(^t A/'/y hrrr,/ shape, tln^
will no doubt have a ^a-eat run anion.; the fan. -v. At
present, a fen)cious war (-.f w.irds) is ra;;iri;_Mn re-
lation to th.'m, betw(;cn two of our m..^t talent. -.1 and
distinguished hen-crannies, J)r. Bennet aid Mr.
Burnham.

'•Clmrip' Hiiniliini! charj^e !
On .' M.'iiiirt : ..u 1"

Perhaps some of our Southern frien.ls, or L.)rd
Xorthhy. will see th.' aptness of th.- fpiotatiou.
As the science of ll.Miolo;;y i)roi;resses, Brahma
'" r.-;rar,l to Chittacon,i;s, my first kn.,wled-c of ''''">^'''^"' '^'''^"o '^"S ^I''^;; Kon-s, Cochin China,

tlnMn was obtaine.l fr in Dr. Bennett's Pou.try
l^ook, io which the author, an.I his able correspon-
<ient, Dr. iverr, (Asa lliii;^,] exalts them above all
other fowls for slalure and personal appearance, I
purchased a stag ani two pullets from the latter ^en

tleman. They were by no means remarkable for Yours truly,

Imperial (Chinese, etc., will r.^solve th.'mselves uicLt
the comprehensive family name of Skawjliai, aid if
further diHtiiu;tion.s be necessary, the surnames F.la. k.
Buff, White, Spotted, Ringed, Speckled an.I Str.-ak-
ed, may be added.

DAVID TAGGART.

^•"

.,.1 -.-.%,. ,.-^

i|

170

COMMrXirATIONS.

\^y.

'TKMliF.K

BH«49'tt3«l£:a9!W«!£<!W>'i*W<^''**

For the Farm Journal.
Fly in Wheat.
Mr. Darlington:

ii.:ir.T tli<' rivers, by the Ass.'vs(.r'H list of ITOr), near-
ly all hnlders returned a cnnsuh'rable share of ihrir
hinds as "uncultivated," — it had )»eeome "worn dut "
Dear Sir -Mr. E. K. leaver, in j^ was h^ft to th.> introduction uf a re^rular rotation
your July No. of Farm Journal, seems to infer from combined with the use of artiticial -rassrs, niu\ the
the depredations of the fly on the wheat in Mont-om- -ippih-ation of lime and plaster to cause these -.vom
ery and adjoining' counties, that some; new insect has , .j^^- ^i^^i,}, ^^^ i,,..^^ .^^..^j,, ^,j,„,j ^j,^.;,. ^^^^^^^ ,^^^^
made its appearance. He doubts the e--s bein- de- .the cattle of a thousand hills." These are brought
posited in the Fall-and i.i like mann(^r doubts their ^^um New York State, Virginia, or the l,oundleHs
being deposited m the Spring 1 ])ut supposes that-^ ^y,.,^^ purchased in the Fall and kept upon corn fed-

because different fields are differently affected — and
the rye escaping the injury, *'that the cause mat/ be
looked for in the (jraiii of the wheat prior to sowiny.'^
lie says, "the deposition of the ova or egg are gen-
erally formed a])ove the second joint." Now I would

der, oats straw, and hay, for about five months of the
Winter season, turned to pasture about the Istof 5th
month, (May,) and sold the latter part of Summer
and early Fall. The grass season, therefore, eorn.
prises about seven months. Very highly cultivated

merely sugg(»st-how could the' ova or egg remain I j.^^j ^^..^ |^^ .^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^j^j^ j^^^^j^ ^^^ ^.^^^
dormant all Fall and Winter, and then about the 20th | ^j,,^,^ „„^ ..^^e, but the average usually found re(iui8-
of May, crawl up the stem to the second joint? An \ -^^^^ j, j^,,^,i^. ^j^^^ amount. Previous to the recent
insect in the ova state evidently has no means of practice of supplying the P:astern cities with va^t
locomotion, and ifso, it must be placed by its parent j^„^.^.^ of home-fed cattle from the vallies of the

c»u iiir >puL v> Here njunu.

As Mr. B. desires the opinion of others, "on this
obscure yet wide s})read disease," I send you mine in
a few words. Our fields in this vicinity being simi-
larly affected, though not to the same extent, we con-
sider it uutliiiig mure ur les.-i tiian the old pest — lies-

Shenandoah, Sciota, and other sections of the teem-
ing West, and when land did not command the price
it now does, grazing was profitable to the farmer of
Chester county. But if this is the main oltject, rath-
er than exemption from the labor attendant upon the
pursuit of otlier )»ranehes, it will bf necessary for

sion fly, having made a deposite of its eggs, late in ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^j^^,-^. ..tt^.^^^ion more to the pn.ductiuQ

the Spring, a vt»ry freipient occurrence. Indeed I
have seen a d<'{»osition of eggs in the Fall, and
two ill the Spring some years since, the fly hatching
out in April, and again in May and June. Had the hinds
deposite been made in tlie Fall, or early in the S[»ring,
the eggs would be found on the first instead of the
second joint. I djubt very much if the cause exists
in the grain prior to sowing.

Very respectfully, J. B. GARBEll.

Flof{ai. Retreat, July 30th, 1S53.

of articles adapted to the retail market of the great
and growing city, the vicinity of which, creating a
demand for such, has enhanced the value of their

f^

The following I believe to l»e a pretty correct ex-
hibit of "grazing" and "dairying:"

Feeding one steer on two acres, seven months.
Fencing - - - - - S2 00

Taxes, 1 <>0

Interest of $85 per acre,

Keep five months, at 40 cents per week,

Fur the Farm Journal.
Aj^rlcultural Review, No. tJ.

Pasture. Seventh, eighth and ninth in rotation is
principally devoted to fattening stock for market and
grazing horses, cows and oxen for home use, some
little to raising lambs for the butcher and butter
dairying. By this time, the natural grasses from
Bpontaneous growth, (daim preemin<Mic(». First in value Fencing,
for its early growth, (piick renewal and nutritious Taxes,
qualities, is tiie green grass, poa pratensis; next the Interest,
blue gras, poa cotJipressa, white clover, trlfofiinti re- | Keep,

Expense,

Advance upon cost,

Loss per acre.

2)

10 20
8 40

^21 00
IS 00

;i c.d

1 80

Feedini: one cow on two acres, seven months.

S2 00
1 00

10 20
8 40

Product, 100 lbs. at 25 cents,

Profit per acre,
Birmingham, 8th month.

$;;2 80

42 00

pens, and red top. agrostis vulgaris; these mainly Making and marketing l)utter,100 lbs. atT cts., 11 -0
contribute to the hii^h estimate placed upon the Bran-
dywine hills and meadows, for grass feeding. As in-
timated in a previous nunOu'r, this ])ranch (d farm-
ing is comparatively of modern date. Tln^ early set-
lers were grain raisers upon an exhausting system,
and so successful had they been in this, that though
William Penn described these lands in his day, "as
three times richer than the front lands," or those

2)

7 20

3 60

C. B,

1853.1

COMMUXICATIONS.

171

For the Farm .Iwurnal.
The I'ruits of June— Cherries and Cherry Trees.

Mr. KoiToi;: —

Tlie warm day^ of Spring, and the
(juickly following first li(»t days oi* Suinnicr — -the time
o!" Spring fever, and panting lani^or— have now pass-
ed into tli<> established hi^ats of Summer, more endu-
ral)lc, l)"(;ause the season ])rlngs with it its mitiga-
tions. But these first sudden and sweltering lieats,
meet us all unprtjpared. We cannot all at once for-
get the cold that we felt l)ut yesterday, and we hesi-
tate to let the air have full play upon our ribs, and
even then it does not readily give tone to the throb-
bing syst«Mn. In the way of food, the provisions
•t«jred up through winter are stale, or dry, and heat-
ing. Something a little acid and very juciy, is what
we crave. We drink acidulated >vater with delight;
salads ar«^ refreshing; good, large ri[)e cherries, fresh
from tlie trtM!, reconcile us, and start expressions of
delight: and tin; ij:rand luxury and ])oast of tlie S(}a-
son. 'a dish of ripe strawberries smothere<l in cream,'
gratifies every sense, and leaves nothing to be desir-
ed, only that it might be 'always June.'

fruits, only equalled in this respect by grapes, (the
cherries of Autumn,) currants and som<» otlier ber-
ries.

Cherries of many kinds attain a circumference (»f
over three indues; of hu< h it is no mincing to "make
two ))ites at a cherry." By the rule of compensa-
tion which i)revails through Nature's works, fruits
with so much rich iiesh are H(ddom found to contain
a perfect setnl.

Besides the enjoyment furnished by the beauty of
the trees, and the excellence of the fru it, there is a
great fund of pleasure in the diversity of colors, sea-
son, form and flavor. A dish of the earliest, com-
posed of Early Purple, Early White Heart, Knight's
Early Black, and Coe's Transparent, mingled with
a few of the bright green leaves, as a foil to their
brilliant lustre, is 'beautiful exceedingly.' Before
these kinds are past, the magnificent Black Tarta-
rian, the sprightly, tender Elton, the delicate Belle of
(""Iv^Ivixr orjd th*^ yet acid M:*vduke. eomo forward
with thtdr claims for admiration. Eater yet, the rich
Black Eagle, the beautifully marked Burr's Seed-
ling, and the grand Napoleon, and with them the ex-

Comparativ(dy but few accept for themselves these I cellent fruit of the large Weeping Cherry tree, and

enjoyments from tin; offering harul of Nature. True, the Rt'lnc llortense.

many have chcrrv trees, i)ut either thcv are so few, or , e-.-n .i • . .■ j r • i i

' * ' ; v5tiii th»; eye is not tired ol scemg new colors and

so late, or so indifferent in sorts, that they minister | ^^^.^^^^ ^,^^ ^,^^ ^^^,^^^ of tasting fresh flavors; and
but little pleasure. And fruit may be purchased in j ^j^ji^, ^j,^ f^^^j^^ ,^^. j^„^ ^^^ ^^^ j^^ perfection, July
the market, but this necessity of paying, and round- j advances with new liveries and new claims. The
ly too, and getting in return but stale, bruised or ; ^.^eat Bigarreau, the very distinct and valuable Butt-
sweated fruit, or what is yet sour, unripe, and un- 1 j^^^'s Yellow, the solid and pungent Gridly, the acid

wholesonoas well as unpalatable, is a <lifferent thing Belle Magnifique, the vinous Downer, and others
from the enjoyment of picking one's own perfectly ^^^^ ^^ ^ ,^^^1^ ^j^ ^^^j^,,,^^, and even later if it
ripe fresh fruit, from one's own generous trees, | ^ould be desired, among the host of other fruits that
wiience the finest of sorts are glittering successively | tl^on begin to call for notice,
into the lustre of maturity, and offering their re- | The culture of the trees shall bo the subject of

freshing juice at 'morn and noon, and dewy eve.'

An intermmediate enjoyment is that of going, when
the appetite becomes imperative, a mile or two through
sunshine and dust, to a place where cherries grow,
begging or Imying Iciive to eat — taking a glut that it
is liMp('(l may do for a week, and then going home to
think it had been as W(dl on the wiioh;, to have staid
tiiere, and that the cherries eaten from the tree are
notmucdi more wholesome than the market ones.

But cherries, (piiu* ripe and fresh, are most entire-
ly wholesome, and even sanitary, and are (^aten by

another paper.

WM. G. WARLNG.

Boalsburg, Centre county. Pa., July IG, 1853.

••»

For tlu' Farm Jijurnul.

Drouth, Flasteririfj Corn, «fec.

To THE Editors oe the Fakm Journal: — •

Nature,

in the operation of her Laws, ig often sugestive and
highly instructing to an observing mind. Her oper-

ations on the surfa(;e of the earth, i i the atmosphere,
children who hav constant access to them, and who ,^,^,j -^^ ^j,,, vapours that rise al,()ve use, are well w(»r-

eiijoy them so greatly, without the fear of ill effects.
Ilioy are Nature's own ]iro vision for the season in

thy our notice. And perh;ips no class of uKm have
more to do, directly or indirectly, and f<;el more in-

which they appear, and instead of in.lucing the dis- terested and profited l)y the operations of the laws

eases of Summer, they prevent and cure them.

that attend these <dem(^nts, than the farmer. That

Cherry tree.^, especiiilly cd' the sweet kinds, are the the soil be fertile, the air healthful, and tiiat the

handsomest of fruit trees, and a well planted ave-
nue or grove of them adds greatly to the beauty of a
country home. They are less liable to disease or in-
jury by insects— the productive sorts are more uni-
formly, and constantly fruitful than most othe

clouds descend in fruitful showers, is his first inter-
est as regards his occupation. The farmer, from
what he sees passing around him, may not only de-
rive lessons of science relating to agriculture, but
lessons also of moral truth ; as when Providence

Ifev'^^

''km .'•^' >■?■*' "^ *i'

OOMMdNTfATTON'S

f*

172

8008 fit to withhold the 8ho;verd of rain, fin<! loave I
our seed fields to a scorching sun and .livn.j^ winds.
This has been the case to an oxf-nt not" k,M,wri fm-
years in our county, (Mifflin.) hut little rain h.tvir,-.
fallen for about two months. Th. oats an.l j.otato
crops in many instances, are entire failun-s, and lU.
prospects of the corn crop very uu},vniu\<\ni

This season, in this section nf th. Stat. "l,a. In-on
well suited to .how ih. clloct of pla.t.r .n Indian
corn, and Lu give some idoa n\^ th. aninnnt of Mi„is-
turerequirodtobrinu.itsn.nntiv. .,ualiti..s into a,-
t.on on th. plant. ItsHr.ctnr n..n-.fr..ct, arrordin-^
^•>l"-t!m.. of application, has bo.n v.-ry uiark.d on
sev ral holds and parts of hHds. that have com. un-
drr notic.., o„,' of which is our own.

Al

f'TFMnrR

w>, , ,_ , '''''■ the Fan„ Jounmi.

niarli Knots on Vluui Tnv^,

Mii. IlDiioR: —

H;i

. ,. iv.no; scon and n-ad nunv r.ia-

rnnn,rat,ons on this subject, in d.in.vnt H.-.-^itural
P;>P'-rs, and hav.n,:: nus.]f l,:.l c<msi,l..r:tl.i.. .f th.
disease on my plum and -h.r.v trees, 1 !„,. «inco

endeavored to diseov,.rth.eaus.,lait so hu- ::,uZ
any satisfactory r-'sult.

Many wnt.M-s eontn.d, and even ;;:ve a d.s.nntiou
-^ ^t'' ins.rt, which th.y say caus.s thr misrhi.r

i have time and a-ain examined these tum.rs i,,

all sta;;es of their ^M-.-wth. I have found the Tu-v,

of insects after the tumors became of some si/, 'ti'.

truo. butm their incipient sta;;e, could m-v.. '

to cause the piusLcr 10 ai.>aoo.;i, on i -c or.., > 1 , , '" ^^^^

SIX weeks. m n.u .su. mi,i„ .st^l,— tlmi ,s l,v a ,-l,.aii i,„l.,,,„

diflbrcnoe in size a d t lo uT 'J' I',:- ' ■; ■^T'"' '^ "■''^•' '"' ^''"'"'"'"' '' --"- " ''" ^-^ '-'-o -- a

er of the field where wo fir' tp-t-, '" T " "T '■•";"""'."7'^ '" '">■ ''■'■"J --'• '--";,' i^ believing'

crparMehedriil^nJln:: :,;:::': :'■■ 7 '■""■V"'" •"•"■"•, "—as the... ,.,■.,. „,;

1 ' "'"^"".-, 'I' f ''"--. j tip' tir.'^t plas. "»1'1 aequaintancrs of m jk> f -ir ,.., . 1 1

terod, was a deor, ..r.'.'n tlw oth..,. ,- 11 . , 1 , ' "Hr,' knew them to

1 • ■ 1' ^'••"' ^'"' "th^'i- yellow, and much b- the progeny ..f t!i.' eun'Mlio i...v;.. r

less m Si/.,'. Tlii. ,iif»;.,,p,^,.^ 1 .. , . " * cuu ulio, liavm^^ In-.^ucntlv

'"'- 'I'^'^enco l,ecame mon'and mor.' seen tliem in similar situati,,,,. on . ,,-

iMaiK.'l f,-,,ni u ,"rk to w'.'k nMf;i .,. • 1 i , ^- , -Situations on m^ own trees.

our corn. l'. ,1 ,,;':;"' '""''r'''^'^ "' i "" ";'- ^^ -- -"■''' '"'"'t Lave convin-ll ,n„"

. I. Iu>t ,,las„.r,.d, ,„ .n.wth. | haps le..s, hut wore ,n,.,-ely an ef,-t „f s,„„c „ther

eon.il !r'Tr " . "."'''• ""' '"■'■'I-'-"'- 'V v..ry , -"'' Prior, In.t to .„e unknown ean..._the cun'uli^s

tir.f'r,iii '''"'''" '"" '"'■'•'""' '■""y i'>t«-lf-.'t , -'^i-'^ these tunv.rs after they heeome „f som. .size,

' '"'".- ■'"'■'"■>■ "' I'lastvr. And it i.s a mat. : '" t'"' '^ame manner, and lor the same pui-|)ose as the

ur.,1 .s„meM„,„u-taneet,Oh,. farmer, t„ have it ap- : '•nm,-"to inerease and multiplv." In faet the

have thT-T"' '■'""'"'',"'""'^' '^^ P"-'''-*ii>l.'. that it m.'iv | ^irvii; appear to he ,iuite as m.U'h at ho„„. in thr.se

We rl 'I "'.''""''-"."' ''"• ^l'"''Vers that may fall. : '"'""r-^ a- thi'V are in the fruit itself. Whrn the

" ."" " " -"'"•"""■•■^'i-lavc'd to disadvanta-r, in knots heeome cnlar-rd, the hranrh on whi.'h th.y

vaitin^' untd tl,.. ,,|;,„,, ,,„, ..n „|,_ (,,,^^ ,,_ , ^^^^^^^^^ ^,,,„_ , p^,„„„^ ,|i ^eas-d i,n- sn„„. inehes in Ih.. h,'art

may ,e thrown ..n Miar.aind th... roots of each .stalk '>' "i'' t"'!- and unless the hran.'h is eut nlf will n'

Experience tea.h.'s that this is „ot necessary W.

i.av,, applied it on our eorn hn,ad.'.,st, with as mueh

success as when w,. dr.,pp,.,i ,, „n ,.a,-h hill, and we, ,■„,

believe ,t is not uos.sihl" ,o dnnv any d.lh.r,.,,,.,. i,„h- .M .n-llo rhrrrv h.as hcen n.vtrlv swept fn,n, ih. eonn.
er things being equal) in a fi^Id of eorn, betw,.,.n ,]„• try; whil" th,- English and phnn s.'h,,. .M'.p.llo, are,

appear, and incn'ase in numbers until the tree is de-
stroyed.

From till' cfTocts of this disease, the common

par havin^^ the plaster appl,,.! to ea.di hill, and ! so far as my observations Vxt.mi, ontirely exempt
another part of tins sime huvin^r it appli.^l broad- : tbou;,d, ;;rowin,^r in clo.se proximity to affected trees.
cast. Uur method, however, is to s.:att.>r it alon;; in W.ro these knots caus.vl by insects, it would be pass-
therowordnll. mabn^M-f app..,,- whit.. This .-an in;; stran;; > tl.at tu.. kinds;.!' M.vllo.leTries should

be done before any of the corn is above the ^^round,
and so may be prepared to benefit the plant as soon
as up.

J. II. ALEXANDER.

be entirely exempt fr^. m their dejiredations, and the
common Morello, the Bleeding Heart cherry, and
many kinds of plum trees, so congenial to t.^ieir tastes.
I have often found them on the stems of young plum

i^r)3.1

<^<'M.M{Mr.\T|0\s.

trees, and in such instances would cut them out

paring down to the sound wood, covering the wound
with Home wax or cow ilun.r, i.ut in "\ ivv s!i,!i in-

or m.n' palatable food can be fund, f,,- tli. mul. or

eveiT^,!"^^^^^^ ab.ueiantiyw.ld

f^tanee, the tumors would re-api»ear, and gcmrraliy tivatt.Tin F, '"' '"^ ""^''''^^'''^ ^''^'■''' '" ''''^'''''''-^l-V eul-
destroy the trees.

Some medical gentleman irrommcnds the ap]»li(;a-
tion of (Quassia, after cutting out t!ie tumor, but n.-v
er having niad(» the application mv^^if, can not say
if it will elfect a cure. \ inen-l t- ils m.- that he ha.^

• , ,., '■•^•"•'•'^"d Germany, as a valuahle ".nr.Ii-

';,/" J-'-r-a^ - delicate ami very wholesome

k.t.h'mv..,.,ahl,.t.v,.r great part olK

" hat H Timnll,,/ II. ,:l\ c,,, .. vi ,■

freqaently applied eomn, ,1,1,. .,,|, t„ tl„. w,,un,l I thi^v 'i.'l'u- "V,"' ' '"''^''"'.'■"■' "''^'''''■■'-an,! what pan d„

mad.' !.y th. knif,., and unh eon.pl,.i.. sn ss. th,s ' r.L! nlal /W, '"'o''/ T''' "' '"-■ '' '"''""'

destroys th,. virus, wiih,.ut .Irtriiinnit t.. the health ' ;ind in |.,,.r ,',ll ,',' V'l i" '' '''' '"'' """''' ''""''"'
,.f .1... .r,.e. i„ \" ' '■ "' ""■'"' 1'''^'"^. ^"-. i» tin.ir nativ,. luU,-

So fur as the eomnn.n Morollo is concerned, the tiv'ui.m lets"!! .^,"'1 ,'i' "'"'" ""'''""■^ "'-^'•^ ''"' ^"l"

loss n 1 not 1„. ro.rett,.d, as the Kn^^Hsh and I'lum- i hrou'dit thn'n !' '"'" !" ".'"' "'"•■'" "'""■•*' "'"'

" oiou^tit [iiein to that nerCct on tf..if f • .-i-
st.ne varieties, are greatly sup.>r,or to it, 1,0th in I constitutes the basis of ''"* '"^'

i/.e iind uuality. On m:inv of fho fin.... b;...i. ,.e! o ' . ""^^''^ '^^ "^'^' ^'•^'"'tenoe, as individuals

si/.e iind .piality. On many (.f the liner kinds of
plums a nanedy w>aild be very desirable. Cutt-
ing off tiie tlisi-as.'d twigs will arrest it, and if con-
tiim"d frtjiu year tt) ye;ir may ultimately banish, vet
to eut off a vigorous Ijranch wirh d,, /ens of tine plums
on it, i-^, 1 Tear, seldom attem)>ted.

as W(di as nations.

Withn.gardt, th. h,un','r u.n.,,, ,„„,/, <;,,;,„

1 ^•''^^'^"^'"•^nditfbrit. utility and w.u-th. as set lo,lh
in the short paragraph in the duly number. Manu-
Uctun.'d m Chicory coffee, it ,s not intended to super-
^'^'b^ coffee, but exuerieneo ii .
1 .-houl.i ho pleas..dtoheartieM,pinionofothevsoniuif}, ;f V • r, \''*'^''^"^^ ^'^'^ I"""'^ tnat mi.xed
this subject, through the 'Tarm Journal,- as nnu.v ^ ' '' ""'"" '"'^^'^ '^'^'^ 1-mdicial.

of your col-respondents liav(! a lietter kn i\vleil"-e of
Pomology and lns(>ct-ology tlnin the writer of tiiese
crude rtTiiarks.

What says d. ]\. H.? — Are rlo-knots on plum ,ind
cherry trees the cause or effect of ins-cts 't ( )v is it a
disease som"whiitan;il(,»gous to the^c/A-y«.-.s- of the peach
^^e? J. ij, (j,

floral lletreat, duly oUtli, Ls.jo.

August, isr,:;.

d. A. \.

-•♦^

For the Farm Journal.
ChicoFv .

Messrs. I'.ditors: —

1 notice in this numth's numl>or,
your remark that Cturnry^Chirorlnia lati/l)Hs,)\^ con-
^ifh-red in your neighborhood a noxious Wimm], and
also that in the form of {;hicory coffee, iti will not sup-
ply a good (aip of Jnra.^ ttc.

The CIticoiii in its native haliit is, as (}very other
of the most u-;eful plants with whhdi wi; ar(> ae-
'l'i:iintr.d. a //•-,,/. Those planrs that are the most
econoinical and yi(dd us iood, covering, (occupation
an I profit, are all. in their wild state, weeds I

Ihe Sti./m- (',111'' is a weed in the East lndi(3s and
Africa, although it forms the stap'(! aiil riches ofsev
eral very exten.si\e countries. Tfie /oV/'o is a weed
on the hill sides of Chili and IV-iu, still now, at pres-
ent, could wo r.r the nations of Kurope d-. without it?
idle Beet in a weed on the shores of several conn.
tries in the Meditei-ranean, and what impt,rtant part
doesit n.tf make in agricultural (jconomy/ 'fln> Mad-
der is a weed found on the road-.^ides of the Si)ulh(d
France, and still it constitutes one of the staples of
French agricultural industry. We have a weed
growing common enough in nearly all the Middle and
Northern States, the large Thistle, and still no better

-HN-

For the Farm Journal.
Knots on iMuni Trees.

^;'"^'' '^^^^^ -"'th uf 7th mouth, {SoZ.
Mkssrs. Ki)rr(U{s:

''''"' i".piiry has been started, in
your dune numbtM-, relative to the rausr produci.e^
the e.Kere.cences on the young branche.. ol the phuu
^^"•l^-l"'n-y trees. They have be,., generally nserih-
•"1 ^" ^''•'"^■M"""'t-nv of the n.sect whose larva' are so
l'-'-'4U"ntlyf;,undnhlilylng in them. And from the
tacit adopti.m of this time-lmnored opinion, both l^y
the commonalty and savans, it may be deem.Mi rash
and presumptuous to express a doubt of ,ts crrect-
ne.s.s:-an.l he who is bo],] enough to do so, may ex-

IK'ct either to he dcnouncetl as a dangerous inm.v^tor,
or ('onsigned to silent c ,ntempt f.r his heterodo.xy
On relh'etion, howev..r,-~and 1 may add-after cap-
ful examination, there seems to be room for further
in-iuiry, bef.re tic .pmxit.n .-an be consnlenMl ,sati.-
fietorily determin.Ml. The ,st, fV.M|uent oc -urrence of
larvae in the knots, may have led to a hasty conclu-
sion—while the apparent analogy ,,f th.; \)ak-<inil,
and ahost./f afied pn„luetions, whieh do arise from'
inseet ovipunetuiv, h.is gone very far to confirm it in
^''•' P"'*'''' '"i"'^- '^'if it uould be c.mceding too
much to admit that the larvae f,und in diseased veget-
able growths, do, always, by the aid of a morhhl'vi-
tal developement of the plant, buiM up f.r them-
selves the structures in which th(^y nidify.

The excrescences when mature become covered
with a smni) Funr/us, (or perhaps more correctly
speaking, with the /r«c/i^ca^tWt of a Fungus,) the

17i

CUMMI Nit AifOVS^FRUIT.

V

■f iMMli.KK

8pha3ria morbusa, Schw. Tliis Spu' .na i-* {MTlinps tion, tlms .'xhibitinir, inurh more Hati.>t.irtMi il y i

trueniihir.' nf the mnrlild structure.
Tit

more conHtant on the surface than tlir larva //; fhr yuO

*<anc6 of the excrescences. "NVouM it nut, therefore. i nc a^-^^/rv -,■ rumuiMU at tlnM «t'asui, ,,{' th"
be quitr a- raii-'nal to conclude that thrv wrro raus- mi rc.jar tr'M--^, {.hiniprrus Mrainittim - 1 ;,, \^ .'n
ed by the imi-us. a> hy the Insrcf/ I'os^ihly th.' next ;y'ear (ievclnp th.' iruit of the ,-iiiguhir an! ,.1,^
discovery is yet to hn luadtNthat the oxcresronro itst-If n^ant Funt^u^— tli.> INxiisoina uwu-nnwi^^ SrJnr Tl
is the true Sphitria m(.'rl>ns<i, and the litth' <^nuHiles i sanir rrmarks will apply t(^ th(> cxtciisivr rx.-r.-^r..
seen upon its surface, they/ "v////r7f/fV.;;. 'i'hi^ wouM ' ces often seen M{>on the branches c.f the Ham-' trop
be in accordaiice with \vh:it is known of many Hpe- j and \vhi(di pnuJuce Gymnosporangluni Jnniperimjui
cics <>l Sph;»'ria, and (*thcr Fun;;i. The niyc(d«>^i'^t can — /./,-.

reudilv relcr U> numerous {Kiralltd cas(\i— I will ni'-re- The Kr>/of of tln^ common Ryv, (Secah' cereah -

1v mention a lew, {..r the beiudit of more >;;eneral ^-''0 !ii'<l other <:raminaccouH seeds, wlu'n niaturo,
readers, which fall within the cognizance of common produces up.ui its Murface a very diminutive fructify

observation.

Tiie w(dl known knots on our liedgin<^ thorn (Cra-

toc;^us cordata — ^Ait:) commence very much in the;
Name manner as thost' on tlie]dum and ch(!rry tre(\*^,
]>ut that they more speedily (h'velope th(» fructifica-
tion of a most Ijeautiful Fun;j;us— tin* luestelia cylin-
drica — Lk. In the latter case, however, the fructi-
fication sjirin^^s directly fr(un the interior of the tu- to the wise will ])e sufficient, — and if thev are alto-
inour. iind before it has suffered from insect depreda- , t^^ether chimerical I have written QuantuuL SujH>-it

ing I'ungus — the Kr-^'otcctia abortifac<'ns— (;)f/a7r.

In all instances here given, and hundreds more
could be cited, it is probable that the tumid mass is
the proper Fungus plant, producing its fruit, in due
season after its kind— and I liave yet to learn that
the plum an<l cherry excresenccs are not consimilar.

If there is wisd(jm in the foregoing remarks, a hint

"-•v

Applea.

-J 7

n

'>■ —

V.

Pig. i. PkIVCe's ITarvkst. Vfllow nuivr,<r, Jrr.v
t'lri-'rN.-^For an early apple this .^tands deservedly
at the head of the list, and should be cultivated ])y
L'v.^ry fruit grower. It i? very productive, of a rich,
sub acid Haver, of fair .-i/.e and answers well cither
for cooking or as a handsome desert fruit. It com-
mences ripening early part of July, and continues
in use through that month, and the early part of .Au-
l^ust. Coming into market thus early in the seas(^n,
and with its attra^Hivfi appearance, a bright straw
color when fully rip", it (s one of the most pr(dit-
able varieties lor the mai'kct. Size medium, some-
■^hat oblate, rni^ndish, smooth. Stalk ^ of an inch
t>ng, rather Blender; calyx moderate sunk: flesh wh ite,

Fig, 1. Early Harvest.

tfiiler, juicy, with a rieh. sul) add flav.ii', shoot*
erect, somewhat diverging, often forked^

Fig. 2. Reo AsTRACH\N.--This is one of the must
beautiful apples known, is of Russian origin, ripen^
ing a few days aft*^ the Prince's Harvest, not quite
e({ual to it in flavor, but a variety that will always
selb from its beautiful de(>p crimson ap{)earanc(\ witli
a bloom like a pliun. It is also very productive, a
regular bearer, and is a superior cooking apple.
The tr»M^ is a vigorous grower, with broad l<\avos;
fruit large, roumlish, nearly covered with deep crim-
s.ui; stalk rather short, deeply inserted; calyx set in
a sligjit irregular basin; flesh, white, rather crisps
ji'icy.

1853.]

FRUIT.

175

/

Fig. 2. Red Astrachan.

Pcarei.

ic flavor; ripe in the early part (jf August. Does
well on the rpiincc.

Fig. 3. Blood Good.

Fig, o. lii.oon (jlooD.--This pear was brought into
notice by dames Rloodgood, nurseryman, of Long
Island, in LS.'^o, who received it from a person un-
known, and its history he has never been able to
trae(\ It is probal>ly a chance seedling. We can say
of it we never want any thing better. It is of the
very liighest (piality, and where only a few varieti(!s
are cultivated, this unhesitatingly should be one of
them. Size medium, turbinate, inclining to obovate,
thickening very abruptly into the stalk; skin yellow.
With russet dots, having a russety appearance on one
side; calyx scarcely sunk: fl(>sh yelhjwish white, but-
tery and molting, with a rich sugary, Iiighly aromat-

Fig. 4. Madeleine.

Fig. 1. Madeleine.— Rather smaller than the pre
ceding and ripens earlier, about wheat harvest; prob-
ably the best pear of its time of ripening. It is of
French origin, and derives its name from being in
perfection at the feast of 3t. Madeleine, in France*
We consider it of the fifst quality. Size medium,
obvate; skin smooth, pale yellowish green, rcraietimes
with a faint brownish bltish; stalk slender, ano and a
half inches long, set in a narrow cavity; calyx small,
in a very shallow basin; flesh white, juicy, melting,
with a delicate Hom(iwhat perfumed flavor. It ripens
early, both on pear and i^uinuc.

170

THE PALMKi; WORM.

r^T*Tr\fnEH

Tile I*ulraer Worm.

liano;susponae.l by tliroa<ls,likecanker worms \Vi,..fi -

, er they leave the trees in the sain.> way, wi.n they

^.^,^1 I un(ier<;o the.r course.-it ind^M^l they do leave them

,_^^^^ i at tliiH t.me aul where they unde.-o their Unai trau,-

(l
ther

An insect, formerly known by this name, has
peared in ;;reat numbers upon fruit and forrest ti
durin*,' th- past month. Apph', cherry, :ni.| ii.mmi r

trees, and. anion- forest trees, the whiu^ ..ak h.ive "'"•''tJons, i i.n,. ,„»t ascertained, bein^ prevento
HuiVered more or less I'rum its depredations in all i.ar(. •^' *'^''"^' ^'"^''^^^^'"^'^''^ts tvum uatchin- tneir furthr
of New Kn-land, and in the State ol New York i f^.-^'''^-^^;.
Communications concerning it,acoompani(Mi hvspeci-, , "^ ^'^ my correspondents has informed me tint
mens, have been sent tome from Bradfoi-,! \u,lover ! '^'■^'' ^''"'"'^ mostly disappeared alter a late had
an<l Westboro', Massachusetts; from New llav.-o and' ?'"'"*' ''";^ '^"<»ther one state, that they all took leave

aiuiii- a lioavy shower on Moil. lay last. A f.M.v tint
were k-'pt for ob.^ervation in a -lass jar, hav.. e",n'er

Salisbury, Connecticut; and Irnm Km,.,,!' and New
]V)Ston, New Hampshire. Aljoiu tie- iiith ol June,
tiie same insects wre firs;t (.hservel (»ii finit trees in
my own ^^anlcn, wher-', le.wevcr, they have not been
nuiu rolls, and iiave not done much injury. In oth-
<'r j.larr>, their ravau^'s have l.een depli»rabh', and
hav.' h-'cii compared to these of canker worms; the
leaves of trees attacked hy tlieni lookin;; as thou'Hi
thi'y liad lie-'ii seorehed by lire. In sonii' of th-' or-
chards, they ha\-e not spared even the Iriiit, which
has been attacked and mostly destroyed by tiiem.
They have now conie to tle-ir ^rrowth. and have fin-
ished the course, in tie-ir present form for this sea-
son.

e<l theinsrlve. NV 1 1 h a thin Wel, „f .silk, ;^,„1 ,,,,jj^, ^^j.
th.--,e have already taken the chrysalis from with-,,
their \\e'.s. .More than hall" of lav sp.-i-iin-in hive
been stun- by lehn-nmon llies, wliieh have dep.isit-
ed a sin-le e-- in eaeh one ol their victims. Tlu.
maLTurots

bred from th<3S(! e--s, ar*; now

These insects a-ree. in all respect^, with tiie ac-
counts given of the palmer worms that prevailed in
many parts of New Kn-land, in Ju;.. , ;;.,.. ii n.^,,
remarked, after this -i-^at visitation, that tle-v did
not return the next year in the sunv: places. \N

cr, until the present season, th 'y have ever a-ain h'.-n
(►Ijserved, in the like profusion, is unknown to ne'.
Probably some of these insects mi-ht have been
found almost ever year by dilligent search. Perhaps
the}^ are the same as those lieretofore called /ire
wor/ns, of whose history I cannot find any thin-- in
print.

A particular dr-M-rlptlon of the palmer worm may
be thought unnecessary and supelbious, since the in-
sect has been so recently and so uidejv obs(,'rvcd,and
has been pretty well described in the newsi.apfrs.
But as 1 have little more to a<ld conccrniiiLi; it. and
liave been ap[)lied to publicly and privat.lv, for
information on the subject, it niav be proper "to imt
«'" '■''*■ 'I'd ;iii account ol it as it [»a>.>cd under my own
<ib>er\ ation.

The
re , , .- . , l'':ivin^r the

lileless Worms, and are s[)innin- tlu^mselycs up in
white, oblong oval, silken pods or cocoons.

If the palmer worms elsewdiere ha\e sulf-red the
same fatr in the like lu-oportion, we have little caiix;
to fear their ravages next year. The chrvsalis is
about one .piarter of an irieii long, of a pale"^ vellow-
ish brown color, and dilfers fr(.m that ol the biid-
worm in no: ha \ ing transver-e rows of teeth, or little
notches, around its bodv. The iioal f '•'"'•^formation
remains to b'' observed; ami, until the inject is ob-
t. lined in the win;_'e(i or iiiM'h state, it ^ s -ientitic iiauie
"'^'*' I cannot be diaermmed.

On the morning o[ tle^ 2Sth May, I saw, in the
ccnietery at \Viirce-t.'r, immense numb"rs ol gray or
wdiitish motliv. about twice the si/a; of the c(»mm(in
clothes' nK.th, llyingalujui almost in swarms, bein<'
disturbed Irorn the grass and trees bv my pa^<!n°
Tw(» days afterwards, a few of t!ie same little niotlis
were seen in my garden; and l>r. Sanb.»rn inlorincd
me that his garden was a!i\e with them on the :j;;d
'd May, They were also \ery nunier.Mis, ab.iut the
same time, at \ew llav n. and in other | 1 ices since
visit-'d by the palm r woi in-. |;,it whetiier the lat-
ter were, or \ver,. not. the descendants of these httle
moths, it would not be safe now U) say. The moths,
though nut wholly unknown to ni" l)y si-dit, beforo
tliis Spring, have heretolore been so rare that my
collection contained only a single specimen, and that
In its early stagt^s, this WiM'in, or catcrpiller, though i bi too poor a condition to enai)l<' satisfactorily to in-
varying somewhat in color, is mostly pah.' green, with j vestigate its scientific character and ascertain'to what

m Mlern g'Mius it belonged.

As attt'ution has been generally directe«l t > the
haliitsof the palmer worm'during the present season,
other jiersons, more favorably situate.l than 1 am,
miiy be expecte.l t » pni'sue and make kiiowa th > fiii

two slender brown lines along the top (d the back,
aiid a pale brown lieail, it has sixteen leet, six (d'
w hi.di. near the head, are jointed, and end with a
single claw: the (ttluirs are merely lleshy protuberan-
ces without joints, tlie terminal pair l»eing the loii"--

€St. When fully gr(twn. the insect measures half ;iii f'"''" history and trandormations of this destriictiv(;
inch, or rather more, in lengtli. and then bears a i'^"^*'*'^-

striking resemblance to the common bud-worm of the ' ^ regret n(»t being able to give a bettor account of
apple tree; the back asMiming, generally, a darker i '^^ '^^ this time, and still more that the pressure of my
color, and the sides of the boily being marked with ■ <dlicial duties nccessairly interferes \yith tin? eontiu-
black points, arranged three tog(;ther on ea.di side of ^"''1 ^"'^ further invesrigation it would otherwise

please me to make u[)on it. — [\ew Kn dand l'\inner

T. WriiAUUlS.
Cambridge, Mass., July G, 1853.

-*••-

every ring. T\vo blackish semicircular sj.ots or
marks, may also generally be observc<l, at this peri-
od, on the top of the first ring. A few short hairs
may be seen on the body by means of a magnifying

glass. On my own trees, these insects have confin"^ Farm Experience.— Twenty years experienc ufi-
ed themselves mostly to the terminal leaves and buds; on a farm has taught me that'.um acre of land, wdl-
on others, in places where they havt^ been nuni'M-ous, manured and till"d,will produ.-e more than two acres
they have spread all over the leaves, and have de- whi.di received the same amount .d" labor and ma-
voured the whole green substance, leaving only the nnre. That one cow, well fed, will be .,f more pi"-
net-work of veins untouched. They are exceedingly ^ lit than two fe.f upon the same amount of fodder;
Active in their motions, moving either forwards or this will apply to all other stock,— that one ton of
backwards at pleasure, with a kind of impatient jer- of hay cut when the grass begins to blos.som, will
king motion, which renders it difficult to liold them, produce as much milk as two" tons, cut when tho
When the trees are shaken, these worms drop, and ' seed is li^e.^Anotu

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1T8

ALDERNEY BULL.

Ture AUlcrnc^ or .1, rsrj iVtilt

Owned h>/ Man^hall and Vranri.^ Sfrode, near West

Chester, Chester County, Pcnna.

On opposite paj];c wo ^ive a portrait of a suporior
Bull of this breed, boin;:; the yaiiK; atiininl to whi«'h
we advertedin a former number, then owned by John
\Vorth,ofE. Bradford, butsince puvchaRed ^v liis pre-
sent owners. We consider it a fcjrtunate I'irruinstanoe
for the dairymen ot tliia section of country, that
they have now an onjiortunity oi (iMainin;'; a cross,
by tliH ]iul!. with (heir licst inilkin;!; cows. lie ]ios-
Sesses in a rcniai'kaidr d«';:;r('o the propfi'ty of jiood
hartdHii'!, a |Miiiit ton much ovrrio'iktMl in ju(];j;in^ of
stork, aiid ^vl^l•h wo <,'onsi(h'r of pr(>at ini|>ortanc(\
Guenon's nmrks of inilkin;j; fjoalitics arc alsn sironi;-
1} devclopc.l. In a milk or liittiM* dairy, .v/;.' no h'.«*-«
than iiianv 'itlii-r (lcsiral)lc points oi' other ]>rc(^<ls,the
fanner c;in well airv)rd to saci'iticc, pr<ivi(lc(l he se-
cures these prinniry objects eonll'incfl,^vitll '//.^///("yv/-
ing, kindly di^pcjsition, and Imliit ^A milkin^j:: close n]>
to time of calving. Tor llieac ubjecU the Jeraey cow
can be recommend^ d witit <];reat CLnfidence, inas-
much as they have been Iu'mI Avith this view, exclu-
sively f or a Ncry I'Ul: period, aii 1 as {i nnitter of ne-
cessity in so circumscribed a spot as the i^](^ of Jer-
sey, other considerations were altogether lost sight
of. They may be said to have a hereditary superior

fSEr'TEMr.FK

milk was examined; was from an importedanimal b
John A. Taini .r, Esq., selected by himself in Jersey
but she was in tow condition, not bavin j; recovered
from the effect of a voynn;e. ITer milk was taken in
winter, after recent calving, ])ut slu> jiad },eon fed
only on hay, with an allowance of four (pnirts of bran
as her daily allowance, but notwithstanding yielded
eleven to tweh> quarts of mill^ in J 1 hours.

Milk of Ayt-lr.reCow. J^pecilic gra\itv 1.020.

Water,

J)ry matter

Butter,

Casein,

Su;i;ar,

Ash,

Milk of flers(^y Cow.

Water,

Ih'v nnitter,

]5utter.

Casein,

Su<;ar,

Ash,

\ls\

4.i(;

4.;;.-)

M

Specitic 'H'avity l.i»;;l.;;.

M.7;;

^.«»7
.79

Professor Emmons says, " according to the forego-
ing result. the milk furnisJKMl ])y the Jersey cow, own-
ed by Mr. Taintor, will amount t(» lo 1 11k, pi r w^cn
and should yi(>ld \'l.\\'l Ib^. dl" ))Utt(U'. in i'r-iii'ssdr
Thoi'-p^on's ex])crin:en.ts, the yield of millv for six-
teen days was odO lbs. It oz. G drs. which gave 11
llis. 1 1 (^z. 11 (Irs, of iiutter. J)aring an equal period

ity for rifh milk and butter. Tli" old nnimproved ^'^^'■• '^''^'"tor's cow will -;ive 352 lbs. of milk, which
Jersey cow> from !>"() t.. Is:1h, tii;iu«:;h iar inferior i ^^''^l yirld2S l(') }<M) l],s.l)uiter,!j:ivin,L; a balanc in !ier
in feeding ipialities and neatness '4' forni, to tli*^
present, was even tln-n CMunte<l superior to every oth-
er breed i'jrllie uniiVtnu ricl;ni's> <»l tl'eir milk,vvliich
from fresh pasture in spring was said to a]'p"ar like
clouted cream. "She had always possesse^l the Ik a<l
of a I'^e.'Nvn. a soft (n'e, elegant rrumpled horns, snnill
(\irs, vcllttw within, a clean lu'ck and throat, line
luincs, a tine tail, above all a widl formed capaci(»us
nddrr with large swtdling milk veijis." She lia<l
Ine.vevtr no tendency t«» fatten, all fattening property
being aljsorbcd by the gi-eat ([uantities of milk an<l
cream slie pro(lucod. .\bout twelve years ago, at-
tempts were mado by the Jersey Agricultural Socie-
ty to remedy these defects,by selecting the best mo(|-

els and crossing thi'm with

a \ir

Oiv well conditioned

bull, of a race that was also known to produce ({ual
ity and (piantify of be.tt'^r, and tlu^ result has been a
breed with a rounded form wiiha tendeui'v to nnjk(^
fat, without having lost the butyraccous natun-. An

favor d!" about 1 s^ 1I)S. An Ayrshiri^ cow, owiici! iy
another gentleman, yi(dded ob) urs, ol' butter jut lo
ov.'>. ol milk. Milk taken CrMm th<' c:!n< ei" a milk-
man,wliitdi w;is regard"d as godd milk. gave 37') grs.
of buttrr per 111 o/.s. An analvsis of the milk uf a
connnon cow, vvhiidi is interesting by coniparijjon
with tlnit of the Alderney or Ayrshire, resulted iis
ibllows:

Water,
Casein,
Butter,
Sugar,

110. IS
3.H8

2 >'S
1 7S

The ;ib(>ve experiments are cou'dusive a'^ to the su-
periority of ilic-ie tW(» excelh-nt breeds of cows, Ayr-
shire an«l Jersey, fur dairy lairposes. We gave m
former numluu-s of tin? Farm dournal. ]tortraits of
both bull and cow of the Ayrshire breed ov.ned by
Vi. P. rrentice, near Albany.

Col. Le Contour, of the isle of Jersey, from whose

analysis of the milk of the Jersey cow, has bern j valuable essay, published in the transactions of the

New York Agricultural Soc<ety, much of the above
matter is condensi'd, further says :

"The Jersey farmer treats his cow with gcntleneW
and care; it might be wioiw correct to say his wile
does so. Ongv'od farms she is usually hou^edat
night after the end of October to the end of February,
if heavy rain, hail, or snow prevail. It is deemed to
be healthful to give a cow a short run daily through
the winter, excepting in stormy weather. At this

made by Professor Fi. F]mmons, of Albany, which on
comparing with an analysis of the mill; i^^ iho A\r-
shires made under the dir(H'tion of th(> British C«ov-
crnment, by Professor Thompson, I'oi- the purpo>e ul
determining the relative value of food in the produc-
tion of butter, resulted as follows: It will be well to
recollect, that the Ayrshire cow, whose milk is supe-
rior to the (jenerality ol other cows, was in this case

fed on grass, while that from the Jersey cow, whose' season, which is usually several degrees warmer than

185.1T

Abl.ldlKEY P>rbL,

170

"'"■■" *»mmmif,m •••«■•■. i^^^ir^ <>>«.-./»».<«i.-.^<.. .n.^.;,,-

i„ ,i„. miMost part of Dcvon.Mro sho is f,.,l wui, a ,mlk ,„ pan. al.out six inches d.Tp.tl,.. (;laz<Ml,sl,:.llow

e,.rta,n ,.or ,,„> ..f s r,nv. In,,,, K. l,s. to L'O ll,s „, ,,a,,l,„„„,,,,. l,avi„. takon tl.,- place oftho ui.;.la..,-,l,

hay, With about b' Ih-. to _n Ims. of parsnips white den V(^ss(ds n »

carrots turnips, or m:inguld-wurtx..l. It is a<lmiU.d that the richest milk and er^am are

The small pormn of grass wheh .he may pek up pn.duc...! by cows who.c ears have ayellow or orange

intliewmter. With t ,.■ :. M.ve.p.antHvdf (ood,enabh. color wnhin. Some of the best cows .-ive twentv-

hortoproducearichandwell-c<dore.lsau:pleof but- six quarts (d' milk in twenty-four honix a-.d lour-

ter tdl withm s,x w.^ks ol parturition. teen pounds of butter from sm-h nnik in on.

At tins period, which ..nMnilly regulated to take Such are rare. G.mkI cows afford twents ..n

place aboutthe nvM.li. ol .M ,reh or Apnl.,|,i.t wlien milk <iaily, and ten pounds of butter weekly

the cow being in luo milk, mav soon h. plnee,} on spring and ...une v nnmths. Butter is .n;./.!'- -very

the fresh spriUL^ p.a>ture in April or Abiv, sh,. ,s an , second or lim-.l ,iav.

<•''.!•■'■♦ '•!' '■^"•""»" <-:i'-"- <>n calvin- ^Uv is -iven a ' ba.ctoinefrrs m-iieat.. the .),..--.,m>9 of ri -hur-^s or

w:nni potation ol cider, with a little powjoivl ^1,,- eream, which tie- milk of anv cTw alior h with -reat

.^r..r. (,>uayle hlnt^tllat pet cows are further indulged nicety. This vari- wiil, .liljerent food ^ Tie- mode'

ine W eek.

rirfs o(
n t he

ith a toast in fin ;r caudle.

,.,, ''^ <'» '"''^ <^"' l=i''^"i«''ter, up to /..-ro with tlx'lirst milk
I he call IS tiKen from the eow at on. 'o, and fed by that is ,,,.^^,^, ^•.„,,, ^j,^. ^.^^^^, j^^ ^^^^^ n.ornue.- then

nan 1. It may h.' well to a.jvise that .m tic first o.- ' wli.'.i tin' u.i.h-r is nearly empti.'.j t.. till a .eenmi
ca-«ion..l .•alvmg, the calf should h.> allowe.l t<. .Iraw laetoni.'tcr with the i-.i lue .,1 th.' 'milk tlir..win.r.i
th.' cow lully: lor no milking by haiel will so roni- i little ..ut-.Tth.' la.'to,n<'t.>r to refill it to /,.-ro wbh
plet.'lv .auptv th.' udd.-r, n.u- c:uis,. the milk-veins ' tlw v.-rv last drops w!,i..;, ean Im' .Iraun lr.au th.'
to sw. II to tli.-ir lull d.-vel.»p.'mont,a.s will the suction cow: these will he n.-arly all cream. The ho-tom."-

t.-r lilled with the lir^t milkiu*:; (uii v indicare lour .1.'-
gre.vs (,j ci-eam. while that lill.'d with tin- !a-t milk-
in;:; forty deoi-res of ci-.-aiu. Tleai by divi'lin::; the

on ferii'r.'t 1 1 V lite it> \ii1m1 i-.; tlo' hximm.I \»-1>..»[ f||,. I Slim t(i!Ml fort \--r/ m f 1 o- two \«-,. Ii..«-,. tii-,.,,». f,. , ,1 ,_

Jersey larin.'r look- forward wi'h anxiory. 'VUi^ cow | P^i"<'es ol cr-am, whi.di a v.'rv good cow will prodiK^e:
is then teth'»red to the ;rroun<l bv im-ans ..f a halter ' "'h.-rs so little as ten or fifteen.

ill' th" call

Some oi' the early mea.btws produce rhdi grass In
Mar'-li; hut the i::eneral Hush of ^ras--, which c om.'-

five or vix fe.t lo;,g; this is aftp. Tided hy a ring an<l
f<\vi\''l to a chain which encirch's her horns, closed
hy a ring and har: tie- oile-i- end ol tic halter is fas-
tened U) a chain six or eight feet long, whi<di is con-
nected by a s^^-ivel ate! ring to a stout ir -n stake a
foot long: this is driven int.t the ground hy means of
a

Jersey hiiif.'i-, m iJe \". h"n the eo\v>, are ]^arlia!ly
fe.l on parsnips, or white earrot>an<l grass, in Seji-
temher aiel Uet, ,},<■!•, when salte.l and p.)tt<'<i will k.'cp
till Spriii'j-, preserving as Avell a> Iri-h lait ter, w itii
a niM 'h h•.^s rank flavor.

\^Col. be. Coiit t]i- ;iif:,rt!i- (1- uiebu* dat{^ of .fune
wo.xicn mallet. The cow haviii,' this circular ' ^'>' l'^-''' '- that \ e,i rlin;j; hulls ,,(" the pure hreej wouhl
rang.' i^ compelled to eat it clean. S!ie is u-ua!iv : '"' delivered at Som ha inpton, Kiiii-Iand. from Cln to
moved tii.riee a .lay. and niilkcl mornin;: arel even- '-1-. ''''Ud a yeariin-- pi-i/.e heifer at Ikuii ClD to Clo
ing, on maiiv f'arnis a.t Midday aNo. I'leier this ;—'''■■ "o > IS to S7'-' each. )

system, tin' writer has )\vne(l four cow- that produc-
ed eight-and forty poumls .Jer.>^ey, oi- aho\.' liftv-one
pounds imp.'ri;\i. weight of ri.di ydlow hntna- per
week in the month..!' M,\\ aiel part .d' June.

We can only say ir.jm .mr .iwn .diserwition, that
at the great Soutlianipfon cattle show in Ihiglanl in
b*^n,and which irom its ('(uixenienee of access, to the

in \rv\ hot w.'atlier, in July .u* Au^ai-t, it is ad- '"'h' uf Jerney, had a '.:">! r.'pre-^.aitatlon .»! tlndr

visahl.'to shelter the cow from the h.aU and Hies: s-ows. t hat ihey attracted our att.aition mor.' than any
etherwisf^ the^e tease cows to su(di a de-rree, l)\- fore- .1 . - ' .i i a.- i

in. r ti,-.M. f > ,.,.,, ,1 ..• »i ii i. 7i i" otii.'r stocK on til.' iiroiin I. \v e have ne\ cj- s.'en, and

mg ti'.;m to run al.out incessantly, that they have no 1 . . . .

time for r.'p..se ami chewing the'eud: they, in cons.^- | <*'^ii'>"t lma;;iie' any tir!n;^r ,n,,i-e perfectly n.Mt and
•pienc, atf u'd mu(d» less milk or cream. beautiful than tin' s).e.'ini"iis we there saw. Not

It was an. uentlyth.. light that cream Ir.uu tiie J.u'- l,,.)kiiig to uei-h more than I<m» to o(H» lbs. when fat,
sey eov.- w;is to.> ri.di for makin<r (de-ese. Mr. be • , " ^ 1 i i /• 1 r

v.. ,,-,.> ♦■ I If II ^-1 1 ,■ ' ' With niM'i<.s arnl iiei'l a- ;:;r.ice u as a awn, sma

'-'•iMe, ol La Iloui:.', wh.) h,i . a hiu' br.a'd of cows' . . o, . m ui,

trie.l the exp.M-im.'nt two years sin.'. •, arel ^u.'.-eede.l delicate tap. 'ring hiuh-, small thm ears, lull aid 11-
to admiration, h ^vas made from tie- pure milk, I vely ej'cs, smooth crumple. 1 horns; tle-v l.Mk.d as if
cream iind all, as it comes from t!n» cow. it was ; they would not consume more food than a good sized

tound that th.Mpiantifv of milk that would have i.ro- I , , • if i i .1. 1* .1 • .1

dwri^d ■^ nonn,l f 1 , ," . o' I 1 1 1 shecp, and might be h.^nled together m the same

viuct.i a pound i>l hutier alior.led one }>ouni and a . . , ,

half o| rheM^,. wav. ^ ountt s;iy- "■in I'm j^lanl they :ire found only

1' rum the .piantily .d' milk wdihdi pro.luced a in gcnlleiu.'irs parks and pleasur.- <j:round<, ANlier.;
cheese of twenty poumls weight, the r//vi/u//^v 'd' the they maiiit;iin dieir occup.n. -v. partly .mi a.'c.uiit ..f
curds and \vh.'\\ on h.iin"" churned yi.d.hd four , ' • - /• l • -n i i

ijounds nf In.ff,;.. Ti- i .; V • , • i the ricnncss o( their mdk, and the great (oiautity of

pounds ot nutter. Lhis l)Utter was (d an inlenor I i-i--iii r

(piality when eaten with bread, hut was superior to I butter, which it yields, but more from the diminutive
jiny other for the making of pastiy: it was p '.iiliar- size of the animals. It is thought fai/nona/j/e that
Ij hard, and.d" excellent texture lor ^u.di \i<r in hot the view ^'-oiu th." hreaki

ifeaklast table or drinin •■ room

iw-' ..,'''''" "!■;•■•'• l'=^V''-'«<l'-'l;.f«« <■'•'"" •^''■- ""■ „,■ llK l,n„se, «1,„„1,1 r..|,r,.>,.„t a„ Alder.u.y cow, ur

JJ<.u\i.' -^ tarm .pnte epial m .piality to tlm ri.di.'st ,. , ,.' J '

double (ilo'ster. " two, gra/ang at a lilLie .li.^tance.

On one or two lirms besides General FouzeFs,but- Fashi(m in this case seems to have taken a useful

tens made from tdouted cream in the Dev.mshire direction, and it is hi irhlv probable will bo imitated

Sd A^^^^^^^^^ not peculiar b) Jersey it is not ^^ considerable extent m the United States, though

"'nicea lurtJier than that ten pounds of butter area- ^ ,.^ m, *n -,, , , ".

sually made in five minutes by this process. The u- ^*^^ '^ different reason. The Aldorneys will be duly

sua! way of procuring the cream is by placing the attended to beforo breakfast, and the breakfast tabU

i
I

^'K^^^T

180

EXCLISn r'ATTf.K--FI!Ky(nr MKTUXO SUKT-P. X-

[SEPTESrnER

at broakfast timr», which will suit ])r»tter the busi'
nesff habits of Youn;; Amorica.

An instancft is on record of a Jersey cow liaviii;^
produced 10 lbs. of butter per w«;ok, i'or three suc-
cessive weeks. Many have produced 14 lbs. per week,
but 10 lbs. per week durin;; the Spring and .Siunnicr
months appears to be most comniMn in tUriv native

island.

*♦.-

liiiportaliuii ul l^aj^liMli Cialtlc.

We have lately mentioned t'lo pnr<diaso of sfn-(*r:il
head of cattle and sh<M>j> in Ku'^land liv Anin-ican
])re(vl(Ts. Ill addition to ihcsr, \v.' (ilcsrrvf tiiat the
Mark Laii" ivxjtr.'ss states that lil'ly head oi the
'*.'houT-;i spi'dnici^s ()( short-horn<Ml catth'"' were
slu|t|»ed by thi^ Crown la^t iiMntli i'or I'hihidflphia.
It is said that tNVt'nty-l(»nr h('a(l oi thcso cattle and a
(jiir.ntily of sh'M'ji, NVi'i-f the jtrnpiTty ol Mr. K. A.
Ah'xander, oi' Aii-ilrii' l^l|l.-^M, S.-oi land, an 1 wci-ctlrs-
tincd ft)r liis ('state in Wo dlwi-.t county, Kentucky.
For two oi' th<-^e aninials. a t'.vo-year old le-iiei-, jvnd
a yearlinjj; luill, he ^av(3 C>'S> — >^r'>'2j'>'2').

Another vessel, we are inlonufil, hrlii::;s out the
far-famiMl l)ull "l»:ilco," bred \>\ tin; late Mr. liates. ol
Kirkleavin^ton, and purchased at his sale in b^oO.
when one year old. by the Karl ol iiornn-ion, lor
155 ijruineas. lb- has been n-"il the last two sra^on^^
by Ml". Tan<[nery, at Ibinlou, ><i whom he iias been
recently purchased by Col. I-. 'i. .Miiri-i, the Presi-
dent of the New York State AiijreiihuraJ Soci(»ty, on
behalf of himself and Mr. Becar, ol New \' nk. —
These gentleman have also purchased som«3 hi;:;hly
valuable cows and heifers from Mr. Taiuiuerary, as
well as the Ibni. N. N. Hill and .Mi-. Harvey C .inlw-
they have fori her selected some sj-l nilll S..ni h I ).i\\ n
sheep iVoin Mr, donas Wel)b, with a <[uantity of Berk-
shire, Sntiblk, and Yorkshire pi«rs.

In connection with the above, are several choice
Devon cattle, bred by the Kail "I b"i«^nster, destin-
ed for George Vail, Ksq., of Troy, \ 'w \>vk. — [Cul-
tivator.

Cows IIol«Bn;ij^ up (heir >Jilk.

It is well known that many cows when thoy first
come in, \\!.eii their calves are taken from tlcni^ will
hold u|» their milk, sometimes to such a, decree as al-
most dry themselves befon; tliey will ^ivo it down.

"A lew years a^o," writes a correspondent of an
Kn^li."-h newspaper, "I hi»n;^ht a ynn;^ cow, which
prove(l to be very wild and when I took her lirst cull
she would not fjive down her milk. 1 lia<l heard it
remarked that pnltini:; a wei!i;ht <»n the cow's hack
would make her ji;ive her millv dnwn. 1 according,
ly ilrove her into a stahle, ;:;ot a Imshi'l of trrain aicl
j)Ut it on her hack. )\'hil(! in this j)ositi.in, >ii.' hail
no power to hold up her milk, lor it canic (lown
Irecly. Alter doin;:; this a few times, and al'tcrwards
pntlin;j; my haml on the back oi" the cow, it would
L!;ive way and ^dl(; would immediately oiyc down hci
milk."

The rational!" of this treatment ajijxnirs to he that
the wei^L^'ht counteracts the ujnvard tendency of the
animal's muscular action.

1^ .

-••►

Intrcxlurtion oT I'rench ^li-rinu into >Vestern Piini

.•^yl\ aiiia.

"We observe by one cd' <e,ir AVe-;tern I'xdianges
that Dr. G. S. II;iye-;, (d ^.Vlle;;heny, has iinporte<l
duriniz the pre>(Mit yi»ar, in conmv^tion with Solomon
AV. dcwett. id' .Middleltury, N'ermont, 112 Friundi Me-
rino cwc.> and fnur bucks — of whi(di flock \h\ Haves
received lor his share twi'iitn-cijlii <u:' s and ho h/icL-.s
costing him heresoinethingover three thoxsawl dolhir,^.
They cost per head some twenty-five d"!l us jia-^ssage
from France to New York, and eight doHars a liead
from New York to Pittsburg.

These sheep are something finer than any before
imported to this country — havin-' been selected more
with a view to the iineness oi the staple tlian the
largeness or weight of the fleece. The ewes aver-
aged about 120 pounds weight, nnd the lank^ 200
pounds. The I>r. sold this year .s Freiii h .Miuino
clip of wool, unwashed, at 50 cents per pound — l)e-
in<^ about equal to 70 cents washed. He sold a buck
five mouths old this Spring, of his own ^;'.i>>in^. for
$250, and an interest of one-hall in another,for S2lO,
after having had the use oi" him for two previous
years.

These prices arc high up in the figures, but are

nothing remarkal)le for this breed of sheep. Ho

T^eeps these sheep principally on his farm in Pxitler

ounty. AVe trust he may have specimens of these

gheep at the great fair at Pittsburg. — [llarrisb'g Un.

The Clinton Cirapc.

I Isave ])ei'ore me, danuary 2otli, a lunich oi' the
ahovc desirable, long-keepin;;- \ariety, a.s ijc.^h and
peri'eet as it came irom liie vine, li lias Ijcen culti-
vated in the vicinitv oi' Ivxdiester tor the last twrntv
or twenty-tive year.^: yet it is .^till hut little known,
althi-u:i;h worthy (d a more general cidtivation un
account (d" it-- hardiness aid productiveness. It is
the grape for the North, where no other variety ri-
])ens. Kven with I'.s, (latitudi^ 42deg.,) in backward
seasons, thi- i- the unly variet}' that attains complete
maturitv. I would particularlv recommend it to
wine-makei's as worthy of trial. My opinion is, that
before manv years it will be c\tcn>iv(dv (ailtivated
as a win' ^rape, dudL:;ing irom the character of
its juice, the winew'ill re(piire a huiger time to ripen
than that oi' th" Uahella and Catawdja, and will keep
mnch l'n;;er than e.; her. 1 1 succeeds well in all (Iry
situatit>ns, an<l is entirely free I'icm ml, to vrhich tiic
Catawl)a is particularly subject.

It is a matter (d" surpri^^e that the wine-makers e{
the West, some of whom have been making; such ;u'-
tive search for native grapes, have not turned their
attention to this variety. I have not seen it nicnlieii-
ed in any (d their reports. 1 am informed, how'ev-
er, that it is now in the course of being tested there,
and that a ([uantity of the grapes have been sent
from this plaoe tj a.i eminent wine mikt r, to he tes-
ted as . I r witic-prodin-ing (puilitics. AV e may,
there!., re, expect a repirt soon.

The vine grows rapidly, aici i- propagated easily,
striking morij readily from cuttings than any other
variety I know in the whole catalogue ol ]to)»iilar na-
tive and loreign sorts. The shoots are slend m- and
wiry, ripening so well a^ to ae(piire great lireiiiues-;.
and* henc(^ it is so hardy that the severe,' cold (d a
northern winter njver allocts even the softer parts ol
the young shoots.

Wo(jd — grayish brown and short-Jointed; leaves-
small and thin, sharply s(>rrated, and unlike Isabella
and Catavvba, which are usually turned hackwards,
they have more (d a concave form. Buiudies—sniall
an<l compat't, resembling much the jilaek Cluster.
B.MTies— small to medium, l)lack, juicy, with consid-
erable pulp, rather acid when first gathered, even
though ripe. They improve l)y keeping, just as
Winter pears will by house-ripening. It is a pro-
digious bearer, and ripens in e4ual situaticms two or
three weeks before the Isabella.— [Horticulturist.

185^1

IMJKdrmCKS OF FAKMKi;S.

181

Prtju(lir<vs of I'ariiH'is.

Extracts from an address delivenMi before the New

Hampshire Agricultural Society, by William S. King,
Ksq.

but fo comt? to the second preju<lic(» i){ farmers.
Ah a class they say, that especial llin c \ti,,n is not
necessary for thinu; — an education, adapted to their
occupation as farmers, to teaeh them more than they
now know, of their own Imsiness; ther(d)y enahlin*'-
them t'» impru\(' uj)on the doings of their predecess-
ors, as other classes id' men lia\e done; — an AoKi-
cri/riKM. MorcA'j lo.N, loooking direc-tly at tlndr in-
tended husnn-ss for life.

The Shipwright, belbre he is aljle to lainudi upon
the deep, those nnxhds (d marine ar(diitecture,wdii(di,
wiicther proptdled by sails or steam, have alike caa--
rie.l our starry Hag in triunijdi on the sea, has, in his
youth, h<<Mi apprenti(^ed to a finished master oi" his
craft; lie has, so to speak, studied the al})ha})et of his
trade under a •o-ipetent tea-her; and he has p(u-ed,
dreary hours long, over modids, and lines, and rules
laid (hnrii in hooks. \o (,ne of my hearers supp(jses,
that the improv(;ments nnide in ship-bnildin"-, where-
])y, even h<;i'(M-e the introdui-tion of steanr on the
ocean, we had already diminished the distance to the !
English coast from our own, by iiiii .Mie-nan m iwen- i
ty years, are tlm result of accident, or (d fortunate I
guesswork. Xol constant study alone ..nahlcd the
huilders to improve upon every nnuhd that was
launi hcl; until now, the work oi" (,ur ship-vards is
liic admiration of the world. It mav he herl'' added,
as an argument for educaii,,n, that ("he conceded su-
periority ol uiir shi|^vvrighi,> even ever those of our
mother country,— \ohlc Old Kngland,— is universab
ly and unhoitatingly attrihuted to the (act, that our
ship-huilders are more generally men of impiirine-
minds and (d' e(lucation in tlndr husincss.

The Mason who rears your iiouse walls, and spans
the swiit stream with the stri<iing ar.di, has had his
yearsof apprenticeship and education. Mueh o! his
knowledg.; must come I'rom books, hut Ic- <loes not
tliertdurt; despise it.

The Painter, who sk(!t(di<'s with ma^de pencil, the
g!"wing landscape, av "the human form divine,"' has
j'l-eparcd himscdl to execute those masterly touches,
by |)revi(jus care and study.

The Lawyer is educated with a steady view to his
bit 11 re jirofessiou.

f h" Physician ac^piires from books, and from ob-
.^orvation, the knowledge of the healing art; that ren-
ders him a minister of mercy in our dw(dlings.
^ Uie Divine, whose errand i^ to warn the Hiiiier to
Hce from the wr.tth to muw,'' and to cuml'ort the
parting soul, ah-.u; i,. wing it^ way on a dim and
nntried journey, learns to undertsand and to(^\'pouml
fl"' will .d his Heavenly Master, by continued punai-
Kal ,d the writings of the g.M.d amriearned.

All f)rofe.s.si.m>, all trades, all other occupations .d
j""" I'^'^tify to the advantages of especial education:
'•ut ihe (armer is yet unc.mvinced. .Me,, are not h nai
^^'th;i nabiral knowledge .d' law. .u- oi mechanics:
ho tliat after a bttle observation of tke practice, they
can ake \u.^h r.ink in tlndr respective occupations:
^ut the farmer claims that he has, from youth; all the
Knowledge of his business that is necessary; and a
i^'W years of ;>mc//'r.' completes tlie education If
we allow that we merely desire to equal those who
nave preceded us, it may )>e that we can keep close
wtliem by walking in tlndr fbotsteps; but the ten-

n., Yt , ^^^ ^°^ ^^ ^'^ improvement; -the design of
«ur Maker appears to be, that each generation o'f
man should excel, in knowledge, its predecessor;—

hut It /.y idle to expect improvement, where all arc con-
tent to be imifalora.

fhe- ol)jeet of ;iM a-rieuliu,-;,! education is, un-
d'Mihtedly, to make practical larinei-s; ami here at
tlie outset, we stumbleo\e,- a prejudice, as tw uhal
constitutes a practical J'tirnn'r.

My purpose here, as all know, is not,— cannot be,
—to ridicule my h.-arers. | j,ave a t<.o h,e|, re-
spect for those who called me Inther,— ior th...-M. who
MOW so kmdiy listen to oe- -fo,- the great suhject
that we are discus>,, ,-,--!,,,• n,v i»wn <diaracter,--to
attempt to throw ri.licnle upon aiiv wh.un I ad.lress.
but you, vourselves, shall he juifees <d what your-
selves deidare to be a PuAcncvL F.\RMKii.

T ) decide whether a stranger, who calls himself a
farmer,has a right to the title, is not your first glance
east ui)on Ins clothes, to see if they "he farmer-like;
and your n.'xt upon his hands, to find they are har-
.lened by manual labor. If a man, in a black hroad-
(doth dress (;oat, having hands fair to look upon, and
uncallmised by contact with the plow handle, pre-
sents himself to your notice, as a y)ractical hirmer,
your p(diteness may uv may not jn-event yv)u irom
laughin;:; in his face, at tlnrohvious ahsurdity (»l the
claim; hut you laugh none the less, in your sleeve, as
you set Jii?H (Imw ?> f.ir n fan(-}i fdrmrr.

\ow, sirs, what right have you to deride this man's
pret(!n.<ions: and, otriiand, to' pronounce that he is
not a farmer, as accomplished as youi-sidf, or c\e,i
able to teaeh you what you have iK^t yet learned, in
your own (xaipation ? it is hecause you cond'der
that a practical larmer, is he, and he onl;/, who la-
bors with his hands; t!ii> w^uld make them tuugh;
and the necessities of his occupation W(aild c impel
him to wear more lionndy aopand. l,s it true, tliat

this it is, and this ahuie, — l(ih'>r irifh the haii Is,

UAKi) woitk — that makes the practical man".'' 'J'hen
is your hired help; who follows the plow', day in and
day out : who shivers in the wintry s'afile, and
sweats at tic har\es(, imuiy an hour when yoa are
occupied ahout other aifairs, a better practical far-
mer than you: ior he oiten works mo,-e. Then is the
o.x, that he drives, the most pia-tical, i'or he wears
rougher an<l tougher garments, has harder iiands,
and do(!s nnu'c hard work than (dther oi" you.

Farmers! you greatly mistake the meaning of the
word pni'-livdl. Stand with me upon tin; (piarter
deck of a^shijs as she strips f)r a battle with the
storm. The bullying winds roar. The threat(ming
sky descends and contracts. Tin; angry waves lilt
up their heads. The tempest-tost hark, now piercing
the sky with her tremhlini^ m ists, nov/ driving head-
h.ng into the yawning trou-h ui" the sea, is fnu-hted
with lii!m;in si uls. 1> • they not now, if ever, need
th(^ services oi a/// (/c//ca/saihu- to conduct them safe-
ly thi'oiigh the environing perils? Who then is he,
to whom all eyes instinctively turn, as under (iod,
their only hope '/ Is it tha,t stalwart son ol" the sea,
whose strength is the ItMa^t ol' the ship's com})anv: —
wdio can "swim farthe,-. dive deeper, and come" up
driei-, than any man in the cro\s-(l:" — who can "hand,
and riM^f, and steer;" — wdio can nouut tin' rigging;
wi:h a -'piirrel's agility, and tie ;ill th(. fast-km)ts,
and sliilnii:; knots, thai are the sailoi-'s pride; and
splice, or "lay a cahle, with the next man; ' — i< this
he, who is selected as tiie he-t practical siiilor, to
command the craft, in her hour of danger '.'' Far
from It, friends, d" he practical man, for the occasion,
is yon dapper little fellow, w^itli soft, white palms;
sporting, mayhap, a seal ring: and dressed, as if in-
clined to give to tar and pitch, and all other dehling
substances, a wide berth. He it is; — this man, who
has been educated for his position, and who directs

' !)

i i

FK-:

182

PKEJUDirKS OF FAR.MMRS.

r^

^'TrMnr/

1

tiio labors of others, — ho it is, who is the practical
sailor.

If then, in the hour of <lan;i;er, when deatl) ra;^es
for his prey, and the yawning nea shows the ready
jj;rave, men ar;kni)\vled;;e the niii;ht of mind; why is
it, that farmers will persist in undervaluing it, ;uul
sot up sinews hofore it?

As wo cast our eyes over the country, we soo it
traversed in every direetion hv roads of iron; n\i<rh-
ty hills ar(^ deniolisheil, wide valleys are lillcd up,and
swift streams are spanned l>y viaduct^. Tlii nei^h
of the steam-horse wakes tho ei',ho(»s, i.ir an I near; as
with eyes of fire and with hr'^atli of pit<'!iy sm^kr^,
he rushes alon;: his iron rnal witii tii<' v^r.w .nid
8tren;j;th of the av.ilaiicln'. .\'>\v if tln'i-f ar.' tiiin;j;s
that )>i'acti<'al man can siir 'ly d >, ihn pilioL;" o[' dirt
and ^t.tnc^ into a looj; nuriMW Ii •ai); nii I t!u' diirjrinir
down 111 l)in'(^ i»l' cai'i h: and t!i" liainiu.'rih j; «>! iron,
and dp' jMirtinL:; toii;(';tl)''r of h >lts and nuts, atnl
plates, niu>t III' am oiij; iIpmo. lint wi; do not i^ivf to
the thousands of l)ra\vnv ■.-. i.rivMr-n. w iii ply jii.-k
and spad«\ the honor of liuiMin:^- i i!'- railroail; ni>r do
we credit to the faitiifid ^inith. \\ !i » oh^dirnt to di
rections, iias wrou;j;htoui a ro'l, aiid a^ain liainni'-r-
ed out a p ate, the perform. luci's of the iinishu i loco-
iu<)live.

By and bv, — as all now admit tlrii a man niav be
a finished practical sailor, who does not defile his
palms with pitch, oakum. "T rattlin-^tuif ; and as one
may claim to be a practical bnild-'i-. iiMrin;:; liu;^e
structures of granite, bridj^in^^ riv«jrs, and luiving
mountains, who does not harden his hands by tho
use of spade, pick, or crow; so we will ajki\o\vledi^e
that a man may be a practical farnjer, competent to
the mamigemimt of acres, who doe.s not toil all the
day long at the piOW-tail. To farm well, as Id direct
any other operation well, th<» f )rein m, whether he be
master or man. must thorontridv understand bow
things ought to be done; and then the pi-overb will
be found to hold true of farming, as wf ni »st lbiiij;s
else, — "the eye of the master is of more \aliie than
Jiis hands."

SciiMititic iVgrlculture is the cultivation of thr
eirth by rule, and not l)y guess work. Ind'cd. when

»f the soil ? On how many is the manure its(;H pn-
)ared and jiresurved, 8o that it retains all of its valu-

of

pared ana jiresurvea, 8o mat it retauis all of its valu-
able constituents ? Why, gentlemen, if one were to
say that plants, to thrive, rec^uirefood incca-tain pro-
portions; and that il ime of the necessary substances
!■> ih.t present in tlx- -,,iii, an 1 i- not supplicil in the
niinnie, the plant (Cannot thrive; and that in propor-
tion as you have or apply the precise rpiantity of each
ingredient necessary, S3 nearly do yon come to o-ett-
ing the inaximmn crop, — you would set it down at
once, in seorn, as scii-ntific farming. And yet how
else do you account fm- tb • fact, that on-^ man ^frows
a hutidri'd bu>-lieN oi' (".rn to an a.;ro ainj another

but twenty? \\ bv, eletirlv becau>etbegrnund w

lerciiQ

and wliere <rui'<siii >• cntls and system he^-ins, then
and there is tiie blrMi. Jind ilie l)irili jilac-e ot Sci-
enco.

11*)W many farm^, Li;"ntlemen. within the reai;h of
our (d>si'rvation. are, by this d,:finiti n seientitieal-

dentb of the

ly cultivated? <bi ii >w many is the nepin o
]i!owinj; uciuj^eil by the (Irpth of the soil, the charac-
ter of th ' snl»'^"il. ami a wise intention to rendi'r llu'
fertile loam deeper vcai- after year, inch by iiuli '.'
How many farmers of your acquaintance, who iMitcr
on a farm with a soil three inches deep, undertake,
as they well and easily might, to render it in twelve
years, twelve inches dei'p ? I would tell you here,
that the experiments oi tlion-^ands ni' Wiviurv:^ have
proved that by thrusting the point of your ]>hiw
one inch, or three-rpiarters of an inch deeper at
each plowing and bringing to the surface so much ot \
the inert subsoil, to be operated on by the atmos-
phere and to bo benefitted by the manure year after
year, you \vill to this extent increase your active fer-
tile 8oil, and gradually create another fiim. as it
were, under your old one. l^nt ttiis v.-ould be scien-
tific farming; and, consequently, in tlie opinion of
too many farmers', m(;r(} nonsense; notwitb>tand;ng
that facts, plenty as blackberries, confront tb m with

evidence.

On how many farms in this State, or in any State,
i-i the manure applied with sufficient knowledge of
the component parts, and consequently of the wants

grew the hunlrcd bushels was natural^', or hv sei-
entilic treatment, in a proper condition lor corn hear-
ing,— !iad in its womb all th(i nei-essary kinds, aini
eniMigli of each kind of food, that thi; youn"'aii(l the
'/rowing plant re(piire(l for its leav(!s, its stalk, its
tasstd and its car. Ami how do y(»u account for th<;
fact, that you do not get an (Mpial crop on the same
gi'o and the nexr year? liecause the first en. ji has
eaten up a good share of the food in thf? ground-r»an-
trv; and the t bird season, (ifanvman is sillv eiieii di
to try corn on th" same ground, without haviuLC sup-
plied food by manure,) the third crop weuM fluil thi-
shelves pretty well i-ieaned: and tlu; |)rogeny el that,
year would be pigmies.

On how many farms in \ew Hampshire is an ac-
curate calculation made of the C(»st of ;'r(e,viii ' ditf-
erent cro])s, so as to d 'cide whi(di is tic- nie-t prijfit-
able to rai-e? ( )n bow many farms is an ac-ount
ktjpt of outlay and income from each field and each
animal, that the prudent husbandman may know
where is the mouse-bob- in hi> mcabbin? This is not
because it would be scientific firming. To be suro,
a merchaiit who pretended to carry on an e.\teii>ive
bu>ines;s without keeping IkjoRs, and with tut takinj;
now and then "an account of stoi-k;" or who weiiM
continue to deal in certain .styles of good>. witlieut.
knowing wh -ther be was making or losing money
l)y the operation, would be held insane. But surely
that is no reason why a man who priiles hiinsell en
being a plain praclical farnn'r, should farm by ariti -
metic.

Do farmers hereabout, or farmers 'generally any-
wh«;ro, attempt gradually to improvi* their seed hy
early an<l judicious stdection; and by always plant-
in"" the best, instf^id of reserviii'' the worst for that
purpose; or do they sell all that is fit to be soM, ami
ki'cp the poorest for h(»me use and for seed? This
gradual improvem-Mit of seed, such as Mr. Brown, en
an island in Laki3 Winne])esauke(^ has made in c irii
— known as ib-own corn —and as many others have
made in many plants, and fruits, and llowers, by the
simple selection of s-ed, with judicious cultivation,
— this smacks rather too much of science, lor a prac-
tical farmer.

Scientific Agricidture recoguixes the fiet. that ma-
nures ar(! economically np[)lie<l, to exert tlieir best
influences, upon soils where wat<M' too nun'li abMUii'b;
and recommend- drainage. "And so," say you,
"does every practical fcrmer, who kiiows beans.
Well, perhaps every practical faiiu r does not "know
beans." (»r he would recou;iii/.,. them i:i a gooil share
of the ready-burned ct^ffhe that be buys! ^t any
rate, how diffVu-iuit the operations of the >yMcniatiC
and of the guess-woik drainer. Tlie fir>t dix'uvers
the secret springs, that supply tie- superfluity of
water; and so locates his drain.s, and bo to cut olr the
vein before it opens on the surface. Whb^ "'"^"
tenths of your practical men dig ditches in the low-
est part of the meadow, where the water stands:

l>i.xrl

rOMMUMPATlONS.

183

forgetful that an ounce of prevention is worth a
pound of cure. This subject of drainage opens tt)o
vast a field lor me to venture upon at this time.

This same rule of prevention causes your scieniitic
farmer to do a// ////'/tz/.s' m season. I [(^ stirs np the
earth between th.- drills of his crop>, with the hoe or
cultivator, to kill the we.-,U. btdbre tlcy attain to
great size, and strength, and appetite. 'nen-e is no
tiuch glutton as your w.-ed. Lik<» a sharper among
honest folks, it defrauds the !e--itiniate owner of what
rightfully belongs to him. \\ ith coolest impudcnci'
it steals Iroiu t he young and t'Uider })lant thn^' i'ourth >
of its food, and gi-ows in CMn-eipKMice three inche> to
its one; Mr. Wecif over-tops it; he j)ullies it, as it
were alter re(lucing its strength by starv;Uion. By
an 1 by, he claims the ground as his own, and Ihuir-
i~!ies in uielisturbed possession. He becomes s(Mm1v
at leiigtli; establishes a larg(^ family, in good (pnir-
ter-^ to rot) succe(^(iing crops of ])otatoes and carrots;
:'.nd is only uprooteil and punishe(l when he has
alniiit run the length of bis evil course.

Agriculture is understood to ex|»ress, not merely
the cultivation of the land, but also all the opera-
tions incidental to it, or conseipiential upon it. Ac-
cordingly, we lind sci.jnce in the Stock-yard. The
enlighten. -d sy.^tem, that jirevails in the field, is in-
treihiccl here. Acting upon the W(dl-establis}i(>d
rule that 'dike begets like," she selects fit moulds,
ami build-j up breeds of cattle fur the shambles,
siuireanl j»onderoiis, likii the lordly Durluims; and
agani lor the yoke she prepares the beautiful and
at^ile Devon; for tln^ milk-pail she reserves families
ot each of these breeds, in which big udders and
profuse secretions of milk ;irc hereditary. F..r tin-
churn she shows the gentle der>ey cow; seven quarts
of whose milk will yield a pound of butter.

.Vmong Swine, this same wdse system,— a synoyma
1 n- science— has produceil t!ie Suffolk, the '.Middle-
sex, and niher breeds, that run to fat, as naturally as
a turtle-fed Alderman: — they eat, tln^y grunt, t'liev
sleep their lives away, until they have attain(Ml to a
very Lambertism of ohesity; and then, with a gurg-
ling in thf> throat they change into pork and are lanl
down in the barrel.

-*%¥-

F'T t'ue Farm Jouriial.

Poppy.

Messrs Editor.s: —

A short paragraph in the July
number of the Pennsylvania Farm Journal on Poppy
Oil. inibu-(>s me to write these fcw^ lines, tln» r suit
Oi niv expere-nce and knowledn-o.

idle P"p|>y, I*'j)aver sonuiifermu 0<7/^'/A,',( French,)
is very cxten^ivtdy culti\ate,l on th<( continent of
lair.pe. j>articularly in Flanders, Franc^, parts of
Germany, Switzerland, tln^ Netherlands, ^tc, for its
seeds, wdiich ]»roduce a most excellent (,il by <'x-
pression, ecpial to that of Olives for eating, as w(dl as
for mixing with paints.

Two varieties are grown, viz: the wbit(\ 7^. S. al-
hum, which produces the best oil, and the purple,
which produce the greatest cpnintity from the same
quantity of simmIs expressed. l)orh plants are easily

distinguished by the color of their corolla, as the
names imply.

The soil best adapted for the Poppy is a light rich
^oam, properly manured and prepared by good plow-

mg in the Fall, light cross plowing, and well harrow-
ing in the Spring, and the seed then sown, Alarch to
dune, at the rate of two ounces p*er acre, in shallow
drills .ir rows very thin, the drills \\ to L' feet apart:
the seed rolled nn land that do(>s not bake; wherti it
does bake, it ean be kept light by strewing over the
drills clean chaff or salt bay, wle-re procnraJde, as
'this will keep the ground nioi-t aid favorable to ger-
niinat ion.

As soon a< the plants are d or o indies high, they
should b.> thinned to omdoot distance in th(' rows, and
slightly earthe.l up, and kept clean through the seas-
on, either by a small plow (u* cultivator.

Jn July or August the see(l.s will ripen, which is
known by the he-ads turning dark and dry, and they
can be harvested by s(mding boys into tin; rows each
with a basket, into wliieh every head is shaken with-
out breaking the stems; the ripe setjds Indng all loose
will drop out through openings in the [)0[!py head.'',
the unripe seeds will still a<l]iere to the head andean
be shaken out a fev/ days after the fir,>t gathering.
Should this appear too tedious work, the harvesting
ean be done by pulling up the stalks and putting
them uj)riglit in bundles in the li(dd; wlen they are
quite dry, they ean be shaken ])\ handfuls over an
empty barnd, or beaten (m a sheet.

Tiie produce in fivorabb^ (dri-unistanees^ wlien ev-
ry thing has been carried on with care and attention,
will amount to twenty to twenty-five bush(;Is of seed,
whi(di, on expression will yield about two and a halt
galhtiis of oil per liUshel, and leave about forty
pounds of residuum or cake, making amost excellent
manure.

The Opium of c:)inmeice is made IVum the white
Poppy, /'. S. <(>hi'in, this being yei-y extends dy
cuUivatfMl for timt purpose, in Fgy}>t, 'J'urkey, Per-
sia, India and China.

The manipulation of tlie Oidum ]>eing a fldlcate
and tedious j)rocess, requiring a large number of
small hands, wonnui and children, will jirevent its be-
ing g.-nerally put in practice in tin; Unite(l States, (m
account of the dearness and scarcity (ddai)or.

Thos(^ wh(» have at times made the trial, on a small
scale, have obtained an (^pium of viu'v good ipiality,

The Poiuiv heads used I'V Drug-ists can be raised
by sowing the seeds in gardens.

The seeds can be ]irocured of me at l-") cents per
ounce, at D. Landreth's, S. bth street, or Pasi-hall
Mf)rris ^ Co., 380 Market strt^et, Philadelphia, at
either of which places T can lie found.

It will be perceived by the aboNc tliat fids plant
cannot be raised with tie- same ])vofitable results as
the Bape, of which th(^ statemeait I gave in the .Inly
numlierof the Pennsylvania Farm doiirnal, goe-; in
evidence, besides which thu Itape can be better raised
here.

In 1822 or 1823, there was nn Englishman in Sa-
lem county, N. J., who sowed Kape seed on a two

184

r(iM\n^XTr' ATTOy^

w>*m'i--mrt'»Km

[SEriEMHER

M«Mtn'<4'^ *^«aM

acre lot, broadcast, in order afterwards to tliin it out
hy the hoe, as is practised in Kn^^land with rape and
turnips. During the Fall, his and liis n(u;rhb(jr'8
00W8 broke in the field, and destroyed to all .'ippe-ir-
ance all tiie plants, having eaten them apparently all
down. Next Spring in going to look about that field
he perceiveil that the greater proportion of the plants
had come up again, so doterming to give the field a'
chanct?, he repaired the fence round it thoroughly,
anil h rvested that ISummer, forty bushels of the
seed, wjiieh he got erushed into oil, an 1 iImh wl,talu.
ed three gallons per bushel, orn,i( l.un.ir.'l aal twii-
ty gallons, whieh he sold at Si :V) pci- ■gallon, a; iliat
time, thus realizing Si:a; ji'.an ;Ii- two acres, i'.u- the!
oil alone, after the disast"!- ti,;i: i,,,.!;.i it.

The seed (.f tln^ S|ii-inj: m- \\i:.t<'r Ka].-- can aNo
be procured (jf me, at li") c. iii> |mi- <mi!i>p, at 1>. Lan-

dn^ths, or Pasohall Monis a (\>., wIj.tc 1 niav be
found.

r. A. XAITS.

-•••-

For tlie ruria Journal.
To Prevent Fly in Wheat.

Messrs. Editors: —

The wli(\it cro]>, In ir.au'/ pa-ts
of our country having been nioro or less injur. ,! l,y
the fly, permit me through the me<liinii of your use-
ful Journal, to recommend brining the seed for the
ensuing crop. The benefit of this preparation has
1 e3n accounted for by some on the liyiM.ihc>i> ,,i th,-
insect egg being deposited in t'le grain, and conse-
quently destroyed by the soaking. ( itli. i< n-sert the
egg is deposited in the shoot, and if this bo the case,
the soaking of the seed can only deter tlir !lv bv tli-
earlier and more vigorous start of tlic plant, iiut
however operating, certain I am. Ir ni (xpericncp,
that this preparation of the see-l, has tli.' (le>irc>|
effect. 1 -a-.c tliiv preparation i.f seed a trial nianv
years back, wii^n th' tly had been very injurious I'nr
three or I'mit v 'ar^ in suc,'p-;vi,,ii. and mv cmps es-
caped, while those ai'.>iin.|. altli(ai;j;li in eV'^ry other
respect as carefully (ana.. 1 and manured, wer.- in-
jured exceedingly. An.], in a recent conversati.ai
with an old farmer from a distance, he o])served, tiic
wheat crop in his vicinity was nuuh injured and
straggled, but that his stood all cn^t, and had j.ro
duced a full crop. This difference he attributed en-
tirely to having thu^ prepared his seed, and added,
he had never known it fail to prevent ih^ l!y injurin ;
the wheat crop.

Farmers disposed to try the experiment, will ac-
cept the following hints.

I proceeded thus: — Having l)ored an in di and a
half auger hole on one side the bottom nt an open
end hogshead, I placed it on tressels on ihe l,arn
floor, high enough to put buckets under to receive
the brine when drawn off. Then from below, drive
in a spile, and place over its point in the hogshead,
an old tin cu-i, perforated with awl holes — then half

fill with water and a iiall bu.shel ot Halt. This done
in the forenoon, toward evening the salt (frcfpiently
stired) will be dissolved, \\Imu tie- vJieat is ponrod
in. lining to six inches of thi' rim, a^ thi> \\\\[ a,i,jji(
of l)rine sufficient over the grain lu supply the sink-
ing of the brine by absi,ri)tion. Earlv n* yf ru .rn.
ing the brine is drawn off, the grain spread on the
flour, an 1 pnlvcri-.-d Hhk^ (two or tin-. c p(.cVs) spr, ;i,1
"^' '■ :i!'d inixiil uiih it. Ti-i< absorb- t lir m. -i-ture
and pn^vents the grains stickin*'- to<'-etiH>r

As se.'d prepared thns sweJN cen-idci'ablM. thrri;
is ol coni-sc not so many grains in puportinn to linlk,
and lliis makes it necessary in sowing the soakc*!
seei], to grasn larger hamlfuls than when sowiu"- drv
seed, (iilna-wivc the^eeding may bo thinner than in-
lendi'd. j)^

Chester county, Pa., Aug. 10, 185;^,.

-HM-

K"i- Ml'' l-',n-!ii .tournal.
Agricultural Progress in Delaware.

Mi:. Knru»K: —

1 was niucli jileased to nntire in a
hio' miiuoi'r m the Farm onnrnal, that vuu lia^l rc-
con'ly rec(MVed >Mnie two or lliret> hundred new swh-
scribers in t!i!> "•little State" of (airs. AltlioUL:li, in
some pations ol" (.nr t''ia-itory may be seen a (l<ri,l,.,l
improvement in tli- appearance and mana.: laent of
our farms, yet I would a^-k no better evidence of our
progress in agrii'ulture tlian the .simple announce-
mc'nt tliar your valuable "Journal" has iMToinea reir-
nlar viMtant to >ome three hundred farm liow-o in
onr ('.-mmonwealth.'^ Every //oo// f;irmer inJ! r>it<l,
in fact, be itiust do so, to keep np with the inipr.ivp-
ment.s o(' ill.' age; and when the day shall ari'iv. — I
liojie it i< not \'\\' di^tant--tliat everv farmer in mir
State ^vill have a eopy of the farm dourna],aiui
will read its \aried ami \alued contents with the dc-
t(>rmiuation to jirofit thereby, we shall give a charac-
lOr to our agriculture that would pass muster even
in Viair famous (.-ounty id^ Chester. In truth, "Ches-
ter county farming," as the phrase goes here, is com-
ing (juile into ^ol:ne among us — introduced liy sett-
lers (rom your county, who have ))een tempted to
cross our board(n-s by the low price of'oui- land coni-
|iared with yours.

AVe ai"e indclited to vonr county, also, for niaiiv of
<air liest imp|em(aits, smdi as horse-rakes, corn-sliell-
ers, -wheat-dfilN, ^c, tVc, whiidi are sent to n^ freni
tiic maiiutactories of the Alussr^. Peiinock, at Ivcu-
net Square. This enterprisinir tirm have opened an
Ai]rrieultnral A\ aridiouse in \\' ilmintrton, wliitdi wdl
be the inean< o| a, more general introiliictien ol sii-
periia- imp!enient>; an improved system of fariaiii;!
will soon follow, as a matter of course.

[*We have oi'er three hundred su])scribers in ^f.w
Castle county alone, which rather puts to the bhi>li

some counties in Pennsylvania we could mention

Ed.]

i«:)3.]

COMMUXICATTOXS.

1R5

But, it is the intrduction of Guano that is working
out an agricultural revolution in our Commonwealth.
Many farms that were consid re 1 ivniL out have
been entirely paid lor by the first crop of wheat, af-
ter the application r)f fluano. And iti several in-
stances withiti my kn(jwledge, farms that five years
a"-o you could scarcely give away, are now worth
twenty-five dollars an acre, and increasing yearly in
value.

1 have no hesitati<ai in <aying that, if th;-^ snj.ply
ot iinano liuld-; out, and the use ol' it by our farmers
cantiinie; to ne-rea-^ein the same ratio dnrin"- the
ni xt li\e years that it •'as (or a year or two past, the
real estate ot our CoinmoiiweiUh will be worth iiv<'
tiine< a^ mucii as it is at pi-esent. Kven down in
"Sandy Su-^ex," where, as ih;- story goes, the >and
is so lliiel; tliat the farmer, aftej- he is (lone Tilowiii"-

1 r~i

ill the e\eii:ng, has to hang his plow on the fen(-(> in
order t«» find it next mornin;r, there ar(» some siirns (d"
i!np''ovemen!: neverth(dess, when the I'aiau Journal
find- it- w.sy down there— like a g mxI missionary in

jjfiJlt lii'Il l:oidv It AVl'l fittd Mil -inirJo )i..l,l C, .v ^'bor

in dispelling the "darkness that cover- tie- land, and
the gross darkn(^ss the people," — 'ijririillniuil "(hirk'
nes," 1 mean, of course. 13ut, more anon.
Yours, tl'c.,

A 1)ELA)\'AIIE FAKMKb.
New Castle county, July 20, 18o.;.

Ff>r t1ie Farm .Touriial.

Cross-Drilling Wheat.

Newark, Del, Aug. lOth, 1853.

J. Lai V.r 1' VKi.IXGTONj Ks(J.

Dear Sir:— .\s the time
for deeding wheat is fa-t approaching, I feed it my
datv t i ;:ive some hints to your numerous readers ^A
tlie Farm Journal, on the raising or growing of this
crop.

1 last y(\ir drilled twenty-five acres of land in
wheat, nine acres of which was (dover sod, the bal-
lance sixteen acres consisted of oats stubble.

i will now give to your readers the method in
which I planted my grain. I plowed my s.d ground
about the middle of August, jdowin- under a heavy
f^i'i'p of clover; the d,>pth of the plowing about eight
lie lies. T then let it remain untoU(di"(l until the
l-fli (d September; then I broad-jasted about four
^'""di'-'d p cinds of \ .. 1 Peruvian (Jnano. per acre,
on the top of the plowed ground, ami used the heavy
spike harrow over it three times, then put on a heavy
rtdler, whiidi finisluMf it for the drill. 1 ci)mme.nced
drilling on the Isth of Sept,anher, di'illin-- it both
Ways, Ol- what would b- teianei] cross-drilliuir; sow-
ing each time 1,^ bushels per acre, and making 2}
bushels per acre. This seems heavy seeding, and so
it IS, but the result was a good yield, I averaged from
this field about 47 bushels per acre.

Field No. 2, oats stubble, IG acres, I plowed in Ju-

ly, depth {) inches, and iiarrowed it once to hsvel it.
I then plowed it again in Septembor, in binds the
usual width siv steps, plowing my mamire under,
there b(dng about eight acres (d' thi^ fi(ld e.,inposte(l,
the balance guanoed, .''•OO lbs. to the aero, plowed
down as was the compost. I th- n haii' eved it three
times with ;i heavy spike harrow, and rolled as be-
•fore, whieh made it ready for the drill, I then c(,m-
menced (Irillin- it, !,ut the ,aie wav. sow in- 2 bnsh-
'■N p.'racre, arel finished \\\\< fi^dd on the 2:id d,iy (d
Se]!t-mber. The yi(dd from this lie|,l was -ood, av-
era-;e p,.r acre, about ."'.l bushels, which may be cou-
sidere(l a g()0(l crop.

lint 1 feel a strong disposition to recommend to my
fellow farnna-s, the prinei|de of drilling both ways,
as I have tried it fir tin; last three years, and find it
to yield from 7 to 1(> buslnds and mor(», per acre, on
the saiu" latel and in the same fi(d(l.

In con(dusion, I would a;:aiii reeoinimMKl drilliiu»"
twice, one l)ushtd eaedi time, and the free use (d' Cu-
ano— one hundred ])(ainds for the bemdit of the ilv,
and three hundred for your self, and I will insure a
good crop, if tilled as above statcfl.

1 am sir, yonr"obedi''nt servant,

JA.MKS II. liAVK.

-<••-

For the Farm Journal.
Guano, \itrate ol !^oda, *vc,

TeiTTiE Editors of tuk Farm Joirwt,: — Two years
ago I mixed 2'K> lbs. of guano, (for whi(di I paid So,)
with .') biislcds of ])laster, ami ])ut it round the stocks
on four aeres of eoiai, after it had got u]), and previ-
ous to bi'in'4 harroweil. 1 f aiml the corn more vi;:-
or(ais than that wdii(di had no <xiiaiio and only plas-
ter, thou;;h on the same (piality of soil; the cobs were
larger, and I Ixdieve 1 was repaid for my outlay of
five dollars.

This year I have mixed 120 pounds of nitrate of
soda, (which cost me S;j '.)(),) with o bushels of plas-
t(>r. (I had the nitrate of soda ground in the mill
like }>. aster.) I put it also in the same manner as be-
foi-e, on four acM'cs of corn. Ouring tin; dry weath
( r We had in the Spring, I found the nitrate of soda
had no (dl'ect, but -inco we have had copious rains,
the effect shows its(df most wonderfully. The corn
is dark gretai, and the growth vigorous, more so than
the (dfect of the guano was. 1 expect to be paid
over and over f )r my outlay, S.''> *><>.

1 coiumunieate yon, sir, this fact, with the request
to be so good to iuduia; tin; IMiiladelphia iuer<diants
to import this article, the nitrate of sodn, more free-
ly. 1 have been informed it is found in abun-
dance in South America, and can be imported by the
cargo at i?35 a ton. It is the nitrogen the grand (h!8-
ideratnm to the growth id plants. It is my opinion
it will supersede the guano. It i> in a pure state,
no adulteration or fraud can be practised with it, as
much as guano. According to Mr. Paschall Morris,

1.

186

COMMUNICATIOXS.

fSFPTFMnFT?

Peruvian guano contains only forty -one per cent,
really valuable salts, the rest is animal matter,water,
ma;riiesia and lime. Magnesia and liine we can ap-
ply to our land a)>undantly with a trilling expense.
Our lime contains 30 per cent, of magnesia; therefor
for those 41 lbs. of really valuable salts w,. liave to
pay $3 50,and then run the risk to receive an inferi-
or article, the Chilian guano, which only contains 20
per cent, really valuable salts.

The chemist has unveiled much of the mystery ot
vegetation; the farmer ought to profit l)y it: it .'nal»les
him to prepare his f(»rtilisers, and nn; !,uv !1i.)-m ip»-'-
truuis wh.'u ii!ii:-li of their comp')ii(Mit part^ niav be
Worth!' ■■<>).

yO lbs. of boiic (bisi, at .>ji(> cent ])»'r 11).,

30 lbs .,( nf pla^t'T, at half ciMit p;'r lb.,

'!0 \U<, of iiiti-atcnf s(»(ia, ;ir t!ir.'.' (-.nts per lb

1" ll>s.. carb .iia:" of am mia.at 1^ ciMits per !b.

30
15

!I0

1 .s(l

<'

(The phister will fix the carbotiab< of ainoiiia.)
Such a mixture, 1 believe, would be wn-th I'-n lb-.
of guano. We may not receive so much aiiiiMiia but
far more nitrate, and more pho>piiai<', sd n 'trssarv
to our soil, and be sure to have a iniiv and unadub
tcrated article.

I also take the liberty to dirof^t yotir attonti(.n to
induce the Philadelphia salt merchants to imjjort
some rock salt, or salt in blocks. I give salt in that
state to my cattle. It is so convenient to have a lump
in the trough; the cattle can li.-k it wb(>n tliry b'cl an
appetite for sah. liat it i- to., biirb in price: I have
to pay $1 50 per h)'f lbs., in I'liila^'e'lpiiia.aiel >raree
to be got. I think it could b^ inipMi-trd im- half" that
price. It would then become in .I'lieral us.> am mi;
farmers.

IT. Sill liAKT.

Betbe], P)orks e.uinfv, Aul;. 1^.").;.

-•♦»■

Ilaviiii:: mu'-h to nur re:j:ret, misx^l seein*' the li.ie
animals albi.le(l to below, wliieh r(V'ently !\rrive(l in
Phila it'lpbia. j)"r ship Crown, we ai'e mmdi oblit^ed
to our fVi.'iid. .Nardil Clement, himse|fon,» of the Ix'st
of jtid^X-'s. lor his de^eripti^ai and communication.

F"i' Ml ■ F.uiii .louriiiil.

Importation of'Shor; riirii Cattle, Slieci), **^<'-
To TUE Editors OF tuk V mim Joiknai,: —

1 have;
been unable liitherto to give an explicit account of
the recent importation of live stock from En;;land,for
Kentucky, which has excited some interest in tie'
agricultural prosperity and improvement of this
country. The Western people scan as murh in :id-
vance of us in agricnitural enterprise, as we claim to
be in advance of them in commerce and manufac-
tures.

This valuable part of the cargo of the shi[) Crown,
from Liverpool, estimited in the Mark Lane Ex-
press, of London, at £5000 previous to shipping; con-

sisting of 40 head of cattle, 31 sheep, a horso of the
Cleveland Bay stock, and some Suifolk pigs, is the
property oi U. Atchinson Alexander, E-scp^of Scot-
lund,(who has a large estate in Kentucky,) and some
Kentuckians, associated for ;he purpo.se of importing
a number of fine animals to cross with their own
stock.

A sight of the animaN showed at once the care

and ju i-neait exercis(Ml i,, their selection, an:l tlio
condition in whiei, tie-v lamled. proves that n.) care
or attention had be-n \saniin_:; on the pm-r ^f t!ic
shippers to in-nre their safe arrival in this c aiutrv.

It was remarked by many jx-rsons, tliat th )U«i;li a
bttle stiff, they had more th" api>earaiu'i! of animals
foniini; fVom fine pasture, than from a lon;^ v isa-c.

It was much reij;retted that Mr. ( birrand, the a;"iit
oi the Kentucky imj»orting eianpany, was necessa-
rily in siic'i ha<te to e; e this stock lioine, a^ in-o-
Vented many amateui-s from _L;ettin'^- a fair .-ijht of
them. Several of the vonn«r bulls excite. I "-real ad-
mi!-atIon. On- bouLdit of Lord Fev(.M-sliaai, an 1 otii
<'rs of Messrs. Ambler, Fawke-^, and Hopper, aitract-
eu Uiw-i. particuei! iHLcuiioii. an i wri'' '^Vi-A\i\ aa-
m;red, as v/ell as some sjilendid heifer<, from the
herds of M-bsrs. liooth, Ambler and Townly.

The horse was much esteemed for his fine points,
:nel beautiful action. And the sheep may be regard-
ed as the best that could be selected from the most
reputed flocks in Kni;land.

Mr, Alexander liavini; allowed \n< sto -k to remain
here sojiie days lon;i;er, 1 have had a better opportu-
nitp of examininL; them ])art!(adarly.

II" has five vonnir bulls; tW(» of them are not in as
^•ood condition as the others, but ihev show many
tine points in common witli them. They are heth
from the herd (d Mr. I'awkes, whose stock was priii-
ci[)ally derived from the le-rd of Mr. Whilaker, so
j'ustly cel(d)rated as a br(>eder of Short Horn stei'k.
The other three Itulls are in fine condition, consider-
ing their recaait vova^jje, and are remarkablv fine an-
imals. .My bivorite, is ":2d Duko nf Atliol," two
years old next Septeml)er, descended from Mr. l>ate<,
Dutidiess 54t!i, by Mr. liooth's Loi-d (Jeorge, a bull
of t!e^ liiubest reputation; he i^ lai-"e f,.r hi- :vj:'\ ''f
a red roan Color, with line liead, di'ep bri-^ket, round
and deep in the ribs, straie;ht on tlie back, with iiuar-
ters j)rop(>rly full and ami)le. In<l(MMl, from .'hat-
ever point he is vieweil, it would seein dlflieult to lind
a (lelect. His horns, which are strong, ml^iht he
thought too mnidi so, itv the admirers of small and
delicate liorns, but there can be little doubt ef tlio
truth of the opinion Indd by most of toe ])reeders of
England, that a strong born denotes streni;th of con-
stitution, a!id iji the case of this bull, the horn^ a^o
not so largo as to be objectionable. To his symmetri-
cal shape, he adds the quality of being a lirst-rate
handler, a point frequently too little attended to in
this country.

1853.]

cn\r.n \!c \TiM\s STVn: r.\ib, &c,

187

Lard John, somewhat older than 2d Duke of Ath-
ol, may aNo bo considered a y^iYy fine animal. II«i
is a pretty roan, of fine size and shapes and had I
not seen the other bull first, I should have ])oen quite
satisfied with him, as ho combinfvs almost all the
points required lu a Inill, and some think him equal
to the other.

season in Illinois, said that sonu; of thidr wh(?atturne<l
into cheat, in consequence of being sown on flat land,
and the hard Winter. The farm on whi(di I live,
was full of cheat when i\ ciine into niv poss(3ssion.
I have been very carebil nevt-:' to sow anv thin,-- but
wh(»at, ami the result is, 1 inner reap any thing but
! wheat in harve^^t tini". FormtM-lv T wao; accustomed

The remaining young bull, is call"d Fantie!,im,, t„ u;,.t al>ont on- half ciieat in mv ball crops, but
bred by Mr. Fiwk"<. be is just a year old. an 1 sinee I have cleand my seed wheat carefully, 1 get

no cheat in tli • worst kind of crops.

would generally be considered a red and while in
color, but upon exam'natiei, he appi't)aehes a roan;
ho has a linishe 1 sleailder and brisket, strai;^ht back,
iri){)i\ birrel, fin' 'nips de'ep in Un; llink, ami line in
t!ie lead and rmcl; .

Mr. Al 'x.inder's lot of nint^teen cows and Imifers,
with one <>v two exeevttion-, mav be said to be vei-y
fine. 1 shall d e-^er;!)'! thr" ' or four fa\(nete<. Tin'
two coWn ■'•e;.-l. ..'

L. S. Ki:iST.

Lo(ai>t Grove, Lancaster (a)untv

-••^

I'ennsjivania Slate l''air.

Our readers in all sections of the State, will bear
in mind, ihat before another issue oi' our paper, tin;
thirtl .Vnnual Kxhibition of t!ie State Society will
iieh plea^ed me mo>r we!-e a rtMl and! jiave pasM-il by. It oc(Mirs at Pilts])urg on the 27 th,
white', from .Mr. Wil-y, ni' Ui-atel-ly, Yorkvliire, bred l'Sth,lI'.'th and -'inth of September. Prmnium lists :in<l
frorn stoid-; '-bi liu" ! from Me-^-^rs. Mason and Colling^ ' arrangiunents for the exhibition, will be found in our
and a roan b" en ."'^Ir. \\. li '11. .Miudjro' Hall, Laneas- \ two la-t numbers. AV'e hope and expect it will s\n'-
hiro, bred bv him from Ibitevs' stoek, n^)W the favorite pa.^s l)oth (d' the ))rece(lini: ones. Tlie main r<TuLnee
in EnMand. It is somewhat dilFKadt. to choose the ' ui coni'se, mu-t l)e on our friiaids west of the uioun-

taiu'^, but il the accommodations on the transporta-
tion liic's (!/■'' s(i(isj'(icf(irij, and not othersvise, tle'ro
will doubtless be also a representation from this sec-
tion of the State, which now contains somt; (d as

finest heifer, as this d'l.ends on tie' tasti; of the
chooser, — but 1 tlnnk mo>t g >od ju'l;!;es won! 1 per-
haps prefer a re.l h 'ifer, one year old, c()ming edso,
lam inf )rm'Hl, fri)m Mr. Uolden's herd, combining;
the blood of the obi rival breeders. Bates ami Kooth.
It is difBcult to iiml a fault in \\'T sliape, and in some

irood stock, as is to be funnd in tic I'nion

^\■

e re

grot, that previons to our dtairnal going to [)ress, we

points she excels any imifer I have seen, more es- ■ should have i-eceiveil no information about provision
peci'dly about- tb" flank and ((uart"r. After leu- I ' fbi- artitdes going to the lair, or ])rice (d" (;X(Uirsi(Ui
shouM ji! I •■' the heifers from the herd (d Mr. Tan- i tickets for pass(aigers. \\'e presnuje everything ot
query, near li-ui 1 in ; one, a two year old past, the {\^\^ k'mA will be dnlv attende«l to. in New York,
other a little under two. These heilers are tin" speci- j the managers of their approaching fair at Saratoga,
men> o| two difF(«rent styles of ainmals. Minf^rva ; have obtained from the proprietors of all their pub-
31, the older of the two, being finer in her bon", and |i(; houses, the prices to be charged by them respoct-

her proportions than doyf'ul, who is larger, with

ively, tor acci*mmodation during tin* fair. This en-

more app'arance of flesh, — each, however, is a pic- a})les visitors beforehand to d(it(^rmine the probable

tare such a< a breeiler of tine stotdc must admire. 1
ha\(' not tima to go lurtlier into det.ail, but will con-
tent mvself w ith saying, that the introduction of so
many fine :»nimals into this country must prove high-
ly aiKantageous to the community in general, as weH
as to the breeders oi" Kentucky, and 1 hope theg(aitle_
man importing them, may be as successful in gfjtLing
them to their destination as they have Ix'en in solect-
tiuL^ theMi, .ml «r ittinj; tlnmi across the Atlantic.
Kespoctfully yours,

AARON CLKMEXT.
Philadelphia, Aug. 1st, ISod.

cost of exjxmses, and avoids danger of imposition.
It is a good move.

-*•»-

-*••-

Clean Seed.

F'lr 1 !io F.iriii .1 lum.i

^lu. LniToii: —

As seeding time is at hau'b 1 would
call the attention of farmers to the iiuportanoe of
sowing clian seed. There are still a few who believe
that wheat degenerates into "cheat.'' A writer in
the New York Tribune,in describing the crops of last

Chester County Agricultural I'.xhibition.

Th(! first exhibition of the iibove society, now fully
ore-anisctl. after "a sii>pended animation" of several
vears, will b.; Imld at West ("hester, on the Pith and
17th of September. Arrangements an; in progress,
(asuital)le lot within the borough limits having been
secured,) to afford ev(M'y a(;commodation to exhibit-
ors of stock, implements, and farm proiluce. A
ploughing match will also be held near the show
ground-, to which ])loughm'ai and m unifacturers are
invited. The general Hiding through tie- county is,
that there must be no mistakt; this time, and if our
friends in adjoining counties, w\--]i to see some of the
very best cattle, sheep, hogs, and poultry in the conn-
try, which have been l)red and raisivl by our Cliester
county farmers, we hope they will favor u- with their
company on the occasion. Dr. Emerson, of Phila-

tWi. •

Sf.

»,(j.q»l ""Jw'*, i^"t'ljj

'"!'> "feV"?^ „

;.*»%■ \'

188

STRAAVBERRY— LIME BURNING, &c.

\^fVT} Mi.fR

delphia, has consenf'^d to deliver the addreHs, which
we are confident will attract an attentive auditory.
The Horticultural Exhi})itioii will ho held at the
same time, in the large hall of the society.

Mr Avoy's Superior Strawberry.

Through the kindness of our friend Dr. B.m^ .vio,
we are enabled to |.r.>riu the ahow eii^ruviii"- Irum

adapt their business to the changes induced by the
great increase of population in our largo cities, and
the facilities of travel and transportation offered bv
our niimorous railroads. \.,t only straw]>erry but
fruit culture generally, will be fnun.l (a, more profit.
able over a large section of P.'unsylvanla, than gra-'
zing or grain growing. In Cincinnatti, .luring the
selling season, the sales of straw])orries will average
thr.M> hundred bushels por d:iy. A single cultivator
Ciirrirl r. inarkotono liuudrod and twrnity Imi-Ii,.1s
per (lay. inv .'i;;ht or nitio successive d;iv<. W,. ,},,
not know th." pi-icM there, but in lMnbJl.!i, ,i:,, iin''
strawberries wil! cominand V( ry readily, 1 ') t(. Is ami
20 cents per .pi art: at 1") c-nts it will reach nearly .^,3
por bushel.

What is tru.' of strawberries is ...pially su ..f Mtl;.
er fruit, fine apples, pears, ].bnns, S:.r. Th-'r.. is an
absolut.; scareity or shortn.vss .)r supply to .ienian.l,
taking an avera„n' of one season, or oC several sra..
< Occasionally tli<'i-.> isa;^lut.d' worjnv, Inf^rinr,

on

unwIiol.>s(,m.> fruit, but fine varieties, an.l fair. -o.mI
sized specimens, will always sell at amply romunera-

tin- prices. Tli" pn-s.-nt season, there appears ti>

a-i original drawing of this celebral.'d vari.'tv. It ' ^"' ^ !f'''^"'"' failure ..f the apple crop in Penn^vlva
received the premium of SUM) ,,ffrre,l bv th.- rincin- > "''^' '^^^*^ ^^^'- "'^M'l'l^' "»>i-~^l *-'"ni' from the Ka^twanl.
natti Horticultural society, and was pronounced by' '^"^ >^ ^'"^''^ ""^ ti) be our fruit year, a distinction

them, after two seasons trial, as superior to ll.vey's
Seedling, and any other variety that came under ex

not recognized in New York State, where fruit grow^
ing is made a part of the regular business of the

am n I a 1 1 o n

( I

f th." commmittee. Its usual sexual ^'^^''"' '^'"^ ^'*^* orchar.l receives its proper attention,

character is p.i^^tillate. Truit very hirg.', roun.lish
ovate, occasionally sli-htly neek.'.l, deep brilliant
crimson; seed crimson, sometimes yellow, set in in-
dentations, not deep, exeept intiie larg<\st specimens;
flesh red; flavor ex((uisitely line; .piality "best.''

So fai a^; tried in this latitude, it sustains its high
character, and will be sought afUn- tor general culti-
vation, being a v.'ry prolific bearer. Dr. Brinckle
(and there is no higher authority,) writes us, "taking
all Its .pialiti.'s into eonMileration,it is probably the
most valuable strawberry we have."

like corn, wheat and potatoes. A disposUDU to over
bear .ni*^ y<\ir, an<l the necessary exhaustion of the
soil in conse.pience, is counteracted by the aj-plica-
ti.in of specific manures, and thinning of the fruit.

The larg.'st and most prohtable .)rchar.l, pre!,af!y
in the country, that of Tell's, consisting of throe
huu.lred acres, up the North riv.u-, is thus managed,
and there is nothing like any rcjular failure of the
crop.

-•♦^

Improvement in IJme Burning.

Heorge W. F.oring, Ks.p, of Lehigh c.amty, in on-

AVilliam Parry, a ])ractical strawberry ^Tower of section with a coupl.» .)f gentlem.'n .>f Xorthanipteii

New J.Tsey, and whocultivab>smanvvarieti.'s aNo ^'*^^^"|y' ^^=^^'^^ ^^}'' P'^V-"! ^'*' '' new lim.' kiln, of a
sfnfow I'n .M,n 1, ,^ ^ I I ^r I , . ' " novel construction, whudi possesses su.di .hvid'd ;il-

states n our last number, that -Mc A^uy•s Superior i vantag.>s ..v.>r .-verv ..ther kind nf kiln as to pron.i^.^

yielded a larjer crop of large sized berries than any an .uitir.' revolution in the lim. -burning business. It

other." ■ is thus described. The kiln is line.l with tiiH-hrick,

It is 8urprising,that in the vicinity .>f Philadelphia, ' Tn-" "^ ^^^ ^''^''' \'- ^'^ 'r ^'"''^"'' ?• V'V' '"''^'tt "^
,vl,nrwl. 1 1 (• . 1 • . ' I holding a l;irii;e .nnmtitv of stone, which k.^.'ps filling:

^Mi.r. th-leniand f.r strawberr..«s,s very great, audi d.>wn into tl,;. kiln as last as lim.. is drawn out h."
yeany increasing, so little attention is paid bv f'<irm- h'W. It will burn, on an av.>ra"-e, ;;()() biish.ds oi
ers to their culture. With the ex.'cption of a few ^''^^*' 1*'^^" '^'^y- Woo.l is u>ed in burning, and three

crardeners nenr the pifv fl,. ,,, , i • i u I or four pieces of urdlnary hi.dvory .»r oak wood \v ill

f^inut^uera iitar ine City, tlie supply i8 near y a to- i., .f i. j*' ..., i t ^ l i -n i i .

., 1 • 1 /. AT -r "^ \v^.^i iialt an hour, i wo cords of wood will burn ho-

gethcr derived from New Jersey. It is stated in ' tween 'Jdo an.l ?m budnds ,.f th<> b.'st lim.>. The

our last number thatone farmer, in T>urlington conn- ^'"^'' '^ drawn off ev.M-y tw.dve hours. The kiln i«

ty, sold over ^110.) from less than three acres. Com- ' ^l"' '''^'''^^'"^^ '»^" -.» ^^^'- S.dir.e.l.'r, of llo.dioster. New

P^».^ xi • •,! ,1 ,^. r ,1 ,. ' i JLork. Joseph \ ea."'er, in Lou cr Saucon town-^liin,

are this with the profits of the ord narv course of i • •„ t,!!! i.m^ i k.ciuLiu ;

c . I J ^' «^"^ oiain.iiy course or i h^s one in operation un bus larni. — I Philadelphia

farming, as detailed by our correspondent C. P»., in ^ Dollar Newspaper.
the numbers of his Agricultural Review, and as we

have often before urged, it will be found high time
for farmers in Pennsylvania to look about them, and

Jonathan Dorwart, of Lancaster city, has a hen of
the Cochin China variety, which, it is stated, has laid
140 eggs in as many days.

\m.]

AGRICULTURAL FAI US, ,tc.~BO()K NOTICES.

1«0

»a»*',— 'Wn. rw mi- Irv-

A^rirultiiral I'airs.

Mifflin county, to be held at Lowistown, 13th and
14th of October.

Jefferson town hip, Fayette county, to be lieM near
Brownsville, 5th, bth, and Tili of Oet.d)er.

Greene county, to b; held at Carmichaols, P2th,
13th and 14th of October.

method .d faiLening, mode of caponi7ing,construclion
of poultry houses, chicken coops, preservation «'f eggs
artificial ineul)ation, &c. It is a nio^t <• onpr^ heuTvo
little work, and th.- .le^I-j-,, appears t . have b,.,'n to
bring bef,)r." ilie pu!.!.e,iu a .-'leap and periabh' f •rm,
all thr inf .rniation, an.l practical experience of ih^
best poultry breeders in our eo.intry. Xumerous let-
ters from then,, a. well as extracts fr.)m sfnndar.l

L:iwr.m.3e county Agrhuiltural and Horticultural ; works, are inler.persed throud. the wor! 'Id. • hi •
S,>ciety,tobehcldatNew Castle, Pa., 21st and ..d , tory .d' the diif-L ini portano!', T; tie/ n ,! M

^^ ^'V'^^^^^''' IStates,andt!e^eharaeteri.Ue.of..aehbr 1, will be

The FxiVMiiiVo Commitlc'of tl,,. NorHnimberlan.l v.n-y .)[)portune information at the present time, ^y^^
Cuuiit> A^rieidtiiral S .eieiy, hL\e resolv.'.i to hold think it is ju^t su di a Work as is want. si. To .'ivc
their fair at Mili m on Tu-^ lay and W.-dn-sday, Go- an i.h-a of th.' importance .)f tli.' subj.-e,, th.« pivfac'

tober F^th a.nd I'dth.

-•♦^

8tat.«^ '*the .piantity ..f .-g-s consumed .htily i,, tin;
city of N.;\v York, is not h'ss than Inn birnds, op
4(H),()(K) ..gj;.. Som.; of the large h-»tels in that city
use about 'JilD do/en per day. In a year the .^noi •
mous number ..f 1 b;,iM Miih) p^.o-, -ir,. j„,i,j ,1,,.^.^.^

Sdoga County.

The spirit of improvem uit, now vi.^ible am m:^ the

faraiors, in every section ol the Srat", we (d)-erve, ,,,. ._ ,,

has reached Tiega, on > ..f the be.t <.f .,ur bonl-n- \V(.rth at hvast SL\<H>n,iM)(). The sales of poultry and
counties, rich not oiiiy in soil, Imt in inn- coal, iron, j ''oo^ amount to about s:;,ni)i)^(i();i, 'pj,,. ^.^^,,. ^^^
luiJ raw materials for manufactures. A call is pul>- 1 ponltry in the whole country, according to the late
lishod for a piiidie m 'etini: nt Woilsborou-h, her '"'"^I'S is Slo.i iniMind.

county seat, on t lie -Jth of 8.;plembor, to form a "conn

' pi'ic*' 'd t!ie ab(.ve Work, in pap-r .-over^, i'

tyagricultural an 1 m'^clianical society." \Ve wi>h It ""1 v ''Ity cent>. It may be .srnt thniU'.;h the niail
.i._ 1 ._i. ...> I I ..I . 1 1 ' • 1 ... ' '

the best success.

-*•*-

!Jur!ilng IJnie.

The article in our last nn nb r, bv our able c;)rros-
pondent, O. lb lircvn >. on iMinilug lim >, and alter-
ing the construction of the kiln, to obviate the diifi-
culty found by builders, in flio use of coal bumf
lime, has attracted some attention. AVe ai-e auih n-
ised to state, he is prepare 1 to give sueh directions to

and can n^ .luubt be obtained at many of tie- a^-ri-
cultural warehouses and book stores, d. \\ . .Moore
Philadelphia, i- th- pnldisher.

-•♦*-

Phelps' I5ee kecpei's ( liart.

Tiii-^ ]•* one .»f the series oi Saxton',- llural Hand
Book-^. the i!id.'fati--al)le puldi>her of New \'ojd;. is
in a .dcap purtabhj form, witJi paper cover, and ean
r.ja.lily bo sent by mail, [udce lio eenf-^. It <^,tQ^ over

practical m:3chanics, as will enable them to cnstrucfc ^''"^ '''^'"^'" "^'••''''^^' '" '» -'"'^'n- -I praeti.-al lomi, and
kilns ,m this improve 1 priueipb. Address him at , " '^ *''" '^'"^'"^ ""''''^' ^'■"^^''•^'
''vvynedd, V. (),, Montgomery county. Fa.

-••^

,>Ii)\viMg Maidiiiies.

At the .M,)unt llollv, Xew •]i'v-^('y, tidal of iNMoin'-
and ill iwiiij: miehine>, luld July iM, tie- ju-einiums
Were awarded .is fbllows:

To Ketchum, for the best mower, !^l'b

To Manny, for the best reaper, .Sl(j.

To ^IcOormick, for the best m >\v -r and i-eaiiei-
couibined, >^F').

To llussey, 2d best, do.,do., do., .^10.

■fi^

nook v()rici>;.

>Ii:i(;r's l).Mm>tic Poultry !5iM>k,

A work witii the above tiif^ wis lately issue.] from
the press, ^vlnch, on e.xaminatiou, we find to einbodv
a very larg(3 amount of valuable iiilnrinati.)n, and
history of all the known breeds of poultry, brought
down to the present time. It is illustrated with one
hundred engravings, also copious directions as to
their rearing, feeding, management, diseases, best

LADIES' DEPARTMEiVT.

l-''<r Ml'' l\ivu\ .JwuriKil.
Ilcnimrs Compound.

T fully agr.'e with my W.^.^tniondand sister, Mr.
Kditor, that th > lady readers of the Farm d airnal
are entitled to a page or two of its c<dii!nns every
month, for the discussion of witldn-doui matter;-
whiein in my <»pini.)n, are as fully imjiortant, and vo
.piite as far towai'd-i sernriiig domestic peae.' ami hap-
piness, as your 'din)'r((Ved system- of fannliiL:-."

Our interesting "lords,",! rather imagine, would
find it a dull world to live in, unless we racked our
brains, and bodies too, to keep them in good humor
by a plcntifulsupply of "creature comforts." 11 ile n,
in this ag" of progress, anythin-- n-u shouM tiii-n
up that v.ill mitigate our hous.dioid troiild-'^, ..r add
to our deinestic comforts, why not let u^ lia\o tlirm
in the columns of our own Pennsylvania Farm Jour-
nal, Mr. Editor, that your la.ly readers, from the Del-
aware to the Allegheny, may be benefited and in-
structed

^SI#^-'-r-" ■

fj*'

'

te>;^

i=M>^-

:!^

190

LADIES i'i:r.\irr.\n:\T.

[SEriE

MBIR

To set a good example, tlierel'ore, I will ti.sk ;i jtlaco I Chester morcliants, Mr. Wm, P. TownsenU Hnd '
in our department for a New York receipe that I ' for sale at hia store. It is one of those littlVc" n •^''
have tested for S')me years past, an<l T firul vory use- niencioMin our domestic eoonomv that has onlytrr
fill and convenient. It is a substitute !■.,• yeast in known t,, I.' appreciate l,and as such I recommenV't
making biscuit, munins, buckwheat cakes, »tc., &c., , to the notice of every i^ood ^ '

every g(
Chester county, Aug. 15.

HOUSEWIFE.

now JM'iiJUM-

and is far preferable to sah^ratus, or any of the '*yeast
powders,'' advertised in the shops. This "compound"
is the invention of C. N. Bkment, of Albany, a dis-
tinguished agriculLuii.>,L ami authoi-. an
etorof the Albany city stonm milU.

I happened t-. biM-i-itin- ;i iri.Mi.i ..n tli.' NipImmi, ;i'l<nr,wbv wli.u r.roccs.-' f'lc finr' gloss on new linens
few years since, and bi'cani.' s<» mueh iutiTc-ir.l in '^'''i't bM>;,,.,i^, ^tj.. i>; pro.bir,.,!. mi.} ;,, ,,i.,i,,j. (,, ^,..^^|r
the very fint' biscuit, corn-bi-c;!.!, ."ic, which daily them, w ' siii.i.>iii t!ie Ibiluwini!; rcrcijH':
.'^rae 'd hi'!- table, that I enuld'nt rest ea<v till I Im- T;ik'' t\v,> (.iniee> of Tme whit^^ '^\un arabi,- jMiwi^r

How i'.} i\i) up Shirt I{')som<.

We Iiave ..i;.Mi h 'a!-. I ladies ex[)ressin.'; a desire to

cam • niHiat'Ml m ;i,I the mystt-ries (ti" their proiluetiim.
i iioticeil, tiial in tliirrv minutes iiMin the time ^l^^

ir luuro

— put It nil) a pitelier, atel peir do ir a nnir >
i builiii;^' \vate,\ (iLectirdin;^' to tic de^i-, j s.nii -dj

\ini dc-iir.) ami then ha\in;:- covered it, ht it ,-<i all
entered th" kio'hen. th" bi->i'uit w.Tc made np, bai-.i'il, ni-iit — in i!ie mornin-, p..iir it car.-liill v Itmiu ili.-
;nel on th.' ta.l.I.'. '/'///v i< (»m' d' the verv desirable '^^'^"A^ "•''» '^ ''lean hofth-, eoi-k it, and keep ]\ t ,i- n.,.,
characteristics of the 'compound/' Eor, how oft, mi "^ taMe^j.-oonrul ol ;:um wat.r, -tnavd into a pn,t .,f
, ,. ,, , . ,, , stureii nnid ■ m tie- u^ual manner, will -im- to lawm

does^ company dv.^.ui ..,.. u< ine.x|Mvt..lly, about |_eithor white or primed --a look of n.'wn..^ wh^^u
tea-time, Uiid [.Tiiap^, wh n we have nothin.r; but | nothing else can restore them after wa.sln
stale bread in tlm hous^^ Then it i> ui.u iu>- ruiu-
pound can be brought most ad\anM-"ou>lv to the res-

^"k-;

-*•*-

cue, and in half an hour. bi<.-uit mav be laid b(dori>
our guests, as Ujht, whoiesomo. and as ;:;oo 1. in ev-
ery respect, as can be made from yeast or otherwise.
In using this compound, great care must be

taken to mix it thorouudily with the drv tlour. This i ^^^,.^-,^^„,j^„. >■ w . i i .••.,,

/ - , correspondent (d \\ '^tmor* land county, is intended

18 best do:ie !»\ siiaKin^^ it tiiiou'di a >mali st-ivi' over r .. i i i ■ r i • -n- " ,

h'l' Ii':' alon", an 1 it she is \vi!!in- to mii'rli ui. to

,,. 1'''>r the Fann'.Iourrial.

»» ((men's l{i;;lits.

l>;.i.A\v Ai:i: Colmv, Aug. .'M, Iso,;.
-Mii. Editor: —

I trust that the dish of sentiment
I and poetry, that you have cooked up for your fair

the liour with f»ne liand,\\ hiie tie' ikmr is stirred with
the other, and tli-n i.a>-in- the nii.vtur.' one' or
twice through the seive. Much depend- on this op-
eration for its success.

1 1 ' -M A k i: l>i-( r IT.
Take one quart of tk'ur. i'oui- tea-spoon-iul o! th"

the cannon'.- m lUtli, to maintain ;h ■ rights ot" women
to b" a >at(dri!o ai-ound tic dinner pot, mendiii;: stock-
ings,it<'.. w hie'i a[ip'':irs to be your idea 'd •Wk.iiKin's
Right-," 1 Im\c lirst to learn that man has ever de-
nied IcT thosv; rights; but when a v»oman has done
lip all tile ciiores, ^vhv luav .-h > noi as well resale

comn ai;i i.a h I ! le >a' 1 ; mi \ I hoiMu ' hi \' a^ abo\ I'- t hon n .„ • i » i i \. ■ t i ir

• ^" " her mind, on the pages o( an Agrieubural or Ibn'ti-

aivl one pint ot sour cream and ktvei^l into don"!i

not very hard. Ui!;.' in a "(uiek oven, imt ovr twen-
ty minutes. If sour eream cannot b" bad. ru!)alumn
<d' butte-r the size of a hen's egg i;uo the 11 -ur, and
pour in a iMit o{' milk, a^ a substitute.

BUCKUIII^AT CaK.es.

To three pints of buckwheat fl>ur nut four tea-
spoonsful of the compound, and a, little salt: mix by
sitting, as f<n' biscuit; make a batter and commence
baking as Scum as thoroughly mix" 1. One great a 1-
vantag? in this method is, th i^ the ba^t u- is i-eadv for
baking as soon as it is made, and the cakes arc sure
to be light. The cakes will brown better by mixing
a little corn meal, and substituting milk r>r water

in mixing.

?dr 1 II NS AXD CoR.\d>Ri:AU

Are made in the usual way — merely substituting the
compound (by mixing with the dry meal asabove,)for
yeast, and baking as soon as made up.

I ought to state, Mr. Editor, for the information of
your readers in this neighl)orhood, that the compound
was ordered at my request, by one of your West

cultui-al wiii'k, a> s -t down to seuiimeui or poetry?
^V'h It kind <d' niotiier^ woul 1 sueh ironien make, tor
iii'in, wlios ' iiilcUect is to control th(3 destinies of ;i
nation.

L)^^:;-^ not vour dournal a'lvo -alf^ hi"li i;rf'!'i]in^' ior
cattle and stock '. \< ii not important tiia: llm jliJiiale
aiiiiiiat should ('qad the nialc't Will any stock rais-
er attempt to raise from degenerate and inferior
mothers ? an 1 il" tii 'yd >, wlnit is the conseqiiotice ?
\\ hat f diy to suppose man is an excc[ition ti» the
great la a of natui-e.

If yv)U mu-: h:i\<' a "Lidice' Depirtment," appeal
to Woman as a reasonable bein^:, that she shall insist
upon high in-ellectual culture, high physical train-
ing, to fit Icr for hor high destiny as mother of man,
not his serv.uit an 1 tov.

Tis to be hoped tic ladies of your own county
have minds to appreciate something more than senti-
ment, poetry, or cooking receipts, all well enough in
their places, but if they must have the first two, there
is no lack of trashy publications filled with them, with-
out introducini:: them into the Farm Journal.

1853.]

WORK ron d'llE MOXTIT.

rT«.nj»«!lf»jninC3jJ;i*ff "^^.igit^^H^

101

■ <»!«•».•»-! ■••-aMM.s^ •*•*««»*.* I- «a*iMr^anr ^ •■■"■■■% »^r^*m-m%0mmnam

In our little county of iJidaware, there are women

who subscribe to your Journal, and many who read

it, to whom the articles on Imi', guano, analysis of ^7" sides, ho that cattle could run over it, aiid Wimld

' .'Hso answ'O- fir sl,,dt(T for tlirm

sionally be (iolbv i^-l ihiough the winter, and com-
posted with soil, weiMls, &c. h mi^dit be opened on

soils, root crop.s, grain, horses, coa's, pig.s, poubry,

horticulture, &e., are read v.ith int'-re-t.

Knowing and respecting Dr. l>ARi.iNGTox,we should

have liked to hav3 escaped ridicule fre.m bis son, on

the subject of "Woman's irij^hts."

Kespect full V,

One who knows her rii/h/.^-, <ni(l feels her wrongs.

A.\XA (i. liRooKFlEED.

[••WMin-n's llights" are safe in that "little cuun-
tv."-A'/.j

4«*.

Work for tlie Month.

;' \!;\j.— -Tlui three important op<u-ations, durln*'-
this mmth, ar« seeding wheat crop and Sr.airing c(U-n
and poiatofs. d horou^'h pn'parafem id' tiie ^-round,
)iy twice jiloughing and Ireipicnt han-owings, to pro-
duce line pul\ er;/,ation, and make ,.\,.n and sinooiJi

O"

Vkvvv (>i:( II \i;n. — |'>uddin;j; may still 1)(» attend. 'd
to, at lea-i witii a)»p!e and |..mc h trees. Examino ties
to seo tl,;,t th>y are not injuring or cutting into stocks
or laid-. Mhiiirr, ]>f(nn;h >ni</ suhsttil ^ro\\\u] intrnd-
'■d for fall planting of mviiards. S.dert vonr list of
varictios, and ha\o them re;ely lor u-\ (irajx' Nines
should have suiierlhiuus wood t iiinii.'d out. Cut out
decay. 'd b^rrirs fr,,ni bunches. T.'ars are br<t ri|..'ned
in the house, and sliould b"- ithercd.so soon as th;'y
:diow any si_:;ns of turning coloi:

Strawberry beds should be thoroughly weeded out
and ki'pt (dean (luring the fall; ibr new plantations
the spring is preh'rable. Apply wash to bark of trees
if not previously done; cut out"bligiite(l rmibs.

\'k.:i;tahi,f; ( JAitnr.N. — Within the iirst ten or twelve
days in this month is tin' yiroper time to sow cabba"-(»
seed lor transplanting into frames, to keep through
winter. The season is so uncertain that there is

work lor tic drill, are important .natters, in ad-lition ihr"'' "' '"'^"^ ^"" '''''^^' ^'' ''"^^^'' ^"" '""'• "' ^^'^
i. - . I ( ..;..! I ._. . ,• i. • - .. ,, tail conrmn >s warm, so as to <;ontinu,' their growth,

it must be eliec!:('d by one or two transphmtings.
Early and Large York ' Ilarly Sugar-loaf, are tTio
best Idr tliis purpose. I'ri.dJy-sci'.h'd Spinaidi should
also ni»w b' s.>wn for winter and spring i.s", in
ground hcacih/ It) at II red , wwA at two oi- thre" periods
in tin; m.mth. Sow in drills ten in.di 's apart, and
cover with the rako. When the phint- are no. thin
out to three' (U* four inches, i'ln! earb. sowii:"- niiv
be used in the forepart of w^inter. Trm-ploii En-
dive and sow lladish seed, (Jor i Sale! and ^Vinter
Cresses, E.'ttiice seed should also now b.- sown, to
trail-plant in.o Ix-js next month, to remain ov.r vin-
t.'r. ib-.iwn I'ut.di and 1 lai'dy ( 'ab!ta:j:.' are the 1 (;-;t
Naiietic^ Ibr this purpo--. Earth u[) C(d(;ry asitpro-
g»'esses ingrowth, (Ui .iry daysonly. (iatherall seeds
as they ripen, also ni'Mlicinal and p.il licri.,-. .\ew

^,.^,,, ■ , ,v . .,••....- phintati.ins of th.' latter mav now b" made by divi-

exposuri' (o air, or eairi.'d o 1 bv t I' Kiuid ( ramin<'- • ■• .i . r i " i • i

••*. Ill 1 • • I ■ M 1 o t Ol .unui^ , sion oi the i-oiits. i/iok o\.'r euenmner vines an.l

ot he yar 1. t al-o .'xpla.ns why ( ,ua.m, eonoii,rng| ,,,,, |;„. pi.-e;,,,. ,„.|,,,, ,),,.,. ;„,. ,„i„,„,] j,, j,..,,
alaig.'p.;reonageol ammonia has had bett.u- (db'ct. ^ K.-om the iniddh' to tic lak of th. month, h.w
Ul tic nnnoral ingi-uionts. potash and ph-^phoric ( .,,,iiij„,,,, ,,,,i^ ^^^^ ,^ ,;,.,, j^^^, (d" ground, tin-dv

:!' e....!'' . ^''- '"' '"''1 "';'^^ .'V '}''' '^'"'''\\ ^r''^^^^^!^'' prepared, and rake the seed in car.dully. If the

weather is dry, wat-r before an<l after they are up,
and in the course of a month ur >ix weeks, prick the
plants carebilly into be.js, about thre.' in(dM'H apart,
an.l cover with glass as for winter cabbage.

< 'nieii seed, to stand tie* winter, may also now be
sown. ll.)e turnips and ..-alibag" and k.-ep the ;j;round
ch^arof v.ccds, ri'inoving all otia! li'.un liie ground as
each crop is gathered, ami haul to cjiapost heap.

to llie u-e (,i suita!)!.! inaiiures, jor of.taining a full
crop (4 wlie it, no les- than the su.-ee>sfui e|;-(,\viii of
gr;iss seiMi, (dtiii int.- m i.y inipoii ui; inan im' .ttii'-r.
Togivean idea .d wdiat the wh.'it crop r-ipii/c-;, \v(»
give an analysis of the grain and straw or;;anic and
iiior::anic con.-lituents

I'Dta-sh,

Sula,

lJlih>,

Mu:-?ui.'.s!a.
Oxi.ii,' <»t Iron,

FiKjspli.jric jieiil, 4'J..Sl

Siilpliiiiic add, U.24
Ctiluritlc,

.SiliiM. 1.17

Grain. Straw.

2.5.72 12.44

y.O.') 0.1 a

2.S1 G.7(»

i2.().j :;.s2

(»«i7 l..Jt)

;i.(i7

.5.S2

i.oy

(i:j.;',s

Or^'aiiic const if iicnts of W^heat
In llX) i)arts.

Water, I5

Il.irsli or wooily flbn^. 1.5
8tarctij,'nm and siii:ar,.5j
Uluteii, albumen, Ac, 10 to 20
Fatty matter, 2 to 4

Saline matter, 2

From the above it will appear, that mannrc-^ rief
m nitrogenous mattei-s are re.piired, ami in whi.di
our o/7///<^?/-// barn-vard manur- is nan ieulaid v deti-

cienr, tne amm una haviii"- at!!. a- be.^i di-si

oa:e

a hire,. pr.)portion, and should ])0. sn|)jdied to tin
sed It detirient. From the loth to the 'iilth (d* S"p-
t aioer s consid<u"ed the best ]»(M-io<l ibr sowing in
this seelion. Es(» none jejt (dean seed, and rtd.u- to
article in present number about brinirm- it lu-evion.-

1 l'l>M •• '^

'>' ^-' '»■•"■•' p ks to aiM-<\ if drilled in. isamph'. Corn
should 1m' our up at ttie ground and ti.'d in shocks, at
the top, with a straw band, ih.ire to nanain till lea.ly
for husking. If shocks are too larg(s the fbdd.u- will
bemjure.l by heat, ,tvj. Topping corn in the li.'M is
highly injurious to the grain, in' respect to v.eieht
and .pjalitv, an.l ,-hould be discardcMf by ev(M-y far-
mer.

^ In gathering pi.tatocs, seleid i' n- seed smdi varie-
ties as are wanted, as they can be more readily dis-
tmguished wh. n fresh, a"nd store thein away by
th(3inselves. E.xamine and chsan out corn-cribs, gran-
aries, &c., and m ike them rat proof before putting
in the ij.'w ort.p, Haul weeds and refuse stuff into
pig-pens,^ barn yar.l, and compost heap. See that
th" mouths of .l)-ains and dit.die- .ar.' k.'pt op-n ami
'" "' I'-T. Ibmlenish the rock salt in licM for ca'tle
^^1 slieep. Make arrangements to reconstruct the
Jariner's laborat(jry, the barn yard, so as to save
liquid from running away. We can think of no bet-
ter outlay of money, than a manure shed through the
centre of the yard, where the manure frhould occa-

-«•#-

Pennsylvania Ilorfirultura! Society,

AD I'nTKIMM KIJ'oRT
Of thr Fni'J '', nil, III!'' . '''■/■ .lull iiii'l Aiu/i'iif.

I'lULAini riiiA, AiiK'ust 15th, 185.?,
To the President of I'enna. Ilort. Society ;—

The Fruit Committee respectfully lleport, That sincethoJuiie Meet-
ing of the Societ.v, the following speclmons of fruit ha\e been sub-
mitted to tlieir examination :—

I'rtim Mr. Tayn., of JJurlington— Fine specimens of the Moyamrnninfj
S/niwhcrri/. A description of tills valuable variety vva.s given In the
last, ad interim report.

From the Hcv. S. C. BrinlU, Wilmington, Del.— Specimens of three
varUtics qf Chrrries:—

1. BiiUnfys J e//^>iy— rather larg(>, heart-shaoed, of a waxen yellow
color; stem from an inch to an Inch and a half long, slender, Inserted
in an open superficial cavity; stone small; fle.shrtrm, yellowish white,
llavor sweet and fine ; quality "'very good."

2. Late Bi gar rtaxi—K^cmlWns ot Professor Kirtland ; large; obtuse
hcart-sliaped; bright crimson dcllcaltiy mottled; stem an Inch and a

fe ft WfJ^ "^ 1^

102

TTOIITICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

[SEPTEMTirR

U/ t/i£ EnUjiiioliJijicaL Committee.

August istu, 1^53.

lialf loii^', liJHcrttMl In a wide, open cavity ; >:<<\\r uaaiuiii; ucdU urm, ]
crisp, yollowisli white; llavor pleusant ; ^\\x•^\\ly "viry 0(hk{.'' \

3. JJu/tner's MordU*—o( mcdliiin size; roundish; deei>crlinson ; stem I
an Inch and a (luartcr long, Hletider, Inserted In u deep, moderately To the President of Tenna. Hurt. Society :—
wlile cavity ; flavor acid; (lUallty scarcely "f7'>^W.'' I The ConiinlHeo on J]nt<)ni(ilo,'y respectfully Ileport, That their

From Dr. K. \V. Carpentrr, Lancaster— Magnificent speclmons of tcntlon has recently been diivcted to several Insects, of which sped"
Jour x'nrictifg <if Cherrit-f :— : mens, in various stages ot transformation, were received from nen.

1. iVf/W*"/*;/ /y/yar/v'/u— Very large, 8omc of them weighing eighty- borsof the Society.

four grains Troy. A branch fourteen inches long contained seventy 1. a species of coccus, or Scale Insect, of the Ajjple tree; a noxious
Cherries, and weighed eleven ounces, of which the wood and foliage ^^-''k Louse, which injures tlie tree by sucking the Juices from the
constituted two ounces. Tills Is a very productive variety, and of brauches to whicli it is penuanently attached. Tli.'y are of a brown
*'v>ry wkhI' (luailfy. ' , color, al)ont one-tenth of an inch In length, of an oblong oval loriu

2. G>.<//«"« -Another very productive variety, of ''veri/O'Mxr quamy. | "»»•! gregarious in their habits. Where they are crowded together in'
Some of the specimens were even larg'T than those of the Napoleon Ki'oat numbers,on thulimlnand branches, as Is often the case, the
Jligarrean,and weighed nhiety-t wogralns,Troy. A l»ranch seven In- ' i,'ro\vth of the tree Is materially impaind.and its life endangered. Dr.
dies long, conta ning forty-four Cheriies, weighed seven ounces, In- < T. \\ . ilarr.s, in his able •■Krporl on iho luseeLs 01 MassacliusuLts in.
eluding tlie wood and foliage, which welghetl one oume. ' Jurions to vegetation," recommends, as the best remedy for ils(le>truc-

3. Eit'jlhh .Vor^,''/>— rema/kably line, nearly three Inches In circumfe-
rence ; (inality "Iffsi"' for culinary j/urpospii.

4. K'lrii^ (did Ldie—hi alAt', (oviit, color and (luallty, very t^imllar to
the jireccdlng.

Fraia Mr. tU.^iJir 1 filler, Lancaster County.— Very handsome sped-
tiieiis of four variffifx (f Ofrrie:^:-^ \

1. C'KJes/o.7'? — fills fine variety original mI In Conestoga Townshtj), 1
LanciKter Ct»Uiify, I'cnnsylvania. Fruit very large; oi)tiise heart- 1
shaped, sllgbtiy indi'Uledat llieap 'x; darlc pur, tie ; stem from a!i inch
and iliree-ijuariers to two and a <|iMrfer 1 >ng, slendt'r, inst'ited l:i an 1
open cavity; flesh puvpll.sii, firm; ilav(jr Migary and very pleasjuu, ,
quality 'ItriU-'' j

1. Jilidc Tariirl'in — Y'nv sp,'clni<Mis of thl^ d.-licious variety. |

3. GVay/jf/H— Known also as the Amber of Coxe, the Yellow Sjjanish, 1
and the liigarreau. Fair spLclmeiis.

1. While Blijirreuu—Vjonxnunx in our market. So'.nctimesconfound-
od with the OraUlon, fro.u which it dillers In being more regularly
heart shaped, and ol a lighter color. |

Fr >in Ah\>;tml*r J\irh'r, ot this City- — ^•''<'* v^'riilicnt/f J'lum^':— 1

1. tSiv-lliii/ 7V«(»i — lleautiful specimens, resembling the Mirabolan. |
Above medium, round, scarlet; stem half an Inch long, slender; tlesh j
greenish yellow. Juicy: flavor ordina-y; <juallly "gn^^l'ftr tiie sc:i.:>h ; '
period of maturity last of .lane and beginning of .Inly. 1

3, Aiioiier Sej-tlHivj—S. few days later liian the preceding, but in Oiher 1
respects very similar to it. |

3. Fiirhrr s JAoayH'n'/t-^Very large, nearly six Inches In <drcumfi'renfe. 1
It closely lesembles the Washington wllli which It Is probably iden- ,

tical.

4. liini'itiiii iVa/M— IJoautiuil s;)eclmens. Large; trumalel oval;
greenish yellow, occasionally with deli«-ate carmine dots on the exposed
side; suture on one slile extending from the b;u»e to the apex; stem
three-iiuarlers of an lucli luiig, by one twelfth thick, Inseried In a deep
narrow depression; stone adherent; tle.^ti yellowish, juicy; flavor
pleasant ; <niallty ''viri/youd."

From IsiKi: Ji. Bxjlfr.—'Vlm Musch Mu^r', Apri'of. and a IMum ini
ported from France as the ifoj/.7^- Natir,'.. 'I'm laMer is not true to

tlon, "a \v i-!' ni.i'h'
which is to bi 1111 \'
tiiick wliltc w.i-h "■
tlie limbs Jill i 1 ■ j.
voung ail I i>'iiil'i'.'"

Hi t\\i' puts ()f soft soaj) ,11^1 ci^Mit 01 water, with

I lime enougii to bring it t 1 ihr consistence of

T;m> applic;i!i(>:i i< t" b ■ put ..i, w\\\t a brush, to

•■JM ihi'c.irly iM!t >'i .l;iiir, w iii'u tlie insects are

\V.ii.i\i' a!-'- ;i-.'l. Willi iiiiire success, in the

wintef. tlif w b;ilr (lil -;u,ip. ;ipp!ii''l \v;t li a b,ti-.! b:ii-li.

2. Carpocapsa I'uiinMi'll.u i<i Apple Mu'b. Tlii.-. i.-. the Insect which
disilgures so mans ol uiu .i|i|ib >. ,ui 1 t.ui>f,-< such numbers of thciu to
fall pj-eniatureiy iVoni tlie ti. .•. Mi. livens, a member ol our society,
in passing through his orchard, pulled ui» a sod of grass, and laid It io
the crotcli of an apple tree. Subsefiueutly, he found It to be full of
cocoons, which proved to belong to the insect in <iuestion. In fliig
case, the apple worms, as is usual with them, had left the fruit, after
they had attained their full larval growth, (some of them whiL&lil was
on the tree, and others after It had fallen.) to take refuge In thecrevkea
of the trunk. Ibit finding a convenient shelter In the tuft of grass,
they availed themselves of it. Dr. Harris has recomniende 1 old cloth
to be used for this piUfios''; atul it is evident that it llu'se facts be
taken advantage of when the Infected apples begin to dropineniature*
ly, the summer and autumnal broods may bt- materially (Uinliiished.
It is of most ImportHiice to itten>l to the latter brood, which furnishes
the In llviduals that live through the winter, and thus preserve th«
species for another year.

3. Aphis (Pemphigus) Stamineus. This name Is proposed for a large
species of Aphis, which forms follicles on the leaves of the silver-
leaved ."Maple (Acereriocarpum). The specimens were sent to us by
our ex i'resiilent, Caleb Cope, l-^sijt. This curious Aphis appears to be
a newspt'cies. Dr. Fitcli, in the descriptions of the New Vork ."^tat*
Cal)inet. mentions tiie Luropean Aphis acerls as occurring in S{;w
York, aihl may have this wooly species in view, iUit the description
of the foreign one does not mention the remarkable nlameuis which
approximate the insect to certain tropical forms. JJoth sexes are cov-
ered Willi white vlown,an I have a bunch of white til mieiitj iiosterlorly,
some of which are three-fourths of an Inch long, a character In which
tills species surpasses the Erlosoma of the apple tree. Male.— Dlack,
feet long, slender and rufous; Tarsi bi articulate; wings bll-,'htly de-

name, as the color of the Royale Ilatlvj Is purple. Tue specimens ex- j Hexed, translucent, pale ferruginous at the base; subniarginai nervure
lilbited by .Mr. JJaxter were largo; oval; of a gree.i color, unadhereni: ; conspicuous, black, and endiii ,- in a long stigma; di.sc with loarsiuiplc

tiuaiiiy "very {/o (/."

Fntm Alan \\\C<trnim, Mimtgomery county- A box of IV-ars grown
on the premises of .Mr. S<hlater. Si/.e nielium; long pyrlform;
yellowlshgreei, and on the exposed sl/e sometimes a fawn colored
cheek with a few red dots; stem a:i lii>'iilo!ig by one eiglith tliicic, in-
Borted occasionally somewhat obll<inely.and without dedrcssion : calyx
set In a superilcial basin; seed small, black, often abortive; liesh yel-
lowish white, rather granular, moderately Juicy; pleasant flavor: *i\\jA.-
Ity '■t/o'xi.'' The variety Is probably tlie l^ngli-^li .Jargoiulle, the Es-
pargne of theFr«'n«h.

From Thomna /Ax»';oc.'.-, Durlington, N..J.— ^Specimens oi cijid vtriK.
ties qfl\uirs. Flnfunh' .W»'«'/oit«,(iuallty indijfliriif. P>'irburu''s S/jed-
liuiJ, "ffOixi.' lilo(j</:;>Mnl, 't'^ry g >od." Mitnni.t'i'a Fliiuhi'th, "trrj/
gtuhi:' Jxttslicze.ry *'bf^t: TtttiniTs Ifarrcst, scarc<.!j guvJ, Bcarrc

</MHja»//V. tlU'^sliccimens. Liinon, '•r<-ry Q'khI:'

From Jkohcrt Jiuist.— TiViJrr varieJie'i <>t' Jhirs ond lirtt,f'Aj>plr-!.
The si)eciniens were beautiful. Iiiu no; soillcieiitlv maiure to lest tlieir
umilliv- They ciMnpris«'d the lollowing kinds: l\:(rs—.\nilrcn'<, Jiirt-
htt. liiUrde iiriirt 'h.'^, Jii urrr (i^m'mtiK, i'aitiitiiiu »il, (hllinn. Cras.<tnir.
D<>\ji'>iitc Ihfai^. Flimi.</i J}"(iut;/, Julienne. and Iwu u)iLnown. Aji^jIcs
—Iriitft (VW/in. and liamhourd Fte.

t\om SainndiHl.— TtV't rari'lusofPlnius and tfirrr <>/' P,-itr>'.

1. A Seedling IMum. raist'd l»y John Cope, of Souiliwark. Large : an
Incii'and three i!"'*''*'""^ '""« liyiu' anda h;'.ii iiroa<l; long oval: dark

nervures; posterior wings witii three nervures; .Mesoiiotuni polished,

with a deep Y-shaped impression; abdomen without tubes; Prouiuscls

ob.-olete: anteniue G— articulate, the lirst two short, the ;M long, and
the 4th, Jill. (>lh, giadualiy lengthening; length of Lite body 1,'b lines,
or to the end of tiie wi!igs2'-3, Fkmalc; and pupa— Apterous, dark led-
disli iMowii, feet paler: I'roinnscis twice as long auneheal, thickeiK'd
near tiie apex; ieuGlh 1.^^ lines.

Chester County Horticultural .Society.

Tlic monthly exhiidtlon of the Clie>t<'r county Horticultural Society
for August, w i> lield at lie- Hall on Saturday, the Lith Inst. The dis-
play was very good both in (juantity ami (juallty.

I'rcmiunis w.-re awardeil as follows:— For the best display of cut
llowers In a basket covered with UDs.ses, to P. Gallagher, gardener to
Dr. l'enn(»ck; for the best c-.Mitre-ta!)le hofpiet, to I'. .Morris & Co.; for
th" best mantel do., to IMrs. M.B.Thomas; for tlie be.«t hai;<i do. to
llartman .Sc Co. The displav of cut flowers was fully ciual to our ox-
peclalio.is,and we are .sorry tluit we dbl not take fuller nole:. at tut
time so as to tiuni' all the contributors. , .,

For the best peck of Peaches, piemium to Hartman it Co.; '""*••''
best oie no/en Pears, to Dr. J. K. Ksheliiiaii; for Hm- most minierous
named varietio of Pears to do. Dr. Fslielman ''Xliibited eleven ^h-
rietie.-,ot ri,)e i^ears, and live uinipe: llartman .t Co. c'*'?"" , . ".^t

4. Tlie Ty>on.—Hand.some specimens; quality ' /»r.>7.'"

rVir" iodowing'named ti-'ntienirn were appointed a omniltt

eld on th" l.')(li.l<»tti ■<'"""("'

5" TluM>tl.— Thlsisthe fifth consecutive year tiiat w« have had nil supe-intend theaomial exhibilio:i to b.; held on th" I'V."- *!;;',,,, jr.,
onoortunitv of testing the (luality of tills line Pennsvlvanla trait, which I d.iys of Se|)tt'!iiber next :-.i. Riyard W ood, >> 1 imr » orinnio^"* >
NvJ regard as the must ddiciuun <f ail summtr lUn. Wm. W. Jeiieris, Uichard D. Taylor, and Pierce Hoopes.

^'13 i

A '

VOL. :i. WEST GlIKSTEll. i'A., (iOT()l)l::ii. 185a lo. 7.

T 11 K F A 1! M .1 0 u Ji N A L . i:!:=::%::x^tTZ'i;!;i..i2 :■

its

J. L. D.vKLixirrox, i:i,iT(Mt.

A. M. SI'ANdLKIl. AsMsi \\r Kditdr

ac;i:ms.

Tun V\nM J(irR.\.\i. mav In- had ;it the iollowiri}:

»ilafcs : —

\V. n. Zn;ii!:K. S.Mtth "(i. St.. prif.cipnl Ao-otit for
rhila.l.-li-hia.

C. .M. Saxiu.s, l.VJ, iMtltMti <t., Xo'.v York.

W. II. Spang LI. 11, - - i.aiicasttM-, Pa.

I). F. ^iwsr.i.EH, - - - rohunhia, I'a.

<;K<t. IJKKt.NKK, - - - llarrisluii-;:, I'a.

^i- Ml NIK. I'itt.sl.m-i:, Ta.

■I \l. Snitvot K, - - - (;haiii))."ishiti-^, Pa.

11. M. llAur.ivs, - - - ('ari;>lr. I'a.

-\. L. '\V.\RKiKi,i>, - - ^'..ik, Pa.

W M. 1)(»mi.;r, nf Altnona, Blair County, is our au-
thori/fl aij;('iit {or IJlair and Centre coiiiitios.

A. K. BitADv, ('ninherlatt'l ami Perry cuuiitio.^.

.I0-. ]*i{f>T()\, Londonderry, lor Chester and D(d-
tiware counties.

.loNATiiAN Dor WART, Paneaster county.

II. PAMi'itF.i.L, Powanda, for JJradlord'Cunty.

IP W. Xicnoi.soN, Kst)., \V;iverly, Luzerne co.

And of liooksollers ;x<'ner;illv.

Action ot Drotij^dit on I^lants,

1 ln' specific action of dr(»ii;;ht on jdants is one of
tho pri'liieins not yei; entirely voh,.,]. Wliether it is
the indiroct wasto i>i tiioi-tnie on the plants l>y evap-
oration, or the ^vant o{ the due ])r(»portion (d' Wiiter
tiecesisary to Imild np th<' structure of plant.<, or
^vhether it is st.inc inilirtn't action on tho constituents
''I th" <oil, is hy no means a settled tptestion.

i he [iresent season has afTorded alnnidant illustra-
tions of th'^ effect of want (d' ntoistiii-e oti the sevej-a)
plants tile farmer has to cultivate; and what is ]n^<rt'
reniaikabk\ the dr()u,«:;ht, thoii<rh ahsolutely hvss tli:m
It M-as last year, seems to hav(» ha<l a e;i-eater eflcct
on til" I lanN. The meadovrs espet^ially app(\ir to
lave sutiered. In all tlie Xorrliern couiuies particu-
larly, the p-ass crop is peculiarly afl'ccted. 'j"h.> fi-
ner and sltortcr grasses are ahsolutely either \\ anting,
or so thin that they show the meadow to he ^vithout
bottom grass. The coarser grasses are tall, hut thin,
and running to seed, forming no tillering stalks, and
*ew blades in comparison to those of former years.

matted surface. The drills have heen TiMhle ,,p to
the pres..nt period, and the stenjs are fast runni.nr to
ear beh^re half the usual height is attained. Imm,...
nisohard and yellow m e.noi, ana as Uitlerent as
}.ossihle irotn the graceful flopping hhide the wheat
plant usually exhihits at this period.

Now, in what specif!, • way has this drought s,j act-
ed on the plants? In ordinary veget;i},i7.s ninety
per cent, ol then- whole structure is simply wa'e,
Ilonce it is easy \n .■otirMVe how htr-e a ,j„antitv of
that material i.> lie, •,•■-. ary <lurin- tle-ir g)-,e.\th and
developenient. Ihtt there was nosucJi ahs'dute de'lici-
cncy this season. The soil tdways contained a com-
rjaratively large amoimt of moisture; the dews were
often plentiful, iimoutiting to fully as mu,di more as
any .llurnal developtnent of the plant could re.piiiV
aiid the tallies of rain fallen in the Spring of this
year, we have seen, showed a larger ,p,antirv than in
the C(a-respondiiig months of hist year. Ij. ■!!(.,. it
seenis w,> niust look to the ahstract\aiuse id the in-
jury—to somfiwhat heyond tlw fuf re denuding of tlie
|)lant of water, as sue}).

AVe think the theory of Liehig far better establish-
ed this season. The [ilant to take up its (dements
must have them presented to it in a state of s,duti-)n'.
'Jdi'! action (d' rain operates to diss(dve regularly and
gradually the material refpilred |,y (i,o plant, bVth
in the soil and iti tlie rocks fr..ni which the ,s,,i'l eon-
tinually forming, by disintegrating the snniU paiti-
tieles existiiiLMn the land. These are hcing supplj.
ed to ihf plant by the rr.ins a.< it re-pdivs th^an. lait
this year they lia\enot been so washed out and liiad-.'
ready for its u>e.

r»iir why did not tiu^ same cause operate ernnilly
in the Spring <>r ls."»i2? Simply beeauso the inces-
sant rai/is of the autumn tfnd early winter had wasli-
ed out the soluhle cotisrituents of tlw" soil, so as to
leave less frer^ material in the land hy far flian in flu.
previous Spring, jind Inmc*^ the ordin'ai-y drau-lit had
much greater effect em the plants thi^ vt-ar thaii it had
last.

The eiTect of \\ater oi\ jdatds, regularly suppli-.d.
is most N'.onderful. Tho-(^ who have seen \\h' <'i\\)-
Stone water nieiidows, and tin; small ;ind e!<'ar strenm
which prodtiees from three lu five crops of grass per
annum, either depastured or ]ii.«\\,i, (,r partly the
one find partly the other, must be convinc(!d that it
is Jihnost as mr.ch owing to tlic plentiful supply of
water in a dry season, as to any great amount of ma-

W*5*"-^-

194

APPLES FOR Mll/ri COWS

^

t

lOcTOBCft

nure held by that siiuill river in Bohition, tiuit the
vast increase of grass is produced.

in;^, — a reason

for

renouncing such lood, would

as

^vell apply to the exclusion oi oats from hor
% watering, xMr. Kenncvly, of Myremill, keeps cold water from nicn, because th.-y are Hometi.nV
close upon a thousand liead f>i f*tock on ninety acres jurr.j l,v an excess. ^^'

of Italian rye-grass. In onlinary seasons, fru.n fue f Annd the pi-olnsiuu ,.f tr pl.nui, f K,

omne sheep can be kep on one acre ol Uuui: tl,. we are surprised to see so f.w Xu ^T ^7!''
atter amy be done in a drooping season, on clover <;.,.,i„. .,,.' .,,tic aniuKiN, l.v u ^rl^^u^t.^LT '"'
ays, on well cultivated land; but >T.rh the aid ot a | ticular varieties especially aslant.,! t 1 . ' ^*''"'

little artihcial iood and bv the applieatiun n[- r„juid ' pose Ue wint ■, l.fMvnf^ r < ''"-^ J'"''-

Ui i' 1 ■» 1 I • . po.'^c. »» t \>iiiu ,1. (iii.iMeiii Sort irom i umo /^ii-.i;.

yeshower lonn, by steam, Mr. Kruiiedv, i L ^.AootoA i\u- ..l In .,c.. »i ; i "" i"<>«^ oi,i,n;iri-

1 I'l^ -I .V ,. •'' V seieciea loi tai»ie use, w hu; h are admir.-ii f ,. *\

can keep hlty-six sheep per acre! Nor can we brlu^-e pi,.;tsant and • '■ ■ '• aunjir. d ini th. ,,

that it is altogother due to the m mure. To that it is

while

partly owing, doubtlesH: but it is by iar more <pwing
to its being wiicred with that manure in a soluble
8tate,and so tit it lor the immediate use ol the plants.
Hence he is independent of season, 'flic water-drill
to which we beiore alluded, is an application ot the
saim; principle; and the wonderful results ot the
dressing ot dissolvctl bone li<piid, in a very dry sea-
son, by the Duke of Juchinond, is a powerful I'act in
the same direction.

That it is the want(d' solnlde manure, or, in oth(»r
words, elements (d" plants, which is mainly the cause
of the injury, is manifest from the tact that all the
[>oorest land has suif'reil by Iar tit-' most irom thti
drought. The very highly niaiiuicd land has sus-
tained the li'ast damage; while on land Lo which very
highly boluble manures, Peruvian guan»), for in-
stance, and similar materials, have necii applied, the
crops are gr(>wing vig )rously.

Nor li't it be forgotten that the rain ]»rlngH d(vwn
the ammonia, which, in dry states (d the atmosphere,
will tloat undisturljed; and this lailing, as wtdl as
the soluble supply below, would of course aggravate
the cause of iniurv.

But what can now be done, with the meadows ripe,
and not one-half or one-third «d' a crop"/ \V(^ say,
free your |iastures at once, and put in the whole ot
the stock, if rain lia^ come, and eat up the meadows
thoroughly bare. This will amply relieve the pas-
tures, and atU»rd Ih* m the chanre (d an entiri; new
growth. The meadows, with their small produce.
will soon be vM<-]\ up: and let a dressing of two or
three cwt. of the best guano !>e then aj)plied to them,
and a })eantiiul n-^w crop, and not vei v late, will vet
be secured; the mowing machine and haymaker will
soon get it. even if it should clash with the harvest;
but we arc clear that on all kinds of land more ])ro-
duce, with the pr«;sent crop given in, will be obtain-
ed by such a course, and tiie present crop will be
very accejdable of itself. The tog, or aftermath, has
also every ]»rospi>et (d" b<'iiig better after thus sup-
plying the didicieney of the year. — [Mark Lane Ex-
press.

-•♦^

Apples for >SiI( li Cuavs,

We have long b".'n satislied that one of the best and
most ](rotitabh* crops which any land o \ ner could
raise, is sweet a}>}des tbr mihh cows. Ltite in autumn
all cows shrink very much in the (piantity id" milk
they afford, more especially as soon as the ."*harj>
night frosts destroy the succulence of the ]Mi>tures.
It is at this period that moderate feeding- (d sweet
apples, say six ([uarts given morning and evening,
liave restored the quantity o{ milk and increased its
richness; and a great advantage has resulted where a ^^^^^' interest. 'That is, it will b(! a little below /n/;/
supply could be had for feeding through wdntcr. An 1 ^^'^''•^' P'^^^ f'Udhel, on the tree.

unhivorable opinion of apples, as a food lor cows, has No other crop can be rais.Ml with so little lal>or— -
sometimes arisen from the furious over-feeding of an important consideration for a country where wa-
half starved animals, wdio have accidcntly broken i ges are so high, where no annual ]dantiiig i- niH-dcd,
into orchards, and brought on disease, fever, and and where the annual cultivatii n, entirely dispensing
consequent drying of the milk by immoderate gorg- with hoeing, consists only of a single plowing, aud a

1 dehcate flavor; wnijc a stork-l,.,.din,r
apple should be Ml the first place, a live -r..wer and
most abundant bearer; next, of firm and ' rather dry
texture, and of rich but not delicate flavor. If drV
and firin,they are more easily gathered without bruiv-
mg, more easily kept from fVee/ing,and contain more
substantial nutriment than light, juicv, teixler sorts
And as ;i general rule, such apples are the ))est keery^
ers,~take, for example, the firm and dry Eu'dish
and Koxbury Russets, and the Black < Jillitlower? the
latter of wdiich has be(;n already proved :i go.,d'sort
for Spring feeding, and would be still better if per-
fectly sweet. The present is likely to b.3 one of the
most abundant fruit seasons ever known; and we be-
lieve that a more acceptable service could not be ren-
dered by poinologists to the enlightened agricultural
jiublic, than a thorouLrh examimition nmonr »>,,. ;„.
luimerahle native apples, tor a pre-cininentlv pro-
ductive sort, adapted to stock feediii"-.

W(Hildit Mot l,ve well worthythe attention of a State
Agricultural Society, to oifcr liberal premiums fir
the best, ^H'cond, and third ne\y variety that diMidd
be presenteil for this purpose, the decision to he
lounded on a ])u>^hel plaecd b(dbre the awarding com-
inite.', ;iceompained wdth statements, properly au-
tluMiticated, oi the si/.e and age ot the tree, treat-
ment, pret*ent crop, and former character inv bear-
ing?

^\o sliould like to see something of this kind at-

attempte(l, instead of perj>etual]y repeating; tlie same

old premiums on what has been well known for a

.(uarter or half a centurv, rill throu'di the laud.
I'll *^

It is the cueapness (d the apple crop, when thiiji

raised under the most (avorable circumstances, that
strongly commends it to the attention of stock-rais-
ers. A very prolific sort will bear five times the
(piantity of the ordinary average of table apples; and
forty such on an acre of land might be easily made
to average ten laishtds each annually. The lUiodc
Island (Jreening, in Western New Vork, has in re-
jM'ated instances, in a single mdghborhood, yielded
forty bushels per tree; and in New England the Bald-
win has yielded over fifty buslnds. 'fen bushels per
tree, then, ti>r sorts evp,.eially chosen i'^^v pviMluctive-
ness, must be a moderate estimate- -aiuouniiii;; to
4(10 bushtds per acre annuallv- If tittv dollars is
paid for an acre of ground, and ten dollars for forty
young tr(;es juid transplanting, tin; cro}is from the
ground wdll pay interest and cultivation till the trees
themselves l)egiii to aiford remuneration. Sixty doll-
ars, tlierefore, will pay for a bearing oridiard: ])Ut
admitting its cost to be eiohtv dollars, and the aniui-
al plowdng, harrowing and manuring, to be ten doll-
ars annuallv: the wd^ole veaily cost (d' the ai))»le crop
will be fifteen dollars ami sixty cents, at seven per

M\^sTr.r;ir:s op ni-r. klkpixo F.xPL.\iNr;n.

105

few 8ubse(pient dressings with the harrow or t wo-
horse cultivator, in order t(» produce the verv n»od(»r-

Ute cntp we have supposed, and which wr believe
v'oidd in u»any loca.lities and seasons be double 1,
and be alforded at ont^dourth tljeeost- or not over one
K'ent per buslnd. It must not Ite forgotten tluit all
these estiiMates are made ..f the supposcrj hasis ol
thorough annual cultivatitui, giving an iii*niense ad-
vant'ge over the nctre c(unn«(Uii [u-acticc of entire m;-
glect,^-J[Country Gentleman.

Mysteries oJf Bee-keeping ICxpliinrd*

Qntuhij, in'>irti<'(d Hce.-h:<;ptr. J'uhlishal hu C. M.
N'/.r/r>M, y< w york. JVi^r .^J (HI,

We have been favored with a cojty ef this wcrk^
whi'di, ON exaiKi nation, we find to he a really judcfi-
cal and valuable treatise ou Bee-keepiu<r and man-
.■^^ein-ut, going into the whole matter in a ju-uctieal
way, su(di as bee hivesbee pasturage, bre^'diug, wax,
dcstructiiui (d" Wi»rins, putting on aud taking olf box-
es, securing from moth, swarming, loss (j^ (jiu'ens,
Ail! !in,l uiufei- T.j iMri.r.Mu..nt, purchasing stocks and
transporting, ifcc. Several of the treatises i^n B.ics
are toe theoretical, with which tin.' ju-cseut oilers a
favorable contrast, containing tin; author's ou-n ex-
perience for the hist twenty years. As he remarks,
the chapter on h^ss of Queens alone, will he W(.rrb,
to any one n<.t in the secret, many times the cost of
the Work. In the preface he savs:

It is time that the word ''lncL'\ as ap[died to bje-
keefting. was discardeij. The prevailing opinion, that
he,.> wid prosper for one person more tlian another,
under the saiue eircumstamajs, is tallaeious. ^Vs wU
nii^ht it be applied t,, the mechanic and larnier. The
careless, igiutrant farmer, might occasionally suc-
ceed in raiding a go(jd crop wan a poor tence ; but
w'*uild be liabl<', ;a any time, to lose u f.y tresp;issin<'-
cattle. He might have suitable soil in ttie beginnin"-,
but without knowledge, l(*r the proper a()plication ot
i^aiiures, it might fail to product; ; unless a c/iuuce^
ap|tlication happened to be right. I

But with the iut('lli<jeHt farmer the case is different:
fences in (U'der, manures judiciously applied, and
with [»ropitious seasons, he makes a sure tiling id it. '
^'all nim "/ic-kij" if j.m please: it is his kn.iwledge
and care that remlei- liim so. So with Ice-kcepin^,
the careful man is the "lucky" one. 'i'iiere can b«'
ao effect without a preceding cause. If y)u lose a
stock of bees, there is a cause or causes produ(dug it, '
j-ust as certain as tin.' iailuri.' of a. cr(»p with the un-
thrifty faruKM-, can l«e tra(.'ed to a poor fence or uu-
b'uittul soil. Vou may rest assured, that a rail is (i\Y
your leiice of management somewhere, (U* th" proper
'M'p'^'''>'fi'»ns h,)\e Hot been made. In i-(dation to hees^ i
^aiese things may not Ije <^uite so app:jreur, yet never-
theless tru<;. Wliy is theie so miicli lun-e uncertain-
ty in apiarian science than oihei- larming operafionsi'
'' must he attributed t.» tin; fact, that among th(;
fh"usands who ai'e eny:a;r<'d in, an<l ha\i' stu<lied ax-
rieui!ui-e., peijijips not more; than one has given his
ener^'ies to tic nature and habits of bees, ii know-
^idge is elicited in tic >anie ratio we ought to have
^ tlionsand times more light on one subject than the
^tlier, and still there are some things, eveain agri-
culture, that may yet be learned.

it is supposed, by many, that we already have all
*he knowledge that the sufject of bce,i affords. Thi^

IS not surprising; a person fbat was never furnished
with a lull treatis,', might arnse at sue!; ,.on.-lusi,.ns.
Unless Ins ce.vn <'.^perie„ce goes d.-ep.T, he can h tvo
no n'.nans (d'.jo.lgiNg wh=u is vet behind

'" ronversation relative lo^hi-s work, with a t.er-
> "M ot eonsnh'rahle scientlfh- atiainne-nls. he nauark-
•■'1, ">"u de not w;.ntle give the natural historv of
b-'>_ at aU ; that is already sufficiently understood "
^Vmlhowisd understood; as i/uher 'gives it ur h-
accordance ^.,th sou.e .f ,.,;, ,„,,. .vntersv 'jf .^e
take Huher as a .•unf., we lind nniny points recently
eoulrad.cted. it_ we compare authors of our day, we
hnd them contraa.etmg each (Uher. (♦ner.N-'ommends
a pecu larly e<,nstructed hive as just the thing adapt-
ed to then- nature and instincts.. If a single point is
in aeeer.Jance with their nature, he labors to twist all
he others t<, his purpose, although it may involve; a
I fan.lamental principle impossible to reccmciie S.mie
one else succeeds m anotlwr point, and proceeds to
i recommend something altogether diffeivnt. False
and c aitradndory assrudions are made either throu-h
i-nerance or interest. interest may blind the judg-
ment, ;u\d spurious history may deci'ive. "^
It \- f..lly to e.-.pect success in be.^-keeping for anv
h'ngth (d time, without a correct knowled.ve of thei'r
nature and instincts; and this we shall m^ua- ooiam
by the eourse hithe-to pui-su.Mi. As much of their
labor is p,erform(,Mi ,n the d;ir\i, ami dimcult to be oh-
served.it ha- given rise to conjecture and false rea«
soiling, lejiding to false conclusions^

When / say a thing is .sy?, or sav it is «r,/ .s-, wdcit
evidence has the reader that it is proved aid d'enioi
-rrated? .¥// m.jre assertions are not rxj.eeted to h,
taken m preference' to another's: of such |,roof we
have more than ee.ougJi. Most jM^ople have not' the
tim.', patience, ,u- ability, to set down (piietly with

(dos.o.bservatiMn,andiiiV('stigatcthe subject thorough'
iy. lieiiee It (r.s |,ern found e;isier to' receive error
bn- truf!), tlian to make the evertinr, necessary t(» con^
fute it: the n*ore so, hecar.s.^ tlcre is »., guide to di-
rect the investigation. I sh;\!l. tlierrfore, |)arsu(; a
diiferent course; and for i'V-vy (n.srrfi'nt emb'avor to
give a test, ^hat the rea(fer inay apj.ly and satlsly
hin»self, and trust to fio one. As for theruaes, I shall
try to keep them seoarate from ficts, and oif^-r suidi
evidence as I hav(\ either for or against them. If
the reader h;is further proid" that presents the mattr;r
in another light, of (■(uirse h,. yt\\\ exercise the right
to a difierence of opinion.

I eould giv<- a. set (d'rule-^ fer practice, aua be very
brief hut this Word'! r,e r.n- at isfactery. 'Wdien we

1-

are P'ld a thin:;- ir,n-f l-.i <lr,itr

most <d" Us, lik,. the

''ni'^Hisitiv.' V aukee," have a desir,. to know /r//y it is
necessary; micI th'Mi like to know hmr to do it. ' This
gives usconfi lenc" that .ve are right. Hence, 1 whali
eiid"avei- t..' give fhe praeticrd part, in as dose (;or-
nection uith the natural h-toi;v, thai dictates it, as

possdile.

Thi"^ w M-k will ccntain f;everal chapt(;rs entirely
new to th(; puhnc: the result of my .ovn experi.Mn.e,
that wifl bj ol the utmost value to all who d<;sire to
reaJize the greatest possible advantag(;s form their
bees-.

-«••

KasplM'rries.

^ The l^lue Hen's Ohieken say?, Tutcr Talley, ot
Br i!i'ly,vinM lfuM<li-cd. ha,s Sf)|(l the pres'-iit season,
4(^1)0 boxes of ras[)berries,t() \\ m. \l. Smith, for which
Ic received .^Jliof*. }s{v. T. has about one acre devo-
ted to the rearing of this fruit, and as the cost of
picking is only one cent per box, it may be seen that
they have paid rjuite handsomely, much bettor thaa
raising grain.

'<;■?:*■

.,, ■ -■'.».<,-in.j».j.

rJCi*" >'*«,

• ''S'-i'^sSJ

19G

CONCEXTKATKP MANURES.

fOc-HjfRlH

Cuiicentratcd >liuiitrc't*.
Tho ((rllmTing excellent ami appropriate rcmjirks,

to render ^ood service to agricultu.-, unv dofonce nf
tins science mu.^t seem a wnrk of NuiMrrm.ration.

we copy from the Hn-lish A-riculti>nd Oa/^'tte, but , '^'' ^\'''''m '''■;' /'^'r^"^^''.""'''' ^''^^'''' ^v.Unlly'or i.r!

o o > I noranilv I'lmd t.i) tlic l;<,rt tliit »t is to it tli f ^

they are also perhaps more especially adaptu.l to the ' not only iIp' lotindiutiun .>r mimv nrw ,n. ''''' '''''^
practiceof farmers in our own country. The absolute pi'^^tcetion a-aio^t liaudnl.-nt dialers, Imt ul.^o h,
waste of fertilii^ing materials, on »omo of our best ^J:'' ^'^'^'"^ ^''^''^'■*^'''^' ^''♦' ''^^^''-V'^-'nirnt :)i?.! a|,p]H..^tj^,,^
mana-cd farms, and the great loss anin-.tUy sustain- ui^^'' *^^»'»trnts of mn- tanks, bux-s, an,! straw-vards.
1 • „ . f , . ^ ^^ '"'•' ''■•■ ^'^'"''l y'''^'^ ^'> ll"' practical i»an aiiv'nH.rit

cd m the management of barn-yard ma. nu.^ are ' thaMnay b. attached to the first (Mnp!,.y,n.nt 7''^^^^^^^^^
truly enormous, and we commend the article to our | >'* l:iiio i ra-tictv yet his exprrimen'ts an<l rrsuh7
readers, I iiowevcr .^ijccessrully carried .m> au.l con-hidr,!, o,uM

'iM • i ^ r ] 1 <• never liave sijjj;:rested ih- u>eni' ;mv nn<. i,r 1 1, '.
1 ho mtrotlucti')n and u'-t'ivral usee c^iUH'nlrah'd <• .r ■ i ,. , ''"j ♦'"e o! t he in iny

V .1 t . , 1 i- • . . ''. ^' *^' '* I lertih/an;r suh.sta!\ees w iir i (dici-nie-'I im,. t; .•
uiaimres, both ot natural an I arlihcial '»n;r, „ joriu ' i i: . . . ,.,, ^;'" ''. ^ ntmu .,i iine^ti-atiDii

one of the mo.Mt remarkable featuit's in tin; modern

history of a;j;ricultuu'. Twenty years a^o iarm-yard

duii;^, iin\e, and }>ones coiislituted tiie simphj aiul

uearlv s'de Hources wiienco tin? farmer (dttained his

has diseovered. The chemist lias y)ointed ciu and
speeili.Ml the ehMuents of wiiich ^^uano i« composed
and, m addition to this information, ho has tau<rht
us that its fertili//m;r principles are not ,-ui </ene7i,-

suppG'^1 h^rtilisin^ substances. Now, however, sci- h'^-X' :!.?;|'\''^!ri J" ''7! ^T'- ^^^1^'^'' ''''' '^'^
enciand perverted in^enuity--if such a cuojunclion ."/^l ,?..'' r , '"' "'^"'^ Jvm^Mom, and
can bo tolerated m .mo sontenoe--have -ult^diod ! ; , ^^^^^
manures to such an e.uont that the chief diHiiulty ! ^1''^'''''^'^^^ pennittod to run to wor.o liian wa>te iiu

the non-soiontiho farmer iia> lo oucounter is liovv |
a:id what to select, where the cdioice is so varii'd in ;
its ol'iects, and so complicated in its nature by piitlin^ I
advertisements, every adjective v( wiiich is a ^upur- I
lative, and every sentence and statement an iilusira- I
lion nf that stylo of lan^ua;^e lanuliarly known as
the hyperbole. Already are tli ■ >tock-phrasos ol ihe

• ler our very noses— not secretly or stealthilv, hut
wit!i a n)ost olVensive obtrusiveness to every ur'^in of
sense tliat can t.vke co;rnisanco of their pivsi'iice.
Every common or j^-ivate sewer that dischar<^'.,>s it.-i
contents into a ninnin"- sii-e:Mn ''^"'•^' '•'■u-k pond
which reei-ives tho dramiit-s of a larni-vard, and
every uncovenMl dun-:hill, are as certainry, m this
moment, dissipating- tiw; elements of fonility into tiie
ocean and atm(»sJ^he^e. a^ the n;u;ino ships are i;riii'^-
in<; them to our ,-iiores. f>ar country is thus not an-
like a patient laborin«^ under chronic hcniorrlia'^o,
whose life and stron;rt!i can only be sustained hy a
large and constant supply of concentrated aiui stim-
ulating nourishment. 'i'liat this wastin^r and wa>t("
fid disease of lli.' '"ho y a-a-iculturar' is susceptible
ol' an effectual and r;idical cure, is what no »)iie will
douht wlio is at all conv.'r-ant with those principjiv^

"Were farmers wise, adulteration is a i^ame that
manure dealers wouid noi (.fteii play at," contains an
advice not less impoi't.int to tiio a;i,riculiurai commu-
nity tlian that pithy maxim from wliich it is pjirodiod
is to tho luuly politic. 'J'he (pi(!stion, "wl»;it lias
chemistry d(me lor a,Li;ricuUurt; .'' is occasionallv ask-
ed in a disparaging and douhttul tone \>y some dis-
appoinlod and despairing ])ractical man; hut a much
more pertinent -piery Wi)uld be to en<piir(> candidlv,
"^\'ilat practical benciits have farmers, as a clas's
endeavored to obtain from cliomistry ?" {So far as
the Ibrmor (question is concerned, we need onlv to
compare the condition of liritish agriculture as it
was in 1823 wdtli what it is in 1853, to he ci nvinced
of the fact that, had chemistry not hoen I>roui:ht to
bear upon it during the intervening period, we inust
still have been g"oping in the dark lor the simplest
principles upon which the manufacture and applica-
tion of manure are based. If chemistry has done
notliing for agriculture beyond merely sug-'esting tho
making of superphosphate of lim'o, this coimtry
has paid very dear lor tho now nearly time-worn dis-
covery of a (Jerman chemist; and our gn>at agricul-
tural societies have been and are still lavishim^'funds
that might be better employed, it it be true that the
only laurel which British science has yet been aM(>
to wreath around the brow of agriculture is the gift
of a foreigner.

But to many of our readers who have had practi-
cal and substantial proofs of the power of chemistry

turj' introduced into our adv(U*tising vocaoulary ni
tlie shape of unanswerai)le a)\d aU-argument-delyin"-
bets of hundreds of pounds sterling, as to the virtues
of a certain manure; and by and by we may proba-
bly see some bold innovator uf the xMosos «ic Son'a
style, retaining a dogj;er(d rhymster to rehearse in
verse, the superi(.ritv of jii> super-excellent super
phosphate, manufactured, however, not from hones
or copu-olites, but Irom the llamp.^lnre hiil ; and also

of his irenuine amm nical eiiitnn, .leposited, not hv i » . - i i - , •

^, ,-1 r .1 i> i- 7 . I •* I v, II L o_) > ,{ economv wnich characterise our arts and inanu

the sea-birds ot tlie racihc, but hy tiie <pii.T waters I p.^^.tm.,.^ * luanu

of the Eocene period, in the chalk basin whh.h li,. Ids ; 'itri\ .v., t,> >» o ,• i r <■ . r i

the London clay. .J '^'^ 'V^^ ' >"^'^'-^-^^^J;^ ^ =^ ^i'; '>ry or a fmnnlry

'' ^ '^>> be \\(M-,xetl np amw into uselui forms, so ar^sured-

i}- can those which jire produced in the consmnptien
of our crops by man and ImmsI. Property speakiii;^
llior(? is no such thing in nature as waste; tor every
process of growth and decay is but a series of loop.-*
in that oi>dh,'>s web in ami within which the myste-
rious lui\ctions of vegetable and animal life are com-
pleted and ever again renewed — .ach generatiua
sprin^^ing, pha*nix.-like, from the asln^s of its {>re(ie-
cessor. Even the waste which human i;^noranco oc-
casio!;S is ultimately reptiired ])y tin" diligent and
thrifty liand of nature; lur. jilthou'di the ij>aterials of
iertility are to all human appearance .'ost for ever in
tin} depths of the ocean or dissij»atod in tho hei;j;hts
(d tho atmo>^pliore, yet thf>y are safidy st(,)red up for
future use sometime and somewhere. Nature thus
strives hard to teach us wisdom; but we hiive been
slow to learn — slow to perceive that htT prinoiphs
ar(i imper.itively nitih.rm, and yet so flexil^le that,
like the elephant's trunk, they are capuhle of )"'in,i;
applied ti> tho smallest as well as to tho va-test eh-
jects. If a farmer is so car(do>s of the materials (»f
fertility which ins own farm produces, or so i«:norant
of th(dr value as to ]rermit them to oo/.'.i away into
rivers or be lost in the atmoHpher(% nature will take
care that they shall in some wav contribute to the

general good; but to him wdio thus despises thenir
they are lost to all intents and purpost>s. (hie pound
weight ol ammonia from the Cliincha isjaieb is not
one wdiit more valuable than the same quantity vida-
tilised from a fermenting dunghill in Britain; yet how

tsss.i

l.Iikrin FKHTlLI/bK. Lc

1^7

general is it the practice now-a-days for shrewd, in-
telligent, saving farmers to pay cheerfully from 5f/. to
C>d for the former, and at the same tini ' to begrudge
oue farthing's worth id Jubor to Hocure the other.

J. If.

A l,i<jui(l I'ertiiizcr lor Clioicc Plants.

BY AN AMATKUR.

Dear Sir — I am confident that tlniro are many of
your lady roadei-s, and perhaps many of the otljei

.sex, who are puzzled among the many ww iinLuurcs,
Mjel having failed with some, and injur 'd their plants
with others, they end by raising only sickly and
nnM.LTro plants, wOeu tln.'y might have them present-
ing a luxuriant and satisfactory appearance — with
leaves of the darkest green, and fJovvers or fruit of
double the u ual size.

Having made a trial for throe years past, with a
perfectly safe and satisfactory lifjuid fertilizer, which
uppi'ars to suit all kinds (d' vegetation, whicii is
clean and easily apjjliod, and procured without diffi-
culty, in any town, 1 confidently reoommend it to
your readers, especially those who wish to give es-
j>ecial pains to, and got uncommon results frtjm, cer-
tain hivorite plants — oiiliei- in )>ots or in tin; open
ganien — [uaiiLs, wiiose roois are witnin sucli a mtui-
(lerate com[iass, that they can bo reached two (u*
three times a week, if not oftenor, by tho watering
put.

This li(prnl hirtilizor is made by dissolving half an
ounce of sulphate of ammonia in a gallon (d' water.

Nothing so good can be cheaper, and the substance
maybe obtained at ahnost any ajtothecary's.

Now for the mode of using it, 1 may say, at tho
outset, that weak as the solution appears to bo, and
is, if plants are watered with it daily, they will die
—just as certainly as a man will who drinks nothing
but pure brandy.

The right way to aj.'ply it is, to Ava.tor the pljLiit
with this solution every sixth time, tho other five
times with plain water.

The proportion is so simple, and tho nnxlo of usin
it 80 easy to understand, that the most ignoranf per
i^(.)\\ cannot possibly blunder about itr— if In; can count
si.v. If we prepare the solution occasiimally, and
water our plants in pots every Saturday, with this
ammonia water, and all the rest of tlie time with
plain water, we shall have a safe rule.

Tho result will, I am sure, both delight an<l sur-
prise ev(!ry person wdio will make a trial (d' it. It
has become such an indisponsalde thing with me, that
I rej^ularly mix a barred of it every Friday, and use
it on Saturday, upon any plants that I particulaidy
wish to invig(jrato and stimulatt;. I do not know that
I have soon a sin<rl(! instance (d* its disaLrreoine- with
any phint — ammonia being the universal food of veg-
etation. Of course, the more; ra[)id growing plants
— those with foliage that [)ersj)ire a great deal — are
most strikingly benefitted by it. Ot course, also,
plants that are at rest, or not in a gr(;wiiig state
flhouh] not bo fed with it; but any })hi,nt that is about
starting, or is a(*tually in a growing state, will not
fiil to be wonderfully impro\od by it. Ma»iy plants
that have fallen into a sickly state by reason t/f poor,
or Worn out soil, will usuallly, in tho course td' a
month, take quite anotlnu" aspect, an<l begin to (je-
Volope ri(di, dark green foliage I will enumerate
some of the thiu;^s that 1 have had ♦'roat success
With.

Strawberries. — Beds of indifferent appearance at
the opening of the Spring, last season, after being

watered \ >va- time^ with this solution, grew vc^rv lux-
uriantly, and \)m'(\ a crop of remarkably fine'fruit.
This year 1 have rejjoated the experimeia on half td'
QiXQ,r\ bed;both folia;j:;e and blossoms ure !is huge again
oa ih" vvatei,.,!, as ou the unwatered bed; and, by
way of coiijparisoii, I ha\c w;i,tMr..(l souk; with jdain
water also, and lind, though rather benefited, for th(?
strawberry loves water, they have none of the (jxtra
depth of verdure atol liixnrianc.' (d" those watered
with ammonia.

l-.Md.v Peas. — At least a week enrlier tlini those
not watered, and much stron;:;er in f-al and p>oil.

!'!( usiAs, — A supri<!ng effect is pr(»duce(l on this
plant, which, with tho aid (»!' ammonia water will
grow in very small jiots, with a depth of vorduri;, a
luxuriance and a profusion and brilliancy «d" bloom,
that I have never seen e(piallod. Old and stunted
[)lants are directly invigorated by it.

l>UAiiK Pkaks. — Some Mckly troes,thatl have given
tho best attention for three years prc^viously, without
being able to get (dthor good i'ruit or healthv foliage,
after btdng watered fmir times with the solution —of
course with the usual intermediate supply o| com-
mon water — became perfectly hoaltliy and hjxuriant,
and have ever since ( two ye;i,rs,) r-'iiiaineil su.

I ) \ 1 1 1 I * < — \v liii'li I li'»\'(» i)(>viir v,iii'('(>('(iii/i "'ell with
befoi-e, have <loiie beautifully with me since, flower-
ini: mo:>t abumlantiv and brilliantly, when watered
in this w:iy. in all id' out door plants, il nnihdiini;
is used, only hall the (quantity of [ilain water is niMd-
ed. l'\>r plant< in pot-; i coo^idrr it invaluable; an(l
gardeners who \v!-h to v.i'x^" ,>j>ecimen plants for ex-
hibition, will f,iid liiis mode ot watering lie-ja every
sixth time with tho s(dution, to produce n perfection.
ot growth not to In* sur[)assed in an^' other way.

Philaihdphia Fh-rist.

ir

C^iganlic Cedaj-,

There oiists in <'alilornia, says tho Frho '»f t!of
Pacific, (Ui oil' of tlie mounfains (d the eountrv of
Calaveras, a (^Mh^r sind to be the lar j-'-st tree in the,
world. A i'orrospondent of the Herald (d" Sonoi-a,
who ins paid a visit to tho spot for tho jmrpose of
examining this prodigy of the vegetable kingdom, de-
scribes it as f(dlo\vs:

"At the level of the earth its circumferoinu? is 02
feet — 4 feet up, it is 88 feet — at 14 feet, it is 01 — and
thenc(; it gra<iually tapers. Its height in 285 foot;
and it has n(»ne td that (hdormity which commonly
characterises trees wltli enormous trunks. From
one end t(» the (/th'-r it is a modtd of symmetry. The
age (d this giant Cedar, counted by its zones, is
2-) 20 years]"

Thi> kin;/ of the forests of ;li » world is now having:
its bark — which at tho Ik.'si^ is noarlv 14 inches iu
thickness— >tripped a.way to a, hei;^lit of o<) l(;(;l, for
the purpose (tf (jcmg sent to tho Oreat Kj'vhibitJou in
New York. — [ At liemoum.

-•«*>-

IJma Hcaiis.

Lima Dean^ muv b" presciwed boas to Iwa/^ palat-
able and given in ujid Winter, as in Au;:'u>t. Pull
and shell tho l;ean.s a little youn;i;er than they are
usually gathered for u-e in the Summer season.
Soread them thin!_y up(.n the fJoor of a ^Mrret or an
airy light loft^ and' occasionally turn thej.i iint;l they
are* dry. Saak theui twelve hours before^couking, in.
warm water, and when cooked they will Ijo as tender,
plump and good as at any season of the year. — Ex-
change-

lOQ

CRYSTAL PALACE— AMITCICAX AriiVE.

"' I

''lift

II

^ Durliii; the pust wook many additions of an attrac-
tive and iisDrul character liave been niad(i to h.)th the
Wildin;; and its contents. A ship IV .-u L-^liorn
came into this port on last Tnesday, with no hiss'than
172 cases for exhil>ition, and nnuiv in.. re (roii\ ..tli.-r
parts of the world, are yet to ari-ive. Wo nul^t -ive
our French cousins th^' greatest credit f)r hivin;;
their department arranpsd in tlio ncativst n>annt'i\
ftnd in the m;)st advaiured state. Our Kiii^llsh <• ais-
ins jire the farthest Ixdnnd in arran-^iMnt'nt'^aiitl d v(h
oration; indeed, Uncle J^^^n njust i;.'t up sum.- /,,,//*
])rc»smv Ix'foi-e he ains-fra/,* >/j> f. !..• aloi»i;sid.» of uny
dopartm-MU in il„' hiiiMiiv.!;. A. if n-tki-ds nruln.'ss,
the Kntish drpurtiiv'tit .l>.'s iv.i at ail (;ou\[.are yet
M'lrh iiiiy ,,i!hm-— a radical rcConu is waiit.'d, ;ind \ve
hofM; the iiritisli Cnunissicwiers will pusli matters
al..ii;r wi^Mnon* spirit, an(i taste, next w,M'k. The
Bi'!-ian D 'partmnit is v.M-y -;i)(mI, iiu<\ in many man-
ul;u-tunvs soch as velvets, we hav.- l->en d.dij^litlnlly
surprised; th-iv is a disphiy nearlv ri vail in<;''t hat of
the l-renrli lV'p;u-tment. Aiistria>nhis jia/<h (vn the
su.'t.Li'.' ,,{• th" e.irth,"' his sh«>wn liers.dr in every
branch .4" the Hum -.uai u-eiul ari^ to iiave attained ;•.
hi«;h i^)5>iti..n in p.roducjii- .>-.»;iicilun>r mjrc than ijalcU
work.

Ihe Arivrii-iui I V-p.vrtuM'nt his advanced nohlv
aiirin;; the past week. In huiu i..e uselul aici .m „:;-
mental arts, our cimntrvioeu are ^oin^r to d.() more
than we expecte^l. (^.n- Kn-threu fnuii (-ther lands,
we are confident, will -,, away with a \ory iii-h opin-
ion (.si the taste, ^tsiiu>, and skid ,>t' the j><"ople with-
in the borders of our land. That eminent chemist, '
Justus Uehig, in his '^Letters on Chemistry," pjigo
130, says, "the rpiantity of soan consuinvl hy a na-
tion would iM-i no aeeuratf? measure wii(>rel.vv"to esti-
mate Its wealtli and civilization." Ky this'm "asun^
we justly could clainv, we believe, for the IJnite.l
States, the tith .►f tie- ni .<f wealthv and civilize,! ua-
tion Hi the wmJ.L IMhirs nS; soap, busts of soap,
wind,xw8.of soap, soap ol all eo-lors. in all shajv-s, in
all sizes, and of all smelN. mark the va^t extent (vf
our S(»ap lamiilactnre. We ar,' no doubt the best
waslied pe.pl,. in all creation. Si. me j)eople may
think v/e ;.j-c. somewhat (|ui/7.ica] in <Mir remtirks, o\v-
ing to the eipiiv.H'al use'of the word soap, such as
sn/f-svHfjH'n:/, for tlatt.M-y, ^l-.;., b.ut we assure them
we are sincere and nv-an %o Ixi understood as havin;j;
assumed for our staiebird of civilization and wealth"
ic <(uantity ol soap I'onsumed |»v the people,

Macilim; Iw;);^^r. — Wh(>-n th;^ roojn is complete,
and all the machines to h,) exhibit*' 1 are whirling;
ai(jn- in a'l the gracdul attitudes s(x eaptivatin;^ to
the oiithusiastie iitechanic we shall s-'e .^unethii\<'-
worth being proud ot, and pleased with. There will
be asin-gle lineof shafting 4")() feet long.and straight
as an arrow. The largest metal cMitting she:vrsinThe
w.u-!d are n,.w being litleil up; two larg<' horizontal
ongi/iHjs {'vi'.Av. Liwn^nee, Mass., working nn one shaft,
are now being j.nt up (or drivii^:; tix^ n>ac!jiiierv: a
large beam engine Irom IVovideiu-e, U. L, will soon \
be- put up lor a driving engiiv also. Th<' b)ihrs to i
supply the driving engines, are erected (»u the other |
side of the street, north of the ]>ulldini:, and (^ntire- '
ly separate from it. Xo le s than five large steam
bulers have been provided, and" the steam is convey- :
ed under gn)und across the str.vt. llerrty of steam
pjwer is thus pr-o\ ide I i;,i- :^!i fc'n,. nnclbnes, large j
and small, which wiU be exhibite 1. We also expect '
to see 8ome_fine locomotives on ex}iil)ition ami trial
for a short p^iioi; this will a^ord us much gratifica- i
tkm. It Will bj the m:>nth of SpteaiUi . w > b-iieve, '

befoie the machinery will l>e all ,n operation- tlm
work to ).. donecann., acel will not \^ ^li^f;,,;
Ihe Superintendent, Mr. lb>I,nes, is pushing nu'rs*
as fa.t, as <l,screetly. :vvl eirectiyely, as he c^,-^l^^i

(mtitic Anr-'riean.

M.

AiiceHcan ^\ ine.

^'■"^' ''^ '•' .'■'.•'•'■'" ".''nii.er of his A.lvertisor

gives the lolhnvmg uiterestir^. account <.f the ^"''l
and prospective conditions of grap. culture ...
n-I--;:n.(Mncinnatiandinthelnanit; h;^;^^^^

"1 have r.;eentlv visited the v,

ine cellars (,i Mes

L>M;;w,,r,h & >C,„;,n,.n,m„, ,;,. Sv^unw^^s;;:;,.;'""'"

/iimmerman, th

has b(;en

facture of wine, and

Mr.

^. n, the active partner, with h-.s two son.
^^'Hgaged m Lurope for years in the manu^
: wine, and coiLsid-u-s the Catawba a liner
basis for first-rate wine, t :an any iu (ier.iu '
^^ance, The drawing olf and ^roperlVH.i:
wine they consider of more importance to'the^dev f
^Muent of a hue articde. tl.u. the original n^auulUo:

. The w-iae cellars of this establishment are lOo f.ct
in h'Hgth, an av(M'age of .i;; i,^ ,vidth, and bS in lienr),.
•.udi s.|asous wine is kept by itself, in casks of -Tinu

to _,..(«» .rallons catvicity,an.l none of our native win..
i-^ bottled in this <'stablishment until it has been four
years me:,.'.. Ti..,, the wine l>ottlea this season, is
the vintage of bSTs, as that of next year will he the
vintage of UVX In tliis way the entire sediiucnt'
precipitate<i by. successive ferm.MUation, is retained
within th(i cask.

Messrs. Zimineruian will put up tds season :]0 GOO
bottles; m bSo^, r)il,nti(); an.l in bsfj,-,, lOiMxio W{,,^(.
will be done beyond that period, nxust dep.-n.) uniL
yield ol the grape crop in iSo.':; ; and later se;L.ons
All this i> Catawba wine, termed StiU, in distinctiuu
from Sparkling Catawba.

Mr L)ngw .rth is engaged in the manufacture of
Sparkling Catawba, at his wine celhirs on Butler St.,
(vf jiraulway. He made in l8otl, aO,!)!!!) lv)ttl's ; iii
IS.") I, ,;>,()i)(j, and this year he will put up lilo,l)OUi
iMttles. Sparkling Catawba iv(piireshlteen to twenty
months i\ii r,p<'ning belare being readv for market,
Mr. L. has also dry and sweet wines, the first of thc-
Catawlvi and the other from the Lsabella grape.

Messrs. K. Uuchanan, Corneau and iSms, C. P.
liergen, Kehfuss, Y(\itman, Miller, and others, are
also extensively engaged in the manufacture of Ca-
tawba wine. All these persons label their wines.
The aggr(^gate annual manufacture of first wine mav
be j)ut (b)wn at 150,000 bottles Still, and bSI),(>0(>
Sparkling Catawba.

IVobai'dy ;;o,0t)0 bottles Still Catawba wine is made
Slid, and drank in this vicinity by Germans, mostly
tiie j.iiKluct of small vincvards. This is unhranded
an<l of various (pialities — the greater part of interiur
<piality. Rut whatever may be the quality of our
native wines, they are all pure; that is from any-
thing (dse than tlie juice of the grape. One or two
manufacturers make sw(hH wducs to a small extent,.
acknowlMlged to be fictitious.

The supply (d' native wines, grciatly as It is on the
increase, hardly keeps up with the increasing de-
maiKl. All the wine ohh-r than five years, ofCatan'-
ba, is out of market, and the S[>arkling, although net
re(pirring such a large lapse of timt* to tU it for use,.
is taken off as fast as it can be madef)r market.

d'heri' are al)out l,l!(M» acres of grapes in cultivation
in th(> vicinity of this city. Every year adds to the
(piantity of bearing vines, and to the numl)er of per-
sons engagjd in the busiaeas." — Scientific Ameri-
can.

1853.]

WAKMIXO AND VENTILATIXG APAIIATl S.

T.*0

Chllsou's Patent lir Wai iiiiiig and V cntilutinjr '

Apparatus.

Amongsi lh(! iniprovemenis of the age there is no
oni' in 're disserved ly worthy of attention than the
thorough ventilation of our dwellings, school r(joms,
churches, and work shops. Were it possible to ascer-
tain correctly the number of persons wdio die annual-
ly fnnn the effects of imperfect ventillation, the a"--
gregat'- \voiild astound many who now deem the sub-
ject scare* ly woi-th a passing th.M!j;ht. The scarcity
and hi;.^h price ui' futd has elfectually banishefl the
cheerful open fires of twenty years ago, and with
them a process of ventillation whiidi, however imper-
fect, was greatly preferable to that now in use in
the very large majoriiy of our buildings. Is it there-
fore a matter of surprise that our bills of mortality
hIiow an increase }>ulmonary disease of truly alarm-
ing:. Without pretending to any knowletlge of ukmI-
ical science, we venture the assertion that nine-tenths
ol' our consumptives have had the seed of their fatal
disease implanted in tlndr systems by ,i want of well
ventilated school rooms, dwellings, and places of bus-
iness.

If this be so, (and who will (juestion it,) it is high
time that attention was drawn more closely to the
subject.

The production of a heablifnl atmosphere in those
plact.'s where daily avoc;itions require our ])res-
ence, while it seems to render our pursuits far more
attractive, e.veridses in addition, that more important
function of supplying the lungs with food [iropcrly
adajtted to their wants.

We are pleased to ol^serve that the difficulty whitdi
has always stood in the way (d heatin<r (Iwelline-s in
coinl)ination with ])erfect ventilation, has at length!
been effectually overcome, by the introduction of
(diilson's Air Warming and Ventillating Apparatus,
a cut of which is given below.

Having had an opportunity of testing, practically
the value of this excellent apparatus, we feel no hes-

itation in recommend in i^ it to the attention .d" oui
readers.

The f,,]],, win- are anion- the important improve-
ments attained hy this Appar!ltn^:

^ 1st. An abundant supply ,,f fV,.sh, healthrnl. warm
air, free Inmi red in,,! heat, so injurious to health.
-'1. The -ivat }.«.wer of this Apparatus in wanning
buildings, is a conclusive proof that all the heat is
advanlageonsly used in warming the rooms which
acc(, lints for its control in the economy (d find.

•el. Wy this Apparatus and the t.lan of setting the
same, there is not a possibility of setting the buib'-
ing on fir<«in which it is located.

dth. This Apparatus is complet(dy adapted for burn-
ing any kind of fuel, anthracite or bituminous coal,
wood, itc.

r)th. The substantial material, and plan of con-
struction (){' this Apparatus, render it durable be-
yond a doubt for life time.

bill. Tin; fa(;ility and ease of management, and
ready access for cleaning out the Apparatus, &c., is
iin>urpa->sed.

7th. The phm for making the joints of the Appa-
ratus proof against the escap(3 of smoke and gas, Ih
in every respect perfect.

8th. Fire may be kept in this Apjiaratus from
Fall until Spring, by rcplf'n>hing but once a dav.
This Appjiratus has been thorougly tested in all parts
(dthe country, and now dtudared to be the best in the
^vorld. It has b"en awarded the highest premiums,
(gold and silver medals,) at the j)rincipal country
fairs and at the World's fair, London, it received the
Prize Medal, which with t'.ie unanimous reports in ifs
favor by the diiferent committees (d the Stat*; and
City (iovernimuits, (see their various printed reports,)
together with the (.•ertificat(\s and recommendations
of more than seventeen hundred persons who have
them in use, (many of whom are professional gentle-
men, whose scientific attainments in such matters
are well and favorably kn(;wn,) have combined to rer_
this Aj)para:us unrivalled in this country. The
World' dury, at the London Fair, have also deidared
it to h(> th" Ixjst in the woi-M.

To be had of S. A. Harrison. 1 bi AVabiut street,
Philadelphia, Pa.

-*•*-

Cattle lor the KasU

The I'uffalo Advertiser o!' tic Pith ultimo, says:
*'The receipts of cattle at this port have recently
been very largi*. On Wednesday night the freight
train on the ('"iitral ro .d consisted of thii-ty-oiie cars
laden with cattle. On 'f hursdav twenf \-two cars,
and on Fri<l;;v twenty-six cars similarl v Irei^lited."'

-•♦•-

In'dustry. — As the sweetest rose grows upon the
sharpest prickle — so the hardest labor brings forth
the sweetest profits.

200

OUA\ni:iM!V VrVK^-MUK I' A NS-.TKUSEY C0WS-1:.\ I.KY HOUSES, 4c. TO •

Cranberry \'!nes.
In answer to many onquines, respcctln;^ culture of
cranberries from our subMcribors, we annex the fol-
lowing; directions, from i\ rrowbridjro, Nrw llav.Mi.u
practical grower. His advertiscmrui wM be louiid
on our cover.

"The Bell variety or E;i;g sliapo is mostlv cultiva-
ted in New En«5land,and usually bears ^ood . Tops as
they grow wiM— but \vh(Mi transplanted and cultiva-
ted, the berries are lar^e and ubundani. jiud Im-uts
largo crops often after t\v«» or three y.^rs, ii-om ,,iu-
hundred and lilty t > tw-) iiuiidrcil and fifty busliids
per acre— are Iwwily, iuid ean be cultivated in any
part of tlx' rni[e(l States.

the smiI Ix'st :idapte(], Is sueli as will kee[) moist

lApi'Mscs ol Importing;- .tt:isv\ < uus.
In answer to m>\ny iiPjuin.s with r(!gard to tho(.T
pcnse of unp..rtin- n-Mt cattle, we give the foll.,winJ
hil! ol expenses, iui- two heifrrs. obtained lr,,ni a ,rei[!
tienian who hi^^ made many importations: ' *^

r or hay and other provisions, ffj

Expenses ii-om d.'rsey to Liverpool, | |

Keepin.j; in Liverpool one week, o

House on board ship, (■

Commissions, &e.,

0 '>
17 8

Freight, XiO, primage, l^lj.

£30

£11) 1(M)

a .-)

£U) 1;; 5

This is a few ]»ence sliort of $200. The frei-ht on

these two .'inimals ($:)(,») is about onedialf the^usuiil

- I ^ charge. Trimage is an allowance made to the nias-

tlirui;-!i the dry season, they have been rai.sed on | ^*'^* *^'* ^^"'^^'^-^ ^>^/^ vessel for loading. Almost all the

hind h!_;h enough to produce corn and potatoe>;, with
a wet substratum under the soil, or a elav and loam.

other charges, it will be seen are extortionate.

There is no reason now, why any out', except oik?
owning a lierd, and desiring a fresh strain of blood.

iticy Will not .succeed w<'U on dry, sandy, .mi land | should import. We have here, already, animals of
liable to ]»a1<e i)r beconu^ hard in dry weather-— but ! ^'^'^'O' En^li>^li i)reed, e<(ual to any that are leit h( -
they will pn.luec an abundant croi, on ponr, swampy ilr"!^;, Besides, the remark of VUoseweil L. Colt,
!.,„ 1 ,1 ^ -11 *. J .1 1 11 ^' I t'^'^t tlie animals raised m this country (from iini.Mit-

land. that will not produce any other valuable crop, j ed stock) are superior to the imported--.. ..u.l. oi

or any wet land alter being diMineil. Ib-y ground | considt^ration. In the iirst jdaee they are aecliin:acd,
should be plowed and harrowed smooth, in a swamp '^'^*-^ again, th(>y are unstrained and uninjured by a

where a plow will not w^rk: the turf or bog may be
peeled otf or burnt to get the weeds and grass out.
They may be set in the Fall or Spring a> early as the
ground will admit, until the middle of May. Moss,
Tan, or anything to retain the moisture would be
beneliciai around the phvnl after transplanting; a
little sand around th" p.lant. Fall and Spring, will
tend to keep the weeds out.

"Plant in <lrllls as you plant str:iwberry, eal)-
bage, and other plants, one and a hall to two feet
apart. At two feet apart each way, it will take 10,-
Oi)>' plants to the acre. Hoe them sli<ditlv at lirst
until the roots b^M-ome (dinehed,and afterwaras no oth-
er cu.tivat ion is ne(>ded, unless to keep out the grass tt
weeds. The plants may be expected to run to<rether
and cover the whole ground in two or three years.
They can be gathere.l witli a cranbi^rry rak(« made
for the i)urpii^e, to be procured at the Agricultural
Stores/'

sea \oyage. — [Jourmil of Agriculture.

-*•*-

-••»■

3fa(erials lor >lilk Pans.

According to the (wpcrim -nts ,){' M. llinueber, o\
Moisburg, (iermany, bM) Hanover (piarts (tf milk
yielded, in tinned milk pans, 7.07 llanov-'r lbs. ot
butter; Glass, 7.04; Wooden, (not painted,) G.9G;
Earthenware, 6.92; Wooden, (painted,) r..r)7.

According to the same experiments, there re.piir-
ed for one pound of butter, of milk produce(l by
stall-feeding with gicen clover. lo Hanover (pnirt's
of milk; produced by stall-fetMling with tart^ and .do-
ver, 15.07 quarts; by pasturing, 11.84; showing that
the milk obtained from cattle fed upon pastures is
richer in butter than milk got from cows whicii have
been f^d in the stable with one and the same kind of
plints: even a mixture of tare and clover shows an
increaae over clover alone. — [Polytec. Jour.

Hulky Horses.

Balky, or jibbish horses, are not only a source of
great annoyance, but too fr(Mpiently caidanger the
prop(M-ty and peril the lives of their owners. An
Fast India gentleman one day took his seat in one of
the omnibuses in London, but at the time of starting,
all the efforts of the driver proved unavailin;^, owin;r
to a halky horse attache*! to the vehicle. The jtijor
animal became more and more restive in proportion
to the tortures indicted upon him bp the driver, and
sin'eral other whipmen wdio assisted on the occasion.
The street became blocked up with sj)ectators, and
the interce})tion of other carriages, (ireat danger
was to be apprehhended. The East India gentleman
above referred t(/, suggested to the driver and his
assistants, that if they would try the East India
method of fastening a cord to the horst^'s foredbot,
and cause a person to pull forward, the animal would
start right away. The suggestion was received with
contempt. However, after all other efforts failed, a
long cord was attached to the animal's fored'oot, and
th(^ mouKMit th(» man gav(^ a stron_; ])ull. the Ihirse
started, ,11' as if nothing had Ihm'u the matter. The
philoM)jihy of this seems to bo that the animal, thrown
oft' the centre of gravity by the propulsion forward,
is taken In surprise, and obliged to start. Try it.
[Ivural New Yorker.

N. D. IIEDFATII.

-*•*-

Hay i:ievators.

Tlmmas F. Jarrett, of Horsham, MontgoiiK-ry
t>ounty. Pa., has mad(^ some useful improvements in
Hay Flevators, for which he has taken measures to
secure a patent. In general character and appear-
ance it r(^s(;mbles those in common use. But by
means of a simple arrangt^nent of a lever, catch,
pulley, ropes, jind weight, the elevator is brought un-
der the control of the operator, so that it is guided to
its destination freed from its load, and re-adjusted
with great facility. — [Scientific American.

1S53.1 STOCK RAISIXG-FLAX CULTUUE-BLOODEh S TOi K DKAD EFA\ FS.

201

stock llaisiii

»•

The following are Lord SpencerV rules f )r tlu^ se-
lection of male animals fir breeding:

"The lir^t thing to bi* con^idei-ed in the selection of
a male aninnil are the iii.lic,iti(.iis |,y which it mav
]je possibh' to form a judgni'iit as to his c insiitutioii.
In all aimnais a wiiie (dicst indicates str"ngth ol con-
{Jtitiitioii, and there can be no doubt that this i-; the
point of shape to whidi it is most material \nv any
bnM'der to lo.)k to in th" s(d<"ction of either a bull oV
a ram. In oj'dcr to ascertain tliat, lie' chest ol thes.'
animals i> wiif', it is not sullicient to obsi-rve that
they have wide i)osoms, but the width whi«di is per-
ceived by looking at them in front, should be consid-
ered along the bri.sket, wdiich ought to show great
fulness in the part Just under the elbows; it is also
ii.-ce-sary that they should be what is called thick
thnaigh the heart.

Another indication of what a good constitution is,
is that a male animal should have a masculine ap
pearance; with this view, a can-tain degree of coarse-
ness is by no unmans ol»je;'tionable; but this coarseness
should not be sucdi as would be likely to show its(df
in a castrated animal, because it thus might happen
that the o\en or we;ithers produceil from such a sir*?
would be coaise also, which in them would bo a
fauir. Anotiier j)oint to t)(^ attended to, not merely
a^ an indication ot a good constitution, but as a
merit in itself, is, that an animal in itscdf should ex-
hibit great muscular power, or rather that his mus-

duced, is about two cents per pound, which, at the
usual price of cotton f 10 cents,") will leave eight cents
per ptjund, or S'i I per acre f(ir the farmer who pro-
duces it. To this nmst be added the value of the
see I, which will range Irom S(» to SS per acre, giving
a. tinal lesidt ot' S.'.tl at least for each acre. This is
Mr. Fllsworth's calculati(»n. — [Scientilic American.

-«♦•-

large.

This is an unusual acc(aupan-

cles should be

iment of strength of constitution; but it also shows
that there will be a good proportionate mixture of
lean and fat produced from tlie animal, the muscles
being that part whicdi in meat is h-an. A tliick n<ick
is, in both bulls and rams, a [)roof of the musch's be-
ing large, ami tln'ri; can hardly be a greater fault in
the shape (d" a male animal o*^f eitlnn- sort than his
having a thin neck. 1 am incdined to say that in
the new Leicester breed of sluM^p, which is the lireed
to wlii(di 1 am acustomed, a ram's neck cannot be
too thick. Other indications of mus(des avo. more
diffi;Mi!t to obsi'rve in sheep than in cattle. In a bull
there ought to hi; a full muscle on each side of the
lKickd)one, just behind the top of the shoulder blades;
he ought als(j to hav(i the muscles on the outside of
the thigh^full and extending dow^n nearly to the

hough. It will s(ddom happen that a bull having ^^^^^ -rx'orth Amer
these indic'dions will l>c found de^cient in muscle. '

niooded Stork.

Recently it was noticed that a large and valuable
lot of laiglish blood.Ml st..ek, cows, she(>p; i^c., arriv-
ed at tli(> port of l*hilad(d).liia, in on*^ of our j.aeket
ships from Liverp(,ol, on their way to KentmdvV. for
parlies in that State who had imported them. They
l)elong(Ml to the, \(.rthern Kr-ntucky Im[)orting Ass()-
ciation. and wen; procurred for them by their a-
gents, Messrs. Dudley, (larrard and Van Meter.

On Thursday, the bSth inst., the animals were sold
at public auction, on the farm of Brutus I. Ohiy, in
Bourbon county, and }ittracte(l a larger assembly of
people than was ever gatlu'ritd at any previous oc(>a-
sion of the kind in the State. As aprinc^ipal feature
of the sale, we may mention tlnit the bids were rc?-
strieteil to cltl/ens (d" Kentm^ky, and the purchasers
were re<iuired to give ))ond not to remove the stock
from the State for twelve months. It will, therefore,
be seen that this was solely an attempt to improve
the stock of Kentucky by the introdm^tion of these
superior breeds. There were IM bulls. If) cows and
In^ifi'rs, all of the short horned, puri; blooded stock;
1 horse, and S sheep of the Southdown, Cotswohl
and ficicesti^r hreivls. All of these are of the best
deseripti(U!, and are regarded as invaluable acfpii-
sitions.

l»y the puldished list, it seems that the siua'essful
bidders were from Fayette, Bourbon, Clarke, AVood-
ford, Si'ott and Franklin counties, all in tin; vicinity
of Lexington. The prices wert; remarkable. One
bidl brought Uj)wards of S().(Kl(); a heifer upwards of
S.'ktMM); a ram u[)wards of Sl.O'.M); and the horse i^2,-
SOO. The wdr)le cost (d' the sto(*k, importaticm and
trans)Mirtation incduded, as they stooii at the farm,
was S2.'b*>'>i', and the total pro(!eeds of the sale
amtainteil to Sf>.'),07(j, being a nett profit of S.'i2,07b;
so that, as a mere speculation, this was truly a profit-
abh; venture, yielding a return of nearly one hundre(l
and fifty |)er cent, upon the capital inv(;sted. It will,
loubtless, lead to similar undertakings in other quar-

ican.

As I am writing for the use of farmers, it is rpiite un-
necessary for me to attem[)t a descripti(»n of what is
considered a well-shaped bull or ram; it is obviously
i:aiPi<<ihle to tixpress in w -rds what is meant by
i: ' "1 liandling. it is sufli -ient to say, therefore, that
110 small animal is fit to be used at all as a sire,
whose handling is not good; and that the more pc'r-
fect his shape the bett.'r."

4«»

-*•*-

Save the Dead L<eaves.

If every IIorti(nilturist would reflect f)ra moment
on the nature of fallen leaves — which contain not
only the vegetablfMuatter, but the earthy salts, lime,
potash, ("ie,, needed for the next season's growth —
and that, too, exactly in the proportion re(piired by
the very tree and plant from which they fall — n;iy,
more, if they would consider that it is precisely in
this way, by the deeompositi<tn of these very fallen
lea\es that nature enriches the soil, y(;ar after year
in her irreat fon;st, it would scarcely be ))0 sibh; for

Flax Culture in Indiana.

Mr. \{. T. Urown, of Crawdbr<lsville, in a comtnu
nication to Gov. Wright, Fresithuit of tin; Inliana 1 su(di a r(dl(;cting Hiudiculturist to allow these heaves
otate Board of Agriimlture, <ays: j to be swe|)t away by every wind that blows, and fi-

"I Send you enclosed a f-w samples of flax cot- I nally be lost altogether. A wise Horticulturist will
ton presented to me by the 11. L. Ellsworth, of La- ' diligently collect from week to week, the leaves that
b^ette. Mr. Kllsworth has se(;ur(3d the machinery ' fill und"reaeh tree, and by digging them undcT the
necessary for the manufacture of cotton, and will soil about th(i roots, wher*; they will decay and en-

rich that soil, jirovid*^ in the (dieapest manner the
best possible food for that tree. In certain vineyards
in France, the vines are kept in the highestcondition,
by simply burying at their roots every leaf and
branch that is pruned off such vines, or that falls
from them at the end of the season. — [Horticulturist.

have it in operati<m early in the season. He has on
hand the stem grown on 120 acres last sea on. which,
fi'om experinnmts already made, will, he suj>poses,
yield about 300 pounds per acre of cotton similar to
■^o. 2, of the enclosed specimens. The expense of re-
oucmg the fibre to this state, after the stem is pro-

SSIT %tf"'

" «i*

202

NEW BLAOKnERRY— GUANO-OAKOKX VEOKTAr.lJlS, &c

The folluwing account oi this liew lihn klx^rv, w.-
find among the proceedings of the New \ mk i ai m
er's Club. In tho cultivation of new secdlin<;- tVuit.s,
the Blackberry appears to haw Immju lost si-ht of,'
this variety bein<; a chance production. U has Iktu
found that our native Blackhcny inlpruV(^s ;;itaily
by cultivation, and m the nei<!;hburhoo<l cf hirge cities,
farmers wuuldfind an acre or more of plants, obtain

[OCTOBM

ripon daily in moist seasons lor six wocks My 1
biiv.' np.'ucd fr..,n the 20th to :>,0t), duly \,,,;ii ',1^
1 '1. An.u.t. TlH.yarop.rh.tlyi.anlv';u;:;^
ty and pnniu.-tiv.', and 1 havo not hanid tlani li-.l 1
to blifj;ht or injury by inst"c;ts. ' ^ "^

It will b.' many y.-ars before our citizt.ns rr,.^u'ni\
\y uill be able to proruro this fine fruit, as .,ur Itr.rp
liot.ls and saloons wjH c.ntrart at in'-h price> l,,'i- .jU
thatcan bo .vnt to nnirkot. Rut numerous [irivite
pirdens may be stocked for famiiv use i„ three or
four years, and in tlieirturn aid iil th(« (bsirihution

ed from the woods, set out in rows, so as to admit of j Exwept that they are perf.vt'ly ha'r.l v^mr?,!'!?'"'

J.rotection in winter, the cultivatii.n may \,n the saiiir
as tlie Antwerp l{a<:pl)erry, l)ul to prod\i,-,' iH-rnV-, of
the lar<j;est size they should have a heavy dann) soil
and siiade.

-•♦•-

Hen Hoost C;uano.

Every man uho keeps a hen, has a small jxuano

the passage of the cultivator, and kept free from
weeds, wouhl he very ].rofitable. There is no nn.re
wholesome fruit, and it is used in such a variety of
ways, that the demand is very "-reat.

A splendid speeimen of the Blackberry was pre-
sented to the .Society, by Mr. Lawton, of Xew ilo- -.,., , , .,,..,, j,,,,,

('tielle. ^ yiany (.f the berries were from three to four factory, whicdi may ornmynot be nnide useful t(j him
inciies m circumference. A lar<;o basket ui them ; accordingly as bemuses hi's factory i.rudently or circ'
were j)artaken of by the members, and their ru h and ' lessly.

luscious pulp was .hily praised. Mr. Lawton named I What is Peruvian -uano? The dro])pin-s of nea-
tfie truit -ihe A\nv Kociielle Blackberry," but on a | birds that flock about tli(> islands on the I'cruvi-in
vote of tiie membersof the Club, the name has been \ coast. These droj.pings having colh-cted liiere for
ctianged to -J he Lawton Jilackberry." A vote of hundreds of years, and there being but little ruin tu
tfianks In.n) the (M.-i. u-.w ..k., t,>.,,!,.j.^.j ^^ jvi^. ^^w- | wash it away, an immense quantity oftliis materijil is
ton. 1 he fallowing paper \^as read by Mr. Lawton: j there found, and is now being brou-ht to Kn-JaiHl
'I'UE Ri-\('ki!i;khv — To which 1 have Ixdore called i '^^"^ ^^'^^ country, by the ship-load. Were it not Imf
the attention of the Club— has been cultivated in '
small (piantities for several years in Xew J(ochellc,
Westchester county, where 1 now reside. I have not
been able to ascertain who first tliscnvered the i)lant.

the sn(»ws and rains on the coast of Labrador, aii<l • n
some of the islands on our coast, the same malt rial
could be found in nitundance there.

J>y keeping y^ur hen on the roost, or keepiiifr her
guano under cover, you obtain as good !in arfide,
probably, as the J*eruvian.

Mr. A. 'J'odd, ui Smithfield, R. L, speaking oi hin
"home made guano," in a recent number of the New
England Farmer, recommends to empty the ashes

and brouglii it into garden cultuiv, but 1 am inform
ed it was found on liie road side and from thence in-
troduced into the neighboring gardens. As it came
to nie without any name to distinguish It from the

>V ild Bramble, I l^eg leave to introduce it to tin.' no- -••■^ ^* . ......vi , xv v.....^.. .^v*.^ ^^, ^.i,i.,> in: .vnwvo

tice of the Club as tlie "Xew Jlochelle Jilackberrv," I ^^'^'"^ ^^^^' stove j.nd fire-]>lace, into the ht u-n i ^t,
and at the same time, firesent as a specimen a TeW ! 'iiid wilh the addition (d' plenty of sandy loam, ini.x-
<juarts of' the fruit, gathered this morning, j.recisclv i t'd as of course it will be, with the (lro}i})iii;:s of the
as they came from tlie bushes without being selected, ^'^'^i^i «ni excellent manure, e(jual to guano, wouhl he
I have examined many works with a view to ascertain "^'^de. JL' thinks, from a Hock of thiity hens, half
it there has been any improvement on the well known ! ^ c^*y^^ of good manure could be easily made, ^\llich

would be e({ual to a cord of stable manure. — [Maine
Farmer.

wild varieties, but without success. The "Double
Flowering," "Dwarf,'' or "Dewberry,'' "American
Cpright," and the 'A\ bite Fruited," are all that are

named. The Dewber.y is the first to ripen, and the Saving Seed from Garden Vegetables.

best flavored fruit. Hie White Fruited stems to be ! ti r . . ; i i .i. .o.

cultivated as a novelty more tha • h)r the fruit The ' ^'^^^'^^^^^^ V^"^^^ '^^ ^^^^^P ^>''^^'^ that appear,

Fpright variety fruit, late in the season, is of 'vitror- ^^"^'ij^^^^^^^^^'^ ^^t stalk .)f okra that shows aped,
ous growth, and under favorable circumstances pro- i ^%*'' seed; the first cucumber, scpnish or

duces large mulberry shaped berries, but the sJeds '""'^T' """Z '''i i ' ''iT '7v '"Y '1!^'

are not tlM< kly bedded in thepmlp, and are so abun- T' '^ getting much earlier ^egetabes than l^ fo -

/1oi-»f jm to inioilr in..tMri..lu n, . ., r. i.i ,■ • iowiii^j:; tlie Usual metlKM Of takin;r tlie refuse (^i aJi
oant as 10 inipaii matenalU llie (luality of the fruit i / i /. " i . • i » i^n

Tl.ic T^lnnt vo,.ni>< tr. M,ll.,>ro t,. it ,• i i "'ii* garden crops for seed. Our ei^g plants nmrlit De

jLnis pi'iiM St t jiit> 10 tUUieie to its original character • • • - ' ■ - --'

with singular tenacity, or from the many millions of

plants wbudi spring up from seeds annually distri))

lu'ought into bearing much sooner, if we would save
the first for seed. AVho can stand it, with all the
lonir vear's dearth of dtdicious morsels, to save the

nted in almost every diversity of elimate and soil .^ ''^'''•' '^'^''''^*' ^^ dt'licious morsefs, to sav. u
ve siiould constantly-find new va.vh.t;.« I. ! ' ! : ^^'^^ ^'^'^^^"'^ ^'^^^ or t(miato, that may appear for see.i

>ve shouhl constantly find new varieties. Jmproving
the wild I'lant by careful cultivation is one thing; tZ
produce J^ new variety is another. The fruit now'be-
forc you, 1 believe to be of the last nannd character.
It is not like the Dewberry, or long and mulberry-
shaped like "Fpright Blackberry," and the seeds are
so completely imbedded in a rich jtulj) as iiardlyto
be noticed. 1 think in shape and size they compare
very well with the Ho\ey J^eedling Strawberry.

The "New Kochelle iilackbeny'^ sends up annual-
ly large and vigorous upright shoots with lateral
branches, all of which, under common cultivation,
will be crowded with line fruit, a portion of which

— -■•■j^ — - '■••■■> J "II

and yet if avo \yould bring forward the whole ^'i""P
two or three weeks earlier, it must be done. Let it
be a settled maxim of the gardener — f/ir fn'^f '^"'^
best of every t hi n< I Jar seed. — |Soil of the South.

-HK-

The Stujvesant Pear Tree.

This pear tree wliicdi was planted in New 1 oik, by
Gov. Stuyvesant, 'two hundred and sixty years ap»/
on the spot which has since become the corn(M- of b'tn
street, and 3d avenue, is still flourishing and Irmt-
ful.

1833.]

ADVA VT AGES OF !CM LUO A DS-SUGAR

OF MILK WOOL.

206

lac Advantages ol Kailioads.

A meeting of the Farmers' club, was recently held
in New Y'ork. After some desultory conversation on
the regidar subject of the day— the benefit of rail-
roads to agriciiluture— was taken up.

Solon Robinson, the proposer of" the ((uestion. re-
marked that he would say a few words by way of in-
troduction of tin; subject. 'fhe principal obj<H:t I
ha«l in vie\N in callini: up this .piestion was to get
theai to think how mueh a-rieub ural imj.rnvement is
d.!()iMiden( ii[i Ml and benefitted by railr.ols. Places
that were aim )st desert and worthless ban-eiis, have
bo" 11 lemhiri productive, and lands increased in
value m ue tnia t!i ' wh >1(3 (-.st oi the road.

Farmers often think, when a road is first talked (.f,
that It will ruin tfndr farms, but after it was ou(;o in
(,|) rati(»n, and they find how convenient it is to s(;nd
every thing eatabh', (for every thing is eatable in the
city.) by the cars, they would be very unwilling t(»
(j,. uitliout Its bentdits; yet they do not* I think, p7-op-
erly appreciate the benefits (d" railroa Is to agritmlture.
In this i-ity we an; y.^ry dep Mideut upon them for
oiii- daily food: In one week, beef eattle arc; trans-
laitte I tioiii their native prairie-honie in Illinois to
this city. By the or<linary mode (»f travel they would
require fri)m .sixty to seventy days. Milk, too. is
brought on the Harlem Railroad from Chatham
Fuiir-Corners, I;'>l) miles norlii of the city. Land
aloiii; tiial r .ad has risen from S2') and S.'M an acre,
lo.'^l•)•'. Kvei-y kiml of produe(; can be sent fresh
every day the .>ame distance. Tons of blackberries
arc gathere 1 Iroui every nook and corner am oni; the
rocks and hills adjacent to the railroaiN. whicir but
lor the facility they all" )rd. \v,)ul<l have (r,,jii.' to feed
the birds instead of human stonnndis.

When railroads were first projected, fiirmers, wdio
u^ed then- own wagons to go to market, cried, "we
shall 1)0 ruin mI," yet tin,' more these lines of trauspor-
taiiai are extCiided into the (Mumtry the more f)ro-
duce tiiey bring from distant phi(;es,'the more salea-
hh' their own hecomes and at higher prices. Rail-
roads are not ..iily beneficial to agriculture, but to civ-
iliziti(Mi and the progressive imi>rovement of the
whole human famib".

dudge Nan Wyck made some remarks, and was
fdluwed by Orang' .Ju.Pi, Ks(p, one of the Editors
of "The Agricultor," wdio said he thought the sub-
je,.'t was si»iiie\vliat misconceived about tin; opposition
el farmers to railroads. He thought that firmers
generally were in favor of the building of railroads.

I'rofessor .Mapes thought very differently — that the
strongest opposition almost every wdiere (lid exist a-
I'iiii- farmers against the laymg out of railroads,
aad that afb;r they were in operation they <li,I not
appreciate the benefits to agriculture whi(di' railroads
always conferred upon ey(;ry community threaigh
>vah'h hey are constructed. Those who are not well
P'>^t"d upon tin' subject ar(» not aware how ineffieient
the .Jir.x.y railroa is are to bring in the market gar-
den vegetables along the limis. Th(; eompani(;s seein
^ think that if they accommoilate the passeng(;r
business, it is all that is rerpiired of theni. One of
the benefits to farmers is to nnke known to them the
inipnivements (,f (.th<'rs. Look at another benefit—
the hnn-innr togeth.jr of the vast numbers of agri-
culiun.>ts at our annual fairs. Many pi;ople for tin;
n '^t time see things that they never b 'fore had
thought :,f, and they <r() homt; with improvement so
stamped upon their minds that they cannot but pro-
gress. In fact; we are almost entirely indebted to
railroads for the ability to hold these fairs. Thes3
tarmers are induced to meet from all parts of the

couniiy by the ,.ase with which tliev ivaeh the spot
l)y railroads. L i. Incalcuhibh' how mueh these
meetings improve (.ur larm products. New or bet-
ter ye'^etab cs are seen, w ITudi induces men to j.ro-

cure the same kind of s 1. wle-reby the production

of a whole nei.j;!il)orhood, after a few 'years, is incic.is-
ed.

'falkoiLC of milk hy i-ailroad — what would this eitv
do f .r milk without that which comes by them, and
whicdi could not be obtained in any oth"er way. 1
saw yestertlay morning, wle-n the Krii; railroa*! milk
tram arrived at dersey City, s(;veral large cars full (d
milk cans. I was pleased with the remark of Mr.
Robinson about the cattle by railroad, and that fresh
beef eould U\ brought a thousand miles perfectly
fn^sh in wint<;r, thus leaving all tin; offal where it is
want<;d to fertilize tin; land. Fertilizers, too, are (;on-
veyi'd by cars to places wher(; they are nundi needed,
but Would not pay f )r cartage. thus f)roduetion is
increased. Where could you find room in this for
all the wagons that would be re(piired to brine- the
I)roduce necessary for daily consumption.

1 see by the r<;portin "The Tribune" this morning
that !i'J,<>()l) animals for slaughter arrived last week,
Mr. Rid)inson states that most of them cann; by rail-
road.

The peaches carried last Summer l»v t!»e Can^deti
ami Amtioy roaU, at eight cents a basket freight
amounted to Si. liKl a day.

The increased use and benidits of railroads, is in-
creasing every day.

-•••-

Sugar of Milk (or Invalids.

A short time agr), l>r. Turnbull, of Liverpool, reail
to the liiterary and Fhilosophiciil Society a piper on
the use of sui^ar of milk as an arti(d(! (d" food in eou-
sum[)tion and otlu^r pulmonary diseases. It now ap-
pears that whey is coming into extensive use in (b'r-
many, in the treatment not" only of consumption,
but also of gout and rheumati'^m, and that some
tierman physicians entertain opinions as to the bt.'iie-
ficial prop»erties of sugar (d milk, (the ingredient to
wdiicli wdiey owes its virtues j similar to those late-
ly put forth by Dr. Turnbull. In the cheese dairies
of this country the wdiey is frerpiently given to pigs,
or otherwise wastfMl, and the lactine,or sugar of milk,
now met with in (;omm»Tce, is })rought entirely from
Europe, b?ing pn!})ared chiefly in Switzerland. Its
present high price is, however, a great obstacle to its
general use as a dietetic reme<ly; but it is most desi-
rable that so valuable an artiide of food should no
lonu:i;r be waste<l, and that therefore the attention of
those (miraired in makiiiL: (dieese should be direiited
to the manufacture (»f this other product from milk,
which must sooner or later become an important ar-
ticle of food and oi comuK.'rce.

'*•*'

Wool

The Wool crop of Mercer county, Fa., f)r the pres-
ent year, is estimated at l2in),()(in ll)s.; wdii(di at the
prices which have been (d)tained, will be worth about

s'jo,()()n.

Price of wool have varied from f >rtv-two to forty-
eight cents, averaging forty-fivf; cents.

-*♦•-

Never keep animals on a sho rt allowance — if you
starve them thej will surely starve you.

•., ■?

!• tJt IM

204

r()MMr\!('A'p[o\.«;.

-acv'-viM..MAK.'>''wai» ai vfwm

[Octoi

BBl

11

For the Farm Journal.
Straw berry (tuostioii.

Flusuing, Aug. ]<Ml,^ 1853.
Mr. Editor: —

It is of little use for ui:u\ to roftson
in regard to natural objects, unless hi- mlrhl has
first become fairly matured, aiKl lias attainiMl to

I

will now pmcred tu discuss the points advan, ..j
by Mr. Median and by W. I». .,u tho Strawherry
Question, the foruK^ of which are cvidcntU lascl
error, and in a ronfusi,.n ..f hnf/, facU ami id.^.
whilaL ih.' latt.T ha.s erred from iii!so()n('.'|,ti,,n, jukI
a conse.iueiit misapplication : j-iid 1 respond iln'rcto

i.1 1 • /.I . •, . ,. nutwitlistandinir; I liave ju>l received a letter iv ,'

the conclusion, (the most evident ul all thn-s ) ,, , , , ''"'"

■-' ' the uldi'st and

that the i'jity has prescribed a .supreme and munu-
table law, beyond the confines^ of which tiiere can
never be any divergence, h is this eterinil law wl.i( di
renders pal[>able ajid positive to ..ur senses, the now
unv(dle 1 laets (d' ^Jeolo;:y, whosj eternal impress ot
countless a-^'es, l)ids the mind to scorn and cunteinn

most<listin;^uisli<Ml Poniolo^ical K(bt..r
in the Vn'mu, (dated Boston, j nr-in- ^u- to drM|, the
discussion as us(dess, since it so evidently uri-iuated
t!irou<;h Mr. M-ehan's errnn.M,n,, .selection of t^'o
mixed varieties in his experimeuts.

You will perceive that this same position was ta'

all the contradictory averments of trail man. The ^^^^^ ^'J "»•' '^^ the commencement, and als,. I.y Mr.
])city, when placin- man upon tiie earth, exercising, l^^^n^^^^orth, viz: that Mr. M. had begun with a hlun-
buth l..ve and ju^tic.', Generated within him an uner" ^''^ ''' ^^''^ l'^'^'^^'' ^'"" ^"^'"'^ '^^ ^^''' J>*>w"in- had f .r-
ring -uide, wii.Mi.'ver he sic. uld call into exercise its I'^^'^'b' ^^^'i^-N =i'»^i like the latter, he had net <-andur

unpi-ejudiced [)erc"ptive and reflective powers.

The studv and contemplation of the ve;i(5table
kingdom, with an ard Mit devotltm for fifty years, ha\e

enough to acknowltMl^re his error. 1 trust, li<i\vcver»
tliat Mr. M. will revise his op r-ration bv a new triiJ
with genuine }dants, and in sucdi a way that there

matured the conviction (d' my mind, that the Creator ^**'^^' '*^' '^" ^'"""^ ^'^^' ''^'^^'^ ^^^^ *'^' doubt, and all I ask
has been ..-.^uaM^v nmin^ni m lii.- iiuHioicM piaiii, and ^^ ^^y ^^^^^^ person is, that he will make the test for

of the microsco[)lc insect, as of the mightiest dmel-
opements of his power: aiel in the pursuit of this

himself. Sur(d y if Mr. M. ever did acciniiplisli \vhat
he says he did — that is, c/i(iiti/<' j/i.sfU/u/rs h, ^injn,-

IC-

and other stu-iies, I have realized the fact, that all '^''"'''•''' '^ ^''^'^ ^^^^ ^^**"'' again, fbr wisdom did n^t
nature is replete with order, wisdom, lianuonv, and '''"^^'' extinct witli his first experiment. And this last

remark scm^ m )^t amply verified by the disclosure

of Ins manifest ignorance when attempting to describe

what Uovey's Secilling really is, and his aid^nowled^r^-

mentthatVnie of his finest beds of Hovev's Seedliic '

(so called l»y him,) was declared by others to he

Buist's Priz >, (K' some other her maphrodiie variety;

ill,./ • 1 . "ii ^ I I • 1 when the former is most stron"-lv marked and the

ded l)Ut lor a single moment, all nature would sink ^ - mairv.^.

love.

Any question, therefore, inculeating a derangement
of this supreme order and harmony, has already re-
ceived its solution in my mind. In referring to the
supreme law. it has be. .mi most elo(iuently remarked,
by an Am-rican orator, that if gravitation were sus-
pen

into chaos; an<i it may Avith espial truth be asserted,
that if th'' cit'rnal law id' sexuality were susceptiljle
o'l variation, there would be no end to the contusion
of the races of animals and {)lants, and all creation
would bi'come a heterogenous and disorganized mass.
And although the test of "long experience" is scoil-
ed at by Mr. Me(dian, I may still deem it worth some-
thing, when all my intelligent friends have arrived at -^^'^^'^''"'^ ^wo years ago, which was about the peri
the same conclusions as mvs(df.

In penning my jirevious communications, I am not
aware that 1 lia\e us(m1 any unbecomiii"- Ian Mia^e
but I must plead guilty to somewhat im[)atlent feel-
ings, when I see a man professing to impart infor-
mation to others, commijnee his operations with a

best known of al! strawberries, and anv idiild ou^li^
to readily distinguish the latter by its double height,
long petioles and peduncles, distinct foliage, and
numerous flowers, to say nothing of its differently
firme'l fruit and sexuality. And in his communi-
cation in tin; Horticulturist, he further acknowledges
having planted for llovey's Seedling a be<l of Burr's
New Pine, two years ago, which was about the peri-
od when the blundering commenced; and yet he has
the assurance to ask (d us now to Indiev'' in his iiii-
mu table aecuraev. Tic stroii;:est jir;j;uineiri nf all.
is his acknowledged mistakes, showing his plants
and his ideas to be equally I'onfused.
In re;rard to oneofMcAvo v's strawljerries referred
palpable blunder, one e(pially inexcusable, whether to, as having staminate and pistillate flowers on the
from error or ign<n-an<'e. and then attempting to * same plant, such is the ca,S(! with a staminate seed-
palm upon the c«numunity through tin' medium id an ling that has come mixed in with some parcels oi
intelligent Society, the erroneous ri'sults of his blun- McAvoy's Extra R^^d.' a'ld also with at least a dozen
der as positive facts, arraigning the systematic bar- ; other varieties; and f )rms one of the })hases of th^
mony of nature; although lia}>[)ily the discernment h"rmaphrodite class, amnig which are tlie IHike of
of the Philadelphia Society parsed over the subject Rent's Scarlet, lib"rlein, 'frium[di and otli'i'-. 1''^'
without notice. Mr. .M. should also be aware, that flowers of the two sex«}s are sometimes on the same
there are some statements and assenions, which scape, and sometimes on distinct scapes.
are too weak and contemptible to admit of serious ar- It seems that Mr. M. and W. D. not being aware
gument. that part of the hermaphrodite family possess tins

185.11

OOMMi xlCAThrva

205

character, came to the conclusion that liie plant liuy
naw was an anomaly or sportive variation: whereas,
that peculiar character is as permam til and invaria-
ftble as the otlcr (dasses.

I havi; letters just received fVoni Mr. hongworth
and Mr McAvoy, confirming my views as to the in-
variable sexual character of the fnip jlxtia Jled, and
referring also to the spurious seedling I have named.
And as to the mention made by Mr. M., that Mr.
Longworth stated to liim in r^irard t(tthe Kxtra Red,
'■(lia!^ it is the {ii--! instance llmf hii.; roini' iiH>/rr /ii'<
obserc(ifi"n i)\' pistillate kinds produeing hermaphro-
dite flowers.'' Mr. i.ongworth savs in a letter to me,
of the ."^di inst., that no .suc/i J'ti<i has vonic under
Ins i>h.^' rritfion (it nil . And sindi is the respons(Md'
the gentleman whom Mr. M. (piotes as having ''rais-
ed that variety in his own gardiMi, and uiuh^r his
own '/•'//' ohscrrnlioii." Mr. .MitAvitv ""oes a bttle
lurtli ■!■, afid a!;er the most positive denial of any
Bexual variation, says, 1 will give ^"iU to Mr. Mee-
h in. or any other person, who will cliinge it to a
staminate , and I think I know .v |.vi.mmi »>mu n»im
give a great deal more, but I would .select the iiUint--:
myself."

To settle the rpiestion of a]»par('nt "evasion," I
will refer at once to the point in dispute. In the
first place, Mr. M. stated he had chau.<jed pisfillufes
to staininate.i or perfect Howers, by sp.'ci:il cultuie as
there stated. Now if flowers do thus cdiange and
become perfect, th 'y will of course, pr(>duee fruit,
thit r.''ult be'ing tlii only (b'/isive test that they are
portect; and sueli w,l> doubtless his im'aning and ae
tual belief, wlieii ho mxde his first communication
as Will be evid-mt by riderrin:; theret<t, wherein he
asserts, "the distiin'tion l>':ween staminates and pis-
tillates to b.; worthless, cultivation producing eithi;r
the on ' or the other."

liut; in his si.vond communication (June,) he still
adlu;res to the sam.3 opinion as to th.} transmutation
of sexes, but abandons what in; at first declared to
be the' cause, and says 'die may Ix! in err<n- in his
opinion that the change fr.Kii one sex to another, was
the result of eultiva'i on." 1 responded, denying his
premises and bis alleged facts. And he having at
last discovered that pistillate-j grown scjtarately will
not produce fruit, backs out entirely from his other
position, and when I offered as a d 'eisivetesta larjie
premium for '*one perfe(;t b^rry from lIovey^s Seed-
ling grown by Itself,"' he remarks, ''Who said Ihcy
could do anything of the kind? Was there ever
greater subterfuge and evasion? I answer that he
himsidf said ^o, ami meant so, in his oidginal com-
iminiriition: for if he did not mean that, what did he
mean, or did h<' nman iiothin;i; at all?

I ask then, if this <[uery oi his does not amount to
a complete recantation, and an admission of the
truth of my entire position ? 1 don't much like this
slipping out by degrees and by stealth, but if Mr. M.

NMll back sfjuaro .eit, I yhall be satisfied, for the pub-
lic Will iIh',1 hiiow what to believe.

Mr. M. .atteni|,i,- ,s,iiuc ea\il in r.-ar.l to Mr. Hi.'.vn-
iii-'s havin- .•Mmm;n..d a similar hlnnder t(. Iiims.df,
but the hirts are !,„. transparent to be misunder-
^^to.,d. It is not truM as M,-. M. ......tis, th.at "Mr.

\):ii observations \v'\ hmi to the eonelusi<,n that llo-
vey's ,HtruwlM-rry ^vouhl by eultnre. breome a h.-r-
'"=M'''J"'"l'f''/' f»i- ll'- had never p,,ssrN,Mrd llovey'H
S.MHlling when he made his erroneons Ntatemcnt-
I w.dl rememlM-r tic eiicumstanee, for immedi:itrly
afp-r his article appeared, I jump.-d on boanl a steam-
er and vinlted his grounds, and asked to m.m' the bed
of lloviy's Seedling, when, to my amazement, 1 was
.-liAVii a very tall growing vari(,dy, with narn,w ob-
long ].ointed leaflets, of a pale gre<'n color, lon'^'"
scapes, large and nuimn-ous flowers, and totally di,-
tinct from llovey.s in these and all other [udnts as
possible.

T was astounded at smdi a solution .^f ihe myste
rv. \^u\ said i.M.hin- r ,.i>tainod a few plants from
that identical ImmI, which 1 ],rought hom.', and plant-
ed, and tested to my satisfaction. imneMJiatfdv on
my return, I announe.d to Mi. Huntsman and some
others, th • fact, and we had a nm^t luMrtv lau"!
over this mouse from the nK.untain. and sjp.idv affr
came forth the <ame niiracnhei . disrl.>s,ire "by th
j Boston llortienliural Society. 'J'lie further assertion
: by Mr. M., that this Society "decid.Ml that tlie kl„<]
; was not Jlovey's becan... it was a staininatr'," is also
i untrue, 'idiey (fvid^d that it was not ilovrv's l)e
, eauso' it h.ad no one (diaraeter in ibliage, flower or
fruit, or bearin<; any similitude to llovey's. ^\„y
iankee (diild escaped from its eradle, wnehi have
come to th" same' conclusion. Mr. I>ow;iin -• w.is t lo
shrewd not to fe(d the (dfect (d" so gross an (a'ror and
altlnnigh, as Mr. Longworth says, h(^ never publicly
corrected it, as was his duty, he nesertlndes e-ave the
moat complete proof of his own conviction, }»y care-
fully al'staining from any re-a-sertion of his errone-
ous position to tie." time of his death, and always
s(.'emed very dt;sirous to keep sltadi/ on this iioint. I
regret that Mr. M. shonld deiy to him the exercise
(d' ordinary shrewdnr^>, by stating that Mr. Down-
ing could never be made to understand the blunder.
Mr. M. nders als > to a wag^r, but I have offcriMl
none. I did offer to jiay a cert.ain sum to any one
to do what he had deelare(l Ic had iloiie with ease
but without any possible gain to myself. Mr. M.
should consul! a dieflMuary, and correct ids (hdi-
nition, for even )>oetry becomes foolery when it has
no ap})lication. Mr. Longworth made an offer for a
hermaphrodite; produced ))y cultivation from a pis-
tillate plant. 1 made an oiler for "one perfect berry
froiu llovey's Seeding grown by itself." Now as all
herma))hrodites produce fruit, the result would be
identically the same, and as Mr. M. can so easily
change pistillates to staminates, ''by being forced slow-

^

206

COM.MnmCATIOKS.

KV^AaKl'nCv

ly in a moderate temperature^ he ought to set about d^.u^y dusp.tched specimens to W I> , ,., .
It at once, and ohtain tlio reward. ,.M,MnH«hoil >.ofnr,;of » . . . ' '"^^'y ae-

«'>inpii8hea botanist, but n.)t specially advised as to

tlio varieties of the strawberry, fur the purpose o^f

^•■"n-tm,Hiisaid. anl thn^ h. ,ni^!,.,l , |,,, ^.nfl.man

In regard to the oomaiuuiciuion rn.ni \v. h , it th
seems very apparent that he ha^ ii..t tuk.^a int,, ,.,.,1-
sidoration the fact that tht- di- tnirti v \ ;iri;itioiis <.f
the strawberry, as staininate, Inriiitn!!!.* ijt. . nud
pistillate, constitute the norrnii conditions .d the
the plant, and that conso'iucntly any rli.uur' n<" the

l,v being first dUped hi,,.. .11, ,„ unnui.r wiurhhe
-iiglii tM have been fully conversant with f.r a very
long period, as ti... Dnk, ..1 Kent's Scarlet, and oj
ers possessing the .sa:n,j character, ori;^^],,^^,,,] ;,^ j^ '

primitive character would bo a tiMUMMutahMU ^d" tl,o nwn countrv, (Kn-Hand,) and t.v r,n'sm"rT'"l '" T

Identical desor.pt.M. win.!, ho so iorciMy i-jocts, and b.ndon 1 1.rtu-nltnral So.M.ty's cavAn^r^, J\^o^

waoseimpract.oabdi.yh. hasso lu.idly .xpnund.d. and ha 1 U,.n under rolturo th.Mv lor^u u.v !'

It can. th.'n>f..r.'. h.-ar no allinitv to his (luoted in- previous. " '^'"^^'^

L 111'

<»

HuoLca HI' J

'1 \aiiati(».i in tin; "tloral (O-'Mus " ari'siu"- r. r .1

, ! , , ' ' '^''"'"o Ir iiirtlwM- ;«|)jM>;u-s that what Mr M mw-U-. i

<'-HU hixanaatrultuiv, andth.'ir.-His..,p,..ntsoscept- .,, .7A „',/, ,.\ ,•„' n \ ;''•'''• '1*' '^l^^ <•<
ibilitv to lurth.Tchany;.'. ',•;/ /• ■; ., .' *' ■ ^'-^ >"'- " -^^ rn a, n, s. ;,

^ J'>'-il(' Ins vias, was in i\irx has,.,! .

Largt' and luxuriant i")!ia;j;i', wh"n n'saltin;^ from con-dusion, tVom a
excited vig<o\ ar." pi. 'ciscly in i.N'iualancc with an in- new stra

n

'" it iiiistakcn
It'

nisprrtion of the scap.'s (,( tl

n I) Try from M.-Avov, sent to W |) ),v

crease n, the size or jdurality .if tlie p-tals, and this Mr. M. in May, hut whieh lieith-r party ha^l ",'-,,t

increase olti-u reihh-r> ll .wers so d mhl" as t > usurp ^'-eu a llowcr ,,{ at th" tini" when Mr. .M '1.' h'm'-I ! ^^

the position of the sexii il

''i"->"-' ;iuJ th.-rol»y pre- nri_';inal eommiinieatnoi, whi.'h was in ih.' ue

nth tif

vents the production ot -.'cd^, hm witlnuu \n any , Mai-. -h. (ih! Iruip'jui! i)h I Mn-isl

way adeoting uteu- :,oxua!iiy. A. wll mi-lit the' It nvi:1 th.Mudore Ijc seen, that this seeking .slelt.T

deveiopement of fatness on a w.-ij-fed animal h." con^ un.ia- the \vin,i^^ of \\\ T>. will not ah-olwtr] v^rove of

found'-d witli a elianu*' ot Itis sex.

And whilst on this subject, I w.iu! 1 ask .d' W . 1>..
in his discussion of the sportive results of culture,

avail, an. 1 n"itle-r will tin' -till luor.- aMuiih,liri •• eii-

•um^tan'.', to, it th - ar-inuents and .•onnnonts usctl

•O' ^^ ■ '* • i" til • du:;, iiiiiiiber of the Fain. Journal,

whicli are applical>le to so many plants, lu dj.-^i^uaie i ^^^"H^i*''^*"^^ P<>i»ts win ii Mi. M. h. i never thought
a single instance where it ha-" resulted in a (diariL"^ ' '"'^ ad\ a;l.Mn,_^ ar.' lound .■nii)odicd m an arthdofr
of sex.

In regard to thi;-: ((n-"«ti -n of s^^xuali y, the straw*
b'irry is the very last plan: that -iionld iiavo h-'e-n a^-
sailcii, for so distinct are the natnra! \arietl.'-., tiiat
staininate and [>istillate plants mav h.- almost in\ari-
ably distingui:shed Ijy smqdy conip.iri!!^ th<' nnnibMr

Mr. '^J.-.-iian liinis,df in th" Au-ii.>t initMher of tho

liorti •iil'iiri-t, ^rv onjuinl an I in^hinit any crcdil lo

fJn < r o nHir.r.

•" ••■'ledii din- my .■oiiiin.'iit>, 1 w ill -inijilv >lat.',
rliaf I have .-ultivr.t.'d all th.' iinportai.r \ aiM'ti.^ t,!'
the >tiM'>vl)errv {or a \ 'I'v loll l:' |. •■!•;, ' • • •

-■ p.'!-i

anil lOini ;:; tliO

of il owers on the s.,«ape^, and even hv the si/.> of a '■'•^' ^' " }'''-i'~^ \\\\\\ e-pr-ial att.'iiti. n, anil 1 hav^iMW
sing! ' ll >\\-''r, Nv-itlioiil s.'ring any .ttiou- part ol' the '^''"^■'' "^"' ''ini"»'''''l ii'id fifty \ari''ties in my ni-mnnls,

plant.

j and y.'t, after th" (dos,'st serutinv bv nivxii, an.l inv

Mr. (J. ^V. llnntMuan can tell the se.-. of more "'''.-.''''"""' -^^'•- '^""^^^1111. we have n^v.-r heen ahle to
than liltv \ari.-ti.>- (d strawberries bv ih.' leaf alone *''""-'' '^■'''' ^^I'v ^^^'xnal variation what. -v. u-.

Th.^ sexual .li-^in.'tion in the se.ip.'s taken Irom ' ^''* >'*"'^^ ^'-^'i^*^'^ ^''i' t'^'' 'lis*'Ussior,> on this >u!/e(t,

th.' -am" plant, t > wiiicli W. D. allu.f-. and wlii.di ''•^^''' -^'■'"•''^ '''>"» f'"' mpidity with whi.'h nimicr^
I have explained, in a ju-eviou- para.;rap!i, mi-hi I''^"" !rom one bed to :,iioth"r. and tie' ti'^ju-ney ot
well strike a casual observer as an anonvalv, wdien I ^^*''^^'"^' pi nits springing uj. in h. .is differing from
not apprized of its constitutional eh na t >r. bin it ' ''^*^^^' already growing therein. In la. t \ou caa
could present no e:tcu-.! to one wii. ha- b""n lour ' «<'^5^rc(dy go into any -ar. hui without iinding some ac*
pursuing the strawberry cu!turf\ And \\ . lb is gr at- ^'i'J''"bil mixiares from those causes.

ly mistaken when he says, "Itisthis km i ..t .• ange
in the character of the tiowers whi<!i 1 i!iid"r-r;',!',d

A< Mw ^T.. in h)s attempt to describe Hovel's
SeedliiiL:, has shown his utter want of reliable die.

Mr. Median to announce as having occurred in I crimination. 1 will d.tine its immutable character,
plants under his management.'' Mr. M. says net 1 1 -vey's Seedl ng is a pbmt of low growth, an<l very
such thing, but distinctly states that Jiis- pistilhifrs^ i\'\-\\\\^-: apo- aran.'", r. mal•l^abie lor it> lar-". r< tiH''.
chanjed to stamiiiates or perfect jluiccra, ww^'wx {ac[ \\r .leep, glossy, green, hixuiiant loliage; th" peLiuled
had no knowledge when he wrote hi- !ir-t article, , ^t'l'^ p''dun(de8 short, tb" liow.js .d nn .iium -i/.<' ai.d
that any variety pi)ssessed the characteristics of the j not numerous, pistillate, with rudinieiital abriivc
new seedling from McAvoy, but in May, when he stamens, very productive, fruit too well known to

first saw its bloom, he seized upon wdiat he deemed a
God-send, hoping it might answer as a scape-goat to

need description.

Having now taken some pains to enlighten Mr.

flu^itaiii him in his erroneous dilemma, and he imrao* M» as to the real facts cf the case under discussion,

IKr).!]

OO.M.MI ViCATlOXS.

207

I trust he will readily acquit the strawlierry nlauts
of all vascillations, and concede that they only ex-
isted in the visionary mind of the observer.
V.)urs most rr> poet fully,

WM ]\. i»in\(d':

. Nowtopr.v.mt fh.ir.iryi„g up, an.l Mi.l,i,a,K .1 v-
ingm tie. Sumiuer, lay on a t hi..k, whle mulehin-r of
^^traw, or ..th"r btfr, an-i if th...-t.an is tali. sh"..ul.e
'f ^^'^1' 1-ngstraw; but th" t n-.^s a.v btr b.-tf.a-if th"y
'"•^•"•■•'l"^v. >'.that th",rh,liag" will sha.l"th,. st.oo

,. ,, ^r T .; , . . . -' 'oa, ,,HM,- nma-.' will sha.b. the strm

V I, M>-, r.,nn;w,.rtM has u.t a,|v.,so,l „.e that .,0 .„„„ .,„| .., ,,,, ,,„^ ,,^,^ ,„^^ ^

he has 'conveted Mr. M,...|,an . error. al„m, I,. .„ak.. i,s way „,, ,1„. o„nti„u.lK ,|, vin. .,..,„-|„r

views of the sexual charact.u- ol the KxLra lied in
Warder.- lijrLicultur.il ivevicw.'^

W. II. )>

-<•»-

We commend th" following excellent article to the
]i i:;i( ular att.Mition ol .(ur readers. Tin; eheri-y is
jaor.' dilli.ailt to transplant suceessddiy than anv

(*t!ier Iruit tr.'". — —

F'T tl)f Farm .Iioiriial.

Culture of C herry Trees.

Messrs. Kmioits:

this reasou avoi.i bu-" tall tr..es f.r planting.

lb n.>m..an. remove a ha.nn.m anv part of the
tn-e during the first Summ.-r. B-fu-e planting, rea.l
th.> artieh. ,n th.' dournal for ISo.-,, v,d. L>, p. ;;od, an.l
vol. ;>,, p. IL>. Th.. lattrr arth^le (bv A. W. <\,rs.,n )
shoul<lbe.s/..,/Wby ad wh.. are planting fruit gar-
dens as ,t bears the marks of veteran a.apiaintan.-o
with the subject.

With this car.' it is ..no (d' the easiest things t.) es-
ta])lish a ^^vusi^ u\' (d.erry trees. (),„•(. .ef, they gr.,W
rapnlly; th.. yd, M,rish.,n Hh' poorest ami thinn.'s't T./ds-

Th-ie is an opini.m, an.l it has T . ui -^"'T "" '"""'^^ ^"'^"
been "xpr"..e.l in the dournal, that eherrv tnvs ar.^ .J "' ""^ -ly in tb.^ Nuunmr; tie- tree
aioro .blH"ub to transplant than other fruit tr-.. , ZZn^ri^ --M."-t...l by th.- Antunu, gn.wth
With the .same mode ol pr.n-.edur.' th.^y eerta.nlv are "^^'^^^ "^'^^ ^ «"-^l^/\to bear .,..,, „,. n..x.

I.atirtre.ted a. the e.u.tituti.>n .r tin'tre,'::; ui V ':rT " ' I 'T'' '' '''''''^^^ "''^''^

theyhveaal ,.-ow a. e-rtamly at. 1 as fre.-.y\. an ^^^^^^^^^^^

1 , , . ^ ^" ' flhalh.w nninmg ro.,t<, and .'r.aitlv r.'.luee the

apple tree .»r a i.Ium tre.-. .• , . . ^ -^ I'^u.. int

,„, , ■ r .•<!■ , . Si^-e and amount of th.' fruit.

iue Chiet diiler.-nf.' r.Mi!t:^ ii-nm tie- t.-iebTnopj* of

Altlmiigh eh. -rry trees are hot litth. ]i;j,i,. (,, .p,^

the ro(y/.!f of the cherry tree. They do not b"ar .s

caa they l.ear to staml in wet ground, or in a wet hole
in the grouml; n.u- will tin; tree bear to be w.)iind.Ml
late in th" .S[»ring, aU"r the bu.ls sw.di in Mar.di;
grafts Will n.»t grow if s.'C aft.u- that tim.', tlmu-di
they grow .piit." Ir.'.'ly if ins.-rtc;.! b.'loiv; nor will it
answer i . rai.^.; or dig u[> the tree so hiLo for trans"
I'iaiitin'j;.

posure to .Irv air, n.r th" b-ast tou"h of fn.sf n..r ' , '" ''■'''''^' 'v^' "»-'^^«^«' they are n..t ex. nipt, or

caathev bear to stan.l in wet ;,rouml, or in a wet'h.de ' """'I'^ '" ^'" '^"'^' '■^'""l'^'"" ^" ^I.." d.^r-e that

w.uu f.u-th at the e.xpnlsi.in ..f ..ur fir-t Tan-nts, fr.uu

th.' ganl.ai pr"parea b)r th"m. an-l whieh impos.-.l
toil among tleuais an.l thistI.-< a^ th" futur.' pric f .r
every thin- it .• .ntai.i" 1. ('h,.rry tr,.'..s solb'r, wh.ai
young, from ap!iid"s (d"-.troy,.d by t..bacco water,;
and .-lugs, (.b-.rroy"d by .lulling with lime ..ra-^h.'s.)
Th.; r.iots are oft.'u eat.-n by w.^nns, ami the trunk,

AMii" roots .b> not b.'ar to be set .leep into the . .'^ ^""^^ ;-' '^^-'^ -^-> '-^ w-ms ami the trunk,

cold wet ground, and it being their natural habit t.> '"^7^'^^ " ''^''" '^ '^'^''' '"I*""'^'^^' ^'^ ^'"^ ^^^^^

nni a! e.g clo.e bem^ath tlie surface, they must of =^'^'^ "' ^-^' ^'^'' ^^^-^'^ ''-^^--'•i' Th.' best proven-

'•'^ur-e l)e plaut.'d shallow ^"'''' '"'•'''■''' '' ^^ '''^^'''' ^''" ^'"""'^ ^'^ '"' shaded by its

Tlienecessitv.d'.)b>.uw.ngthefdl..win.^directi,ms'"'''?^ ""''"" ^'^ ^'^li^^.^'"- '^"<1 this e.mrse also ad.Js

^^■1' t"" -I'lKUvnt from what has been ^ud, and is ' ^'■:i; ' ? "" 1"""'^ "'"^ pnHlu..tlv"n..-s .d" the tree.

i'r"\"d bv.'xp.o-ieiiee. ' rlnu'ry b.ung a transient fruit, many are re-

Haise Ihe trees in the Fall if possible, (in ( Vt or "^'^''"^ "l '"'■'" '' ^^^^^^^^^'""^ '^'"^ ^^^^'"^^ i"'" '-'^'-i-

orearly Xov.,) immediately coat th., roots by plumnn. ""!':"' ' I '^'^'■'""" " ""'■^' ''"''""'^' a.la,t...lne..s lor

in mud, or covering with li.ht .Iry soil, if Lt t^ b^ ""'r" - ^''^ ^ ''T =^^^ l''^"' '"^ '-'^"""^ ^'^ ^^^--

carried far Ti tl. . -i > ' .i ' . i . ,• ^"'"^'''^ '*' '"'•>' '*"' ^''=^'* twelve .u- fiCt.M.n ditf.-r.'ut

v^tvrntu lar. 11 the sod where tti "y ar.' to be planted )s , • i i' ,

notverv l.h)^,. ■... 1 l,-.- u . • .i i k^nd^. l.u'th.. saiu" reas.m it is not advisable t.'

"uv,>Lrj iuos(j aiel .lr\ , elioose a spot in the ^ar.b'U , - , .

orelsewhen^ •.•> I l ,.,",-, i , !i ■ •.. !''=i"f "»:^"y "' "i'<' '^"rt, niil"^- mte iding lor mark. 't •

v^i uisLwneie, .i.i I j.iirv li." r.) ot-. there to r.uuain till ,■!,•. ■ , ..

or elsewhere, an 1 bury ib,. r.) .t-. there to r.uuain till
Spring; fill the fine m mid among the roots and heap
enough over them to ensure aL]^ain<t frost or wet, for
t^iey are qnite as tender as pjtatoes. Plant .'arly in
tlio Spring; take out only one tree at a. tini"; prun.'
the bruised .uid- .d roots to sound wood, ami imnn-di-
atelyplaee it in th" previously prepared , -hallow hole,
and filter in enough fine mould to cover th- routs; so
proceed with the others, and aiLerward.s fill the holes,
n all this, let it bo a main care to avoid exposing the
roots.

many .d' th" kinds rr.juir.' but litth- .-'pace, .--p •eial-
ly ir grown on .Iwarf stoidv-. l)uk"S in this form.r.'-
iptii-" but -IN (U- "ight s'ju:»re yar.i-. Lar"-.' "-rovvin"-
staudard> re<piire thirty to forty.

w.M, (). WAm.\(;.

N.'ar Pioal-burg, Centre county, Pa.

Although in draining land thoroughly, your purse
may be drained, yet the full crops that follow, will

soon fill it up again,

208

roM>[[^yT(V\'noys--r, xnoKi iv rows-iiAM r,ETTiVG.

mmmrrw •^•vvw

fOcTonER

For the Farm Journal.
(.,.4»L^ ill Cliitkyiis.

^Ir. Editor:— In the July number of the Farm

i-AV'^vt in Cuws.

Mi> US. Editors: —

At the solicitiitiMti (,j -^ lii.-nd
Journal, a correspondent asks a cure for thut pla;^u(i | wli • lii^ saved ;t vnlii iMo cow Ir )m tih- \i:nuU of tl '
of the poultry breeder— "«rap(;i." .\,,'.v r\.T_v oih- '"i^f^'her, I am ii; lnr. ■! hi mak'' kn-^Mi throu;;h vour
who has f
every tl

obtaining a specific— 'and as there is hd such thin^j^ as
this among the human race, there is probal !\ nnne
amonu the race of chickens, for T iiiM^ine ihit .-hick-

poultry breeder— "«rap(;i." .\,,'.v r\.Tv oi... "'hc.hu, i am ii; mrr.i m maKr k,i, ,,.,,, tln-ou.rl, y.^j^j.

,s suffered in this wise has doul.t!.^. '•;rl..,l ;'"''""'^^. '^ '••■"»'-^Lv ^'^^'- tiu' -.ir;,^et. feome yoars since

, I 1 met witii a Inip nnn>)rt>'<l 1 >nrham cow, .,1. the wav

iin- but without success, or rath* r v..il,out to the bwirhcr, ih." own..,- paitm- ^^nU h r ,n nm.Z

'■ ^^^^^^i. The

ens have their ilic-vncracio.'i a- \v

as liirli,

IJut

queuco of h^r boin-j:; aJiliii.Ml wuh th
owner had lri»'d ;i!l th.' iiMta! iiiMih^s of oVadirat'in'i^
tli(^ disease, aftei- w hich h^' put Iht uti<l,'i' diar^.^ ,T
a (!i--t I ir.: niched \ cicriiiaria!), whiMil'i'T ;l six inunih '
attciiiiaii'-c, (iis,-li U'l;'<"1 lifi" as mriirnlih'.

I>.'ciiiin;j: her :i ;i;i)(>d suhj.'ct I'm- a t r.'atiu.'Mt wit

%vith()ut further preface, 1 wi!! ;:i\(' vmu t!ic r.'^uli d

Miv >nia!lrxp.'ri.'nc<' in thi< iiiiU.m-, premising; that, \ >•"*""% J^nd net kiiowiii;;- wlicliicr it had hccii used in

, 1 ' , . , • f • • 1 -1 i.i 1 r the ea (', I piu'rhased her at what >^he was woi'li J, r

the tr.-atment is net oriL'aiial Avirh lU'', althiMiLi-h 1 , ,■ . ,' • , , / , \>*»uni(.r

, r- . 7- , '"'"^- At that tmi.> she <rave but a i<'\v drops (d'milk

cannot rcmeiiihurwh-t her 1 heard <»r read oi ir,l think .^t a time from one te.it, th<M»ther three havini; ceased

the hitter. No oin', hM\ve\>';\ to \vhoi;i I jia\-e m<'n- to ^i'dd any-— the udder and ti'ats were swollen and

" it sr-rmed to hiv.' h!M-n awar'' oT its cdlieaev, , '':^''d. 1 determined to make u>e oi" iodine in thciorni

f iiin'

1-1 -1 . ' ^ I I -.1 . 1 . • 'd hvdriM(hite ot potash, hemix so vent ni waN'r Miid

whieh. NNilh nti' at lei^t, has liith'-rto hei'n eei'taan, •,..', ■■ , i-f- • (v 1 ^>-i i,.iiia

il it ianiMl to e.\!i:hit its (dh'ets on thi' sv>tem I wmiM

ultliMiiM-h justice requires 1 sliouhl say, tliat there are

resort, to an ointment, ('J*) Li;rains iodine t*) I oinnc

Koiui- who ha\" tri'-d it at m y rceunim-Midat ion and, | hoi^'s lard,) aj)plied externally, to the udder and t^ats.

as they allege, witlumt success. | I eommemMMl hy .^^ivin^j; 1<) i^rains ot hyd. pota^h in

The chicks ^h^uld he kept aw.y Imn. th- barn- M^ table-spoonful of ^^,to■r, tli.ve tinn-s a dav, mix.l

*■ I ill a in:i<!i of <li(>rtv< mm. I mm'iI- <Mi.i thou^ll the doSG

yard, and be supplied with pure, clean uai-T, wnn-n ^ ,,.^, unu>ualiy snn.ll h,r;i cow. still, as it^wa^ ^dving
I deem to be necessary, altii'aij^h ^onie contend that unm!stak(d)le si^rns (d" crfeet, 1 did not inena^c thi;
the moisture contain-d in the j'.M.d ;;i\.'n them i> '•"■^''- Ins. -ve. . d;;yv, she ;;av'Mnilk frcidy, from rarh

«..,]• ^ . i.- 1 ! I 1 . ' t'Mt. an<l in th'/ec wc.dcs she w.is disch;ir"ed a^ eurt-d

sufiicient; dirty water, partkMiiarly barn-vard water,,,,,, 1, • .1 r • "~ • ,

'^ . . .. _ ' . 1 he result m the lore^oin.:; ease \Nas so lav.n-alde,

is a certain cause oi the "gapes." Your August cor-
respondent's means of prcocatiou, are good beyond
question, and entire!}' conformable to my own vie',N>,
and inasmuch as "an ounce of prevcnuoii is worth a
pound of cure," w.oul 1 seem to leave no mu'c to Im'
aaid; but your duly correspondent a-ks for a <'m'Cy
meaniu;^; of course, the removal 'd a di-;i-e wiiieli
exists, no matter how acquired.

The plan I have adopted, is to take the d.ick and l','"*^' '■"'";'''" *^*"-^^" .'"
^ ... 1-11 '■''' e.otnplf't'> ali-orpt loi

ush a camel's pair,pen<-d. or p.irt.y stripped leather, j, „,■,,,,.. ,,^,; ^j,,. jj,.^,,,,,,.,,

pus

dipp'^d in turpentine, down tiiroiit:-h the ^nillcl into
the crop, aid turn il tlierein two or i\\vo.\) times, on
"withdrawin j: i(. a nuaih'r ■■.*^^ small worms t!ie cause
of the disease, wili prohahly h' hrou,^ht away; tiiis
}uav 1"' rei-.'arc} tie' f ill 'wiiiu'; day, once. howe\(M',
usu.iUy sulli ■•■^. ddi" lir-t tlin • 1 tried it was imi the
kill or cure pvinci['i'\ and ncetln^ witli entin^ sie--
cess, on a very bad subject, I have coiuinucJ, when
there was occasion for it, the use of the sam^ means,
and so far without h)0sin;5 one operated o!i.

If you deem this .d' >iiilici,'iit interest to (diiiin a
space in your us;dul, practical -' >urnil, I shall be

that I ads ised my nei;i;hbors who had cows afflicted
with the ^ar^et, to make a trial of the same remedy.
1 have known of its trial \\\ at learst forty cases, and

ill everv one the eu'-e has been efl'ected with even the
alio\e named smai! (lose, A lar"-er ouaiititv eould
he used at a dose wi'h sai'etv.

*

Anyone aeipniint-d with tin* effect of iedinc on
the human system, kiiov.- its tendency to pro luce an
absorjition of the manini;e. 1 >r. K. < 'rates, I'hiladel-

n the "Mcdlca! l'',\ainiiier." ot
I (d' the female breast li'ein
I'ecovcred tlieir o>'i;:iiial dt-
velopmeiiis alter a hijtse of a y ar. Iodine i>prin('!«
]);illy enjployed in disea> 's ot" th(> ahsorlients and
Lrhmduiar systems, (.^ee U. S. I'ispeusatory.)

HvdriiMlate (d potash can l-e pi'ocureil o! an a]iet!i'
ecar\', and dissulveil >o as to aUow 10 grains to eacii
spoonl'ul id' ^varer, in<'reasinj; the do-e till it ;j,ives
eil'ect oil tc-lin^:: liic urine. — [ W >.'ton <■ hiltivator.

i:p>i:x wiuiit.

D'jdham, ■}'di\^ -jih, i>'» '.

— -*^*- ■— —

Ham B<tltini;.

•Toin-- AVid)l), a well known I'bi^ijiish breeder of
lutli i'own Sheep, lias f,r several years heeii in llie
•acLice (d jeitini!; his r.iin- lor the vca.nn. ar juihlic

pleased that a remedy in which 1 have faith, should .;^;,.j-,„;, jj,, .„.:,,.:, [,,, i„„,„ very e;reat,and ifdic
have so extended a circulation as it will thereby ob- ' prices he i-.ccivo coniiiiue \m increase, he may'ere

tain.

p ,

^^j , lonf]; rival the eelobrated Uakewell. At his last let-

A"t a future time, if you should porn.it „.^ T will ■ ';>'«. "-l-'l' •"■;!> \- ' '^ f«"' «'«>«k. 7«;^ ^^^^^'''y;;;';^

... shcett wei-.> let 011 an av(M-ajx*' <>t ' Is.— equ.ii u^

give my views upon poultry rai-m- m :-^"'>"'- '!• ^''^^ ! ji;ill eaeh-and one lor l;;«) -uin.Ms. bein- th- hi.d''
as every body thinks their method best, 1 cenaiuly ,,.t pj-i^-c over broimht by a.ny (d' .Mr. \Vehh'> runs.
have no wish to be sin^^ular, and therefore won hi only d'hi ^ ajiioMl wa^ l,i.l olfby .Mr. lloteli— whoia we jirc-

do it for the boaefit of those who have, a, yet, »o ' «"■"!' \^^^; 'V^'- '= 'V ''• i ^^^^^{^^^r^'^^

^^ ,^.. ; i\. ^ . At the' dinner given by .*l.i". >V cl)0, ->ii-
method, I .— Uwynedd, Aug. -U, ^--i- j ^jj^ hansomely complimented by the rresideni !-^

We hope our correspondent will give us his views his spirit and enterprise, and replied in an appropn*
on Poultry raising.— [AW. ' iite speech.— [Boston Cultivator.

1853.1

vui rr.

I'OO

Ai»i»i.i:s.

II ecdoi-j wilh lar^e terminal

bronck, from %vboin he first rer-.dved tlie fruit. Its
at'ractive appearance v> HI alwa\>niake it pf.ditable
f<"" mail;et. It caue- iip,, heai-m^ early, and is \ei'v
prMduciive, The nr,-,,uth -d' the voiin;: \vo(,d is sien
der, and id a ii-ht t-row
buds.

I liui;..t iivdium si/e, regularly formed, routelidi
I ovate or fap.fi„;r to the eye, skin smooth, the ^rroiind
ch;ar light _\ei|,.\v, nearly .Mvered 1 v livejv I'.-d
sfrif.es^ shaded with criiii-oii or purplish re.l ..n the
sunny si<le; stem ,,,!.• itich huej;, i-alher shn der, curv-
ed and deeply sunk in a regular cavity: caly.x set in
a deep, rather broad basin; fjesj, white, sometimes
tinged with red, tender and juicy, vitli a rndi, sp' i-dit-
ly sub-atdd flavor. Novcmiier to April.

Kig. 'J. lvs(UTs Si'FTZKNU(K(i.— Tills ri<di and bigh-
/ ly tlavore.l fruit originated at Msopus, on the Hud-

son, a district rather eej(duated for itn superior
ajiples. It is ranherl l,y many as e(pial to the \eu-
town Pippin, and as unsur|ia-s,.d |»y any othei- vari-
ety Larire oridiards (d" ii are ej-i.wing in New York
Fig. l.Jov..TnAV Apple, Philip Ricn,KiNG?niur State, ano me cont.nueu popui.ntv anu e-n-at ,ie-
OFSOMi: . oM.K(Tn>vs.-This is .me (d our most beauti- „,;ind tbr it in .,ur Mstern cities, with its unii.rmly
hi! aptdes, and fVom its flavor, ami productiveness (^,i, ,^p,,„,,,„,,. ,„,„,„,. 5^ ,„,,.„,• ^,,.. ,j.„st prolilable
iswu-thyof es:t'n^ive cultivation. for ondiard <ailture.

It was brou;j;ht into notice by the late dH ]_:e Buel, The tree is rather a slow grower, of upri-ht habit
who described aiel named it after JonaUian Has- when young, with slender shoots, hut lia\in^ l-ai '•

/

/

y

*^~.,. .--'

Fi^. 1. donatban Apple.

Pig. 2. Psopus Spitzenburg.

pendulous branches, wlnn In full beai-ing. Pears ' with a ri(di liigli flav.u-ed, somewhat spicy jui. e. Xo-
tnoderatfdy. Fruit large, deep red with gray spots, vember to I'ebi u iiw.
oblong, tapering to the eye; skin smootli, deci red I «o^

leep red

pi: \K*^»

bvcly, with indistinct r.Ml or crimson stripe^; stem i

thr'^e-fouiths ol an inch lung, slender, deeply insert. Fig. h liEURRL' Pi:ow.n, or bj.i.iiKK' (Jris. — 'ihls

'cd m a rather wide cavity, calyx small, set in a slial
lov^ somewhat furrowed basin; flesh yellow, firm,

old variety where it eucceds at all, still maintains the
character it so long held, of being equal at least to

; "^ V?i#'liW

210

FRfTIT.

lOrToiiKR

ftW>"ii»iP"i6Wi i:i' —

1853.]

Fig, o.Beurre Brown, ur Beurre' Uris.

any other, and superior to most. U th)"^ not nj^prar
to succeed well in Massachusott*^, liit thrivi s in \Ves-
tern New York, :ui<l produtMNs ubmnhnitly of rich
iii,i;h flavorcil, suli-iiciil fruit. In town and cities,
wlipro it h;>s ^(uni' prnttM-tion, and in rich warm soils,
it is well worthy .»i" ciiltiin'. Mar^nin'j,- sjx'aks of it
"as one ol the best of the old vari<'fi<"s." It suc(u>ods
finely on th*^ Qninco. boars abvind;i!itlj, and is well
tidiipted fnr tlie small |i;arden.

Fruit larj^p, ol.lon;:; oltovate, tapering towards the
«tem, in a coarse manner; skin vtdlowish srreon,near-
\y covered witli thin russet, often a little reddish
brown on nno side; stem tliree-fonrths of an inch lon<^
j^tont and ol)li(iu(dy inserted, thickenin<; into tln^ fruit
calyx set in a sliallow ])asin. with reflexivi se<rments;
flesh ;;rr.'nish white, melting, very juicy, with a per-
fumed vinous flavor. S(>ptember to October. lirown
Beurre'is of French ori'iin.

Fig. 4. BruRRF/ OiFF.\nT.--This is an early pear
riponinn; aboiit tlie same time as Madeh^ine, and only
introduced into tlie country within two or three vt^irs.
It is iif Fi-'iiih ,.r r»cl^ian ori^rin. AV(> importfd a
few trees of it into Chester county last s(>as()n, whitdi
did not fruit, ])ut a fVicn"! of ours uNo iraportcd some
trees, from which lie was fortunate in obtainin;^ t wo
or three speeiinens, and describes th(^m as beiu^i; of
the highest quality, and a valual)le additi(Ui to our
list of early jx^ars. It succetMls well on the (Quince,
kas dark red<lish wood, and rather small foliat^e. IIo-
Tey describes it as follows: "Size medium; lorm py-
ramidal, full at the crown, tapering to the stem, with
a somewhat elongated neck; skin fair, smooth, yel-

lowish ^rrpT\, pah' ytdjow when mature, somewliaf
sti-ip('d and UKjttled, with brilliant red on the sunny
side, and dotted with pale russet specks; stem long,
about one and a half inches in lenfj;th, sh^nder curved,
and obli(iuely attached to the fruit, by a awoUeu and

Fi;^. 1. Beurre' Giffart.
fleshy Junction; eye medium 8ize,open and very slight-
ly depressed in a small basin; segments of the calyXr

riTf:RllV FHSnVVL^ANAFVSlS or SOILS.

o

11

short, stiff, projectinor; flesh wbit^, fii,.'. m^'ltin- aiei
very jnib\ : llavor ri,h viii-ms ;in"l r^'fr.'^iiin;^, with a
spicy aruma; C'>re small; simmIs obovate.

Clierry l^'estival.
Tii'^ foil »w;ii;a- -omit by Dr. Kcnnlc .tf. tak.Mi from
the Horticulturist, ot th- trial ..f Dr. Kutland's n.-w
flee-llln- .'licrrie-^, at < 'Irv. 'land, Ohio, was a.vidM,,.
tally omitted in our la-^t number. 'i'he test they
were 8ul>niitt<>d to, was b )th just and s 'vcrc, and
a> t!i y withsto )d tln^ trial so well, the Dr. may
;vi.Il !.(. ('omplimentetl ibr the very rare <^ood fortune,
iHipr.MM'd.Mjted in this country, of ori<^imiting ho
l;ir^(> a number ot new and valuable Hu'edlin-^s --
T!p' forthcoming book on fruits, by F. U. Elliott,
will no doubt be posted up, with a minute and
fiirtli'M- description.

It i>^ well known to the old rea<lers of "TIk; Iforti-
( uituiist," that Dr. Kirtland lias bet;n lon;^ en'M<r(Hl
in testiii;: seedliui; clirrries from the olil v7'lh)W
Spanidi, fertilized by Black Tartarian, American
AiiiIxT, Mav Duke, an<l Arch Duke, and T.i.^^il.ly^
(•tlier varied. .s; tUou^n tlies(! sorts «^rew beside the
tree ef Yellow Spanish, that furnished the seeds of
these Kirtland Cherries, (which F. K. Flli,,tt has oc-
casitHilv described,) and many others, not yet brou'dit
into notice on ae('<tunt of the ^reat reluctance of Vho
Doctor to penii it a fruit, not fully espial (o the best,
to get abrv)ad before tlie pro. lue. -'of years lia> 'Mveii
repeatc'l teMiniMny iii hivor of the daim.N ,,1" the^'new
CHM'lidate for notice.

file way the Doctor mana<;ed with us showed both
seii.itiv. ness and coniid<'n<-e. Mi. Elliott took us all
up te boekport before sliowin;; us the ( 'iierri<'s of his
own plantinLT; :in.l there we found Dr. Kirtland, pre-
pared to L^et a candid opini(»n from every one, not
capable uf determiniii;:^ the identity of a variety,
when placed alon;:side i,i others the most nearly re-
PniiKHiij; if. S.)me twenty or thirty dishes of Cher-
ries w re arran-ed, designated by numbers alone;
^'ii'i as til" variety passed round, we w(!re rcfjuired j
'""iter the number, iind wri e down our opinions'
i'uaiiist ii; and at the conclusion of this ex imination, '
;i nuMdnr was called and we read off our remarks iii
siir.'r^son— no one Ixdn;: ex(;used— and //ini Dr. i
^^ii-tiaiid announcM'd the namr of the Cherrv, and '
pivo it«< history: and tliou-h (as we knewj tlhjre
^^"'■;' ^eme half dn-Aon s(jrts of the best old Cherries
artfully arranged, so aa to escape deteetion ifpos.ibl(>
yet, m nearly everv in-taiic, tlu' Kniln,i<l S^rJ/nr/.'
Kere t/w one.s selected as ''best!" And what must
have pleased the ,d,l Doc or better than this unbias-
eU testimony in favor ..f his Cherries, we all scdected J

asMc best those sorts wlii(di an* most esteemed bv '
himself a,„| p ,; ,.;j,i^,,^

^" lily blind n.)tes, Mammoth an<l Delicat.' are set
aown as the very best; but the majoritv rated about
as follows:_Of there.ls-liov. Wood, Deli, ate. Kirr-
unasMary,and Uockport IJi-arreau; IJelh,' d'Ciioisv
^cmj: niMked a. "be.i" in one instance only. Of the
jUcks--liiaek Hawk and Osceola were entindv a-

And n >vv, jur the ;:r,vat paint of w .rth, and the
wonder of ail^-^cxeept my first favorite, the maiu.uofh,
which IS a j)0(.r bearer, and possibly two or thnMH)lli-
ers, n..t yet before the f»ubllc--aH "of thes- thirty (m-
forty se,Ml!in,-s are tli.- most pr.)litie of Cherries. beat-
HI- tlieol.l sorts om of all (■..mpari.on, in many in-
Htances, and beatin- th'-in suflieiently in ev. rv <;ase.
I he limbs were liteiall y luasM-d with" fruit -and .y^/c/i
l''»»'t • <|h : yuu s.hnuLl iiave l„M«n there, friend Kar-
rv,(or— althou;j;h you are not in tlie liabit ol ^^n\u<r
off m ecsta.des over every nnv thiM-~-you arr eapa"
ble of appreciating e.N;(Mdi. Mice, and ;j;ivin^M)thers just
and sensible notions of the worthies (d" th.' (lav---a-
mon^r which I am incline.l to rank th.; Kirtland Cher-
ries pretty near the head of the list in J>omolo-y. I
teel ^'rateful to friend KHiot for the chance of seeinrr
and eatin;r to repletion, th.vs.^ delicious y)roductionH oT
the West, and I assure iiim— as 1 now do vou— that
should his fbrthcomin;; book not n;o U^yond Ihr ('kn-
ries, even, it can not fad of interesiin"- nomolo-rists
the Union ov( r. " * " '

-*•*

Analysis of .Soils.

Every observin- farm.^r is aware, that there id a
p.o. d:ffercnce in the a^jricultural value of ...:..,
both as re;^rards the ease with whi(di they can be cub
tivated, and their tmtunil cajiacity for p-ow \\<^ ^'ood'
crops of corn, -^rain and ^rass.'s. '] his f.iet is'^muoh
niore observable in the hilly, rocky re;;ions (d" Now
England, than in some otlea- sections <d' our countrv..
There are innnen^,. tra<'ts of Jaiid in s<.in- .d' the
West.'rn Siate>, that vary but little in their a^irieui-
tui-al value, as far us their ability to produce such
crops an? concerned. So alike are these soils in tlieir
}»hysical coielition, mineral and or;;anic composition,
and mechanical textur(!, that fifdds of tlieusaiids of
acres scarci ly exhibit any diffci-ence in the evenness
and (piality of the corn, or other crops f^rfiwiii-- up-
on these extensive fitdds, when under the same course
of cultivation. Smdi are tin; soils of the Miami
and S(doto bottom lands of Ohio. In I.Soi, jt vvas
st:ited in the < 'i n<t iiiidt i durj'/fc, "that on the (j^reat
Miami Bottom, about 2o miles bidow Cincinnati,
there was om; fi(dd (b<don;^in;^ to sevia-al owmjrs) sev-
en miles lon;i; liy thrcM! miles broail, which had been.
re;;ularly planted to (;oin for nf;arly half a century.
In the Wabash \'alley tluire wi're als > extensive
corndiehls:— one between 'Wwvi) Haute and Lafay-
ette, bein::; ten miles Ion;;."

From the <;reat and Ion;; continued f(>rtilitv of the
soil of the Scioto Valley, it has ;;enerally l»een sup-
posed that that S(.I1 is vastly ri(dier in the inor;;aiiic
basis of a feriile soil, vi/.:, pota-b, soda, lime, the
ph()sj)hates, k\, th-an the soils oi xMa^sachuhCtts and
Xew Hampshire.

Exdiov. Trimble, of Ohio, Pj-e-.ident'of th" State
Eoard of Ae;riculture, says in the first annual Re-
port, (ISIb) "that one bundr<'d and fifty i)ush(ds of

Id

a ijc

'•'"^ "'""// of the.dd blaeks. The Doctor, aud'Eo-

-n ' r ;, .^^-^^^ '^o^kosott, are down (.n invliM;th'

J^oc^or IS a very 8weet Cherrv, and all the jdacks

ffw'^f^"^^ W"\V, superior; but unfortun itelv, very

w ot tiiom were ripe; and ho som • of the reds. And,

onp nr ^^^'',^^^^0 are some forty varieties in all; not

« ot which but is more worthv of cultivation than

^arge portion of the old world\'arictios.

corn have been ^^atlcred irom an a ere, (,iii of
of one hiiiidred acres, each acre (d' vniKdi wa^ esti-
mated t<i pi-odiice an erpml Tiumbei of budie!^ d'iils
was a, I extraie/diiiary crop, and was th" re>ijh, li >
doubt, (d" extraordinary (aihnre; but the jaet doit
some of the bottoms (»n the S(dofo have been cjiiiva-
ted fortydive years ill e.i-n withMijt rotation or ;•,.•-.,.
and th:it tiiey con! iiiue to produce from fifty to seven-
ty-flve bushels to the acre is conclusive evidence wl
their ;;r(nit fertility and doraliility."

The bottom lands of Oiiio are, probably, in Rome
respect?^ diff'rent from the prairie Hoils of HlinoiM.
From the li;;ht and friable nature of the prairie soil^;,
they offer so little resistance to the plow and other

212

ANALYSIS OF SOILS— ICR IIOUSKS.

0.

TOUER

' V^- ^ -«.^-— ^. r-| TwiWM |M_u

iinpU'iiK'nts used in their cultivation. tfuiL sumo ut"
t!ie hir^Mi curn-;j;r()Woi'8 of Middle Illinois *'ostimate
th«i expense from the limo of startin^j; tlm^ plow, till
tlie coin is cribbcid or harvested, at only troiu 1 uir t >
six cenlJi per bushel."' So said the Editor ot" tln'
I'rairie Fanner some two years a;!;o. To raise corn
thus cheaply, the soil andelimato must be peculiarly
ndapted to its growth and niifurity; and as litth^, or
no manuie is used upon the prairie cv»rn-tields. it is
ovident the soil must natiiralhj c jntain all those eh;-
jnentary constituents, in an availabl*' loi m, r"<|'iired
for a iiealthy and vi;:;orous o;i-()\vili ol the piam.

Analysis "a thousand tint's rep ' itcd," iiiV'" piMV-
od beyond all ipn'stion, tliat the asii m our coliiva-
ted plants contain iji appf'-'-iable (piantitii's soni" tm
or (deven carlhv iti;;i-''du'Mis. That th'^-; car'Jiy
H.iUs; iMinj) tsiiiLr ill:' ash, can only be ttl/iaiu -d Ir.toi
the soil in \vhi;*n the plants ^rr.'W, is a ^ ■ll'-^'vid.;Ml
fact; lor it has been sutisia-toiily ascertaiiicd, liiat a
soil aljsolutely dolmite ui' sum.' two or tlircr ol liio*-
important inor;.';anie bodies is iin'apabli' of ^^ri^wini:;
corn, L;;rain, it.*., in |.('rfiM-tion. A siil wanting the.«.vj
sannot yitd I seed eapabl«' o! r^'producin;!; its knid.

In accordance with tli^ aboyr ('X])r(\>sed views,
Professor Johnson say -^, "a soil to be Icftile, must
contain all the substances which tlie plant wc desire
to ji;row can only obtain trom the soil, and in such an
abundance as readily to supply all it> wants; while
at the same time, it must contain noiliin^-; hurtlul to
veijetable life."

That the Ohio and prairie soils spoken of in this
paper are vastly more productive tium most of our
Nt^w England soils, is a universally conceded fact,
and the cause of this exuberant fertility has general
ly been supposed to be mainly due to their contain-
ing a much larger per centage ol ////^", jioia.di. soda,
&c., than the sods of the North. Hut carelully con-
ducted analyses of the soil ol the Sciot(j valley do
not seem to justify such an ;i->innptioii. In ISol,
Mr. l»avid A. Wells, of Cambridge, Mass., a compe-
tent chemist and analyst, was employed l)y the Board
of AgricultJire of Ohio, in "exiininiiig, analyzing,
and reporting on the nature and con)[) »itii»ii of the
soils ot that State." In the duly \o., 1 S.VJ. ol" Silli-
nia!!*."- -loiirnal (^r S.irnct^ and Arts, Mr. Wells has
{urni.^he(l a )taj).'r ou the '"Soil ol' the Scioto \ nlley.
Oliio,"' ill wliich he s:iys, "l)r. Daiia, (-(' Lowell, in
the cours ' o!" many yars exp-eri nee, lias c-olleeted ,
and preserMidlhe !•■ suits of more than four hundred \
analyses (d soils, tVom the northern portion ol this ,
Country. The analyses of the soils I hav(> ma'h' ir(»m ]
Ohio, and the analyses of all the si.ils resulting iVom ,
the drift agency, do notdiller iu<i'> ria/h/, so far as re- I
gards tluir inorganic con-^itiK nt-. 1 hat i- to sa}',
the soils of the Ohio, yiehling with little or no cul-
ture from seventy to eighty loishcls of corn t*> the
acre, are no beikr, so far as their mineral composition
•is concerned, than many (d t/ie Massacduisetts soils
which have a reputation for sterility. Slight ditt'cr-
cuces it is true, exist, but not to such an extent as
might be sn)>posed from contrasting tln^ relative pro-
ducts of the different soils. In what then is there a
reason for their difference in value to be found? It
cannot be in tic atlrihutes in which they agree —
which are their mineral constituents, but in the attri-
butes in which they <liHer: and these are the amount
and condition of the organic matter contained it) tln"
soils, and Ike fineness of tlieir eiemanfari/ jjai tides."
"The lirst and perhaps most interesting fact no-
ticed in the examination of these soils was the re-
markable degree of fineness of their constituent par-
ticles. In this re?pect I venture to assert that they
are not surpassed by any other alluvial deposits upon

the surface of the earth, some of the soils being in-
tli^ else than inpaljxilde poic(Jer.s."

From the remarks (d* Mr. Wells, in connection with
many other well known facts, we are of the opiniim
thit the fertility of a soil depends more upon the
fineness and commingled >-tate in which its elemen*
tary particles exist, than has generally been suppos-
ed, and we proposv! in a future; number to refia* to
some (jf the facts having n direct bearing upon the
subj<;ct. I ,j

\ Journal of AjrirAdtnre.

-«••-

Ice H(nises.

Mi:ssiis. Kditous: — 1 want to ctaistrnct iinineiriiUr-
ly a small ii'e rixtiire in my <-eihir fo>-fainilv u>c. My
ci'lhir is 41 i»y 4*> lee;, and S l',M't high; tlie waU ih
split granite, with a phmk iloor; it is prctiy ,]rv. 1
Would prc'h-r phu'ingit in tin; north corner, llcre is
my plan:

I w luld 'ii'st line oW upon the cellar coiner ilcur
SJl feet s-'juare : within this space stud up a roiin ti
f'-et '1 inclit-s, with -4 inch j(»ist, ami tioard up i.p.iii
rli" insi(lo. 'i'his room is then i) fc»'t stpmre iukI S
high, which is to receive the ice; j)itch this liinni ;\ll
ar<»und up ui the outside to keep moisture from get-
ting in or op.t, tii'Mi lioard up upon the stuiN, wiiieh
leaves a 4 inch space all round bctwen the simls;
then stud up aL.iaiii on two sides, and j'hink uj>, the
oih<rtw"o hein-f lorm<'d i)y the stone wall, lo inches
from the inner stmlding. This ll> inches of space
all round to be tilled witli dry saw-dust, (perhaps
wet saw-dust would do as well.

For convenient ingress to this fixture, I propoRe to
lit in, iK'ar the bwtioiu, a box or ("a -e ah' ait 7 !• ft ieiig,
1 foot <leei>, and '1 wid'', to extend from tie- Muiside
tiiroiigh til.' ico i-oonr. the ice is t«» b" lowrr,'.! ni irnin
the top and pa'-kcii in and around this pitclicii rase,
wiiii'li lias doulilr door> iiie'd with cloth, in tins case
is to be a ]iro\ ision chest to move in aii4 >ut easily
upon ndlers; this clu^st is to be in sepaial" apart-
ments f'»r the iTception oi' Iruit, butter, meat-, ac.
liut instead of this hori/.ont;Ll case and chest, I cuuld
insert ilioni in a vert cal position under the hapli-
wav at les.s expense, although it would be incrc in-
coiiveiiii'iii in g<'tting thecdiest in and (ait; tlien a;;am
I should not ha\es() compact a b xly of \k'{\

Wiiatdo you think (d' it? Will it answer? Is
the horizontal or the vertit'al way best? Am I
right in h'uving -I inches air spac(- '.' Stioiihl tne
salv-dust b" wet or ry ? Will looviiig the ].ro\isi('n
chest in and out on.-'' or twice m day mdt a\Nav dn;
ice too fast? ^- ^- ■^'•

North Lincoln, Me., 1853.

This plan of an ico house we c^'ushler an I'.xcelh m
on<': the s.^v-dust shouhl be dnj. Th<" air space is a
good ide-a, and we would ])refer the huri/.onta! draw-
er. There leadd b" some allowance beluw ierdrairi-
.''.ge. — [Scientilic American,

-••^

To rRr.vrNT I'l Tini) Fkkmkn'tation of Frink —
A iMivign chemical iournal states that by mix mi,'
muriatic acid with urine, it can be kept a h)n:;- time
without ae.piiring .a bad onier. It is ai<l:— In mo
mouth of September, LSol, a quantity nl J""'.'" . '''''
mixed with muriatic aci<l, and exj.osed lo ^'/•;^"""^'
CO of the air ami rain foi nearly a year. Ih^* "^i
during that period, di.l not change its condition, an
in the year 1852, during a very dry period, it entirt
ly dried up, and formed and odcrloss salt.

1853.1

ATKIN'S AUTOMATON REAPER

^n

WWKtKf^rvi- \%m. ttmA-f^.tim *Xm

^ip-.«i";

Atkins' .Vatoiaatoii, or Sell'-Kaking Reaper and

Mower.

Th ' above engraving we have procured with a
view of giving our rea<lers Si)ni ' Idea (tf this cele-
hratetl reaper, having the peculiarity above all others,
of all iiij;'nious attaehm-'tit, wiiieh. withmit adding
mu 'ii to t!i ' labor of the team, talo'S np the wdieat
Mil the platfoi-iii, as fa•^t as it accumulates enough for
a bundh;, and deposits it ready for binding, on one
side of the swath, more perfectly than it can be done
by hand.

.1. 1. Thomas, who witnessed its tri.vl at Geneva,
N. Y., says of it — "At the same time, the self-ra,ker
presented by d. S. Wri^clit, of Chicago, was ti ied — it
was truly an e\traor<linary cui'iosity, and excited the
highest interest. The sell-raking machine (attached
to llussey's Reaper,) is the invention of J. Atkins,
of Chicago, a person of great ingenuity, as this con-
trivance fully testlli<is. The rake swecp«^ the bed
where the fallen grain is deposit"d, pr(»sses it against
a toothe,! plate, and both, lioldIn.'i; firmly the bundle
<»1 i^rain thus coll(M;tt>d, swing round therpiarJer oi a
eirele otf behind, when they (ipcn wide, and dr^p
tlieir contents in a neat bunch upon the ground. All
thi'sc nioti(uis are accomplisheil by a very simple
piece of mechanism, aiel tln^y seem so nearly the im-
mediate result of intcdligence, that this machine was
generally called by the name of the "Automaton
Leapcr."

Its invention is (piite r(^eent, and it had scarcely
ever h.'.n u-ed before, and hence owdng to an accident
It did not succeed the first day of its trial. It was,
however, repaired, a temporary ree' attached, and
tried again on tlie2.'»d with entire satisfaction, prov-
ni^ decidedly the best sell-raker on the ground.

The origin of this invention is quite interesting,
anl is ndated as follows:

The inventor is Mr. Jcarum Atkins, late of Will
county, Illinois, now residing at Chicago. He is a
millwright by trade, and as- this invention testifies,
an original and remarkable mechanical genius. A.

bout t"n years ago he ha'l the niisf(»rtnne to be injur-
ed by a fill, and he has since bem almost wholly
confm 'd to his Ucd, being unable (!ven to sit up m()re
than two or t!iree minutes at a time.

Two or three years ago, a reaper was brougn, in-
to this neighborhood, and an opportunity eivcn h'm
to examine it Iroin his b(al lor a lew loinutt's. A
ftirmcr present, knowing his inventive nkill, ren)ark( d
to him, that if he "would only attach a raker to it^
he would make his fortune." Being a son of pover-
ty as well as affliction, compelled to rely wludly upon
his friends for support, they themselves b.lng al.s<»
poor, yet possessed of a manly, iiuleprndent spirit,
the remark awakened his thought and di temiina-
tion. \'ariou8 plans wc^re successively formed and
abandoned without trial, farther than a small mcdel,
till last Winter he struck upon a wholly inw arrange-
ment. Having nKuitally studied (uit the details, he
ascertained by matlnunatieal calculation, brlhre ma-
j king any part of his mod'l, tlie si/e, movcm'ait, and
(dre(!t of e.i.h sepai'ate piece, and then made one
part alter another of his m id-'l, aeeording to his
figures, put the separate pieces tog(;iher, and th«
wliolo me,vement wa>: efff>cte(l exactly as calcolated,
even to a little ris.- in thi* rake a-; it is drawn aerosrf
the platform. The model has not been altered, and
the full sized machine is almost precisely the model
enlarged.

Considering the novel and complicated motion-,
yet perfect sim[)licity and small number of pio'^r.s by
which thoy are produced, is shovs's a very high or h r
of mechanical talent to have at once perfected such
a macdiine, and in su(di a manner. Most inventors,
it is believed, get some parts to work right in a mod-
el, and then plan and add another and another, but
the wh(de plan of this Sidf-Ilaker was entirely form-
ed in the inventor's mind before a single piece of
wood or metal for his model was touched.

Seldom is it that an invention, involving anything
like the novelty and complicated movement of this, is
at once and so successfully introduced into practical

214

KKTCinilSrS MOWING xMACinXK.

mr-T.i:p,

US?, even when tlie inventor has iho henelit of much
experience in the branch (»f indn^^try for which he is
laboring; yet 80 thoruu;;h I V li;il Mr. Atkins stndiad
out all the difficultlefl U) Itc nhMaifi. that tljou<^h he
had n(;ver seen :i reaper Imt ..nrr, iml iIpii not at
work, — notwithslandiii;' li<' km-A iiotliin- ,,(" (rrain
cuttin;^, havin;:; from boyhood be.m closely devoted
to his trade till he bocuu • hcd-ridl n; still, so correct
were his views, thai vvhoro tiic ini-lianics <i<'viated
fi'ora his plans in construptin^ th-- m.icir.ii > |ni- trial,
it filled, and his wishes h 1 1 to be l'>lli»\vi'd out in
every pirtirular.

Ki;j;iit lir-t jM'.'niiiims were awarded to Atkins'
IleajM'r in lS")i!. It is warranted to l)i' a ^ood Stdt-
Rakin;; R'ap'T. t!iou;j;h not warranted as a Mower,
yef every ex|HM'iment in ;j!;i-ass lias li 'cn siic;m'ss{u1.

Pi-ire in ( '!iiea;:;.», $iGU, cash.

«#»

Kcfrluinr^ ^lowini^^ Marliiiu'.

AniMn;; tie' n» any difl'Tent niowin;; niaeliines which
have been testeii th,. jia^t Summer, in this section of
tho Union, we ha\e heard of n 'ne ^i\in^;sueli •'•ener-
al satisfaetitn a- ivetclium's. We have no interest in
one more than an other, and nnlv wish r > keep ,,ur
readers advise*! eif the elaims and reeoinm-ndations
of each, to enable them to jndi^e fur thenjselves
which is the best. As we anticipate a lar;;elv inereas-
• m1 (1 niand l)y another year, it is important that the
pecnliariti"s of each should be W(dl und<>rstood, as
well as the i-->ult of any trial exhibitions.

We hope to be alile to furnish a cut and descrip-
tion of eaeli now patente 1, in the Pennsylvania Farm
dournal. betore another season. Howard it Co., the
manufacturers at IbilValo.of Ketchum's stat.- that th(»v

Alanine ihv Autumn IJoses,

Mr. I\i\es. a famous IJose Cultnrisf. applies a mix-
have sold more than lOllO the present season, under tnre of ^\(MHl-a-llr^. aid ^uano in tic proportion of

80 the very convenient r rrangement by which ever
piece and part of tho machine may be gut at or t ^

ken apart.

Ttiird, A counter balanee attacled i-. the crank
sha!! which -i\e. tho crank a steady aiel uniform
inoti on. a-, well a. cause, tic machine to run much
easier than any before built.

Fourth, Every machine will be ma-h tn tln-.,w ,,ut

of ;4e;ir.

Fifth. Tite convenienee of oilin-j;. ev(^ry b-:,rln^
liavin- an oil cuj) sufhi-ient to hold oil f,,r a Ion- umr
by stuffing the same with cotton.

"I.N-sTurTcioNs FOR UsE. — Put the knifV bar to its
plae(>, and )).» sure all tin? nuts arc tight; oil the nui-
etiine well, excep* the knives: the brass })oxes ^l„,ulrl
be sLrie ly looke(l to, and not contin(;(l so nuich a^ to
eaus(> friction— also, particular care should !..■ eh-
serv((l to keep them W(dl oiled; guage themarhim- hv
the neck yi)ke strop, the front of knife bar wantiii"
to be a little higher than on a level; in very heavy or
lodged grass, attach the track (dearer at the eut. r
'''"'1 of the rack bar; in startln-.:, alwa\s lmvc the
knives a motion before comiuLT into the "Ta^^- the
driver sluuild always b<- on bis seat, ajid (lri\e \vitli
a steady brisk walk, and in H" ciisc turn /o the lefl;
to sharpen the knives, disconnect the piitiuan and
draw them out through tie- nrain wheel; in grinding
them, ))e careful and keep tic >anc hevei, the usuid
quantity to cut without sharpening, i.-> Iroiu li\c to
ten acres.

If th ' above diri^ctions are followed, we warrant
tiie macdiine to work as reconimcn<led,

iiowAi'vi) .^ vor

Price SI P\ cash, with extra cutter, dtdivered tui
b oard cars at Buffalo.

Ketchum's mower ttudv the first ])remlum at the

mowing exhibition at Mount Holly, N«!wdersey, and

M>)ntgomery I'ounty, Pa., b r tin? best mower, alse at

the trial in Springfi«dd, Ohio, and recfdved !i ^'ild

medal at the American Instituti; in New York, and

perhaps others of wliitdi we are not advised.
««#^ ■

half a jH'(dv (d ;4uano to a bu>iud (d a>hes to hi^ lat-'
roses, with most exc(dlent (dfect. About two (piarts
of the mixture is applied to (>a(di siirub or tree, iii a

the following warrantee:

"Ti»at said machines are capabb^ of cuttin'j: and
spreading with one span (d^ hors.vs and driver, from ^-ircb^ .duditeen iiudies in diameter around the stem,
ten to fifteen acres per <l.i\-. <d^ <iiui l-iu<l of' i/)a,ss, j wher(^ it is sutbred to remain undistnrbr-d until An-
heav!/ or li/ht, lo^t or dnjJ.(HijCil or standin>i: and do I t"'»^"- . '^ ^l'<"ild he ap.plied early in .lime and cnv-

•i. 1 ,.,.n ..:. ;^ .1 .r... ' .,-fi * .\ \ \\ \ A f''"'''l ^^ ''h ^i fblu ;/ras> muhdi. and the (dfe.'t wdl l»e

It as well as is done with a scythe by the ])est ,, ,• •,, • .i , i i i. „, tl.e

•^ that It will retain the dew and -h'twer, and keep tin.

tree in constant ami vigorous growth, ^vhicil very
necessary to the production of a goutl crop id llowers

mowers.

The recent improvements are:

Fir5t, Every Shaft his bearings at both ends, which i'^ tlu' lall.
entirely overcomes all crampiiKj, (tul cuffing; away
ofhoxinn.

Second, The simplicity and strength of the entire
giar, as well as the great con\cnience and ease in

-HT^

Potato Hot.

The Providence (U. 1.) Journal says that tin' pota-
to rot has made its appearance in W ishington cuun-

i^.vri

SUBSTITUTE FOR GUANO- IH)KSF TKA1>F IN NFW VOJIK.

215

Sul>stitutc for (iuano.

A reward of f^lonil sterling was offered some time
since, by the lloyal Agricultural Soi^ndyof lOngland,
for a niTchantable iirticle wbiidi shall poss(\ss the

fcrtiliz-iii"' properties of Peruvian Ouano, {jrovidod,
that it be sold at the rate (d' Co pt-r ton. Kflwin
i^ettit of London, (daims, as wt^ observe }>y rec(mt
arrivals, to have discovered the desideratum, \s hicdi
he ealls d-'ish (iuano.' lie, however, declines to af>-
ply for the premium, and says: "Would it be a {>ri/,e
to me to receive .ClOOt), on condition that I s(dl an
artich> at .Co, when its ascertained m;irk<'t valuer is
.£'.> p"r ton ? Give me a fleet of fishing boats, and I
will make as mutdi (iluano in twenty-four hours, as
the Myriads of Peruvian birds will make in a year,
(d as goixl a ipiality, and much low(U' price." Tiie
consimi[ition of Guano in Great Britain ranges from
I'.lD.Oiiii to 2()<^00(d tons per annum, which will give
an idea of tin; importance of the sui>ject to the ag-
ricultural interests there.

New sources of su])plv are iKuuij: souj^ht for, and
it is announced that a new discovery on the East
Coast of Africa has just been made, which it is said
will af?brd a "twenty year.-^ suijolv." (jluanoes have
also recently been dis(iovered in the Indian ocean, but
on analysis do not prove eipial to the Peruvian, and
tle-refore will not come into direct competition, re-
scinhling more those of Patagonia or Saldanha Day.

Professor Way's analysis of the different Guanoes,
resulted as follows:

P.]

riivian.

Ammonia.

per cent.

17,41

7.30

2.34

1.G2

Phosphate of Lime,
per cent.
24.12
30.(13
44.00
50.04

gjtting at each and every nut about the machine; al- ty.

Ichaboe,
Patagonia,
vSaldanha Bay,

Four specimens from the Indian ocean, also ana-
hzed by him gave of ammonia, per cent.
i\u. i— l.pj No. 2—1.11 No. 3—3.82 No. 4— 1.87

The Patagonian (iuanoes, although deficient in
aniinonia, contains a large p(^r centage of P losphate
of Lime, whicM makes them valuable in IjUglaml for
tlieir great crop, that of the Turnip. The Guano
from the Indian ocean, will be valued for the same
reason, and as the Editor of the Chronicle remarks,
'^^'il! pndjably cheapen Phosphate of Lime more
tliaii ammorda."

lie says, also, "activt^ measures are being taken to
secure this produce of the newly discovered Islands,
fortheuscof the British farmer." This might be
nnagmed very readily, and we imagin(^ also tluMlis-
covcry will be mad.' as .piickly by the English <nt-
^('rilies,i\\\ii these new deposites are so many leagues
<tistant from the coast of any other government, as
t^ give them tho first discoverers, undisputed juris-
diction, and exclude all other nations.

Horse Trade in New ^ Ork.

There is probahly stable room enoutrb for fiftteen
hundred horses on four blocks, between Second and
L'xington Avenues and Twenty-third and Twenty-
fifth streets. The old Bull's Head stables have heen
enlarged until they C(»ver a space from Twejity fourth
to Twentydifth str.M'ts, O'i by 200 feet, with' an ad-
dition 22 by 100 fe(!t, with room b»r 200 horses and
are often full. \V(> have never found less than 125
in the stables at anyoiu' (d" our visits. The l)uildinir
IS one-story, with lofts for hay and grain, and while
op Ml during the day is wedl ventillated, but not
sufficiently so at night, and this is the casi; with all
in the street, and though ke|»t clean as possilde, no
a!;sorbent of ammonia is used,an(l hence;. as W(; think,
(!om(»s the tioublesome opttialmic disease, called th(»
"pink eye," so prevalent at times in this streid, a-
mong horses fresh from the country. A free use of
plaster would add much to the health of horses, if it
did not entir<dy prevent that diseas(».

The stables owuimI by Northup k Post; nearly op-
posit(; the above, arc; fiv(» in number, forming a hand-
some two-story brick (mIiHccs SO by 13f> bM^t, with
room below and above; f"or 230 horses. We are told
that the rent of these; stabb^s is worth $2,000 a year.
Mr. Northuj) is one of the oldest deah;rs in the street.
He tells us tie was there eighteen years ago, when
there were very few buildings about the neigh))or-
hood, and that Ik; continued to visit the street occa-
siemally several years afterward, with a few hors(;s,
and thinks that perhaps (*ne might have been sold
then to erne hundred now, an(4 that jirices did not av-
erage halt what they have this year. The <pjality of
horses, too, was (piite inferior to the present stock.

Although these; two are- the' large'st Ke[)arate' sta-
ble's in the street, Macauly can put up more horses
than (dther. His scvfjral stables occu[»y nine lots, 25
by 100, ami bedel .■>00 he)rses. The average nuuiher
e)n liaml is about 170. The»re; are 15 other stiibles in
the street, which hold from 5 to 75 each. We fe)und
on erne; e»ccasie)n O'.IS lie)rses for sale, besides private
and live*ry he)rses, in this short portie)n of e)ne stree't.

Averaging the sales at 450 per wi'i'k, atl?l50 each,
which is l)ele)w the mark e;stimateel by those in the
traele, and the ame)unt will be $07,'jOO per week, or
$3,510,000 per annum — a little item in the comme'r
cial transactions of this city, not entirely unworthy
of notice.

We he>pe there are some e)f the cre)akers still liv-
ing, te) read our remarks, who predicteel the ruin of
farmers anel di'struction of thedr trade in cattle anei
he)rses, when the' far-eiff "outsieic })arbarian6" began
te) seuid in tliedr ste)ck from the; Holland i^lrchase and
AVe'steirn l*e*se'rve te» glut the mai'ke't. Perhaps the'y
have' Iward also e)f Ohie», Ke'iitindiy, Indiana, Illinois,
Missouri, anel Arkansas, and tlu'ir boundless pas-
tures; pe'rhaps the'y have not he'ard that ne)twitlistan-
ding e)ne c^)nstant stream of cattle and horses pour-
ing in from that great re;gion eif riedi He)il and cheap
lanel, the marke-t is ne)t ye;t glutt^'d, anel [udce's ne'ver
rate-el sohi^h Itefbre', as they have the present season.
I X. Y. Tribune.

Soap Sui\s i\>v H aterlnj;!^ Plants*

Nathing can be be)tte'r f r Summe'r wate'ring eif
plants anel vines, than the suels of the we'e'kly wash,
anel ii<» e)ne whe* de;sires a goexl garden will sufler it
to he waste'el. Eor cab)>a;:;es, eue'umners, beets, and
the' like, it s<'ems e-specialb adafit' el, and e)ne; (d" the
meist thrifty gr'»]»e vine-s we e'ver saw, w;is watered
with soap suds almost daily in dry we'allu'r. A large
supply is not neeeieel at once, but freejuent waterings
promote rapid and vigorous vegetation.

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OSAdi: OUAV(JR HKlM.IVn.

-%A -rag cr?i" m-ni ,iwwt mt . i^i^a^-.. t^-m^Mi v^'^-^-m^^jji

l^

'Tl/liKR

In Illinois, from the Hcarcity of inul.cr, Tl.'d^rinnr

from tho midillo, tli^n hack-iurruwin^ ulso irom the
centre. The f];roun(i to be car(«iully 8mouth(Ml with

is a matter of absolute necoHsity. and cxjh]!. m- ■ ' ''^^I'l'o^v, that it niay})e fier.l rrmn stones, lumps
there for several yoars as wdl :i-^ in Oiiio, sej^nis U) , '"^'^ nil-l'i^h. l^'Tor.' the planting' Ix'^ins.
have settled down in favor of tliu Osa<n; Or m-e as ' Havin^; stak. .} thr liiH' tlmMn:!,

I

having; all the indispensable requisites fn- a !ied;ye
plant, viz: sufficient haniinesa, ^reat du!a!,ilit> itk]
vitality, vio;or of f^rowth, capacity in 1.. ;ir cuttin;:;
severely, with a tendency uhm hradM! .|,r.vii. to
pour forth numerons small )iran('h<\s. wirfi nivriad^
of sharp elastic, and dura!)!'- tiioni^: tli(^ \vli(.l,' t.) i-c-
main ^reon, tlmirj^Idy d.-n-. ly ci-owd.'d. h is osti-
iiiiLiui lU'irc than twct.ty-Hv.' millions of p!ant< were
sot out in Illinos, ii, 1 SVJ. and tli(^ d-nnan 1 n.t sMp-
pli*' 1. i' i^ aN<» h-inj; v.'vy ('xt<>nsiv(d v planf-d in

';:!'. ':ikc a Miiall cord,

rory

' soui" >lx or i'\y:^]n rods in l''n-ili, iDark it otl' ovi
ton inclw-. and stretch it w hurc

Aow run di»\vn a soido-t liy oa(di mark < n tliis lino
thf^n sot thf> socket ri-ht indif hv.ni tin? line oppu-
-ifc the r*'ntn> of r.iv\\ space, makin;^ two rows of
lioh's alternating; thus:
* * ♦ ♦ » # ^

♦ ♦ * » ♦ ♦

iiito whiidi ins(M-t tho plants a little deeper than when
they came out id' the ground, pi-essii);j; the earth wdi

Ohio. In our State, particularly in the Ha-r-'rn '•' ^'"' ^"»f>"i»^ "' the h.de around the reots.

parts of it. fV-ncin-^. indudin'j; the tlrst (ro^t, Jahor of
putting up. an<i alt(M' a short tim'\ continued atten-
tion to repairiu:;, and then aL::ain renewal, f^rms a
heavy item in the annual .'xp(Mi-e^ oftln^ farm. The
Vir^i^inia Tiiorn, Crat(C<;ii:< Tor,/,//,/, and th<^ Ifonev
Locust, GkdU,'ic/iia Tri<tcantho.s\ have hoiii oe.n u led
in our Cdutity, hut an- t \ro .^jow in ixrowirji: to ^ive
satisfaction, and thoforne'r <v>peciailv , too Ijaldo to ho
broken intM-ap.. Th^- joavc;^ are also atta(d^e(I hy
nn insect, and in many places the hedi^e h:\< < iitir- Iv
died out, after havint]^ f^nnvn to considorahle size.
AVe are inclined to believe the Osa<]^e Oran^^e supplies
a desideratum l^w,: wanted hore and whicti lias h;'e)i

That the soil may adlnu-e w(dl to the roots, it will
he found advanta;;eous to have the sprouts dippt'd in
thin n)ortar h(dore plantin<j;.

Ilavin;'; the plants cut down to within three iiuli
es ol' the ;;round they nia\ ^ruw the fust year with
nut iurther trimming.

If in a h(>a]thy con(]ition, the second season they
will require thi'ee trimmin^L:;s as follows:— In tlic
Sprinii; cut them down to -within thre«^ inches ui the
iir^t cultmj:. wlicn thoy a;j;ain ;j:!-o\v i.iit. say two feet,
Irmi within live inches of the hi.>l cuttin-. and throw
the soil up with a plougli, leaving the second (Top of
shoots some six Imdies ad)ove the grouml: repeat the

now fully tested as r.-an^ hardiness and rapidity of ^'^'tting when thes.> last shoots have attained a leii-di
growth. *'l twoieet. During the third Summer the phuitn

AV'(^ think it worthy the attention of the I>e]nisylva-
nia farmer, and introduce Ixdow an article. whi( h we
believe first appeared ii* the W(>st.'rn Horticultural
Keview, givin- tlie method ol nianui^ement, In plant-
in-, trimming. .Vc. in tlie West. The cut shows the
nppe.irance (dtlie hedge (,ne year after plantim^.with
fn ni tw.. to six shoots, and whi -U must he cut <l()wn
as (h'scrihed.

^'Directions for Planting. — To pr( paie the ground

where the future hedge is to be formed. For this

purpose a atrip must be marked out ten feet in width

along tho whole line where the hedge is to grow.

This must be ploughed, throwing tho cikrth out

should undergo the same Inexorahle pruning, ami the
fourth year will complete a lence that ^hall Ijc a }ter-
lect oarri'-r against man or Ixast.

The proc(>-'- ot" cutting oil' hall the top at lirst, and
annually shortening hack so much of the thrlity
growth ol" a young h''dge,seenis to the novice, like un-
necessary cru(dty to the plant, and a trial of one's
own patience. But it is the "inexoraljle must," in
hedLTC }irowin;r. Ivaisiriji a he(I<ie is like raisin'' a
good name; if theri^ is no no ))ase or foundation for
the structure, It Is vej-y likely lo betray dreadful ^ap^i
at the bottom h-dorc It is w(dl estaldlshed.

In a hedge the great and all impoj-tant ]>oint if> to
make a hroad and thick ha>e. Once this Is jiccoin-
plished, th(^ task Is more than half owv. The top
will grow into any shape desIr(ML l>ut ii" necroniaii-
cy, shor^ (d' < utt)!ig the whole down again, will flil
up the base (»!' a hedge that Is lean and opt'H at the
bottom. Hence the impeiatnc necessity td .uttuig
down 1110 shouts till the base becomes a perlect
thicket.''

A Ledge planted accor(]ing to the foregoing du'CC-
tions ^vIll r(M{uire 4(> plaints to the ro(l. or l-.*^''*' to
the mile.

The intelligent farmer need hardlv be reminded
that, however explicit directions may be given, nii '»
must b€ left in this case, a& in all others, to the ex-

1853.)

o«5vr.K oha\(;e— soiidNO rATij.H— \Kw iiL.\(d<p>id;i;v. .h\

217

■tc m wijUMtr^

crciHC of a discriminating ju<lgm.;nt. If the hedg<-

\V8 slow and thin, it should not bo cut so fre(iuent-

ly nor 80 closely, as if it were in a very thrilty and

luxurian- condition. , , , . , ,,

Do not trim the i)lants too late in the seajon, there-
by exposing the tcmder shoots to the frost before they
are matured— and those who rear the plants irom the
seed will tind some care necessary to shield the young
plants in the beds from tho rig«jr ot the Winter in
this latitude.

While the hedge is small, it nia;v he trlnnned with a ;
scythe. W'heii it shall liave aitalned a hir-er growth |
u corn knife, such ;i- Is u>ed in cutting corn m the
fieM t 'T |. elder, wdl he found the (diMitest and UK'St
cjuveni'-ul ni-trum -ut lor pruning, and with whndi
a in;iM miv trim lioiu l!'l'» Le) dD) rods of luidge' per

,l,tv.

The socket used in set Ing the plants, is a cast-
iron leiriih', 1 \ Inehes long, d inches In diameter al
tho lar 'er end, into wiilcu is inserted a wooden han-
■ lle -J feet in length, with a hracket upon wdrndi the

tool i.-5 placed.
Care should he taken that th • plants arehealihy

anil vij; »r ous wh-n put Into the hedge i-ow, as re-
plants seldom do a^ well as the fn--;t settings.

It i.s very essenii il i!ial tic sod shouhl he cultiva-
ted 4 feet on each side of the hedge, and kept tree
from weeds, as well as fr>>iu being trampled, duimg
the first season, hystock. If the earth upon which
ihc 11.' 1 '-: Is plant"d Is poor and thin, it slooild he
properly minured. In a word, ir should he constant-
ly borne In mind hy the liedge grower, that the wiu'k
upon wlilcli he is engaged i^ ic't lor a ihiy or for a
year, but lor all tliu ■, and that it I< only hy care and
attention that any us I'ul unth'rtaking can be success

lliily pi eM'CUted."

r

Solliiin; Cattle— New Hochelle IJlackberry, iSiic.

Cnj/i'J I'lirii iti'dCi ■ ill lliJS iif' \r(r Vuik Fdlin'l'.S (Jliih.

The loll o'vin >• letter from Fretlerlck lham(\ relative
to the origin of tlie large Hlackb'UTy (d' New llo-

clie'lie \va^ r-'ad :

Tollr l'r>yi<l'ii! nf thr Funnn's Cinh.

Sir:— In a late nuoiber of the Westchfjster News,
published in this town. I have loind an interesting
piif>er, read before your Soi-iety hy Mr. Lawt(»n, in
relation to a r<'markahle hlackt^erry, whhdi for s me
yoar,-> his \n^^\\\ known in this indghl.Hjrhood.

As tli(! arilch' Lfiyes (»nl\ a 'ooieral account <d the
origin (d" this plant, I have ^uppo-ed a more paitum-

lar statement miirht he of interest to the Farmer's
Cmh.

About the year 18.S4 Lewis A. Seae.or, a empenter,
th<*n and n ov. resldui;: in tlic vil!a;:e of New llo-
chelle, ii, walkinii; over a iiehj, between my roidence
an<l the iSound, (llscovered a hlackherry ol w. reinark-
ahle size, anl having obtained permission to remove
some plants hn- cultivation, placed tlcm in his gar-
den— about elghtcim.

After caretul inriuirv in this neighborhood, 1 am
satisfied that it is to Mr. Seacor we owe the preserva-
tion of this remarkable and valuable fruit, and that

all the ])h\nts now kiiown Imd their orijin from his.

A relative of a former proprietor h!-nught with him
from Kngland, niao \ \ears >iiiec, .some shiuM;eiy,
whence it has heen .suppoM.ti the blackberry in <|iics-
tion wuv iiii r'Mhieed. This is a mere conjeci iire, the
pi'Mhahiliiy "I whleh could he (asil\ a-ceitained hy
compann;^.' t hi - w It h the liiiiili^h \aiieiies. The gen-
erally recei\ eij opi no .n 111 ihis neighborhood Is that
It i- a seedling ol native origin.

1 am in oinied hy Mr. ISeacor that he has called it
the "///'///- 1 II i, III I ill II LI II III/," Mild ha> sold it under that
name.

Should any new name lie e^iven, it appeals to me
that oj the "Noei,/ iini III iiiiilli il itrhli( 1 1 ij ,'' or the
"A'//" I'diliillr Si nil, r lildi Llii I ! I/," W( uld he Itut an
act oi justice to the person who has preser\ed the
iVult, and might pi(»\(' of advantajie to him, as he
continues to raise th.eni h)r sale. He is a W(aking
mechanic, and the lew dollars he iceeives from the
>ale of his plants are of Impoi lance to the ci»m!ort(d
his lamily.

The jilants were la nioved by Mr. Seacor b(dore I
purtdiased the pr(.perty, and 1 rej:r(d that liom my
Ignorance (d' their existence the parent stocks were
destroyed in charing the lot where they grew.
Y(/Uis truly, t*y;c.,

VllKDKIUrK riHMK.

\ew lio(diel!e, "W'e.-tidiester co., N<;W York,
August 7th, l>')d.

Mr. Lduii'ii is unable to say whether Mi'. Seacor
is the first di>co\crer or not.

Mr. M<i/"s ne'\ed that Mr. Prime's letter be j)laccd
on hie. (^'arried.

(.\ 1 K A( ■i'.> i;\ n. .Mi,i(;s.

F/oirri in;/ of I'lanls. — llerjilians says tluit in the
middle latitufles ol fhirope and North America the
llowerlng takes place generally — (our <l:iys later for
each degree of latitudi- towards the north.

How was the earth oiiginally (dothed • ith plants?
\'arlous li\t)othesls loiNc been advanced. Llmueus
su]t]>osed tiiat at lir>t there was (Hily one primitivt^
c( nti'c oi \e;2etation, from which ])lants are dlstrlliu-
ted over the e;h)i)e. Some, to save all trouble, sup-
pos<' that plants were produced at first in the locali-
ties were th<>y are now se(m growing. Others think
that each sjiecies <d plant originated in, and was dif-
fused from, a single primitive centr(\ and that there
were numerous such centres situat(>d In different
]i!irts (d' the world — (»ach c<'ntre being the seat of a
particular number ol specdes.

Dauberry says that analogy favors the supposition
that eatdi >jtecies (d plant was originally formed in
some particular locality, from whence It spread itself
over a certain aiea gradually— dike the origin ol man
from Adam and Kve — that the spread (d vegetation
still goes on as It began, from place; to place, islan<l
to Island, i\:c. The remarkable limitation of certain
species to single spots on the glo])e seems to favor the
hypoth'-sl^ <»f ^jteidfic «*entres. l*rofessor Forbes says
that manv plants peculiar to the I'dora of the west of
Ireland ha\e the nearest portion (d' their specifie ( en-
tres In tic north wot of Spain. Others of the south-
west promontory (d' Kngland ari; found In tlo^ chan-
nel islands, and In the opposlt<» coast of France.
The vegetjitlon (d" the south-vvcst of England is that
(d' the ojiposite continent,

\\ atMOi and Forbes conclude that ns Kngland doe»
nor contain more than one vegetable — that is the
Krlocaulon Septangulre— that is not found on the
coast ot Europe— England cannot be deemed a cen-
tre of vegetation.

■; m

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i:iR

SOIMVO TATTLF— NEW lU ArKBERHY.

[0

TT.MiF.K

^ 7 /*<» Chairman called up tho quostion nf tho day
viz: Soilin;-; of Cattle, and tli(» In-st plans for it.

Thnm(U^ /Ml, of Morrisania, wIk. has bad vrrv
lon^ and extensive oxperieneo in this business, wa's
invitod to give his opinion: and he said he liad'bcen
enga^^ed in ayicultural pursuits, esp>'. iallv with cat>
tie, for thirty-Hyo years, i wassoibn-^ catth' in Scot-
land when I left it. I was supplyin;; luv cattle in
that way the year round with grass, roots,' &i\ .Mu,),
depends upon the character of tlic land we have to
deal With. On rocky, uneven, mountainous grounds,
W(» are coinpelle 1 to gr izp cattle.

I hav(^ snih' 1 IVnin ooi' Imiidrcd tn diie hundred and

will give thee a bushel of milk a dav " (thirtvt
quarts.) 1 gave sixty dollars and tn.'k t e Sh" ^
ress, who sometimes gave m.« ihirtv-tvs,, ,,u'i,'
dav. and the average lor a whnl.. yc;',,- liftc..;, i,,; '
a day. She panl me well. | U.^^\ ' ''^^^'^

some II

iMoMicr,

will,

r the members pr,s. 'Ill saw on niv hinn-J

"lie

X-

1 called the Old dudge. She Was American nvhI.
cross oi tin; Devon. She n.-ver gave rne ni.,r,. ■' '^
thii-iy (piarts a .lay, ])ut she gave it lun-'cr. My
])crienee has been |.rotital)le. ^ * ' .

Professor Mni„s. Our vabn-.j frif^id .Mr. j^.ll 1,.
occupied nearly all tin- ground. 1 givi — as | .un^l
<iuested tu do so— my experience in soiling. I l,..,.'

f fly head on lour hundred acre., at l onlham, near contined mv cows in a dean stal,le--lastcn,Ml t
llnscjty 1 set aM.e ten acres of the best land, pole and cut their feed lor them. 1 was t. 1 ,"'
ploughed It not ess than eight incln^s deep. Others , wouhl suffer for want of cxe.vi.se I have n f '1
.nay g , de;per than that and I shall approve it. I , that to be true. It is trm> that their flesh an i vi eld
sowc( Indian corn .m it broadcast. I had manured of milk are both diminishc.l by much exercis > V t
It with tw,M,fy-hve cart loads an acre of my barn-yard tie are hvss exposed to accidents than M'hen r.a'.tun •
manure ,n April ami when spread it covered the so are they protected from storms, the calve an 1 '
whoesnrlace. 1 ploughed it all in. That held had tcr taken Vare of, their manure JospecialXf"
produced a crop ol potatoes the year ),eiore. 1 took portion, is all saved-it should be mixed with i k
yellow nortl.ern corn ami sowed four buslnds ,d' it and other solid manure.s, wlfde vet warm w» Zif
broadcast. On om- acre, on the 1st of May, 1 sowed has not lost by chemical chang;.- far bet'tc- th,
^t, ni going thr.M' times over the field, up and down, pumping it out of the cistern after a week. We aild

to the manure all the wash of the house. When the
manure is not suflicii'ntiv wet we t.ni.i»> "•■'♦'•r unon
It. \V hen the urine is put on warm from the cattle
it decomposes t(Mi times as nnndi muck as it does wlion
eold. (ireat labor is saved in soiling. 1 have i'ouiid
••tliol .May anuther— that made imndi advantage in using rnpiid manure. Onnueor-

1 then plou;;he(l the held with my one hors" plough,
which 1 call xnyi'orn pUmjJi^ about J\>Hr inches deep.
1 then luii a ii»;oi I oin'i' over the iieui.

On the lOth ol .May I sowed one acre more in the
same wav. On tip. -jorh of .Mav another at*re in the
same style, (hi r!ie

four so ID i III fs ol coin in .Mav.

On the I'Jth ut June one acre more In the same
way, and an acre each in the ^ame style on the i^iith
and oOth of June.

On tfie l(»rh, 2(lth and .Mth of duly eaidi an acre
in th" s line wav.

casion I saved a pea crop by it — it is well to tiirew
in a little diliiie.l Milphuric acid. .My mainire is in
little danger of tire fanging. .My ciittle are m to
protected trom llirs in the stall. They are kept cool-
er in summer than in winter. The cows giv<' more
milk, and tln^v keep })etter health than <*ows in pas-

On toe loth oi dnly I c(»mnH'nccd with the first of ture. in the pasture thev get but one sort of food-
May acre, on winch the corn averaged about four in soiling a varietv. whi(di, if judiciouslv served to
leet iugh, an! m Mlk. 1 cut daily all that was want- them, is more agrcable and useful. Wluai thev are

1 M ^V 7^ '' ''^''" ''''"'^'■'' '^ *'* ^'"'"'') '^"'^ '^ ^=^-"f- scouring from too much green food I give tl.eni car-
ed til! the 1 >th of[ August. I gave meal along with rots, the peptic acid of wliich invariably cun's them,
the corn stalks. 1 he soiling yard was about an acre and gives tliem aid in digestion. 1 give, amon- etli-
in size. Ihe cattle had free access to pure whole- cr roots, the Vienna Oauli-Kapa. (cabbage turnip,)
some water just as much as they pleased. They went whiidi is very superi(,r. \'ilinorin has introduced a
in and out o| the adjoining stables, and that exercise hybrid of the turnip and the eauliHower. F.irgreoa
seeme. to he as much as they wanted, for they were food, in the seis.)n for it, our Indian corn is cx^'ellont,
perfectly h«Nilthy. as shown by Mr. Bell. I prefer Stowell's evcrirreea
^n.m the loth of August to the 2oth the corn cut corn to any (.ther for that [mrpose. It grows lar<;er,
wiiH 'd a str aiger growth than the first. My hun- the stalk is almost as sweet as sugar cane, the joints
dred head were kept three months in this way. I (which in other Indian corn are hard) are in this corn
saved much in the article of manure. If I had made (piite tender, a man can eat it, and it gives a doiilile
tanks t.. save all theyrine of my cattle I should have (piantity on an acre. The juice of it has been tri-Mi,
made more profit. This wav of soiling nuiders inte- and is up to (deven degrees Beauniais— equal to the
nor fences unnecessary on a firm, audit is a large juice of Santa Cm/, cane.

expense saved. On our fairns in England we sprinkle . Soiling saves interior fencing, and it is a great sav-
the manure over the growing crop with a tin sprink- 1 ing when not onlv the cost of "thf! fewer repairs are

ler, like thos(» with which we here water the streets, stated, but <d" the ground on both sides of the teiicos

Tiiat would not answer in a dry time— it would nrove wdiich cannot be culti\ated for some distance from

too stroTiL' f .r the cro[). I can g(it as nnndi milk bv the fenc<"s. The stables in soilin"- must he kept

fill ^...*. ' r>' ',

pasturing as by soiling. Tlie corn feed made the clean and well ventilated, of course— or the eattle

richest milk, and some say the richest butter. must be turned out h)r exercise in time. I have no

I sent daily to market from one thousand quarts to occasion t(t turn them out. I have mentioned the

twelve hundred quarts of milk. Sometimes my num- carr(.t: it has a \alue far bevoml that of a mere food,

ber of cows was one hundreil and fifty. The old it contains peptic acid of excellent use in di;:estien.

Shakeress cow is still alive; she is alxtut eighteen It is now usimI in makin"- jellies: it is a row dnrtor,

years. You have heard me say how I came by her. and always cures. Onennishel of oats, and ;inetl

I repeat it. One day 1 met with a Shaking (^laker of carrots, are fiillv e(pial in value to two bii-lels

from Lebanon, who said to me: "Fri.md Hell, do'st ' oats. The excretia of the cattle fed with carrot^ .

thee want a good cow?" I said, **yc8." "Well," not contain that undigested oats, corn or hay or ^vll;lt

8a.ys the Shaker, "I have a good one for thee, if thou else; they almost resemble those of a healthy m^^}-

wilt give me sixty dollars for her.'' "That's a high , i have found the strap-leaved red top turnips good in

price," said I. "Well," replied the Shaker, "bhe soiling— it can be profitably raised, planted at any

nether

ef
do

1853.1

SOI id NT, OATTEE-NEW^ BLA(d< BEEK V— C[JTTI\0 TIMBEK.

210

tune, stand out the winter — get pithy })efore spring.
Kiitaha-'as stand out in winter, do nuudi good to the
soil as a niuleh. In spring 1 pass a roller over them
all to cru^h llieni, and then plough them in — little
U(l«litional expeii'^e. Mr. Oampbejl cooks the feed
and eains lt\ it. I »""' my Stowell ever gi-eeii corn

g^j^jj-j^ put tliein in a vessel with a little salt, pour

hot water on dieni, cover them up with a. cdoth, and
^YJn,n ooul they make a very acceptable food.

Ju'l'l' l'"' Wi/rk. — On small farms, near large cit-
ies it iiiav be (dieapest, e\en in our country, to soil
our catth\ Sindi farms rarely have much sto.'k on
them; tlcv want their land generally, <n- most of it,
l,,r ;:arden vegetables, fruit, poultry, kr. — to raise
f.ed tor the last, as well as tlndr other animals. On
l.iru'(> farms of from 120(1 to 401) or oOd acres, situatc^d
ill the interior, some distance from the market, it ap-
pear"^ to me it would be more prohtable and conveni-
eiit lor farmers to gra/e their stock, as W(dl that
whieh they re<|uire for the dairy, as for fattening and
W()rkinL'. As far as my exjtcrit'nce and information
,r,,eN, the cost (d' labor in smdi a system would not be
inore than (»ne-h>urth or oncdilth of what it wouhl be
in -eiliii^;. The raising of crops in suc<;ession on dis-
tant lots of a large farm, wdietln^r the corn plant, or
aiiv othei', and carrying!; and <listribiiting it for fee(l-

in" would Co-^ oc flii'<M> tnn(>>.: •)< tnni'li 'Mm\ VPobflblv

more, than letting the animals run at large, (dioosing
their own {'vy'^\, diink running water, and have ex-
creise and ]»iire air. This, it jippears to me, would
be, more for the ]»rolit of the owner as well as the
healtii and thrift i»r his animals. (Jra/ing farms as
well as any others must be well managed to do well;
this as regards tillage of every kind, ploughing, hoe-
ing, clearing, manuring, ami the us*^ of the l^e^it
^Masses, with friMpieut and judi(;ious (dianges of feed-
iM<; grounds. Why soiling is so mu(di more; |)ractis-
edin Europe than here, is the (iense j)opulation tliere,
aiiil the scarcity of land; they want the latter to raise
ftod on lor the foianer. Notwithstanding: tliis, w<*
have it, from the best authorities, that in Holland,
possessin:! !i small territory but a very dense popula-
tion, they gra/.e their cattle, and esp(HMallv their
cow<i, from April to .\oyember. Their dairy system
is gen<'rally allowed to i)e the b(;st in Europe, and
this in (piantity and (juality of product, her butter
and clu>ese will command in any European market,
and at all tiim^s from ten to twenty per cent, more
than any other. Mr. Hell admits, that on rough hi -
ly farms, (^-en near the city, it would be better to
^'ra/,e Cows ;ls w(dl as other stock, than to soil them,
whether the farms ])e hu'ire or small. Of course, on
i!-^^e, hilly, uneven farms, located any distance in
tho interior, the inducements for grazing must be
mindi stronger. .Mr. Bell gave Long Island and
Some parts of New dersey asjtropi^r spiHumens of sur-
face fir soiling. No doubt localities in both these sec-
tions, !ind especdally tln^former, might be nnide much
more productive than they are by tln^ grazing syst(mi.
It is not <»nly the adoption of the system, but it must
he prepi-rly j,res,.i-ved to succeed. (Jood tillage, high
nianurmg, proper k(}eping of the stock as regards
yards, fee(liiijr, water, (deanliness, taking care of tln^
manure. — this last constitutes a considerable portion
ot th,' ^:f,,,. Mj,_ |j,.ii admittiMl, that his farm being
large, he grazed his cows a part (d" the season: he
Rp .ke hitxhly, though, of the advantages of soiling in
certain localities.

^^'■. Judd of ilie Af/n'cidfor. According to the

experience of a man in Holland, itseems that soiling
^asnotfio profitable as is here stated. Stephen's
book on the farm says it is about as to land as two to

one, but by Mr. lidl's experience it is makin -^ ten
acres answer for fifty acres of grazing.

.Vr. llrll, — If you mean to say that the soiling was
with chiver, you are right, — but not with corn as I
use it.

Mr. Judd. — It is said that twelve cows require one
man.

Mr. nil. — I found one fit man could take care of
twenty-five cows.

Mr. Judd. — Men are expensive. One hundred dol-
lars paid to a man, will go further in hiring pasture
than in soiling. The making (d manure dep(>ndH
nundi on a man's location ; most farmers liav(! no
muck at all, and litth; litter

Pro/'. M'fpis. — Wdiere ther*^ is no muck tlnu'e is
soil, and let that take the place of muck and absorb
all the extra fluid of the cattle.

Mr. Judd. — The strongest point for j)asture is the
cheapness of rent in most plac<'s.

7Vo/'. Mupes. — I pay near my farm — for pasture
thirty dollars an acre of" land worth hve hundred
dollars. It is but the inter(!st (d' tlui value of the land.

Judi/e ]an ]Vijck. — Knows land four miles from
N(,'W York wdiich lets for two and a-half to five dol-
lars an acre per month.

Mr. 7ir//.— My interest paid on 400 acres was two
dollars an acre [x-r annum. The ovner of the land
<lid pretty wtdi by it, ;uiu i uid better still. Cattle
travel far in the pasturt; and h;ssen Itoth tluiir flesh
and their milk. On pasture, tlu^ difference of feed
is considerable. I found it amountetl to oiu^ hun-
dred and fifty (uiarts less on some r)ortions of the
pasture than others, in a day.

Mr. L'lirfofi jn-es-nted to tlie (dub for rtd'reshment,
a basket ot his great blaekberries, enough lor all.

Mr. Judd [iroposed as a next subject — "The top
dressing of crops." Seconded by Prof. Mapes, and

carried.

The (dub then adjourned to the first Tuesday in

September, at noon.

II. MEIGS, Secretary,

]^Aiiuric{Ui Ar/izun.

«»

Cutting Timber.

If oak, hickorv or (diesnul timber is felled in the
Eighth month, (August,) in the second running of
the sap, and barked, (piite a large tree will sea.son
perfectly, and even the twigs will remain sound for
years; whereas, that cut in Winter, and remaining
until next Eall, (as thick as your wrist,) will be com-
pletely safirotten and will be almost unfit for any
purpose. The body of th(> oak split into rails will
j not last more than ten or twelve years. Chesnut
! will last longer, but no comparison to that cut in the
Eighth month. lEn-kory cut in the Eighth month is
not subject to be Worm eaten, an«l will last a long
time for fencing.

When I commenced farming in E^02, it was the
practice to cut timber for post fencing in the Winter.
Mdiite-oak posts and black-oak rails, cut at that time,
I found would not last more than tim or tw(dve years.
In ISOS, I commenced cutting fence timber in the
Eighth montli. Many of the oak rails cut that year
are yet sound, as well as most (d" those forme(l ot
che^ut. If the bark is not taken ofi' this month,
howevt^r, it will peel off itsidf the second^ or thiril
y<'ar, and leave the sap perfectly sound. The to[>s of
the trees are also more valual)le for fuel, than when
cut in Wint(!r or Spring.

1 advise young farmers t > try the experiment for
thems.dvesrand i( post fences will not last twice as
hmg, I forfeit all my experience as worthless.— [New
Jersey Herald.

• n

■' hi

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\ih

'i/'ll

in

i

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id

220

COMMI MCATluXS.

t

10CT(.

BEB

For tlie Farm Jourruil.
The S'ulatoc l»lai»(.

J. Lacv Daumngton,

Dear Sir: — AVo proniisod yom'
readers of the Svjptemboi* No. the best niodf >»1 pre
ventin;^ tlie potatoc disease, as well as tin- practical
views anl experiments, of Dr. Ivlotzscli i.. relation
to quantity and (piiility. Our r,(«rm:ni nutli'.r^ })e-
lieve, that the new potatoo is f>.nii<' 1 .iImh..- tli.- (Mtirsc
of new stalks or runners, bo tiiat each n ^w inli. r Im-
comes as it were a ccnir.' (n- ili- ^pr -i liii'^ ,.,' roots,
;in.l ;iiiy a;^(Mi{ nv ;ij;<'nts th.it supjircss tlic sprcadiiii^
ot ri).»(- ;iii 1 till' tiirin ititio (iT new potato -s, will also
iiiip'Ml- i!p' i:;i-o\vtlis ot thi' stalk ; and in n-tiini what-
ever pi-ii!i.ii-iiy aii'iM'ts the stalks, \Yill have sccoiidarilv

])a<l cIlectN. (Ml liic L^roWtli of the pi,tat«)e.

In rai>m:;' potatoes, we sliould thcrclorc have tliree
great ohjeets in view :

1st. Enooura^euient td stalks and leaves.

2d. Adapt ition i-i' soil and depth oi' jtlantin;^.

3d. L xalily.

In carrying; out our first object, Dr. Klotzsch made
experiniriii> a- early as IS It'.. on sin;j;le jiotatoe plants.
He piiiehe.l (,if t!ie ends ,,1" the l)i-anehes or stalks
htili ail inch die Gth "i- 7th week alter plantin;^;, or
when the stalks readied the hci;j;luh of frtun six to
nine inches above the soil. Great ^tre^s i> lud -n
not takinr; off more thun is above spf if'h'l pera.lven-
turc it nii^ht stunt the ^irowth (d" the plant. Tliis
treatment is repeated on the iiram-lies, after they
have attaineti the same lenj;tli ; hy these manifesta-
tions, simple as lliey ar". ea.^y as they are perlorm-
ed, iL was ascertained tiiat the stalks wen more nu-
merous, containini]: many nior.' le.ives, and eould well
be distin^^uishe,! Irom all the others, whieh wei-e lelt
to nintlier nature. The produce Irom these jdants
were abundant, and the pi»tatoes p-rfectly healthy,
while the i)lant next them which had not been so
treateil, ;:;ave unitormdy less produce, and in many
instances attacked wdth the disease. In order to ver-
ily and sui)>tantiate this experiment, he tried the
same tor several year> successively with die same un-
surpassine; results, lie had a field fertilized, culti-
vated and pl.int.'d, with the same, all in ail, and al-
ter they attaine<l the h.-i-ht .il.ove deserlhed he
})inehed otf the poiiits of the Stalks of every second
row, rcpcatin-; it in due season, onee more on the
branches. In the end of August the rows whieh had
been thus treated were luxuriant and in full vigour,
whilst those left to nature w n; fast decay in;:; and
partly dead. It was an object of amusi'ment to him
wlulst it excited wonder and astoiii>hinent ainonirst
his uci;i!iburs. Tue season oi diir '•iii"- arrived, and
not unlike his first experiment the vleld was vastly
greater than the rows not s.. treated, and without
disease; whereas the disease had made its appear-
ance again to a vast extent in the rows left to nature.

The expenses in Germany to have the manipula-

tion above recommonde<l performed, are about twen-
ty-five cents per acre, and with due caution is per.

formef] by worn Ml and eliildi-.ii.

'J''"' I'nneipi.. ..1' I'r. K lot/sch's experiinriit> i. ^-ry
simi.le. and as already said, on the^rround thatwh(-n
the stalks are rank the roots will be so likewise • he
believes secondly, that the stalks by the above opera-
tion keep the surface moist, and conscijuently pre-
V'ut that paiehing heat of the surface wld-h af't'T a
-h i-.v r ni i-ain causes the /ln;bla.:f. if. hefioves
tliirdly, that il th-- p ):a!o pimr i| fit (,, ,,,it.,,.(,
wit!i but a siii^rli. or perhap- two stalks to a ;''Tiii if
even rank, yet as is well known with few leaves are
not sufiieieiit to ke,>p up that emh-smiitie and ( xos-
matii' process on whiidi in faet the wadl bcin- i,\' i.ur
p!ant depends.

It is indeed Worthy tiie att.'ntion of Fai-mer-^, anl
all AV(! hope — who may riad the views oT snu* au-
thors, will try it next seasmi.

We will discuss the other points a1io\c la;<l (1 .wn
in our next. i:. K. Ukw i ic.

\\ ol'eester Mnnlrr eo '^'^pt. 7 l^^O.j.

1*. S.— The mysteries ot" (»ui* assertions in r ^^ii-il
to the ily in wheat, has startled yonr <• >rre-[. -n lent
d. IJ. (Jarlier, K-^ip, he says: "llow eeui(l tfi" ova
or ej;;j; remain d.M'mint all tall and winter, and ih-ai
ah i:t the 20th of May .lawl uj;) the stem to the sec-
ond joint." Answering it himself, he infers that
"an insect In tic ova stat(» evidi^ntly has no nuans of
locomotion." We (ully ai^ree with Mi-. («. a> to iIk)
locom itio.i apparatus of tic ova, and therefore no
crawlin;.^ ut> the stem to the second joint, vrt wt,'
Won Id respei'tt'ull V suo-^rcst, that our ova irihe- \\\ •• -n-
eral trav(d without le:^-s ain'ordiii::; to llarvoy an 1 oth-
er Anim ileulists, and that in t ds in>ta!iee the ova
occupies this phit'e' at an earlier dato than above said,
and as f )r the necessity of beln.; dep )sited hy its
parent w/i') errr found, is somewhat ditb'reiit trein tlit?
ordinary oj>inions ol researchers : Wi» wouM in con-
clusion refer him to the article written by "Ik" of
Ch(;st(M' ctamty.

Sept. Iboo. B.

■ «•»

For the Farm Journal
The Aj^ricultuiul Dcp riment ot tiie Cr}^tal

I'alace.

Nkw ^'okk, ',>th mo. titli, l^'>e.

In com[)lian(*e with \oui' reipiest, wiien m y''"i^
plea-ant little borou;^h, a short tiiu" sine', I send yon
a few linos upon the subject to which your ptiptM' fi^i'*
been devoted, and in whndi you ha\e my most ear-
nest wishes that you mav be successful.

'file part (d" eoinmunit V most ben«dited by agricul-
tural journal^, have Iven \erv niueh at fault hereto-
fore, for their almost total neglect of agricultural
papers, and have looked with ridicule and contempt
upon articles written upon this subject. But the
times are changing; men are beginning to learn that

n

COMMl'XKWTIONS.

OA]

.i 1)'"— l'J»f<W

aiwiiiMWPa.ii.>iMwiiawii

im.]

fh TO is something to be gaiin'd ti'on the lai)ors of ' into the perpli^ ei-y (d' thi-^, ronnd iron bars two and

'a halt lecL lon^, are in«erte(J, so as to stand out like;

men of science, who are not rm/li/ engaged in farm-
in<r but who have studied l/n llnnni of f'(ii//ti ikj, as
well a-^ the com men surveyor, who finds tln-ir land-
marks by a science, that does ;/"/ ri-iulre that he
should be a practical farmer to do so.

IJut to my point. 1 have Fpent five days in look

the spoke of a whe.d. These are made to iev(dve,
witli ii;n'ar rapiditv in a circular woo(i<'n l»ox, in
v»hieh th"i-eis jo't room enou;xh to admit the arms
to fly ar innd. At one side of this circuhir hox, is a
hole at whicii the <:rain is introduced, so tiiat the

in »• at the Crvst.il i'alact; and its contents. 1 wi-h straw lntrodn<'ed md-u a\s meets the arms perpen-
»verv farmer in fdi e.-iter county could see and hav'- dicular to them, and flies anmnd with them in the
time to examine the a;;rieiiltural department (d the cdrcular w heid, aiul goes (.ut at the circumference,
exhibition. The i;nit<il States is tin; only nation immediatidy over where it W(,'nt in, but in a tangent
represented to an extent worthy of notice in this de- to the wheel's motion.

i.artment. And she is w.dl represented in all the ^ It is idaiuKMl that this machine will clean wheat of
artich'S I'm- 1 irmin^ purpo-a.'s, many of \n hich our or- ' '^^^ its smut, and thresh it much better with less la-
diu.uy iar u rs ne^vr ihou-ht of. The Im mess o! '>''^ ^vlien it is a little damp, than the ordiiMrij ma-
nlowm-, 8)w:n:'. cradlm-, and mowiii •• all d.me bv ^diine. It is certainly an important change upon the
hoi-se p)\vcr, and by almost every variety ,d' ma- '^ Id machine, and as smdi is well worth the conside:-

1 • .„^ , ation of larmi'rs. It comes hi«rlily recommended by

climes. n J J

ihaa;i not aft'Mupt a very defmit..' description of' those who have used it, for the ahucc cpialitics, as

of any of th se machine^, implements, ,^c., a> I could ^^'''1 as h,r its speed in threshin<i;.

not do it without drawings, and even then no one ^^'veral kinds of fans fu- cleaning grain were

caa gn as good an idea of cueu. o^ .... p..n .., uuc. ', ^^^^thy of consideration. One with glass sideF,

of seein-- the nn^nunl. ' ^hat enables us to sei' it m ..[.eration, appeared to be

4 .. , . ^ <■ 1 I a V(U'V eood oin'. .Vnother of iteculiar coiu^truction,

Amongst a \rv\- large asseiament ot plows, 1 no- "'• ^''J „ » ; i n . > \ >

*• I 1 1 /v » i -.1 e / ■/!.... vj . ' senarateil very nicelv timotliv seeil ido\ cr see(l chall,

ticod several din 'rent kinds d .-iuh.^oi' plows, home c • 'J - . ► '

of tiiem consisted of an ordinary beam, and handles,
hut a very Ioikj^ or rather of a very deep set of irons,
that tliey migiit do tlieir work deep in the ground, in
the b »ttom ot th ' oriiciry iurrow. Jiut an imprt)\-
ed subsoil pi jw had IWo plo.vs attached to one beam,
the foremost over the smaller, to take otf the top lur-
rowaud throw it in tin; deep lurrow hdt by th • hmd-
moat and deep rnnnin;j: )'l iw tic last 'round:' and the
hindmost one following imni'diattdv alter to do t|i,. ^•''t''^''""''!''--

i *- r 1 1

WiicaL and cockle, at the >ame time; pa^sin^i; the
cockle and chalf together, but all tic oiina-s in sepa-
rate jilaces, a.el rendering each one ci 'an. 'J'lie ex-
hibi.or infornn.'d me that you intended pui)lis!iing an
account <d it in the Farm dournal, ImL that you could
not do it justice without a drawing.

'file machine Icars tiie name of Salmon's Improv-
ed drain and Grass Separator. 1 send you his ad-

tiul)soibng. Such a [»lou' is gene-rally drawn \>\ two
yoKe ui oxi'u, .Lud tii.'y leave tic; ground thorou;^hljy

'fiiere w«'re aNo a good num!>er of rea)>,ng and
mowing machines. ()ne of tin; r(;a[»ing machines

Lu'- ., ,,, f' ■' \ \ X .\ 1 ,1 '^ I i was very finely alaiitfMl f)r allowing lour i)ersons t.

l>ro.\. II up. te, a mucn greater depth than by ihc usual *^ j \. "...

'^ ^ *> .,...., J ,,,. It .11,,] Km,! iiri tlin <rf i i n '.IW 1 :» si f JIM it, IS t'llt

Ui'jtli'jd ot laiiuinif

in '•onver,>ing with several gentlemen on the ad-
vaai-i.5es of >u!M)lliu^, I loan I <is much diji'rrtiicr, of
opinion a-> th"r e i> diff' rrnrr in the nnlunil. (^i ai.itv
ot the hind they larm-d; tin- Will alw.iys h ' tiie ca.se,
until larmcrs study the character of these diitercn-
ces of soil, and anticipate difl[ermu results. JN-r-
nap.s I shall h ave someiiiin..^ to say loyou on thissui)-
ject across ihe ocean.

Tl

• ere are (piit(> a nnm

ber of thre>hin:^ maidiincH

stand on it, and bind up the grain, as fast as it is cut.

There was als«7 liocs, rakes, harrows, cider mills,
bay knives, ;:traw cutters, and a host of other things,
wdiich vnur readers will agriM,' with me, 1 have' n(jt
lime tt) descrilie, when 1 inform them that 1 am on
hoard a V(v-^-(d bound to Hamburg, (Icrmany, and a
pilot is now towiii;:; us down to tiie ocean, and I want
to send this scrawl hack \^ ith him,

I have not had ■>ufHcieiit time to write the above care-
fully, and the ve.'^s(d going out of the dock has not
In 1{)0 I iiK! any, witii its thumping ahitut against the
other vesseis. So farewell till 1 cross the Atlantic.

A'ours with respect,

>;. p.

'flie iibove communi^-ation is from ayoung man, a

en exhibition with tUe "cjucave" ahovi; Llie cylinder,

so that the grain g)(>s in o/v/- the cylinder instead of
utidcr it.

Several importtmt improvcmcntg, or at least chang.

63 are made in tiireshin.i^ m.t. diine-i on exhibition, and ! practical no less than a widl read scientiiic farmer ot

'^ '>^'- 1^ iVilmer exhibits an Antricui S' > d ond Chester county, who goes to Fairo})!; to spen<l a few

(^V(Uu r/trn'/ir^r, by which the gram is «deam .1 and years to improve himsell in M-ientiti.- knowled-e, and

run into bagj^ (and measured if desired,) at the same particularly in the depart ment of Chemistry, as ap-

time it is threshed. The peculiarity of the machine pli^d to agriculture, which is hr- fav.n-ite study. It

w that instead of a cylinder it has a central mass of we are not much mistaken, from our knowledge of

cast iron, somewhat like hub of a wa-^on wheel, and his abilities, we think he is destined, should his life

I

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222

SAT.R OF T\fI'nuTE!> «TnrK IKANki.iv COUNTY KXIIiniTOX &c

[OrifMiKR

be spared, to make his mark in tin* world, in any
thing he undertakes. We are pleased toubserve the
readers of the Farm Journal, will hive the benefit of
his observations, across the Atlantic.

-*•»-

Great JSaie af Imported stock.

The Northern Ivemickv Cattle Imi'uktino Com-
pany reboived to sell tiieir recent iinpiM-tation on the
farm of B. J. Ci.av, near Paris, un ihc IStli ultimo.
I'urchasers were re: tricteii tv> be citi/.'iis ni KcniuL-ky,*
and to <;ive bonds in twice the valiif (.1 the pnrrliaso'
not to remove il hum the State witlim twelve months!
With this limitation, the sale was well attended, and
the biddin;; s[iinied.

1

ette

11. Duchess of Sutherlan 1. red— calved IWn,.,v
^r>0; cost $375; suU lor !?U00 to \V. JJnlJ^T";.;';;.

12. ,M:iI,l ,,f Mrlmso, rirl, nirin— calvi'd Octol.or

oi Woodlord. ^ •'

1.; -Muliin, i-.mI roan— calvr-d J„ne, 1852; cost $225-

sold lor So;;.) t(. l>r. Smith, ol S -ott. '

11. <)rphan \.ll. i-Maii - c.il vd XMVMnlnT ISV^

C0St_.f3LV); H<.ld {orSl.()iiil,>,d. a. (iano, ol |j'M,,'h',n'
1 >. riatterv. white - -calved Xovemh-r Is', • ,. /

$325; sold lor ;>8i5 to W. K. Duncan, oi Clarke. "

SlIKKP.

he sale was well attended, and Southdown--;; luickssohl lor .ST?.'),^!!)!) s;i(i .n.l
J he lollowmg is the reported ii ewes lor $;;.')(), Sl.SO, Sl2;;(). ' ' '

^ <'<'tswold— 2 l,U(dvS.Sl.()lO, $710. and r, ewesS-^To

list ol sales.

The cost of the stock delivered in Kentucdcv, was ' .^lO.'), $221* S2( ili'sT hi 's' >()(')

a!)out_S2;;,t)lll), whih; the a;r«^re;^r:it,> ,4 jf^ j,.^,,.^ ^^..^^^
:r55,'J7«>, a prt)tit of S-i2,'.>7r. : 'Phc eomi)etition be-
tw(!en B )url)on and l-'a^ette for J>iamond, the linest
bull in the lot, was most s{;irited, l)ut the nerve of
the Favelte iiirn lailed them; the lioinlion men would
not have stopped biddin>; under ."rln^OlA).

BULLS.

I. Youn;^ Chilton, white — calv.'d in .May 1S.')(I; c08t
in Kn«5lan<l, say ^tJOO, sold for ;?3,(JlJ5, to \Vm. War-
field, ot Fayette.

Leicester—-! buck $.")(•, and 2 ewes sold for $.>2
'~:ich.

IIOUSK.

Ch^-cdand F.ay Horse, (Voun;^' Lord,) cost >d i>i)()-
t<old for $2,S(H>.

-••*-

1^'ranklin County l^xhibition.

An Agricultural Society has been organized in this
nourishing: count v <d' our State, and will hold its tir^t

^r^n^^'uTV^ilH^'^'^M'^ ''\/D ^.''?^ cost'exhihition on tli;2.>th and 2-;th oi October next. U«
?G.iU, sold lor ;:,(>,UUl, to Clay, liediurd X Dunc.n, .dHcersav
Bourbon, <- « •'.

3. The Count, roan — calved in e/uly, Ls^l ; cost
$525, sold for 5^2,575, to S. Golf, of Carlisle.

4. Urontos, red and white — calved Sept.-iuber, l.sol;
cost $ti3d, sold for $4,5'j5, to Benjamm Cray, ol
Woodford.

6. Fusileer, roan — cahcd Fehruarv, IS.V; ; cost
$375, sold for .^1,425, to K. \V. .>>m[(, ,,1 Franklin.

Presidriit — lloii. Ceor^e Chambers.
Corresponding Secretary — James Nil), l^q.
Treasurer — A. K. McCVure.

JiecorJi/i;/ S'ri;fini/ — Sammd M. Arm^tron;;, Esu.
Also, four \'ic(^ Presidents and tW(d\e .Mana;:;i'rs.

llie al)i>ve should ha\'e been insfi'tcd smui" tiiiii

t>. Senator, wiiite — calved Aiinl, 1 >52- coat .sr.;!!) «„ i , ,1 • c .• 1 i 1 i

111- e.> n/ui * \n I' ii / ■- ' ^^^^ '^ '" -' ajro, hut tle> lutonnation has onlv lat.'lv e.iiie" f ir

sold for 1^2, (K)0, to Allen it Curd. n| I av.tte

7. Belleville, roan— calved January, l.s.32 ; cost ' ^*"''^'^'''^^'^^" ^^hould be greatly nbli^cd il tlio

$1,050, sold for $1,500, to George \\ . Sutt-.n, of Fav-

ette.

$f

Secretaries or otluM' officers of our dilferent e.iiiiity

societies, wouhi keep us informed, or CMnnnuiiic:it')

S. Challenger, roan— cah,'! danuarv, l^.V^- cost *i \ 1 l' i 1 1 • n-

-o 11*- <ic-w . 'c /' ■!■ r., ' , "' throujiii tin' farm .loiirnal, any sucli nitrlli;r''iii'e. re-

t.)0, sold tor S4.S.)S. to 1 . (loH, (d ( arhvh' , . " ' '^ .

<J. Fonunatus, roan— ,-alved Dec.>mher, 1S;'>1; c(^st '^i^i".^' t<' the agriculture oi th-ur r(>spectiv.' districts*

$275. sold lor Si. son. to (Jeoige Martin, (d' Carlisl(\ ^^'<' wish to make the Farm .Journal tiie organ oftlio

1(1. \ork-hir.- Mavuard, dark roan— calved in agricultural iiiter^ s\s in all sections of the State.

Maitdi, l^'^2; cost :?27tJ, sold lor ;:iI,UUU to F. Tavlor r^ r • <• .• .1 1 ..

L' ^^^ .1., V , I. X . x.ijioi, |,^,j. ,,m- in,.;ins (d mlormation, we must dep.'iid on

tie' (dficial repoi-ts or Irttei's of oilicei's (yf" the difiiT

ent countv societies, or in sucji public spirited iudivid-

als as h.d intiTe-^tcd ''nouu;!! in tlir great cause o{

of Clarke

COWS AM) IIFIFFllS.

1. Lady Stanhope, roan -i'.ilved in Is 17; cost SJ7.;'),
iold h»r .s 1,500, to Brutus Clay, of Bourbon.

2. Lady Fairy, red — calved in duiie, 1(S48; cost agricultural im})r()vement, as to be willing to com
$525; sold for $l,lOO to \\ . Wariield, of Fayette. I municate a few lines with this object.

3. Roan Dujhess, roan — calved July, 1S.>0 ; cost
$275; sold for $'J0() to W. lirand, oi' Fayette.

4. Goodness, red — calved Septrmin'r, 1S}7; cost
$525; sold for $2,025 to D. C.deman, oi Fayett >.

5. Gem, roan — calved in April, ISol; ci.>t S775:
sold for $^25 to S Van Metre, of Clark

We hope to r.'cei\f accMiints ot" thr vai-io;i>; Jov^al

exhibitions held tlirou.di tlie State, during the l)ast

an ! jiresent m inth-. and although it \v:!l h'^ iinpussi-

ble to publish the report- of ciinniitt ••■- and prem"

,. ,, . , , .',»,, .^-^ iunM ior all in detail, vet we shall be iil.i-fd to bJ

0. Lquity, deep red— ealved March, 18o2 ; cost ,, , • , f r , ,, , ,„«

$400; sold for $1,000 to James Waller, of Jefferson. ^ ^^^^"^ ^^ ^''''^ ''" abstract of each, and hope some one

7. Necklace, roan — calved April, 1S52: cost $2G0- ^"^'^^^ ^'^ ^i"^l enough to foruar I us the means ol d<r
sold for $805 to ilemy <'i;iy,o} Bourb(»n. | in--- so.

8. Bracelet, roan, twin of Necklace; cost?200; sold " •••^

A oii.\ture of Ki>-oni S.ilt^

for $750 to M. M. Clay, of Bourbon.

9. Mazurka, dark roan — calved August, 1851; cost
$G00; sold for $3,050 to Bcnj. Gray, of Woodlord.

10. Lady Caroline, light roan — calved July, 1851;
cost $400; sold for ^^1,825 to Brutus Clay, of Bour-
bon.

To l^URiFV A Stable." .- - ,

and plaster of Paris is very efficient in destroying
the elHuvia.

-••^

Fences operate in two ways — if gocd, they arc a
defence; if poor, an offence.

1853.]

LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS

223

IJSr OF PATKNT CLAIMS

Issued troiu the I iiited Statts Patent Otiicc.

CUTTIN'<- W ooOKN S( RKWS — By A. II. Longley, of

Lebanon, Ind. -1 td:iim giving an (Mpr^l progressive
,,, ti,,. iiittiii;!; tools, in comltination with a ditferen-
liiil retarv motion, i'oi the purpose ot cutting ttie
Hcrews at I hi' samt' tiiM-' the hole is bored or the ten-
on is made as set forth.

PiMK Kilns — By S. J. Seely, of New York city. —
I clauu tie' I rocess desci ilted of calcining limestone
ilia kiln, I'y l''*' •''^'^ of lurnaces and an artiiicial
diaudit of air, through tin; lurnaces and the kiln;
niauiiaiiit'il by a mechanical |)lower.

I also c'aiirt the c;)mbination of a suidion blower
At tie' top ot the kiln, and a forcing blower at the
buttoiii thereof, as set forth.

Also, the metluxl (d' regulating the rroducticm of
stcaiii, to generate tlni power for the engine, in pro-
portion to the duty r<Miuir(Ml of it, by setting the
sfain l)Iower in tlie sami; furnace that supplies the
heat, lor i-alcining the limestone, as described.

TiiAtK Clf..\rki{s to IIakvfsteus — By AVm. F.
Kelilium, (assignor to K. L. ILnvard,) oi Butlalo, N.
Y. — 1 chum the scraper or raking board, constructed
vs tl'-cnbed, and combined with the rake piece at an

an"le b'--' f''-"! -l rorlir Mrorlc MS Mcf f<>>-f|j.

Seed Fi,\nteks — By Win. ('ressler, of Shippens-
burg, Fa. — 1 claim, in combination with the atljusta-
blo tubes, the seeding whetd, with its tlang(3 and p,ir-
iiti'ii. i'Mr adjusting, reciving, and carrving the
^raui and other material to be sown with it, around
tho oj»ening, whi'iice it is conveyeil to the ground.

Construction o^ IIakkow — By Lewis Lupton (d
"Winchester, \'a. — 1 claim constructing the frame of
n liar!' >w, of double metallic bars, or of ilat straps
ur pieces oi nn'tals, and the iormingof sockets there-
'in, hv beii(liri;r the metal, or otherwise, lor ins(U'tin""
tilt; Lfolh or tines, as described, and the uniting the
bar.«<, of pit'ces of metal, and the combining tlierc;-
wiili, the inanner of In'acing or staying the same, by
the rod and coupling, as set lorth.

-Mk.vi Cittlks— By Stanislas Millett,of x\ew York
<Mly. — 1 claim the combination of a set ot revolving
kiuvt's or cutters, with the top plate and revolving
<lisc, lorined as described, and arranged, and opera-
tiii;^ so as to eifect the sub-division ot the matter by
llitj action oi the cutters upon it, in passing througti
ill" slots in the cover substantially in the manner
s«'t iurtli.

Clmvkr IIarvestkrs— By J. A. Wagener, of l*ult-
"••}■. A. Y. — I claim tor liarv<'sting clover heads
^■ithout the stalks is tin; arrangement oi tin; solid or
hollow cylindrr, set with kniv(."S on its periphery, as
described, and just near enough to the fixed kuite,
^"^ to the concave oi the hngers, to admit space
'■nuii-h to allow the clover heads to pass tlirough.

withnut Immiim; crushed, an<l so that the' combined ac
^'"'i "t the lorward movement of the machine, and
tlieaaju>Lable guard plate, and the knives, the stems
niay be drawn m ami severeu close to the heads.

^econu, making the tet^th, so that they will spring
»nu vibrate, towards or from each otiier, as described.

IUaiin,. >Fu iiiNKs— By Cyrus IL McCormick, of
^incago, 111. l'at,.„Lod Uct. -.i, lSd7. — 1 chum pla-
^ngt'ie g-'ann- and crank forward of the driving
l^'ieo , for prut, , tiun in)m dirt, &c., and thus carry-
ar I 'o!^'*^^'"'^ ^vne.d lurther back than heretolore,
f" ^^"i^iently so to balance the rea- part of the
*nio and the raker thereon, when this position of

the parts is combinrd with the sitddediack of the
axis of motion of tho driving wlnnd, by means oi the
vibrating lever, as drscribed.

And 1 also claim the combination of the re(d, for
gathering the grain to the cutting apparatus and de-
])osi:ing it on the jdatiorni. with the scat or po ition
(d" tlu' raker, arranged and located as <l(scnbe<|, .,r
the e(piivalent theretd', to enable the raker to rake
the grain from the platb)rm, and deliver and lay it
on the ground at the side of the machine, as describ-
ed.

IIarvkstlks of Grain am» (irass— Bv Wm. G.
Iluyett, (d Williamsburg, Fa.— I (daim the peculiar
manner of arranging the two setn or series ot knives
B and C, the knives, B, being of triangular ibrm or
saw Hha[)ed, and having a reciprocating motion,
and the knives, C, working directly over the knives,
B, said knives, C, being attached by ])ivots to tin;
outer ends of the teeth, and having an opposit(! recip-
rocating motion (M)mmunicated t(j them at their in-
n(;r ends, by the lever and cross bar, by wbicdi ar-
rangement a drawing cut is obtained, and tlie kniv(»s
eifectually prevented iroin clogging or choking, by
the grass or straw.

Cl'ltivator Plows— By AVm. S. Hyde, ♦)f Town-
send. Ohio. — I elaini the enltivntor u<i <L.s..v;iu..l ^»;tL
adjustabh; sui)f)lement;iry wings, so constructed as
t(/ cultivate the soil superlicially near the roots of
the plants, and deeper at a distance' thereiVom,
the wings being adjustable to any retjuired angle
with the bottom of the furrow, so as to give anv de-
sired degree (d' inclination to the sides of the ridges
or hills, and to change their iiKdinatien !ioii> time tc
tiwie, to adaj.t them to the varying stages oi the
growth of the plant, as descrilx'd.

Ci'TTERs TO IIarvlstkrs— liy .J. II. Maiiny, of
Waddaius (irove, 111. Patented in Fngland, Drc.'J,
lSo2. — I (daim a cutter or si(d<ie, c(»mpose(l oi a sto-
ries of lozeuge-shaped blades attacdietl to a \fiiv, as
set iorth, whereby the ju-esMire oi' the grass on tlu,'
trout corners oi the bhnle is ,so counteracted that th(!
latter Jire not bent down irom the e(b'-,.s oi tlu! truard
fingers against wbitdi they cut.

Hill Side Plows — By David IL B. Ncnvcoml), of
Conewango, N. Y. — I claim arranging the two shares
of a doubb; plow, whi(di alt(;rnat<dy run iorward on
a central wheel, in smdi manner that the share, which
for the tiin»! Ixdng is in tin; rear, ."hall be carried
above the bottom of the furrow, as described.

I also (daim th(; method of r»dievingtlie swiv(d and
of steadying and supporting the lieain wdien set, and
in turning by means id' a semi < irculai- guide or track
arranged and operating, as set birtli, in ciunbination
with a cat(dj at ea<di end oi the track to hold the
beam in place when properly adjusted.

Bltter Workers — By L. J. Dickey, oi Hopew(dl
cotton works. Fa. — I (daim the adjustable knaes ar-
ranged within the liox ot said nnudiine, and opera-
ting in coiijuncti(»n with lie; recipr(n;ating pre>sure,
substantially in tin* manner set forth.

«

1 also claim the recess or depression in the botliun
of tilt; bo.\, ior th(! purpose ol i)reventing tie; butter
adhering to the press(;r, and jjeing drawn back du-
ring its receding motion as described.

vSeed Planters— ^By Lebbens Caswell, of Heirison,
Mti. — 1 claim placing the' axle of the gauge wheels ou
a fulcrum, in an adjustabb; slide, as (Jescrib(;d, so aa
to plant at any desired, and the same timo a uuiform
depth, as set forth.

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224

LIST OF i \T]-\T CLAIMS.

lOrTonn

aturc

IIoiisK Collars B^ W. 1\ Mc riiorntoii, ot !*i«I(', laml cutt('r, and counter sido, by the lock c

Bloom -l)urir, Pa. — I claim a horse collar formctl witfi I lin^^s or joint formivl in tlio mortise |jy thocurvT^
|)ff(l flaps hy the extension of the lace leather of the of tht' land cnttcr, as wet forth,
pads, iM described.

lal^oelaim the manner of stiffenin-^ :ind unitin;^
the pads by m»'ans ot a nn'tallie bo\\ , liie ends of

Socoiid. I chiini tli" ],lo\v ].nint. niid a r.\.i-s,)i.
land side piece, in iIm' mann. r spepiHrn. u 1,.m. l.y U '^
land sid.' jtircf' and point i- n-ade reversihh*.

which are ri|]^id to stiffen tli-* sh'niMcr p i N and sup-
port the tii;rs, while its arch is ilat, i inn, lud licxil.lo! Mll.l-S ViUi J.IMNOINO Ac'l'LF.S.— i'.v 1'. \] , l|„ntof
in one din^ction to all(»\v the pads to chan^*; tlijir ^^ ''^tfield, Indiami.— 1 do not elaiui tiic vm^u \ u.ont
relative distance apart, and comparatively ri^rid in ' 'd' the < ndl.s. btdts, irrespective (d' their airai,;;r>.
the other direction to prevent the puds from tinnin,^ tn nt, astlicy hav hem l.-n^' n- •.!. nritlid- ,i.i 1 ^■[■[^^^

" the cutttTs nor cvlindi- press senaraldv.

l^iit I (I linn iirst, the ( niplnvmcnt la- um- ,,f iho

endless hells, airani^ed as d<'MTil)rd, \\/,- \\,. ,,. ^j.

I.i'lt, havin_:;- an adjustabl*' r(dhM-, which, npon Knnj,

(d<'\;it(Mi or di'pr('ss( d,r;ius(\s tilt' belts at the di'^d jur,.

ends t,o bi' brou;j;ht nearer toin'ther or scpurattMi (unli-

^i , ,. , r 1 1 -.1 .1 (■ I '''' ilp^ii't. thus allowiii;:; thr belts to be adinM.d tn

the knn ' loiaie-d as siMM-iir'd. and with llie traui.' r i ... .. n i i-,,. "'.'"""'"'

. , , , , I ,, 1 (• ■ • . i I f i *^''''' or ronvev to the cutler :ill the ( i eniit aitirliw

U'^aiust wlh.-' Ir-tnr ed^-e tie' kniie is nitended t>! , , ' i- i . . '^.iuuks

? .11. .■ 1 < ♦ I r , 1 , or sulistances \vlnc!» at i»res,,.nt r. (nine each a Man!

tdav; t!ie last mt'iitn. tu'd fiMnie to be adjusted lo i r • i ■ ' •

with respect to a plane parallel t'* tiie ironl id the
collar.

SiKvw CirrKMs- Uv 1. !'. Smith, i»!" Ibude'^ter, X.
\., aO'l (b \S . >rr]y, ( a^si-ien- to ( b W. Seei v, ) <d" A 1-
bjiny, \ V . — We idaim the arran^eimait (d tli" nif-
talic ii'iiide in eoiii bination ^\:lll th' knile Irame. and

its pliiee i»Y splines and Sv ie\vs. eontained in iiollow
boxes (U* cars, and I'V trunnion'^ an 1 shoulders, a- set
forth.

M M n 1 N I- - 1 oij r>H ( n ! Ni; — liv lb < \ Pratt, of (/an-
anda;i;ua, N. V. — 1 elann i!ie diteliln;; maeliine. con-
sisting of a beam and casing, or their equivalents, ifi
one or more parts, \\ i'b a < mtin-.: aiid si-rapinix point.
hun'^ on the shait n\ a revulvin;; wneel, with slioveU
attache d to the; ouier circle .d tie- wheel, wliieii se.t
act by turning!; the wheel and loi-inin;^; a biickei in
connection with the casing, tso a.s lo cirry up tlif
oarth to the inclined sides, the whole budn^ operated
us describe J.

Graiv Wixn'OU'KRS — By Goor(^.^ li. Salmon, oi j".i
mira, N. Y. — Ante-dated duly »b l^'.Vb 1 do not el:iii:;
the blast head or the blast sprout separat'lv: neitiic
do I claim the screen nor the trou;;h and .^pouis sep
arately.

15ut 1 claim, first, the expansion of the upji'-r pan
of the blast spout, into the ciri u!ar irre-ular enlaiv:
I'd head with an opening or mouth at tie- lower ex-
tremity, partly covered witli the seive, lor the pur
pose of allowin*]; the force o^' the '1 ist to be exhaust-
ed, tlio screenin;i;s iniin diat"\v {;il!in;:; ihrou'i;)) the
ovteninii or aiouth ol' t!ie li'^a I whi.e the blast ami
dust esi'ape tiiiiU'j:ii the sen-en, tiie iila-'t l>ein;i; Ji;o\-
crneil bv a slide, a-^ sot ior:b.

K

Second. I elaiiii i.i ' ;irrauii;(-m Mif and construction
of the graduated si.'ve ol unc(iual linenos, the por-
tion being ]irotected from tlie ae'i^ai ot the !'an i'la>t

rato ami distinet luachine.

S<H'o[id, I claim, in c(au])inat'on will; t!ie two end-
lews b(dfs arr.ange i as cb S( ril>e(l, i n • or una.' (Mift.rs
or cuttiiiL' cvlindor, said cyii).(!er> l" in^ plarui
loosidy on their axes, and seiaircd liy ^r{ M'rcws
as descrilied, by \v!ii(b several I'oi ms ot cutters may
be used, according to the work icquircd to be ptr-
lorm 'd.

.'-'kkd Ib.ANiKi; — By Milton Satiorlie. o!' bouisa,
111. — 1 elaini the ai rangenent ot tin- diiil and ewver-
ing v.lieids, or their e(jui\ ahnts, on t'exible axlrs,
so tliat the said wheels or their substitute will rise
and tall to accommodate themselves to utidulating
.ir.aiiel. whereby the grain in all ili'' lunovrs, is
planted at an eipial depth and equally covered, u?
spociti''d.

Cou \ Ib.AMEUs — J'>y Ja« ob 11. ( 'iivotlicrs. i-t I'li
viil-binv. l*-i- — I cla'iu tb" metle *1 of >>. ]»in.: tie
-•■ed'ii;;: a]i iraMis by gra^ciiin .:; the }» r ph(M--^of the
iiivm;:" w licci as described.

Ib.i; HiVF.s— r>v Sylved'M- Pivis. oC (Maromonf. .V,
II. — I claim the manner (d' consirui-'inj.- tic tloa' ut
two parallel series oi' lightly sepaiael tlnii shits
I»lacod oTU' db'cctlv over the otiier, an 1 seiiaratel hv
twi) or thrie ci'ess slats, and sup]>o)t<~d hy >iiiiiliir
ci-oss slats beneath the wbob' lor the piirp^' ot al-
lowing tlie bees to b'ed v. ilbout being liable t » bo
mired in the tood beneath.

Smit Mai minks — l>v /iba Purkee, of AM'n, N.
80 that the small substances, ^ncb as cockle. ^Ve.. V.-l elami liie covering (d" the re\(biu'j' c\lnnltr
passing through and falling on the bottom b ^ard oi
the sieve, passing otf at the trough and spouts, and
when the grain arrives at the coarser iiart ol tic

pieve, it passes through :ind is a. ted npon by the timo give gn'at duiilnlity to the sail pa:t<.a^ ^i*-"

scribed.

o V

'f nKr,Mir.i:< am> Sia" ai^ \tous or (iuAiN— I'.v rS'

B. Luca-. ol Otnr ("ivek. 111.— 1 elaim tl.e aiixiitar}'
scre(Mi, idaccd in an auxiliarv position, or nearly »^iJ,

wings, or b' aters of smnL nn'cbines wita \^\v' ti" ti";:
(U- cloth, for the purpose of providing an uie\euiiit
>mooth beatinLT or rubbimr suifice. ;um1 at the >nw

iaii blast, wdiilc larger subst.ances than wheat pass
over the end of the sieve, and fall on the tlo.ij-. iisset
forth.

lIiLL-SiuE Plows — By J. B. Wilder, of Belfast, ovi.-... .-..i- v. ... .... ,.>...,.,..., , -, . .. .

;\Ip^ — I do not claim a revolving share and nionl 1 and pr.tjccting from th ' rear end (d tli" uc\r\e

board attached permanently to ea'b oth r. Ibit 1 screen, so as to be out ol the nxis of tic b a^t o\er

claim having the mould board so constructed, ar- the inclini^d scre-n. (or the ])nrpose ol catcliu;*]; n t
ranged and attached to the share, and Ian. i-side p.late, j saving the bligide i and b.giiter keriuds of ^ra.ii

that said mv)uld-board, may be turruMb as set lorth, v/hic!i may lie blown be;.on<i the rear ex*; eiintv

independently of the share, an 1 a pr >per curve(i on'- the said inciined screens, as set lorth.
er lace be presented to the sod, on eiiler si.f; .d the j ^Vj^^.^,,,.^^„, ^f GRAiN-By Samuel Cnnl)y, of Kl-

nlow, the mould boai-d being constructed w.tli t^N'o p,^.^,^^,^ ^^^^^ ^j^j^, ,.,^^-„„ -Ji,^, construction <.f th(^
faces precisely of the lorm shown.

Plows — By "William Y. Burton, of Ornngo

I claim the manner of securing the points of the land in the manner set forth.

"" ^"'' licott's Mills, M<1.— I .-laini the construction <m '-

I receiving and discharging passages for the gram:
?, Ohio. ' is, the passag at the <loor, passage I, and passage ,

r"^

■JrM

VOL. 3. WEST CllESTEH, PA., Oi-TOBEK, 1853. NO. 8.

^V II \i V \ M W T {) ]] V \ \ T the same source. We consider all of them highly

1 il Ij r A it Jl ♦) W U IV iA l\ IJ . I vabiable b)r preservation and future reference.

,]. b. ])AKLI\(iT()X, KniTou.

A. 31. iSl'AiNULi'iit, ^ibSlSTANT hoiToic.

The Farm Joirvai, may be h;id at the f dlowing
places : —

W. B. ZiFiii-R, South od, St., lirincijial Agf^nt for
riiila'lel[diia.

r. M. Sa\ton\ bVJ, Fu!t(»n st., \ew Y(.rk.

\V. II. Sl'ANaJIT.R,
l>. F. Sl'ANClT.R,

<!f:o. Bkk(;nkr,

11. MlNFR, - - ■
.1. Iv. SlIRVoCK,

II. M. KAVviaxs, -
A. li. Warfifij),

I^ancaster, Pi.

- - ''olumbia. Pa.

llarrisbiirg. Pa.

- - I'ittsburg, Pa.

■ - (diambersburg, Pa.

■ - Carlisle, Pa.

York, I'ii.

Though there tire some matters in each, not ex-
pressly adapted to our country, and even in which
vs e nave improved in liie prtieiice oi our cousins a-
_ cross i\\o water, yet there is much minute calcula-
tion and exp<'riment, mucdi close nnd extensive ob-
servation, from which the practic;il farmer here, nniy
deduce important facts, higldy useful in IiIn ov.h
manaireniont.

Tie- an. pie means at the disposal of the Pvoval A"-
ricultural Society, enable them to offer lilau-al re-
wards, f -r these y)ri7,e essays, wdiich thus enlists
sonn' of the best talejit of the Kingdom. Tliev at*
penr ;it stated intervals and embrace ti wide range.

Wm. PovfFR, ol Altoona. I'lair C(»unty, is our au-
tliori/ed agent for Blair and (\'ntre c>>unties.

A. V, HuADv, Cnmberbind and Perry eountie!?.

Jos. i*RESToN, Londonderrv, for Chester and Pel-
aware counties.

.b)\ATnAN DoRWART, Lancaster county.

H.CAMruFLL, Towanda, for Bradford County.

II. W. NirnoLsov. Esq., Waverly, Luzerne co.

And of Booksellers cronei-allv.

Prize Ey.va;/ on iJf ilrr,',iin,j ,,,f,j Minunff ui, )if of

thi' J'ninini of llmj,}} Ajriraltural Society (,}e li-
l/lcti'L

By naturalists the hog is placed in the class Mam-
malia, ord( r Pai'hydermatji, and genus Suida; and
.^iis: to this order belnngs the elephant,tlu> riiinoceros,
th(^ hippotamus, ttc: all the sfiecies feed on rjbinfs,
and several upon roots, while some of the number,
tiu> iiog to wit, will, in iuldition, devour animal sub-
ntmces. 'flie ord'-r i:- thick-skinned, exceediri'dv acute
in th«^ olbietory ami oral sonse^, voracduusfand de-
lights in moist, and warm shady plaee^. f)btuseness
of intellect is generally attributed p^ tlie bimilv po^s-

Prize I'ssay on * Igs.

A^ t'f^ommonce in nresont numi)ei ,a ]u-i7.e essay on

the IJreeding ami management of Pigs, by Thmnns , jpiy unjustly. s(>eing that the half reasoning ehikant
l^)\vlan(ls(.n, extracted from the Journal of the Royal i Itfdongs to its ratd-^: and witii re^^pcct to tli" g.nu.-,
A,-ri,ai!t„ral Society of Fu'-bind. It embraces the • 'uid -r iioticr., it is dif^icnlt to say ),mw far its oof...^-

^vl-ole «ul,jo.t. fronnhe X.tural llistorv and Anato , '":;,,;ii;Il;;;' tf ^ TVP '' '"l "• ' '^^^^'^■"^"-'"^
• • iriPirally the hog is social, .and evinces' gieat smu-

my (d the pig, the various bn-els ainl crosses, their ] ^^^tiiy for the ailments of its companions— has lleen
respective merbs for conversioti into fresh meat, known to displav ;wi nnvf.rying and warm attachment
r5<'klpd pork, bae.m, ham and mode of .preparing or to pprti.-ular .ndrnduab. Tl.e a.aifene- of it..,|rac-

tor'^ organs has h'",, made subservient to tli" n.r^of

curing the same, the best and most economical mode
Ol rearing, keeping ;ind fattening, construction of
Bties, with the theory cd" action of various articles of
food, i^c.

Ihe essay will be found no less important to the
American Farmer, and intjresting, than the two
which have preceded it in the Farm Journal from

man by the trutie-huiiter. This bu-uily has tdso Ijcen
made use of in sotting game in the two v.cll knoA-.n
instances of ('olonel Thornton and ile sow laa ki n-
in by Mr. Toamer, game-keeper of Sir II. P. St.
John MildnoiN. In both instances it was remarked
that the stent of the game was noticed by the pi^
when it had been passed over by the best pointers'.
The uneasiness displayed by tlic pig prior to atmoe-

f 4

I f

I i S

iin

;-J

II

m\

i^

vi

V!

N

til
Pi

ill!

•,..1

,1 »i

,i«*'?i

^tJ'J?'fl?rS

22G

It

PRIZE ESSAY OS PIOS.

[OcTonn

pheric oliiiu^ea is well kuvvn, and iuis ;^ivon riHc to
the proverb, "that pi^s can soo tlin wial." 1 ultnbuLe
this circumstance to the extnnn ' ijervi»a.s exoilabih-
ty of the skiii artd inurus liieinbrune, which luaRes
tliis animal led uny Miiildcn almt>spheric cliaiii^e
more acutely than the muiority ol our di)m<'.^tic aut-
mals. This nervous exeitahiiity appears, lium uiner
circumstances, to liavo an inipuitani bearing uii the^r
economical treatment.

The anatonjy an<i pliysiology of an animal will
generally all'ord the (»l>server an insight into its hab-
its and character, and we need but a slight i^lance
at the head and laee (>t the ho*;, as compared witli
other animals, to convince the observer tliat stren;^tn
is one ol the principal points had in view: in order
to render tin; snout better adapted to the purpose ot
turning up roots for its food, an extra bone is added
to the nasal one. This is short and triticial, and
placed directly before the nasal bones, witU wlucii,
and with the ed^es of the anteritir maxilihary, it is
conne(^ted by strong/; ligaments, cartilages, and mus-
cles. Hy it and us cartilaginous aitaciimenis tlie
Hnout is rt'ndered strong as well as tiexible, and the
whole is put into motion i>y a strong, siiort, thicK.
nt'ck; the whole strueture ot the head and neck ad-

been ohtaiiM'd by a cross w.th some ol i|„>
Soiiihe'rn Kurojx'.ui breeds. The g.Miuou. old K,',!"

iii'iro

lish brecti wa.^ coaiTttj boiuMl, lorpr jn Imil,

I iiiiiTitw m

the t.;iek,and low slioiilderud, a tonn to whl.-h ih,.y
wer.! most probably predisposed lr,,in th.; tact. .| hi/,
iiig tt) travel lar and lab,)ur hard lor their to(„|. m,j
un lergo considerable privations during the \V,*„t,.p
not\vith>taniliiig these ill <pialitu?s, I b7ive vviij„-,s^,>(i
in Lancashire, York-hire, and (Jhe.shire, iii^iiuur*
where the old breed iiave, through the etfccts oj !„.[.
ter care, shelter and food, [)roduced a most valuubh
animal, the thick Hop ears having become tine and
thin, the bones of moderate size, tlni thick coat of
slitf bristles converted into a finer description, sprejwi
more thinly on the animal, and the skin become tine
and ruddy. I have see'ii this occur where there can
be scarcely a doubt that the animal was the aboriiri-
nal OIK?, a. id had never received a cross. Until witb-
in a very recent period tine animals of tins descrip-
tion were to be found i>retty fre(|ue'ntly, with the t.ir-
mers in the counties named. i'iiey had several jvl-
mirnble qualities; amongst which were the tacts that
they were exireedin^ly prolific and excellent iuolIilts.
i have kn >\\n a sow oi this bretid have li4 ^ouiie
ones, olten HO and 'S2, though iintvi) commonly troiu

nnralily ada])tsJ them tor the purpose ot grubbing up , 1- t'> ^^- f have tretjuently known a sow ol this

the sou wime searening lor sucn ui Licien oi looi a.'»

iv 1 t • ' t

I V ' Ik 1 \^

i'^ lo io; bui (.he ooiiini./u

|<i c»i lui; »> iifli

roots, worms, kc, which form their natural food: in tiu; progeny was so nuimh-ous is to torce tlie yuun^f
order, however, still better to perform that office, the I '"»^''< forvvar 1, and Kill them as sueRing pigs uiiiU
Hnout which terminates the face is strong and inusou- | they are reduced m iiumoer t > a i> out a do/,en. fneold
hir, and at its extremity insensible. Tne pi>siiioii oi j «ovvs ot th s breed have rarely more than LS teaus;
the orbit of the eye is lateral, giving to the an.mai a i^»>i i^ i^^ i»'>t usn:il to see more than lb to IS ^^hJklnu^

Bide rather than a forward range oi vision, and cou-
8e(iuently increased powers ot perceiving hueii arti-

Tut.' only (l!sadvanta;:;e oi tins breed ]>, ih;il
tln;y reipiire a considerable amount of lood walunit

cles as acorns, cnesnuls, or other Iruits, which may ! m iK;ng an adt.'>piate progr.;ss lor the lir.^L I'J. or lij
have talleii near his track whilst gruobmg up roots, | niontns; alter w.i.ch lafter period, il put up iii t;iir
the [)resence ot wliicli his great oihictory sense also ' >t."i"^' order, tliere is scarcely a breed that puts ou
makes known to him. The character ol tlie teeth j i»»">'^' fi'-=ih f r the meat given to it than tins breed,
and stomach of the hog shows that it is intended to i ^^^'i it increases lo enormous weights, the liains,
be an oinniverous animal. It may be said that the I "^"^''^^^'^^ vvt'll cun.'d, being ol excelh'nt (pialitv. flio
teeth are so torined 111 order to s(;rve the purpose ol li ''•kshire hog w.is ol large size, and is, I believe,

tearing and cutting tough fibrous roots wnicn may
be in Its way; aiul I l>elieve that in tlni wild state,
except when pressed by hunger, the hog subsist-, al-
most wholly on vegetables.

The hog has fourteen molar teetli in each jaw; six
incisors and two canines; the latter are curved up-
wards, and comnniiily called tushes. It is Irom the
stomach that its omnivorous qualities are principiil-
ly inferred, tor which pur[)ose it is well adapted by
its pyramidal appendage, glandular structure, and
the yiilous mucous memoraiu; wah which it is lined.

I'he Various JirccU.-i of I^kjs.

The wild boar is undouluedly the animal from
which til! our breeds ot pigs have been d(friv«;d, and
tv» w hieli t_\ pe the whoh? would speeilily d(!generale
were ttiey again Utt to natur(\ J-.eaving out t>l view
that nearly extinct race the Irish gre^ hound breed,
the kind which approaches nearest to the original
Block are the large kinds which are known as the
Obi Hampshire, Berkshire, Ijancashlre, .^utlblk, itc.
The uiodern breeds of Hampshire, lierivshire, Suif »ik,
&c., are charactrMized by tlKMr short pricked ears,
wiiilst the older Lancashiie, Vorkshire, (Jheshire.vfcc.,
have large flop (>ars — the old Mnglish hog:" botn
kinds were originally covered with strong bristles.
Tiicro are good gi\)unds lor supposing tiiat the *'old
Kn*'-lish hog,'' with flop ears, was originally the only
domestic animal of its kind througnout tiie kingdom.
When or how the 8h()rt prick-eared lierkshire and
Hampshire hog bcciiine introduced 1 tiave always
bejn umbie to trao j: tne probaOiiity is th-it it has

now ahn »st extinct, ij.iurence, m his treatise on
Cattle 111 17'h>, describes it as long and cruo^ed m
the snout, the inu//,le turning upwards; the ears hir^e,
heavy, and inclined to Im; pendulous; the body i*'iig
and thick, but not deep;the legs short, the bone large,
and the size very great. This general descnptiuu,
bu particul rly "the ears inclined lo be pendulous,"
shows tinu the celebrateii Beiksiiires are derived truin
a cross ot the old indigenous breeii. Tne largo
llampshire breed are chaiaclei ized by somewhat sim-
ilar «piaii(ies: there is also a smaller and liner or un-
proved II tiiip-^hire breed, the hns lit of a cross wilfi
(Mliier the Coinese or Nea[)olitan; the whoh; ol winch
will be noticed when tlu; m.xed breeds are t.ikcii in-
to consideiaiioii. 1 have inirv)duce(i tiie lierkslure
and liamps.'iire breeds in noticing the larg r breed;
not mat I believe eitner county possessed origmallY
any other bitred than the large tlot.-eaicd; 1 have
d ;ne so more \\\ delerence to common opinion, which
usually give< mat breed a di>tinet and (»ngin,il
character, li will atterwards be shown, however.
that tin) ciiiracler of toe iinp/ove'l Berkshire any
beobtaiiieil by a I'ross between the indigenous large
breed, and one (U- otlie.r ol the sin ilier oni!s. 0. tlio
sm iller iM-en; is there are only two that nnpnre any
lengthened notice— the Cnnese and the Neap'ditiin.
(ji-ossesol .)nri or both of thes(> bree<ls with "ilie "hi
English" have produced ail our iuq.roved varietiesot
the larger kinds.

rue 0 .inese hog was first introduced for the pur-
pose of improving our native breeds. There are two
varieties, tne black and wiiite; botli fatten readily.

l«53l

riir/E KSS.VY ON PIGS.

22T

Tip t)l:ick \are'tv varies little in appearamre from the
X,.ap'»ldan, the distinctive characteristics being the
8hori<T -ind thick^M- leg and mu<-li wider snout of the
('hincse: their tonn is a round body, short head, wide
cheek, l»igt> **•''"' •'X<'»'''<l'ngly thick skin, covercMl
^•ith tine 111 istles; it has not a very tine shape, and
when lilt iipi'cars to have no neck, and little more
th;in the tips of the snont can be seen; it is a very
^rrins feeder, eating almost any tliin'j;, and it t!ie tood
tiven h" of !^n animal and tatty nature the skin will
freiiu'iitlv burst in patches, and form scabs on the
aniin v.'-^'haek, whi(;ii it will sometim 'S rub off, dis-
I. laving its oily fat covtM'in;: beneath, 'flie pure(Jhi-
[,,se IS very susiteptible of cold, and too delicate to
i,e ;ir liina ed in this country; its only valuable qual-
ity is its great aptitude to fatten on a comparatively
^iiiiall aiuouiit of food of indifferent quality. If f«Mi
ell t.iriiiae.'ons food, and not made too tat, the flesh is
d. luate. but it animil food has been mutdi introdu-
c'd, siii-h as greaves, Ai^, and highly fattened, the
llesh is coiirse and the tat (dly an I (iisagreeable; they
in, ike nice sucking pigs and dairy ted porkers; the
hiirer good, whether used tor roasting or pickled
[1 itk: tle'V are [trolitie, but bad mothers.

f ,! ' X 'aj) >litan sto dc is tlie mie from which our
iin|»rove(l sin dler bre mIs art; indtdited tor their most
ii'liM.rea (piaiiiies. i ne .N ♦•a|»oiiian pig, iias a sniiiil-
I'r mmitiiy ol bone in proportion lo i*s size t!ian
any ^i h'T breed; the colour black, gr(!at aptitude to
t I'teii ;it ail early age, a id will put on flesh with a
111 iler,i:e amount ol f lod (f inditfiu-ent quality; in
ta c, will gi't into som, 'thing better than store con-
dition by grazing: they are moderately j»r(difie, and
excellent sucklers; averai;e jir »diiee of a littei from S
to *J. i have both he ird and seen it remarked tliar
tiuy ,u-e h,id 111 itle'rs; winuiever 1 have h i<l an op-
iMiMiai y (», tracing sneh rum »rs to their sources, 1
liave iiiv.iriably found hat th" want of milk has
arisen m conseijuence oi" binii ;iIIoW(m1 to uret too tat
wiiilsi with young; in faet, so great is the tendency
el Llll^ tireed to pnt oil hit during the period of ges-
tiitieii, tiiat they will aim tsi ;ret over fat by b-'iipj:
iM.'rely lett in tne stravv-yard, to which place tli(,'y

'i'"' a v.ibiade assistant, beiri;; inv(;t(U'at(; rooters.

I' . ^

i.ii-' bi'i'.'d IS to b- distinguished from the black Chi-

"'■-'" hnu" 1 by ics 1 ir^"r tram >, greater gem^ral syin-
"i-./y, and maen sliarp >r snout; in proportion to its
'■^i/' ', It i> n )t so long 111 tin; body as tin; (Jhinesi!; it is
<i'-^ii;ute ot hairs.

I 'I ' vine' 1 inttM-tnlxhire of the breeds already en-
u:a .'iMtod c<ui>titute t!ie whole of the varieties of
►*woie known am »nj;st, I'lrm-'rs, tln^ three <rrand dis-
nnetive leaiui-es ol wnicJi are, th t for size of frame,
'j'»t b. aptitude to titUMi unil they are I- or Ki
jnmthsoll, we must look to tiie H .p-eared (dd Kng-
hi'.i breed; tor x^^vy (Mrly aotituib' to rift"n IVoin the
tune ot larrow.n.;- mini th-y are 10 or 12 nmnth ^ old.
Wo must res u-t to me (^l!n''se. li|>ro(i rly kept from
^'»^' first, this bree'il will oe found t> p iv b'est by kill
»'»o' tl»eni between '.) an 1 I) in )ntlis ' of age. For
»}'«niu;Lry, iinderate size, tiivonr o! m 'a^, aptitude
^* ^'^\'^.^i\, anl exeellenti nursfM, as a self br.^ed, there
»" none to co.npar , widi th ; iVt^ipolitan; it pays b-st
t'^ -thl tins oi-ee I at l;-o n 1) to 12 m niths old.' Tiie
' i>iavel Essjx b.-ee i is i sfnit imiirovem^'iit in

til * Nl 1 1 I

'- '•^ -ip.mtan; m exLerual appearance they closely
'•^^e.Qhi, each other. J ^

j^ -^ 'i"Vit.HGiiid;ng the relative an 1 distinctive excel-

^"I'ioies ot the breeds nam<^d,it is possible.by judicious-

) crovsnig them, that th.i excellencies of'one kind

^ ^y be intermixed witii the desirable qualities of

KoTT' ^'"^' ^'"' '^^'''^ fattening quality of the old
'K^ »^h breud may be improved by crossing with the

(Chinese — in this way the eehd»rated H«'rksliire pig
was first obtained. A description (d' the indigenous
IJerksiiire hog has already becm given; and in proof
of the statement here mad(» I shall (juotc! the words
of tln^ author of the "Uerkshire Coiinty Survey,
i-^O'J," who states:— "Hut excellent as the'nerk-hire
swine undoubte<ilv are, they are usually cros.s»Ml {U
intervals with the Chinese or Toinpiin raee. Mr.
Smith, Sr., of li'»teomb liassist, who fms .s/iu/trff t/ie
hrcnl of' itd/irr (i)iima(s for many yenrs, jissina'd mo
that it was necessary to cross the lierksbire swino
onc^e in six or seven generations with the Indian
raee, or tln»y would degenerate; in shane and <pialH
ties." 15y comparing this account of the modern
Berkshire with the pre(^eding one given of tfie old
species.we are led to understand that a cross witfi the
Chinese' has constituted a marked improvement in
the race. Now w(^ know that the moih'rn Horkshire
hog has a t(;nden<ry to fatten at a tol(»ral)ly early age,
!ind can gen(!raliy be turned out as fat as lie can f)e
[)rotitably made to be by the age of 11 months. Of
course I here allud»! to hogs that hav(; been careful-
ly att(Mided to, and never allovN'ed to fall back from
tin; time they are taken from the sow until sent to
{\\{) l)nt<dier; and as a generally good serviceable? hog
at all age, from the sucking pig up to the gamnnm ot

OieiMi, lie iri .-tciH eei y e.\et:eii«ti by <io \ eju^"*."* oi iu ceU .

With respect to the subject of crossing I shall extend
these rcunarks to some length, as it is a most impor-
tant one and the rules and circunistancss li(?re laid
down and notice(l are snidi as I have alwny found to
a{)[ily, not <»nly to hogs but to the bj-ee(llng of all
other ariinnils. In doing so, I shall illusirate the sub-
ject by :in account of what fell entindy within my
own ex[)erience. Sium* years ago I pui'chased two
sows of a cross between the Berkshire ami ('hinese,
containin;: more of the Chin(\s<^ than the ]5erksbire,a
circumstance that I did not particularly a<linir<>, us I
glw lys found that, when the (^hinese blood predom-
inates,tin; frame is sacrifi(!(Ml witliout a corresponding
advantage in the prof>ensiry to fatten. At tin; time
al!nde<l to it was, however, the praeti<;e to breed very
tin.' in lU'der to bfain a description that arrived at
early maturity. I put them both to a very fine Nea-
p(ditan boar; in due season one farrowed 10 and the
(tther 1 1 young ones. I ought to have remarked that
the two sow>^ were perfectly white, moderately cover-
ed with bristles: as far as I could trace the parentage
(d' the sows tlu' whole of their progemitors had been
of a white c dour: the Xeapolitan boar was perfectly
black, atel devoid of hair; under th(»se circumstMncee
no surprise would have been exnressiMl at seeing the
progeny a mixed lot of white, black, and blaek and
white, all rd which were to be found, and in addition
were some covere(l with slightly cuile<l bristles of a
brown or browinsh-red colour, streaked down the
sid''s with (1 "'ji-brown stiine-i, somethir'.g similar to
the tiger. The white [tigs turn"d out very good ones,
m iture(l endy, and fattened on little foi d, and were
som 'thiiij; similar to tlie best typ(^s of the ('ross be-
tween th" !> 'rks!iir(i and Chinese; not. quite so large,
li(>we\e'-. as thi< cross is usually seen, but larger than
their 111 "Icrs. which, !«s 1 jtreviously remarked, had
to ) mueli of the ('hinese. The black pigs approach-
ed th 'ir size in charactei-, but had a laiger fra *t
thesi! throve wed, bettiM- than any of the other kinds
which could easily be noti(*ed,as t!iey were all b'd
together. The brown speides had ear< s iie wliat in-
clined ti» the peiidu'ous, and woyo of a larger fr nne
and l<»nger bo Iv tli'in the others; wlien kdle 1. were
much he.ivier and larger tlian the rest, but hey took
a month to six weeks longer tcfiding. I alwiys con-
sidered these brown pig* as typical of the Berkshire

« 'il

,31

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u

228

IMUZK ESSAY ON PIGS.

[OctmAm

so

breed; and i Ir.ivr little doul>t hut il I hid h -.'m
circuinstanc(Ml as to h:ive been abhi to have nintched
them with thnir like, tliat the race oiild have )>♦!»'»
perpetuated. i

lu cniHcquonce of havin;^ to remove. I was com-
pelled to dispose ul" lln: soxvs and tlvir {)ro;:eny pre-
viously alluded to, reservin;:; only on<} how, wliioli at
an early period showe<l all the most d >siral»i<' eli:irac- ;
terixties ot" a ;:;(»od jii;^; lier ;^('n('r;il I'trni was some- '
Avtiat similar to the sire (Nea}t'tlitan,) hut with IuII.t
cherks^, not (juite st) so louj; hut eiiu.illy line snout; it
was a ])i;; that, had it h 'cii exhibited at an a^ri«'ul-
tural n^eeLint;, ^vould have been elassed !is an im- ;
proved Ks8(»x pi;^: in f'aet, I never saw one ol' tht; lat-
ter breed that possesstnl y)oints superior to her. My j
removal was to Ireland, where I was under tin; necf's- !
sity in du(! siiason tt) put her to a rou;:;h boar in that .
country; the boar in ((uestion was a blaek one, and !
possessiul too mueh ot th(^ old rou:^h species; but I
had no choice, — she pro<luc.'d a litter of six voun;;
ones, «uie white, which turned out similar in iorm to
the imp oved li'rkshir', two were of tlie reddiaired
deseriittion aln; '.dy noticed, and three were; black,
one somewhat similar to the sire, two like the moth-
er were made presents of, and W(M'e remarkal)le for
kctu)tii>4 in ^ood cuadiliou on a small amount of food;
their p7-o;;(Miy was of a lar;;er description, having
been i)Ut to boars of a lar;:;e !»re(-d. This cross was
much notici^d lor their early maturity; they proved
a valuable lot, fattening to 14 stones wei;;ht of 14 lbs.
the stone within 1- months. 1 had a second litter
from the same sow and a like coarse hoar; the litter
consisted tliis time (►f '.> pi;:^, 4 were red and strip-'d,
but of a deeper cvdour than any I ijad had previous-
ly, in (act approacliin;^ to deep brown, and the stripes
wtire, to sup"riicial ohs(;rvatiim, black; four were
black, viz: two like the mother and two of a coars(;r
make; one was white; the white one was similar to
the best type of the improved Berkshire, attained a
hir"-e size witli ordinary food within 12 maiths; the
rcddish-brown ones did not fatten so raj)idly, nor at-
t4iin so lar^e a size as the preceding, but they wouhl
have "(/one oil' at the time they were killed; the
coarser black ones weni hnl two months l(>n<^er than
the others, but when killed did not attain many
pounds more weight than the white pig of the sani.j
litter; the two that resembled the mother were fat at
nine months; all wi^re fed alike, viz: boiled pt)tatoes,
afterwards mixed with a little bran, and finished oft'
with ground oats and potatoes; after being taken from
the mother they were allowed to run on a pasture
(being ring(Ml.) and otherwise only sj)aringly fed.
under^ these circumstances the two black ones that
resemldcd their mother throve the best — in fact, be-
came half fat; the white pig 'ilso did well; the two
coarse black ones grew in size and btuie, as also did
the four brownish-red ones, but put on no meat un-
til they were put up to feiul; when put uj), the brown-
ish re*l ones gav(> the earliest appearance of doing
well. 1 always consi.h^red that this single litter was
typical of the ((ualities cl the various breeds of pigs,
with the excei)tion of iUo large ilop-t;ared variety.
AfU'r the second litter was reared, the sow was sent
over to England and juit to a boar, as near akin to
herscdt in ap[)earance and bretMl as could be obtain-
ed; luckily, it was one that precisely r(?semhled her-
self both in colour, symmetry, relative size, and sim-
ilarly bred, having been got by a Neap )litan boar
out of a <'hines«^ and Berkshire sow; tln! progeny,
niue in number, were all black, and completely re-
sembled their sire and dam; all that were kept for
fattening were killed in intermediate stages, from
porkers until they were ten monthg old, after which

aj-e It was conceived more nrohtahle to reir v ..
(UK'S on the same amount ot iood that it took to
crease the weiglit of tlios*; which had Jcaeh. .[ ^\
age, at which time they would weigh ten to 1\n,.|v..
stones — they were excellent, whether as iresli i.urk:
(►r pickled, ham or haon. Three more liiier« wer«
had from the same sow by boiirs oi like ciianicter
the progeny i!j every instance restnnhliri^ the p,ip,;n(g'
Several sows and nnih's wt;re reared ami (iisp,,s,i,i ,,f
tor hreiMling. wlio>e progeny were of similar h.ilut^
ami form, an 1 had a lik(! tendency to fatt"M> e.iriv op
a small amount ol food. In tiie tew cases tluiT teli
under my observation where they were a;:;ain croa?*-
ed, the majority of the litter proved like the puruiit,
and in only <^ne or two instances did I witness tlu?
appearance of tin; red-haired kind already alluded te.
Tln^re was one fact in connection with that sow to
notice, viz: that she was particularly careful in ma-
king her bed: as she approached the time oi farrow-
ing she would colic t a pile three or four feet hi;;h,
into which she would cover herself along with h«T
]»rogeny after farrowing, particularly if it was cild
weather; her sense of smell was astonishiu;ly acute.
I mention these facts, as I have observed a like ten-
dency amongst the pure Neapolitan, and I attrihut"
tii'-iii u. iiiu cirounioLanoc iha;. liiis breed appr^.n uv.-
the wild species of hog more than any other ot tliu
cultivated kinds — a circumstance by no ineans im-
prv)hal)lc, seeing that the mild character ot the Italiaii
(dimate would admit this thin-skinned, hairless va-
riety to roam at large without other sludter th:in tlit>
wo(h1s, an*l ther foo«i than tin; acorns, eiiesiui!-, and
roots, etc., witii which that country ahounds: it is to
this conjunction of favoral)le circumstan.'os that I
attribute the smooth, hairless skin, propensity to fat-
ten, strong family resemblance and habits, tratisinit:-
ed through many generations until at length they
are so stn)ngly marked, that these qualities l)ei>,.m';
intermixetl vvidi and transmitt<^d t^ their descendant-;
wIumi crossed with other hh)od. From the faet ui
this breed (the Ni^apolitan,) maturing on a siiiill
amount <d' f)o(l, it is less likely to deteriorate from a
!Nutitcient supply beig withheld than any other hnM-d:
moderate warmth is, however, indispeiisahlc, tor il
it is starved both h)r want of shelter and food, n.
race deteriorates more rapidly. The Kud^^wicli
breed, whiidi lias been known for ages on thi; horder>
of the Surrey and Sussex, have trciiuently h "cn cdc-
brated for the astonishing size which som ; of thi.-*
description have attained; they, however, require to
be IS months t.) 2 years ohl betore they are fattened.
they hehmg to the idd English bree I.

-*♦»-

.Steam Power on Farms,

Tho Mir.pils of Tweedalo has sueeeedo 1 pf^rfectl/
in working plows })y steam power. The disnn^'Ui.ti^
ed English agricult'urist, Mr. Meehe, in a I'^to ar>i' .!«
' says:--Ther^) can he n.. doubt hut that very s.iort .r
every a'n-iculturist must use steam p-;wer it ho is
stand Ins ground in the race ni' a^nacultural roinp -
tition. Tiie want of it is already f.dt if nut sc.'n, t).>
those who have n.»t th:; means or inclination te _
it. Thf time is approaching when :\ ^;';''^'" ;,"^. .,
on a farm will he as common as the drill ^'^'^^
in- maciiine, although like them, it has to -
tlmmgh the nr.leal of <lishelfef, doul)t '^''^Pr' J" J] ^,
, A committee of the Koyal Agrieultural '^''^'I'.^X^^^^
' the most extraordinary accounts of the /'^P [ ^^^^
' duction of farm locomotive cn^mes during i"^ •
' three years.— [Scientific AraericaD.

\m]

SEEDLING GOO.SEBEIUiV— aATTLE MARKET ABUSES.

22g^

llo i ''Uti>ii*» S edliug Giiusiiberry.

This variety, though ni)t large, will always be val-

uodoa uo."jant of its abu a 1 int and P'gular bearing,

and iinlik ' nimy oi' die tint? English sorts, not h.'ing

i:.>rt) M 11 '>v. it ripens so )n after mi l-suininer.

Siia smooth, thin, glossy, of a pale dull reddish

brj>va color, inarke I with flint grciuish lines. We

y tV'iii tiie Boston Cultivator, the f illowing ac-

count of its origin:

M,3^srH. Eiitors:— 'I observed in the Cultivator of
tho -'»t.h Juii", an acjouiit ot the "II )Uglitou Se,)d-
l,„r(i losh'jrry," with a drawing of the same. It is
tiitn.' stated, that it originated in Salem, Massachui-
etts, w:iich is a mistake. I'he goosberry was raised
!)V Ul ' from the seed in IH:ii>, when I resid 3d in Lynn.
It is a ci'Dis b;'tW(n)n our native and some foreign
kinil. After experimenting there for many years
Willi the most choice foreign varieties, such as the
•Hntisu Crown,' *E npire,' 'Cooic's Djdance,' 'Bang
I'm,' dl jarin^ Lion,' and about every other roaring
km Is, lU any of which I im,) orted from the London
II .rticiiltural Society, nearly all of which proved
\v ti'chless, oil account of their blasting with mildew.
11 iviii^ sidected four choice kinds, viz: 'Crown Bob,'
•\Viutr Saiich.' 'White Rock,' and the 'Red Cham-
pa mo,' ^ ' :'ocured from th" 'r'>"d

\^'*o-"

o I t r) r\

,.f

o;ir best

native kin l-t, and planted it in the centre. T.e sec-
i.ti I year after planting, all bore fruit, letting tiie
fruit reuiiin on until perfectly ripe, and when it had
fillon urf 1 t;irew over it a slij;ht covering of loam,
in the following Spring, the young plants came up in
•rra-jki miinhu's. I transplanted into nurse'ry rows
aiiout one hundred plants, and cultivated them with
care for five years.

The fifth year, nearly all bore fruit, the greater
part of .vhich was completely covered with mildew;
even the hushes themselves were so covered that not
a :;reeii leaf was to be seen. Having discarded all
but the ahove named one, and having cultivated that
over fif.een years, I have f\dt fully compensated for
my experiin Mit and trouble, having found the above
nam .' I ^ )osjberry perft.'ctly free from blight or mil-
d'vv, and a const int and enormous bearer; of its oth-
er imrits, I leave others to jud^e.

ABEL IIOUailTON.

-•••

Cattle Mjiriiet AbUi^es.

The Or inl Jury of Kings county are occupied with
thi disv.'ussiou ot a question of vast importance,
wa.oli sli tail be broug.it at one? before the same
body in this city. It is on the maltreatment of cat-
tle by the drov{irs during their long preginations
from the West, and by tiie butchers after they have
arrived here.

It is truly said, 'one half of th 3 world do not know
h)A' the othtT half live,' and it is equally true that
d 00 ; half knew what s(n-t of food they eat, they
Would cease to live, througli vory disgust at what
th'jy feed up )n. Wtiat tliink toe beef-eaters of tliis
city (d tli(! eon lition ofthidr I'avorite food under thes(i
eirouiu-it uiees: First they are confined in a crowded
space five days on a st(\imi)oat, tossing over tin; waves
ot Lakes Michigan, Huron and Erie, with but little
^opportunity or disposition to cat or sleep, tliougli in
stormy pas.sages witli no lack of chancciJ to drink.
Ah'i,^ \jy ^^,.^^ ^^j- ^.jj.^jjg^,^ (^ij^.y jjj.,. ^^j.^, shut up in a

fiiiiroad ear three or four days longer, until almost
t?>^liausted in the hot sun, and, as has been proved, in
som' instuices, 57 hours witliout water. Then they
fii-e allovv.;d t ) drink till they look full an 1 fat enougti
i^ stuud another day in the cattle market, and en-

dure all th<^ hooking and pushing of infuriateil beasts.
Then they suffer all tiie puindiing and beating with
clubs of th(»ir unfeeling owners and half savage boys,
who drive them througli the streets, until they finally
reach the pens of tlii; abattoirs, either (excited to
madn«;-s, or HO exhausted with wantof food and rest,
and conseipieiit fever, that bullocks, once as lithe JW
deer, go lik(! lambs to the shui'-ht'O", without resis-
tance,

W(^ have in fact, ri'peatedly stood ])y and s(!en them
bow their heads to the fatal noose, with which they
had just se(U\ tlndr prison-mate drawn up to the bull-
ring, witli looks and actions seeming to show that
they understood their fate as well as the butcher
could tell them, but deemtid it a relief their misiu-y.
I After having been put up in the shambles, snuffing
I the blood of their fellows for three or four days with-
. out tasting food or water, their sufferings may be im-
; agined.

j We have read of savage nations who fit their beef
I for tniting by baiting the cattle to death with fero-
cious dogs. I5y this they are thrown into a high
fever much more riipidly, and hence humanely, than
by our steamboat, railrt)ad, and buttdierpen process.
; But they were savages — we are civilized. They are
I heathen — W(; are Ciiristians. Other nations fit their
, be(d for human food by first binding the animal,
I neck and heels, and then beating him to deatli "'-th
I clubs. This makes the meat tender. We have a dif-
J'ermU process of produciiKj the same effect. Theirs id
1 barbarous — ours Ixdonj^s to an (Milightened and hu-
■ mane people, who live in the nineteenth ccmtury, and
boast of their intelligence, and make laws to "pro-
vent cruelty to animals."
i We do not allow a man to beat and misuse his
I horse, because, if he dies the dogs may eat him. But
\ we do eat beef, and do not ask tin; question how it is,

prepared for our delicate stomachs.
j If such a singular phenomenon should ever hap-
pen in this city, that a Grand Jury should be dis-
posed to ask whether cattle are treated quit<i as hu-
manely as would be altogether acceptable in the sight
of him who mad(; both man and brute, we hope they
\ will send us a polite invitation to attend their inves-
tigation. In such case let them not be contented with
mere hearsay evidence. Lot them personally visit
some of the places we can point out to them, where
beef is prepared for a people so refined that ther
would be horrified at the public exhibition of cruel-
ty to animals in the plaza de ioros, but who pander
to worse cru(dties every day inflicted upon the ani-
mals whose flesh, after being duly prepared and
spoiled, will be served upas their own daily food."
i If any of our readers partake of thiise sins, in any
I form, we hope they will repcmt forthwith, and amend
I their ways. Sometliing more than mere mere taste
is concerned in these matters. — [New York Tribune.

j Spare the Birds. — On no pretext whatever, should
faruKTs or gardeners permit their birds to be des-
turbed. Instead of killing them or frightening tliem
away, they should make use of every means in tlieir
power to induce them to iinn'ease in numf)er, and be-
come morii tame and f miliar. Tlie worst of tln-m
earn twenty times wliat they (jat; and then, what ex-
quisite pleasure, to have your garden, yard, orchard,
or wood, alive and vocal with the music of merry
birds. IMant trees for th-^n, build houses if neces-
sary for tlieun, ami let no cat, dog, or hoy ever mo-
lest them, and they will teacli you lessons of doines-

! tic bliss — preach you sermons — and warble yon smdi

! hymns as you nevi^r heard elsewiiere. Be kind to

' your l)irds, — Ohio Farmer.

m

'Ill

ul

t s

^' t

^ n

* o

\m

k

f ■•"'refill" «JS3a

1^0

TRIAL OF jli: \P Va AXn MoW^ING MACHINKS;.

[0

f'ToM^R

nhiu Slate trial of lie ipiii;^ aad Muuiiij; !V1achiiies«

[Tlio following notice of the tri;il of reupiii^ :vii(l

pull. Two of tho fingers w-re RliLrlitlv bont, bm nut
»«nnii;2;h to T'l'.'vent th.' (V)htinij<Hl use i,r the Mmu,J

M another inst)UUM' th»' top (jf a .stump in tli.* w- *
ot th«> inaclune was literally cut ..ff without iiiin'^
rlcultur>, is taken from the columns of th<' Ch'vclan<l to th knives. Mamifacturtnl at lUitT.ilo; price iUif
Diiily lljriild, luid is the best and most impartial we Mann\'N l*ateiit Mower out the scoontl acre in 4'

wowing machines before tho Ohio Statt» Board of Ag

huve seen <d this inter(»sting exhibition.

The sac )nd Anntial lvx.hil>ition of R 'apers and
Mowers, under the au-jpices (tf the Ohio State Hoard
<A. Agriculture, took place at \Voost(^r, on Wednes-
day. Col. Mediry. IVt'sident of thti IV)ard; lion. d.
O. (< est, Secretary: and nearly all the nuMnh'^rs of
(Jie State IV)ard wore prese t. A respe(;table num-
ber ol the most intelli;j;;ent and (mternrisinj' a""ricul-
ttirists from various portions of Ohio W(»re in atten-
d>in(^^ and H<»veral Inventors and Manufacturers of
«tf Agricultural Implements from abroad. The f)c-
o.ision was one of marked interest; the W(»ather was
tin«\ and everything was conducted with fairness,
g)od feelittg, and gentlemanly (h^portmcMit. It is to
Ih? re rretted that a much lar^jer numbi*r of farmers
»^id not embrace the opportunity to witness the t'\st
uf the labor saving machines, but the ext;e'Mlingl v
busy se v-^on of the year and scarcity of fi'ld labor-
I'rs p'-evcnfed many from attendln*^. Tlie R »ap"rs
and M >\vers wert» all put to a practi(;;il test in ditfcr-
triit «ju imif.'^ oi V» iifiv iiiri vii ;i.s."<, ciicii cuturii; an
ivcrem the floveral fi 'Ids. thus affording a fine oppor-
t^inity to \vitn(»ss their o{)eration and judge of their
oirnparative merits.

Five Reapers and four MoAvers were ent(»red. the
first t^rizc beinir a (iold Mi-dal of tlie value of $")().

minutes. His machine is an adjustable Ik'apcr urii
Mower, and took thf; first premium of $')0 lor hjmv
ing at the great trial at (Jencva, N. Y.. last sea^un
It is a simj.h? and efficient machine, cutting the^r;i»H
a^ well as the scythe, an<l leaving it in a ^ood c-m-
dition to cure. Like Ketchum's it works in all kiiidi
of grass, and with two horses aiul one person will
cut from t(!n to fifteen acres per day. Manny's ma-
chine is <<aid to be the only successful combinati(tn
of Jleaper and Mower, but the test at Wooster did
not show the adjustable machine to be erjual tu sume
single Reapers and Mowers. As a combined ma-
chine for farmers who are not able to purchase a
Reaper and Mower both, it is just the thin-j;. Man-
ufactured at Freeport, Illinois; price $125.

Castle's Patent Mower was next tested, and for tho
first few minutes worked beautifully. It cut evenly,
close, and rapidly, but soon clogged and be;;an t •
slip over. The knives clip together like shears, and
seem likely to gum up and sjjring apart. It is an
in::;enious, simple geared, liirht Mower, and is said
to work well on tlie plains at>out Urbana, the plaoo
of manufacture. The machine was taken from the
ground bef )re cutting its acre. The .Mower of Al-
len, Mintier & (^'o., was testeil for a few moments and
withdrawn, owing to some defect.

Thursdav morninji the Muwin^ was resumed ah
the grand farm (d" Mr. Roi>inson, consistin;; of 4>1U
acres, also beautifully located on a eminence iti full
view of Wooster, and ovcrh'oking a great extent of

On \Vetin<*s(lav th"> cxhibitiim took plaee on the splen-
did farm of Mr. Stibhs. ifnm"diat«dy adjoining tlx'
town of WoosUir. Tiie farm of 224 acres is most

beautifully located on a gentle elevation overlooking j the choicest agricultural country in Ohio. Tho ^ooj
the town aid rich country adjacent, and Is in a high | condition of the farm of Mr. R. is the best comnitMc
"State of cultivation, Mr. S. being not only a practi ! tary on his industry, enterprize, and skill. The
oal but a mod'd farmer. His wheat, very lie ivy, was j meadow selected had been in grass for years, the
o-)nsiderably lodir^Ml, and put the Heaping Machines | l)ottom geneielly tine and thick, in some portiim^
(o a hard test. Tln'V all cut the grain w«dl, but none | clover, in others thin, wiry grass. Ketchum's .Muvt-
uf them laid the travels or sheaves as even as desir- j er again led off, and performed its work t. the sat-
Jibh'. Kven the lodi»;eil and tangled grain was pretty isfaction (d everybody. The acre was cut in about
Avell cut, quite as well a« could have been (hme with
the ciunmon cradle, but in laying off by hand as well
as by the S(df-Rakers, the straw was a good diNil
Hcattered, and re<piired close gleaning to prevent
waste. The la))or in binding, however, Mas no great-
er, if as great, as following the cradle. The man
managing the Reapers appeared consi»Ierably exci

half an hour. .Manny's Mower followed cutting; the
acre in about the same time, and nearly as well.
Castle's Mower again started admirably but had to
be stopped and tinkered often, and had not completed
its acre before the judges, exhibitors and spectators
adj«)urn»'d to the Reaper test. Ketchum's Mower
was unanimously awarded the first nremium by the

ted, most of the horses unused to the machines, and | Committee. It took the first at the trial at Spnng-

in the hurry to cut an acre in the shortest time, the field ( bio, last year, but we confidently anticipat<d

work was more slovenly performed than might have i when the first swath was laid by Castle's Mower tnat

iK'cn done under more favorable circumstances. Th<^ ; lUu^keye genius was about to win the pri/.e. Im-

iicres were cut in from Wl to 42 minutes each, but ' provements may yet be made in Castlt;'s mailiui'?

the trial on the whole was not very satisfactory to j which will enable it to go through future contests as

the Judges and Farmers present. | successfully as it now enters up n the trial. Keten-

The meadow of Mr. Stibbs was

p'rass of tho first season's mn

h**avv, and affording a fitie field .w. ^ ^.- . ., ..

chine to operate in. Kef(dium's Patent bd off, and manufacture of one thousand does not b^^^into keep
' -■ - ... .... . • i,i.« "ffouno

the

:on,

and al\er the test it would no doubt have brought
$150 at auction had it been for sale. No second pre-
mium we believe was awarded for Mowers.

t. I successfully as it now enters up n the trial. Kettn-

was mainly timothy ! um's Mower is rejiarded as a nearly perfect machine,
owing, very tall .md j and is ra[)idly advancing in public favor. lne|>!i^
1 f)r7he Mowing Ma- \ season five hundred were sobl, and this f^^^*'" ^_
_ _ i'h Patent bd (df, and : manufacture of one thousand does not b";;in to k

cut its acre well in 42 minutes. It worked without . pac(^ with the (bunand. The machine on the ^roi
i^loiX'jin ^ cut the grass clean and sufficiently close, I was purchased by dudge Musgrove, a mem))Oi; <>'
an(?left it evenly spread so as to r(MJuire no turning j board from Crawfod county, before the exluhi

t> cure n^rfectly. T!io Mower is compact and strong.

and weighs about 750 pounds. The strength of the

machine was put to a severe test in the mea<Iow of

M

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denly stop

ISVld

M )\VIVa A\l) RKRIX^. MA(^lllMK8-I)AVll) TA(Ji;ART.

231

K. Sevin""'* ^ Morgan's Patent for 185.'^, New York
Ueaper, in i) 1 minutes. This machine rccpiires a
, ,,,' drive and another to raki; ofl' tlu> grain.
Tli,' iMvels are laid off at the side, and with gr(!at
,. ruhiritv, by an expert raker. It is Wi>rked with
/.'vsc has a light draught, and can cut from 15 to 20
acres [icr day, with one span (d' horses, and do the
work hetter than is dom; by ordinary cradling. Man-
ufactured at Rrockport.

M\NNv's Patent Adjustable Northern Illinois
K. iip.r and Mower cut its acre ol wheat well and
rapidlv. the grain beirig laid off it the side by a ra-
ker. This Reaper took the s<'C(md prize of $30 at
the trial at (Jeneva, N. Y.. in competition with (dev-
cn other machines, and the first prize, a silver med-
al, at the Onio State Fair. Over 300 of these ma-
chines were in use the past season, and the demand
is daily increasing.

P.\LMER & Willi.\m's Reaper and Self-Raker,
1853, patented in 185 1, attracted much attention. It
reqoired but a single p. rson to work it, as by an in-
genious, yet simple arrangement, the grain is laid
off at the side in gavels in such a size as the driver
chooses to deliver them. In partially lodged grain;
Wednesday, an acre was cut in 42 minutes; in the
fiianding wheat, Thursday, in 3G minutes. The de-
livery of the grain was very good on Thursday.
Miiouluciui'cu at i*» w^i% j^/v»rt; price v*'-*o.

The simplest constructed reaper on the ground
was Ilussey's Improved Patent by Bail, Autman &
Co., Cantot'i Ohio. It does its work very rapidly,
cuts clean, and is not liable to get out of repair. A
driver and raker are required, the gavels are laid off
evriily in the rear, but it is necessary that the bind-
ers should follow the machine so as to remove the
grain before the hordes return for another clip. The
acre of partially lodged grain was cut in 37 minutes;
the standing on Thursday in 33 minutes. The llus-
fley Reaper has been tested for years, is popular with
farmers, and finds a ready market.

Atkin's Automaton, or Self-Raking Reaper and
Mower, attracted the attention of everybody when-
ever ill motion. It comes nearer to a human rt^ap-
er tlian anything made with hands, and does its
work fast and well. It was tried successfully in the
harvest of 1852 in the vicinity of Chicago, and was
awarded first prerniums at several State and other
Kxhibitions. The striking feature of the machine is
an automaton arm, terminating in a rake, which
seizes the grain as the reaper moves along, and by a
rotary movement lays the gavel off regularly at the
«i<le, then extending itself, returns to its work, re-
minding one strongly of the active intelligence ex-
hibited by the power printing press in laying off the
printed sheets. The Se'f Raker scatters tlie grain
Boni.'what in disposing of the gavels, but not much
nicrethan the machine rakes by hand; and it is less
work to glean and I ind ^after the Automaton than
after the C(unmon cradle. It is the invei\tion of Mr.
Atkins, an <dd millwright at Chicago, who has been
bed-ridden for ten years and never saw his remark-
Jihle piece of mechanism in operation. The Autom-
aton has been patented in England. Price at Chi-
cuji^o $175,00. It is not warranted as a Mower, but
Works very well it is said.

After a full and lair test of all the Respers exhib-
ited, the ommittee, as we understand, unanimously
awarded the first premium, a gold meilal of the val-
"^ '>f $50, to Seym(uir &. Morgan's New York Reap-
•f- No second premium was awardi^l, the commit-
tee bein<r divided in opinion between Palmer Sc Wil-
liams' R(»;ipcr and Self Raker, and Ilussey's Improv-
€^ Patent Ueaper, by U ill, Autman & Co. The

world fatuous Mc(.'ormick Reaper was not exhibited,
the [)roprietor (djoo>ing to rest on his Knglish laur-
els which we bclittve have not been brijj^htened by
any American competition encountered sirico the
liondim Fair.

Several improved Agri(;uUural lmj)lement8 for
whitdi no premiums had been offered were; on the
trround, amotin: them a bu;;gy like Hay Rake iiige-
niously adapted to wheels so that the raker rode lei-
surely over the field Hinokinj; his pipe ; Killam <t
Valleau's Patent Whecle«l Cultivating (iang Plows,
made at Scottsville, \. Y., said to be the "most use-
ful improvement which has been made in plows
since the issue of Wood's old patent; and Borst's
Improved (jlrain Drill, manufactured at Wadsworth,
Medina county, and which took the first premium at
t!ie State Fair last fall. The price is $50, and the
demand is so increased that the manufacturers will
dispose of 250 this season.

-••»■

Who Is David Taj^gartr

One David Tag:j;art, of Northumberland, Pa., is
amusing hiinxelf, (we presume,) in the Farm Jour-
nal, a la Miner and King, in throwing soft-shell
"bricks" at us. We are not apprised of the "war"
he alludes to, at all — and rather reckon he doesn't
iv.td li.u p.»|,v>r./. Vv'ill the editor uf the "Juuraul"
inform us who is David Taggart, whar* he cornea
from, and what business he has (if any) with om/- af-
airs?

In answer to above enquiry in the New Kngland
Ciiltivat)r. we rt^ply, Diviil faggart is one of our
most intelligent correspomlents, corr. secretary of a
County Agricultural S )ciery, well posted up in all
matters relative to rearing Poultry, tho diff.;rent
breeds, &.!., and moreover, writes with a steel pen,
and is able to use it, either on the offensivi; or defen-
sive, with great vigor and efftict.

From some cause or other, tho agricultural press
north and east of us, seem to have got into a condi-
tion of mutual recrimination an 1 distrust, not only
on the qui vive for something or somebody to attack;
but actually qiuU ca//(?r, judging from the ab')ve, for
a fray, and some new opponent, to practise their
skill upon. Remaining in a kind of armed non inter-
vention,when not openly engaged in hostilities, they
have become suspicious, and itnag'uu themselves at-
tacked personally in their paper, when one ventures to
express a mere dijfcrence of opinion. We hope sin-
cerely none of the belligerents are going to make a
descent upon Pennsylvania, for although there are
none but militia men and raw recruits here, past ex-
perience has proved, some of these can act efficiently
on an emergency. To read the pages of some of our
cotemporaries at the north, and the way they kerp
at it, to tho nnii edifiv-.ation of tlieir readers, one is
reminded of the Iri hm in with his favorite shillalah.
who merely stopping to ask if it is a free, Jii/kt,
jumps right into the middle of the fray, and lays a-
bont him with a hearty good will, from the pure ab-
stract pleasure of the thing.

If there are any classes of people in the c<mntry,
b 'tween whom there might be supposed to be aclose

f!

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232

DAVID TAOfiAHT MOLKS^^OIiCirAKD onASS,

fO

' 1 ''f.fk

uffilirttioM, a common bond of uni .n, u i-^ b -twei n a
''Workintj Farmer ' and a ''Country Genllcman,'* a
**Nciv Emjlaiid Cultivator" and a "Norlhrrn, or Gen-
esee Farmer,'* and iftlieroia any period lie 1 1 m whose
pa;^f?sone should oxpoct not t(> fin 1 ;i rcjerord ^f h irsh
Ian;;ua^e and personiilitics it is a "Jouniil n! A^^ri"
culture," and ono whuao motto is "to inipruvo the
aoil and the mind."

Whf'n we received the Au;i;u,st number of the
"Working Farmer, turned to the leader and saw
the cafjtton of t^everal t,!' our eot.'mporarii.'s names
•'" hiilil-l ti);n.t(iM,- xve, eofieluiled, that in order to
save lull.', th.'ir iirads were all to be cut off at a sin-
i^'l^i iilo.v. ll.ivinj; I listist'? tor capital puniihment,
we turned away, aad h iv.,- not had couraire to exam.
ina the arii. tie since. Whatever was t. i • result, it
appeared to u;} our friend l*rol,!>s or M. ha«i a hostile
intent mi iliat (.H.a;a>ioii, and if they e-eai-ed with on
ly oiarksot tlr; Mip,T [)iit-puate about their persons,
they are l^.rtun.vle.

it is time f.r a truct\ (ifntlem'Ti, bury the hatch-
et, drv>p iiuo line, contend together i.^i mc c«mijiii.mi
cause, l.'t, the super phosj,.hare to tlie practical farm-
ers, who will tell >/'fii more a'xjut it aft.'r a while
than you can tell Mem. Like all other wars, yours when
ended if ever ended, will leave us about a.> wise as
when you began. We hold that discussions un ag-
ricultural subjects should be as "impersi)nal as lie-
ometry." In the cMiviMitioo in this State, to reform
the constitution some years aj; o, we were present at
one of the sittings, when one of the most abb; aud
iuHuential debaters, m>vrd a vrry siniule proposition
wliich gave rise to several hours animated discus-
sion, enlistini: tfio best tal.Mit of the hons(; on each
side, wleoi th.' mover rose and stated, that when IjO
:nado the original moiion, h«! understood the case
p olectly, but since the very Icnjikij and luminous
discussion, whieh he had listened to with so much
pltMsore, his mind ha<i become so confused and
iiark'-ni^d on the subject, that in order for further re-
lljeti.oi. ou beh ilf of himself and several of his
frie 1 U in a similar predic.unent, he moved to ad-
journ.

"*%¥-

How TO l>invK AwAV Moi.Ks. — Take 1 lb. of bean
meal, 3 oz. of slaekccl Imie in powder, '} o/.. of p(;w-
dercd verdigris, and i oz. of css.'ntial oil of lavtm-
der. After mixing tiioronghly the powd^'ry j^art of
the composition, incorporate tiie oil. With a little
water work the mixture into a dou-Hi. With this
lonn balls the size of h a/, d nuts; they will harden
after having been exposed to the air for twenty -four
hours, introdnee them twe?jty or thirty feet a})art
into the mole's runs, or ojie ball may bt; dropped in-
to the hole ot each m.)le-iii(l, taking care to (>ov«!r it
up immediately. The sundl of thes<; ingn>di(!nts is
so offensive to the mole, tliat In? imedlately deserts
his gi'ftund. The mixture is, at the same tim \ a vi-
olent poison for moles, rats, and all sue!) vermin. —
Flore des Serves,

Orchard (^rahs.

AV<' liavi no wish, "per se," to prevent the Bowin^
of Orchard <lrass, in Tllinnis, or any where else,ifit8
introbietion will )>" of any jmblie advantage, but n!>.
serving in tie' last "I'rairie Farmer," it is hi '^ 'v
connnended, we inertly state our exju'riiae-e with it
whieh may gn for \vhat it is w.irth. Other farincrs
in this vieinity who have tried it, entertain the .siinc
opinion.

We object to it, partly for the veryrra^)ns, the o(]-
iror of the Farmer, eommends it, viz : "its stn ntr
pus, ling tend<>ncies both in wet soil and dry," and
that it will take care of itself with a medium ehanee."
This we found to b.; too true, as we devoted uno of
our fields to it for several years, and to our great less.
W*' consider it the most worthless grass within our
knowledge, either for pasture or hay. It is naid that
it must be pastured cb)se, a.id n(,t allowed to get up.
We never could induce our cows, cattle or horses to eat
it if they could get any thing else. They conimeneed
btiuling as so(»n as they were turned into it, and eon-
tiroicd iiHeiwv till thev were turned out. White iind
red clover, timothy, green grass, (l*oa Pratensis) in
the Sinn.' fi'-ld would all be eaten (^uite bare, while u
strip of orchard gr;v.ss, would be alloweil to run u{> to
seed, and remain untouched. Some years ago a farmer
in thiscuuntv, wiioexercised ni 'rely a supervision over
his farm, without, per> eially attending to the details,
was boasting of his Ondiard Grass Hay, ''(h<if it
would last longer and U(» farther than any thimj dsc."
On further encpiiry, of the man who fed the stock, it
was found that the n^jvson was, because every animal
refuse(l to eat it, and it was left till spring and then
had to be used lor litter.

We do not know, how on rhcmiral analysis its nu-
tritious properties would compare with other grasses,
Out in such a case we would rather trust to the in-
stincts el animals, than to the manipulations of the
chemist. In a ])ractical sense we do not consider it
nutritious or valuable, and when it once gets posses-
sion of the ground, spreads rapidly and is very diffi-
cult to get rid of. It is also very apt to grow into
tussocks, wh(;ther sown thick or thin. It does not
"row much more rapidlv than thervegrass, "Loliinn
Perenne," whieh is superior to it in every respect,
and .Htock are so iond of, they will leave every thuig
else, to go to ; the din^ct counterpart in this particu-
lar of the Orelmrd Orass. The only place we eiui
conceive of where Ondiard (Irass would be at all de-
sirable, is in pastures h)r droves of cattle (>r saeep,
contiguous to larg<' cities, aiel wheni they are obliged
to stop a few hours, over night, to he fdkdnp, not Jed r
before going into market.

Tobacco leaves put around the ])ody <>f p<' *^^
trees, just beneath the surface of the ground, are re-
commend(Ml as a preventive of the- worms that ii^»trey
the irees by eating the bark.

\)<b>\\\

NEW nUAIN FAN.

233

BB553^-5''

New Ciralii Fan.

The accompanying cut represents the improved
Grain Separator, alluded to by our correspondent.

eslong. The wind wheel is driven by a cog wheel
two feetdiameter, whi.di gives the fan great velocity,
sending the air up a tight trunk, through which the

¥.. 1- , in present number of Farm Journal, on exhi- • .^rain i. fallin;; from the s«iv«s, «h,cl, arc not Bhakon
biti.n at fl.o Oystal I'alaco. Many farmers who ' sidoways, lik. tlio common fau-m.llf., roquir.np; ft
have soen it there, speak of its efficiency and sim- \ good deal of extra room, hut are joR^ed m front by
pllcitvin the hi-hest terms. We will advise our ' a can. on the shaft of the driving wheel. These.ves

readers so soon as some arrangement is made for its
introduction and sale in this State. The present <d)

five in number, for different grain, are made fine at
the end where the grain first strikes them, to let

introduction and sale in this State, ine present ..n- tne eno v>u.;m, ..... j.,.. ^. >

ject ,>f the Patentee being to dispose of State and i through fine seeds, and coarse at the other end,
. • , . n,rn„,rh wldch thc wlicat falls on the inclined plane,

countv riifhts.

The X^nv York Tribun.\ in speaking of this ma-
chine, says:

"This machine is very unlike the fan-mill above
described, though answering the same purpose, and
even elfe<;ting much more, f(»r by slight changes in
the force ami direction (d" the blast, wheat can be
peparate-l from chess, cockle, garlic, smut, white
beads, and other impurities, as well as Irom grass
«eed, saving that and separating the different kinds
of grain and grass from on(^ another. The wind
wheel is made of iron, sixteen inches in diameter,
eighteen inches long, and is placed in an air-tight
trunk at the bottom (d' the frame, which is three feet
ten inches high, two feet wide, and two feet ten inch"

through which the wheat falls on the inclined plane,
and through the wind-spout into a receiver at the
bottom. The wind-spout at the )>ack of the mill
can be closed in part, or wholly, by \Ahich a little
blast is allowed, or all turned out through the selves.
This machine is very simple in its construction and
operation, and worth the attention <d Farmers and
.Millers who desire something better and e(pially
cheap as the (dd fashioned Fannmg Mill. It is (piite
portable, as may be seen by its size, and the weight
is from 125 to 135 pounds only; of one of the size of
that exhibited. It was patented in duly of the p.es-
entyear, and originated in the great wheat region .d'
Northern Illinois, where the want of a perfect grain
cleaner has long been felt— the wheat from Chicago

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234

^RAIiV FAN— POULTRY— APPLE WORM— COUNTY FAIRS, <tc.

bein^^ K-nerally several cents below that of tins State, | improved hroe,ls nf .attle, sheep and u.^T^ ,

ZcTZed ''^ ''"^''^''' '"'""'' ''' ''^'^'^' ^' '''"' ^'' ^' ''"'"""■' "''^' ^''''' ^^«^«'^^^' ^" l^'^'il'

"m,^**"^ ' . , we can say from our own knowlo.l(ro, h,s iu.i,r,„\I'

Tins prom.se.st,> be a very valuable improved ma- and experience are entirely reliable ^

chine for all wli^at ;:row.'rs. Let them look at it
and hear theowuer's explanation."

853.1

(iuVKKNOR KMKRSON'S AhDllESS.

The Farmer's Machir..' is usnd by hand, and is
capable of cleaning]; from fifteen to f .rty bush.ds per
hour.

It will separate from wiieat, chess, cockle, pigeon

and red-root seeds, Hnuit-}>alis, dead kernels, and the

majority of oaty and garlick, and all other impuri-
ties. '

It will clean oa^s, peas, beans, corn, barley, rye
garden seeds and rice. It will separate oats from'
peas, beans and corn, and any two seeds where there
IS a m it<;rial difference in size and wei«»'ht.

It will clean all kinds of grass seeds and clover,
an<l se[»aratc i-lover from tim otliy; also separate yel-
low seed from flix s.M>(i, and all other impurities.

Th.' Miller's Machine is similarly constructed, and
IS propelled by machinery \vith less than half horse,
Dowor nn.1 ;< ,.or>..i.L. ^f separating from 50 to 200
bushels per hour, according to size.

U will do (Mpially as goo(i work as the Farmer's
Machine, and has been amply tested and well re- i
comm.'nd.'.l. and found worthy of a place in all good
Flouring Mills.

This machine, with only a part of its present im-
provements, received a diploma at Utica, N. Y., State
Fair, last F'all.

Tli(> Proprietor, G. B. Salmon, will be found at the
Crystal Pala.M' during its opening, or at 93 West 13th
fctreet, New V.irk.

PRICK OF MACJIIINES:

For Farmers,

.NLIl.'is, that will clean oO bushels per hour

- 1(K)

*• 150
'' 200

All communications addressed to 93 West 13th
street, or after the close of the exhibition, to Elgin,
Illinois, will be promptly attended to.

Destroy the Apple Worm.

The pr.'scnt season will be a good time t.nliniiniKh
the number of the apph' worm.

As there will n(»t be so many apples, as usual of
course, there cannot be so many of th<'H<; in'sc'ctn
propagated, and an o[)portunity thus off(!rs to tliiii Off
the remainder, so that the apples which grow another
year, will not be so much infested with them.

There are several ways by which this may be done
One way, is to let hogs or sheep run in the orchard
which will be likely to eat the apples which iliese
worms cause U) fall, and thus d(\stroy tluun.

Another mode is to gather up the wind-falls, and
eitlier throw them over to the liogs, or cook them' and
mix them with the swill that you feed to the ho^'s
and thus be sure to destroy them. ^ '

There is another way by which many of them can
be entraped and killed. These worms sometimes
leave the apple while it hangs on the tree, and crawl
down the trunk in search of somf eonvwMiituif r.l..no
to spin their coco(m, in which to undergo their trans-
formation, in a miller or moth state.

If you place a woolen rag in the crotch of the tree,
the worms in their journey dowMi, will be very likely
to come in contact \\'\t}\ it, and finding it warm iind
comfortal)le, will be likely to crawl under it, and stun
cocoons there.

They can then IxMliscovered by lifting up thecldth,
and thus easily destroyeil. It is worth some little
pains to diminish their numbers at this time. — [Maine
Farmer.

■^•^

44

U

a

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125
150

200

Splendid Poultry.

We had the pleasure a few days since, of exam-
ining a lot (.f forty-two pairs of fowls, raised near
this place, for our friend Aaron Clement, ofPhiladel-
})bia, and which were about starting to Philadelphia
in the cars. They were Cochin China, and white
Shanghai varieties, and take th<Mn all togetln^r, w^n-e
•bout the best lot for their ai/r we have yet seen.
Some of them were really mod(d fowls, well propor-
tioned, of great size, and their appearance indicated,
purity of blood. A.('. informs us that they have
been bred from tln^ must reliable sources. They will
be held for sale at his residence, South street above
Ninth, Philadelphia.
He also acts aa agent for the purchase and sale of

County Fairs in Ohio.

To give an idea of the work there is to do in the
Keystone State, to enable her to keep up with the
times, we mention on authority of the Ohio Cultiva-
tor, that seventy county Fairs are to be held this fall
in Ohio, and that out of eighty-eight counties in the
StaUs seventy-five have an organised Agricultural
Society. This exceeds that of New York by one h df ,
and is three or four times as many as any other ^^tiite
can boast of. It s<^ems but com[)aratively a few years
ago, when Ohio was considered the far ^\ est, and
now at iier Static Agricultural shows — the pee})le are
counted by tiie acre.

A Nkw Catali'a.— Dr. Warder, in tlie Aiip;u8t
number of the Western Horticulturist, gives an ac-
count of a new variety ot the Catnlpa, which he
ground owing in D.iyton, O. It blooms two or three
weeks earlier thiui the other variety

The bark of

tlu; young trees is ligbt<'r in color, the foliage of a
deep green aud more luxuriant; the seed pods much
longer; th(» form of the tree more upright and eom-
|>a(!t, the flower birger and a pur(M- white. fhey are
very plenty in Haytnn, wher<' they were first intro-
duced some years since by Or. J. Haines, from two
trees which he found on a farn two miles senth of
that city. Where the ()riginal trees were obtained m
not known. — Ohio Farmer,

All Vbstrart of an Address ' tur.' at the present d\v is the rapid ex ension of tho

ndiMftd ''"/ (jovcnwr Emerson, }f. P., before (he use of c »ncentrated tcrtili/.»;rs. To increa^*; tin? effi-
C/iCifrr Connhi A;/nrultund Sociclij, en Saturday, ciency when appruMl to the- wheat crop, Poetor F.nr

erson has had a n)anure chest adapted to a a Drill,
from wbieh the fertilizer is made to drop into the

the ildi of Scpfrndnr, l^^ 3.

Ane'ri<'an husbandry maybe viewed as conslHting of
two Mvstems,tbe first or simph'st being that carried on
^vleTetlK' f'Ttility of tlni virgin soils on recently r<-
i-laiined lands exacts little else than mer«» culture to

same tubes with the seed-grain, both fallin;:; intt) tlu^
same row so as tt) be covered to'i^etber. 1>V thus se-
curing the proximity of the seed and its fertilizer,

niie else man mere cuiiure lo , ,, , . ,,. ,. ,

. the Dr. expe(»ts to obtain gr(sitcr etiects from a mo(i

nn.duce rood crops. '1 he secondsvstem is that whuth ' ,,••,, . ,r i

P"^* " ^ ' .,1*11 erate ai>plit;ation, than c;in tx; procured from a much

his to be adopted on lands long used and mon? or '

"'^ ^ "I " • larger amount spread broadcast. .lethro ful! s sys

lens ini[)overished, where fertilizers of various kinds
have to be applied, with all the assistance that can
be gained from improved im[)lements and labor-saving
machines. The great discoveries made of late years
bv scitMitific investigators in the analysis of plants
and their resolution into the primary elements were
referred to. the nature and properties of lime in its
different states, were explained, together with its ap-
plications. The practical bearings of a few simple
principles were given, the chief of whiidi was solu-
hilitv to secure efficient activity as a fertilizer. The
modes 111 whieii lin.^ ui.iy bc secured was pointed out.
luferenee was n»ade to the injurious effects produced
by applying lime in a ((uick state upon heaps con-
taining animal manures. To prevent the escape of
iunuionia from stables, sinks, and manure h<'aps, plas-
ttr h:is been use(l, scattered in and over them. Hut
a better metho<l is to sprinkle these occasionally with
diluted sulphuric acid in the proportion of one pint
(\{ iicid to eight gallons of water. Gypsum or lime
in the state of a sulphate is extremely insoluble. In
many sections of our country it apptMirs of no value
as a fertilizer evcui when ap{)lied to clover and the
grasses. In oth(!r< it is so highly prized in conse-
quence of its actual or supposed fertilizing virtues
that almost any price would be paid l)y farmers rath-
er than go without. During the war with Great
Britain, plaster in Pennsylvania brought as much
per ton as Peruvian Guano does at the uresent day.
He dwelt upon th(! supr erne efficiency of phosphate
of lime as a fertilizer, and the immense ({uantities of
it carried to England from this and other countries
in the form of bones. These and oth(^r kinds of f(;r-
tili'/jTs which the Ku'dish import every vear in such
immense rpiantities enabl e her farmers to raise im

tem of thorough culture , cannot make crops grow
well where the elem ents of fertility are absent from
the soil. Th(5 pries t may pray over the grtamd for
an increase, but his prayers will be of n o avail with-
out they b(; accompanied by the application of ma-
nure. The Dr. dilated upon the vast importance of
Brimstone to the arts and manufacturers as well as
to Agri(;ulture, and the immense quantity of sulphur
carri(!d to Engbind to be used chiefly in the arts of
peace, little, comparatively spe\ king, being employed
to make i:unpowd<;r. As sulphuric acid is tin; Key-
stone of many of the most important manutaeturing
processes which enrich (ireat Britain, it is ])ecoming
of immense im[)ortance to agricmlture, founding the
basis of n !ii-ly al the best concentrated fertilizers.
Sulphur in the Pnited States pays an import duty
of lo per cent. In England where they know their
interests better it is admitted free. Dr. K. has used
no less than 8000 lbs. of strong oil of vitriolthe pres.
ent year in the preparation of fertilizers for his crops,
which be reports as extr(;m;dy luxuriant. He ad.
verted to the superior skill of British farmers as en-
abling them to employ more capital on their farms
than is usually done in the United States. Besides
the millions expended in the purchase of ))ones which
are brought from t be ends of the earth. England
imports not less than six or seven millions of dollars
worth (»f Guano every year. As every Urn of these
en able her farmers to raise several tons of grain, and
animal food, this proves an admirable method to re-
duce the amount of importations from abroad for
which money or goods would have to be paid.

The Englisli not content with gathering fertilizers
from the ends of the world, do not stop here, but im-

mense crops. Premiums have been given in England ' port also the n.aster spirits who can instruct them to
f)r SS bushels of wheat, SO of Imrley, and a lOS of ; make the most of their rescmrces. Ihe invitation
oats per acre. The existence of a bone trade in this ! exten<led to the celebrated Dr. Lei))ig of Germany,
country and the exte.^t to which it is carried on, were to c(mie ..v< r nnd deliver a course of lectures was a
menti<med. Bones dissolved in sulphuric aci.l are special honor paid the science for its il ustration ol
far more active than when applied in their gnmnd agrieul turaUubjects hitherto resting in deep obscur.
«tate. The agriculture of this country suffers im- ity. The invitation to Professor Johnson of Eng-
mense h>ss from the hemes allowed to' be exported, land by the New York State Agricultural Society
Ah much as TOO tons of bones have been carried a- ^ was a similar recogniti m of improvements effected
^avfrom Pbib.lelpbia to England in one vessel, in husbandry through facts deveh>ped by seient.fic
which, il converted into a super-phosphate would investigators. Dr. urged strongly the advantages
give a dressing to 70t)0 acres. ■ now to be <i.'rived by farmers from the perusal of

One of the most important movements in agrlcul- good books, which ought to be distributed by Agn-

'.iJ

11

.'f-

5W*.

210 GUANO— ROSE BUSH-SUPER PIIOSIMI ATI-: OF LIMK -Vrrrous HOUSE.

vH?r©Wn

cultural SocietiCH in place ot the paltry sums com-
monly offered in money.

In this country where every farmer is a freeman
with \\\)i\\ privile;r,>s to look after, it LeonK-s him to
improve his mind. This he cannot d.) without booivs
which are not only re<iuisit<' lor his own in.strurUi.n
but for that of the children entrusted to his care. It
is only when physical power is dir.'cted by propn- in-
telligence that it accomplishes its greatest results in
agriculture as w.'ll as all other branches of the in-
dustrial arts.

-Hh-

Experiment with Guano, Pure and Mixed, on

Wheat.

A correspondent of the New York Agricultor, da-
ting Accoma, C. II., Va., June IS, 1S;>;;, says:

"Last Fall, when sowing my wheat, I laid off four
contiguous parcels, of om-sixth acre each, to which
1 applu'd the following substance, viz:

Ao. 1. (luano alone, lio lbs.

No. 2. (ii.an(» l!> lbs., Plaster 0 lbs.

No. :>. (Juano 2') Ih^., and peck charcoal in half the
quantity 1" (iaano by mcasun*.

i\o 4. (lliaHO *.V» ll»^ ll>rli<fiMW».] •»«'itli ot»«,>».-r lifl^(>

UtlhTwi-ji' they wen^ treatt^MJ prLM'isely alike. The
substances were mixed the day before a[){)lication.

"I have observed them closely, and the results are
as follows:

I iitil this Spring, I could perceive no difference;
then 1 found No. I and No. 3, takiii'^' t!ie lead of tli.-
others, and tie-y have continwd to do ^^d till tlie pres-
ent, when my wheat is marly reii ly lor the scythe.
If any difference exists between No. I and No. o, 1
think Xo. 1 is rather taller and ranker, while No. ?>
lias rather longer heads.

"My object in these experiments was to ascertain
whether the effei'ts of Ciuaiio are enhanced bv ad-
mix'ure with "fixers" of ammonia. I was, on chem-
ical princif»les,an advocate for adding plaster or char
coal; but these experiments seem to indicate no im-
provement in the case of one (»f the substances, and
a deterioration in that of the other, as compan'd with
(Juani) alone. This guano and Plaster question has
been a )>one of contention among chemists and ag-
riculturists. Only one expt riment, however, I do
not consider conclusive, and next Fall I intend to in-
stitute others."

-••»■

Treatment of a Rose Busli.

T liavc possessed for many y(»ars a very fine graft-
ed Rose bush of the kind called Cloth ofGohJ; thcM^
possess the peculiarity ot bhjoming finely an 1 freely,
with very large flowers, when in the gri'en house; but
in the open air the roses are not nearly so remark-
able. My bush Ix^gan to run sonn? three years ago
very rampantly; but my gardener regularly cut it
down to produce grafts from, losing the roses, 1 de-
termined U\ "make ;>n example" of tin* specimen,
and proceeded as follows, with what results von shall
hear.

I plaiited the bush under the drawing-room front
window, and made a plant-case, covering the sides
with b;irk to nmke it sightly. As soon as heavy
frosts set in, I bent down tin* stem and fixed it there
with a pronged stick, covering the whole, w ich had
now a fine head, with glass. Being near the door,
and under constant observation, 1 treated it as is
usual with salad or cucumber beds — that is, I gave

it plenty of air w!i,ri the sun was ou it, or the air
was sufficiently warm.

The result lias been, my pot has lieeu raise,! ..t, i„
the spriiit: in tin; mo><t extraordinary vi;,r,,r, lioilltl,
and beauty. This year it came fMrtli wTrh ei rinyl
four (Miormous buds, foll(,\ve,i |,y ^iant llMWeP., s^
much so that it became a perfect show to the nei./i,.
borhood. 1 branche(l the runmM-s to stakes, aid" it
nosv measures twenty-on- feet in lengtii, aii.l n^xt
year will mount to th«,' second .story on a speda] tp!|.
lis. It is now perfecting a second series of hmls, ;tii.i
will continu(> to bloom till late in th(! fall. I 'may
add, that I have watered it and my other roses oiife
a week with a solution of sulphite of anun )nia, in
the pro[tortion of on(» pound to thirty gallons. Lov-
ers of roses will do W(dl to try the exj)eriment with
(Jlotk of Gold, Saffrana, S<Jfal(ire, &c. J, J. S.—
Gennaiitown, Pa. — ILorliculturist.

Super Phosphate of IJme.

We continue to hear from various ((uarters, of some
of our best, and most observing Practical Farmers
who have tried Professor Mapes' 8uper-phos[)hate of
Lim(^ They speak to us of its ellV'ct on corn, oats
wheat, grass, vi^getables, itc, in the highest terms.
In many cases, it has proved superior to Guuie., .,. a
comparative trial along side of it, and especiallv f'>ir
pasture. Whether this article could, or could not be
manufactured in England for ^l(iO per ton — wheth-
er this or that or the otlier imalysi^ is correct, are
'liiesti"ns which nec.l not bo discussed in the Farm
•Journal. AN'hat we care to know is its vahie l(»r
farmers, by its r/J'ais on th' ir crops-. If assured en
this point, our readers will be s:itisfied. In addition
to many experiments wt3 might mention by others,
we have tried it ourselves, this season on oats, 20') Hks.
to the acre, on corn applied in the hill and on Vi ^e-
tabh's, all with satisfactory results. The cradlers in
cutting the oats, nanarked there was d(mble the
quantity on that portion.

Since the introduction of Professor Mapes' article,
several others have appeared in Philadelphia and
New York, under the name of Super-phosphate of
Lime. We do not know that they have been yet ful-
ly tested by farnujrs, but we shall be happy to com-
municate to our readers any results from their u<e.
It is said they are equal t.> Professor Mapes', this be-
ing considered a great recommendation. ^Ve should
like to hear from those who have tried them.

-*•*-

How to Subdue a Vicious Horse.

On looking over S(»me old })apers the other day wo
came across the following, which if true, is worm
knowing. It seems that a fruitless effort was being
made in a black-smith sboj> to shoe a vicious horse
which resisted all efforts, kicked aside every thing
but an anvil, and came iwav killing himsidf a<i;amst
that, when by mere accident, an officer rciturned from
Mexico, was passing, and be-ing made; actpiainted
with th(^ difficulty, ajiplied a conq)lete remedy by the
following sinqtle process.

"He took a cord about the size of a common ))eti-
cord, put it ill the mouth of the horse like a !iit, imd
tied it tightly on the top of the animal's liead, passuig

ra--»:

«'U

1853.1

FXTKA< rs i»F Al>l)llKSS-rorNTV KXIinUTIOXS— VKMOUS TATTLF.

2?,7

1,;^ Irft ear under the string, not painfully tight, but
t'i'dit en oiigii to keep the ear down and the cord in its
[r.yr,' Tins done, he patted the horse gently on the
'i(b« of the head, and commandeil him to follow, ami
bistantlv the horse obeye<l, p.-rfectly subdued and as
r.Mith' a*nd obedient as^l well-traine(l dog; suffering
j^i^ feet to be llfte*! with ejjtire impunity, and acting
in^ali respects like an old stager. The simple string,
thus tied, had made him at once as <locil«; and obe-
dient as rvnv one could desire. The gentleman who
thus lurnisiied the e\(reedingly sim])le means of sub-
dain"- a very dangerous projtensity, intimated that
it is practised in Mexico and Sout h America in the
niana^^ementof wi d horses. He this as it may, he
deserves the thanks of all owners of such horses, and
especially the thanks of those wdiosc business it may
be to shoe or groom the animals."

Kxtracts from an Address

To the Citizcas of Franklin counli/, Pa., by lion.

George Chambers.

The prejudice witli many farmers, against book
learning and science applietl to agriculture, is to be

K-T-iiill,- ' •> • "..<»• ..•frV«i'- «»r fhoir itifel li (roni'e If WO
Olspelle

An intelligent farmer profits by his observation
tmd experience in the cultivation ami improvement of
his soil, and why shall \w refuse t<^ be iidornnul of
tin; result of the experienc^e of others, whi(di may ))e
to his iidvantajiie ? He wants to increase his agricul-
tural products at the smallest cost, without exliaus-
ling his soil Ix^yond his means of restoration. Every
discovery or inq)rovement in cultivation, or in restor-
ing to the soil the ingreditMils withdrawn by the crop,
which is made l)v the farnwr or th(» (Jhemical Pro-
lessor, ami which nmy h'sson labor, <'Conomi/e time,
and introduce a better system of culture, is to })e en-
courag(><i as a benefit to the huaner and tin? commu-
nity. Yet this knowledge andjdiseovtu'y the farmer
may be able to learn only from agricultural [)ublica-
tions. The experience and the discoverif^s of others,
by such publications are brought home to every farm-
er and his family, if disposed to read and learn. One
enterprising farmer will not do much good in his
own neighborhood by his experimental labors, but
tlirough the agency of the press, the beneficial result
of those labors will be made known in remote places,
to tin; advantage of those who are desiriais of informa-
tion in their occupation from every source.

-•♦^

rlo not read agricultural books and essays on improve- 1
meats in farnTing, w.' will })e closing our eyes against |
the li;;ht and be l)ehin*l the age in which we live.

We might rtd'er to many examples of a su<lden im-
pulse give to agriculture 'in this country within the
last few years, by the publication of geolot^ical sur-
veys, 'fhere are several instances attested ))y in-
creased agricultural products in whole (listricts .'f
eomitrv. ()n(i is in the marl region of New .Jersey,
where the <liscovery was made, by iVof. H. 1>. Rog-
ers, of the (ireen Marl, a sand abounding in Potash,
and as a valuabh^ fertilizer has been used to a great
extent in \"W Jerssv, to the great improvement of a
ste'rile soil, and with striking advantage. The dis-
covery of the al)umlant calcareous marl deposits, by
Prof.'Wm.li. Rogers, in Hastern Virginia,hasle<lmany
Northern and Kast<'rn settlers to that worn-out re-
gion liy the b;mefitstobedrived from this marl manure.
The<liscovery (»f the phosphate of linn; in New der-
sey and New York will not only benefit the farming
interest of those States, i)ut is^)f such value, as the
))asis of a ])ermanent fertilizer of the soil, as to bear
transportation witli profit even to Europe. j

There was a time wthin the memory of farmers '
now living in Franklin county, that when Plaster of
Paris was first introduced for agricultural purposes,
it was ridiculeil bv the majority of fanners, as a
'-(Xtrh-pranij (d^ no btaudit. And at the sam<> tim^ the
prejudice with many was against the introduction of
the r(Ml (dover crop,* as a new thing that would not
pfiy cost. Many preferred the "good old way" of
thier fathers, in having on their fitdds the red sorrel,
pi;^e<.ii we((l, and other abundant weeds, aiid not
only opposed the cultivation of (dover, lait were dis-
pos(Ml to <'har;;e on the fine clover fields cd' the neigh-
borhond an epidiMuie disease that one season spread
over the country. Yet it is that clover crop, and im-
I'roved husbandry over the "old way," that rescuHMl
from sterility anil barretmess a large portion of this
county — its former proprietors having sold their an-
cient homesteads for a trifle, an 1 sought other homes
at an early day on the new lamN of Western Penn-
sylvania aiitl elsewhere. Improved hus1>andry sim'e,
on the lands deserted, a great part of whi(di is on the
waters of the Antietam, has made them the most
fertile and valuable in the county.

County Exh !>»•♦»'»"«-

Philad(dphia Agricultural Exhi))ition will be held
at the Rising Sun, three mil{^s north of Phihuhdphia,
on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, the I'Jth, 2()th
an<l 21st of October. The premium list is a large
and lilxM'al one.

Montgomery County Exhibition will be held at
Springtown, on the Reading Pike, tWM) miles north-
east of Xorristown, on Wednesday and Thursday the
12th and loth days of October.

Warren Countv Exhibition will be Indd in Pitts-
field, October r>th and (kh.

Union County Exhiliition, (the first one,) will be
held at N(,'W Berlin, on Thursday and Friday, Ooto
ber l.'Uh and 14th. David Taggart, Es(p, of North-
umberland, will deliver the address. A wise selection.

ri'^i

Vicious Cattle.

The common vice of jumping and throwing fences
is tauijht to cattle, with scarcely an exception, by
their owners and caretakers. Fences half down, soon
fall by the rubbing of cattle, and teach the first less-
on, especially if cattle have any shrewdness in observ-
ing cause and (d!\'ct. Very fine feed just (jver a poor
fence, is the next lesson; letting down ])ars and rail
fences to the halves, from laziness, so that the ani-
mal has to leap, is the third lesson — and this last is
often first, second, and third with she<q), until they
will s<;ale an} thing. These three lessons are usually
enough, but af(»urth is often added, namely, placing
one additional rail on the fence each successive day,
as they become more skilful, for the ostensible <dij<'Ct (d
keeping the jumper within bounds, but really o})er-
ating as a most ing<'rn«ms contrivance to teach the
art of vaulting. We hnve heard of French being
•'taught in six lessons;" but very few animals require
more than the a])ove fi)ur to (mahle them to take
"French leave" of any ordinary enclosure.— [C«»un-
try Gentleman.

■^m*-

There is no more honorable occupation than agri-
culture— none more heatliful or more useful.

I

■ H

3

a\

n

ill

m
ill

.11

i
i

! \

' J !

f'4 #t,t,'.

238

ARTIFICIAL MAXnilRS.

ArUlirl »l >lai»ureM.

ToilEI

As Piitcnt M mures jinJ FtTtiliz'^rs ar

• ' SpnilZMlL'"

up in every (jUiirter. anil witli ".i r'-'il sanitifir an:ilv-
sis to accmip tay Llieia, are \h\\\\s^ ur;; mI upon tli<'
noticoof our Kannors, in lian.li)llls, cir.Mil irs an.l a.l-
Terti8 3ia)nt.s— .vj oof)y the lollowiu^ \sA\ wriu.^u
article from tlie Ko^lish A j;ricultural (Jvzette, as
quite appropriate t) the times here Tliere arc some
very valii:ihl" hiot^ in it.

It seems liii^THh F.irin'rs, who like the j^cncralitv
of Fann-Ms every where, ari? m()r(; used to the Farm,
tiiari the lahoratory, ar.» also Iial.le to \n^''cic(i,nisr<l.''

We ctunujen<i a proper caution in purchasio)^ to
much extent «»f m-iv and niitrU'd artificial manurc^s.

'What science Ixistows i;;r()rance wastes, or alto-
gether reje(;ts. This is a truth fouiKled up(»n tlie ac-
cuoiulate.i experience of (-(Mituries; and which, even
in the j)res<MU <\xy ,is continually receivin;^ fresh con-
linn, ninn in the niistak<^s and failures whi(;h occur in
e\ery dep;iriinent of hmnm industry — eMstakes and
failures which ji v.'ry sli;;ht ac(pi:iintance with sclen-
titic truth wiaild have prevented alt<»;;ethcr, or at
]ea»!t" retii h'l'iM I i.'<s; (li^'i^f V, ,ii< " V i;t»i,. k tio wlcdcc*
is a <lui-.'rous thinj;," hut th" apothe;;n» is not com-'
plete unh'ss we add that the 1 ;ss the knowled;i-(> the
greater thedauj;er. .SVw7'/<r^ with l^rdrtic' is euihla/-
oned on the crest of the hirj;e>r aud ni o<t iuHuential
of our ai^rioultural soejcties. and tlie union in the
motto of the head to think un 1 die h ml to execure
illustraUiS in a forcible mannei th(» ;rr;in I iijea which
that society prov»ose8 to woi-k out in jiroce-s ol" time.
But, notwith^ran lir^^ all the li.^ht which is constant-
ly dilfusm;:; ii-elt Iroiu the centres of scientific (effort,
there arc uiany so-c tiled practici! m.-n who hoid hy
the converse ot the Kiij^lish A^^ricultura! Society's
motto, am! who coii-sidcr t hat Practice without Sci-
ence should !i" the watchwiu'd of the rent-pavin<»-
farmer, d'hat "oiic ouiu-c of j)ra tice is hetter than
a wnole ton oi theory" is an assertion whiidi has oft-
en done duty for ar;;uin"nt; hut how far this ehoict;
n)oi-se| ,it |o;:;ic is correct is l)(^st illustrated l)v the
reconls ot that departuieiit of firm practice whicth
emoraces the details ol pur(diasin«; and mana;;inL:;
what are culled speci.il manures, whether li;!;ht or
heavy, damp (U- dry, or;;anic (U* inorganic. Upon no
Hulijec ill agriculture has clnunistry "runi^ its chau"--
e>" with such une.^asin^ hut fruitless industrv as that
ot the value «»t manures. Xot only have' all the
proxinnite and useful eleuKMits heen separated hy
analysis, hut. in addition, they have he mi lotte(f,
ticketed, weighed, and ].nce.h In or<|er that there
may he no difficulty in det(^rmining the Wiirth of any
m mui-e of whic!i tlie seller furnishes an analysis.
il .w 111 my t(uis,)f pidcticc. will it tak(^ to analysc'';ind
detennin" ifie value of one (niiic''[)[ guano or super-
phosphate correctly? Not all the accumulated prac-
tical or empirical agricultural knowledge from tiie
days of the first tiller of ilu; soil, down to the pres-
ent hour, has heen able to solvi; the j.rolilem cmitain-
ed in the question — What is the lood ofi)lants?
Chemistry has cerlainly not made plain all \\\o. mys-
terious prt>cesses(d ve^etahle life, hut it has thrown
a flood of light u|) >n the compositi(m, comoaritive
value, uses aud abuses of thiKsc snh tances which
firm the food of plants. Much of this light is, how-
ever, obscured or lost by the want (d" a sntlicient a-
mount ot intelligent appreciation i.f the piactical
uses to which it may applied. It is a somewhat af-
fecting spectacle to behold an experienced farmer,

deeply \ crse.i in the mysteries .d marketm- uttorlv
helples.« when the printe-l analysi. uf .sunjr,,,;^,^^^^;

u- other is placed in his hanlis. Kxperiemv l.«a
tau;:nt liim hww to calculate tlu' weight of an ox witi
admirable precision, niendy hy the u^sc of |,i/ ^j^j^J
and t(»uch, and to work up a 'furnip held wii|7 a
ni<-ety that can scarcfdy he surpassed ev.-n ,,i tiio
, trimmest market-garden; but experience conveyo,!
I through th(! (external senses can no more enable him
I to know the value of a manur«^ from its analvtical
I composition than it could the unlettered Arab of U,o
desert to decipher the inscriptions of Nineveh uf
Kouynnjik by ga/ing on them, though it were fur a
lifetime.
I An instance recumtly came under our notice of the
utter uselessness of chemical analysis to the farmer
when not acconifianied, on his part, by some sli.rht
ac(iuaintan(;e with its practical us(!s. A sale by a7ic-
tion of artificial manure had betm advertised to take
place on a certain day of dune last, in a town situa-
ted in a somewhat /a/'-/to/-/A county of Scotland. Thij
own<n' of this manure had, vvitha most prais(»worthy
honesty, previously (d)tained an analysis id his inu-
nuH! from Trof Anderson, of Glasgow, and on tlu*
day of sale printtMl slips of this analysis were freely
distributed among the assembled farmers. The ma-
nure itsoil was \>wiii iiiifu HI oit;^>, iiini m appL'araiicy
sonnnvhat resembled good 1> olivian guano, ^ut jios-
sessing a peculiarly putrid odour, not unlike wliat
would i)e imparted by a mixtur*^ of crushed hones or
rottiui egi^s in an active state of decomposition, It,>i
c )mpositii>n wa-; as I'oUows: —

Water, ----..

Oi'ganic matter and amm )nlacal salts,
l*nosj)iiates.

Carbonace of limii ((dialk,)

Alkaline salts, -

Sand, - - - .

1R.48
lis.)
Vl\)\

27. Ui)

lt.;{2

U.')l

lOD.no

Ammonia, - - - . .

This trash was bought up readily by several well-
edu(;ated and intelligent farmers, at prices varyinj;
from 4/. to ')L per tmi, as a manure f>r this year'rt
Turnip crop; and in on(» or two cases it was bt)u;^ht
on sf)eculati()n to be held over to another year. A
very slight iicipiamtance with tin; mode of calcula-
ting the value of a manure, from amilysis, as nude
known in public; journals by Professor Way and oth-
er agricultural clnunists, would have h .wn that its
real value did not exceed oov. per ton wIhmi compar-
ed with Peruvian guano at l>/. lOv. per ton. Acci>rd-
ing to the very lowest moile (d' calculatim; the valu'3
ot m inures — hy the ammoni i, phosphates, and ;iik;i-
line m ittei- they contain — the value of a ton ol tlud
artificial manure and guano will stand thus: —
Artificial M inur.' wiTudi Sold at UOv. per ton.

Ammonia in a ton, Ti\ lbs., at A\(l.=ti) ID 3|
Pnosphates " 'JDh" lbs., at U-= OlSll

Alkaline salts " ;;2l):| ll,s., at b/.= i 6 8

Value per ton, - - . _ ijl! lo ii

rrntn'iia Gutuio.
Amtmuiia in a ton, WM) Ihs., at 4]'/.^:^ £7 f> 3

I'iiosphates
•Vlkaliiie salts

r>4() lbs., at i<L= 1 1.; '.)

UV1\ lbs., at 1'/.= 0 1<'. U

Value per ton, - - - - O) P) 41

From this comparison it appears that the aniliciii
manure which sold yo readily at 90*. per ton was
alkaline salts, in reality us dear as Peruvian guano at

I8:>.i.l

AllTIFK'lAL MAM i;FS~C()MMrM(\\TI()X— EDITOPIAI. ko.

2,19

crop; hence, it we exciuoe me lauer ircun me ion- ni,;nt so little In^edcd, is not
pMn;;estimates, the result will be that the artificial ,,, p.^.j^^i;,, i^.^ Hook

niinure whudi sold at VO.v. per ton, really cost as , , '

nuieh as Peruvian guano at 31/. per ton. * | P''"'^'''^^ ^'^^'»^';>^» ^^'^^ whicl

16/ p'^r ^'"^' '^"^^ ^^''^ ^^'' ^" ''•■^'''"''=^^'' ^'^*' ii'»imonia friends assume a more practical r)rin, and are more

of each at 'W. per lb as many of our best clnMuists oarnestlv responded to by the Farmer'.
1 fl,,. re-,ult would be that the inferior manure . , . . "

i;;,-! 1... worth 12/. IS.v. (W., while the Peruvian gu- ^^' ^ member vd the farm.n.: interest. I will make
Mio w-uhl be worth Vlf. ■)^. \\<i. P»ut the former an advancf; t«)wards (dlecting a b-tter understanding
was houiht at 4/. l'>.v. ]u^v ton, hence it cost as mmdi between the parties in order that we may labi«r har-
ms' die latter at is/. 17.v. per ton. Ammonia and ,„„niously and in cmcert. That th.' reasons of our s'ci-
^i.Mwt.hate ot lime are considere.l to tv' the two prin- .•,. n- • ,

P'"* 1 • ,\ ,■ i ' r entibt; allies m rejereuce to t le act on of oliios in se

rinil substances in the c(Mnj>osition (d a manui-e lor . . .n uon i,j piams m se-

Turnif>S while alkaline matter is not .-opposed to be I'-^'^'^g their fo » I and injulicioiH manuring, are so

(.Mscntial as an application in the j^rowmg of this coolly received and their su;r;;estions fbr improve-

crop; heoce, if we excdude the^ latter Irom the jore- ,nent so little In^edcd, is not owing to their ignorance,

farming, but rather to a
ich experience has taught
An(>ther view of this subject will place this trans- \ them to receive innovations, on customs l()ng sanc-
Rction in a somewhat amusing light. In cv«iry 10 tioned by practice, as well as the wrecks .f many
tons of the so-called artificial manure the purchasers ^^^^^^^ ^,,,^^ j^^^^,,^ ^^^^^^^ ^,r...ni.A to then,, for makint
carted home ni^arly d tons of chalk and 1^ tons <>f , , , , • . , •".nvm^

Band; and if the extra per-centage of water over ^^^^ ^''^^^''■' «"'^^ '" the place of one, with little ex-
what is contained in good dry guano be taken into ' P<'"><<^ Ji"<i !<'«« labor.

account, it will ap|)ear thjit, while one-half of the j F^nough has been writt(;n to prove as far as writing
nmnure was utterly w..rthless,thrM.ther half was n..t^^^^^,,^^^ ^,,,^ .^^ of land would, or rather

c(iual in value to the very poorest sample of Patau;o- , ,,, . ,. , • »Hui.,r

j^;,,,, ^.i,.,no. * J. II. j ^''•^^^'^' '^*' increased by adapting a new. or chan-ing

^ I the old system of manuring, as well as to set by the

To Yoiin^ Ladies, i ^♦^'*^' tlie several advocates of change and improve-

V. T. Uarnum offers a list of pnMniums to be com- "^"^'t' ^^"t not one line as far as I have s.mmi tor put-
piMed t'U- by youn^j^ ladies under twenty-om; years of ting the scheme or schemes in [iractical operation,
a^e, at the Fair of the Fairfitdd County Agricultural It is easy to tell the thirsty n)an to goto the well

Society, to be held the first week in October, at Stam- ' i i • i i ^ w .i • "^ • i

r J nJ ..'in • c I. 11 '^"'* ilrink, hut it there is neit ler jnimi) or thaw he

ford. Ct. '* 1 here are seven premiums lor iKusehack J i ' «"^^'>,ni7

ridin-. ranL;ing fVom SJ.') to a ^old pencil. oj)en to "*'^V '><" comp(d|ed to thir>t on. and it is just as easy
uuni irned ladies uiuhu' iwenty-one, from all paits of to tell the Farmer lamenting over a lost crop, to ""o
the State; three premiums f( r butter, three for cheese, and get what his land lacks, that it is only some in-

thrce for bread, five for darning, and four for shirt „^,, «• ,.. ^i .♦ i i ^ *i <• a i i . i

, . II . , r 1 , I a gredient that belongs to tin; failed r)lant — but there

m ikuiii:, which are to be conifjetc'd <tr by the V(,ung • ., ,

ladies ,,t Fairfield county only. No fee will be re- "'' no available way to him for finding what the want-
quiped from any person competing f)r any of the ing ingredient is.
lUrmiin premiums."

•*•»■

For tie" F;iriii .lournul.
Analysis of .Soils t)y a Practical Farmer.

Those persons who h ive dev ^ted themselves to Ag-
riultural ch(Mnisty, appear to be satisfi m1, that plan's,
select from the soil, such substances, as are requir-
ed for their growth, an 1 th it growth vigour and per-
fection are in prop )rtiou as th )se suhsLances are fur-
nished by the soil. I'liat the system of mmuriirj: as
At present practised is injudicious, — m mure being
olt en applied at considerable expense, with little or

Thc'-e is no [)ractised or skilful person to under-
take th Jinalysis, and I know from the litth; expe-
rience 1 hiive had in the manipulations of (dieniistrv.
it is the easiest thing in tin; wor d U) be mistaken.

I theref )re propose to be one of ten Farmers who
will raise one hundred dollars to pay a suitable and
qualified person, who wdl undertake to analyze a
certain number of specimens of our soils if such a
person (^an be had.

The task of selecting such person to devolve on a
committee of our scientific friends, this we ask as a
favor feeling not only our inconipeteuice to judge of

no heindit, if not positive injury — at other times ma-

nures .d' great value are n(>glect(Ml or lost, when they ^^''' '"'->-'^'^ '^^' ^^•"'"'''^f^ '>'it the great importance of

mi;^!ithe advantage.msly used (U- exchanged with , "''^ ''''•"-' ^^^'^""''^^^^ by unqualified persons.

And if after a c(»rtain number of trials it is found
the suggestions f >r manuri ig on scientilic principles
is what is promised for them, and we hiil to adopt
them, then will we riidily deserve; all the c(»ntempt

nei;;lih)rs to their mutual bundit.

These declaraiions are not denied by the Farmers
neither are they exactly bidiev(Ml. Tneir continued
incredulity, seems to their friends as an hop(dess oh-

Ht'iiiey, engenden'd by ignorance and sustained |,y ^ smdi obstinacy and j)rejudice merits, but until there

■ r

prejailice air;iihst li lok firmin
<-r d 'iiy (,r believe this either.

Ihese feelings ami views exist and have existed a
long tims, and like the system of m muring complain-
ed ot, are somjwhat of an injury to all concerned,
*na which in all probability, can be easily improved
or removed, when the exertions of our scientific

The farmers neith- i^^ a pump or draw in the well we must be excusiMi

frcmi going there for water. TKHOVFTfiiN.

d'he al)ove artich; probably contains the vi(!ws of a
large number of Farmers, who have been under the
same difficulty, are willing and anxious to be instruct-
ed by their scientific friends, but know of no avail-

Mi

£ 1

in

, 'ij

•i- , S-'-tlt'

sJPf'^Tl

240

KT)]T0U1AL. (l^,.

0,

TCBlR

i!»<i(jjw«Mffmii>T wirti^

able way of finding out tlir* rlispasf^df tlu'ir sdil or of cln.'nil>l. Tii<' iinalyscs of Roil iti soin.' n,i^ri,j),,^j^,^^i

applying a remedy. Tn .M.irvlaml, a Siatc ('iK'niist orsections ami ovi'rlaying <'<'i'taiii kin<is nf in, j^ ,.,.

is employt d at li fixed salary, to aii;iIy7.o soils for their liihit'^ vory murh tin' ^nmo itior^raiiir CMii^tit • iuk

farmers, free of ('x]M'fise. A nimilar iirranjziMjicnt Huffi/irntly so lor prjirtirtil purpoKCH. A (li\iv;,,„ ,,j .^

we believe is about biding made in I>.'la\varo and Xcw State into 'j;(M)lo;^ical districts, with an an;il;, >is(,j |i„

York, and we hope al^o soon in Peiiiisy 1\ ania. The noil p(VMiliar to ea«-h wou'id he hiohl\ uselnl it^th.-liir

project of a Farm school, will he renewed at our next nier. Some pro::rest> wa> nia<le, a h w \ . iu-^ n^r,, ;,,

legislature with better prospe-t^ of success, the hill a Lreoloirieal survey ot Pmnsyhaiiia. hy anthcntv of

for whieli of course should emhrare th(^ appointmenl the Icgislatui-e, and then ahandoncd. The a^rij^.uj.

of a competent State (diemist. There is also another tural nr> le<s than other intporiant interests rcijuin-

class of f.irjners, who in the laninia;ie of our corn's- this to ho completed without <lelay, and as, il V(> r,>.

pondcnt, have been ''cirfim Is^'fT' Ity unrpnilificd per- colle.'t ri;;htly (iov. Bigler in his last annual meHsa^p,

sons, and we have reason to Ixdieve a pretty lar;j;e rceorutuendvMl it or some simi lar aid to a^'riculturo,

class too. This has a tendency to induce distrust of wc hoj)e someth ing may be efl'eeted the cominjr win"

theories h(nv.'vcrl)eautirully worked ont in tlie closet, ter. To meet the proposition of our eorrcspuiid, nt

lot whicli have notbe.Mi found availabh' or successful ' to 1h^ oue u{^ ten, to (Contribute ::1<M) for u r(m.pennt
in the ].ract!cjil operations of thefield. Like the sub- ! analysis of soil in his neighhorh ood, we have miidc

iccts of Patent Medi.-ines the /ifr cures, have been som- enquiry in Philad(d|diia for an agricultural
pr.onnientlv puhlished, and the itrntf/ failures omit- ' chemist, and will report m ano iher part (d the -h.ur-

ted. We (io niU(d» doul»t, whether a>:ricultural chem- nal if suc.;essful. We now ;;ive the analysis dt KWKI

')^tv\ hax vet reai'heil rh Lt u lint. wh -re tli' r'Xaet de- nart< of ihe ash ol" soiii" ol our most ci ininMii crei.s,

ficiences in a given ani 'Ont of soil, and the precise it will h- observed that tiie straw n\' \N heat, Uarlry,

amount and .lualitv <d ri'inedial a;:ent^ or ((>rtili/.er's. Rye, Uals, contains a large per c( iittige of silica, a .]<-

can he detaih'd with the accuracy of a Physi(dans ficiency (d this in tlie soil, oc casions what is ^i ncr-

recipe, f »r his patient. a:il with the same certainty (d ally terni"d "lod'^ed gra:n.''
results. There have been cases where the scientific
chemist has been at fiult alto;: '!],.>,.. M my of th(^

JSilicu,
Chloric,

I'otush,

processes of vegetahl" li!'-, and chemical comhina- ! J^^^^'jjj;;

tions in the soil, arc cone ah-d from ol)servation, and ^\'''7,',',";;,''j,,,,i
alfected more or h--. hy external causes, changes of' ;;;;;;;]l;',';;;:''x;^i:i'''
weather, «&e. A- a ca>e i-.i point, one o{ our friends
in an adjoining Stat •. an exc-llent tarmu- as widl as
close observer, hitely inlormi'd us th;it in his neigh-
borhood. fonnnJ;! noted for its hvge crops (d Indian
corn, it now would not grow to make it wjrth culti-
vating, he!n:c iilb'eted with r.ist, ami the roots appear- i,ii„r,
ing unlu^althy, would skin oli' like a di^ea^ed potato.
A chiMuis: in i'hila lelphia on analyzing the soil, re-
comni'iKl d (Jaano and lime as what wus wanting.
This had no etfect. but an accidental application of
Tuta-sh in the hill, m i h^ a gn\it tdiange and produce«l
fine large and luxuriant stalks of double the hize of
the lialance of '«h'^ field.

Wluat.

237

yi

2.S

120

7

6
12

barlt'i .

99s

13C

81

v>

390

1

237

triut

997

Uuis.

262

(Ml

4

lU
27

9in

Kyc.

C

oni.

louiV

2211
116

}

325

M7

49

14

?'

1(13

IW

M

1.',

S

b

49.'»

449

W

9

2^

1^

4

14

0

2

42

1(109

W7

\m

1000 pftrls of the straw

cuiitJiiiiiiij,' a.s tollow.s :
rota>h,

Oxl'lr dl Iron.
I'li'xpiirir At ia.
Siilplcrlf At la.
Chiuriiio,
Silica,

Wh.'at.

125

2
67
39

VA
31
fi-
ll
r.:. I

Uarlev. Oats, i Kyo, ' (>)ni.

«»2

191

173

3

9(»

3

97
81

60

3H

24

10

IS

14

31

2t.

3>

10

3

8

G

•/'

<t

fi?*)

4m

r.4.-.

WA

l.M

96
«

171

7

270

l(«>;

Fann(n's. bv experiments like the alxu'e on a snniU
scale, can ulLcn <io mu.-!i for theins(dves, and with
the view of aiding our correspondent from Tredyffrin
:ind others, we make the first step by giving tlu' an-
nexed table, of tlie constituents ^>\ several o\' our cuL
tivatcd crops whii h have been ascertained hy car( ful
analysis, and can be ndied on. This shows what th(^
crops reqnii-e, without which they cannot b(? grown,
and on the .sufhci(mcy of whi<di in the soil, or other-
wise depends tlieir healthy condition, and ancnntl of
return tor labor and capital. The next step to ascer

>»a\vin$^ iM cliiiie.

W. D. Carr, Sr., and W. D. Carr, of Cnrnin;:. N-
Y. have invented an arian-"ment of the cn-s-cut
saw, bv which ;t may be operated hy a >ii.,Ll'; "ii'>^;
The saw-lrame or carriage is ].hu'cd ni-cn hen/' ntm

wavs, which rest U].on the block or h-g to 1 t:t.

Th*e saw is fed to its work by means of v\<-i,-!ite.l r. d.^
at each extremity, jeas-ing loos, ly thnvi.-ii the carri-
age. A reciprocating motion i^ gi\en hy a crai.k nn'

rod. ._

Measures have been taken to secure a jKitenr.

[Scientific Am' lican.

Tapioca rrnniN*;

To three |)int< .d' scalded milk, }'Ut in ei-

i-vht tfible-

t^ain whether the soil is adapted by its composition,to spoonsful of Tapioca; let it stand threc^ '''|';- ; |^ '

• • four eggs, season to your taste, and hal^^ i"^'
an hour. Use any sauce your fancy or taste pha
dictate.

their growth, and which of them, t!ie farmer can, as ac.
before remarked do something by experiment for
himself, and can also be of .en ai Jed by a competent

STATK FAIR.

o

241

ia-»»«n'^r-t-WT« #■ furawaawT'Tt

.-.If Agricultural Society at Tittsburg

We have just returH'Ml from ih" T/kiJ Annual K^hi-
],itien of the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Socicy,

1853.]

•I'iji,a Annual lAliibitloii of (lie INuinsyl vaiilu jrl,,i-Y^ ;i,id an exaiumaU on oi t h" v iiious us-d'nl and

truly beautiful articles exhihilcd, convey ctl to the

stran<''«'^r a hetter idea of tiie enterprise and skill (d

the inh ahit int^ of the "oui »ky city," thin a month's

1 . .1 ,.] V con""ratuhite its ofH-ers aul ip.enihers soiourn witliiu itshu-iv wills could have done.
;uiu ."iie ' ' ' '.^ n . !

,1 . ,.,,nioi'te success which ha^ atleaded their i Flor.iJ II lU w n th • ums? attractive. ILu-e, the

lipoll t li' > "" ! " ' !

1- . t...^tLMish tiie a-rricultural r.uiutaii on of our i skill and ta-^te of the fiir ladies of Pittsburg were

^;tio^L.H LU C3k.tW "> '• n I

at Stiite. Wc !.a\e tiie u u o rectvlcntcd fact to an- most ahuiralilv displaved. I;, was (uu' hundi-ed feet

rice that the faruies of renn<yl\ania h iv •, in ; louj; Ity iifty iu \vi b.h, au i ahound"d with displays

fl e snacc (d less thin three \ ears, attain" 1 an ex- of eh'g mt in.^ -nuity. In L;ie cnitre. stood a!i ellipti-

oollcuc" in their annual exhihitions at least e.jual to
that of their hreUinuj in other Slates, and which re-
,, aires (louhle, and iu someinstan -es tr.dde that time
to reach. It i'^ doubtful wheth-r a more su'.^cessful
...^hihitioii \\x^ ever been held in the United Stat(!s

cal fdatfbrin, on the top of which was erected a
.M )orish Tem[)h», the outside covered with mo<s ami
hands niv, d ;>; )ratiou><, Arouu I this platform, as
cvell as around the walks, W(;re displayed choice fruits,
lesigns, fi )\V(;rs, it;., while on tin; top, surrounding

The attendanee was imuiens". It was estimated by I che temph», were handsomely arrang<;d specimens of
those familiar with crowds that more than oiw fnnil Jn; handiwork of tin; la lies. The walls were over-
,ir'd llmns'ivi peojde wtu'e present on Thur^ihiy. I 3d with fine )il ()ainting, immense mirrors, elegant
We certainlv neViU- saws ) many hum in Ix^ings with- nee(llc w. rk, i*cc. The pillars supporting the hall,
in a ^iu'dc enclosure, nor his it ever heen (uir good ! ],)ok"d beautifully amid theprofusion (d* flags, stream-
furtuii • t.. meet so .pii-t and ord udy assemblage. ers, hou(pK'ts,itc., which were (dustered around th(un,

\V'ere,ud\.'l the H:r,,unds on Tue^dav mornin;j:, and The Society was iu<lehte(l to Mrs. A. W. Loomis and
althou::ii antieipatiiiL^ excellent arrangements, were | other ladies ol I'ittshurg and vicinity, tor tti- rare
niit nrei'irel fu- th" imp )sing scne there presented. (;leganc" of Floral II ill, and to them are justly due
F/orv thing calculat mI t(» ])romote the <'(unrort and not only the thiuks of th > S )e;iety, hut of the hun-
cuivcuieucc of exhihitors and visitors had heen care- dred thousand jdeasant visitors who thnuiged its
fully attended to. beautiful ponals during the entire exhihiiion.

liniuediately opposite the main entrance stood Me- In the r.ar of floral Hall stood a very large tent,
e!i:iriie'> llilfati iiumuiseaud really iui[» »>iu : struc- f,r the exhihitnui of articles of domestic manufac-
ture, tastefully ornam 'u;ed with evergr<M"ns, ami sur- ture, su(di as (piilt<, specimens of raw and mauufac-
ninnnted hy a hand^unely carved American Kigle. ' tured silk, w .ollen, cotton and silk stockings, dtc.
To t'ieri.,htanl hut d" this Hall wer" arrang-d th- An idea of th > numVier of articles exhihite.l here
t^rieuhural implem uits while directly in its rear I may h,. f nan mI fruu th • hi "t, that this tent, althou-h
w"isanoth"i lir-ehuilding. filled with articles full of ; nearly three hundred f-et in circumference, was coai-
interest aul nlTu-. M,eli a. lods-, safe, dec >ra'ive ^ pleteiy filled. Many of the articles were of rare
ii-a work, fanev railing, burial cases, .tc. Siill | beauty and m.udt, and the whole fuaned a most pleas-
farther in the rear wi- the rin.^ fu- the (exhibition of ! iug exhibition of female skill and t:iste.
hors..., and one of the most attractive features of the i Adjacent t<. the last was another capacious tent, set

whole irrounds.

ipart f)r the exhiidtion of green house plants, &c.

Oa the risin.^ ground to the right of Mechanic's I Although not so well rtlhal as the last, the specimens
Hall, wer" Floral Hall, the Hall for Domestic Man- | were, many ol them, v.;ry fin.' and beautiful, attr- ct-
ufaetureM, Vegetable Hall, Dairy Hall, and a spa- | iug marked attention.

eioii> teiit h-r til" exhibition (d firm product^ g- ner- ! At a short distance to the left stood Dairy Hall, a
ally. A httlc to the left of the last stood the Poul- : small tent tilled to its ntnio.t capacity with the pro-
try Coops, wliile extending completely around the \iacts of the dairy. W'.' ha.d anticipated a larger dis-
eastern, suuth-rn and western limits (d the <mcl .-are i phiy in this department. The (pialiiy (d the hutter,
wer(> the staIN for horses. catth\ shee]), swine, cte. j che<;se and honey, however, was exc<'llent. We

Til' rresident's and other small tents were appro- i would respectfully suggest the propriety of having
priat'dy arranged in v;irious porti(Uisof the grounds' ' niore enlargi'd accomm.) hiti(u»s f)r dairy products, as
the whole forming a scene of great beauty and inter- 1 the small t(uit wa - densely^ crowded during the en-
est. tire exliil/itiou.

Our limited space will not admit of n^u•e than a The P.uiltry Department was well represented. and
brief general notice id" the various }.oints d Interest, ; hen; comi^etition run higli. Nearly t\vo thousand
which w" regret. In our next we may be able to par- fowls were exhihited, many of them remarkahle for
ticularize. beauty and si/.e. and all of them giving m irked evi-

Tiie display in Mvhanic's Hail was perhaps one deuce of care in hreeding.
of the finest ever made in our country. Here the Of Horses there was (paite a large number on ex

manufacturing spirit of Pittsburg shone in all its

hibition, and their quality better than at any of the

...J

I

' Ml

uSr-i-

'* y» .;

242

.statf: fair.

[OriOBIt

1853-1

STATE FAIR.

243

precedin;^ Uirs. The largo rii

ti;; pn'pjin- i tor th!> /uv/^/y ih<>u.<nnd on Friday. B.'sidos thiq im

display of their pxni pointn, was Nurround.-l by :in tlior.»u^r},t':insrv.Ty av.'uu.' to the ^r()iuHlH >vj s '""'*'

eager and Jiiminn- ,T..svd ir,„n tho op-iiii!- t, tlir .'d witii v<•l^h•^•^^ and jM-dcstriunH. "^ ^r.,wa-

closing ol til.! u:i!ubiUon, wliil.' tli.' friMju.'iit <'h.;er- i Wo prosmt to (»ur ro.idiTs all th(- reports wo r<.

ing gave evidoncr of tho spiritcil cont(;st between the proeure, up to tbis time. We are eunipelhV" '^

competitors insi.lo. We siiivll ii:ive more to May of to press, alter d,d(3rrin;^' publieation ten davn i ^ ^T

these hereafter. h,>pe v.e could present them -all in thi« numbrr" ''
Tho display of Oattle was also excellent, and de- n k'wx x^

II , • ,., LA 1 I lih.

8ervedlv attracted attention. Ihe bbort Horns pre-

iloiiiiiiati'il ill immli'T anil ((uality. A low Dcv. ns ' nun-iioni.i.

an,! .Vl.l..r,..v.H uulj wor. otr.ro.l, l,..t th,- .lisplay ct .V'/ "P' "'l" '! j^ '''^"'.'';K"^«t-

•^ ' » •? ' ' Jd drt do Adam riHher,

natives and grades was birgo and good. | lK>»t do ))Otween 2 and 3 Ira Sherwin,

The Implement I).;partmcnt was well filled,though 2d do do do James Kclley,

the numlHir of new implements w;w not large. A ^^''^^ yearling Bull Nathan Ewing,
few valuable improvements in Straw Cutters, Smut uL >.nn''..ir H\b^f n ^^^"f^'''"'
and Ihreshmg Machines, were offered, but the great 2d best do James McKelvy,
attraction uf this department was Atkin's Automv- i ^

I xJoWS

urn Self-Uaking Reaper and Mower. It was an ob- 1 |.^,^^ ^^,^^ j,^,^^^,^ s,,,\i
jectof universal interest, and whenever it was put in | 2d best do James McKelvy,
operation, admiring crowds followed or surrounded ; H»^^t heifer between 2 and W years David Quail
it. We cannot describe tbii wonderful iu'^enious ar- 1 '^^^ ^'•*^'' ^'- ^" II A Pendegrast,

rangement of this machine. By it the ^ain is de- ! ^^l^^y'^'^^'^'T ^ '" D^^ij'^^l'^ I^^ndegrast, 10
posited m l)eautilul (»rder m tlie rear ot the machine, | H^st heifer calf NathanierEwIng,^^ ' 5

in bundles sulliciently large for s!ieav(\«i, an<l ready ' 2d do do Joim Hodgson,
for the hand of the binder. The reaping and mow- i Dcrons.

ing parts are also greatly improved, and the wlude Best cow Xathflniel Kwin;r,
machine e.\inbits the wonderful triumph (d genius. ^♦'•'^^ ^>"'^ Nidson Bartludomew,
i> I \ ^ i-ii 1 1 . 2ddo(JeorgeW Smith,

lerhaps the );e.l hlh-d department amongst the B.,st heifers l.^t . een 2 and ;i vearR (J W Smi !!,,
Htock, was that of Sheep. Of tiiese the display was 2d bpst between 1 and 2 years (t W Smith,
remarkably fine, and decidedly in advance of any 2d bevt between 1 and 2 years J F Garrard,
former exldf)ition. The most praiseworthy care ap- j ^^''^^ ^'''^^^^ ^*^^^ ""^^'^ ^'^ months Nathaniel Ewing, 5

20

ir.

15
8

10
6
5
3

929

10

10

10

?,

S20

10

it)

10
10

Ay rehires.
Best bull between I and 2 years to John Walker

peared to havi^ been taken in their management.

The Western part of Pennsylvania is as well iida[>t-

e<l to wool growing as any section of the Union, and

the only wonder is that more farmers have not taken

hold. A single glance at the tine specimens of IVnn-

nylvania sheep on exhibition, could not have failed to 2d best do to W C Denny,

Fatisfy even the most skeptical upon this point ^^^^^ heifer between 2 and 3 years W C Denny,

Of Swine the number exhibited was not large, al- ^'^ *'^'' '^'' ^ ^""'^ ^^''^'''^ McKnight,
though some were very fine. The great Western

Jr., Elizabeth,

AJdr.rnei/s.

Best bull to William C Denny,
Best cow to W C Dtmny,

Natives or Grades — Bulls.

States avT*'"^ '" have bo completely mon„n„li/,cd the .^1"' ^f, 'V^^^'"^'"" '^%"''.> .

, ,. , , . . ' c^ . -^^l l>^'^t ^*> ^^' Harmony Society,

pork ImsiueHs, that the raising of Swinc in the East I 3d do do to John Ilarrif^on,

is confined to the family wants of individual farm- : 15est bull between 2 and 3 years J<;hn Morrison,

ers.

$10

$15
20
15
15
10

112

10

4

Best bull <lo 1 and 2 years Thomas McOlanahan, 0

„. ^ , , . , , Best bull calf under lO months Marshall Vande-

We cannot close this hasty sketch without express- vort, 'i

ing our thanks to the officers for the many courtesies 2d do do do Thomas Smith, 1

extended us. Th«^ Police were attentive and polite ' Cows.

to all, and what is worthy of special note, is the fact ! ^^<^"^t cow Marshall Vandevort, f 12

2d do llarmonv Society, 1^^

H

.,,,., . -- __ , ^amcs Shaw, 10

until Friday evening, not a single case of drunken- L>,i ,](, do David Quail, ^

ness nor of ungenthunanly conduct presented itself. Best heifer between 1 and 2 years to Harmony So-

To Mr. McSkimmons, the gentlemardy Agent of

the Pennsylvania liailmad (.'ompany,wt! are indebted

for Uiany kind favors. By his untiriiifi^ eneri'v the

facilities for transporting visitors to tlie fair grounds

were largely iDcreased. More than thirty thoTc^nifd

that of the one hundred thousand persons who ' r"^ ^^'^ Harmony Society,

tlironged that large .-nelosure from Tuesday m ,rning ' uJ.A'V^ t'" f\^'^''^\ . ., ,

., V, ■ , ^ lic^i heilt'r i;etween 2 and 2. years J a

ciety,
2d d ) * do David Quail,
3d do ilo (leoTire Fortune.

B"st calf under lO months James Sloan,
2d do do do (' Wi-e,

Working Oxen.
people wore carried in the cars on Thursday, and ' First premium to Paul A Way,

f n

$15

15

10

10

$10

0
10

G
10

6
10
10

6
10

6

Fat Cattle.

Best pair fat cattle to Harmony Society,

Milrh Cows.

l)l,.Mt rnil'-h cow Jonathan F (larrard,
•M |„'st do do to John H Ewing,

[)isfretiniiary premium to dtihn H Ewing,
Di^jcrcUonarv jimnium to D S Williams,

Saxony, Sjuiiiish and Mt.'rino IShcep.

Bent Saxony buck S S Brown lee,
o,| do do J (jr Strean,
ji,,st vearling buck do
lid " do do d()

i.est pen of ewes J S Brownlee,
2,\ do do J O Strean,
li'st pen of ewe lambs S T Brownlee,
i^»st Spanish Merino buck James Slocum,
o,{ do do do George H Crawfonl,

lit'st pen of three ewes James Slocum,
o,j do do Daniel Kimble,

He^.t i)en of three yearling ewes James Slocum,
Of] do <lo do do do

Best buck lamb <Jo

>perial premium for a fine wooled buck Daniel
Kimble, ^

Wool.

First premium for tine Merino wool to J G Strean, $5

Frrjirh Shcrp.

Bi^st impvtrted buek William Brady,
ij.l do do Danitd Kimbh;,

Bt'J't native buck to Hugh Wilson,
111 do do d(din Johnston,

Imported Ewes.

li'st ewe, to William Brady,

2d do (jeorge S Hayes,
Best native three ewes James Morrow,
Best [)en (»!' lambs to Jno. H Ewing,
2d b St to Hugh Wilson,

South Down Shee}).

Bost buek to Joseph Cope,

2d best to do

Best ewes to do

2d best to Robert H Powell,

Best lambs to Joseph Cope,

2d b.'st do Jonathan F Garrard,

Jjeicester Sheep.

IKst buck to Robert H Powell,
21 do do to dohn Harrison,
lie^t ewes to .fames .McKelvy,
21 d«» do to .Jesse (iarrard,
Best lambs to . I esse (iarrard,
2d best do to John Harrison,

(^ofsw(dd Sheep,
Best o\v, v; t., .r,.hn H. Kinnard,
l>(>lamb«^ to do

Oxfordshire Sheep.
Host three ewes to Daniel B oiisiil,

Oil., . '

jr.

Fat Shffp.

Y^ Best fat sheep tit Powell vt Bradley,
^^^ 2d best do to Joseph Cope,

Best under two years to Joseph Cope, 0

^0|) Special premium to Wm. Tesh for 20 fat sheep, 12

Do do to de se (Jarrand fttr f)en of South

$10

5

10

5
10

6
10

5
10

8

$10
5

10

5

10

10

5'

'*"! best do

do

Mixed Breed Sheep.
Best buck to Pow.d k Bradley,
->i do to d.imes S \<-dev,
^^•■st three ewes to .b)nathan F Garrard,
*^l hest to George W Smith,
jot^st l;unb8 to James Mtdvelvy,
2(1 best do John McKelvy,

$15

10

10

G

Down ewtj-;,

Swine.

Best boar two years b> Alfred Quinett,

2d do do John Eieher,

Best sow two years J () H Denny,

2<1 do do R Paterson,

Best boar one year A McC ready,

2d do do do

Best boar six months, E Neild,

Do sow six months, do

Do pigs two and a half months, John II Ewing,

2d do do Benjamin Hickman,

Small Breed Swine.

Best boar six months o'd Alfred Vancey,

2d best boar do do do

Best sow six months old Thomas Rowdey,

2d best sow do do do

B«;st sow 2 years old John Conley,

Best boar one year old J S Negley,

2d do do do

Best five Bake well pigs eight wtieks old Benjamin

Hickman, 10

Special premium to David Irwin (ov two Suffo.k

pigs, 3:

Stallions and Brood Mares.

Best stallion heavy draught to J Snyder, ?.'50'

2d best stallion to Mr Lightcap, ^C-^

Best stallion (^uick draught to J T Ladd, 30'

«^I5 I 2d best James A Fleming, ^ 20'

'' ,n i Special nrcmium to James Reed for quick draught

Mil t ' . o£k

stallnm, "^

Best stallion for saddle to Augustus Beylle, 3(>

2d best to Brown, Spencer & Co., 20

Special premium to Mr Pendegrast for stallion fi>r

light ilraught or saddle, 10

Best brood mare to Jacob Byerly, iiO

2d best do John Alexander, 20-

Best light draught brood m;iro to Jameson Beatty, l^)
2d best Eli Nell, ^ , 20'

Best brood mar(; for saddle to James G Strain, 30
2d best to James T. Ladd, 20

Best stallion tor heavy draught three year old to

William C^ook, 20-

2d best to N(»rris Pyle, ^ 10

Best stallion for light draught betwcrrv o and 4

years to Ira E Wel-h, 20

2d best to dam«s Torrenee, 10

Best heavy draught r.oh 2 years «>ld %o Robert Mil-

ligau, ^^

2d best to J(dm Hodgson, •>

Went quick draught colt 2 years iM John Wylie. Uf
2d best to Edward Mansfield, ^

Best (pii<'k draught mare 3 y< ar^ old to Mr Upde-

2d best do to John Wylie, **^

Special premium for colt t(» A B M<•(^lewa^, 1^^

Best iilley for h-avy draught between 2 and .\

years to >]t)hn Eiehard, l|f

2d best to James (^»rotho>rs, ^

Best fill-y for light draui^ht b^'tw-rn 2 and 3 Y^''^

to (ie»)rgi' A liayard, *^'

2d best do And(;rson Moyes, , *

Best yearling colt, heavy draught to Jas. E\Mng. P'
2d best to William Watson, ^

10

10

5

3

10
6

10
G

10
G

$10
G

10
G

10
G

$10
10

$10
G

$10

G

1)

G

10
0

5.1

If

14

k.

ft

* ■
' I

r 'I

!J
•' ^d

J

": If.'

241

STATK FAIR.

U ti*>«MMM«Mii«airiniBHi«H*n

[^'f (,IU;r

15

BoHt ycarii 'f^ colt for liji^ht rlran^^ht to K Mtirpliov, 10

2d beHt to JHin(5s T Ladd, 5

Special promium to llobert Patt Tson for a t'iioa

dian stall ion,

' lour.

Best l)arr<'l llour toll T. I hun stic k, $10

2d do do WO D.nnv, 5

:\d do do J. Wihnarth Sl Co., ',]

Best water and butter eraekorh lo llhodL- ^^c Vci-

ncr, SlUcr jM»'<ial.
2d best do do Davis I't Son^, — diploma.
Best Binut Hiaebine flarob In'rnuT,

Vegetal 'J '• Pr'^htriions.
I»Ost o fp'M jniiniil^in -Inlm Kwalt,

8
2
S
2
3
2
3

o

I I'll/ (UK I Straw Cufi'cr.

1st jircinlimi l>'>\vitt <'(• Co., — Oiploina.
2d do Ji)lin 8 Shepler, do

Farm }Va</ons.

iHt preinliun J(»}in lluov,

2d do Williuiii Wright,

Farm Jhimpinj ]\'(ii/on.
Ist premium Thmnas (^isttf,

Cn)-n (UiHivators.

lit premium Iv Hall.

2d do Hall c^ Spoor,

llarriacs,

1st premium K 11 Sliaiikland,
2a do ()A\V.,lf,

(irain Drill.

Ist premium Leo, I'i' rr.> vt I>t>o, diploma,
2d do flactil) Mumma, do

3d do EC Marsh, i\o

Corn VrilL

1st pri'inium damos Charltim, diploma,
2d do J C MoFarlaue, do

Cnrn Stalk Cutttr.^.

jHtprfmiium K 11 Shankland,
2d d» Aln^'h,

10

3

!?10
5

$10

$5
3

10

Cub and Corn Crusher.
latproHilum K 11 Shankland,

(Vtnt Shelters — Horse Puir<r.

1st premium K R Shankland,
2d do J' (i ileadincr,

Ciaii SJi( Iters — liif Hand.

1st premium R U Shankland and to Dewitt it Co.,
who oxhihitt'd the same nuichine, a promium
♦)f $0, t.» !>'• <lividod h''t.wo(!n lluin each.

2d prr'minm -I 1* Smitli,

Cultivators J'or General Purposes.
Ist premium 1{ Hall,

Faiuitiig Mills.

1st promium Jt'>so Rn])(>rts,
ii(i do K R Shankland,

Ox Voke^.
1st premium K P Slxts*.^: Co.,
2d do K R Shankland,

(^l(.>rcr HuUers.

1st premium A IJ Crawford,
2d do Brock vi 11,

Scrapej's.

let premium Hall Sc Speer,

iSeed Flaiitrr In/ Hand.
dst premium E. Iv Sliankiand,
12 do James Wardrope

2d do do \\ m. llcmin^roy,

Best \'l ''ar-- ytllnw simmJ citrn Isaac X^-wion
2nd do do flox'ph Miller

Best 12 ears wiiito corn dosoph Miller,
2nd do do \\ JH. Martin -Ir

li«'^t tabh' potatoes Wm Martin dr.
l2nd <io do Rohcrt Mcdviii-rht

Clioircst and lar;j^ost assortment ol' table voir,.t;i.

hies to < icrahl 1 low"'tt,
, - <1 do do Havid Holnns, ,^

I Special promium for corn in tiio stalk I). R. Xevin 1
fl»c I Special proniium to Adam Scott lor cucuinhers,
o Special premium to John RoUoy lor citrun mel-

lons,
Special premium toCoo S Nt'^jrley fur nasturtiums

and [x^ppers
Special premium to Kc.'nnedy vt C^) fir assort-

nn>nt of pardon vo;.^(;taldos,
Best l»u-lnd white wheat dohn Kilpatritik,
2d do do Cidnal Wa;i;ner,

Best Mediterranean wheat Martin Warlel,
2d do <h) Wilson Losnet,

Best Etrurian wheat John Kilpatrick,
Best oat^ to d(din Ross,
i l>est hariev fo oanifs ^amr.son,
I Best Irish potatoes Wm Martin Jr,
Best sweet potatoes Alexander M(d\ee,
Best turitips Havid Holmes,
Best suLrar beets John Havis,
$15 I R*'^t man^i'l \\iir/.el David Hobii'^^:.
10 I 2d do dM Ccriild How.il,

Best carrots havi.l Holmes,
2d do Wm Martin Jr,
Best bushel }tar>nip8 David Holmes,
Best buslnd timothy seed Mr dol) Hnys,
Best 12 stalks celery Ceo M(dlattic,
Best cauliflowers dohn McClusky,
Best 12 carrots David Hohnes,
2d do Win Martin dr,

15est 12 carrots D Holmes,
2d do Wm Martin Jr,

Best 12 parsnips C Howitt,
2d do John K el lev,

Best table turnips Jonathan F. Garrard,
Best 12 l)(M'ts Ceor^e M(diattie,
Best 12 onions John Kidhn',
2d do (ieorge S. Ne^ley,

Best <> cabba;res Jas () H Donnv,
2d do John McClosky,

Best 12 tomatoes Coo S Ne}i;loy,

5
3

5

$5
•>

o

$5
•)

o

?1()

$10
5

i?3

i 2d

do

Rdw S{)enee,

$10

.^10
5

3

15est Q'^% plant Jas O D<'nny,
'Jd do Lewis l'et(M\son,

Best 12 sweet potatoes Alexander Mcdvee,
2d «lo do Wm C Dunn,

Bt»st liiraa beans Calel> Lee,
2d «h> Ceo S X(>^loy,

l>ost double parsley Robert McKni^ht,
B(ist .) i^ardcn s(pnishos Jas 0 Denny,
<;-^ I 2d ilo do Jacol) Mish,

Best o large s(|uashes Alexander Mc'Kee,
2d do do Geo 8 Ne^ley,

B(^st \\ sweet pumpkins Daniel Dawson,
2d do do Rdw Spence,

?10

0

S3

?10
6

2
2

2
2
3
2

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
3
2
3

2
1
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3

Butter, Cheese, dloncu and Salt.

Best lot of butter made from 5 cows in 30 con-
secutive days of 20 lbs tirst premium to Mrs ^_^^
Jonathan t. Garrard *Tq

2d best to Mrs John Simpson

\m.]

STATR F.MU.

24o

Best lirl-i" ef .'tO n>s i>utt<-)- award, d t«» Miss Sa-

ra!i M Walker R)

Ik'st lot ei 1" lbs butt^T to Miss Klleli 'i'uwnseiid

a •>iK''r cup
o J j,,>,| |,,t of R'lbs ti) Mis>! RaniaL!;e. a p'.iir of

nilvcr butter knive,'*.
Best l«>t oi •> lbs butter to Miss Renter, silver

tea spoons.
■•■>] ],,.v.t let (d" '> lbs to Miss Kealy, a silver cup.
kS[)C(i;i! premium to Miss R R Carrot.
l{..vt I't ef tub liutter to Miss Haninih Mary Haves,')

10
T)
f)

o

i;,.st .•lieeso, l.")l) lbs, H II Collins,
^,i lM'>t cheese to Mrs Job Hayes,
P,rf Honey to R M Todd,
'Jil best btn'kwh(!at honey John S Harbison,
H-'st bbl salt for dairy purposes, S P Ross,
'Jl best do do Mr Peters(ni

B.\st bbl ('(tarse packing salt, W^m Reti'rson,
•J(l best do do Wm Peterson,

Middi'd Iliases, Cddinys, Mares, Jacks and Mules

MATCHED UollSES.

1st jireniiuin, J J RoL;«^en,
lM {ireinium, .Jacob Mijrt^an,
;M |)r( mium, Wm Callahan,

<;KLniN(;s.

\<\ [ircmlum, Dr Hallock,
J i prennum, John McKelvy,
oil premium, John Kells,

sin(;le m.\ues.

1st premium, C R Mowry,
J<1 preiniuni. C R Mnwry.
od jaemium, John Dunover,

jacks.

1-r premium, Jose]di Stephenson,
-d premium, John Mc(Jluske\-,

MILES.

l^t premium, Wm McCully,

Flowers.

Best c.)l bet ion jrreen house ])lants to C F Spang,

-1 best to James M(d\.ain,

li'st tioral ornament to Miss M M Uobins(m.

-•1 brst t(» Kennedy & Co,

Special jiremium to Miss Mary Ilarman lor flo-
ral design,

Bost hand bo(piet, flat, to Miss Ellen Murdoch,

-'1 best to James McKain,

1'' ->t round hand Ixxpiot to Miss Ellen Murdocdi,

-d b "st to Mi.sH Margaret Murdoch,

l> -t basket l)o(pn>t to Mi^s Mary Wardrope,

l'"'^t basket of flowers to Mis> lsab(dla Wardrope, o

special jtremiuiii to Joshua Ibtbinson lor moss
temple eiiil,,dlisbed,

' [" ''la! jirennum to James McKain for basket

beioiet

c'pf^f'ial premuun to Kennedy Sc Co for rural do-

S20
10

10

s

5

10

s

5

20
10

20

o

I h)i/ir.stir Mann factnrfs.
Best silk cocooim to Miss Harriet Summy,
2d do do Miss (iertrude Rapp,

Best raw hllk to Harriet Sunnny,
liest re(ded silk to Miss (butrude Rapp,
Best sewinnr silk to do do

Best silk shawl to do <lo

Best silk hdkf to do do

B''st woolen blanket Mrs Jol) \\',\\'^.
~d do do Miss W Oodward,

lie^t Wo(deii carpet to Mr. Hovt,
2<1 do do Mrs E lihickburn.

Best hearth ruji; to Miss Sarah \ Ford, silvi^r cup
Best double coverlet to Mrs Job Hayes,
2d d<^ do Miss Ilays,

<bl do do ILmry M. Imlioff,

Best pair wctolon stockings to Miss Shaw,
2d do do Jane Work,

8

5
6
6
5
6
6

sn vor (uij).

silver cup.
8
1.
5
S
%
3
%

.'M do do Mrs Duwane Morgan, 1

B(»st pair of woobjn half hose, Miss Lydia Ilayos, 3
2d do do Mary Mc Due wane, 2

.'bl do do MissMeDimitt,

Best d(j linen Nancy Mc(.\)mbs,

Best home made shirts, Xancy McUvain,
2d do do Miss Woodward, 8

Best barred flannel, Mrs Benj McCormick,

I'^nver cup
Best plain lin<'n. Miss G.Ttrudn llapp, d(

2d <lo do Jane Work,

;bl do do Mrs Job Hayes,
Best linen diaper, Mrs Job Hayes,
2d do do Jane W' ork,
\\i\ do do Miss Woodward,
Best tow (doth. Miss (iertrude Raj-p,
Best linen sewinjj; thread, Miss (iertrude Raj»p,

Ma/n/ furfures athrrthau J)(f>ursti(\
Best carp"t, Robinson & Co, Diploma

Best satinet, A D Sheaffer, do

Best bloa(died sheeting, Wari.e, Park it Co, do
Best brown do Kotinody, Childs & (.'o, do

Best l>rown shirtin*;, Murphy, Tiernan ct Co, do
Best woolen blankets, A 1) Sheaffer.
Best flannel blankets, A 1) Sheaffer,
Ib'st collection of men an wunnin's shoes, Wy

brant (fe Robinson,
2(1 best do do James Robb,

Special premium for ladies' shoes, S Keys,
Best men and women's saddles and l)ridles,

R & W Mackev, Diploma and $10

do

a
2

5
3
2

4

d(»
do

do
do
do

do
do

do

5
5
6

5

Diplojua

Dip. and Jj^o

J

si;^n,

Special premium to Keime<ly S( Co f )r collecti(.n

ofbabam-^.
Also for C(di'Mii<.n (d' /.enias.
Also for col|ecti(»n of n!arie;(,bbs,
Also jer two vases (d fine ro^os,
V'^'ial premiuni to James W Elliott for coUec-

tion of ^-^reen bouse pbuits,
^pPcial f.rerniuin to J (i Ibudcob-n fu- cdlection

of artilicial flowers
•Vcial pivmium to Miss Ellon Mur<b.ch f-r a

collection of flowers,
'Special premium to Miss Margaret Murdoch for

collection of flowers and cornucopia

1
1
1
1

3

1
1
3

2nd best do, R H Hartley,

Best travelin<; trunk, R H Hartley,

Best carriage. E M Bi^idow,

Rest bu<i;;:;y. John South,

Best rockaway, sp' i-ial ])reiii;.iiii,

Best cabinet ware, J. W. Wood well,

2d best do Joseph Meycir,

Best s(diofd (b'sk :ind (diair , A ct AV T McClur<;,

Best H(»le leather, Bradford tt Bryant,

2d best do John II Ralston,

Best barneys leather, J D Stokes,

2d b''st do R (^ C Hayes

liest lot (d' upj.er i(Mtli"<'r. R il C Haycs,

Bi'st lot (d callskiii^, J D Stokes,

'Jd best do, R itC Hayes,

Best chairs, Mr Siib^rt,

f[',u:<r//nld ManiiOu'furrs.
Best quilt to Miss ji S \'an( e,
2d best (piiit to .\me|ia Mdimnis,
Best table eo\er to Mrs M K "^bir-an,
2d do do Maiv B i!ii>,
Best worsted work to Mrs F 11 Eaton,
2d do do Amelia Grooves,

10
5
3
5
3
5

5

o

'»
1>

2
3
2
5
3

•Mi
1

m

til

n

«•

Id

11

n

ii

S.?w» .rf>^* V*

,»■ >'

■5 'a .,

'•<?l

;-\--^-

Y...|y*;«;S

I

I

I

246

STATK FAIR.

[Oct.

>BCR

Best embroiiitTod nilk woik, .Julia A Saiul )1

2nd do (i'> Mrs M A Johuston,

Best counttTpjiiio, Mrs lilin-klmni,

Best ottainaii cover, Mfm M K McKrlvcy,

2d (!" tlo Mib« Nancy McC«>inl)s,

Best lamp stan<l mat do do

2d <1<' do Amanda M Rogers,

Best artiticlal tlowern, Mary Mi-l^urwan,

2d do do Mrs d R 11 ay den.

Best wax llowers to R S \'an(!e,

2<i do do MisH II Sanford,

Best home matle bread Mrs Job IIay« s,

2d do do Mary McQuewan,

Best pound cake to Mrs Job Hayes,

Best sponge cakci t*) Mrs Job Hayes,

Bt'st ap{>le butter to Mary McElhenny,

2d do do Miss Beeler,

Best peach :intl quince butter to Miss J W Elliot,

2d do do do Mary Mcllhenny,

Best fruit jelly to G G Negley,

2d do do Mrs Job Hays,

Best preserves to Eliza G Walker,

L'd do Mrs J F (iarrard, 3

Best tomato preserves to Mrs H H Colt, Silver cup

2d do do Mrs Mary Elliott,

Rest tomato fi^s to II H Coit,

Bost pickles to M:. Mvd .:..^'v,

2d do A W Marks,

IS[>ei'ial premium to Mrs Lanji;'^,

3

3
2

3
o

^

3
«■>

3
o

fi

3

3

3

3
o

3

o

^

3
o

Silver cup

1st premium R H Hartley lor hi'lies' traNeiln<T

trunks. ^

d.)
do
do
do
do
do

do
do
do
do
do
do

Miss M A Westervelt,
Mrs K Morjijan,

M:ir;^aret Stewart,

irah

A Pord,

3

5

«>

2
o

2

o

A'

2

o
o

2

E J Johnston,
Mrs M liurbrid;^e,

Fruit.

1st premium for apples to R W Todd,
2nd <io do Thomas Thornly.

lstpr(>nuum for fall applet, to W W Myers,
2d do do (i II M'Uvaine,

Special premium to Wm Martin, jr,

do do to W vt J Murdock,

1st premium for peaches to John L Snyder,
2d do do Robert W *Todd,

Best pears to Thorn, Smith, llanchett & Co,

Silver Medal
2d best to Mr Span;;,
Best (|uinces to David Beeler,
2d best to 0 W Nejrley,
Best grapes to H II Coit,
2d best to Wm Martin jr,
Rest house pjrapes to Isaac Newton,
Rest ^rAp(» training to Wm Martin jr,
Rest ladies' choice grapes to Thos White, Diydoma
Rest cranberries to John M Summy. Diploma

$10

5

3
o

3
o

10
5

1st

1st
1st
1st
1st

2d

1st

1st

2d

1st

2d

1st

2d

1st

1st

1st

1st

2d

1st

1st

1st

1st

'.~A

1st

1st

1st

1st

1st

Ibt

1st

do

do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do

do
do
do

do

do
do
d.)
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do

do

do

do

R H Hartley f,,r la<ly's saddle,
R II Hartley for fir<j hose,
ii W Kerby for whips,
R k W Mackey for gent's sadillo.
J F Garrard for churns,
Samuel V Francisco for churns
M Heekley for cheese [tresses
Wm Rowan f>r grain cradles,
James Nelson for do,
Jordan Fritz for hand rakes,
E R Shankland for hand rakes,
Negley, Molian & Co for hay

forks,
E 11 Shankland for hay forks.
¥j K Shankland for grass scythes,
E R Shankland for grain scythes,
Wm Mann for caststcid chopping

axes,
Sheble & Lawson for manure forks,
Neglev, Mohan & Co

lo

Negley, Mohan & Co for spades,
N<»gley, Mohan & Co f\)r hoes,
Robert Staley for horse shoes,
I Fry Longkeep for grain meas'rs,
J !> .^ .T r IT.':,,, ;lor bruadaxc.,
J R & J T Holmes for hand axes,
J R & J T Holmes for hatchets,
J R &, J T Holmes for shipaxos,
Andrew Emma for vegetable fruit

cutters,
Thon)as W Shaw for sickles,
Post ley Nelson fur lonLT-handled

shovels,
Postley Nelson for canal shovels,

AStoves.

2
3
3
2

3

■)
•>

2

.1
♦>

M

I

3
»)

3
3

3

•)

o

3

Ii

•)

3
o

o

3

3

3

Silver Medal.
Diploma.

3
2
5
3
3
2

3

Rest home made wine to Harmony Society,

2d best to H H Coit,

Best plums to J»)hn M Summy,

2d best to Frederick Pfifer,

Best watermelons to (leorge M'llatter,

2d l»estto W Martin jr,

Rest specimen watermelon to Joseph Scott,

B(>st muskm<don ti) John Kelly,

Best sparkling Catawba to Nicholas L >ngworth,

Silver Medal
Farm Implements.

1st premium to R II Hartley for double harness,
2d best to R k W Mackey,

1st premium to R H Harth y for single harness,
X8t do P^ H Hartley for valises,

Ist do R H Hartley for gent's traveling

trunks,

3
5
2

2

Cooking stoves for coal — 1st premium, Nicliolson
& Payne, silver medal; 2d premium, A. Bradley, $f).

Cooking stoves for wikhI — 1st ]>remium, Nicholson
& Payne, silver medal; 2d premium, A. Bradley, So.

Cooking ranges for families — 1st premium, Nichol-
son & Payne, $5.

Furnace for warming houses — Ist premium, Ar-
nold & Williams, silver medal.

Ornamental parlor stoves — 1st premium, A. Brad-
ley, silver medal; 2d premium, Nicholson & Payne,

diploma.

Hall stoves—lst nremium, M. Graff & Co., sdver
medal; 2d premium, Nicholson & Payne, diploma.

Hollow-ware — 1st premium, M. Graff A Co., d.-

ploma. ,

Iron railing— 1st ])remium, W. T. Bla.'kford. (Oo-
thic,) di[)loma; 2d premium, W. T. Blackford, (iw-
sortment,) $o. , .

Italian and Grecian railing— 1st premium, A. &
W. T. McClurg, diph)ma.

(Jothic posts fur railing—lst premium, A. & >V.
T. McClurg $2.

Disrrefiona ry I W m turns.
Rest sample grates and fenders, Nicholson A
Payne, silver medal. ,

Rest cooking stove, wit'i rev<dving grate and back
oven, McDonough & Stewart, diploma. .

Rest arrangement of stove for burning wood ana

coal, changeable at pleasured. & W. Thornh'V. ^'•

pl<»nia. J-

Rest parlor cooking stove, Nicholson & 1 i^J"'"' ^

ploma. , .a

Best wrought iron cooking stove, l^r stcaiubuaw,

M. M. Shirk & Co., diploma.

18o3.]

STATE FAIR-COFNTY EXHIRITIONS.

247

do

Bi'st di"<r)hiV 'd registers for ventilat »rs and win-

\v iiir, 'I utile it Raiiey, silver medal.

H.'St 1 »t ot cooking and parlor stoves, for liulsh and
utilitv, Nicholson & Payne, diploma.

B 'st lot of turiH'd cast iron railings, Jenks, An-
derson it Co., dipl(»ma.

b'st ciii>ola fan, Jenks, Anderson Sc Co., silver

uic'lal.
Best sample selfdieating smoothing irons, M. (iraff

I Co., diploma.

The Plough inr/ Match.

The ploughing match took place in a field about
three miles from the city. The field was a very stiff
8od, requiring strong horses, and many excellent
ploughmen failed to take a prize, simply from the in-
efficiency of their teams. There were twenty com-
petitors, and at about ten o'clock, all started off in
gallant style.

The following are the awards of the Judges.

John M. Crum, Indiana township, Allegheny
county, premium $15, Hall & Speer's centre plough.

nlty to test the truth of the system. The largest con-
trlljutor in neat cattle, was A. R dm ir, of West Ches.
ti?r, will) showe I over thirty head of cows, heifers,
an<l t\v > mi^nlti-eat DiirhaiU bulls, all of his own
raising. Taese attract(vl great attention from tlieir
very tine si/ », e juibnuvl with great neatness, ami
were highly cre«litable to his skill as a breeder, and
to the guieral reputitloa of this district for su[)erior
stock. IL', IVischall and John Worth, (ierard Cope,
and George Brinton, Jr., were the chief contributors
of Durham stock. The latter had a very fine young
Durham bull, of gr(»at promis-i, whose p<)rtrait will
appear in next number of Farm Journal. Richard
Pirn showed some fine Dovons, which received the first
premium, as they did in lHr)2, at the State fair at
Lancaster. The tine Alderney Bull, figured in Sep-
tember number of Farm Journal, btdonginjir to Mar-
shall and Francis Strode, attracted much attention,
and received the first premium. The display of hor-

James Orlick, Shaler township, the 2d premium, ses, although not large, embra-^ed somo'good animals.

$10, Hall & Spe t's centre plough.

am jng which, the fin? Norm in draught horse of S.

lU

Jnspnh M. Grecor. Chartiers township, the 3d prem- ;, J. . . , . .

m, $«, R. Hall's clipper plough. I ^»- -'"•-" "-' v.w...,p..u.u.,. i.. v^y.^i i., oiiccp and

Jonathan F. Garrard, Indiana township, the 4th
premium, $>, Hall &, Speer's centre plough.

Plouguboys. — J(»hn Agenew, Robinson township,
the 5th premium, $10.

P. S. Hall, Robinson township, the 2d premium,

$8.

swine, the exhibition surp issed either of our State
fairs of -Ol & 52, or any c )unty exhibition which has
yet been held in Pennsylvania. Chester county has
long been celehrati^d ai) >ve oth.jr portions of the
State, in th ise pirticulars. It wu the opinion of

^y

Martin Clever, Ohio township, the 3d premium, many attending from other counties, that, taking the

Discretionary Premiums. — Newell French, sub-
soil plough, from Ohio, a discretionary premium, $15.
Robert Clark, Manchester, $^.
Wm. Stevenson, Manciiester, hill-side plough, S5.

^^ .

Chester County Agricultural Exhibltlou.

This, the first in Chester county, after a suspen-
sion for eight or ten years, and the first in the series
of county exhibitions to occur the present Fall in
Pennsylvania, took place on the I6th and 17th ult.
In respect to the amount of fine 6'jock of all kinds,
and other articles exhibited, no less than the general
interest manifested by th>3 very large attendance, it
fdr surpassed what was expected. It was estimated
<*ight to ton thousand persons visited West Chester
on thi' ocoiiVion. The Horticultural Kxhibition com-
»Qg off at the same time, no doubt helped to swell
the number.

A large number of full bred and grade Durham
cows, heifers, and bulls were on the ground, as well

whole stock of all kinds into view, the 'iisplay at our
late fair, has not yet been exceeded by those either
of the State or any other county. In agricultural
implements, vegetable productions, dairy products,
seeds, grain, flour, honey, plants, &,i., there was also
a creditable display, though not as large as there
should have been, or will be hereafter. Chester
county, which has thus led off, may well say to her sis-
ter counties, go and do likewise. An effort will be
made to purchase a suitable lot for future occasions,
and erect permanent fixtures.

••»>

Bx'iibltion of the York County A<;rirultural So-
ciety,

We have had no offirial information about this

fair, will -h will probably be oir^ (d the b<?st in the

State, and only within a day or two have observe] i

notice of it.

It is to be held on the 5th, Gth and 7th days of Oi't( -

her. Passengers will be carried on the Baltimore
^'^ l>evons, Ilolsteinand Alderneys, an 1 one fine Ayr- k Siisipiehanna and Comb 'rlantl V^illey railroa<ls at
shire hull, Ixd onglng to A. R. Mellvaine. Many of j half the usual rates, an 1 artich's for exhibition free

th? Durhanis exhibited w»^re descended from the
8tx)ck imported into this county soni'? years ago, by
•^o^'ph Cope and Paschall M )rris, and among the
CuWH of this breed, as well as native stock, w<ire
some very extraonilnarv milkers. This being a dairv
aistriet, eonslderalde attention has been paid t<; this
Jtrtieular. and those familiar with "Guenon's marks
ot chooping a Milch Cow," had here a fine opportu-

of c!iarg\ In al iitlon to fine stock, ami other mat-
ter for which York cininty has been fani(»us, it is un-
derstood there is also to be a grand display of fowls,
one exhibitor, (Albertus Welsli.jof Y.»rk, having 'M)
cooj^s, s.tiue n[ the klii'ls not before exhll>ited, the
Pi' trl R.intam Fowls, weigljing thirteen ounces the
pair. An ad Iress \< t* ddivered hy tlie Hon.
A. L. Hayes, of Lancaster.

i

, 111

•^1

Zi-*lk

"1-^^

248

couxTY Kxiiip.rrroNS, &c.

[0

• TOIiKj

mmrwwm.-imimf.«

liiiv(' receixed a copy of tho constitution, whi,!, p^
traces in its objnet, init.rovfirKMit in A"ri,M,if,,.

I lo^a < «»un{\.

As noticed in our last nunibcr, thn proposed moot-
in;i; to form an A<j;i:icultnrMl Society in this cniir-tv, , 1 iMrticuhui e, and Dunitvstic und IIouscIk;],! Arts l.
was duly held in tli.,' C i.'Uil JImmm', at AVell&liorosi-h' ! otii(.ri are,

September 5th, iind orc;aniz»Ml by callin^^npor-o ^^- Jar.ih Cnnndy, rrrsidcnt,

Leod, Esq., to the chaii-; a poci'tv was rcpjolarly
formed, a constituti on ud()[)te(l, and (doners api.oint-
ed as follo\Y8:

ProHiiient — Daniel L. SIhmwimkI.

Vic^ I'rrM.I. iits '1' L. I'.nldwin. William \). C]y.
nier, dainrs Lnwrey, llcnrv I*, ^'anness, .J-vs. Knox.

Kec. Sec'ry.-F. K. Smith.

<'')r. (li. — JauK^s 11. Wilson.

'rrcasurer — fJolin T. J)onalds(>n.

And 24 ineujlxTs of an Mxccutive Committee. We
ail' \v(dl actjuainted in this liorder CDunt v, of l*enn'a.
jind are surprised su(di a niovennMit has not l>een
malt' Ixdnre. II. -r soil is iK.t iinly pr()duetive for
farniin.^ Imt slic is riidi in miiKM-al we;. 1th, and con-
tain'> in her IViis.vsbur;::; li.isin, itnni.jnsf (jnantit ies of
the tiiii>t Ii< n, eoai, and j^oticr's elay; a railroad con-
nects these with the New York improvementvS. Be
in^ {■' r>Htia]!y acjU linted with thv' inttdH;!;ent Cor-
respondini: Sci-rotai-y, an ofliiMT on whom nundi of
the eliicicni'y (d t^ucU societit^s di'jxMids, we shall (Ex-
pect u good deal from his widl known rner;^v and
iibility.

?J) \]i-r PreMdcT.fs,

Knlx'rt U. L;iin, Treasonr,

Kiidnai-d \ . 1>. Lincidn. Cor. Secretary.

n. X. Wordcn, Iv(ic. Secretary,

Sanund Weiri(di, liihrarian,

Janu s P. Ross, Isaac Sloiher, II. U. Snyder,
Executi\e Committee,
as m ticed in another column, the fir.nf fair is to
be lield at \<'w Berlin, on the l.'Uh and 14th of Oc
t(d)er. An address is to )>e delivered by David Tac-
•;art, Kst}., of Northumberland, which we are confi-
dent will be a practical and ere litable production.

-••^

S!is(;5uhaui»a < Ouiitv I^'air.

Srluiylkill County Kxhibition.

Th<^ s(M;ond a-inual exhil)iti ,n of th(» Schuylkill
County Airricultural Kxhi))ition. will commence on
the ISth inst., and continue thrr'e days. Artieloi*
for exhibition, conMl<^ned to J. J. Daxson, Schuylkill
Ilavt'ii depot, P. & 11. 11. K., will be forwarded to tht^
show <j:;ronn<ls, and the Society will be responsible for
any damage that may happen them.

llciks County Ajjrricultural lOxhIbition.

The second annual exliibition of the ilerks coun-

The Annual Kxhiliiti .n and Cattle Sliow oi \h<'

Sns(pi(dianna T ,a:,!y A -riiMih oral SocifMy, will |,o I ^y A<;ricultural Sor,iety, will be held in Reading,

held at M)ntrosj, on til • 1 ith i:i^r. Plou-hin^r n)at(di | '>" Wedm^sday, Thursday, and Friday, the 12tli,

l."Uli, and 14th of Octo})er. The number uf IVcmi

ums otl'ered is (piite lar<^e.

on thoP2th.

This is on^of the m )st spirit'^1 of onr c amtv So-
cieties, d'h" ent"rnris(' and skill ol' suoh ni"n as

' j

Jud^^i' d •.>:!;>, .M>>rs. W il'c-r, Di'ink'^r, Cirmalt, iXcw Castle County, Delaware, Afj^ricuUural »o-

W\ir I, !*»■>! . an I m riy oMi t-. hav" Li;ivon hcrfjuitt^ a ! cietv.

promin MUM^ tbr)U;;h t!i'^ S it \ and which 'hi' famous I ,,,. , , ., . . , ,,, , „ ,r .i,- »„

' I 1 he annual exhibitn)n and cattle show ot this so-

crop of corn. rai> '1 by o ir tVi 'ml ( J,» tri; > Walki^r, has
tend ' 1 to in t ' )-: v We ob-; m-\ > als >. b )[]\ at the last
and [ir >> int. Sll:;' Fiir, a pi- ■muim far tie' bi'st firlun
butte.* has b'oa award • 1 t> Si- ah M. >Valk''r, (;[
Woodbjurne, in t'lat c i-uity. ^\ o hopj to be advised
of what is goin^ on there in a2;ricuUural mittors.

l?^ni n County.

Thisisonecd liw rnu>-; aiMii'iihural coontic-s in PiMin
gylvania, bi:r Irrlile v.iHons biiii;^ laioous i^r \Ndii'at

.'lety, will take place on AVedncsday, the 12th of Oc-
tober, the plout:hin;j; matidi on the foll<)\vin^ day.
The addrcs. is to be deliveriid by C. P. Holeond'C,
wiio ha--; iit>t rftiii-ncd from Ivvirope, and friiii iHS
,!i 'wn ability a- wll as th*' fun<l of irdt.rm^

^^.di k

tion r«M'i'nily tdtlaincd during; his travids abroad, A
hip^bly interesting discourse may be anticipated.

I^'arni Journal— !)au!)Ic Number far October,

which is the great staple. The cxr-dlence of her j -^^^ intimated some time a-o, we i^sue a d..ul) .^
soil, early attracted the attention ol many farriiors | "umb^T thi.-. m .nth. We shall albo is^ue d^ulM'
from Chester county, who wero annoi- th- oii-inal ntimb.^s in th.' two surcepdinn; months, with ti.'j
Bottlers, and aft(>rwards of th.' U-nnan-^, who n.iw view to close th(v vo'onn- with th<' y(^ar, wineh ^su
form a considerable portion ol iho i.opuhition. '"^ ^'^'''''^ saiisfaotory t > our subserib.".'^. and coum-

Wo have been pleased to observe th.^y have late- I »'''='' '" -'"^^^ ^^'»^i' " ^l^'^^^^.
ly started an Agricultural Society, which goes into : Wo have delayed the present issue a few days, so
operation under the most favorable auspices, and ' as to furnish the reports of the State K.vhihiti(»ii a
will ba highly useful. Through the attention of the : Pittsburg, and insert all which have reached us »t
Sjcrotary, 0. N. Wordcn, Esq., of Lewisburg, we this date, Gth inst.

185.r1

STATK AXD \ATIO\AI, K.XII I HITHn'S.

*_■» tjr-iBWi *> » f »^^ .' «»' w -«#■"■-«•

■*'mm-Mmrr'mv**r"mf.me'>: ^ w»m<f

State IN»ultr\ I '.xtiitiitioii.

\V, 'Hve below ih • pr.'iUHim list of tliis society for

1 ( RKFVS,

WMld

! )oi K'stic

" 2t>

.\i ;. i I'of best

" li d.

Class 'J7

No. I For bt'st jsair Wild

" 'J. d .. Domestic.

" :; do.

" d do.

C 10

Turkeys

(t n

" G

(!

<lo.

do

(;ki:sf,

lion;; Kum;!;,
lirtnirii,
ib'i nirle,

Swan,

(ieose.

th'ii- tirst exhibition, whirh i^ t > b> hedd in Phila-
delphi'^. and will in donbt attr:u-t a lar^^n concourse
of peophN ivnd l)e hi_;hly iMt-MN'^in.-;. \[ a m •ofinL'-
of the society, held at the Art Union Ro(uns, on the
12th instant, James Andr-w^, Kq., (d Darby, was
unaniui lusly elo3t- 1 President, in jda.-- ..i' Co!, -bdni
PpJ^.q 'Wrth.'rill. deceasfMl,and l>r. William lb liriisc-
](|o wa- nnanlneai iy olt'cted Nice Ib-esident. Thes-' ( 'l;j,.ss l!S DF(M<S.

jiTf t'xrclh'nt s(dec-tions. I No. 1 For best pair Alesbury Dutd^s.

Ju reierrm'" to the prosperity (d' the society, and i " ~ do. Common or Puddbi

I • I -I -t- L' /^ A\r 11 1- ' ( ^\ ! '* <► do. Muscovy,

the approachm;.; ('xhibition, r . (j. W.db(n-t, one ot the j ^^ , ^^.., >'

Kxe<utivt! Committee, writes us:— "Our society now , .. - ^^ Mulej

numbers four hundred ai.d six members, and our Class '2'.) For best display Fancy Pigeons, first pre-

orr'-tvements for tht» exhibition are nearly perfected. mium •?•>

,?■ • .11 » i> I. I)- 1 -d do. do 2d

III idi ition to t n' show ot I'oultrv, ri;i;eojis and ran* ., i ^ i- i n i>- i *• ».

juauouiMiL^ ^> o I Class .)(> the b(»st <lisplay (.anary Birds, hrst

Ibrds, (which will eidipse any thin; of tht» kind ever , mium,

jy,,t iij) in this country,) there will be promenade ■ l2d do. do. 2d

con-ei-ts ni-htlv in the upper saloui. Our e.te(aned ^^''i' th" l"'st pair (d Male and Female of ea.di of the
,,\,.' , 1.1 .i ri- 1 ' above varieties of Fuwds, over 1 year of a;;<*, first

iiinmier ( . >> . hciubn-, t^'iiders the use ol Ins ci h'- . r.

' . I premium, »>

bralcil hatching machine, so that the curious may | j,,,,. m,. ^,i ,„.m u-.. o.. 2d. ,-.,.....,..1, 3

HOC liat< hill"" bv artificial means. S;>veral of our For the best pair under one year (d agi', first ])re-
" " 4

2d 2

pre-

111. inhers are experienced in the art of eaponi/.ing,
and will mak',' experiments daily, so that those who

mium,

2d do. do.

Any fin(» specimen, wdiere there is no eompf^tition,

* ' • • 1 • . !

desire may learn the science, We ho])e to have a niav receive an honorary premium, optional with
visit from our irieiil> during; tlic exhibiti.tn."

Ust of Premiums

t!i" Fxeeiitive Committee.

persons who have rais^Ml th<' sto/k they exhibit,

will have a (hadded preference over all others in ("oni-

To />' inc'irdrd (if f/ir Jirsf <;.(in<l KxJnuilai,} of' /-'''' petition; and anv one desirous (d exhibiting Poul-

^hih' l„,i;lini Sociifi/ of' r> nnsf/Iriiiii'/, fo l» h(l<J uf f,.^._ ,.,^,, ,j,, j,,, by btMMiuin;; a member, and will ad-

the Chin'S'- Mnsriiid JhiHilin'i, I'//ifai!r/jihi<i, n/i f/ic <|r,,^v^ the lioaril of Managers boxT'^^t IN^st Office,

2-J'/, 2.".'/, 'J4/// an<I 'I'^fh nf 'Xomnhrr luxf, iSo.-;. Riiibelelphia.

Ohjrcf (,r fitf Snfi't/i/, — The pl-nmotioll of the i,)l'

pwced bietds' i>i Foultrv in the I'nited States

X. ]',.- The Society will furnish wire ca^^es for

the display of Poultry and Fi;;e.,ns; any member,

Class 1 Th" best pair .d imported FowU of ea.di va- however, inay exhibit in ids own ca;:.- , prov id(>d they

net v

il o

SHAXCIIAKS, etc

No. I The best Pair of HufT SliangluK^

Fo vis

i 4

0

do.

White do.

t(

ib

do.

lilaek do.

a

ik

4

do.

(irey do. or Brahma
Pootra,

(.

(. jas

S •)

do.

Cochin China,

it

t(

4

do.

( diittagoni;,

<<

. t

0

do.

lloani; llo,

n

it

t)

(1 ..

1 > ' 1 0 b \' ,

It

((

1

do.

Mahiy,

<(

11

8

do.

da\ a.

it

i(

0

do.

Dominirpie,

it

i .

lo

do.

ders"v Filue,

it

i.

11

do.

Rucks Ciiunty.

tt

t ,

1-J

do.

Rlai k Spani-h,

It

t «

1.;

d).

Dorkiii;:,

tt

((

14

do.

(Jame,

it

<(

15

do.

Folaml.

tt

t(

10

do.

Native (ir 1 >a!iL: 11 ili,

ti

it

17

do.

Rulton ( irey or ( -reole,

i i

(i

18

do.

(Jolden Pheasant,

i(

((

19

do.

Silver do.

((

i(

20

do.

liantum,

i

«c

21

do.

Silky,

tt

((

22

do.

Negro.

tt

t(

23

do.

Friz/ded,

tt

<<

24

do.

Capons,

It

((

25

do.

Guinea,

tt

are ni a suitable ebaraeter.

JHSSK M. WILLIAMS,
(MIARLFS K. KNfJLE,
C. (J. WOLIiFRT,

Executive Comm itlcc.

National Inhibition of Imported Blood and Amer-
ican Hrceds of Horses.

We h ave recei /ed a cinailar and premium list of
the ab eve e>;liibit!M:i, wliich is to be held at Sprin;:-
field. Ma-., OcLob.r 1'.'. 'JO. '1\ . and '2:1. Ithasb.'cn
<rotten oj) under the ausnices u'\ the Fnited States
V'M-icul;ural S.MMctv, and is the first (d' the kind
which has y.'t b<'en ledd in this eountry. Arra]i;.^e-
ments have been made with sev<'ral of the principal
railroads, and otle^i's are in ja-o^ress. by wdmdi any
iMT-'on \N ho shall transport over any of -aid roads,
i .,11,1 c;nl!S- w hors- (or exhibition "r prrminni, shall
receive l>aek th > mon ey paid as iVei-!it, upon |)r(;sen-
tation to the propi'r offieers of said roads, of the Re-
cording S-retary's certiiicate, that such !-r-e or
horses have been duly entered. Horses intended foi
exhibition and premium, or for sale, should be .al-
tered with the Recording Secretary. H S. Noyes, on
or before Satui day, Oct. 15th, 1853. A F. aid of

! '

%

ii*«ir'*

if*-'.',.

^r< ■

^.j.fti- .8r,/|~-^*'-A.'!

250

8TATK FAIir COKN CKOF.

I

I

Hi

lOcTOlllR

of Judges will be appointed Iroin various parts of
the Union, to examine all tho hors.'s entorfd, who
will award premiums, tit !)<» paid or (hdivered at the
close of the exhihition. Small entrance fees will he
required. Persons wlshlnt^ more information will
addriMs, postpaid}, William Stowe, Correspondin;;
Secretary,and general agent of the exhibition, Spring-
field, Ma88.

The premium list is as follows:

UMI
50

2o

$100
50
20

LIST OF PREMIUMS.

STALLIONS.

For the best Stallion of 7 years and over,

Ist premium

2d do.

3d do.

4th do. n silver o;oblet valued at

lor the best Stallion of 4 years and under 7,

1st premium

2d do.

3d do. a silver goblet valued at

fiELDIN'OS.

Fur the best gelding of -t jcin.-, inm mer,
1st premium
2d do.
3d do.
4th do a silver goblet valued at

UKEF.DI\{; MAKES.

For the best Breeding Mare of 4 years and over,
Ist premium j^IOO

^(1 do. 5(1

3<1 do. 05

4th do. a silver goblet valued at 20

$100
50
25
20

liHKEDING MARES WITH KOAL IJV THEIR SIDE.

1st premium

~J do. a silver gobbet valued at

MATCHED HORSES.

$50
25

For the best span of Matched Horses of 4 years and
over,
1st premium $100

2d do. 50

3d do 05

4th do. a silver goblet valued at 20

FANTV HORSES.

For the best span of Fancy Horses of 4 years and
over,
1st p- etnium
2<i do.
3d do. n silver goblet valued at

$100
50

o-

COLTS.

For the best Stallion of 3 years old,

1st premium

2d d.>.

3d (h) a silver goblet valued at
Best Filly
For the best Stallion of 1 yeai,

1st premium

2d do. a silver goblet valued at
Best Fiilv,
For the best Stallion 1 year old,

Ist premium

2d do. silver goblet valued at
Best filly,

$50
25
20
25

$25
20

20

$25
20
20

FARM OR r>RAT'<;HT HORSEs

For the best pair of Farm or Draught Uurses
1st {)remium '

2d do.

3d ^ do. a silver goblet valued at
Best single do.,
1st premium
2d do. a silver goblet valued at

S50
25

t25
90

$50
25
SO

rONIES.

For the b st pair of Ponies,

1st premium

2d do.

3d do a silver goV)let valued at

In addition to the Premiums above stated, a lib-
eral sum of money, with Medals and Diplomas, will
be placed in the hands of the Committee onPri*-
miums, to be distributed by them to such exhibitors
as, in their discretion, they shall deem most deser-
ving.

GEORGK DWKHIT, President.

JAS. M. THOMPSON, Vice President.

WILLIAM STOWE, Secretary.

It would appear, as if the premiums offered for
stallions and mares, were to be contined to one class,
nothing being said about road or draught.

«•»

For the F«rm JournaJ.
Geor{!^e Walker's Premium Crop of Corn.

To the Fiditorof the Farm Journal. — As you have
pul)lisbed some s !vere animadversions upon George
Walker, for the statement of a corn crop raised by
him last year, it is nothing more than justice to him,
and is flue to our Agricultural Society, as well as to
the community at large, that they should hear both
sides. I therefore enclose you a vindication of the
parties concerned, from the pen of one of our most
practical and safe farmers — a man who is not likely
to be influenced by prejudice, interest or authority.

I will merely add that our society has, every year
since its institution, awarded premiums for upwards
of one hundred buslod.s of shelled corn per acre, and
it is unreasonable to suppose wlien^ other instances
arc! so frequent, of 150 and l(»<) bushels being raised,
that (tur society has been either egregiuusly mista-
taken, or shamoftilly imposed upon.

We should wish you also to remember that the
premium on corn, was not the only one awarded to
us at the State Fair.

Slsql'eiianna Covsty.

•«•*-

Corn Crop.

DiMocK, Sept. 10th, 1853.
II. II. Fra/ier, Esq. — Allow me, if you ploaso. a
small space in your valuible paper for a few Btute-
ments as appendages to that of neighbor Walker 8
corn crop; {''>v I have hear<i mucli said about hi''
raising uii iu(;redibl(5 and unloNird of lar^o crop, a^
thougii suidi an amount nevf'p had be(:.n. or could op
raised on an acre of ground. Now for the beneHtof
those who doubt .Mr. Walker's raising thtit ninmitU,
(and have rather impugned the decision of the judg-

}XA.]

rOlIN CHOP— STKAWKEKUY QrKSTIOX.

251

(■.-*, j

reo

1 will relate thai which now star\ds on histori*^
A f'W years a^o, Auias:i Tunu-r and Seth

urd,

I (.

JoffersOH, of Mantua, Ohio, n>easure<l the shelled
ruiM raiseii on an acre bel(.u;;ing to Seth Harmon,
Yv\ iind found it to be lOS l)ushels and 21 (luarts —
•'^ Is.io Mr. Ashiiel Keowviek of Piekw.iy <'o., Ohio,
Pvisi'd 5»)00 busloU on 40 acres, being 1 10 l>ushels
to the acre. In tiu' same state, John Loughry. of
^u.nije.i raisrd 1500 bushels of sludled c .rn on
eleven acres, being over l.i<) bushels per a'^re. in
our Htate. .Ji»shua Evans, raised in Wasiiin^ton co..
5S() buFhels (in live acres, beinj; lib bushels per acre;
Mr. Pasehall Morris, near West Chester, 1 hester
CO., in 1845, raised lOl bushels and i' pecks per acre
for 10 acres. In Dunham, Conn., in 1844 Mr. Wads-
worth raised a crop of shelled corn vn \ of an acre,
nt the rate of 151 bushels a .d 18 qts. per acre. In
New York S:ate, Mr. J. P. Jones, of Sullivan co., in
l^4'>, raised over 195 bushels of ears per acre; Wil-
liarnll. Crawford, same co., in the same year, raised
lilOj bushels shelled corn per acre; Mr. Stevens of
llohoken raised over 118 bushels per acre; in Che-
nango CO., in 18:U, Mr. B. IJutler, raised 140 bushels
fr(>n?(»ne acre; in 1840, W. In<:jals of Oswego co.,
raised 154 bushels on an acre; B. liradley, Uloom-
ticld CO., in 1841, raised l';'.2 bushels, on 2 acres; in
I'-t'i <';>voir'» ^'» ^^»* Sinnio'l Phelps raise*! V2'2
biiHhels on (Uie acre; in the same year Wilcox, of
Saratojra, raised l.)2 bushels of shelled corn per acre;
Mr. Ja'bes Burroughs of Chata(jue c*)., in 1810, ob-
tained a premium for a crop of 114 bushels and '.V2
U.S. of 8h(dled corn per acre. The Messrs. Pratts of
Easton, in 18-22, obtained from 3 acres, a crop of
,M7i bushels oi' srndled corn, a little over 17'J bush-
els per acre; and the ne.tt year they raised fnou 4
acre-, 080 bushels or 170 bushels per acre; .Mr. Wil-
marth of Taunton, (Mass.) in 1825 raised 142 bush-
els on an acre: and in the same state. Laonard Hill,
Ksq., of Plymouth, in 1823 raised liiO bushels of
shelled corn per acre, for which ho received the pre-
mium. In New Hampshire, Mr. 11. Lamprey, of
Muultonborough, in 1839, raised 131 bushels on an
acre: and the same year, same state, P. P. Pillsbury
of Tufton borough, raised 130 bushels on one acre.
In H<.urbon co., Kentucky, Mr. George W. Williams,
in 1840, raised 159 2-*J bushels per acre; and Mr.
Younp of the same state in the same year, raised
over PJO bushels per acre: and J. Myers, Fisq., of
Canton, Ohio, raised 1352 bushels of corn on seven
acres, being a little over 193 bushels per a -re.

If you think the above worthy a place in the col-
utns of y. ur paper, you are at liberty to insert it; if
not, reject it. Y^ours,

F. M. BABCOCK.
In addition to the above, we iind it stated in the
"(;.«nesee Farmer," for the present month, that six
different counties in Ohio awarded premiums on
twenty-five acres of corn last year, whose average
product was 127 bushels per acre. The largest yield
was in Stark county, two acres producing \Vl(j bush-
els, ur lb3 per acre. — Susquehanna Jieyuler.

>•••• —

Strawberry Ciuestion,
Our present number contains a long article on this
vexed (juestion, almost sufficient of itself to form a
treatise. Having promised the author space for
another hearin;;. wo :ould not well deelin ' publish-
iii^ it, which w(» should have done had W(; Iumoi ap-
}»ris(>d of its great length.

The imp )rtance of the .ubject to practical farmers
will not warrant the use of so much space, particu-

larly as it has nt»w been narrowed down to a mere
abstract point. It seems to be aduiitted all around,
that a ))ed of ])istillate varieties will not produce a
lull crop without the presence of staminates. This
is n ot the (juestion at is5«ue, but whether, under any
cucu/nst(uir,'.'<, SI pistillate plant will vary its prevail-
ing characteristics, be liable to bec«>me staminate or
perfect, and prodvcf fruit. On the one side it is con-
tended this is inijio.saihle, and a.f unnatural as for a
cow to turn into a bull, the [)istillate or other yiecu-

liarity bein^ ilwjixed law of its nature — its true nor-
mal condition. By fruit, in this connection, we un-
derstand to be meant what is usually called the fruit

)f the strawberry, (the receptacle containing the
seed,) and not the seed itself, which is the real fruit.
Leaving the fact, or otherwise, of this in the case of
the stra wberry, analogy would serm to settle it as nei-
t her Impossibleor improbable. The MnclurH,adioeciou8

plant, produces the osoge orange apple, or receptacle
con taining imperfect scied, many miles away from any
staminate influence, atsd as Dame Nature is usually
a consistent old lady, what she does once she may do

again.

Nei tber will it be d( ni( d that the strawberry plant,
in its normal cond ition, has perfect flowers, and there
are veiij many nnalagous cases, of plants under a
rhnn>}e of circumstances, reverting back to, or vary-
ing from their original character. This is no new
fact in vegetable Physiology.

But when the very foremost champion of the fixed
sexuality of the strawberry plant, voluntarily comes
forward over his own signature, and gives up the
whole case, and of his own accord knocks away every
prop of the platform on which he an<l his friends
have been contending, there is surely no use in fur-
ther discussion in the Farm Journal or any where

else.

N. Longworth, in a late number of the AVestern
Horticultural Review,concludes an article as follows:
"As Lon^rworth's Prolific (which is hermaphrodite)
produces a chance pistillate blossom, I see no reason
for saying that there may not be a pistillate bearing
an occasional hermaphrodite or staminate blossom."
This admission covers the whole ground, and is ex-
actly what T. Meeban has be<'n assailed for asserting.
One remark further, in conclusion, which simple jus-
tice to him seems to require. It is insinuated, and
i ndeed directly asserted, that he had seen the article
by W.I), before penning his own, and had copied the
ideas from it. On the contrary, being accidentally
on a visit to W.'st Chester, he informed us that he
had forwarded his article to the Horticulturist, and
th is was before the issue of the number of the Farm
Journal containing W. D.'s essay. That their views
should have been identical, is no more strange than
that the views of scientific men should hap])en to
ag ree on a scientilic question when they are 2000
miles apart, and had never met.

w

. :>\

'4]

' ^'ifvA

tav

fVIC .!

,/ "X' '-■-..''t.'SW

I

252

SALK OF STOCK.

fOrr.

■'L■*m^r^ wn. ■■» «bp« ^

'MKR

Sale ol l^ari D.rie's Stock, | D.i..1,ps8 5r,{],J.v Soco.ul |..,k.. „! .\ ,,rthu,n]. ,•!,,. .

Althoii;;h matter has accumulatod on liand ■'''^*' >l!-. 'Ionai n w Tiiokm- ;;:)(i ,,,,;''" '

ist previous to closin;^ our ('^lition, jwirtiruiarl v in '' '' '-■ "Mantilla, " rr.i ;in I wliit.-, ciK..,! X^ven

jlatl.)n to the State Fair, w. .-annut ivfrain IVu.n iT'',"' 'i^f^' - '^ ''^' rraiu.r .i',»n7. .lam Mirn'rva^'.

-atifyin;; the anxiety ol inanv of our readers, in iv , ,.. ,., "'•*'" ^^uiih-jw.

.tion to this „.o., sid,. of .„:,.,<. .1,1,1, .xcecds all i^i;': ,:;, .,; ''p:';";,-!," t:!..,':!!:;:' w;;:;i"^«:

ithcrto known m Kn;i];m<l. It will I.e., hservod that Second Ihikc (d \nrk, ')'.)"•», '^' -

Mr. llM.r, :,- ^r„n..,i,.

BOIPC of the best, and ind 1 tli.- liiirhrvr oriccd ani-

mals are comin;:; to Ani.M-ii,'a. l>u(dic^s C. 1, a r.-d cow '^ '^ •'• "I'omp," white, calv.-d April ;;, l>i,>- .,„j

four year., ohi, l.-dno; pund.asrd l.y d. Thome of \ew ^l^ ^^'^'i "*,' ^i'.;!?;;'''^'' "'•'Vt' '^'\''' ^^'-^"^'^'^^ li"val, l.y
Vo,.l- r rno • 1 -r , 1. 'hick Jlock, (.(.(IL M r. < • kkmiki.o, C,:, .rui,u'as

lork, for (.no M;niii,.;is; a roan hciter thre(» vcurs (dd, i .i- ..i • m , , . , f^^niuas.

TV ,,..,. » . * I ^^"'t !'>• ijomsa, roan, calvi'd duly 1*' l^is- „

Dii.diess (.f., for J»!l ^um.'as, for Me.s.sr.s. Morris.^ Vh^- ' j.y Cramer, O'.H);, dam Lad.v Bird, h/Cato, (ISi^r, ^'

car, of ^\'^v Vork, for whom also it was iind<M-stood , Mr. liVNf.'sTox, 7S ^r„i,",(.,^^

r.f)!)

'A'

St hull, "Diiko of (Uostcr," was knock(nl off for I '^nt IT*. "Beatrice," red, Ciilvcd August 1, 1S4.S;
liiwas to Mr. Tanqiieray, who is to iis(> himone ' ^^^^ '*^^ Cramer, IVJOT, dam Bessy, hy Ilelicun,' '2h')7. '

year hef^rc (hdiverin^ him u[.. AVc annex the cata

Mr. (iiiKNFiEMt, ^1 ^uinea.s.

Ill,-,,,, . , , , I ^^"^ ^'' "^ hapiet. roan, calved April 1). KS4M- ,r,,t

o.ue of sale, iMdow, with tlie s.n;,Me remark that | ^, ^'surcr, DTo;/, dam Chair, hv Duke of (Unw^U
these r.Moarkalde [)ric(^s are consich'red in Kn«;hind : 51147. Mr. Lan(;sto.n, ol jr„in,.as!

11 ' mere fictitious valuations, hut l)on;i fi-h' and in'' I„,t Fs. "Victorine," red and white, calved July

trin^ic! evidences of the skill, science and suci-.'^-.s d, 1S4'.): nrot l»y I'surer. '.>7'».">. dam \'ictori;i, hv S.-c-

withwhicli the hit.. Farl hadhred iiis henland wliich ^^''^^ Ihikeof V.;rk, r)'.l,V.I.

Waa Liju.^ .11(1.1 fciaieii i»v UP- miiM iniciULieii I oreeders ■^

• V ) I 'i 1 L- • , J^ot !'.». "Iloratia," red, cah.eddulv 127, F^4'.); cot

m l'in;i;ian(t pre^iMit at the sale. hv(>rv one interested i ,. i- ... „ ut > i r • ii i \ * i» / i -•. „,

' ^ '^ . ''J F surer, U/bd, dam rair ll(dt n. I)y retrundi, i.rl'J,

in stock \vill he anxicnis to hear of their safe arrival |
ill the F lilted States.

COWS A\h IIKIFFFS.

THE FIGURES REFER TO OOATEs's HKKI) IJooK.

Ii(tt 1. "Bessy." roan, calved January 11, Fs40;

-, .')<> ^uineiis.

liot 'JO. "Dmdiess ('. 1th," red. ealve.l Au^^ust ID,
ISd'J : 'rut hv Second Duke .if Oxford, ViidC. ifun
Duche.s.> ,").">ih, i)y Fourth I>uk(» of Xorthuinlterliin 1,

3040. Mr. doNMiiSN TlloKNK, GOO ^MllII' ;l>.

Lot 21. "Oxford 11th," red I'oan. calved Au<i;iist

\ ' .. .' ' ^' liot -I. • uxioro iiiu, red I'oan. caiveu Au<i;iist

got hv Helicon, LlO., dam Beeswm-, hy Sir Th, m- o-^ |^s.p). ^,,,^ ,,^. i,„^,^j|^ ,),,j.^. ^,j- y,,,.,,^ i,,p;;^ ^j.^,,^

^' '*-'••'•'• ^^ Hon Mr. Morton, 40 guineas. (,^|,,,,| ^^1j^ |,^^r ^^^^^^,,i d,,),,. (,f X.,rthum])er!aiid.

Lnt 2. "Stella." roan, calved April lo, IS-U; ^^ot M^U). "^ Mr. Tanqiekav, 2oO «^uiiie;is.

by Kockineham, 2'.oO. dam Starville hv Voun- S.-a- i^,,t 22. "Fl.)renee," roan, calved Octoher 12, 1^4!»;

^"""- ■''""• ^^'- ^'''^'^i-^^ ;;o guineas. ^^^^ I Usurer, 'J70;;, dam Florentia. hy Zenith. :")7(';"..

l/ot 3. "Challenge," red and white, calved Marid

Mr. FoHiNsoN, ('.2 iriiinciis.

4, 1843; got hy Morpeth, 7ll')F <lam (deopatra, hy = Fot 2:!. "Fatima," red and white. ca]v<-d Xevcm-
"'^'"'""' -^"''- Mr. XrHHET, 44guineas. i^^r 27. 1S4'.>; got hy Victor, HllV.), dam Fenelhi, hy

IjOt 4. "Duchess nr^th." red, calved Octoher .'U, Humler, 7102. .Mr. Carh, 70 guineas.

1S14: got hy Fourth Duke of \(.rthumherland, :U)4U, Lot 24. "Mvst.M-y," red, calved May 24, 18o(); got
dam Duchebs 3Mh, hy \orfolk, 2;;77. i,y Usurer, 'J70;;, \lam ^Finstrel, hy* (^)unt Conrad,

Mr. Tanqierav, 50 guineas. ' :]-^\()^ yi^.^ TANQiERAy, 200 guineas.

L >t 0. "Victoria." roan, calved April 20, ISdo;' t , .,- ,.t> i i- " i i i i >m ^^\^\. rret
. y ^ 1 u 1 i- V 1 '(\^<\ i i> 1 I 1 ' Lot 2). "Boddiee, red, calved dune J'.h 1^)0 ; got

^"^ ''".""^'•^' ;•''"• ,.. Mr. Am.kn. lU'HiH.as. [ •> Mr/joNA^ Wkiu.. 1 15 p.inoa,.

Lot 0. "Princess Fairfax." roan, calved Octoher."). ,_^

1845; got hv L.rd Adolptms Fairfax, 1210, dam I>"t 21".. "Flourish." white, calved Oetoher Ll ,1^)<|,

Trincess Koyal, hy Thick Hock, (;i;ol. got hy Fsurer. 07'V;, .fmi Floreuti,,. hy /emili, ..<>'-.

Mr. (iREM-iEi.i., 77 guineas. ^^''- ''^'•"' ' ^ ,t;""" •^^•

Lot 7. ''Nonsucli." wdiite, calved Novemlier 1, T/)t 27. "Duchess OOth," ri(di ro.in, calv(Ml Octoher

ISF); got hy Duke of Crnwall, ;V,M7, dam Nina, hy 2o, ISoO: i^ot hy Fourth l>uke (d York, lOKn, dam

\('!ociped(\ 5.VV2. I/o(ji) licRMNCToN, oO guiueas. Ducdx'ss ooth, liv i'ourth Duke (d' Nortliuiiiherhind,

Lot^<. "Chaff" red and white, calv.'d Fehruary •>''^-'- .Messrs. Morhi^ .t Bf.car. 700 guineas.
14, 1846; got hy Duke oi Cornwall, 504g, dam i Lot 28. ''Victory," white, valvd Xevenih-T 25,

Challenge, hy Morpeth, 720 L ]sr)0: got ]>v FTsurer, 9703, dam \ ietoria, hy Sec-

Cdonel KiN(;sr()TF, 12 guineas, ^^n,} Duk,. ol' V..rk, ^'JoO.

Lot 9. "Minstrel," i-ed roan, calved .Martdi 14, "' " ^ ^" ''

1 840; got hy Count C >nrad, :5r)l0. d im >Figic, hy
Wallace, 5580. Mr. Tanqifcrav. lOO guineas.

L!)t 10. "Oxford <')!h." red, calved N'ovemher 0,
1846; got by Second Duke of Northumheil ind,3046,
dam Oxford 2d, hy Short Tail. 2021.

.Mr. Tan^^llr.w, 205 guineas.

Lot 11. "Duchess 59th," roan, calved November
21, 1847; got by Second Duke of Oxford, 9046, dam

Mr. BiiAfTnwMTF, SO guuica

Lot20. "Chintz." roan, calved dannary 21. h^'|.
got by Uyurei-, 07i'.:;, <iam Chaif. hv Ihike of (N.rwall,
5947. Mr. (iKi:Niii:i.i>. 70 ^uin^MS.

Lot 30. "Finance," n.ain calvc<l April 20, \^'>^'
got by Usurer, 9763, dam Fudge, hy Buchau H '"•
3238. Mr. Crawbv, 90 guineiw.

Lot 31. "China," roan, calved December 25, 1851;

1853.]

SALi: OF STOCK-MAKLNO AND SAMN'O NFWl KF.

253

l>>"

«,t l>y l'''orlh duk(^ ol Vork. l"!r,,, .Ihui Ciiaii', hy j Lot 2. "Fourth huke .d \ ork," 1 ^ lii,'. rnan. calved
Oiike of Cornwall, 5947. ; Deceml)er 22, 1856; got hy Second Duke .,i Oxford,

Lord FkvFrsiiam, 90 guineaH. '9040, dam i^uthevH oFst, hv Clev(dand Lad. .';407.
Lot 32. "Bodkin." red and whit<", ealved F(d.ruary | Mr. B. Bfi.l, "^Oi) guineas.

12 1852; j:^«'t by Fourth Duke .d" York, lol(".7. dam' Lot.''.. "C,,rnwall," white, (;alved >Lav iio, IS.VJ;
lientriee, l)V <'ramer, r)007. ^ got hy Cmitraet, loi)7 1 , dam Nonsu(di, hy Duk(» (d'

Mr. K'UiiN.-o.N, "c* -'uini'as. Cornwall, o',07. >Ij-. M.vtK, td "-uineas

Lot 33. "Lucy," ^^hite, calved >Firch 10. l.^"t2,got Lot !. "FiKde d'om, ' white, cal ve.l .) nne lo, IS.VJ;

' L'surei'. 97**»''). dam L oui-a, hy Cramer. <'iOo7. got hy F-airtli huk" >>[' W.rlv. l0lt'.7, dam Frsuia, hy

Mr. Ha!,!., 40 guineas. L^surer, 07<'>'i. Mr. Sacndkus, .';7 guineas.

L')t 34. "11 »i'0'*f." r<.au, cilved A|U-il 10, F-^')2: Lot o. "\ ampire," roan, calv.'il .Inly 1>, l><o2 ; got

cot by Contrail, lo. i7 1 , dam Horatin, hy Usurer, 070.;. I'V Fourth Ihike of Vork, lOir'7, dam N'ictorine, hy

liord HoWK, 4d guineas. I surer, '.)70;i. — ., pJO guineas.

Lot ;;.'>. "Duchess 07th." wdiite, ('alve.l May Li, | Lot «i.^ "Franklin," red. calved 0(;t(d)er 20, 1.^52;
1S'»2; ;i;ot hy Usurer, 07(>-'», dam Du(;hess 59t!i, hy ' g*>t by Fourth Duke of York, 10107, dam Fatima, by

SjoeiurDuke of Oxford, 904ti. Victor, S739. , M) guineaH.

Mr. (iiNTKR, 3.'')0 guineas. Lot 7. "Cheltenham, red and white, calved Decern-
F.t;'<». "PirliamiMi;," roan, calved .fune ."), Ls.V2 , ! her IS, JS.V2; got hy Duke of(ilost<'r, ll;j,S2, dam
^,,u hv Fourth Duke of York, I0l'i7, dam Foinp, hy Chaff, by J)uke of Cornwall, .')04 7.

Mr. liii/roN, J2.') guimniH.

Ihik '"of Crinvalh .')0-17.

-, .)() guineas.

L;.t ;;7. "Oxford loth," r.^l, calved .June 12, 1H52: | I>"t S. "Florian," white, calved Decemher 2S, 1852;
got hv I'ouith ')uke of V(M-k. 10107, dam Oxk)rdOLh, got by Fouri]i Duke of Vork, l0ll)7, dam Florfuitia,
by Second l>uke of Xorlli'iuberland, ;;C>lt"). hy Zenith, 5702. — — ■~, .'),S guin<"as.

Lord lirRM.Noi'.N. -JOO guineas. L(.t 9. "Fifth Duke of Oxford," red, calved March

Lot .'^S "IF.hhv " white ,.:.!v.-d Am .n^t 21 1 S.V"» • <», iSo,".: jjot i)y Duke ol (;ioster. IFlH-J. (him Oxh)rd
jr.n hv Fourth Duke of York, lol(i7, -iam Bessy, hy ; llth, hy lourth Duke ot York, inH,/.
ll-li."en, 21 07. ■ — — , 51 guineas. | Lord Feversham, .^00 guineas.

Lot .".0. "Bride," roan, calved September ("», |s:)2; | J'"t L). "Oloucest'M ," red and white, calved April*
got hv Feurth Duke ol York, lOl(.7, dam I'r ncess j 3, 1853; got \>y Duke of (iloster, llo.S2, dam Bea-
Fairfax, by Lord A. Fairfax, 4249. i trice, hy Ciam-r, ^'''M^':

M;-. CiciMiELi), 165 guineas.

Lord Ffver^iinm. 120 giiineas.

L.t40. "Duche.ss 68th," red. ealved September 13, Lot 11. "Francisco," roan, calved April ;;o. ls:>;i;
1*^52; got by I >.ike of Gloster, 11:;'^2, dam Dudiess j «"t by Fourth Duke (d' Vork, lolG7, dam Florence,
»'.l:l,. hv Si'cond Duk'^ of Oxford, OOdti. j hy Usurer, 97(i:;.

.Mr. doNATMA.N Tin. I'.NK. "lOO guineas. 1 MAR.ifisoK FxKTER, 150 guineas.

L)t 41. "Chance," red and wliite, calved dauuarv l^otl2. "Norman,' white, calved May 8, l85;i;
0,18.33; got hv Duke of (;io>(er. lld,^2. dam ( diap- got hy Fourth Duke .4" Y..rk, 10107, dam Xonsuidl
let, by Usurer, 07ii:;. : hy Duke (d C(U-nwall, 5047.

Mr. BoniNsoN, 50 guineas. ' Mr. Iuuunson, lOO guineas.

L-.t 42. "Violet," red, calved F(d)ruarv 2('», 1^53;! '^"^ l-'- "Manpiis." red and white, calved dun(! 14,
pot hv Fwurth Duke ol' Y(U-k, 10107, dam \ ict(u-ia, ' 1^''3: got hy Duke of (ih.-^t.'r, 11:5^2, dam .Mantilla,

hy Seeond Duke of York, 50o0. ''.V Cramer, 0907. , 75 guinea.^.

Mr. Bathroi', 48 guineas.

L»l4'). "Suowdro]-)," wdiite, calved February 20,
Is').); got by Fourth Duke of Y(Mdv, 101('.7, dam
l^cieuce, by Sir Thomas Fairhix, 510(),

Lord Si'E.NcKR, 120 guineas

-••*■

For tlu' Fiirin Journal.

Makiiij^ and i^avin^ Manure,

liv d. S. Hor(;nT().\, >L D., pHn.Ai>ELriii.\.

L .t 44. "Ducliess (')9th," wdiite. calved Marcdi 10, To the Fditor ( d the Farm Journal: —
j^V'.: got by Fi)urth Duk.' of Y.)rk, 1O107, dam j Dear Sir: — After all that has been

Buchess 59tli, by Second Duk^- of Oxford. 00 li',. I . , ,• , , ., i • . r \t

•^ M rp ,.u\ written, said ai.d nuhlished, on tlie suhiect oi iMa-

.Mr. I ANi^iERW, 100 guineas. ' ' ...

T ,. I- .,1. ..1 .1- 11 K I on I king and Saving Manure, it is painful to see what

L.)t4.). "Fi/,zy, red an I white, calved April 20,1 ^ .^^ » r

1853; got hy Fourth Duke of York, JO107, dam , ntter neglect prevails among p.-oph; who ought to
h.jaisa, \)y Cramer, 0'J07. know hett<'r, oi' the v{3ry first princijjles of this art.

, , >!''• CRENrEii.)), ,Hl guineas. ^Vshorl time a-., I travelled through sev-ral couti-

Lot4o. "Oxford 10th," red roan, calved May 17, . . ', • "■ , ,, , ,,„,,,, ,,,,i

])i\> . .1 r .1 Ii. . \ i-.ie- 1 i. tK^s m t he Ulterior ot I'ennsylvania, au'l ohser\ca,

looo ; got by fourth Duke .it NorK, 10 lOi , dam Ox- -^

*'"-'l''"M. hy Second Duke of Xonhumheiland, ;■/. Hi. ; iilniost every where, t he fine barns (d the hirmers

Mr. d'A.Nc,i; Kijw, 180 guineas. I pertdied upnii a <i<le hill, ;ind the harn-yard drained
I ^"^ ^]\ "Duchess 70th,"' red and wiiito. calved du- i j,jj^, j^,,,j^^ neighboring stream. A week or t\ro since,
ly^^, IS.),';; got hv Duke of (ih.ster, 1 1.1>2, dam Du(di- . . ., , c c i i- i . i u ^.; ...U.,,-.,! o-

essTir.ti, I I.' 'i Ik 1 <• \^ 1 nuc- I visited a tine ^e(>d Oaidmi and Horticultuial es-

t88 00th, hv I'ourtii hike o York, iOlO*. a- i i i

Mr. Gl'NTer, ."110 guineas.

j;i;lls.

tabli^hmcnt, near Dunkirk, New York, and there
saw se-veral large manure heaps, so located as to
form a larg«3 duck-pend of black, animonical li(pior,

Lot 1. "Duke of tilostcr, ' 1 1 .'mS2, red, c.alve(l Se[!- j j,, ,.;iviti"S of the Lrround near thtun, containii g, 1
temher 14, 1S50; got by Grand Duke, 102S4, dan

|, "^ ^^ i^^j^j , gut ny vjtrauu jniKc, iw-vt,

A^uchess 5Uth, by Second Duke of Oxford, 9046.

Mr. Tanqueray, 650 guineas.

suppose, Bevoral hundred harreia uf li<jui<i manure,
worth at least two cents per pint. The manure heaps,

Vi''

254

SALE OF STOCK— KlUCAilOX OF ITOUSKS.

[Or

TuflRI

miiwwin'iiLiMri i i i

from which this Muhi !i i^l dr,»ino<l, were, at the sjime | :i iil yt.u will m- )n have a line heal. You uill
time, 80 dried up and heated, f r want t.f moiHtnre, ' likely to uhc too njueh.

that they were u\u)\\ the inside, burnt to a white Ttii. IT your nianur<* smokes when vnu ar.' m,,vln-r'f
powder, or a,,//r«f. The !irnia(>iria, and even the or- you in ly Mtop the sniuki\ and jircvnt tie' 1, s'^
ganic matter, had heen evaporated or eon?<unied in i niurh valuahle material famnmnia or hart.>)iMro \
the intense cumhu.-tion that had taken place, and all I wettin;^ the heap with oil <.} vitri il an<l watc-
for want nf the very drainaj^e in vvhi(di tin- duek.^ ; om. t^uart t(» a barrel of wat-r. Or, you mav turn
were fHhin- for worms. j the heap a few (hiys before n^in- it, and sprinkh^ in

Now if firmer.s will praetiee no other book-farm-' a ([uantity of Tla^l.T of Taris wliicli i.-j Sahhate f

ing, it J^eemH to me that they eaniiot be afraid to a-
dopt a few simple and reasom\l)le rules for the prop-
er preservation of manure, and the increa.so of the
heap, to say nothiuf^ of making manure by artiticial
moans. AVith this view, I will note down a few plain
directions for saving manure.

1st. — Never lot manure bo spread over a large sur-
face of ground, unless it be covered with clay, or
muck. It is much b etter to scrape up the contents
id the barn-yard, frtMjuently, and put the manure
into a heap, than to let it lie >'pn'ad out, and exposed
to sun, air, rain, and wind. If the V'ard is small,

be thrown in, f »r the cattle to w;.lk over, and to ab-
sorb liquidai, it may answer; but even then, unless
the whole yaril be covered hy a shed, it wouhi be
bettor to tiirow the manure into a pile

2nd. — When sta!.!*^ manure is placed in a heap, to
remain any great Ienf];;tlj of time, there should al-
ways be layers of clay, or old black btam, or char-
coal, plact.'d between layers ctf manure, to keep the
manure fri»ni hf.'ating too much, and to absorb thegas-
ts generatt d by the infallilde decomposition, orrot-
tening 'hat must ensue. The top of the heaj)
should aUo b(» covered with loam or clay.

.■)rd. — Tilt! manure heap shcoild l«o kept constantly
moist, or wet, at all seasons, but never so w*ct as to
sln)w dra iiage; or if it should drain, the fluids which
pass off should bo caught in a hog>.hoad or cistern,
und thrown back upon the heap. A cistern and
chain pum[), placed near the heap, uptm the lowest
hole, will enal,)le the farmer to pump baek the drain-
age as fast as it appears.

phate of
Lime, or Oil (d' \'itr(d and Lime,

8th. (ireen Wtunls, »S:c., are best rotted in ac{)mnu.^t
heap, with clay or loam, instead cd' in the hogpen.
Much valuable m iterial is h.st by exposing irrepn
vegetable matter in an open hog pen. If you ar^
one bushel of salt to every fair horse loads of
weeds, you will kill the seeds, and prevent the ma-
nure from making tln^ land foul. The salt should be
added after the weeds are well rotted, not when tbcv
are first put into the heap.

This luucli for m akingand saving manure hy plain
and simple means, adapted to tiie use of plain firm-
era. In an(jther article I may present iiomo methods
of making mm ores of coarse and cheap materials,
bv artificial means, which are <'onsidered hy soitTi-
titic farm M's worth knowing. I mad*' eight hundred
horse loads last yi' ir, (U\ a very barren farm, in X.'W
Jersey, wiiere prcdnibly not more than fil^ty loads hn'l
ever been maib* b '\ot\^, 1 kept onlv two horses in
my stable, and four coWs which W('re not tied up, be-
cause there were no aeeommodations for tiieui.

I'hiladelphia, Sept. 17, l^^oi).

-MM-

Higlit Induration of Horses.

That Horses may be educated will not appear
stran<'e to those w ho have closidv observetl the inteb
liirence often manifested bv that noble anmial.

TMh» present remarks are desigruMi to give some in-
formation in relation to the rearing and treatment of
young horses, not so nuudi, however, with reference
to their food and drink, as to their quietness and do-
cility.

Tiiat tliere is a difference in die temp r and dispo-
sition of different horses, is not denied: hut at the
same time it is av<M-red that where a hi)rse is so vic:-

him unsafe in the

ous or unmanageable as to rendei

4lh. — Tfie manure heap should b'' covered, so as harness, it is »diaru;eal>le in 'ih/i'>^f evcnj iH''l''n>'rto

not to be afl'eeted hy sun, wind or rain. If too drv, the treatnoMit he fias form.'rly received.

,,,,',,,. *' Training of colts should commence when they ar-

"water should be addevl to it. ' i * i.i 4.1 i j ., f. h,.»fo tJmm hcceme

about three months old, so as to liave tnem oneino

5th, — If the heap heats too much, or smokes, and familiar with the family before they are taken from

shows that ammonia is evaporating, throw upon the , tlic dam. Some cdts are inclined to use their liecls

, , 1 r . • . 1- . u ^ ! rather too fre*dy: in su»di ca<(^s great care is n»e'f>

heai) a barrel i^i water, into which you have put one ,,,, ,-' , i . ., , „ .., .i,,.,4 ...,r<'(iillv iind

' ' •' * . farv. I hev should be ap[troaenea (MrMun>.

quart of oil of vitrol. This will check the too rapid ^..^ressed and eurried, and they will soon submit to
decomposition, reduce the heat, and prevent the os- have their feet taken up and iiandh'd without n"*!-'
capo of ammonia. The vitrol is worth its cost, as a ! Jmce; an<l this will aid in quieting \''*''",^''\'';' J'^'"^
* . , , . ,- , ir . ; slio^i. !^^ the horse seldom lorgets what he has onco

manure, ind'oiendent 01 any other ettect. ],ov«rwl

6th.— If tho heap does not heat sufli(dently, and A conim..n method of weaning <'<dts >^ ^'* J'^ ^

much of the material is coarse, and requires rotting ' f)^**»" l"/ '^'"T ^'''^ ^"'/-'V ''/"'" ile^'eomiudlc'l t"

, . ^ , , .,,.,, , " "poke On the nock, which ihey are conip» u^^ '

to make It fit for use, (especially in cold weather) ^^^,.^^ ^^^j. ^^^,^.,,.^| ^,.,.j^^ ,„^^ii t,;,.;r spirits are cem-

make several holes in the heap, with a stake, and pletely broken, and beciunc more or less •ewe-m^^'*^^j^ »
pour in some hot lye, or hot potash water, (strong) troni 'which defect they rarely recover. Anot e

1853.]

EDUCATION OF HOKSFS-Pi n OMAP MAUliLE-WOnK FOU MOMTIL

'2r,ry

nu'thod, hut little le^^ ohje«,*tionable, is to shut them
in the stable; but this does not learn them to rr.spu-f
a /;>(•" in the l(>ast. Now the better way, and the
i,iV' that the writer has practiced with unilorm suc-
cess, i"* t*»'' following: —Prepare a yard, (if it contains
rtn iicre or more, so much tlw better,) having a strong
hiidi fence, HO hi;j:;h that the colt cannot ]»ossibly h!a[)
i^yjjr it— from six to seven feet will be suffieient—
and let the materials of which the fence i. composed
h.; tlio same as thos»5 enclosing tln^ fiidd where the
colt is in future to l>e kept— either ivall, boards, or
rails, iH the case may be— and \)\iU'.o him th(?re with-
out any artiHcial appf*ndage whatever, and let him
understand (haf it is the fence alone that preiu^nt.t his
acape. He should be generously fVnl, and also have
li shed to which he can retire at pleasure. After he
has been subdued in this way, he may be turned into
any field having a fence of the name kind, and of or-
dinary height, and he will nt)t attempt to break over.
Kven the most spirited horse brought up in this way
cannot he induced to leap a fence tour and a half fe(;t

The practical benefits of the above plan are great.
In passing through the country, one is pained to see
m many noble looking horses shackled and hamper-
ed in every conceivable Way that ingenuity can in-
vent, much to their detriment in puttinir on tl'»sh,
to say notning 01 tne perplexity- and trout)le to the
owner in adjusting the trappings every time the beast
i-* turned out or taken up, and all for tin; want of a
little care during the first year, — for it is eminently
true in this case that an ounce of prevention is worth
a p 'und of cure.

There are many horses not "true," or rcdialde, in
thf harnes-, having the habit to stop or walk, espeei-
hHv at tlie foot of a hill ; this is caused by bavin;:
iK'en at some time overloaded, and perhaps unmer(!i-
fully beaten. Neighbor A. has a l)eautiful span of
bay.s three years old, that he has been breaking in
the past winter: he wishes to haul some rails trom
the farther side of the farm, and as the colts have be-
t'omf^ tolerably '*handy," he puts on nearly a full
Iwad, which they manage very wtdl until tliey ciune
to a "hard spot," and there 'they stop. The driver
looks at the load, then looks at the horses: they are
nearly as large as the old team,-— he know!< they can
draw it, and is determined they shall. So he com-
mences heating and pounding the poor animals until
he is nearly worried out, when he throws of}^ his
load and goes home with loss of both time and tem-
per, and the horses damaged to the amount of twen-
ty-five dollars each.

Now it is quite probable that they had strength
enou^'h to draw the load in (piestion, but they had
not sufficient practice; they did not know how to ap-
ply their strength, and did n(»t work in concert. Ttiey
«hould have been made to draw only light loads for
a long time, and then by increasing the weight grad-
ually, as their strength and experience increases,
they can be made to do all the work they are capable
ol d<»ing, and will always work kindly, and may be
depended on under all circumstances.— 27iC \Vool
^^roxoer and ^tock Jiejister.

Potomac Marble in Ilerks Couiily.

*^^ne of our friends recently picked up, along the

^rnpike, a few miles south-east (»f Reading, a apeci-

jnen of marble,there called the 'all sorts,' and burnt as

iraeatone, for agricultural purposes. He has had it

P'l'Hlied in \V,.st Chester, which it takes beautifully,

^uuld make an elegant article for mantel pieces,

an«l other orn;trn uUil uh-;s, columns. tVc-. It is evi-
dently thesaniMis th(5 I'otom i", niari.Ie. or calcare-
ous ongloniMMte r > -k, of vv!neh the coluiiina aro
made in th.; 11 ill of the House of Uepresentativ*vsf
at Washington. As it appe:vrs to be almndant in that
vicinity, we riMiep w.u l-r it is not more us.:d for
ornamental purposes.

Work for the Month,
VK(;ET.\iiLE Oarde.n:— Towards the latter part of
the month, cabbage, cauliflower and lettuce sown
last month may be transplunted into frames, to be
kept through the winter, tor which purpose procure
boards al>out one foot wide, of the recpiisite length to
hold the desired number of plants and to suit the
sash, and arrange them in any sheltered situation.
They should be nailed to short posts at the four cor-
ners, and be one foot high at the back, and about six
inches in front. Shutters or straw mats should bt
provided to guard against extreme cold. Bank up
the earth (.n the outside of the frame. Plants kept
in tins VttkV oiiutiiu have uu linuugii liu! wuiier on an
fine days, so as to harden them by exposure. If kept
too warm they will continue growing and become
tender. Continue earthing up celery on line and dry
d lys. T iin out growing crops (jf spinach and kale.
<Mean and dress beds of aromatic herlis by cutting
<jut decayed siems, an<l digging between such as will
admit of it. If the ground is poor, top dress with
rotten manure. Onions, if not already planted,
sliould be set out to make offsets for early spring UKe.
Seed of rhubarb may now be sown. Dig up horse*
radish for use as wanted. (Collect pumpkins uii<l
winter squashes. Take up potatoes and stow away
in bins in cellar. Collect all cabbage stumps and
other refuse stuff from ground now vacant, and haul
to pig pens or com[)ost heap. If the soil is at all
stiff, it should be dug or ploughed up deeply before
the approach of winter.

Flower Garden. ^All plants that are tenaciona of
frost should be atttmded to the early part of this
month, jind get ready for winter quarters; all plants
intended to flower in tin? window should be potted
immediately and placed in n close frame and shaded
from the sun, for a short time, to take fresh root.
When they have b<M!(une established give air freely.
Sow flower seeds on a south border the early part of
this month, to remain out over winter. The following
are suitable for that pur|M)se :— Candytuft in variety;
Clarkias do., (lillies do., dwT (ierman Larkspur,
Erysimum Pendskianum, Es(!hol/ia Californica,
Coreopsis Hicolor. When hard wea ther sets in, these
shoulil be covered with dry leaves or long litter. Tu-
lips, Hyafonths, ite., should be planted now to ensure
success in blooming. The soil must l)eri(li. If the
soil in the bed is naturally j)(»or. it will be best to
take it out and fill in with good soil to tlie depth of
a i(x>t. Plant the bulbs in rows nine inches wide.

I

'sn

256

VTOMW roi: MoNTd LIST OV IWTKNTS.

WliiiMIMtJ

#'

I

four inches apart in thn rnn-^, nnl from flirooto four
in depth. It makiM a very pretty b' 1 li crocuses and
snow drops are planted around the bed, next to the
od;;in:;, liyaeintlis next, and tulip, iu the eeiitrr. On
the approach of hard weather the b-- I shcild be t- .v-
ored witli several inelies <>! iMves. M iw .^- i>s plats.
After they are cleared they wo. ill \)^ uiuoh iinproved
by bjin^; well rolled; treated in tlii^ way th -y woiiM
look well tb" r'':n, liiidtM- n\' the seasun.

Fvi;m. —Uyi; should b • sown in tlu^ non'h. S(»:i>
to bsoome wed (vst;tblisb.'d !> 'l"»r.> Wnitcr. i\>t,ito
LCriKin 1 ."-li .iild b" clcin-d as early as jUMcLioiblc.
for tbi-< crop or bit' wli'. It. Ai^ afr.u- top drcssirii;
of short iM uuK- ; or sup >r phospha'e of lime inav b)
applied, to avoid the d day of bauliiii; ui imr.-e f:*op'
the barn yarJ. I'-e pl'iity of ;i;rass seetl, not less
tlrui fi\e <piarts of tim )tby, to b • iMfcv • 1 by clover
Ml tbi- spnii.:. Ill buslviiiji corn, seb-el the lar"-esr
and IjjsL ears fur .-'jjd, atid p irli'-iilarl y wIkm'c there
are two on a stalk. (')ntirm(!l c ire in this re>!pect
for a f.'W yeu--> \s,ll Im> W'll r.'p lid. ()oru for seed
should bj laid away on a^helf by icself, <»r suspended
by the husks from th > r.il't -rs. s • Mir.- from mice.

Corn in tli • rrib i- ;i:tt to h -it it eit'i m* liu-iked t )o
Kuou, bob>ro b-'lu;^ Wt;li ('ure I in itie shock, or not
properly culled. The sound corn sh.mM first be ;^ Jth-
nred fniui the heaps, ar. 1 the eiillin'j^^ a!'ter\v;irds
placed by thenis dves tor fall fee liu^ to the stock.
The ccd /I '>//(>/ o! f • 'ilin^ all tii > nubbins or unripe corn
to the fattening li i^s is ritb 'r dubious, where tic ob-
ject 1^ to propii-e them e iriy I'-r tie- butcher. S'nind
corn, iu lIk; (Mr, previo\i^ly subjected to the Ijoilin^or
steepin;^ process, in a f inn'-r's portable boiler, would
be found m ore pi-olital'l >. i'i\'Ty t irm^'r slionld have
one of these about lii> pi-emi-i'>, which can b" s.'t
wli'-rrvcr most c )n venient, and shoubl be used for
corn, small potatoes, be 'ts, itc. The real valae of
thf^se ibr stock is nnlv (b'veloned bv boilin<'-, and at
lliis sea-on of t!ic v-'ar, wlien reluse Vtv^'tables are
so abundinr,ib^ exp 'n>'* would b" twice paid b dore
C'lristmis. Th- pr.iflr oi" co »k mI over uneooked food
is no lon::;er an opmi 'jue-^tioji.

if tlea\' IS lei Mir ', plou-li up,thiN fi.li,cor?i L^.Mund
for next season. Sink tic plough up to the beam,
and follow wi»b the >ub-soil. A c/fa)) wav to n^et a
new farm r\-,^:-\ y.'ir is to ploU;i;h a little deepe:. On
many firms tii » suit-soil has n )t b'eu disturbed f):* a
century, and wln-n turned u-) to tli • m 'lioratinjx in-
fluence of the atm )sph -re, will b > found often to be
abonndm;; in in tr^mie ,u- mbeuMl wealth, and c ip i-
ble of assimilation by t'ae ^rowin;j; cro[ts. 'fn" earth
taken out fronn th" bottom of a d' -o well and sorea-l
on tiie surfa • ■, is an illustration of the imm"n-« - los-
from shallow j(louj;hin:X livery farm -r, almo-M, bis
observed the benelit of such an application.

Horses and oxen are generally in bettor urdcr for
hard work now, than in the spring.

At leisure times collect leaves, soil from headlands,

coarse grass, iV,o., aiel place couveni' nt t
f tr use durin;! winter.

roctoBtt

in vartj-

-•••-

T.IST or PATI'.Xr CLAIMS

I>-Mir.l fiani t!ie I Jilted Siatcs I»a(ent <>!lirc.

Ckou- Ki!ik':< -By \. d. Til-bnian, of Salishurv
Md.--! cfiim the eombinirion ol" th" '1 i.rt, Jiolioj
spnn-, w!i.i;„.r rest, or li'a<l, attache! to tlie 'trirr,r<.r,
and til' do-, with tiie b.llow post in which 'i? j,

[>laeed,

Pii M Kss ,)K Fi.oiinv :. — 11 -iNsm^ — Hv I), p ]],,..
n"ll, of Tccums.'b, Miebi;;an. — I'aiented ori-iujilly
All;:;. 14, 1S|.».-^1 ,;laim tlie procjss of ;;rin.lin;r 'ti,3
offal of ;;rain, imm 'diately after it has passel^rom
the bolts, c«>teMnp u-an 'ous with the first floiiritjir;
and })y the coutinu(Mi> op^u-ation (»f the niachin(M-v
adapLeil to said process, as s.-t forth, for the pur')ose
itf in(U-easin^ the quantity and improving tiuj oiiali-
ty of the snp"rlnu\ or other fbuir.

Mkat Tr.NDKiiKKs — By \Vm. P,each, of Philaihil-
phia, Ta. — I cdaim lbrmin<j: a meat maul for thepur-
p )se d.'si;rned, l)y seeairiu;; to om; eufi of an (tblon-^
handle a serle> of rows of lap 'red td'th of the f»rni
d'-'-ribel. easr on a. nla.t" or driven singly into the
woiel, as mav Im^ desired.

?d \c;ii VK-; ro't ibn:i'AR!V; Si-oki: TiMrii:K — Uv A.
W < iraht' irt, -d" li 'allsville, Oaio. — I clanii the ar-
ranp; Mill lit of the adjustable b ' 1, llie !)ri'lle or efunp.
the sliding guile or giuge, an I loot Icv-t, f..r the
purpose set f )rth.

IbvMoii Ai'PARATi's OF Sefd T i. \ \ i f; r> — T.v
Jacob Muiunii, '>f Mr. Joy, !Vi. — I (daiui the comSi-
nation of a t »nj;u '. havinj; motion vertically ari*l
laterally, with tb * vlir-vting and suppor in^ whi-t'l,
as set forth.

llii.!, Si:.K Plows— By AV. 11. Habbit, of Waytios-
b ar^li, l*a.--l elaiiu c 'nstructinj; an<l arrani;in;r
li''ad in tlit' biuu;;'' which e »nn<',-rs tint bcaiii of the
pi iw with tb ' upri'.^ht, <o as to lock said hni^e !)y
111" in^ of a i» lit Ih'l'oiv t!ie pivot of said iiinj;', ;mJ
by a f'ver b 'liinl s ild pivot, for tir,' pur[) ises of ma-
king tin? b 'arings in said hing' adjustable, as Fet
forth.

SF.F.f) I'lvntf.rs— Hy (J. W. '^rown, of Tylerville-
111. Ant'^-dateil Feb. lb is."),-;. I (daiin, firs't, the (tn-
cillatirig h u'i/ontal whe(ds, or distributors, in the
bottom of the hopp'M's, liaving slots and hoh\s of va-
rious si/.es, iii comtfmation with the stationary cap«
and pins for the discharge of diltbrenl kinds andquan-
titles of s Is, as set forth.

Secona, I also claim llie ai'rang Mineit of the cov-
ering rollt'!-s, mounted as d'-erib"-.!, and pi rtevmin;:^
the purpose of covering the seed, ebnatiiig the cut-
t'rs, in turning round, and also in ailjusting thoin Ij
different depths, ns set f"orth.

CouN .Sui.i.i.KK^— By E. L, Mdlsof ib.chcster De-
pot, Ohio.— 1 claim reducing tb.- '.arg.-r < ars el cern
to be shelled to a nearly uniform si/e wiiii tlieMuall-
or ones, by passing tin' whole flii-oiigb b"'t\vc<'ii a
toodiod cvlin.l T and c.uieav.\ where tli<' l;ng«' ''^^''^
are <• luglit and partially reduced or op(M-at.Ml ii[Hn
pi-op.ii-aiory to ili-ir pa^-ing with the sinallei" "ne;'
through b 'tw.-en a second cylinder an 1 concavcwhcu
the entire ojieration of sh^dling and s 'paratni,:; i^i*^
pbi'^e, as descril>e<l.

WiwowERs-By L. S. Tngraham, of (hjy;ih"ir^
Falls, Ohio.- 1 claim the stair or tluted screen, c^u-
structed as set forth.

•n9

VOL :i WEST (dlKSTKR, PA., NOVEMHEH, 1853. NO. 9.
T 11 E F A R M J 0 U K N A L . ''''■''f'-;'''';F-;7^~Aii,.;,„;,~;,i.ation„rei.

ting thereto should be ad Iressed b> him, or to *' The
Editor of tlie Farm d(uirnal."

J. M. MEREDrrii cv Cv).

J. L. DARLINGTON, Editor.

A. .M. SFAX(;id':H, Assistant Editor.

<••-

t-'i- 1\, the l*aroiiH of th ■ Farm Journal. Ti^

II"' in -rease in tb" circulation of the I'arm dour-

nal. aiel in thr* (lati"s of its burlne>^s departnn iit

since the r.-moval of its i>u}>bi'atl(Ui to >Vest Chester, i

have been such as to require the unremitted atten '

ti'^ii and supervision (d" (un.* person —a desideratum

whirh cmuM not b.'.ve b.'cn attained under tic bit"

arrarig.'ment. To cfba;t this, tuie (tf the late firm — j

•1. .M. .Nl"r"d'tli -purchased tin' r«'spective shares of

MesM'v |{o\v"n and Spanglcr in the establishment, and

Will h.reafter give his tiuK! and attimtion exclusively i

te llw' business department of tiie Journal. I>iseard- I

inj:; visionary theoric.'^, and relying upon the test of |

practical experience, the publishers desire to make it

truly the Farm Joirnal, where every farmer in the

latitude nf its usefulness may note whatiiver is supe-

I'cr in his mode of culture, management of stock

1 1 ' '

and et,i"r matters appertaining lo tb-; successful |

proHecutien <,f the business (d' an .\mericaji A<'ri(ul- '
turmt. Ao pain:^ orexpcn.se will b" spar(!d to niak"
this Work fully efp:al to r.ny other published in tli(«
Country. Thed"lays occasionally insefiarabh; from the ^
publication under tb*' former proprietors, it is be-
hfve<l wi I n,,t l,ercaft( r occur. As an evidence o^
this w" may state that, owing to the waiting for the
r^\x^r\H ui tb" State Fair, and to si( kness an<l death
in 111,. ..tli,.,. v.hre the d( urrral was naa-ntly j)ubli.-h-
f ,t.ie j, resent duubf, number was not commenced
"ntd about the ini(bile .if October, yet we hope it will

ra.-h .;i,r rci-l^r-. i[i due season
Tl '1
''^^'^''"^ <li' firm has been cliar\ged from Bow-

'■^^ MrnMitb c\L Co., to d. M. Mere<litb <t Co., to
^ 'om all business communications should bo ad-
<*ro«sed.

»*• I^. Darlington, Esq., continues al the head of

Pulverization of the SoIL

A\ e kn()W of no department of Farm tillage of 0D
much im[.ortance and so nuudi neglected, ascomplef(j
arid tlnjrougb pulverization. The th"ory of its acting
is 60 manifest an-l the benefit in various ways 9o
striking, that tie- in(lifb'ren<:(; of birincjrs m resfieel
to it, can cnly b(; attributed to the fonte of habii
We are wvy apt to follow what we have ])een U8e<l
to, but (air own e.\p<a-iince and perhaps that of every
observing farnn'r, has been that neither the. harrow,
nor ri)ll"r alfbougb repeate(lly passed over a field,
<aiii r"(luc' tbe^oil to that friabb; and porous condi-
tion which is desirable. The relative bTtility of &
Hoil depends much on its absorbent power and thisv
again on the minute division of its parts. When it is
considered that the organic food of plants constituting
over'lO per cent, is derived chiefly frcun the atmos-
phere, the loss from any defective cultivation, whioN
wouhl shut off or interfere with free access to thin
gre.it so'.irceof supply, will berealily perceived. Am-
niiUiia and nitric acid those great fc^rtilizers, nature
lias abuntlaiitly provide,!, wiiicb are disengaged b}'
atmospheric eb-ctrii'ity, ami carried down with rain,
watery vapor always existing in tln^ driest vveatheir^
carbonic acid ever [U'esent in the atmos[diere f om
which tiie whole of the carbiui in [dants is primar-
ily derived, an l when deprived of whicli tin'y die;
oxygen the great ;ig"nt of ducompositi on, and neccH-
sar} to the germination of ; 11 seeds, are great sourw.H
of nutrition, availabh^ only to a limited e.xfent, uo-
less the particles (»f soil are in a state of fine commV-
nution, Hoas toadmit ofilnnrfrtic access. d"thioTull,
in hifl the »ry that the solf differen -e in soils, was
owing to the fino divisit)n of partic'e-^, probably won!
too far, but its great importance \\as not (icnevnU^
appieciatcd in his daj, neither is it at present, lie
reduced hia views so far to practice, as to raise tw*^lv^'

•ft^r.

"fj^^)^ •

„ ^tir-'A

•'t'Xrta

25S

PULVKIU/ATION OF THE SOTL.-NOKW A V M AIM.K

•n-JMCKR

MiccesHive crops of wheat fn.m the namo l.md, simply l(»n^^ to thorn nail on like clap hoards, strips , f

by the free use of the plou«:h and cuUiviUor. Wlirrc ini h hard .>ak (.hmk 0 inches Nvido, and -Ira- it h-

the soil is finely divided in jidditinn to its increased chain attach<Mi tn the front rMrn(!rM. It tiiHi d '^

absorbent power, tlic rootn of plants ranjify and dis- wet, (whi. h it (.u;rj,t not h. he wlu-n this is uho M "

tribute thomselvrR more thoroughly, j.nd are hn,ii-lit as t(. (do;^^ tlic niarhin.- it must h.' turn-.l nv.^ '• '"J

into more direct contact with tlo' nutriiiv." particlen , ker.t ch-an with tiiM ho... Add to otluT m.Iv /^"

r •! A' 1 1 1 ... ; "tin I .i'n,uit;\<r,.j4

or 8311, \ cf^etalde decomposition is pr«;muted, and of fine pulverization wo have mentioned, the imn-

the liard lumps containing little reservoirs of food | ed destruction of weeds, whiih thus hav.' no pli,.,
otherwise entirely unavailalde, are made to ojten out (d' harhor, left them, and we hope farnnrs will |,o
tiieir lot-ked up supplies. The great aim shuuld he Induced to <:;ive tlw subject more attention

to bring the r(K)ts into contact with as many jfoints «»,

of nutrition as posKible. Where the ground is
left lumf)y, it iw tlie same thing as cutting off the

Norway Maple.

We somewliat wond"r that the a])ovo l)e:iutiful troc
needed supplies of food. The tend(>r fibres of plants j ,1,,,;. Platanoides is not more g(Mierally known and
are entirely unable to penetrate hard clods. It is planted. We think it the m(,st desirahleof the inapl.

also w(dl known that finely pulverized soils, suffer

family, and is better adapted on several accounts for

much less fr<»m drought than ( thers, because they | Htre.'t planting than any other. It does nut grow
aremore permeable to atmosplur'c influences, and arc j so tall as to l)e objectionable, but mak.'s a very den,^L>
.able to absorb more moisture. Whatever evapora- j compact head, fully equal to th.^ n<»rs(; Chesnut. Tho
tion may take place fVoni the surface during the day \ leaves an; (d'a dark shining gn-en, ])erhiips a littlf;
time, is more than counteracted by incre;is(>d absorp- I larger than the A. Pseudoplatanus, or syi-amore. ai.d
liwii vn lui- iHori and t xLcnor poriions uuring tne ; although, all the otiKM' spr^cies ol niaple are inon' (jr
night. The rrason that gar*len culture is more pro- ! less subject to attacks of cat(^r]iillars an. I iiiM-.-tH. \v.>
ductive than the fi.dd, is not entirtdy owing t.) the j have n.'ver y.-t ohs.-rved anything of th" kin.l (.ii tho
extra coat .d' manure, but to the thoranqh mann.'r in ' Norway mai)h'. 'j'his may be owin-^ to the pi.-srn.'o
which the soil is diuf, broken up and jinrJtj ,lir,\l',f. ' of a sharp milky juice, peculiar to this sihtm,, and

Although th.- disuse of the plough, may s.-.-m lik.' a whi.di is .dfensive to them. It may ) hs.TV-d .x-

relic of barbarism, there are porti.)ns ol'Kur..p(", an-l uding at the base of th." Peti.dr-, when hroken ..ff.
of (treat liritain where spade culture, <>vrn on a , Ther<' are two or three trees plante.I along tli.» str.^tn.t
large scab' is consid^ved nu)re pnditabh*, sohdv fr..m (d Wrst Chester, and several verv fine on.vs sihout 1")
tiie fin<'r division and more c.unph't.* di^int.-grati.»n to 2<t feet high at the W(^stt.»\vn Boarding Si'Ikmi!.
of the parti. d.'s of soil. Th(> nearer farming can ap- ."'> miles distant. They are model trees, and lowk as
proximate to gardening the better and more p.^dect if with their dinse foli:ige they would almost turn a

the sysrem. Among our ?'arm iinplennMits, sonn
thing is greatly want(>d to bring about that fine pul

shower of rain like an umhrella.

We are not certain but that the norwfiy m:iplo l^

verlxation, which cannot be effectually dc no with the ! rather a slow grower. It certainly is so when sm.a

roller. For want of anything better, we have used
^vitb the great«'st advantage particularly on a few
acres of ground devoted to vegetables, a mere plat-
form made of V)oards 7 or 8 feet long, nailed to cross

and disposed to head htw; after it g^ts up, howovrr,
we have seen !i growth of two or three feet in one
season. It deserves to be extensively planted.
It is native of Europe in wood^, parti.Milarly Gor-

strips, so as to be about five feet wide. To this at ' many and Switzerland, seed ripens in October. Ho-
one end, we have attached a forked chain, f )r the tanical cdiaracter, leaves (;ordate, smooth ) Inhed;
'horses to draw by. If found not heavy enou di with i lobes acuminate.!, with a few coarse acute t.'.'tli,

_fitan1ing on it, it may be loaded with stones. This
•tiioroughly breaks up the lumps, and makes the
■whide fine and mellow. Professor Wilkinson late of
Mount Airy, in a recent letter to us, describes an imple
«nent he has used, with great advantage, whi(di he
flays ''costs but a tithe of what a roller does and is

corymbs stalked, erectish an. I smooth with dlvari.vv
ted wings.

Tulip Poplar.— Liriodondron Tulipifera, is anoth*^r
of our very beautiful, shade trees, well a.laptcl f>r
street or lawn, whudi is comparatively lost sight ni,
for no other reason, than that it is so comi:ion. In

•worth ad.v/en of th.Mii." To give a better idea of Kngland, 3000 mih's away from its nativ.- hahitiit :t

'it we have innl an engraving made of a drawing he [ is properly appr.M'late<l, and highly vaUie.l. 'I he <e'r-

eent us, something like the fdlowiu'^ ni:i'^ also make mu.di use of it for avenues. It i-^

li ie made by taking 2 pieces of 3-4 oak joice, 4 fee^

rather more diffi.'ult to transjdant th'in other tre(^f,
owln<r to a (hdiciencv of fibrous root. The nursory-
men who obtains his st.x'k fr(»m the woods, even wn<^n
small will prohably lose 50 to 75 per cent. But aft'^r
having been thus transplanted, aud a growth of
fibre induced by cutting off the main roots, the Tulip

ifi.vrl

TKFRRIOR OfANO, <^-/^._T0 SOFTl.X ITTTY^TO PILL TIKMP?,

250

-.K 1,

pui'l'i*' "^'•'J^ aftei-w a:.K h.- luovrd with (•.»mparative
Mif.'tv, pro\i.led tl'.ey are n<»t too lar^e. Wlim (tnee
«stabli:ii«<"^ tli.'v g-i-oM rapidly. So uiaguilieent a tr.-e
jg tie' » hoiratiow 'M' vtli i'lreigners. .in 1 with its gor-
geous Wossohjs, er<Njt ami stat'dy h:ihit> hroRd and
lively f«sdiage, N'.d! deserves 4* littl.> e.vtr.i pains and
risk to obtain. Were it o*ily au (!X(»tlc it Would be
more \alucdand uivue frcqueiitly planteiL

-«•*-

And in the spring the following top .li( sxin-: SI
trateof sorla .»() ll,,>. p t acre; coiniuon ^aIt (toe to two
bushels nor T»cre.

» !)"s,. shmdd he wdl pidverif.'.L t^nelv mi.tod, di-
^ vid.'d ii^To three e<ip«Hl parts, an.l s..wu hroa.hast .ui
j the v-dcv-.t iu lit<' - jtritig at three dressings; the fir.st
: 'd" \vhi,di 'houhl h.^ applied ah.e.jt tin" first of Marrh,
; <'r a-^ - oon as the v.li.'at c .i«tnencrs to grow after the
jc.dd W.Nifh.'r .if Winter; the second ten «»r fifteen days
jatterwar.i^ aid the third portion at alnut tl<e same
' intervah

|„(Vrior C-.Hai*M aNcJ Artificial Manrrcs-Anal^ws. This t..p .b-esslng h:vs been very fully tested on
Th.' j>resent sci\r<dty (d' i*eruvian (uiario in our ^^v^»f^*^.t an.l giTvSs in Kngland and Seotland, ami pays
markets has indwccl a great demand lor othr-r fertil- ; there, as Rtate<l in r.^p.rts from the highest' authwrity^
iiers ii«d t(« supply this demand many arucles for j more than one hundred [t^v cent, on the outUy. It
th.' iiHprevcyji.'Wt (d the s.fil are djiily advertised y.nd | makes a clean, strong, bright straw, incr(!ases tho
•^m1 1 at a price very far ah.ve their re«.l valucs We have | ^V(Mgllt, and adds greatly to the product of fhe grain,
had MexicriTj, African and Patagonian guano going ^ ^^"I'^* '>i^'* farmers will i-.se it on a small scale at
'itf !it a c.)st which can ntuer repay those who b.iught I'^n.-^t, and tfst the success of its application in this
rhein: "Hiphosphates," "Improved rhos[diates," and | ^"writry, aTid I re((uest aU who (h) use It to furnish
T;iriMiis .itli-T compounds (df(,'re<i for sale at prices I '«'* with tJ^e result. J.\hes lh(;(;i.\i--., M. I).,

vrrv n.'iirdy d>"-uM.' their value. Tor tU.; inforwati(»«
of the a rricultural community, I h.Tc stat.' the C(»in-
parativ.^ value of these dilferent mannres, /ro/^ snui-
j.U'fKhr/i wc/c .s^-til mc^ trilk (kc calcnladou v/' ikrir
vjlue.

For 'he Ti'.ti'.gonian guano, I trtke its avernge c<im-
p.tsiti.ci in form.'r years. Tl

Maryland State Agricultu.al Chemist

T» Soften P«tty,

A> I'oi.' oiiru cJiiu.'uiL lor ttie u.ird 'n.T in re:pMring

lis sash, to tak.' owt d*o <dd putty, it will he w.dl to

rem(!4.Hher, that a lag dipp.;.! in a s.duti >n (?f strong

le aiialyses ^vhi'd"l have
t)pen senttoonr Tnark^ds, with tlicNe manures and ; . ... „

guanos, are tifnlh^ iinr-orthi] nf rrnlit and should n.d I ^''^"^^^^' p"^;^>>h ..r soda, RRd anplie.J by laying on a
be relied on, Th.M-e may he, and d.iMhtlrss i\r.> cor- j fewhoi.rs preyiou>lv, will s.dteu it an-i wdake (he re"

rect analyses of the .sy^mvlrr evamirei b\ the "-.'tmI.- . ...i *• 1

, - ,^ , '"'*''•'' ^'N 'le r^'"'" mov?d '(•owjin.rativelv <'ft.sv>

men who've names are signet! to th. m, bnt they eel-

talnly .lo rtot r.'pres.-r.t the nrfir/cs offi-ird fvir S(tfr herr. — ~ ^^ '

fn the following table the valui^ .d the amrt^onia (in ^V, (^ui: Worvns in Fufit Tufts -The fo^low^
ijianun-swhirh contain u) is e.:tima(..dhy its cost in hig d,reeti.,nH w.-re published bv Wilbam Forsyth,
ns'e. t inh'r/'T'rf"'^ the pU.ph^tes cd' lime by ; ,C,«.'s (;anJen..r i.iK.glaud, many years ago, an.
ns.o.t m hop..M<ust. 1 hesearotake-n a^ a standard, be- I,;,,,. ,,ft,.„ |„,.^ j;,,,.,^ valualde-

r;u,-n th.Mf b..,ngbtyt.Tan.imoreunlv,M-saMy known j ^-p.ke ..:,. hn-lud of fn^sh cow dung, and a half a
oil, ott.erarli.d.... I he calcn-.ation of positive value ' i,,,,,t„d .d" I. m.' rubbish fr..m ;ui oM buildir.- that
r.^..;i'7i;- -'"' 'r7 ''^''P ''''''VV^'^''' ^"' cmpar.son i a,>m the ceilmg of rooms is preferable, half i hush-

^^^.i^^7^'''T " T"'\' ^-' ^^*- ^"P'^n^'"-Ui^t three arlicb.st.) be sift'ed fine, a.id th.Mi mixed
U' K( 'I'l »■; ^ '"'^7 ^'^'^^>JvM iu tdl of vltri.d) i^-ith the ^:rst,w..rkinglln^m together untiUhe mix-
n- ', ^^Y'l''''^ ^'''^ 'i'!"^'" "'^'•^^'^^'vry to mix the mate- | ture is very smooth aiid soft, like plaster.
ruiN^lnch isalM.ut.^(,; mineral phosphatr^ of lime, 1 The tree' is to be prepared by carefully removing

whoJ."r7 J '''"''' •''''•'' ''''^'' "^*'"' ^^^'''''^\^\^<^<^'^^^^<\^^r\x^ii^TvA^oriMmH, down to the sound,

tresti Wood, leaving the surface smooth, and rounding
off the edge of the i)ark very smooth. Af\er this the
abovr plastrr rr, to be spread V(^ry carefully and
and smoothly ovor th.? <!ut surface and somewhat
bey.m.J. ^IJie piaster shouhl he from an eighth
to half an inch thick, ami smoothly and thinly
fitilshed off at th(> edges. Aftei-the plast(>r has been
s.|irea(l, it should he dusted oyer with a mixture
of l.wir pp.rts ot dry ashes, to (me part of <ine Siuui
once in twenty .>r thirty minutes, untii tfi(? inoisturo
is all nbsorheil, and thcr.Ms a smooth dry surface.

^n<»se (iiief vrIu- consists in bone pliosphate of lime.

TXia.F,.

o r '5

O » »o
-*&

pa

fJ.-: de-

.%3

11 «i

»; S.

■ 3

o

i

IM
'I S

IT .'.
24

■I •^
#»9

• ^

c
it.
•c
rr

ISG
17

£6

}«

23

$21. 2Q $2100

$l9;i0 $2<vH) VLLA^
l.jit.oi, GOO

'line,

^-''Uilc rnattcr,

ft'i^l AniiivHii;,.
Other iMiMiy x\\.i\wx<

fmpliurlc ackl
«rees,

^»'ac of t,(»o pounds,

|vsaf;wl.wt,t„t.' for IVrr.n Ian ' J^ia;)'\ (dwhi.d* there

"1 "" a verv ins.iffioirnt supply, J v.-^^dd r.'cm-

"Yl ''"^'''■'' ^''^' *^"=^b^'^*'« wbLdi'l bar., innde an.l

»h, I'- • '" '">' ^'M^^^^'-tH fl^'"*-- :l -de^ciency -f phos-

\ '^'*" **''"^- '"' •"> ^oijv v.here hone dust or Mexican

^''■'^^;^ has proved useful, the f<,llowing mixture:

Mnierul ph.js^.hate of lime .'^^OO lbs.', or ten bushels

fUonT^'i "'^ (^"^^V ground) to the acre— to be
l»*«««hea or harrowed in with wheat in the fall.

-tm

TnF. Way to Pi i t, TrRNies. — The Tanke.^ grasp?
the root by the t.)f> and puMs it with his hand, and
thcin cuts (.ft" th(! t"ps with a knifCs The Liiglisl«unat»
has a h''tt<!r v.'ay. |(e sharptms his hoe, an.i passing
ahing, cuts with a single stroke, the t(i{»s .»{" the turHi^*;
then with tli.> same lm[tiement strikes under it so as
to cut (^if the ro'.ts, an.l brings it out <d' tloM-artb. fiY
cutting (df the tiips he guides lus ho.' s.i a« t.. thro^r
them into a sort ot i(».v, in one pla<;e, aid in dii'jj^in^j^
ho guides it so as to throw the roots together in aooth-
er row. lie will dig the roots about four times as
fast as one Yankee with his pvrlli^^ and knifes. —
[Maine Farmer.

«Mfc*1

PRtrNIlVG AND MAN^AGKAfKNT OF P'lU IT mEVS.

I

I

w\

260

Prwiiiiif^ and 'Vlan;>jX('!»>CM>t of l'n»it TrfMts,
It Hcoms almost incni.iiblc tl>e iLr-'»oraiJCC proTaillng
airtong intolli«i;tJi>t persoiys on tlvo aljovo si>lyject^ wc
mean not (>i>ly CirnTerf*, l)!yt citi/.'MiH \vlx> Ikvvc room
it> tboircity ^^irdervs for a i.-w trco.n, as \ri'M as tlvose
li;>viii-<i; f» fdw Jicroj* out of to^rn, antJ- \flio jyri;///^ koep
tlioaisdves ainply proviiVx! tlir:)ii;r|r tlxr season, with
a swuxssion of tiro uKrsi !u n;iin?s fVaits, i>ears^ pliiio-j,
(barri <; t!i- ciTr^^iili'),) olvorrinrs, a|q>l •-, pjaohos, ^c'
It would riurr|n.sc niioy h-r.v ! If fir attcntii^n i-; ixicos-
•ary, provided it is <j\^,,i\ si-n.^oni':l>h.', an 1 Yni\) »inh/'
mp)tt. The nj!M\-h;iiit en;;v^»id io l!»c cit v duriji!!: iti''
day, aritJ who drives or ri(k»s on tljo railrovd in the

afternoon to liis p1(M*:i.it ^^•.l)>urlKu> rcxid(Mie,-, ci;uld ' enou'j^h f.yr a f.-w fro-it trees, shotild have i (\)vys. It
tioil no oDHi a;^r"»;i]^l(i and useful oiuployny-nt, th:in I »>'\V bo ol)taiiKMl at tlxj An;riculti?ral Warehoivn^) in
hnlf an hour or ar> Ij.nir's at,tei>tion ir> tlris w.ty d:ii!jr. i (hi^ l>oroi>';h. Friec, :>l 2;>.
Here a too- h»xiM-i:Mit hraneh rei'j'uirf^s Mhort^rinLi;, a |
teTnTin'>l }nj<i pinelxd off, a u-schrsH jsIkwH r(M>j<>v<;d.
Tht're, tlve l>;irk iiy<lirateH sloti;;.risb aetiim. and Vi;^»u!d
bo f^>ffc45ned ai>d cleaned, by t.he w:i>h Jor th.!s ptir-
pi>8e. One trt'«' has the n;r;«>.iH ;;r.)\Tin:^ t>)!) close a-
iMruii'.t iL, uwi Mi.ifn NM'Jui'i- iH* iiir<^ i>n','t'r, .vO'tttier
has ;t sopM-abiHxJisnre of fritit whii-h ^'"jl:iI•(••^ ihir-
Hin^. .Muleliitv;:; arnfjn.d jrll of tbeiu ir:\v< l>t' ;j],pli
t'd, ike. To di* all this does not reijnire so n>u -h

fTcT/fvni:?^^

sli-htod. Wo nniHt .-tody the habits of ttr.s the
Ia\yH of vo;rotablc «ro\Ttb, tlxr sobjr.t 'f s{>ccific ma-
nurcH, and tb<^n we shall have th- rrwivr-l of...'
labonr, with, .ill that additional ze-t vrlii.-h ;v..mi,j.,'i||.
ici imellijrent elF.rrt. (V^r tables will th- n \,v .[,i
plied, both in (piantitv- and (fualitv, '\rith i-ist «., u
Iruit, rich in its »e.-so7^ as ouv iiu i-iirati;>ns only
bav? hitherto- been ytra.s7^/i</ upon.

Wo extract bdow a most excellent chaptor on th«»
prineiples and pr:tt;Ucc wf pranino;, fVom P, IVurv's
Fruit liool', tht^ l>i".-ft worl; v,'e think on ih.- rcivrin ^
aiid n>;uia-en}ent of fruit fr.'es, yet published i^ tlii^
eountrv. Kvory o%Tr>er of a f^pot of -^rotvnd l:vr<

i,s.».». I

PRUNIVa A\b M WAr.lvMFAr OF FKMT TUFFS.

*y>\

E^KuxiNi; -rrs PuixriPLFs a^d ruACTicK

'i'his i I one of th'^ most important operations con-
i>ect«'(^ \?ith tl.M.' rr>ana^ement of trccM. From the ro-
moval <rf tbe sccdlinj; plant from the seed bc(3,thr,.M^i.
all its •^ueecsyive sta;;es of growth and ni.^turity,
pruniiir, to st>n>e extJ»nfc, imd for s.»i<ye pur[iost\ 'i*
n M,'(>so iry. It m.i\, tlicrtdore, be roasonablv prcsum-
e I, th:it no one' is eapalile uf n):inii_i;injj; trtoa .v^uecf.Ms-

iimeix^ /aWeforsHi.jh pm-MHts in the firs: plaeo and ['":''• •^'•'' ^^'^P^'^'i^Vily those eonaurtrd ond-T eertaia
------ ' . i 'rtns, nv, re or less opposeil to nature, without know-

in;; well /uno to j/iuiie, n/iaf to prnw, and rltni to
jtruthi. This kno\vled<.!;e can only be ae«iuin^d by j^eare-

tbcn « little kix>\rb'd;];e and :HkilL One of o^ir frren<ls,
a very intelli-j^nt irx'ndiant in Jldladelphiij, bnt who

npends tiie ^*nmn)"r at his eouotrv sent, Ma-, t-oni- M^'^ ^^^*'^>' ''^^''•' •"•^''^'''^^'^*^ "*^^'''<-^' because the pru-

plaim>»;v ,o ,,s hu.dvof hi, pea.d/tre^, that ^^,^\'^''^ ^'VV^'^^ ^- ^^ ^^^^^^^

. ■ . ' : pi'ireijMes on whirb all [)ruiun;!; depend.-) be ;yl;»ptt''l

wonld J)ut beai'. -^.n' jn ^ine he;i]rby e-oviition, i t... it^ par'.ieubir habit.^ .d .rro'.v1i!i ano moile ef hear-

growin;; ir.^ost lu.'-.uyiaHtly, \\\v\ m,ik!n;r v!:;oroiis '•i^' i-^ f'"'*;'- it. is Jn vit^w of thi^j f.n;t that the i'liaptrr

o!

Hhoofs every Pcasow, b->t itill th^ye was no /^/^^yj ''!> ^'^'- ^tni,-ture anil w.nle of formati. n of t'le .litlW-
ont ]>tirt ■< <d fruit trooj has been ^'ivt-n in the first
|)art of t!»'.s tr-vvti.-e, tlvit it n^ay form tlie basis of

this broneh r( erdture.

Th«; idra tl>at our brifzlit Amcriean sun and floar

}{i< ilitoru was. that the tre«» exhairstci} it-^rli, by
«ueh ;:;re;iv olT<!-rts at //,>v/?r//i7. an-d had WKii htren;^th

left lo pruduee froit. an*l h ^ was }veeordin<;)y al»oi>t to i - - -• w..^..v; .^...^...v .... -^ —

<Ii'' in arcnind th.' tnrr^s, a copious .sul)pW^)f stable I ''it^^^'-^pli^-re rendors prunini; an aln^ost unmn:cssary

• , ,, 1 i. ^ •' r» ' operation, ha- not oidy l>eoii inculcated by horticul-

nKinure, to recruit thCMe exhausted enenric^. Herein i -^ \ >.^^ i ^ i -,«♦;.,.*.

„ ' ' ^"'i'^ tural writers, but has been acted uj«)n in jyr.'ictice ti»

was a case of what mi;:;ht bo eallr:^, fulso reasonlnfi; \ su(di an rstent that more than three fourths of all th^
from r;;ets. The ticcs did Dot bt^ar fruit, Ixrcause I l>(''5ii'iiii; fruit trees in the country, at this moment, arft

their .^tren^xth wa.'* -ive^i to rnakf^ ^,r()wth .)f wood ^ '^^^^^^*'^^'^"' '"''''''^J'^''^^^^^'^^'^'''''' ^'^ ^^''' '^'"'^'^
,^, , ,, • , ., , , . , i b>ct mass' s .d wood, unable to yield more than one

<,ho«'k th'M bv tl>e s!xo-ten>n;r in proce;**, or bv root > i ,^i i »•*•.• , u «. ^ .. v rr<t -mfi

_ "^ ' - t hush<d o» trmt in ten, well matv^rca, coh>rr(l, ana

pruning impede ihecirciilation of .nrpan<l yo!) (b>\,.h,T. ripencc}.

fruit bud?, anrl have fruit. Our fritniti's plan uaa to . '''''•'' '^ act^.iall} the case ev.-n in whalina? l-e eaii-
promoto still further the luxuriant -rowth, increase ' *';*' 'J^ ;'*>»«P^vrison, w.ll mana,-ed orchard., l.n.k at
\ ...-•, n.. , I the diilerencrj between the fruits produced on voung

the very cause oi fjTihire. The trees dont bear be- ; jjnd old tree-.

ranse they ^rov; so f-ist. We will ;;ive them manure, Th«> former are <»p<'n, the frnits are cxj-.o^ed to t>

J^uii. and. therelbr". they a.rc lar^e .and perfect, thoir
skins snujoth and bril}iarit,a. thonij;!i they were painted
and jHdisbed. This on^ht to tea«b ns s;-m<'ihin,i: a-
l>out i-Tuniui:;; but this is only one poijit. T'V '' prune
one portion (>f a tree to reduce its vi;:()r. and to v^'

ns
rm

ftnd make them tn-o\T f.-^ster, aiid then we shall liave

|,eachefl* We ij>eDtiu?i this as a ease in point, and

there are bondrecJH of o-lbtrra like it. We have often

uri^ed in our J lurnal, that Fruit Culture i- :i/nisines's

in itself, and like all other.% require ■< to Ix,' nmhrsiood

before sncccs^^ .diould ht oKp^etefJ. It is Iv^th ;i jtei-

cnce and a art. W o m-u^-l i:ot erama tree d.'-^n int'^a. ,,f the wlnde tre. . W(^ T»rnne to in<lm'e froitfulness

iimaU hole, and expect daure nature \>ill supply u:^ ' J^tk^ U> diminish it. We prune in the ^'roW!n<; a-*

with juicy Bartlett8, mh\ other fruity without our T''' ''- '» ^^''' (Jonnant sea-m; and f>nallv. ''^V'^^'\

. . 1 f .., fu^ I I. . . XT ^-'Oth roots and branches. Thus we nee that j.rnninK

g;ivmghor any further thou^^ht or assistance. No; -, ^p^jj^j ^, ^,i ^^.^^^, ^^ ^j^, ,,,,^ ^^ ^n reasons, anc»

eho stand? uron ln>r reserved "rights," and wont be to produce the most opposite result*.

vor the p-owih of anoth''rand weaker [lart. "_'' P^un
a stem, a branch, or a sluot to prod'ace ramifi'*8ti^'"
of tiyeso parts, an«J thus (dianije or modify the for

U ujipears necc?ssary to ir(;at of pruning under
each of these circuiustaiiccs m p uatoiy.

J^L i'lKuin;/ f'f Ihtict tke (iroiclk from ou^' jKirt
4f a trf<- /'<* au'ttner. —'V\n'. first period in tic rvis-
tenoe »i»(l ;4;rowih ol a tr'C in wliicli tnis IrM-oiuevs
noce^!*Ary, is lu the nursery. I'Uose wh<» hav.- hail
aiiV eip'Tieiiee in treo eulture, have oh^ervv-d tliat
viiiiti;: trees in nursery rows have a tendem-y to in-
crease iu diam-'tor. J ri errtain ('ascs, this want of
i,ni[»ortiuM beconios so ^reat, that the tree bends uu-
<i(«r its own wt-i^^ht; ari«l hence, it is necessary to re-
f<(irt to some moth oil of proppin^r it up. This <'on-
<liti.iH is attributable to several c^ausert. First, the
thseuce of a sufUcient amount of air and lij^lit around
tiie KteiK, to enable the leaves uu it to fulfill tiieir
fuiK'tions pro[ieriy. It has been shown that the fiu--
mation (d" new wood d(?pends u[)on the (dai>oratin;j;
process carried on in the Je:lv(^s, and that this pro-
o-ss can he inaintaine I only in a IV(»(; e.xposure to the
fun and air. 'I'his bein;^ the cas(^ it is »)hv'ious that
«nv part (»f the tree (;.\(duded from the action (d these
au'ents, eannot keep pa(;e iu ^n-owth with other parts
to which they have full access, in nursery rows, as
trees are usually planted, the stems, after the first

OS, becon:(t siuut(Ml, and almost cease to prrow; the
sap vessels bee jiu - contracted, and i^.v^^vy p in ax-
suiuc-< a c..inpirativ«;ly donu mt eoullton/ iu suidi
eas(>s they are eut back, the number (d' their btnl-j
and h'aves is reJueed, the whoh' h.nje of the sap i>
male to ;i.:t up ,ii the siit ill nuiith'r r.'ni liniti;;, and
enahlev Ih-an to produce \ i;;or.njs youri;; shoots; thes,.
send down le^w woody >u itier t, the stem, m^w root^

^ are also foruA^il, arid thus the wliole tree is renewed

j ».u I iiJvi ''orated.

I

; r.iLfiiH.'j t,i l,iU,'c b\iuifuln>'Hs.-l\iU is eondu..'t-
1 ed on th(! priu.aple that; wijat(ner is favorable to rap-
id, vigorous <rn)wth, ii uidavorabhj to the iniiue;ii-
ate [u-oduetiou of fruit. llenee the <d>je(;t in vi(;w
iHUst be to chiick .growth and \\n\v^At the circulation
of the sap, just the opposite ot prurMn;r to renew
•.n-owth. Tne only period at whieli this prunin;^' can
he p(U-foriued, is after ve;i;etatiou has commenced.
\[ a tree is severely pruned immediately after it has
[»ut forth its leaves, it receives such a cheek as to bi^
unable to [»roduce a vi;;orous ^^rowth tln^ same seas »ri:
the sap is imped. mI in its cireulatioo, and tin; result
is th itahir;;e numlier ofslio .is ha. would have m i-le
vi;;orous Wood branches, hid they not been cheeKtHi

y.-ar's ^m)Wth, ar.' to a ^reat extent, excluded from n^sume tin; character of fruit spurs and branches

the li^ht, cousfHpieiitly tlu; buds and leaves on them

MBiiot perform their parta in the creation of uev.

wood. The top of the tree, however, is fully ex[)os-

«'<i. and. eonse(|uently, it makes a rapid >j!;rowtli tow-

ar.ls the fi<M' air and flight- VV^hen thin is e(mtinued f u* /, t i- ■ ■ i j- -.j- / • , ,

.. . ^ • .,1 i. 1 -* raiiiiiij to (iiaiinisk /rutffuiw.sy, is conducted on

'u or three years m su(X!(>ssi(m, the tree becom-'s ' .i • • . »i . ' "ii'^^iroou

I ., ' ,-, .• I I'l » .1 . the same principh! as that to renew i'rowLi, for this

>lieavy; tlie (^uantitv <d wootlvnbre at the tor) is . , • Vi '• ^ *=» ^m '" tiM-^,

111 tact, IS the ob|(*ct-

iwu or three years in su(X!f.'ssi(m, the tree becom-'s
Ui'f heavy; tlie (luantitv <d' wootfv fibre at the tor
XH i^reat as, and it may be greater than, al the bot-
loin; and henee it benils undio* its own weight.

2(1. The 'Uudr/tri/ of eke Sup ty the (trowi/i'/ I\)ints
al Ihr Top of the Tree. — Growth is always the most
active and vigorous, when trees are in a natural con-
did III, Jtt the newly-'ormed parts. The youuij; buds
ar ' the m,»si excitible, and the more direitt their com-
ttunieation with the roots, the more rapid will be
their ;:rowtli. Hence it is that a vearlin^r tree fur-
m^'tieil with fifteen to twenty buds or mort\ from its
base to its top, frerjuently produces a shoot from its
terminal hud only, and seldom more tlian three; or
tour shoots from the wh(de number of buds, and
these at tin* top. This natural tendency, and the
exclusion of Pi;j;ht fniin the stem- of nursery trees,
by their cloHcness to (me another, are the chief caus-
^^-^ of weak and crooked trees, to counteract which
we resort to pruning.

In "heading down" ayoun;; tree, we cutaway one-
tliird or on(»dialf of th(! stem, and this removes the
actively trrowiij^ parts; the nap must then find new
channels. Its whole force is directed to the buds
vhat Were betore dormant, they arc; ex(dfed iiit »
^rowtii. aiel produce new wood and l<»aves; thesi; send
down ue \ lavers of woody fibre on the old stem, u d
»t increases rapidlv in diameter, so liiat by tin; time
It- 'I IS attained its former hei;^ht, tlit; base is two or
wireo tiiii"s as thick as the top, and possessed' suffici-
ent ^treu;j;tli to maintain an erect position.

" unfuuiin(i ail pfpml i/roitfh <inioii:/ the brrinrhrs (//
^ o(V^ it eou'lucted on thesauK; principle. iJi-anehes
^'!tt are more favorably placed than others, e.j^pne
ps'i'ite m,)re than their dm; pro[>or.ion of tin; sap,
and ^rovv too vi^rorously, ar*; checked, by removin;^
ijiore or le>s of thi'ir ji;ro win;; points; this lessons the
^^ '^^ ol sap to that point, and it naturally takes its
<''"irs(; to the (j^roWiUi^ parts of the W(;;iker branehes
']^ were left entire, and thus a bilanc; is restored.

iru'uti'j to Itiiicio tke Growtk of Stunted Trees.—
t irec^ucutly happens that trees, from certain caus-

/'iwhiiKj is the principal niode of firunin^x Lo \u\>-
iijoic II un.iuiin;ft."«, aiio u lu oi; eAoiaineii lier Mtcer,
It depends upon the above principle, of impedin ^ the
circulation of the sap and checkiii;.; <;rowth.

J'runiu/ tke lto(tt.<.. — This is practised as well t >
promote fruilfulness, as t(i l(;ssen the dimensioriS (d"
tre<>s. The roots, as has been shown, are theorj;ans
that absorb from th(^ ;;round the principal fi»od (»t the
tre", and in pn»portion h> their number, siije, and ac-
tivity, other thin;j;s bein:; e((U al, an; the vi;;or and
;;rowth of the ste.u and bi'anelies. Henct; when a
tree; is ilej»riv(;l of a certain parlion of its roots, its
sup[)ly (d' f)od from the soil is h'ssened, ;;rowth is
check"d, the saj) mov. s slowly in its cfianncds, is bet-
ter elaborated in tin; leaves, and tin; youn;^ branches
anif buds b(;;;in to assume a fruitful character.

Roots ar(; also [iruned to pr<;vent them from pene-
trating too deeply into the (;arth, and induce thf; for-
mation of lateral rtiots near the surface, similar to
the cuttin;^ ba(;k of a stem to produce lateral branch-
es; the principle is the same.

Pruniii;/ at tke time of Tr<iusj)hinting. — This is
[)erform(;d,notonly to remove bruised und broken roots
and branidn;s; but to restore the tre(; to a prop(»r bal-
ance. As trees are <M-dinarily taken from the i^roiind;

ihe roots are bruiseil; broke nor miitdaleil,to a ;i;reat-
er <n' less extent. This obviou ly destroys i he natur-
al balance (tr })roportion that exlst(;d be'ween the
ro(tts and stem, and in sutdi a (; oidition the tree is
unalde to ;;ro.v. Tin; demand upini i\u' roots must
therefoia; be leKsened, by reduein;; the sicm and
1 bramdies in len;;th uv number, (o- bv»th; ami tii" more
the ro(»ts have suffered, the r;r(;ater must h ' the re-
• ine.tion of the stem and branches, to hi in;^ theui to
a c(nTesjt(nidin;; condition.

f^

Pe^rs. — Why dtm'tall the farmers raise pears? —
Good pears bnn;:; a hi;i;her [>riee in this market than
any other fruit. Choice liarti(;tt's ha\u h'TU sold
here at l-l cents eaeh, and a few of another kind at
FSi| cents each. At such prices whoev(;r could raise
a <;rop of tlnnn would make his iortuue speedily. —
[N. Y. Jour. Com.

;1~<^

-' -^Dt'^vM

i:*.>'"f

202

MADDKR ^\n rynirro TTU'rr onrrrARP.

r\m

I

IN

H

]W.u»<U'r and indigo.
I hf»vo notioe-] th\t you hrive endeitvorro.! to di

''•Hi:*';^

abuy. r,..nt.m.>} I went to L.infnn to hv ,„ . sf u

for the l>ll»0 \:ltM- ,»,.%.. r..r Hw. ...4. ,r- •\ '" i '*f'>k

ns [XTiiianent as that r.iisrd ut Avi;^i^oi», Id I'mnce.
The »(>il on which tho l:itt».M- <;ri;\vs coiUiiins liftv-Hix
per cent, of fine liuiestone, the l.)in>er nut more'thiiri
len per ee!>t. M:i(l(hM- rivise(J in khe iion-e;ihMnM>ris

ar>,l a. I expect^.d. tUo .,nanlity of ^nUU,,. ,^^.^^'1
. xtn^cK.I Iroin the South (Jarolirui. was -.vafT
at !e;ist ton )>«>r cent, than lV.>u> the l5K'njr;iT ^^

the y«vir 1S17. whfn in Kentneky. 1 ustMJ nonie nmd- | ''^^' health of hi;* .slaves that sonie of thein i.evi'r re

der rais.'.l in their i^'ar-lens, and it proved to he „f ! ^'^vy*''! their previous Hrren;^th. Tl>e injury ho eum^

exeelh'nt (quality. It re(juires three years to I rin;; plair»ed of is j>r()(Juci3d during tl»e l>eat'in;;' pi„,;^>Hs -

uiad.h-r to perfection, and I am afraid this will pre^ : ^'^^ ^'* i*;^pid is the alworptiori of oxygen ^as from thj

atojosphrre, ({urin;j; the ^»p«^'''»tion, that those whu
stand ()v<>r it UMjst 1h' hreathin;; an air with its v;t;il
principh? so diminished as to render it uidit to sustain
annual life. 'I'his difh ulty n>ii,d>t he easily olni.ittMj
hy h'ttin;; the li(p»or from "the s'teep into tho n'ceiver,
shorter ajwi narrower than tl\i> LwcrMix. wlt}^ a cul-
lender l>ottoui uiade of zine. and throu;^h it drippinj^

rinir
irfection. and I am afraid this will
vent onr cultivators from ^n;win;^ it, as ft?vv of them
Nvv>ul I hewillir)^ to wait that tin>e for nnnrns. They

iiii^ihr, !> .wev«^r, plar>t beds every year, and after the
first three years }»ave aniMial crops,

Ma'hJer is I aised in narrow beds, al>out four feet

wile fiu" tht' ('(in v.M»i.'fi('»> I it' Lr <M>f /irt<r ir fft^o ot" \T(*eds
— an operation ne(N's>iry to tl>e p(irfecrion of th'3

roots. In Kcntuekv th.'^ h-t the shoots ^-r<*w to •'*^.'' ^^^'' ^•^^■^''" '"»'• i-alled the heater. U wduLi re-
ahout one f.ot hii^!*, wh.Mi 'they lay i hem (h7wn and 'i"'^'''' ^j^^^'^' •>>* f'>'»>" *'^'''t IxHwcen the two. I h*'li<;vf>^
eover them with s^>iK and these lorni new roots. ^*^ ^'"^ f>ro.'esy. the ^num l(ceula wt/uld he ui ir.)
'i'his may ho repeated twn or three times in th'Mr ^'*"M''^'f''l''' '>>^ydiAed, and a httter (Quality oi iudi<'t>
8umn»er ^season. Those laid down th.: lir.t y.^r ^""!';^^*'^'"^ ''^'''^' ''>' ''^-■*^'"^-

make ^otxi roots for consmnption whrii d^'^ at the! '^''^•>^'' ^^|"' pi'<d»M- the old proeosa could restore thc^
end of the third season. Tle-v h'ave a iv ^^n?>,\ space ^'^^'['^'^'^ "^' ^'"^^'»* ^^i'^ves l>y ihc fuUuwint; simpl;- np-

^'ration :— let theni procure a twelve y;allon ^^aded
;:asonv'ter, and convey into it for every three gallon*
ot atniMSjvhi?ri(! air, one gallon of oxy;;en ^as ; }>y
breathirii; this increased vital lluid a lew times, the
whole of the carl>or\ that had increased in tho blood
fron^ hreathin;; a non-vital ;^as, woul.l pass off, and

))t.'tween ea»;h h.'d to atJord .soil for eoverii\" the
shoots. At the lin il di^^in;;, roots of the siie of a
i;oo8e (|ul!l are laid l.y ior -rinding, and the smaller
ones are transplanted.

'io prepare mad<h.'r tor mirket. It is neces>«t;iry to
stove-dry the- roots and ^rind them, ;ind these opera-

li. ns nMiuir.^ cnnsid,>rahh) outlav. and <'.\perien(;ed i ""^^^'^'"^^'^ ^^' *'^''^^"''^'"^"~1-'^^'^^''^^^^^*^ American,
operators, io o;ii,,din;:, the outside cuticle is first' ,. r . Wm. pARrKiixit.
taken o!T, an i this loruis what is known in the mar- l>in;;hatDton, X. Y., 1S.'>:;.
ket as '•mull muider." wliicdi is oidv n-t^A in <K-..;r^,». '**^

ket as '•mull m uider." wliicdi is only u-e*! ir\ dyein'*-
Idacks, l»ottle-;;ret'ns, and dark browns. The' next

A\ Im.vihn.se Peach OuciiABun. — A gentleiaan

layer tiken otf is known as "•^amene." and is used '^'^'^'''^ Uivis, residiu;; in Clermont county, Oliiojias

fbr a ;;reat variety ot common'^colors.' The tliird is '^ pt'aeh orchi.rd of lOO acres, eontaiidn^ 17, ()*)<) trees,

knnwn as '\)m!)re." and the fourth as crop or ''iirap- ^^'^' ^^■^^'■'» ^^ appears, left Piii:ad(di)hia a tew years

pe." Kither uf the last may be us.m] f ,r red dyes • '^^"* ''^'^'^ purchas.-d his present farm— then cwisid.T-

dy

but tlie '\ r 'p'* ;;ive the mosi beautfu! c lor.

Madder io..ts are iniporteil from Smyrna to Kn^;-
land, called Palestiio- madder, vrhic!) are <'round in
London.

There are two colors extracted from madder, when
hoile(i. a red and u dingy yelluw ; bm wheri the red
alone is recjuired the b.^uor nui^i be k. j.t b<i.>w a
boiliii;; heat.

jNni<;o. — Indi<:;o is an annual crop; it is cut wb* n
at maturity, phieetj in a steeper, then covered wi'h
soft water, ai»d stones placed on the plant t.> k' ep it
under the water. It remains steeping until tie- b-
(juor 1 eeomc» of a greenish yellow, with a copper
ci>lored scum round the outside. The }i(juir is then
drawn into a receivt-r, and the woi'kn>en beat it with
long poles to oxydixe th" ^n-ren bceula, v/l>ich will
then precipitate as blue in<iigo.

Aoout the latter end of the year 1791), or the be-
jiinning of ISOO, I owned a large dyeing f stablish-
ment in the west of Kngland, consuming about iour

I 0 I th-' }>«iorest one in the neighU'rhood — and set it
I t)Ut w't!i jMMrJi trees of t\V''uty different vari<'ti'*

(Voui Xev .b'rsey. As tin; farmers in that vicinity
^ liaii tried lor s(?V(»ral years prtnious to rais." peaclus
I ior n^ark(>t^ and had unilornily tailed they coiisidcrid

the expiM'iuient of >[i-. 1) u i-^ a loilish n\^r, and even
! went -i> I'lr as !■» app linr e. r;»n»n.\ittiM' to w.iit on hiia

and al\l>" him t ) aiiaudiwi it as it would certainly

ruin him. ll>' piM-sever«Nl. however, notwithstandiiii;

'>. !>**(> <•!' the trees died soon after beinj; planted.—
i This was .six vears a:j:o. In [S'\t) lu' iratle'red his.
! first croj), from which ho reali/.ed sutli -irnt to p;vy lor
j hi^ farm and tribes, and to 1 \ave liiin S-'UKMm hand.
! This s<>;Ys,,n about r>,(l'^> of th(^ trees are U-arinj:»
I and alr-'ady 7,500 baskets have Ixxm sohJ at over $1

jier basket. His net protits this bcason areestiuiated
; at .^2r),(U><b

It is sael in the Ohio Cubivator that a hnck.! "r
two of wat(;r giv(Mi to a horse to drink just bel'-r*' ri-
ding him, takes from him all disposition for capcnUo.
hundred pounds cf iudi^^u por week. At the date I aud renders him perfectly »ed;Ue.

1853.]

THK rHArU -To M.\KK o\K FAIlM KqrAL TllUKK.

2Gn

Curled T.caf In the Pearh.

This disease, if so we may call it, h i> be m, fir
fiur 'ir fl\e years past, assuming ;i m.o-.' aiel m>re
Krri'Ois aspect, so that cultivators around us hero in
Westt'rn N'. V., begin to say that if it goes on as it
tlirealCMis to (f , and no reniedy be discovered, we
jj.jll Hooii h" comp<dled to al)andon peacli culture;
eiitindv. 'fhis would certainly be great calamity,
find it becomes every one who wishes to esca[)e, to
investigate carefully the nature of" the disease, with
.^ vi, >w to the discovery of the real cause. Wii have
l„M'ii Io »king an.>ciously for sinne new light on the
Hiihject among the jourmils of the day, and find the
f dlijvvin" in a recent number td' the Cuuntrif (i,^nllc-

miin
1 1

The curl in the loaf of the peach, which is gen-
erallv 8Uf)p()sed to have had a very unfavorable in-
tluenl'e on the young crop, has given rise to much
finoculation as to its immediate cause, and cold weath-
er, ajdiidew, fungus, or mildew, and dis(;ased sap,
have been variously assigned as reasons. The cold
weather theory will not always apply, as the disease
ponn'tiines a[tpe5irH after a continued succession of
warm days, and the first opening of the young leaves
pliows the symptoms when ever they have been ex-
posed to a cool night, Agi»in, the disease has often

midc its ;in»""i r-i nnn wlior* no nnhub'w <'(iiilr| it t n?»v

time he det<'cted with the most powerful achromatic
class: and newly opening leaves. exp<»sedordy a few
hours to the fresli air, and on which no insect had
ever set foot, have shown incipient, but unmistak-
ahle indications. The explanation by 'diseased sap,'
is too general and indefinite — the fungus th<'..ry has
more appearanee (d plausil. ility. but neriis investi-
^atio I and proof — and it correct, the fungus must
h'" uf infrrud/ growth, as the smooth and shining ep-
id'Tuiis of the leaf is quite unbroken when the curl
first appears in the cellular tissue.

Hut whatever may be the (Muse, tln^ best remedy,
so far as discovered, is vigorous growth. We have
ohservc'l trees standing in the Conner of a hog yard,
where they wert? c )piously supplied with manure,
and as a consecpience making a rapid growth, cover-
ed with a deep green fdiage, with scarcely a vestige
of the curl; and a row of peach trees which had been
very freely shortened in the past winter, by cutting
off branches in some cases an inch in diameter, have
S'nt out strontr now shoots, almost wholly free from
the disease, and the trees are well loaded with young
fruit."

Now, our opinion, formed several years ago, ami
strenj^jthened by later experience, is that th(! curl is
produced hy changes of tomj)eratur(3 too great f )r
the didicate constitution oi' the peach. It is a tree
that vegetates early, and being usually and frMin ne-
cessity planted in a li;:ht s<dl, its earlim^ss is hasten-
ed, and the sap gets into active circulation, and
young leaves are put forth long befor ' the weatlier
in (lur northern (dimat(! becomes steadily warm. \Ve
all kniiw letw t'ommon it is to have warm genial
spring weather about the opening of the buds, when
a suilden (diange comes, and we have probably a
Week (^r two (){' <• 1(1. rainy weath'-r, with slight
frosts probably, with cold dry winds. This at once
'i'T<'sts the development of tho young shoots and
J":ives; the sap b'comes stagnant and diseased; the
hark is ruptured, and gum oozes out all over the
younger parts; the leavi^s, cvhetlnu- in an embryo
condition, rolled nj) in the l)ud, (»r half or wholly ex-
P'lnued, become swollen and diseased; then mil lew
attacks them, as it is always ready to reign u|)on
sickly or feeble vegetation, and with this aphides and

other insects; heneo ths opinions that mildew or in-
sects were tho cause of tho disease,

KSd'.l, we think, w.is th»5 first year this di^ease ap-
peared in Wi'stern .New York, in a serious form.
That spring was cold ami changal>le. iSoO was sim-
ilar, and the curl was wors? than btdore, and ho has
c«)ntinued sincij. One stron ' ar;£ument, at least ho
we regar<l it, in fivor of this vi(;w, is tho fact that if
we have lino woalh o- at the optMiing of the peach
bud^, wt; have? very lilth? curl, and that innnediately
lihcA' a change to cold the curl appears, and its se-
verity is always in ])roportion to the inte'usity ami
eontimiance of vhe cidd. Then again, as s(»on as the
weather beiMuntis w.irm and steaily, the diseased
leav(;s drop and new healthy leaves appear, and the
' disease is no mure seen that season, not a symptom
of it. Besides, some varieties are much less affect-
ed by it than others. We have a very hardy French
variety, Pecho do Vignes, that scarcely ever shows a
curl in the worst seasons. Wo have a short row of
six trees that have come almost hourly under our
observation; the varieties are the Snow, Old Mixon
Free, La (irange, Crawford's Karly, Mains' Karly,
and Cooledge's Favorite. These were all planted at
one time, of the same age, and in the same soil, and
j have been treated exactly alike, but tho Crawford's
Karly and (,'ooledge's Favorite have suffered so much
less than the others from the curl, that the trees are
nearly twice as large, and both have now a good crop
of fruit on, while the others have tew or none. In
going through an extensive orciiard we might find
nrany instances of this kirnl.

In a<ldition to this, w(> fi d that trees in sheltered
gardens suffer less that those exposed; and under
glass, there is no such thing as curl. Are not ail
these facts sutlicient to warrant the opinion we have
expressed ?
! The article we have qiioted says, "the disease
[ sometimes occurs after a siiccession of warm days."
We admit this, but it never has appeared to our
knowledge after warm days without the interventi(in
of cold nights. Has anyone seen it appear in warm
weather, say in June, July, or subsefiuent months?

It says, t<K), that "tlie first opiming of the young
leaves show the sympt.uns when they have never
been exposed even to a cold night." We grant this,
but as we have said, the sudden and violent check
given to the tree affects every part, and the leaves
: even while rolled up in the bud. Neither can wo a-
gree with the opinion that "vigorous growth is the
best remedy," for we have seen some of the most
vigorous growing trees suffer most seriously. We
regard ir^-lt rij)'n''d ivood na more important than vig-
orous growth, hut wo would combine these if we
could. Were not the tnics qijoted as examples bon-
efitel l>y some kind cf j)rwL«u!tion? To avoid in some
, degriM! th 0 elfjcts of t!i ' m ila ly we cui tiow only
; suggest tin; soh^ction of h ii l;f "arielies and planting
: in situations somewhat prote(;ted from the cold west
I and north-west winds. Will peaedi growers who
; hav(! had opportunity for extensive o])servation give
' us tho benetir of tln-ir exj) 'rienco on this suhjeot ?
If we have, drawn erroneous (conclusions fr(Mn our
I own (denervations wo shall be thankful to any one
who will set us right. — (r 'iiiicc Far ma.

To Make one Farm equal 'Mirec.

(1. T. Stewart; Ks(|.. in a rec(Mit Address before
the Ohm Agricultur.il S )ciety, tlui- speaks .d' this

sul)ject:

Many farmers who are destroying the productive-
ness of their farms by shallow work, ai they find that

«%»?■■

'^If^Wi

Z'A-^*'

>• ''''•'i>'^

2G4

THF^PKAnil-JNDIA RflRHKR WA^^Trryn w\PTTTVK

* "^"*"' »■•»■«•*«*«».■.*«»» ,i-u .. *,awH«i«,»|iwi- Htf ...■ -

m^

"" I'M [11 II

apply thoir work wUely. TIkv p,iv l,,.,.i, ,„ „
wl.at tl,..y borrow; t.Jy c^JJAy 1 '"' """'
their powor, to onrich their irronn.l" •ui.i i„ '"'" '"
enriches them. If„„r f.vn,, rs i," ;;,'''■''.'''" it
doubh, their acre, u„.,ld cod, .,., , i,' 7'''; '.''
crops they w„„hi fi„,l it a vast ..,,„. , ( t '^"''\
toil, and iin increaHc of |.rutitv. - '"''i

. >'^"'.v of then, iMV.r tluok ',) di-ri,,,, ,„„ • ,
into t he soil, unless tl.v have ,lreain,;i .u,,,,,, . "^^
ofRohl hidintheearlh: hot ,(,|„.v„.,.„ld .„,.;;„

I-nrk

their crops are diminiNliinic, think only of oxtondlnt"
their area, hy iXihUuvr ncros of suifaco, as if they i^up-
poBod thei- tith) deeds only pive them a ri^^ht to six
fnchoHdeep of earth. If they will take those deeds
Mudy their mn.ninn;, and apply the Josson to their
iH-Id.s. th.'v will soon realize in three-fold erops the
fact that tli.liw },:iM .Mv-n them three f.irms where
they 8U)i|.u.srd th.'v iiud hut one -in other words that
thesuhsoil hrou;rht up and eoml)ined with the top

K<.,I md enriched with the ntmt>spherie influences ; ot p>l<l tn.l ,n the earth- hut ,f ih . , '

.».. those oth.r elements which a^rieultural seienee ' tho work of (Ii.o!in ; in ', .' ^ ""^''•' ^^ '^'-t
wd te..h th..m tt, apply to thc.r ground, will , h.s .roek t>f of';^ d " t ^'^^^^^^^^^^^
incr3ase three fold. th. n.aMnes of thoir produ.^tivo- ' divination ^ ''"' ''^ ''^"^''"^ '^'"i

JiCHH. lo v|l,,^^ to A\ hat cxtenr tlio l.-rtllo, »' .i \v \ • ,

ia.t Paten, <.,H,.,. u,,,,..,. ,„ „,„ , , .s",, ";,,;.';;, e'c ,;',:;::!■:;: ;,;:'\i::;:ri:: !;"'"-''■■'-''

wore ;uMc cmpcinrs l„i- ,h,. ,.r,.niio,„ •„ ,:,„„ „/' are chiedv teiian m liir lie V'r''"'"' "'".V

Kentucky, each ol whom ,.„Uiva.cd „.„ aoiv. Tllir enorn.iu.s e to' .:'";, J:,^^^^^^^^^^^^^

K^h::r'^'Ar;;r::^;;;:!'-;:;^^,!";'r'v ;a..,o..vero,n,.nt. Tup;::':;.!-: :„::-

vheat ,.,r acn. in .He harv4. oM.;';;',;;;,! ■:,":„:1 li^^l'-hav!/;:: fl^ to'pa^'Xr;- IH'! r 'I'T^

4«*^

India IJubber Wa^liinj; Machine.— l«'i;r. I.

1

R';.?.!

INDIA UIIBHFJl WASinvr; MAmrXE

^ns

Vho annexed eno^ravintrs represent the new Wash-
Jii<^ Machine of K. !.. Kvans^ who was residin<r in
llartlord, Conn., when the patent was f^ranted k) him
(in the I'hh oi last May, but who is at present dwell-
ing iii iSicw lurk.

Figuie 1 i>^ a [>erspective view of the machine, and
fi<;ure 2 is a longitudinal section through the middle
(if it.

The nature of the invention consists in construct

Inf; two rubbers, wliich are secured on nrnissu.^p^nd-
ed from two standards: one of )ht ruhl)ers is sci urcd
to the lower end of on*' alio, whih' tlic otiitTi"^ mis-
p(M»d(;d to a siunlar arm srtMii-i'd to (Ik^ niain oiu\ )>y
a hin^^o, wliich allows the r;i);})ers to he drawn t«)-
^ether or lorced apart by the operator, at, )>h;i>urr.
The rubbers spoken of, aot soastorub the clo'li. t"ho
washed, between them and fluted wash boards plnced
under them, one of which is stationary and the other

movable-' sliding;— beiii^ moved by a treadle opera- like a cushion, whereby tho (dothns am woll rnV)bod,

ted by the foot, to draw the cloth throu;^h regularly, with as little injury as possible to th -ii irxiui e.

J., ,,p..r.nt now surfaces to be rubbed Tf, • movable The machine*!. a. a hti-.' h ..x w.tli h-s on it. a .lls-

rubh.M'HaP' oi pn-pared india rubber, and are made charge pipe at .mo .n.l, and a Noapm;^ tahle to pre-

to be of a nature like the human hand— somethinn; ! pare the soiled part.-, oi the cloth, l>, iur i\ui suds box,

Fij;. 2.

liiLTL' lo ho ruhlxMl Ix'twtM'u th«> laihhcr^i. A A an)
tlu' two in ia ruhlxM- cu^liion i uhher^; th<'V arc .sp-
cur-'i Mil th»' su-ipciidcd arm-, 1> V> \ \\\r '>]\'\ !>. is a(-
tai'lic'l r.i the nrh^r liy a hin^'o, at a, to allow tie- two
rublxirs to op^ri, to h-t th<' rloih pas-; tiirou;:;!i hi>fween
^■''■I'l I ih' riihhi'il. The arm-; .s\vin'_;on an axis pm»
C. spciii'imI t«t the uprl;;'>t Stan lards of the !)ox. K K-
arcth" two fliitt'd wash }):)ards undi'rth'^ rul»b"r , A'
A; til. 'St' hoards are always clos- t^^^ "tlcM* wlu'u the
op r it.ir is pushin;^ tin; rubl)"r-i hi'k and f)rth by
t.i'' liaiidh', F, an(l kept so by prt'ssin-ji; with his foot
on the stiiaaip, wliicli draws ilown tic cord. II, aritl
^'■au< III war i tlu) h lard, K, it h.'iii;^; ;itfach(<l ]>\
ura.>>s rods, (i, to tin' crossbar, 1, .'it oiit> rich and at
the othor hv iiidi a ru!»h t «prin;: cor'l^, \, seciin'd to
ol'' hack «)(' th'' I..i»x. ^Vh•'^ tic font r('ll"\<'fi the
^'tinaip, tic .--iirin;; cords, X. <li-aw apart tho hoar-h
''• '^'i 1 'his h-avi's a '^pacf hctwcrn ilc hoards to It t
tlu* ruhl)cd ch)thes dropdown into the suds box. To
tlo this, .uid ta'v" a n,;w .surface .o be rubbcil, the
rnhhcrs, A A , which are like jaws, have to be thrown
»il)art— opened; tliis is dor.o },y sli;j;ht1y raising the
'''^'1 ^h\ F, as there is a ship|M'r atia-h^d to the ai-m,
i^, shown hy dotte,] linos, c, fi^. 'J, whl !i wuks in a
Ruide an^le slot, 6 (fi^ 2), thus openin;^ the space be-
tween the rubbers, to take in a new surface of cloth
over the snriU roller, c, and feed it in towards the
centre, to be rubbed between the boards with the

ruhhi-rs. Tlio nihhers are closed liy brinp;inj^ the
arm, F, to a liori/ontal line.

The fluted wash-hoards can l)e (-h rated or lowered,
so as to hi'ini^ them \i-vv near to, or a ;:;reater <lis-
tanee apart frnm th»' laihhers, and thus cnahlti the
opti'ator to wash a piece of lace or a <juilt in the same
i maeliine. The boards K K', rest on two side stret(di-
I ers, (I (/, which rest on a coiled sprin<jr, \i L. at each
• corner of tite tub. d is the eross handle of a side
i' lever (on(> on eatdi side) secur'd on a fulcrum pin, «,
I at one end. and attacln'd to ^-ertical slidini^ blocks,
I K K on ' on eaeh side -which rest on thes*ret(diers,
'/ J, that snpp )rt the wash ))oard. \]y pressing; on J
with the han 1. tie' operator dej^resses the wash-
hoarh'. K K', and ;rraduates the (li>-tanee between
1 them and the ruM)c,s, A A', with the utmo'^t nicety,
to wasli any arti<'le -the most delicate or coarse. —
! The action of this machine is like that of ruhhin^
I clothes betw( en the hands -the best priiwifile yet
! known; and it is the h"st waslcr that has ever been
brought to our notice. With the jiand the npiTator
merelv pushes tic hamllc, F, l)Mck and forth, to riib
the cliithcs, arnl as tlie rui)hers are poised (»n a centre,
this work i- li;:ht and easy; with tic liainl an«l fof)t
the clothes are rubbed, an 1 the puMmts aid hoanis
thrust apart and br()u;!:ht to^rother so as to feed in new
surfaces, and deliver the clean clothes with ;;reat fa-
cility. The soap l>oard is for the purpose of rubbing

'^S

"■%%

J.V

200

IMU/K KSSAV OX PKiS.

!\uV

^^•illH

I«"'.T|

ri:i/K r:ss.Av on {>f(;s.

r»r-»

the poap on tlie clothes — the most soiled parts, previ-
ous to their bein;^ placed in suds at the right hind
end of the box, from which they are fed in over a
roller c, between the rubbers, A A', d(nvn bntwoon
the boards, E E', and d(»livered aficr nihbin^ down
into the box and taken ^mu, wh.'n finish. mI, at the
left hand side. This washin;jj machine is certainly
novel and worthy of great favor hy all ^«ji>d house-
wives.

One of these mvchines will be exhlhitod at the
Crystal Palace, and the p:»tontPo ran !)(• aiMro-scd by
b'ttrr at No. 551 Sixth Avenue, (Xcvr York.) The
machines are manufactr.red in Newark, at T)rices va-
rjin;^ for:*l'J to >^1') and upwards.

•••-

Frixe l^ssay on Pii^s.

[CONTIMED FROM LAST .M:.MUKH.|
7 /'if' rrsprrfirr )nvn(s jnr (-(Din rsion in/o fresh tncat,
pirklcii })'>/>[• , hiiroii (iiui hdin, with the modes ofpvc-
jKinir/ (he siinie. — -In rhoosin;^ a pi;^ for ariy of the
purposes above enumeratei], or, in fact, for any pur-
pose, or of any bree-l, ther(Nare certain points which
shouhl be lookcil tor in all, vi/ : — the skin should be
soft and thin, ui a bright pink colour, llio nuck abort,
the chest wide (whicli denotes 8tren;j:;th of constitu
tion); broad. straij;ht baek; sliort head, and fine
snout; small h'^^s and hoof's: the snout sh(Ki!d ix-
slightly curved upwards, and, in the lar^^e breed, it
not unfrequently hap[>ei.s that tlu're exists a pretty
prominent swelling on th(» snout between tiie nasal
and frontal bones: the sow shouhl have at least
twelve teats. If ]»roperly supplied with food the pig
can be profitably sent to the l)utcher from the age of
one month to four-and-twenty; itwould, therefore*, be
iniprojMT to pass over in this phice the rela' ivemerits
of the various l>re<'ds in profitably rearing those lux-
uries vclepi'd sucking piir*^. which tii(> late Charh's
Lamb declares to b.-. "Of all the delicacies of the
wh(de vniiuhis nUlnlis 1 will maintain this to l)e the
most delicate, f speak not of your grown piu'kers —
things lietwecn pig and piU'k, those hobliledehoys —
but a young and teinler suckling, under a moon old,
<fec." I have alreatly shown that the large English
breiMl are prolific and good mothers; that the Chinesi*
have an ( arly aptitude to bitten, are prolific, but bad
nurses; if, therefore, the object in breeding is to get
(piit of the progeny, about or soon alter they have
arrived at lunar m:iturity, we slwuild put a Chines«^
boar to the larire Kn-rlisli sow; if we want the hob-
bh'dehovs of eighteen or a scwic pounds weight,
wbicdi are to be s(?en so lVei|u.'ntly in Leadenhiill
Market, we must breed the N'eapolitan ero^s alreatly
noticed, but which 1 shall in lutnre define by tin?
term improveil P^sst^x breed. Nodescription of l»reed
will raise sucking pigs to the same size at six weeks
old as the cross just noticed : tie y al.^of)rni exeelleiit
orkers, speedily attaining a weight of 48 to ')') lbs

gn.wih. The improved lierkshire sow uilj gqckle
ten to a do/en Mi^-king-pigs within a m » hr ite pi^riol*
esp9cialiy it they are assisted h_v artiti>Miil mru,,!,
hereafter ti> be noticed; in this ri'-pect ho\vi\rr it
by no means e.jual to the improveil lv>srx or tin- Oil
English sow wlien put to a Chinese boar p,,p ^| ^_
purpose of making fine dejieate pickle,! j.ork, th.'
Ueikshire i,-, inf. rior only to tie' improved Es,sex;jin(i
b)r the purr.tseof m ik ng ham and haeon of irioj^..
rate size, vi/., fn»m Into ll^ >ton,'s w,'i"-!it t'i<. ,...►
case — not (pute eipial to the Ess.-x at the former, |,n»
pretty nearly so at the latter ami inereascMJ wriri^^
Tiie distinetion here drawn arises from th.' f'af[.'^tli;\^
the Essex breed, if pro|)erly maintained fmin tli^'
first, arrives very early nt maturity, in so fur us its
frame or bony stru(*ture is concernecl, whilst the
Berkshire takes a longiu* period to arrive at its ulti-
mate and larg(?r size; the consequence is, that a sinall
breed like tin? Essex will, with ]»roper f »rcing, arrive
at its full natural size by the time it is'.) months (.Id,
whilst the Berkshire takes 12 or fifteen moniliscri' it
ceases to grow. Now, it is a w«dl known fiet, th;\t
during the earlier stag(»s of animal life the nutritiv.-
>arts of the tootl ingested by tb(» animal ami as.simi-
.ited by its organisu), is appro})riated |)rin(;ipallv to
the developement of the frame, th(> growth of thf
bones, tissues and muscles, together with a inoilcrat.'
amount of fat, the uses of whicli latter will hliurtly
be noticed. Of the inorganicconstituents of thefoxi
phosphate of lime is the on** f )r whieh there exists
th.' lar;rest demand, t'onstitutin;;' as it does so lar'"' ;k
portion (d' the gross \\ eight of bones, from 1") p»'r
cent, at l)irth to o(> per cent, when ageil, and enter-
ing more or less as a constituent of the nuiscles and
tissues. ()i the nitri'g.Mions portions of the food of
animals; the muscles, tissues, and gelatinous sub-
stances absorb the whole excess above the (piantifv
excreted. Of those arti^des of food, whose (dieu)ical
eomposition consists of carl)on and hy.irog.'u, such
as starch, sugar, fat, Si\, there can Ije little duul.t
l)Ut they, by their combustion, afford heat, and furth-
er, by th." amount of their exi;ess beyond that n'-
<|uire(l f .r the supply of animal heat, a!id n it otii.T-
wise excrete 1, are as>imilat.Ml by the animal system in
ihe form (d' fit, also ai ingin th" composition of the
o'her anim;.l substanc(;s, retjuiring, in addition to ni-
trogen; carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen for their for-
mation, suidi as muscle, g(datin(\ &e. It fonn.s no
part of this (piestii)n whether lat is assimilated only
from fat whi.di pre-existed in ihe animal's food, as
asserted by Duieas and Bi)ussingault, or that f;U is
formed fro'm the starch of the food as asserted by
Ei(d)ig. According to all that isat present aseiTtain-
ed on this subi-'ct, the dispute has litth^ praetieiil
bearini: on th-' matter in (jucstion: this ujuch is ho\v-
ovov rerta:n, that all parti<'s concur in opinii-n th;U
animal heat is derived fViUU the eomhustion ot the
carbon of the starehv matters in.r'>st.Ml, and mnn of
so bv the c.>mbustion (d' fatty matters; in fa^n, in
eases". )f fever an. I starvation, we know no oth'T \v;iy
how the animal h.-at is aiaintained than by thee-m-

eu

a

(the fjivourite size bu- porkers) ; if allowed to grow bustion <d th.- fit ]>reviously store-l np in the system
much larger, it will be bmnd to pay better to treat The rapid .liminution (d' we^ght^ in animals a'ta'k*^i
them as stores until they are 10 or* 12 months old, | wit'« fever is well kn..wn. and is invariably c >inei(fen
and then put them up 't.» fatt. ii: in this way, bow- i with an incr.'ased eirculatl..n of the blood and liign'-f
ever, they are not so profitable as the improved Essex, animal temperature. . .

neither do th y make surh fin<> bacon as the improv- The ju-.M-eding brief j.hysiolo^ical diss 'rtation '^
ed Berkshire. Vorthc purposiMd' obtaining moderate- inserted because, on the eircumHtanc's just ''•;^'," ''| j.
ly, or even large sized bams and l)acon, no breed stands | in a great measure depend the ndatiye .pi ditie^ •'
the improved Berkshire, which may l)econ- the different breeds for early (u- late fattoning; !^' ^
? most generallv useful to a farn'i. r who also has a most im[)ortant bearing on tie* . " J.

po high as

sidered the most gei., j ....^.^. w. - i ., . p^-

desires a sort generally profitable in any stage of its food M'hich ought to be employed at the various p

^;7

rio.ls ..f their growth, as will be shoAn hereafter ^ in b dling of absorbing mdsture ami I oniin-r s.d

^hen tie. subject <d feeding and fattening ,s taken ' ton.-d : this kind ..I m-at ha. eonseouentiy the ten
intoconsi-h-ration. .Seeing t hat th.- bony structure, ; derness so d.^sirabh-. Alth.a.d, .d t wo anim ils treat-
p.latinous substances an.l mus. !.•> are th.. parts of .'d as desenb.-.i. th.- pndil deeuh-dlv preponderates i,^
the animal whndi ear i.-. ■^'•nv. at .i.-n- loll .fweb \ favor .d' th.. smalhr breed, it bv m, 'means follows if
,p„,.,.t. .t f.dh.ws that. ..th.-r things b wng -I'^-t'. [h-^ experiment b^- earr...l further, -that is, nntil th.-
H.ose breeds wh.eh arriv.- a. th-nr full growth m th. larg.-r hn-e 1 ha. arrive.! at maturitv. that th.. pndit
shortest pen. Ml w.ll be tie- kimls naturally adapted to I wowld not b,- with th- larg.M- ainmaN- s.. afb-r the

secrete a superabui.dane.- of fat am..unl,ng todisease [ snmller br 1 has arriv.-.l at a <-.Mtaina'm mnt -d' .d,.-

(l.ut wh.eh i^^th.- farmers profit ,n the s:,ortest p.'- s.ty, it w,,...! m -rely b.-.-ome a c.,nMno..r .d" food

r,..d from the time of birth, an. 1 cons.M,u.'ntly least with.. ut any .•omm.Misurate a.lvanfa on the other

,.xi..Mi<litun».d food, presuming animals .d* dilferent I ban. 1. th.. larg.T ammal wouM b,. eonst antiv Uev.-I
Iuv.mIs I ut .d lik(. age ,.at like .piantities. (^arrying oping its fran.e; and when fullv mature.! 1 have mv
this eomparison a step furth.'r. viz., that if two ani- ! th.ubts wliether anv animal yields so lar.n' a return
n.als so treated and kilh-.l at the same age-say at | of mea^br th- (luantity of food e..nsumed''as'se'ecte.I
nine or ten months —were to Ix; loun.l when dressed nciture animals of the old En-lish breed In this
to weiLdi alike; but the one animal, say an improved respect the impn)ved Berkshinr bears an intermedi-
Essex, and the other an (dd English pig, tlndr mar- • ■

kf^tahle value wonhl l)e very different, fully 20 per
eiit. The first would pr(.sent a fiiic, thick coatin-'of

e ,'.'..'* i*.;i ^tuin; i>ears an intt^rineui-

at(! plac between the smaller and t!ie larger breed,
arriving at maturity earlier; but I doubt, when full/
grown; whether it puts on tin,' saim,. ouantitv of flesh

_ ,,.,,,, J t V

firm fat embedded in the cellular tissue, th<. h'ani ' f()r an erpral atn.aint (.f f m).!, an'dbi aV'slmrt a tinv»
w.aild j)r(. sent the Epicur(>an(piality of marbled fl.;>h, as the old large l)ree<! at maturitv.' Of tin* three
with a due amount of external fat, and the omentum i breeds now named bv way of illustration my u\s\\
w.aild yield a fine leaf (d' whit.,' lard; the roasting- | experience b'ads me to dec'ich^ that f)'r all ' purposes
pl.-ees, if <'ut()Ut f >r that purpose, huch as th.; mus- | whether as fn>sh p.,rk, pickled pork, ham and bacon'
ele running fr.)m tlie neck down to the hdn, a;id in- | the merits (d' the improved Ess.'x exceeds all other
(duding the joints commonly calle.l the sj»arerib and [ kin. Is; that the improved B.^kshire f.,ll.)ws; whilst
Iwin, will be found tender, juicy, and fit. Another , the (dd arg. ivii.d is u •i.-m- o;ir.m piT- as sue'n now-
great advantage of this breed is, that in proportion | ever, it is highly estecMucl in the larm-house; the
to its slz'i the weight of th.' fim^' .jyints^ and pi(.,;es, ! hug.' flitidi, witl/its great depth of fit, being consid-

' 'Ted the most e(!onomic foo.l f,r labourers— Tn whi(di
opinion th" b.b.)urer will be found to concur, as
whenever h<» has a (di.de. \ or fr.nn circumstances is
comp' ll.'d to purcha^.. f.r lums.-lf, h.' will alwavs be
|.)iiiii! f.) pr.drr the thiek fat part of the fbtidi.

In ( hoosing a bre.-d of pigs whhdi is intendiul to
. . ,.. be sold to pirties who follow the busint.ss of bacon

wli.'ii salted will run npgreatly, yi.dding at the same | curing, th-. size (d" the breed will be greatly deter-
t III', a large <piantity of brine; so mmdi s.), tliat wh.-n | mine.l ! y the market in whi(di tln.y are to be dis-
dry th - wh.de weight will he f.mn-l to have diminish posed (d! Very larg(. fat bacon is principally re-
ed III a mu. h greaterproporii.m than thesame W(dght ; .piir.^l r»r th.. mining districfs of Warwickshire, the
of pork from the smaller br.'e.l. To say nothingOf ' Potteri.'S, and th.' manufa.'tiiring districts of Lan-
ine greater weight of^ b..ne in the latter than in the cashirf'aml Vorksliir.'. ".Mi. Ml. ■s''' ar(. also sent from
form -r kind, in cooking, tie' ni"at fr.uu the first will L.)nd.in and Liverp.>..l to the agricultural counties.
he l..un.l to scarcfdy diniinish in size, whilst the sec- , (b'nerally speaking, larg.- sized bacon is the hvvourite
"lel Will be seen t.) shrivel up conshlerably. This | kind amongst farmers. Tfn? of)je(;tiona)d.! featur(! in
will h.' e>pecially seen in the belly parts. T'he cause the larger breeds is the length of time they re.piire
"f this diffcrencf; is, that in the matured animal the before arriving at maturi y; whilst growing, they
c'dhilar tissue, ligaments, ite., hav*; fully developed | doubtless increase in sizent'a small expense o7' food,
Ifieiiis 'Ives— -have b(.come firm and compact; whil..- i and will eat matter that will be refused by fitterdng
in the growing animal these }).)rtions of the body re- j pigs, and in this respect, perhaps, they are the most
mam in a s(dter and more g"Iatinous state, in conse- valuable animals of aiiy, that is, to fare by chance.
i|ij.'ii('.> (d the j)r.'sence of imdsture. It will ))e seen II, how.'ver. they have to be maintained on f)od
oiat tins form id" tissue is almost indispen-ab e to the whie > has t.. be specially provide.], I cann.»t think
growini: animal, in ord.-r to :i<lapt it t.. its cmstant- they will yi.d.l an e.pial .piantiy of meat, when hit-
Jy increasing (.xpansion (d" frame. When arriv.-d at t.-neil and killed at fnon IS months to 2 v arsold.as
1 s full growth, this softness gives place to firmness! wouhl be farmed w. r.- the same amount .d food triven

.sa.di a«< th.' ham, shoulder, iin.l belly, where the .i.--
sirahle intermixture of lean and fat, so wnndi covet-
e<l by epicures, is to be f mml, is mu di greati-r rela-
tively to the wh.ile c areas.' tliari will !>.• LMiml in the
larger hreed. ( )ii examining t h.- .ari a^o ..1 the larger
breed the envelo[iing lat will be found .d" a lightgrey
colour, soft, and rialtby; the muscdes stringy, and

ftnd compactness (d'textur.-. A h -,s amount .d wat r
18 n..w found in the tissu.'s, and the fla.-cidity (d
youth issuccre.lo.l bvtlc' elasti(dtv .d' adofsr.'nce—
jhecompactn.-> ami str.nglh .d' I'naturitv b.'in.r i^^.
iowed by ih,. ri;;i.lify of age. The eii'.cts arising
irom cooking aiel -alrin-: nrvit in the forms pr.'sup-
POS'id are in ui,i.,,n ^^\\\^ tj,,. .-ilmve faet

s : in ni.'ats

'Y'^^f'd or c.H.k.'d. .l.-riv.'.l from the imniatur(. animal.

1" g'jlatine is di.ssolved out of the tissue, ami the
'^"irual fibre contracts, which, combine,] with the cir-
f'»'mstance of tlie tissues bearing so mmdi larg.r a

'^ 'o to the f-ittv ami muscular parts, cause the meat
10 oonti-act and shrivel up, whilst the disprop<^rtion of

inewy substance to the whole mass makes the meat
uaru and tough; in maturity, the tissue arc capable

to the I'-s.-x bree.l, kill.'.! at from (/ t.> 12 njonths old,
or the Berkshire at from 12 to lo months ohl, at
whi(di ag.'s it will Ix- found most profitabl." to kill
these respective breeds, ^\'ith regard t.) fVedi pork,
it is br.aight in two difbrrent f.u-ms to market; in th.^
first stage, in whi.di mav be t.'rm..! jxirklings. the
carcas.' weighing \'y'']\\ ]*• to li lbs. ca. h : in this
state th.' car. ass is joiut.'d into hams, hands, spare-
ribs, loins, and b«.lly-pieces. The spareribs and loins
are always used as roasting pieces, the hams in.liscrimi-
nat» ly for roasting and juckling. Thf hands an.I
belly-pieces are always })ickled : for this purpose no
breed answers so well as the Essex; in this state the
outside fat and skin, or crackling as it is called, 18
cut along with the lean part and so served at table.

:|S

«

H

\ *ft1

Cf)«

PK17E FSSAY OS VIC^

HHanaBowH

The other form in wliich fresh pork is sold is when
the pig Iui8 arrived at a pretty mature state at.d lit
to make bacon. The only parts, however, sold as
fresh meat are the sparerih and loin, to;:^(»ther with
8teak-pieees off the shoul.lcr. Alon- wTth tli<' loin
and spareril) sonn. p.M'sons cut <.ut thr wiioh' ,.( r!,,-
ribs, but this is a b.id j.ractiee, as the short ril.s
greatly a.^sist if. nivuv^ the bacon. and sh.,uld aKva\s
be lelt on the side. The ril.s shcnild hr diM.l.d wiih
a saw ninhvay h.'tween thr breast and ba.k 1m. ne; a
fiharp knife should n(.w be « nifdoyed u> cut out the
lean or nius.ular part (d" the neck'and loin from its
exterior eovcrir.^r of fat, the cutter up havin- previ-
ously divided with a saw the lar^e bon.M.f the pidvis,
connnonly known as the haunch or laitch-bone. He
commrnces cuttin- at the neck, and makes a clean
out d(»wn to the ham. leaving; only a thin portion ol
the muscle or lean part, about the thickn(!ss of a shil
inin;, attache<l to the fat or ba(k part, as many more
outs are made in the same dir( ction as are riMpjired
tosep:n-ai.- the Jojut uj. U) the point when' the ribs
Iiad previously been divided by the saw. Steak
pn.'ces for frvin- or makin;; sausa-:.^s and pies mav
be now rut oil- tile Kan part of the hand, which per
mits the sli(»iild"r-l„,ii,' bein^ easily separatcMl. The
fon'sliaiiU may be either cut out or left in — if for
home use, it had betL-r be cut out and used as pickled
pork, ine ham c.t«i nuw in-, cui oii, eommencm"'
^yhe^e the ham joins the Hank, and cuttinn; so tlnU
the outsKJ.. skin will form a cir.de or ellipsis with the
(*\i\n that lines the inside of the ham. This mode (d'
v'uttin- I p pi;rs is notmueh practised exc(>{ittor home
cuiin;^, and foi- that purpose is without dout.r, the
most profital.l--; iL IS als, , loll. .wed to some extentwith
rnrkd.utrlHTs in i.aneashin', U'arwiekshin-, and
^taf^u■dshlre, whw combine the eurino; and vendin;;
<'f ba."..nand hams with that of p(.rkd)utcherin^.—
riirse are -eneraiiy extensive retail dealers, iho'u-h
there are >um,> wbo ((.nfine tluMuselves to the whole
sale trade, in wlrch case the |.,ins and spareribs are
disposed .,( to retail. -IS and ^rneral butehers, who
take a f.-w j,»!nts to supply tlieirri, stumers with pork
preferring ihis ni..!,. to vlau;:hte,in- a pi-, and thus
bavin- the (banee ,.f the si Irs and hams bein- hdt
on tlu'ii- hands to cure. A c<.nsiderable (piantity ,,f
thejuints nf pork cut asdeseribed, and sohl b> sales-
men at \ew-ite .Market, are br. u^dit up by milway
In.m IJirmin-ham, beir.o; sent up by the Vholesafe
pork-buteh.'rs of that f)la(;e. F r . ome use, orwheiv
a retailer Inis a demand for bacon and hams, there is
no metlKMJ ,.f rutting; up a pin; fbat economis. s the
meat s<. mueh, the lean of the neck and loin losin-
greatly in wei-ht durinn; saltin-, especially if the
bone bo anywise separated fr.,m the, mus.-ular part
Ko as t.. leave it bate. At IJelfast. the b lek bone be
in- first taken ..ut, the ribs are afterwards cut away,
the knib' p issmo; as dose as possible to the rib, ami
leavm- :i-. much (.f the muscularor lean part attach-
ed t(. the fat as such a s.'paration will admit; this is
a wasteful nnnie, as the mus ular pa,rt s<, hdt will not
weigh, whem-ured and dried, m.e-third <d the wei;r|,t
thht It would do in the state of fresh nn-at; it is a
practi<'e (miy justifiable in Ireland, where it is found
imp(»ssibh> to get rid of what is there termed the (dbil
lu .iuaiitities anything proportionate to the amount
being continually made at the large slaughtering es-
tablishm.mts. A bctf-r plan than the uT'lfivt m xle
is that t(dl(»wed in the west of Kn-land and <..ut|i of
Irebind, in such places as Wateifnrd, Cork, ('arrick,
^c, in all which places it is tlie practice to sin-e the
pigs intended for bacon. I have not described the
mode of kilJing and scalding pigs, as that is gener-

fXoVFMjirsi

ally well understood, and a profess, d l.utchci

ally employe, for the purp..se; singe.n- is. h.,,,. or
not so generally knovvn The pi^s Im.u^ first k„„ek:
|"<l on the head, .......rally five or six in nu,.,hcr • r.

instantly .rawn to a place .mm.. .Lately eu.iti.ru.'J
and placed with th(..r necks over a tro'u-h nrr,aro<l
to n.-cMe the blood; th.-y a.'e th^n stu.k in the m.^k
with a knih' m the ordinary manner; wliilst thev'aro
i'l<"din-. a man with a fork distributes a ihii, cover"
mg of wlnat or rye straw, the stronger the st.-aw tl.o
better for tli," purpos.-: in the absene.' of wh^u.^r
rye straw fur/., and heather are us^,] as suhstitut,.!
I At \V aterford 1 have known wheat straw fett-h (!/'
, per ton for this purpose in the months of June ari-l
i duly. The straw is now set fire to in th direction of
I the wind; if the man sees that there is not enough
I he applies more to those p irts re<piiring it, but in i
I general way, with practice, the quantity required ig
I applied sufficiently at first, the tender having merely
! to adjust the burning straw, takiMi from those piirtg
, wUrvo it appears to be scorching tin; skin too much
; and putting it on those places where the fire appoars
too little; this be do.'s by using a common lia\-!ork.
When buried out, whicli is done in two or three min-
utes, the hogs are turned, and the underside, now up-
periiK.st, undt.rgoes the sai.n> operation : this com-
pletiMJ, they ar(? drawn with ror>es and niillie« <.., t,>
iiooKs, similar to tliose s, en in all slau-hterhousos.
The rough dirt, singed hair, &c.. are now scrap<;d (.ff|
warm water beinu; constantly thrown over the car-
cases, when another seiajiing commences. In a I't'n-
eral way tlirtM* scrapings, om? without and two with
water, have to be gon.. o\er before tin; skin is (h^'mt'd
sufficiently cl aned. Tlie cleaning finished, th" .mi-
tiails, viscera, iV:c., are tak(Miout in th(. ordinary vay,
water is thrown «»ycr the wh.d<» carcase iiisille aiiu
outside and left to cool; in winter-time this will al-
ways occur within twt.nty four hours. "When c..l(l, a
man goes round and cuts the heads off; \w. then tak.s
a knile ami makes a (dean cut fr(.m tin' tail al<.ii"
the centre (d the back-boiie to the termination o! the
neck, barin-ihe whole .d' th.' vertid^iic; henowtakt'S
a sharj) t-leaver, and, beginning at one si.le nf the
I yerlel»ra\ (;omim'iices sepaiating it fr. m the rih- at
the f»oinL of their attachment. The other side isthen
(doveii in the same manner; by this means the \ertt-
br;e are (!Ut clear out; he then cuts the hum ahout o
imdies above the knee joint. Thus divided, a side at
a tiim? is carried to a tai)l(' whereanother (perater is
in readiness, wdio first makes an incision near the
neck, w here the for(!-ribs inosculate so largely with
the baek bone, (Commonly known as tlie breast-henc;
these, tog(.'ther with f )ur or fivc^ pounds wi-i-ht of the
pectoral muscle or breast, art; cut out, as it is found
l.y .'xperience that this [tait does not bleed well, fro-
\ (pjei.tiy containing s 'Vt.ral (d" the larger blood-vessels
still gorged with bloo.l, (Nspeciall}' in large pig><, and
in consecpjence is not well adapted for curing; it ia
an act o piecauti(»n always to be recmiuended; it
has also th.' ell'cct of baring the scapula or shouhltT-
bone. The latter in ticklish weather is soiiietiines
found a lori.iidal)le ddlieuliy in the way I'f good cu-
ri.i-, OI-, as it is tt'.-hnicalK termed, strikin- the m.at
an.l takin- the ^alt, th.' lorni"'- te.an anplyini: to salt-
petre, and the latter to the common salt u>eif. 1'"'*
portion of the breast being taken out, the ribs are
.Tiyi.leil wiih a fine saw^ at th.. points nanvd in the
lii'si describ.'d mod ., \iz., about the mi.hlle; tie' up-
per division is cut out with a ]).)rtion of tlu* .nusde
attached to tli.im, leaving tlu; lower portion ol lin-'
ril>s adhering to the side; in Ireland the ffiece »«» <J"^
out is called a strip, and weighs, according to the

185.11

I'bi/i: r-ssAv n\ Pins -I'i'vvsYLVAMA Honrrrii/rtrRAf, SOCIETY.

ic'y

,ixeof the pig. from two to four pound, w.-.-ht; .,. l bone and is ..nly tit fop l.oibng: it has also it> .U..,,}.
t!,c west of Kn^land It IS called the^^r.sknc an.l | vantages with the con-r a. iT disfigure, the fli^icl,

titiU

allv wei>;(hs from five to eight poninls; by way ol

du'sis it may be stated th.it the giiMkiJi is a
i)K)St delicious iimrsel. Ttc" cutter i-^ ])rovidr| with

parentl

(liji

at

ha

m

very nnndi, leavin- n Ion- nurrou-
f^nd whirl, ran ,.nly b.. u^'-.l for rn.li.n- ,^.^^n U„
the Wh.>le, th.-ivlorr. tie- m. tho,) of .•ullii, - t|,,. j,,^,,,
short is the be^it ; tl' '

, . ' '"^ •'"»>'' '7 .^awm^r ,1,,. p i^.jj^

ahout the nii.hll.. and ■•uttin- the ha.o in a

IS d...
Minalli

^ semi-cirenlar saNv; \\it!!thi- li.' ii".^ti-ouvly divid(»s

the ^m;ill l<"'""^''" ' ' ''"' femoris or thigh-bon-. and

a,,a.-hes it along with the p.dvis .,r hau;.), U-n...- | manner irol^'t^u,,\n:n.^''h ^^^.r!'^^^^^^^

Th."M,Msele connect..! w.th,M..p.dvis a.,.1 a th.M.ni ■ all p gs to cut . ut any part of ; Ic- nbs hul v h

from tho uiq.-r pai-t <d the ins.de of the t!)urh an- la.-,... pi,, it is requisite lo cut a po, hon '..ut d th

t;ik..M-ot NM'h th.Mulyis: bvth.Mneansthe awkward | toi-e-parl. and a!-o n..lraxv ,,nr th.. Ma h-bon..

j,„nt whi. h -I'.'- -' much ti-.Mibl..tohou..'ke;)jM.r-^and I scribcMl in tlie we^f of lvcrj.i,,,i „„„i',, ^yj ,

others m eunn- han)s rs cutout, and H,e cun-r ob- pi;^r., so.d, a-^ th-. iiennAv,? Kss-.^ this may be o.ni.

tains freeaec'vs to th.' knucdde or^•uperlor extremity i ted wh.... they are only from IMo '

ol

»;

bh

hoi

8 a

tooensist principally in properly curing the joint in ! ar-ument in favour of tie. smaller de-.-ription of lu r

qup'^tinn; it Will, therefore, be apparent that if ^n(di lin prefen-nce to the largr-r breeds • ajs.) -m ) -^

n diffienlty esistn in curing han)s, it must In; greatly | shown, the whole of th.> carcase cm ho converted i,"t'^

I- months old, ami

f ,hf. thi-hb-.n.' in order to ml) in tlic saltpetre and I having b. -en pn^yioMsiv ,^,.,,,, j-^.^, ". ^|^^^ e-uri '^'"<
;dt; vrith.ait tin. i.n.ceM.,,t would bo almost impossi- bacon dep.-nds peatly on the laiter' named cirlmm
Icto cure the whole side of a l"g; v.. shoulder, stan.-e; this, to;,..ther with the fact that small Inc >
oily, hack, and ham, m onepieer:. j he <liflic.ilty of) and hams u>ually .obtain the bet rudce other m'.
,yinK hams fn.m decay or fly-bl.^ws m NT.dl _ known j t.'rs, as ,p,ality o'f meat, \r., In-ing e.-ual i , aslron r

increased wlcn the bulk of the ham reoLiins atta.di- | maike^ibl.' ham and baeon

(.(1 to the side or fiiteh. Tlcj^e operation:; liein^ct.m- | f„r <dfal (d' mil. h eons.-qu.'n.-e

pl.'ted, the side is carried to another table, wh-'rethe [

operator cuts ..ff any sii'figgling pi.v-cH .d fh'di, to- j

^t'lii.T wiui ^oai Miiiy i>.; t;<»n.si(iercd .>>up'-iiiuoM< on

tl.(! .shonhbr. lb-is also pro\ ided ^^ ith. a sort of dull

iren chisel, to whicdi a cord ii^ attacdied which passes

over hi.f ic'ck, and with tliis chis. 1 he separates th.

gcajaila or shoul hM*d)one fVoni th'' muscles attaded

to it; this bi'ing completed, a small nooso from an

other sho't cord, also pla'-ci] ov(M*the neck of theor)^-

rat.ir. is now fisten.'d to th'' narrow and joint end of

the hone; in doing s.) the workman has to ben'l his

ho'lv. the cord bcin-j; made hh(;rt expressly for this

purp(,se,

111 resuming the upright p'.siiion 1;.^ draws .tut the
/^houMcr, .»r as it is commonly call. -1, tli'- blad • bone;

with.mt any d. ductiuii

■TO m < (JNTINIEI).]

Pc75n«ylv»nla IIorticultHral Society.

A'l Iiifrrim Urport of thr. Fruit C(>fHn>il(>'r fur Sn)-

Piiii.M)Ki,cn(A. Septeinlx-r 20th, bS.^a.

To the Ih-esidenl rcniia. llort. .*^ociely ;

The Fruit Committee resf.ectfuDy' Ib.|.Mrt, That
since the August mectinu' .d" llic .Society, several in-
teresting clli-ctions of Fruits tr.^m various IccaliticH
hav(} l>"en present, d for their e\aminati.)n.

From Fas(d:all .M .rri^, oS. West ( 'hester.-- 'I'wo
specimens (d" a T'-ar, liom a f.rFner near West
Chester. Size above medium. L* i;i«; imdies lon<r^
theforearm orknuckle may beeith. r I'. ft or taken out, ! hy 1'^ l)roa'l ; c'.tii-.. jiyiif.irm; ere.-nish y.dlovv'
it i.-^ usually I'. ft with the side: the hi-^t o]<eration is I with some russet ma: kings, especi.'illv at the ins. -r-
nawin;: off the slcnk of the h;im, v.dii I; i> .fci.' a tion of the stem, ami a faint ^^alm.tnCheek • stem 1
few i:i(.he< above joint: the sid.' is nov,- fit for tin; cu- inch by ,\. inserted soni.iwl.at ohii'piely in'a smali
rer. The rapidity with wdfndi all the;^e ojterations superficial cavity, russet"), and sli;;htly plaited*
are pcrfornn-d quite astonishes thr- spectatoi- who has j calyx in a shallo.v basin, sometiny.'s rus.s.'ted ; seed
tiot previously sc(!n a large establishment of this kind, j rather 1 vrge, daik, flat; tf-sh of fine texture^ but-
several of which in Ir.'land slau«;hter fVom H0(^ to ' tery, mtdiing; a littl.; more flav.n* wi;uhi be d'esira-
1000 lar;];(' hogs per week durin-^ the sea-'on, viz., | ld»" ; (piality at bMst ''good."

from Oct(d>er to April. The h^ad is sometime^icured j From Ain-.s !>. Whitman, \orth Coventry, ChcR-
by separating the lower from thi^ upper jiortion, the tcr county, I'a- - 'rhr( e varieties of Seedling' iMums.
luwer part f )r I ing wdiat is calle.l t'le (diap. The I 1. Fruit an inch and a half long, by one and n
more usual way is to split the h"ad int') two lateral ! half l)road ; (il;tuf;e cordate, suture indistinct; red
divisionv ami throw them into a strong pickh\ sani" with a wl ite bl .om ; stem five-ci.dits t'» tliree-

as IK uscl for formim^ pickh-d pork, 'fh" above de-
si'rilM'il juodf is that usually .adopted in the west of
bn;;land, and also in those yiarts of Ir.dand wdiere
haeon is pr.-pared f .r the London market in the west
of Kn^rjjvnd hishion. The York method differs from
tho west (d England m.)de inhaving t"e ham detach-
f>d from the fiiteh, an.] :ilso in not eaitting out the
sriskin, having the wdiolc of the ribs attached to the
«i(le, only separating the back bone as previously de-
^'-nlji;d. 'f he he.m i,^ cut either short or long, ae-
oordin;^ to taste: if cut hmg, the whol- of the pelvis
<^>r^ haunch 1>(, Tie is cut out iji connexion with the
tlii^h-hone and ham. The West|dialian ham i < .an
Pf^niple of thii ni'-thod. ami i-.the f.est mode for W\{:
Roilor, a,« ho ^rpf.^ fi,,, pi-ico (,f ii.-im for a large porticm
^loeh w.)uld oth'Twise form a sort of offal or make
part ( f the flitedi, and eo oidy obtain the piice of ha-
G<»n- ddiisform of ham is the worst for tho oonsu-
"^or, an the lower end contains a large quantity of

fourths of an in -h loii;;, by .mm- twelfth thi':k, in-
serted in an o[)'-n, luo.lerately d.ep depr.-ssion ;
flesh una<lh"rent t.. the st-me, of^ pleasant flavor, and
"good"' quality. 'I'lis vaiiety appears to he wun-
derfully produ(di\e; a twig three inches long by
onesi.xth thick, ontained eight J'luins -another
two inches long ly one-fourth thick, contained
seven.

2. Fruit an inch .and a half long, by one five six-
teenths ; obovate; purple,- C(n-ered with blue bloom ;
stem clevonsilteenth !)y one-sixteenth; quality in-
ferior, e.xeept fu* colinaiy purposes,

.'5. Only.uie sfMc.imen — large, one three-fourths by
one eh'ven-si.Tt<M'nth inehcs; roundish obovate; f2;ieen-
ish yellow, mottl.-d .and .lotte.I with white; suture
broad, extending on(! side from the base to the
ape.\ ; stem thr.. ■ fourths by oi-e-twelfth, inserted
in a Rli^ht depression ; stone partially adherent.
The ffpecimcn being p. lied aomcwhat prematurely^.

•A

270

- if»KtiKmmmmm

V]:\\<\]A \\] X iioirricuLiXAL society.

^^"^T^Mufl

a correct ostirnnte of its merit. po„ia not he formcui J/.//.. ./o.W,.,,.. /r,,.,,, a. Xnulc. '^ ""^

We are, however, inehned to think favonihlv (.f if Fr, m ^ i/k ; 1 ^^'{y'^^-»»

«nd .hould be happy to ,ee .p-oin,.',,: ''r^t noxj .,„vi ;.,;;', ,V;'"" ^""''"- "^ '^-s ,u,, „„„

From Thomas II.tno„.-k, l!„rlin-.„,n \ .1 -T|,n.,. '' r'/^"' '^''•^'■' ''•'' '•^"'"'■; ''^O' K-o.!.'

'^. N/. (t/iislaln — 'wi <rnnf\ (MMidi ti OH , "vory "ood "

4. On/tW^/^r-uf fi.iG sixe, hut in'nualitv,
"Hrareelv g(io<i."

5 . Mtisratfiiir — * 'p;ood . ' '

0. liriirrc (!f)Nl>iiu!!'-~''^()(M\/*

7. Pif/rn or Doj/rnnr /hy/r/i^of hir;;o sixo and
firu^ appoaranro, similar in form tu th<' Husen
S.'licnck: llir.'p and throp-ci-ht.s in. dies h)n-, hy
thre.'and wne-foHrth hroa 1 ; n.und, ohovate ; ^Tcen

i'dh<>r,.nt t(. ih.' stone ; ((uality "v.j-y ^..(.,1 ''

From R.d,ert JJuist-spocimens of two I'ears an.l
one Apple. ^

scmhhince in form and flavor to Henry 4lh — rather
small, tu'o and one-ei-;hth inches lon^ hv orip 'uu\
one-ei>j;hth hroad ; oh.»vate pyriforni ; ' ^ellow'isl,
^reeu, ^vith lar^^e green rnsset %pots and 'hlotde^s
and a hrownish red chrek ; stem hroken — Qo^ihy ju
Us termination, inserted without (h'pressi.m ; caivx

<si,v,.ii„.v,.i„.s,,o,.,uo splash,.,,,- ,r....„..n^so.; ;w,u'v:r;n ^ , -^ f, ;:^ ^^liir^::; ^i^f

,.,n r.,n, ,hn.,. „.,nl,s t„ ,.,„- i„..h l.,n,,^ !,y ,„„.- l,lack-.H,.sh m,.ItiM.^ hutUM-v of ine , x't, o
'I" "t «" ..iH, ll,„;k, rath,.r ll..shy at its i„s.-,-.i„„: v in„us-,,„alitv "v,: v «:„,•'• ''"'"'^-"^^^r

little or n ) cavity; ealyx ..pen. s.'t in a \\l.\i\ shal-

'ed (»\:\te, hriiwn,
ph«as;,nr, <pi;il ity j stiape.l ; gr.M«ni>h, eovered wiiii rus.M.'t (l..t" an.i

I • •, ' ■ ' • ^- Doi/i'iiH'.' 7A''////— rather larire two nnd '■ l..>if

low s„„„,,„„.,.s russctcl l-,asi„; s,.,.,l „va„-, l„-„u„, i„d,es l,v two a,„l tl,,- ,,,,.,.M.,f ,- " ^ ™ 1

medmm : flesh hutterv. il.ivoi ..;....w....r .,,,.,......,,. . . ... ' i. nnrgamat

'H-ery 'j:n:H\:' In liic [.,,ndioi Uurti.Milnnal S.
ciety's Oatalo;rn<', and in h.ovnin-'s Fruit and Fruit
Trees of Aup riea, Dilhtt i^ /,n\en as asviiMrivm <d
Henrre Oi.-l. AV.- n'-arl it! how. -v. t, as a dist
variety, ripening earlier than (!im latter.

8. Jra.v//f/i7/o/i— afa;oriti F.Mr uitli us attractive
in appearance, and of "very good" (| uality.

Ih Co;>ta— a very ];irg.\ han.lsom.-. P.-ir svlvmia
variety, of ''^r,„„l" .juaiity. ^vh.■n .-at.-n at th'e exact
moment ..f its maturitv.

10. Oiraf, Cilruii of Bj>irmi>i~~sc^vc<'\v worth
cultivating.

11. Guhl'u Bcun-c of JUlOoa-~fd\r, an.l
good."

12. fW>a/f/.v/(;— **B.>>t.''
1:-. Ifrafkro(—*'\i^ry goo.l.''

1 I. /I f/r <f I]nnn>-^-"^nn\:'

1 ) M iin' // '///.v— speeinnns n.»t heing fine, the
quality was .oily "jro.xL"

li'». ^>//o,w. //{,/,/-— inferior specimens, .lualitv onlv

'good

17. Ca})sJ(r,iJ~~''^iHu\,''

\^. A srnJIiiiifroin Jhr SV.-Ar/ — f»riL,nnate.l with

splashes; St. on usually v.-ry long an-l thick, fn.ni
nin? and a c^uaitcr to lv/o in.di.'s long hy onr-Kixili
t!r..-k, inM>rt.d in a .le.,-j , n.arrow cavity; lmIvx
nict small, S'-r i(» a narrow, moderately .hiep basm ; s-".' 1
large. Ma^k ; ih-h melting, somewhat gratuil.ir;
flavor pleasant ; 'juality "very good. '^

3. Juur Mini Apple— ihii ordy specimen hm il.o
tree; rather large, roundish-ohlate, inelin.'d to on-
ical, he.iutifully and d.dieately strip. "d with earmine;
11 ivor suhacid; (|uality inferior.

From Win. (J. Waring, iioalshurg, Centre rnij?itv.
— A hox of fruit c 'iitaining speeiniens, of 1,') v;i-
very ; rieties— :; of pe^rs, -1 ..f aoples, an.l ,s .d pIuiiH.

1. /*.'/'' Jif/inuir — Mr. Waring ."lys this variptv
was intr.Mlnce.l into Centre county from (lernnnv,
as th.^^ Sumnoo- H mcreti.-n. The speciiiieiiR wd-e
very fine, and (juality "very g.».)d."

2. Summrr Ji(}u <'Vr^/f /{^cultivated at n.iiilsburg
under the names of Sugar and Honey pear, flavor
very saccharine, hut of inferior (juality.

3. Dearbora's Sccllinij—yery handsome speci-
mens, and of "very good' quality.

4- 'I he Sink .l/7>/r-- Mr. Waring informs us tliat

.•>lr. »'n- >>. lM"g. ()f Hurlin-t.m, N. J. Small; I this nat ve red apple ".)riginated on the farm
r..um hsh-oJM.vate : uniform yellow russet ; stem five- <,f H..n. (Jeorge Uoal, .d" Iioalshurg. The original
eighths ._u an m.-h l.mg. hy one-.oghth thick; Ih-sijy tree, which is n..w dea.l, sto.xi ..ver a cavern, intu
at insertion ; no cavity ; calyx n.-arly closed, set in i which a str.-am emptie.l-hence the nani.«. It was
superficial hasin ; r|uality inferi..rto tiie SickcK fain.ms for its constant and ahundant yield of fruit,

on ';^'"/^ /'''/'./"" — "^Jest.' I which was in great deman.l f.>r cooking, ami con-

^^) Adr>r ,lr SI. />e/n.s-.-a new ]}(dgian variety ;: tinned in use from duly t.. (h'tober." Spcciinciis,

quality "go.)d."

121. F'Hvhinfr i/r J ^//^yy/t/jr — highly flavored and
delicious; .pialily "h st." This variety has recent-
ly heen oxt<msively imp.)rt<>d under th(' name Seig-
neur d'Fsperin. '^

22, /foil Chretien F<.'udu/if.c~-' 'wry good ''

23. /'////o/j — "goo.l."

Spc(
w h(oi received, were entirely decayed.

-'). y/ir Siinmnr lidl /'7o?r<'r— considered, in Fen-
, tre c.mnty, a superior early haking apjde, un<l in
season the last .>f tluly an-l A wgust, — aLs(.» entirely
deeay.j.l wh.oi the hox was opened.

0. T/te liuipil StrerJ—ii large, "good" sw'eet apple,
whi.di is apt to fall from the tree

14. S>,j,n' /^vy/././n/r -specimens small; "g-ood," 7. T/ie liu.sh-a native apple on the farm of Mr.
or* ^;''l'^'''^':^'"'-^'^^''^^'^y "g<>o<l." Christian l)ah^ near 15..alshurg, an.l found gr.)win^

*>7 \r /'/•a/'C^'^— quality m.lifr.oent. j in ihe woo.ls by his father. Mr. Waring says this

oo '^^^P^^^^"' ^'^^'^^ <^'AV^rm— decayed. | variety is "an excellent hearer, and a great favorite

rru '7V"^^f*— s^ai'cely "good." | in an orchard ..f ch.oce sorts." Size two and three-

The followmgten kinds wer.' n<»t in eating con- : quarters hy three inches ; oblate, inclining to coni-
dition: Alfhorpe, Cras.mnc, IhifTnni, Flemish Beau- \ cal ; greenish yellow, with many russet d-'ts near
(yyCoimar Neil, Jean de VTiUe, Benrre Did, Bezi de la I iho crown, and occasionally a Yaint blush; stem

1853.1

rFA'XSYLVAMA lIORTICrT/nUAL SOCMFIY.

271

jieven-eighths of an inch hy one-ninth, inserted in a qualify "very good."

deep, <>p^^"- ^'"''■"'^■^''J .^''^\'^3';.c:ib-x very small, set | Fn.ni Isaac li. Baxter; three varieties .>f Fears,

in a deep, narrow, plait**.! hasm, s.-e-l hrown, hr.ia.i, am! tie' Jun.- I',ar/i.

fhow: !1 iv.>r plea«<ant; 'piality "very g.)ud."

S. tj'.uli/ )'//'y/e I'l luie — sai.l to hav.' h.^oi obtain

1. / /o /tiiifh //-- i)t\<> sp(>.Mmen .if immens.' si/..*,
m.-asuring thr.'.' ami thre. 'fourths inch.-s Ion" by

e J from Ih'dfor.l county, many y.'ars ag... an 1 is thr.M' and tbr.M.fuirf bs broa.l, aid w.-ighing tw. Ive
represented as being "a fr<>e grower, pro. Iigious ounces.

hearer, and not aj.t t.) r.>t." Size one and fiv."-; 'J. '/'/"' A'/^7^-''^-s''(.7-— specimens from a tree .h.uble
eighths inches hy one and cme-quarter; oval, f). out. d vvok.d <.n -juince, larg.- ami fin.", m.-asuring llna-e
ftt ef\ch end; stem Jiv. -eighths of an in.-h boig by iindies by three and one ci-l,f|,, ;in,i wiglnn'} .'i.rht
<,rH' tw.nti.-th thi.d<; Ib'^h ire.' from tlo' stone; Ibnur luinees. When gr<.wn .oi (piin.-e, tlw fru7t is lar.^er
dcliei..u'-: .piality "v.'ry good." ^ j hroa.ler, nn.l more- fair than tliat grown on Fear

',). /,''(/ /'/ ?//n'- -also introduced int.) Centre county stock; .juilty "best."
fn.in Be.lford. This variety was sent .)n a former 3. The ira.s7t//i///o/t— specimens remarkable for
occasi.-n from Lancaster, under the name of "liottle siz.^ and beauty, quality "verv go.wi."

riiiinb." Tw(» inches long by one and one-eighth 4. T/ui June Peaeh,\\\\\\U^,r N.). 1,) very lar.'o

hrea.l; pyriform ; with a long, slender ne.:k ; suture ! an.l of delicious flavor, (piality "very good."

extending un one side' fr.)m tin; base to the apex; From Chailes Kessler, of UVading a b.ix of fruit

pale red ; stem one inch long hy one-sixt.'enth thick: , containing a See.Uing Flum. a Feach, an Apph; and

ft handsome plumb, of jieculiar form, and "good" ' six varieties .)f Fears.

finality; hut said to be an indifferent b. arer. | 1. S"nl/ifi,; /Vt///t— an inch and five-eighths l.)n.%

bb liiijieiial (rH'je — Mr. Waring remarks of this by om^ an.l five-sixteenths broad; obovate; light re(7,
\:iri.'tv, that "the tree is very free fr.un leaf blight, suture exten. ling on one side from th.- bast? t.) tin;
niel th.' fruit from r..t, hanging long, shrivelling, and apex; stem three-fonrtliM of mti in.li huig, one-
bocaning v.-ry sugary." Specim ns line; .piality eight. 'cnth thi(d<; st..ne partially a<lher.'nt;flav.»rsweet

"verv i;.)o<..

li. A rrr>i I'lriji', iiiie purpit' Plum, resr/nhliui/ IU\-
aiM,' s r(iij)l'\ ami said to b.' "a very ex. -client gr.)W-
er, a hill b.-aicr, ami not in.'lim.'d t.> rot."\erv lar"- '
two inches long by on.' and tnirteen-sixte.uiths Ijroa.l;
(.hlong — y.urph' — stem thre.'-.piarters of an in.di long
1»V one-twelfth thick — !b"-h fr"" fmm th" -tone.
Spf^eim 'US not sufli.'ietitly rq. • to test th'-ir .lualit y.

l!2. The (ralbraith — an earlv Flum, said to have

and pleasant: (luality "fo.xl."

-. reneii, gr.iwn hy Mr. Lott- -large, three ineheM
h»ng by thre.' ami ..n.'-ei;;lith broad; roundish; dark
r.'d on a gre. "nish whit.' ground: suture .listinct, ex-
temling m.u'e than half r.aiml; .-avitv m.Mlerat.'l v
deep; flesh whit*', red ar.iuml the stone, jui.-v, ma.l-
herent: (hdightlul flavor; .luality "\cry goo.l," if not
"best."

3. Aj)ple — Finall. [\\n iiedics liv tw.) ami a half.

originate<l with the late Mr. (lalbraith, n.'ar Uoals- | roundish oblate inclining t.» coni.-al; fair yellow, with
I'lirg: iin.i is r.qo'.'-nt.'.l as being a stragglng grower, ' oceashuially a faint, blush on the si.le expos. ■.! to tin?
hilt th' b.'<t .-arly plum .ultivatcl in that vi. unity. ' ^"n: stem three fourths of an in.'h long by one-
An iiicii an.l a half l.»iig Ity .uie ami fiv( -sixteenths tw.-lfth thick, inserted in adeep, <,p-n .avity, russeted
Ijniad — oval, purple,— -stem liv.' dghths .d" an in.-h by in re.ys; .-alyx .dos.-.l, ^e<rnients \.ry long, s''t in a
one fuurt.'.'nth, — flesh ten. h-r, iui.-v, adher.'iit to the ni.'dium si/.'d basin, whi.'h is s.)m.'tim.'S sli'ditly
8tene— flav.u- luscious— (juality "verv g.>o.l" if not j fdaited, tl.'sh vellowish w hite, t.'ii.h r: Jlav.tr spright-
"hest." " ly, quality "goo.l."

1'-. /''?/;e I>'////.vo/i P/ui/i. — One ami a half in. lies 4. liushuiorr's Ihm<-t>'li< n — ltow n by .^Ir. Wuii-
"Hg, ..IK' ami three-sixti'enths wi.h', omr an.l om;- d.'i, very hirg.; an.l vim b.-antifnl; .piality scarcely
pixt, '.'nth thick— flattene.l oval — blue--it<'m one an.l '* good."

J^ half inches long by one-tdgbte. nth thick — flesh i •'>• Pdrtleff — specimens large and handsome,
rath. T dry, entirely free from the stone — flavor agree- ^)- f^'f ^\'(ishi)if/(fin — specimens .^uite large and ex-
fihle— fpiality "^(,(>d." I ceepingly beautiful.

14. Co< ',s- (inlddi Droj) — received from Knglaml f.)r 7. ^Vhife Doi/emie — s; eeimens mmdi fairer and
the Magnum Bonnm; specimens larg.' and fair, lait ! finer than those usually grown in the country,
net mature. | 8. J /V^//- resembling the Cushing— two aiid a half

b>. J v.irirfi/ enUlvahd in the minhhorhoud ^//" imdies long by tw.) and a half br.tad; rouml obvate;
Ji<"ifshurf/a>: the Pn/(h r,'u)n — fr.un which it .lifh'rs in hiir yelh.w: stem tiiree-f.uirths cf an imdi bv one

fiever.al parti. ailars. Farg.', one tliree-(|nart.'rs in.h-
'^s by one and rii. e-sixt.'entns: o/>/o//7; salmon .-olor-

seventh, insert..! in a verv narrow .-avity: calyx open,
set in a shallow ba^irr. see.l rather larg.', brown,

a'l; Stein ihree-eiH^liths of an inch by .)ne-fburteenth: phiruj), with an angi.' at tin' blunt eml; fresh fine tex-
sten.' a'lherent, long-fy^/v//'/', one and .me-sixteeth inch- I tur(\ buttery, melting; fine vinous llav.^r, (piality
e^ long, five f'i;;hths w\(h\ ami seven-sixteenths thick; | "very good."

"1 ph'asant flavor: .pialitv betwtM'U "'"..od" and "v.'rv <h A Fear having some res. niltlan.M't.) the Chinese
^'''*y- ' * Stone Fear, sjx'cimens not in eating .trder.

from Thomas M. IFirvey, denn.'rvill.', near ^^'.'st From So mud Jones — Tiie liuuorrr J'eur — from
Chester, Vn.Jl/f Hmrre (hidiiio/—('\\r of the \ery IFuiover Furna.-e, New .Jersey. — These wer.; the li-
nevv Fr.n.h Fears, imp.trted bv Mr. Harvey, in IHjf, ' nest sj.eciimns <d' this vari.-ty fbat w.- have yet seen;
'"^'1 probably nam.'d in honor^.f Marshall Oudiimt, ^'»nie of them measuring n.'arly thre.' in. dies long by
' 'ike of Fu'g;.ri,)_ Size very larg.\ three and three- two ami five-eighths broad. In si/e it is usually
Pi;:hths inch,«s long by two an.!^tliree-f(.urths broad; rather small: rouml obovate; green, with dull green-
pynform; yellowish gnv-n, with a br.) insh (dieek; russet markings, and a br.)wn .die.'k; stem om- in.'h
•^tj'm ..ne inch l.mg by one-fif>h thi.-k, curve.!, insert- by one-ninth, inserted in a shall. )W cavity u-ually
^d somewhat obli.pi.'dy with litth^ or no .h'pression; anguhar; calyx .)pen, set in a plaited, s..metimes fur-
cnlvx of medium size, set in a wi.le, shall. .w basin; row.'d, irr.^gular basin: se.'.d large, plump, a.-cumi-
S ^'^ " ^*^^^ oinnaman color, h)ng, accuminate, nate; flesh greenish yellow, exeeedini!;ly m.-lting and
^''n of rather fine texture, juicy flavor pleasant; juicy; flavor pleasant; quality "^' /"

,'i

■'.

ii

'\ . ' j7' -i* P'^jS

^ I M

' KM^..'<ii .'^ivs'tjuir

PK\\>\L\ \M\ ih.KiK 1 i;rri;.\r. ^oriKTY

.N0\ J Si- f5.

Epiiie Diiifias; (juality "(food

•>o.r'spo.i.nons very small. Tl. /.7/.--si.. ,.0- |I,, t. „ ^.l .Lr^^i.n.r^Z^^.^^^^^^^

..n. s SMMinn,::: skm .•.nnan..,. n.^.t: sr.n, an nwh -l.a.n.f r; ,on,M,.l,. in.linin. t. nva!- s| „'"■'' ,'"

oannu.l.uM ahall Ion., ,v nn. m. .nl h thick, ,n- .ulor, thirkly rov. n.l wi^h doom, an' U n . I !' ''

s.M-t.,1 l,v fl.^l.v nn;^. w.th.nl .l.pp.Mons: .alyx nons; ...,l sm m, dark rinn:nnon; H^'s t . ' ''"

npw,. ..r n. a ^halloNv, n.^n-r wnl. l-as.n; s.,.! Mnall. jui.v, not pnipv; flavor s.. .t an I p '. ;, [^

Hark. w:r!. an .n,l. at tho Munt .xtrnuity: il..U "A../" p.,- ,:.,:.,,, n.at will ;.row i, p . i ; '^

^onn>^vt.at, ^^rannlar, hnlWvy: p...s.sMn;^^ a fin • p-T- ^-af- tril.lHMl h u n^a dtMM.H- iut.m.nt h1 '

lunn'.l flavor: <pni!iiy -n .y ;;o.'../." VrvuA .j nj'ito,- aurirulato. ^ ul pN , inM , upttdlj >,nu!at.,
rity last of AuLnist.

Fi<-i/i II ni. S. i:lc(iriti<(n\ of W, -:[ (\'i!l:i(lt>!p}iia:

Jiai;:-;*' and jiio- spfciincns (ft),,. Hmlhff, IVorii his
U'"'<-r(i''n. and th" n hlr Sn.ui}!rh(i:t ,ni l*(>ach,

oWJl

from Ilani.-!.ur^, it^ .-ri^inal location. The ,Si(.squc-
hanna is a IVivh of the lar;:'.':?t «l7a\ ul)oun<iI i;r i^

juiC(» of :i ID p^t d'dicIoUS ll L\.ii-; (pi Jitv "'"■'^7."

From Cairh (.V'y/f ;~l'>c:iu(i(ul sp.-,iiiicns of the
J'Jlnif/e wul \^>;nfi(i.sh y< '•f'unirs — vt \u:[vk-d}>]\ Wnr in
uppcaranc' ;i- w^ II as in (pialitv.

Fiom JJr. Arrott, of this city:-
SIz(» medium; round: «;roenish white; hunrhes small;

On inotnm, r,- ,Iv<d. that th- Pmn^vU ;.,,;:, II„r»i.
cultur.il >uiM('ty licrchy oiler a prctninui u! m,. I;,;!,
dr-.'d dollars fur ;,n rfr.'ctn:i! nnd <vM,,,,nii -,1 ■■,, „,..!,'
whi.d. shail p,-: v,-siti.rot.M t'. th.-8ucietv, a.rui,;st
th<: iava;!;'s oC th- .anvidi-. " "

I'roaifhr \, V {;u;;;.ui.i iarniprr
'Iljc Marrow Xiuasli,

FKif-.N-n P,i;(»\v\: In th'- S. pf, .>,},. m- Xo, oftho /;,;..
tuiLT !h> marrow squash. Tor the inf(;rinati,m of

quail [y, ana pi-rMaf
From Ckarlcs Jonc.<, throup-h .Vr. Al/(ni IT. Cnrson,
Mont;j;<>mery County: — Lar<^e and linr liku
mens of the Vamliver Apph , not ri|M\

11^^ speci-

ood crops. P^yery niP.n's mtft.) should be, ''icork
thr soil (key:' rindwilli t!io blessin<i; (»f Cod. [ shall
have veorpt;il,l, >, I,. .,.ii ixvA to k— p. 'When I liuvw
pliint'd my ^'piash seeds after the fjiLju inic i''ilo, I

Jron, haar W,nr«.v,.,, ,l,ru,,,H, Mr. Al.nW. Co.-i |„,„ „,„,•. „||,.,1 of l,einK woll r.i.l C. .[iv L
,on, M.,M.:,.„,>,.,-y C,.,n,.v : -^- IIa„. s,„„. s,.,..,.,,,,,. ,1 vi/,:- Li. ,!,:■ Uo\.., IC, ,n- IS in..!,..; ,1,.,.,,, L li
.s,nHI:,,l..:t.an. ,.nl.nM,.nr,lV:u- p-c.wn ,„. ,1,.. l„.„:ul a,„l ., .•...„ l-et apari; ,l,n,H- ,1,. t, .,11 .n on
,.,vm,.,.s„l Mrs. K..hrl M:u,M,v, «lMd, w..,..wanl ; .i,|,, ,,,,,, ,1,,. l,..i,.,„ s.,1 ,.„ tl.. ,•!,:,• ■..'i^ ./Z

il'tT.n "^'' '-' " "" """'■■•"'>■ "' '■"'"- I I'l^Ml UWU, 1 ni...i, li. .. •., .:.ii :., th. bottoui .1 ih.-

',,'.. , ,. .. , ^ , ' hol(>s, and then talt'M-u" h'l-Ii d <'r n»<.rr . f wrllrn!.

rrt)//! S'tifn-f Ov in. Steward of the ( -rard (\d- ■ i i i i i i '

* ' '"' v'-i'Uo i.oi , \(>;-isr(l ininurr, on,' » cck I leli' dah;

h"* j;*' : Kmiiriwil'!'

fiiM^ spocim.-n', ul the Scckd
I'oir, ^i-Mwn oil tie' ('..l!,'^-;, pi-cndsos.

From Mrs. John II ^mitki — TLOO varieties of
Pears.

U V each hill,
and with a ^'nad'' <»r sh>',, | v\\^^ \\v\[ loiretle. r from

top !o hotti.ni. 'lie '. p]:.!;t tlie seeds, leaving; the top
of flee hili., lev. 1 \', ith ill; . urfacc of the ground, anJ

, .J,. ,f. . T\ c ' p ^ ' • keep them SO (iLiim^ the H'\';aon. Wh'.'n they aro up.

! . '/r>//r?wc^,^s'f;?./-^lhcfrult of this variety re- an<l tiie buj^s liave d<uie trouhlin-^ them, tl.in them

mains (UUV a slnTt titn-' ii; iwM-h'eti fr hut this rh.{f>rf : ,.f 1 , ■ . .1 4. 1 ■'^ I 1 -n 1

'' , , [ 11 111 n. oiii uns M' iM I (,iit. I(>avin;; twoo!" three stocks in each hul, >\!i

18 compensated l.y ir- i iprnin;:: in snecession. for a
consid-ralh" pernui. Win ii eaten at tlie e\a/t m.
ment o( its maturitv. the fhiv-r is d'dleious. and the
quality 'ijcsf."

idi

2. Poire (rAhonJaurc—TUh litilo Tear is always
beautiful, and a moat almndant bearer; quality .s'o;/<V
timcs 'Ufood.'^ orcasionaJly *'vrri/ r/ood," vr.y o'f'frn i,i-
differrnf. In tiie "Fruit and Frliit Trc i s of \ViinM-i-
ca," ly .[^"loiiincc, Jy Amour, and Ah Man />/■•'/, are
considered one ;ind the s;iiue Tear. Ir\ appropriating:
these names to a simple varietv, Mr. Piwnin!.^ follow-
ed, and was misled, by the Catalo;i:ue . f the London
IIorti(;ultural Society. lUit so far from h-in^': i hnfi
cal, Poire d'Amour and Poire d'Abondanee are two
entirely distinct varieties, differin;^ essentially in size,
form, color, and period of maturity. The fruit of the

will eov r the *:;routi I before the suuom' r is <'\: I ■•{. I
internh'ii to h;ive .^aid 3t)meLhin;^ al)Oi:t phiiitinij; and
rai ii:.:; other veiotables, but will leave that for an-
other p;ip(>r. Yours truly,

— •♦»-

Ph. PfvOut ha;* shrwn tliaf all our principnl ah-
nn-nt.uy matters may l>e reduced to three id,.vst/:
the saccharine, the olea'^inous. and the alhuminml^
r<'present by butter, suo;ar and white of e;:,;. N'»^^'
mdk consists of all three— the curd which is eliicflv
alhuiii. n; the butter, chiefly oil ; and a portion of
su;;ar. iMilk is the only substance prepared hj na-
ture 80 completely perfect as to he a conjp(;und of
these principles, ana therefore its perfection, mixea
with bread, as a food for children.

■'* - ;. J, ■>»■»?

li

«' 11

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ISsJra

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'*' ''n.\.M uri,! ciiAPi: rri;n^RE.

1 1"» •>

|»ciii^rcc or tull hn<l Dmliiun Hull >l;u--.

Koan, calved L-^i inwnili, i Jaiiii,!) \ ) i,;ili |-;,| i,y
"Montezuma/' dam 'Rno' r.i^l l,v llo (Jrace, cr.
(l;tm "\':'-t"ri;i" ( purrha^,.,! ;,t W hit t a k,.r's ^,m-,,ii.!
pale of Hhort ll'H-M- liwrn llnu'laii'l llth .Mm. i .\,,\ ,.,|;^
Iht) 5tli 1S;;S, for ^r)2()} by hiu'ksall liL>;iO ^r, . ^,| j;, ,!
Kose, by IJcdfbrd, jr., (I7<U) -r. -r. p|. Mosh
Kosc by lt(»mnlus (ili-;;) er. jrr. rrr. ;^r,| VcBta
by Isaae (112')l;rr. rrr. ^r. ^p. ^r.j. i,^ Xoiflinrn
Li;;ht, L^r. in-, iiv. <-:r. ^^r. ^ij. i,v \V hit" CuiDrL Hon
of CoW'i 1 ') J.

Mcntc/mna was bred ])y dohn AVortli, mar West
ClnMrr. i^"{ by "Vorksbin'man," dam "V'ir^nnia"
i,v "Ibiiry Clay" ^-r. dain "Strawbrrry (Jirl" impor-
t'd from Kii<!;land by l*as(diall Morris. '' Vorkcsbirr-
niin" \^as pur-hased in Knirbuid by d(»s<'ph Copr, ol
Tli'iM.is llat<---, Kirkicavini^ron, by whom b

K' was

i)rt'<l, and whose stock now coniman<l.s in Kn<rhuid
tJM' hi;^hc>' pri'-t-s. "Jlis <ira('cthcsin'o( "K(,sc liud"
waspiin'ha-.MJ by l*as.-hall Morris, at Wliittakcr's scr-
oti 1 ^al- in !>.'>> i'.ti- S'),")!). The ()pp(. site en<''ravin<'-
hyClarkson is a very fair likeness of thiH superior
v-:niL^ lb;ll, whose ]>edio;ree indicates .s,,nir. ,,f ih,.
best blood iidw in tie* countrv. jfe is yery ^ood in
the loin and hind qnarler, and what in a southdown
would be called th" twi>t. Th.- arti>-t has succt .. !-
very happily in calcliirig the expr.-.ion of connn'
nance generally so difficult. His miM .•\e indiratin-
gentleness n[ disposition, is a p(.int on whicji we
have always laid <:reat stress. In the scale (,f points,
orifiii.atm-; wiih our friend r. Ttotcb (d" \<\v York.
Hi. l adopted, by lljc State An;ri,-u!tural Society, it
says: *The eye h of ^^-eat si;^r,iiii,.ai,re, and shou]<l
be protiiiieait. bri-ht and (d<-ar, "pri.minmt" from an
acniiiu! Ltion oi' '-adeps" in the back part of it.v sock-
et, wliirh in.licateH a tendency t<» lay on bit: "bri-dit"
:i^ ati cvKJcne*; of <;-ood disposition, "clear" asa guar-
antee of fh," aniuials health: wdiereas a dull slu"-
LMsli ey,. h.'l,,n;^r,s to a slow feeder, and a wild restless
''vc. betrays an un<piiet, fitful temper." Tlie wlnde
bcule of points for I)urbiims, I>evons and other breeds
wa^^ p ibll>le d in the May number of ih.' Farm Jour-
fi'd, aid i< very useful for reference. Althou-di i>r.»b-
ftDly no one nidividual has ever eonibiiCMi theni >if/, '■
yet in erectin,(r .sieii a .'^7;e/r/,'v/ for eoniiian-on, re-'
^idtin- as it did frouj th*> <dos(( observation and lon.ii;
•xperienc-. (.f.nir friend Rotch, and confirnn'd also i
■'.V otlior euiincnt breeders, we think a o;o(m1 service j
ha^ hoon rneh ,v,l to ihe whole country. It is a M-ale !
wnich v!,,MiM be understood aiel sfielie,! by th(»^e
about to purchase, utel i-^ t!ie ne.st, if not the only re- |
liable wnitcn standard w.^ bav<\ "Mars tlem-di '
young, aiel not bd!y mature 1, yet conies well iij) in i
ine •'scale, (;f points'" ah-eady and when hi^ form is
f'llly developed, will embrace the moM of them. His
<>wner offers him for sale. Price S')0().

Montezuma the sire of Mars tcok the first premi-
um, at the recent Chester county exhibition. {

''fie l.iape < ultiiie m t|u' \V(sf.

A comic nsM account f„r th, hn m ,!.•„,, nil.
''"'"' ^'''•'!"- ••'•"!'-• '!"■ <'!>e. \-anoy, -th.^ Khnio of
''^'""'■"•^•" '^ "">..a!ly u.ll riprncu,"juiev incNurrt.
'I'iH season. Ti,,. vineyard.s are generallv huate,! un
''"■ •^'"l"- *>1 til" Ohio l^iver: are] ninet.ntl,^ olthein
are eultiya^rvl j,,- (buanans ^^^u,, ha.,. ,!,.v, n.I their
lives to .h. huMness,---,M.h !am.i_N ta!.,n^ chaise of
«(»me lirn.a, ,,r t-A.nty a^.s, uMially lor one"" half

the proceed-.

There are about fift^-.n hundred acn s <!,. voted to
vine^rn^vin- in Ohio; five hundred in Mi-souri; three
hundred in Indiana; one hundred in Illinois; ami the
same m Kentucky. Some of the Vineyards will
-row this year ein;ht hundred gallons of' Wine per
'i<'-<'- The fruit is purchased by tl... AVine manufac-
turers at from five to six dollars per bun.irel poundn;
it is tfnm washed and presMcj, and the juieepla.-ed in
wine vaultH or cellars to uielertr,, slow b-rm.'utation.

At the end of twenty months tin,' "sparklin^r Ca.
tawba" is ready b)r market.

To^r,^,; a,, i,i,.ji ,,1 the extent of some of these winc
<vl]ars, it may be stilled that Mr. Xi(;holas bon;;worth,
lias three, (.ne .d which will turn out annuallv fifty
tiousand bottles, another one hundred thousand, and
;i third an .mjo ,1 amount of •■dry w in^." 1*, rhons of
•!i" e, Mar- are occupied bv imuc'n.e lank.., one of
which holds li\,' thousand ";a!lon>.

The American wines are (d' two general varieties
the "still" and the ".parklin-," Tin' first is wine thai
under^n.es vinous (erne iitation, or the process which
tran<((.rnis the Mi-ar of the <ri-jij),> into alc(diol. To
produce a sp,arklin,Lr wmo, a second fcrm-uitati.-n is-
excited, by addin- a little "ro(d." <-andy, and the al-
coled is transformed into carbonic acid gas. Thug
U^'stern wine, can be relied on as the pure and un-
adult<Tated juice of the grape; an<l the su])stituti<)n
of it for the drugged li<piors of f)reign importation
is a most important and desirable object to be gained.
Kven where the manufacture of pure wines is attemp-
ted in the hot countries of Kurope, it is necessary to
to mix brandies with them to make them keep, which
is not done here Americans jire not yet pre»)ared to
propeidv appreciateil tho value of ].ure wim-s, be-
( ause they so rarely jind their way acr »ss the Atlan-
tic. In the wine districts of Kuropt; brutal intoxi-
ciition is comparativfdy unknown, or any of the ef-
fects resulting from intenip'-rate drinkim^ A-
drunken vine drc-^er is n^vir sr'm.

In sidecting a htcation for a vinejard ;i hill with
a Southern e.\posure aiel a i\v\ calcare.,iiw ,^,,i}, with
a porous Kub -wil. i- preferred. AVet or ^p.)io:v lands
are avc-idrai. The cuttings should contain at bast
fntir joints, and be taken from woini well idpened;
should be set out iji a ^!:.nting },osition, \\\\\\ ;h" top
eye even with the ^iiriace of th" irri und, th ai-h cov-
ered with half an inch of light moidd. if the W'a'her
is dry, Pruning is done from November to March,

(I

271

r.V.WV. CULTUKE-SPADIXn vs PrOUOIIING.

'''•'^mw ■mMit,*mum*mvkmmmim*'m >i

und cuttings arc preserved in cool coIIiifh uml the
ground ia ^vnrln and dry, or mellow. Tli<> first sea-
son's superfluous 8hootH are pull rd ffi; l.:i\iii- hut
One or two to f!;row, and 1 ut. one cvrntually. Id the
i-prinvr the vine Ih cut d(*wn to u Miiplo » ^.^ ;,,i,l one
Stalk or cane alKnv(>d to grow, ti.-d ti. a htuko, — no
suckers being allowed to grow. Thi- h.euiui spring
ftfter planting, cut down to two i r tiu»MM;v< h, or joints,
and tho third year to four ur live, pinchio.; oil" hvt.T-
uIh und tying up. This year, two stulks jire traiiwd
to the Ht;iK'>, ;iiid h.. , r' <;rapeu will be producni. Th.;
vine iH now rvtahlisluHl. The fourth prunin;-; KMpnrcs
good ju(l;:in. lit. The best shoot of tho former year
is cut down to h\y. or eight joints, and fastened

f-i'».mti *tf - J4,,j|

I ^"\ yy\\\\\i

Fro J

m .xp.nnn.nts in England, ,i would seem not
nnpr<d)able tins, enormous steam diggers, may som.
day n-.t divfa„r. ho f.,nnd going around to di;., ^,,^,

soil ,uh1 pulvcri/,(!, at one operation. fi,.]ds at ■[ \\., \
prico per acre, samo a. drilling, reaping, m.uvn./.in^
threshin- machinos are at iM^scnt. As a Uiaitor of
curiosity and information to our readers, wo coi.y .
description of one of these miohines, wjii-di 2^^^
mu.h approved of. and lias answers 1 w,:ll on Irui^ ^
Ww inv.Mitor says, "tjir fork>^ <.r my di'/crin

,o--';^ liiarliino

are mad., of tho 'n-st oast-stool that lean pn.air. „f
as.piare s.viion, sli-htly tap.^red. h^Mit (,n an an^^'.
and in pairs, at a cherry boat, and allow'^l to 2v\

, ,, ,. • • 1 • I . ,^''=^*^"'^^'>'- '^^'"'J «ii-''^'«rved,s() as toont-rth-'rrnn,ul

^ t!ie adjonnng stake in a horizontal position, or | ,,,i,,, ,„t to lift the soil as th.v .om. owt '^Cl

bent over m the lorn, of a bow, and tied to its own p,, p.^ion of hIx sueh.pairs b^in,, laid h.tw Jn t"C

half discs of ca^^t iron, o;r.,ovod to roooiv,- tlimi. th^

«take. TIh' other stalk Ih cut down to two or ihreo
eyes, to make IxMring wood for the next season.

half dise< being afterwards uniliMl by holts, f.rm u

digging wheel of whicli th.' disi;.H roprosi'nt tho h ) ;.

and the points of th.^ forks the s))ok.-: thrr,' is no

hoop or tire. A number of th.. .se <l:gging wl),vls

fs(n'en in a full si/.o<l nvodiine) n'-" '-ng on n hir

^ , ♦, I I ., .f • , , . I '^"'oi'^'i ^vhieh they rotate Ire' Iv. IJetween -a-li i.ilr

And seven thousand from tlie Mountains o Jura, n L.r , i i i ., , ' • , '

xf 1 •, , r ., • • . ..T. • I <^i ^^'i''''iS :^nd on t!ie sum., bai' IS hull- a rin Mvlnch

l^rance, besides othors from the vicinity of Pans am I , ., , , , , . ,

i> , , , ,.,,,. i keeps thorn a' art, and (leans the Hides

iSordeaux wore procured, but which were all thrown '

The pionCiT in thih e.xti'nding enterprise was .Mr.
Kicholas Longworth, now over seventy year* of age.
For thirty vears he exptM-innuitetl with forei"-n irranes
with a view to their acclimation in the United Stat(>s.

Six thousand v

luos ui 1 no oosL iuaueira wine grajx's,

Away, after a protracted trial, being found inferior
to the Catawba, a native. Near 1200 vaiieties of t^rapo
have been tested, but the two best are found t) be
the Cataw1)a and IJerbemont. The latter nnikes a
win*^ siinil.ir to the Spanish Manzanllla, and will be
mere extensively cultivated herealtcr.
««»

lUxENT iMrROVEMENTS I\ M.ACUINES FOR TII,L!,\(;

CUE JSoiL. — Si'AiM.Ncj VS. i*L()Lc;uiN(5. — A vcry inter-
esting paper on the a])ove has recently been read be-
fore the llriti-h Association for the advancement of
Bclence, bv which it appears steam cultivators, di<^-
ging machines, ploughing machines, drawn by sta-
tionary a^ woll as locomotive steam engines, and ro-
tary machimvs for pulverizing by means of f(»rks'
spades or claws, are being seriously talked of in Kng.
land for gonoral introduction in place of the ordinary
jdoUL!;h and ti am.

It is objected to the plough, among (jther inconve-
niences, that while it loosens and reverses the top
soil, it compresses the botttjm of the furrow and dam-
ftges the sub soil, which is ju-essed and hardened by

ol 1 1;(' l)ussr>^

The frame C(.ntaining tho l,ar v,ith (ho di-'-'in"- whool

also holds a number ot cleaners, the ends of which

scrape the soil from the circumftTencc of tho bossos,

and force it from the prongs, 'fiiis Irani ', t) which

I the shafts and draught links for the horses are also

i attaclnNl, is itself huie^ In fronton anoiJK r har. con-

|nectingt^^o s(-gmental frames, (av\ on each wide of

j the digging frame. These contain the wheels on

whii'h the implement re>ts wlen it is n-l iii action,

and which also serve to n^gulate tli-' d''p;ii to which

the forks of th(» dig'^ing frame ;ire allowe i to pon(^

trate the ground. The se'^ments (at the I;ack ol th'^

travelling wheel fram s) bejig tootlied, two pinions

gear into them, the ])lace of whiidi on tli" s.^;;inr'nH

determine the heiglit at whi<di the di;^;in;,' Iramc is

sustained; a winch attaidnM] to the latter works tho

pinions,

AV'hen the horses move forward tlie atlcndant
throws out (d' gear a jtaw I, whiidi hold the piniin'^ at
any given point; the di;i<rinir Iraiiie runs down hv its
own wei^iht, th(» prongs enter the fM-ound. ami l!io
depth of their pen(»tration is inereascil or diriiini^li"'!
by turning the winch in opposite directions, llrTeiy
causin;j:; more <u' less wei::ht to rest on tin' tr.ivdlin^

ir XV-

the share. Tlic new implements or diggers appear

to be designed, not (,n]y to work deeper than the j ..,,,,! ,ii;..i,,^ ,,n,,i, rcspe^ctively.Meanv,hi]>> tl
|,lough, but to thoroughly disintegrate and pulverize | sistance offered bv the earth in front of the pr.n.'S
every particle of soil, thus leaving it in a condition, ,.,,,,,,, the latter io revolve an.l portions of ih. soil

not only to draw nutriment from the atmosphere, but
expedite the decomposition of the inorganic constitu
Cnta ol the soil, in fine to make a deep and perfect
bed ready for the reception of the seed. It is con-
tended that the new dynasty of steam has superseded
the old one of the plough.

to be detached, which art* thrown back, afi'-r Icivii';
been lif^ted and broken by conta<;t with the cl'jaiun^

bars.

A full sized machine wci"'hs a ton, and breaks np
a depth not exceeding 10 incdies, a ))readth of o foct
at a time, equal to that of lour ploughs, and cquiva-

1853.]

spAMxc v . pr.o!'(;in\n-nF.:("F.ipT.^.

_i o

|f>nt to about five acres in seven hours. 'I'hc draug'it
ro(piired varies, according to the nature and state of
the soil, from (eir to seven horses. A smaller ira[)lc-

nc'iif i'- luid'- for oceupin-s id" land whoso horse-poM'-
er is Jimit<Ml, capable of workio-j; about .'] acro^, i,,
the same tini", with llnoe or fan- hordes. Ahout 30
digging mi(diines, correspond mi; with the descrip-
tion whi'-li I havi^ Lnven. aic at work in \arious parts
of this coiPiCi'v; 'III' oftJMMn in this immodiaff* noi-Ho
borhowd, on the (\state of Mr. K tbert IIarris>ui, u\
IVuniioL^liohnc llall."

Tic arti(do, the author of which is Mr. Samuelson
<)f iimhury, eoncdudes thus;

■'NViiatever may be the sueeess of all or any of the
cultivating m ndiines which I have l)rought under
your notice, euovigh has certainly been (Ioth; to de-
m 'ii'trafe that wa^ baveontercMl upon a new epocdi in
t'l" nevhanies <d' tillag'^; and that, how long so'-vor
th" d uninion cd the jvlouuh mav be d.ostincd (o last,
if is ret leaua'fort II to roign alone. .Moanuhile I
v.a> anxiwu- It direct the attention of our machinist |
to a bi'nncb of !heir pn^fessinn, tl^an whicli none '
Stands inoro \\\ neo(l (d' cultivation, and none will j
me-o a'liply i->'pay i^ Wo ai'e tloalin;:: ^'-dli a <h'part- |
nieiit o! iiniuswy whieli, until latelv, was oppross(Mj
Ti'ith an excels u| huiean I, ihour, whilst tiio wholo of
its produce was liable to be deprcjciated far more than
any other, in valu<», bv a comp-arativoly trifiooj; in-
crease in its .uiiount. liut now t!io taiil-'S are lurn-
«''i, llio supply ol aLn-ieulturiil lahour <liuiinis!io>;
daily, whiUl e >:muui;)Lio,\ is extou-liuj; h"\,)ioI ail
precedent, and tho eulti\ aoo- (if tic soil Io .ks eairorly
Xo tho mechanic toch«ap!'n los oporition<, aiel, joint-
ly with the chemist, to aid him in in il ing two blade--

o

grow wherv» one (hi!v grew Ixioro.

To I'ickle Oysters.

^«iur tJKHn into a call mi 1 -r, an I oriin tli » liquor
'nfo H, kottlo; l„)il and skim it; then put in tin,' oysters
•'nd l<-t thrill (MuiK! to a boil, previou-^ly rinsing tiiein
^illi e.ld water, whicli should be drained (df; lift
t i"ia iait witii a skimmer, and sprinkle with iomI
MU'Tirto v^uit th" (a>t(.': th'u cover to or'-vent tlioir
Rowing dirk: strain the boiling Taiucr cm a few
cloves, allspice and ui ice; wlnm cold p<ear it ovor th^
oystors, and kec'p them in a cold jdace; add salt if
necessary.

Il)st()n (»ingerhread.
l-i»rec cupv of fioui-, (MO" (up of butter, one qm^ of
molasses, two eggs, one table ppoonful of diss-dvod
fiiikxratus, two 1 rgo table spoonfuls of ginger, one
table spoonful of ciMiKUHon, milk o!iou.;:i to finan a
■^"^,-'''- Itub (lie butter and flour to-^t; (-r. and add
the other ingrediouts, IJ dl it, out in shoots, cut thm.
l^utter your tins, place th.-m :iod wash the cako ovor
^»ti molasses and water before they arc put in the
oven. They require a very moderate heat to bake
^*»f^ni, as they oasily scorch.

Suiicrior Washing Soap.

Dissolve one pound of soda and half a y)ound of
hot linio in ..no -allon of boiling wat.-r; m-xt dissoUo
one pound of sliced hard soaj), in two (piarts
of boiling water; whon <-()(d mix tliem together. 'I'liis
forms a comp auel hu- washinir lii,,.n, .^c, superior
to any of the washing fluids and patont soaj.s in
use.

When th<! nun h dreaded "washing day" <;omes
round, make a strong suds (d' thi^ soap, and boil the
. l.ith. s, previously Hoaked, fbr half an hour. Take
ut, drain well, pour boiling water on them, when
thoy will be found to be clean, nothing more b(dng
required tl an to rinse well to free them from the re-
mains (A the suds.

Com Pudding.
Take' four dozen ears of corn, mdther very young
«>r vory (dd, and grate them on an or inary grate <d*
a larg.' m/.c, (Ikmi add a table Hp(»onlul of fine salt,
and two table s; oonfuls of fim; sugar, add four eggs,
boaten v^ry li^ht, and milk varyiiiLMo ouantitv Jnon
half a {tint to a pint, according to the ai^e (d" the
corn; bake in shallow divshcs until (^uite brown, and
eat ho! with butter.

lightened Pone.

T;'.k'^ half a ;_oilloti of corn m"al. pour boilinf^-

wat(;r on (un- third >d' it; mix it, togetlior witli wario

water till it is a thick baiter, put in two tabh; sj,oon

(uls of Ifoiiing yeast, and one of salt; stir it w(dl and

I sot by tiie lire to raise; wl'.en it b<'gins to ttpen on the

[ top, grease your pan and bake it,

f-tarcliing,
Tak(^ two ounees of fine w bite gum arable, puf it
in a pit'dioi- and pour on it one pint of boilin>j; watei-,
cover it and h't it. stand all niglit, in the njorning [)our
it in a bottle and cork it; a tablo spoonful of it put in
a pot of ordinary staixh will imf)rove it very much.
M ryland Co:ii Cakc<t.
Mix a pint of corn nu;al wiih rich milk, a little
salt, and an v^i^^: it should be well beat 'U with a
spoon, ami madt^ thin enough to pour on the iron;
hake in cakes the size of a lireakfast plate, buttiT
and send them hot to table.

To Picsrrvc 'l<>Mmt<K^N (or V%' infer.

Take, any qiianti.y of toinato(;s, scald tlnun and
take oil" t!ie skin; }>ut them in hotthjs and place! them
uncorked in a pot of hot water, and let them hoi!
fu'o or wix Injurs; (;ork tlnun wdiile hot.

Worcester I-oaf.

Three piiits of llour, Lhre<; e,_^gs, orw ..int of Miik
(warm) half pint td'yeasf, a quarl<'r pound of batter.
To rist; three hour-", and bake in a Turk- cap, or oili-
er pan.

To Pickle Plums.

TTilf • ouinl of sugar, half pint of vinegar, a few
cloves to one pound of plums; put in the oven thre^
times, on succtssivc baking days.

k

■If

iN

'I

(

%

ay^itf--'* '3 0».'

276

WolMx loii 'I'lfK Mn\ iff

fN

iftf).'^.!

WOIIK FOR TIM: MO\TII-PLANTmn-I>!:ARS, .u..

277

"^ ^ Mf.'F.K,

WORK FOR TlfF. itlf/MII.

I'urin.
This, the eleventh moiiili <»r the vcar. i>

hist

growing, ^viil K.rp iImu.m 111^ fur HuiTic time, ],ut f.,r
thi.i |)urf.()S(s it i- imuli ]n:i\vv tiiai tliny shnul,! ],,^l,
been kept ii. p-.ts thrun-li Hummor. T;ikr up also
fur hloomin- in p;irl.)r Mi-iiiom'tt.', N.-npnliian Vio-'

generally for active, out ot .iMorn ..p.. rations. The' '^'^^' ^'''''^^ Alvssm,,, ►'Slock Giilj;s luid Chincsr l',!,,,

farmer who is in the habit of takin- time hy the j ''^^®- ^^^'^^' «»'^"'»^ i^ very dry, irat-.r w. 11 i,,|„re

forelock, and keeping ahead of hi.s w.^rk. ul,. kn^ws ' '*'^^'"^' ^^ ^''' ^" ^'^''' "'^'"^ ^'''^^'' :in. ri,,^ t, the

the /?i^c economy of doing every lliin;; in its rii:ht
time, putting every t)rni<; in its [troper pla.f, anil rofi-
vertin^ every thing to it.s proper use, ^vill dui-ingthis
montli have all Ihh crop.s harvested and ^vrll secured,
and be at leisure to make arrangements fur tlie ap

roots. All frohly potted plants, should lur a 1,.'y
days bo kept clostdy shaded.

Cut down an<l carry away, all jmicIi ))l;uitrt as hav.-
been hurt by fro:'t. As Hix.n as I)ahlia tops art; kill-
ed, lilt the roots, cutting (;t?' within a few inches ui

proaehing winter. All implements 'not wanted ^'"^ ^'•^""^- l^'-y them a short time in the sun, ro-

Khould ))•' carefully placed away under cover. —
Cattle sheds and cow stal)ling should ])e exam-
ined and put in y>roper order this month ]*ro-

movo carefully, the earth which adheres, then invert
them for a few days, ^ith tops down tu drain uff
moi.sture, alter which they may be removed to their

vid.^ for s(H-uring j.roper drainage. (\,llert leaves I '^'''^''^ quarters, which may be on a shelf in a dry

and have tlum convenient for use in stabh s or lin<r i ^^^'"' ^'•^'»'' ^^'^'^ ^'^'^^^t, or they may be packed in dry

'^ sand
pens. Avoid commencing the winter with more

stock tlian can be Tuit throuirli with safety and cei'-

tainty. Nothing i-^ more unprofitable tlian to be

obliged to stint supplies of food. Animals should
not oidy ha\e enou'^h to live on. but to tllli^e on. —
Calves and young stock re<juire extra shellei- and
good stabling. Every barnyard siiouM also be pro-
Tided with shedding, and a constant su})ply of water
and rock salt. Fattening hogs should havo ail they
want, ])Ut not wastelul and pri>ius(> f<MMling. A cat-
tle card sliO\ild always l^e at hand, and used at c\erv

Lift all t\Mder Bulbs, Tuberose, r.ladioliH Ti ror

ilowcrs, Amaryllis, kr.. and lay away as Dahlias in

a dry piace. ii noi aireaoy none, plant tteds et lu

lips and Hyacinths. Trench a piece "f ground, .n

richingwell with short manure. IMant the Bulb^

nine inches apart, and three incles d( ep. "\Vii.':i

hard weather approaches, cover with Ion;: litter or

leaves. Now is a good time to divide ai 1 ; plant

llerl^accuus plants, Peonies, kc. i'ut i-il M-L'dlin;r

1L)11^ hocks wdicre they ar<' to l.doonj . Lift (';irn;i-

tioi;t, and Pinks whiv-h ]ia\e been laMicl, and place
op] ortunity. It ;;reatlv proujotes thrift and heahh- , r r ^ - ^t' . ,,

^l, , ", , \ , 1 , , in a couMrame lor the winter. >V aler orca-ionally,

llaui and stack corn fodder con\enient to th' bai n' I , • /■ , • • ■^ ^ ^ .,,

- . ami give Irevh air m mihl days. ( iirvsantl. •minus
SO as to be cut up on barn floor by one (d th" iuipioy ' --^ , , ,, ,, , i • , ' ,

^ 1 • 1 * 1- '^ taken v^p caroiully !Uid potted m larg" i'wf,<j an I

ed corn stalk cutters and grinders, lor eAperiunnts '

with this mode of ii>ing lodtler, lefer to the last V'd-

ume, jKigc 'n2'2.

Have a good supply of roots, sugar beets, carrots

or turnij.vs ready for milch cows, so so^n as there is a

failure in pasture. Ti> keep them milking through

wint« r the sup])ly of succulent food should be t'o)ii

menced early and kept up. If they are allowed to

fall ofl' in thoir milk, for a time, ther;' will be more

ilifficulty afrcrwards.

-«•►

Flower Ciardcns.

Orange and LtMuon Trees, l*onu>granates, Lager-
Mtremias, Abuteihjns and such half hardy ornamen-
tal shrubs, as liave been standing out should novy be early in spring, wdien they will )je most hi;z;hly valu

well watered, may be rctain>;d in blooinf ir a C'li-id-
erable tijue in the house. The Lilliputian ordfvart
varieties which are generally mueh later than the
others, should be taken up at once and potted. They
bloum much liner in the house. "Water occasionally
with Guano water, or liquid manure, to increase tin:
si/.e of thjwers. One pound of (,iuano, to fivegulluc^
of water, is a suita)>le strength.

Take up roses for early spring Idoomiiig; ^^ c rfc-
commend for this. Pink Oailies, and moj^t i>f thd
Bengals, Tea t'els, Pevoiiien^^is, »5ou\enir do Mah
maisou and ilermosa.

To make an attractive display of flowers in-doors,

ed, t;;ke up and place in large pots, Wie;;(dia rosea,
Persian Lila(!s, Spirea Pioevesii, Prunil' lia, and ror-
svthia \ iridissima. Our nativi^ Kahnia l>atif()li!i i^
much estecuned in Kngland, ior eaily !-prii)^' fcrcin;;

taken up immediately, and placed in a dry cidlar. —
Oranges and Lemons should be placed where there
is no danger of frost, and to prevent losing their
leaves, should 1 ave plenty o|' light and free circula-
tion of air in open weather. Should the leavesdrop, in jM;ts, Hardy annual seeds, such as dwarf (lermaa
they will not flower tho next season. Lift ami pot Larksp\irs, purj)le and white Candytufts, OoUinsift
at once — Geraniun)s, Salvias, IIeli.>tropcs, and such t Bicolor, <\\\[u V.-rna, Clarkia < rr.indillora, and ble*
other plants as are tenacious of frost. H taken up . gans — Oillia Tricolor, hliould have In-en sown l.i-t
with care they will reward with blonm, through I month, but if the weather keeps open, uiaj slid * '
winter. Verbenas with good roots, if potted and i on a warui rich border; cover up with leaves on ftp
placed in a warm rcom, where they will continue proach of severe weather.

For p tting earth, mix well dtjcayed f-'ods, with
jjjort in.noire, e<iual parts of each. Plant, in v.iti-
<j,,vvs sh 'uld he turned aroumi ..nee a week, to pre-

L.-af niuuhl, from tlie woods, is excel lenf. Lot no
manure be put into the holn, around the r . ,f. whi(di
is apt t(t induce decay. If any is upp'ied, let it he

vent growing one sided. Timely bints will be given ,ui the surtace, to be earried down hv rains. The hill

|ii,sv to treat plants throiin;!! winter.

of the yrar is a suiiable time for surfaee mamiring

\V,,,:rM;i K «: AKHKN. - l»ijr .,,• plou-h up ground I aro.n.d tr..^^. bet the trees he u ell staked and tied
forncxt years crop, trenching with spado or subsoil ; up, to prevent being shaken or disturbed hv the
plow. The exposure to frost and alternate freezing j wimls. After culture ami periodical judicious pru-
and thawing, undlows the soil aiel d^'stroys weeds | r,lng are also important. As a gen<'rai rule, (u-chards
an 1 it.s-cts. ('at of! Asparagus tops close to tin- should be kept ploughed and cultivat<'d to insure fino
gr.amd, an. I (dear (uit thoroughly, all weeds. Sprea<l fruit and good crops. Wh.'re this is not practicable,

tre<'s should l}e dug round and kept free from grass
and weeds. Avoid especially deep planting; when
the earth settles, the tree should be about the same
depth as before removal.

Mulidiing all trees the first season they art^ trans-
{)lanted, by covering the ground around, two or three
feet each way, with grass or coarse hay, litter, &c.,
is very important to secure success. It pres(;rv(\s an
even temperature in the soil, keeps it damp, a»id [»re-

inamire over the Ijcd three iriches deep, cosering
eli^htly with earth from the alleys. These should
al^o he manured, the whole to be forked in and spad-
ed in spring. Take up and secure before severe
frnsts, Beets, f'arrots, Salsify, Turnips, &c. Place
tlc'iu iu moderate sized heaps out of doors, covering
first with straw, and then with a few inchewof earth,
or if cellar room is convenient, they may he placed
in harrels (tr casks, mixing (;arth through them and
covering with sods. Have shutters or straw mats at

J^o.i 1 f,>r (Mivorl tJ f»" /'old frninoy of ( ':« Un (irf»« ('onll.

flowers, ^e. These should be inured to cold, by ex-
pdsirij^ in moderate weather, covering only at nights.
Give air to for(dng frames to pr<'vent plants from
drav\iu„'. Take up Cabbages, arranging theiu in
beds, and burying rietts ami lower leaves in earth;
GOV'T with hoards, straw (tr C(irnro(Mer on approach
of severe weather. Dig up Celery, and for winter
use, place in beds, planting the first row against a
rid;j;e, then fill in earth nearly to tlie top, then ano-
ther row of Celery, leaving four or five inches of
earth l<etween each row^ Cover tin; out side row
with straw or manure, and a good covering of straw
or C(jrnfbdder over the top. Manure IU»ul)arb beds
with a heavy coat, both on plants and in alle
which should i)o dug in the latter; cover with straw*
litter or cedar brush. Sec, — Lettuce, Spinach, Corn
Sahii] and Parsley. Take up Horse Radish, and
lay away iu sand or earth for winter use. Dig up
Parsnips for early consumption, and place in barrels,
covering with sod. Collect ami preserve Pea sticks.

v<'nts, to soin*' extent, dama;:e from sudden (dianirc^s
of weather.

—»-

PeniiNylvanla Pearn.

We are please(l U) observe some of our P.-nnsylva-
nia seedling fruits have proved well, even so far north
as Bo>ton, and are properly njipreeiated, notwith-
standing their origin saiifk oi' \ew York. Tlie last
numlxM* (d llovey's Magazine eontains en;.^rav<'d out-
lines with comuFrndatory notices of five of owr Penn
sylvania seedlings, whicdi have been fruited there
vi/: Brandywine, F'etre, Kingses'<ln<r^ Ott and Scckle.
Of the Brand v wine, which originated a few milcH
from West (^hester wdn^e the tree is now growing,
the (Miitor says, "the (pialities of the Brandywine
are peculiarly its own. and cannot he compared with
any other variety. Its flesh is slightly firm, yet per-
fectly melting, and its flavor, without being highly
perfumed, appears t<» he a concentration of that of
several sorts, being almost as sugary as the seckle, yet
rtdieved by the refreshing aroma of the Marie Louise,
and the champagne smack of the D'Aremherg. It is
Benn poles, &c. Gather up (^ibbago stumps and all ^"^ ^^»'^^'"^'^ ''^ (d.araeter as the seckeb"

other rubbish, and haul to the manure hea}).

Short Directions for Planting Trc es.

lletnove all bruised or injured roots, by cutting
them frcun the undcT side with a sharp knih'. Dig
til" lodes at least twice as large as tie' r(»ots exteml,
80 as to allow them easy access in tlndr starting to
the loose earth, whi(di should be hiody pulverized;
^hpn the hole JK half filled, pour in a few gallons of
water, whi< h has a tendency t/» settle the earth and
hd up \ae;{ricies. Be careful to avoid lifting the tree
^pi whilr Diliiifr in, which tends to give th<' roots a
verticd and untiatmal position. Let the s dl in con-
tact with the roots be the surface soil first thrown cut,
or rich loam, obtained expressly, would be better. —

To Prevent .Hire and Rabhits from Harking Trec«.

An arti(de has b'-en g<»ing the rounds of the pa-
p(!rs, C(»fiic(l we bcdieye (»riginally from "Dicken'n
Household Words," of a horse who was nccustom-
ed to Icu'king any tr'-e-; he w':i.s tied to, and who (»n
commenidng (tperations <in oie\ wdii<d» had prc\ ious-
ly been washed with t(d)aeco juice, fh'w h;jck with
such vitdence, as alm(»st to break his halter. As
this weed is known to be exceedingly offensive to ev-
ery animal but one, it has occurred to us if it might
not be (dfei-tiially appli<'d iti the same way, to pro-
tect trees from Mice and Kaldiits, by VNashinir the
trunks with it near the ground. It is worth at least
a trial.

ii

I

i

'-'■' <;,*?s*r<";''>~'*'^

278

BOOK NTICES.

"p^fttumr-imukiubiamm

fNovr.MiiRg

HOOK NOTiCi:s.
Scientific Americapt.— The ninth vohimo r-f thi«
standard periodical commoncod on thr first ol S.p

stores in I^hihidolphiii l»rico ?1,00. Wo takf> ih»
following!; extnu't inni! a-, pages:

1. AiluU( nilton of ijiiano. — In consoquoncf nf t])(»

tombcr. Iti8iHsu.dw<H.kl3sea<-hvo)uM..r.>,Uuinin".^!.';;-M7'''^^ "^ "^'T^ t».o^nvut d.-nmnd lor ,t,
,, , , . ^ I ^' " r. ,ui(l the case wiih which the iinwary i-u-u, I

several l»un(ired on(;ravin-.s anil ov.T 4(>t) |.;i;;rs ol . • . *''> '^"".r

reading matter, All the valuahhr jkiI cuts which JHHue
weekly from the patent office are illnstrat.Ml in it.—
Price only $2 per year. It would hedillicult to over-
rate the able manner iit which tliis p;i)>cr in conduct-
ed. Its editor sooms rc-sohitcly (7f)poHed to all hum
bu«^, and has coura<;e enou<;h to Htem the tide of the
popular current when takin^r -i wron;^ direction, as

m;iv he imposed up.Mi, ^uano is iidulter;.;.,,!
with various .^uhstanccs, and to w ^roat ext^-nV^
Impositions even have been practised })y Hel!iii*/a»
;:;cnuin.> ^^uano ai-tiiicial mixtures, made to look so
hke ;,ru;ino tliat the practical man in remote diMricts
is unable to detect it. A sam|.le of such pretcn.!.,!
;:uano, which had hi'cn sold in the nei;rhl^^„.}i,^,„i ^^^
\Vi;;town, and had been fo md to produce no oif»»ot
upon the crops, Trhen examined in my laborutorv,
was found to contain, in th(! state in which it wi»

in the case of the caloric engine, >Thich it brou^^ht ! sold, more than half its wei-^ht in gypsum—tho n-tt

down at once to the level of what public opini(m only
now concedes to it. In its notice of now patents

rest bein^^ peat or coal ashes, with a little common
salt, hulphate of ammonia, and either dried urine nr
the refuse of the glue manufactories, to give it a

...wi ;r..-^..f:.. I 1 • , • , *-'"' "-in^e "1 uic giuo manunictorics, to trivo it n

and ,n>entK>ns. we have adm.red its course as ready smell. 1 could n<,t satisfy myself that it contuimHl a

to ^ive censure as pniiso^Mhere it rightly btdongs.— | particle of real guano. Burnt earth and brick-du.st
AVe will witli pleasure act as agents for anv of our I '^''^' "."^^^' prepared of various shades, and in tine pow-
friends who wish to subscribe '^ ' I ^.^''''' *'.' ^P''^'*'^^ manufactories, for the purpose of mix-

I ing with guano and with artificial manures. Th.-sf*
fMM)s(j.\iE (i AKi)KM.N(], 1\\RK-S s\\) pLE.\suRE fiifts show how i mportaut it is that the farmer sliould
Grolnd.s by ('maki.ks H SuiTii iviTii vnTr« ^ ^. j^ ; posscss Momc mcaiis (d Tcadil V, and at a cheao rale.
A'>i)iTioNs nv Lkw.s F Am.kn Price ^1 "o -This ' ^''o'"? '"'; '"V'"^^ »»>^'n.res ne employv*.-

is an Amen.. lu edition of an English work, whose ' observations will ai.l the practical man :

ttutlior has had an experience of eighteen years, as a \ ^^' '^^^^" drier the better — there is less vvater to paj

pr.dVssionai Landscape (Jardener. The Anie'rican ' ^^^V'V;! ^.^'''''^'**''^- , , , .

editor hn^ n,.i<lu W »«,.^., « 1 » 1 . •. i I '-*• ^ "^' lighter the color, the better also. It is the

editor has m.ide it more adapted to our .>wn sod and le^^ completely decomponed.

climate, it treats the subject (to which too little atj r. If h has' not a strong nnimoniaeal smell, il

tention has been paid here) under its various divi- '">;;'it to give of?' such a smell when a s]M)ontul oi a

sions, such as the arrangement of buildinL's the an-' '"^ '"'-^^'^ ^'it'^ '^ spoonful of slaked lime in a ^vine

proach, laving out pleasure iirounds and flower <r.ir ; \n ^ • l ^ ii -i ^ .• i

1 *i • ■ • ^ ^ uowirgai. ,/ >\ hen put into a tum])ler with water, stirred

dens, also kitchen and fruit gardens, construction ot well about, and the water and fine matter pimred otf,

arriticial lakes or ponds, fences, |)ublic parks, &c. '^ "'i;^l»t to leave little sand or stones.

and liiially the Arboretum and Pinetum with an ar* I ''" ^^'*""" In-ated to redness in the air till all th(>

_.,-.-,.,.. ,, r . .1 , ' ' ' i animal matter is burned awav, the ash should nearly

rangenunt accordiu;! to thi> natural svstem We n r i • r? . • *• -i rm \ \\\

. '^ , ^ ij.iuii.ii svsu ni. » t all dissolve in dilut(; muriatic acid, i lie inseluhle

give in another column an extract on plantiiw and matter is ustdess sand or eaithy adulterations.
1 • '111. * .

J'. In looking at the numbers in a published analy-
sis of a Peruvian guano, those representing the water
should be small; the (uganic matter c(mtaining am-
monia should approach to 50 (,r GO p(T cent.; the
Ki.f: MFN r.> OK AcKicui.TurtAL Chkmistrv and (Jkok- P^»<>-^l'^^'^f^'« should not much exceed 20 per cent.: and
'V itv Ii\fi.< I.'' \v T .. . -1 , . ^^1** common salt and sulph te of soda ouijlit not \o

.\ \\\ O VMKs f . >V . fJoH.N'SToN with a ..mi»i ». ,0. . .,_ . . . , „ ? w

transplanting evergreens. It is well worth purcha
sing for those about to hx^'ate now lawns or ro-arrange

old ones.

(xn- !!V dvMKs F. W. douN.sToN, with aeompl.tc in

dex aiel American preface by Simon r>n)wn, editor

of the New England Farm r. This :. coimIcum .1

form much mort; than o or G per cen.. of lie' \vtii;ht
of tiie guano. In Saldanh,-. Hay guano to' pr"l'''i"-
i'ui)) ol phosjihates \a as much greater, and ot or^:;:inic

> •Ill- 1- li/iiii(ji-. 114 ■■ - |--

from the hirger work, "Lectures on A-ricultural i '"'*^^^''' ^'*'^^- ,

Chemistry and Geology, by the same auihor." so fa '^' ^^'' ''«^'^^««^ ''''^'" of guano, and the consoquont
Torably known here and in Fun.pe as a profoi.nd, n.
less than truly practical wriier on ibcs(vsubiects. Tb(
present work should be in ih.» po.ssession of everx
farmer, and is perhaps in a more useful form thai:, .,..,.^
the larger, and more strictly scientific one from which ' ISU,'
it is condensed. The information it caitains is in-] i'^^-

importance of preventing alult(M-ation as far as pos
sible. may be iudLi;e(l ol' 1 Vom threi* important tacts:

a. From the amount ol the importation of it \uio
this counti'v, which, duiiu"- the last ten \ ear>, l»;i-'^
been as folh>WS : —
V'ears. Tons, j

2,SSl I

£0.;;'j8

Years.

1847.

184S,

ISdO,

1850,

ISol,

Ti>ns.
82,000

71, in

8 ;,4.]8
1 1 r,.'>':5

24:),fdO

dhpensahle to every one ^^hu wishes to pursue the ^ }'^|]' wY'^^'A

cultivation ol the soil nndcrsfawlinnhj, that is with a isd:>[ 28;i',*i<^'0

knowledge of the principles on which all successlul l84ti! 8!>!i:0:i

practice must be based. To give some idea of its ^- That the quantity in^portcd in 18.31 would sen

practical character wo quote bcdow portions of a

chapter on Guano. It is published by S.ixton, and

can be had at the agricultural warehouses and bouk-

for upwards of two millions sterling, and widi ^^^^^
manag(Mnent ought to produce two or three times its
own value in grain or vegetable food. In other ^^t>^
h a yearly supply of guano is equal to the lallJO^

sue

ipn.ri

FAf SloCK

Ti')

■"'«■ 3i**.V- n-mt

tation of foreign grain and other produce to the val"
ue of ir<)tn f )ur to six millions st rling.

c. It also serves as a stimulus, while it suppljo*;

e of the requisites, to the gener.al introducLion of

one 01 i'''' I l'»ii»*">v.v.', o' iu«: ;^CMei;ii niLIO

improved methods of agricultural practice

lates to the quantity and (piality of foo-l which oughfe
t" l)e coiHuni'Ml dutin;.'; thai po-iod.

N\ bat, for instance, is tlie daily waste upon ^n ox
<•( FMt imperial stones, carcass weight, wlien H'.ui tO
the metropolis, between the time it leaves home un-
til slau;;hter(M|, and what the (pianMty and (pialify
of foo<l which such an ox ought to consume, :ind the
tr(\itment it sliouM otlnonvise rc'M>iv(\ so as to main-
tain It at this W(>ight umbeerioral d in (piality? 'J'lio
amount ol daily waste wid ijep. rid \i^vy mucJi upon
the constitutifui of the animal, tie; -tateofihe weath-
er, food and treatment, prior to leaving fiotne, us well
as upon the food and tr(>atment Ix^twc en home and
t!ie Hhambles, consequently, from the divc'rsily of
constitution, food and tri.'atment, there may scarcely
b(» two animals in Sinilhtifdd of tliis weight, wlioso
daily wa^te is equal. A five-year-old Highlander or
(billoway, for instance, aiuiustomed to cMM-cise, ox,
posure, and inferior food, may lohc litlh; more, com-
paratively speaking, than the onlinary daily waste
in the straw yard, prior to le.tving home; and this to
a certain amount may he repaired by the quantity
of hay consumed — a species of food soinewhat bet-
ter than many of this class are yet accustomed to at

Maiiajjeiiieat of I*' AT .STaChL by the IXutchcr be-
fore btlnj;^ Slaughtered.

As the yiraetice of selling fat cattle, by tlieir live
wei-ht deducting a certain per centag(» for loss, in
efT.iI. i'^ h'''' ming very general among our feeders,
we copy the following article from the P^nglish Agri-
t'ultural (la/.i'tt", which contains scjuk? valuable hints,
no less for the I'armer than the But(dier and eonsum-

I »■ • bill...! .••••■•J w. ....... v,n«.,.» imiKj yi.L •fcx.^vu -my iin.iA HJ %\%i

or. Th" supjdy iA^ hralUii/ inoiit, to a population like j home, while on the other hand, tin; (piiekly grown

that of P!iila(hd!)hia, is of L^rtat importance, and de- ! short iiorn or Hereford, accustomed to better food and

peuds Ncry much on the treatment cattle are subjeet- i "•"•^^'"'■"V '^''^ ^'"^'; "as attain.Mi to Lins weiglil ny

,,..*, , . 1- , , r ■ . 1 ^''«' time It has cmnpleted it.-i scH'ond year, will be ia

ed to ,n tie. drove yards, immediately l)eforc going | ^^ .^^^^ different position, r,r at this age their bones

into the haml-^ (d the Butcher, The account in (air | will b(.' comparatively green, their hoofs soft and ten-
last nunib'-r of the afnises (.f the cattle yard in \ew I <•''•'. i^"'l their whole syntem in an artificial state, de-
York, should arrest the attention of cit'y authorities. | '"'^"'^i'^^^ treatment very different from that which
, . • I they generally rec(Mve, In two examples of this

Ihe inspection ot meat now we belle^e, exte,wb. only i^j,;,} [\,,. patter may los.) wei;rl,t at the rate of 2 im-

t' its exhibiti(Hi in th'- shambles. What is positive- perial stones daily, while the f )rmer mav not e.Kcecd

]y ofTerrive, and in a state of deeompositi.ui, is con ^- ^^'^'^ dil}eren(;e.s almost as great may exist In this

respect between individuals ot any one bree<l. Some

(leinne(l by the inspector-, and would be rejected
^vithMut them. But there is reason to believe, a large
flmount of unwh(de».(,nie meat, is in that condition /jr-
furr being shnightered, and in* d</ubt is th(; unkn .wn
cau,^e of disease. The inspection to be tliorough and
cfT.'ctiial. sh.aild e.\tend to the drove yard>:, no less
than to tile shambl s. In trav(dlin;r over lino-land
ami Scotland, for miiuo .'* or 1 months, (and we have
heard (d' similar remarks ]>v others \ we do not recol-

short horns, for instanci;, of th* best symm(!try, are
very active and hardy, aufl easily satisfied as to qual-
ity of food: and, tlK'refor(\ the daily waste upon them
may not b(^ the hall of what it is in others of the
same breed possessing inferior constitution; and th6
same will be found true ol HuMjIord^, Peyons, Gallo-
ways, tte.

The food and treatment ed the ox between the stall
and the shambhvs is a mori^ cotnple.x qiu'stion, hrdna
surroun<led by many more diflioultie^-, than that of
daily waste. As a general ruh; it may he laid down

let (if meeting on either [)ubdie orprivate tables, with i ihat'the (/X should rec,»dv(^ the same species of food
tiaigh or stringy beef ,,r mutton. Altliough we have' after it leaves lumie, until within \2 hours of being

0--

occas

ioiial

Iv in our countrv as fine, t(Midcr

meat as •hin;;hter''d, that it has Ixvn aei.'ustouaed to; and tha^
,, ' ,1 where Turnips, oilcake, ite., aic given — arti(des which

/i/ If tr/ w >, I ! ' . . ' '

, . . , , . ... 1 I wnere i urnips, oiieaKe, iv,e., ai c! iriven — annues wnicn

18 ever seen there, it is not '•! that nirtirifih/i/ ijood i „• i r. r »i i f i ^ ^ i i i

' -' >^ atle.ct the' (piality ol the but(dier-meat v.hen slaugh-

character. There is more, muck more of a different I f.^ed— these sliould be changed before lea.ing homo,

Itind met with here, than there is in England. Tin
reason we ha\e no doubt, is owing (o a IfOtter under-

Ptaniliiij; there, of the Fcicntifie rationah' <d fcMling

ti; I littening, and after mfnuif/cmenf.

'1 he feeding and mana:'e;n 'iit •[ iat .'^Toti; imine-
lately prntr to being slaughtered, it is asiil>i 'ci (piite
as int(M-estin;i; to the farmer as to the buteh -r; f.r if
the whole weight Which left the feeding-box, were
placed in the scales, the former W(»nl I be a gaimu-
by the (lifTerence between this weight and that of the
carcase when slaughtered--the actual weight whi(d;
the latter now pays for. There are tw<t very im-
Pj>rtant practical (juestions involved in this subject.
■*he (tne relates to the daily amount of waste which
takes plac(» under the various modes of management
during marketing fr »e- the time stock leaves home
^i»Lii j-d to to the slau::htcr-housc: and the other re-

0?

If

and others, su(di as bruised oats or other coin, kuI>-
stittited ill 'Ic'ir plac;*; also tlia^ Irc'Lhiirat aft"i- leav-
iii" home ."-hould be as Himilar to trealmiuiL Ijeioro \%
as possible.

The raliowilc, of ihi^^ nyaetico ia sufUciently ol a lousy
It is that whii h i.-« erideavored to Ic e.iriie ! t>iii a^
all our great cattle shows, ami ih' didiiailty tlierf! ex
|)ericnce<l is to get cattle to consume a sutlieiemty o
food. Pamp'-red nature overloaded witii fat, eve
active to me"t the exigenci(\s of her situation, feidij
rather di'-poseji to thro^v off the burden than main-
tain it al MO overpowering a weigh'., and tiie samd
laws will regulat(' Icr coudiiet between the hn-ding-
b(»x of the fanner and the slaughter housi! of tin)
butcher. The progress lately made amongst faruu'r*
in the art of feeding, both as regards fo(»d ami house*
holdaccommodatiim, andtheeaily maturity of breeds
and the change in our commercial policy affording

41

M

srf.%

.../a^-

L<di^J

280

nriTO pnKSSKf) MKATS-TOOFFSSOR LTKBIG

nn ainplo supply of clioap crn to l.utclipr^, enable
both parties to adopt the host poliey whi(th science
and experience can dictate. And tll.'v .should endea-
vor to act in accordance with one anoihei'.s int. Test-
tor if the fanner, for instance, feeds his ox on th,' foil
allowance of Turnips and oilcakr up to th-' huur it
leaves for market, as is too fre.pi.ntly tlie case, it
may often be impossible for the; drover, salesman,
and butcher, to introduce tiu' necessary , I.hm-m „, .^

I'ilUFKSSOR LlKniir'^^"^'^"^"*'-

-Mli. Ml)lTnK: -

i have no doul.t l,,!r tli;it it will Kq
considered the hoi-ht ef prosompfiori in i , i • r
to present to the public butcher-meat in.d.iterioiMtrd "'''^- ^" =^^^'^"M't to ,;riticiso the ^v^iti^". ,,} .,u>h

poultry, iresh meat choice fruits, -ame. &e.
bir":e scale. * "'

-••►

in quality, hor a io\v diys, for instance. befon> th-
ox leaves home it should ]>-^fo,] purpos-dv with a yi.>w
of improvinnr the (piality ..f its H,,.},; f„V a is a well
known tact that turnips, .-ihako, and srveral other
articles contain .■lem-nts whi-h, iM-in- ivadily al)sor-
bed into t!»e system, tend to deteriorate the (lualifv of
th(! nil at. '

Oriio T)RFssrn Mkats in \,;u' Y,,rk in Ai(;ust.
~Wr din.-d yesterday uimu a^ fin." a (piart.-r of laml)
as \vr vxrr taste<l, \yhicji was butehePMl in (Columbus,
Oliio, and brou^rht here in a r-fri-erator can, by rail-
roa<l. and wo rxpfct to dluc (.. -nioiTow upon a pair of
fine fowls, as sweet as th.-u^I, ,l,-,..s..,l tu-day. wlii.h
ca!ii.' in tlio v.un-' \va\-. IT at.y of,, or readers .lesire
to satisfy theniMJves that our meats may be all butch-
ered in Ohio and sent to ns in perfect order, they e...
do 8o by callin- upon D. Tiiton. \,.. s Washington
>Tarkct, \\\\ . f(n-niv!,,.,l us wiili t\,r al) a-e spe,-im7'ns.
We are ^lad to * lironi.-Ie this event. tlhoj-h not a yej-y
new (me, as lar^re (pnintities of ;;ame ha^y«> Ixmwi sen't
Iiere from the West in the same way, because it
proves how eas- the thin- can be done, and how
much better It would be to have our meats hrou<:ht
ready dre.^^ed fmm the (-xintry. thus s:iyin;^ ihe^a-
bomimibl.* nuisances .,t bull H-hts and eow-^hases in
the streets, uiid ^nitters ..f ^^ore anion^ the dw(dlin;rs
of women and ehil.lren. Sueeess to the enterpris7'.
It thos.' ^^ho are en-ai^ed in tb>' enterprise will -rive
us the reports we will puMi^li every aniyal — AVu;
iork fribune, Au<^nst ,\\.

The al)ove article from the New V..rk Tribune, is
a striking illustration, (^f the elianM;es IVoni the usj
of steam, in the condition ( f the country compared
with tw-Mity years a,i,n). Spaee is now measured by
time, and by the aid ,,f refri-re-ator cars, provisions
already prepared for the cook on the s(>aboard, can
l)e safely transj)orted fri)in bHx) miles in the in*(^rior.
The future President of t!i" Tni ted States, who is
now said to be '*runnin;r barefoot amon'" the huekle-

a man as Liebig. Vmi as a n.).,r m.vhanic was pp.-
mitted to criticise the work of the ;;rcatest artist ',f
Greece, I also may be tolerated in ol j.,.ti.;^ to ^,C^
every practical farnuT knows to 1,,^ wroi?^ in tl.o
theories of Liebi;:. provided, that like the «hocinak.r
of Athens, I stick to my last.

Liebi>!; may be a ^M-eat chemist, but for the want
of a practical knowledge (.f an;riculture, ho has mL]..
the most glarin- mistakes, and, if full, .wed. wo,,],}
have caused farmers more loss than multieaulis,
Ibdian potatoes, and f'hilian [!;iiano united.

For th.« {>urpo,e ,,f siiowin- what a Yankee cliom-
ist thinks (d" Lie}-i;:'s tlwories, I should ],p nui,].
ploased if you would re-raiblish l>ior...c,.j. ^^,rtnn'(|
communication, which jou will find in the Patent
Office Ileport for 1 >o 1, pa-e 7; as in )ny humble
opinic n it contains more common sense, and practi-
cal kn(-wledn;e, than any thing preyiouslj written hj
agricultural chemists in Europe or America.

1 should not have called your attention to this
>ubjeet at y)res.'nt, but for the very high terms in
which Dr, Emerson spoke of Liebig, in his address
to the f.iruK rs of this county, at our agricultural ex-
hibition, last Se|.tcniber. I shoiild not hr>ve been
surpris(Ml at sued) )irai>e fro-m a meie theorist, hut
from a practical man, like' the D.je'tor, I must eonlV--^
it did surprise' me.

It ought not to discourage agri(;ultural chemists U)
\)b told, that so far they have ))een of no pecuniary
advantage to farmers. Even Dr. Emerson admits
that the Belgians and Chinese make laml produce
the heaviest crops the world has ever seen, and they
certainly know less of chemistry, and in fact use le.^s
mineral manure than farmers generally do, cither
in this country or Euro[)e.

Agricultural chemistry may be compared to a tree
hat is planted, has grown, ami may havij hlossomed,

berry bushes of Oregon." miy (m-(> Lnt: be able to

bring his berries to the Atlantic coast Ire^h as picke<l

' j I -rt'^ •■■ 'J . ■'.- -,

(>n a pleasant marker trip of .a hw days, mid i)ed<lle , but acs yet has born no fruit. Eut I hop.; to seD the
th(Mu aJMiig the streets olWcw Voik and Fhiladel- j day, when mu(di that farmers have discovered, by

groping in the ilark, and mu(di yet to bi^ discoverel,
will l>e made as jdain as noon-day, by the aid ot
, chemistry. IJut so far it lias le en our own cxperi-
oourse of trade in the present age of womh^rs, ))ut it \ <mic ■, and the experience of others, as given in ^%-
would not be extraordinary if the plan h»r shiught^M-- I ricultural publications, that has given us ourstrung-
ing and dressing meats, far in tlie interior, thu,

pbia, llius giving the good people in thos,^ two (dties,
an opportunity to see film

it is difficult to m:ike any calcuhitions as to tie

avoiding the expense of transporting so much oflal
should bo found clieaper than bringing the Hyo an-
imals. In ice houses on vessels, fresh provisions, are
kept safe for many weeks, and ice cars or refrigera-
tors, could readily be constructed for transporting

est light.

It was seeing what others are> doiug, that brougn*
the turnip husbandry ii^n the continent to England
and guano from Peru to the United States; introdu-
ced plaster, lime, bone dust, under draining, 8ub
soiling, rotation of crops, &c., Ac.

1853!

OROWK' \\\) MlVFKAb MAM f^ES.

281

li is tho practical success and example of such
monas Messrs. Dickeys, of this conn y, and "a few
more of tho same sort," (as the razor strop man
would say,) that we are drawing the most brn.tit
from at pres'Mit. V. W. I.

We cheerfully comply with our corrcspendent's
suggestion. 'i'lie following is the communication
alluded to.

majority of cases the product is augmented. \:\<\y
finn.r xvho has observe<l m ittn-. in;elli;;e'ntly kn^ws
that tho ahove statennoits are eorreet; indeed, they
Icui; heen so far ai-pln-d in practice, that tlu; '(|uan-
lity of ammonia which any manure contains is ta-
ken as the highest standard .if its \alue. A guano,
for in.-tau.'e, with tin; UM,a! p-r centa;^e of animo-
ina, will hnn^ twice as nnirl, as one whi.h contains
lU'lc ammonia, .vrn thou;;!! this delicieiiey i.s re-
placed l.y th(! niM.it yaluahle possihle mineral con-
stituents. 1 mu^t not Im' understo*Ml to say that min-

eral manures are not valuable; on the 'contrary, I
have the' highest opini.)n of them, and reeonnni'iid
their appli(-ation in almost all eases where my advice
is asked. The mineral constituents of the plant are

AvMVTievr, r.AnoitAToRV, Yalc College,
Xew Haven, ( ■onne'cticut, Oct. 24, lsr)l.

Eds. OF Cultivatok:— The subjeMjt which 1 have
piae.d at the head of this letter is not one which can ; no h ss indispensahle"than"iirorganic part, and if
»„. folly di<eu s.-d ,n a sing e page of your j.)urnal; j one or two of them are absent fn)m the soil the
,n ! V. t It IS one of so much importance, that I de- | jdant will not flourish. Thero are many'inst inees
sip. to .nake a fe^v explanations and statements re- | of these special d.dicieneies. which special mineral
gardue^Mhe shape Nvhich It has now assumed among , manures alone will supply, an.l there are certain
Keeoitite- iinui. U hen I mention the "mineral ma- | mineral substances which have been found esnccially

leir'' iic'iU'V,

I speak of- that view of manures Valuable. Th.^nost ValuabJe (Jall'these Tnh(.>^
w!,ie!i asenle's all. or nearly all, of their efli.^aey to ■ phoric acid. Now, the phosphates-that is,the>oi
th''lr uiin'T al (^on -^titiu'iits. The principal .......

f)al ^iip|)(tr- 1 p(mnd.s of this acid— are m.t n^ore necessary to tho
ter. and. lud.'ei, the originat.)r, ol the theory, is jdant than are the alkali. -s, hut the supply i^ far
Professor ble^u^ This distinguish. m1 ,;l„>mist, dis- | more apt to be scanty; and ihis-iiot its intrinsic im-
tinjruished no less by his clear and lucid style than | portanco to the plant— is the cause .,; ... .... .oi-
ly !,m high scientific reputation, was f,r a time d- yaliie to the farmer. The same principle applies
voted to the "ammonia theory," exehiding those | when we say th.at nitrog(!nous manures, of which
mineral manures to which In' now attacdies so much , ammonia is tin; most common form, are more valua-

import iiiee. A f''W years siui-.'. howev(!r, he saw
cause to change his ground, an 1 has since ledd that.
if wc furnish mineral manures in aloindane". plants
will, without (bmbt, always oljtain tiedr aiuuionia,
or rath'T niirogen, from the atmosphi-re of tin; soil.

l)le than others known in agriculture. They are
volatih'. easily decomposaide, and very soluhie; for
all of these reasrms, they are extremely apt to dis-
appear most raf)idly. 'fhese manures, then, :iro
Worth mor*; to the iarmer than any others, heeauso

In pursuance of tiiis idea, he' went s(j fir as to they are most likely to b<! nee led, and b(;cause their
cornp en.d, afier a careful study of ash analysis, spe- ' scarcity renders it somewhat difficult to obtain \s
cifiv' iniu'Til manures f )r wheat, rye, oats, turni[)s, ' good supply.
Ac, which wer" to take effect upon all soils in a
proper physical condition. Tiie failure of tliese
Bpecifio in mure-, which were patented in Fngland,
wa-^. as ui uiv <d vour readers are aware, yerv de-

1 make tinese statements fearlessly and confident-
ly, although against so high an authority as Liebeg.
I should not presume to differ from him on mere
the()retical gr(»unds. but I ff!el that I am here sus-
^'i'^'^'"- I hid supp.seil the subject rather at rest, ' tailed bv almost uniiorm practical results. It must
but find that, in the last edition of Professor Liebig's I be acknowledge*! that we have occasional instances
"L«^tters on Cheiu'stry," publisheil so late as the | rejiorted of plants grown upon soils nearly or quite
coinMi"uc"nie'nt of the present {)ear, he reiterates his \ destitute; of vegetalih; matter; but in m(;s"t of these
form i- \ie\ys on this subject in a most decisive man- that have fillen under my ohservation, the fact of
ncr. atel prophesies that our future agriculture will the entire absence of vegetable, and particularly of
dep.'ii I upon them, however mu(di we may distrust nitrogenous matter, has not been sufficiently estab-
and di^h(dieve them now. I have also had occasion lished. The infi^rmation that they give is neither
to oh-'crvc (juite recently that some gentle'inen of high entirely definite, nor W(dl e'n(jugh made out, by cjU-
st oiling aiiion;j^ our scientifi(^ men follow Eiehig in j tinuous and careful experiments, to be set offsigainst
this a- Well as in other theories. For these reasons | an array of facts brought forward in favor of the op-
l iia\e til ought it best to express my own opinions posite view. Single experiments, for a single year,
on tins coutesteil point, in order that our farmers . must always be lookcMl ujion with distrust until ain-
may he aware that all chemists do not h ohl to views I ply verified: and it is by mainly trusting to such, so
which militate almost directly against tin; ordinary i far as we are inf )rmed, that the exclusive miniual

results of' fu-aetice.

Mv le'lii'f' was that, when Professor Liebi;; advo-

theory has been luiilt up. The laboratory alone is
pretty sure to g(j wrong when it attempts to fire-

C:^tc 1 fji,. '-amiuonia theoi-y," he was nearer ri;:ht I scribe rules for practice. The (diemist must e;o into
ii'auheisnow, wleui li" only admits tie; necessity the field and study actual experience if he would
of mineral m mure; not that he was riirht then, Imt serve the farmer effectually. It has bee-n mv int<m-
juat better results would, in most cases, be obtained j tion to experiment somewhat largely upon this par-
ley the fanner in the use ,,f ammoniacal or nitroge- ticular subj.'ct; but in the last number of the Jour-
nuus manures alone than by the use (,f mineral ma- ual of the lloyal Agricultural Society of Kn^l and is
nures alone. We find land in all part> <d the coun- , a paper of Alessrs. Lawes and (Gilbert, that almost
try where strictly mineral apjdications, such as lime, lu-ecludes the necessity of doing any thing iieTe.
P'i^^t'r, marl, &c., fail to produce any marked effe(;t; These genth^men have been exf.erinn'nting on a

out it upon any of our fields we apfdy guano, or
"ulphate, or carbonate of ammonia, the character of
Uie yegetation is at once changed, its color alters,
iM luxuriance and vigor increase, iind in a great

large scale for the last ten years, and their i' -ults
are clearly and admirably set forth. They took a
field at the close of a four years* rotation, when tho
manures added at the commencement of the course

i

•ip:-

^'ad/*ai.

282

gnsaaKjxjr: iwrwi*

OKGAMC AND MINI HAL MAM'TU:? JAPAX PEA. &c.

wero exhausted. Un tiiis ground thoy liave (Miltiva-
tcd whoac for ten years un(l<>r vuimis conditions.
One plot remained unnianured, aiid the pnnliu'c^ of
this HCTved as a stand ird and a startinLr [tiMnf fnr
comparison during; the whole period. 'I"hu^, if its
yiehl in iS-if) was scviMiteen hushels per acre, the
improvement over this in an ;i(ljoinin<^ plot, othcr-
Aviso the pame, was set down to [\n\ a(lvanta<;o of
whatever manure had heen eniployed. Such a sys-
tem of croppiuf]^, eoritimif 1 f(»r so lonr^ a time, ob-
viously affords I'.vsults that are worthy of luueh con-
fidence.

ry, he will imd that, i„ f,rariia; he ran hcst iff.,
to;.nveahi;;h price lu those in:ii.ures--e8pecialiv
that are rich in ammonia or 8omo other cornnm.n;
ot nitrogen. ' ^

Yours, very trulv,

d()lIX !>. XOIITOX,

4»»

Jauan Vva,
Messrs. I'ditors: —

J hphrst years comparative practic" was dence rehttin;^ to the Japan Pea" conio,! ;, ,
made with various approved mineral manures -vlono I XT , v r . ' ''^"

It was foun.l that, even by the addition of bir^^rc , "''"'^ •^"•"' Vour Journal was, no ,]oul:t. n,ul with
quiintitieH of these, the increase of product over the ; "^^^'^*'«^ '»y m:uiy, and excited some curio.sit3. ^^
unmanured plot was but triflinj^. In the next vear j account of its successful culture in our countv" {
the same character of mineral manures were\Mn ' ,,n offer ot see 1 mav also prove a.avr.table "
])h>yed, but with the addition in several eases of am- 1 ..m ,• .- • i 'i , ,• ^ '

moniacal or nitrogenous substances. In all of these i , \'i<* ^»»-^tiii-ui-hed and liberal II )rti.-ultun ,t of
the efbu't was quite marked, the yield increasing; to ! '*^i'''''"^^ '^'^''^^^''h^^'rujer Pr(\sident of the( anciruiatl llur
t<Mi. twelve, and f )urteen bushels, alx.ve the uiuna- ' ticultural ^^ocietv— kindly sent me by ni lil i- , i
m.red plot. This, in short, was the character of all ; each containin;^ n.r... of'sai.l p.>as;'wlih din..:''"
the results; sometimes ammoniacal manures nione i , i , , „„ ' -^ ' ^^ 'ii» <J'i' a. >ns,

%vere added, and then the increase was several times : ^' """ '"'^^ 'M»-^rt- Ili<'y were s,. plam^.l, ull
more tlnin by mineral manures alone. One experi- : ■^''^"^^'' ^^^^^ ^''^' product is now gathered, luuiiir m.^.
ment was very strikint^ : fuir hundred wei«rht nor tur*^! perfectly.

acre n( Lie}>iL^'s snecial mineral manure for"wh..u. i One stalk, h feet IdMi and ^3 feet m c'rcuirf ran
was applied to a plot, and ).r.Mluced an increase of! ,, ' , ''"^ j"/^" ^" ^'^^^'^'^-rance

' * ' .... .. ' n«'ar the ,i,-r(anel, produc<'(l <41 pods, (,{ quart, by

but ab(;ut two or three Inislids upon this same plot
in the next year. A pundy aiiimoniacal manure
pave an increase often or twelve bushels. To niake
tho experiment still more conclusive, no manure
was added to this plot for the ne.xt cr(,p. ami the
yield then fell again almost to the ori<5inal stand-
ard.

These trials seem to me perfectly eonclusiv(» in
this matter, so far as wheat is concerned ; they

measurement,) most of wliich eontaiieMJ ,,),lv t^vu

seeds ''a(di.

To interested friends of hurti;ulture seed will be
liiniisled up ,11 application. For a full description
of its introduction, growth, appearance and botanical
bistoi-y, r(>('Triu'e may be had to the correspondence

»i ♦ 1 • .^' •' alluded to altwv-'.

]uo\e that ammoniaeal manuics increase* its rrowth

far more than mineral manures, where both are al- i ^"''■'"" p''''-^<>'i'^l eX[MTJenee nothiii!: ean be siild of
ready present in moderate supply, and that the ad- ! '^^ edibb' prop(M-tirs, but a form"'- r.-sidrnt of l/sli.ri
dition (d; any amount of the latter will do little wIih has seen it here, spcaksi n term. o[ praij=e of

good unless the former be also present. These
views are still further sustained by ;x very able pa-
pier in one of the late French scientific' journals.
The e.xp<M-iments in this case were made upon oats,
and wei(> between fnty and fifty in number. Thev
commenced by <';rowiii;; tluMn out in sand, first de-
]»rived of every thin*; soluble by acid, and then
burned to draw off all vegetable matter. In this,
as miL:;!it have b(M>n expecled, no perfect nlants weri'

its superior ipialltievs lor tabbi use in PortUL^tl.

J. K. M^IIELMAN.

(^enisle, Oct. Ist, ISo;].

-•♦^

l^'oot Hot in Sheep.

AVe ob-cr\e in one of our f;)rei;;n exv!hari;_'^>s, "pa-
tent L^'Utta Pcrcba lieot.'=','' have been invented.f! i- u?('
produced. One miri(M-al s bsrance after another was ' in this very tronbIes(,nie and conta;:lous .liso:iS(>,

addi'd, until at last it was found that, with a C( rtain ' * . ^ -

series of thcin, tiie plant flourished better than with
anv others. It, liowc\cr, was still fir fn-m Inxnii-
ant, or from yieldino;a fair nmount <d" <;iain. It was
lint until some manures containini.r nifro^rMi bad also
])een added tlia; entirely liea llliy,' fertile" and st rotur
]d;in;s w.'i(> obtained. TIe'se e.xp.M'i ments app^'ar to
have b: -n \ ery carefully cimducte b Mn 1 firnisb im-
portant conformation to those of M'-is. Lawc.s and
Gilbert.

There are other questions involved in fbeso ex-
periments, whi(di for want of space cannot be dis-
cussed here. The main point is, I think, fully es-
tabli^dled. The firmer may supply special d'fi-
ciencies f)y special mineral manures, and should aim
to keep up the supply of mim>ral substances in the
8(m1; but he cannot render it fertile, and continue it
80, with them alone; Ire must also supply nitroj^en
in some form, and will find it in a jjjreat majority of
cases the most important and efficacious of all ferli-
lizjrd. In dcs[)ito of (hcorclicul views to the contra-

aiuoii;'; sIkm p. They Iv' ep the feet dry and u iri:), up n
cold wet laiel, prevcn. contagion, and arc said to en-
tir(dy < ure the rot. The remedy is hi^y;h!yrceoinmon-

(led by the Yorkshin; a;;ricultural society.

Agi: of i!'nEKr— How hi.ii;i:.-.:i.\EP.— TI.e a,::'^ of
.-beep may be known by the iront teeth. Th'y J^i'<^
ei;j;lit in number, and apipcar all of a size. In the
second year the two middle ones fail our, and tlicir
place is su|)])licd by two lar;^(; ones. In tin; tlnru
year, a small tooth on each side. In the fi)urtli year,
the lar<;e teeth are six in number. In the filth ypar
the ^vlude front teeth are lar«; '. In the si.Kth your,
tb(> v.li(de bn';i;iu to ^ot Worn. Ill i bo Hcveiitli ye.ir,
the \N bole tall . u', or arc; broken. It is said *-li:it tho
te:th ol the ew(;s be^in to decay at five or six, tliuse
of ^veathers at seven.

Ltd no man be ashamed of doin;; ^vhatever is ne-
cessary in liis situation.

P

18531

T^IODUCER AND COXSUMMU TAXXI.V(J LKA'IIIKII.

283

|»rerturrrs and ConsuinerH. ruiA ^< i i > .», ,

000, ol NNbe b ab-ut IN) prr eonf. won' pronts Tbii

"Whatever may be llKM.-ht about the expediency of is ind.-pendont .d' wr:ir ami t<-ar, whi(di is by no

the ftbnoHt numb. M less }>nrhrs into v,hi(di tlie p(i»|dr '""''^i"-^ a small itrm, particularly with surh s|dfndid

of the I'nitrd StaKsare divided, particularly nf ,.ur "\"'! *''^1."'"^'^ '' Inrnlture and appoint nnu.ts. Thocost

„en,..n..,,e.r.us.u..o N,-. v,„.,„ „.; •,. . ;t':;:::;.:;:^r;:o;;,r';:ir; ::-::;'■ ^roi"f

last but two realhj (jrcat parties m ibis fiaintrv. and Six stinr^s; ,,.wl -mi ,.......:,.,. . . .i ' .' i

it is with thes(» only that a barm Ji^urnal has any-
thin;^ to do. viz : producers and consumers. A \i>i

tor in Pliilad' Ipliia, 'in either (d' the two ju-iiiripa'
inivrket <lays in tin- we(dv, upon seeing tin? miles of
probiee. fish, tlesh. fo .1 and ve^^i-table, tie., in every
,;orK'eivable variety, alon<^ the ^reat thoroughfares
would almost womb.'r how they (;oubl be all absorbcil

...« .>'..!, v^.i-, .,-^l■t,o^^f. i.roton water rmt. :M,(Min.
try. and Six staM;(>s and *Jii rarria-.'s ;vr.' <'onstanll y miph.ved

in tr in-p<u-tin- |.avs..n;:.rs to an. I fiMni t"he le.toi.—

Ihiiiu;;tli" year several public dinmu-s were i^nvm at
till, h.ais.'.^tb.' last of wlTudi was tic Crysta? Palac(i
bampiet. 'I'w.) splendid balls were ^ivcn', one by tho
proprietors and one by the quests, besides this a^ hop
has been ;^iven on Wednesday evening; of eacdi w<M'k
throughout the dancing; s..iisoii. It recpiiresmen with
talents of no ordinary character, and pockets of no
ordinary depth, to put into operation and carry out
Ol riM's^ul 1 1 1 M' uii/'li oil I IX •«<..». ... .... t .. I a: . . I . ... L .....I

, ^. , ,, ', ,, i ""l>":i»\v 'l''pflh to put into operation and carry out

,,,1,1 the farmers be able to bend home\\^ard with successfully, such an immense establishment,' and

.aiipty wa;;ons. We copy^ below a few statistics of ^^■<' J^re j^bui to learn that the M.'ssrs. L(dand, in ev-

the coriMimptron of a sin<:;le one out of the many ho- 'T-Y P'V''^'^'" '^^'^ '"^^'' realized their most san^^uine an-

, • \- v 1 1 • I -n • -1 r ,1 ticipations. Their house is literally the Metroriolitan

fdsm .New York, which will ^ive some idea of the ' <• /i., ., *. r 'V\ n »ii i -* ^"M"""'"'

^ <d the metropolis. i he Crystal Palace and (»ther at-

way pn.visions are made to yanish, and which we ^ tractions in New York have drawn thousands of

think will bi' interestin;; to our rcadcu's. We take i •'^tran;;ers to the ("ity, and all tin; hotcds, both ^reat

it from the Xew York Herald and the hotel alluded '^"'^ ''""'^''' *".^^'!' *"'''" crowded, and the proprietors

It from the Xew Y'ork Herald and the hotel alluded
ii the "Metrojxditan." It says:

'lliere i.-^ i/m- cuniiuii.ii iMHiin (U iCilMllILl UdlU

morning till ,ni;^ht, .u- rather from mornin;; t 11
mornui;; a<^ain. The first breakfast table is
f^pr.'ad at five o'ldock in tb.; mornin;;, and until 1

have been coinin;.; money

-•♦►

Circat I)i.^covc^y in Tannlnj^ liCathcr.

In our Scj:)tember number, we j^avt* som<; acee>unt

o'clock the next mornin- the different meals are . "^ a new process ,d tannm- leather, discovered by a
served; at every hour of the day (T ni;;ht, the trav. I- ' •'^I''- I''"cll.>r. Like all very extraordinary events,

""^ "*""'""" * ■ "■ *' " it \v.is recei\< d no dwubt with a e^ood deal of iticre-

dulily, but in a late number of the Luudon (ilarden-

ei's 01ironi(;le, we see it has been pretty fully tested,

mir and {)romises to b(i a highly valuable process. Tho

'1st , editor (>f the Chronicbj cx[)resses the opinion, it will

kll'W • .> I .' Ill

lers arrivine; or departin<!; can supply the inre^r man
with every bi.xury the markt^ts afford. The fi.'iiu.'ut
arrivals ami departures of trains and steamers makes
this indispensable. The consumption of solids and

liquids at this establishment, durin;; the year emlin;: i - .- ^ ^.

>'preinber 1, l^o;;, shows ibat the f)roprietors m.ist , editor of the Chronicle ex[)res.'-

Imve had a ^mall army to provide for. It also sh<,ws ,^.^^.^. .^ serious elb-ct on the owners of w ,o.llaml prop-

that th.'v have <:;iven thfun all the luxuries, as W(dl as i . , i, • • i i • • i • r

the necessaries of lib'. Tlie commissary department *"'*^^' "^ ['''''''' '"''^•^'"' ''>' 'I'd'^-''^-'^^'^^' ^^'^'' P^'^'" ^>f

of the .^^■trop(ditan isav(n*y iuip.u-tant (»ne. Amom''i bark.

tic 1 '-■- -^: . - - -' '^- - - - ^■-

veil
a til I
lain

■— .,-..■., ,jn,i, ,1,-., 11. .HI in..* ..Will 111- 111, — .''"'^^UOILOl illUUIipieL'Tll'^'MUii./iii

: fruits and ve;^etables, valu(\ S20,()()0; brandy | ner, and the establishment, t.

lalitii

I > ' » ^' '■ ■ • i ■•■..■■ . . . . • 1 ,|i M I .-> 1 1 1 i.iiv; V,. Mil 1 1 i I I .11

innnense h. r«js it mu^t rei[nire to supply sindi a lajmcd >inee be b 'j;an.

P"I'uUtion as Xew Yorkconiain-. Tbi^ on Ouiiied ■ ■ ' '- -'• ••••■'

'y» ^viU astonish tlui Vciriitarian Society, and |>erhaps

provKle more effective ar;;uments in favor of cabbage

l»t-'ads and cold slau;ih. The enumeration of these
rcnic oUi 1 *; . , . ,, • .^ . p .1

-—..v., ,n,n Kzonx siaugn. i lie cnumeiaiion oi im-se
Items, altli(m;rh comnrisinir but a small portion of the
•niicles Consumed shows that tli.' anuualexji aelitures
l"Ust he innieTi^^e, and that lar;;e r(>ceipts are n.'ces-
Mry to fiiiaii.^h means to meet su.di an .aill ly. This
luxury and extravagance cannot be support. •<! with-
^J^t great co.st, and the gue-ts who ]>ay bills with
l^'inning totals, must not suppose for a moment that
It all goes into the proprietors' pocket.

I he gross cash rece pts of the Metropolitan II :)tel
^^^* the year cudiu<; September I, 1833, were S^OO,-

a<ly

tie; m irk''t. and aiv;

f m aiMifac-

band>, f"r

ae.juired a bigli reputation in tie; m irk

rapiillv iretting into la\or lor a \ari.'ty .

turiiig piiijioses, especially- lor diiviiiL;

which their superior strength. fl.'.\il)ilit.> , iiinf.a-mity

of texture, and durability, render tleaa .ininentlv

serviceabh-."

The dilba-.-nc" in fjuality of tie- skins thus treated,
and su.di as lia\e been tanned witli Oak bark, (.at-
echu, or similar substama;.-, is r-'pre^raited to be stri-

^t"-" '

284

TANyiVr; T.r.ATlTFTl -dUANO/

Oak-tnnnod leather of 3 8ths of an inoli io tliickness
is incapable of resisting; a Ptrain which Prem.er's
leather l-4th of an inch in thickness wiU resist in

We

i'^iiU

can

hardly over-oMiniafp ^ 'i" "nnurtancp .f
these factH to country ^ciitlfMorr,: f.,r. if jurthoro
perience showH tlirm to l,r iairly stat.-.l, ol w|,i,.|, l^'

half an .no, „. wM.h.an,! 1-,S,1, ,l,i,k, >;av.. w.u- l.or o„ ,u, ,.s,:i„. willl,,.' „„c mm-I, ,.;'''' "

b«»r nil ail estate
iiid all va
new basin.

will t.cconic seriously <lc|,nriutH
and all valuations have to b.3 made upui, an entircl '
new basis. 0

-•♦^

half an inch in width, and l-<Sth " thick, ;;ave way
with a breakin<5 ^vei-ht of 0 cwt. t'd Dis. ; while ox-
hide, well tanned on the ( )ak hark system, and (d the
same dimensiims, could only resisist a strain of 5
cwt. As another illustratioind" the superior streii^rth
of Mr. Preller's leather for drivin<rd)ands, we may
mention a circumstance which was told us at the fac-
tory, tliat on one occasion, to lengthen a driviiif^-
band nia<le <.{' his own leather, he ad<ied to it a pi en'
of Oak-tanned, and that the latter irnxo w.iv in the
p<'rf()rmanco of its work. Sheep-skins, kid-skins,
and some other species of leather, which in general
may be torn asunder in the hands with the exercise
of only a small decree of force, acquire in this pro-
cess a strennth which is (juite surprisincr, of which
we had ('X})erience ourselves when a piece of split
^<he(»p-skin, of lao;e size, w- s put into our hands, and
we were r<'(pn\sted to try to break it,"

Another ;:reat advinta;^e in Pkem-eu's process, is
represented by the same authority to consist in sav-
ing time in the proc(>ssof ])reparing. "Tln^ thickest
<»x-hidr r.Mjuires only two davs and a half to !)<> fully , ., .,

converted by the application of this process, of which I is mid to be the object of the IVruvian Oovei

^^^ '^RFi-T.ER showed u^ an exnmnlr in the hide of a ' '

1.,^,,,, . • 1 -1 •. 1 . 1 'i \ »-i'L liiu. i;i .1 , ^^j accomodai*.' iiie larmers ana Keep the price

large prize ox exhibited at the late cattle show

Under the ni'.st favorable circumstances, it

til-

now re-

({uires four or five weeks' sulijectioii to the tannin"-
liquor. ( rider the old proces>^ (d' tanning, in which
the hides were phiced in the pit, with layers of tan
to separate them, and afterwards filled with water,
a very considerable period has been known to elapse
during the procpss; sometimes amounting to four
years. This old fashioned method has not been yet
comf)letely abandoned for more scientific (mes, a'nd
contrasted with it the great change which this inven-
tion has effected is the more remarkable. The wal-
rus ^kin exhibitiMl in the Great Kxhibition took nj
less than four years to tan; i>ut Mr. Piikm^er esti.
mated that !»y his mode of treatment, the conversion
would be perfect in 00 hours, allowing six periods of
agitation in the drum, ea(di of 10 l.ours' duration.
The economy of time in the conversion of hide is a
circumstance strongly favorable to the practical
working of the system, and is calculated to give to
this branch of industry a degree (jf activity not hith-
erto experienced.''

It is further stated that leather prepared thus, with-
out tan, possesses greatly increased capacity for re-
sisting the passage of water, combined with remark-
able Kupnh^ness; so that for boots and shoes it is far
preferabh' to tanned leather. "When ordinary leath-
er," says our well informed contemporary, from whom
we borrow thes- particulars, "is boih^l'^in water, it
gradually hardens and becomes rigid; and if the op-
eration be ctintinued for half an hour, it will be
found to have assumed a kind of woody texture, and
to have IxHHime brittle. Some descriptions of heath-
er, on the other hand, l)ecome conv<'rte(l into a ma<s
somewhat resemljling glue. When pRi;i,i.Kii's leath-
er is tried in the same way, it gradually ap}>roaches
to the condition of horn, liutit rerjuires several hours
before that state is attained. In its ordinary condi-
tion, as l)etorc observed, it is remarkably supple, and
that (piality admirnbly fits it for being ustvl in the
soles of shoes; for the West and East Indies, in par-
ticular, this quality is highly advantageous, and for
the supply of troops would probably be found to be
attended with economy, and productive of comfort."

Guano.

There have been wide and loud complaints, made
to us by farmers in various directions within 30 milos
• d Philadelphia, (d' the management of the Guano
trade, and tln^ difficulty of getting a supply the pres-
ent fall. So long as there was none in the market
there was no disposition to find fault, but many per.
sons on the faith of the advertisements of the ai^ent
went with their teams often a great distance to pur-
chase for themselves and neighbors, found Guano on
the wharf, but were obliged to come liome empty af-
t(!r waiting several days in the city at great expense
and loss of time. They weie t')ld it was cnua</r(l^
and 3et engagements with them were refused. What

rnmerit,
p tne price down,
by refusing to let itg«i into the hands of dealers, i.sa
praiseworthy moiirc, ])ut it don't work right as now
managed. To say nothing of the rough langua^'e
and reception many have been treated to, and which
Would prr\ent any farmer of sensibility fr< m under-
going, more than onre, even if he had to sacrifice his
crop, the expense of g<»ing several times to the citv,
and remaining some days, brings the price up seve-
ral dollars per ton. We have heard farmers say thcv
would rather pay S5() per ton, than l)e subjected t^
the loss and vexation they are at present. Then agents
and deah^rs in some way or other /tave t/htaitiedGmuo
to our own knowledge at the regular price $44 and have
rcs(dd it to farmers at $55. We know of one person,
who obtained 30 tons, and disposed of it at that price.
The present system is evidently wrong, and should
be (dianged. The laws of trade, supnly and demand
if let alone will regulate themselves better, and be
more satis factory than any attempt to create a raf>-
no|)oly. "We quote the following from the Southern
Plant(^r, as containing some valuable suggestion?.
The subif^ct should receive attention at Washin^f'^n.
as (luano has become one the of indispensable^, and
recent news indicates that the sup})Jy is almost inei-
haustibh\

The KxfHMitive ('ommittee of the Virginia State
Agri(niltural Society at its late meeting, 1 think, np-
pointed :i sub-committee t<» wait upon the President
(d the United States for the jiurpose of hrin-rm.u'
about negotiations with the Peruvian governincnt.
to the end, that guano might be introducedjnto thi;'
country on more favorable terms to the farmer than
at present. The movement is a laudable one. hut
from my recollection of the terms of the res()iiiti'|Ui
if the committee feel itself confined within tip- ^fic^
1 "tterof its instructions, its labors will prove oinoavail.

It is well known that the Peruvian government is un-

\m]

r.iJAXO.

283

der obligations (of the precise nature of which I am
not informed) to the British Government, by which
the revenue derived from th-' exportation of guano is
pledged for the protection of IJritish subjects who
arc creditors of Peru; and if this debt bus not been
discharged it will ja-ove an obtacle in the way of
Buccessful negotiation. Thi'^ if the Peruvian govern-
jjjpnt were sincere, when leeenlly appro;i<died npon
th« subject, appears to be \\\y' root ^^\ the cvil. Slimild
the dtd>t not be a much larger one ili.in 1 \\A\y an}
idea it is, I ])ropos(^ to get nd ..f this evil by l-tting
the baited States apply the surplus revenue whiidi
i.^se rapidly aeeiimulating in the treasury, and will
)„) for >ears lying idle there, to the extinguishment
ul these debts, by lending the amount of the (hdH to
the I'ernvian government and assuming the atitude
ut the principal creditor. 1 am of that sehool whiidi
h;i.s endeavored to confine the («en(*ral (iovernment
within the limits (d" itsdtdegated powers, and can see
no eoiistitutioiial objection to sueii a measure, but if
others iiwre iar-seeing, view the subject dilferently,
there are enough enterprising citizens in the country
who would will ngly tidvance the money nnd relieve
j'crii from the tlirahlom of IJritish cupidity. If this,
or something like it, cannot be; accomplished Ijy ne-
;^n)tiation, or if it could, I would farther propose
ttial eftorts he made to aiiow tree comj>eiition m
hrin;;ing guano to the United States. It is due
to our foiiimercial marine that this shouM be done.
I und"rstand that no v.'ssel is allowed to pundiase
guano or to load at the island, unless chartered by
the Peruvian government. It would not be unreason-
able to ask of that government to fix upon a uniform
rate of cliargcs at tie- islands and permit, vcsscds from
all p.irp. of the world lo load and sell the guano in
what market, and at what price they thought proper.
The pfice would then, like the' ])riee of i'wvy other
article iif c innieri'e, be ree:ulate(l ])\ its value, and
hy the supply and <lem;Lnd. Nijw it is a complete
moiiojxily; and it ap[>ears to me we are allowing the
PtTuvian g(»\ernment (^xtdusive ])rivileges inconsis-
t''iir with the sj)irit of our institutions, and at war
with the rights and interests of our own citizens: for
if Peru has tin? power to establish an agency in the
United States whitdi has alone the ])rivilege of s(dling
Kuano, Kngland has the same right to establish an
aoency with the sole power to sell h(;r cloths, and
France the right to establish one exclusively for the
sale of her silks, &c. There is this differ(Micc, it is
true, in the one -ase the <rovernment cxercls«!S exclu-
Hivn ownership while in the other the subjects of gov-
ornmont are the owners, Put I do not think the
merits of the proposition are materially altered by
thechaiif^ed relation, for governnn'uts might assume
^ho pr.ij.iietorship of every article of couHuerce and
{tnxiuce monopolies of (ivery known commodity
throughout the world. Tln^ mines of Calih)rnia be-
long t(; the United Stat'\s, but it is not pretended that
this gov«!rnnn;nt wt»uld have the right to establish an
a^say oflice in London under the c;intr(d of an agent
^vho should alom; vend the article of gold. If tlie
right exists it would be impolitic; to exercise it; and 1
am utterly amazf^l, that in the case of Peru it has
been so long tohjrated by the government of the
United States. The only explanation which can )j(,'
g'von to it is, that the rights of that portion of the
community have b(,'en (diielly invaded who su]>mit to
©very burden and every imposition without nnirmur,
ana\vli(j jire so wra[)ped up in tlieir high and noble
calling that ihey would rather suffer wrongs, enjoy-
ing the peace of their own firesides, than gain their
Tights by agitation. No other class of men would

submit to such inipoHitions, ;iiid I t!ii>t that (iur agri-
cultural societies, which ari- iMultipl\ing in all parts
of the country will bring about smdi eoiubinations of
ini. rests as to make the sting of the crushed v/orm
lelt in Mil ii-i> ways than mo'.

1 liave been hd tn these remarkH by the evils w liich
the agiicultural coiiiniimi!\ Iiave suffered. ;iiid the
wr(jngs they have liorne under the agency (d the Pe-
ruvian ge^crnInl nt in disjiosin;:; of the single ;irti(de
ol guaii'i. 'fhat goveiamient, it is umfer.- t^pod, has
gi\en It;' agent orders to -ell t!ii> arl it le tn iK^ie but
larmers. 'I'he agent /'/ '|ye.v.s7',v to oliey the instruc-
tions (d its master, but it is n-itorious that larmers
cannot get it while niert hants can; and thiio'-s have
been ho manage(l that sjM'culators have got the entire
control of thi' market, and t.airried the priee up to the
enormous and unreasonable sum oi' S^''> p'T ton of
'JOOi) lbs. when the government jirice to the farmer is
only SdC) per ton of li"210 lbs. — a differenec; ol" nearly
fifty per cent., or S'Jd in the short ton. 1! )W is this,
if the Jigent luis aiited in good faith? The inferences
may be naturally drawn that either the prineipjil
agent is grossly ignorant of his duties, or that lu; and
his.v///^.'< have been false to their trust, or, lastly, but
not pr(d>ably, that tli;'^" tricks are done under th(^
connivance (d' the Peruvian ^•uvernment. ^\ hether
tins inlerenee lie just or n(4, i will not pn-t'iel to say,
but I sjH-ak what I know when I assert that fanners
have b( en rudtdy turne(l away without guano by the
principal agent in J'altimore, who have sinee employ-
ed and paid merchants a t'()mmisHinn to buy it lor
them. I, moreover, kn(jw the fact that at haist three
cargoes of guano have b(*en ordered 'o the sub-agents
.11 Ah x:indi la and WashingtMn,ahd \ ei th ■ laiauers on
tiie Poi'iiua'' and Kappahannot k ri\ ers lia\ e Ijcen un-
able to obtain a supply. Me-,^rs. l'\iwle, of Alexandria,
receivedi: Ncrv large cargo, all of whi(di was tuijatjid
hr/'oir ifs fti riraf, and were subsefpi-'ntly to have an-
other smaller one (d eight hundred er a thousand t^ns,
which was ab ) 'iiiiU'jrd. Mr. Fitzhu^h Uoyle, ot
W;rliingt')n, certainly rec( jved one and, perhaj.s,
two large (Cargoes, wliicdi v/ere also en'/(n/'d l» J/yrc
(Jirir (irrirnl. \o\v 1 d • ii'-l clia)"ge eith'-r of tlc^e
^o-ntlemen with distd, eying []\" jiNhli.dnd orders (d
the Peruvian agent to sell to none but farmers, and
at fixed rat(.'s; but yet apj)earances are against some
one; for out <d" this large (pnintity whi(di has arrive*!
at a single | «»rt I cannot count u[> fifty tons in the
hands (d farmers en the rivers mentioned. (It is
true that some was distributed ainonga favored few.)
Whereas, it is a notorious fact that Hj)ecul;.tors in
Alexandria have it in abundanc" at ^ixty dollars p' r
ton of 2, <'()() pounds. If necessary, I will mention
the nane' <d one -a Mr. Masters. Now, h.ov/ did
Mr. Masti rs get this guano, in the face of the de-
claration by th<> P(Manian ag'-nt, that ii(»ne lait far-
mers were to have it, and that at forty six <lolIars
per ton of 122-10 pounds? AVill Messr.s.' Barreda &
Brother be good eiuaigh to inform us? Spe(ailati<rs
in other parts of the ceuntry liav(> it also in any quan-
titi"s at the, f (•normou- rates. It is for sale by them
in Ri< hmond and Fredfri(d<sb'urg, as well as Alexan-
dria, 1 know, and no doubt in all the j.rincipal towns
in the United States, where it is used. Tins state of
things has been acc(;unted for by suqieeting a <Mdlu-
sion"between the agents tmd speculators, supposing
that the excels over the government price is divobd
between tlu'm. I have heard (d such things; but 1
do not vouch for their truth, becauH' 1 know iKilhing
aliout it. Yet there is something myst< rirus in the
attitude of the (luestion; all srcms well arranged to
fleece the farmer; and the public will indulge in its

286

PIJTM TREE WAirrs-

ttn^m^r^tr^f^tt- W«>W^

own conclusions until the matter is cleared up. Tf
the Peruvian a-:ent lias not connived wiih these par-
ties, ho can easily hrinnrthem to a correct account o*
their respective a-;encies, hy rerpiirin;- tliat the names
of parties to whom ^'uano ha^ !„M>n sold an. I the
quantity to each shall he fnniished liim, un.l then tor
Inm to have them i.uhlish(-l in the a;:riculi -n ,i! ni
persof Vir^jrinia and Maryland, with a request that
they will resp„nd to their names; and in this wav,
It will be found whether they are "men in ])tick.

TAin "

n»

ram.

^> arts.

Messrs. Editors: —

A hltiri'x tiin<^ hit i nnw c^iii" for
ni.- to r<M].> -m (lio proniis - in:id.> to ymi <,ii tli-. third
of last I) •(•..|)il> n-. You ai-.' t'tillv awaro of th-' cir-
cumstanc.vs th:it hav pr-V'n.t.'d rn*v d-nij; tliis soon-
er. 1 am n )\v prepared n.»t (inly "to ;^iv' soni'^ ar-
f'ount of tli(^ ins-cts, supposed hy nrin v p.M-sons tu he
iU'^ rAu<r n[' the !)i:i<'k hnot^(n- w;>i-f-, .',n plum trees,
in reply to vmir (MKpiiri.'v;, toL^efhcr with my vii^ws
roneeiiiiiiL; the nature of tli --^e finn.M-.s on tli'e trees,
Init to a<ld thereto the re.^ilt of apjiaremlv <U(;cess-
ful exf)orin\(Mits for their (Miie m-A i\)i' th'^iV pr(»ven-
tion. My comnuinienii'ii nill n'^ct^ssiirilv h' too
Ion;; t.) he inserted (Mitire in ,,ne nouiher of your pa-
per, and it will hardly admit of heing ahridij:;e 1. It
111 ly, therefore, if you thin'^ p-op-r t) print it, h • .li-
vid-.I into several pii-i>. .n 'h nf which iniv lorni ipi
.-n-ti.!.. l.y itself. Ill ler the lirst head, some remark^
will bo mad" upon

r.V .SECTS THAT PuXCTURE PlUM TuEES.

I have carefully read and rellected upon tlie inter-
estin r lorter, addressed to you, on the 17t!i of Novem-
ber, by R.y. Samuel T.. R > '-.woo 1, .,(' U.nisoii, and
liave (>\'-unin(>d the punetored twi;: wliir-li h- then
. 8(Mit (o y>>u. This little twi- cont.iiiieii a row, tlire'>
quarters of an in.'i ! »nj-. (.!' liiile pun •• ir,-. s. extend-
ing obliipieL Lo til,' pi',h. in (,iu-h ot which had been
inserted a mi nut(M\nr;^. Several of these (^;;i;s were
exposed when tin; part, was cut open. Tiny were
oblong oval, of a whitl.-,h color, and ahwnt one twen-
tieth ..f an iiudi Ion;;-. At lii-:-t si;rht. tiny mi -lit !),•
2ni-tak<'n hn- iin\ ina^rgots, on aeeonnt ol tleii- ii.rm
and tln'ii- softne-s. As, in all re-jiiHts, exirept tli^ir
minuteness, they r(\s niil'led the ,.m^s of t!ie ('ic<(,l<i
■srpicnd' nn. ov se\ .n;te ai-yetr locust, and v.- ere de-
posited intich in tli(» same wav as thos>' (d the latter
ins(>('t, I h nl n > lh'>itation in refrri'in,^ them to s.me'
insect ol t lie same oi'd'i-. It is to be liop'd th:it Mr.
Kockwo ) 1. a_j;reu'ably to !iis intimation, has alreadv
traced th" pi-ogress of tiie in-.-e.L Iroin the e-;: to the
wingeil fMiin, Ol- at h a ~t has detected tlie j.arriiL in •
sect while m ikini: le i- deposit. This, he (djsc^rvcs,
was usually made in twigs of the pn^c^ding year's
growth, in Hiieh, moreover, the blaek knots a*i e oC-
tenest iound to oee\ir. It i^ not oniv pos^ilde, but
even highly prol;ahIe, that the bla<'k'\N ai-ts or knots
would be (ievrdo led in th" pnnetnre.l parts, should
the tree be in the condition, or exhibit any tendency,
to produce them at all. Whatever views may be en-
tertained on th(! subject, it must be admittrd that
this con<;urring con<lition or teiKhuK^y is r((piired in
order to hii followed by the result above named. TiOt
me illustrat(> my meaning by a lamiliar e\ain]t!e.
The bites o^ nr»s(piitos an; f(dlow( d, in most persons,
by infhimm ition and swellings. Soaio piTsons, !iow
over, are not in the ))hysical condition, or have no
tendency, to be thus affected; and hence with them
the bites of mosquitos arc not followed by irritation
and tumors. Mr. Rookwood is probably right in

OVKMliRi

.npposing that he detected, in the puneturo.U^,
the signs of incipient warts, whose growth h
rested very judiciously and promptly by cuttir'l ''*
t!ie part and applying soap to the wound, h >"
give me jdcasure. if Hpace permit'..!, to emh.-ly tl
wh oh' of his K^ner t ) you in this cunmunicatioir \Z
I muM p is:^ to another of the satu" ti'uor ' ''^'

On the PJthof March, the 11 m. li. i'. Jj.n.on o^
Albany, (corresponding Secretary of the Now y' k
State Agricultural Society, sent to mo sonie i\y\.r^\r
plum and eh-rry trees, whieh had b-.en punetdiH |''
insects, and als , t!ie insects bv wliirh th-,,. ,,„,,':
tures had b.--,! made. They W(U-e tak.ai iionl til;"
tr.M's of (icorge Clark, Ks,p, of Springfield, O'sc.,
county, \ew York, who gave to Mr. dohns(,i,' tli(Hu'-
lowing account oi' tliem. Tln^ insects vv(>re four,,] to
<l'>posit th'>ir eggs a!)out the la^t of Au-ust From
ohservations, rn.Kli! diinng three successive years \u^
i- satisfb'd that the bla-k knots originate 'frain the
pun. 'tures of this iu«;ecr. His gardaiier has adept.Mj
til • pl;in ol' examining carefully the branches df tho
plnin and chen-v trees, and enti'ii^r ,„,f t|,,. ^volHl<^>:l
parts, and has thus succeeded in prcventiu"- tlj- fur-
mition o( the knots; but, when i\io limb ""h is boon
h'ft wilIi th > inei>inus upon it. the knots a')pMr,..j
during th:' seeon ! s,.a.^.ui. My :inswe;- in luil to .Mr.
John^onV. lert(^r will (m- found in "the II u-i iriiltiinst"
loi- .Mine, pa^'-'s ^■^■, and L.r^.i. j nc i;-pp 'araiict* of
th" Wuunds and of the egi;s co'.talu'^d ih a-ciii wis
j-i-'H-isely .similar to that of tin; spe-iiU'>ris fm nish/;,}
by Mr. R M-k'vood. The insect, that ae 'onijii-iiorl
thes(» punctnr'tl twiirs, was a s:na!l t cc • h )[)|M'r, -it'-
scribed by Fabricius und'u* the name of M,iinbiarji
huhnlii.^, and alluded to in the second edition of my
Treatise on Insects inju ious to Ve^'.'tation, nv'-e 192.
t IS one ^)f tho k;n Is whose history b fore ti:i.s nut
been i^irticnlaily invi'sti-jjated, and of which it i>
stated, in my wo.-k, t tiat "the haijils of soiii'^ .,!' the
1 treediwpp a-.-, are pr '-nni'' 1 to be nn; li the same as
those (d the mu-icil harve ■t-flics (or cicadas) ; fur
they are found u\\ tiie limbs of tre s, where tli»y do-
j posit their egg--:, only du;-ing t!ie adult stnto, and
I proba'oly pass the early period of tiicir existence un-
d'-r :;ronnd.

Th(^ aboV(^ namr.I tre"" hopper is a grc<ai:>li i;is«'ct,
a])out four-tenths of an in^di long, an 1 on-iilth of ;in
inch wi(le aci-oss the hi'oadest ptirt, oi* from lip to tip
• i' the later.'il Ikutw of tin; thorax. It is snm"wl);r.
wedMr,..shan(Ml in form, bein;: narrow an<l lattcriv
co.npressfMl behind, and wi'lest, b"fore, where, on '';ii'ii
s;<le, t'.-'re i.> a ^'Iiort horti: on wliich ncc )mit it e!i-
taiiieil the iiann; of //////'///rv, or t!i" Biiffale. Tim
thorax, to which the Iku-ih [x'rtain, is triaii;j;iilar !'♦'-
fore, and covers ni^ariy tiie v.diole of the bark with ;k
sliarp ridj;e. ']'h«; face is vertical, and i> net «ee^
fr»)m al)ove. It lias the power of leaping, m wlncti
itisn-'iallv aidcii bv its win/s. Like other tree-
hoppm's, it -its u[>(.n a plant or t'-e(> in the loii.i^ituui-
nal direction (d" the twin; on v/hich it r"sts. with its
head t'jwards the e.\tr.anity of the iwi'i: an<i it im'^«'!"
perches across a branch like a bird. W'h.il" restm;;
as above descril)ed, its eggs are deposit 'd; lor wliidi
purpose it is provided with a pi rc'-r, lofl;^C(l in ft
gr»)ove bencMt'i th'^ hinde-r part oi' tin; i)ody._ "''''
this pi( rcer, wh-ni with Irawn fru>m its groove, it pii!> •
Mircs the twig, :iud d'o>o.sltes in oa(di puuctni'i' a sin-
gle egg. 'i'iie cgi^s nppiMr to i-cnriin unlKitchea
tiirough the v,inter. Ou being hatched in th'^ sprin;;.
or in the early part of summer, the yonn;; prohablf,
like the young of the cicada, drop or descend to the
ground, burrow beneath the surface, and live tiiere
upon the sap of the roots of plants, which tbey iffl-

1853]

AORTClM/fUR.M. I.XI-OKMATION ^ A\\S\\ IloUSK.

■y-ywwf^w

liibe by suction through their sucking tub(vs or bills.
Like the cicada, too, when they hav(» (Mune to their
growth and are ready [" take lie winged lonn. tiny
probably come forth ♦rom the -^lound, ascend th"
Btoin "f some[)lant, cast oil their skins, ami fleii ap-
pear in the adult orperf ct condition, in wliich ilcv
are prepared to continue tlndr kind. I have fre<|ii(ait
ly Keen tin' empty skins (»!' this or ol :i similar .-^pe-
c'iof, aft<'r the final transformation, icniainin;^ ujM.n
the stems oi ]i!ants or the trunks of trees.

The punctures made by thi. tree hoppiu* .are so
IflfC that there < annot be anv diffnailt y in lindin"'
ihciii, w h' n careiuily lo(»ked for. In the laltia- part
of March I examined lepc.ifdly ^ome c{' my plum
treef, '>\ !'''■'' ha\e hei'etolor(; been subject to ^varts,
vitlioiit dis eovering any punctur(\s ujton them. Nev-
oitheli-s ^\arts have appeared on some of the twigs,
til it w re pieviously noted as being free fiom jiunc-
tnrcs ,r inci^dons of this insect Readers can draw
tjji ir "V, n conclusion.^ froni this fact.

TIIADDKUS WILLIAM lIAiaUS.

('.iiii]»ridge, Mass., July 2S, Is.";;.

[Jjoaton Cultivator.
«•»

Pi siiiiinutioii of AgiHMiltnral Infarmatioii aad

t'armcr.s' (llubs.

The first greit desiderato'u .wM.r.qg^y.y to tlio fur-
thcr;inee (d this oiiject is, that public institutions
flliould i;oniinuc tluar aid by lairs, premiums lor su-
perior products, the organi/ati<»n of Conversational
M','etiri;;s, ejil abov(; iiil, that those institutions
should iiave no jealous fijidings towards each other.
In our own State we have a Slate Agricultural So-
ciety, the American Institute, and numerous county
Societies, each of which in its way can be materially
useful to tin- agiitailtural connuunitv, andeitii-r ol
wlii<;li may destroy its u^a'hilne-,,, atel in part that (d
other institutions, by the slightest exercise (d' jealous
fecTm<rs. Let the vounty Societies ortranr/e Laiaie'iN'
Clubs. In every township whcreverchur'h (;rscho(d
house exists, there are certainly larinei-s enouL;h in
the iinincdiate ndghborhood to (r^aniz-a l'\a:niers'
Club, which may iiieet on<> evt mii"' in the week
thr(ai;^h(ait the year, and di.-cn-s the iuetli(jds of
working, style of crops, ttc, b(dong;ng to the sea-
son.

1 he tii:-f"es (d' every ehui'cii ami sjdiool ]ious(Mvill
(haii)ticv> he w illiii''' to irive t!ie usi; of tlear buildini:s
for c\eiunj;s, when llcy are not lajipiired for either
purport's, ,,|- the use oi such clubs, ddie (a)nversa-
tieiiid Meetings should be he'd, and fanners sieis and
apprentices should be eia-omaged to attend ihe^e
mrot n "-s.

III our iai;^;- mcri;antile cities, we find spii'iil'.d in-

fititutiuns appntpriated to the use of merchants'

clerks. The Mercantile Library Associtition of New

lork, entirely composed oi' yonn; nun \\ho aie ap-

premiccfl to m-rcantile ]iur.suits, own one of the

laigcHt libraries in the country. Ifer(.' thes(» af)preii-

tices may spend their «'veninLis, <e Ix; suppli- d with

hooks to read at h(ime. One or more public h'cturcs

aro delivered per week before the nu.'mbers td' this
institution.

I he mechanics' appr(>ntices of New York have an
Apprentice ' Library of ;](),UUO volumes. Lectures are
uehveied bef«>rc tlnunah lustev^^ry night in the week,
yacious reading rooms pi-ovided Ibr their ac'commo-^
flation, and classes in almost every branch (( knowb
^tl^e connected with th: mechanic arts, are organized
|or their u.se. Why then should farmers through ul
the country h»nger withhold their aid in the educa-
tion of their sons and apprentices in such matters as

are connected with their art? Let agricultural b.)(d<s
be f^ivcn as ju-eniiums at ciaintry schools, e>.tTil lish
Conv(Usational .Mectin;:s, where iarmers' appreii.'ices
may attend one or more eveiiin;;s in the we<-!<, mo tlnit
they nniy take a(ivanta;;e of the obscia ati^ns (d old-r
practitioners. With such a system i;ern-rallv a'lopt-
<'d, the iH'xt genenitiai of farin- is would nach r the
aiajuiMtion of a new lihiorado of' no inip'OlamM}. —
Th' s(; L'oiuersatiuna! .M. ctini^s are the hest known
V(diicles for the dissemination of uscl'ul inloi niatioii.
Here ahun<lre(l farmers may meet and (dioose a sub-
ject each eviaiin;; for co"versation. Each mav make
known any hicts that have (-(uui' within his'kie. wl-
(Mlge, for the bentdit of the wlnde, and thus in one
hourtln^ experience and reading of one hundred men
for twenty years, may be made known to each ♦.ther
— !ind every person ]u-esent at th<« end (d" this hour,
will know imu-e of th.> subject conver-cd ujion, than
any per.M)n jjresent at the time of the commencement
of the meetiiiLT.

The secretaiies of tliese clubs could put them elves
in correspomh>nc(^ with distant Societies, and thus
secure an exchang(» of seeils, grafts, t^c. No su(di
af)plication ever made to the Ann rican In-titute has
been pas-^e(l by uuhei (le(l, and we pit siinie every in-
stitution in the couiitry M'oiild willin;;ly puiwue a sim-
ilar coursf^. Any of the State Societies, on applica-
tion. Would furni h a copy of tin ir transactions to
su h a (dub, ami thus thi> nnchus of a libijirv w^ tild
be formed. On town m 'etinij; and ehv.tion days
th)-on;;hout the count!y, there sheaild be orLiani/ed a
Conversational Me(!tin^, to be in '-"v>ion duviiv the
leisure part of such days, and tii > public ■/■anaallY
could be invited to attend, and 'ii-eussions held as ti»
the imr r()V(^d methods of road niakin<r, and any o

t tier

. f "• -"^, - ..^■•,1 •

sniijectof nitere.t to the district.— [ /Tt^y A///^ Far-
ht<r.

Tlic Aral) Horse.

Layard. the ex))hiier o| \inevah, who is as famil-
iar with Arabs a.s he is witii am i(piities, \i^''\^'>^ in his
late \',Mi-lc, Assyria, ^ome curious d"tails re^peciin^
th" true hei->^e<d" t he <lc -ei't. t'Miitrary to the p,.nu:ar
notion, t he real Arabian is celelirateif los lor unii-
vaih d swiltness than fer extraordinary powers tf
endur.ince. Its usual paia; are l.nL t\\<)-— a (juick
walk, of"teu avera;;ing foui" (U- live miles an hour, and
a half ruiudnL; canter; for only when pursued d( (.'s a
Rx'douin }iut in Ins mare to full speed. Ii is thedis-
\ tance they will trav(d in eimngeiicy, the wei;;ht they
I will carry, and the (MunjKirative trifle (>f food they
I rcfpiire, which render th:; Arabian h<u's(! so valu-
' able.

Lavaj'd says that he knr'W of a cehd;rate(l mare
which had ca; lied tuo men in chain armor b(yoml
the retndi of" some Aneyza pursuers. This ma e had
rarely had more than twelve handluls of barley in
twenty four hours. (>xeej)tine; duiing tin; spring when
tli(} ])astures \^(a•" ;:reen; and it is only tin; mares of
the W( alliiv l>edoulns tiiat j^ct even this allowance.
The cons (pienc(! is that, < X(a']>t m the spnn;;. the
Arab hor.-e i.; lean and nn^i^z'-tly. They are ncM-r
placed under cover during summer, nor protected
from the bitter winds (d the d<'sert in winti r. The
saddh; is rarely taken fiom their hacks. Ole.aning
and grooming are strangers to them. They some-
tim(\s r(>a(di fiit(M n hands in height, and never fall be-
low fourte* n. In di^[M)sitioii they are docile as lambs,
requiring no guide but a halter; yet in th-' fri;;lit or
pursuit their nostrils b(M;ome blood-red, tiieir eyes
glitter with fire, the neck is aridicd, and the mane
and tail are raised and spread out to the wind; the

2^8

TRANSPLANTINO-DEPTir OF TllKF !:0()TS

i-

P winter and

wholn nnimal hecomos traM^ionncl. Tl,,; vast plaiiix K;irv, aii-l tho same benctit-ial n-Mult. «.;ii

of Mesopotamia furnish the host l,r N. il.i.I ih-.- taineil •'"i'^ "enontul results «, 11 not '.

i.ree.ls are diviaeil i„to fiv.. races. „f win,!, ,l.e „r,. . There lias been !, , 111),., -once of nnl, •

«,„al stoek was the Kovh.l, I,. Tl,.. m„M l.,„„„s l.e- many .lisoussious. respccins I o stT "In ""''

^mK cither to the Shammer .,r (., ,l„. A,,,..:, trihes. so,, ior lrnns,,hu,tl„j,/ever«ree„ s I ,U s i "

TI,e,r_ped,Kroes are k. pt srnipulun.h, ainl ,l„.ir e..m,i„-,Ml ,l„l .„„„„1, „„„ri,s otIarVthow;
value IS so great that a tliorou«li-l„v.l mare is -en- spriii-. ■"'• , oiiara the wn

crally owned by ten or even more i,ers,ms. It is'^iiot . It is admiti, ,1 l,v aM lli, tr ,i,.. l.,„t;, r

often that ,v real Arabian can he pinvlM-,!. Tl„. ; greens should noti, lut.io . 1 i J ; ' 'f ^""•

re_ason ,s that on ace ! „|- iu ll,„.t„,.ss n„d power ! in lull ;:,„wil,; for, thou.-h evr„ ,|„. .Jt ""

«f endurance .t ,s „n :,i„:,l,l,. f, ,l„. Ii..,l„„l,., xvh„. vive th^s -k. ,|„. ,.1,^0^0 is ,1 at , n r , .T^i

once on .ts back, can .biy a„.y pur.u.T rx.v.pt a p.nsl, „r do- d.,wn ,„ ,1 -..ond I, ,.,,,," '''''

hhamm..ror.\ncy/.aw.thas«.(ter,;,ar,.|l,aMl,i-nwn. .■c.tain.Ml, that the |,,ss nf tlirrvcPn-e,.',,. I .' ," ■"■
Am America,, rac,-, ,„ ,.vcn an K„;zli>l, luinte., , plaiitcd is caused l,v the excess or~p,.rs,,r.u,, r'
would break d..;,v„ ,m those pathless d..serts almost their halves, compaVed with the .pii.ui,',, ';;''''
belorea,, Arabian beca.ne warn.ed up to its work.- | up by their mutilate,! n.ots; a,,.Uhat, c msV''^, , ,' '

^:it^::;:^:l ■;;;';:;: ::!r?,'r":'''.i'r;^''''^? ; !'>-^ i->-i:-« --<'-. at whatever s^aso,, \i:::!i:

iirou^ilit as luL-li as six thousand dollars; hut tlicsc, it
is ujul.Tsttiod, arc not tlu* hcst of the race.

Tho Aral) \v)io sells his mare can do nothin^Mvlth
his ^old, and cannot even k(M>p it; for th'> next Bc-
tiouin of a hostii > tribe who c(»mcs acn.ss his path,
juid who has r(^taine(l his niarv, will take it from him
and d(dy ))ursuit. I.ayard thitiks that no Arabian of
th.' best blood ha^ ev<'r Imm h s<'<mi in Kno;land. It this
is so, we can s.«arc,'ly su|>po<r that any have c >m(> to
America, ))ut must bcdicve tiie su-callcd Arj.bians
^ivon to onr rJovcrnnvMU at variou.

:;ii

I i I 111 111

inferior breeds, liarely, ind'^ed, aro ih.' thorouuh
breeds found b.'y.Tid thV desert. It will be a subjrct
of re_irret. t<« tbnvo who a Iniire fint> hoi-^^es, to l"iirn
that the Arabian is con-i<i''r''d to lie deir(>neratinL:.
the consequence of the subjugation of Aiiibia, and
the decline of the Bedouin tribe.— 77;/^/. P,uUctin.

]From Smiths new I^jnfl.scapo danlentriK.]
Planting; and Traiispiantin^ of l^vcr^rccns.

The di>tribiit:.)n of evorn^reen trees and -hrubs is
amoiii; the ni<i i interostin'j: (!p<T;itions in the forma-
tion and improvement <>I ph'a-urc-- round.-; in the
first, they ^ive at oneo a clotht.'d appcaran.'.' to what
%vas bare crround; and in the second, by tliiMr ehan^^e
of position they eff.n'l an almost entire;' alteration in
the scenery of th'» place. Smcim^s. however, rrvjuires
le.t nniy careful ox'Tutit.ii. but also du'' attention to
the proper seasons f'4- th" )ter!' ,rmance of the wi.rk.

In all case<. it is advi.-able that the ;j;round should
be W(dl drained and trencheil: and where poor, it
should b<» enriched with fresh soil o" m;inun\ or hot h,
especially when the shrubs are y(mn;c and small.—
I/i!j;ht sandy ^oiN arc ;;i-eatly inipro\eil by njnderate
addition^ id' clayry loam or j)eat eai'th. In tran^-
plantin;:; shrub-- (•{' considi^rable size, wo jueler pu«^-
tin;i the enricdicd >Miil or manure close round l!

IS, other thm^^rs bcn.o: ecpial, the most unpro,Mtio„;
for the (operations to whi(di we are now advertin'^-
At first sio;ht, this principh> mio;ht seem to ^^\(A\hi-^
the end of summer and early Jiutumn from th'> ..a
sons avadable for plant-n- and yet it dues net.ami
that lor various reas,,ns. At the period to wlii.h ;vp
hav(» refcrn>d, there is mu.di warmth in tin' s,iil, an 1
as the perlected sap is th.ai <loscendini: frein'tlip
leaves, the ;^n-owth of roo's i-ommoiiccs ra'jiidly an,!
;i;oes on to a consi(h!rabK> extent, in whirh ^--x^,' \C
|u.niL j.> .-.M,,i uuLui (ian;;i'r, i oen there is Mt!'>in'|,,a
dy ami drij.pin;; weathrr. afier the turn ef lliMtJav,
as it is called, and every ,)no must have reinark'-.i
tie' <rreater -cniality oj' tliat season in re-arj to
;:;rowt!i, as conii-ared' with sprinir. Besides^ in the
sprini; montl;-^. the soil is ctddcr and the atmosphere
is drier tlian in au.un!n;as maj be seen from the ta-
ble (in the opposite pa^i^e.

The conclusions to l„. d<M-ive(| fr.)m tlr.-' t;ibl«
plainly point out autum \ as t.c bi'st pia-iml f ,r tl.
transplanting of cv.'rirreons; an<l yot, when rinhtiv
considered, they admit of that wld" ran--"' ' t tim"'
which actual exp-'rienc" auth.-iitieatcs. We bclciv?
that evor;i;re»'ns, in small (|uanlities, have bi'.ai safdv
transplanted from midMimnvr to the end of April
perhaps we mi;,^ht say the wliole yrar rnini'l. tlii-
has occurrecl from a c<'ni|M'n-atio!i of advaiit:i;,^"san'l
disadvanta;;es. T;ike Auu^ust. f\>i- example; th^'iiiri*
then drier than it is two months iater, but the smli^
warmer; and it the plants esca])e a blnziiii: '^'ni fir a
few days, the jj;rowlh of roi»ts will coinnieiicc, aiii
will very sjieedily supply to thelea*'e.^ all the perspi-
rable matt<'r that is neiMied. Thus, an C([uilihrium
of action is rafii lly established.

DKrin or rut: Boots of Tkees. — In the spring of
1N5(). 1 reiuiived an apple trei' wnieh was ;^'re\vin*:on
a <;rav(dly rid^;e. in a plat'epr-jiare 1 Ibr it a ^hl»rt(li^

!■'

(sr manure Close round tiie oa
and HI contact with the ^oun^^Mibrcs. In such cases, j tance froin whence it was tak'ai. Tic tree was -is
too, if is useful to prepare tb.e plaots, by euttin;:; a ' inches in diameter, had been plent 1. 1 shouhiju i^'•-
tren(dl ro\ind t h ■in: a year or two previously, as re- about twenty years, and had b-M-n t-p ;:rafte!i a 1'^^
commended in ndation to forest trees. ' | days previous'to its removal. Thetni^and mu^t of

All shru))S, and especially lar;i;e ()n<'s, sliould have • the grafts set in it are ^^rowin:; thrii'iilv.
an ample supply ofwatir when they are transplant- , In the plac(> where tie- trei? sto d. 1 sunk a ""^ll-
ed, and thi- is m .-t (effectively o;iven when tli" wa- | and in the di^i;in^ traced the roots of t)ie npple tree
ter is run into the new pit in whitdi the plant is plactxj^' downward - p. a d"pfh ,,}' (.\,a- twelve f.-et hflo^v tho
alon^ with the fiHinn;dn of the earth, berrinnin<^ w hen i surface nf the ^n-oiind. IMy attention was called by
the pit is about onedburlh filled, and <-'»ntinnin^ till the appearanc<! Of the roo"t<, as the \M.rkiii<'n ^ver^'
it is nearly (piite full- The rpiantity (d the water ' goin^ on with their work, and a mea^in'i'i 'nt >^;i'''
slionld be such as to form a stron;: puddb' round the made. How mu -h deep(M- the roots could have b^'"
ball. This mode of wiiterinrr keeps tln^ roofs moist, traced. I cann.it tell, but I was well sali>ti ''i ''''^^
as well as consolidates th(> earth about th- m; and if thev <lid extend some little b'dow the ni'MsnPMiKtit

..7 ... ...*w v.. r i .......... V - . . . ■ .,1.111 <k> 71 /w K 1 1 1 ' jii , •! 1 1 < I II 1 1 1 ' > ' * I ' I I A I ( 1 m .->t mi ( ■ 1 1 1.1 ir i )■ ■ nj >> 1 1 !• m ■■»■•- •

larefully (Tone at first, will scarcely re((uire any addi- From th" j^reat loss of roots, l^y their spruiubii; -

ions. If the water is not administered till aft(T the deep and wid(», I had little expeetntion of savin;; "^

sarth has been fully pressed in round the roots, fre- tree, and still less the grafts so recently set, but wn

[uent rcLetition ard larger quantities will be neccs- most agreeably disappointed in both.— K. N. Yorker.

my
as

V(iL. ;i. WEST CIIESTEI!, I'A., NOVEMlltll, 18.53. NO. 10.

Illfifli PrIrcH of Improved Mtock. I tlio KMn»,> i;.r»or» i. *i i • • . .

m. 1,1- , .. • ,^ , , - '^' ''^ ^'"''*'* "'♦ ^^'^^' intrinsic value in

The iniprecedented prices, both m I'm"- an ( am T>..,.i... ... i c .1 i ...

\ ' " '-n.^ian.i ^^"'1 j Dui hams and Southdowns on which to predicato th0

thp United v>tat(\H, obtained t le present season at the ' ,»«,>,.,,. .. ♦ *i i 1 ...

} '^^ ^y'" I <'norm.ms rates they have been seilinrr at. and to

public sales of cattle and sheep, are wcdl calculated | Home extent itisfjfv f bom » \rK.,W a

. r r noun, « ,\it IH ]usnf\ iiiem : Admit trieso are to ar\mt%

n» Siart i(^ a riiai n, mat tervji IrK't uirnier v\ii()is !inr„.. i. ^ i .• • .

I , ."'' ^'" " ''f'^ i^^tentsp.MMilafive, just another articles of purchaj^o

t^ value an anima accordin"- to his worth for the I ..^ j 1 . *i • ...

- ' ;"'" ;'*''"^ ^"^ ^"^ and sale at the present time, still when busines*.
uutcher. and tt> induce the innuirv is not t iis all ..<.,., : n » 1 1 n ... ,.

1 "^'' "**^ ^"'^ '^" riow infl:ited. shall revert to its (M.imary level, will
mere specu ati(»n .' Is a Bu ever rc^allv worth '?^'', fi ^« . »i 1 i 1 . .

\ " '^".^ ''"^^" •^•' ; there not then be found to be a sub.stantial value ro

or ^fiHio, and will he at this tii^ure ever pay, taking

into consideration oi-dinarv risks and accidents.

It !iiu-f be c(msidere<i that, in the presen* extraor
diiKi

maining/ This, we think, is the true view to Ho
considered, and in doin;; so it is not necessary to
ao;itate the (joestion as to the m.Tits of the Durharh

;irv state (d prosperitv in tin; countrv, there are l,reed- fhnt b-s l,.rwr Jw.or, 1 r .^ n r • i i-

' ' - > ' ' j oriMi, uKu n.iN jori;:; h(>en before trie iarmin<»' publico

niaiiv thin;:s roin;]r off at speculative or fancv i>riees .,,.,1 ;» ,^, .,. i • 1 1 .,, , ■ ,^ . *

X .\ . , ' i.nH>pin(. , and it may be c. n'idere(I a .sv7//rr/ point, that in ceN

besaies Piirhams. Any expansion of the medium ol j ».,;,, rrirtbM-b.r.- .,...,/.•...;♦» • n 1 1

' ' lain [i.iriK uiai.>-, (is a tucr't, they are unrivalled, and

fxcliantres, whether <d the precious metals or bank fiu-ir «nr.orioritv t,. ..„„ ti - 1' • n

' ' i"< ir supeiioiity to any other known i.s ;i r;enerally

paper, has a tendency to induce sp(>culation and raise j admitt<'d fact.

the price, not only of Durham stock, but llailmad and

I5:uik stocks, real estate and every thin<: «dse, haviri"-

nlhern>al or/^//<rj>r/ value. This does not by any

nifariH depend on the fact of tln^ valuation b(Mn<^

eilluT real or fictitious, as we see daily fluctuations

III our lar;;e cities in investments, wXu'vo every tliin(/ is

assunud, the market price depending on the rfdative

a:uly (.r hourly scarcity of money, and the busiru'ss con

nifieri of larLi:<> commercial centres. A common l)rii'k

I'lav be taken ir. and used as well as any thin;: else for I be clicerfiilly paid for the of)portunity of obtainine; a

fiKind (if ni((iiuui (dspeculation. an assumed v.ilue of I desirable cross. Iri-leed, the benefit to a whoh>

;i t'w thousands put upon it, and passed from hand to neighborhood <.r district horn the introduction of ti

The expediency and profitableness ol any one l,ny-
ing a bull for ?:'. or ?1()(H) isa matter for his perf^onal
connideration only. In a district of country wher'o
raising (,f .stock is extenNiv«dy followed, and in the
present Iiigh times, a superior bull, where his strarn
of blofxl was particularly valued or very scarce,
serving .'U) or Ai) cows, annually, at $25, $oO or ?100
ea(di, would soon remunerate his purchaser, and ih
Kentucky. Ohio and New York, these prices would

t(» hand, raising or lowering in price by operation (d ex
trinvic causes, knocked alx.ut like a shuttle, till sud-
''•■"'.V the bubbl." bursts, and the brick c.mies back a
nicrr brirk. to its starting point. The tulip mania
'« If Ihmd and the multicaulis humbug here were
c.iH.'^ ,,{ t!,,,, i^i,,j ,,,/,t],,.r (,f (},,,n, having any real val-

"^f^^'iuparativeiy. The tulip bulb was worth a few
^^^nts. and the multicaulis also, as a shade tree, but
^ "' hi;:h prices, at which they were S(dd, were

""•ltd on a false Itasis, and the latter particularly
on wrong deductions as to the capacity of the United

^att'H to be a silk growing country. Now are the
Pi-yscnt high prices of blooded stock to be viewed in

superior animal may, in this way, be almost incal-
culable; neither would his purclias(» b(! any more
purely s)»eculativ(« than an '^f)eration in real CNtat/),
in any ui our large cities, during a rising market^
where $20, $30 and Sl0,(HK) are given for a few
square feet r.f ground, not Worth under ordinary cir-
cumstances more than half the monev. The market
valu(» of any thing is very much regulated by the
extent of supply. At the recent sale's, where such
enormous prices have been piaid fbr first choice ani-
mals, it will be observ'd to have been on account of
some particular strain of blood or pedigree. Sonre
rare points of form or character which the expcri-

M

m^x

^i'!^?^

290

IMPROVFO STOCK- AGRICULTURAL EXIIIRITION.

rvnv

J Mr, Ft; ,

desideratum.

encc of eminont breeders, have proved tn be a preat | inj:; coUed^i >„. h imiuherH oi jinniuv.',] imrl

I h.'se did net eomo b^^ elianrr. but | stock, seeds, ver^etabb s Sec. At our ()^^ n StHt> K
were the Hcientific results of the Im^ oontiniKMl cmw. Slb.OOd wrre received fn,m mnnbrrs and adnl^'
and nkill (d" su'd» men in Tboman liates, Karl hueie, " ■

LordSpcncer arid many otbern. The DucbeHsand l*rin-
C088 family of Nburt burns l.ave lon^^ commanded in | In York e.mntv, over nine acres were end
Kn-land the highest prices, for tbo reason t)nU;thoy i wb ieb ^vas crowded ^vitb ^iMturs an.l rnnu^JJ^'l'^

premiums, many (,f tbe bitter l^dn^ fnan naltim.,rp
In Bucks county, tbe exliiliition was bdd nn th.'

Vs, wbiidi, we und.«rstand, exceeds any State Kxh'
bition bitbcrto held.

ere i<lentifii'd with cer ain va'uable cbaracteiislics not
found clsewbero in tbe name {)erteetion. Tbe late

Karl of Ducit; was said never to stop at price wben ! 29tb of September, at Newtown, and apper,

he found such an animal as he thou-ht th(. breedin- ; been very spirited in every department of farm '
Of his herd required. To have a very small amount dustry. Tbe premium list took a wide range \J\''
of offal, to possess early maturity, to be heavy in tbe din<r a ladies' and home departmtmt, in which til,
most valuable parts of the beef, a kindly dispositi n, competition and display was (juite extensive, ( mhrv
rapidity of fattenin^% and in a cow the property of j cino; home made bread, preserves, also neod!e an'!]
deep milking; these are points, not of mere fan<y, ! crotchet work, netting and knitting, straw hats,rov.
bufc real value, and where they are derived from a , erlets, counterpanes, &c. An excellent address was
good ancestry, may be continued and carried down ; (bdivered by Judge Smyser, exhibitinc- much n^-
in the offspring. search and good practical suggestions.

A Durham cow of our own importation, some The Rerks t\)unty Exhibition, held at Readin^r, -i^
years ago, made over IT) lbs. of butter per week.
Supposing a common cow. ry\hr\- 7 lbs., to be worth
$30, was she only worth $()() ? Certainly not. On and tbe attendance beyond all ])recedent.— net l.*.^
the principle that like produces like, and that this than 10, ()()().'' A ploughing match was also held at
deep milking would be retained in her descendants the close, and several premiums awarded (,,r skilliul
as it ba^ been in several instances, where tbe admix- i ploughing. Tlie receipts were over ^l,",!)!!. An
turc on tbe other side was judicious, tb'j real vabie of address on tlie occasion, bv tb<' lion. d. (il.mcv.
fuch a cow could hardly be estimated. , Jones, was listened to much interest and is ^y, k n

Atone of tbe recent ram lettings in England, tiie of as a most able production. Oni; in (icrman wiis
Kcrvices of seventy one rams were let for one year, , also delivered by Rev. J. W. Richards, D. I).

said to l)e supe rior to that of last year, the contdbu
tions larger and more varied, accommudatiur.. ;„.um

at an averages of $111 each, and one for $Ct')0. 'J'his
latter (onc^ of W(d)l) s Southdowns) was sub<e(iuently
pjiichdscd by F. Kotcli, and is coming to New York.
AVo can easily imagine a cross with such a buck, un-
der certain circumstances, to b(i worth $1,000 or
$2,000, provided be exccdied in certain points a flock
was before deficient in.

We have known of a flotfk of pure Downs to be so
reduced in size and character by breeding in and in,
as to be almost valueless except for the butcher. A
strong cross with a good buck would have had tbe
effect of increasing their value fifty fold.

AVhile th(* high i, rices we have adverted to ai'e to
acertitin extent sptM'ulative, and indeed like ntlier
tilings induced by tbe |)resent condition of tbe country
and abundance of money, still we do not consider
theiv entircdy so, and have entire confidence that the
whole country w'll be benefitted by the enterprise
and public spirit o! those who have made such large
investments.

-•••-

Apjricultural ICxhibitions.

This season has been remarkable so far for tlie
number and succc^ss of these, not only in our own State
and county, but in others around us. In manv parts
of i^ennsylvania, they have been held for tbe first
time, and have awakened tln^ dormant energies of the
•farmers; who have been surprised themselves in see-

Our friiMids over the river, of tlie fanidon :ir, i
(lloucester Agricultural Society, arc* also k'M'pin;: '.;r
with tbe times, and bad a lirgeand very spirited ei-
hibition at lladdonfifdd, wliicdi was L'oed in *'v. rv
departm(>nt, but particularly excfdle*! in the display
of fine horses, l)()th for road and draught. The lat-
ter being mostly crossed with the Norman stock.
which is much esteemed in New Jersey. As thi:<
part of the State is much devoted to truck garden-
ing, the display in this department was well worth
seeing. A ])lougbing match was also held, and tho
whole was concluded by an address from Mnrlen

McMicbael, of Philadelphia, in his u.siial ;;> 1
styb\

We observe at this society, agricultural, horticul-
tural and otb(>r books are distributetl, instead of pre-
miums in money, which seems more rati'mah 'ini
are more p»ermanent evidences of skill and success.

Arri.F.s roK Mii.cn Cows. — Five minut«s a<:^" '^
gentleman, wb(t deals in facts and figures, as weii
as line cattb\ infornn'il us that be had f< d out ia>l
winter more than two hundred barrcds of sweet appj''"
to his milch cows, and that th(? increased (piantitv
a nd rieness in (quality cd the milk paid him ht'^ter
than any oth<»r use w bicb be (tould have afipli-'d them-
II(> say.s that be is raising trees annually. i"r t'le
purpose of raising apples f»r stock. Anoth<>r imp'''""
taut statement of bis, is, that since he has fed appl'-*'
to his cows, there has not been a case of n^^'^^ ^"^^^^"^
among them. — [iV. E, Fanner,

IWTI

HARVEST nVMN- ULACKlirjUUES POTATO-S

201

iltirvest Hymn,

(.iod ;jf the r.diiM;;year! In The-'

(),ir song shall rise — wiioxc !, uinty j.ours
In many a goodly Lnlt, with i'm*

And bberal hand <Mir Autumn stores;
No (irstlirt;;s ».! onr iiocks we slay.

No soaring clo(id-< (d incfirii' rise-
Rut oii thy iiallo'.ved shrim' w ; lay^

(hir giiteful liearts in sai'rdice.

Dime (tn thy breath, tlie bn* of Sririii'T

\\'as heaped with many a 'dodrumg flower'
And smiling Summer joyed to bring

Tlie sunsliine and the gentle shower;
Aad Autumn's rich iu.xuriance now,

Tlie ripening socmI — tbe bursting sliell,
Till' jroiden sheaf, and laden b(»u<rh.

The fullness of thy bounty t«dl.

Ni' menial thrcmg, in prine«dy dome,

It're wait a titbid lord's ludiest;
ibit many a fair and p(\ac(d'ul luune

Hath won thy p(!ac»dul dove a "uest"
No ;;roves of palm or fitdds adorn —

No myrtle shades or(M-an;j:(' bowers-—
Rut rustling meads id g<dden corn.

Arid fields of waving grain are ours.

JSafe in thy care, tln^ landscape o'er

Our H >cks and lierdrt securtdv stray;
No tyrant master claims our More — '

No ruthless rold»er rends awav —
No lieri'e volcano's withcrinir -^Itower—

No fell simoon with p.o^ iumiis io-'-atli —
Nor hurriing sun, with baleful p ever,

Awa.ke the fiery plagues vd <bMtiu

And here shall rise mirsou"- to Theo

>> here lengtliene»l vales and p i^-tures lie,
And ^trcMin^ go singoig wild ami fr-'o,

U-aeMth a bine and smiling sky;
\\ iKM-f ne'er \N as reared a nioital tlifom,',

^N Ic're i;rowned oppres^^ors never trod,
Here ^at ih' Throne of Heaven alone,

Shall man in reverenci* bow to(Jo(b

We have measured ImshcH of one v.ars grouti, ten
loetfii-h. \V„ dui not dream, in our bovho.Ml when
tearing our legs among thousands ot lu-ambies of

t^ver seeing tin. fruit cultivated, and sold aL enormous
rates.

Tin; blaekberiy npruH hmg in succession, eomin-^
'" 'mm^Ml.ately ..Iter the ra.pl.erry. Owing to ,h
great exodlence, hoes. wa>ps. Hies, <fec., claimlt large
share. Nuuo Ijlackhernes are ,r/.^/r, |,ut they are u,
great an anomaly as a whtle hlarklnnl, or wlulcaow,,
winch i.i s(ddom seen.

S^n,, J»RoeA«;ATioN am* Ci i.TCitF. -The l>lackber-
ry grows frtady, in a warm, tolerably dry or rather
iMoist, deep, rich soil, h abounds among Htm.es old
logs, fences and natural hedges. Keep the land
rich and mellow. Resides other manures, use ashcH
b'au..s and vegeUble mould. It is iu-(,r,a.Mted bJ
s.mhIh, and by offsets at the roots. Tram up new
wood, and cut away the old, U> keep the bushes viir-
orous and produ(;tive. ^

lliiiii licsii, [Ruhus villosus.) Fruit lar-e- b^K
ovate; Hbining black: very tender, juiev, ni a Hweet
rich, spint<'-l, aromatic flavor, resembln.g the oramr,.
<in.wtti straight and upright, then the tops b(V«»me
recuniberit. White blossoms. I>ownin-'s account
of this fiuit does nut v.v,..»v. u£. uo iw: vamame wud
variety sold in Maine.

Low Hcsri, (Ituhu.s-raiiadcusrs.) Small; roundish
or irregular; blai^k or reddish black; rath/r tart, but
brisk, pleasant flavor."

Ilarvchtiiig Potatoei.

Tiie has idea ^^euei-ally pre\ ailed tli'li! potato-^-, e«^
pecially those lmowu on"^low moiM land>, are e.^eri-
iiaily b'uetitted by exposure to the sun and air be-
fo!.- removing them to the bins. Tiiis, however ex-
f»erience has long since demonstrated to be afallacv.
I'he sooner potato-s are in the cellar, or proteete I
tn.iM the sun's rays, after they are i-einovefj from the
hills, the better, the o{)eration (d the >olar i a^ - hav-
ing ;i powerful tendency not only to deterioi'.ii" en-it-
ly Llnirea'ing (pialilie>, |,ut also to render them far
less likely to keep well through the subsequent
spring,

j An.>tlier very popular errc.r, and one no less pro-
j duetive of bad consctjuences, is the Mippt^sition that
the tuber should b(iScru[mIousIy and thoroughly clean
i sed from dirt; the presence of whndi in ever so small
' (pianfify, is considered by many to be theradical cause

^'afh spring, same as with raspberries, h is surpri-
|"»ig the cultivation ef (hi< d-le-lous fruit near our
•arfje cities i. ,„,( more .•,,moion. Tiie pr. dueilve-
^p<'i the p!,,^,^ ,.„ 1,,^^ ^[^.^^ ^^^ sd7.eand flavor
J the berries is very much increased bv cultivation.
itiR,f,,to,| thp.t they have been exhibited In Hoston
^'"'''Hid:< h.,!r iuches in lengtli. <bir last number
^^"^ an aee„unt of a seedling black!)erry, the new
"^'^helle, win, h promises to be a valuable ucquibi-

frijiiwnM^?^*; ''^ ^^'^«ton, says, -\\ e have seen tl
(tlmn.Ii:_.r/^'^"'^''^' t'^'^t was not a whit hett

Cultivation of tlie Blacklicrry-

Tn answer to in.piirics about the m mIi .1 of culti
^atin- Blackberries, time of transplanting, etc., w.

ei£r'n'"'" """""'"'''"■ ''■'"••^ '"^'^ '"- -''■'■';oiti,,.,ri,,:c.,M„,Mgwa.c^7;.iuniiM:;;7:;;r7;;

^oi r la, I or spring, as is most convenient, ;ind placed j on.', Intwever, win. will take the t-ou de (d" experi-
:n ru'As r.,ur fe,.t afctrt and two feet in t,!,e rMV,->, or if' ""''i^'O;-', »nay easily satiKly hiin<elr that sucdi is not
'•^"d i.s plenty iMur [eet e;, ell w;'v, to admit of pas^a<'e ! ""' '''^^''^ ■""* ^'''^^ ['otatoe^ wlnel, have been thor-
of cultivitor Tiw. I \ li ■ , r ''i"^hly cleansed by washing or drvin-, or iudee.j by

deonlv I /^^^^^^7": f''f^ previously be an, process whicli effectually rid: th.au ot s ol, , ,^

["M-i'Mi-iied andsubs(u!(Ml. Sliorten t!ie urowth exhilot symptoms i>t drc.iy, and become unlit for

use, or (<>;• culinary purp ,s. k, much sooner than
those whi<di liav»? not.

In uiany sections it is a common practice with far-
m-rs to select a portion <d' th or he.-r ami \u >s\ (nr-
fectly malured -nd rl"\eIopr.| tel ' r<, and liaek fie in
carefully and euaipaeily in birrel"-, ll'ling the sp ), . s
betw(»en the roots with s<iil, eo(d a'nd ni i-r. The lur-
rels thus filed, are placeil in som • d irk c dial-, where
they rem lit! undisturbed till the c »ntcnts are de-
numded for the market, latj in th.« season, lor domes-
tic use.

♦Secured in this manner, and deposited beyond the
reach of li'j,ht and heat, or where they will be a- lit-
tle exposed as possi le to these powerful agents,
potatoes will keep per'ectly sound and retain their
eating properties unimpaired till late the folio wiuji;

IIS

better

tliou<rh fir, \ - 1"-", t.i.vL viji«» noL ii wiin neiter
mvin.f^ '*^" "^"^ ^'^^'^ P'^'*^^^ {'^ q"'i«-t without

our steps) on new lands ia Mdine.^ | year

. "'*."

202

supEiirrmsrrrATK ov u^n MrAvovs STKAwnKRnr.

im.]

SHErninU) IKKJ.S-K)TATOES. Ic,

|Kovp.

ynpi:

Every observing faiiM*) nnist lia\< notiocd thiittlie
potatoes that are '*('ro\v<ltMl dtii" Ir.irn tlio s\dvn of
nills, or ^rhi^•ll are found s<. ncir flic surface ii^^ to
be fr(^qTicnt!y pxp/rscd }>>- In-uvy rains ^^-^shin<r
away tht» soil-, always turn ^//w //i, and when (.'(lokrct,
have a sweet, ('(.pyieiy taste, M'liieh im extreme] v nau-
ftealin;; ami un].leHsaTit, 'I'liis is always a result of

with Map-'s' Improved Superphosphat<' of L niMrip-f
in this vicinity within the T»rescnt rcir V,. i
C. Green, Dentist of ti^is place, i>ou.^ht a p„.,.f» of
p^rass land of Mr. Kim-s SovH^ey hist !«prlrK' M,
Green, by my ad\i.e, applied to this a tf.p .Iressinu
of Mapes' fmp«roved Superp>h()sphato of hnu'. M^
Smedley ^ave l»is j^ra.-<H hind adjoining j^,^,} ,,|- ^^^ ,

exposure to Holar action; it concentrates a prineiph
wliich the potato containw in e<)njunetion witli many

others of a nutritions nature, into an aetiv(» poison, j tjuality, no dresv^in;;. At liarvest, the cr.r. .,ii >{.
and hastens^ ^rj-eatly the decay arid deco,u|,osition of i (}p.,Mi',s hmd w.is fulU d )al>!e th it m Mr. .Sm-.l'.u'

and at tliis tiine the i^rowiiiL; ^rass shows a dcciilfMi

tliO roots. As soon as they are tiken from the soil
tliey Hliouhi he plae<:din the l>iu8. — [lu'prOilivnii Jmii
naL

-*•*-

VoT tie- Farm .TmininT.

S«peri»hoyphate of TJme.

In the *'Ge.\esf.e Farmei;" of September last,
(paf^(»281) there is an articde licrKhMi — -"MArEs' im-
pRovEi) SiPERi'ifosi'MATr OK LiMF,." 'I'lic Writer, af
tcr enumeratin;^ sonu' ci-ops for M'hith lie re^;ards the
u»e of 8Liperphosj)hate bi^i^hly advantap;eous, thus
proceeds: "For wlieat, barley, oats, [X)tatoe«i, and, we
believe thi~>n(''h we leivc ^^c^ exneriment s of onr own to
^iustain the opinion, that for corn and timothy super-
phosphate (d' lime, in ninoty-nine cases out of one
hundred, will bi^ ioutid of no essential value."

i\arii:i; the al>o'»c .statejiu-nt, comin^j;; fi-om sucdi
high authority, might nli^lead sinne n[ t^ur Agricul-
turalists, inthonseofa valuable fertilizer. 1 beg
leave to (luote h-ome (wneriments It^adini: to a dither-
ent conidusit)n. IJone dust is known to be a leading
prini'ipal ingredient in the coni[>jsition of 8u}>erphos-
phate of f/ime. About twenty years ago. I tried my
first (\x})eriment with Itone dust. I had about anacre
of ground lying out as "old field" ha\ing been cut
off by a new road, and not consi<h^red worth hncinjr
by tin; lornif^r proprietor. The soil was thin, hiying
on a clay sirb soil. Having ftmced it, I faruKMl it
with corn, but the crop scare* ly paid the expense of
farming. The next summ<n' I farmed it as an open
fallow; plowed it three times and in September seech
ed it down "nifh ///(• and tiiuoUtrj. 1 procunal from
Philadelphia six biishel.i of />f»/i(C ihid. This I liad
intended to liave harrow^ in with the rye, but was

\f'

diflerence in its favor. On the grass land (,f Mr
Wm. P. Marshall, the Maine fertilizor producoff tl
same result. Timothy i** the leading gras8 for hay
in this vicinity,

I might also mention the good effects resuhin''
from the same fertili/^er to a crop of wheat on land
ol Mr. Abram Bailey, and of wheat and oats on lanj
of Mr. Paschall Morris,

A. MAUSIIAIL.

V.^r »V,

Joamal.

Mc,\voy*s Superior Strawberry.

Mn. P^DiToii : — I am a subscriber to the llortioul
turist. ami find, in the Sept(Miiber nuniber, an cn^Ta-
ving of this uont soin'Mvhat cdebr iti' 1 variety, 817
vinlike the one in the Farm Journai, that 1 run h
duced to write and a>k von, which o^" them \v.' iii,iv
rAy up)n as being C(jrrect. I have raised stniwbfr-
ries h)r several years, but have not seen the .Mi'.\\ ij
Su])erior. X have nev(>r kncjwn, liowcver, herrie.i of
the same variety to vary so much a8 tlios^ two on-
gravings. \Vln) shall decide wherf* ('•octors 'li^a

jiree ?

Several of us in this neighbourhood aro much
pleased that the "Strawberry (Question," \^ nu\r
wound up and set at rest by the voluntiiry admis'
sions of those who liave been fighting the hardest
in behalf of the ''fixed sexuality." The inteiTslinj;
comiHunication by your exc(dlent fellow citi^on and
accoiMidished botanist, W. I>., seemed to cover the
whole ground, and leave IhU little to he said farther

on either side. It presented the true points at i!«ue
disa})pointed in getting it haule(i un il about a week | ;„ .^ „j,^,.,. |o,-,-ibb' and coinmi)n sense matter .-f fact
after the r\{' come up. I then sowed it broad cast
on top of the ground. I applied no other manure.
Now^ for th(^ result. The crop of rye was fully
equal to my wishes, ^ome of jf wa.*^ lo<lge<h The

style, than any arti-de which has yet apptrared oa
the subject in any ol our journals, and ()ii;;lit t>^
have been the means of sparing i>8 the infliotiun ^
lhr( (> n>ortal pages ii> your October number. TbtJ

grain wa^ plumf> and heavy, and I regr(>t very much ! author i)f that long wiii(h>d communication scm^ t''

that I did not keen an account of tiie numl)er of bush-
els. I took five timothy ero-ps off the same grcumd
in five successive years; the first was t( rv heavy; they
grew lighter eacdi successive y<iar; but the fifth was
worth cutting. Tlx' ground receive*! no further dress-
ing, except a light sowing of J^l/ist r of Furis, ea(di
Spring.

I merely state the above as facts; every farmer can
draw his own conclusions.

I beg leave, in addition, to state «omo experiments

imagine himself the centre of all strawberry knowl-
edge, and, by his own account has been siwce^-^ful.
by his ov7n .seedlings, in superseding most of the 0 >
jvnd liighly esteemed kinds. There is one at lea^t of
your readers, who prefers holding on to what 1
has proved and well tested, th;in to take up wi

new ones, even at the direction oi a "I nncft.

C. STKKLE,

l»hiladclphia county.

Not having fruited the McAvoj our8elve8, we were

I

1^^, .struck with the disparity above allude<l to l,y '
^ur eorrespondent, and <io the a; pearance of the on- ;
rrivio;:; i'' ^'"' Horticulturist, wrote immediately to |
<;iir fVi^rid. lb'. Hrinekle, from whom we received the

"The Me.Vvoy's Superior figuretl by you is ginuine,
.tiid an exact representaticn of tfie spe<'iineu vvhi(d\
vafl ;;t<'^^" hy Mr. Cope. In our ad interim report,
^v^. dcscribi' the fjriii as bjing rDunUsh <nvifr; I
have never seen the fruit round except in Hinall
wpfH'iinens. Ifovey, in the last nuinlwr of his Maga-
7.in»\ p^ge -^^^1, says: "the deseripti(ui by tlie Perm-
t«ylvania Horticultural Society of the former (Mc-
Av(*v's Superior) agrees vNith ours; with one exc'p-
tion it could not be more correctly deserilK-d; tliat
exception IS the color; their report calls it deep, bril-
liant, crimson, while we call it a dark, dingy red,"

I have t-een specimens tiii« season grown by Mr.

lUii'^t, as well as by Mr. Cope; and I have fruiteil it

rnv^elf from a plant sent by mail from Mr. Long-

wurth in iS;jO."

. — .t^t^

sncpncni uo^ti*

Mt. Editor:

Can you inform one of your subseri
bers and constant read(Ts, where he can obtain a
good S!ieph(trd I) >g, of pure blood, and four to six
months old. What is your opinion of their value as
a farmers dog. J. L.

I>,iii[»hin county, Pa.

"We are well accpiainted witli the Scotch Colley

breed '»f Shepherd Dogs, and consider them ver}" val

uabh' to a farmer. We have owiu'd several. They

make excellent watch dogs, and are trained without

much difficulty to bring up the ttows, watch or herd

the sheep, and save many a trip of a man or boy in

this way. AV'e know where an excellent pup of a-

bout the age wanted, can be obtained at a reasonable

price. — Ed.

«•»

this State, and its cause and cure have thus far baf
fled f'e researches o! the hcieutific and the practical;
though I think its ravages may b<' somewhat abate(l
by the ob^ervaii'e of certaiu rules in planting. St?-
lect, if pos<il)le, dry land in good heart, turn tho
grass under the fall ledbre, arid plant as «'arly in the
spring as the ground can be woikeij, without manii-
ring; and in th ' sidection of seerl, reject all small,
affected potatoes, planting none hut those of good
size, fair, atel >uitahle for the ta!>le. It is a prevaib
iu'j; opinion — and one I (Consider very erroneous ~
that sn\aH {lotatoes are just as good to plant as large
ones, and, if the theory is irue, better, for they will
go over more ground. On an expcritnent I trieif
thre<» or i«»ur year.-^ ago, it was found that where five
or six bushels of gi»od, sele(^ted (\irter potatoes were
planted in the mi(\st of a field of the saiae variety of
potatoes, unselected, but in other respects planted
under precisely the sam*! circumstances, scarcely one
of the product of the f rmcT was found in the least
affected with the rot, while of the product of the lat-
ter at least one-third was more or lert,s affected. The
Carters are generally considered the most palatable
— at the same tim > they are probably the most sub-
j«M't to the rot oi any potato of this region. The long
red potato is considered the most pr(dific. Aveia^e
potato crop, about 20(1 bushels per acre.
The '^"'^

<bii * i>vv.i,

culture «-i liic carrot, iv.....,,,
considerably increased sinc(> the pr(!vah»nce of the
potato rot. an(l they are usually considered profita-
ble. Probable average of carrot crop, (»(K) bushels
per acre.

Small vtu L.ar^e Potatoe§«

In the patent office report for LSVi and '53, which
has just reached us, th(;re are many veryvaluabh^cr)m-
raunicatiofis, in the agri(;ultural department of great
interest to the firmer. In one of the reports from
Maine, by Williaiu Upton, Jr., we extract tlie fol-
h'wing, which agrees with tin; experience of many
otherH in respect to the use id' large and ripe {jotatoes
for seed. Whatever may be the (udginal cause of
the rot, it is reasonable to iiifer that the immature
«eed would be more liable to be affected, as was
h'uri(l in thig case, although we do not recollect to I
havo heard before of the same experiment. His
letter says:

Idl the prevalence of the potato rot, this was a
jery iniportiint crop for this State, not only as a feed
for cattle and hogs, but as an article; of export; and,
Dei t to the hay crop its failure may be considered
we severest calamity that could befall the farmers of !

IJnie v. I'otato Disease.

.\t tlie beu-inniti;' of .\iii£u-tt la>t, I had a le-d of
ripe walnut-leaved Potatiw's dug, the ]»rodu(;e ot
whiidi amounted t(» three bushels. Conceiving the
flisinfecting |>ro[iei tips of lime might Iwi adviintige-
ou-ly employed m checking the pritgrews of the dis-
ease, tfien sliirhtlv manifesting itsfdf, 1 reH(dved on
sprinkling a handful on every alternate layer (»f Po-
tatoes in tiie bushel, extending the experiment to 'J
bushels onlv. and storing the remaining one in a
dry state without any application. (Ui examining
theni a week ivia, I was {^ratified at the discovery
that five Potatoes only were bad among the 2 l.aiHh-
(ds to which the lime was applic.'J, while 2 gallons of
the other bushel were infected. To prevent the ef-
fect being attributed to any other agency than the
lime, it may he MtatfMl that the whole of the ground
was planted with tubers of the siinie sample, and had
previously received similar treatment. I do not find
that the lii'ic has, in any d(!gree, affected the quality
of the Potato.— ir. Sprent, Oi\'rl(>n, Sept. 12.

The UlcliCiit Mine.

The manure applied to the soil of England amoun's
to three hundred inillions of dollars: Ixdng more than
th(^ value of its whole foreign commerce, and yetthe
grat(d\il soil yields back with interest all that is
lavished upon it. .Vnd so it would be here, it wii
wouhl onlv trust the soil with, any portion of our
capital. r>iit thi^' we rar<dy do. A firmer who has
made anv luouey sijeuds it not in his biisitjes-', but

* * ^ 111

in some otfoT oceujtation. He buys more; land when
he ought to l)uy m ori* manure, or he puts out his
money in some ioint-st(»ck comnanv to convert sun-
shine into ujoonshine. Ke'y upon if, our nclie«t
mine is tie; barn \ai-d. :uid wliatever , temptati on
stock or shares may offer, the be>t investment for a
farmer is live stock and pluugli tihiXTds.— Exrhanje,

J^

294

AOVIOE TO YOniVn MEN— now to KlfT. Sf,f^nS

John <;ii^-s advice to Yoiiu*; Men.

From *'Freedlefj's pnidiml Trmfi.'ir on Business/'
^ **1. Be industrioius and oco i«.ii)u;;il. Waato rn-ithor
tiiiK^ nor money in s/UdU and iK^'frsn indiil ;,!iu;.;s. If
tho yi)ung can he induced to O-'/in U> sure, ilwuMy
menr they enter tijc paths .d' lin'/tlui way will rv.'r
hecjme easier btf.. re them, and they will notfail t.> at-
tain a competency, .umI iltvt with.^il drnyn.- ihctn-
flelvcs any of the real necessaries and comforts ot
life. ^ Our people are certainly anion;; the most im-
provident a d r'xtrava-mt on fli.. face of tht; earth.
It Ls cnou^di t., ina'cc the m-rrh mt of the old Hchool
M'ho looks |)a.-k and thinks what econoniy, }. ruder. ce
nnl_ (hscretion li.> iiad to l,rinn; hear on his own
hiisiniiss, (irid wliich are in ftct the h i>^es of all
succssful cnt.Tprise,) shirt l)ack in astonishmer»t to
look at th(^ rutlil.'ss waste and extrava;rji,„;i3 „r the
ng^> and people. The hi.;h('8t test of respectahiltv, 1
^M h me, IS lio;ie^t indnstrv. W»dl-:lirected indns- |
t; p m ikes men ha- py. The really nohh; class— tho I
rlasH ihul was nol 1^ wlicn 'Adam delv'd and Kve I
^pu:l,' and have preserved thi'ir patent to this div '
initirnisfKMl is thr laborious and industrious. IJn- '
til m ri hav.' l.'arn(>d industry, economy, and self- '
cou'r'.j. thry cmn. t he salidy entrusted with wealth.
1!. T) inlustry an 1 economy, add Hrlf-ndiatjc<'.
2V) n it tal;e /(h) hhl h udvir. Tin? husincss man must I
keep ai t,iie ht;iiii anu si.er nis own stii[). In «Mrly |
life, ev.Ty one should ho taught to think lor himscli'. '
A lum's tahn's ;.r,> never !)rou;;ht out until he is I
thrown to some . x* iit upon his own resources, ll in i
every difficulty he 1,;.. ,,,dy to run to his prineipal, '
and then implicitly obey tjie dir-etions lie may re-
ceive, he will never acquire that aptitude of p.'rcop-
tion, and that yironjptness of decision, and that iinn-
ne-s of purpose, whieh are ahsolutely necivssary to
those who hold important stations. A certain* de-
cree ol iuil pendent feeling; is (essential to the full
deVel .pment ol the intrilectmd chanu'ter.

111. Kememher that punctuality is the mother of
confidence, li i- n >t enou^r|, that" the menduint ful-
fils his en>^ao:em..nt : he must do what he und(,'rtakes
precisely at the time, a ; w^ll as in the way he a<:^reo(|
!Jo. Th" Diiitii il depend.MUM^ of merchants'is s > ;^reat,
that their enp^ao; merits, like a ehain, which, accord-
ing^ to the law of hysio, is never stonier than its
Aveakest link, are often(T broken through the weak-
ness of ()tliei8 than their own. Hut a prompt fuUil-
ment of (>n:;a'j;(M.ients is not only of the utmost im-
I'orianre, b -cause it enahh>s oheVs to nxu't tledr own
en;2;iu^ements promptly. It is also the best evidence
that the m"re!i:inr his his affairs widl onhred— his
means at eomm m 1, his lorees marshallcMl, and
'ererythln;^ ready for aeti.m'— in >h(>rt, that he knows
his own 8tren«;th. This it is whirii inspires coiifi-
denceas much perhaps as the meetin;; of the en<;a;;e-
inent. '^

IV. At^en 1 t > the 7//i/y?///Vr of t!i(^ hu'^ino^s. sm.ill
as >vell ;is oiv-.tt. Sec that i\w store is opeiKMl eailv
goods hiushel up, twine an<l nails picked up. anil
all loidv f.r action. A y. un.^ ma?i should consider i
captil. if he have it, or as he may necpiire it, merely
as to Is with whi(di he is t) work, 'not as a substitnte
for the necessity of labor. It is often the case that
diligence in cm])toj/meht of /ess nmspiptence is the
most successful infrodu-tion lo (he [imit en^rrpj-i.-rs.
Those make ths best officers who liave servfil in rlo^
ranks. We may say of labor, as Coleiid;;(! s.iid <.(
peelrj, it is its own sweetest reward. It is the best
of physi<*.

V. Let the youn^ merchant remember that selfish-
ness is the parent of vices, and it id the parent of a

'VrMR|;t

thousand more It not only interferes both w,tl, o
means and with the end of a.Mpjisition n ,

nnkes mom^ more difficult to ^rt and,./ -
havin<^ when it is ^ni hut it is narrowin- to tK I

and to the heart. Solli.hnes>, ke.ps ^ MmI „.T'"^
close to th. .yv, that it cannot so. ;, dollar h,. ';.; i '
.Never Ix^ narrovr and contractc^d in jour vi,nv. l
abounds m instances of th.j brihiant resuUs /""
•^ciKUMjus policy. ' ^

He frank. Say what you mean. Do wl.^t v„u h,v
.'^o shall your friends known and take it Uyv^nnut i
that yoti m.'afi to do what is jusi and ri;4ht. ""

V i. Accustom yours.df to think vi^r,,5'^,v,y]y ^^j^^
tal capital, like pecuniary to b<' vvortiranythii/.r m!!!t
be w.dl invested,-must be ri-htly adjusted ami an-
plied, and to this eml, candui, deep and int^n,,
thou;r|,t IS necessary if ^reat n^sults are looked for

VII. Marry early. The man of business WuM
marry as soon as possible, afba- tW(Mity-'wi) or
tw<Mity-three years of a<;e. A woman of mind will
conform to the necessities of the day of small l>".rjn.
nin;;s; and, in choosing a wife, a man should lookat
1st. The heart; 2d. The mind; ;id. The person.

VIII. Kverythin.,^ Imwever remote, thjit has any
boa nn;; upon success, must be taken advanta^re „f
The busines.^ man should be continually on tlw; watch
for information, and ideas that will throw li^dir .,r,
hi.s piio, aiei iie siioui(i oe an aiientive reader ol .ilj
I)ractical books, especialtf/ those relatintj to hnsinct^
trade, (Iv., as well as a piitron of usclui and cnnob-
liui; liri'rature.

5IX. Never r)r<.^et a favor, f)r in;:;ratitu le is thM)r-
est trait of a man's heart. Always honor your coun-
try and remember that our country is the vrrv bcsi
poor man's (-ountry in th»« world.''

How to Kill Sluf^s.

A correspond(,'nt of the Mark Lane Express pyo.^
the f)!lowin^ method of dcvstroyin'^ slu'^s. It \^
cleap; and will benefit the soil, though it maj nut
d(\stroy the little pests:

If y(»u suspect s1u;2;s working; above ground, (I
know nothin;; of thtMr under;;round work, hut I havf*
no doubt they work above /ground at ni^ht in all
cases,) have you.* land carefully examined hy a trust-
worthy man, with a lantern, about one or two lieurs
after dark, on a moist and as warm a ni^hi as ym
I'an hn<l at the season of V(M\r; then liavin«r ascor-
taimvl that they are there, sow broadcast at nij^ht,
and the saints sort of ni^jjht, from G to 10 hushcls nf
<nii(;klin:e p^M- acre. Very likely you will have to
repeat the d..se: and tlie headdands should nhv;iy.^
he done twiee, as the bodices jmd hanks li!U-'n'»r tli''in.
The expense is but trillin;;. Tw(. imn, tho linirt
havini; beiMi }»reviously deposited in CMnvtiiii'iii
[>laces, will easily sow^ 8 aei( s per ni;^ht hefori' 1-
o'idoelv. I ij;a\(' th'-m rather mort^ than I shetild f'T
the same hours of day woi'k, and ahi>ut two quart.-*
of ah' eaeh niii;hi,atid tlH\v(I always (Muploy th-^
same two) are responsildc lor hjokin^:; at tho liinJ.s 1
suspect. I onc(; had to sow 8 acres of mangel three
times, the headdands four times, and saved the<Tnp,
whieh tui-ned (.ut remarkably p)od. Thi^ V''"!'' '
sowed 114 aeres of wheat twiee in the autumn, iUid S
acres of it agiin in the sprin;;.

Another ^-orrespondent thus effectually prevents
all future depredations, at least from those which li(>
catcher:

Strew some fresh cabbage, lettuce, or other succu-
lent leaves, near the scene of action, and visit your
leaves every morning, when you will find^rjatnuio-

1853.]

iKMjs-diAM ij':ttin'(; skkd roim.

20.'5

beru of them, who have been out on the feed all ! that if a whelp h.« phi-e.i up .n th-- snow for the first
night, takiri;,' tmiporary shelter nnd'-r tlm h-aves, j tim<', it will h.-;^in to s-rateh, and sniilf al>out as if
when they may easdy ho rau;,dit and -halt with ae- in search (.f something. As in the human commu-
fitrdiri^ t.> discretion 1 Inive cau^rht many liushels nity, so in tlie canine, there are de^retvs of fx(;ell-
of ihcin in this 'way in my ^'ardcn, and I now fiml \ once; and amon«^ tie; do;;s(d' the (ireat St. Bernard
it pay'' me will to use tin- same trap on a large scale this rule is strikinjrly apparent. Tin; • agacity off

on

iiiv farm.

'<#*-

TJK- l),»gs of St, B.-rnard.

Most of our Traders arc aware that the passage of
\\\r A li>'^ hitwecn Switzeiland and Savoy are the

some ol the dogs is ahs(di.t(dy astonishing.

<•.

Hum- liCttin^;.

The practice of letting male animals is very com-
mon in England. It has many advantag(;s, and we

most dangerous .,r tlie whoh' range of the natural sh<»uld l>e ghid to see it adoi)te<i in this country,
"cloud cap'd towers; ' and that on th" slight tahle- ; Tin; fcdlowing from th<^ Mark-Lane Kxprens, explains
land afl'orded on the top (.f the (Ireat St. IJcrnard an ; thd heneiits of the system, so far as relat(^s to shoep:
hf.Mii.'c has st(HMl fm- ages. It is suppm-ted hy the; "It is the peculiar province of ram-hreedorH to
vohmtary contrihutions of all nations, (^itholiit and | breed stock rams for the use of c(>mmon flock-brecd-
Piotestant, Mussfdman and Hindoo, Christian and ers; and this mode of breeding has many advantagcH
Pagan, all fin. I here a neutral ground (or the How of to both parties. The ram-breeder can afford to p'ro-
that charity wlii(di difference ()f creed, or race, or <-nre and put to his flock ot ewes better animals, and,
cliine. ('an nevtu' wholly dry up. And truly it is a nf course, nn)re expensive oni's than would answer
nohle institution — for tin; tiospitahle, monks, though the purpose of un ordimiry l)reeder to use. In this
their revenue is scanty, open their doors to ev(;ry way the ramd)reeder is enabled to k(!ej) up a more
stranger that pres(uits himscdf. And that is hy no s(dect and valuable flock, from which he can let or
means a rare occurrence, for in these h.lty regions , sell animals of a truly valuable character to breed-
tlie traveller is (d'ten overtaken liy the most severe «*rs f r common us(; at a lower rate of prices; besides,
weather, even after davs of cloudless weatlo r. when it is also his rxMUiIiar province to look luit for »ind in-
the e;i;iciers glitter m the sunshine; and the pink troduee every practi(!al improvcunent into his flock
rhedddeidi-ons jir>pear as if they were never to he of which it is capable, by judicious selection from
Bullied hy the tem{)est. On these dreadful oeeasi(»ns, the flocks of other approv(Mi hree<lers, and in a great
the st<trni comes on with the swiftness of lightning, measure regardless of cost; the district <lepending up-
drifts mI" snow (diok(? up the roads, and dreadful a^a- on him, expects tluise things of him: and if he is a
lanches sweep into the valleys, carrying trees .and man ol judgment he will not fail them. H' knows,
fra;inients of loots before theni. In tln^se scenes of j or «tu;_dit to knuw. the pedigrei; of every animal of
awtul graieleur they mingle, doing their saerofl, (I.nl lii'^ tfx'k; and in this way he can and does suit any
like ministry. They devote thomstdves to the dan- (dian :e of blood or feature to the; wants of the flock.
pM-oiis task of searching for those unhappy persons ! In this way he (;an also suit hisfrifuids or customers
who may have be«'n OMU'takon by the sudden storms; desiring or finding it requisite to change their blood
and they are assisted in these sacred (dfices by a or intermingle it in their flock; by his [)eculiar flock-
hrecil (d dogs [)e(.'uliar to the estahlishment, an<i marks he can on a{)plieiition recomnifuid this and
wlidsc renown is as universal as that of the (hival- the other animal as (dianges from the usual selection
reus monks. The sag.u'ity of these iinimals is re- of his friends, thercdiy rendering it unnr-cssary f)r
inarkahle. Wiien tin; travidler, henumhed with cold, them to resort to other l>reeders. whi{di is at all
ail I wearied in his searidi for tin; lost track, yields to times a du))ious cours(» to adopt; it is far better to
the stupilying influences of frost, and sinks to the keep to a flock you well know, and to the judgment
^'rourid for the snow drift to cover him — it is then I of a breeder on whom you can depend: the breeding
that the e.x(piisite docility and keen scent of these will not be running too cl )se hy following this prao-
udiuirahle dogs is called into action. They ar(^ sent; tice." — [Bjston Caltivator.
<ait in pairs, and though the perishing man be twen- | '!^,

ty f-et heneath the snow, the delicacy of smell with ; ^*^*^ ^'"''"'

which they ean trace him, offers a (diam-e id" escape. ! ^''W is the time to select cars of corn for seed.—
TIkt scraich away the snow with their feet, tlnm s.!t ; ^lo into th<> fields and pluck off the earliest ears and
"pa hoarse a..d' K(demn bark, which brings the ^ f^'ich as are well filled: and you will gain something
"leiiks and laborers of the convent to their assistance. I hy s(d< cring fr(mi stalks that have two ears on them.
Toprosidr lor tho.dianeo that the d.»--. without hn- It i^ important that you s(deet in tlu field and before
"i!in h.dp, may succeed m .-a\!iig the nnlortunate ! ^^H <^"' ♦'•^f-^ '^^'*' '''^'■'^' ^'•'' ^'"'•'' >"" ^^'"'l K'^'" neveral
travfdier, one of them has a flask of spirits round his ' <hiys in the ripening next year.

iH'ck, to whi(di the fainting man may apply for sup- , We think it p:-ohable that a majority of our far-
mers neglect to select tlndr seed ears till the time of
husking. liut then they ciinnot determine certainly
wdiether they take the earliest ears.

|»'>rt. and the other has a (doak to cov(>r fiim. Tne

'1"^' ofthe ;r,.oat St. Ih-rnard, a spot NOilO f^ t above

ileh'Vfd of the sea, is, indeed, a heautiful and won-

<l'ihil animal, lie htdon^is to tie- spani(d breed, but

i-^i peculiarly larg(» and powerfn!, jMrtienhirly hi;i;h

"pen the legs, and generally of a milky white, or tah- .

j>y Color. The breed havin:: been cultivat<Ml with j cannot ur^e the planting of the small (^mada corn

immense eare and assiduity f»r such a number (d" in our latitude, for it is Ixitter to loose occasionally

}";»rs. and natural faculties of this line spe(inien of j.art ( f a lar;ie crop than to he always limi ted to a

Corn is so in)|iortanta crop, and so mmdi of it is

often lost by early frosts, that it is of nnndi conse-

pience to plant that \\lii(di will rijH'u early. Wo

the dog having been sharptuu'd by generations ol
training an(l experi(mee, it is not surprising that
their inltdligenc ' should be so highly developed, that
actually a kind (d language has been established b(v
tween them and the monks. The instinctive intel-
ligence of these dogs is shown by the curious fact,

small one. We need not go north for seed ears if wo
will take a little eaie at the rii^ht tini" and select tho
ears whi( h first come to maturifv. .Many farmers
know the importance of taking for set'd what ripens
earliest, hut they are apt to forgot and neglect. —
[Massachusetts Plough i an.

i\

£96

GLANDF.RS— DOOR M.\'I'S- IIKXKIIY.

''V

QMHRk

4

C» re fur (iilaiHit rs,

I have lately discovered a i • m.-i v to cine th.' ( IK-m
(Jors in a horse; I !!iuu^;lit it nii;^r|,'t )„' n-ffdl to otli-
Jrs, and accordinnly I H.nd v,,u tlx- iiif'orniation.
Some time In Mny !a,st a man drove np ami {ast«'ned
hi.s liorsr-s i,y iuin.\ and came into the .stort ; iift<'r-
>var<l8 we l)otli \v.-nt ont, and I saw that one of
IiIh horaefi was sirk. II.' said liis hor^e had the rrlixu-
dern, and tliatlie tiiou^ht it wonhl liave died hi>t ni^ht
it waH 8o sick. 1 was offended because lie liad tied
hifl h()rH(»R so near mine with a conta;;ious disease,
end said no mor< to him. Some days aftorthi.s the
matter Ix-ini:; somewhat tor^^otten. 1 was passin*'-
near my liorse; he apneare(l to be sick; 1 turned and
went u[) to him, and, sure enou(:h, he was sick!
His throat was swollen to a t(^rrible de;:;ree, .so lie
could hardly raise or lower his lnvid more than an
Inch or two. Somethinj^ must be done, for I could
n«t part with him any way at present. I tried one
thing and another, but all to no purpose. Now for
ftMtudy. What will do the thin-? (lland.rs; what
are the nrjanders? Why, it is diseased ;;]ands; the
little vessids that brin«; the saliva to tln^ mouth and
throat are diseas 'd -stopped up, and must be opened.
What will do it? Tobacco will vomit, and may open
(hen). I took a half a pound of fine ent tobacco and
fXHired two (juarts of warm water on it, and let it
fioak a few minutes, and washed !.: ; diruat and so on
lip to his ears, and down his throat to his lei^s and
l.etw(»en his fore Icj^s. It made him direful sick,
and w.Mild have vomited him if it had been jtossible
for a horse to vomit. In thriM^ hours I bathed him
Aga\n. and (he next inorninnr ai^ain. The filial cf^'ect
>vas, m\ h .r<c c(vu!d put his head to tie' j^jround
lifter secni id tunc batlnriir. and af't<"r the third time
ho could j.-.-d as well as tvcr, and is well, and has
done better ever since. W M. McSHEl^AlU).

^'orth Siiciheld, Ashtabula (\) , Ohio.

( Genncsscc Fuj'nnr.

1863.1

HBNKIIV-ICE HOIISKS.

297

White Sheep Skins for Docn- .M.ts.

Take two lon-w.Mded sh(S>p skins, ami make up a
stror)^ lather of soaj>; the sitrns of proj^er strength
is when the latlnM- jeels slippery between the lingers.
Wlu'u the lather is cold, wash the skins care-
fully in it, stpKH^zing tiiem between the hand- so as
to take all the dirt out of the wool. Wh(m this is ac-
complished, lift out the skins and wash them in cold
water until all the soap is e.xtracted. Have a vess(d
of clean c<dd water ready, to which some alum and
sal't, (about half a pound) whiidi have been dissolved
In a small (piantity of hot water, are addecl, and the
sk.iiH left to steep all night. They ar(^ tak<Mi out in
the morning and hung over a po]<» to drv. When
all the alum water lias dripped off they ai'C spread
Out on a b(»ard to diy, and carefully stretched with j
tin; hand from time to time. Before they are thor- I
Oughly dry, a composition of two table spoon- I
fuls of alum, and the sann^ of saltpetre, mo gidund '
t») rowder, in :> mortar or otherwise, and sprinkled i
Caretullyon the tiesh side of t-atdi skin. Tliey are'
then placed the one on the ti«p of the other, leavin*'- the
Wool outside, ami hung upon a rack of salts, in a barn,
Abed, (iv dry airy jdace, for about three days, or un-
til tiiey are dry — they should be turn(Mi every day.
After this they are taken d( wn and the flesh side
.•^craped with a blunt knife; and ea(di skin trimmed
for a mat. The flesh side may then be rubbed ov<'r
with pipe clay, beat with a switch, and will then be
iound supple, of a beautiful white color, and fit for a
Cloor mat for a mechanic or prince. — Scicntijic A-
fnaican.

• ]■ (.V,

The accompanying engra'. in- <d' u ,!,,.r.p If,,,.,.,
appeared in the Register k Hxaminer o|' thi/'j»''
rough in the early ])art of last year. U was d-si^J,'}
by A. Marshall, Ksq., and is well adapted tu the ob-
ject intended.

w fiq w

Fk.uhk 1.
Th(> buiM nj; is desigiuui to be 12 feet
1 eet high in front, 4 feet high in tho lear, an
lung. The length may be greater or less, w

wide, 10
1 nOfet^t

,ii refer*

Fi(;i

CTicc to the numher of Poultry to be accommodated'

The ab'i\(' dimensions are large «'nougli for loO to
200 barn <loor fowls. The materials for rear and
»'!ids may be frame, brick or stone. The south slope
of an embankment will be a goo<l l(>eation. as warmth
is ail inifHivtant ]M'itit to be ;::ainf(l. llnj best, mate-
rial I'lr rind )•- •'tiaw thatcli, tins is warm in winter
uiui c(Mi! in sun iner.

Fill. 1, r( presents the front view. A A A A are
;:lass li;^lits S by 10 intduis; the dotted lines show
where the edge-, of tin* glass meet each otlu'r. li B
li are boards three inches wide, naileil horizontally
te tijiriudit jio>ts, the upper edge being tdowe(l to i-c-
cuive llie lower end (.f the ;:las-i, and the lower edge
raliheted to receive th(3 upper edge (d the ranges of
8;!aHS immediately Ixdow, which is secured by putty.
This arrangement is original and saves the expense
of hash. C (J, ventilators, may be madt; to slide in
grooves, or hung on hinges, D I) 1), doors : If tlu;
lenfrth (if the l)uilding does not exceed twenty or
thirty feet, one of the large doors may be dispensed
vitli. That portion (d tln^ front not comjio>ed nf
J^la.vs and doors to be w<'ather board'-d. It will be
better if the inside of all the walls are jda^fered.

Fill. 'J, repi-.'sent^ an end view. <', ventilator. K,
nest boxt s, T) f.'ct long, and 2 feet wide, entrance
('Pen at i)oth ends, with a s oping lid hung on hinges
fur the purpose; of takin;i out eggs. \].\r\\ i)ox b) be
divided into five compartments, with an opfn jiassage
r^'xt to the wall, the whoh; hsngth. Tle-^e tjoxe'S to
he jilaced against the front wall, immediatfdy behiw
JIc' ;:;lass; also across ea(di end. F represents
th'' eti(ls «.f tlu^ roosting poles, fourrang(\s of whiidi.
t^' iiiu tie' wlede ieu'^h of the building. These
poles should be 10 inches apart.

The space between the nest boxes and roosting
poles is intended as a winter promenade and lor feed-

it e li.

1 I \\ i-r

•""^ 'vatering troughs. The object "" ^'^ nhtmn-
ed by so mu(di glass, in front, is warmth by the sun
in winter. A clever yard shouhl be attaclied for an

o

ut dour ranirt; in fair weather.

('< nsiruclion ui Ice Houses.

A house to prcsi'r\e ice duiuig our long dry sim-
mers, sh(aild be built with care, but need not bo
V(;ry exfx'usive.

The best soil on whicli to })uild, is one t'-at is suffi-
ciently porous to allow the water to leaidi through
without the nci-essity of using a drain, as this makes
way for a current of air which tends to eipnilise the
tem|»erature within, to that without. If the soil re-
(juires a drain, the outer end shoidd be (dose<l u}) that
air currents <'annot j)eiu'trate the interior.

(Jhoose a shady situation if convenitjut, and if th(5
soil is p(»rous, excavate three or four feet, ten t»r
tw(dv(^ fe(;t s(piare, lay down scantling and cover with
rough boards for a floor. Upon thiserect the studding
2 by 8 in stufl'H feet hmg, at distances of 15 feel apart,
if inch boards are usiui for cover. The covering boards
should W W(dl seasoned so as to make tight joints.
The outer wall, as high as the sui faceof the ground,
may be nailed on the studs before they art; set down
up()n tiie floor. Hoard up on both sides of tlie studs
to the top, and back the earth around tin; outer wall,
leaving it to descend in all directions to <'arry <df the
surface water; then till up tiie space between the
boards (S in(dies) to the to|) of the wall (S feet) with
fine charcoal, <lry saw-dust or tan bark well f>a(!ked
down. When the .-pace is fillcfl, nail a strip of boards
iiicfdy over the top to prevent rats or mice from bur-
rowing within, rpen tliis the rafters may be allow-
ed to rest or the roof may be made of whole boards,
running up to th^ ridge, and battened; in either case
th(! roof should project well over the wall on all sides,
the entrance door should be on thi! north side, no
larger than is abs(dutely npcessary-say 2^ feet wide
and I feet high. The entrance should be protected
by double doors, the (.uter one op(>ni:ig outwards the
other inwards, each set Ibi-li with their respc.;tive
walls, and fitting (dosely, leaving an air (diainber of
8 inches bet w ecu them.

W^hen all thiaisdone it will pay to set another

298

nrwo TSf.AXDS-IIAnXKSS.

aiiiinrw>eB 11 m

c .urso of .tu s <)u.„d« the ImiMinx, and cover wui,
hm b„ara.s, filled clcsely, leavi,,. an .,,,en space be-
tween this and the first hiiildin- I "^

fv.

»\Pwnrfj

]9if^v^

noxsTmiPTioN OF I>I(; i>f.;\s.

;v- n.Hl holes innumoraMe. Thfs.. u,,. thn i ••

thin coatin, „f the.:",;.^: i; u-r;;;^,,;'^;™;,,.:! ^:;:e^n;::L.t;^'" ;■'■ --pHsi::r^,:;:'^r;:',';';:,:";

also, an.l also at the .sich's. ' " "" y\ "-'I ; '- ''^"-j,',',! „,_v ^.„„ s,„re i s,„|,.,| I, ,„„ N , '

If the soil np„n whieh ,l,e lee lions,, is .^sin.! to ' pi's ,1 is . l^U T T" l"'''' '''-'''^ ■"■' " *-"'"-

. ' r ' ' '""^ ' i.i.N , iiu' wiioic may

o ..■• I,el.„v the ,1.„„, a.Matthe.an" i„ W's il ■;.'!',::■';... "."^ ''^'^ ,''""-''. '""'•'' "-'I.!.' I.t,'. £

tlie water to pass off freely.

Th.. more i,.e is s,;ciired "in a l),.(lv, tlie lon-er will

t '<e,.|, l,o,n „,eltin^^ for this reason it would he a

. tter of eeo,„,,nv for several nei-hhors to join in

]M w.j: „^ a buihhn- to he used in common.- fM(o

t uui(y(ior.

likoour,n;u.k.r.Unlls. Thev nro sai,! f„ Z ,^
w^'I., but rarlHM- fishy. W. lin.l ...s .t tit

abumlamv, y.t those wo an. not a]^^^;.,^ to t3^
i lio ia.vs an. strirtly (M.fon-c.l; not evf^n tl,. .o,],

or soa lions aro w. mIIow.mI to shoot; hut lam Inn!
TUn r^ , , , trmpt(Ml at times. I sonietlnios usp niv h irt.oo

The Guam, Islands. they svvini around th(. ship but whn f- ' ''

ronnnH .'"^ ;"';:! •^''' ^'=^'''1^'^^ ^^'''''''' Thornton, P^>-^'^'^'^^ to hohl on, as lookouts an> st-itiom 1 ITi'
recently _fn,ni th. ("h.r eha Islands, eonnnunicates to ^^-^^^^ '^"'i s.are.lv a .lav passes wit /

he 1 rovHh.nce Journal, a v.ry readable aeeount <,r ' - -'-; H^^-'t-. Kv.ry v.^sel that e,>„It's t "
me UhindH, the shippm- that fVecjuent them. tlu> i '^ certain nunihrr of lav davs—af.onr ..., .\.,:^\X

Cnpt.

- • .. o, loai..,.;; lu,; vf.s.s ^s, aiKi tlic kiud (.1 lift'
there, Irom whhdi we makc^ the toilowin*-- e.xtnict •

"Vessels all load at tlie lee side .d^ thelsland At
tins time the p;uanu has be.n riMuoved from the ed-e
<)1 the Island m places, sav one thousand feet. Kails
are hud and cars used to brini? it to the cd-e of 'he
rocks and <himp it into larp' bins (»r shutes"mad(^»^
lonrr poles int-rwoven with ropes and chains to sup-
port them, wide at the upper ends and narn.w at the
lower. These hold from one hundred to five hun-
<lrrd tons. At the lower end are gates or scuttles
ami fn)m thes(> gates an- eanvas hags, (d' about tw(')
•M't Ml dnimeter, hiding to the ships and hoats be-

OW

c-vrry nnr nununM tons. Most of us hav f,. hs
bcre our days out. At daylight dozens of huat. .-.an
bo seen about the spouts waiting f.,r load. Ihilv
accounts an' kept of ea.d, ship's days a...| turn.- so
many loads per day are allowed' tluan-siv fir.t
week two loads per day, second w^-k tlii.v Ina.i.ner
day, thml weok four loads por .lav. \\ r aw ;,11 ..,p-
pliod with boats. They I, old ti-oui t-^n to tuvntv
tons, and an' gm, 'rally sliips' h.ng l)oats, sold t.. iV-
ruvians when they 'eave for home. Lahon-i-s cannnt
now be hire.i here at any price; we can only work
our own men.

One would imagine that it would bo Impos.^il)].' to

■ .i^*_«^l^^ 1 1 /'*1 fail * . .

Tho shij.s are hauled close to the n)cks and ' ^'^''^^ '^^ ^^^^ (doud,^ of dust. T!

moored off and (,n. Tlu^ hose are h>d at once into
the hateh, the gates above aiv hoisted, and you can
imaguH. tho foree with whi.di it comes down through
this hose of one hundred feet. A thousand ton ship
can he loaded in forty-eight hours. Smaller bins
are used by tln^ boats, whi.di all prefer, as we have
mmdi less dust. A ship under the sp(»ut or hose is
completidy enveloped in a cloud of dust, makin.- it
almost impossible to exist on board. The guano is
trimmed away in the hold by natives with oakum
tied over their m.mths and noses, and veils over their
eyes. This lets in air and excludes the dust. Tln^y
can only stay below from twenty to thirty miiiutr;;
Ihey are in gangs of eiglit or (.mi, and ndicve cacii
other as above. Every part <d" the v<"ssel is penetra-
ted with this dust. It will go wherey(M- smoke will
I can c.unpare it t,) n., thing hut so mmdi dry ashes.
Ihe guano aboini.ls in hartshorn, and is'said to
be^yery healthy and lu-mdiciai in some complaints.

The vessels ar.> all ..1 one co!..r from truek to
water. Not a spear ol grass, rush or reed, is t.. be
seen anywhere: no vegetable matter of any kin.l on
the islands. Where the guano is now n'ni..yed is a
perpendicular bank of about one hundred f.M't. In
it are found dead binls, some even on their nests
with eggs under tluMu. I hav(! several (d them per-
fect in shape, still pure guano. iMost of tli.'m crum
bled to dust when exposed to the nir. Layers of
reeds and twigs are to be found thn»ugh the guano,
said to be brought there from the main landl)y the
birds, for (heir uesis. As we walk over the Islands

- -le men arc all .»f i»ru'
c-oh.r— you cannot tell a white one fVom a l.la.'k ..i]c
when at work in it. It i:> fun h)rour sailors. As a
general thing, I nrvcr saw a sot of im'ti in >re ifir.T-
csted for tli.Mr employ. ^rs than tlnn- an- in loa-lin;;
our boats. They lay in it, n)ll and wrestl" in it. and
! at times are completely buried in it. Th.\se shutes
that lead into the vessel's hold arc dangerous. Cases
have occurred where imm have slipp.'d in at the
mouth of th(^ hose as the guano went in or down.
and never seen again, or dead if foun-l at all. At
times when> thert* is much surf on, I hav se. n the
liose come out of tie- hatch ami tlii> gUMiio g.) thirty
feet fr.>m th.' si.lo ^A' the vesstd, the higiicss of the
hos(\^ \V( are supplied twi(a» a w«M-k. U'.vlnf'^dny
and Satur.l ly, from Piso city, with fresh meat, ve;,,'-
etables and liuit<, by boatmen, wh.t m ike .oiit." ;i
business .»f it. Fi-esh beef ei;'ht and a hall c 'lUiJ
)"'<■ p"und. fowls ten .lolhirs per do/.'-n, turkeys
tw.Mity-four dollars perfl.i/en, jmlcs weighing twenty
pounds thn'e dollars, shcop four dolhirs" each. Ve'^e-
tabh s are hiii;h: enough for one wei^k's consiinipti -n
for a crew of lift". Ml, say two .hdlars. Evjry tliini;
in th(^ way of pn)vision is hio;h.

)>

How to Keep Harness in C>r(I?r.

The sultject indicate.] i>y th.- ah.v.' h.-idin::; has
been discussed of late in th.« AV//v// hy two or linee
corres[)ondents, hut is of sufficient importance to bear
further comment. With all due deference, we are
constrained to express the opinion that few of those
directly interested give proper attention to the dura-

20^

bility and apje nam e of harness, earrit«g(»s, &e. We
will therefore give the mode of oiling and washing
l,anes> }iractieed by oic- w iio is (jualified to speak
understati.lin;:!} upoo that sul.je. t

Ohs»M\ing tlie gMoil .'.iiidlt ioii ami fine appi aian. .'
of ilie harness of Aid. Baker, proprietor ol tlo' uio^t
cxt<ii-i\e livery e>ta hlistmient in Ko. levst . ]•, we re-
cpiested him to impart to us, for puhlieat ion, the jno
(Jus opniindi l»y which s.; desiral.le a ic-ult was
achieved. Incompliance thei'ewitli, he state. 1 tlif
course adopted as the l)est and most economical, al
ter twenty yeais exp.M'i. ice ii, a husiucss which r-'-
(jiiired c..nsideiable attention to tackling apparalus.
Ills process of oiling and washing harnes, is suh-
j«iaiilially as follows :

Taki' K'eats' Foot Oil, and Ivory orPatent Black -
the latti'r W(dl f)ulveris<'d or tt> be imnh! so before
using. Mix thoroughly— adding the bhudv until tin;
oil is w'dl colored or (juite black. In cool weatheT
the oil should be warmed somewhat before mixiii''.
With a sjtonge apply a light coat of the mi.\tui-e —
only what the leather will readily absorb, unless the
liainess is v(;ry dry, in whi< h case a heavier coalin*'-
may be ne.-essary. After the harness is dry— ylTudi
will he in frc^m two ours to half ( r a an hole da\, de-
]Ofiding upon the W(aither jind ]»nvious condition of
th'' leath'M- — wash thor(ai;;h!v with soap suds. In
iiiaKing Liie sijtis use ijooit t asiuc soap a ii(t cnhi ram
iv(tf<r. (Warm watiM" should never lie used on har-
ness leather.) Apply the su.ls with a sponge. Ktih
off with buckskin. This will give y.air harness a
nice, glossy 8urfaia% and the leather will retain a
good color and continue jdiabl.- for months. 11 it
becomes soil. mI with nnnl. or ^weat, an applijation of
soap ami water, ks above directed, (witfiout oiling,)
wilt he sufficient to give it a bright appearance.

Tw.) applications of thisoil and hiack m:xtui-c a y(\ir
(or once every six months,) will l^e sufficient to kecj.
harness, as ordinarily used, in good oi.hM'. It may
he necessary for livery men, and .»thers w h.> use hai--
ne.ss constantly, toap(»ly tin; oil ofien^'r— but inmost
cases two oilings a year, and washing with smls
when soiled, will keep a harncs in good trim for
sight and sf^rvii*.*. 'J'his proia-ss will j.ay a large
dividend in extra service and durability,— tu siiy
nothing of improved appearance.

Aid. r>. assures us that the same, or a very simi-
lar application, is just the thing for carriage tops,
w hich are made of top leather. The only differem^e |
in tr.'atment is, that less oil should be used, or rather
a light<'r c.»ating should be appli(Ml — and it should ,
he washed o^brforc drj/in;/ In, t(»p leather being thin j
nnd niu(di more penetrable than liarness. Of course
this mixture would not answer for enani.-h d h-ather,
of which some carriage to[»s are conslructtd. — Rural
A>w Yurkjr,

4«*

Construrti II of Pig Pens.

Among the very valuahh' works for the farmer is-
sued hy Saxton, the indefatigaide agricultural book-
seller of New York, is th.^ Progressive Farmer, by
^lash. Price only 50 cents. Wc (>xtract from it the-
following excellent article ou Pig Pons and tlie man-
agene nt of Pjjr Manure:

•>1^>. Mvthologv r(d;ites that one K injr A ugeus ha ^
stalled !'>(), (100 cattle f.ir many years without (deaning
ftfter them. Il.rcules, it is said, was appointed to
the task of cleansing these "Augean stables." Toe
^dy hero, as the stoiy has come down to us, tu n 'd
a nv< r through them, nnd mad(! clean work shortly.
Whether the stalls travelled witii the curient, Wd are

not informed, hut th- manure w.Mit .iown stream.
AgricnltMrally conM.Jcred, this was ju^i al.<,Mtas wise
as the inana^oiM.Mit (d" some m.idtMn pi l:; pens.

-I'.». I have .dt. n seen these important stru.dures
bunt Willi their n.ojs facing th.' s.aith; the manure
threwn out the south si.le; the eaves Washing it in
I'ainy days, ami the sun scondung it in fair weather;
till, hetween washing, and lermentali..n. •.\\\^H>iirn>n(/
then- was litth- hit. Oth.M-s an« s.. hu-ated, tha't
r'lls, if ma ri\e,s, run int.. them, not eiujugh [ler-
\\'-\\>s t.i ci.a!iM> them, after the iiio.hd .d the af.)resaid
"ll.M(Milian lahor," hut (Muaigh to sweep away nearly
all <d' th.'ir .-oluhle salts. Owing to had 'managt.'-
ment, pig manure has come into had reputation, Imt
it is good, nevertlndess, if rightly mana<'-ed.

;',-(). The pig-pen should I e so constructed tliat
the eaves will he turned away from the manure. —
The gn)und should Ix; in such* shape that no water,
except wluit falls directly from the Ijcavens, can find
ingress, and none find egress but by evaporation.
There should be an outsi(h> enclosure, wheic the an-
imals can be as filthy as their swinish nature pronijtts;
and an insid(» apartment, where they can he as dry
and warm as they phaise. It the first is not allowed
them, they niai/ not y)ay for their keeping in Hum-
mer; if the last is not furnished, they certainly irill

• •• ' .... ,.*' *

or fdftni ir/irn .siiflrriii;/ willi ihe told. Il (akr.s all
liisJiKid Ii) k(<'p Itnii J roiii J'rccziiKj.

\V1\. Let the outsid.' enclosure be of consideraldo
size, giv ng at h'a>t one srpiare rod to the first ten-
ant, ami half .as mu.di more to ea.di a.lditi{»nal o.aai-
pant. It is a;:)-.'f.i <ai all liateK that Am<M-ican lar-
111" !>' have land enough. 'Ihey can aflord t.» give
tluMr pigs a sufficient range. The ground should ho
dishing, the saim; as in the harnyiirtl, and for the
same reason---that nothing niay run over in wet
weather; Jind the materials hu* the pi^s to work oV(U*
should he so ahundant as never to evaporate to dry-
ness in t he dryest times.

Wl"!. Now, whai.i>. to be <lom^ that a lot of swine
mav nroduce, partly in the "natural way," and more
hy the manufacture of raw mat.aials, ten haidseaidi,
))er year, ol excellent com{M»st ? If the number to he
kept be ten, tliis would give a hundred loads. »Sup-
pos(; this to be the average numlxir for the year, and
let us see how the thing is to be d.)n(\ In the first
]')lace, put around the outsid(^ of tin; pen, or outer
yard, seventy-Ave loads of ]:)eat, swiimp muck, road-
scrapings, to[)-soil, or wdiatever you can best procure,
an<l ih n pioteed a-; f.dlows :

oL'o. After till' j)en has heen (deared of its last
year's manure, throw in p'endfully of this to l^egin
with. be^t it 1m- scatter. (1 over the whole .audo'^ure
several in.die" in depth. As it becomes ih >rou;:;hly
moistened with rains :tnd the droj)pings of the ani-
mals, throw in more, an.l so on, through the siimiin'r
and fall, throwing in, more or less, nearly tis (dten as
you Iced the swine, taking (aire that it always ho
moist, but stddom or never th.>r< Highly dr.n. lied,
lie (juaiitity will soon hecome s.) larg" that it will
I)(dd tie- water of any ordinary rain, an.l with-
stand the evaixualion ot any draith, il not very se-
v(M-e. If it iiudines to dry up. it is well t.> throw
over it a b'W .piarts .d' plaster. Plaster is \i'Y\ little
soluhli^ Fi\e hundr(al Ihs. (d' water diss. ilve hut ore;
lb. of planter. It cannot, therefore, he hiSt by put-
ting it on moist maiune, as some other salts m!;:;ht
he. Inde.'.l, it should be sprinkled ovta-all nmnnies
frequent ly, but especially ilticy im line, eitloi i i c. n-
sequence of dry weather, or of too rapid fermenta-
tion, to become dry.

I

'WV- f

300

CONSTRUCTION OF PKJ PKNS— PARSXIPS.

tJ24. Some have suppoHcd tliat tlio outer pen for
swino slioiiia bo uri<Ier cover. 1 think nut. Re-
nu'iiihor that rain doen not hurt niamirc. iiiil.->> it , uri
throujrh it, carrvin;r off its Hohibhi aalts. Kvpy <]r..p
of rain brings down (unnioniit an.l uthrr fcrtllizln"-
matters from tlie air. I'Im- liillin;; rain washes the
air of its inipurities. Ak-r at .shower, we say, "How
sweet the air is." It /.v swert, because it is ,/nni.
Hence, in the nei«rhborhoo.l i>{' cities and hir^^e vilhi-
P's, and everywhere, to a limited extent, ram ialls,
imf)re^nated with mi i< hni- niatf rials. It it fails on'
aqtiantityof nianure, \\\nr\i has snirulenl <h>|)fh to
hold it, till evaporation tak.'s place, it bavins thcs,'
materials in the nianuir. II, nc', the mk. re rain the
bett<'r, provld.,] it ^„ olf by evaporation, and not by
lilrrafion. The .vaporatiitn should not ^o on to per-
frci dryiK^sH, for tJH.n the ammonia, the carbonic
acid, an i other o;ascs, ;ire inclined to (>scap(», and the
manor ' is approaidiin;:; that stdte in which it may be
said :o be "bu)iit."

'^'1). A/in<ii/s iitnisf but nrrcr /rnrhr,!, sliould )>e the
rob' b)r his nianure.

^'^'RVHER,

Culture and \ alue ol the Par>nl|).

As one who haw lived twenty years urx^n v f
searrhin- all tli.' while for reliable inforniati.„i h't}'
from Ins own experi(inc(Mind from that of o'thn" ^
'»u;;ht to be in possession of some "tix«Ml facts" /*^i
settled opinions; arul as dtify, propriety, and fritr
»nty re({uirc that we should allow othe'rs the „pr,„ "
tunityof beneiittin- by uur expc'rience, I fre| ullZl
to give you a few items of information whieh I tliinlr
very satisfactorily settled by evidence within mv own
observation. ^ '

Dislikin- lon^^rprefaees, and trustin- that all your
e,)rrespondents. will dispense with them, I commence
tin; brud summary of my experience and ohserva

tions of twenty years, by a statement in rcrard to
the value of parsnips. "^

Parsnips for Ho js.— One of the things which I
consider W(dl settled, and a reliable and7iseful item
of knowIe<l;re, is this: that fjarsnips, either raw
or cooked, but prel'erably cooked, with the addition

farmer', role jer his nianure. The more manun* he ' "' 'MT'^''^ potatoes, &c., occasionally, were it only to
mak.sj.JM.th in his cow yard and his pi^c-p'^n, the mon; ' prevent the af>petite from bein«r cloyed by ''eternal
easily can he lie,.p uitlVm this rule. A few inches >^:nneness," constitute the best kind\d" food wlicrcoa
of manure, spread .,v<'i- the yard or pen, will be drv | ^," f!itf<'n a ho;i;. They are also the best kind of n.ots
as (xc.vder one day and thorou;,ddy leatdied the next; j ^*"; '"'l<-''j ('"ws. Roth bo;rs and (; )vvs eat them with
while a depth of ten, fifteen, or twentv in(dies, will ' J^vidity, an.l to th.e milk and butter thev communicate
stand a lon^ diontb. or !i(dd the water'cf a loner r:iin "" »''"'; ■>■"'■- *'•..•...• ii '•. . . '

Conse(|ueniiy, it ;;en,.i:iiiy happens to the farmer
who luakes manure on a liberal scale, that his ma-
nure is as much better m (piality as it is more in
quantity.

3'2G. 1 have said, always i)u>ist but urvrr b-arhed.
Closely allied to this is another rule. Who has not
noticed that a pi^-pen,in v, !ii( h the oceupatits are in
dar»;j:er of drowning, and one in whi(d» the manure
is so dry as to be sufferinu^ a rapid fermentation, al
way-< smell horribly ? To say nothin<^ of the keepr^r
and his family, the pinr.s themsidves are less healthy
in su<d» an atmosphere, and they will thrive less on
the same keepin<;. To keep n s'tinkin

Qi «mn

I ;:;ood delijii)us flavor. I have seen ' ir s!t-.if#>d
years :v^^) that tjeel made Irom parsnij)s brink's tlie
hi;i;hest price in tln^ Lon(l.)n niarket. I think, tliouf^h
I may be deceived by ima^nnation, that pork nude
fVom f^ed chi<dly composed of parsnips, is sweeter
than when made from anythin;; else.

Tliis IS not tiie only recom:nendation which may
be iii>tly bestowed om the parsnip. A mon^; its other
good (ju.dities is this— that it rcfjuire^ no care
or housing in the fall, as all otlu^r roots do. In all
the middle, nortln^rn and western states, potatoes,
carn.ts, and turnips, must b(> harvested and housed,'
or buried ; and even when all this is done, and with
;;ood car<' and jmfgment too, a portion will frcMpjcntiy
l>e ruined and lost by frosting, over heating or decay
from other causes. Parsni|)s, on the other^hand. re-

. . ''''p a Stinking pig pen, IS to

throw away part of the teed an<l part of the manure

at the same time. Ry ;rivini:corn to swine, shut U{) , - .-. ..,...,.„, ,„„,-. „.i„„. .^;-

to a p(dluted atmosphere, the f:;rmer loses a |»ortion \ <piin'ig no care in the fall, they may be hd't with-
of his last year's eiv.p; and, by letting his pi^.pe,, .nut injury in the ground all winter. Thev mav also
'•waste its sweetness on the desert air," he fails of a i ^"^ planted early in the spring, as the frost does not
portion of his next year's. A valuable portion, and i i".i'"'<' them, even at the earlieststage of their growth,
not a small portion, of what should produce crops I '^^^ ^^^'^^ this root crop interferes the least of any with

next j^ummer. is goin;; beyond his reach.

'2/. Ar>/ the b^a.s f Off]' asire odor shoubl escape from

eiuploymt^nts whicdi crowd upon the farmer in the

., ^ ..,^„ ,,.,„.. '^pi'ing and fall. It continues to grow through

the }ti'i-p, n. This is the rule before allud(Mi to: and I f'»c whole season, until the ground freezes in winter;

it n^'qui«"('*'""'> oxpereliture togatheror store it; it may
be taken up or. several occasions during tin? winter,
and the roots that stay in the ground all winter, are
not injured, and pndjably improvcii, by the lre>^t.
raisnips setMU to beeaten with more ndish than either
turnips (0- potatoes, and yield in the raw state, at
least a greater amount of nutriment.

Another advantage in cultivating parsnips Is, that
on a suitable soil — sand or loam, ri<di or well manur-
ed, and deep |dowe(l — a larg«» growth may be secur-
ed. At the rate <d' l.'idO buslnds have been gathered

It IS as practicable as it is important. To practice

it, will save something on tin; last year's crop; some-

tfiing for tlie next's; something cn-ialnhi in comfort:

and, it may be, something in d.)ctors' bills. Inorder

to practice it successfully, on(> needs only to throw

into the pig pen, and all like places, including the

vault of the necessary, plenty (d peat, black mud,

or top-soil even, and to see th t it is alwavs moist,

but not drenched. A little plaster would l»e a help,'

but is not necessary. It it is not at hand, the other

part of the prescription will suffice. Plaster, howev .,»...,

€r, should Iways be on hand. This, and cured peat, I ^'"^'^ **'>^ '^<'rt' of ground.

or mock, should never be wanting about the farmer's | i^arsnips may be planted either in spring, or in

the batter part of summer, sav in August ov Septem-
ber. Th(^ ground should be well manured, niel-
bav, and deeply plowed ami the seed sown in drills,
80 as to have plants to thin out, while preservin<j; them
at aljout eight inches apart. This will prcdiahly re-
(piire at about tlie rate of two pounds seed to the
acre. The drills should 1m> two feet apart and the
space between well cultivated and kept clear of weeds.
if sown in spring the earlien the better. A large

premises

.'^-8. The same rule slumld be observed with re-
gard to every part of the premises. If others suffer
bad odors about their fariOM, they mav lose their
comfort and their health; i, the farmer suffers them,
he will lose his wealth also; for these are the ve^v
quintessence of his manures; and it is a sin^^ular, but
well known fact, that groNving plants abs")rb with
avidity what is most noxious to animal life.

^

\m

IU:iM)irrs OF STATR KXinnlTTOK.

not

.vih nnv I'C «ecur.Ml, however, by sowing the seed
^'"'s-ptcmlMT Tbeia; will ))e some coiisiderble -rowtl,
'^' ' ,1 the rn-ound freezes up, and the growth will

helere
,,.„,meneea,-ainassoonas

in th.' M''-'"

A diseretionarv premium of $S to Hall ^ iSpeer, lor
iron bill si<le |dow, No. 11- n n r

A d fieretionarv premium of$H to John 8. Hall for

H.I. ii- n.MM. ... the frost leaves the ground i extension drill pb)W. ^ x- ., ,

\r xvbich will continue tbrougbont the] The report ot a committee, INo. .>b

on miscf

dla-

"l i''' ,,>.U.ir of about tw.dve months whereas, when ! neous artieh- not having I
! nin "the spring they can grow only ei^liL or nine ecut.ve committee, will no
HOW days.

'^' \!l"the advantages of this root crop have not yet

bfrii ic.nied. Among them are these— that thev
•cao -iiiit.ionMl bv either a wet or a <lry season, and

i)een acted on In- the ex-
>t be made known for a b;W

b

tl,^,t no i.ise.t nor bug atta(d<s them at any stage
of their growth.— [norA«/<^ Farmer.

-o-

$20 00

10 00
[) 0!)

10 00
5 00

10 00

(H)

0(1

5 00

20 Oil

20 00

5
5

Heports of State Exhibition.

Tiio following reports of our late fair at Pittsburg
have only just rea(died us.

Farm Ij/iplemcnf.f, d^r,., No. 20.
l8tPr(>mium to Atkin's Automaton reap-
er, diploma i^id
2d premium, Wm. J. Ilayatt, self-reaping

and mowing machine,
C. M. Russel, sweep horse power,
1\ ltill..r>4 do. do. do.

l^t K. 11. Slmnkland, railway Horse power,
2d M. M.St(!Ver, do. do. do-

Best hay ] ress, Wm. W. Dingee,
2dhe^l' do. Peering (.t Dedrick,
Best dog power churning machine,
2d best do. do. do.

Best portable saw mill, Kmery's patent,
2d best do. do. Andrew Ralston,

Best do. cbopy»ing mill, d. I>. Owens,
Best pump for wells, II. J. Criswell,
2(1 best do. do. P:. A. Jeffrey,

M. Baily, Tor a hydrant,
(leor^re IJailv, for iron pump,
B St hav and cattle scale, to Livingston,

Ko;:«ien, it ('o., Diploma and
Best weighing machities for g<Mieral pur-
poses, Livingston, Iloggf^n A I'o.
Best small and large scales, Livingston,

Koggen & Co.
Best small scales to Edwards, Morris,

k Co.
Best portable cider press to W. 0. Hick-

ok, Diploma and
2d best to E. P. Slmnkland,
Best lime spreader, M. P. Cooper,
Best and most numerous collection of
affricultural implements, to E. U.
Shankland,
2d best to James "Wardrop,
Best Ht'parator to John (Jill,
Best seed sowing: ma'diine, J. M. Barret

Vieporf of ifiC. ('ninmiH'-'^ on rniil/r>/, \o. 15.
The Committee in submitting the following report,
(;ongratulate the Society upon the very large and
beautiful display t)f poidtry on exhibition.— Most of
the fowls giv(! e"vid(»nce of carr-ful brcfMling, showing
a commen<lable fcading of interest, in regard to this
department of domestic agriimlture. The earliness
of the seas(m, and the fact thot a large majority of
of the f(.wls are of the present year's raising, havo
rendere<l them less attractive in plumage, and pre-
vented that fine developn>eutof size, so marked a tea-
ture at the last (^xhil)itit)n.

Prom the immense number of b'Wls, the neglect to

number the coops in regular numerical f)rder, and

the almost total disregard of system on the part of

some of tie' <'xhibitors, in er'oping and arranging

5 00 I them, have jlII .served, not only to largely increase

5

00

10

00

f)

00

5

Ol)

5

00

10

00

^' 00

5

00
Diploma.

10 00
5 00
5 00

25 00

20 00

Diploma.

the Lh.iao.M. wfthe Commitee, but to prevent aif
c()mt)lete a report as would otherwise have been pre-

oared.

' Tln'se flefects in the present arrangement will, the
committee hope, be a suftieient ap(dogy for the <jenr,^
ral character t)( tic repc.rt, as well as serve to correct
the evil at the future exhibitions. Had ea(di coop
been properlv numbered, the particular lowls to
V, hicli the rf'fnUir p.aniums of the Society have been
awarded, as well as these for whieh the committee
recommend spreial or discretionary awards, would
have been more readilv recognized ))y visitors, and
the intentiimwof the committee morefdly understood.
Ilf^gretting the in idvertcnce, the committee beg leave
to Tubmit'the following awards of premium:
For best lot Shany/uiis, to Dr. A. 11. (iross, Ist^^

' S^o 0'/

premium, , " .

2d best, to S. C. Radford, 2d premium, - 00

For Dorkings, best lot to AVm. Leonard, 1st pre-

mium, ^ ,.,v

2(i best, Wm. Boyd, -d premium, - oi;

TlKMlisplay ofM).)rkings was very meagre.
Best lot of Poland Powls, I cock and 2 hens, to ^

Wm. Leonard, 1st premium, •* ^^J.

2d best, to D. S. Williams, 2d premium, - 017

For best l<.t Black Spanish, ?> cock and 2 hens,

to T. W. Moore, of Lewistown, Pa., 1st pre- ^^

I mium,
2d best, T. P. Updike, 2d premium.
For best lot of Jersey blues to U. Ingraham, 1st ^

&Co.

Best lawn grass hoe, James Wardrop,

2d cylindr'r churn, <!<>.

Best washing nnudiine, 1>. P. Lowrie.

2d do. do. J. H. M(»rrisMn,

Best and larirest collection of Horticultural im

plemei.ts to James Wardrop,
Best bacon ham to .Morgan Jenkins,

Pbncs.

Best one horse plow, Hall & Speer, No. 2,
2d do. do. llobertllall,

SulhSoil Plows.

Best sub-soil plow, E. R. Shankland,
E. R. Shankland for steel point plow,

Diploma.

2 00

2 00

5 00

00

3

. Of)
2 00

00
2 Of)

-"■ 00
2 00

10 00
00

5

10 00
00

5

10 00
5 00

])remum,
2d best R. M 'Knight, 2d, premium.
For best lot Cochin Chinas, 1 cock and 2 hens, ^
James (iilh'spie, West Philadelphia, -^

2d best 1 cock and 2 hens, R. C. Walker, -d pre- ^

mium, .

Chittacron^s, best 'ot of I eock and J hens,
David Tag'gart, brown variety, Northumber- ^ ^^
land. Pa. « f^r^

Dr. J. Crabb, equal to the above, ;> ^ ^^

T. P. Updike, b.r grey variety. •>

For Best lot of Bantams, (White,) to J. S. Sny- ^^ ^^^^

der, 1st premium, , , , oi i o nn

2d best, to Mrs. Mar-aret Murdoch. 2d do Z 00

Speckled bant^ams, D. Ta^gart, 1st pfcmiun, o 00

R. W. Pattereon, 2d prcmiuui, - "^

■la

i

n

u

.:W '*' '-*' iJS

,•50:

J:!^'l!lL^ ^'^ ^'^^"^^^ KXIinuTION-FOUM.KIl IN IIOUSKS

^"^■'MriFR.

I

Black African Bantam8, William LM„„ud. 3 00 | W . K.-lix .1 i »orwart J W ru i 7

J{iac;k .Spanish Hantam.w Wm. L.M»nnr.i. 9 00 T /^...l.. ' . .. ''^''''^^> *^- ^^- ^'ladwick, an.I

J5iai;k Spafiish Hantam.-^, Wm. Lcoruird, 2 00

(iolden 8('aljright JJaiitaiuH, T. H. Vud'iko Ist*^
prom i urn, ' 3 ()(^

William LiMjnanl, second [irciiiium, 2 00

liuth lino spociniens.
Gamo FowIh, best lot, 1 cock and 2 hens, Ua^id

la^r^art. Istpremiunj, ;j oo

Jonathan '>()rvvart, 2d do. o qq

Native or Dunghill, best lot of five, Jonithau "^

J>(trwart, 1st premiun. ;} qo

For the best lot of Poultry, Jonathan Dor '

wart, (if Lancnst(>r,
2d best, l>r. A. H. (n-oss, s 00

Largest c.-ll.-rtinii nfF.wls, Wni. Loonard, 10 00

<.rratest vari.'tv .d Fowls, David Tag^art, 10 00

i><-'-t < :i[M.ii, Win. L.'onard,
'I'urk.'vs, l„.;t pair, ./. (). Denny,

?> f)0

J. Crabb, each,

The Comnnttees would state that the (I^smI.," ^'?

Cochin (Inn. F,,wl. hv ,h. .xlnlmors ah,!;, i ^' "

werem.tonly large, bur trnly exr,.ll..nf osne;'i''.ll

those exhibited by Messrs. ( nllespie and Aar,',' n!j
orifc *-^«<, Ill-

en ts.

Bln'«k Spanish, in \l. .M'Xightand W. L. ,n
ard, ea.h

AV'hite Shan-hais, t.. Aaron (Menient-.' R 0
Walk.-r, .}. D. Denn , W. Tlf,^ W Hovd' A
, _ il. (in.ssi;. W. Felix, eaeh ' ' -, nn

I'^ ("» FwrBufrSh,n.;^hais tn David Ta-..trt Uni

!;V'V '^'■;'-' ' '■• -'• < '-^''''n ^V'n.. Leonard
^V. T.te, S. (\ Iladford,.!. (). Denny, A. II
^Jross, Ira Shiu-win, eatdi, ' ' ' -i i)o

;;><'() j For lloang IIo Fowls, to A. 11. T.ross, '; J

•> <»'» ; Fur Sumatra Pheasant (lamo. to A. ll.tJross, 5 (i

/ T rn ■ """:''"' '"'"narra ri.easantr.aino. to A. II. (Jrov. 'ion

^.">'-lw..ol the eomnntt.e refer witii pleasure ! l'"'" white Poland Fowls, to D S WilliimM ' Vi

to !h. M,p..rh speeuM.n <d' J/,^..r ^^v^v., exhihite.l by l'<M- (iarne Fowls, to Adam Willudm ^ " > /,

A. I. Nrwb.,!d of D lila.hdt.i.iM 'n.ov ' r.\>r Srw.-.1..L>-1 U..... . 11,'. . '.. " '"'

A. T. NVwbnId of DhiiadHphia. The^- ar- a new
yari.'ty. and in view of the .•nmniMndalile spirit o

For Speckled Bantams to Wil on Irn'-Jis,
For >Vhite Bantams, to W. (\ Denny, '

a 00

Mr N. in intn.dnrin^^ tli.se line f,,wl.s 0. t!,/' (^r:it<Ml T-r M.iseovy Dueks, to \V . (J." Denny and (\leh

States the C(unnn(t.. ;.ward a spe,-ial premium of l^-.^, eaeh, ^ *'"^^ -^*^'' \, .,,

(en<io!!ars '^ili^ F-vIs, iunT variety, to Dr. .[. Cn.bb Wm

.1 IS due to Mr. Newbold to lay this award was L-onard. andS. Radford, eaeh 'i m

made },y the majcinty of the comuiiltee, wuhout his Silk Fuwis, white variety, W .... Leonard and

S. (\ R:i(Iford, ea(di,
Silk Bantam-^. Black, Wm. Ler)nar.l,

kno ledge.

Brem(>n (ieese, best p;;ir. R. W. Rattesson, )] 00

A II. GrosM. o (HP p,,|,.|, Albinus Fowls David' Ta'.-an

Muscovy Ducks, David Taggart, (Winter \'ari- i Hybrids Ducks, Caleb Ive, "" '

»'^'\fi.' -1. ^ <^<^^ I'h.'asant Bantams, S. t:. Radford

K. M Kniirht, 2 00 " '

Common Ducks, best pair, David Taggart, 1st
Prenuim, 3 qq

L. C. Bedford, s cond pr^iniuni,
Poland Duck, 8. C. Radlord,

3 00

;; (H)
:\ CO

... ,, --. 3 00

Madagasear Rabbits, John Kfhar, 3 00

S. S. Negley, -^ ^q

Kngli-h F.-irets, Ro})ert Doui^lass, ;; (h)

2 00 Mons,. C.fchingOwl, (wrll tniined,) J. U. Poor.'i 00
.■; 00 Poland Ducks, D. Ilolmog, •. (,q

A '1 *!*^*''' TA 1 1 . - ^'" ! ^" ^'''^^' "' ^'■•' pains tak. n bv many of the evhilii.

aV c 7n ;;; "' ''' "''""""■ '■ ''■ """^'"'' •■ ""i •"" ""• ""> •" ''■■■'■■'■■'^' •"" =■■' ■■•v.-nn, ml a';;:';

litems C.. W. Johx host oxlnl.i.ion, :! ,l(. -1. <;iil.'^|.i.. .):„„.. ^,.,1,1,, S P lU,|r„r,l \.un-

n a.l,l,t,„„ t„ the above, th- C.n.ni.t,-,. ,v.|„..-(. horn ,^ I!,-.' Imt, (;. W. IV!,. |! || |'V( ,', I

t«sm,treco,n..,-nd..l „, ,l,„ .,.|„.,1mI,.: (irr,.,,, R. C. Walk,..-, |{. M'K„i..|,t W ' 0 ,,m

Araniah I'ootr.is. ,,.• ( ;,-..v SI...,.,,!,..;. *,. i o c v, .1 ,. 4 ,,, ' \, ''r , ' i •'

ft. iVdlcy, Aaron tlements, AVm. Tite, each, $.') 00

The committee also examined a innnthle Lnrr
€""/>, .'xhiSiit.Ml by M.'.sr.s. Lamborn Sc Broth. t. uf
Chester connty, for \vhich they recommend a pre-
miums of So 00.

In conclusion, in order that a prop(T eKtiinate of

mlnm <.f '^^ ■ -• , — ...., Pi,- the di^[. lay of fowls may be made, the committee

in I u ni 01 •> / 'i \ ' 4- 4 . 1 1 1 ■

AVhife T^PM.vn onJ PI, 7 T li -wn " Hiaitle- number on (xhibiti,,n was nineteen

Uh,t(, B^o^^n and Black Javas. Da v,dTM;:,^art,;; VO UundcruL and ,txium?ie.

Arani.'ih I'o<.tr,is. or (nvy Slian-hais, tn ,] S
iNeglev. A. II. (I (,.., Davi.i Taggart. d. P.*
^ l"'''^''- ^^'- Silver. dam'',> CrabbrS. ( ' . Rad-
<■"■'• '^- '^^'i I'air.rvoM and Wni. Leonard,
each a pr* m 1 umi uf *;..-> r.r^

Spangled Poland Fov Is, to .Tonafhnn Dorwart * ''
David Taggert, and A. II. (;,.,>., ,,,, h a pr. '

Creepers, to Wm. Leonard and David Taggart,'

CaCll, o r\i\

Friz/Jed Fowls, David Taggart and William "

Leoinvrd, each o qq

Bolton Greys or Creoles. Davi*] Taggart and J

Dorwart, each '^^ ' <^ q.^

Silver Hamburg Fowls, Wm. Lecmard, 3 qq

Black Shanghais, W. Grier, J. Dorwart. ]\

W. Patterson and vS. C. Radford, ea. h, 'J 00

Spangled Shanghai.s, to Jonath.m DorwaVt, 3 00
Devonshire Raven, Games, to d. Dorwart ' 3 00

Dominicjue Shanghais, to Dr. d. Cabb, ."-aiperlor "

spoeimens, o qq

Silk Fow, buff variety, to Dr. J. Crabb, Wm
Leonard and S, C. Iladford, each 3 00

Cochin Chinas, to J. Gillespie, Aaron Clem-
en t.^ J. A. Measonkop, R. C. AValker S C
Radford, R. M. Pringle, R. W. Patterson* o]

A. T. XFWBdLP,
WM. p. FLLIOT,

A.M. SPAX(jIL1:R,

-0-

Curc of Founder in Horses.

Jla\ing had a litth; (ixperience in <;uring tlie foun-
der in h )rses, I t:ike this mc^the I to give von a l:ict
ihat you may give it to others flirough tlx^ cohimn.^ of
your valuable "donrinl." li may be .0 great .M-rvice
o soni-'. :nid s!ive many a fine horse ir(;m premature
il'^at h and nin.di sutferin.'-.

The faet 1 shall give you, is of a horse worth three
hundred dollars because of his fleetnrss. He came
to my hand in August, about eight o'clock in ihe
evening after being driven only twentv »iin • mil* s
with only two person.s ir. a very light and easj bug^y.
The horse for some time had been ied all the grain
ho would eat. For two or three davs he had not liked

185S.1

MULES AND HORSES— TABLE— HOG CROP, &c.

303

r (?rain, but the night belbre In; came to my ban 1 doe.i
/ hail eaten to tlu^ full <»f all Ix; had liked; and when
he came he was so stifi' In; could not st.'p r>ver a six
•m4i polo, and wluMi bo attempted to turn imiikI would
,rU- f-ill I l.nt him into water n.-arly kn.M' d^i'p
il k.M't ;i Vs ■' Idanket .m him marly all tlie time
<)rf(Hir hours, th.'U put him into the stable, and put
anctlaT blanket ov.r him and left him for the night,
i'lu' next morning 1 fouml him sweating; took him to
the stable and rode him a mil.', h'd him back, and
t him ill the bro.ik again for ;in hour. During the
1 (X.Tci^.'l him about five mil<>s, ;ind about sun-
,.; t.im stand an hour in tin; water, and again in

We never hearil oj
heat as horses often are.

a

mule

being killed by

-0-

TABI.r%

SHOWING THE NrMIIEU OF lliKCS RKQUIRED TO I'LANT
AN A( KE, KKoM oNK TO IIFTV FEET Al'AKT,

Ti orning.

yl

Ml

til*' Il.'Xt . . ....

AJMiit nine o'(do('k lu} was started on his journey
of firty-two miles, and performed it with ease btdor*^

nsct; h.> hiid over one day, and went home the next,
f.rrv tivi> miles, and was returneil to his owner, an<l
li.' Iiciiig :i farrier, s<dd him in a few days, perfectly
vinahl.' ti) il.'scri))e an}' difhculty or darmige done to
his horse, Ix'ing ignorant of what had happtuid. The
hMi-c was allowed all th(» food and water lie wanted
;i>i ii^'ial !i" was not bled in any jtart, neither was
tlipr.' aiivfhing given to him exiept his usual f)()d.
The scfMiid day he was as limber as he ever was, and
shown ]\n injury from his founder since.

If you think this worthy o** your notice, and "'*'
it I will fjive vou mv or.inion of the founder nn.l its
I'ure. — I Waller Cure Journal.

Feet.

1
*>

3

4

T)

0

7

8

9
10
11
V2
13
14
15
IG
17

Trees.

Fed.

4:{,.")r»o

18

10,S'.)()

10

4,SI0

20

0 700

21

1,742

O')

1,210

23

(Sri)

24

080

25

537

20

435

27

3()0

28

302

20

257

30

000

31

103

32

170

33

1 50

;;4

fp.

ees.

Fn

\:\\

35

120

35

108

37

08

38

yo

:v.)

82

40

75

41

00

42

t)4

43

50

44

55

45

51

40

48

47

'15

48

43

40

40

50

37

-/ / '. ( .V.

35

32

31

30

28

27

26

24

23

22

21

80

19

18

18

17

) —

a.

Muh's and Horses.

It is tliougbt l>y many that mules for the purpose
of farm work, would be pr.lciaiile to horses, because
they eat less, are tougher and hardier, and Ii\e Ion
ger. It is true that with us \\\o greater part .d
farm labi'r that re(]uires draft, is performed by oX(ai,
;ind we are well pi-rsuaded that nothing can be sub-
stituted for tlu'in, that, takinji evervtbiu;!: into eonsid-
prati.tti, will li.' >^o pi'ofitable. In warm countries the
mill.' is p!Mi.:il)ly letter a.la])ted to the (diinate and
ninij.' uf w.-rk. Siill, horses are mueh us(^l among
us ill aiiiiMiUnr.', both in c.minncLion with oxen, and
alon.'. an 1 if the m-'re drufbrery of the farm 1x5 tin;

*

en!v use, ;>iid there be no desire for a swiit roadster,
"f :ui el.'gant nag to sport with, we are incdiued to
think the mule would be the most profitable.

Ue have raised them and used them, and can tes-
tily U) j)(eA( r of enduranc(\ and duralulitv of life.

As a little cahtulation 0:1 this subject m ly be amus-
in;^ it not satisfai^tory to sonn^ of our enquiring and
calcul iting readers, we will give the figures of a
writer in the Southern Planter, on this subject— He
says-
Ten horses v» ill (dnsiime each 12 barrels of

corn per annum worih on an average,

S2,50 per barr.d, whieli for 20 years will

Thp Hog Crop of <)hl'\

"On the lirst of October about one half of the coun-
ties of Ohio had furnished tln^ Auditor of State's 01-
fic(5 their annual stntement of P.M"sonal Property list-
'■il for taxation in l85i'. A. comparison of theso
statements with those of the thr(>e ]>reyious vears,
shows th(* following relative number <•(' hogs lislrd
f)r taxation in the several counties nami'd. Whe-
ther the Hog crop of the present year is really as
much greater than form.M" years as tli(i tax returns
would indicate, (u- whether a very large portion of
the increas(* may not be accounted fir by the dis-
continuance (d th(! two hundrc(i dollars exiunption,
are (piestions on wdiich a di\id(Ml ojiinion will exist."
The number of hogs list(vl h>r taxaiion in 41 of
the best Ohio counties, were in

1850

1S51

I S52

1853

:)

850,442

703,0(;'J

GOti,o;',l

1,315,408

be
Shoeing t.ai horses at $3,00 each per annum,

will be f.»r 20 v.-ars
Cost of shoeing'and h.-ding lO horses 20--

years
■Ion mules will consume each G barrels corn

peranmim, worth on an average $2,50 per

.000

600

$0,000

bar

uarrei, whiefi lor I'O y,
Shoeing will b." nothing

years,

A

$3,000

$3,000

Novel way <>i holding a Horse.

A gentleman traveling through (ierinany, thus
describes a novel method of fastening a horse, which
he saw a German bjacksmith j)ut into practice :

"As soon as breakfast was over, I generally en-
joyed the luxury of riding about town, and in |)ass-
ing tin' sho]> of a blacksmith, the manncir in which
he tackled and shod a vicious horse amused me. On
the outside of wall of the house two rings were firm-
ly fixed, to one o( whicdi the head of the patient was
lashed (dose to the ground; the hind foot to be shod,
stretched out to the utmost extent of tin' leg, was then
secured by the other ring (about fivt; !eet high,) by a
cord whi(di passe.l throu'di a (doven hitcdi, fixed to
the root of tlie poor cre:itures tail. The hind foot
was eons(H^uc'ntly very much higher than the head;
ind(H'i, it was ipiite exalteul, aiel pulled so heavily
at the tail, that the animal seemed to be (piiti; anx-
ious to ke(;p his other foot on frrra Jinna. With one

th

'/';'i_nit sa\.'(l in 20 yrar- by mules .,-,, , ..,, ., ^ -

Hiis calculation will do foV the South, but with us ' foot in the heavens, it did not suit Jiim to kick; with

the mule must be shod, and c.rks kept n^rvry or he his nose jiointing to the infernal regi.ins, he could

^'11 'Uiniih; down and break his neck. not conveni(mtly rear, and as a heavy hand was con-

Another item might be put in, and that is, a great- stant.y ;-ulling* at his tail, the horse at last gave u^>

<^r exemption from disease, and the longer life the the point, and (quietly submitted tube shod." — A.

niule lives and remains active over what the horse Y. Ayricultor.

:#

m

304

CLKAI^LING LANP?— PimirS <^ lU\'5in'.^ Tn^NIPFJ- rATl:NT?, Ac fKn

Clltlig^e of Tiinbcrs iiom rearing; I. iiids.
There Jire few tirm<i;s connected with the njitiiral

TiirnipN ,

Turnip'^ iniv remain in tip

I - ■ . '" 'i'M till late 'j'l

history ot trcCH or plants m(>re surprism;:;. <.r il,.tf ir.' i.u- l,ss injured l,y frost than niaiiv arej .p "*ii

have (jccafjioned more speculation, than th.' cliiuw,.^ j to helicvc h is vci-y often the c-isf. ill.,t , '"^''•'•^'''

" ' -•' «^«ioi^ mill nji'iiip,"^ nf.i

that not ilufrequently take plac • in th<> j;ro\vth of ' fi'M/.'n in ihe ground', an.l on (!i.> fmst l.rnk i!' ^'"^'
tinil)er after clearing;, irom wh;it it \v;is t),'l(.ro t .at i a- lin in t In; course of a f*>\v d ivs -ir,. '..<'.,1 "'V^P
operation, ho inexplicahlc in this cian-e, m ni.iny ! hard and crisp as iMdi.rc. TJi^ action of tl » l
instances, on the commonly received principl(>s ot vc- nontralizes its elf.'cts, and soinctim<>s a succos'^'' r

j;etation, that it has been adduces! hy the helievers
in the doctrine of spontaneous |ir;Mliiriicn, as otui of
the strt)n;;est supporters ot their syst<'n<. W- think,
h«)wever, that, sin^^ular as the | Ihimhi non ni iv 1»",
its solution cannot rc({uire a supposition so nnphilo
r5(ipl.ifal.

1 11 t lie iSoutlo'r

SCViM'JlI weeks

warm wratiuM-. ,il

UCCOSlni, ,,f

•11! 1 ■ 'r a frecziriir

ni;^!,,. add-. a< nia.di to the w.-iirht ^n 1 va!„o ,,f [^

crop a> tlKV -aimnl in twice that lim.> Im-I;.)-,. die .ij'

vent o! severe cold. A low tenipemtuie i, 1 (^.^..^'m^.'

rath.M- tlian a Ivers.' to the develoj.nient of i,ll't|)„

: ^1"'*'"'^ 'd" the turnip tribe. (.\iI,1k.i;.,vs ;rn,w nini.iiy
n Stat.'s, wliere timber is princifial- , in cold weather; henc(; the pra.-ti(;(.' so'^prevai.Mit -'t
It is eh-arcd o}!". a <j;rowth entirely | f»rescnt of allowiri^j; them to remain out till the sno'^

ly p;n", when th;

ditVrrent. and conifjo-^ed of wuch as was entirely un"^- j falls. In pacdcin^i; turnips (d all klnds/c";

known to the phu'*' before it, spring's up; and this, | be taken to secure them etTe(;tuallv ai^ainst the li.r
when (Mil otr, is succeeded by new Variei ies, or per- and air. The more pcrfe -tly this is"^ aeeoinnliMhe

the Krcat(>r will be the certainty of their keepin';

well, and the uK.re whoh^some :ind nutritive will th.'v

hajis by a return of piiH\ I/ands i;overe<l with oak
and cne-nut, m* such timber as .sln^ots up fr( m «ait
trees do not idiane:e (!|,. timber except in a .sm ill de-
f^ree. It i^ on tbox- lands eovereij with timber that
retpiii'es to be propan|;ated bv seeils that this (djanj;e
is mo-it apparent. K\ei'ybodv must have notit'e(l in
>vhat numlier.-* a v|...,ie-< <il wihUheny will spring; u}>
wnere fovcrsts arc cut down, or aic propagated by
\Vin<ls, thoU'jrh tliat particular kind ?s rarely or n'^ver
found ;^rowin;j in the unbroken forest.

M.)rc than thirty years since, a part rA" our farm
was cleared ut its timber, a (U;n>e j^rowth of maple,
bass Wood and elm. A small piec-i of pi^diaps half
an acre was separated from th«» rest I'V a narrow ra

ire sIk.uM

It
piislicfj,

be founil, both lor stock and for tabic use — .V f;,
F'i rmcr.

-0-

Idst of Patent Claims.

Robert A. firaham, (d" New l\iris, (3hio, lor lui-
provcmcnt in Ploughs:

I claim, first the seri^v bolt, oi- its ecpiivalent. for
setting; out or in tin; rear (mIl^c of the moull h,,;in|,
with resperts to tin; iandsiile. jietin.^ in c<anhin;i-
tion with the bolts Iv and F., whicji l„.in<;ti;;hf*'r)
ed, attai'ii to each other, the mould board'^ sheath,

i^ \ ' 1.- ^ J i.1 !• I ^"'* lippeil oi- tlan<re(I share, as described. and\vlii<'h

Vine; after l)ein<^ cultivated three or four years, and:, u \ • . i , v^'-^'^^' 'ucu, ana wnico

. r -i. 1 » 1 .* I i -^ ^ ■ , oolts hemj; teinp>rari!v re a\-e(|, neianit the vihr^i-

part of It planted out as a nursery of fruit trees, it .• , .1 , , •, , «, |h. .im in. xnjr.i-

L 1 f, J •, ir r, ^ 1 M tion (d the imaild board ai)out the .0 (, • w tlmnt

was left to ilM'll. Ir was Sv)on co'.t'r(>d with voun"^ I • , .• .1 • • ,. , . . ' *^'"""'''

trees, which were '■utlcred to ::;row unmolested, and
there are n(>w on tiiis stnall spot, white oak, black
oak, butternut \\ hi'e poplar, conimon willow, wal-
nut, hickory and black ilierry. of ail varieties of
wdiich not one was pri'win;; tear at th(> time it was
cleared, and most (d tluan not within tlir»'e fourths
of a mile. An exjdanation wc leave to others. — [ Wa?-
Ttii Journal

Cut Vourl) tclics and Cut your B ihhcs.

Farmers a e e.\idaimin;j; "liow drv it is 1" True,
it is (\y\\ but you can't lelp it; and the best thin"-
you can do is to take the best advantaj^e of it that

iiiterruptin^r the Continuity of plou-hin^r surficc, ur
disconnecting the se\('ral parts.

Second, the shiftiii;; or adjustable vocket attach-
ment (d' the be;,m to the sheath, in combination with
tln^ dovetail and adjustable connection ,,(" the rear
end of the beam ttt the helve, ,»r equiv.ih-nL deviceH,
SI) as to vary tiu,' dir(;ction (d' tiie dcaii::;!it of the
ploui^h, to suit tiie ni'piireinent of a ehau^e in the
llaie ot the m )uld board and other objiN-ts, as ex-
plained.

Thomas C. Hir<^rave^, of Sdienedada, X. Y.. for
Improvement in Corn Husking Machines:

1 claim, first, the afiplic ition or the chisel or chin-
els, and the cutter or cutters, in combina'ion with

you can. U ive you a bojj: or a low piece of land

that you want to reclaim, ami put into a ])rofitable theor;tte or ;:jates, oMcrat 'd by gearin_:^or other means,

eulti\ation? Now is the time to ditch it— to cut (df ! '^"^ described.

the bushes — ^rub up. the "lussacs'' and bi'ak<' ui> ! '^'■'^'" ^^" ' «"hiim the construction of th « circular

roots, and put into comph't»> order by purifvin^ it
with fire and sowing on a good supply ot fowl mead-
ow grass seed, &c.

Have you a muck or peat bed? Now is the time
to draw a supply (d material to increase your ma-
nure heap— or, if you hav<' not time to haul it fo
your Iciiri now, tniploysome ^ood hand t(t dii; nut
and pih? it up in a situation where the water will
not reach it, and during j^ood slediliniz; next Winter,
you can get it up and have it ready for another si^a-
8on. The dry weather may thus be made us(dul to
you. A farmer, hy a little calculation, can find
Work n[»pr )priate for all weathers. — Maine Fanurr.

^— 0

F'aint Your Tools.— Every farmer should be pro-
vided with a small quantity of the c arser kinds of
paint — a few pots and brushes and paint, oil, and
fihould keep his carts, wagons, sleds, plows, harrows,
&c., well coated with paint.

[)late or its eijuivalent, as dest:ribed, in couihinatien
with the (aitters for severinir the cob, and the elbuvv
Ie\er for discdiargin;; tfie husks, as set forth.

Third, I (daim tin- combination (d a cam, lever and
sprine;. with a stud for holdini: the circailar [(late
stationaiy whilst removiiiij:; the ear and husk from
the machine, or any other e<jv;ivalent, as speciti*'d.

Ciardiner A. liruce, of Mcchanicsburg, III., At
Improvement in Corn Planters:

I (\o not claim tln^ dn^ppin;; ."-lid-^ ror any peculiar
arrangennMit thereof, as th(>v arc used in many
drills, and art! ctinstructed auil operatC'I a.i des-
cribed.

1 (daim the employment or use (.f the bilaneo
benn^, with the rods attaidcd to them, and opera-
tin;^ as described, lor the purpose of properly ad-
justing the seed in the holes of the dropping slide,
and also to prevent t!ie clo;:2lu''o{ the same, asdea-
cribcd.

CLAIMS.

oU,)

rJMU- imt»mttiM".timti*»m:-^tt

Kpr.aiin 1/. Pratr, of Woreoster. Mass., a--si;rnor
to James Sar^eaiit and Oanifd P. Poster, of Sludbury
Mass., ff^r Tmpr(n'emenl in Machine for Paring A}>-

ples:

I claim hanj:;Ing or connecting the block which car-
ries the knil'"to the rod, which carries said block, so
that the block and knib' can vi)u'at(^ in (U\c or cither
(iir'^etion, by fneans as descrilied, so as to allow the
knife to vibrat(! and aecemmodate itself to any ir-
rpi;;alarity in the surface of the apple or vegetable
jvvreil, as described,

.),Heph C. Strode, of Ej\st Bradford, Penn., f(U' Im-
proved Hydraulic Kam:

{ claim the apf)licaticn of the*l)rachystochromous
nrve to tlte conduct pipes (d hydraulic ra ns, as ^et

Richard Ketcdiam, of Seneca Castle, N. Y., (or

Improvement in Straw Cutters:

I clain*. the metlnnl, as d(»scribed, (d' hanirinc: : nd
upfratin^ the cutter by means of its pivoted jittiKdi-
!ii 'iir to th.e slid(\ in combinatiim with a guide rod,
the latt 'V being made ailjccstable by tln^ Indical spring
at the top. or other eiji\alent device, as set fbrtlu

1 tdrther ( i.ioii , 1 1 1 ( I lilt > M ii.ii loit w > t u t ue 1 net 1 ne((

rcciprocatiri;; knife and simultaneously Avith th(! de-
scent ih.ercol". ijixing to the gauge a lateral curvili-
near er idilitpie dov.HVvard action away from the r(^ar
en'l iif the knife.

Levi 15, (Griffith, of Iloncyhrook, Penn., for Im-
prevement in Plon-h lieam.":

I claim constructing a phmgh beam of four round
iron roilv, centre pi(M^(> and clamps, in combination'
as deserilied, the rod-' being ol uniform sixe, from
end to end. cur\"(l to the shape specified and W(dded
together at the places designated, the ccTitre piece
and clain{)s he] 1 Hrmly in their position !;y the
rods, (i^ d'^cribed.

C. 1;. Hrin(d<erhoff, of Batavia, N. Y., for Improye-

merit in Ploughs :

1 claim, jiist, combining with the plough ))cam
■"'tween the jdougK and the cl-cvis, two wheels, one
on eaeh side of the lu^am and of different diameters,
the (.n»» renting in the furroW, and the other on the
•and, as described.

^•■e md, I also cl lim making the tread of the fur-
row wheel narrow for the purposes described.
^ I abo claim making th(» said wlnads, especdallv
b'le furrow \vhe< I, adjustable in tlu^ direction of it's
^•^iS fur the purj.ose of adaptirur its p(?sition to fur-
rows of difrerent widths.

I iviso elaiiu making tin* furrow wheel heveiling
^'utward OM the side which prcss<;s against the land"
^^ set f;,rth.

' -il^" claim making the small whe(d adjustable
^••ftieally ^vith rc^huvme to the shall and tin; lar-e
^^heel, as describcHl.

S. G. Dugdale. of Riehmond, Imii., for Improvc-
'"'■"f i"<>I"'nirgand (^losing (iates :

fast' •^'"'" ^"^"^' "P^"''";x. (dosing, fastening, and un-
.■^>^tenui^r the fT;ite by moving the hott<un of the gate
;i" ohlKpie ,^ir,.,.ti,,„ from and to the post upon
"^^^^ It IS h.,ng, as specified.

verHrT'/" ^ ^''"' *'l:ii>ntheuse of the pendulumns and
hin" i^'T''"^ ^"'^ arms, in combination with the
♦^'ng^«of the gate, asset forth.

^' Harrison & J. W. II. Metcalf, of BridgeviUe,

\ a., for Improvement in Ilill-Side Ploughs:

We claim curving dow. ward a!id inward (hebeani
in th(^ rear part, so as to cause; it to supjxtrt th<> ro-
tary part of the pi Migh, which it performs in conibi-
nation with the standard, as set forth.

Pa-niel Hill, (d P»artonia. Ind., for lmj)rovemenl
in Attaidiment of a Harrow (o a Land Kolh^r:

I (daim the arrangement and mode of attaching
the harrow to the forward axle of a ndler, as sc't
forth.

T. U. dunes, of Carloville, Ala., for Improvement
n ( 'ob and Stalk Cutters:

1 claim the combination of the feeding trough, its
guagt; disc, the tube, and its gaugering, wi7h' the
knives, wher(d»y the same knife will, at the same
time, cut fodder coarse and cobs fine, and thereby
improve the (piality of the product as feed for ani-
mals.

H. M. Kidler, of Newark, Ohio, for Improvement
in Wi'uiowers of (J rain:

\ (daim the trap door in combination wltli the
screen, arranged aid operated as set forth.

d. d. l»arker, of Marii^tta, Ohio, for Improvement
m rstraw I ; utters :

1 (daim o|>erating botii the rccdprocating gate
and the feeding rake by mrvins of the compound
spring pitnnm, substanti lly as herein set fbrtli.

Samuel Snovs", (d Fayette\ ille, N. V.. and Alexan-
der lime, oi Lafayette, N. Y., for Improvement iu
Rotary Root-Digging Cultivator:

We (daim tlie com!)inalion (d' the two (oothc<l cyl-
inders with the i-eceiving box, all lu^i'ig arrange*! and
suspended on an adjustabh; frame in the manner s(>t
forth.

I). II. Whittemore. of ChirojeM^ Falls, ^fass., for
Improv(>ment in \'eg(^tal)le (^'utters:

I (daim tli(^ combination of the hmg and short
knives on tiie periphery <d"the cylinder with the hop-
per arranged and d(?.s^ribed as represented.

[^. M. Whitman, (assignor to S. G. Wise,) of
Wcedsport, N(!w York, for Improvement in Cultiva-
ting Ploughs :
I I claim tin* employment (d the long inclined
I sj)ring-wings, secured attludr front ends U) i\u\ share
{ and main st;inda.rd, and turning upon the pin, in.
combination with the mechanical c(mtrivances shown,
for expanding and contracting the wings, or setting
tJiem ih(U'e p<M'j>eridicular :ind nearer together, for
th(^ purpose of throwing mor<' pulverised soil against
or up to the hills, or setting them less inclin(Ml to the
horizontal plain*, and fui-thcr apart for the piirnose
of allowing tin; pulverize*! soil, weeds, <fe(;., to pass
over them into the board open spaces in the centre,
the said wings in either case cutting \\\) the weeds
and [uilvcrising the soil, as set forth.

n'illiam '/imnv rman, (d" Quincy, 111., lerirnprove-

mentin Smut Machines:

I claim the machine described, for cleaning :in<I
scouring grain, Imlliiig rice, p(!arling barley, hulling
buckwheat, or otherwise operating upon grain, seed,
itc, with a scries of two or more stationary e(»nes
with one, two, or three, or more revolving cones
placed and operated alternately between the station-
ary cones, the insides or outsides of part, or both
sides of part, or all the cones being furnished with

'.til

ZOCy

ILAT'^TVn POTATOES FROM Sf-ED.

— TU" i^ajtf <fTiaii»'i...brfvrfc»j

fXo

^ f ^nrn

has attivinod mucli size, so that tho pro duct of the
first y<'ar in very triflirj^, and sovoral yoar^ aro re-
(|uir('d to ascertain the true qiialitios of the soHlincr

Tho iryoiif <)l,jpct, thon. is to i;f't fho plants ho ml^
vancM'd in tho sprin;;^, that tlio tuhcrs may sot and
<;r()\v in tho early part of .suninior, wlion thi} rcfrosh-
in;; }<howors altornatin;:^ wirli tho gonial nns uf tho
8un are n)()s< favorahh' for thoir f|;ro\vth.

The plan rhat ha.** ancccoded woll "with mo for sr-
vnral years past, h as fidhiwi^: Soon after th.? ripi,,.
iM'_: ('! the potato tcps, I ^^athci- tin' halls of ii,,.
Morcor potato, niaslu'd tlfni td^iethcr, thr.w ,,,, .^

roa;»;!ioncd Rurfaoes, of nuch a form or kind, as will
perform tho wervico required, suhstanLially, as de-
Bcribed.

Cliarh^s B. Ilutchinaon, of Syraniso, X V., for im-
provement in Maohinea for .loinin;; St iv<»s:

I claim first, the use of tho circular irnidt* ways, in
combination with the moveable pi«*rs or boarin;;-*,
and the cams or levers or other Huital'le moans of
moving the same Himultanoously and c(iuallv alonir
aaid circular ^uide ways, 80 that tho saws -r otii' r
cutteis m.tv b(» instanliinonoslv aljustcd foi- any vv.-

qiiirol width of stave witlKoit stop}. = n;]: their nation \\\[\n wat'T and left th'^n a f -w .lay^ to friuf nt. v- In-n
or chaiii:'!!;; their (lirection towards a oonstanl oeii- | the seed v;.r,> rnsily ."'oj.arated iV<»m the pnln ami
tral fM)int. ^ ; hu-k, and alter !,ein;j; drio(l wore placed awav 8 cajre

Second, 1 claim tho use (.f tho win^; oi- leaf ,«;ua;;e, i j,-,,,,, {V,,st -a- moisture, in roinaiu utili sjiVin^r lor
in combination wi Ji tho ind ^x moviiii; over a ^rad- |)la!ltiIll,^ The hittiM" part of tho third nioiitli ihp
uated arc or dial, boti m )\in;i; in connocti(»n with ' soc<l were sow d in a hot bed un<lor ^lass, the frniriH
(he saw><, so as to indicate at a ;:lahee the wi hh ' hein;; s c,\ n a <|Uarler of an imdi asunder, rri^mtlw
betwe.'u the >aws, and to ;;ui.Ie the opei- ilor in set-' luiddlc to the latt(>r par t of the ti th month, the pjunt.^
tiiiL; the ,stavo on itM bed p.late and in adjustin;; the' |„.in;;- three or four inches hi;;l», and (Vostv wefulu-r
^•i^^'*^- j appearin;.': to be i»\cr. on damp «-]oudy davs or soon

Third, I (daim the mode id" jointini: staves to any . afier a I'ai;). '!ie plants were taken up'with a purtii.n
r((iuiro(i bil-^e and bevel without be)pliu.ror sprin;>- j of carili. to eu'di and placed in 1 oo^.- rieli ^,,11, at a-
in;: thoui by rotating; tluMu endwise, in a pkine p(u-- | ],n\\[ ih^' ^:inv' dl-taiire fr-iu oi.<' anoll
pondicular to their width, iH-twe-n .-aws or other , are u.-uall v planted
cutters, s ' " "

her us polatot'?*

!,

't!

w iietlier an

lotliued

ii^'able ;

as to "-ivi- till' (MlTert fievid,

; above or nof, said rotat!<>n be-
ini; up iti a eirele or other pii.pci- eti;\e, --u h a.'^ to
prosiMit each part of the ^t ^y,. to \\.r action cf the
incline(i (Utters at the preciho point or hci;]!:ht r( lui-
site to pive it its exni-t pro})oi tieuat'- w idt'i oi- ]>il;i;o,
the rotation Ixdny: ohtained by moans of a central
ftrch piece movin;; ovor rollers about a constant cen-
tre of m<)tion, as described.

Ol

V'u

one

()]

no,

Benj. llutt'-r and Henry Ilow/.i

for 1 iupro\ euient in Smut Machines:

Wo (daim the narrowin^r of the -.piut n':ir tin*
grain dischar»;o, in coinbiiuiiion with th ■ * iiiwrd pas-
8af;es, which receive and disohar;j^o ;il, thoir respec-
tive apertures the li;:^ht ;;ra!n and trash taken from

tho ;^rain di^ehari;" aperture.

'—*-

On Haisin^^ Potatoes Trom Secil.

./>// ]i'illinvi Vtiryi!, liiirliiKjIon ^^^, A'. J.

H ivln"- derived much plcasui-o and information from
readin" accounts of tho exreriuuMits jecorch (1 in tlic
lloi ticulturist, 1 feed it rie^ht to contribute v\ hat little
lays in mv power towards the ;^^>neral <:o(m1, in pai"t
return for the bencdits vrlTudi I hav(> roccivei] fi'iuu
tin- experience of Otlu'rs,

The potato bein;; so valuiiMc an o-^cul'Mit. i very
pr 'caution should bo used to extend its nsofu'noss, by
increasing; the varieties and testin;; tho merits ot
each, as well in quality as quantity pro(luood, tliat
those W'ich j ro^(> su])crior, oitlit r in early ripeirn^;
or a(hiptaMon to p.artiv'ular soils or <'limato, may be
dissemimit' d tlirouu^hout tho country, and tliose
■which are inferior be discarded from cultivation.

The usual mode of raisin^^ potatoes from ihc seed,
l)V plantin<; in the open pardon, bein;: tedious and re-
quiring several years to develop thoir true ( haracters,
has deterred many fr(un the undortakini;. The m^oaI
require a h>n;j; time to ve;i;otato, and tho e^ro^th bein;:
plow thereafter, noxious weeds and grass jret tho
start and become ver}' trouble^imie ; the plants aitaiti
but a diminutive size early in the season. wh:< h is
the most favoraldo time for their ;;rowth ; the tulerd
do not set until the latter j)art of summo", wht n the
dry weather and parching rays of the sun d cc'c their
future growth, and tend to ripen the en p before t

Tl'o plajiis " If' .T uiitrwi j),:j- showed any j^i^na of
sufreilng fron) tian>planling.

It is of importance that they vjioul 1 lie. put d,\\n
into the eartii two inch'^s lower th;in they stue,l in
tho seed bod; fhey ^^ill tliu pritduce more r.)ut>; l,ut
care must be taken that tin; young plants do not pro-
duce tubers while they remain in the 8cc<l-hed, as
they will be very much weakened if allowed to tlo»o
before they nre ]Mit out. Tho earthing-up of the p<>
tatoes raised from \\io se( d, ^h uld l)» done early, and
not to ) heavily; for if tic plan;> aie put out in wt-a-
llicr wliii li i-> not \o\\ l,i\iiiai-!e, th-'V ,-oias le.rin
to sliuct u]i. anJ the entir" suil is p' neiiated hv V'TV
small fine hbi:'>, which would he injured i'V a lii;;ii
or late cart bin;; u]>. tho production of tubers ho de-
layed for a for^nie;lit i i- three week*--, and tho preduco
diujinislied. The potato phints thrive best in a rich
saii'h soil whicli hi- bcai deeply (big. [ I*ul:Uo«\i
should never be rarthe(l up at all. \ak

Uy {\\(^ above nvthod I have rai^ed full si/'al, mor-
ehantablo T)(itatoo-< th(^ first year from the seed: iiianv
hills having but tlii'e(^ to live pc^tatoos and all of f*
fair si/e for mark"t — others ha\in<' ;i la'e:or anieniit
were proportionally smaller. IJv recuri-ing to vopiI-
lin;:s we mav obtain a 1 e ilthy ai t (d > free from r 't or
any other di.-easo, but I have no confidence that tfu'J
will h !)g r<Mnain so after being exposed to the sanio
inlhn ;,c(> under which tho parent stock has ijegen-
erat< I.

The failure of the potato crop in many parts of
tht^ country has in liu-e(l farmers t(» exp(;riniont eare-
lullv in ord ■!• to ;i-eei-tain if" po-sible in what situa-
tions or kind > of soil> they conerallv suceed be^t, and
from w hat oxperionc(> 1 ha\e had, I am inchneil to
the opinion, that ■^vhore the laiid is clayey and tonii-
cious, thereby holding tho heavy rains in inunediato
contact with the tubers until the hot sun coining no-
on them, while thus thorou"hlv saturated witlnMitor,
comjdetcs their d(^->truetion, drying aiul baking tfn?
o^riumd over and around them, so as to exidudo tlio
air ; tinit it they v\ ere so near ripe at the tini"' ^^"^ '"
retain their form until barvostcMl. thev soon give wajr
after l)eing expiKsed to atmospheric irdluence. > n* "
soil is unsuitalde for raising potatoes — and the samtJ
cause that has heretofore prevented the cultivation
of the more delicate sweet potato on heavy land, now

KovEvnEiil

SPKCIAI. MAMliKS FOR FRTriT TREES.

no7

1 1 T»>w — ■■■iitr '^-mm*mm 'mrm^^m

operates against ihe Mercer or Irish potato, which
giMMiH to liavo degon(!rated in vigiu-, and luis at
l(»n<'t!i vi'dd>nl to thosi' atlversc* inlbnunMvs (wdncdi the
pwoot p >tato never oiuild withstainl) that had been
imporcoptibly, though no loss coi'tainly im|)airing its
coa'ititiUion for many years previous; and that sandy
loam, <>p''n and porous soils, whi(di allow tho excess
of iiDi^mre to pass off fr«.!(dy from tho plants, where
hv severe storms aet like gentle show(;rs im rely t(>
niaiston the roots and invigiUMte the plants, aid tho
genial rays of tin- >un thereafter m liorale tic land
to th(! "roat Ik-U' tit id" the 'jrowinL.: crop — i^ the most
certain land on whiidi to depend for a ^oxl crop.
!b-s})ectlullv, ^\'Il,l.I\M. l*Ain;v.

riiiincniason, Ilarlin'ilon ''Ofui///, \, ./., Iv/ f/io.
•J4, \>o[. [linticuUurlst.

the large proportion of animal milter i,, vaid ma*
nure, too much succulenc M)f grow i h or e\ .-n sur-
feit would result from its abundant and ix.dusive ap-
plication, an e\d in no wise roMilting from the uso
of ashes. iiuL overdoses, ev.-n ot those, shouhl bo
avoided.

The large proportion of lime in the wood an 1 bark
of the a|.plo, indicates its vi'u,. as a manure |.,,r ihi«
fruit; w(i acco'-dingly find t'lal ha died adie-, whi(di
contain much lime, are .oninentlv useful. Eachecl
as Well a. uid-ached a.he^ mav'indee.l h,. as. plied
with groa ad.auiage to all fruit troe,^'. Ihuo- ,:oi».
tain nundi pln.spha'e oj lime, and, fail verized. thof
W(Mild midoubtedly ill many cas(>.s produce au oxcoU
lent effect on the pear, and other spo(dos.

Ir(m is found only in minute quantiii(\s in tho
wood and bark of trees; yet tho speedy restiu-atiort
from pale and sickly to deep green an<l luxuriant fo-
liago, by its application to the roots in some instan^
(Mil> et -olb, sand and (day, there are others rnon^ ! ^^'^-.P^'''^'''"^ ^'"^^ however small its proportion maj
cssontial to tin-jrowth (d'' troe^. Among the nn»re | '^^'' '^'\P'"<''*'"';'' ''' ''■^■^•'"^'•^'•

An interesting experiment is slated in the Ilorti-
culturist, upon a large pear tre(., h-aring blighted
cracdved and wiu-thless fruit, whi(d. re.sulfe(Mu iti
{.erh'ot restoration to health, ami the production of
in;oth and lair crops. This ciiango v.a> .i,le,-;,.n oj
digging, tlireo foot distant from the tree, a cinaihir

SjitM-ial Manures t'ov l<'ruit Trees.

r»''>ides the more common ami universal inaT(^di-

iinp)rlaiiL td' llic^o arc [ulasli, lime, and phosphat
uf". limo.

Now, \\!i:i.te\er (>arthy ingredients are found in the
wo.kI, l)ark, a»el liuit of tree->, mu^t be dej-ivcfl (Vom
tilt* soil; an<i it the soti lo wmeli iie'\ are piin((>(j
doos n >t (Mntain all those ingredient^, tic trees can-
not flourish. It therefor, heeomes vitally imj* )rtant
tvi supply s\iv.\\ (hdie enci s hy the ajtplicafion of the
pa''ticidir or speciiic manure needed.

But it is not to be oxp;>ctcd that cub ivators generally
will he able to .analyze their variously differing soils,
nor to fu'ocuro it done by a '^kilful (diomist. The
noxt thing, then, that can be aec ouijdished i< to as
certain tho oompiuient p irt- of the different kinds <d

Hi!

trench four feet wide ami twenty imdies deep: fill...
this with fre^h, riidi soil and turf, and intermingling
two busluds (dscori;e from a blackMuith's foi-^e^two
bushels of charcoal, au'I two pounds of potash? Thf)
fresh s»)il and potash doubtless contiihi'ed lar;:eivto
success. Otlnu- experiments of a similar ch liactop
ha\' been equally successful.

l>r. Kirlland states that (Wcli.irds on the liincstone

trees, whi. h arc nearly tic same in all localities. If ^''"^ '*' ^^'"*'' invariablv aTord the In'st apple

a ro-

it i>* foimd that a. paiMiciilar species contain-- an iin
usual fprintity (d" siiue certain in;:redient<, we in>y
safely com hide that sutdi ingredients >houid be h,irg(;-
ly siqiplied as a manuv".

As instances, analysis has shown tliat tho pe.ar,
tlio afiplo, ami the gra e, cmitain, of lOi) parts each
of eartlnf iML:redients, tho f(dlowing proportions (d
pota.sl), iliac, and phosphate (d' lime: —

Pear.

JV.ta.sh,

IMiosphate of lime,

Pota.sh,
b ino,

I'iiosphatc of lime,
Potash,

b'lho,

P'i">«pliatc of limo,

Apple.

Sap-wood.

O)

1.7

17

ark.

Graj

'f.

1\

The

17

15

prouortions (d' the^-e in-r '(benr--, althou'di not

in irk liilly corr(diorated hv other observation^. Tho
same eminent (uiltivator gives the f dlowiinj,- accoinit of
his succa'ss with speciji,- manures: hi< pear treev on
Wiirnout land, made hut hro to ,s/.r imdies growth in a
sinudo season, and the fruit wa^ hiighfed. knotted, and
deficient in flavor. They siH.ii began to e.vhihit evi-
dences of disease and old age. An analysis (.f tho
soil was made by Or. Emmons, indicating its d fie"*
oncios. Dressings of jihosphato of lime, [in piilvor-
i^e(l b(.nos,| asln>s, and barnyard manure, with a
limited supply (d' common sah, effected a comp'eto
rjuiovation.

The subject of special manun^s is destined to b(V-
come ori" of groat inter. vst t(» <M.ltivators. It is ycl
in its infancy. M.my years of caridul e.\p u-incmt,
guided by patient and hi})orious analyds, tail (.nly
carry it lorward t » maturity. Wni inthe meant one,
enough is kn* wn to enable ( rchardists to (.per ate in
I many instances w th groat advantage. \, t alwav*
^ j knowing .he deficient ingredient, tl/ey may not al
2 ^ (.nco ap[)!y the prcjciso remedy. IJnt there "ai-e sonm
'<'>'-> ; manures that c;in iie\cr do injury, that will usually
be highly beneficial, and somelimes \ i.ld ex-
traordinary r subs To enal)!e (ailtivatoVs to cx-

B

G
30

G

5

51
3

•ceedmg the (iuantiti(!S found in s(Uuo (»tInT plants, periment with these, the ffdlowm-r exc(dleut practical

aie so largcas to Rh(»w eoncbi^ively the imp(U-tance ' hin's a r . \ ' '

J't aproptM- supply in the soil. d'h"ev ab-'adv exist
J" -vil s«m1s adaptoil to fl»e ;:r..wth of 'fruit tre( ., but

"-"•small am nint in particular l.caiities, from mi

»ral (K-ticiont-y, or fr m long .mltivation, mav ren

^'r their application a matter .d the greatest impor-
^n.nee. Such application made be jiirtiady nnnle by

j'lmnon yard manure, which contains tluMu in oon-

itiMstl ' P''^'P.'"'^'""^^> *»"t ^^'"^<1 '\s\w^, in whi(di they

Mstly exist in large quantities, will furnish them

re Iroeljr and with a more speedy effect; as from

< ,are i;i\en \'vi^\\\ the II u-ticulturlst, from tho pen
id A. d. I downing, its editor : --

* For (jid apple or(diards. uj.on soil d(dieieii! in
lime, we would jeeommend a top dressing ol lime —
— f<u' tho first time -of i2<H) hn-lnds t(» the aero.
This will, usually, if tht> hind is in good condiiion,
bring the trees into good bearing condition again.
In some soils, tho effect will bo imim^liato, and in
others it will require one or two seasons for ih • limo
to produce its etfo(;t.

"For middle sized bearing trees, a peck of air-

II
d

308

rilACTICM. HINTS TO Cri/nVATTON OF PEAllS ON QUTNOK.

fNoVKMfifR

1

-hlakod lime to each tree ih huiru-icnt. It in, ixTluips, Piartiral Hints to Ci.lthalion of Pears u.i Ciuince.
best applied in the autiiuin, l.ut ii will answer very | y/y JT. A'. Hooker, i:nj,,stn\ N. Y,

Avcll in the f-prin;;. Scatter it r^r^^\y .,-, .r tlir sur- j Tin pcar-Iovin«;- tin- jMar-cultivutii,- ,,„l,li,. Ijj^v,.
face of the ground, as far as the mots (^xt.-nd. It ' ,,j j.^^,. ,^.,..^,.^ },.^,i ,i,,.;,. attniiiun rrcquV'ritlv cal'k'd to
may he ph.u;;hed or ho.Ml iind('rsli;:litly, or hdtiipon ,j„. a.h'ania-r nf -i .,vs ii,;r p.ar trees wurked un„n
th(; surlaee, asit will tind its way <lnw!iNvards n. i lir .juinee st(M k. l-l li !•> tlnuriters njM.ii su. li tin m.-s
Boil. jtnd hy the nurseryni'ii interested in suppjvinfr tliojr

•*To keep an apple ondiar«l in tlie Jni,f ^""/•"/.7 L^,.^,^^; 'p|,,. advanta-es ;ind ohj.'ctiojis t.rtl,rnric

■corK/jY/o/*, in a soil not eahvircons and not naiinaliy 1 ^j^.^, i,.jv,. Um'ii hilly (iiscusscd "l.y many, and n")u'
Conrrenial to th«» tree, it >ii.'iiM lM"lr<->.<l with liriP-. „,..i,.]v r-vcry one who reads horfiiajltural l)U(,ks „r

-and with ashes, every ali'i-iKit.- autumn, aini ma- ;itt,.nd> iioific-dtural nieetini^s, know ^omethin- ;d)M]»
nurcd every other spring', 'flic same .piantity "i ii,,,„i j,-nni experiein-c or ol.>rrvation. StilC th. r>'

hpent allies as ot lime, may hf ii-ed lor eacli tr(M\
"For th'' p''ar t!'( e, we preier t!ie foUowinii; eom-

are many who plant tlieirtr.es, and are disappointed
in their « wn ease, and ]»erlia[!s are disposed IoIjIuiu.-

post: Take a wairon load of jieat, (U* hlack swamp ,!,,,,,> ^ho have le(l them into the experiment

f.;^rt|, — (lls^-ohc L(i U.S. o! p.itash in wat<r. and watei
the peat thoi-oU'^hly with the li(piid, li-l it lii' a
rouple »d' day^. and it i- lit jor use. Or. hu' tie

My j(i-e>eut pui-pox' is not to ;:;ive any new views
f cultivation and inana;^enient. hut siniplv airain to
all atteiiti III to a few important features wliid!

name tpi intiiy o( p( at. n^o one-third <d a load ot |,.,^., .),„,,,, p ,(;,j.,. ,^),iy s(>t lorth ])ut wliicdi arc eft ai
leaidie.j wo m1 ashes, (or ten huvjiols (d tresh ri>lies,) L,v,.rlo.d<ed hy enltivators, who proiaM'd upon thepiijh
inixinu' lli*' v. lede, and letting: it lie a foitniL'ht he-' positioti that'the same treatment wlTudi enahled thrm
fore u-in- it. (live ea<d» middle siz/Ml liearin;.: tre.\ ^,, gather pear> from trees uim.ii pear sto<»ks, will un-
n hnshrl (d" this eompost anninill\ ; a le wly phmted ^^^..^ cpally w.dl with thos-' upon (pilne(>, I d.-siro
youn^ tre.' half a perk, aiid oHers in thi< pi-op^r- fi remove this mi<tal:en idea, ami at the sam-' timo
lion. It this compo8t is ai'plied in thy <pnn-, '''■''! cneourac:;" the (ailtivation of this iro^t doirab'o
ireew may als>0 have a top (h'ossin^ oi bunc dn.s/,ii j fVuii. in ni" mo~i san^iaeiorx ana eeoiiomieai inetliod,
■•easily o))tained. in the au'.unm. at the rate .d I, all a |j ^y,, oxamino the roots of a ipiinee, wr fmd tli.it
pick to a tree. _ _ ile'V ar'' numerMU-;, hut not la!'L:;e or lon;^: ; they do

"The same eompo'^t, rnid the same rpinntities, will . ,,ot*(>xt'nd to anv ureat doi.th in the soil; nor aro

answer adnnrably ior liie f];rape \ine. ihit as iia
grape is a stron;: feeder, and likes more lime tiian

they ini lined to spr('ad a longdistan-e from tlicsirm
or eollar of the tree: consetpiently, the supply of

nore, applied alon^ with any manure or eomjsoet
most ea.vilv (ditaiiifd.

"Kor thi' iduni tree, in li-1it s.»i]<. (there i< litfl*

the pear, we would <jjive it besides, an autumnal eoat i f^^j,i .^,j,| moisture must be ol)tained within a Mnall
of lime, at the rate of from 50 to lOt) bushels to the I ^paeeof ^'round, and the al ility oft he phmt to ^ustiin

"" leaves and hramdie^, i- id' ei.ui'se proportioniMl to the

resources (d' its root>-. If now, we _;j;raft a j"'!r [r>'f
- - , upon it, "whose ran;i;e of limhs, and (d eeurso, of

r)r no dittieultv in ^rowine; it in idr.y s.oU. i we woul'l l,.a\e-an'! fiaiit. is larjie, and wdiitdi is nrovided liv
recommend a eompost. made a^ lidjow-: lo t wo | jj.^^,,,.,. ,^^;ji, (Maae jt ndiULr roots, extendin^^ ilocp
\va;;on loads of strong li»am, or V'lh'w e!ay. add a i,,t,, |i,,. ,.ai-th, securin-- tirmnevs to the trinik nnd
busied of (dn^ap salt and i. ur hu-hel- .d lime. Mix im/jsture to the loaves, \vitliout hv soiii" artificial
the wlnde thoroughly; sulf''rin_^ it to lie at lea<t a niean--. proxidiui;- tor this disproportion ot j'arts, \v(3
fortniL'ht. Apply t!)i< a< ;i /"/' /■"/''• "r ''"/' <lr's.<in</ nm-t ine\ iiahly fail ot fall suee.'s.<.
t*) the >oil directly under the plum trees, i spreading | Jn p.rool Of* thi^^. we find that those wli) h:ivr-

ptlantcd dwarf ]iears in grass grounds, wiiiieut i:r

V-

tr( e, or liall a ^rck to a vtamg, newly planted
tre<

it o\er thesurtace a< lar as the hranelics extend,) at

the rate <d fi'-" hii.<h.l.-: to a middle siz(Ml bearing j'ng them iurtlu'r care, and those -w ho j:row tli« ni i

riidi, well eu'tivated soil ]»ut neglect to diminish the
tops sutrudently to enabh; the (piinc<' roots to sustain
"As a gcTu'ral e(nip"<t for fruit trees, we r^^peat. I {|,^. ^,.,.,> |ij.,,iiy^ .^s AV(dl as those who have allow' a
that nothing is erpial t<» that fornnal of f/.s7/^.v r///^/ |i,j/,i. p,>;iP},v*aiid beautiful pyramids to support :in
jin/f. 'idles, > niatcriaN are easily obtained in all | ,,,,,, j.j,^,,,j^ l,,".^,! ,,( fruit while yet in infamy , th- ul y
parts of the CMuntry. and they contain the (dements I g^ (.^hail-tine; j,,, onergy tluU two or three V^ars
most essentia! in tiie organic and inorganie struetur(> inir-ini: hfcome necessary, before it is n;_M:n u>elul,
of fruit trees. Where p(>at is not at hand, u^e wood .^,.,, jj,^^ usually very strong advocntes for pyramid,
ashes alone, at the rate of half a hulled (d leaided ,,,. d\varf trees; their own (>xperi( nee. certainly,
iishes to each middle si/ed bearing fruit tre(>. lint j ^v,,„pi ,,,,t warrant them in recommei diuL' dieir

as

ments af food, the usual ^upjily (d' or<linary manure
-must not b(> withheld, unless the soil is already suf-
ficientlv rich." — Thomas' Fruit CuUurist.

les lo eneii miuoio m/iu of.iioi;^, iiuo, ni.. wm i \v(an<i not warrant mem in reeomuici um;,

aslies iurnish only the mineral or inorganie ele- i .^,{,,p|i,,,j^ .^n,^ \[ |),-,^ ^v,.j.,. ^\^^. i„.st that Cituld be

expeet«'d (d"them. all in(>n would agree, tha* the less
W(^ see (d' them the Ijetter we shall Ise off.

ddie obvious methods ,,f avoi<ling the cvil< ^h^^'^
1 have point. m1 out. are, to secure to the plant a t^utn-
cient supply (d" food, by manuring more hi<:hly ftt;Q
frc(iu(«ntly than we fiml necessary for the pear stocx,
by ]»lanti"ng in smdi >(dls as do not sut]'< r ^'."^^'.^^
from drouth, by fiMMpu'iit stirring of the soil wi ^
spade or hoe, 'and most especially bv abundai^
muhdiin;:: added to this it is indispensihlr, to r

f*-

New York Statk ^(^riTRV Sociftv. — A eonven-
vention r<M'ently assembled at Saratitga Springs, N.
Y., ibr the purpose (d' Ibrming a "Slate Poultry So-
ciety." Alter several p(M'sons had addressed the con-
vention, a committee was appointed to draft a eon-
«titution, wdii.h was reported at :i second meeting
and adopted. The society was then iornnMl.

-•♦►

Charcoal, it is said, placed aronnd rose bushes,
•and other flowering plants, has the effect to add
greatly to the richness of the flowers.

duee th<' si/.e (d" the top, by pruning n

the winter

' -prini:. and also in s(.me eases during the suniin t
though 1 apprehend we shall not i" 1"'^"^ "' p p*,, '
do 80, with that care and patience which M. tAF >
and other eminent foreigners have seen fit to Dcs
on their pets.

I85.r

PENNSYLVANIA UDRTICULTURAL SOOIKTY.

300

One thing is certain, the man who is not willing
to nav some regard to the peculiarities of tln^ posi-
tion in which the pear is placed when worked upon
(iuiii''<o "''*'^^ ""^ expect to gather as al)undantly and
continiially, as some men do, wli i h iw never given
a tlieU'ditto tie ir nohje iJarth'tts aiel hoyimncs be-
vond pTripping troin tieir laden boughs, the luscious
fruits, with whi( ii nature has erow ned the year. lUit
to the good cultivattu- who <«an allbrd to spare an
hour, now and then, to care lor the wants of his si-
lent laborers, thej-e is an abundant and sure reward
laid up, ill the vigor, beauty and productiveness of
this class of trees. — [llortirulturiat.

Peiiiisylvanla Horticultural Society.

OCTOIJKR 17.

The stated nn^eting of this Society was held in the
looture room of the Museum building, this evening;
J»r. W. D. Brinekle, ^'iee I*r(^sident, in the chair.

The following premiums were awarded:

lksi(/n.s oi cut flowers — for the best to Thomas
Meehaii, gardener to (/. Cope; for the secMuni best to
Joseiiti Cook, linskctr, — for the best and second liest
to Thoma- Meehan.

I'xirs — tor the best tiie i>t)yenne viiris and for tiie
8ocond best the Ducdiesse d'Augouleme tr. Mrs. J. B.
Siiiitti. 'file apples, although of fine a[>pearanee,
\vere unripe and not in condition to test:

Spcciii/ I'n iiiiuiiLs. — For a fm*' display >d' grape'^,
|2,(Ki. t.) II. p.. Tilden; for a dish ot R.dne tdaudede
Bavay plums, $1,00, to Thonnis Meehan, gardener t(»
Caloh Cope.

The following report from the fruit committee was
eubniitted ;

PlIlLADEM'IHA, Oct. 17, ISo.',.

To tlio President Penna. Ilort. Soeiety. —

The Fiiiit C<unmittee respeetfully Jlep.ort, Tliat
sinc'e the Seiit(>mber me(!tih<r ot tln^ Socdetv: tlie f(»l-
lowing Fruits have been submitted to their examina-
tion:

/'/'//;/ AJtxdiKhr Parker, of Movamensine;: — A
S'til/intj Pidih, nearly thref^ incdies in diamettu-;
roundi'^h; dull yidlow, wdth a reildish cheek, and so
'Ink ahout the base as to apjM'ar almost bhu^k; flesh
villuw, M-i'y juicy; ilaviu- delicdous; (quality "\ery
g'M)d."

Fiohi A. )f. Ki.s/ivirk: — The Pcf re Pear, from the
ovK/nial (ret — specimens very fine, two and three-
quarters inches long, by two and one-hall' broaa;stem
variable, in one specimen live-eights of an inch hy
one-sixth, in another one and one rpnirtcr bv ono-
t'ighth; flavor lu<< ious; quality "best."

From haae 11. Jlaxter :-—T'he Jane Peach (Baxter's
Seedling, No. 1;) hirge, ten and ono-half inches in
<^ii-uuiiiferonce; roundish oblate; greenish yellowish
^^hite, with a red cheek; free; flavor delicious; cpility
'•very gn(„P' t(» ''best.'^

From Mr. Jm<I(1,242 Filbert ^t.-.—Larhsa, a Seod-
"1;); 1 ear ol smab size; obovatc pyriforin; greenish
Hdlow, agoodth-ilrusseted, with amotthd i-cd (dieek;
ti^^u rather dry; flavor sacchirino and pleasant; (quali-
ty scarcely "g(,od."

From Pefcr Williamson, 290 South Second st.:—
'W'lmensof a S.edliuf/ JCui/Uih mdniit, of cxtraor-
uiDary size and excellence;" two and one-sixteenth
inches lung, one and live-ci^hlhs wide, one and one-

half thick; shidl remarkable for its thinness, kernel
dcdicious; ipiality "best." The tree sprung from an
imjtorted nut planteil in 1840, and is now liitcien and
one-half imdies in idrcumference at tin surface of tho
earth. It bore in IS.VJ t<u- the tir. t time. Tin; at-
tention <d" \ urserynien is dii-eeti'il to this variety,
whi(di could pridialdy be dwaided and brought intO;
speetly l»earing by being worked on theduglans pra)-
parturieiis.

Frnni Mr.s. Geo. Li(/i/rff, 1 10 diristian st. — The.
I!<</ni>r Intr — size full medium, tw(» and one half to»
thre<' in(dies long by two and om; half to 1 and thnu?
(piarters broad;some specimens weighed (dghtounces;
obovate; ycdlow, with a numl>er(d' minute ruHscitdots,
and very often a brilliant carmine cheek; stem cin-
namon color, three-(piarters to s(»ven-eights of an inch
long, by one-sixth thiek, inserted in a rather deep,
narrow cavity; calyx open, with short erect segments,
set in a wi<le, shallow basin; seed dark, plump, acute,
with an angh* on one side of the blunt (iud; flesh fino
texture, buttery^ melting; flavor exc(^edingly luscious;
({uality "best." lender the nann' of White Doyennes
or Butter Pear, which it is to all intents and pur-
poses, this variety has repeatedly recM'ived a premi-
um at our Annual Kxhil)itions. And not until re-
c(!ntly were we informed by Mrs. J/iggc tt that it ori-
ginated from reed of the Butter P(!ar idantiMi about
fwenry-tivf^ years ago i)y ihm- grandmottier, Madame
Il<;gnier. On examining the tr(M', whi(di is now two
feet s(!ven inches in circumference at tin; surface of
the (iarth, there is no appearance of its having b(ion
worked. Many suckers have sprung up from tho
root, presenting a similarity in wood and foliage to
the tree it'^elf, The growtli is more erect ami the-
top more full and roundetl than is usual with the.
\\'hite i)oyenne. A\ e would suggest a trial (»f this
variety in localities where the White Doyenne haa
long since ceased to flourish.

From, Jleurt/ IC. Tern/, Hartford, Connecticut: —
The Clark Pear, a supposedSeedling. Size medium;
two and on<'-hall inches by two and seven-eighths,
roundish, inclining to turbinate, broad at the crown,
rounded a! tie- Itase; skin smooth, greenish yidlow,
with numerous small russet dots, ami sometimes a
warm salmon (dieek; stem one inch by one-seventh,
inserted in a very supc^rficial de[»ression; calyx snnill,
(dosed, s(!t in a wide, rather deep, furrowed biwin;
seecl brown, flat, iiudining to oval, with a slight an-
gl ' at the blunt end; tiedi fine, textur.', buttery, nnd'-
ing: flavor excodlenr, with a dedicate aroma; (piality

at l(

verv ;foo(|

o rn I

,.1,

peri laps we

^h0Ulvl

Pear loars a goo(

not err in
I deal of

least "
savin;! "best." 'I ne 1 lai'
resemhlanci' in fni-m, texture, flavor and s-mmI. to the
Autumn liergamot (d' (.'ol. Carr, (lociihcd in the
Transat-iions of tln^ National Congress ol Iruit (■ row-
ers, for Ls40, |)age 72.

From P'ler llaahi': — Four varieties of li'^-^ S'cllinij
Grapes. InP^b"), Mr. Uaabe obtaincil a colleciiiai
of Crapi; S(!ed Ir m (lermany, which he planicd m a
bed in his garden. Many of those seed veg<nated;
and as the young plants were exposed, without the
slightest protectn)n, to the inclenu'ncy/)f the wciither,
none but tho hardiest survived. Of these the f(dlow-
ing four have already fruited, anl are un([uestion-
ably varieties of great nH,>rit:

The Prinekle—(Fo,il,i''s No. 1)— Bun(.di large, ra-
ther ci)mpact, s(mieLimes shouldered; berry li\e-
eighths of an inch in diamoter; round; black; flesh
solid, not pulpy; flavor ricdi, vinous, and saccharine;
(pi ility "best." Fruited bi IHV) for the first time.

Ihe Fjmihj—(1iaahcs No. 2)— liunch large, not
very compact, occasionally shoiildorcd; berry below

^10

PKWSVLVAM A IT* >RT!Pn iTT^R AT, SOrirTY

[^'<'VK\(p,

F.R

modiuni, from tbrco.oi^hths t«) ono half of on inoli in ' apppiiranco; two and fivo-f^i;^|,tljs inches lon'^
diiinictor; round: pale r"d; ll.'sh Vf-ry juicy, witli lit- t'.vo and fivc-ci;;htlis in(di(\M broad; roundlsli Tom'
tie (»r no pulp; flavor saccharine and dfdicioii*^; 'piali- with red .h.M'k; stem thr(»c-fnurths o! an itil-h* 1, '"'^

t^' "hnst," for an outdoor <;rapc. Fruit<.'d in idoO one-lnuiLh thick, very fleshy; Havor tin. •'.,u-diiv "v!^'
for the first time. I ^ood." ' ' ^ ^erjr

;;oni- V><jjji Uwhat Jjiirhanan, Cincitmati, throu;;!) 11,,.,^

iind; Oainpljcll, P.-sv.— very fine specimens of .sU\,ittlci

\ TV of native drapes.

r 8a(Mdnirin<\ \\ itii Alexander, Schuylkill Mitsradelle, or Cape Grane

i; .ju:i!lty -'ix'st." j Althou;;n this variety is of inferior tpi alii i/ [,,x tho

!ir -.110" In 1 wi'Ii tahh', th.' Iiti' M:- H.'sor, of Cincinnati, mad*' from

T(C Iiaabe — (RaahesXo.o) — V>AuA\ Huiall, (;oni-

paot, rarely sliouldered; Ix^rry helow m"diiJiM; r.)

dark nvl. thickly covered with hiooin; il. ^h

juicy, witli scarcely aiiv pulp; ll.iMir 8a(Mdnirin<\ wit

a ^owd d(»;)l (d'the Tatawha aioma

Althoii;;h th(? Ilaahe ori;;inated ill till- -nil" fui wi! ;i liiuif, m.- lu" .m;- iw-sor, oi i^incmnati, inad<' fn,

tho IJrinckle and Emily, its iiiir.|uiv-M;iJ (.Vitawlia it a sn|)"rior win-', so similar to (ti ■ (,\)nst;iiiti i -i^

flavor and native le-f indii-c us to hdj.'v.' t'lat it { bo mistak-n for it hy s)ni" <;f our best win • (•oiiii^/ ^!

^})rnnL^ (Voni :\ c'i;ince Kccd of tli*' Catawba that li:id \ sours.

acci.l"nt;illy n;,tin"d admis-iMU into th<- b 'd. Tins i Minnnotli Vjulawha. — VnuwAx hxr^r^i^, A\(m\\Vu^i\ „,,(

Opinion i-, sti-'iiL^tli-aicd by the fact tliat tii" t 'alawba j compact; lieiTy lb'r;:;e, s.'vcn-ei;ihths of an iricli ii

di;imi;t(>r; round; of a di'(>pt>r re*!, and 1 ir;;<'r si/,, than
the ('atawua, but not so hl;^h fliivorcd; (inn lit y "vr'r-

>vas ill bcaiin,^ in Mr. llaabr's ^^ardcn al the tiim' h(>
planted thf seed be ri'<'<'iv(Ml from Germany. It fruit-
Od in 1S')() for the first time.

1 w (^I'lira —-[Iidiihi's Ao. d)--I5unch modiuin: not
6o!nj>:ict; Immtv medium; round: ^r(. n^ fainMy tin^e(i
witli ^alm >n when e\po>^'Ml to tlp> sun; fl ' h tender.
juicy; fi i\oi- rich, swi'ct, and d^ 'licit »ms; (juabfv "best."
cniitMi ibe present s(>a<on f u- the first time.

Fr >in limij. dnlliss: ~~T ic (ionjas /* 'f //, t-vo and
<)n"-!ia!f iu(du-s f.y two auii tliri^e (|:i,ifter>-; roundish,
^vith a >li;^l»t ju'omineiir-' at tie- apex; dull <jr'M'ni>h
VnUe. clouiled aU'l t,lo'e!ie,l wifli mi (111 the (^KjiostMi

•ide; cavity wide, ratle-r d-'ep; stone \'\\'^'\ \\o>\\ \\\\\v
inh, -^li^jitly stained at tic stoue, juie\; flavor sae
Cbarim- and <'.\cee,riii>rly lu^.-iuiis; (pnilitv '"best;"
period of maturity middl ' to end of Sepi, mber. Tlii^
one serrate variety ori^imited with H 'niainin Oul
VxB'^t N. K. corner of I*ine and S. huylkill Kii;hth
streets, from a stone of the .Alirris White; plante*i in
18d<). Ir fruited in ISVI for th" nr>t time.

From II I>. /.:'u/!r>/, At'ieiis. Ohio; — EnormAus
Apecim"!! of an appl", labelled J!h(„lr IJuid Sivcef,
hut which \\c i-'';;ard as L^nini's Pnuti'Liu Stcrf.—
Come; of them wcriMUore than tlo^e iiiciu;s luu:;, and
nearly four wide, and weighed 17 ounces; seed small,
fthort, plump, oval; flavor sweet and pleasant; (luabtv
•*poo(|." 1 .

From IV/n. Graham — (^w^'W'^r to the Philadel-
phia P.lokiey .Mms House— y'v' (,'iahain (,'rapr; an
occidental secdlin:: rai>ed by Mr. (jraham. It sprune;
lip m IS I'). iMid fruitcHl in lS.')(l for the first time.—
Ptunch of miMlinm size, shouldered, not com[)act; Ix r-
ry half an iiwdi in <liam(>ter, round, }»urple, thickly
Ct)vcr(»d with a blue bloom; contains little or no puli).
nnd abounds in a saccharine jui/e of a;^reeable flavor;
quality "best." The leaf indieates its native jiarent-
a^o. It is )>ro])ably a natural cross between the
Bland and Klsinborou;^h. both of whiih were in bear-
in;: in the }j:;ardeii w hii" it ori;;inated.

Vrom Abraham IVi.snier, near Norristown. P<M'ki-
0nien town-hip, Mont^j^oncry county- The l\')hio-
mrii S'l- lldiurk. 'i'his th" iar;^(>vt variety o| Shell-
bark we have met witli. nieasiirin;,' ;^n in,.|) ;y,,j (|,,.,

•rood

While (^alau'ba. — liun*h small; berry hir;:.', se\,.n-
ei|;liths of an inch in diameter; round; ;;reeni>li \\\\\{v-
inferii.r to the f'atawba in flavor and (pialitv.

]'f'uan;/o — a Seedlin;:; from the Vox (j'rape.' Vtwu-h
of medium size; Imm ry three-fourths of an inch in 'li-
ameter; round; pale red, attractive in appeaiiiiin-;
supaiorin the si/.e of the Imiwdi, and in (piiliiv, ta
its f>ar(nt: oualitv "verv food "

(I'no, or S';/arbo.c.-—Hi\ni\\ rather larire; horrv
small, su} erior in flavor to th<? sam<; ^ra})e ^'r()s\n
lier(". <piality *'verv ;;tiod.''

II'') hriu<n(f. — Buiudi rather Iar;;e; berry bef.w m"-
lium; five ('i;j:hThs of an ineb in diam"t"r: rouinf^li
inelinini;^ to < v il: specimens scare"! y ripe. From this
j;rap" Mf. L aiL-- worth makes a wine o| fin" (iu,iii<v,
slosely r"-emblin;z: in flavor the Spanish M m/' nnllii.
Vrom fhe Her. S. i\ I>rinr/Jr, Wilmington, |),.l;i-
ware--/>r>/i/it' de Z > pear; si/.e full medium, t\\(» ;ui<l;i
Inilf inehes Ion;; by two and five-eirrlirhs hniiiil,
r Mii(d:sh; cinnamon iu>s"t, intersperseil with patfli.-s
and ine;^ular markini:;s of fair ytdlow; in winch rc-
■-pet-t. it bears a strikin;; analoj:y to t!ie "X'erior color-
in„^ of the Uwchlan; stem thr(N--fourihs of ;m inch
loii'j-, ami two-ninths thick, inserted in a narrow,
superficial cavity ; calyx medium, set in a ni'Mi"r;itt^-
ly deep, ey"n basin ; fi"sh fine texture, buttery. iiP-It-
ln;x; flavor dtdicious ; (piality "very ;:;ood," if n<it
"b(;st." These specimens differed in form and oe|i)r
from the Honne de Zee we have more than once re-
(;eived fnun I> »ston, whitdi was yellow and (»hoviit(\
From I. H. }htxf<r. — \ i»ear lalxdled Siettllr, w>f
hue to name; verv lar^e. four and one (juaiter
iindics Ion;:, thrt;e andonedialf broad, and wri;>:liin;?
fourteen oum-es ; Ion;:, obovate, inclinin;; to pyrilerni;
;;reenish y<dlow ; stem one and aquartei inches ion;;
by three-sixteenths thi"k, and half an itedi thiok
near its jumrtion with \\\y' fruit, where it is vi'ry
fleshy, inserte<l obli<pie}y (m a nearlv Ihit sun'iice,
considerably incliiHMJ ; c;ilyx small, set in a 'If'p,
rather narrow, furrowed })asin ; seed j)ale cinniuiien,
qarters Ioul;, (»ne and li\e-ei^liths wide, and one thick. ^ (the li;;htness of the cohu' bcint; probably owiiu: t<)
and with the hull (.n two ami a half inches lonu', two [artial decay,) twodifths of an inch hul;:. oiie-liltli
and three-eighths wide, and one and Heven-cichths ; wide, and one-ei;;hth tl;rek ; Ion;;, acuminaic. vvith
thick: reversed oblon«; — cordate; shell thin; kernel of :in an^h' .m one side of the idiint end : llesh sli;4litly
^'hest" quality. granular, buttery, ineltin;; ; flavor ri(di and delicious;

From Wni. CanI"/, Wdminp:l on, Udaware — more ' ({uality "very <!:*ood." 'I his is pndiably th<' H'urre
specimens of th ■ ti"lieiou> Seedling ;:iape d"sia-ibed j Soule shown by Mr. Robert IJuist at our Animal Kx-
ftt the close of the ad interim K -piut for ScpiemlxT, hibition in is JS, find which could ict be r.-c i;;riiz''J
Aud which we have since nae^ed Delaware lhtr<jun(hj. ' by (air own Poniolo^rists or by those of Boston as any
We continue to entertain the same favorable oiiinion known variety. The tree that produced these sp'H-

Of its ni'» i'^: nnd re;;ard it a dcidded acquisition.

m

ens, .and scv(n il mo e with the same lahid, wero

Yroni.J. Visk Allen, 8alem, Mass. — St. Gkislain jmrchased \)y Mr. IJuist from Thomas Lindreili,«'''<J
Vcdi'. — Specimens remarkably lino and of unusual had imported them with a lari; ) c^liccu^>" ^1 i^'^^*-*

!«'3.1

PENNSYLVANIA TTOllTICULTTTllAL SOCIETY- ATJ>Ki:Xi:Y COWS.

311

kinds from France, thri)u;ih the late Jno. lb Smith"
Bit on cxaminiuj^ the invoice, no su(di name as
U(airre Soule was to be found in it. The variety,

mine (d»(>ek; st, m seven-ei;^liths of an imh lonj; and
«»ne sixth thick, inserted in a slight <lepreHsi(m: calyx
medium, se^'ments reflexed, ^v{ in a moderately deep
rowevcr, heiri;j!; considereil valuable, scions of it were I liasin; seed hir;;e, dark brown, [>yrih»rm, plunqi,
.i^h'ly disseminated; and somti Avcia.' sent to Mr. tei niinatin^ sud<lenly in a Ion;:; neck; flesh someu hat
^\'h.al tlie rcmiainin;!; tr(>es, under this coarse, liutleiy, mellin;:;; fla\(»r line, with a deli;;ht-

Baxter.

uaiiie, in Mr. liuist's posscssicai, fruited, they proved! ful Mr(ana; «piality "best;" eaten October Kith. Tree
t() hethe lhi<diesse l)'\;;<iuh>me. Kven the identify yuii;; vi-rtuous, very productive; leaf hir;j:;e, broa<l,
of tli<' fi''^< ^^'*''' '•^''hthe l)u(di<'ss may |>(»ssibly be

C!itablish>^l by lurtlur investi^atiiui, altlKai^h the
fipecimens of the Ibanre Soule exhibited in 1S4S a[)-
p,.;iic(l to all of US a separate and distinct \nricty.

Ynan W'shrn Xnr York, throu;rl, I. \\ Ibixter. —
'pii,*(\ui(nul(iiijua J'^ar; two and a hall inches long by
two 'and a half b'-oad , roundish — turbinate inclin-
ing t(» pyrilorin, largest in the middle; skin simjoth,
thni, greenish yellow; stem broken off, ins<Tted with-
out depression ; ctilyx merlium, set in tin irregular
furrowed basin; 11 'sh fine, texture, buttery, m<diing,
and exceedingly juiey; fla\<n- pleasant, w ith a deli-
cate aroma; (piality "very goo<l." These specimens
diffend materially in siza* and form from those that
^vcre exhibited at th<* Secamd Sessicai (d" the ('(mgress
of Fruit Ci rowers, at Castle (iarden. New V(uk, in
184'.l.

Ynun JioUerf Viuisl — V*(jn Cielitu de Vcrnois ;
rather large, two a-d ^'^ven eiirhths inche'j 1 -»>" ' "

da. k green; bramdies tortuous; shoots stout, dark
bJown. This ue take to be lJ(urre l)i^l; and, if w(^
are correct in our (amjecture, it is, though not tlu^
largest, by 'ar the fair<'st, most beautiful and d(di.
cious specimen (d tliat variety we have ever seen; in-
decil we hav(^ rar(dy met with the IJeurre l>i(d more
than simp'.y "good" in (piality.

From Joshua Pierce, of Washington, D.C.-- Three
varietu^s (d" [lears, and one of persimmons;

St. Mi dud Arcdiange, true to name, of fine size,
and, at least, "very good" in (quality.

\ erte Longue Panacdie or Calotte Suisse, prized
only for it. curious Kaigiludinal green and y<dlovv
stripes.

A Kit(dien Pear, without a name; very large, three
and three (juarter inches long I )y three and one-(piar-
ter broad; said to be fine for culinary purjioses, and
remarkable lor its productiveness.

J*crKimnions, (Diospyros virginiana.) of ev»rnov']i-

tFO and fiv(-c*ghths broad; obovate; greenish y( How, nary si/e, measuring an inch and a half long, one
wit'i small g;"<'enish ru set pat(dies, and many <;inna- and three-(|uarters, liroad, and five and a (piarter
niun russet dots luair the crown ; stem thre«!-fi;urths incdies in circumference, and weighing an oiun e and
of an in(di long, and one-sixth thick, fleshy at its a iuill; f(uni rt)undish-oblatc. Beirg [lulhal prema-
junclinii with tlie branch, inserted in a small (h jires- ; turely, they were not in eatin:; condition, and had
pion; ealvx (dosed, set in a i-egular, rather deep ba- ! pndiably not nc(piired their appropriate color. We

Bin; flesh goniewhat granular, juice abundant; llesh
pleasant, ^pright^y, with some astring<.'ncy. Leroy
phices it am<*ng kitchen pears, but we c(jnslder it fiir
the table at lea.^t "good."

hould be happy again to receive specimer.s <d' ihis
varietv, to test its (luality, when il tuis attained its
per ecL maturity, and has been subjected totheame-
rK.ratiiiL^ inflmaices of frost. Six or s(;ven years ago,

Yrom Vharhs Ke.ssler, of Reading. — The Riftrr, a ; the P><»n dardinier infornn d us that two Ilorti«'ultu-

native a{»ple of Kxe «ir township, Uerks county; two
and a half inches long by two and seven-eights
broad ; r<aindish (d)long ; red in stripes of various
hues, with many large wLite dors ; stem short and
moderately stout, insert(Ml in a deep, narrow cavity ;
calyx nicd'lurn, <dosed, s(>t in a de<^p. rather wide l>a-
siii: seed very short, }dump, light cinnamon : flesh
tender: flavor fine; ([uality "very good."

Yioni William Knabb, Oley townshij), "Rerks co..
thr(iu;:;h Charles Kessler. — Fine specimens of the
}W and Vachl or Jayd apples, described in our ad
interim Re^iort for December, ISrj2; both "very good"
in (piality, and worthy of being widely disseminat(Nl.

Yroiii C.Y. Linrs, of New llav"n. — While\^ Sced-
bf((/, a native yiear of Connecticmt. Size medium,
^•UIld, obovate ; grcu'iiish v(dlow, sometim"s russi^ted;
stem rather Ion"- and slender, inserted somewhat oh-
iKjuely into a small fleshy excrescence; calyx opi n,
^«;;:m('nts short, set in a rather shallow basin ; flesh
of fine texture, buttery, juicy; j)leasant flavor; (pial-
hy "very good."

From lion. U. V. French, (»f Braintree. — 'i'he Beur-
reClairgeau. Si/.e very large; lour inches' Ion;:; and
tiiree broad; pyriform, laiger on (<ne side; nearly
covered w.th russet, — patidies and d ts, e\en oti its
hrown che-k; stem an in(di long, rather stout fleshy
at both terminations, inserted (d)li(ju(dy with littb^ or
Do depressi(ai; calxy open, segnientK short, basin nar-
row, very buperlieial, .-lightly furrowed. Not sufii-
ciently matma; for t( sting.

From Mr. Eckert, of Reading. — A largo pear, three
rn 1 three-ei«:hths incd'cs long by three and three-
C'ghhsbioad; roundish turbinate, bright yellow,
Wiih numerous small rusact dots and a marbled cai-

ists in France bad been ( xperimenting with tho
Aima-itam Persimmon, with ;l view to its improve-
ment, and had arrived at encouraging results. On(>
(d' them sma-ecvled in raising a Seedling which bore
"larg(^ round fruit (hmble tln^ sir.e <d the original
species, tln^ flavor of wbi(h recalls that of a Mira-
btdle plum." The other originated a variety, which,
in honor (d a friend, ho. named "Plaqueminier Pier-
<piin," producing "fruit as large as a hen's egg,
oval acaiminate, of a golden yellow color, and an
agreeable flavor." Neither of these new kinds, so
far as our inf«»rmation extends, has yet been import-
ed into this country.

The reports of the committee for awarding pre-
miums at the -oth exhibition were submitted and
adop cd :

Ahlcrney Cows.

There is a good de;il of empiiry lately, for Abh-r-
ncy stock, in dairy districts, where milk Jind l>utter
are the main objects. As- cows and 1h alers of this
breed are sc;irce, wc would recommend, farmers, hav-
ing good milkers of any of our native brctals, t(. cross
them with an Aldcrncy RulL lu this way it is high-
ly pr.djable, a good milking stock of cows may be got

U{).

AVe know where 2 or 3 fine young Bulls, thorough
bred Alderncy can be purchased, should any of our
friends through the Slate wiah to give them a trial.

t.-m

4

siiA-*Li..

812

WAGENER'S CLOVER AND TIMoTlfV !f.\f:\ KSTIiK.

iVrvvF

*nr.t

The patentfM' of tlic a)>ovr iiuph^moiit, Jeptim A-
^\ a;,'('ner, ha.s favort'd us with a cut and dem^riptiou,
as |i>ll()v\'s :

Aj^rlcuUiiral F^hlbitioii in New Castle ronnty

Delaware.

Thi.^ oxhihitlon camo oflfattho tinie appointed laat

!. «-as p.t.n..-,i, M:,.v LM, ISA,-,. A n,a,.hino is ,.„ j ,n„„tl,, i„ WilminKton, on tb.- gnu.n.Is noar tho ntv
^•^n,l,..,„„ut.h..C,-vs,...l I'.Iu,-,., utth. fair „f t!.. „.|,e,-e permanont fixture, have boon oreotcj We'
An..n,-a„ In-ta,,... a.^l tl,c Marvlan.l InMitu,,., { „„t ,at,.»<l our.dves, but one of our friend.,, «-l,o did
lialu.nor,.. \ ,. l.av,- ,„., ..,,.„ ,t ,n operation, l,ut it i.- ' ,,.;.„,, ,,;, ^,,,,t ,., ,,i,so ,U tho .n.al) attendance of

recoimiicndi'i l.v t he evil th-ates (,f ^..vcral firmei-^ i i . . r- ,., "'

J . ■ ' ^"^■" '■'"""'•• lanner-s an. 1 r;;i;i(,)r«( want of int(T.-,-t. Will .«,„„(.

It o,ms,.,t,, ol a .nnple fra,,,.. a.,.1 l,,x nv.wnte,! on .,f „„r lVi,nds in l>ehuvare inform us why thi,, i, .„'

"he. > .„ fro„t_ of ,v!;ich is a e>liuJer, «ul «lth ], .., .„.„ .,.„„„, ,„, ,„ ,.,^, .„^„ ^,,,„. ,^,„,^^.,„.j

sp.ral knive., ae.,„... ,n eoneert with eurve.I ..prin.^' ^ r.,r her ,li«ti,:^uishe.l n.en. and where now reside

';"■'''■ '" "■""""■""■" -i'l' -'^ -^r:^hrUt knife, whieh ; s,„„e ol the best farm, rs and fruit growers, in ,|,o
. n- a p,.r|,.,., .h.a, , and .vers ,he h.ad fr„n. the ; ,„„,„,_,, ,,„.,, ;, „,.^ ,.„„, ,„„,,,,,.^/ ,,,^ ^,,_^^;,,„ ^_^^ ^^^

SialK. wliieli 18, ot the -ane' ttpe' disehar-'eii into .i e ^ I •!■ ■ ■ I ■■ ■ .

' ■• '" '"■' ■ '"""'■"-^" '"'"i the hn^st oiliibitions m die I nion, in every depart-

hobox. Ihe teeil. L,,n, made „. spnii, andvi-l„„.„, K.xe,,,t in A,. ie„l„„ allniphanen,. in whal.

bralo. not a partielo of clover, le.wever stalky or a very liie- display uas made by >b.ssr,s. S. A .M.

thick, can possi)d\' c^eane beino enf nr ■\\\n\v tlm ' t> i t » ■ T,. . , ,

, ,, ' ■ ' r. in„«ur, or allow the iVimuek, who have recently established a hu'e Al'-

T /", ""■"" '"f-""'- ■'''■'■ ■"^"■•'i- i« ■--' >-'-:rieulu,runVareliousein WihninK.on, and p^rha,.

str,u,,.d,l,a, It ean be uiade adjustable to the hei;;ht also in tine Levon's from (,'. 1'. llolcomb, wL 1,1,

of tho clover ami titn r!i v

lon'j; been emiiH^nt as a breeder of this stock, tli-'cx-

With the aid of one horse and ,1 boy. , bis ma- bibition in ,.//.,■ ,■„.,„ e/, wa. rather m,.a.n-.. Our
chine willl,arvest/«.<./rc acres per day, ihu., elleet- ^ In.nd .a^.e.ted, that if ,lie p,ie,. of nnanbash,,,,
in^ a saving of iwWy one hnuhed p.^r (>ent., l»y mow
ing. raking, .Ir.rvinir. stacking, and tlirt'shiii^ tht

in tiio society, ii(».v Sil on was r. <hie.M] t.. one half (.r
fvcii (.n<> i"ourt!i, a inore ^ry/' /r// interest, -wuuld per-

heads froni .be s:alL~ all a, tb,. sanv linv, and also bap.- be e..ei.ed tbn,u;.d, ili.. State and a lar;;e a,:ces

ret;uini, : tii.> uMuur." to ih,. land, tlie value of whii,h
every farmer ^^ lil at onee a;. {in. i, it,.

>ioii <4 nanio. In our Clic.-ter (,'(ninty Soi-iety re-
>ri;':inizt'd this season, after a laps(> ,,f sevei'al vars,

Tho price of the maehin. i. nnKh-rate. Persons , th. Ih-st e:.l,I!wtion h:,-:just Ium-u hrld and attend..] it
Avisinn^r mM^diinesor furthe. information should nd- ' was estimated by l...i,!iO persons
dress J A. U agener, 1.17 Madison street, .New York, The price of niemhersldp was lixed at 50cents, and
or at 1 ultnoy, btoubea county, Nor/ York. , the numl,er of meml)ers is about 700. Ti>.e object in
••* I tho low price, was to enlist the interest of all the far-
Mineral Fhospl^ate of Idme. ' incrs of the county, and it has had the ciFect aatici-

1 . 1 I "

^\\i have heard but little recently of the bed of,^^^^ *
this valualdosubstani'c discovered in the upper part] ^ ^^

of NewJersev, ami which wns at first considered' Bradford County l-:xhibition.

both here and in Ihi-hmd (d nnudi imy)ortanee Pro- '^^^'''' ^^'""f'''^ ^'^^^* ^^' ^""'^ Bradford County Agri-
fe.^sor Johns on, sarcartijwllv re.narked, it would not '^"^^'""'''^ ^'''''^''^y appears to have succeeded beyond
be appreciated in America, and would bo available ^^P^^^'^^'^"' ^ ^^^ntleman in Towanda, writing to
to farmers on that side of tho Atlantic, more t|,^,^ ' ^^^'^ f''*^"*^^ ^" 'J^'^^'-'^* says :

to our own. "The first A^riculUiral J'air ol .Bradford county

I closed last evening, after a very successful exhibition

Can any of our readers, inform as whetlier it has ! o^ two days. The attendance was very lar-^e, the

boon oxjjorted to any extent, and \Yhat use has b'^cn ''^'^'^-'P^!^ ^^'""^^ members ;ind from admissions, amount

, , . . I ^^ S825, thus putting the Society in a very good po-

maUo 01 It hero. sitiun, entirely remo\ing anv apprehension as to its

I

1853.1

COMMnNKWTloNS.

'^\'^

iw'i»pKS The contributions were very numo-
s and very creditable to the iarmors of the conn-

^Anv^n"- other articlfs whitdi r<M-civc(l iircmiunis.
were struck \vith the areount ol" a crop of wiii'at
raised by d»ii 11 .Met 'ord, of that cMunt y. It wiis of
the hlae stem variety, and the product off) acres was
«c 1 |)iishels, or 50 )>ushrls to the acre, and the wln^at
^,M<rhed '' i lb«- to th(> bushel. This is an extraordinary
rron:ni'l \vill nodoubt be ))roii;rht ])efore the Stat(^ So-

•^^. .^j it^ meeting in January for a premium. We
<l,)iilit il it will be exceeded in the State, i radford
inins Sus([uehaniui county, wln^re (1. Walker's great
crop of corn was raised last year. Some "sj>irit'' of
sinTirttveincnt miist have broke loose, and been "rap-
Tiin"" t!ie hirmers in those Ijorder counties, or else
there is a kirnl of conspiracy ther(» to raise the
largest cr(»ps in the State, and obtain all tln^ premi-
um^-. Tio^a is the adjoining e<)unty on the west,
;ind we shall not be surprised to hear of tluj next
[rrciit rejioit fV<»n» her.

For the Farm Journal.
French Butter Pumpkins.

Mk. Hditor: — In order to draw the attention of

thv' levers of pumpkin pic to the above v(»ry excfd-
lent variety of table pumpkin, lately introduced from
France, I send you the product of a vino whl* h ;^i'ew
on my premises durin<i; the past season, 'flie vine
preihieed four pumpkins, which weighed as follows:
loo Ib^., f>(l lbs., 40 lbs. and :>« lbs. Tlu^ diannders
oi the lai';;est on(^ was 12 inches one way, '1\\ inches
the other. The shorter diamet(^r being from tho
stem to tli(^ blossom end. They can no doubt be
grown to a hirircr si/e, as the alioNc grew in a soil

V">y Om- Faiin .Journal.
I$est Breed ot Glutton SIu'cp.

Mkssrs. l'n)iToiis:--As each of us has his favorite
object of pursuit, (to which is attached of course su-
perior imjtortance,) it is not to be wondered at that
Nve IrcMpiently ctinie in contact with others, holding
ditb'rent opirnons from (»arselves.

Having been a breeder of a snnill Ibx^k of sheep
b)r the last iifty years, and having eonunenced with
the then c()nonon Itreeil ol" the country and an im-
ported Irish ram, 1 bred quite a numlxu- that W(ire
sold to butchers in Phihuhdphia, at from $H to %\2
per head, but found the wool too coarse for tlie then
common homespun clolhinij. I then bred the Leices-
ters, B (ike wclV s favorite breed, and if Youatt is good
authority, they were then England's favorites, and I
am not yet sure that they do not continue to be so
on their strong rich pastures, notwithstanding tho
great ado there is about the Jash'ionahle Coiswolds.
At th(? recently re{)orted sale that took place in
Kiuitucky, a Cotswold ram sold for ^lOlO and a Lei-
cester for S'>0. Now this only goes according to my
opinion to show the misgunh'd zeal ol us Americans
in giving size the pnderc^nce over ({ualihj, and I may
instance; anotlnn- renuirkable feature in the majority
of our breeders, and which I conceive is admiral)ly
calculated to keep us on the }>ack-groun 1, uiui that
is their ^reat iindination to mix up tic difb-rcnt
breeds. 1 have just noticed in the Southern Planter
in an article headed the "Best Breed of Mutton
Shoe})," a proposition to mix up the Southdovvns
jind New Oxfordshires in this eountrv. The author
troes on to iiive an account of what he no doubt be-
lieves to be a .stKn's.sj'u! (U/( tiijjf, recently made in
Kniiland to establi>h a new brecMl by a er(»ss of theso

nut hijiiy nnmuretl, and it did not recei\<' any extra two breed-. Now I do not b-el at all (lisposfMJ to

cuiii\ati(n. CASi'KK llll.LKK.

Conestoga Centre, Tianeaster eo., Oct. iSth, lSr)3'

-•♦*-

New \ Ol k Vgriiiiltor and l^'arm and Ciardcn.

1 iie>" pap' rs have recently been disconiinueil, and
are now mcr.^i ,} in the Anierienn Agriculturist, the
first iiiMnl,cr m| wlii.Ii w'as issued on tin; 1 -t ol S-p-
tondjcr. It is in the '(unito form and to be })ublish-
ed weekly, price ^2: edited by A. iJ. Allen nnd n.
»^M. It is got up in neat style, and from the hjng
t^xpericnce, both as editors and farmers (d"the Messrs.

discredit his statcuuents, b)r if it can b(^ done the
Knglish breeders an; the nnui to accomplish it, and
not we Americans. 1 could cite; numerous instances

in Vouatt's bistoi'v of ib.e different breeds td" sh(M;p,
(a Work of ()\er ('-"() pages,) in wdiich complete lail-
nrt > occurred in Kngland in atlemjits nnidc to stab-
li>li a bn el by ci'u->in'i: two distin.-t bi't>eds. And
now to give my candid opinion 1 b.i\e but little
laiiii in the project, although I am well aware that
some of our finest animals are cross ijrcl (on^s.

Youatt, in speakiiig of wdnit the I)own-. wtu'e
originally, says, page 233, "since tliat t'm ' tliey Inivo

Alh n, whose names are a. kind of household words

•n must of the farm houses in tho country, there | j^.^'^.j-i.^ify improved; yet not by any admixture of

1^ no doubt of an ably conducted P'ndodical, ! f^jj.^3i^i-i i^p^^^,]^ f ,. ^ven the; cross with the Leicester

J^nd we wish it the b(>st success. 0. Judd is also well ! ^^.^c, 2 failure; and tho promised advantages to be do-

known us an able writer on practical and scientific ^ived from the Merinoes wore delusire."

agricuUure. p, j,..^, p.]^ ^ is stated that "M/. Mlhnan, in his

•** exjioiination l)eforo the liouse ol l^oi'ds says thai he

Urinr.— Sink an oil cask, in an out of tho way abandoned the Merinoes from tlic difficulty he had
everv'ir^rn P^'';^,^'^-^^^^^],}^*^' ^^•'"^; ^>f the h(,use. llj .^ ^^^y ^,^^^,^^ -^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ ,.^, ,, ,]i,i not then

^>tr3 lojibs. there IS 72 per cent, of nitrogen, and , ., "^ . , , . • w r i *i , „, i.;.v^

^'')^y other valuable salts besides. Dilute before ^^^^ to have them; ho then tried to feed them h.m-
"^»"i5, with an equal quantity of water. self, but he found that ho could fatten throe Sjutli-

■'ii

i

■'' vV'*

'ILt^t/ii^^k*tig^&J

314

rOMMrXKMTloX^

•=" s*^ .i^jKtfr -inA-ii^fc-^rrji

[Novfi,

MKR

1853.1

rn\nu^vrrATTovs

.?!.''>

downs ^vlHM•o ho c.ul.i fatten one Mrrino." On the [ it., by callincr the attention of tho u^UUc tUor .

otlior liand, "Mr. Trimmer, wlio had a considerable ca-not ])e inappropriate. '

flock of them, sap that in disposition to fatten they AVhat is the object of our <rrc:a . u,;it exhi! , ,

equal the Sonthdowns and the mutton is of fh. fn-^t II, w .,n. lookers on bo most }anr{\nrd' X,,'"'"'

quabty."— Evidence ])e(ore the House of Loi.ls In t ili.lv hv misrepresentations. Is it .n.t v Ir'u ,llv '^^'

1^^28. "The public has decided between these ^en- in^ falselv or inisnpre^entin;^ lu place bduri 1^^"

tl(>men. '1 he Merinoes did not afford an imum, ratin- ^aze, pears, apricots, nectarines and plum. ..f t< J".'

price in the carcase and thoy Avore abandourd."
Now my own experience with M<( ii:f)f's lias boon

in/^ appearanc(>, but W(.rililL'ss, becauM. out (,f h^^^
son? ir we look upon tliese "golden tr<MMircs" f„r

just this much : a few years a^^o I had ,,„:(.. a lot tl.., i;,.t mn,-, and fancy h.w nnnh u. uould .1 m
Hentmofn.nXew Y.„-kS.U., and l.ln, una!.!,, t. ...dUu^aou. lookin, ;arutl.sa. Dearborn's sJ
dispose of as n.anv .,( ,l..n a^ 1 .Mn-d, 1 -- i lin,, d uln.nn^ S.-vcn". (i.nc.cc, Washington ().]., '
f 'f ! "' "'"^' '• " l'^"'^ ^'' ''" •- ^^'""^ ''•• ^ 1'^'^ ^" , <^.'., ^^-, at this season, and purchase tr^cs, ho.;:
• ' ;ut Unun nun. and al..ut as many I dnl n.t p.a- ; .hall be d.>appolnted. Hut a ;;reater loss to tl. c...;^
'"^tnh,v...:..ar!vllo.n.xt.ea..nI s„ldlhe m h.l- .nnnity and mortllication to the indivnlual .wut.
" '-'""■'■ '" ^^^" '^^''nnw n. Thev lir^t dnw all the l.ini who, fbr the lirst time, ta^to. these kent-uutuf
h^n1s,^d^^.>renuell plea. edwith them. t.llin-methat s.ason varieties.

''';■'■ ''' '^'"' ^^ '' '•'■ ^^'^'^ "''•" ' ^^"'T^ -ne M- tw.; hnr | They had been seer,, admired, and their .ulture
^^'""^''^•^' '^"-''' ^"^^''' th-.ldone. ,hey 1 -Heked i com nUM.eed, bu t, lor t he li ..-t tl me, an op.ort .Ml- v „
''•""'■" ""^' ^'''^"•" ""• ^''^^^ ''-y i'-l^'-i .- V'll.'w.hadto ta.te. What: These golden Waslmc^nrn
and badthewve,..a!ra,d t.,.xpnset!n-m in mark, t: j dnliennes M.arhorns and (bmesees ^v.mU[v,s^~
=^"'^ '•"■^'1' •'"•' l':ii'l me M.v,.r:.l dollars ^nnner tlian Have trees been sold us to produce buch tro^h?

c»'nipi\ with their a^^re^nn nt t.* take them

The Leicester T f.Miml fn he a lin.- br. .d wIe"reo!,(>
could keep a shepli.'i-d tM lo.ik alb r tie mihnf with
mc they Would livipuiitly 11.' d.iwn, stretch them-
selves out and not be able to p;et hold of the ground
again, and in strug«::lin;^ would p-t more on their
backs !ind die. beiuL^ hilphs.. tender aiel pn,,r su-k
lers. \\>y the l;t.>,t t\vinr\- years I have hred Snuih-
downs, h.r th.^ reason that 1 have hmnd them the
I'Mrdiest of anv breed that I hav.^ ever hred. and
their wool sutlieien-ly li-i- I'.r any arriele ni' <dothin-
that I desire. Tley are partienlarly a h;il >he..],,
and I b(dieve the best mnttun • he.p that has evei
been inirMdin-<Ml into this country; and I presume the
ni.'iii r(^i-nn why they are not more iii;;hly valufMJis,
that the few liule flocks scatt(M-ed throu;;h our coun-
try ha\e bt>en so luu^^ l)red in th(> same famdies that
they ha\ e decreased in si/e, an<l of course in quan-
tity o{ Wool.

A writ.r In the "Amialsof Agriculture," states
that "he ha- Ire.piently had black lamlis, althouLdi he
never kept a black ram or ewe." From this he
draws the conclusion tiiat their ori-inal color wa^
black; that art ahme j)roduced the white woo', and
that il tie' h.'^t of the Southdowns were h-ft in a
wild state, they would in a lew \ears hec,»nie black

a^^'"- JU61:P11 cupk.

llighlaini Home, near W cbt Chestei, 22d o^ lUth
month, 1853.

They must be eradicated or redngrafted. The hoe
knife ((r saw, is aceordiui^ly applied, ainl these csti-
Uialile \ai-letle--, /// tlirir.s<<is()n, with jHOjxr ri[»ninn
are replaced by others iiitinltelv le>s valuable. Jhive
n<jt these results happened by l;ilse representa-
tions ?

\\ hen \arletles have been kept out td season and
their flavour ;;(Uie, should not this faet he inaJo
prominent ])y the exhibitor as W(dl as the Chair-
man's report ? The Committee may have nu-t tlu^
partnailar vavii^ty for the first time, an.! from tlinr
"p:"i"ii thereof proniiil;:ate it lhi-ou;j;h their rcju.rl
to the great detriuient <d (ailtivators, unless this in-
formation is T)ut in their jtossession.

Let tin* main object of these exhibitions he con-
stantly kej)t in view, — die diflusion of correct infur-
mation among all visitors. S,

Chester county, Oct. ll>th, 1S53.

»^ .

For tl)c F.irm Journal.

I''armin^.

"This is one of the most natural and honorab'c' >if
temp(»i-al pur>ulL<. and yet, like all othei-s, is liabh?
to perversion, where a, covet(»us and overeachin;;
spirit is Indulged. liut where there is found an hon-
est and }»a!i. nt endeavour to ^eeui-e a livelihood hy
the sweat of the brow, this is peculiarly blest to the
laborer, adding to an a'ie<[uate support, the hirssinj^
of heallh and peace, "'{'he labor of the rightceii8
teinh'lh toiile" and "better is a little with righteous-
ness, than great r^ vr'nu > without right." "h>r rudirs
Messrs. Editoks:— Too much has not yet been , arc not forever," "He that is greedy .d* gain troubiotli
faid and written to rectify abuses and suggest im- ' his own house."

provements in our autumnal (\\hibitions. Wlien j There arc in the natural creation, many t!iin;;s,
opinions differ materially, a comparison of their mei- which, to the temperate observer, serve to clevato

F"! 111.' F;iiiii .Tonrnal.
Ilos ti< ultural lAliibil icns.

»-jr*^' — '■g.y^T. M.^-" -i-.Twrir v yg- txas. _aia.=».s

the inin.l and refine the foclings; and, says an nd-
iiiirer of lb<'»'» good it is to regard in the works of
God, tlie power and wisdom of God, and to gaze wlih
(Icjj.dit on the ! imti- e-ndant beauty that d-i-oratrs
earth and heav(*n; but he wlio would driidc diMply o!
that spirit of thanlifnl d< light, whiidi tie' true lover
of nature enjoys, must be keenly susceptible to the
(Toodiioss ar.d loV(^ so univorsnily mingled with the
visible creation.

Nature is to be felt as wed as to be seen by man;
that it shall haianoi,!/..' with lii> aib-et loiis, and be ac-
c -iimi » 1 ifed to the m )ods of his mind. When he
\v.iik< abroad at war with himself, f.vere"! with
wi'iii. W' on I'd by c ilumny, or stung with sidf re-
pioiich, lb'' \va\ing t'-ees and murmuiing rills are
noa<''' ni iker<; the very hue.s (d cr'aiti )n iire oil and
|);ih' ^' bini; there is mercy in the (axd gr-cns of
tMrtii a:i 1 the mild blue of hea\en, for they t-alm his
trnublr<l -plrlt, and soothe him to i-"po-e." With

burg, it belongs to a fiirni bought some years sineo
from the "Franklin College" which at that lime (.^xn-
'd a very large tract in that neighboihood. The soil
like most of the soil in that county lo( ks ;.•*?//;// but
on clos(» examination is found composed i^^ (l< rani j o.f-
cd (jrry Unicatoiic which has mingled with he .-dil
and the deeper the plow is put tlie rieher the soil
turned lip. Tn walking over tb.e tiebl la-t \\cek in
(/ompany with several oth-a-.' wc pi( ked up se\eral
flat stoni's whit h on liicakinir we baind to la' Mvy
Soft and al>o to (aintain the iiejulnt of slndls ami
other lossil riuuains which app>ear to he eradually
decomposing from year to y<air ami mingling with
the soil produt'es t'o' finest ( rt ps (d wheat and e()rn
that ean l)e raised. I was not awan; until this visit
that the soil of our eou nty posses;-* d ^-o vabuible an
ingredient, but so it i^. 1 had yu(\i(n,'^ly n( tic ( d in
dig;ring ecdlars, that flat stones thrown out fr( m a
depth (d' ."> and d feet Would bia a k and exhibit tl o

.Mirli a I ;i|)preciation of natures beauties, how delight- . tbe same appearance of she Us ;ii <] tniiks (1 biids
lul iini^' be a e.nmtrv life; but if th" miml is snlfered i^,,^ .^^ |j,,. {;„,, forests give plae»> to cultivatial fainis

tliesc stones are turned uj) and crushed <. n the t-ur-

t.t he boiaie down by a grovelling spirit, or with <lis-
content, its eliarms must be lost. A sorih'l h)r(' e/'

face and s(; furnish a most v:iluable manure The dis-

iiiiin--' to her Votary yields, and b-ane^s of spirit will
be the inc\ itable and final resnlt. "He that tilleth."

-••►

For the Farm Journal.
To\V,\M.A, Oct. 1«, KS53.

Ja.noRs {)Y TUL Farm Joiknal.

Hear Sir: — It
nffoid.N me gr. at [dcasure to eiudose with this coui-
iininicaiiiai a C'lpy of one of our couTity ]iaj»ers giv.
ing you an account of the fir.^t A<jt kuIIii i nl Fair
ever ImIiI in Bradford county. The most sanguine
fri( ii<N of the Society were very agnaaibly surprised

gain \viil rob the mind of that true enjoyment wdiich ,,|.,y ,,{ rra,,b-n ve-jetables was much better than any

oiM' had posvibly conceived and so i f agricailt ural im-
plements and the jiroducts of the dairy- the latter
wa- iiot ipiite as extensive, as might ba\e been but
it will be tjuite birge ne.\t year. ddnCouil Ibaise wa.s
a]>propriated for t!ie display (d' flowers and fancy
Work for full ])arii(Mihn s (d' whi<di I refer you to the
accompanying paper.

We feel eiuilident in saying toour sister eounliesin
Soutbeiri Fenn^vhania. that the "niu-thern tier" hith-
erto c'onsideied isidatod and iVe<iuenfly vt\led "north-
ern liavbailan^" \)\ our lirethern along tin; Southern
part is destined to lead ihem a hard laee in compet-
ing for the su[»eriority (d their farms and farm crops

at thr ^ucc.'s^ wlii(di attended it. Considerable at-

tci.t.oM has been pabl, as you are perhaps aware, for I ,^^;^ j^ ^^ .^ ^..^^.;. j,^ ^^.,J^,,^ ^j,,, ^.j^.^^i, ^.^^ .^fl.„,j ,j,.,,
Hcveral Neat- past to the improvement by s.mie of the ; ^^^^^^^ and Colliugwood "to have no litfc jealousies."
ehler and entti})rising farmers of this c(*unty, of cat. Yours truly

tic. S< me (j1 the imp(trted stock (d John Hare Fow- KLM

' H was bn light into this c(»unty Isy Judge Lapoite, —"^

...,,, 1 II- I -11 I 1 ! Improved MowlnL; Maehine.

hcM'i.ii \r;ir> ago and Ins exam i>le was rapidly lol- i * ^ . . x- v-

I,.,,.,..,* ,11. • • V ■ II * f Martin Ilallenla'ck, of the eiry of Albany. X. I.,

iowt'U by .itjier and ( iiterprising lainnrs m all i>arts , , ^ ' * * i . ,..;.,... .,

n. If- I I has taken measures to securea patent lor an inijua. \e-

ot the county and at the recent fair it was the unan ' j,,,,,,^ ni mowing n:a. bines, whiidi e<.nsisis in ]. lacing
ini<»us opine n of tln-se ]u-es( nt anI.o hadNisited the . the sickle or caitti-r at tin; l)a(di of t he driving wheel.
State lairs at llarrisburg and Famaster, that this ' Mud atta(diing the dralt pole to the n.aehine <ait (d'
n . , , , , 1 ,1 , II ■ , Hue wi:li the driving wheel, and at the side ol tlie

v^uunty eoiiabil lianca-ter. am C.xcened llarrisburi: , . • , i . ,. , i .i : i i,. i>,. ,1,:^ ..ir-infro

" ' • drninii: wheel tt.warus tlo' sickle. i»\ this aiiange-

»n theexhil)ition ofCaltle. The Short iloi-n l>ur .,,,,,,,, ,|,,. i;,, ,.,,(■,],.,,, ^i,t i^ ,,,.,,]., to" eounieiaet the

hams were the most numerous. The sample s ol coin ' resistance which the giass of'ei^ teihe sickle; the

crop and wheat exhibited were verv good and although l'^"l^l^"^''"!^''M"""«l.v lno^es loj ^^ ai d m a stea.iv man-
„,,^„ o,i ,, ,, /, ner. ke, ping m the same line ; the machine tliereby

none 01 tlie crops o corn < ooali'd the gi-cat oiM' grow n , . i ,..,., i „.;fi. r. ,-..,.x vu-uK motnn

I 1 ^ ^ being maue to proceea witli a^cl^ s.c.hin moi.on.

last year in our n"ighb(!ring <•' unty, yet the'erops pie ThcTingers of this nnudiiiie for h«*ld:ng ilu' glass,
PCnted were \n-\ hr--e ;,nd in wheat I tliiid^ it \erv are peculiarlv constructr'd. so a^ to pr(\ent tl e grass

doubtful if any'counly in the State can luaaiuee its i'.'-'".^^ loreed"oul Ir- m tla n. win n ^'•■^' 'V'l';'' ^\;^I;;:
•' -^ / , • , j sickle ; the recesses ill 1 be lingers are also preM'nted

ffjUal. The field on which the eiop refened to in the
paper was rai: e 1; lies about live miles from this place
^i> the old turnpike, leading from Berwick to Wells-

from being clogged or filled with diit. The sickle is
also scjur^d above the fingers by a metal plate, in a
very superior manner. — lb.

r^

j-.v

31G

NKW YORK STATE FAIR.

lN()vv«

tku

' Lmm wm>r*imuL r^^m

New Yoii. '^'f.il I .ur.

As the stock and stock breeders of N(;w York, are
soniewhjit famous all over the Union, more attention
having been longer devoted to tins d< |>ariinent tlicrr
than in any other State, we cxtiact from tli.- Kma!
New Yorker, the annexed account, of the late State '■'P"'"} -""^ loatmin- .■:irl\. Suflulks w ^

!iXhil)iti()n at Saratoga, wliich will be interestinir to i-7 ' \ ]■ ,■ r i, / i - • ^^'^'"'»

a large portion of our readers, and krcp them posted of L. (.. Morris, Nelson Uirhanis, Vn-vMi.. s. \[
up with the names of most of the Miiimnt l.rerders "^howcMl ;i superior 'J xarn!,! Imimt wf tlic Sinkncy

l>r(<(l. \.i' iv tv Mi»\\!-v, I iiioii \'iil;ig(', A\';iv|,. (',,

never }>een excelled. L. U. Mon-iH showed s(.nie
spleii'lid Hcrkshires: quite a number ofFiMhcr I1(>|,U
Hiack Kssex, and some very superior SulV .Ik.. Those
who have a prejudice Mgainst (-(dor will imt lik.- th,.
Essex so well :is tlif SudMJks or .Mi<Mlt'Hex; iln'v .i,-,,
iie\('i'fbe]cv^ a I'liiin ikuM" bi'<'''<l, laf tciiitig witlj j,^,..^.

\V"1I ;ui.'

i a WL-li Lu

iiiakr pur

afi<l /oar IJiM-T. ('ani!iri<l;i;'', Wash, Co., <'x!!ii,it,.,j
^ooii two yar old JMKirs. (►ther exhiliitors (IcHcrvc
mention, but our space forbids. Seth Wlialen, West
Milton, Sar, C, exhibit''(l '.» very gooj .shoats of tlio

and be convenient in cas(
chases. It says:

lOxhibitiuii ol Stork.

(Mall Fairs we have attended (ui this side of the
Atlantic, that at Sarat(.ga, in the St(.ck Oepartmrut, White Leicesti-r breed. /. H. Wakeman, 11 'rkiiiior
was the l)f>^t. Fsually an immense numl^er of in- showed a Ix.ar, a cross of the celebrateif b^Mcestor
ferior animaN are shown that had better lie kejit at and Berkshire breeds, of enormous size. H. Daviw,
home, but this year th<' exliibition was, whit a State Neiiuui, also exhibit*'. 1 a very good b month ol.l |),,;ir
Fa^ir siiould 1 e— seh'ct. and sow. There were no Cliinese, Middlesex, i,r

The rigii. band side, as you ent<r. Is devoted to ^ lU-ksbirc pig.^ exhibited,
chickens. I. arge numbers of the Asiatic bree.N, as] IIoum:s. -Owing to the numb(>r of Rlaek ll.iwk^
well as th(^ good old Dorking and (lame, Spanish, brought Irom Veianont and otluM* States, the show uf
I'oland, and other well kn(.wn breeds were lari:"lv I lorses was tiie best ever witnessed in this Stulv
shown. S. r.^ Am.iu.\\, W.>t Cornwall. Ci. and !». The ..Id original lilack Hawk, lI'J years old. was oii
!*. .Ni.\n,i.i., Kocle-trr, iigure.j largely in this line. t he giMund, as aetive and sprightly*^and at the came

''"'" "■••'•■' -1" ■■- «•■• Tv>x^ Few were sh(iwn. ' time, more c(»mpact and powerful than many of lii»

In ijuality and numbers, the Fairs at Ibtcliesters and * colts. This })reed, unsurpassed in the W(>rld. is ex-
[ tea were nundi the JM'st. F. \\ . \h:\\, WeM ('<.rn- jtosed to deterioration from the go-adiead tendenoi.-s
wall, \ t., exhibil. d snnn> good Spanish e\\e> and a (d tlie age. The mares and colts were a sorry s.'t.
very large Spanish M.'riie. I'-.iek. duv,.ph lla>well, Many mares were exhibited that had evidently b.'.-n
Iloosic, N. ^ .. also showed ^..me tine ewes of this I selected as breeders because they were good fornoth-
breed. French Merinos were ])oorly represented, (i. , ing else. We suppose the object of the exhibitors
A^ MeKe , Cambridge, W idi. Co., exhibited three | was to show how good a colt a poor mare nii<dit be
very superior bucks. A two year old, bought ol Maj. made to pm.luce.

Sanford, A't., was a jierfeet In^auty. A first-rate Ca i n.i:.- The show of Shortdiorns, fliwu;;!i ii .;
three-year ironi dewett. \ r.: an.tthei-. a yearling wa^ large was never so good in (pialitv at anv pre\iMus
a very goo 1 ^1 j.. Felix Weeden, Preston Ibdlow, fair. Morris \- Hecar, of .\(!W Vork exhibited 'JS

head. Their recently iiMport(^d 4 year old Jiul
"Ibilco" (not shown for a preniiinu.) is one et tlif

ot!e r recently iinporte 1 animal-^ will do niueji terer-
reci thi> (hdieieni'V. (i'o. \ ail show e(l five jiead -I'lr

h'. F. d. Alden" l>o>toii, showed a veiw

"'( ii )(

iffO

year I'i'I hull, b'aNi 1 C^lki^,-^, China, Wxem. Co.,
exhibited a \ei-v good I \ ear <ild bull. Mr. Will.

iJllHoek. i'.I lili l.elll. Alb. ('o., sllOWed -Otlie j;|ir ;lll-

oo(|\ ]

die

deti'. (

Alb. CO., showed a goo.l buck and ew(

1 be mutton sheep were well r.-pr. -cnted — not so

many^fn.m Canada as in f (inier sho\\>, butfrom (»ur finest aninial-^ wee\er saw. Many (d' the Sliori hnms,

own Stat(\ We are sorry to miss the fine animals , exhibited by the same g<Mitlene'n aie bid in the

of our Canadian brethren, but at tie Mime time wo | tlie crops,— *especially is thi> true of the •■MaiMjai.s of

are very glad to see that .\eN\ \ ork la!-h).T,> are en- ' Cai-rihus," "Halco.'' "Songstress," "IbMurv," ami

teiingwith th' ir UMial en.tg\ aiel go-adieailat i\ ( -

le s> itit ' the li!'. ed^nj^ oI' -.ui,,.; i ,]• niutt n -heep.
( M' Leieester-. d. A.anl S. \. Ilathbene ^hou.^d

sonie\-ery fin.' aiiiM.:i!- . 1 1 im-eit; ,rd A Firodie. deller-

sou Co., were the largest e\lii!iitor->. S''\(n vear

ling ewe<. recently itnp tried, are excellent, us' ari

also the .^ix two year old ewes Avhich took the prize

ns yearlings last year. Their imported buck did not

])lease us, but the yearling bucks are first-rate — on •

of them is very 8U])erior. (Jne fat ewe a beauty — was

sold for SoO to go to Kentucky. One of the four

buck lambs shown bids lair to be a fine fellow. . ,, ..,. .......... ...... .., ...,. .....^..o. ,, ao.„..^..., ........

South-Downs wereshown in fin' ! erfection.— L. G. I b;Kk, particubirly pleased us. L. (i. .M oris li;i<l

Mouuis, Mt. Fordham, X. Y., exhibileil a recently | some very good animals, d . !',. d'aekerman. Ithddi.'ld,

import(Ml buck from Jonas AV^dd), wdiich for one i^f j Ots. Co., showed a very good two year old bull. (hv).

his stock, struidc us as rather coirse, but it had a ' Vail, Troy, showed some good animals, but n()t(iuite

corresponding degree of stren;;th and misculai ity, what wt? should expect from s(j celebrated and skill-

and is on the wdiole an animal (d" rare m<M-it. Z. B. fu! a breeder.

Wakeman, llerkim(;r, exhibited a large number su- Th- largest liroeder of IFt^rcdords in the State, Wm.

perior South J)owns. | ][. Sothaiii, Piffard, Liv. Co., did not exliib't in con-

There were but seven animals of the (^otswold and \ se(|nence of the points of excelhiiice adopted by the

New Oxfordshire breeds exhibited, at least tlnit we | Society. Nevertheless there was a good show, indi-

eaw. Yj. Gazely. Clinton, showed four splendid bucks eating" that his breed is looking up E. Corning, jr-.

of the Cotswold breed. AVyant and' Younghams, Albany, showed Fi very superior animiN,— :i threo

Sand liake, Reus, co., exiiibited three New Oxford- ' ' ' " "* " "" '

hhire sheep which we took for gotxl Cotswolds.
SuiNE. — lu thi:j department the exhibition has

imals. \\ ow 1 ('onver.se ('>., A\
showetl a lir.-i rate 4 year edd bull.

l)eV(,ns were not so well or so numerously repre-
sente(l as at Rocliester. There were, howt.'ver, soniJ!
splendid animals e.\liibit(Ml. Those of W. (jr. Fiiilo,
West Farms; and of tlie Messrs. A\':iinw'riLdit, Rliino-

* « ■

year old bull, a yearling bull, and two cow-^, p:ir-
ticubirly pleased us. Remington & Rowen, ^.'nru'i.
Cay, CJ., exhibited some first rate animal.s bought

1853.1

FRFIT ("FFTrFj: l\ DFFAWARF.

r>i7

.-w.*^ r -wr.i.-<«cuB«Mv •«'«mw

of Mr. Sotham. . x- x a

For tlie shambles an. I the dairy tlie Ayshire breed

the lalteri^ certain to be cont annual' 'b S >, if you
allow the diseased tree to j-ut torth its ti.tvvers or

b th(» milking pt)ints ; years, I luiow wn ortdcird of liity acres, in)iie'diati

ly in till- \ieiiiitv, that ha- been 'lots nrinaired, and

,vnd ids.) a very pretty heder wit

well (levelo])e«l. - , , , , 1 . I w I .

Im .rra.b> aninniN tlcre was rather a meagre .how. the owner told n.e to-day that at lea:^t Jl> p-f '•;■»"•

Then^vas, however, son.." very lair animals exhibi- <d tie- tnes planted by him in ls:;s-;^9 are st.ll m

ted There were a'tolerably go..d herd ol bit cattle their prii.e-, and l/el lair to la-^t f.r s.veral >ears lo
lV,,ni Ky.. on th.' groun.l. Working .)xeii were w.dl
renr.'-^eiit.'d, and. what i- b(>tt<'r wre ml/ InuimL
Klea Sii'ddon, Sennet, Cay. Co., showed II yoke.

Fruit idilture in Delaware.

vor. !> 'law.are, enibracin-- m

to thr I'l magement .d I'.'a di Hr. har<U, in that gr.'at

(Mune. lie has al>.» mad.' it a p.-int to give his tree.-t
a dr(,'s-ing with soil soap at lea-U once in three years.
This keeps th." bark in a sniooili, eh-an, aiel healthy
slate. 1 r y.iu will dip y.iir haiel in tic ; oap and
then place it uixui the 1,'ody <d' a peai di ti-ee, you
will see tic prints (d" your fingers loi" at least
One ei" the nu.st interesting of the recent jiatent , tw<dv(! monlh>. ddo- soaj) may b • appbe'd with
,.n:,.. ,. i-t, i. that of (i.'org.- F. Fisher, .late.l Do- I the baud, wleai the tree is Muad, aie! with a birg.;

' ' , ,1 1 ;,,, , .., paint or white wa di biach, wh.-n it i^ grown larg-

iiiv valn.able iiint-^, as i I , . , , r i * .i , i . i . ,. .

,.r. It IS ( nlv to l)e ap.jdiiMl to the trunk an. I caia;

^di.Mild !)(• taken to pi-.'veiit its toueliing the l.'aN'es or
neach district, and the pla-iliii,-: and subs.'.pient .,,);ii! |„,nghs, as it w ill de.tr.iv th" h'lx.'- luid iniur.;
treatment .d the trees. W.' ar(« -ratili-Ml b> h.Mr that lie- ImoF. ^dd..- b.'M netbod oi' transplanting known

, ' . . 1 .* r 1 •. . ;v Ml i.mo.u'mho \Miii us is the t«dloWing: ist. Uave your treed fresh

here IS iiicreased attention li:ing ;:iseM lo 1: lilt . u,!up' ^ ^ . . ..

ill that re'don. AVitb the great facilities .d' tran-porta-

ti.ai both north and south, it lia* always seem". 1 t.. u-,

that next to wheat, fnut is nalaraUy tlndr great

staple. Hundreds of acres fihonl 1 be planted there

with a[>ple atid pear trees, for the supply (d" the

INiihidelphia market and for export. His reply to

the circular says:

The culture of fruit is receiving increased atten-

tiiin h'>re, and the spirit of enterprise is v.adl : .;\vard-

cd. 1 have n«) doubt that ap-phs enough can Ix;

l^rown on an acre to rend(!r tin? crop an exceedingly

pnditabl le. I can say icthingwith regard to ih-

comparatives value (d' apples and p.)tatoeH lor feeding

hogs and cattle. Tiie \arieties of tipples that ar'

• 1 \'

mostly soujht after icre tor wnit.'r u.^i' ar.' tie' .N.'W-

t.»\vii V;ppln, aiel a baieC'iiie -lark-red apple calh'd

*'C irtli..i!-e." The last named a])i>le 1 belii've i^

verv lit'li' known in latitudes iii«j;lier than .d'd". It

>oniewiiat re<. inbles the "Foinnie d'Api ' in }bi\or,

hut is \erv muc'i larL:;.'r, Jiiid in slia]>.' more round.

The \ari.iv whiidi s.-ems to kee]i b<-t o)- longest is

the Rutelua" ajiple, and next to this is the ''(irind-

stone." ddies(^ \ari<'ties will keep till .\pril ami

from the i,ur-erv. If ]>ra<-tieable, the ledes sbouhl
1m' pi-. 'pared t.t r.e'.'iv.- tlcni b. loi-. th.-y are i(.'mo\ed
at alb ' d. d'ake up as nni. b of the root a'' jjoHsible.
od. Let the boles be dug at le i.^t tor.; ■ Icet in diiuue-
ter and two sj>its deep; then iill in the first or lowest
spit with the soil; place your trei in the hole, having
all the side roots in their natural position, and Iill :n
^vith soil; no yell(»w .lir! -boul 1 be used in the filling.
The s(dl shouVl b- nie,<l rat-dy pack<'d and )'.»Mnded
up in pyrami.lal loini al'out the tiunk .)!' tic tr(!e
some two inelo's alxive the mark mad-' by I lo- -r.jund
in the nursery. 4tli. Mais" a Miiall trcieh ai-.»uiid
the periphery of th.' hole, .^o that ic wat a- -hall set-
tle around the tiunk, but to srM-ure \sat.i- at the ex-
ti-. niities of the roots. IT tic ti-ee^ lia\" i.^^ai s.'\.'-
i-'d da\s taken from the nur.sery, tiny .iioold, belore
being'"'.'t .)Ui, have tic roots soak..! \'A hours in
\Nater, so a- to have the pores IV.c lor tie' early cir-
eulation .d tic saji. bor the lii'^t iw.» seasons the
trc'S should be mulched a^^ soon as the Nvarm, dry
we.ther lM>gins-tbat is, bavo half rotted ^traw
plac. d ar.-und the root and h^wer part 'd the trunk,
ab.ait a wheelbarrow load ibr ( a. h tree. If the
griaiiel is p.).'r, ab.oit a ban'i!'ul or two of guano
niav, with gn'at a.lvantage, be mingh d with the soil
- -that i-^, tlir.e.v it in the bottom .>! tie- hole. I hav<;

r
vto

M ,v. Ih:' most sah'abie apples w.' ^. lel to tlu; I bib ^.^^^^^ ^^^. ^^^ .xp.r.ence in 'rralling or budding, (h.i
adelphui market are th.i R(dletlower and 'd'!'»!;-— | ,j^„,,,.,.,.„„.„ („,„•,,], ,,^ v/ith trcs at a very moderate
We have no such thing in this sectnm as -blight '>n ' ^.,,^^ and the trees ar.' alwavs what tlc'y are s.d.
apple trees, nor ar." we ever troubb'd with l""-;:!-'^ j'^ ; i;,^. ',„ ^p.^t it is less tnaild.'-imie. and n.a m.>re ex
winch s.. mu.'h .-..mplaint is mad.' m tic more .North- , '-^^ ^,, ^, j^. ,,„r..e!ve. in this wav than to raise
orn States. ( hir iM'ar trees are somewhat alb'cted hy i ' ' ,. ^

our own ir.'cs.

"hli^^ht" which some .d' our Iruit growers think is .

occasioned by electricity, and umbrtak.,' to prevent , Fi:i/i: Wxvvm iton the \ ine Disease.— I ''^ ';/!;''•''>
l)y laving blacksmiths' cinders at the roots of the of Kn.M.urag.inent, .d !• ran. e, offers a pri/.' ot .►,
trees.' The yellows on pea.-b trees w^e believe can be ! francs to the author ol tie b.'st paperupon tie; .li-ase
prevented, but do not think ti tree can be saved after of tlie vine; a prize ot 3,000 francs for tli(> di>.- -^ery
itis(,nee utheked This .lisease first manih^sts it- of the most efli.-a.ioo-^ pr.v.'nti\.' against it, and nine
•'^•■ir bv eausin- tic tree to })Ut f.rtb Irom tin' trunk prizes (d' 50(1 francs each t.' tlx' authors ol memoir.^
'•r larger limb.^bumdi.'- .d" v.^ry d(dicate swit»dies or j upoiMiine dilb'rent subj.vts whedi it -.ives connect-
sprouts, bearin"- a vei-v narr.sw, sicklydooking b af. ed with th.' di-ease. i iii

As soon as this symptom is discovered the tree must Faint Voir f„oLS.— Every farmer slnmhl be ])ro-
be removed, root and branch, and the whole shouM vided with a small cpiantity of the coarser kinds ot
hetaken to some point remoe from the orchard and paint— a h'w pots and brushes and paint, oil, tuui
hurnt. If you attempt to trim off the diseased part should keep his carta, wagons, sleds, plows, harrcvfs,
and touch another tree to trim it with the same knife &c., well coated with paint.

SM«S5

*^*wi/-l^i; • ,' >P ■ fiKli^M'^*-*^^

31R

rORK-CAU FOR TRAXSPORTIXC! CATTLE.

II w much Pork will a buslul «ir< (nn Make.

Tliis 1 conskliT an irnpintint (lucstion, aii«l ono
thiit all Ijiimersou^ht to bo iible to answer. I will
answer the qucstitm hy j^iviri;!; the result olnn jieiii-
al experiment, wiiieli is the only way of oiitainin;^
correct inlorniatlon. Some years ap;(i I was desirous
of obtaining information aa to the l)est mode an<l
most profitable way of fatteniiii:; ho<;8. I inquired ol
my nei;;libors and found some in favor (d'cl(»se floor-
od pens, and otliers larj^edry lots: and as to the amount
ot ])ork a bushel of corn \V()uld make; tbt^r opiriinD^
were as various as their countenanees. I w a > ju i
be;;innin^ to farm, and as 1 was d(>sirou^ nf'l,5M,\\ in r
tin- l'<-t way MJ laMt Mm);.; \\'^'):>. I <b'T< nr.lncd to try
the dilhrriii pl;\iiv. mpi al-n hdw niucli ps.ik a I>arrel
(d' rorn wooM niak". I niadf a flo(a-i(l y. n and cov-
ered if ill. "\\ '•iL'Ii' (1 tlii-fc Imi:^ and ];ut tlicni ijitlir
]''''n- 1 aNo '^vci^di. d llin c of t!:- sinnr ^'/rv and t ut
thriii in a dry lot — a\ev;iLM' wciid.t IT'j \\.<. 1 f.d
si\ larrtl'- ot enrn t*' \\\v six ho^r.. 'i'lir>\- v( y «> \\^y\y
day< calin^ liiO rorn- w itii a plenty ^f sail and \\ ai.M*.
Their av(M-a!j;e ^ain wa-' 7'> l!,<. " Tli^' Ik;;.^ in \\\r
h)t

VFMr.rfj

the wear of the land; and p .rk at $2.50 per lOO 11
is a very ^low businoFH. li wo take into juaaa.i.t {\'
Jibs(dute necessity .d" elov(>rinn: „ur land and inn,r,.vp
it, I bavo no hesitation in saying that it is lidtorf
the farmer to raise pork at $2.5(1, than to k. 11 ,..!'!
at 25 cents per busbel. ^^^^

IIm^ts do bo.vt in larn;eii(dds with plenty ( f wntof
and the farmer who <'uts u}) liis com in *il,e nioral"
«|f September and C)ct(d)er, and bauls it < ut on 'liin
fi(dds, will be amply pai<i for hi.s lal-or in il.o im-
provemcnt of bis lar-d from the stalks, and inarurft
'M til.' lioi:: . It is a;.n-.'at sa\iii- nflal)(,r to tan. tho
l!"L'^ in tlic fi^'M, w h. n lli(- -^nani it V oi iIc 1 ,,<,.■ j.^,\
>i/" "I tin' <i.-Id vnit. AV. *.M. d A( 1>;m)x" '

y<n/rUr^ J/„. An<ni.s( 1(), ISo;;.-- Valh y Euimu,

<rannMJ tho nn)st. One thai was fatt'ii<d

n

Inipnvca ( ar fur Trair^portinjj^ Cattle,

One ol the ^-rcat.-t henctils eonfcrrcMl hy raih-oruls
upan our pcopi,'. who fiwcil in cities likc'.New V^i^
is the tiatisjM 1 tatl.in o| ratth In m (!l'^!;ii,t ]!;i,(s
I'' inierly the caitle ^^hi(h wcic intended h.r ,d;ni<di-
t«'i- in this city, and o'dwr citii s, weie inai.l ((1 ii^rn
< Miio, Caiiada, a rd the A\'(s!ejn pr.its (| this .*■ intc

bundled ndles beioic they i-c: ehed ihiii- disiiim

•V\

Inll.

V . ..Mil'

Other lour wore not so thrifty, ^h- ;.'• ho^. ^y. n^ about i n!::^ ':;a^':;;!'^v!'':''';;.'':'':.^\'^'*';'' r .''";" '} '' '"' '
f'>in-t.M.n niMith- -ill whMi -lauirhtf^red. I nat th-an
op ii»e 2oiif oM •.•i()i)L«r. i neri' was a ^o m1 (i> ,\| ,,1
Bleet a; id snow diirin;^ lb • ni 'ii'h of XoNcnihcr. which
pave tin; ho;^s in thi^pen an advanta;j:(Mh<v wouM n(»t

lia -e had ifthe weather was favorable; fliev (\af th"

same (pnnitity of <:rain in the same timeT It also

phows that one Ijuslud of c(»rn will

])ork; and that the six 1

W()rth of pork, at 2^ cts. per lb.: and that the farmer

gets 12] ets. for his labor of feeding per buthei, o\er

f^eliin;^ at 25 ct>\ per bushel.

fl'Vi'f* ^vill fatten fas < r in September ni.d Octcdier,

hai;:, bcin;^ no Ic<s tlian six (biys and a ■cunrter, at
the i-at<' ol t\\(aif\ mih'- p-r da\. Thi^ was alt' mi-
tt exjM ii-c. ^neat hil or, ;;nd c.\f oHiir (,{

'0 w;tli ;'!■.
drovers an

ca'tic.

Ol

le (

ie !'

reatest (uaw !

iH h:

• h)ss, too, as great to the consumers as the drovers-
The transportati(;n of cattle on railroads saves the
los>> of I'ceC, ti- they sulVer n(tfati:;oe, imd iirc ] ut ;\
!^boi t time on ihe 1, ad. t'a'tle can aLs(» 1 e 1 r^ uuiit
litiM much tircater di.^tances to citi s ; imh cd ihi y
arehion-iht n-w IVi m ] iaci > at ,Mi'-h lemoie tli^taii-
ees fi-* m N-w V.ih. ihat it would ha\e keen impi?-
"'bir to iiaiL^tluu) tli'Mue ill joot. 'J'hey arc iil>0
'''■'tiLili! wiihoii; tr(,uble, aie! rerpiire liur hele at-

tbaii ih"_\ wiil 111 cohli I- \\ rat h.er. A f. w \(ars a<'-o
f led (rne barrel (d corn t(> a very flue Ih ilohire hof
that wa"^ about .'i<> months old, (shortlv alt(M- h.in"
castrated) in tin' nmnths .d" Aui.nist and Se« tender.
n!id he iriiu'^d '.C lbs,, in i,5 days, whicli was tho
ba)^th oi lime he w a^ oatinir the barrel 'f cian. Ilo
riMi on a clo\( i- 1 t, wjiii h \n is of ;_'-ieat ad'ian!aL'e.
This last ex].(aar. ( nt i- C(insi',(>rablv o\( i* an :iy(M'a"e,
a?id Would not hold i,--.,,,;! with, cornmon ho^'^. Fr<im
the aliove cxpi liimait it will h(> smcu that 'X\ 11, s. of
corn, siippoMmr 1 1.'' coiai to wei<j;h .a") lbs, tot In- Im- hel
will make I li». of i-ork. Mr. Ai tiott, .as (|Uoted ir( m i i
the (,'i/i'.<s-i Fannrr, "thie.ks .a ,h^. ofcoiai will pro
dm-e 1 lb. of polk!" This ••think"' . f Mr. .\r,.oit's
will not h'dd ooud with an cxpia'm ut. Subs( (oa nt
obs( i\a!ioM has satisfied nie that the loregoin"* exr)er-
iment, as detalKal, will do to practice up(»n.

Another very important question, orin<|uirv sug-
gests itself from the forcLroing: and that is what i^ i.s
worth to raise bogs to the a\t'rag'- weight ; llTo Ihx-.
A corKM't answer to this (HM'-tiai, ha-Ml on a tual
oxfjoriuu lit, would be of gnat importance to I. ii mers.
To value the grass, clover antl grain fields that the
hog feeds on while growing t" a gross weiglit oi \^()
lbs. or 200 lbs., is scarcely susccT»tible cf b< intr ai

ten«lance

\\ ill

1 re

pect to tlic \ehl.

-ti •' (Mlf*

for transportiiiL^ cati )■'- it has !,- en f-amd that hudo
iuiprovi merits w . ic i((|ni)cd. ard Ai.diew Ih Pic kai
so?i, (tf II(aaiby. N. \ ., has t:.ken nn asures to siaau'o
a j)aJejit for such a pnrj cse, the natuie of which im-
pntvcuH'nt consists in jihacing in the ho'h- <•! the rnv
I latds extendin;- lis whoh> h>n;:;th, nnd ]i:i\iii!; tlit^
i ioW(a- ends (d' its u!ai;i:hts .secureil hy pi\(it«^ to tlio
sill piec(\ and the upner (tids secjirfd iiv p iis hc
tween thej(d>t:-. ])\ this airan;rment »tl tie r; eks nf
the animals, to nnike each oiaupy a (a-itaa' ) ert'en
'I tli<' t'lr: tills pr(>ventH ono inteifering ^iih or ii -
turing jim.ther. 'Idiese cars are manulattured ly
r.,ii;" i^ Alcott, Corning, N. Y.— J^'ci. Am.

-<••>

Oi.r.AT Okc'I' Ol ^^ iii,.\T.- -,Mr. Aplaiji, a hiniar
ol iheHAvnof Riga, in this ((i;nt\, hai \ t stc d lust
summer, a li( 111 ol wheat c(»ntaining 12 acres }iekl-
ing o\i )■ s.x hundred bushels, ui' /ij'/i/ lu.^hd-s ,o an
acre. Two acres and a half— part of this lich'—I'io-
rived at by expcrlun'nt: \et with ties, assislalits I ] duced at the rate of 52 bushels and 8( me pi-uinlsp'-T
can raise a hog to weigh 175 lbs. and oy( r, with oie- ' a( re. Mr. A. has cultivated the field in ipe . tii i; 1"!"
banel of eo n. ]t will lie seen fn in these estimates, tic last tw( nt\ eivb. yeais raising (.n a(]« | ei wli;it
that two banal8 of com, with the advantage of grass, each altcmaie year, \\^v the last f( ur liic land haH

clover and giain ficdds, will produce alx-ut 20ti lbs
of nctt pork, or 250 lbs. gross. Kstinniting the (ami
at 25c. a I ushel, this would give the fainn>r $1.50 for
his gruHs, clove, r grain fields, capital stock, and his
labor. To sv.ll corn at 25 cents a bushels, is very un-
profitable business, when we take into consideratiun

not h'cen nianuKvl. His mode (jf culture is to turn
under a cron of clo\cr ploughing ten inchtsdeep,
and then kee]) ihe surfac(! nndiow and clear of wt('(i«
I y the use <d the culti^ a or. — He plovs but < nee f<r
a crop. This soil is a giavelly l<»{im with a slight ad-
mixture of clay. — llockcsicr' Aihocalc.

r

1853

MARKETS.

„aV-|«w- —»'■»»"• «»»«-t. *»»■«■»'■

?> 1 1)

Fairopran Crnin Markets.
The follo\ving remarks from the Mark Lane (Lon-
don) Kxpress, show that we may rely on a continued
hcavv d''Piuid for our breadstuffs all ihreiigb tho

Phila<le plila .>I «rlt( fs.

October 25.
I'TiOl-R in rath'i- nioif in.jMired foi-, aiid sah s for
export, ill 'ludinggood straight hi ;irids at Sbc')0: 500
iibls reported at a shade |;->s, and T'K) hiil-i Kaglo

•IV «-,.atl.or l|:vs or some days past Ik-,:,, wI il,e , Mill.H ai, ?T per 1,1,1 , ,l„. m.rk.t -losi,,.^ ,v,.|, a lii'tl-
„„,,t unfavorable chara.tor ; heavy ran, has la l.t, muro st,.a,l„l..s on tno ,.a,-t ol' h.,hln-s; ,!,o l„ ,no
i„ ,11 p„ls ul 1„. kn,;,,lom, a,„l a compMo Mop has „,„|„ .„,. ,,„,;, ,., ^, ,i„',;„.,l extent, xv;,!,;,, ,1,, ran.^c

I,,™ ,„., O tie' harvest operat.ons Un.ler these ofS,; coj,,,,; o- , ,,,.i ,,,„„,ii, ,„ ,„ ,. ,.^,.

cin•.nns.anec^.t I. not ,snrpr,s,n,^' that the ,|,.pn.s ,., ,„„, o„.„ M -al remain ,^m-, !,o> linn, v.nh

,i„„„|„a,wa. oause.l hy the hu-e arnyal yl lor- j „„,,,! sale ofai.e latter to no.ie' al ^ 1 nor hhl lor

(.i^ii wheat la-f week, -tKiuld havepro\ed lao tran- |»,.||,,;i. Mm;l1.

eitiirv, nior,: especially as the demand for wdcat i(»r I

Kinpnicnt te Tranee — whieli w as cliecke<l bythe stens ORAIX — 'idie receipt.^ and sahvi of )Vh<>at are

tiikenhv the goVi'rinnent of that country, about a , moderate, and the market is nearly ,stati(aiary; about

|ortiii;j;li' '"i~"' bi regard to the pri(M;s (d' \no\n\ in Pa- ! '>'><*0 buslnds, mostly prime Southeiai reds, sold at

j.m_lias a'i;ain revived

Wc are iioL in the habit of taking extreme views,
inih^'d we have be(ai frefpiently actarsed of an exces-,
of caati Ml ; hut in the [wesent instance our readers
Will ac ;aoW'h'dge that ^ve have for nmntlis past
pointed oiil the probability of a high range of piices
ftir wlieit. 'X\\'\< we wer(> induced to (hi S(d(dy on ac-
C)iint of the kim\vled'i;<' y\{ the smalliiess of the

, , , 1 , , , ■ . , . . Moriiir \ , \\ M II 1 Mil oiT .s;ii(

bn-adrh under culture, and he generaoy luauspi- :South;'rn at i:.a lb c( n s.
CioiH nitai-t,' ot the seasons. >\ hat has since oce»ir-

Idoe, and 7000 bushels whiter at I lie for good South-
(aai and 142. lUo,; for prime R(>nnsylvania, th(3 lattea
afloat. Rv<! is scarce and wanted at SS cts'

CORX— -the want (d V"s,(>1h rnnils the demand
<!;ood Southern aiKl Ptamsylvania yellow is ojlcreil at
T^aSO (MMits, but the m irki^t (dose-; witli a little more
firmness on the part of holders. O us are ahf)Ut sta-
tiomiry, with t^urtlna- sales of '2.~)\)\) to oUliO buslnds

thf» rre|) shiail I be injured by rain, and r<anain in af'ternoo!!, Oct. 2(hh. — d'he (dl; r:ii:js ol lief Cattle
till' fi'ld. in tie middle ^^[ S jtt auiie-f, has greatly this week In ve .slightly fallen < If, aneaiat im: to ISOI)
iiiM'd to our dillicailiies ; a.iMl it is now almost impos- : Ix^d, '>i wdiieh about 5ii() were ilii\'n '.o Nc Viak.
<«ili!'> t'l fi \ a iimit t I the upward m iveiuent in pi' ices. ' There has been a good demand the >;!]■ s iicintr within
b (Irit Kiit lin had alone been visited by a bad bar- therangf* of S7 a IS, 75 per cwt. About 250 Cows ami
vest, the effect on pric(»s would probably not have 0\ilves were ottered, all of which were disposed of at
been impirtant; but unloituinilely , the seasons have ^1- '^ '^^'' each, as in (piality. Hogs — (iOO In a 1 of-
beon \\\\Xi'\\ the same over the greater part of I'u- - fered nearly all of wlii -h \vere sold to City 15 ut' her.i
rope. ;it !?l').'*^7' a 7,o7 > per It*') lbs., principally at the lat-

Tlir- C'Mintries wdiich in ordinarv v(virs would have ter ipiotation. She^ji and L imlis — -The supply has

>!au -what incriaistal. There wa-re biO) head ollereil,

been eiiahle 1 I » iiave aifonied u> siij>[Hics, are tlean
solves in want of assi^taiua>: and so aj!prehen>i\ c
liivi' niaay ol the foreign go\ (aainnaits heeoine (<I
d'artli, tiiiit the laws rcLrulaliiiLC tli > imf>oiaation and
expartation have been alt'aa-rl; restrictions on imports
hiv.'hi'.ai relaxeil or wholly withdrawn, an, 1 e.xpiu-ts'
iVi',, all !'e(|ure supplies. In the ciamtries bor<lered
by the Ii,dtic, stocks of old wdieat are either exhaust-
ed (ir reduced into a very narrow compass, and sup-
plies of the mwv crop cannot be available in .|uantitv
b^aro die spring of next year. The rye harvest ha's
turned out badly all ovta- the north of Murope, an<l
tlie potato dis(V|se is very prnailont: the corrsumptiou
of wheat will thertdbre "be greater than usual, and
there will be less to spare bir export.

It appears. tluMadore, that we shall have to tleru-nd
^:nnly for muj- siipidv ot Jlrca.lstnffV (»n the l^'iiied

\v

i(di were aold at 82 to (3.25 caidi, a(;c(H-ding to

oualit V

i. ^

^Vihuiiigftui Markets.

Wheat Fl'Mir Ir an. store,
Rye, do. do.

Wiear per hushid, (\fhite,)
( 'tuai Meal per b iriad,
d t. do. per l)tn hel,
(' irn from w agon,
Oats,
l'daxs(M'd.

Plaster, (from yard)
Salt, ground and alum,

r, 75

.*] 75

1 :')5

Z 75

.SO

7S

10

1 25

4 00

50 a GO

Rtia; toil riM»i\i; -nu; \s \.\ \\vx ok liivr, Stock nv

I. - II, ...... villi...; V ..... ,.,.,....,., ■,....

otate.s aral ('anada. Previous experience has proved Mr..\srREM nt. — The girth is the cin umh lance (,f
that .Vinerica cannot, as a gcru^ral rul<% export large- i the animal Just Ix hind the shoulder blades. Th«>
'y, unless prices in Ibiripe ari^ siinicientlv biirh to b>n''-th is the distance from the shoulder blade to tln^
Liver tlie (\xpenses of conveviuir th(> rrain from a rear of the buttock. The suTierficial feat are obtain

(^reiit distaiicfMu the interior"^ to the s"a))or<l. Fim
)^"t';itlier for setairing the remainder of the outstaiid-
ifi?: crops, and an amicable arrangen](>nt of the cast-
l^'n .-jiawti,,,,^ plight ^ive a somewdiat l)etter comjdcx-
|on to afbiirs; iiutlooking at matf"rs as thevnow stand
Jiere Ks reason to apprehen.l that a large p;)rtion of
nfi popiihiti(,n will, during the ensuing winter, have
,VV '!'" ^''"'" *^ ^^'^t-city and con^'equcnt hiLrh nriia^s

of food- lot

t.\LT.— An annual dressing of salt in modorato
1 '•'^ntUK's sown broadcast over the ganhm early in
' P^'^j;, destrosy the germs of in.sects; 10 bushels to

acre.

ed bv multitilviiv' th" jj-irth and tlu^ havth. 'fhe loi-

lowing table contains the rule t oa'^eertai?! the w''i;;ht

of the anim d : —

If less than I ft. in girth, nuil iply sup( rlicial ft. le- H
a and more than 1, '' " I 1

5 '• •• 3, ': *' I'i

n (( it r« (< »i Oj^

.4

<(

.

i<

(4

4.

i (
« <
1 1

ti
{.

(<
«(

t (

< <

4 t

'O

II .. .. (| O 4. 4*

Exrtmplp. — Sunposo the girth of a bulbadv to be 0
ft. 2 in., length T, ft (\ in. The sup(u-ficial aroii will
then be ,34 sipnire ft. This multifdied by 2.3, in ae-
e(n-dance with the preceding table, give* the weight,
782 pounds.

iC

■ 1*' J ."1

820

FOWL MKADOW CHASS. .Ic.

fXovFMnrj

l^\>u I M(';ul(»\v Cwass,

Sow l>csti<»>liij;- h<r IMj^s,

TIk' liosf way with a sow t!i;it <icstn)ys Imr

"Wc Iiavo received from yiv oM (Vlm.i A. flonos,
Esq., of" rrnnkfort, tlu iollowiui:; conmiuiiic.ition'^ re- to t:ik'' tlidii fr in licr till von Iimvc ilirm airTlT
spcctin^ lowl meadow ^ras^. As wi' statcil in a liavr (wo or more |w'r^ons tiki- lioM ^rcnflv but f '

ft)riner nuinlMT, there is a \:iri<ty or speci<'s df the , ly, 1 ly Ixr Hat, ti.- Ii.>r Icirs mikI liold Ikt last- t,,.*
cr//ro.f//A' gr'niuH of grasses, that i^ iiati\.- in the low ' ntrin;: r<ai!i(l her nose, i! vou phrase, to sfM|i li<. ,•,,,,■ [
nioi^t lands, throu^houtjhe wliolr len;^th and hr«adtli tlxni hiin-j; the piirs; put thcjn to In-r. h^t theni suoir'
of Maine, and is known hy the name of low! mead- Sln' will mtv likely s(»on 1 e.;in a pl.-asant noiso nnH

tak'' them kindly; if the lirst tino' <l<>rs

OW ^rasS. i:m\'- uniii kiiioi_\; ii inr uisi lllio' 'Iocs Dot Ufisuor

1'her(» ia also anotlier variety of fowl moa(h)W, enl- try it the aec<ind". I have ti-ied this method si'vcr-I
livated from seed hrouj^ht from Massaehnsettv, and times and ii-'ver km-w it fail oi' ei)midote sueceaq '

the nTiddh' States, whi<di is like it. hot not (piito so
enar.se. Th'-y are hoth excellent grasses, and well
\vorth eultivatinLT. - -Kn

East Salishurv, duly 17th,

M. F.

Main(> Farmer.

-<)-

m

Mji. Mnii'ii:: -Thi^- ^ra^-s devervcs increased at- I A Loni; l.ii i: of I'sirri-NiNs. — TlnHirst ni-cmiu
teiition. As one motive lor its pro|)a<;ation. thepuh'' «»n woolen yarn^. at the Plymouth County Ao-ricultu'.
lie may he tissured it is a native ^n-;iv> ,,j' Maine. It ral Fair on th<' (ith, was awardeil Miss iietsy liijlmp.*
was found on the Madawa ka nn adows, when t!ie (I" 3Iarshii(dd: a lady '.>.'> years <d" Jitrc.
I'l't'iieh tir>-t settled there. ( hi (di-arini:; ofV \vooded
land on those m^adow^, or on the land-^ a<ljacent,
fowl mca<low ;:;ra^s come- in with^'Ot sowinLC sc-d.—
This conn's 'if the s 'cd dr'ij'p'd in tlu' inannr', IVom
Mo se and l)eer tlei'' f'-el on tho>-e nn-adows. and of
Catth' Mnee the ^c! 'Irinrnr. Thi^ trra-^^ prevails on

'' , , , X,- . , • , , ' i I ^'^^ trees, not his own, ana the aama<;e sliuil amount

ovcrllow;aho on t!,e Mi.unachi. Item !■- nrvie to to |iJ25. the said pers.m <hall lie imprisoned ii, tho
^low on any kind oi land notte(» wet. he>' on moist | Stat.- Fenit-ni iary not exce^.Tm- live yurs, on in the

pKon.'TM.v or TnF.Ks.— 'i'he Leei,l;,tui'(^ of Midi
<^:\\\ has pa^>e,| an act in snhstance as lojlows: Th

I'o

every [)ers(»n who wilfully, v.antenly. ;ind without
cause, shall <aif down m- iiijni'e any Irni or M-.aiimon-

lan<i. tl urishinir espoeiall V v.rll oM laiel adjacrwit to
streams overihiNvn in tim'> ol' li-eshets.

It is not a water f]:;ra>*s, hence ^^ ill no: liea.i- heinfj;
overflowed hy a dam all winter. An o])inion prcn'ails
that to preserve this p;raas in perfection, it must he
permitted to stand, until some oi the seed will scat-
ter in the rjfoeess ofeurinL^ U would seem that tins
need ne.t he .■\(rv year, \nv like many ot.ier ]dant<, it

conntyjail not exci-cdinL;- omM^'ai", oi- |,\- tira' iint ox-
ceedin;;- >^")(H), at the discretion of the Court- Tlii«
net takes effect immediately. Sv) wc learn frum the
Michigan Farmer.

Tmi; M\M\n)Tn Tina.s i\ ( ' ai.i roi^MA.— The- rinci-
pal laamnii'th trei s df ( \ilav 'ra>< eonn'v. r.'il, are

propa-ite. ,,v ,dlM.o.,. tnanthe root^ at the tn,, ni ,,^,„„.,, ;,, in\\n^^., and are of the annexe,| .iimen.
the pound. .\op-a>.. sutlers less hy stnidm u' past ; ,i,„,. The hiuMn-e (ent .h.wn, ) lld'.l fert in hn-Wi:
the I) "St time to cut. !>.,es not rnst. nor dors herds ^^.v^ther Fine,' hae-th iMiMc.t, ein nnihaviur 110

grass rust mixed with it. Il the lairthen ])e ever so
heavy, this ^rass is never coarse. Near the jrmind
it is wiry and full of joints, (•ontainiiej; Imt litth- mois-

fee' ; t hi^ trci' !..".( i Irom the ^xrouml is no Irss tlian 12
feet in di nneti r: "Three Sistei's.'' a ( lus<(3'-. te^rrtlifr
ar(^ '>LI !'''er in ( iiaamderenee, and .".!•'> ieet in li^'iLdi':

lure, iienceisea.silymadedrv, i-^^,. ,,,,,- anM iimiMav j,,,, ,,„t,,>.,„,> i^ ],;,,.. ,d hramhe^-Oi) h-etah^vrik
as to be easily secured from the eilc-t (d ram. .rronnd: "Moth.'r Tree," 01. '. h-rt in circiinifcrom'O,

AlJClfl liAia) doNKS.

Frnnh-f'nrf, Au'iv^f FJ/// \S'\\.

'.VI') feet hi:!;li: ''Mother an<l Son," uinted at the ba*''.
\)'l feet in eircMimlerence, ,'{(10 feet lii<rli; "Pinnoer's
-, . , ... ., p 7 , ^ , 1 • i ^'Jthin," So feet in cir(aimf<'renee, '_(H) feet liipn.

Mk A.doN.:.,-Sis: V.nrs ol duly 'JmIi l^ r^' | '^^i:Hl,ese Twins." 1)0 feet in cirenmh rence, .'^5 f.^^t
COivd. nniKm- nn,u.ry ol the n;rass or native -rass j |,;^.,,. ..( i,,^,.,];.^,, ,,|- ^|,,. ^p;,^^,,,;. ,S- ^■,,,.^ in cinnim-
ot this p ut ol the c ainty. I have made some impn- ) f^.^aice, .".'Jo h'ct hi-h: "Fnele T(mi's Cahin,'" 04 fe.'t
ry, and als . am a, <,ua.nted with the ^^rass of whicn | j,^ rinan.Oerence, ;j()0 feet hi-h: "Beauty of the For-
yo a wish ,n, I rmation .a,. I li,s ,i:,ass ,s a native of ! ^,. o ;o ^,,,.^ |,^ eircumference, 300 feet' hi>,di; "Tw-
this .. .uniN. and so tar as am inhaane,] ,t ,s fowl K,i,.„,i,;' So foet in ciivumference, .-.OO feet hi-I..-
meadow; please find cnch.s "d a spcciinen ol the ^rrass. | ^p,^^ .^,,,,,,. ,,^^„„.,| ^,.,.,.^ .^^,. .^^ ,,,„|,,;j,,a ^i an area
You can b. assured that this ^^rass is native of this | not exceeding one-half mile in extent,
part o! tlie country, and al-o you will find it mail!

t!ie me.adows cm River St. didin. 1 hart} cut aome of I "

the same kind of <r,.:i.M on my lot this sejison: j PUBLISllKirS XOTK'E TO SriiSrrJBF.nS.

-, , ,, U',-<peetful!v VMurs S. Stkvfv , While we have t he pleasure .d' returnin:: thniib

Yort Krnt, Aaj. U/, i>^-Jo.~M'.u nr \-armrr. („ ,^ j^^^, number .d' our suhscrihors.for their prornp

remittnuces for the pr(»sent V(dume, we rc^L'ret to n«^''
to stat(^ that tlierc^ are many who are in arrears f'r
the sano', and a few who have not j^aid up fer th(^
previous volumes. The amount thus due fn
individual is so small, and tindr resid(Mic(»s a'"f ^^
scattered ovta- tl
ploy a col lee tor.

— 0-

RUMEOY Foit >MoKV ('iiiMNEYs — The Scientific
American states on ridiahle antlna-iiv, that, "if t wo ' . , ,„, , , ,. , „„,>

ieet aboNc the throat of y.uir chimney you enhu-e i P'V".^" V ""''^'- ^ V^ =''"*"^"^^'^"^ l'"'" ^''"'V'',
thcopenin-todouldetln'size, f.r the space of two ' ''^^^'^■"^";^^ ^•'^ %' small, and thoir residences aro_
f^oi, then carry up the rest as at first, your chimney '^^'•^^tercd over the htut(>, that U w,d not pay to cm
will never smoke.

-0-

Leisure for study, thoup;ht, and social enjoyment
are to bo counted as part of one's income.

■0-

Thouo;h we prize our friends mucli, wo sliouM
praise them but little, and to their faces not at all.

a,

VOL. :i WEST CHESTER, FA., DECEMBER, 1853. NO. 11.

( ounty Fairs in Pennsylvania for IH53.

The prof];ress of a;z;ricultural improvement in Penn-
Fvlvania as evinced in the num])''r, and success of the
(h fieri nt comity Fairs the ])resent season, is truly en-
(Maira^mji;. it snows liiere is ;i ^pl^lL ai)road, and a
(l.'i» rmination that the K(\v Stone, shall fully keep
ii|i with the times, and that she shall not bo outstrip-
ped in any department of Ikt Agriculture by States
cither raaah or siaith (-1 her. Her ])resent hi^h po-
8iti<»n we liiink, is to a. irreat extent owip.<r to th •
estahlislinieiit of the State A;iri(ailtural Society, iind
the stimulus (hus ^iven to the formation of societies
in tlio diftereiit counties. (Jreat credit is due t(» Jud^e
\\a:ts. M.'ssrs. (lowen, Jx(d)erts, dessun, Ileister,
h'.viii, Munima, Fduyn, Shubert, and many others we
could name, who took the initiative in its formation,
felt its necessity, and that without it, our State, a
boundinj; in Agricultural resources, would Ixa^'ome
isoliit-'d, and almost a by word of re])r(>ach. The ef-
f rt under eonsidcuahle discouragements and predic-
t!"ii^(,f failure, succeeded, our State Society has held
three successful exhibitions the last one exceeding in
its -ross riaadpts anv State Exhiliition yet hehl in
tlie I nlfai. Something is now wantiMl to produce a
<'onc. rt of action, lanween it and the diflerent cour.ty
^>rL'ani/, iti(ais. These hitter, are now entirely inde-
pend(n\tof it ''aid ea(dl^)ther, acting within their own
f^phore, and un',,nnected in any way with that of the
»*)tato. riicre is a very largeamount of strength, thus
loj^t.aiid much available information, which like lit-
^1^' rdls runniu.^ into a larger stream might bediffus-
w more extensively, and be more directly and posi-
'"^•'lyusorul. It would we think be desirable, that
'■c; orts should he annually made out, from the statis-
tics within reach (d' the county Societies as to the
Mate oi A;^ri(ailtur(! and Ilortitailture intheir respec-
tive di.>itriets, and which should h<Munhodied for pub-
Jication, by the State Society. In this way, a bond

union would be cemented among our farmers, and
tne wants as well as the ri(heaof each section, fully
wrought out. More county exhibitions have been

held this season, in Pennsylvania th.in ever before.

In addition to those previously noticed, we publisli

such information about the following, as we have

been afjle to C(dlect. We should be obliged if the

secreianes oi aii^ ui vvnicii iiava; jjeen omitted, would

forward reports.

HKUFORn County. — The Enquirer, published at

Bedford says:

Bedford county ]u"ovr\s by this exhibition that she
can raise as good stock, and all kinds of produce as
!iny other (a)unty in the State. The letrses, (aiLtle,
hogs and sheep, exliihit(Ml would do honor to any
community. As good wln^at, rye, corn and oafs, were
shown as <,'an be produced anywhere. Our farmers
appear to take a livtdy interest in the work, and we
hav<* no doub* that next y(;ar will be as great an im-
provement on the pre5(»nt as this has been on the
last. Our me(dianics. also did themselvesgreat cred-
it, by the display of tlndr ingeniousand useful mech-
anism. (Jreat praise is also due to the ladies; fur the
exhibition of their many useful and tasteful articles.
In fact all engaged in the affair are entitled to the
highest praise.

The 4 samph\s of wheat which received the ore-
mium, we o})S(^rved weighed respectively 69, 00} and
OS.] lbs. The yield to the acre is not stated, but the
abov(; weights are rather uncommon.

Montour Cointv. — The exhibition of this society
came off on the 20 and 21st of October and embrac-
(>d the usual display and variety of stock of all kindji
also fruit, vegetables, grain, implements, domestic
manufactures; misc<dlaneous arti(des, and also a
ploughing mat(di. The Shanghais and Chittagongs
hav(! found tlndr way up into that region as well a»
other parts of the State. The attendance of farmers
and mecdianics, as well as ladies appears to have been
large on both days. An address was delivered by
Judge (\)oper, containing many excellent hirtts for
the farmers, to increase the quantity and quality of
their products. It is highly <!ommended. After pay-
ing all exp(*nses and premiums, a fund was left onf
hand for an<Uher year. Montour county has done
exceeding well, for this lier first e.xhibiticui.

MclvEAN COUNTY. — Tliis is one of our border

it

J

III

^^nJi^"^

81?

OA

rOUNTY FAIRS.

n

»•■<'? MnrR

tounticB, on the New York line, east of Putter, alx.ut ;il portii.u nf the county." The la.lios (Icpurtni,.
which we had some interestin;r statistioN in ..ur April appears to havr- Imtii well rcpresontod, juhI CMrUain*.,!
mimher of present volume. Il.r srcond .•xl)l])ition r^onie fine •»]H'ci!n(^ns .if iummIIc wcrk, al^.,, ^v,.,!,'
wjiM hehl on ther)th un.l (mIi :,f ( ). tnl>,M-. The \v(^athrr sfockin-s, mittens, Ac. A hvulin- iVatureof \\i' ,[^
\^•{VM unfavorahle, hut nutv. itlistandin^r th(^ rain and hihition, as in most otlier p];ieeM tliis Heji.^(.n, w:ts tl ..
mud, *^ome fine stock was hrou^jht tn the -r..nnd In.m Poultry, which was very line, luid from a lar!:p',ui,r
a confiiderable di^tanee. amon- whirl, ahout l:: head bcr of'conrrihutors. Our friend, an.! occasional Jr
of fine Devons, from Col. Littl(> of nradfnrd township, respondent of the .Journal, d. S. Keller is Siu.Tetary
were conspicuous. There were also line : peciniens ' an<l Lihra ian of this society. We should liketnliJr
of native breeds, aw well as pome Durhamsand Soutli- ^ from him more frequently. He and J. J. Paxscn
down shecp--also fruit, vonretabh's and fancy work, i Hcem to have Ixvmi suec-ssful competitors, in Lt^J
The whole wound up with an exccdlent addres>', | cattle, .sheep, swine and fi.dd <Tops.— Their innu.nce
from Hon. B. I). Hamlin, from which we intend to | and example will have a happy eflfect, throut^di the
copy f^ome extracts. We do n:>t know his occiipation,

but if he will practice, what he preaclu^s, we will
guarantee that he makes a p;ood farmer. McK(^an
county is said to be remarkably adapted for .e;ra/.in^,
and the A;i;ricultural Soci(>ty will ^ive quite !in im-
pulse to the improv(Mnent of stock, which wouhl do
credit to Inn* fine pastures.

MiKFLiN col NTV. — This was eit!ier In^ third or
fourth exhibition and tiic premium list appeai.^ o>
have ' mbraced a with? ran^e, of sto(;k and other ar-
ticles f(»r competition, KU(di as a;^ricultural imple-
ments, [tremiums for the best m;in:i<]:etl firms, jrrain,
vegetables, domestic and household nianufa ture^.
Bread, Butter, Preserves, Honey. Fruit, Sec. The list
of premiums indicates that considerable att(>ntion has
been paid to the improvement of the breiMls of cattle,
• beep, Hwine. and poultry. The society is in such a
pr()sper(»us condition, that the mana;j;(M-s propos(^ to
puudiase n lot, and erect permai.ent fixtures for its
ai^eommodation.

AVkstmorki.asd corsTV. — The Fair for this countv
TTas h(dd at M »unt P'easatit on the iSrh of Octo-
ber, and is described as a very fine afTair. West-
moreland, is one of our richest a;j;ricultural West-
ern counties, famous for her superior wheat and
also cultivates laro^ely rye, oats, Indian corn and
buckwheat. Cimsiderable attention is also paid
to raisinp; cattle, sheep and swine. We had expec-
ted a good report from In^r, and this the third annual

whole county in stimulating frture competition.

NoRTinJMiJEKi,.\ND cou.NTV.— The recent exhibition
of this society appears, to have been one of the very
best, yet held in the State. With the exception of
neat cattle, which were not on the ground in nuch
numbers or of siich improv^nl ])reeds, as in some othor
counti(\»», the different def)artments appear to have
l)een well filled, and embraced some fine bloodt'd
iiwi ,-,,•,•,, rtipt-ii.M >\>iiif, oj gn-ai M/,(' aini latnes.s, jinl
a magnificent <lisplay of l\)ultry. This latter wm
to have been expected, as our friiMid David TiiiTij.-irt
who resiiies at Xorthumb(>rland, was one of the tirst
in the State to i^ive attention to improving our hf't'dn
lif poultry, and \n hose good examj)le, has no doubt
contributed to extend the poulti-y fevi^r through tliiit
section. Wo is well posted up, with the origin, pecu-
liarities, and respectiv(» value of the different Itrppds,
now most esteeired, and lias probably one of tlie
best collections in tln^ State.

'J'here apyiears t(» liave been also, a fine display of
artiidcM of domestic manuf;icture in that county, such
as furniture^ needh* and fancy work, drawin^iH and
paintings from the ^Filton Female Seminary, da;;ucr-
reotypes, broad cloths, flannels, coverlet', v, oulen
yarn, wine, preserves, cranberries, &c.

The whole was concluded with a capital address
from David Taggart, which was received with great
satisfaction, and which we hope tube furnished with,
to make same extrat^ts for the Farm Journal,

exhibition shows she is fully up with the times. The; Mekcer county.— AYe understand an exhibition
amount of stock exhibit(>d was very large, and that i was held in this countv, at whi(di an address w;w

of horses especially fine. The premiums awarded
was quite liberal andthe attendance unusually great.

delivered by that sterling friend ol' agricultur;il im-
provement in Pa., James Gowen, Esq., but we have

Wo should be pleased to publish a list of the officers ! not })een able to (d.tain any infi)rmati.m about it.

of this society. , (]ii.oetly')r indirectly. AYill some one please acquaint us

Schuylkill rouNTY.--Th.e s(»eond annual cxhibi- j with what was done there. We do not rec(dlect that

lion was held in North Manheim township and occu- we ever ha<la list of the officers, of the Merc.>r

pied three days. "It is spoken of as not large but

County Society. Mercer is one of o\ir West<'rn co. in-

embracing a variety of horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, ties, bordering on Ohio, well watered by finestreams

Poultry, Grain, flour, potatoes, and vegetables, gen- and very productive in wheat, as W(dl as corn, oatfl,

erally, agricultural implements, carriages, harness, potatoes and live stock. Large numbers of the latter

dairy and household manufactures, productions of are raised f<»r the eastern market. It is also well lo-

Iho h)om, SiC, presenting most gratifying evidence of cated, in respect ti our iiUernal inii)r()venients.

4he fikill an*l industry of the farmers and mecdianics

LAIR COUNTY

.—This exhibition took place on the

!85.rl

COUNTY SOCTinnFS— Plll/.K FSSAY ON PtGS.

^23

ell as ihe productive character of the agricuitur- , 20th, and 2l8t and 22d, October; occupying two da)

y^•\^\ we b«dieve is the first fince the organisation of
li r .V'M-icuUurai Society. The nKinagers in their re-

[K.rt sav:

PrI/x' I'lHuay <mi l*i;rN.

[CoNTINUKI> VnoM i^^(iK *j(j'.h ]

, j,.,^, 1 oiH.tted lo staL.,' that urior to^>reparing th(^ car-

'j\, »iiqK'rinten<l su(dj an alTair was entirely new to j *''^'^'' **"' I'ac.on. Uu! whoh^ uf tlie <»Mieiituni or lard

UH, and cnM-<'(piently ma<le us liable to c<imuiil s<»me ""r;ht to b ' t ikcn (lut; l!li.-^ i>, howev-T, so idivious,

^,,.,.,,,.^_,,,r who h we have <>n y to s ly, by way {>{'

ftpidogv, 'hat We endeavored |o ,io our <luly.

Oil bi ida\ a heavy shower oi rain c'aused not only

tiial the oio'ssion is not veiy nLit<rial. It is by no
nnMO'< an unconini )n practir.e with b;ie(m cucers tt)

^ render down the caul witli the lard: if fie- caul ii

a bilmik^ (df in the number (d visit(C.-s but also in the i t:^^«'" '»»»'^ caicfully and w.dl waslie 1, ihi^ in;iy b.)
receipts «d the s..ciet) — but notwithstanding uH tin; j *'"'"' ^^"''"'^ '>''"'i"»"«»t t') the hird. Lu'dis'ren-
,iiir..w:nd circuni>taiices, we rcali/ed a sulli(dent sum , '^' '**'^* *^;'^^ " 'O' being first cut up into pieces, and
tn p,i\ all the printed [u-einiuins with an addition <d" | p''^^"^*<j •'» b*)il(!r along with a llfth; water, whi(di a?3

JlSil. as discr(»tionaiy premiums, whicdj has bei^n
divided between the difierent (di'sses ui exhibitors
according to the recounutuidati<uis of the various com-
iiiinees; and wc; think there will be an amount left
fiuf^icient to pay all expenses and b'ave in the tr(^asU'
ry $100— a little mor<; than was in it at the time wc
were authorized to nnike our arrangementH lor the
I'xhioition.

We observe, in the list of prcMuiuuLs, this society

It undts i!s sirainod off and poured into bladders,
(ji-eat altei\tiou IS requisite in reudt ring bird in or-
der to luaintain tin; pn)p,er degree <>[' hi-at, yet attlej
same tim ; to prevent burniFig: Idad lering lard also
requires .some dexterity. When all the lard 'H
siraim.d olf, the remainder is ^-uojected to pressura
in a press appnquiatd io ihe j.'urpose, by whicli
nu'ans very htile lat is hilt, wh a is hJt in the pres;!
IS called greaves, and is sold in cakes to feed d'»gs,
in some instances to feed hogs, also to the l^aHsiati

have a(or)te« the feature, quite C(unnion in the mte- ,, , . ,,, i ., '^ ,,.,,,

' , , ^ , ,, blue makers. Although the term (d!al has been sev-

ri.r .d' the State, and a very commendabhMUU' too, (d ! ,.i.,^| liui,..; u^^.,]^ ^»„. ^^^^.^^ j,, ^,.veral instances,

milking their exhibitions, not simply agricultural afid j though no called, is In fa.^L the finest part of the pig;

liurticultural, but to include almost every department | '".^' i"^^'^'"".**' the griskiiiin Ir l.nl i> sold tog<!thei'

w iili the piece out oui ^ . « .o breast; and ih- ii ni.ioli-

(if dMjie'>fic in mufacture, and hour' industry, mecdian-
ie-i iiud works (d' art found in th"ir eouiry. In tliis
\v;iv the intercNt becomes wide sprtvid, almost univer-
sal, there Indng no one either young or old residing
within an intelligent and working community, who
will not become interested as acimtributor or sp^cta^
tor. In addition to ;l quite extensive ,<co[>e of premi-
ums, rt dating to Agriiailture and II iiticulture, tin;
lilair Counfv S »ci(itv also awarded premiums tor
lianu'ss, tcam^, dentistry, daguerreotVjK'S. meidianie
«ri»«, bouts and shoes, furniture, lur.rble (U-nanuMits,
tailoring, blankets, carjM'ting, briitk. miners U, lumber,
printing, ncctllc work, and general iancy work.

Am tng the display of agriculturril implennuits, we
ohs;'r\e several new machines, such as mowers, rea[e

vr^. fodd'T cutters, crushers, field r<dlers and crushcus,
giaiii planters, (llauks patent) grass sowers, patent

vliiirn, and impleui'Mits for cutting off cm-ii, and the
Mi.'

bo!i(! ami meal appended tluu-efo, ar;; all eal ed offal,
ami sidd at l.n^ rato of iVwm lS^. to 22s. p r cvvt.;
n .twith^tanding which iciui the -riskin is ini Iou'»ty-
edly the liiiest part of the pg. No anim il yields h»
little mere olfal as lln» pig, c\erv put binx ma 1 »
u^elui — f(H't, head, aiel shanks, are all ad.uiiel
V. hell pn kied or m ide into biawn. Tic poor mm
makes a coiuforLahle meal oi th-' p.uck an I paia of
the caul; the I irge int"st.iij >s aim stom L,di ai-* sohl
undi-r the nam;; of (diitteilings; lh(» sm iM inlestin m
en\ elope sausage meal; sausage-uu'at i selt is f >rm -d
Irom llie scraps; black puddings a.-e made Iroiii its
blood, the Ih .>tl(!s .ire appropriated by the Itrn diai l-
ker, every part is turned to accoii' t, so min h so,
that w ; eaiiiiol \h) surprised at the l.o; Itc n a so long
Continued a laVituriu; at the farm hou<e, jianicularly
w hen we take into consideration tl c v a u .hi(^ prop-
ertv wliiidi his llcsb po<se>ses of be nj; ea-^'dy pfc-
serve(l tor future occasioiM l^v m an .• o'' salt. In
noticing the curing of bacon and pork, i: i< barely
r«'quislje t*) notic*; the curing of pork for the navy,
the cutting up of which requires sum? prictic, as

should rik(» to he;ir morr; about them. A ploughin
in ttch Wits als«» Indd, at which some good wtu'k was
per oidied. The pr(Mnii\m for the be^t acn^ of C(un

was awaided lo Joseph Shannon, IT'J] bushels of ears
to the acre.

The exhibition in thiscounty, appears to have be(*n
highly s[dritcd and succCv'^sful.

higan plough; someof thes(; arenew to us, and we ,. very piec(! ought to w.^igii as nearly as po-^ild

alike, with an equal am tunt of Ion . When cut up,
it I ■! thrown into large lubs ct)ntain'ng a prep;i!-ation
of strong piekle, fornn;d o! salt an I saltpetre; when
cured it i> p Jt in barrels, the bottom <d the cask b -
ill '■ ("wvi'i-eil with a lav<;r of bay salt, then a 1 lyer of
pork, aiioilier layer ol" salt, and so on alt(MMiit(dy un-
til the (ask is nearly filled; then a layer (d" silt is
laid on the lop, and tin? casi; head'-.l up. Tlie fre>;h
[)ickle (OJt of which pork has Ikhmi taken is then si!-
uiMted wi'h silt ae.d p<)",r'Mi throuj^li a led" le'r \\\
jh(; li. ad of tie- cadN \' ^v th" ptn-p '^-: ^^ le-n th" c i^k
!s full, the lide is plMg,r»v| up atid the e i-k" s-nt to
111 II k 't. P .rkers cn.-e.d frr llc' li nn -ai iike^, ;ind
u-uallv kii »\\n in th • m 'trop dis a- h uii lie I •*// /■-
«'//•/.• y 0/A-," is i.ured by beln;:; tail u[) into ple/e-< ao«l
salted ill tiiln. h ivliig no o h-'r hrio" th in ih il fo-iii-
m1 by i self in pickling. Iz is, wlieii .-ir-el. taken
our, pa '.kr(\ in barrels along with fr -sh srron _r pieklo
iiid sent to 10 irki;t. A lirgt! quantity (d" the "Uvm-
vick P »rk" s d I in L .iidon com -s {V.m th ' w '-^* ( f
[ndan 1. F .:■ h uu ; use pickh'd po-k U) iv he made,
using a little sugar in addition to the s ilt, by wliich

It is \(.ry rare to tin I giouinl wliich produces no-
thing; if it is not c.overed •^ith flower.-", with frui'
trees and grain-^, it produvtes br ers and pines. It i-
Oie s.Miie ,\ith man; il he is nut virtuous, he becomes
vicious. — /,rt /irm/cre,

' CMj'KK ANCE, — A nianufat!torv of imitation cham-
pagne wine, mad(! from the rhuharb plant, has jus:
he'll established iKMr Kpcrnaw, in France. It i-^
utaied Lhat it will manulacLurc lour to five thousand
b'»tlles a wc<;k, at 4.> cents a bottle. Tiic drinkers of
v laajpagn.) ncetl not, tluirefore, be alarmed at the
prcvaieuce of the grape disciwe in K a rope.

324

VnVAK V><\\ ON PKIS.

T>P

**m. MWH'-tf^ ^*4. '.

< FWnjIR

ni«»nns loss of the latter need be used. Hy thi> nu.de
the p.»rk is not (luito so salt; as, however, pickle.j
pork is always ]»referre(l when made from pi^s of
moderate size, it ia better to make the same a,i want
ed, and not to keep it more tluui a lo^i.th ..r ^):^;
weeks, for prepare it in what<'ver wav that ran Ix^
devised, the Hesh of youn;; pi;;s will C. .nt la^t V(;ry
mueh in the pot if l()n<r cured, an 1 in cookintr ear*.'
should l;c taken not to overboil it, otherwise it uill
contract. All jiortM of receipts have been <:;iv('n lor
curing ham and bacon, some represcntin;; tl>o mode
of one conntry, some of another, overlooking,- the
faet that almost every country or countv ado].;" va
ried means, and do i)ot confine t lieiD^'lvc^ to anv
p Ml irnlar ruli

fever, arising from over drivinj* or liot weather, the
meat will only with diflitajlty "'hike t/ie ftalt." T\
state of the weather is a matter of p-oM imp.^rtanec
in curing; I. aeon, warm and very moist weather hein(r
.•xtreniely prejudieial. II.>t w-'ather is not so iim,,f:
.»us rts is ^'enciully iman;ined, provid.-d the ji!„„)s-
filuTe i^ (Iiy. A ^ le.svcver the atn)u<p}i..re is (Gener-
ally char;;ed willi nn.isture in proportion to its hif^h
temperature, the Imrtrnl eflf'ect which frequently ful.
lows c'lrin;!; durin;; the summer season is nttrihuted
to heat instead «>r the true cause, viz : excess of
moiMtur" in t!ie atni )sphcp>, th(> h.iDpful ..flVet of
wliirh i-; hf!i;}iten<Ml l)y its hi::;her tcrnpri-ituyc, to
wlii.'li m.iy he add.-.l t!,,. J'-vcri-h c.,.ndit ion (/^ Vlie
, ^[ ''■^'' ^i *hi/.en farmlunises in j animal at such sous ns; ii" within the carer's p., wcr

\ e-tm«.r -land nnd Cumberland, who practice curing : his (.piM-ations ou-ht to be n>;^ulated rather by the
bacon .ei an ex!. i,>ive scale, be aske.I f,,,- their r.- hy-rom -ler than by the thermometer. 'I'iiis is how
np.vv throM or l.'iir difTcrent ones ^vill },e -iv(>n; in cv .-r, diflieiilt to b^ aeeomplished, as ho-s sii.,uld
'■^'■^ ^'"' '":"'•' "' runn;!; is most empirical, every eu- i fa^t sixcen hours before; bein^' slaughtered 'tfter
rcr adopim- a formula of his own. If jt!iv book \ which they n^piire to be hun^^ up to Jo(d sixteen or
trealui-nn swm.. and curinn; ba.-on is tak.'n up, it ' twenty moro; at least thirty-six hours must elnpse
will hr iii\a)iably found thatsu;:ar or molass(-s cjiter j before the sides an; fit for thf> curer: in our variahle
into the n puted r.cipes of mo^t of th.> ce'.brated climate many changes may occur within that period
districts. Now the \\riter knows from actual exp<>- ' Srvere fmsty wcatlna- is not otherwise unf'avouraMe
nence, and from having; Ijeen witness to the curln;; ' to curin-- Iku-oo than that which arises from the'cir-
Of bacon and hani^ in the Uest of Kn-hind, Cum-! cunntanci! that it will not "take the salt" at all, hut
berland, N\ rsimorrland, aii<l Ireland, in tlie latter' remains <piite I'r -^h. until a thaw ct)mcs on, when it
countrv where Ijulh \uik n.un- ano \V «>st oi Kn;riau(i laKes uic salt rapaliv.

!)acon is made n for the Ibinliv), niark.-t, ami sold as 'i'lie t, rm ;nris:'|>tic is applii^l to those su1»stance*
Huch in hn-l.ind (oi,,' curer of Yoi k hani> in Ind:ind . woieh prov.nt or ret i rd the pro;;ress or teiclemy to
^endinjj:^almo.st the whole of his make to Hull and ' d«'eay. whirh is the jiatural omdition of vegetablo
lork. I 1) that iH) su-ar or molasses ent.-rs into the ' and animal m.itters ^v!len deprived of life. Anti-
process of eurin.i: where the business is carrietl ir.\ j sepiics consist of creosote, the essential oils, -nits,
to liny extent. In Cumherland and AVestmondan 1 | tte. The theory of their a<;tion has never been pro-
it is eust«miary, when tin- ham«^ are <ufTicientlvciMvd. ' p»>rly "Xplained: some -.\il.<tinces for this purposo
to mix up a speeies of j)omatum formed of hml or j are imieh mi)rc pow. rful tlian others, su<di as eree-
fat, black I Cj'per, aiid su«;ar, and rul* :\i\^ over the i sote and tin' e.sscntia! oils; others, as tannin and eer-
bottom of the ham. hut more iiartieularly around | rosive su])limate, owe their antiseptic propertio.'* ta
and over tli.- rn. I of the bone, fillin;:; tlio crevices the faet ot tlcir formin- insoluble comj)ounds with
well uj. witii this Mi!.>iance: the luincipal efVe.-t of iinimal ti-ue, it.-. This <loes not explain the r(f(iun-
which 18 that it exrlniies the air. and i-onseo.uently j '/A ol th" aetion ..f salfjietn^ and salt in prosia-vinf;
diminishes the chan.." (,f d,<cny fn ni ordinnry can- ' })i'ovisions. Althou^di we are unacuna-nted with the
Fes, and the pepper decidedly prevmts tie' fly con- ' actual ('ause of the preservative powers of salt nnd
vertmu-it into ;i nest. With careful p. a-son^ th • ribs, saltf)ctre, y<t there are some ciriaimstanees connert-
bony ]iart:-, a; d loints in bacon ar<Mr<-at(>d in a simi- ^'d with tloir action that explain in ]mrt their rmti-
iai- niMiiiicr; the su;;ar and pepper have also the ef- sep.ic pi.wers. It is w(d} known that t))e presence of
fert of ^^iMiii;- (he ham ami lean part^ (?f the bacon moisturt^ and the atmosphere are requisite to indtico
^o truiied an additi( nal fine flav(a]r. The only decay; that heat hastens and cold r(-tards its pro-
places where I have known Kujrar much us(m1 in cu-
ring baron is in s( im' parts of E.-sex, where I have

tasted it ((uite sweet with Runrnr. The fine flavour of _

the ^\ estuh-reland and Cumberland bams is princi- animal in bh^Mlin,:: contain a lar;:;e amonnt (d' water;
jiallv due to the fact of their beim; f,Ml (.n oatmeal i thes(» fluids contain several substances of a most

complex na;ure. !>j;,di atomic W(>i<rht and facile dc-
c<'m|M)siti(Mi, to vvhirli the excess of moisture j»reatlj
assists. In proportion to its entire; wei;;ht none of
our domestic animals contain S(t small a proportion-
ate am lint (tf mus(de and tissm* as the ho«^ the imi-

pro-
^ress. Now all tln^ animal tissues, whether muscu-
lar or cadlular, contain a certain amount of water,
whilst the fluids Arhich are not withdrawn from the

and buttermilk, and not to the nuMh' of curin*:. An-
other important fa. t is that whilst fiini. w(dl {"i'd
hogs absorb U\«s salt than ill fed animals: i?) fact,
though as much salt is us( <1 with the former as with

the latter, the former when perfectly cured will be, ....

by no means so salt as the latter", although like j.jor })art consisting of fat, which, from its ""more sim-
nicans are used in (Midi case, and continiKMi in picdde plo chemical coniposition, is less liable to decay, or
or salt a like length of time, and tl;e reason is .d)vi- I becoming, as it is commonly termed, "reasty" or
ous from natural causes. ^ There is not nimdi fear «d "ru^ry." whi.h rustiness wilfgenerally be fouiM on
well fed, firm hogs becoming over salt in curinl^ un- : examination to have commenced in the deeay of the
loss great excess of salt and saltf)(^h-e are used bu* envidopingor cellular tissue. Common salt 'ahf^orhs
tlie purpose, or kept pn'post(>rously ]rn<^ in salt. In moisture when> an excess is present, and yields the
Avhatcver form t!e> flesh of hogs is intende.l to l)e m asture so absorl)ed on exposure to a imMlerately
,disp( so 1 of, it is rcMpiisite that food should 1m^ wi'h- <fn' atmosphere. The.se properties, in connexion
held fr m them for at least sixteen or twenty-four with the fact that salt is an agreeable condiment,
Inmi 8 prior to their being slau-^htered; ana if th v rtMider this substance, irrespe(;tiv(M)f its cheapness
have p eviously been driven, they ought to have a and general distribution, the most fitting antiseptic
rest <.t three or four days before being killed, for if that can be applied. I am inclined to consider the
killed when in a nervously excited stale, or incipient ultimate action of salt in a great measure as me-

IW^I

rinzi: kssav on imhs.

or:

:^2r)

t^W -^i-XAJm ■<»'■. a *tj-*\jVv^''HV »Ui-tBb'1

wmmk-iim n«i*-y«T rWjr«-ia

chnni<''i'' whilst that <•! saltpetre [lutrate of jtotash)
a.M entirely (diemieal. Wiien a (piautity of dry salt
is ap['li<'d to pork reeently killed, and thus h.lt in a
drv apartment, th<' salt will sotui assumes a moist
arrpearance in conse(juene<' (d the union (d" tin; mois-
ture in the meat witli the salt, eventuall}' forming a
liiniid called brine, if this hrine and moist salt is
now throwri away, and fresh dry salt applied, the
whole of the moisture in th<; meat may be extractc<l
with the exception (d that moisture wlii(di is retain-
ed hv the greater (diemieal aflinity (d" the auiiual
fihre. Meat so tr(nited would, no doubt, k<'e[) w«dl,
hut it would he excessively salt. In the c(airs(! of
Halting meat, the animal tissues becomes saturated
with a s(dution more or less strong, according to cir-
cumstances, of salt. In drying, the water in the
hrine is evaporated, the meat becomes to a certain
ext<'nt desiccated, many of the pcu'cs ar(» filled with
and the exterior parts become cov^jred with an efiior-
f'scence of s;dt; tiiti moisture having been in a great
measure extracted, combined with tln^ prescm^*; of a
considerable quantity of salt n(»t only in the tissin;
hut as an exterior coating, preserves the meat from
the action of the atmosphere, provided it is kept in a
dry place. Salt alone will not givi^ that agreeabhi
red c<»lour so much aiimired in pres u-ved meats; thi <
IS aeconipn,>ncu i*^ uMiig a hiii.ui quiiiUiLj to h.iu-
p.'tre. The change of (adour caused hy using salt-
petre is a pretty lair proof that a ch(3mical coiuijina-
tioii takes place; a further proof is that the muscular
fihres are rende'red decidedly firmer when us(;d, and
wiit-n in excM'ss, causes the muscular [»art (d" the mt%Lt
to herouie Inirshly hard, or, as it is commonly term-
ed, t<tringy and tough.

The difference betwecm hogs that luive been wcdl

and ill fed consists mainly in the circumstanc(» that

the W(dl fed uoirs have their c(dlular tissue; firmly

kiut together, enveloping firm and w(dl filled cells of

fat; indifferently <"ed liogs have the muscular <u- lean

parts lo(,se and flabiiy, the cellular tissue; aud envtd-

«'pf'd fat is also loose, and sinks easily (Ui pr<'ssure

hy the finger. '!'h<; tissues, instead (d being firm

and elastic and of a white colour, will be found soft,

noil f'lastic, and of an opalescent colour, similar to

that of onlinarily formed calves' feet Jelly prior to

hein^jj clarified for table. The fat particij)ates in this

colour in conse((uence of the tissues ludng soCl and

large, tliough containing more moisture than thost;

of w(dl fed hogs, which also accounts fi)r the cbdicien-

cy of elasticity; the cells are imperfectly filled with

f;it. Frtan the preceding details it will be a[)parent

that a mucdi greater quantity (d moisture <u" liriw

in:i\ he anticipate*! in saltinjj: an ill fed ()vei- that

1*1..' ^

whieh will i>^sue from a well fed hog, and in practic*! !

^U(di is fi)und to be the case; the moisture withdrawn

is repla<'e<l ou drying !>y crystals of salt tilling up

the vacant interstices, wdrndi. as these will always he

'imeli more numerous in lean than fat hog-, will

cause the baciui on dryiu"" to he disa^iceahly salt.

i lie far famed Westphalian hams have to \n\ steep(>d j

prior to cooking, in c(uise(pience of this proj.erty; !

^'•'11 fed Westphalian hams (a ram (iris] do not r(»- '

<]y\\\'(' stei'ping prim- to cooking, it is evident from

Hie pio;p'i-ty hei-i' described that any mode of procc- |

dure whi(di will pri^vent an undue flow (d" the sapid

flunb whi<di exist in the pork, i- desirabh' if iioat-

teiidcd with more than commensurate disadvantag(;s. i

ihis can be done by applying in the first instam^e a •

Ppi'inkling of salt'petre. ' .Should the atmosphere, |

however, be very fn^e from humidity, it may be ne- 1

cessary to use a little ceunuKm salt, which, from its !

'Bore deliquescent property, lias a tendency to bo-

come li(juid [firiiK') by the absorption of water froai
the air, ami the fluids in the meat thus aeeehrate tho
opeiaiion ol the sail jietre. Tnis being doni\ it is to
be ruhhcd, i(e., with salt in the usual manner. Tlie
action ( f tlie salt[)etre when ap[)lied as described is
I to combine with tin; water of the til, res and tissues
of th«' meat, thus c:uising theui to contract, r Mider-
ing the meat less vesicular or p(U'ou^, and conso-
(pnaitly will not retain so nnndi salt from the brine
! *"» <J''y'".t^- '''^»'' disadvantage's are that the fihres of
the meat are rendered somewhat hanl. In a general
way, and uud(;r ordinary cireainistancew of heat and
humidity of the atmosphere, it is Ix^st to ajtply a
mixture of salt and saltpt'tro at fiist. When wcdl
> fed hogs are to be cured, if the atmosphere is yrvy
.dry, salt alone should he applied at first, then salt-
j p<»tre alone; sprinkleel e>ver the meat, the brine being
, afterwarels well rubbed in and thrown e)ver the ine'at;
; salt (fUitndiin snff. te) be applied suhseMpn;ntly. in
I very moist (►r baei curing weather, saltpetre should
' be; applieel alone; at fir t, unless the-ri; is a feNir thati
the meat will d(;cay, in wdiich casr; salt must be af)-
plied. From this cause it i»» almost impe)ssihle to
cure pork in hot weather other than by using salt;
anel saltj)etre in combinalion. These are' g-aiu-al
rules, the re'sult of (;xf)(;rience, whit-li however may
lie ;j,rcaiiy moeiiiied oy larcumstauces. iNotwitU-
standing wliich, the'y arfi valuable as rules, ami, if
carefully atteunleMl te), will be; fouml (Ui trial W(U-thy
(»f notice. A great (l(;al is state' 1 by writers eui the
ne'cessity e)f well rubbing in the siU, tte.; as this
e'annot he perfeu-med hy the bare han 1 e)u th' largo
scale, soiini curerslurnish their workm 'ii with bru. di-
e's lurnishefl with a strap nailed aero-> the top for
the hand to go thre)ugh; with these the outer '^kin of
the bacon is well rubh(;el. I am not imdined te) put
a ve-ry high value' on the act ed' rubbing //"/• sc; iti
eleung so, howe've'r, the; operator netressarily more
fairly eiistrihute;s tin; salt, «-e;., and the whole ed the
skin ge'ts se)tte'ne*d, for neithing causes pork '7o fake
(he s<ilt so fic//" as the vvhe)le of the' skin heing maelc
soft, and in the; e)rdinary moele of placing siele upon
side there always (;xist patches that reuniii hai'd :
rubhing, continu:il shiftinj', and turnin;: the sides
almost entire'ly remf;ely this elefe;ct. Fejrcuring pork,
a dry re)e)m with a tre)Ugh forme;d of slate jiassing
ale>ng e>ach side anel enel e)f the reieun, and neit more;
than VI inche's de'e[), is the b{;st; it may, he)wever. be
made e»f stone', wexiel, e>r wood line'd with leael. Slato
an<l woeid lined with leael will be found the best, the
former to be pr(;;erred. Wood ahiue is the' worst
material that eMu be use»d.

The sides be'ing all prej>are(l a^ ]U'.viou^1y ele-
scribed, salt ami saltpe'tre», ale)ne' or mixed. ai"e to be
spriiiAhMl e)ver each, and then laiel em e'.ieh otler un-
til e-ight, ten, or a elozen sides are he;ep"d togetleT,
the nunilier varviti"- according: to the t!i.elcne<s of
the sides: half a d i/,en will, howe'ver, he loiind the;
most e-onve'uient nuinbe'r. In the course "f twenty-
four hemrs eu* a couple uf elavs, according as the; salt
is ce)nv(;rte!d intei brine, -the sides are r<'Uio\ed. rubbed
and replaceel in an 'uxe'rse eu'de'r, the te)pme>st being
this time plae^ed at the- beitteun. A litth- fresh salt is
sprinkled hetweeu e'a«di ciuirse, anel tic iii'ine thi'own
over the whole, lu \cry dani|i ^veathe-r, the hrining
^h.oold he omitte'(l; if so, the; sides shemld be well
wasln;d and rubbed in the; brine pr<'viemsly to re-
packing. In favemrahh' we;ather for curing, onco
turning anel rcphicing will be; f'und sufficient, and
will not en;cupy more than a week. In packing, tbo
skin, or rind side, is invariably placed unelerneath.
If needed, this packing, rubb'n^, and salting are re-

?CC AGRICULTURE IN CALIFOKMA- IN VK RSTOX OF TIIi: WOMl^. IX COWS. |I)K<F,Mnc«

pouted. WliiMJ c(»n»|>l* t ol, tl.c aided die takciniuwn,
viped dry, iiiul laid on nui^li uai»vairt clv'tli, tin.' liihl
frido witli the Mkin uMd(Mne.itli. liiy f^iilt- is now eo-

fiide is tlien laid «»ii tljiM, witij l:n'. >!vni iu\vonao>L,
ftuotlier .sprinkling; of aalt, on wuuli i.i laid aside

A^^iicnltiirv In (aliltirnia,

I hav(^ ^^pt)k('n belore ot" tli>' larimn;^ • >))''r iii,,ris of
Messrs. liruril aii<l 11 .rncr, in t!ir vullry ofS.iri Jose
pinusly strewn over it; llie next »ido is laid willi the ;^„,j ^^y,. y,„, .^ stainutMit o| last y«*ar'w crops. '

rihs lowenuoHt, and the skin nppeiniost; itnuiliur ^ },,„,.{,.,.„('},,, „^.^„,i .^,.,.,>^t^vo thousand in .,ru' ji,.],|

Mr. ll)rn«'r cukivatcs tiiis year ii.OOO arrcs, ,,{
whifh about tMH' Il)!>u>^al^d were 8.)\vn and harsrstcd
^V'th theril)s l.wtM most; the eanvas wrapper la ni-w i f,,,,
drawn over all, and eorded. 'J his is los- mode the | W'/ita/ avcra.Lrin;; loriy husliels to the acr^; tlip

rroen ha^^on ia h( i.t lo liic nn'trupolitan luarkt.'t liunj |;i,.^,.st yi<*ld sixty, ('lirrent value about $J per
ndaini, it b«'in-: h»nnd that, il Muok d iiimI [MTleetly | j^usbrl. ' Much inj\irv was sustained iVoni rust,
dried in 1 1 eland, il -Iocs not presnve so widl a> whru , Jiar/a/ - Wnml ^iH) trres, _>it'l«lin;r fifty bushels to
forwarded "r/rco/." and then Htore<i in tlu; vaults ut j t|„. .^^.^.\. [i,,. volunt«M'r (M'op yielded *^teu hush, is
the various l/.ndon w harts; Iroiu which it is drawn i ,^,,>i-(. per aere than the sown, and of a better (jualitv.
in order to be sujokinl as nniy be re^juired lor con-
KUiu) lion. The west (d En»;land baetui is sent to
London, readv vlried, by huui carria-(; : it is only by

» M-eai ria;Z'* that bacon is obm>xious to damage when
dri( il an<l^^nioked i'eady lor consumption. In curin;;
lianiH a trou;^h bein}^ proVidtMi as de.-,cribed, tiiey
Kb' uld b' lirst rubl»cd wiih a mixture (d s.ilt and
nallp'tre, then laid with the shank end lowist at an
ftn-le of \') (le;;rees, and soon with every row; at the
f,en)nd or thinl tlay they should be well rubbed with
the l,riie> an<l salt 'set up aa beloJ-e willi a htile iresh
H,i!t ni]d salt|>''tre; in two da\s more tliey .should be
ULTain ru ,' ei:, ai.u Oiiv-ivcu 4i.it .iii.i €»»> I •>'..'./ t» . j. .....,»

l>!e, t! V ibi<'k p.iit of one n»w a;^ainst tht? shanivs ot

the n"Xt row. bv whic^i nn'ans the w hoh; wiii be

Ilea ly c )verr«l wilh their own pickle. In a w«ek or

ten davH they will be cured and ready lor dr^in-:;,

uh'.ch* should be done by takm- tnem out ot the

piekle, wttin;]^ tluMU upii^iit wnli tiie shanks oonmi-

wards. ami a little dry salt throun .»ver the thick

eiiii. Alter brin^ ihu.> hdi lor a week longer, lle->

Will be really lor ban;i;in;; up in the drying Infuse,

whirl) is in tact a >low sto\ e. Racon and hams aic ^

Mnok«>d bv lieinir ti'"; t damptul, and ll^-n thrown |

amon"'st s()me drv bran, which adhi tijs to the meat, i Inversion of tlie Wtinib in Cow?*.

and prevents its bein;; disli^ured by liie suot; ihey i In the convulsive elTbrLi in order to accomplish

are iheii bun.r \iji in a lla;:;;' d room, wiih a .h.innei | (j,,. (;xj)ulsior» ol the hcius, the womb itseil xwik;-

runnm;; down the ei-nir.', lowa.ds whn-h the lh>'>i" j times closelv h»llows the calf, and han-s Iroin ilie

inclines on each t^ide. (!oailers hlli'd VMlh >^i»^v.iu-l |^^..^,.j,,,, .^^^ j ^^y .^^^ ,,p i,,^y,,,. (|j.^,, (|i,. h.H^k^, in the

t(un) ot a lai'iie red or violet i-olored ba'^ Tins i.s

Quoted at "IjiC per lb

^///a'— About 2()() bushels, average forty-five bush-
els to the acre; «.]aiie. per lb.

rolalocs — Fifte(;n hundnMl aeres, avernginf* 2^0
bush(ds per aere. l*rest?nt fi;;ures are very low--U%
I4C {)er lb. A sale is reported o( one n)ilh«)n poundn
delivorable from 1st November to ist February next,
at l2e. per lb. From the immense (juantity planted
this sea.son, tlie price will ruhi low.

Onions — Five acres, avera«j:in;^ about J(),(K)0 lbs.
per aere, a small yield. Per lb. i^a4c.

In Corn, Cuhfunje, Mi-'ons, To/nati^s, Ptimjtkins,
cVc, aoouL 'JO ticres.

Jlaiz—Ciil ab(»u^ 200 ton^. at $:'>Oa$iO per ton.

Orchdyd — oOO aere-". Reach trees tJonrishinjj;
yieldin<^ Hiui Iruit within IS nion lis after plantinj;.

In addition to his immense opei'ations in hkiiniiiL',
Mr. liorner is just eoiupietin;^ one of the Ix'st tiini-
in;; mills in the State, the cost id" which will nut l>o
less than S^^O.OOO. The precedin;:; hasty skeidi nt
this ;i;enlh-nnin'H tanning (»j)er.itit»ns will niike s..!no
of your readers (t{)en ihcir eyes, especially if they
will li^ure up the totals, even at present low pnccs.

hr<' ?Mw li'dited, the room is c osed and hit. When
the hres are extin;j.uishe»l, smd the bacon is supposed
t) have absorbed as much smoke as it cm, tin; place
js a;;ain entei ed, the biecm and hams taken down,
the bran, with it> attached soot, is brushed oil', the
ba.on isn iw ready for m irket, as .seen at the retail-
ers. Tlje lat wiiieh has dripped ivo\\\ the bacon in
i^mokinj; i ■ coih ii-il from the i'ei;eptacle at the end
( f tlie ;i;utter. tie' dii't and ashes swept out, when
tliJ pliict; is n;^a.n ready lor anothi'r 1 )t. Tin* line
flav()ur ot We>tp!ialian hams is stat< il to In- due tu
the circun^stani-e of the sm;)kin;:; rooiU' b.'m^j; m eh'
f(> liiirii that the vSmok(» is cold wlien i[ ari-i\i'^ at lie'
liains. Tins nnvy be the ease )n jml: I r.uher at-
tribqt ' their llavour t'l arise l.o.ii the ia( t ol thepii:;>
l)eing ol a small thm bre '>1, a el no; kile-d niiiil
th"Y are at least two years old. 'I'o l.a\e a ham in
p'rteeiion the ho^ ou;j:ht to be three yea s uld ulien
killed: to leed uch would noijiayth' f.iiiner. in
fialtin;; pork for bacon l^ li>. ol Hill is suili^-ient to
fait 1 stone o^' 1 i lbs. of m'at, o.- IG stones (2 ewt.)
V(UjM rejpiiro 21 lbs. (d salt; and with ^jreat e;ir<

called ''the down fall id' ike. caf/'bin/." It sh uld U
relumed as sion as possib e, t r tin re i.> usually
^reat pressure on the neck ot the vvoino, which im-
ptides the circulati( n of tin; blood, and the protriuled
part Ljuickly ^rows livid and bhu k. and is covi red
with nlc(M-ated vS »of.<-, and bect>nn's ^^,i ^renous and
morliti'd; and this is rapidly iuerea>ed by the iiiiu:y
will di the woin'o sustain^ in tin' tMiitii.u.il ;;''tliii^
up and Ivin;^:; d</\vii ot the cow in these ca-e-.

T e wouil* ijiii->l liisl be cleah-i'.i lioiu all t!;'' dirt
which ii m i> ha\ ■■ ;iather. d. If noieli ^wrlln^liiH
taken plaee. and th'> bii; lo>.ks iniekeiied an I -"i-^.Mt
with bio >d, it should bo luhliy yet Ire.ly M'li'ti'd,
and the bleed. nj; ouiouia o>,l b\ v.ann h riiit'in iH' n>.

W'nii.r t hi- is (h.la\ It ,>hwuid be r.iveiuily as M'T aiii"!

whether then' i> an\ di->leiis!n)i «d the luiiien. .'.nd
li ih'.tMs, nlhri- the coinaioiv punei ore It lieuVO
should be ninl' in liu; ManK, oi- a dose ol the s.da-
ti.»n of the ciil »; 1 1 > wf liiuj a I nmistere 1. A

• n-'-

tended rumen nnid h.im an almost m^nperal'ie (>!>-
the return n[' the uterus. Two i-er-' IH

stac

t«»

]•

and attention :| o/. of saltpolro is sulUeient for a | should now support tin' eall-ba;; by n»eans

ol ;v

fitono (d" meat, or 1 ib. for lO stones oi lueat. It is
ft safe piactico to use 1 o/. of saltpt^tre to a stone oi
pork. These rpiantities are adapted to private use;
lar;re cureis use more of hotli articles.

[to UK CONCLUDED K\ NEXT NUMiiEtt.]

str»)n-. yet soft cloth, while, it the placenta yt re-
imiinij aitaidied ii> it. a third pe..son ;^<'iktly separates
it at evivy p(dnl. It would be u^tdess l«> attempt ti>
return the womb until the < leans'n;: i.s tjiken aw':«y»
tor the labor pains would return as violently '*''. "f*
lore. The operator wid careluily rciujvo the httw

1853.1

SOfTRTW Ft)()l> FOR (]\T LF A\l> HOr..^.

r»27

colle«'ti<>t»s, or hundloa of !>lood-vossels. which be-
lonK to the f<etal portion nf the placenta, and whi(di
are implanted into the tle.-hy exeresecuces, th .t, lor
Hitine reason nev« ryet tully explained, ^row upon the
purlace (d the impre;inate«l womb, and gradually
(liHai>|><':ir after the birth of the call. 11 mucdi
bleed.n^ attend this process, the parts are to b«'
washed with a weak mixturee id spirit and water.
The hlee<lin;^ beln^ a litth; stayed, and ev<'ry thin^r
that may have gathered round the calt-bajx bein|i; re-
Mioved, the Jis istaiits should rais(» the tdotii, ami
brill;:; the womb on a level with the bearin>;; wdiile
the t<ur^'««on. standing bfdiind, and havintz; his hand
:ind arm well oiled, and a little oil having been like-
•rtise smeared over tin; woml) «;enerally, places his
rij:;ht hand, with the tin^cTs bent or (demdied,
against the bottom— the very inferior and farther
part (d that division or horn of the uti^rus wdiich
contained the i(X3tus, and forces it through the [lass-
a"e, and as far as he can into the belly; and there he
retains it, while, with the other hand, he emleavors
likewise to force up the snniller horn, and the mouth
of the womb. He will timl considerable difficailiy in
ctfectin^ this, fur the strainint^s a;j;ainst him will
otten he immense, and sometimes, when he thinks
he has attained his objeet, the whole will a^ain be

the iu;rular, and t .e admirdstration (d a coujde (d
draohius of opium, will nniterially lessen these spas-
modic etfiU^ts, The surgeon must, in s[iite <d lati^ue.
y»atiently persist in his labor ufitil ins object is ae-
cemplished; and he will be nnit(M'ially assisted in
thi'^ bv hiivin^ the C')W either st..ndin^, or so plaee(l
on straw that her hinder piirts should be considera-
bly (devated.

The practitioner fi'.iould he eareful that the parts
are returru'd as nearly as possible into their natural
situation, and this he will easily ascertain by exami-
iiatii'ii with the hand. Much of tl>e after (juietmiss
(d the animal, ami the retention of the wumb thus
returned, will depeinl upon this.

Althou;;h the retuiai of the parts to tin ir natural
sitiiatiin nniy be t(d<'rably clearly ascertained, yi't it
will b;' prudent .0 provide against a fr<'sh access (d
]>ain and another expuls'on of the uterus. F(tr this
purp<ise it had been usual to pass three or four
Rtitches of small tape throui^h th(y lip.s of the bear-
iup;: but this is a paintul tiling, ami simietimes ditti-
eult to accomplish; and tin; eases are not unfre(juent
when these stitches are torti out, ami ct)nsiderab|e
lueeration ami inflammation ensue.

A eoll ar should be passed Kaind the net-k (d' the
<'ow. composed (d' w(d»: a ;j:;irth of the sann* material
i-- flen put round the body iKdiind the slmuldei-s, and
this is CMnio'c'ted with the collar, ihider the brisket
a id u\.'r the shoiihler, and on each side A se<-ond
^'irth IS pa<>-ed beliMitl th ■ lii-st, and a little :inrerior
te ttie udder, and connected wit h t he ti, s' in the same
Way. To this, on (me side, and levid \sifti the b vir-
luir, a pi(M'(Mit stout wrappin;: (doth or other stroii^i:
initcnal, twelve or sixt<'eii indies wiile, is sewed or
fiiHtened, ;ind brouudit over the bearin;::;, and attaidied
to the ^irth on the other sidt^ in tlnr s.ime n)ann(M\
A knot (in eacdi side will etmstitute the simplest
last jinej. and this pressing: tiiinly on the bearine;
Will (dh'etu.ally t»revent the wnmb irom a;:;ain protru-
^ni«;. If It should Im^ m^eessary, an.>iher piece nny
be carried from 1m low th(^ b(;arin;; <»ver the udder ti»
the second ^irih, autl a e<u-respondin;; one, slit in
ordrr to pa H on ca<di side of the tad, may reach
iroiM above the bearin;^ to the upper part of the sec-
ond baudagj.

The cow sliould be kept as quiet as possible; warm
mashes and warm i;ruel should he allowed; bleeding
slnmld a;;ain be resorted to, ami small doses of opium
administere(i if she should \n) r(!stIesK, or the pains
should return; but it will not be pruihmt durin;:; tho
first day to *;iv(! either those fever nuMrndm^s, as nitre
and di;^italis, wdiiidi may have a diuri^tic effe(;t and
excite the urinary orj^ans, or to brin;^ on the strain-
in;:; <'ffeet (d' pur;;in;j;, by administerin;.:; even a dose
of saline medii-ine. Should twenty four hours pass
and the pains not riUurn, tl 0 stitches uny be with-
drawn from the bearing, or the banda^^ci removed. —
Youatt on Cuttle.

■^•^

Sourinnj food for Cattle and Hogs.

The cause is rather remote upon wdiieh this prin-
ciple is f)ased. It in ass(»rted upon got)d authtwity
that Rye, Baf-ley, or Indian Corn meal, made into a
mash and allowed to ferment and pass into the sarna
state, when mix(Ml with cut hay, stra^v or otlu'r drjr
ve;j;etable food exhibit^ the most nnirked fattening ef-
f<;cts. A very consistent and observing friend ot
ours r<Mmvrked the other d.iy, that he could with bar-
ley meal alone, properly fermented and st.ured. niako
ho^s as fat in six weeks, as they could, or ou;^ht to
be, and that he preferred such process to ctioking

rhn f. ;id r.T :;nv rA}:rr rneth;;:!

It is a familiar fact to all f«;eders of swine, that
sour and coa;:;ulated milk is worth one quarter more
tor thos(? animals, than fresh ami sweet milk; bul
how its action in that stati* is to be accounted for,
and its operation on the animal ecoiKuny of tln^ stoiiv
acdi, is not very ap[)arent. It is known by tho ex-
pi'rinnjtns of Dr. Rkaum ont, that milk ami all suh-
htances capabh; of ct)a^ulation are almost instantlj
(dniiij^ed on nuxin;j; with the gastric juice, and th©
rejectitm (d" milk by the infant, immediately after
suckin;.»;, als a shows the fact.

Now, whether the sourin;; of the food r(dieveH thd
action of the di;;estive process, or whether the acetic^
m ilic, or otli(;r acids an? rerpiiri^l by ih? st »m ich
to etf.'i;t s(M;reti on or stimulation, is simpler conjecture.
Willi the hum in Kub'pa^t, pickles are a favorite c(m-
diment with rich md hij^hly concentrated fiod, and
m my delicate stomachs can emlure the use of lar;j;e
((uantities {){ these most imligestible and unnutritive
substanees, without experiem*in<]; any deletcriom^ ef-
fects. It is ^ene ally held, that those persons who
consuun; e^uch acid food ami use vine;;!ir afi I pickle*
fre.dy, are a[)t to he thin and spirf?; contrary to the
do(;trine ofsourin;^ fo »d. We om!e knew a youn'.; la ly
so Heshy and full of 'blood and blue vijins," th it her
skin wasalm ist to th" tensimi of bursrin/, vh » redu-

(

•('(1 herselt t(> very resp.-i'talde wa'^pdike ( i iensi(ms,
uno'idy by the W'^'^' use id" vineijivr.

or (h ■ •'• )od (dfects (d tlie souring; proec^^s, wlien
used for t ittenin;^ aoim lU, w > h ive t ic m i-^t abiiii-
d ant pro ds in our own exp n'ierr.ie, and alth luich th'?
inodii^ k'jtcmiiih \^ not so (dear to rair pereeptioin, ift
we opine, siifheieiit foi us to know that sutdi H

IS

tin; f ct, at lea^t Irom its assertion by ^ I atithonty,

to iinluee ,air rea has to^ try its (dfects and its econo-
my.— [ Wool Grower.

liMKiK Mki-ons. — Yesterd ly tnere sold in tiiis (dty
a fiad ot waternndoiis, Si) in iiumb^jr, wei hini; '_',1()7
]» unds. 'J d ibs. each. 01 the number six were piek-
.•d Ir-m iini^ vim». Th y were eulfiva'ed on the Sin
•loaipi II. (tilebe R.uudi,) owned by M -ssrs. (ir.oin
and Wallace. Tin-y hive now «;rowin.L!; (m thmr
ranth. onions 17 imdies in (drcumlerence, and vveij^h-
m^ -i lbs. — Hep. California.

i. <i:^

, *** ffvUt* . ...

Maiiagemt'iit oflfanouid Mamuc l.> Prof. J. p

Norton,

Frot?i Nurion\i Elements of Scientific Farming.

Tho maiiuro of Viiri(.u^ 'I. 'mystic animals is, \n this
country, most coniirK.iilv .uiploviMl as a fntil/.T all

ho manure co loc ed in , will he of tho most valua
bn-an.i powerful .Ir-smption. Tl»e tank niiy bo, 1?"

otstonr, iM-i.-k, nrw„MKasism,st c ,nv.-n,Vnt " , f

Il.M'd ,>,.st l)Ht V.TV littl". ' ^'"-^

W'liilc ili(^ Ii<
JiliOd-"! ciitirt'l V

li.l

'"""^••^""••-"i-^a.-tuailv in many p^s.,

other manures hein;^ used in C(.in[)iirativ(>lv small '''■■^"' =^"'* •^'*''^^'''- ""''• »>"''i'lv 'v.tv thin.r .s,,!,,!,! •
qujintiriea; find yet even these sue s('l(|.Mn * preser- ; ^^'•'^'''''* ^^'^■•^.^■:'*»' '^''^P'^"^*''! in' ij.'af.s t<. r.-im,.,,t Jf?
ved and applied as earefully as they mi-'lit, or ou'r|,t ! *'^'^ =^">' *'(»verih<,r. i„ ,„. i, .^ ^,^^^ a.nuiMi.i ^ is ..'l«-V
^O ]'<^ . '^ I'form.Ml and -ivrnull: it iniv ,,it,-„ |„. p.nviv'.,! 1

The prmeipal \.iri.'tIos ar,' fl),is.^ .,{ tlb'ox, tli.'eow ; ^h(' sincll. parti. Mjlarlv i?i ii-.r^.; manure Th- f "^
the ho^', the h(.rs,>. and tho sheep. Ol thrs,', that cf "'"^V i^l^'> In'shoun, hydippin- a h>ath.'r'in .niiri-iir
th- iK.rso ,M most valuahl.^ in its froj, state; it con-, ^^'*1 =^"<1 waviiiL'; it ..\vr the In^ip. If ammoni'i '
t:iin- mnrU nitn.-en, lait it is very liahlo t.. l.)se by t '^">' q>»:i5»tity i.s (seapin;::, ^vhite fumes will he vi«''
iovuwu'.'Mum. Thar of the !,.,;; e'omes n,-.xt. That J\ 1»1*' '^hout the feath<«r, eause,] by the formation .,r mj"
the eou' IS placed at the liottom of the list. This is i •''•^t*- "^' ammonia. A teacher (^an exemnlifv thi^ l „

because the enriehin^r substances of her food i^o prin-
cipally to the formation of milk, the m mure bein<'
theie!)y remb red po(»rer. "^

'i'lie manure u{ all thes.> anim lis is far richer than
the food j-ivon them, l)ecause it contains nundi more
nitroL'cn. This is f..r the reason that a lari^e part ol
the carbon smd oxy^^en of tin' food are consumed in
the lun-s and bl(M)d ,ii;en(>rallv for the juirpose „f keep-
in- up the }„>al of the body.'Th<>y aiv --vmi off from
the lun;^'s. an.l aNo by p-Tspiratiun and eyaporation
thron-l, ti.e ,„„•... ..lihe skin, in the forms of carbon-
ic a<-hl and water.

From animals fed njvm rich Cmm], tlc' manure is
mu( li more ])o\verlul than when it is poor. Jn Kn<;-
lan i. for instance*, where they faten catt!-' Iar<;eiy
on oil cake, it is calculate,] that the inc;va<od v:7l ue
of the manure repays all of th.' ou,lav. This is the
reason why human ordure is bett' r than manure
from any of the animals mentioned aboye, tii,> f ,o(l
of n an bein^ ricdi and yarious.

All thcs(; kinds of manure should be earefully col
lected and |)re<ery<d, both a>« t.. their li-piid and sol-
id parts. Thr li.pii.i part or urine is particailarly
ricii 111 the phosphates and in nitro^r,>n. This part is
by very many farm -rs permiltr.l in a ^-reat d.-^re«'
to run away or evaporate. Some farmvards are con-
trived so as to throvv the water olf entirely, others
eoi;\ey it throui^h asmall ditch upon the nearest field.
The liquid nianure whit'h mi-;ht have fertilized sev-
eral acres in the course of the season, is thus concen-
trated upon one small spot, and th.; consequeMiee is
a ve-otation so rank as to })e of very little use. Spots
of this kiial may be seen in the nei<^riihorhood of
many firm-yards, where the ^rass<rrous upso|H\iyy
that it falls down and rots at the U.ttom, and has ti>
be cr.t several weeks b<'fore havin<; time, produeinr

holdm^f; a feather, dippe.l in t}i(* same way, „y,.r an
ammonia bottle. This ,v<cap.,' of so vahiablea substana>
may ))e in a L,n'eat measure preventtMl by sh .yollirvr
earth over the surface of the heap, to u ,l,.pth „7
two or three inch >s. If this does not arrest it emir/
ly, sprinkle ii few han.lfuls of plaster upon the ton-
tlic sul[)huric a.rid of the j)las(er will as'fyefore unite
with the ammoniii, and form sulphate of amm aiii
Manun^s containing: nitro^ren in lar^.> (piantitv :ir."
so <'xcee,lin.-ly yalual>l(\ because this -as is requinvl
to fonn .r1nr..n ...1 j.,,.;,., of that class, m the plant-
tiiis IS particularly m the seed, and somofimos a]«^o
in the fruit. Plants can easily obtain an abun.laiMv
of caibon, oxy-en, and hydro-en, from the air. th.'
soil, and manures. Not so with nitro-en. Tli^v can
not r^et it from the air; there is little", f it in"nie>L
soils; and hence mainireswhicli contain much of it
produ.-e such a marked r-fle.;t. \of that it is m -r- m-
ccssarii than theother or-anic bodies, but more s.aree;
at least in a form available for plants. The sami' nii-
sonm;; applies to phosfdiorie acid. It is not more
nei.'essary than the other in(»r-anic in-redir-nts; hut
still is more valuable, bccaus.« more uncoiniiMii in
the soil and in manures.

In :ili places wheremanure is protected fromtliesun,
and from much washin- l,y rain, its value is ^rrciiiW
increased.

a. Morse manure partiiaiiarly should not ))e Mi
exposed at all: it be-ins to heat and to lose nitrn^iai
almost immediately, as may be perceived by the
sm»dl. It should be mixed with other manures, or
covered by some absorbent earth, as soon as possible.
Almost every one who enters a stable in the morn-
in;;, where there are many horses, must perceive
the stron- snudl of ammoiua that fills the place. I
have seeii in some stables, Itttle pans containing'
plaster of paris or sulphuric acid, for the purpose

8tron;r coarse hay that cattle will scarcely touch. |r r- .^u.puui..; ;u-.u, lor lue pw.pe..

Ihe j>roper way to sav(> this liijuid is to liave a tank ! ^ Jibsorbin- these fumes, and formin- sulphate nf
or hole, into which all the drainin-s ofthe yard may :i">i>»-nia. /-. 'flie li.piid which runs from barnyiird.s
bectmducted. Iflefi here lon^^, this liijiud l>c^ri„s to ler- '-.'"I l'""» manure heaps, i,s shuwn by analysis to con-

ment, and lose niti-o-eu ill tluWorm of ammonia, whirh "''^^ "*" ^'"' "^"^f fertili/in- substairces; a:el itis»'a!-
It will be ieiiiembere<l is a compoun 1 o! iiitro-en an<l , ^i»hited that whi^re this is all allowed to wash away,
hydro-en. To renK^ly this, a little sulphuric acid, '^^ '-^ th.> case in many instances, the manun^ is nf-
or a few pounds of })last«'r, may be occasi(,nally U^'" »'''<hic(d man ly one half in its value. I have seen
throwh in. The sulphuric a.ad will unite with the J'^''^^^ where it was almost worthless, owin- to Im^'
ammonia, and form sulphat.* of ammonia, which will i cx})osure.

remain unchan-ed, not bein- liable to <-vaporate. ' The larnci-s of this country need awakenin- uimh
Others prefer to mix sufhci.ait peat, ashes, sawdust, t''*' subject ol carefullv j)r<'servin- their common ma-
or fine charcoal with the rnpiia in the tank, to soak ■ |iui*^''^- In Flanders, wlnire ev.a-ythin- of the kind
it all up: others still pump it out and pour it upon a '^ sav(>d \\i:h ih.' -reatest care, the li<piid manure of
compost heap. One point is to b<> notiee.l in the <"^ '^i>»^h) cow for a year is valued at >^li); here it is too
management of a tank. Only the water whirli nat- <'^^^" allowed to escape entirely. P^lther they are very
orally drains from the stables and yards should be j foolish, or we are very \vasteful.
allowed to enter it all that falls from the eaves .d the A word of kindnessrTt"is"li^sced which, even
buildings should be discharged elswhere. Uegula- | when dropped by chance, is sure to spring up a flow-
ted in this way, tho tank will seldom overflow, and ; er. ^^ J i o i

IS.')."..

PALMr.ir.-^ iMriiovKi) iroRSE powku and kotauv Tiiui:.siii:n-

320

%t » t»K.^~' .

I'aliiierVs loijuuvcii Hoisc I'ouer

/

\

- t

i I

TiiK annexexed illustration
gives a perspective view of Pal-
mer's \ew and Iinpro\(;d
Ibase l\.wer, which, though
originally designed by the in-
ventor to accompany histhr(!sh-

irg macll!n("<, ( he{o!-e des(;rib-

cd,) IS Well ,i(!ap:ed and fitted

to be Use(l whe||eV(a* [loW(;r Is

necd((|, ami in combination
with any kiml of macliinery.

It is distinguished from horse
powaa-s ordinarily in use, by
b(Mng so eoiistiaicted that any
feiniired len-th of levera-e —
IVom ticc/cr to (ire lit I/- fire feet —
may be obtained and rend(*re'd
available, and that two, three,
or even a greater number of
hands, may be worked at the
sanu^ time, and thus motion be
ap(>lied, at one aiel the same
jtinie, to viirious kinds of ma-
((diinery. From the in leased
IcUi^ih of leverage ob uined in
this machine over ordinary
horsepow(a-s, the powaa* applie(l
is ren(ha<Ml mu(di more etfec-
tive; while at the same time all
liability of accident to the us, r
IS removed bv the jtetailiar
manner in w inch the p.^wer is
t ranslerre(l, atid which is done
without the necessity or us(; of

[i ijcogs, cog-wdieels, and shafts.

t\ \ Power or motion is trans-

[li iij fcrreil from the horse-power, by
([ji'jji means (d' bands, or (diains,

''!j I playing in points of support

Jjjij' attached to the ends of the arms
or leveu's, by whi(di arrange-
ment the power is not only used
at the best advanta-e — li^i-th
of leveragi! being considered —
but it is also made availabh'

; ' without a necessity for cog-
wheels or shafts, and, there-
fore, with niU( h less loss from

iiiil; friction.

ll liy means of a series of eon i-

' i, tail V'ldh'vs (Ui tin' lar-c wheel

''[i atta'died to th<' hoi"se-power,

and from which nintiou is ini-

])arted to any re [uired ma-

(_• chiicry, dill ere lit \ eloci ties may

i>e given, so that the li<us(!-

pMWfa- in:iy b.^ adapted to dlirercnt uses, where differ.

t'Ht resistances ari^ to be overcome.

Ini8 iiiiprove<l horse-power is pec^uliarlv well jidap-

o'o t>. (liivin- an upri-ht or other saw, wherever

tti'Mf u'^e isde^iretl. as the vehuaty (d the saw may

be readily \arled accordln- to the character of the

^00(1 or material to be acted on; ajid such saws will

>^ furnished in connection with tin; horse-powers,

^henover they may be desired.

Tf '

^nose powders are also simple in their construction,

Jiot liable to get out of order, and may bo mad(/ (ex-

cepting the few castings, and iheotheriron work) by
any intelligent farmer (»r mechanic: and they are
also 80 framed luid put togetlua- that they can easily
be separated into several jiarts, and be rendered
(compact and convenient f)r transportation or sU)r-

age.

S f

\-^.

h r

,( ib

i

Palmer's Americiii Kotary Seed and C;ruin

Thrcstier.

Amid the crowd of agricultural implements on ex-
hibition at tlie Crystal Palace, we find Palmer's
American llotary Seed and Grain Thresher, a repre-

«■••

' • *r-^:f S:^**' i'?^,^ ,

3.?n

PWAUF PKAU^ TO PvAl^K IIV \(n\TIH !V GLASSRS.

[T>Err,MRcR

Bcntation of which we have annexod, with its straw tlie scarcity of Ponrsnnfl tho faoility \vlth wlii }, ,1
soparntor and winnower attadi..]. This machine can bo producrd on (l\v.uf% sot out an orchard uf,,
has all the advarjta^CH of the conimnn ll.iil iti thn-^h thousand trees nhoul two years since, ani! ut < nr !•
ing, and not an liahh^ to injure the j];rain or Heed as | fair at M >unt ILdly Kxhiliitcil of his cror thirty rii
the common spike ihresher. It is a hihor ,va\ in;ji; varieties of Pears of ^reat b'MUtv, refl(>ctifi,r ,,,,,.1
macdiine, simph' in its cons.tnn-tion, not liahh' to ^vt eretlit on his ener;::;y and «^ood tieatmenf i,,,]
out of repair, and is so n)ade that none of its parts ■ for whitdi lie ohtained tiie iii;;!iest f)reniiu(ii>^, ;ir, \ .0 .
can be dislod^od by the ;j:reat speed ^i\('n to the ro- ' U'V the show was ov<'r to convince the spec'tutors tint
taries, and thus the liability ti> accident, whirh in they pos-(>ssr'd real worth, as wtdl as beauty he off,. r-
oth<'r threshers so often results in loss of limb, if not ed tlu-m at jtublic sale the fniest bein^ Duchess d'
of life, JH avoided and prevented. Anjj^oulenn; went off readily at four dollars per do/.^n

The ^reat ami distin;;uishin«»; feature of this thresh- the next in value St. Michael Archanj^e. liOuisBi.nna
er, liowever, is, thnt it can be so fixed or adjuste(] d' J. rsey and other choice varieties descending' in
that it will thresh, with equal perfectii n, all the dif- price by renjular gradations until those of least val-
ferent kinds of seed and ^rain, as j;rass, flax, and ue were closed out at fifty cents per dozen.

clover j^eed, oats, barley, wheat, rye, peas, and rice

The inoculation should be near the j]:;round, so that

— Indian corn alone excepted— and tlnis enable the 1 when trii'unla'ited un:o;i ni ly b^th^ u\\)y\ h^hjw

farmer to thresh all his crop of rrery cJtaractcr, and
witli the same nni(d»ine. This einl is at.ained by
means of the castings (m the inner side of tln^ trou;^h
or flail cas(>, called rubbers, which have mill like
fnrr* wed surfaces, and which are capable of bein;:
placed nearer to or farther from tlie track of the ro-
taries. The matdiiin's are manufactured by Messrs.
C(»g^M\shall tt Co., 04.') Water street. New York, to
wh( in we refer for further particulars.

De-ckiii io>f. — A, //. /'. are the frame of machine:
</, »nc of the rotatin- tlail>; 12, p ace where the ;^rain ! ,,jh^ (.r two years from the time they are transplarit

the
surface. It may not yet be ascertained how Ion;; tlioy
will last, but we have recordw of them over one luni-
dred years old and still healthy, my own trees that
have been standin;^ in the oridiard about; five years
have born half a bushel each at a time, in New Eng-
land it is stated that pear trees on the Quince root
whi( h are twenty five years old pro;! ace annnallv a
barrtd or more of fruit each, and appear destin'Ml to
survive as lon<x as any on the pear root. As th j
adioit of close planting; and mature their fruit within

is led; r, <'ontrivance for re;!;ulatin;; the adjustments
of the rubbei-s on th«' inside of the flail case; A' is the
tlide to ( han;;e the (bdivery of the straw or <rrain; o,
p, shaking lever, to move the screcMi; w, the whe(d of
the winnower, a vertical view; S, 8, bands, transfer-
rin;; motion to the winnower from the tlncsher; Z, | the rows to apply manure, and will r(Mpiire 4j.'] trees
wire screen, to cany off the straw. The ^rain and I per acre:

ed in the oridiard. ];ir<z,Q profits may be taken from an
acre of ground before any return could be ohtainod
from them on pear stocks. In plantin;^ an orchard for
mys(df I have s(^t the trees 8 })y 12 feet apart which
ives plenty of room for drivini; a wa^i^on bctwo'^n

<>•

Ftraw aie d.sidiar;j;ed directly over tin* place wher«>
they jue feci into iIk; nuudiine. The rotaries revolve
in the diiection indicated by the arrows. The fi"-
urc8 indicate the dimensions of the limbers.

-•♦^

For tho Farrii Journal.
Duart Pears,

Th(>re is pridiribly no bramdi of Horticulture more

justly (da'miii;:, the attention of Fmners mid maiket

men jreTU'ralix, than the c hi vat ion ol Pears on (Quince

Sticks: the max m tliaf tr(>es will not Micceed well

Joran\' htiL^ih of lime where th(v are "naltcd on anv

Since the peach crop Invs become so uncertain in
this vicinity and the dearth of choice fruits in our
marki^ts, I know of no other fruit so easily raisod in
the open fiidd, ^Ivin^ as fine a prospect of a rich re-
ward to farmers and nnirket men as Dwarf Pears,

AVI L MAM PAKKY.

CInnaminson, N. J., 10th mu. 2-3 1863.

un-

Ti> raise Hyacinths in (il isscs.

Tln^ f.illowin'^ from II )V<'y's Ma'i;a/,iii''. contains

all necessary directions to succee<l with the>c h ':in-

tifnl a|tjienda;!;es id tli(* parlor or drawin;,' ro'iii la
other than their own species, does not apfly here, as ^^.j,,,^.,.^ ^y,,,.,, ^.,.,,^^,, j,, j,,,,^ ^,,,.,, ,, j,,, .lini.ulty.

many varieties of the l*eai- t-row \ i"-oron-l\ . and heai
ftbuiulanily < f de ii'ions fVnit and more e\i|iii i c ilavi i
than on theirown i-itot-. 'i'hr impression that had pre-
vailed t(» s,.me extent, unfavorably to th(« cultivation I |,,|„,, the roots hav,> -lown suflbdcntly to sup|Ma-l it
of the P,.,r..n theQ.iince has rapidly disappeared and the bloom will 1 e cons,M,.iently short lived and im-
beforelle mImI ar. I nxnts (.ntaMud in the lar-e ^„,,.v,.t_ If the ^dasses are clear,\hey shnuld he >h:^-
d shes fibed with luscious fruir. thus -rown oti trees ^j,,.j |,^^. coverin- with d irk paper. AVe iiavi^ S'^ner-
bat r cently transplanted ami exhihire<l at (»ur late .jiy clnmocd the watiir once in a wec^k or ten days:
Apiiultural Fairs— one cf (.ur enterprisin^r farmers | -\V|,en it is desired to ;-row hyacinths in ^dasse«
Jtl li Cbnmbtrs (d" Burlin<;ton co., being sensible of with water, goad sound large roots should be scdecteu;

in olita.nin'j; a fine bio )in thm iU the ;^la'

less shaded lor a few d.iys in the hitter as descrihod

bidow, thi' tops will pii,-h out, and liporin to fl'>\vor

AVOVDKRFrL TREHS.

()„» triasses should be of sjuiu; dark color, smdj as America. The tree is one of the numerous family of
Hue !">'■ '•■ or green, i»r »d.se opaipie, as the roots palms, but hidongs to the order de>i"nali d as screvr

P

l,,,,! ii^^ht. and therefore, d • nor thrive w(dl in clear' pirn; tribe. The natives use the Icjivcs to cover their
,r 'i'iie gla-<s(!s shouhl he filled wita rain, or cottages, and from the nuts make buttons and vari-
rivcr w iter, up to the muk, or so far that tin; ring at ous other artiides. In an early state the nuts con-
j,t tiic hiittoiu of the bul'o only sliould touch the wa- j tain a sweet milky llipiid, which afterwards assumefl
tcr. ''''"'}■ '^f'"'*''^ ^'"'" '*" P'*^ '"^•' '^ dark, warm ! a solidity nearly (ipi a! to ivory, and will adm.t of a
fl„sct null fl-'' !">"» '':i'^ emilte.l roots, ami the shoot I high polish, It is known as ivory nut, or vegetable
fn)in the crown has grow 11 about half in inch in : ivory, and has recently been brought into use for va-

rimis purposes.

T/tc lirazil-nut Tree, -Th(> l>ra//il nut tree may
justly comniind the attention of the enthusiastic nat-
uralist. This tree thrives widl in the province of
Brazil, and immense (|uanlities of its d(dieiou8 fruit
are annually ex[)ort(Mi to ftirt^ign countries. It grow»
t«) the Indght of from fifty to eighty feet, and in ap.
pcarance is one of the nn)st majestic ornaments of
the forest. Tin; fruit, in its natural position, resem-
bles a cocoa-nut, being extremidy haril, an<l of a))()ut
the size of a child's hiiad. Each one of thes(; shelU
contains from twidve to tvs'cnty of the three-cornered
nuts, nic(dy packed togethcM-. And to obtain the nuts
as they appear in market, these; slndls have to be
broken 0()en. Pu'-ing tin; season of their falling, it
is dangerous to enter the groves where they abound,
as th(» torce of their descM-nt is suffici nt to knock down
the strongest man. The natives, however. [)roYide

lioi'dit; if should then be placed in \\, shady j) art of
ihiM'«">'" 1 "" '"'"* "'* *''^*' days, but not over a mantel
nie e. er near a fire, or in a strong drai;ght of air;
jind afterwards be rem )V(;d to a wind )W with a sun-
ny ('XT><''Sure, giving air by raising the sash for twt»
or three hours during the middle of tho day, when
the SUM shines. On no account should they be placed
outride the window^ as the cold harsh winds which
prevails at this season efTeetually check their growth.
Th(Mvater should be changed about once in two or
thret' \ve«'ks; the gla ses should be turned on one side,
find the roots partially withdiawn to let the water
fluw out fretdv, as, when the roots are wholly with-
drawn, it is difficult to replaco thorn without serious-
ly iniuring them.

"Tie; sinirle hyacinths are generally the best for
bloumin^ in warer.

' \ very pretty f^ffect i'^ pro luc^'d br "r-^'rivT !;v?.-
rinth^in moss. For this purpose, an op(;n-worke(l I themselves with wooden bucklers, whieli th'-y h(dd
French hasketiray be procured, and a lining of nn)ss | (,ver their heads while collecting the fruit from tho
1111...H jilaced insid-: a glass or other dish is also to | gn)und. In this manner they are perfectly secure
ho placed in it :in I this dish is to be filled up with <,.,,,„ injury.

moss in vhi*b tie lulls jn e to be placed; the I yV/r; CVy//i/>;/-^V^// '/Vrr— Among the plants of (Jui-
iMhen to be w. 1 moistened with water, and the ;„,. a, one ot tie- mo>t eurious is the cannon ball tree,
hnlhs treit(;d a-* directed for those grown in ^rbisses, ]t ;r,.,,ws to the hei"-ht of sixtv feet, and its HowerH

only that an excte^s of water is to be avoid(;d, as if
tli(; water covers t'n; bulb^, they will decay. A rath-
er singular effect i'^ also prodiU'e(l by taking a rather
hir(;;t» si/etj turnip, .and se(»o[)ing it from the root end,
until it is about half an imdi in thi(;kn("ss, filling up
the hody <d the turnip with mould, and planting a
lijaciath in it, a id then sujeiiding tin* turnip by
tiirce rii»hons or otherwise. The leaves (d' the turnip
will shootout and turn upwards completely hidinj^ the
roots, and makin:^ a very [)r(!tty \egetable flower
pot."

-••^

W.>:i derf.il Trees.

Amon;} the remarkable tre(»s in the worbl. the fol-
lowiiiir^ ,,f' which we have cmnpiled bri(;f descrip-
tions, ar(; sonn« (A' the most curious. We take it from
tho .loiirnal of Fj(bi(uH<m:

Till drrot Ciicsiiiii TiW. — On tin* one side of Mount
b II I ih.ie is a laui ni> ehe.snut tree, whiidi is sai<l to
h'' <'ii'> himdred and n:netv-six feet ahoxe the surface
('! th" ground. Its enormous trunk is separateil into
fi^e (hvisions, w h «di gi\e it the appeaianc" of several
trt'i's nr,,u i,,M- t,,u;,.ili, r. in a circular so ice fonmi

• p ice

I'V these lar;;(; l>,anc!ii"«, a hut has heiMi erected f n
'he aeemnmodali III of th )sc woo collect thechcst-
mitv.

Tiir Dtnnf Tkc. — C iptains King and Fitzroy
^ ^t'' t! a' thi'V -a.v a tiee on the mountains nej-
^•^P' Horn, whieli wa> oiilv one or two imdies high,
3*'t h;id hranchcs spi-( ading out five b'ct along tlie
K'''">nd.

I he Suck Tier. — There is said to be a tree in Pom-
'*^.y called ih ' sack tice, because from it may he
"Gripped ve y natural sacks, which resemble '"felt" in
•^PP^a-ance.

^tc In,rf,'>ntt Tr r. — The Ivory-nut tree is proper-
V called ihu T.i^ua plant, and is common in iS^uth

are remarkahle lor beauty and fragrance, and con-
tradictory (|ualities. Its blossoms are of a delicious
crimson, appearing in large bir.udies, and exlrjibng a
rich perfum(\ Tin* fruit res(>mbles enornn)us cannon
balls, hence the name. IIow(;ver, some say it has
been so called hi'cause id" the n<»ise whicli the }>a 11
makes in hursting. From the slndl, doinesti(; uten-
sils are made, and tin' contents contain severa kinds
of acids, hesides sugar and gum, and furnish the ma-
terial for making an e'C(dlent drink in sickness, —
But, singular as it nniy a[>pear, this pulp, when in a
perfectly rip(; state, \< very filthy, and the odor from
it is exceedingly unpb^asant.

The Sorroirjfd T, re. —At (Ion, near Bombay, there
is a singular vegetahle— the sorrowful tn»e, so called
because it only Hour shes in the ni^ht. At sunset no
tlowers are to he seen; and yet, hall an hour after, it
is (piite lull of them. Th(>y yield a SAcet snndl, but
the sun no sooner be;^ins to shine upon them, than
some if them fall off, and othei-^ elo^f up: and thu3
it (;oniinues flowerin;j^ in the niglit all the vc'ar.

The Cow 7Vee.— This tree is a nali\eol \eiiczuela,
Sdilli Anniiea. ll ;;io\\- in I'ockv situation-. hi;:h
lip th. mowntains. 11 iron \'on Ilumbidt ;ji\es tho
fdlowin-'- description of it : (hi tiie barren fhinh of
a rock ^lows a tree with dry and lea*liei-y h'uves; its
large woody riKjts can scarcely penetrate into the
>t 'iiy soil. F(jr several months in tin' \>'.\y, not a
-ingle shower inois*et:s its foliage. Its bran hes ap-
pear dead and dr ed: yet, as soon as tie' trunk is
pierced, theie 11 )\vs Iroin it a sweet and nourishing
milk. It is at sunrise that this vejretahle fountain is
most abundant. The natives an; then to be cen hsist-
( iinig from all cpiarters, fmni-le d with lar^e liovvU
to receive the milk, wdiich grows yellow and thickens
at tin; surface. Somi; drain their bowls umler tho
tree, whih; others carry home the juice to their chil-
dren; and you might, as the father retuined with this

/Jl><t

• - ' -. .;;^f

332

TTTF nrSRAXn'^ ^^0MI>I.AINT-VAIUET[ES of r.RAPE.S rn

tOT .■.«-r.-»-.T'«.-»-»-.^«,-,»-x r.,.„ "f. 'I

The lltisbaiid's Complaint.

VAlilKTIKS OF ORAPKS-NATIVi: AXP FOPjaoX FMFim

-.T-«wnF-«W T^w^y ».t*r?-w.

milk, funoy you f-aw tlio family of a shophrrd ^^ath- 1

enuir around and recoivinj:; froin liiin tlio prod'.iction

of his kino. The milk, (.l»taiii<'<i |,v in«ivinn>< rnadr* REspectm llv I'KI'mm f:i) to all \vi[..m rr concei

in the trunk, is tolcral.iv thirk, fiv^ ii-.-tu al! arl-iitv ' t >, » .. r n "TT~ , ' ^ ^^^

„„ I r II 1* I . ,. " ' "' I '".^, , T lii,tc thr n;itiio of (Jc'rtii.iri w.iol in all Its colors brltr'u-

ana Ol an a<;rooab!<' aii<i hahuN sm-ll. It wa- nir.icd or vhal'san-l stools in fai.cv work l hutr the very sllTht'
to U8 in tln' slirll ,,( tlir calahasl, tivc W.- (Irink •. ' J»"- ^»'"«'^ '""' ^'Hmmts tliat Tv sv'-n-tlie oltomansan.l l,na»-.
., ,, ' ; >•' -iiiiMMi ut( . >> < '" 'I" "^ '»■, Soomr than wt'uruKtltch on riic>. IM walk the street 111 rui/H

considcrahli^ (luantitv .-1 it in fho ovonin- d.-ioic «-■.)- i t-.. i • < . *

• . , I ' - . .^ . f- I vehear.l of vvlvrs tooniuslcal, too lalkativc. ornnlct-

in<; ro l)('(l, ati'l very oar! V in tll.' Iil..l-Ii'li;r^ wilhwUt ^^f^^""'*""" '"■ of Karnlim wives, an.l tlms.- to<» lon.iuf riot*

exporioncinc: the sli<-htest*^iniiiri()us otr.it K^*'''' V'."" !•' ".ms knuu,, uiii.i, t.. tii.. wnni,-ii fail, *

t .-, i"v > ii^Munt iii|Miu»u."^ I ii< I I. forever floliig fancy woik 1 think (>\(.((ts tlicni all.

^ r/f<^ /i/(ja^/ Frut'/ Tier. - Tliis tr.-.' iv fnuiid mi tll.' The other dav when I . .nu. )„,„„•. n., -liniirr Rot forme-

islands in t!;.- Facilir O.-can. 'I'llr tnmk ri^<>,s to fli.- J •''>'<'■ l '"^/^ ''"•'""' reaNon. an.l she answeretl. -On.'. two. threff

Iw.lrrl.* {' t\ ■ , . t- . i , I . "' , I loM li.T I was hungry, and I stainpe.lnjioii thf llo.ir-

n( l^lll Ml tiillly to lurtv I'-cl, and at:ain> t!l.' s/c (,f | Mie never even looked at m.. Ihh nnirimir.'.l "Onc -nm nion-."

a mjtn'8 l.^dv. Th.' iruit ;:ro\VS t.. alidlt th^ si/c nf ' Oi .,.,,1—1,.. .,,ak.- n,.. a,,LTv. llin„vti<!,r,|u...,rt .vn-.' Inr that
a (diild's head. WIkmi nsrd for f,„)d it i^^ <r.,f |,,,,. p, I 1 '|''' '''■''''•'■^- ^\'''i'' ' '«'ii< '•''''■>-. ••«»ii' whii.'aiid tiui, a h,a.k •'•
I, f ,..•»•!• 11 • I 1 1 1 ' J-'^'-'" " '* I 0:i«' Kif< M. ail I lii.'ii a |MM|i!c ( |usf lioj.l vonr k.ii-m.' mv (j.-nr-

ni'ioio It IS lully ripe, and hakcil atnorii; ashes, wljcn ^'»ii nally d.. annov mr ^..)- Iv,. ii.a.lc a wn.n- stnrh li.r.;-

It hci'omos a \vhol(*s(»rno lircad, and in taste somewhat Nod a< fnr(on(i.i..,iiiai chat, with h.-r en niai frame,
rosenihjes fresh wheaten )>read. This is a V(M-v n^e- ''!i'""%l' 1 >''">"l't ^P'-^k ..1 miy thln-s sh.-M answr'ni.' ih,"snm<'

4\A ... ♦ *l .• r I -I • r . . • ' I' '■ >'"^. I"ve-tive reds, then a hlack -(I iiiiiU' a^Tf*. wilh v.hm'

U\\ tree to the natives; for, hosuh'S its frint, its trunk Tvr ,iu„r this wn.nu- s.vm, n^ht. niiM. t.n ;ui..m,V fi^,, .uVu.
furnishes timJxM' h.r their houses and cahoes; the;^urn ' it a„y lady .•..mrs lo tea. hrr ha- i^ iiist sn.v.vrd;

Wilicil e.\ll(l(>s from it serves as nitidl for tlieir Ve^^seis I \"''- "'*>•' P-'ttem pl.-ascs h.-r. a (..py th.n is made.

^,, 1 r. . ,, -., /■ .1 • ', , , . ' ^ , ' I >ne sfar.'s Ihr iiMMMiulIc -lilt ol lac.' and wh.Mi I ask Iht wtiv?

ami Horn tlie lilire^ «.l th(; inner burk, a rluth is made I "'''•^ *""■ "ly 1.. v. ■. th,. pattern (d his wai^. .ai mt-.k k my eye!''

to e.iver their pers(ms. I An l in<, walk I am in.'uied rti. .eidum I -. .M,t ,,

7V/.' /'.,/. 7'.^^ ^: ^ • 1 )• 1 ■^' •'^<rv ^^'>^stel|-^ho|lsh.• se,^. Mill Im.w she looks atMMit.

lilt t pn.s /,rf'. — iMir SoriM' aires it was li<'Ii(>Ved And >av-.. -Ml-^s m-: 1 niii>t -u i,, : the pattmi i. >., ran';

that a tree exist 'd in the Fast Indies which shed a '''''•^' ^^'""l' "t H^nvis jsJum ili.ihim:] wanie.l tor my chair."

p^)isonin^^ hli^^litin;.^ and (h>a<ll\ inlhnnce iip'in all j'\;|'j''"; \'''\'''i''^''- ^''"''''''^i^' -*•'''• ;iii n. h t^uh ine not aiVairs,

-Alls! for my poor little (,Tie^. fli,\- d.ire led move or speak;

Tis -'I'om. he sli II; put (low n thai ha-. >Vhv. Harriet, wlcre's vour

Maria' >'a!idinL' on that <fo<>l' It wa-^ not ma<ir lor u^e;

\W. sileni all. 'I lu-ee ;,'re«'ns, otic ri d. a Idue. and then a puce."

Oh ' ll.av.n preserve ne trom i w,' svith fancy-vork run wild,
And h.iii In which never do auxhL el>e lor husband or for child.
Oiir clothes are rent. our hills unpaid, our liouse Is in disorder,
And all because my hitiy wile has taken to embroider.

niiltiiil- ♦!...♦ ... I 1 ■. r 1 1 '1 'I dare not e\en u^f a stool or '-cieen: ,ind. a^ lor ehaiis.

n!limal> that lep(.s<Ml under !(>< liramdies; and that so , Twas only ye,-,t..rday 1 put my y.lnn.'c^f hoy in one.

fatal wore its elioct>, mai ouos aiLemp'in;; to liy near 1 -^'"^ "'"-'' ^^''^^ 1 never knew my wae hud such a tongue.

it, fell to the ;];round and jierisheij. For several vears

I>ast, there heinnr no reiiahh' authority tliat smdi a

tree really existe*!, it has ;:enerailv I'hm- suppos.'d

nmon^r tii,» intcdiiireut to lie CalmiiUis, and Ikmic'

tormed tiie "j;itd.'d Fpus tri..' :>..:,, -•,.■/ ii

fiincp, a trer- was discovered in a pocuiar 1 -cai'.iv m

the Fast In. lies, whieh it is In licvrd rrave n<?o to* the

wonderf^il aecdiints .d' the Fikis tree "in the i(M'Mfi,,n ','' '^"f "^y^;''';'^^""^ ^« school

. » j-i iii^. Ill m» KM.iiion >l v wile. s.. lull of fancv-work. f III •<uri' ' antiot mi^.^s me.

unere tlusmiMlei-n I p;is tree was discdViM'tMl there i ',''''.' ^^ '''''"' ^^'■''''~''" "^^i" '••'''l'^'"i '"'" "*'',.. two. three, and f-nr"
IK '1 (•(.ns.t'iiif ■■»,,! ,L..w.. .. II »• r 1 •' •, ' '"^t>'''s past all hope. Tho^r IhTlin wooN. I'll not, euiiure tliem morp

»« a uin^iaiir and den>e eollectuju of earljonie. acid

^as; conseiuPMitly :il! animals that eom<» near it, die

hy hreathin^' the puis. nuns L^as. 'Y\i^^ cause of 'sueh

ail ahundanee ^^[ ;r ^ Immii;; eulleeud in the l.Mvilitv

of these trees is unknuwn. A f.-u- munths ,.ii,,v, a ,, ,, , , ,, • ...

tree was discovered on the Uthmus (d' Harien whieh j "'^^f'" * '''"Jr''. ^'ives tl,,> tuiluwinn; varieties ot ;:rapp«!

npp. 'ars to have a similar intluene*. un animal life i ''^''^'^'^^^'''^ ''^ <*"* ^''"'•'""i^i^i vineytmls, with his views

The Panama Sfur says;-" A man nam-d James Linn' '" l'^^"^ Vl ^""'^ "'• ''^''^'' "'^"'' ' •

hein^^Mire.l, laid duun under atree to sle.>p and on I he ( atawidi is our !;reat wme ^^rape, ami

V arieties of C; rapes.

^Iit. KoHF'KT liicrr \v AN', in his recent work en the

NViikin;:, found his liml.s and oodyswollen, and de;vth
Hoon followed." Catth; avoid eatin,;^^ and ruminatiu«r
under this tree. ^

.—1 — — O I '

stands without a rival. Mr. liontrworth has offered
five liutidred dolhirs' reward for a hetter native varie-
ty, and several new see(llin<''.< have })een unHluced,

Ti.n T,/h.,n 7V,-. Ti • * ■ r 1 • .., . I hut its (Miual has not yet been found. It is suhject
//r' hiflow /nr.— Ihis tree i.s found in ( hina. to rot.

It is called tht» tallow tree, 1n>cause a snfmtance is i o n ii • 1 1 r -l re 1 •, ^,^^»

^,K. ,•„,.] I' ,., ;, „ , I 1- n uoM.nKf is | j^ ( ;ipe: this old fivorite of fv)rmer days is no\f

obtained from It rescMiihlin-; t:il..n-, and whudi s uso( I i . , i- 1 11 .1 /1 . 1 t. • ♦"n .i.iva

r „ ,1 , , / ' ^ "" " '^ "'^ " ; tilmost displai'e 1 |)V th(> ( a aw ha. It is still I'ultna

for the s:ime jdirpo.srs. It -n.ws from twenty to for- ' ■•'■•-
tj feet in hei;:hr.

lAice Bark Tree.— In the AVe.st Indies is found a
tree, the inner h:\rk uf whi h resembles lace, or

net-wcu-k. 'I'liiv 1i;irk i's l)e;iiitiful. cu]isi<fi,i_r uf Livers
whi(di maybe pull-'d unt int • a fi le white wb. tjire'

t*'d in some \incyards, but not extensively— very
Inirdy vari<»ty. and but little atfeete 1 i)V the ret.

■ I. I-^ab lla: a v.iriety mu<"i este.do ■ 1 in some of
tie' Fisteiai .States, jtart icularl v alxait the city ^t
New Vurk. where it ripens better than liei-e. It i'^
altu )st abandiup'd a< a wine "^raru', and u;etier;illy

. .1 > .. .. ,,,,,,' ^> ' i(. I 111 (• ■ I .11111 i>i .iitiiiiuuiii-.i ;is ;i ^^ me |i;ra[»e, anu u' "' ""v

or tour feet wide. It is sometimes us-d fur ladies' : i-u'.tivated oulv {nv table use. A hardv variety. Mih-

■^•¥-

dresses. j,>,.f f^ss to rut than inildow — in N'oue seasons ripens

badly.

I.' F.Ian I's Madi'ira; a delicious t;ible pr:ip\ i*''-
French Merino IJucks.— Messrs. W. k V. Bradv, semblin- the (Jatawb.i in its appearance. Tee rni-
of Ohio eoutUy. Va., shipped from Wheelinir. en Fi'i- I <ler f .r vineyard culture in this climate. On ;irl><»r,
day, on tlur IJaitiuMre and Ohio Fiilrua^l, three of! in sheltererrsif ua.tions it bears u ""

their finest French M rino l)ucks, an 1 thr^e ew(;s,
for exhihiticm at the Maryland an 1 \ir-lnii State
Fairs. Arnon,:; them is their celol)rated Gilbert
buck, which has so often taken the first premium,
and f )r which, it is said, $1000 wns off,d-ed and re
fused at the Pennsylvania Statt* Fair. The clip of
this one bu^jk alone, hast April, was 3n pounds.

0. Oliiu, or (^i,e;ar F>u\. is :i fin-' table ^^rapo,
bumdies very lar;:e and shiiuldered, berries small.
black, sweet, and without })ul|); docs well on arbors
or trellises, but will scarcely answer for the vinoyard
culture — rerpiiros lone; prunin;];.

0. Lmoir; a black grape, bunches laruje and com-
pact, sometimes shouldered, without pulp; berries

zn

ir^* Tmk:Mse ».-n.. mL.-mMm i -jm^t^mw ■*% ^.mjnr^arw.--

warmftiM -r«nMrrj»i

w^^wr— iiiiwiiiiimi

one eipial lu the parent plant; and in all, the white

down on the under side of the haf, and the hairs ur^
th'' stalk, common to the wild l''.'.\ 'n-at.e, ar.' abun-
lant." '

Native and V relj^n Fruits,

liV M. L. GOODAhh, S.\ro, ML.

It has b(>en so often said tli:it native vari'>ti(>M (,{
fruit are necessarily b.'Mrr alipw-'l ti the lucalitv

iijpjjll, |,lai;k, sweet and palatable. Subject, in chiy
luilc, to mildew ami rot.

7. Missouri: fruit black, biinclies loose and of me.
diuin size, berries without [tul|), sweet tind !i;.;reea)«le.
Cynietimcs cultivateil in vineyards.

j<. Norton's Scedlin*];; bunches uf medium size,
compact sh(»uldered; berries small, purple, sweet, but

with a pulp-
0. Ilerbemont's Madeira; a ^ood wine and a very

plonsant table ;;rape; bunches m 'dium size, bi^rries

siirdi, h ack, and witbunt pu]p.

10. Minors .Seedlino;;a new -rapo oftb, lux f.m- where they <;rew, b^an--, thus ..a-ouin- \\v-^ acipiirV
ily. Fruit: bunches meilinm Mze, b.-iries lar-', pul- ' ,.ii i.a.-leristics pecnliai I v lin in "tlcan "tu .Mnh piac<'
py,nnisky. arid ncMl^avun.,1, y.M-y hai-ily: l.ut little thai t li. id a h .< aim ,.t p i.>e T inlu an axium, an.i
8iil'i"'"t tM rut. IhM pi-ape will pruliably b(> funnd a is a^>ented tu hv p-rhaps a lar-e majority of cultivti-
valihihl" variety for the vm-yard. , to-;, and anv attempt to advance an' ..pinion at vari-

11. ^\!^te ( a1a-,vl,a: a new simmIIiu- frum the (^a- ance with it'm ly app -ar simply ridiculon... Vet as
tanl>;i. hut far mleriur tu the par 'nt. F,un(dies m-- ; overvl)'Mly in this !i ippv cunntrv is at liherly to' bo
dium vi/^ diuiiidcred: berries white, lar-e, round, , just as ridiciiluu^, ur j.i.^l as herl-tical as he j)leav,.<
ana p.dpv, in taste lik<' the Fox Orape. 'v,,i, ^vill .luubtless -i;,. „„' leave to sr.v ihaLone indi-

\'l. Mammoth Calawba; another new seedbn'j;. re- Vidual does \\\A a^M-nt to it.
fsnililnj; the Catawba in c.dor, butnot so well flavor- ' \ j^n r-minde,! oi" tlie -nb;ect at this time by the
ed. lhinche.> lur.i^e, shouldered; berri<<s very lar^r^., I |,,]i,^^^.j„^, p issai;- » in an article "On ralsinj; fruits
mihkI. pulpy: m sum<' seasons subject to fall olF be- ! j,.om seel," in tie' Aii-ust niim ler of the Nortiad-
foF" ripeiun^r. Imi.sf: "A vari'tv spiin;:in;; nj) from the seed, in

Mr. bMi);.;worth, in a letter to the Cincinnati Hur- ^nv oiveij lucalitv, is, in the cuur^' u! its production,
ticijitM,-.! v^,„.;..t>- ,.,.n,MvV.. -T i.ovo f.. t»-v»y '■—' I endowed with a 'constitution and habits adapted to
pxpprimented on the lurei^in <!;rnpe, both for the taljle ' that locality, in a parti(rular manner," tte. Now, ifl
;mdf'r wine. In the ac.dimation of plants I do not mnl.T^land" tb" wriler, he means to assert thatsoiue-
lieliovc; !ur the White .Sweet Water does not suer-eed | time betw. - ii the mc; minatiun of the s.mmI and the
as w-ll with me as it did thirty y(ars sine-. I ob- ^ jn-.^juctiuM uf fruit, th" plant is endowed with its
t.iine.l a lar-e variety of F-ench {irapf^s fVuni Mr. | ^.on.stltutiun aixlliabits, and that these vary ac(;ord-
Loul.at, many years since. They were fVuin tin- vi- \ jno; to locality. H" he does nut mran lhi^ I* take no
cinity of Paris and ll-o d. hh.n. Fruni Mad ira 1 ob- exception to it; ))Ut if he does—an I wh;i! .cln r cun-
tiinedsix thousand \iie- uf their be<l wine <rrapes. struction can be fairly j)Ut < n the wunls 'Nj)i ir>.;:iii^
Not one was f amd worthy (d^ cultivation in this lati- ' np frum see !,"---! ju'n i^^tie with him and advance
tude, ami were routed from the vineyards. As a hist th.- .ipiiiiun that it du^s nut teach the facts in the
oxpiTimi'tit. I impurted s(>ven thousand vine.s from case, but tiiat, contrari wi-e, the hab ts tuid consiitu-
tli-nmuntams of dura, in th<^ vicinity of Salines, in tion are (ha-ided ur bestuwiMi ^Iffifn;/ tli- i/iotrlh of tkfi
France. At that puint the vim^reirion suddenly ...vr,/ jnaii which 1 he phoit is ile^tined tu ' sprin-," and
ends, ami many \ine< are thei-e i-iiltivated on the : that wlien this sr'^A \< o ce matured, it c^mtains
n"i-!i .^i.je of the inuniitain. wher(> the jrround iscov- Uvrapped op within p |j,,f uhi-h Mtamjis indelibly
ered with ,snuw the whole winter, from three to fuur ih(. diaraclcr of tic trc- and Ivuit fu ^ciow bum it,
feet deep. Nearly all lived, and embraced about and that the a.a i:!.-i.t uf lucaliry, soil, climate, or
t^vcMy varietie-. uf the mnst cehd, rated wint^ i^rapes ' uther, atf-'cts only tic 'Ji rrfnprui'nt of that cha:-actcr
'f iTiUice. ]?ut after a trial of five years, all have ;^nd not the character iis-lt.

l"""n thrown .away. I also imported samples of wine It is no part of my attempt to explain the laws
made from all the jj^rapes. Om; variety alone, the which t^^overn tin; pVoductiuij of variefics, b)r I be-
Hehrated Arbois wine, wliich partakes sli;:htly of ji,.;,. that tl;ose whu have bestowed n.ost rrsearch
[IP Champa;:n(; character, would compete with our int,, (hem have tic liveliest sense of t!i"ir ii^uortmce.
^^^^'"^- All I maintain i-, that whatever they may l>e, their

'a( wo intend eiiltivatinf;; tlu^ ^rape for wine, we ofx-ratinn is tit an end b"fure the nrMrmination of tin;
^ii^t rely un our mitive jjrrapes, :ind new varieties smaJ. Wo b'-ar nn sncli noiions ailvancd as to tin*
'■'^'^•'d Innn their seed. If I could ^et my h^ase of life | necessary sufam-rify uiriative varieties, by jirat'tical
rencwcfl f)r twenty or thirty years, I would devote gardeners, iti re-p(M:t to V(»cr,.t;i],ics. 'j'hey rake the
!iiv attention to the subject,* and I would cross our utmost pains tu jwi-Mire seed possessing the n (piisite
'"'•*^t native varieties with the best tabh? and 'puvlities: but havin;.^ planted it, do they attempt to
^vine <:;rapes of Fiirope. W(> live in a j^reat a;re. I (dian;j;(^ th"se (pi ibties? Not ;\t all. They labor
J^'Henveries are daily made that confound u>^, and we dili<:ently, and nidy t scrnre the niost favorable
^ni)\v not whei'(^ wt; shall stop" We art* told of ex- condition-^ f'M- their devidojieue-nt, le.ivrn;:; the |)ro-
I'criiiients in mesmerism, as wonderful as the duction of new and \ai-i'' 1 pi-operties to succes.sive
K''"idinir.,,vcr system wuuld be; but 1 fear the discov- \ ^'(^neratiens, fr^m s'l-d. and atd cipate sii-h changes
^7 Will nut be brun;i;ht tu p<'rfection in time to an- only in the ^eed.

I'^vcr my mirpusc, and I mu.--t leave tho subjee-t with We mi;:;ht .a^k wliit is a. native? 'f i:- <'.hild of Hu-

'*' .Venn;; ercneration ' I ro])ean Tiaren's, burn the day :if f(>r arrival here, may

' liavc heretofm-e wanted faith in the doctrine of be, tetdinicallv. a native; but is it tli" l-v-s u( furei-rn

'"'■'"•li liurtituUurists, that to improve your stock of'(»ri;rin? The Swedish turnif) has le-irf ^ruwu hen

j"'''^'^ you must not sele(;t the seed of the fniest fruit, many years, and yet is (;omm'eily d^ nummated i

If J/'*, tiie natural choke-pear. I .am half converged forei*;;/' ^:i''*>''^\- 'i'he /'e//-^ pear ;;rew from a seed

matured in Fn^l.and, .and because th.if seed was
brou;iht aiu'oss the water nml planted in Pennsylva-
nia it is called a native fruit, and so entitled to con-

e

JO their views. The (^at.awba is clearly derived fr< ...
e eonimon Fox grape. In raising Yrum its seed,
^Q white ones are produced, but 1 have not seen

3S4

SKKDLTXn rilMTS.

T^v.n.M

nin

nut

Bnli;raliuii as p.iMMOMsiii^ tin; NupposcMl «'X(!(^il<*nci('s of I (latjtlv prodiictvc, vi;^.in>ij^ in ;^i-()\vtl), m,,) ,},,. |.

a n:itiv<» Hort. Do su<:li I'rivoluus distitictions m ik<' fiini ttian us ^rown in M i-JsaijlHisctts ;nh| v','

any «liff.'nMice? Doom :invl»o(ly suppose rliat Mciuiis York. Jiml trll in>^ whit .ir.- tin. pu tim ti- itcins". r

of ilie /W/-f? p"ar s.Mit t.. Kn^liri.l wouM prodiuv a >«ij\iil!irity l)!'t\\ ecu U.-l;ri,,in aiul M lin,. wlii,.), c"* '

fruit varyitj^fn.m wh.it w.miM h,i\(! «r|-o\vii hi 1 th<' »m| t^;is fniir to rctaifi it< vi;; m- an! pnxhiotjvoip "*

seed hiM'ii ori;:;lii:illy plaiitid tlji^ro ? — pr ivi h-l, (.f lio'-"? ' ^'^^

course, that tho cnnfiilioos i)\' (hn'cldnnw'iit in ca^-h \, -t iiv* n «t he ini-IiTsto >•!, hv anv nnviU'i, a<« iinrlp

case an» oduaUy lavi)rahl<' t.. til. • //^v^7/^ simplv. ol the ' vahiiii;:; niti\(' fVuiis. Xnhndy thinks nil re 1 i riV

tree. Or, if the s«»oJ vvliich p.^hn-ci ih- ///./• p.-m- of ihcm, m- would ui ht >ir(ni-Iv • r-- th.'^ pMrii' ".

had l>oi'n sown m IVd^inni. an! n it in B i^tni. and \\i<\\ hy .'V.Ty ••nhixatur; (.niv Td . not hdicv.' in mi'-K

trees or scions thence hiMiii'if to Uistoti, wuuhl the a i-apid nMnnfiK^^nre (d' a /t'r///-r that one ^xiMicrntidn

tree have proved less adapt-d to enltivati-ni in Mass- or two, or five will develope the hiu:;h*'vt di'Mrrpc of (.,!

aehusetts, or tin' fruit wor>e ? cellenee. There is douhtiess a mndens id^trutli, to

If the eun-eiit oj)inioii lio corrert, we ou;;]it always whitdi this, that I U! lintain to l;e error, has att;icii(v|

to find fruits hetter win're they ori;:inate than else- itsidf. 11 ire is it f w any (M'ror to oitt i!r» exteiisivciv

where. Is it So? (^an no oin' ree.)lleet irj-taruM^s of wh'eh has nit trii'h en )u;j;h to liold or\ hv.
fruit, whieh ori;;inat'Ml in I e Hast'rn Srates. Iiein;; ' Tln^ same paper, hy I) iwnin;:;, irom which thu

returned fntni lln^ west so ehan;;ed for the hetter as ahove quotation is ta'<en, has the followin;;. winch

to escape ret<i;;niti..n hy the most critic il jud^rpM un- may indieat(» what it is: "'PImm-' appeal*, tohesuni--

til scions a;:;aiu set Imtc, and alfordeil their former thin;:; in our tn'W soil, and <listin/t dim >'e. \vlii,|i

facilities for dev(d<'pnn>nt, produced a w< 11 kn iwn inijiat'ts Tiew vital powers and irives a new tvin' ta

nnd easily rcc(»;;ni/.ed accpiaintanc, of foinier \eirs? ' t]\o offspring of an old stock in tlie veLrctaJiJc raco^ nf

'I'hc It'osfn'Zrr i^ uinierstood to he a sciMhin^: of (J.'r- the other continetit." P.-rhaps a diHerent forniiihi

many, wherr it yicdijed a «-<'cund or thii-d rate fruit; may appr<c-- ite towards ati indli'ation of it, t'l wit:

hut trees or srions ]ci-on;;ht here, produce a fruit .so Th it tlnaf is in the productions of nafunwf (rudntcj

t»Mhdi siip,.rior, a^ to he ahn 'st. if not ipiito, a stan- imrtlant'd hv the Icui'dieent (o-eitor /o rhn>ii>e it intD
dard id e>;c(dlence in its s(^ason. and tlic tn-e proVes^atyp' specially adapN^l to the })eculiaritics tjf cjich

as hartfy as anv native of Maine — atnl snndy we ' locality, and this hv successive ;renerations fnun thn

ou;:;ht to know sonn'thin;:; alMUf hardine-s where IJie sfM'd. \V(» so(> snidi a tendency with uniiMial clnir-

nnTcuiy ^(mi.iinics 'i:ii(dy, to he sn;-,',) fiee;',e.-.; in ness in the case (d' inai/e or Indiaii coiai. P a'lr sec*',

tht» t hernn'meter. nd ipted to oU" local ty, in ano'her at a distance, \\\\\

Suppose you plant a pearseed at K'Mdies^>r^ ;,i,d \\ y»>ar hy year we ;j;radua!ly find it xarvinir, until \\K

yields a <iesirahle fruit, and \^\\\ s.-nd in-- >-ii'.n-, len;j^th it rea<dn*s tin' tvoe ])est a<lai't il to its new

wliitdi up .11 t. ial here prove uuahle to wiili-'aiMJ ili- situation. Soineiliin;: anaIoi;ous to tois ni i\ piovail

severity of winter, w'.at does it prove? l! i: pioMs atnon;:; fnii'v; ),nt wh- th<T jnst so or ne^, pM'?i to

anything:. <inly this - that if tin* trt'o had heen •j;ro\\!i plant scds and cfaitinne to plan*, and when \nii d)-

I'.eie, ir w.mld not ha\" sur\ived to !>ear fiuit, fi.i- ta'n a desirahle aerpiisiiioi , (vour jud;:in'att lieiii;:,

8eedl\n<j:s are nn>re tender mi infancy tlian at aiinlt perhaps, nnefnsciouslv warped h\ pai'entai rendiirv^i )

aj^e. \"U send -.(•;, in^ t(i ot hei- <listant places, and in don'l s|»e!id he i emaiiider id voiir enia';,'-v iticxtnllin^

one It Is found (if hot ter ll i\ Ml' and in :inother woese; its wondetfnl neurits ws \\ nati\<', i nt rejoicin'^ iti tli';

in (»ne in<u*e i rndnctive, imd in nnother lose. And a 'cctnp'ishment of one s'ep, ^o (in in the rieli' <iiri'''-

this only sinevs diaf hadth'Mree ^rown in either td tn-n to cross hua d it \n ith ot hers of kno\^■Inn'•; ir. nii'l

these iiMalities it would have hcen deemed nioro or so effect amither advance in what may |>]o\t' a 1* n^'

lens valu lide. \ race heforc* the hi;:hevt atlainahle \ «iint o! cxcclKiice

Experience teacdies tiiat some fruits are adapliMlto i-^" r'':iched.-- //re //r;J///r/v/.

a wide ran<:e (d S( i' and (dimate, and otl.cjs restrict- *». _ ■ t i *i \ i .,.K„l«

,. I- •. MM ,1 , , •, , iMl-CFT.LANKOlS ItKVS. — 1 W(d VC t lloUSMUd liUsfxId

rd to nariow fiimts. >\ |i;»t couid theie ha\e po-siUy , , • , i . . n . <.^^^r,u^

, . . . , 111 ' 1 V <•' cranherres were hrouLrht to l»o^ton on ^atllr<l:n,

iM'en in tlie accidents CMimecte. with t u' jirowth of i n r i • i . -.i r .•„ .h> i,i

,, ,,• \' . t) • III • , ,> in^ariv all of whu h met with an niinuMhate ^alf in

llie seedliii;^ ArtCioirn I inntii, w indi «('l)n\ed it (d '• i i ri., , i* »ii -■; ., « J i,-l„.l

., , ., . ,. , , {' . ,, ' „ T>rov sion dealer'*. I hey hrouyht !5l,<o per l)iHl»''i.

Ine capainlitv of devcdopinir ns exc«d euce awav trom nn i • -n i i "i i i i * \ fiwv.n f..r

^, 1 I *i 1 I- 1 It , a 1 'i , I he nuliic will pnd)ahlv l>e ahle to iret them Mr

the neii^iil»orliood of the Minson? (V what <aidowc( . ! ^e i i i* * . i . .. .....r-liv

., I,- f^ A*. 11 , •, • i'hout Sd per huslnd. I^ar^re tracts of waste, inirmiy

tlie seetllmi; fr-Cf/< f,^/'/e witli the power to exhl nt i i /V ^' i i -.i" .i i ^ ♦,. ,> vovrx

,, ,, , r I 1 1 • . , hmd mi ( ape ( od ha\e, within the last two Ne.vrx,

Ita w.eth tlii<'U;rh sC'ires nf dcLirr'es (d ciiL^it udo. am , I , i -,1 1 ,1 i...n <.|,..iml

, , , '^1 , , , X- . • !•< en planleU wit !i craiiherrv \incs, and Ikinc cle.vna

nooO'lv knows tiow in mv <d latitude. .NuUiinLiat ,i • i i

,, -i,, , 1,1 , , • • , tncir owiHMs II liands(nne Slim,

aif. I he end.oMnent h'> iuither hack — vi/., in the

Heed. The pinpovitim here vi-inl) itied se( nrs to me ' dudi:(> A'ondersmit fi, .d LmcastiM-, has siicrrodfl
l<» hive he,n (i'<s}}Uf>>l from the first, rath(>r than in hrin;j:,in^ to matuiat v a "\'lctoria ]vej:ia" )>i:nit— tliO
proved, and so pl:ni>io!e as p> have escaped (Wami* ! (^ueen of the floral wmdd — whiili hleenicd fin'-m}^
iiatinii, thus leadini: many astray. I Saturday and Sunday, tin; '22i\ and ^dd nit. Tho

\\ a- not e\en l»..\\nin;j; s.niewhat wide of the flower is s;, id toha\e h.>eri he.autiful ami ;:er;re!ii^
mark when he penned the folh. win;: ^enfcnce — "That 1 ey-nd descriptic n. It measured ileven icclit'H m
in proportion as a variety has heen l,r> n-ht o?-i;iinal- j dlanu'tei, and the loaves of 'he plint six fcot.

ly from a hx ality in Kuro[>o most nearly simila»- to i «#» ■ — —

tliat where we Would '^v^>\\ it. are its vi^^or and pro- j \Vor<ls oii^^ht t(. lairy their sense iu.d -!Utdfi>'nti<'P.
ductivenevs retained in ,,ni- s.el/' Nuw, take the, and they on;;ht never to he oh-cii re. Wori i« :»
Fleuiisii IhiUiti/, wlii«h is nann-d as perhaps the Lest hahit wllich we ^i\(* ima;j;;natioii, in older to cleni»5
proved <d' any foreien variety in thi- locality. ;ls per ! tl ouj:hf. a'-d tnak«* it hetter known by th" ('<•''"' ''/
fectly hirdv. (more so than the Fnf/on. \vhi(di is i which it is paintcMl; hut it is a (doak'^wliich "i'^'^
credited to Maine, (houirh th seed ^rew in Mas>a- not to cojiceal it: it is a head-dress, not a mnas'';

chusetts, or than the McLanr/Ii/ln^ id which, hy the
way, nobn 1}' can tell the ori;:in, tlu» oldest known
trees here being grafted,) perfectly healthy, abun-

ou;;ht U) set it (df, and serve as an ador uicnt, :>"^
no« hide it from the oyos and envcKpItiu ta diJ'gui^*-''
— La I\eiicU8e»

i858.1

N.\TI()\.\f. IIOIISI': KXnilUTlOX

n.'?5

1 -w . ii^iftL^aK^* ^

The ^iutionai Horse I Ixhibltluii.

This exhibition, the first of its kind in this coun-
try, was gotten up, manM;.^^!, ami carried to its con-
clusion, in the Ncry best style, and su(di as our
friends in N(jw l"]n;;land only know how to do. TIk'
history frem the be;:;innin;; of the w dnde proeedin<]:;s,
nrcniiunis, letters and speecdies fri>m pubPu^ tnen in-' s. Kin(;, of Mas?
vited to attend, i^c, oiaaipy one entire number (d
the \'alley Farnn'r, published at vSprin^fiehi, Massa-
chusetts, the jthu'e where it was Indd. AVIiat(»ver
thev undei hike to do, in what is called the "Yankee
Nation," it seenjs to Ix! with the determination /o
(h i(, and to kiu)w no such word as Jail, as is w(dl
Lxpressed in the followin^j; toast, fri-m (irov. Floyd,
oi Vir;.;inia, at the dinner, (for a ji;ood dinmjr, ami
plenty of invitations to distin;;uished nnm, to be
jireseiit, ar(; considered as a necessary part of tlu

ty. The following are the names of the

KXKf:i;iIVE OKFlCKItS OK TUH IJ. s. .\(;Kn:{:TTi;KAL 50-

ciKTy.
MAK>nALb \\ Wll.DKK. ..f Mass.. President.
Cu.Mii.Ks li. Caiakkt, Md., MosKs NF.wFia,. Mass.,

doiiN A. Kino. N. V., i\i<Tni;K Watts, Ohio, Ar.-
niKi) L. Ki.wvv, Pa, Knn\un Pk.tkks, Va, J. D.
Wkston. 1). ('., d, (Mj. Kksnkuv, I). C, Wii.mAM

<'ircnlars were then issued to hrfM'ih^rs and own-
ers of horses, and to persons and or;r;ii,izations in-
terested in horses, ex lainin;; tin; objects of the ex-
hibition, namin;^ its or;ianiz ition, statin- its rules
and re;;ulations and its list of premiinns. amounting
to S2,r)()() in the a>:;rre;;ate. These premiums, as sta-
ted in the circular, varied from $2(K) for the best
>taHionof s(!ven years (dd, to $J0 for the lo\v(«r grade*
of m.>re comm m animals, in addition to the pn -
miums offered, a diploma, beautifully designed ami
vxecuteil fir tin* exhibition, was oh allied tor award
to exhibitors wdio, not wintiin;; premums, still de-

pre-ramme in New Knti;lan<i.) '' .)fi.^s'tr/nisrU.t Mm, '^<;rve<l to have the excellence of their animals rec.g-

, ^f I.. /, ir I' 1 » *i * I i>i'/'<-d. Toe di!si;rn of the diploma is very tasteful.

awl Mdssac/inMrffs Jlor.srs'. lM)on wjiatever theatre! ... i. • i -^ • *'''"'•

' At tfn; Hip is an a<le;;orical ^roup, re[)r(»sentin >• C »m-

thcy exiiihit, or upon whatever course they enter, | ,„,M-ce and A-ri.adture fl -nrishin- umler the"*auspi
nie\ .lie otsunitj oi v>iii,itou ucsiTve lo NN 1 M lIic au
miration of the American p(M)ple."

b'-(ters in reply to invitations were leceived from
Wihium 11. Seward, (Jov. Clifford, ( Jov. Seymour,
Ihifus (jhoate, Samuel 11. (\ex, Thoni is II. Ib'nton.
Kdward Kverett, 1!. (\ Winthr.-p. ( ). W. 11 dines, [,,..

Ct:.s oi 1 Ciice, iiiiu piuri (co o\ uie ^i>||lHM oi ^VunTl-

ca, ami tin; ea;j;le (d the Union. In each comer is

a spirited en;^raviu;;: - -ne exhihitiii;:; tin; Indian

mode (d hunting the Haffalo: the other repr s ntin

a Missouri sava;;e Inddini:; the wild steed, M^d watch

in;: with ama/enn-nt the new "iron horse,'' drawin""

... ^

Its rattbii;^ train acni^s the piaiiic.

IT

... , , , ... • I 1 , ,• I Ihe 111 uia(j;e!s ot the K.iilro. Ills centering; in Sprinc-

Yi bmcoln, ami many other di<t!ne;uislie(l T)ubn; men. £• i, -.i ii i. i i . ■ x .

'^ ' [ltd ■, with a liiH'rai'.t V i.iid an < iilar;;ed \ie\v of t H>

necessities and j)r(tprieiii's at taidie*! to tin; enterpriso
wliicdi do them mmdi credit, co-operat(;d with hi
Couunittee, by agreeing: t • carry tin; horses entered
lor tin; exhihilioii over their roads fret; of charge,
and by becoming subscribers to the gear; ntee fund.
With the good sense and foresight wdTndi lias so

»ii iiif of w horn were present, and made speeches,

liiMlatniis W('real--o extended to several hundretl

oditers in \arious j)arts of the rniori. The exhilii-

tieji lasted four days; \v(; (-(anler'se from the \' alley

Faiiiiei-. some extracts, from its report wdiiidi we

tlmik will lie of g(>n(>r:il interest, and also two of i distinguished the managers of the exhihiiion, it was

the speeches made on the occasion, one from C.P. s.'cn that a mere show of animals, beautiful though

1, ,,,.,. , , , , _ ,, tlu'V mie;ht he, and (dixiuent thoU;rli they mii^ht bo

lielc nih, (d De aware, ate v returned from riUrope. • ' i • • <• .i i • . r .i i "i •»•

'^ . 1 111 141 , ' , J,, jn-,n.|;^ii„),,^ j.,,,,j,. ,,| the objects of the exhihitn)n,

a pra(;tical farmer himsidf of the first order, who would still, without the langu'age of human speech,

can hold the \M't\, and use the tongue, with as much I'l^-k 'l>'i<' i"^" iitial voice upon the ctuintry which

faciliiy and success as he does the" plough, nnd the '''.""''.^ ^^''^ J"*'"^ effectually for the (dejects of tho ex-

. ',, /, »c 4 1 , Ijibition. It was seen that these olnciitH must take

other from (.eorge M. Atwater, who appears to have j-,,„^ •„, t,„ ^Unw^Uls of great mimi; and achieve a

heen the originator of the Exhibition. con(;rcte shape in thosi; litc^rary moulds where, in

As regar.ls the inci^ption of the enterprise, the ! this age more than any ottif^r, ideas arc; prepared for

Valley Farmer remark- That the public might be- i ^''<' P"''''*' •^" =^^^"' pre'srnt at one -lance their sym-
, ,. , , , ..... ^ . ! nndry, i^race, utility and beairy. In other words, tho

cone assured of the thorou<'-h responsibi ties (tf t i<' ' vio';.; , ;t . i ; * » ;,o ,, , ' , ;t ■ , ;..:f ;#u ,.„

'^ I exhil)iiion Its ohjects, its mteresLs, its sjiirit, its cn-

parties engaged in the exhibition, and of tlu; truly j terprisc, its trials', its triumph^, atid its general a. ms

and tendenci(;s — must have a voice, and that voice

must he uttered upon the spot, and under the ins[»ir-

ation <d' the occasion. To nnM't this ijuiication ami

exigency, it was determir e*! to hold upon the gri nmls

a(if{\M) A(ii{i('i'LTi;irM, HA.\(ii f.t, its niire sidid firo

visions to b(' graee(l with tin; fruits a:id flowers of

the season, from the hands of voluntary contributors

in (;very part of the emmtrv around. an<l to this ban-

(pH^t to invite the eminent mmi of the country — men

w hose presetice would huid diiznity to the oc(;asi(m,

. • • 1

and whose spee(di would give the voier; polcntial to

tin; s[)irit and objects id' the exhibition.

Fist Day— Wkunksuav, 0( t. 11).
The opening o| t'c first Nutioiud Fxhihid'on nf
Horses ever luild in this C(aintry took phu e on Oov-

National (diaractcr and intent of tin; enterprise,
Marshal!. P. Wn.nKii, Prisident of tln^ United States
A;,; i( ultnral S Moiety, was apj')lied to for the i ndor-
f^iil and co-( peiation of that organization. Mr. Wil-
der icpUcMl in the most cordial terms, and entei-cd
f^iitlnisnistieally into t!ie })lans .d' tin; exhibition,
pi'Minsiiiir the .attendance and assistance of a <l(de
K-'^'i>»ii from that Society, and the publi(Mti(m of the
'■'■p;atS(d the exhibition in its journal. With funds
r'"dge(h the organization of the I>«>ard of Managers
•'"'d (i aieral Committee com|)lete, and rm»ving under
tlio cheerfully accorded auspices of the National Ag-

ricultural Society, the operations went on with alacri- ernmcnt Square, in this city, un Wednesday i. 0 a-

"' ^^' » «* ~ t.5 - If ' * •* is
1 ■ .«« ■^>*^ S-

• 'ji

,'}■

336

NATIONAL HoUSK KXIIiBniON

TD

^•TMnpR

• •• *^*?TT».«j - ^jt_»,'»'?x naw i

■ 1L« V«k«*jrm

■*..'f««'V«h; Wi 71r(4

inj;. Kevor shone a more auspicioiiM and kindly sun
on any enterpriso, than that which i^ronhd thV as
Rrmblinir multitudo on tills occasion. To those M'hn
labored thron;^'* weeks of anxiety forth*^ (M-nsinnnni-
tion so successfully achieved, the y>lt tMiif ex}>eri-
enced was somethinj:^ deeper t!i;ni the emotions o!
triumph — it was gratitude. The sky wms blue above.
the sun shone warmly throu'^h th(^ ^!ui/,y liMze, the
flngs which crowned ihc tents an<l every jirominen'
obj(H*t, Inino; la/.ily upon their ni:isls, and old Au-
tumn More his b-i^htest smile, as unseen finders from
bis b(^jew(dled tree . dro]»ped silently their treasures
upon the f;roun(b It was a p.]ori(»us morniuir — fuJ]
of ho[»e and exhilaration, and LTobh n wiih pjomise.
C^n enterin;!; thef;;rounds at ;in cinlv h^ui-, the lirsi
objects that nii'f the oy^ wcrr t)ie mcinbcrs of' K;i;:h'

Kii;:ine Co., No. 1. dressed in ujiifoi-in. nnd (.n duty ' and V(»r(l v. as -•1\ imi to <tirt. Mi-. AVihl'-r called n^um
as po]I«-(>. Af !♦ o\ hn-k. til" iir-t hose ontored lli- ' t he as-oinbl \ to trive TiiKi.r. rmns FoK tjif; vin<j
gatev.ay. aiid Ir-in thi^ li-iii- until at'ter ton thei-o \.\tio\ai. iioKM; Mxni i:ii ion in 'iiik Wokkd, und
was a continno(i^ s»riujr ol" arrivals. S.une of the th<'y were ^ivrii with a will. Arid now was ex'i;!)!-
horses wei-f' elad in lap. y ]-hnik(!>. Avifli their names teifto th" eye the mo-t beautiCul and aiiiniiiir
thereon. The hurse- eomin;.: in to k tl.ejr juisition on '
the central grounds, where tin y wer(> s-uni surnnmd-
ed bv a crowd of admirers. I''a\i-rite srallions were

' njluacinn; all the horses, nearly or quite 400 in
number. Th"y were called on *bv the Marsha! in
the followinn^ order: —

1. Stallions of 7 years obi and over.

~. Stallions from I ♦(. 7 years old.

.1. TiioroULdi bred Ibu'ses.

4. All Stain IIS ,,; 1 \ ears old and under.

r> Mat(he<l Horses.

*^'. Fancy Horses,

7 (ioldin;:;s.

^. 7>reedin^ mares.

'.'. Kreedin<; mates wish foal at their side.
In. i'onies.

11. All hor^'>s eitop ,! !,,r r';hihiii..n or sale.
1 '2. V;iv\'.\ or t"am le/r-^e^.

When all had taken their phiees upon the (rack

'?:

sce!M\ we ,e!)ture to >ay, ever \vitnesses in this coun
try. The horses stretched around tie' entire half
mile cireuil, numh-iiu .!; two atel three abreast for

pbiyin;; here and there, (>aeli tn his linle c,-trrie of the whole distan<-e. Soimv .,f the houses were attaeh-

1 fiends,
as s
rou
IT

nds. "Mary 'I aylor'' was thei-e. hir>kiiii: as <:;aily ed to sk'-l^ton bn'j:;i;ies; others to [ihatitt m ;!;iu;-!, oth-
die ef tl'.e Uowery. "Cassius M. (May" wa^ sur*- ers to pli;otons and '"what nots," t.f every "vari<!t.v of
nded by his political friends. Youno; **Black ! build arwl cd >r. The air was vocal with the ne'i^h-
fawk" was tluTC, but ^^ilhout tliC sli^rh.t.-t apjx'tite ' iii;r 'f the M.leielid animal^ wdio enterc^l into th'<
r-r (diickens; '-Klyin;' .Mor^'an." hut without his spirit .•}" the',.ecas'-,:n v^•ith as beartv a zest as their
win^s; "Catiadian be paid." but witleait his claws, owners. .Ami n'>\\ the sctMie ;';re\v niore ^n\ . I'hr^
and altoo:ether more .bainy Limls thati Otto (Jold- ia^t onev Icr .ait a link or two.'arid w-ut a'< rapidly as
sehmidl could provide lor, were he as industrinus as it was sale to do, considerin<.^ the crowded ctmdilien
bis wife says lie is. Thus trtey all jtoured in and of th" track. Oios went dancin;; by, arid fan<'y hor-
ihus assembled, and, meanwhile, spectators arrived, ses went their <»wn frraceful ^^aTt. * One of tlie first
in consi<lera})le numbers. I objects tha* ean-ht th.» ev.^ npon the traek was a

The Ma!ia;:ers and ("■-mmiti- - hiil ass,>nih!ed at ph.Tton dra uu by four sphaeli.! Mor::aM hors-'s. t;ar-
thejudi!:es' stand, and enn-r;,;u!aliojis were heard nessed with a laush mai^iiiliei'nc.! of s-vh- never Ik;-
onevery hand. Ail wer- d(di;:ht'al, and Muart thin^:-', lore s.-en in tluvse p:irt -.'" Tho establish'm "it helon;;-
funny thin;j:s, and p;ood 'hii'LCS jrenerally w<'re said, to F. T. <' ed!s ,.f L .n-m-adov.-. and elieit -d univor-
One pjentlennin of adiirnili''d turn >A' m'nd th.ai;j:ht sal praise and adn
the horses bad a //(-.'/////borl v \\a\ id" sahjtini: eaeh

In ttie <z;ran.

nil !•;', ■ ion.

• ■oiee;!(,;i there ^ve!•e ujo.vards of

other. Another, who had Leen d di-:lit"d with tin- seven'y five stallion, piin- i|\-dlv reprc^sentatioiws el'

music of the Si)riti,udield Brasv ]^uld. thou-lit if they th.c M".r;;an and F.Jaek II iwk bVeeds. Am.'tii: tlii-

would plav a damdn;! tune, thcr- w.re se\,'ral horse's Iar.:e numh n- i,\' imhle animal,-, it i^' abvavs im"))es.s

that wouhl b<^ li-'Md'.''' ^" "danee a -a-:." Another, ble to individuahz-. There was the favmale hers

who happened to be ;:iv.m to vivid illustrations, Cassius M. ('hay, and his mother who had several

looked tipon the (dean th .roui^h bred VirLnnia race ( tber likelv sotis lue.sejit. " lbd» b-eric." an Fm:lish

si-

^0

horse, and testified his p,,,,r ajiprcidat iun of In-p by
sayin;; that slie "looked likt' an an;^le worm on

Ic^rq

tliorou^di b:'e(b "OM'ar." :dl t!ie way frotn Mi(dii'_ran

— a K(Mituc'<y horse; tlie Ainf^ri(*an Fii-jile, from

Flushinu'. N. v.— a benntiful bay stalbon, and

V>y tho side ef the Jiid;ies' Stand, a huv:e bcdl wa^ "(/lyd' Ibiton." a noble stalliotr from Canada,

'^\'«'!,i:hin;z l.<)i'<> pMinds -aiel others of (.(jmil excel-
lence atiraci-'d tli'-;r welt dcs..i-vr,| shari" (d att'n-

placed, and at 1(> (.'eh. k this hell was struek. In)
mediately, (Jkor(;k 1 >\\ iuut. < 'h • f .Mai-hah and his

assistants, ]>aradeil in Irimt ^f the dud'o-s' Stand. ^""''

The Chief Marshal, as the President of the F, ,ard of
^Iana;.cors. then addressed Mausu m.i, F. ANii.okii.

After all had passed twice around tlie track, more
than half n\' the !M)rses sud 1 'tilv nulled (df upon tho
l^resident of the Fnited States A;:ricultural Society, , ;;rounds, and ran r:v —^ ".v-o^s 1 >ts.'' This Avas the
who stootl uneover.'d upon the stand, and announced mo.st biMutiful se, n > nl' rh > day. F;-anc >ni's Hippo-
ihe opiMiin;;- of thi> exhibition. He alluded to the drome is n . mo; e t . he com jupmI with it thin fho
circumstances— the toil.s, and trials, an , anxieties— ' Spunkville Aitilhrv with a ratilinn;, ndlltnj; thunder
that had. attended the inception and L^i-u'vth (d' the storm. 'i\'ie dumh".sh .w (d the Cn'stal l^alac", bril-
onterprise, ami testified his pleasure and -ratitica bant and vaiualjle as it, may be,* wouhl stand no
thm at the iianpy consummation. Mr. Vt'n.DKii re- chance by the side of such a sln'w of In-h, active,
plied with brief and appropriate remarks, con;rr.itu-; ami rej(uein- life. All enjoyed it t the '~\i^yy rpiiek
bitin<: the Mana;:ors ami ("ommitte<' c„i the auspi- <d appre(dati ai. Standin'ir "upon the eh'v.i'ed seat.s
cious openinn; (»f the exhibition, and the admirable tmd takin- in the vvlndo"' .scene at on'> \iew— the
arran.ujements that had been m nle for it. At the throni: upon the ;:;i-oiim|s. t!,." dartiti;', whir!in,i.% rat-
close of his address, three cliecrs werecalh>d fbr, and tlin;; carria^res, and the f i^t horses jr^mii; ana.nl tie'
they run;: merrily in the m(»rninn^ air. traek at th^ir full u;ait— one mi-ht widl'^exidaini, a«

The horses was then called b.r to take their placets ' hundreds did enthusiastically ''exebiim, tliat it ex-
upon the track, for the grand entree and p ira<le, I .ceded m life and beauty all the lively and beautiful

1853.1

NATIONAb IIORSR EXHIBITION.

(i

337

pcenes within their memory. And w hen it was re- 1 the famous "Hot Corn" writer of die New York Tri-
membered that on the grounds were the erjuine re- 1 bune, then rose, and gave a lucid account of the pony
presentatives of twenty of the United States, as well! breed ;,, d,;^ countrv, and showed hims.df w(d'i
as the Canadas, the exhibition appealed to the mind | versed in their hivn.ry'aml peculiarities. JI,; stated
in its true beauty and magnitude. that tin re was onlv one distinct and pure hreed ut

At 12 o.dock,^ the bell announced that the h.,ur ponies in this country, and tlir.e xr ere the Marsh
for the examination and trial of DitAFT HoRsrs had ; Ponies of South Carolina. These are under 1.'^
arrived. In this department, tho tolluwing was ! hands high. The Canadian horses, known as ponies,

' '^re a mixture of the Indian Irn-a-s v.itli Fi' mdi
blood. Ml-. Ito'.jinson enlarged up> n the importance
of cstablishi)ig a just precedent, and, at the (dose of
his retnarks, the Fresident a])point<ai a CommittrM^ to
take the subject into considerati.ai, and r( port. This
r^n, »iscoHsin. _ I Commit toe consi.sted of the fVdlowing gei.tienien : —

'fie- .xhibiti.ai m this department was small -and Solon lbd)inr(m, cd' iNb w York Ceor.ro M Alwater
,)st inexcusably small, for the Conm'etient Valley , of S},rin;;fi.dd, Hr. F. Holmes, of Mahu', Mr. Ilamill'
alone has ahundaiiee of specimens that wotild show of Fhihnbdphia, atni W. S Kiinr,,f Hosjon
well in any part of the world. Tln^re w<>re only 4 : This Committee snl,s(>(pnait ly' reported 'fhrouirh
deiihle teams entered ami I single horse. their chairman, Mr. Ibd^inscm, 'and the report waa

Ih" trial of these iiorses took place on the north-, accepted. It is as follows:
rii part .d' the grounds, u{.on a wagon, W(dgbing ' "The Committee finally d.dermine, and recommend
1, ,00 pounds, and loa<led with pig iron to the amount to the National Agricultural Society to Tlu}di^h a.H
ot a little more Uian ;),ln() p.ainds. Mr. Trask's their opinion, that no animal of the horse lamily
horses hd (dl, ttikmg the ioad along with <'ase, and should be tmnn-d a pony whi(di doe>; not bear tha
^v,u•klng very steadily. After going twice around ! distinctive marks (d that breed,— that is, a heavy
the preseribed track, tiiey were unharnessed, and i body, .short head and "legs. st(»ut ma-k, w'ith heavy
Mr. rhapiii s t(vim took the load, doiiiLT their work man" and tail and r.ot ovarii harwl« l,;>ri,. .,,,,1 n>«f
veryei-iiniy. ueorge rmsworrh tried tlie load with m ail oti'ers cd" premiums fbr this hr(a'd ,d' horses^
a pair of Ins lmr..cs, which ^ had not been regularly pure pr.ny blood should h.^ taken into ae(a)unt. more
entered. Then came M:-. Fonda's beautiful bay four than size^md hei-ht, and sandi crosses of that breer'

the

Board of Judcjes. — U(»v. Mr. Skvv.mj., of Boston,
IIenrv FiJLi.r.R, Jr., of Springfield, Tiiowar Ha.v-
rocK, (d" Ibirlington, New Jers(;y, JIe.nrv A. Dver,

of brooklyn, (^t., a»id Ci:ou(Jf: F. Dklmu mn, (d .Mad
ison, Wisconsin

tn

year(dd eolts. Some of the iron was taken (df, for | with those of lar«rc; <n'owtl

growth as come

the nearest tO

the hrst time nunid, reducing tho amount to tibout : the origin.-il idea of a pony, for which the Sh.-tland
3,700 pounds. They took this easily, and the secon 1 , should be kept in view as the tvpe of the race.
time took the \\ hole loud. There was something a I Those not possessed of th- distinc^tive pony marks,
little too "foxy" about tho movement of the animals whatever their siKe, should I'C ranked a.s small
for draft horses, but tfiey demonstrated themselves to horses, and not ponies.''
he a nohle pair (d' colts. Young (>u(d)'>c had no ad

Pklmiu.ms AW.xnnci) at thk Fik-t Xatio.nal I'xiii-

imioN or HoR-Ks, at Si'Ri\(;FiKia), Mass.,

0( ToHFit, l8;j.'b

FANCY' MAT( IIKI) HORSES.

vantages for gi\ing a fa.ir test ^^[ his strength. 'J'he

8ingi(! wagon was t()(t light for a heavy load, and the

horse was in a light bretist harness. However, nearly

G,0(lO pounds were put upon the wagon, with whicli

tile puwerful ftdlow moved with ease, and in our

opinion, in tmything lik<^ really favorable circaim-

stances, {-oxld have taken the wlinh; pih^ alon^r. oj,. • c c-a . ii . r u ii ^ \^ .

Ko....!u f»- I. .,,.,, . • .1 .• I , r Jd pnnnium of ^,)0 to Doty it Hubbard, Mon po-

iNeail^ two flours were spent hi th.o-e trials, and, in jj^.j, y*; N(, "^

the meantime, the crowd had gone home t^, dinm r, ' ' •'^" '•

and were tx-ginning to congregate for the exhibitions

ef tile aftornoon.

Next followed the exhibition of Breeding Marcs,
tiiat of Matched IIors(\s, Colts, Stallions of W years.
Fill,

1st premium of §100 to I). Sanderson, Somerville,
N. d., No 14.

od premium of S'Jf) to Francis T. C'ordis of Long-
n^eaihtw, Mass., No. 0.

1st gratuity of $25 to James Fvced of J'almer,
Mass., No. 1.

2d gratuity of $20 to Josiah Crosbv of North Au-

rilleys of 3 vears, Stallions of 2 years, Filleys ,d 2 ' •J'^y^'^ ^^'^^^-^ No 2

•f-irv ^f..ii;\ ci I \ , 1 II , Ibploma to J. \Vilcox 2d of Meriden, Ct., No 10.

ears, .^talliont- of 1 year, fancy matciied Horses and

yet

v^tallhiiis of 4 to 7 years. Geldings, display of Fonies,
and finally thorough breds and Stallions (d 7 years
old and ujnvards. These were all l)rought (ait in
thoir r(>guhir order at the sound of a bell, and at an
hour pr(ivi',)usly arranged in the prrgrauime, fbr the
inspection of the judges.

Some dis(aission took ])lace as to what should con-
stitute a pony. \Vm. S. Kino, of Boston, gave his
^»puiion that the class should embrace animals 14
Iiiindy liigh and under. Dr. F. Holmks, of Maine,
differed, and thought that lo hands and under should
constitute the stand. A long and inleri sting discus-
sion hdlowed in whi(di several gentlemen took part.
It M-as alleged that the preccd,^^ to be established
^a8 an important one. The Kxhihition w^as design-
ed to encourage the breeding of such horses as it is
<le8irable to raise for use, and the use of the pony
vas for training childrea to ride. Solon Robinson,

MATCHED HORSES.

1st premium of $100 to Lewis (bile of Ibirre, Vt.,
No 30.

2d premium of $o0 to I>. B. Chapman (jf Windsor
Locks, Ct., No 0.

3d premium of S2r) to M. H. Criffm of Middle-
town, Ct., b>r his Nev,- Jersey bred horses. No ."h

dih premium of S20 to S." (\ Hall of Abimhester,
N. lb. No 0.

r)th ((ixtra) pr( mium of i^' 0 to T. J. Sle>]»ard of
Sj)ringfield, Mass., for his Genesee cuunly liorbos^'
N.) 10.

Diplomas to L. A. Fhillips of Frovidence, ji. I.,
No 7, Nathan Bassett of Chatham Four (^|^ners, N.
Y., No 10, J. H. Tuttle of (^)nn., No 2!h II. H l»ar-
sons (>f Amln^rst, Mass., David F. F>'ot of Conn., No
14, Genery Twitch(dl of lioston. No 8.

FARM OR OR AUGHT HORSES.

Fairs of Horses, — 1st premium of $50 to C. Fonda

^ r

i

I , <

^'l

J '

Wh

r '■' ''•

B^^k^l^

fe

fes,

^^i^

tisfejyy

»^

^

■^^M

338

NATIONAL HORSE EXfrTniTION

■glll^MIM<«Lti

[DErEMnER

^f Chiton i*ark, N. V., No 4.

?'\ pr. miiini of $25 tu IT. J. Phapin, of Snrinjr-
fri'Ul, No 1. i 1 s

3(1 premium of $20 to K. 'J'rask of Spr;n;;riel(I, No
2.

Dlploriiu t(» Ooor<^o W. (I.H^iricli. ritf-fi.-M.
i^inylr JIors€s,— Ut premium of :r25 ()i,i award-

2(1 priMnium of S20 to E. & E. A. Ilicc of West
Mrnden, Ct., the only entry,

STALMONS OF SKVEV VK\KS AM) OI.DKR.

Ist y.n'niiom .1 .f_(M) to "Cassius M. Cjiiy," ownr-d
by .1. II. (iodwin (;( \('\v V.,rk. i>io 20.

2d pr.'mium of .^lOO to .Morril lior.su owned hv F
Morrill ot Danvill.s \t., \o 41.

:5d i.rem'.nm (d S')0 to "Husii Mes^(>n;^«;r," owned
by Hiram Reed (.1 Au<:usta, iMe., No 5. '

4tli prenjium of $2") to '*lJla(dc Mor^ran," owned
by FraneiH Twi. !i<dl, .Jv.^ ,,f IVtersl.am, Mass.

Gratuities (d SlO ra* li were awarded as f.^jjuws: —

To "Ahhu.dot Mor-Mii," owned hy 'J'aft ,\l 15 )Wen
of ivKd.uK.nd, N. 11.; ' Ilattler," oWn.'d hy .J;imes
Bigart of Klu;;,s}airy. X. V.; ".J(,j,„ And.-r^on, ' ,,wn-
ed by ('. IV Ciirrie of New York; "O.-ear," own.>d \>\
William M. OKm.U ..I Michi^Mii; '-D^vrlii-Id Mor.rm ''
own^'d by V. A. Wi.r ,.1 Walpole, N. H.; ''Lum'
Ktar," <.wn«'d bv II. IImII of \.>\v V ,»V. "' 'K-Rforfiold
•Inr^iio. ' ,.wn((| ..y i;. li. ('avend»-r (d' K-tup, \. |I ■
"iiay K<-ntU(ky Iliiiurr." ownrd by H. A. j'.onlrj^.y
of B.dido'rtowii: "Uay S.ate M..r;r;iM." uwn.Mf by
John Chafiin -d ( Ir-. nticM: "Flyin;^' Mor-in," owi'i
od by li. M. Adam.s oi nurlin<rton, Vt.

STALLIONS OF I T<» 7 > K \ 118.

Ist promium of Sinn to ' l';i„l Cliflurd," owned by
Hnnsdon Si Wil(N)x. \ t.. NO Iti.

2d prrmiuFn <d S;,'>() i,, "Flyi,,^ M TLrnn," owned ,

by .bdiM Chamberlain and Hiram (j;id>.s ,'.f Ma-^sa- i
ehusetts, N(. 22. '

3d premium of ^'2r) to "Vounir F>laek Hawk," i
owned by F. llalsely of Aiistorlitz, \. V.. X,, J ,s

A -raiuity ot ^If, to -Flyin;: ('loud,"' o-.vucd' bv
Timotliy r. .Fiekson wl l'luslnn;j, L. I., Xo 17

A o;,ftruity ol .^KMo --CaDadian Lroj)ard," (',wned
by Ira (Infhn of -MassaidiuscUs, Xo o

A ^'•^ttuity of $10 to 'Uaven/' owned by Kobbins
Bnttell of Norbdk, Ct.. Xo 1.

Diplomas to "North Star," owned by 0. Hiehards
Cummin<;ton, Mass.; "Flyinir (;i,»ud,'' .nvnedbyT
T. Jaeks<,n,.Iamaiea. I.. ]■ "Raven, " bv R. Ratbll
IJorlolk <;t.; '-Cub •■ by A. Lyman, We^t Ran.bdr.h!
\ t.; "Blaek II uvk. by C. I>. Currie. N. Y.; "You'n;,
Kebpse, by A. Putnam, Holden, Mass- ''Bliek
Hawk, Jr./' by R. S. Pond, Addison, Vt.

I5RF.FI>IN(; MARKS.

iHt premium of ^UH) to Charles AV. Sherman of
Vert^(>nnes, \ t , No 17.

2d ].remium ol ^:)0 to I. F. DcAVolf of Bristol R

3(1 premium of $2.3 to George A. Kibbe of Sprin- I
field, No. 24. * '^

4th pn mium of S20 to Amos Feleh of Limerick '
Mo., No 2<S, '

Diplouias were awarde.l to Otis Learned, of Ox-
ford. Me., No. 43; Franeis Wilson of lline'sbur.'h
Vt., No. 14; William Beardsley of Albany No 40-
Ornn Trowed" Hardwick, Mass., No 35;' 'stiUman
Frencaid K(vne, X. IL, No V>; Henry A].>xander
Jr., of Sprm-field. Xo H; Phillip Bacum'of Simsbury'
Ct., No 32; Geor-e M. Atwater of Sprin^^fi,.],] No F
Benj. Pease of Warehous(-Point, Ct.. No 2- F Stilo^
Jr., of Clappville, Mass., No 10. ' ^ -' ^ ' ^^^^^«'

IJKEEDING MARE.S WITH FOAL IJY THEIK .int.

1st premimn of $100 to R. 8. iVnney of CIa„n
vill.-, Mass., Xo 2. -^ ■ I V^

2d premium of $50 to Jads..n N:(;hol.s of Flush
in;:, N. \ ., .\o 5.

3d pivmluui of $21) to Robert romcroyof Pitt.s-
fi(d.|, .Mass., No 9.

J>iplomas were awarded to Georc^o Swrtland (,r
Spnn-lild. .Mass., No G; B. W. llamilto'i of West
Il.tnlord, Cr., No 7; Robert Tucker oi Ware, No 4.

f;FI 1)I\(;S. J VFAHS .fNo oVKii.

Ut pr-mium of $1U0 to Fb. n< /.er Fhu'^ <d' Wor
eest.M-, No7. "'^

2d premium of $',0 t,) A. F. Sjnith <d New Frm
land Villa:^e, Mass., No SC. '''^'

3d {)remium .d' 820 to Frauds Twlchell, Jr „f Pp
tersham, Ma>s., No 24. ' ^'

4th premium (d" $2(1 to Gcor-e R. Wesson of Wor-
ceste-r.

Diplomas to G. A. Bates of Worcester, H-ury Ad-
ams of Lowell, Mass., Jer. ,Sheldo!i, Jr., of P.urr.-b
Mile. R. I., S. li. J)umas of Concord, N. II W lliim
B"anl^h-v of Allmny, N. Y., Ge,;r^<. Thomp.on'of
Boston, dohn (;oodri(di of Spriii'vlield, Wm. P Paff
of Albany. Warren Clifford of Worccht(ir, J. B. Uria-
fv nt^ P.o,,n C!,.^^p^^ Robinson of Fislikili Plains
X. Y.. W. K. (Jre.Mi of Amsterdam, N. Y., Geori'o
Lovejoy cd Lowell, Ma.is. ^

COLT.S.

SfuII/iou.'i of thrrv ymrs oh,L~Ut pn-mium of $.30
to John R. Bri^rgs of Cheshire, Ma.ss., Nr. 1.

2.1 prviuinm of §25 to Levi Coe of Middletown
Ct., No cS. '

M premium of .$20 to Barnes Davis of \'ernon N
^ ., No U. ' '

A diseretionarv premium to Edson A. Burrhanl
Sh.-ndiam, A't.. X(. 5. (Animal v.^ry superior, hui
prevented by kick of anotlnM- hor.-J alter arriving
here from np(tearin<j; on the ground. |

A diploma was awa'-defl to E. C. P.riM.k'j, Law-
ren(•r^ N. II., N,, '.), and to (;eoro;e Bowen. W.)r(;eH-
ler. J^Li>s., No :\, Also a discreuonary pruulum to
K. C. Brooks, if thou^rht best.

For best Filly, the j)remium of $25 to Edmund
Busii of Sheffield, Ma.ss., No 2.

SUdiions of tivn i/rats o/./.— 1st premium of $25 to
Lsaac Crispell of Hurley, N. Y., Xo 5.

2d premium of $20' to Mala Cowlen of Beluher-
town, Mass., Xo 2.

A diploma to S<domon West, East Brookfield,
Mass., No f). Also to (ieurojo A. Hunn of Hanlord.
Ct., for 2 year o|<l ;»;eldin;2;.

A diploma for U.sf FU/y .>f 2 years to John H.
Coflin;:, (irear Barrin.i^ton, Mass., No 1. 'fhe premi-
um best, filly of 2 years was not awarded, there being
only this siuprlo (jntry.

Stallions of one year.—] si premium of $25 to
Capt. W. A. Newman, IJ. S. A. Ver-;ennes, Vt., No
.).

2(1 preinium of $20 to R. M. Adams, Burlino;ton,
> t.. No ,'].

Diphmia to Nekson Richards of Panton, Vt., Xo 4.

PAIRS OF rONIFS.

1st premium of $50 to J. L. Briggs of Springfield,
Mass., No I.

2d j)remium of .$25 to Warr-^n Daniels of Bellows
Falls, Vt., No 3.

3d premium of $20 to John Moulton of Framing-
bam, Mass., No 13.

Diplonui8 were awarded to William Jay, Jr., of

lf^r)3.1

NATIONAL HOPvSK EXHIBFriON.

m

mmm:mmn^'^ jM.£.'i.MJtM,-m4 m «aH»^«r>-i

f% KWVfMMJTMV OWf • .f

Kew Y.trk, No 4, and L. \ . H. Crosby of Springtie.d, the horses in this C(»uutry ran four miles and repeat

Mass., No G.

SlN(;i.K PONIES.

l-t pi-.iiii".iu of $25 to 1*. T. Kirbyof Half Moon,
N. v., No T).
2d premium of $20 to J uu's Bird of Hartford, Ct.,

No 1).

Diplomas Avere awarded to James R >ed of Pabn-M-,
M;iss., Noll, Daniel P. Pub-y of S,l..,n, .Mass.. Xo 5,
P. P. Ib'own of Palni'-r. Ma-K., No 11. and V. Bowen
„{ Kichmond, X. IL, No 12.

Tiioi{oU(;ii-ni:KP n .rses.

St<if!i'>fis. — 1st Jind only ])remium (d' $100 to **Bob
Lojric," owned by J. R. Hutchins of Montreal, (^in-
ada. No 4.

Jli(t()<l }[<ireH. — 1st premium of $lO0 to "Lady
Di;^by," owned by James Turner (d" Boston, No 5.

2d jtremiuni of $50 to "Lady Sussex," owned by
Dr. J. (L Bantin;^, fi.wis co., N. Y., No 7.

ltd premium of $25 to ".feuMy Tiind," owned by A.
L. IJiiigham of West (Cornwall,* Vt.. No G.

The gi'in 1 Agi'icultuial Bamniet came off on the
third day. Plates were laid \' )? 1,773 ;ruest«. Mar-
shall P. Wilder, the j»resi']ent of t!i(^ day, assumed
ttie chair, supported on eiiner side by At>t)ottLaw-
rcnct> and ex-(i iv. Seymour. From the uiaoy excil-
letit sp(>(\dies male, that of (J. P. Holeouib, of D<da-
'.vavc, ( mbrac rt the most practical information. On
rising and being liearlily cheer(» 1, h" said:

They had sometimes h^anl of calling "spirits from
the vasty (b ;■)•," but they did not always come when
fail<Ml lor; and p»ndi vps it would b<» tlo; better f(U* him
to decline responding to the <;ail th"y had made, af-
ter the elo(pj(!:it Nsordsto whieh they had listeinMl.
He had heard the remarks of the various gerstieinen

Willi gia^U interest and j.lo .sure, and esp(.cially those - ^^"•>' ^'^^'I'^'i ^^^^ve any bone. Toey run ar two, three,
<d o,ir lat(^ Minister to England (.Mr. I,aw,.orKU') i =^"'^ ^'""' -'''■'^'•^ "''^^ ''''^ '^^ =^^' ^*"' ^■^^^'"■' which he at-
when he th ink-d the citl/, -ns of Spriu-fiehl in the ' ^''f»'l''^» '"' •^'«-\^' ''^'^ •'^"- '"' ^^^'^ <'iitered to run even at

I ~> /•...._. ._.1J /_!.. .l.i.l.il l.„.l...

name <d' *I issatdiusetts and ii» tlje name (d" the llnimi,
f)r this great exhibition. He had no doubt tbar tha'
was the honest expression of his leidiug. It was an

ed— repealing, someiimes, two or thr(>e tiin«\s.
They did it .t d )abt tle^ fiet. They said that
they had fornnaly sueh br< ' ds there, but it \vas
not HO now. In coiroboratiou of his statements, Mr.
H. nnnitioned that, in a conversation he recently had
with his fiieiid from N'irginia, (Mi*. Botts.) he as-
sured hiui thtit, sonie horses (,f the Boston blood ran,
tin; otluu- day, at Radim<)nd, f 'ur miles in 7.40, 7.b)j
autl 7.11). They would see in what remarkable \\ii\y*
tim(» tin' la^t heat wa^ run —about three sctjonds hung-
er than the fii->t. Tli.-v h id not ^ot any hoi'ses like
these in hnglaic.l. ih -y woiil 1 be very proud of them
if they had.

Why was this degeneracy? In the first place, b(^
was very inueh surpri> !.l, on visiting England to find
that horsi!-racing, it it was not the business of the
nation, was a very great amusement. In every (dty,
town and village, tliey had l»etling houses, where all
the m aubers of [\\\ comai'inity, the serving mai<l as
well as the md/ieman, entered th"ir bets thriaigh th(»
whole yeai-, to be decided wlu-n the races cann! (df. So
great had this e\il b(;com/, t cit a bill v.as passi-d, at
the last session id" Parliani' :it, desijjned to ut the.^u
bettmg-hou^es down. Xow, the result vX this was,
that every aUestion was t);iid to irettintr hrrls. Htj
lia'i sto )tl hy lac sidt; ot two years old colts, litteeu
hands high, and In; asked h.is friend, Mr. John Day,
how it w IS p ossibl" to make up thosi? colts m that
wav. Ml". Day told him th:\t thev were <'ntered to

•''ft ft

ru'i at two years (dd, three years old, aiul they were*
entered shortly after they were foab'tl, to run at a
certain time. Tiie dam was kept as high as possi-
ble, and iii the pi<ldo(d; tiierc was a little bo.\, into
whieh the c(d[ could run, wh"re oat meal was placed
and oats were always before hiiu. They v\er<! stuff-'il
will) ibll the oats they could be indu(!(Ml to eat. Th(«
cou^'ipitaiee \\a-, that it was <[uite irn'ossible that

occasion of congratulation to the tjountry at large
Uut, perhaps, as full [u-aise had been given to the
citizens of Sprinj;fi'dd, and to the value of the .stock
exhihiiCHl there, tlu^y would ])ird(Ui him whib», as a
practical farmer, he made a few practical sugges-
tioiH.

IF' had g'>nf\ as the Presldei\t ttbservf d, the past
Finnmer, to Kugland, and a ])art of his obje(;t in go-
ing there was lo scdect a horse, ;ind he travelled a
great ways, in different parts of the kingdom, for the
purpose of a-^ccrtaining their condition. He had
uinj)!e facilities for his (d>ject, having an introduction
biau AL\ Tatt(;rsall, which enabled him to visit sev-
eral of th(» most celebrated studs there. The result
^as, that lie came away without pur( basing a Ikh-kc
'^t all. He wished to tell liis ba'ofher farmers wdiat
the course; of bre<»ding was in England, and to show
the result upon the st.)ck, th;it n.o A iiKMacan Farmer
need go further in the same direction. 4'hey were
iiware that wheti the Eniilish breeders unit<»d the
h.ood of th(! B irl) with the Turk and tln^ Arab, no
better horses were to b(» found in tin; watrld. They
>vould then run four miles and repejit in 1 40 and in
1 2L Xow, instea<l of running lour miles and re-
peating; tiny only ran two and three, and did nt»t
fi'peat at all. It was a siuiile dash of two, two and

';ilt, and, at the Derby, of three miles, and that
^as all. He had told eminent breeders there, that

five years old, lor by that tini;j tln.'y \vi re broken
down.

He wished ft) say thrM'e,— -sine.-; they had come to-
irether to speak out fretdy their oninions — what he
thought. He btdiev; d that they needed to put two
inches uf» on the height (d' th«dr harses; and those
two inches of height tlie br<nMlers nunt give. 'I'h(;y
could do it. Tliey would give tlnau five years — ten,
if they wisheil — but they niust put their Inu'ses up
two iindies hi j;her. <^v'ntlemen might say that tln^y
wer(! tall enough lor some [»urposes; but what ho
wished to do wa^ to supply the luxuries <d" the cities.
The horse, with t!ie (dli/.en, was anarti(de of luxury.
They would pay almost any price, if the breeders
would only get Ihem up to tiie right height. "Now,
•rentlemenV ^;ti<l >fr. IL, "j- t your MorL^ans and
your Black ILiwks up those two inciics?" (Ap-
plause*.)

There Wf re two ways of doing thi>^. On'^ was to
keep tin; dam in good Condil ion; h't her do no work.
Then let the coltb-; pressed witii oats, .^ay until ho
was a year old. Up to that point, he conceived that
there w*as no danger; but there they mu^t stop. An-
other wa:^ by bu'eeding lar^n-r horses uptui this stock.
There must be riMkth(3r(% but he would try flw plan.
He would try the pressin^r system, for every farmer
knew if he gave a calf a little corn, in a<ldition to
keeping the (a)W in good condition, the animal would
i^row better and faster than under other oircumstan-

CCP

III

■i

*i;

f"

Mr. n. said he understood tlie value of Southern

it

e><

340

NA'IIOxVAL IIOIISI: EXlinUTlON^.

[Dkcehuih

blood; 1m^ b.lioveil tlioro were no hotter liorsns in the o(mrji;;,i'm.!nL wliicli liavo been cxt(!n(le<l to this en-
woilil, ail. I none faster. \io would not bavo thorn tiM-pri^e, tf);];other Avith tlio unanimous approval of
un(lor\aluo this breed; it was surh Mood as they bad tho press, are a |:;iiaranty tbut, bcncoforth, to iho
n )^ ^ot in Kn^land. llorso will bn a<*eord<'d a position in sonio ^ood de-

lUi (Mr. 11.) was a thrower ol \Yboat. ILi p!ou;;b- nn..o proportioned to bis execllencies and value. It
od tho /;round with liis Iu)rHes; he 8o\V(mI his Avheat ^ is no ajiolo^y for th(.s(. to whom properly l)elon;i;s tlio
fields v.ith hii hordes; b* drillod in bis wheat with duty of breJdiu:; and rearin;; tin:? animal for domes-
his horses he reaped and tbraslwd out bis wheat | tic iises, I bat tb.> disposition of trainin;.^ biui (or tho
with bishoi'ses. They wero not only an article of ' course, whieb has so' lonji; prevailed in l':n<rland and
iiecessitytu the farmer, but they avcio every where j in certain sections of our owncountrv, has already
an article of luxury. What t!»ey wanted, in the resulted in develoi.ino; many ei' bis extraordinary

lural districts, was to improve the breed of tbeii
horses, that their sons and th^'ir dai:;j:hters mi<:bt
ride at pb»asnre, as wdl as lo make i!ie animal iu( r«'
si'rvicable in the ti'ld. In e< Uflusion, Mr. 11-! •m!)
«ai<l — I shall tiro away froDi liii-; (^lnvl'ntl<)n vov
grateful for the exiiibnion. '1' ;^ >iioll;n' exhil-'itii-n
i shall c<M-tainly return; and t.» liiat, or t" som.* oili-
er occasion, wc. must postpone; th" ( i. ( fi' »i >-} an
r((Uestrian st tu* i,. (jokge M. Atu atku, ( l.-iid ,i;>
plause) and to ;v i.nhh later | iiinl -!'• a <i.iy, !
trust, that the youn^(»st in this a-^sembiv wii! s<mi\-*>-
ly wee, — the erection of a monnm.'nt in tlif ne niiry "I
th'* man w bo was the Irimd of bortit\ilturi", terra. 'ul , ur«-
and a^jjrirultuve — tlie trlitul <»!" rural lil', in all its roJa-
tions, Col. MARi^llALl. 1*. \\ li.ot.u. [lJr«'at cbccrin;;.]
1 will conclude Aith tin; ex})rcs.sion of a wish — a
.c;ood wish. It is pronrpted by a receni \i vii to th-'
|L^ravo of Kobort IJurns. I went dowji to Ay rehire.
where the n(»))lepoot labored, likemysrli, in tlw hai-
vcst field and at the ('(urmon drudgery fi li' , boast-
ing thtit no man could beat him at the p! .ii;j-!i, ;n, '
8o be put absolute want at defiance, lie Jipostrophi-
Fes tho larnuT in this way— let mc quote the words

of tho poet, to whom I am brother : —
"(tl Scotia! my >lrar, my naUvi- soil.

For wliom \n liL-avit) my warmest wWh Is sent,
Loh^' may thy hanty sons of rusilc toil

He bl<'>t with 111 nitli. and poato, ai)'l sweet cwiient.
A'ul. (ihl n-ay llcavt-ti tli»tr lui'rioiis livi'8 dcfcnJ

From InxnrvH contaK'ou wiak ami vile;
Tlnn l»ow«''ir rr-iwn'< iindcorom tabe rcui

A virtuous populai-e will ruisf tlu- while,

Ami staiiil a wall of Urc about thoir miuhlovfrt l»lc."

Hon. AniJOTT liAWRExnE, — 1 tliank you for accor-
ding to me tho privilege of proposing a s<'Titini( nt
bore, which I am sur<; the whole anairi) -^ will thank
mo for claiming, and to whii-l) ihey will ri"-j:ond
^vithout stint. IvTieving, as I ili;.ti»;it on».' in'!ividu;il
has hern a ej.-it pul-li.' Im u^f ii't,>r, and that his nam*-
should
have a

toast is t'ltlif iniii\idual who lia^^ oi iglnatod and pro-
mulgated the idea of this great iNatitrral Horse i'on-
vention. Witlnait occnp\ in:: v 'ur tin)'' in making-
any extenvlcd remarks, 1 beg to ' {f. r to \ou —

Healtli, happiness and prohp rity \n i'^F.oni.F. ^\.
Atwatkr. [Loud applause, followed by thn !• hranv
cheers.]

ping many oi rns exiraoramary
powers. Tliero are (pnilities constituently belonging
to him (I am >a!)-ficd Ii-nin my '»wn cxperi(>nce in lii^»
Use) wlii.-ii r<'main to be developci!.

^ on lire awavo, Mr. President, ol the in (■''•rest with
N'. !iii!i tlie lior^e wa; i'eo"ar<led bv tl'.o iif'onh; (»f
<<rii'c(> a:i'l lioine in the perinls ol their highest re-
finement ami ('i\ ili/atiun: boweviM* n^odern and val*
uol( >,s the race of "hist m( n,' \s t^ have abundant ev-
I'le?).' s til at fa t horses were the glory of the am-ients.
In 1 •feiaiii''; to tho rocnrds of their bistorv, we also
notice t!i;ir (li»'i-c wiM'e tlnaa- e.-*:<(^nti;ils which eonsli-
tnteil o!i;;il)ility to the honors of State; that tl (> ]»er-
Hon .slionld forsake h;^ bcnedietino life, that lieslu-idd
build lor liimsi II" a bousi', and that he sliould
sustain tho relation of f>arent: I think, sir, tliat toey
mi'dit. \\it!i eonal ni'onia.'t v, li:!\e jiu/isteil. mI-d tli:tf.
ill ; apphcani lor di-tiiiolion sli^ tild rear for liinisclf
ami bis successors at ba.-t one thcrougli bred
horse.

T!

JO

love (>f \ !.e

Arabs" for thrir horse,-^. and their
hnnnmity to them, are well known. So highly have
tliey esteemed them tlnit their genealogy is traceable
back for two tliousand years. Those of their purest
stock are reverentially denominated "nobles.'' One
of this class, so reiio-wned for strength and beauty,
was ini5>"rte;I into Kngland bv the t ih-ntiMl divine,
Hi.-Iii.p ncber, ami so cordial ^^as lie in bis cstceni of
the an'n?al llui*; th'-' ">Vrab' i'eeame hi.5 familiar
pot.

AN'itl; us. the raibject (^f raiding tlu)rongh-br(,'ds ha.^
l>ecn so lightly esteemed, that 1 hesitate to n^fer to
tho number of thi- idass of horses, which the cata-
logue of our exhiliition present-;. As an instance of
the \alue of "thor(»U'^li-bre(ls," I will al'ode to tla^
proliiM revolting fVoia the ownership of" that famous
horse "Eclipse." His name, sir, whirh you know
^\as given him "beoauso he distanced all eom])(^titors,
or, ill other wauals, thev had no ]»lace. Of his
^■] c' 1, no corre t estimate can be lOrmed, as lie never
met v,ilh an o}i))(»nia:t suffuiontly fleet to put it to
tho tf'st." "?a:lipse" produced three hundr'al and
ai^l thiriv ^^ inner::' netiiuii: to his owners the sum of
oNcr one million of dollars. T have the ojanion of
till' Hon. .Mr. Ilolcomb, a dirtinguislKal member, Mr-
Mr. Atwater the mounted tlio stand amid cnllinsi- Pre.-iden;. of vour "honorable bodv"--that the im-

rei'oro'Mt
1 tie- pri^

aii'l traii-mi'ted to posterity. I
h'il'e of ^ivin.'- a toa^t, nnd that

astic plaudits, and said. —

Mr. President, — Cordial and entbusiasti(» hare
been tho greetings of the tens ol thousands ol voices
which have been hf^ard on these grounds, sim o th '
iirst opening hours of this exhibiti(.n; ami 1 trust an<l
believe that the hearty res|>onso with wt.iidi (ajr ef-
forts have been hailed, is but the expression of a sen-
timent which will live beyond the greetings of to-
day, and find utterance on othc!- plains and in cxhi-
biticns of lasting interest an<l ut'dity. Allow m;^ to'

' I

t;ay a word, sir, with reference to the d(;sirablenes.s
and expediency (»f following up the precedent wliicdi
has been established for the annual aud solo exhibi-
tion of horses.

I feel, indeed, that argument on this point is now
no longer neceeaary. The universal support and cn-

p^'i'dn which this exhile.tiou will vmdoulitedly give to
the breeding of superior stocks of liorses may resuU,
in the limited p-n-iod of 5 to lO years, in an increased
profit t) the lariner, of an aiiKiunt e(pial to the [ires-
ent entire revenue of our government.

The horye, sir. is a typ(> of tlio qualities which do
honor to our efforts to exalt the standard of his ex-
cellence, notah)ne in beauty, liit for adaf>tati(m to
the ini])»3rative wants of man. The requisitions
which W"make npon him tiinnot be answered by any
other animal in the wide creation.

Mr. President, I will not (piote the distinguished
and a('com]dislied J^)r(l Herbert of Imgland, as an
impartial admirer of this noble race, w hen he says
that "a good rider, on a good horse, is as much above
himself, and others, as this world can make him,"

1853.1

SIiPKllPIlOSlMfATR OF UMK.

?>n

hut I think that the sent, nnnt thus expr(;ssod, and I Sup!, r Pljospliafe of Lime.

the authorities given, will exonerate those who are ^ \\r ^ ^ i a. n i n • i- .• i j. ^

, ,• , ,.,.!♦ i] ■ \ ' , V ,\ . We extract the following directions, how to make

m earnest in regard to this subje(^t, fr(»m the imputa- I '^

tion of being elevated upon the «tilts of an exaggera- ^^'<' J. hove urtieh', on tha farm, fr-m the "American

tod zeal.

The account in tin; Farmer concludes thus: —
The representation of the pres.s at the hanquet
■was very hii-ge, there beiiig probably mon^ than
fifty e<litors and re]»orters ]tresent. Thc'r(; wero
more than thirty r"port<'rs t(»getlicr, on one line of
t.ibles.

The llailroads during the last week did a tremen-

Agriculturist.'' 1m mmv parts of the ccaintrv, p; r-
tioularly in tho int. i i' r near towns and villages, l)oneM
can readily I'o collcoted whieli aro now allowed to
wast«', and article made fnan tliem (d hmnr, \\\\\rh su-
])enor to v.iHie of the no^^fnims naw advertised as
fertiliy.ers.

To intiJci' SiijHr-PJiosphaJe <>/' Lime. — Some ]«oncs,

dously large business, and they have thus found j some oil of vitriol, (sulphuric aeid, ) ;ind some wood-
tlieir aecount in their liberality, it is calcailatiMl that j ho()pe<l barrels, or half-barrels, or half hogsheads,
not h.'ss than .'iU.tUlO strangers visited the city during i tire all the aftparaUis needed. Ibme.-, ar(M;vei \ where
(ho week. | to be f. mud. Offer ^onie of ih*^ idle boys in yiair

It may interest some to know the exact number of j neighborhoo<l five to ten e nts a bushel f.ir hunting
entries as they afipear on the Secrotary's books, and ' them up, and you will Koon «'ry, emujgh for the pre-
W(^ giv(» them : Thorougb-breds 7, Stallions 7 years ' S'Tit! floin two or three ol your neighbors and send
and over r)(», vSlallions of 4 years and uiulor i o4, i U) the nearest larg(^ town, and get a ['vw earl-ovs ^.^
Geldings lot), Hro'ding Marv's o,"), ]>recding Mares sulphuric acid. These carboys liold from lllOtolSO
with foal at side lb Matched Horses 33, Fancy ditto ' lbs., and by stipulating to return the carboys, you
lb, Stallions and Fillies of.') y« ars 19, of 12 ^-ears ! (!an gtuierally get the acid for two to thre(M'ents a
10, of 1 year 7, Farm and Draft ibirses C), loonies 21. i pouml. For casks, tak<; old lau^ay neat barrels, or
The total number ol entries was 407, covering, as we j tight molasses hogsheads, s.iwti in two in (lie middie.
rtv'kon it, 472 animals. ' The half-barrels, or lialf-hogsh(ads, are most loiivc-

In lookin<'' over the listed entri<'S. we find that the 1 nient for use. For onerations tai a sn\all seale one
Morti;aii and lilaei; liawk breeils TU'evaihal in tln^ ' or two will be suflicient.

exhibition to an ext(uit far ijeyond what wesupfiosed j Put into the barrel a ({Uantiiy of wat. r, aiol jionr
t<j b(! the fact. In many cases, tlu; breeds are not : in some acid. The arid should be addi <l in Mnall
distinctly stated — or present such mixtures as not to ' portions at a tinm, and the mixtuie be allowi d to cool
helou"- to a distinct family. Amonir the brceilin"- l)ef"ore more is a<lded, as c-reat heat is pro/biced by
mares, wo find 22 Morgans, 8 Black Hawks, and .■)! mixing the acid and ^^ate^. Y"u want ah iittwo
Messenijjera: among tin.' (Iiddings, ."11 Morgans, 11 \ and a half (|uarts of water for one quart of acid;
Black Hawks, 'J Messeiigeis. 4 Ilambhdonians, ViU^^ j strict accuracy, however, is n-t necessary. V-^ a
lish aud French 3 ea<di. Anujng the stallions of all ' pitcher, <:r other earthen vessel, for measuring tho
ages, tlnu'e wsro 50 Morgans and 22 Klack Hawks. | ticid and water. Having put tho water and acid info
It will thus be seen that the Morgans were verv ' tin* barrel, you may now put in as many bones as you
largcdy the leading bunily, whih; the Plai-k Hawks can punch down into the liipiio, which slaaild first
were se(a»nd on tho list. ' be ciiished tolerably fine. As the bones si ttlesfrom

The gross receipts of the Kxhibition were nearl v - lime to time put in moi". j.-t this ;tanl fronisix
$10,000, ;uid the sum receivod will be just about • to twidve weeks, stirring it npwell\\ith a -iek evry
enough to pay expenses. The leading items of those j two or tlireedays il' con\enient, ;ind \oa will have a
expenses are, the premiums, amounting to about i li(piid super phosphate id lime as good as can be
$3,000, to which will probably be added many gra- I made. When you wish to ap-ply it to tho land, pour
tuiti(^s, over and above this sum, bestowed upon fine j out the bujuid, lea\lng the iindi-obcd bones still in
horses present from a distance; the ere(;tion of the! th(^ l)arr(d, and mix tic lirpiid with ^^'xw utileached
high board ftuice around th(» lot and the building of ! allies, say two quarts of" ashes to a gallon of" the li-
the stalls aiul ^^eats, wdiich cost Sl200or Sl^OO; print- j (piid; and then mix the whole thoroughly with a large
ing and advi^rtising; the bampiet and the entertain- ({uantity <d' dry muck, ( hareoal dint, well rotted dry
inent of invited guests. A large amount of minor : manure, or e\en witli any dry soil, and it is ready to
expenses, many of wdiich could not hav(» laa'n ♦ore-' bo sown nj>oji the field bi-oad-cast. or put in hills or
seen, and even now must be indefinitely estimated, i drills with the seed, li" ])Ut in direct contact witli
were incurr(Ml. The Managers \v(M-e liberal in their ' the seed, b<^ suio to ba\e it iiist v« ef] niixed n itli a
airangeinents, in proj'oiiion as the certainty of sue- larye quantity of muck or other substance, sa}' two
cess enabled them to be. 'f ho receipts for entrance ! or throe gallons to a cartload. Th" mixing can be
fees f a- h>irses annamied to from Sl,bOO to Sl,700, ; ih ne \\\\\\ a sho\e1 im a floor or liveii on the ground,
an 1 between i^l, 000 and SI, 200 wer(> taken l"or tick- | 7b in<;L<' liti]ii<>riij Sii j, r, • j)/io.yf/i(de.- M'.iku t!io

cts to the baiKpiet. The balance (;f receipts is from
entrance f(>es from spectators.

We thus close the history of one of the most iuter-
e

supor-p)hosphate just as above ilescribed, and instead
of the ashes, or in addition to them, add a greater or
less qu:intily of urine, or tli'> liquid from the manure
'stiu'j: exhibitions on record. It is the history of a I bean, ami tln>n dry with muck as before, 'fhe more
fine idea entirely realized. The exhibition wa: sin- I urine or manure drainings you add, too muvQ un-
gularly exempt from accident, and from those riotous | })ror(!(i,i)V the richer in ammonia, will bo your prep-
demonstrations so (dten att<uidant ujam exciting pub- i aration.

lie- occasions. Prob^ssional rogues were attra(de(l I Th<> above process is verv simple, thou<ih we lane
here, of course, and several ])i'rsons suffered from i used a good many words is describing ail tlic f»ar-
depi'edations upon their p(Md<;ets. 15ut tin* beantirnl ticnlars; and \\\\\\ little tror.blo you can make fifty

horses, and tho crowds of men and women, have
come and gone: may a good influence have gime
forth with them, which shall toll for good upon all
their interests!

dollars worth of hrst-rato t^uper phosphate, or im-
prtived super-phosphate.

Caniion. — In handling oil (^f vitriol, bo careful lo
have none get upon your hand*^, face, or clothe;'!. This

I

0 40

OUAXO IN l)K[>AAVARi:-POULTRY.

[PKrEMr.KR

^■►•v** .^mnra

caution is especially n«H!nssar>' in |)ouriii;i; tin' ac^iil
(nun tli(M'arl)«>y, and in (Iropjdn;; tin? boncH into the
Ijarrcl. It is w»'ll to always krop at hand a pail cf
water, nnd slionlii any fly upon yourpor-ion. or dotlirs
innnaiiatchj v( xwc^xo it \)\ wfrcr nH<M>r w;jtrr. ShutiM
valuable ^arn)»Mits ])e (U)lored by tli»^ ncid. the color
can ^en«^rally b<' removed, by at our.' \v;v^hin;j; t!i«.'
8pot uitli Hoine saleraJus dissolved in A\;it«>r.

The above op-Mation can be carried on m thf open
air (juite hs well as untler cover, and )>y standin;: on
i\w, windward side of" the tub any unph-asMnt linnrs
will be avoided. A ln»ard shnuM be pluced ovrrdni
tub to keep out water durin;: rain.

After pourin;; out tlu- li |uiil sup^r-plioshate finm
the barrel von can :n!d more water, acid, and bitnes,
nnd let the pro. ess .r,, on anew, Tije arti(de is iust as
I;(mm1. (,re\cn better, after it has stood one or live
years. Should th-' hoops chance to burst <»f]' from
^onr cask or barrel at anv time, pour th." liquid into
another ves<e|, or -i-t it npon the top jif" anotln^r, and
l(^t it through 1)\ punehii!;^ out the bottom.

••»-

wouhl b(. worth m(>re to the farnn.'rs of" this country,
vvlio compose four fiiths of its pojaihition, than (hj})a
and all the rest of the .Antilles besides. Or it annex-
ation is not to b" th" f'li'ure hvshion. sonii' hotiMra-
ble ineue^ shotdd be ii^e I by our <!:;overn jnerit to ctFcct
MUidi a nepitiation with l*eru as will enalle us to buy
(uir jj:;uano at a reasonable pru-e. I have n.) d iilt
if it could be had by the consumer at SiO or even
J?.;.') per'J.'JiO pounds, the ^overnujent of l*eru woidd
lose nothin;: by the reduction, whilst it wnuld i!;reatly
benefit the agricultural portion of oui- communitv.

-••^

C^aano hi Delaware.

/'/ '7/7 ';/' «//•//////;/ w/iC'lf.

K.Ntracteil ironi (H:or;;cl\ li>h I's report o) the

pat' lit office.

'1 hero can be no no doubt that even at the pre<«en^
extrav i;jjai)t [trices of ;rua^^^ the farmer who culti-
val(\< his own land, if tli.at land ;s po(tr. ishandsnnie-
Iv l^aid back his outla-'fur all hi- 'oiano iudlrion^lv
upplie<|, and has a niar;j;:n iel'i foi- proht, licsides the
additional advanta;j:;e of" havim.^ his ;:round co\(M"e(l
with a thick crop (d ;j:rass, wlfn h will furni>!i him
the liasis of an improvement \es< evanescent th;!n
that nuade by the <, uano jte>- se, whiNt the landlord
who furnishes his te)iant v* ith this manure is paying
at tiit^ rate <»(' Si p r 1*H) p i\u\ds of ;;uano. at. leasi
for this mere advau'.a*:;'* of havin;j: hi.s laud in a c ri
dition for sp-^edy improvi nr.^ut. T!ie (piicl;(>sr mode
of rcnovatin;::;our Wi)rn < ut soil, we liave found to be
the followin;^: Take a fi(dd, and dres.s Mitli ;;(>(»
pounds jjuano, turned very i]i'0'^y, then sow 11 ! u hel
of wheat per acre, af)out the lO;h \<l Si pt( ni!)i'i-: the
wheat to b<^ ac ded w.tb a diill. A\ her, the i:round
i>; t ha wed, in ' h" hitter part mJ" Februarv. or eai-lv in
Mai<h,^o". (lie .-ixih of a ln'shel of clover-.^ced per
acre; it !•> be^i to -• w ihi'> en a li;j;lit fall of snow, so
that the ni<d;inj;o(' tl"> ^n^w mhiII < arr\ the yet d
with i:^ into the cracks of the e d ; !, )i> ide h\ the es-
ca|ie of frost from the j;round. l! it shou'd. bv rea-
s(Ui <d" hiujh winds, become dry befoic tliecloNci- ha-i
bad lime to ;:;e!: up, it will be well to run a r.ake-
luirruw over the fh Id. This will benefit beih the
wdnnvt and the (dover. If the sea -on is not excessive-
ly dry, the clover wi 1 be thickly aet. IMy experi-
orii'e last year on this point was as f >ll(>ws: [ so ed,
in the autumn of IS.JI, a field of CO a;M'es in v. heat,
one half (d which was drilled a:el t!i> other broad-
east. Five years before thrit, the fidd was in corii:
and socomph^t<dv had the soil been exhau ted; tia
itordv yielded loo;| bushels ( f corn, or about? bush-
els per acre. I gave the land about 2(S() ]».)unds of
pjiiano per acre, when flushed for tli(» wheat, and
turned it under, to the vellow dirt. The elovor was
8own (ui all the field at the same time in M M(dv The
lialf that was drilled vicdded enou;r|i wheat more than
the other half to repay the seed; and there is now
more than twice the (pjantity (d clover on the drilhal
half !han th-re is on the other. It is to f e hoped
that the next territory we shall hav«» annexed will
be the Lobjs or some other guano islands. Tlicy

Premium I*onltry»

Kxhihition V(nri<. — Hef)re entering into descrip-
tiitus id the various lireeds now competing at the
difierent shows in the United Kingdom, it may he
w(dl to namt; a few imperative rules a[>p'icable to
to them all. The comjictition is now so great that
something mort? than mere merit is required to gain
prizes, uidess it be wliere tliey are va]ueh*5s from tho
abseina^ of those names in the list which are ,i guar-
anten for the quality of the ]>eaten birds. Tln^y niust
be in eycellent condition, not mrrely fat, but in full
flesh, health, arid spirits. It is necessary, in order
that they may show to the greatest a<lvantage — noth-
thing is more important than this in fowls interidcd
for exhibition — thc}' sliouhl take the eye at first sight,
and to do this, tht»y must be in first-rate condition.
This will nor ),o accomplish(Ml by extra fee<ling for a
fortnight, luit by keeping them well from the time
they are hat(died, and this is more economical than
he wretche(l and shoi't sighted practice of alternate
starving ami itverdeedlng, becau'^e in the former case
the fowls sufhr no check, ami grow aiul furnish ac-
cordingly. FowN intended for conipetition in
Di'cember shoidd ))e selected from Maich or April
(hickens, and the cocks ami pullets kejjt separat<' till
a shiu't time before the show, when the}' should run
toM-t-ther, tlnit they may agree when in confinennnt.
Inattention to this hatter particular is the can «e of the
scalfied pullets so c(>mmon in pens, and these not of
g;;nn' lowN, but t 1 all breeils, even the lea^t jiugna-
ciou--. Tliev will not alwavs a«:ree unless tlu-v are
u-^imI to be together, and as the unfortunate fiullet
(•annot escape, she is often killed, and a ]ien spoiled.
Those who knov>- the difiicultv of g<'tting tliree good
pull(ts td"e(pial merit tofoim a Tien, will readily ad-
mit tliat sucli a circumstance often spoils a season,
and is thecaus(> .d' empM' M-ns. Uniformitv cen)(^«
nexf in importance, and this also is an essential. I
Would advise every exhibit<tr to ])en his fowls at henie
before he seud> tlnnj away, ai.d to judge them many
tiiui » hi;. M-;t. AV e are ail a little dispo-^ed t" ad-
mire' our owti property — but judg' s (and e\irj
exhibit(U* should be one) hxdv first lor beauties and
then for defects. Many of the latter are imperceptihio
wdiilefo>Nls are lunnin.:. at liberty, but lliv ar(!
pi-'urM M.I win II they are in a small pen. Tliey
should mateli \\\ s'ze, colour, ag(\ and ^mw eauinge.
(^>mpetition is often \eiy (dose, and if judges ha\e to
give periiaps two prizes to a class nnmbeiini: l-O
enlr OS, it will easily be understood that any little
incongriiity, unimportant at another time, is latal to
a pen so far as honors are concerned. Thfoe aro
breeds, cd" which we siiall write heiM^alter, where
colour is not a first jtoint, and yed. if two c'lnpeting
pens were equ;d in every otln^r rf'spect, if one weio
more unifoim than tlie other, that pen would carry
the prize. No one who has never judged, can un-
derstand the importance of these apparent trifles, or
the relief it aflbrds to judges to discover them, wlicn,

1853.]

PATENT OFFICE, k

LC.

u?,

as is often the case, an hour has bt'cn spent over five
or six pens selected from 100.

They should be in perfect plumtige. 'I'o Insure this
they should be prop(udy ]>acked, an(l my »\\j»erienc «
is in favour ol a round ba>ket — it has many advan-
tages— if oilers no corner where fowls can huddh* up
and trample ea<di otln r, and as t\\(', fowls in nntving
go round, the f<' ther^, especially the tails (d the
cocks, follow and are not broken. Tlo^ basketshould
adew the fowls to stand u[u-ight, and should be cov-
er d with canvas. Plenty of clean Oat or liarley
Ftraw should be put at tin* bottom, and the birds
should not be ptii'ked till it is absolutely necessary.
They should not for economy's sake in carriage be
packed to(/ (dose, or too numy in a basket. The b<'st
test of th(» proper size is to (djoose one which will
allow all its occupants to sit <lovvn at the same time.
Whatever breed is <'xhibited, tin* owner sluaild al-
ways send his best, for it is t'resome to hear people
say when defeated, they could have sent better birds,
and it is always a sorry sight when fowls cd un-
doubted merit lose even a commendatory notice for
want of condition, or fnun ragged plumage caused by
ba<l catcdiing. As a#ule, a person unaccustomed to
liandle fowls should take them bv the lejj:s, raisinjx
the hird from the ground the moment thi^y hold it,
oth -rwise iniury is done in stru^jirliuir, and by beat
iuLT the; wiuL's and breast airainst tin* L'round. John
liai/i/. JiJuf/Us/i Aijriculturai (Jazcttc.

The Patent Office-

Tiie Patent Office rep(U-t, which is annually pub-
lisheil, is (»ne of the most interesting jmblic docu-
ments which the (Jovernment puts forth. It shows
the pr(tgress of inver,tion in this c.aintv, ami the
rcmarkabiy practical character of mnid which
di>tinguishes our countrymen. There is noihiiiir
which promises a saving of manual labor, no matter
in what department of donnvstic industry, or which
may accou)plish work in an improved manner, which
is to<» ii.sienifi^'ant for the application of inventive
genius. .Many of these inv;uitions are, no <loubt,
more (Mirious than profitable ; but many of them
vieid the in\entora fortunf\ Thus in the patent re-
port fer I s.VJ, a man who liad nnuh^ a slight im-
prox.MH'nt in a stravv-cutt(!r, toidc a mo<lel of his
machine through tlui Western Statics, and af"ter a
tour (d" eight months returncil with Ji>l(),n()(). An-
other had a machine to thresh and (dean grain, whiidi,
in fifteen nnuiths, h(> s(dd for S'.)( 1,(100. A third oh
taiuL'd a patent lor a printer's ink, rtd'used SoO.OOO
for if. and linallv sold it for S("»0,000. Examiner

L

dev(ribes various new (dectrical in-

ine s report
V(ai'ions :

Anioiij; ihese is an ehv-tric whaling apparatus, by
which the wliah; is literally "shocked to death."
AiiotiuM' is an electro magnetic alarm, whi(di liii'^s

111

belU and displays signals in case of fire or burglars.
Aiiofhop is ail electritr clock, whi<di wake^ you up,
t'dU \ou wiiai tito' i: is, and lights a lam[) for you at
any h ur you please.

I'here is a " sound gatherer," a sort of huge car
trumpet, to b - phi'cd in front of a locomotive, bring-
ing to th(^ engineer's ear all the noises ahead, perfect-
y <listinet, notwithstanding the rattle of the train.
Auere is an nivention that picks up jiins from aeon-

washing and ironing. There is a parlor (diair pat-
ente<l, that cannot be tipped back on two legs, and a
railway chair that can be tipped bacdc \\\\o any po-
sition, without any legs at all. Another patent ii for
a m K hine that counts the ])asseng<!rs in an omuIbuM
and takes their hires. WMien a very fat man geta ill
it counts two, and (diarges double. There is a va-
riety (d' guns ]»atented that load themselves ; a fish
line that adjusts its own bait; and a rat traf) that
throws away the rat, and then bails and Held itsolC
and stands in the corner for another.

There is a nnudiine also by whiidi a man prints
inst« ad of writing his thoughts. It is played o»
like a piano. And speaking of piancjs, it is estimat-
ed that nine thousand are made every year in the
United Stales, giving constant employment to ono
thousand nine hundred hands, and costing over two
millions of dollars. There is also an explanation of
the principles of the celebrated llohb's lock. ** Ita
unpickability" depends upon a secondary or false 8et
(d" tumblers, which prevent the instruments used in
picking from reaching the retil ones. Moreover, the
lo(^k is powder proof, and may be loaded through the
keyhole and fired off until the burglar is tired'()f hi«
fruitless work, or fears that the r -port of his explo-
sions will bring to view his experiments more wit-
nesses than he desires. Doors and shutters have also
been r>at:'nt(Ml. that cannot be broken thron.rK wjtb
either pick or t^ledge-hammer. The burglar's occu-
patiiui's gone.'. A hiirooon is described which makw
tin' whale kill hims(df. The m(»re he pulls tho lino,
the deeper goes the harpoon. An ice making mgr
chine has been f)atent«^d, which goes by a steam engine.
In an exjierimcntal trial it froze several bottles of
sherry, and produc-d blocks of iceofth" sizi; of ft
cubic foot, wlien the thermometer was standin*" at 80
degrees. It is calculated that for every ton of coal
[)ut into the furnace it will make a ton of ice.

There are no less than twenty-.-jeven patents grant-
ed during the year for steam and gas inventions.
An improvement is also menti(m(Ml in cutting-nail(»,
so as to ptjssess the compound cpiality of wrought and'
cut nails. Also, in making cof)per kr^ttles, by winch
tin; ketthns formed by the })ressure of a buinisher,
as the disc is revolvdl in a lathe. Out of 49.'i appli-
cations examined, Ifio were granted, which shows
thiit nearly three fourths the labor bestowed in inven-
tion is unprofitably employed, probably for want of
infirmation relative to machines alrcdy patented.
Many an inv<uitor spends his ho irs ccmtriving a,
mechiiiiictil iiufirovement, only to find, when he ! ai<
siKMH'eded, that some other inventor has forestalled
him, and patented the same invention.

Fi\F, C.ATTiT,. — Our friend, Wji.ma.m Vans ant,
E<(p, (d' Montgomery ^Square, this counly, recentlj
di.spt>.^( d of two cows for tlu^ sum oT .'?l^l!(),()0. T.ejr
wei-e, we uinleistand, of the lull blooded Devon.
brt'cd. Oneol theiii Was s(dd at tlw! Montgoimu'jr
count V A'.i:ri(ailtural Exhibiticui. and the other at i\\<d
Rising Sun Exhil/ition. A young ludferof the same
l)r(^ed, was sold by h'lu La- $.")(). Another cow;
"Young Mary,'' and a Ibill "Sir IMward," ol tin*
same breed. ea(di took premiums at tln^ Montii'iuerj
and Piiiladelphia Exliil>itions. Tin; latter was also
. , , awardiul the pi-einiuiu <d' IK'teiai d(dlars at the lialti-

iiised heap, turns them all around with tlwir heads more ('ounty (Md.,) Exhibition. Mr. Vansant exhil)-
"!', ami sticks tin ui in p uiers, in regulai- rows. .\n- its a spirit of ent( rpris(^ in the imorovement (d stocky
nother go<^ through the whole process of cigar worthy of imitati(ui. I lis display of "Shanghais" a*.
iiiitlvin;:;, taking in tobacco leaves and turn ngout the the M .utgomery Count\ .Vgricultural i'^xhibition wtu
porl'ect ariicle. One machine cuts cheese ; another very fine, and coinmaiid il a large sliow of attention

scours knives and forks ; another blacks boots : an-
other loeks the cradle; and seven or eight take in

ii

J

as well as admiration from those who were prcbcnt
—}fuiitjQmcrij Watchnian.

If

■'rc-a;

344

DIGGING MACIIINES—NATIONAL AGRinUT.TirRR. Soe.

IDFrFMnFR

» « ■ ■■ ,. —

•=t» ■• "^.w. n ^

:^Ja(iunaI A- rirultuic.

New Implement. — A ^rjiritc'l tliv^c'usHion on «lio '^n,^ * * i i ^ i

the narrow wore the canita stock of iin' f-nninr^ c • / - r » , kiio\\s \\i)iit

Tho dr.ll. tlH. horso.l.oc the scarili ,■ a „ , h , ' ' ^1 '""" " '."T, I' -^-'r:" ""•" ^^^ ""'" 'I- 'L-

va...ra,v.,| ,„„r.. recrnt tune,. 1; »>,ul,l "M-ar ; ,„.,..iu,in, ,1„. ...,-, .^.a.. ,„i.', Ls ■ i ' "

M.,nv_.l,.t tl,,. plough ,s to 1,.. M,p...-so.l,.,l l,y H,!;,,.,,^ iooure u t„,al ,,rod.,a il,irty pel Jont^We'u-^

Thousarhl Thir;' Ilimdiv.] '>iillions. \\n\ ^^(•l.■ntiHt^
f^killfiil, ihorouL;li A^^M-irultmc always cmplovs more
than tlo' shifih'ss, sloucliiui: sort too ^riK rally j.rc-
^■■^l'"' : '''i' jf i'^ ('.■rtaiiily within Ixjunds (d cstiinate
that (Mir AuTiriihiiro nii<;ht l)i' so iiiipr(,v»'(l as, }.y tli(^
help (>f additional hihor now uncnipioy^Ml and un)»r()-
ductiy.'. to LHvc an additional |)rodurt (d" tilty per
rtiit.. ur Fiyo Ilinidrcd MilllonH per annvini— an

machine. I am one of those who think wr> plou^rh
too much, and that the plou;;'.. will n;ivc phi, ,;' ocjTa-
eionally to imph ni. utH of more ^en. Mai utility: hur
that it will be guper8(Ml('.l is out of the .juration". All
ini[)l('m<'nt< emph)yrd in a-i imliuiv :-hould hayp
these requisitcB; they shnuld 1... .iniph' in Ntru.tiir,',
strong' cnou^li for all d.-ri'ip!i.,n> ,d' soil, and h.' ap'
plicahlr to -cucral c' Jtivuli.m. 'I'lir pluii-h has those

wIm!'";'-;!/!;;::^"^'''^^ '' 'l'''^" •J-;--;'achi.y.n>ont which wouM douhbthc wcaUhoiti;

at u^.ik hist neck u-i i„i|,l i,„.„t..l ll„',ulii»ainr..r-,l„. truth W'.'uum i.^i i.ir \Mtliin

it^;Mv'T^ ',''.;''''''l ■,:''';''''■■''■ '■' ''^^"■>"""". •■;■"': liuts„pp„.,.,hu. vh.ir „rit,„rana.hli,i„„of

ikm. ,;;.!:,::,:,■ ,::.il,::,,"7.f;':;;'v^:''v'' '^""r'^""' ■" i ■'■-> "'--■■ ■' -'i ^.uy .MnH,,,. p..,. an,u„n .,, ,„,'

beams ut eitlicr end. \\ ihf la
]8 h.xo i a 'trotiir till-' or --liart',
the til).'- ..i th'' hii.'if ciiltivator
boltH, with a MTow Im a ijust th
In thf front arc tixi d thi-tc ^m:
beain>, and frtmi ihc tinrs arc
po'nrin;: in the din ction of the i
inn: the draught pcnver direct f
field in which the implement w.
stnlih!.' '•{ the ^ti"oiii,('-t ( l:i\, V
Gi'a---. 10 acres in <'xirnt, ;iiid .
d'", pl^li \allcy, and ilio \\^>\\ w
th.' hdl, witir«M;:ht hors -;. T!
selves in i\\v ;iroiind alM-ut 7 i-
retentive soil in a most mist r*
tered or rather shivered the p
confusion, leavin«j^ the field inV
ted upon f.y a liirhter imp!, u
v"ii'.. The f|uaiiti: V -d' woi k

^"^" t^i'oy« I annual A^nc.iltkual product, is attainahle, what an

""^ we^lt'i wouh

1?

iu ijurl t*-

1853.]

T>TMni AM COW, JUNO.

345

y^mi'TXimm » '^ n •v^oMirn

Pedlsrce of Thorough l,rr„ T>„..,„m Co.v. Juno 1 .„„.,u,,ly rich. Thi. was the case «ith her da

:M. owned by CJerard (ope, ncai W, t fhester,
( Ih •>tcr rr.Mnt\, l*a.

am,

donothe ;jd, red with some white, ^ot hy Louis Wo mnnlln f i '' ' [

,.,.,,. 1 T , ., , >^ J we lecoiiect beiu;: orcsent

P}nllipp'\ <huo, Juno the L>d, l.y the iujported T.idl, |'^.

grand dam and great grand dam, "lied Rose," and
also with "Hessy," the dam of "Louis Philippe."

when hotter was made

"Ili^ <:i ace," grand dam, "Juno tlie Ist," begotten'
in P^ngland by "Charley," ^reat gran<l dam, "lied \
Rose," (imported by Pasehall Morris,) by young '
Magnum U-num," gr. gr. g. d. by "Barmpton," gr. I
gr. gr. g. d. by "N'orthumberland," a son (d' "Com-
et." I

um l]cssy's cream in sixty seconds, by stirring it in
a tea cw^^ witli a spoon, and also saw the cream tak(ui
off fiwm her pan of milk in a single piece by lapping
over with the skimmer.

Gerard Cope's dairy may be cited as a sample of
what th.' hiii-hain'. will do for dairy j.urposes. They
are nearly all of his own rai^inL^ and by taking care

tl

,.T • i-n -n- )»,,». — - ' '" "^'O laiMii;:, 10 >v laKin*'" care

"Lnui-^ IMnllipp(>" was .r,,t )v "I enrv C av " d-nn \ \ , i -n • , j oti^.n^ » .im.

, , \,i, ':, ,• " '^>''^)' ^*'^'»' toseleet -o,h1 nnlk.Ts ,n the lirst place, and then

le mipi'ited cow, "Sessv, who madr over Ki n>Hi nr i i- i , ,. I > *

I , .>> ni, I oA(, ].> Ihs.of l.reeding them to bulls, whose dams have also been

butter !u a single week. Juno the h took tw tlr^f i ii r . •,, •

, n T . , "<i look t.H lust romarkable for deep milking, he ha- ol)taine<l a dai-

pr<Miiium f<.r the best tlK.roUM, bred Durham Cou- '^i .. < o-, ,'• ,. 'h.iuo o, a uai

, . , , r ,, ,., " ' '''' 'i'" ' '•^^, .It ry of l.\ cows, not often (Mpialhid, for size and qual-

tlie n'rent show of t he C i(>st f^' ( dunt v \ orienUnri^ Wxt . . l" i -,1 i • ,, ^

'' '"'^^^ ^\^n(ultuiai ity combined with a large vi.dd ,.f butter. Ten of

Nuaety. >he ,s extremely noat and fiiuMu the bon,.. i them on trial for sevri-d w, .1-. n • i i

. 1 , . . uifiii wii uiai lor SLNtiai wvA-ki, successiydy made

and there ,s a -piabty and style in her appearance, I lOO lbs per we,d-

independent^ of her having nn-.t of the chara;.teristic I Calves and heifers fVo.n these cows, have been sold
points of a I urbam, which would ..rike an 'observer ' at high prices and di.trd.uted to distant parts of the
at the firs: .lance. H.r bn<ke( i. ,hvp and project- country. They are td.ieflv .f the red and dark colors.

mg. the Ion. and h,ps wide and with a fine back, I ..T-o-tTtfrTTilar ,!eniun.,r:.t;„n I. .-wi, .i..

unu.u^ . pretty su-au nne n-om the no,- to the setTl f^u-egoing, of the <.,od whi. h has been aceomplished.

''^''"^■'''^"'^^'"^'''^'"''•-^'V improving our breeds <d' stock, we annex a .s-;;.--

her orijiiual
(1 to give no
\ Ixdow. are
''Look uj)on

five ae; < s, and i xn-^i (pi. nt U' ll

would l..^e rt.,uir. d ten pjoe^h. with four horses [ exchanges and general trade of tlie country -

each l,a nnr (1,;\. was enmpleted with e!,<rht \n)rso< ■ Tribune. ^^I'^u^.

^. 1.

'^ikI "ii- iniplrno lit in two days — a saving in labor
'<> tli ■ aie.amr ol '2 \ boi'Ms in'oiie fhdd: a7id what is
^'' '""''■'' 'liip-ttiiiuv, the ^reat advantage to the bind '

-••^

Improve Spare >linutes.

in b. in : n!:,ved in drv vi^nher On ironirv"] leaVni " '' ' ^" T"^^^ ^'"'^ bvartieally industrious, ,.ne nnist
t»>.it th. in,pKanent .as n,ode h.l a d ! f n , l!^'^'''^"^ '^''''' 'T'%. ^T'^'':' " ''''"'' ^""^^^ '''

by Mr. W. ^Smith, of Little Woolston, near iew ^In ' '^"''' '^^'""^'"- ^^' ^''^ i "'•^""^^ -^ --' li'''^ 'i'^se
Pag»>«'J. 'w Jn. is a propriet.T and practical farmer

and that he has taken out a patent for it. Now.
w hether this implement is pori'oct or not, time ^^ ilj
^how; but 1 am (luite satisfied that to ;:ain snfiieient

Jiaic minuK s. Kf\ ail j
spare minvttes are the most (raitlul f^r <:ood or tvil,
and are literally the gaps through which temptatioii
finds access to the yeiil. t>pare minut«>s are gold
vlust of time, said Vcung; saiels make the miaini.-uii.-';

moments mak(> th-year! Idhuiess wastes a man as

pow.r to work our strong clay soil. ,h. imi ne !'—.'- "'^^^y 'e- year, i.ifeness wastes a man as
must w<u-k uno'er the surface and 'n . o er b '^'.r^':'^'^^\=-^ '^''i^'^try improves b.m: e^i] deeds and

seems to me quite impossible that uffu lent Lver I V ^^'T'' \" '''""' ''V "i"^' '''"' ^^ '"' '^ --''^■•"•''^-
eanbehad,ev.nbyt}u^ aid of^ ' lam Ti- mind and I ody

ground bv rotatory means, and I f r tin en rnri e ^^^''^' J'^^^'^y^^^'^^'l^y tn keep them pure and healthy
and ingenuity and^^eal of our frie m M «' wHI ' Vl ""* ^^'/<V^'<Y'''''^ 1 '"''"'^'' ""'' itdspureaud
fail toTiccompiish the laudable object 1 .I'lsvl ;\''"^;;^*;"y ' ^^^ ^^^'='^ .s there more nois me an.i pes-

and also that the digging machnw ^,W ^ ^V^""'^:^^ ^'^'^ ^ Diligence .d itself

.hnnber amongst the man/ speculative nnpleme^^ ^ ^ h av" ^d to im d "' "' ^"'"^^'^' " '' ^" ' ''''''

which may be seen resting from their lab(,rs in the '

Rhelter hovels of our most enterprising agricullur- The better animals can be fed, and the more com-

"caZm.

AVI -1 r • ^"^ ^^'"'^'^ auiuces. ever, that the Quince rewards as well for care and

V liilefruit growingof all kinds is too much neglect- j attention as any other fruit, and is improved by pro-
^a hj our farmers, who could make it the most profita- | per treatment, both in quality, size and productive-

Wc branch of their business, the cultivation of Quinces
seems entirely so. The Quince tree is an outcast
every where, generally found in some obscure corner

ness. A rich, deep soil is required, whicdi should bo
kept loose and (q»en by the cultivator, or by the
grL'Wtli ol hucd crops, and it is not by any means

I8t8.

En</liifh A'jrkiilUiral Gazette,

fortable tliey can be kept, the more profitable they
arc— and all farmers ^ork for profit.

or rendezvous for weeds; the trunk surrounded and j only adapted to moist land. From the fact<d their
a most concealed with a thick growth of suckers, growing well in such situations, it has been inferred
^ ing never trimmed, or pruned or manured, it seems that they will not do on upland, which is a mistake.

to be considered one of those productions nature has
designed to take care of itself. The truth is, how-

Some of the finest quinces we have seen were from
high and dry soils, and they will be found to do

■ I

344

DIGGING MACIiryKS—NATTONAL AGKICULTdRE. &c.

[D

Kr'7'Af CFR

Dfff^Ing Machines,

Ayt'w Implement. — A Fplritc-l dist'ussion on tho
meritH of agricultural imptcuicnts is one ot tho rosults

WT»*.-'«t.»M»'I

^athuial Agriculture.

Tho total vnluo of tho annual producta of the soi
of tho (rnito,! St:it(.s is now alxait One ']'li(>usan<j

ot Iroo trade in grain. In lormor davs tho nlou^rh an,r Mii,;.,,,^ <,f D ii..r<. ., i , ,

the harrow wore tho capital st<.oknt nyjy fa7mo^^ '^ ; n / i>;'llaI^ , a ml n.. ono ^^h<• knoAvs u|,a

The drill, the hor.o.hoc! th, .carillM^ ;::i tf;;: t J ^r

vatoraroof nioro recent times 1, u.nhl aniM>-ir T, -nnount „t Lain., v^hH•h.H now rn.plou.,1 in

now that th. plough is to ho superseded hv a d'u: ni^ i i''"'^"^''^^ 'J^ '^f'^^''':\ '"'^''^ ^^ -' =M'pl'-i a. to
machine I -i one of those ^v^:";^.'^ i^fc g^ I ^^^^^

too much, and that tho phaig. will .nvo place occ^ , V Hundnd Millions. IJut scicnliiie.

eionallv to imnlcmonts of n:o.-o .n.:!.-.! ^ "J't I :,^'"^^ '' ^''/•'"^^'' Agriculture always omploys

fiionally to inijtlcnionts of nioro gcn.'ial utility: hut
tliat it will be suporscdc 1 is oat nf tl,,> .,u.>stion"! All
iiuploinont>i employed In agiiruliun- >li.,uld lui\.'
those requisites; thoy should l.o ^Inlp^' in strurtiirc,
Ktrong onough lor all <].'«n-i).li.,ii.s of soil, and he ap-
phcal.lr t.) gi^iHTa! ciiltivatioii. 'l'],,. plough has those

than t}o> shiftl.'<^, sIo\ir|iin»r sort too generally prr;-
\alrnl ; and ii is c.Tlainly within ))ounds t«) <>st'ini!it^j
tliatoiir Agricultui-c might he so improved as, hy tln'
lielj)()f additional lahor now unemployed and ur'i])ro-
duefivo, to give an additional pr«)duct of fifty per
cent., or Five Hundred MillionH per annum— an

r-<.,,,,;.if,. lufdw..' ... • ' 1 r '^ii'ii'., oi rnc jiuiun-(Mi .MiiiionH per annum— fi

k^' !■ :\v h ::' V onl^^ T \ '^^r "••! ' ^^•''•— ^^ >vhich would douhle tli^ weaUh . f the

U:ef;,|;;:.:;;;w v' ae^^i,^?:!. ^-\^--- whosoever win

.rform a^.-eaf..; UrLuu of O^'}:^!"!! '.."^'.l^'^' ! ^"^^^^''"''>' ^'^'^''^^^ l^^ ^^^"'^"l^"''*^ ^f a single State, or

even an average^ ( ounty. in any part of the Union,

perform a givatcr hivadth oi woik in a gi\en time.
All inipl-ments that till the gi-oond may l)e terme*!
cultivators; hut as yet th<Te ar.« t^w of t'hisidass that
are really efHeacious an,} of g< no-al nsr. 1 noticed
at Work last \^(>rk ati inipl ni/ait of the cultivator or-
der, \\ li;.di, iVoiii tie- >inii)lirity of its stroctui-e, and
itH great jxiwor, hd iie- to* Aauiii,.> it; it consisted of
tkr.>o open iron }„. am . i.i pai-ali- 1 In...... v,ifli , ross

beauK at either . nd At the tail end of each honm
JHlixrla 'trong tin(Mir sliare. miidi in fomi like
the tiiH's oi the |)uci«^ coltivat.M-. fast, nod ]>y double

Workinir.

bolts, with a brrcw to adjust lie- d.ptli of

i and estimate how much its productmight be enhanc-
; od by Irrigation, Manuring, Deep Plowing, Draining,
I i^'o., will perceive that out cah^ilation is far within
j the truth.

^ Hot suppose that only half of it, or an additi(m of
Two llundivd and Fitly Millions p«u- annum to our
annual Agricultural product, is attainable, wliiit an
immonso auaiUoii ;./ mii n.iuoiiai ueami wouniiner*}-
by bi> in.^urodl Four-fifths of this would pro})ably
be i»ermanently added to tho w(\'ilth of thocountry—
that is. the farmer whose annual product should be

would invest the greater part of it in new biiildin"-s

po'nting in tho dinctam of the Imises' ,.o]|ars, bring
ing the draught power direct from the tines.' Tin

fences, barns, implenn'iits, furniture ttc.. A:c., givin^r

field ... which the implement was at work was al^n, ' iV'Vr'i 1"""' ;'"I''*'"'"^"^' lurnituro Otc. <Vc.. g,v,n.
stubble of the strongest day we 1 n a dw M^^ ' profitable emph.yment to mechanics and laborers and

(ir..^- 10 .. .. ;. , »•l.^, ^Y lima tea \\ih ( ouidi hirg.dy mcreas.ng tho bus noss of merchants and tho

■iolvcs in tl,P ,r,.r„„ ,1 .,1 „, ."",' '"""' ""'n- til.. .■<,n-inn|.t.on <,( .MMMiilUclureH, Cmcstic and ini-

r-t;;;;;' :!;r, i::':;,l,;u .;-■';:.■'.;; . ":;■;:,,"':,': ••;.":;;;' .■■;''"■ 't- '••;'■"> t'\ t-' •'- ■"""""

confusion Iciivin.r tl„.ti,. :,,.);, ,""^' •"'"""''' 'vin;; ,,„ ,f must first !„■ lakm fur I,.,!,..- usr, :,ir.,nl-
Jc u,, 'uu :,:,,,, 1, m '" ''^'•' ,"'r i """ "' •"■'■"•V iiv ror con!, to the annual ,,r."iuot

-- • ! 'v, was ,.,„i„d.[;.d ■,:i;i: ,.!':,:; I;;;;::: : ',r,l',::f ' ""' "'"""' "'"''^ "' "" — ••3--^'- ^-

an<l on- implenu nf in two days— a saving in Labor ' ' ^

to tho ai.^amt ol lid lM,r>es in (,ne fi(dd; and what is
of nior.' inqu, nance, the grrat advantage ti. the Jand
JU bring moved in dry v.eailn-r. On in(,iiiry 1 learnt
that the Me.ph-n.ent we.s niodo led and manufactured
by Mr. W . .^n.ith, ol Jditlo Woolston, near Xewpoit
Pagnol. who is a proprietor and practical farmer
and that he has lakon out a patent for ir. \ ow
v^lle,'l;ol• this implomrnt is perfect or n.^t, time' ^^ili
show; hut 1 am onite satisfie,! ihat to^ain suffiei.>nt

linpiove Sparc Minuter.

To be really and practically industrious, one onist
:m]-roVe those minute ]. articles of linie, known as
"sjtare minut. <." « l! all portions of (air life, those
spair minutes are ilie most fruitful for irood or evil,
and are literally tho gaps through whiefi i( in}»tatiou
finds access to the soul. Spare minutes aic gold
dust of time, said V-aing; sands make the mountains;
power to work our strong elay soils, the " imrd'e'ne m "^'"''''''^l] '''''''? ^^'''.voar! idleness wastes a man as
nnist work under the surface^ and no to t . '''- '• '^'l^;^ ''"l^^try improves him: evil deeds and

oemRtomo quite impossible that sufficient Lvor I P 7''' i^ "^'vrr creep upon Inm who is assiduous-
an be had, even by the aid of earn o ^1^0 ' ^7"^'^'^ ^ ^'''" ''^'^'^ '''^'^ '""'^

ground bv rotator/ moans, and I fear the on rnriRo ' )="'\.''^'l»'yV'^^'^'^7>- '!]. ^^H' tl. m puio and bealtl.y
and ingenuity and zoal of mir frie ml Mr A oJ ,? wfll ' 'V'l I^'l<^;^'ater, ,1 .t runneth Iroo, it is pure and

iail to accomplish tho laudable obioct lo'ha \ i ;\^'"'';^';"';'^ ^'^'^ ^^^'=^^ '^^»^^'n^ i»"re nois mo and pos-

nnd also that tho digging ma bine wil h tW ^''''^""^'*^ ^'^' ''''^^

.hunbor amongst the man/speonlj;;; ImUni:^!^ I l^t^y'^d IL m d"'' "'' "^'"^"'^^ " ^ ^''' ''''''

which may bo «een resting from their labors in the !

Kheltor hovel, of our most enterprising agricultur- The bettor animals can be fed, and the more eom-

r .7' 7. i ' 7. . r. Torlablo thoy can be kept, tho more profitable they

hngU6'h AjriadiKral Gazette, | are— and all farmers ^vork for profit.

tee
ea

1853.]

DURHAM COW, JUNO.

345

Pedigree of Tliorough IJred Durham Cow, Juno
;M,(iuti<<i hy Cerard Cope, near West Chester,
Cliester county, l*a.

unusually rich. This waa the case with her dam,
grand dam and great grand dam, "Red Rose," and
also with "Bessy," the dam of "Louis Philippe."

dunotl.e ;:d, red with some white, got by Louis w...'u ,T'' '"","' """'" ^ "'"fT'«-

Plnllippo, dam, duno the ^.d. by the importo.l Bull, \ L'J^yZ^ ^""^ ^'^^f "^^^" ^"^'^^ ^'^^ '"^^^«

-qiis (Jrace," grand dam, '-.runo the 1st " begotten I ^ " ^^'"^ 'r^'" " " f T"^'' ^' ^^"""^ '' ^"

in Kngland by "Charley," groat grand dam, "Red ! "Jr 'Z " TV''^ ^'" "^" ''' "^^" ^^'^"

,7 /• .o, i. , „ ,. "*' f™"' I'cr pan of ini k n a 8 n^Ie Diocc bv lanniiiff

110.0," (tmportod by Paschall M„rri,,,) by young over with the skimmer. ="- P'^^*- l-yl'^PP-g

M;i;inum Bonum, " gr. gr. g. d. by '-Barmptcm," gr.
n;r. gr. g. d. by "Northumberland," a son of "Com-
et."

"Loui^ Pbillipp(!" was got hy "Hem-y Clay," d:ini,
the importcMl cow, "Bessy," who made oyi^r jf) lbs. (^^

Gerard Cope's dairy may be cited as a samph; of
what the Durhams will do for dairy purposes. Tln^
are nearly all of his own raising, and by taking care
to select good milkers in tho firs-t place, and then
l>rooding th.-m to bulls, whose ,/u„ts have also been

butter in a single \voek, Juno the .'^d totdc tie i]r^t . i i i r i ■,, •

;...,.. H , ,„ , , /; ^'^'V •■^''"'^'■^^•^''••''•"•'I'^"P""ll<'ng. bo has obtained, a dai-

prenuuni o tho bos thorough bred Dur am Cow, at [ ry of 23 cows, not often equalled, for size and cpial-

the recent show of ho Chester (^mnty Agrioultural ity combined with a la.-go yield of butter. Ten of

Society, ^he IS extremely neat and fine in the bone, them on trial for sover.,1 w, l-o ■ i i

, ,, . IV 1 , . , III. m on mai lor sevoial NNccks succoss.voly made

and there is a quality and style in her appearance, I 10(1 lbs. nor w.'ok.

independent of her having most of tlie characteristic
points of a Durham, which would strike an 'observer
at the firs', glance. H(>r brisket is deep and project-
ing, tin; loin and hips wide and with a fine back,
lorming a ]>retty strait line from the ne.d; to the aoT
ting i.n or th(^ tail. Juno tln^ .'hflias also the impor-
tant point of being a good ha4i<ller. Being one of a
dairy of 2.3 cows, she has never been tried sepaiate-
lyto tost horexaet capacity for milk and butter,
hut would be (;alled niorc of a butter cow than re-
markable for i\\o.(iu>nitUy of milk, which is, however,

Calves and heifers from these cows, have been sold
at high prices and distributed to distant parts of tho
country. 1^hey are chiefly of the red and dark ccdors.

'b.w.Mj<rt^fr,iiar demonstration by contrast with the
foregoing, of the good which has ))een acconi[.lished,
by improving our breeds of stock, we annex a .vj;c-
cimcn of an unimproved cow, with all her original
and acquired tendencies to lay off fat, and to give no
milk. The counterparts of the specimen below, are
not as uncommon as they should bo. ''Look upon
this picture, and upon that."

To Haise (iuinces.

^^ inlcfruit growingof all kinds is too much neglect-
ed by our farmers, who could make it the most profita-
ble branch of their business, the cultivation of Quinces
scorns entirely so. The (Quince tree is an outcast
every ^^ here, generally found in soiiio obscure corner
or rendezvous for weeds; the trunk surrounded and
almost concealed with a thick growth of suckers
»Jng never trimmed, or pruned or manured, it seems
to be considered one of those productions nature has
designed to take care of it.-olf. The truth is, how-

ever, that the Quince rewards as well for care and
attention as any other fruit, and is improved l)y pro-
per treatment, both in quality, size and productive-
ness. A rich, deep soil is required, which should be
kept loose and open by the cultivator, or by the
growth of hoed crops, and it is not by any moans
only adapted to moist land. From the fact of their
growing well in such situations, it has been inferred
that they will not do on upland, which is a mistake.
Some of the finest quinces we have seen were from
high and dry soils, and they will be found to do

\

; i

■ . r

,1.

JRf- "7 * '^ J

340

WOMK FOn Tin: MOVTTT

[DErEMBn

m,%.^jK-wm-n^,.m^.^-ffjfgmai "-'11

thero as well as other trees. An acre of Quinces, 10
feet apart, will admit of 41)0 trees, which will <(>m
mencc bearin;:^ about the thinl year after l)ein<;

lectin;!: liqui<1 in n |)it at one end, whi(;h shoull uo-
easioiially i)f puinp'^il up, and poured or w iiin-l
over the surface. Manure saved in this w;»y is worth

planted. Very little prunin^i; is r(Miinr(d. ?^:i\.' wlicn ;it least fuurlnhl in(.ri> in spriii<r. tliiiii where it is
youn;;, to make the trunk strait, an I Inmi ;i r.tund, scatt'-rrd ,.\("r yard, and exposed t(; w > ;v'tifr. (J„l.
pymmetrii;ai iirad. The fruit is ju-oduced (Voui the; j lect ;iiid house caretully all tools an! li'niiiej: uton-
little twigs or spurs on wood two or three years old. ' silv. Opm the mouth<; of drains ai;d lit( he-;. Avoid
The same oreneral principles of niana;;<'Mieut are aj.- ; tinnhi;; stock into j»a>ture ii<'M> in buft \\r;ith( r.—
plicablc as to otliei- fruit trees, and witliont which it Secure corn cri!)^ from mice, jlaiil U\ 1 wiicn M^nmiid
will be in vain to expect fin(^ fruit. P.-rhaps more , is iro/cn. (!i\c phuity of litter, either straw oj- leaves
than any "tlier. exec). t dwMrfpcar,^, the <^uinei' should I frcsm woofls, to all stock, cattle, hors(^s, slieej), and
be supplied with manure, du;^ in caeh tall, the conse- swine. r<»r the latter l»oil small potatoes, pumpkiiij^,

({ucnt rapid <j;ro\vth to be re;^ulated by the shorteuin*;
in process.

Til ' experience of the best cultivators proves that
saJf is a specific manure for the (Quince tree, promo-
ting:; ;;rowth and thrift remarkably, in a short time.
A})out t^'o (juarts sh(»uld be applied to each tree, or
it mav be sown broadcast, ten bush' Is to the acre.
The Phihulelphia market is srddom suf)plied suffud-
ently with C^i'i'"''"^- ^^e recently price(l some tempt-

!ind any r«d"use v<*;^etables.

Fkiit OiicHAKi), — Attend to ;!;eneral directions of
last mcmth. Bank up the earth around your trees
U) keep off mice. Di;; in manur(\ (u* ^.niano when
ground is not frozen. Take advanta;i;e of open wea-
ther, to pr(7)are for Kf)rin;r plantinu:, by deep plow-
in;j^ imd subsoilin;;, AV'hen^ the olijec't of pruning in
youn;]; trees is to prouKjte growth, now is the proper
time. The amount <d fo k1 collected by roots through

in;: specimens, fair, \:\r<io and smooth, and were told i winter is thus iionfiued to remaining: bramdies, ia-
fifty cent8 per half peck. ^They generally ranges from i nte »d of bein;; distributed throu^;h tree and lo'^t.
$1 to ?2 per bushel, actN.rdin;.: to quality, and aj Fi.owfr CIakden. — The princip:il work for ;:ardon
(Quince oridiard in full bcarin;:; will yicdd two to four, in this month, will be cleanin;:; bordei's and decayed
Vnisluds per tree, ;it a minlrrate estimate. From the ' plants and ^yeed<, renewin;; walks, tyin;: up to stakes
facility of pickin;;, the expen>e would Ijc less than :ind proteetin;; hall" hardy jdants and >liinl >. Kun-
any other fruit, the transportation to market nun h nine; roses should be secured lirmly to tie ir stakes
safer, and we believe the clear profit from an acre be or trdlisses, to preserve them from Iteinp: Itroken ly

greater than that from any orilinary three acres of
corn, oats, wheat or iiotatoes.

^'Vork lor the Mouth.

storms, Chromatellas, Solfatares and su(di like roses,
not i)erfectlv hardy, should be W(dl covei-ed with straw

-••» or cedar bou'j:hs. Teas and other dwarf var!(^tie8

may lie protcH'ted with ci'dar bou;:h- tied t":! 'tle'r at
Farm. — "Before £rr« an id is too frozen, and whihdeams ' the top. Mulch well a!l rose^ and pi iiit^ ^vitll sliert
are in I.elLer c^.n iiliitn tlian tle-y will next Spriii;;, manure- Tie np iunij)ers and other bu.-his with
pl"W .and sul)Soil, especially on heavy lainls. tlie stra^rL^Hu;:; l«ranclics.

ficMs fur coming: crops of corn; attend to stock in I Persons wishin;^; i^u'ly blooming!; plants in sjirinj]^,
barnyard; pro\i<le sheds for slndter; fodder judicious- ! may keep them throu;:h winter in c"ld iVaux's. l)ig
ly with straw, corn-fodder, and occasionally hav: re- ; out a hole a foot deep of size r( ({uircMl, and fit in a
niembcriii;^^ it is easier to /<>/]> them in a thrivin;: box. slopin;:; to the south if p >^sible, two ft et (leep at
O'lidition. that to </< f tliem intuit. Cows and vouo"- ba(d; ami IS inches in front, bank ni) (.irtli IVem
stock slumld be well i-arc d fnr in widl ventilated .sta- ! the hole on out>ide, antl lay a bed of coal a-^he^ in bet-
bles, and snppliei] with a few carrots, beets, (u* tur- : torn, to make draina'j;e and ]v,-eyent ii;;rrcs< of wornit>.
nips each day; use the cai'd iVe-jie.ntly. II ive wat<'r <'over with ^adi, aid protert iu severe weatlur wi'h
always at hand, and two or three lumps oi rock salt stra\\ mat- aid -butters. \'erbenas, Frimrose, Fdy-
in the yard for stock to lick at pleasure. Economise anihas, Pansies, Petunias, &c., will keep nicely in
hav nnd straw by use of straw-cutter Corn lodd.-r ihi>< wa.v, and bloom e;iriv. Fc.rw;ird ai>nuals in pots
should also be cut, before fcMlln^, and il no steamer
is a hand, empty the tough end of the stalks, or buts,
which will generally be refused by the cattle, into a
large hogshead, into which pour boiling water, and
cover the top. After being softened by this process
feed, with a little bran or ne il s]»rinkled over. 11 i\e

by placiiii:; thcni in frames carl^ in spring.

See that jdants in windows are not killed with
watering. The on/// riilr for this is appearance of
s(»il in pots: water oidy when it appears dry. Keep
tleni lu^ar light and turn round occasionally. Tl>o
farilicr plan's are (k lo light give the less water,

manure, as it gather- in I'ani^aril, colic, ti'(l und( r change water in hyacinth glasses, every week or ten

a rough shed in centre of yard. Provide some soil, days.

or muck from swamps, which mix through it as
heap is forming, and give occasionally a sprinkle of
plaster. Prevent drainage from passing off, by col-

VEGETAiiLr. CiARDEXs. — Attcud to directions of
last nuuith. Finish covering with straw or litter,
everything that n; cds protection. Commence com-

j

185.^1

KEOTFllES OX AGFJCULTUUE-PKA\KT.T\ rOT^XTY FXIffId TOX.

r i^^an ^^afmM Bt^ir vamnm

mw^^mmt ^i».'W7U» t ^m^.^rr mJt .u

■ •*s«t«>««^tAA4

■ iMipifcwv t ■ awj*'* ■xj'-i

postiu'j; manures, so as to j>rt'pare tliem lor spring
use. Attend to arranging and securing all such seeds
as will be required for spring ))lauting.

l-i*duies (01 Agrii'uliure,

The su(;cessful exhibition at Pitt.>!eirg. having we

and county Societies. The subject may pei haj s bo
brought before the annual meetin;: in danuarv.

«B»

Franklin county Agricultural Society.

AVe are imhdited to Col. iMcCbire, tr<'asurer of the
ahov«> .Hociefy, lor a copy of the Franklin Whi<r, i.ub-

presume replenished the treasury of the State Agri- j li'^hcd at Cham})ers))urg. containing a lull account of
cultural Society it occurs to us that th(» apjo-oach- j ^'^''''' ''^cent exhibition, (the first ojie) with a list of
inir winter, a season of c.ou]»arati\e leiMiie with far" | ^'"" l'i'*'>i^ii»iiis and reports of the committees. We
mer-^. micht be wad' emnloved in en-qi'dn-' a comite- d'-'^^'''^^'t the following acconnt from its editorial col-

tent person nv persons to make a tonr of the State- I '*'"^ '^^'''.^''^* '''^^•'"; —

.• 1 1 • ♦! .• I \ • K 1 c I ' ''^' display of arti( les on (;xhi))ition was trulv jvh-

tiarticularly in those countn^s wln^re A;rncultural Si>- L • i • ■ i ■ , . ''•^"""^'"" " '^-^ ^^""y <«

\ . * ir 1 1 1 > r , r 1 dcnishmg considering thai It was the first rdfort of

(M,ties are estabbsh.Ml, and d. diver lr<:/,irr.s, not only iln- Society, and immensly curtailed by the weather.

en A<j^ricultural and Horticultural subjects, but also I Every variety ofStoi;k was on ban I, and some oftho

with the view to establish and c(>ment a more inti- I ^'*''*^ ''^'^^ specimens. The array of agricultural Im-

X • 1 J 1 . .1 o . plements was good, and the deuartnn'nts of DomcH-

niate union, and correspondence betwcf^n the States •< ■• *^ ' . .. ' '^ ' j».n mn m:^ wi lyoimH

and C(Uinty Socdeties. We cannot say exactly that a

Hcrew is loose here, but it is wanting altogether. It

tic Manufactures and Fancy Articles would compare
lav )rably with many of tin; older S(.cieties, Indeed,
in every branch of industry the reoresentation was

lias never <'xisted. An ( ifort was made })y (»ur frii'iid i '""""^ creditable; and the admirable spintwhich seem»

Til ^1 •, 1 r • 1 . I i ^** '"' infused amout^ the farnif^rs. nu'chanics and ar-

,hid<]^e dessup, {wlioH«> sagacity and roresi;i;ht rea(hes ♦;., .„c. < v , i- \ \ ' .""^"^^'"^'^ '*"'» •"

^ , ,. , , , tizans of rranklin county, l)ids fair to pla(;e our Ag-

fiir ahead 111 such matter.s)during the hrstexlubition ricultural Societv and Jur Exhibitions at once in
at Harrisburg. to [tromote this object to some extent. I the M^ry front r;xuk of sutdi associations in Pennsyl-

by suggesting that premiums be awarded to such hi- i ^*^'|''^-

1 • ♦• 1 ,1 .1-1 1 . -1 .• According to the regular projrramme, the addresfl

C!il societies, as made the most liberal coiitrd»utions . ^i,, ^,,11 ,,..,. f^, ^,^ ,,^ ,' ^v^ i 1 .iuu.»;^

I ^oouia liave heen delivered on Wednesday; but as
to the State Exnibition. It was a].prov(d of at the | the roa.ls and ground were in a bad nmditicm on that
evening session then held but that was the last we | day, it was postponed until Thursday with the Ik po
have hear<l of it. I that the attendance wonld be larger and die ur,,unds

Av ,1 • 1 1 1-1.1 I- I 1 • 1 uiore comfortable, jiut the s!ea(y rain on Thursday

U 0 think mindi good luighL be acconiplidied m the i „ 1 1 •. ,• .* , '"ULu-iy

'^ " ' rendered it necessary to adpturn from the ^.'rounds to

plan pr(»pose.l by u-. provided one or more compe- j th,. Court llnu>e to i. ear th'e address. Acconlin-ly at
tent persons could be found to undertak(> it. Although ; - o'elock t!ie neo,)le assembled in the Court House;

much has certainly been don.', our farm.^rs in IVnn- i ^^^"'" ^^'^^'.^ ^' ' l^"'''^<"i. ^-**'l-. dcdivered a most elo-
„,.i,. • '^1.1 . . 1 ' M'''''»t and instructive speech on the a<lvancem(,'nt of

P})\auia !is a general thing ar(M)ot v* t r..nse( up to : A ,,,-; .i.h,,,. .1 < ; .. . ir .. * 1 -.i

* . ^ '^ * • ; -\ei iculturai hcience. lie was greeted wiih raptur-

the iiiipr(>vement ot their Agri(ullur(\ Tii(> foolish (ais applause. A^ he was notilied but a few davs be-
prejudice again-t what is called IJook r.irming, still 1 f""' t'"' address ha<i to be (hdivered, he could not
exists in many j-lacc.-, (a- if a truth, wcr(^ anv the i ''"">plv ^^'»'» '•'<' J'e'piest of the me(>ti!ig to furnish

1^,., , i ', • • , , ■..,},'■ I a t-opv for publicaiion. W(; ho))e, however, to bt^

loss one. Irom bem-j; printed (»r written. In o;ina- .,1 i,/ : , ,.1 i;, 1 ... , , •, '1 1 ,- ..

' ' I iii'le t«» pnl)lisli extracts from it. lion, (ik >iuiK ( ham-

tion is wanted to bedissemmated as to what has been | iiui>. President ol the So(dety, rose then to aiinounco
done, and what may be don(\ to increase? aggregate ; '''*' premiums; and in a few preparatoi-y remarks lie
and individual wealth, by scientific cultivation, im-
provement of the breeds (dd)ome.-tic animals, intro-
duction <d n(\v seeils, improved iiiiph nicnts, manures,
^<'. Tliei-e are a thouMU.d matters, rehaiiiiLTto the
<ailture 1,1' tie

bntught blore ihe t irmers to great advantage;. S mi
pies of wdieatand other grain, new seeds, &c., might
he taken aronid. by the lecturer, tlieir liistory ex-
ainine(h and alapiaiion to particnl.ir sections eluci-
<late(_l, also models of impro\ed machine-. 'I'Ik.' for-
mjitic^n of clulis f)f piaciieal farmers in the diff( rent
townships mioht be promoted to meet at slated
times and inspect the nninagenu nt and culture of
each other's farms, &c. This has been found highly
''■■'■'Ui iii many places.

At present in Penns\ 1\ ania, ^vhaIe\cr interest is
excited by the annual fairs is allowed to slumlK'.r, for
the .'■ujceeding year. The intermediate period is
one of comparative inactivity so far as regards any
effort to disseminate information, both with the State

alluded very pertinently to the rapid strides now ma
king to advance e\(»ry dejKirtment of science. He said
he had Ixm 11 a memiter ol an A;rriiailtural Societv in
this county some M) ixid vears a;:o, wdii(di iu activt;
memiteis cNcntnally dwindled d(»wn to himself, a
oil which mi-ht be discuss.d ;nid ' '* ^^' *!^'"''' ''^^^■>'''';^ '^'"' ♦'"' '*''"tl><'notory of the coun-

1 iieii, he said, there was not a steam vessel in

iy.

lids counliy ; n.iw liiei-e areoNrr ;j,t)U(); then there
was a not rod .1 railr ad in the U. S.; now "'e have
I0,0<j() miles of it. And ho wa^ ^lad 'hat llie -Teat.
science of A;/i'icuIrni-e was no hinder If" staid stdl
while ((tiler le>s import ant sciences are ai \ancing with
a.stoiiishing rapidity. Speak i n 1:; oj ihidinc \aiiciies

ol stoik aL lUe exhihiti aid e>p( calK el' he^-, le;

alluded to a long-leggeil, jaunt in nster specimen ex-
hibited at one of the (dd lairs in this county; and the
<iiscii-sioM HI < nimitte*! was whethe?- the Society
should not hoy the le>g and kill iiini a- a niaitei- id
lavio" to tlie owner e.id the cnnniiuiiPy, in>iead oi
awarding a ]>rem'nin lor him!

On looking 'iV»u- the pn luiums, awarJed we find
there was quite a list of horses on theground;alsi> Dur-
ham, Devon, Ay reshire and Teeswater cattle, Bakewell
sheep; Essex, Bedford, Berkshire and Chester Coun-

'

II

4

I

348

CHOICE lUJLKS FOR BIIKKUIXG STOCK.

[Decem

RER

tj pigs, a fine display of improved Poultry; al^o IJut-
tcr, Choose, Vegetables, Fruit, and a great variotv of
Agricultural Ini|)lomenta. Some elegant needle and
fancy work were also contrIl>ut('d by the Ladies. The
ground on whK'Ii thi' cxhiliilion wu.s li<!<l :iji|)(»ars to
Iiave been purchased liy the Bociety Id- its |iur|u)sc?i,
and the fences, buildings, stalls, &c., all j)ut up iho
present season, involving a heavy outlay. This looks
like pf^rmanrricy an*] is \vrll worthy nl' iiuitalinn,

with a small amount of offal. The prcj^'^nt Jorsoy
cows, are the result of at least 12 years of effort. Two
beautiful cows were about that time ago selected by
the lieutenant (governor of ilii' I-land, <oio was con-
sidered pcrfcitt ill In'i- l):uri'l iL'.iil i'nrtM[iini-tfi-v^ thf)
other ri|ually so in h' r liiii'l '(uartcrs, and fVdiii th.j.so
two, a scale of points, was adopted, consislino; of 33
ft.r Kiiih, and oG lor Ct.ws and heifer^. Si lowr ..o-n
a- fSdil, tlu'V were a(;kno\vKHl^cd t») b<! superior f<,r

under the circumstances of tiir unlavoiaMe weather, '"'"^ -'"^ bntt^-r, and havin^^bcrn brod with tlii^; virw,

and its bein^ a fir-^t ef]nrt, we think Franklin eoun-
ty lia> done nobly, The number of menibiM-s on the
Treasurers book is 7i>'J a'ready, wliii-h will no d<nibt
be increased by another year. Much credit is ;:iven

ever sinei', ;is \\<'\\ as for tlx' ini])roven!ent of tlii>ir
ori;j::inal foi-ni, the Irnii ,i<')j in tli(\se jtarticulars, may
bi^ said to be fixed and ]iere(litary. AVithout pursu-
in<i; the subject farther ours'dves at pres^'nt, we refer

to the lion. (leoro;o Cliaml)er;; ior his exertions on • the reader- to what (Mine says. All experience proves

the occasi<ai. At the close of the < xbibition, an elec-
tion (d' officers was held for the (Misuinir year, which
resulted as follows:

President— W 1 1,1.1 \M Hi\si:u.

A'ice Pre^idtMits — John Orr, danies TiONV(\ James
X. McLanahan. \\\u. 11. '^b iKiwel.

M.\\.\(;kks — Wni. Ho<sart. Samuel Thompson. Jolin
]\ htoulf.-r, Daniel Trostle, F. S. Stumbaugh, James ' ^''•" ^"1' -^ ••""^'^ ^"' 1="'' ''"'^■" ''"' dircctinr tln> r>
C. Boyd, Cieorge Aston, TTezekiah Faston, James ; <i^''' m ''V'!"y case; aiei alt liou-li tl;'w./-/r/,/,,/ form has
Davidson, Wni. A. Cox, Jos. dohn^ton, James ( 'jiai-- ' ^'<'"<'" '""''' ^^'>'^'**^ '-f^'^ ^'"' propin-tions well a>eer

he is correct, that th" r<!iiale should be the lar«'o.st.

"Dam the best," as our friend J. Pedder used ro

often t(» ur;i;(\

"Althou;;-h the r>rin of d(unestic animals has been
greatlv improved by s^'lectinn;; witl; care those pos-
sesseti of the liest shape for bre(Mlin;j;;, yQi th(» theory
of improvement has not been so well understood,

tifi.'

itou.

Treasurer. — Alex. K. McClure.
3bc(.rdin^ Secretary — S. M. Armstrong.
Corresponding Secretary — James Nill.

-••^

Choice rules in IJreedinj^ .*«*tock.

Weextractthe follo\vin<.^ from "(Mine's obsi^rvations I nourishment bein^'in ])r'oportion to th.dr sFze, an r

tained, thes" arc jiur indiciitions (d" ////c/z/^'f/ sfructiirr,
— the principles ol' im;.roA in;; it must, tlierelore, bf
founded on a knowlci! jj;f' of the structure and use of
the internal parts; and ^ these, the lung.^i are of
the first importance; it is on tludr size and sound-
ness that the 8tren;j:th and health <if' an animal
principally depend, the power ot convertin;; food in^o

an-

on T^ome^tic animals," which are W(dl worth att( nd-
in;: t . In passing an opinion upon the hi^ih prices
of fine animal.-, we are too a]it to for;j;et. that the ex-
cellence of form thev exhibit, is not the eflectof mei-e

<

imal with lar^re lun;:s b''ing ca]»a])le (d convertin;^a
jjiven (juantitv cd' foo^l into more nourishmt^nt thiin
one with ^nialh'r lnn;:s, and thi'r(dore bavin;; a ;ire;U-
er apt'.tud'' to latt'^n. The oxtornal indi>'al i(»ns (d'tlio
siz(^ (d" the luii;!-^ arc. the lomi and size (d' th" chest,

chance, but \cry ( iten r<'>\ilts only iVom iho anxious but a ileef) cbesL is n »t capacious, unless it be propor-

care and skill, and per.seyeran<-e of V'vn'.'?. 'I o bree.l tionally broad^ _ ^ . . .

"'{'he y;e/r/.v is the cavity formecl by the juui^fien of

the haunch-bones with the bon" oi the rump, and it

is essential that this iMvilv .'-hould be larirf; and ca-

au'uy exceptionable [)oints, and supers( do them with
X\\i)<o K>{ (/r(<(t value, I" fix \u the animal ieiulencie^H

and ]'~(((Ii(iri(ii s, su(di as the disixtsition to lav on pacious: its size is indicated by tln^ ^vidth of the hips

fat in certain plac.-s, tineness of bone, milkin- miall- | and the breadth (d the twi^t-- which is the juneti.m

1 , . . . , , , .,, <d the thitidis — the l.r»Mdth (d the loins Ikuii;!; alwavs

ties, size, earlv maturity, \c., is a toixetier an uidu • .'• ♦ ♦! . r ♦) if 1 1 ■ 'ri,*

J • • ' -^ I in ])roportion to that (d tlie (diest and ])elvis. 1 no

business, in whi( h the /•< /•;/ i\w only su.-cced, an ^ in . head should be small: the 1, n-:fh (d the neck in prii-

wliich a thc»!'ou;:,h scieiililic knowdcdgc of animal an. portiiMi to the hci;;ht o( the animal: the mu.'(dcs and

atomy and physiology, and years of (dose obserxati^.n ''" ^'"'" '■^^"-•'' *^^^ strength of the animal d^p ndiii-
1 \\-\ 1\, \ , ^ n . nmro on th' nius(des or tendons than on the ixmes;

are required. >V hen the hapin- results are before us in 1 • 1 -.i 1 1 i.-n i «r.rj

,\ ' ^ -^ ui-iuiv. ua in I ,y^.^,,y animals with lar;i;e l)ones are still weak, and

the living carcase, we admire and arc a]U t(. exclaim thox"- that ai'c impiHoctlv nonri-^lnd iiinin;: t!i<lr

liow very simple, easy and beautiful, iak(^ as with ' growth, h ivc their bonesoftendisproporfionaly lart;*'.

fine specimens (dart, the labor (d\>xeeution is not ap- ' ^^ ''"""P^"'^- ^'""'"1 '"'^*^'' ^'"'l^'' -^ *1''''!'' ^"" '■'"''^' I
• , ^ r\ c .X ,.,. broad loin, full Hark nml sfi-ai-ht back, a small

preciated. (Jne ot our ;z;reatestpoets,on onc^ of his luov^t 1 1 1 1 1 -.i c , • 1 i;,.via

^ . '-'I ' ^^ ' ^"^^ j head and clean ciiaps, V nil hue tajicrin;; neck, lunbs

beautiful and easy flowin;:; passages, being spoken of ' ami bones not coarse and lar;:e, a soft but not tliiek
and he congratulated on the apparent ease, and ra- skin, with S(dt and fiu" hair, ;ir(^ amoni^st the chief

marks of a good kind.

"It has b(vm gciuM-ally siipjiosed, that the breed ef
animals is improved by the larn!;est males; this opin-
A sin;j!;lc injuditdous or unfortunate cross may \m- ' ion has done considerble mischi(d. and pr.d ably woiiki

pidity with wlii.di be wrote, repknal that very ]»as-
flage cost me months of anxious thou'i-lit."

do the labor of years. Bakewell was several gener-
ations by the most careful selections before he brought
his sheep up to his desired standard, of fattening at
an early age, with a small consumption of food, and

have d(me more, if it had not been counteracted by
the desire of selecting animals of the best form and
proportions, which are rarely to be met with in thoso
of the lar(jeHi size; experience has proved that cross-
ing has only succeeded, in an eminent degree, in

1853.1 OIIOICF nULFS FOll BRFFDING STOCK-BRDFORD COUiVTr FX!lllJ[riO>/.

n40

tlioso instances in which the females were larger than
in the usual proportictn of females to niah\s, and that
it iiAS j2;enerally failed when the males were dis[)ro-
nortionatcly lar;i;e. li a well-formed lar;;e buck b(»
put to small ewes, tin; lambs will not bo so well
shaped as their parent; but if a ;];ood snutll Ijuck be
put to lar;:er ewes, the lambs will be of an improved
form: the improvement depends on this j)rin(dple,
that the power of the female to supply her (dlsprin;^
with nourishment, is in proportion to her size and to
th(i power of nourishing herself from the excellence
of her constitutitui. The size of the foetus is general-
ly in proportion to tlial (d" ilic female parent, ami
fher(dore, v,ii<'n she is dispropor{i(tnally small, the
juantily of ncarisl'iuent is di-propio • !onall_y snci'I ami
inr o']'>prin;j; has all th*^* di-<j>r(iji<nli<-n-'< of ;« ?larve-
liii;^;: hut wdicn the i'etuale, IrMUi !ier si.-'c iinil ;i;ood
constiliiiion, is mor«j ailcjimte to the nourishnnait (;f
a l(etus of amale smiller than hei;>lf, the erowth
•.vill he propoi tionateiy lar;;' r, tiie h>r:j;er female has
also a 'j,re;itei (pia.niity (d'niilk', and her olf^pidn;; is
aiore ahundantly supplied \\\\\\ nouri"- kiaent alter
birth. '\'^> p!-o(iuci^ the most perfect I \ -foinied animal,
i-ii.imdant nourishment is necessary Iroin the earliest
period of its existence, until its ;;rowlh is complete.
"To obtain animals witli lar;;e lun;2;s, cross in-j is
tho most expedjti/wi.; M>..tl)o{b I'eeause wcHf iriucd
ft^males may be sfdec!, .1. frr>iu a virietyof a larp;e
size, to be put to a \^^dl formed mah; tlnit is rather
smaller; — by smdi a mM(h" of crossing, the lungs and
heart ht^come larger in consc(|uence of a peculiarity
in the circulation of the foetus, wfiich causes a larger
proportion of the blood, under such circumstance;.,
to be distributed to the lungs than any other parts of
the body, and as the sliape and size of the chest de-
peniks upon that ol the lun;!;s, hence arises the re-
nuiri^a'dy Iarii,e (die.^t , whicii is ]troduoed by crossin;''
M'ith fianales that are lar<j;(*r than the males; 1 ut thi^
pr.ietic(! lau-t be limited, for it may be carried to such
anext(Mit that the bulk of the body might be so dis-
protiortioued as to the size of the limbs, as to prevent
the aaluial from movine; \\\\\\ Huflicient facility, so
that, whore activity is reijuir'd, this practice must
not be extended so fir as in those which are intend-
ed for the f,M,il of man. The kinds of animals .s'dec-
ted lor ci-o>:sdo'ee(line; on^jdit never to be of re/-;/ dif-
ttToiit habits and siz-s, lor uotwith.-tandin;; tic coi;-
fes.sed advanta;res del i\ed from ciossdire; diii'-, yet,
p:reat or sinMeii ch;in;;es are hi;!;h!y improp( r, that
'laviii;; often 1»< en f()und injurious to tin; he '1th a:;d
character of tlo^ stoid^; the u.>e (d' the biudvs (d* the
pure Dishley or IJakewell stock has with sr>veral
Coarse llockrt of .sheep, ); en att'iided with no sensible
•dvantage, owing to this cause, the (diariiclers and
nahit.s of the breeds beiufz; so widely dissimilar.
Whonever, tlien, crosHdjreedin;; is att(>mp'ted, care
"'i.i;lit always to be taken to do it ^rradually, and to
''''iir tin; prorrony in a })roper manner; and when
the iniitehin;.'; is conducted ] roti;r fsivel}', and with
duo attention to the divi-rsity (d habit in th(> aniimils,
It succeeds Well, the chief art beintr, to b";;in ;;rad-
^"^Wy at first, and in process of time, as the i)lood
^f one family is diminished, that <d the other will be
'ncreasod, till improvement to the de|;rec wished
for he attained !)y ;:radual approximation

in London to drive large ))ay horses in carriaixeM, the
farmers in Yorkshire put their mares t(,' mu< h I ir;;-er
horses than usual, and thus did infinite mischief to
their breed, by producin;!; a race of small-cliested
lonj;-lego;ed, hir;;e boned, worthless animals: and a
similar project was adopted in Nornnindy, ("v the
purpose of enlarjj;inL; tlndr breed of horses, the use
of the Ilolslein stallion, by wdiich the best breed of
horses in France would buy(^ been spoiled, had not
the farmers discovered tlndr mistake in tim(\ by ol)-
servinnr the offspring mucdi inferior in f<trm, to* that
produced by tlieir own horses/'

Fnrthf^ F.u'ni .Toun.a!

liedfe-rd County ICxhibition.

Mt. l).\i i.as I'kMiM, Nov. IS;),').

J. li. D AKLINOTON'. Ivi^.

Dk.miSih: — The second annual <'xhibition of the
r>edt"ord ('ounty A-ricultnral Society, was ludd in the
borou,i;h ol iMMlf.a'd, on 'fuesday and "Wednesday.
Oct(jber 18th and I'Ml;. Severiil thou^-ai <l jicoplo
Were present, and all s( emed d(di;;hted with the' dis-
phiy iimde l;y the farmers, inecdianics, and hidies of
our ef)nntv' 'V]\i^ pvMI it'on w-jy )i<>l(l in 1I1.. i'^iw^vt

1 -le ;;r'<at imj)ro\emcnt of tin; breed t)l" hor!'(\s in
^'■'n;j:hind arose from (Tossin;; with those diminutive
'^talboii'^, ibirbs and Arabians; and t he introduction
ot rlemish rrares was the source of improvement in
tho hircror breed of can horses; the form of the swine
'as alsf) been o;reatly improved by crossing with the
snJaii Chinese boar; but wlien it became the fashion

House, jail yard, and public s(tuare, and nev';r be-
fore were tho:u; pdaces so crowded, at leivsi not the
jail yard.

In describing a Fair it is rather dinicuU to know
where to begin. Ihit since Bedford county tahcfl
groat pride in her horses, and can successfully com-
pete with any other county in the State in a display
of these animals, 1 will first noticr> tlie show made in
this <le[virtment ^i{ the exhiliition. The hoi'ses ex-
hibited numbered ])etwefn two and tiiree hundred,
and there* was not a mean one in the vvdiole number.
()ur hors"s are generally iron-grey^', mostly of the
breed called by our farmers, "///c irild-m. (Ili\" thou;i,h
i thev are p'^rfeetiv tractable, yet s])irit<'d, Wi; also
: have many bay horses, descended from the old Ca-
' midian stock, ^vhi(dl, crossed in v/ith our monr.tain
i horses, has made a br(M'd of good size, great endu-
I ranee, and beautiful appearance. Our horses fre-
i quently bring from two to three hundred dollars,
, cM'Ti Ixdbre they ar(> v/ell broken, and these prices
i are paid by I'armers an'l ptU'sons who buy thfin for
actual service, and not by the j/^'J/nt/ hitxHlH of the
cities, Avho pundiase horse^■, ;;enerally, to make a
''splirf/c' at fictitious prices. Taking ini > conside-
ration th'» limited means of our soedety, the premiums
(SIO) on horses, Avas fjuite lib'-ral.

The display of cattle was also good, considering
that our county is not particularly adapted to rais-
iiiL; fine lookin;:; cattle ; the cdiinate bein;; rathjircool,
and our winters generally Ion;; and cold. Dad we a
convemient outh^t for our pro luce, our county would
certainly excel in dairy produce and wool growing;
for it i.-^ parti( u'arly suited to both these })r!imdies
of the rur:il art. Charles Smith, Joseph Diehl,
and John (1. llarlh'v exhibited some fine Durham
ca tie, the majority of which had every appearanoa

I- .;

H

I

i*

'i

.MW'

.f

.f.'«^

350

IMIMIOVKI) POrLTKV 1 MPOirPATIOK OF STOCK.

fpEcrVf'FH

■ « f^aJWtr

of being full broil. II. Ickes uikI V/m. ITirtloy ox- | thin county, rucIi accounts? Lot them ]»o made \\\\\\
hihitcd several Devon cattle. licsidcH ilicst; iliore as nun li cam, as il.'' St;it.' Society requirej^, ior titld
were a great many fino native cattle nn oxlilbitio!!. crops or tlic ]>r(Hlucc of cows.

Charles Smitli and »I. Dichl exhibited .several p^iiM Is not that t}ic.])estan;ma], that willgivc the great-
of Southdown, Cutswold, an^l Leitu'M.r k|,, -p. est product oC labor, carcase, l.utter or cgjrs, in t),,,

Wm. & J. (}. n irtlev exhil)it<Ml smiic fine t»i;i;s,

sliortcst time, with tlie least food? AVould not mkIj

cross of the Suffolk and l>utchcsH, and ^ullnlk an<l i data, be nm^t important for Chivkm cotumiffcrs, in

Kerks line. Iruni the pens «d Adrian < \-\ n'll, d Ibc k>
county. G. I). Trout exhil-itcd li oi k-ih!it\ and II.
Dibert Chester county pig^.

(M' conrsc there \\;',s ■[ ^lu rl di<p];iy n{ ShanghaicH,
Chittagon^^s, rutdiin China, a!id otin r lowls.

ThouLrli Wf had a remarkable dry f-ea on, vet there

nnt'uin'j; iheir a\\ard-? AVould it not be \\i 11 for (,ur
s.,eieiy to b-ar this m niin 1, win n *';;-ettli!;: nji" iho
next Htdiedule (if prcminm*-? Is not that exhibitor
JM'st rntith (1 to a liberal ]>remium, who <:ives w«;ll
alte.-ted ev".d< nee of the most pvodin'iiv(> poultry?
To vt.u then \\!io are in the "lanc}" let me iir;:G

was a lar;.:e .bsphiy ef vej^ctables and ;rrain of va- j the ]>ropriety oi keepin;^ ^'trict account of C(»st of

sto(d(, (luantity, (juality, and price of food consumed,
number, we!;i;ht and "qiaiitv" of eggs and chick*
ens produced in a t;iven time.

The iiubllc then need not b»ng Ix^ in doubt about
ibe JM'st varieties or manner (d" keeping.

riea-e begin uow (T With tbo l,eginntng of the
year ci' at any linn^ to suit \*»ur con\(Miie;;ce, and
at our ni'Xl Autumnal ( xio iniions. nave .-uen an
array • f /'ri'i.s as shall r' <baind to the credit uf
3<iursr]r and county, w!:atever it may d.o r»r Sliang
hai's, lilaek Spani^ll, da\ a's, Dorking's, Mr. T's. fa-
vorite' Cliittagongs or any utlier variiny withLi'inlh'
out remote ancestors." J.

Chester Co.. Oct. *:bh, 1853.

rious kinds. Tin- grain was vry b« avy. Wm.
Ifartb v exbibiteil one lai^bel (d blue sit m wheat,
■\\ eigbiiig 'VM. lbs., and •). ( 5 . II irtley one bn>h(d (d
^I•'dite^re!ln ^vhe;l,t, weigliing ti'^ Ib^, I ';np]iose there
was over tw<nfv bir-beN ><{' wheat eyhibited, liy as
many difl'erent [)ersons, all ot whi' h ranged irem
Of) to(>'J\ lbs. -\< tie re v.a'^ a ^reat d». ul ol anxiety
ieh as t«' wliovc w.aild \v< ie;h tli(^ nnst, the connnittt'c
measurcii and uciyhfd each bu.shid carefully. Kye
rxhibite-(1 by 0. AV. Smilh vreighed C''\ lbs., aiid <,ats
by A. Compiler \'l lbs.

The dairy and Metrhanical interestp, were well
represented. There was also a picture gallery con-
taining the portraits of our old citizens, nnmy of
whom ar' d(.;t.d, also all ll.eline paintings, en;Ma\ings
Jcc, which could be collected in tlie t w!i and sur-
rounding country.

Ibit the display made by the ladies, surpassed ev(Mi
the (»xhil)ition of the State lair at eitb'r Ilarrisburg
or Lancaster.

Only oU'' neiie :i.:f:cle : nd I am dene. A'eu may
have heard id a carda'cak latcdy invented by Mitdiatd
Sbiun'r of our eennty, as its mime implies it is inten-
ded to break the monieti'nm of a train (>{ ears, when
rur.ning witli their greatest veloidty: it is said this
c

-*«•-

Recent Importation (;f Stock.

IJv the :d»:p .)/(//•// ^'(/ /-.so//, liavrig been sevf^ntj-
ciL^b't days on lier |.as«;age. there aii-ived two Ouiliani
heileis tivni Dr. IIkuvan A\ kM'T-M. (d this city; feiir
nmliam b' i'"< rs iiTi]M;rted liy(ieo. \ \\\., Jv^j,. of
Trov, fur S. T. Cuai'Man of >iadiH. n comity, and two
tliori.n;:h bred Drvtii beiiers and e>ne l)evon bull,lur
(ilr.o. Naif., K-'p, (d' Troy.

'flie Durhams imported by Dr. AVend<dl and Mr.
Vaibar(^ from the herd of Ibibert IJell, and iire bred
from Dmdiess bulls (d' the late Th(unas l;ates, Esq.
The pedigie<^ of Dr. AVendell's ai'c as fidlows: 'Lck^U
Lireiy.vvi: sired by .'Id Duke (d Yo>k, ( K. IL V>. 10,

contrivance ^vill stop a train of cars running at their »<'«>0 <^>n^ I^' .>'■ h.V 'Al Duke of bx onl ■' ■^<>') ^^ ^^
... , ,,, , ,,,,., .,, , J/r,;/./," sirid by (ilrand Duke, (HM^4:) dam (aeely,

usual rate, w-ithni Inan Id fuLi) Jrrt wUhout co/^v/.v- , j^^^. j^^^j.^, Xortbumberland. These arrivals make a
sioii. It has recently been tried (*n the central r ute f,",,,. ;t(ldition U\ Dr. AVembdl's stock, in wbitdi are
and pro\ed satis'aeloiy to the must ^anl;uine expecta- i several heifers sired by Duke (d' Widlington, and
tions of every body, who witnessed, it, and ,t ,vill I >I^:\^^^ ^hc premium bull linmerly owned by Mr.
.> 1 • 1 .1 • , . , , • \ ail.

confer lasting lionor on tho inventor should it come
into gem^ral use, \\hi< h it will ibt no <]oubt.

Mr. Shinier was tln^ origimil invt^ntor of the SjkvJ:
Catcher^ but reaped !iu reward frnm his invention.

Your obedient servant,

Mt. Dallas Farm. AV. II.

-••«"

Th(^ billowing are the pedigreesof Mr. Chapman's

heifers: ".b/f//^'." Fired by :bl Duke of York: dam

Annie, bv i'.d riev(dand liad; '•/>'/■/>//// /v>'.v :bl." e^ired

liy Karl i)erbv, (KMTT.) dam, Bri-bt Kyes l!d. by

Lord (ienr-e Ibntiek; '' Fntiifir,'' sired by dth Duke

of York: dam. Faith, by dth Duke of rS()rtliuml)er-

hunl, and lluuki(\ (cow') Mr<d by 1th Duke ot York,

, dam, ('ic<lv. l^y Duke of Nortbumla^rland.

For th.> l-arn. Journri!. ■ ^^j^, y.^|j.^ \)vson heifers are from the herd of

Improved Poultry. ^ ^ | ^^,^^^j Loicester. and the bull is from the herd of John

The season of our great Agrit ultural Fairs having 'p Daw, the editor of tlie J)evon Herd Dook. AV^

past, and numbers of improved animals liaving i learn that .Mi-. Vail has (-(.ntdudcfl to c.dleet a small

changed hands, vmU it be asking too much, to request , ^^''''^'^ ^^''^^^ "^ Devons for liis farm, ^^'^'f^'^'-^r
^ ,,..•• .1 V I 1 1 . The same vessel also brun;::ht two Short-horn hoii

for publication, in the t arm Journal exact accountu ^^^ ^^^^ l,,n-ilard Spencer. Ksq., oi Westche.vter: a
i)i profit and loss. I Short liorn bull, '-Harry Lorrequer," sold at Mr.

AVhy have we not heretofore frequently had, in ' Fawke's sale for 130 guineas; also two other valuable

1S53,1

POUT/niV DRFEDIXG OF IKHbSES.

■r-c* •^vutm.M

"'A

.,,')

young bulls, ''Liberator" ami "Siiuire Owynm^ l^d,"
bred by J. S Tanqueray, of Ilenden, near London,
us W(dl as se\eral otlieis from other bret'ders; and a
lot of C<»ts\v(d(l sheep, 'i'hese last are for parti(\s,
we understand, at Boston and in s(;me ,,f th(. west-
orn sta tes. — CuUirutor.

On the IJrecding ot IBoihCH.
Fnnn Ihr Mark Lane I'Jjpre.i,i.
The letter of your able and exi)eriencod corres-
pondent "Cecil" induces me to troiible you with a
h'W rennirks on the sauje snbje;r. I am sure that ho
is right is saying that ".wm'rs nf stal!i..ns are often
reluctant to subunt their /lorses to the opinion <d thoso
who are selected as jurlges.'' I g,. further than
tins: for I nniintain that tli(>ir r<dnetance \h a w.dl-
f miaied <.ne, inasnundi as tb<^ imij(»ritv of decisii.n.'*
are bas(Ml on the mere individual caprice of thoso
who happ.ai to l)e the judges fbr the day. For my
i own part, 1 will never in future exhibit a horse of

Poultry,

Prize Fowls:- In exhibiting Cc^djin China f .\vN,
nothing is more important than nnitching ig coloni-,
because there an' chi'^ses for difb-rent ones^ and it
a cinnamon co(d^ be put with btiff pullets, of course,
success ('annot be hoped for. It is a mistake to sun'

top'tlHT, (l.itKinIs ,.(■ l,otl, n,l„ni-.s may !,(■ put, in ' ' , ''."'-'''""". "."','' •'"" ■■\''";'' '•''"'if,"'" aro

uncnn Muli a. clasH judj^cs cfin irivc no Tircrci-cnc" to ■ ' i . i '. i /• • . ,

.•illi.T, l.ut must >WUh: ac -.linL' to tli- ntl,,-,- nirrits i . t , ' , ", "^1"''"*'; "l •l''^"'" "P. h' '"en of

of tl„. l.ir.ls. (M,o,.so ll„.n, «^tl, sn,all „ . ,t ' "'■''";'"';'''«<'^' ^'"H'V'I.V. ,";ln.OMH t., I... fak,,.n a.s the

«".rl'' l-ir, an,l w,.|l l,.a,h,M-,.;i ^.-llnw 'irl^ st.t ' l^':':" f,, '"' "•';"•■■";"- ','' "'"■n-oy .-atth.. N„
llirm as lar... :»■ y,u ran, hut re olh.e. .i.^i. nut ho i ^ ,, , T'l , ' "^ '"'•''''"'' '" '"'y «"^

..niv niorit, nor is it ll,.. u„.st important ,.oi„t Ik i > 'hH. .i'"-'-- no possess a pvon nun.hor ol' .ho

Mo, .•olour uniform throu^.h,:,,,,^.,, ,o,t ^ lis „ - I ''' ,' 'f'*^''''"-- " -", '",V"'"^. ='"'1 «". ""'ko .-ortaiu
ap.l il V. ur fouls an. not v.ry hoavy, hut a o V'.' "« "^^'■"""l^ -,,,1 othors a.vossonos. To ho^in

8ame tuiM-, m.iKO them as ^oou ;is Mm can llfuis i V i- i i- {- ^ — -tnaL ,,l ua»i

f<lhs, oaol,, au,l, ks '.mi;. ,„ i„|j,s havo lit lo t ■ '""''■ "'',"• '■i''^'"";'"'?- '". I"'", ^-'-ro looko.l upon

f-.n. AU,u. all, .vohl any trinnnin- 'or ,u 'i lo ! " '^^''^ t " "" ■""'-'" "' !"'■"'■'-"■'•' I

uhioh, .uoant h,r intprovo nont. oan T.nlv "u 1 li 1 i T ""'' •'"'""^^'^ <>noo ,ns.|„ahlvln;; a horse

a,,,>oi„.na.nt an,l .li's,,ualil!,:a. on. Doi-k. ■' wis i '•■;". "■'•'»'''« 'M'''/.., o.thor as a huntor, ,,r as a
liko all othors, shouhl'n,a'.-h inform ',1 o i. rlir/, ,' ''■'• "<''";'J-' '■"'""'■^ """ ''"I "1,0 animal

.-t 1 auso ..olonr is any in.lioanon ol purity in' "'"'I' ",^" ^'> ""<"'•""!""-•»« »" I- -^ Ho m oxinhil

this breed, but because it is e^-enrial to ensure'sm--
cess, that every possilde piecaniion shcnld be used :
and ;is 1 have b(dore written, if the ccmpetitii.n be
very id.»se, as it always i.s vvln^re the entri<'s are nu-

nicrons, perfect uniformity nujy turn the scab'. Dul

111-

l*'ts (»t a daidi idiocolate ground, with whitf spots or
.^pla>!ies, should be pur with either a blaidv breasted
red cock or a red and white spiakled cock, wit ji black
and white mottled breast. Jirown hens witfi bhick
speckles nnay go with the same cocks, or with a very
dark cck, with a little ginger in his hack(d, saddle,
aiul wings, (irey hens (d' every shade should be ])ut
with a cock having black breast and tail, silver hackle
ami s id. lie. Cuckoos must be all alike; in these
hiids alone can (;ocks be found with pr:>eis(dv the
same plumage of the hens; the combs should al-
ways be uniform. Choose birds with fine heads,
very de<"p bodies, good carriage, head and tail erect!
fhort white h'gs, five (daws distinctly d(dined, and
prominent breasts; ('.] lbs, for hnis,' and \) lbs. for
f'ocks are capital wi^ights. Xo fowls are so heavy in
sniall compass as the Dorkings; their compactness
takes away the api)earanc(» <d' size. Without being
deterred by the accounts you will sometimes read ui'
impossible fowls, ami marvellous weights, if you can
select them right in colour and aliout the m eight I
have mentioned, exhibit them with confidence^ and
f^v.'n if they are somewhat lighter. Ilinnlreds of
niccessful exhibitors have been surprised to find
tliemselvos ])Os.sessors of large silver imMl.als and vab
uabl(! j)riz(! stocks, when they imagimal they we're
bandy "mediocre." Jo// /i /ir/////.— Gardns Chronical.

/^F.RNfAN' Pritnes.— Mr. Frederick ITeifer, of In-
d'ana county. Fa . has succeeded in bringing this fine
rrui, to a great state of perfection in this country. -
^le raises immense crops without any difficulty. The
value nf ij.is truit, eith«>r green or dried, is not se-
cond to any of the plum variety.

every other merit under the sun. In like manner,
mal-formed feet, whether contracted or too flat, ou<dit
to be adecisivedis(|ual!f!cationf()r every kindof hor«e.
All horses too, ought to have their legs properly
s<'t en, and to possess good action, takm;; into ac-
count the purposes for whicdi they ;ire intended. I
give these as indications of what I consider the
'ssential points of a horse, but by no means a coni-
plet(» list.

These cardinal p >ints lie-ng disposed of. 1 pass to
tliose whi(di, although not essential, indicate either
beauty or sonn^ useful (piality, and which must tliero-
f()re not be disregarded.

The shape of the head is, when symmetrical, both
a mark of high blood, (although many thorough bred
horses hav(> bad heads.) and den.ites an animal
light and pleasant in band, especially when well set
on a neck naturally arching, so as *to allow of the
head being drawn downwards and inwards with(mfc
difficulty to the rider (U' <listress to the horse. A
-.tar-gazer, or (^we-ne( ked brute, tin. ugh always ngly,
may do useful work in harness, but would be as "un-
safe as unsightly for a hunter. Many persons attach
importance to a horse b(;ing well nbl)ed up. Pro-
vided the shape of the barnd is good, cimsiderablo
latitude may be allow(Ml on this point. The hips
ought to ]>resent suffici.uit width; ragged liifi.s may
be unsigbtly, but I pr( fer them to those whiidi are
too narrow. A lotig fiind (piarter is hands., me, but;
s(mie good horses are both short there, and goose-
rumped.

These are mere hints jotted down in liaste- Let
a committe(Md exp<'rien(a'd judges be commissioned
by the Royal Agricultural Society to prepare, a
table of p«dnts, attending first to those whi(!h are or-
sential to all horses; secondly, to those which
are the chara(;teristics of ea<di separate class,
whether hunters, roadsters, ^r farm horses •
and thirdly, to those which, though not abso-
lutely necessary, are nevertheless desirable asindica

t.

J* 10

DON'T SKLL l^KST STOCK- -SUPPLYIKG CATTLK WlTli V\ ATKll.

[Pp.rKM

IJER

tions of 8oni(? good (jiiiility. Tho ])rc('(k'rH of horses
will thru 1)0 in posMssion of an ohjfct at whicij to
aim: l''xhil)itois will have somo i<i«'ji jis to how far
t!i(» animals thoy Rend ('(Miform to the standard thus
proinul^aUMl hy authority.

How diilorf-nt, and how inlinitfly to Itc I'l'iT'-rrod
from th(; stat(^ of affairs at prrsout. Per; h'xin^r; in-
ih'<Ml, when ."(dcotin;:; a horso fn*show, is tlu; reflec-
tion you hav<» neither principh' to guide you in yokir
choice, noi- elue as to what will govern the dt'cision
ot yourjudg(\ iSomo judges pref"r a large horse,
t)ther8 a small, comitaet on*^ ; one gives the ) aim to
bl()o<l, ant»th(*r to power; a tliii'd likes bone; while
a fourth is only to he jiropitiated hy a Imij:; )jody. —
Action is everything with some persons, and noth-
ing with others; some h' 1: at the h(;:'.d, oth(-rs at
tin; hoeks; and a few of the more judicious a!r cri-
tical concerning the setting on of the forelegs n.id the
position of th<» shoulder. Th'^re is one ])iece of tidvic.e
whi(di 1 can give to exhihittu's. :!iii| uniycuie which
vill h«M)t the slightest practical u ^ : ati ;:.! uhovc
fill things to the conditi> n o! the animal ^\ li h you
show. Let him be as fat as possible, and hit his
wkin shine like; a star. Never mind the means, but
make this your aim; and if you do not v.in, you must
cither have an animal bad indeed, or your luck must
be wor<«' than your horse.

Seriously sp'Mking, this is the only prin('ip](i v.hich
T have been ulile to discover M'hich iinarialdy, ami
under all circumstar.ees, governs llic d(cisions at
agricultural shows. The horse or tho colt whic h is
in the highest c«)ndition, and is best "got up," is
•jertain to be the winner. It is nndancluilv that it
should V>e so ; but it is alas I tho fact th;it the judges
must have something to "flatter, the eye," as well as
the ccuninon herd woo arc no judges I It is my fii'm
conviction that no degree of merit would .suflicc to
Hecure a premium to a horse thin ami out of condi-
tion. I might have su])stituted the word "aTiimal"
lor "horse," in the last sentence; but with regard to
cattle or sheep, there is at least this excuse — that
the "aptitude to fatten" is wiJi them one point of
perfection. Is this the case with the hunter, th(^
hack, or even the team-horse ? rornivjaJt, I (all
that nnm a judge in tho highest sense ol ili" word,
\vho is able able to discern merit, < r the praiise of

all about tlic f^^toek, &c., before lie concludes his trade?
Keep the best, th('n, fv)r yourstdf.

Don't sell your best fow because you can gvt fivo
dollars more for her. Keep her, and she v»Ill more
than make up the difference ere another yeai ectnies
aroinid, .Just so witli everything. Select the best
Si'cfl for your own use; and you will alvrnvs Imve as
good as any one, and b(» sure of tin* hi^li;» t ])riee8

for any you may wish to dispoj-e of. Tliink of it.

Maine Farmer.

Kcasolis f.»r Supplyinj;- ( ;«tllr with v*falcr ie their

Yardh.

'1

COl!'!!

it, nn<l' r a rough skin and an, uiipaiMp'
tion, and who. -n Mn' oiL.t ban 1. !ms ih^^ sli'cii'itli (»{
mind to reject a 'K ha'tive I'liu. < \c:i th'»i!;jh cvc be
liattered by the coM'Iiti o <\a'r so albnii!;:; t^ the vul-
gar eye.

I must defer the discu^^.lon v(f the secorid eliinixe
which 1 propose until another letter, should you
thing lit to allow me the space.

Wii.i.ouGiinv Wood.

If water cannot be obtaiivd by ratti(^ without r^o-
ing out of the yard, they a\11! many tiines snlf-r ex-
ceedingly for the want d" ii, ratln r \\\:\n '^n [',i- it in
^■ery bad v/eiither. if g'^'d Iroh v.ater -Tin b" had by
ill' r:i V, ithi'ut going (Uit ol tiic yai-d. they will drink
\\'V\ nni^'Ii oitencM* than in t!:e oih'/r ease, especially
ill cold Wiaither. Tln^ oldest and stronirest cattle will
generally go first to water; nnd v, Iw ii they have drunk,
and are returning, th'^y will meet the younir cattle
in the narrow snow path, and f course will drive
them back; in which case the youngest and fee'olest
of the herd will have mueh trouble and vexation in
o!)tnining water at nil. When cattle go to a spring
to drink especially if the snow is deep, there will «i^en-
erally be grejit difficulty in reaching tlie water en ac-
count of the bank of snow and ice, without stepping
into it, which cattle are loth to do if the" can help it;
many watering places arc so r-teep that cattle are
compelled to go dov.n on their knees before they
can reach it, and even tli?n, they obtain it vrith the
greatest diflicultv. Tlie cattle on manv farms arc
obliged to travel from one-fourtli to hall" ;i mile for
water, and when they arrive at the s]i(;t. it i- "ft-n
only to be id)tained by tleio throuii-h a hole
cut in the ice, ])eihaps from a foot to eighteen inche?
in thickness, 'i he amount of mnnure whicli is drop-
ped and lost on such occasions is very consideniMe.
and mueh of it is washed down I v t!ie rains into ihc
liole at which they are doomed to drink, where it
forms a coffee-c(dored beverage, awful to ]:e!i,i]d.
Every good iari'i' r \\\\\ rstecin this as a matler (»f
no light iinjoi'taiua', c(,i;'^id' ritrr ihat a.l! t'c iiianurr

(Mi

to he sav(

anc

rntlic \\\
1)1 a 'ify.

l>on't yvll Your Hc-t Stock.

Don't allow tlu sespeculatorsanddrovers topiek out
the likeliest and best of your stock, leaving you owly
the ordinary and poorest to breed from, it is the
worst policy you can a(h)pt. By continuing such a
course, it will be but a slnu't time before you will
have only ordinary and po(U" to S(dect from. Suppo-
sinji vou can ijret a little more for this likely lamb
than for the others, you will do well t . riMuember
that it costs no more to keep them th:vn ii does poor
ones; and next shearing time the larg.* lleoces will
tell the story in favor of keeping the best you have.

If you intend to make a practice ot raising a colt
every year, keep the best mare you can affoid.
Havn't you noticed that when a man comes to pur-
chase a young horse he is alwayp particular to know

ealc'.ila.ing that the i\> d oi

:Ilt a^pr'ijM'ilv }"• wastcfl a'^ t:i> l<"'d ef

It has Imcii ili(.u;dit that th ' exercise of go-
ing to wa.fer at a con^ i ii-ra' Ic distance, is advant;"i*
geous in prevetiiiiig the liM(,{'ail in c;;ttlc'; but it is
much u'cire ii!.. \\- tiiat ilii-: dist,rder oftCTi arises fr' in
the filth in wet weathc r, and freezing of the feet in
very severe weather, to which they arc exposed in
their walks to the spring. If catth> are kept in well
sheltered yards with sIkmIs for their protection, with
onii.tciT'.iptcd ;iccess to good vs ati r. pirntyof salt and
warm bc^d^ of dry str:l^v, it should not be Icm mueh to
I'Tomise tliat they will remain \'vi'' Irini the foot ail
and every other "ail" of winch wv. h.ave somueh e(>m-
plaint. There is a strong prejudice againsc wells for
the supnly of water in cattle yards, and there is a
much stronger prejudice against the labor (jf pump-
ing the water f )r them; but to a industrious man.
the "prebidice" of a desire to furnish his cattle with
a clean and wholesome bcrrra'/r^ cool in the suininer
and warm in the winter, will be stronger than either.

-4«».

At the Virgisi aState Fair $39,000 has been
subscribed for the benefit of the State Agricultand
Society.

>4

-4.

VOL. 3. WEST CHESTER, PA., DECEMBER, 1853. NO. 12

Prize Kssay on Piji^s.

fcONCLUDED FROM TAtJE 236.]

TliC be.s-( and most cronoiniral Mode of Rearing,
Kfcpi'i'/, and F(i!/( nin</ Pij/s. — In selecting males and
females to lij'ecd frurn TXMtluM' kIiodIiI Iio clwiaoii L.^u

than twelve or fifti en months old : the third litter
will generally he found the best for this purpose.
Whether as boar or sow, the finest of each sex ought
only to be selected. l>y these means only will the
good points of any brsMMl ])e perpetuated. Tlu^re is
generally one small pig in every litter, called the rid-
dling—this should never be used as an animal to
breed from. For sucking pigs and porkers colour is
an (dject — these should invariably be wdiite. For
haeon hogs, colour is a matter of indifference, other
than th(> fact that l)hick pigs appear generally to do
better on the same amount of food than the white
breeds. A singular reason was assigned to nn; for
the prevalence of black-coloured pigs in Essex, viz:
that the white kind was subj(H!t to erupti(>n-( of the
'^kin ol' the bhndv when put into the (dover-fields,
whilst the Idaek kinds were not obnoxious to this
complaint. Probably the white kind had more of
the Chinese, and the other more {)f tin; Neapolitan
breed. It must be remembered, also, that the old
Essex breed was a ])lack one. A sow's usual period
<>f gestation is from sixteen to seventeen weeks.
»V hen she has arrived near the period of farrowing
i^he will be seen collecting and carrying straws in
her mouth, to form her bed. If there exists any sus-
pieion that the sow will (h^-our her young, as scnne-
timos is the case, care should be taken that she is
securely nniz/ded. All such sows slnuild b(> fattened
and slaughtered. The carnivorous habit here alluded
to is rarely exhibited amongst the improved breeds;
amongst the old sows of the rough breed this habit
Was Somewhat prevahint, probably brought on in
many instances through deficiency of food.

Sows should be {)ut to the boar at smdi times as to
avoid farrowing from the middle of October to the
end ot F(d»ruary, unless sucking pigs for the festive
time of Christmas and the new year is the object; if
80 they should be well littered and kept warm.
Whether intended for sucking pigs, porkers, or
stores, skimmed butter-milk and whey, mixed with
f'jfamed potatoes, and a little barley, pea, or oatmeal,
Pn'>uld be given in moderate (piantities even when
Pucking; if intended for porkers, they should be kept
contmually fed up with this mixture. Sut^king pigs
should never be allowed to run about, and porkers
only permitted sufficient exercise to keep them in

health. AVhere convenient, store-pigs may be allow-
ed to pasture in clover, giving them only a morning
and evening meal in addition, or they may be allow-
to root in fallows or on th(> dunti;dieap, and during
winter in the straw- vard. Jn fallows and runo}, nun-
tures swme eagerly (hjvour such weeds as dandeline,
chickweed, sowthistle, &e.

For store f»igs, exercise is necessary in order fully
to develo}) the frame. In ha^ding,"^ tramjuility is
e(pially indispensable, a singular exeniplitieation of
whicdi was made in the course of the experiments of
the Earl (d Kgremont (1777,) related in the "Armals
of Agriculture,^^ upon some porkers, seven of which
were put up to fatten in the ordinary nninner in a
stye, and another of the same brood, but smaller
than the others, was put into a cage one week later.
All were fed alike on barley-meal. When slauirht-
:'red, tln^ on(! fe(l in the cage exca^eded in weight any
of the others. The cage w;is made so that he could
not turn round, and had (jnly sufhci<uit room to rise
up and li(Mlown. \Vhether this mode would prove
advantag(K)us on the large scah^ is a matt(U' of doubt.
The experiment has however been adduced by Baron
Liebig as a praiHical evidence of the correctness of
his theory respecting the f(<rmation of fat. Too
much exercise is well known to retard fattening;
or, to use the ordinary ])hrase used by farmers,
"they run all the flesh off" their bones. '^

Where a large number of hogs are to be fattened
and bred, it has l»ecn recommended that the sties
I should form a semi-circle, the steaming ap})aratu8,
t^'c., being placed by the straight side. This form
has many advantages. In a general way, the feed-
ing of hogs will only form a minor adjunct to the
other business of the farm, and at only few places
will it be found convenient to erect new buildings for
the purpose, however advantageius they might even-
tually prove. There are some circumstances con-
nected with Hties whi(di should be invariaiji.v at-
tended to: these are, that tlndr floors should be well
pav(>d with stone, flag, or hard brick, the interior
should be ehn'ated half a foot above the exterior
area, and a sufficient slope afforded to both, with
proper drains to carry all moisture t;) the dung-heap.
Sc^parate sties must l)e kept for breeding-sows, wean-
ing pigs, stores, and fattening pigs.

Sties should bo so constructed that the swine may
be fed without the feeder going amongst them; and
divisions should be made in the feeding-trough, ac-
cording to the number of swine, in order to prevent
the strong driving away the weak; if they can be

^M

t

354

rnizE KSSAY ON pros.

fOFrFMBPR

mur^twitan^Ui^ •^JlSiuviMV x-mia^

madeto cominunicsite conveniently with tlic strawyard
and dung-heap, all the better, particularly for stores
and brood-'sows.

The sties should ])C frorpnMitly Hwopt and waslicd
out, and rnno-whitoned at least three times during

('X((uisit('ly fine pork, whether to be consumed fresh
or as bacon, the hogs sluHild ]h) fed iSolely on skiinaiid
butt(.'rmilk mix»Ml with oatmeal. The mixture of In-
dian corn, barley, and pea-meal forms a very cIobc
imitation of the constitu(>nts of outmeal. U has

an

the year. The most profitable mode of fee<ling | been found very profitable to consume tares by store
Btore-pigs is to commence by giving only inferior liogs

sort of food thrice a day, bettering the quality and since tlie preceding was written tlie writer hu,,
increasing the (juantity as the framc^ becomes per- \ lu^.i the opportunity of visiting tlio exhibition of the
fectly developed. The store or youthful period of | Sniithtield Cattle (Mub (18 IS); and from observations
all animals occurs when their vital and nervous en- ' „i.^,|^. there of the comparative merits of the diff.Tent
ergies are at the highest, which enables tliem to as- ' hrceds of swine, together with their outward plivsi-
similate nutriment from indifft-rent food. Moderate ^..^j appearances and structure, he was glad to find
exercise at the same time assists nature and aids the that the preceding observations were fully borne out
full development of the frame, the animal beingthus For instance, the Karl of Radnor's Coleshill pigs, 18
gradually pr(>pared to take on that increased amount I ^veeks and 2 days old, must be descended fr7)rn a
of muscle and fat which ultimately repays the far- I ^ross of the Chinese and improved Berkshire. They
mer for his toil and expendituro. In making choice ^v(.,.e fed on barley-meal and whey; liad a little pea-
of food for hogs there can be little dou])t but pota- | ^^^..^\ i^e^n added they would have made a better ap-
toes, when plentiful, mixed with pease or bean meal p^arance. This breed is admirably calculated for
is the most economical f )od f )r store pigs, and the fuiPsi'/od porkers of 80 lbs. weight. Lot 99, which
same food mixed with Indian meal and butt(T-milk ' ,,l,tained the second prize of 5/., were describi^d as
is the best adapted fcr feeding porkers. In cheese | 14 ^veeks old true Hssex pigs; obtained the breed
dairies, pease or bean-meal sliould always be mixcnl originally from Mr. llobbs, fed on barley-meal and
with the whey, in ord-T to replace the (gaseous mat-! i,^iik. i^^ this lot the Chinese breed piedcnninatcd,
ter abstracted by the clie(>se. Swede turnips boiled j ^g (exhibited by their broader muzzles. Lot 98, de-
form only an inferior substitute for potatoes, their | pcrlmJ .u-, IIc.ii.iM.iu in^,., wore aihuiiai.iy oalcuiatt;u
feeding properties not being equal to carrots and f»r porkers, whilst lot 97, from t:;e stock of Mr. F.
parsnips; in fact, on the two latter, hogs will do well , Ho],bs, fed on Lidian corn-meal, barley-meal, and
if combined with milk and a little bean or pea-meal. | skim-milk, exhibited more of the points of tin; Nea-
Oatmeal and skimmed milk is the l)(\st f )od for aid-
ing sucking pig^ and very small f)orkers of 40 to 50
lbs. weight.

The theory of the action of the vari(nis articles of
food named is as fdlows — amvhiceous or starchy

politan, and would have shown their V)est points at
lO or 12 months old. Lot 95, which took away the
highest Tirize in this class (10/.), was feil on mid-
dlings, barley-meal, pea-nnMil, and potatoes. They
were christened "Improved Middlesex;" they wore

food, such as potatoes, aid in sustaining the animal j however undou])tedly obtained by crossing the Chi-
heat and the formation of fat, the latter property be- nese, Neapolitan, and improved Berkshire and old
ing much increased when assisted by other nutritious Essex. 1 he Neapolitan form predominated in this
matters in a more concentrated form, particularly lot. For Ijacon hogs there was a lot exhibited. No.
maizo or Indian corn. Pea or bean-meal, from the • 189, by Mr. Matthew Newman, of improved Buck-
great amount of caseoiis matter which they contain, ' inghamshire and Berkshire pigs. They were of a
should invariably form a portion of the food of grow- bracky colour, were highly commended, and, for 12
ing pigs, afl'ctrding, as they do, the material for form- 1 to 18 months old hogs, are a most desirable breed.

ing the cidlular and other tissues, in such a high de-
gree indeed that hogs fed on bean-meal alone are
well known to form bacon disagreeably hard. Where
pigs are fed without skim or buttermilk, pea or bean-
meal should form an invariable part of their food.
An inferior substitute for pea and bean-meal is fre-
quently used in the shape of bran and pollard which
contain a considerablff portion of the elementary
substances required to develop the btmes and tissues.
In the present uncertainty of the potato-crop it wt)uld
be hazardous to make that tuber the ])asis for the
calculation of the cost of producing swine's flesh:
if it unfortunately eventuate that the potato, from its
liability to disease, should in a great measure cease

to be cultivated to the extent that it has formerly ^ ^

been, the feeding of hogs will necessarily be thrown ! period, and are good foragers if sent abroad to look
principally on milk and grain. If this should prove for their livelihood

In looking over the pigs exhibited at the late
Smithfield Exhibition it w^ill be seen that those fed
on barley-meal, nea-raeal, and skim-milk, or analo-
gous food, were the finest animals; that, in the small-
er class of pigs, the improved Essex breed was pre-
ferred; the only prize taken by any other breed being
by his Royal Highness Prince Albert, which I at-
tribute not to the breed but to the food. Mr Pusey's
pigs were very fine specimens of the hardy rough
Berkshire kind; they were 73 weeks old, fed on bar-
ley-meal, toppings, peas, and wash. If there was
any fault to be found with, them it was that the fat
appeared slightly deficient in firmness. The breed
of which Pusey's were specimens is well calculated
to rough it on coarse and scanty fare during the store

to be the cas(», barley, from the large amount of
starch which it contains, will bo found the b^st sub-
stitute for the potato; in which case one-third by
weight of barley, one-third of bran or pea-meal, and
one-third Indian meal, will be found the cheapest
and best mixture for growing hogs; the pea-meal to
be lessened and the Indian meal increased as the hog
approaches maturity.

Potatoes mixed with above grains form the most
appropriate food for store and fiittening hogs, gradu-
ally withdrawing the potatoes, and finishing the
feeding with dry balls of the mixture named. For

Some excellent pigs were exhibited amongst the
extra stock; the one which obtained the silver medal,
a cross between the Suffolk and Berkshire breeds,
48 weeks and 3 days old, fed on barley and pea-
meal, was a very fine specimen, and admirably cal-
culated for a bacon hog. Mr. Barber's improved
Middlesex (Qu. Essex?), 24 weeks and 4 days old,
fed on middlings (coarse flour), barley-meal, and po-
tatoes, was a fine specimen )f the snnill breed. II)^
Royal Highness' Bedford and Yorkshire pig, ^^
weeks an(i :^> days old, fed on barley and pea-meal,
peas, and Bkimmed milk, wae very justly highly

1853.1

PRl/K ESSAY ON PICS.

355

eommended by the judges.

Sufficient examples liave been shown to prove that
the cross known as the improved Essex is th(5 best
breed for gen<'ral purposes, if intended to be slaugh-
tered under 12 uionths old. For larger aniiu:ils
crosses from the larger bn«eds which do not arrive so
early at maturity are to be [)referre(b Tlie examples
here adduced also go far to prove tha' where the
breed and mode of feeding recommended in the y)rior
part of tliis paper are combined, there th(^ greatest
amount of meat and fat is formed, and on trial it
will be found also to beat the least expenditure <»f
food and capital. It will be well to observe that
middlings is an inferior des(;ription of wheaten flour;
toppings or sharps is a fine description of pollard;
Jill of which contain muscular and tissue-forming
substances very analagous to pea and bean flour. In
gome localities favourable to the purpose, a number
of hogs are reared and even fattened in what may
be termed a wild state, on acorns and beech mast.
I do not know of any experiments that give suffici-
ently ar'curate details of^ all the circumstances re-
(piisiteto arrive at correct inferences respecting the
cost of obtaining a given annmnt of swine's flesh
rem a stated quantity of f )od, all the experiments
detailed in the Sussex, Buckingham, Hampshire,
Miridlesex, Shropshire, <fcc., reports to the Board of
Agriculture being more or less deficient in details
which are requisite to form correct estimates. One
important experiment reported in the Buckingham
Survey ought not to be passed over, as it serves m
filiow accurately what is well kn(>wn to nig-feeders,
that there is a j)oint in fattening hogs beyi.nd which
a decid<'d loss will accrue if persevered in. Thus,
the increase of fbish in a pig put up to be fattened, I
and regularly weighed, was, on the following dates

vStones lbs. lbs.

Oct. 10 3G 7

24 41

Nov. 7 45

21 47
Dec. 5 48

22 48
It is well remarked in the Hampshire Survey
"That the native hog of tin's county is a coarse,

raw-boned, flat-sided animal, agreeing in no respect
with the idea entertained of it in other parts of the
kingdom; the greater number fed for a few wrecks in
the close of autumn upon the mast which the forest
and other woodlands produce in the county, and the
(excellent mode of curing hog-meat practised by the
housekeepers have contributed in a far greater de-
gree to establish that superiority ascribed to Hamp-
ehire bacon, than any inherent excellence in its na-
tive bree<l of hogs,

"Very few, however, of the genuine native hogs
are to l)e met with, the common stock being either
the native Berkshire breed, or a considerable pre-
dominance of that blood in the native swine of the
country,

"Subsequent crosses upon tlie native Berkshire
"^'ith the Suffolk and Chin(»se breed have produced
an animal of a hardy nature, prone to get fat at an
early age, and always to keep in good condition in a
store state. The experiments made by Mr. Butter
^f Eiphook show that nearly 100, that is, 90 lbs. of
bacon, may ])e obtaiijed from the ccmsumption of 9
bushels, or 4.^0 lbs. of barley equally 4^ ll)S, (d l»ar-
Jey for I lb, of bacon, and which, admitting the bar-
b'y to be worth 1(/. per lb., the bacon thus produced
^V/ f^«t exclusive of attendance, 4^/. per lb.

"j he barley reckoned at 4*. Qd. per bushel, inclu-

ding grinding, and the bacon at C^d. per lb. in its
green state, the account will stand thus- ■

.C. s\ d.

9() lbs. liacon at C)d. per lb. 2 8 0

9 bushels of barley at 4^. 0(i. l> () 0

5

7
2
7
0

38 gain
34
11
13

1 loss

Leaving a profit upon 9 bushels of barley

thus ex[»('n(led of () 7 (]

Bf'sides the dung and offal of tlie Img, wliicli must
well defray the expense of attendance, ri.sk, &c.

"Other .statements of tin; like nature were sought
for on the survey; but through the want of attentmn
in jiscertaining with correctness the lean weight of
the animals bej'ore they were put up to fatteiC and
accurately stating the quantity and vMue of the
f*eeding mess, render the various statements of little
practical value, notwithstanding which the surveyor
( Vancouver) gave it as his general opinion 'that the
Berkshire, Suffolk, or Chinese breed, at an equal
and proper age and condition, will lay on 10 lbs. of
bacon fbr every ])ushel of barley, after grinding into
meal, consumed by them.'"

It is unfortunate the preceding account is also
vague respecting the bacon, whether it is valued as'
bacon ntrcd, or merely cut up for salting: as swine's
flesh loses from 5 to 10 per cent, in weight in curing,
though weighed in the green, ^i- li^.dncu .mu uC-
smoked state. I believe the cured meat is meaiu.

I have found that when pigs have been fed on the
following articles, mixed, and calculated at the prices
named, fresh pork can be raised for 4(/. per pound,
viz : — Indian (maize) meal at 28.v. per 480 lbs.; bar-
ley at 32.S'. per quarter; peas and beans at 'M'is. ditto;
and'potatoes at l.v. 2^/. per buslnd of 70 Ihs.; and
that skim and butter milk is worth Id. per gallon f)r
feeding nigs, when mixed with barley-meal, ])otatoe8
and Indian meal. There are many substances —
such as starch refuse, brewers' grains, distillers'
wash and grains, &c., which, under particular cir-
cumstances, are used for feeding hogs; notwithstand-
ing which such are out of the pale of ordinary agri-
culture. A singular mode of cooking potatoes for
hogs is named in the Berkshire report, viz: baking
them. In feeding hogs the following general rules
should be particularly attended to:

Feed regnlarhj, as abundance of food will not
make up for the loss arising from irregular feeding.
Pigs know their feeding-time very accurately, and
nothing retards their feeding so much as allowing
them to be pining and weazening for their anticipa-
ted regular meal. Also mix a Httle salt with their
food; keep the troughs and animals clean, their sties
and b^dsdry and warm. Vary the bill of fare; in
doing so, however, be careful not to lower the gener-
al standard of the diet; hogs do much better when
their food is varied. Stores, brood-sows and fecnling-
hogs should all be fed separately; two hogs will fat-
ten lietter in company than separately.

Hogs do better on cooked than raw food. Some
instructive exneriments on this point are recorded in
the Highland Transactions. I have seen some hogs
of the improved large Irish breed feed to very great
weights on ravi potatoes alone — the flesh good and
firm; these are, liowever, rare instances.

When the sow is suckling, s!ie should have extra

food; oatmeal, milk, and potatoes, or pea meal, pota-
toes, and milk, are the best. At the time of farrow-
ing sh(» should be carefully watched, and the young
ones removiid; tlu^ placenta or after-birth ought also
to be removcMl, otherwise she will devour it, and thus
engender a morbid appetite, which may eventually
cause her to devour her young. Aboition selvloiu

1:1

'1^

35G

nuzK i':s>Av on prns borrowinv} tools.

[ r>K''EMRIJ3

takes place with the sow: the S}'mploms of such arc
eimilar to those r>f s\|tproi\('liin<z; j)atuiiti()ii, ])ul more
intense. When this is likely lo take plsvi;e, u veteri- '
nary surgeon, if within rail, .'^Ijoiild he requested to |
attend. As a general rule, a i^ow "nL;lit not to be al-
lowed to breed after nIio has entered her iilth year,
nor hoars after the seventh.

Swine are trouhleil witii several diseases, th<' most
common being a species of h'jjrosy commonly known
by til e name of measles, which, and tin; other niorc
serious diseases, would re(iuiro a ,s(;|yarait^ treatise to
do justice to the s\i))jcet.

In conclusioii. it may be remarked, that swine-
br(MMling m);:ht he carried on more profitably, and to
a lurg<'r extent, were farmers to avail themselves of
the iacilitit's of railway communication which are
iu)W affordtHJ, of either forwarding live pigs or as
dead meat to Hmithfield, Ticadenhall, and Newgate
salesmen, or by slaughtering bacon hogs and con-
verting the carcases into ham and bacon, using the tttfal
for heme use. Many ropectablc; salesmc'n in New-
gate and L(M(lenha!l would willingly take charge of
8n>all ([oanties, say :l^\ 40, or 1()() sides, and woultl
realine ior the farmer, generally speaking, very re-
munerative pric(\s; ior this purpose, however, the
bides or hams should be perfectly cured and dried,
and invanatnv sfuoKeti.

It was intendeil to havf cimcludod this j)aper with
the iiniueijiattly j. receding «)bservations. 1 am in-
duced to contiiiu" !le>e remarks, haviFig found that
my suspicions respecting the breetl known as Lord
Western's improved Ess(,'X were fully justilied, as
that nobleman, in a letter addressed to tlie late Earl
Spencer, observes —

"To descend from the horse to the lowest animal
in estimat'on, thoiigl. p{>rhaps not the least valuable,
namely, the j.ig. li appears Lo me that an important
change and improvenn-nt have already t;iken place
in some districts in the' breeds of this animal to a
considerable extent, and which is further progressive
in otluM* j)art8 of the country. Tiii'i has bet?n ac-
complish(;d by a breed commonly called the Nea])oli-
taii. which race is found in its greatest }>urity in that
beautiful })eninsula, or rather tongue of land which
lies Ijctween the bay of Naples and that of Salerno.
It has very peculiar and valuable qualities; the fla-
vour of the meat is excellent, I should say suj)erior
to that ,f any other l)reed, and the dis})osition of the
aninuil to fatt(m on the smallest (quantity of food is
unrivalled. I have so completely engrafted this
stock upon British breeds that I think my luu-d can
scarcely be distinguished from the pure blood."

Long prior to the letter being written of which the
above is an extract, Arthur Youns:, in describin"- a
flock of Southdown sheep at Mr. ILjward's, near
Bury St. Kduuinds, incidentally alludes to that gen-
thuuan's hog-;, which are stated to have been obtaiu-
ed frnm Mr. Western, lie (Arthur Young) states
that tlu^y had considerable merit, and mentions one
specinuMi, a fat sow that did not l)reed, as remarka-
ble. This pig was —

1806.
Nov. 22. Pot to baidey-meal, live weight,
I bushel barley-meal.

Dec. g! I

13. 1

16. Weighed alive,

20. 1 bushel barley meal

27. 1
1807.
Jan. 10. Weighed sMjt,

** l^. 1 bushel barley-meal.
•* 2U. i

t(

Total 8 " ••

Jan. 27. 'J'he day kill(;d, weighed alive,

dead,
lbs.
The four (quarters, 2'Jl)
Head, 21

Fat, 0

;)2s

44^

o28

Ibs-

Loose fat,

U

Pluck,

Ih

Oifal,

88

443

Rorrowing; Tools,

It is an old saying that "he that goes borro'^ving,
goes sorrowing;' and a still older one, "the borrower
is servant to the lender." But so far as applies to
farm tools, Yankee ingenuity seems t /• have reversed
these sayings, for one of the greatest annoyances cf
some neighborhoods is the necessity of lending tools.
"Won't yt)u lerul me your cart to-day'/" "I want to
borrow your crow bar." "Can'c you let us have
your drag?" "Father wants to get your oxen." "I
want hall' a dozen of your new })ags," Ae., are usual-
ly followed by long searches for lost bags, half days
fp^nt in c"**^;'^" earts and harr-^wp repriircd, Sec.
"Why, father, Mr. I>umplin said he would pai/ for
that cart if yo\i would get it mended." "He would,
indeed, would he, —this would cost him a})Out one-
fourth of my loss of time in going to him for it, and
taking it to, and returning it frc)m the Ijlacksniith
shop, to say ncjthing id" three days diday in gettiiiL'
my \v<'rk done?" "i5ut. lather, that's a great d''ai
bett'i than Mr. Sugar[duni did when he borrowed
our cultivator, for when he broke it, he swore at you
behind vour back for lending him such a "rotten mi-
chine," and wouldn't never-pay a cent."

'.bdm where's the crow l)ar?" "I don't know,
sur, I've hunted for it a good deal for two or three
davs." "Uav(^ vou look(d in the barn?" "Yes, 1
hunted :ill through the }>arn, and tin' carriage house,
and the corn house." "Have you asked dim?''
"dim, haven't you seen the crow bar nowhere?"
"Why, >es, I saw it at ^([uire Noodle's; he borrowed
it one day when you was gone away, to pry up a
barpost, and it's been stickin' there ever since."

FiVery farmer should have a full set of implements
and tools, a)id have a place for every thing, and every
thing in its place. If he has not the means, let him
sell off a corner of his farm to procure them. — Se-
lected.

■f*-

lbs.
302

364

Falsk Shame.— Somepeoph> appear to be ashamed
to have it knitwn that they have to "work for a hv-
ing." But they are not ashamed of the foolish pride
that originates that shame, yet their pride is to
them a greater disgrace that the greatest degree of
virtuous poverty and honest labor. No greater evil
could befall most young men and women than to be
. relieved of the necessity for labor, as the records of
I criminal courts, prisons and ])oor houses show. The
1 chances are much greater that young men who are
from necessity compelled to toil for a living wdl
grow up and become respected members of society,
than those who grow up in idleness, with a fortune
at their disposal. While the former are engaged in
earning a reputation and compet.mcy, the latter arc
scatLcriug their substance in idleness and sloth.

weighed alive,

380

408

-^•»-

Do NOT begin farming by building an expensive,
house, or erect a spacious barn till you have some-
thing to store in it.

1853.]

SELEOTING BllEEDINH RAMS.

^57

Selecting Ilrcedlng Hams.

It is the peculiar province of rani-])reeders to breed
stock rams for the use of common flock-breeders; -md
this mode of breeding has many advantages to both
parties. The ram-breeder can afford to procure and

proportions are d(weloped, and you know to a cer-
tainty what he is as a sheep. Exp(!rienced ram-
breeders will generally hire a two-shear or even old-
er shci'p on this footing; it must not with them be a
matter of doubtful character, and an old sh(M'p widl

put to his flo(d^ of ewes ))etter animals, and, of ' prove*] is to them a certain security for future bene
^/uirse more exnensive ones than would nnwwor \\u^ I fit

f/)urse, more expensive ones than would answer thf^ I fit

nurpos<'of an ordinary bn^eder to use. in this way
the rain breed(^r is enabled to keep uj) a m<u*e select
iind valuable flock, from which he can h't or sell ani-
mals of a truly valuable character to breed(;rs for
common use at a lower rate of [)rices; besides, it is
also his peculiar province to look out for and intro-
duce every practical improvement into his flock of
which it is capable, by judicious selection from the
flocks of other approved breeders, and in a great
measure regardless of cost — the district depending
upon hirn expects these things of him; and it he is a
man of judgment he will not fail them. He knows,
or ought to know, the pedigree of every animal of
his flock; and in this way ho can and does suit any
change of blood or feature to the wants of the flock.
In this way he can also suit his friends or customers
desiring or finding it requisite to change their blood
or intermingle it in their flock; by his peculiar flock-
marks he can on application recommend this and
the other animal as changes from the usual selection

of his friends, there'^y r'^p.dering it unnecessary for , ,,„, ..,, ...„.,„ v^^x^^ivi^. i*i*Tv. c^i^ o^nno

them to resort to other breeders, which is at all | due regard to what he most requires, and put his
times a dubious course to adopt; it is far ])etter to i ewes to them accordingly. A "ram-breeder" will
keep to a flock you well know, and to the judgment | very nroperly put his choice ewes to the best ram,
of a breeder on wh()m you can de[ end : the breed- j in order to obtain the best offspring; but a **common
ino; will not be running too close by following this ' breeder" may vary his ewes as as to procure his
practice. flock of like make and proportions-a short-legged

Breeders should be v "ry cautious in selecting ram to a long legge<l (Mve: a full-vdiestod ram to a
their rams. The requirements of their flock of ewes I narrow-chested ewe; a heavy woolled ram to a light-
should be particularly noticed, and a careful separa- j woolled ewe: and so on as his best judgment dictates
tion of them made before hiring, so as to ascertain | endeavoring to obtain from the male what is want-
more accurately thcdr precise defects, and to point | ing in the female.

out with greater certainty th(! piuudiar kind of ram In breeding what are termed half-breeds great care
nrcfssary to rectify these defects: this should b*' done should be given to obtain rams from good flocks, or
before procuring the ram^not to hirt^ first, andthon the end to ()e answered in making such stock quic'-
y and suit the ewes to him afterwards. Never hire ly off is defeat<Ml. The V(;ry best of rams should 1

A slu'arling ram is generally supposed to be fully
e(|ual to nerve from 75 to 80 ewes; but a two-shear
ram should not hav(^ more than 70 to 75. In all
cases, the brectder hiring should see that his rams
are in every respect right and active befu-e putting
them to his (;wes; much disappointment and loss
often arise from these omissions.

In making choice of a ram to suit the q\so. flock
regard should be had to every requirement; neither
"wool nor mutton" ought t^) take precedence— both
must be held of equal value. If any quality is to
be discontinued, or of necessity to be given up for
the time, let it be beauty or symmetry, or some mi-
nor Doints; these are truly good in their place; but
for these never give up the main qualifications — a
good fleece, a fat back, and a full symmetrical pro-
portion, of great Bubstance.

In making choice of the ewes to put to each ram,
much may be done to improve the flock. No breed-
er can find just the ram he wants — the very ^^am to
his wh(de flock; he must therefore have the same

trv

or }»urc1iase a ram from an unknown flock. An in-
ferior ram from a Jhtrk of irdl linf^wn repute ivill
produce hrff,'r stock than an accidentcd good one from
an inferior flock. By all means keep to a good
strain: adhere to flocks of well known and deserved
cdehrity; you are far more certain as to the r(!sult.
There may be, and oftfui is, nundi foolish fastidious-
ness In l)reed(>rs relatives to slight peculiarities in
Jjood animals; a spot, slightly diseolour(»d l(>g, (.r

fionie little defect, is greatly magnified. These are i purjiose; this is wrong,
of minor importance in good animals to common ; lam'' ' ■ ^" '""^
flock-hreedcrs — they are important t(^ ram-bre<Hlers,
and are generally, if not universally, avoided; but
no ordinary breeder need reject a good ram for a
«h;;ht ]>eculiarity; they ^vIU scddom be proj)agated
iu the Hock, particularly if taken from a ^ood

Htot'k.

Uirina and Sale. — It is ;ilwavs better for a br(ied-
("r to hire a ram than to buy one, ])rovid((l he is
^uarantee(l a good season with him. Ilains "now-a-
^iays" are so highly kejit, so paiii|>'i , d, that vast
numbers of them are very defective sLock-^retters.
^'u tins account it Is better to hire than to ]tuy.
'Shearling or y(»arllng rams are un(loul)tedly the
niost active amongst the ewe Hock, and are mostly
•nought after by Hock-masters, but a good two-shear
rani is to be preferred, if of kno\vn character. The
filiearllng may prove right, and all you could wish;
the two-shear ram is already proved; besides, his

. k-
ly off is defeabMl. The V(;ry best of rams should be
used, possessing every good (piallfication of wo(d,
mutton, and symmetry. It is (pilte a mistake to
fancy any rain will do for half-bre(Mls: no such thing.
^Ye know of half-bred sheep remaining as long or
longer on fattening pastures than many much heavi-
er and h;ss likedy feedlng-sheej). If h;ilf-hred sheep
are to retain favor with the grazier, they must be
bred with every care and attention to tln^ many qual-
ifications. Many breeders use ram lambs for this

no hreeiler can t(dl what a
uluro life. 111 iill casc^, u-(i
the best ram or the best kind of ram vou can ob-
tain, and be not too nice about the price. 1 have
known many Hocks of lambs make from ."'s. (»d. to
7s. per lujad more than others of the like size, solely
from better and more correct brecMliiig: and the dif-
ference is far greater as tliey grow up, and are fat-
tened.— Faimcr'.'i Maimr.iitr.

Although in draining land thoroughly, your purso
may be drained, yet the full crops that follow, will
soon nil it up again.

'«•»-

Fruits. — Tlie AVheeling Oazette states apples aini
other fall fruit and vegetables, are now being sent iii
large cpiantlties, from that city over the Baltimore
and Ohio railroad to New York. Apples go at the
rate of 500 barrels a day. They are worth ?1 75 at
Wheeling, and %'S in New York.

'— -

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wC ^'*«.ito

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^5^

TTfOn\F'^ IMPOT'vT fTTOV OF PTHNfAMS VXD SOl^TimOWNS.

\T)ece

Thome's Importations of Durhams and South- ' 'Y,,u ^vill sec she has two ci -.. ,4 j],,, Du.hopg

**"^*'"«« I bl(H)(i; tlion she goes to Booth's Kasplu-rrj, ho JMinr

Wo extract tho following interesting lettor fi nn tho slro of liis famous cow Faith, mother of IIi)!!^

the Cultivator, concerning these late iinn .rtiitions j '^''*^^'"' "^' ^''"*'"''/y' ^''' l'^'^''' '''>^^'' ^^'"-^ K'>i"^ hack

• i. XT V 1 Ti • i 1 1 t^ his host ]>1()0(1."

into A cw York. It is cause of poneral con;rratua-' i; \i r,i , i i .< i

^ ^ irom Mr. 1 AXt^i kka^ he [mrchasod "J?/ro;Y/ " i

tion all over tljo country, that "(J rami l>uke," cost-
ing :?j(X)0 in England, and })rohaljl_y iIil- llnt^L Ihii

two-jear old hfiler, at ir)0 j^uiiicas. In sjxMikin" of
hor])ofore makin;; th«' iiurchasf, ho savs — "I tliink

ham bull ever brought to this countrv, is safely I ^^'*", Tan-pi.-rav's heifer, Aurora, by :)d Duke „f
1 1 1 r^ L I J *rn 1 York, one <•! the most desirable animtils; she Kxikn

landed after a most hazardous voyage. To the o;reat | ^^.,.^. lij.,. .^ |),„.hoss.'^

liberality and public spirit of -T. Thoriu^ in iiivcM Fr.uji Mr. Tovwei.v he lias secured two heifers

ing so much in these superior animal> and l.rin;j,iiig ''/'V'^/rr/Vo" his (dioieest, two years old, at ']0i) <jjuin-

them to our shores, the Nvhoh> rountry is under Tast" ' ''".^V'^'*'* \']'K~'''^'^\ ^^Pr*^\''^'' ^^•^"i' ^^^f^thers, by Duke
, V . ,,,. . . , ^ ... , i <*i Cornwall, &c. She is far advanced in gestation

iniir olili;rations. I hc^ prices icaid '\ver(^ withm the i ,. i i i i,^ \r ^ r • l\ • '

e> ^ 11' viuuui UK j and was only shown at the York fair this season

reach of but few, and the patriotic feeling which where she was a winner. ''Llalah liooH/' his
prompted the ellurt to secure them for our o\mi conn- <dioicest yearling, at 400 guineas; color red — sire,
trv, withnut regard to COST, is worthy of all praise. 'l'f>^ 'S"ire; dam by Prince Earnest, &c. This heifer

«,[ . i- ,, I . .,.,,,, was winner of the first prize at both the York (En^-

1 lie ;>wv-<(>,ssi()n ol these; choice animals wi I enal)le ' i ., n i ii i • i i i.i i i. i. i • v

1 . M.ioH I land) and the Irish shows, the only two at which

us to turn tin; current of trade and ex[)ort /r>, instead i she was shown this year. Mr. Kotch says— "Ilfjr
of impurting IVuin I'inglaiid. Wv feel more anxiety P^''^>f^''''*' '"^ ^'i^^ '>f ^^"'n">^'i'-'^> 5ii^<^ !^he is nndou])tedlT

k coo n. ,i ), .i,,n<» <'<:.-!, A n,,i . " fi, ... i , ; ;^ ^i . ' ^''^' most beautiful creature in England.'' In Ri)eak-

>seeaipi naiuue oranu i'uke, than to Msit the; • <> • , ,, ,,«» i-n i r », i .

, p , ingot prices lie adds — "Mr. lownely frankly told

rystal 1 alace : ^^^^ I 1^.^^! .^^j,^.j j^^^. ^j^^.-j. ^^^^^^ animals; that they did

to
C

IxEsrEcTED FiiiEND — 1 iiuw have (/U my f.irm, s( me
eho)er» Slii>rt-h<jrn8 and i^i-iiiii i'^l\^Il .>«iifcp oi iii\
own importation. To givi; thee sonn^ i<lea of the
stock 1 am al»out importing, 1 take the liberty of
adding some pariicuhirs relating to it, and some ex-
tracts from letters I have received frum Francis M.
RoTOH of Morris, Otsego county, who, as the(» may
know, is now in England, nmking selections of stock
for me.

In additii>n to the South Down buck, ( I ' 2) secured
at Jonas ANEbii's Letting, 11th July, at l.'>0 guineas,

K

(I

not wisli to sell, and nothing but an enormous nrice
wcmid tempt them. "

At (he late Earl Ducie's sale, thee is aware of his
purchase id' Duchess 59, roan, 5 years old, dam
Duchess 50, at 350 guineas.

J)uchess 01, red, 4 years old, dam Duch-
ess 55, at 000
Duchess 08, red, 11 months calf, dam
Duchess (;4. at 300
In speaking of this sale, Mr. Rotch remarks—
"There was a large gathering of about three tliou-
and the two ].en< .T pi!/,e yrajling Soutli l>u>vn I sand persons. The averjige price of the animals
ewes, shown before the i:,,yal A;rriculhiral Sech-ty ' sold, was (h.ulde that at fixates' sale! I think I
of England, by Mr. Lu.au, Mr. ivotch selected from j could have taken .']00 guineas lor my bargain he-
Mr. Webb's tluck, lifteen yearling ewes and live old- 1 fore 1 leli tlie groundl Mr. Kolden was besieged by
cr (uies (the latter as an especial favor.) He has | several bid«lers, to send cows to (Jrand Duke, but
eubsoqnently added the first prize pen ,1' yearlin- ^ put (he price up to one hundred guineas a cow— uu
South Down (nves, shiiwn at the York ( Knudand ) | yoiir lu^count, of coursel"

Agricuiiuial I'air. by Loi d W ai.sini.h am. Mr, Jiotidi
remarks of liicm — ' 1 was r.a!ly templed to take
them. Tliey are a 1 'autiiol K»t."

In cnnnection wilii till' (\\^> pureluix.,] ol Mr. Fu

Mr. llotch was disappointed in not getting Duch-
ess 00, (her dam Duchess 55,) which MoUKis & I5e-
CAK were fortunat(> in >ecuring at TOO guineas. Had
Mi". II. secured this Duchess, it would have Ldven nic

gar. Mr. Fo>t(di <ays --'It i^ t-. lie remarked that Mr. ! all the Duchess cows Karl Ducie left, that have bred

L. is tiie only breeder, witli one exception, who has | of late vears.

The buck ( 1 1'J) and a part of the ewes have c(ane
lo hand, ami lullv an.-wer inv most sanmiiuc? cxpec-
tatiuns. They are doing liiiely, Tlie lialance of the
stock I do not expect until about (In; first No^en)be^.
A'ory resi ectfuUy, Jonathan Thorne. Washington
llullow, Duchess co., N. V., U mo. 28, 1853.

succeeded in winning biuii the hrbt and second pri
zes, with yearling South Down ewes at iht Kojal
Agricultural Society's Fairs. A breeder who can
win with ten of his ewes, ought certainly to stand
liigher than the one who wins with only live. Mv.
L. was my competitor at Mr. Webb's, lor tho buck,
(112)."

Of Short-Horns, Mr. Kotch writes— ''The Bates'
hull, Grand Duke, (10,284) is a superb animal, and
to my thinking tho hest in England: his handling
cannot be surpassed. He is a true Dneh';ss buli.
with all tlieir character and (piality." ^uljse((U(;nt-
ly he writes — 'T have puicinuicd the Dates' bull,
Orand Duk^, decidedly the ])est bull in the Avorld I
at the long price of 1000 guinea^. Ho looks every
inch a Bates, and is grand in size and appearance,
with a majestic carriage." (Jrand Duke was pur-
chased of S. E. Ijolden.

Mr. Rotch also purchased of ^Ir. B(dder , at 100
guineas, 'Teri/' a roan yoarling hoifrr hy Grand
Duke— dam. Pink, by -d J>uke of York (5959)—
grand dam, Mary gold, by Kaspberry, (4875) &c.

-*•*-

To Makf. Yfit.o^v Di ttfr in Wintkh. — Put in
yolk of eggs ju.sL bclorc the butter comes, near the
terminati(»n of the churniii^i;, Tlri.^ has been repeat-
edly tried, and it makes very fine sweet butter. It is
kept by many as a great secret, but its great value
ro(iuir»^s publicity.

-♦••-

ToCuKK Foil, Fvii, IN HoHsFS. — Mix cojtperas and
hogs lard, and >inumr ovcm- the fire in an irv)n pot;
with this rub the part aflected plentifully^ two or
three times a week and let the hot sun drive it in.
The application should he made before tho disease
has gone too far. Mind to keep rubbing till a cure
is efiected : it takes time.

IKW,]

FENCING I!^ PENNwSYLVANIA— Yt)l(K OOUNTV EXHIHITION

359

Fencing in l'cnns\ i v uniu.

We stre reminded of tins important item (d larm
expenses by a recent artirde in the Boston ^'ultivator,
which copies some statistics on the subject from an
address by Nicholas liiddle, some years ago, b(dore
the Fhilad«dj>liia Agricultural Society, We recollect
being present when this ad<lress was didivered. The
portion of it rtdative to tin' cost of fencing excited
considorable attention at the time among the far-
mers, and is as ap])ropriate, if not more so, now. It

says :

"But the most serious grievance in our farming,
and one to which I ask your special attention, is our
very bad system of fencing. When the country was
first settled, it was natural in felling the timl)er. to
enelitse wdth the logs the clearing, just as in New
England, the stones on a farm may l)e as well form-
ed into a fence, as carried further. But as wood be-
came scarcer, the expense has increased, till now it
has become a real oppression. I have heard of a
farm surrounded by a cedar fence, which would ac-
tually sell at auction for more than the farm itself.
A most respectable member of our society has as-
sured me that the fencing of his farm, of perhaps
:',00 acres, cost him 5,000 (h>'lars. The extent of this

burthen in Feniif<^i\Hiim wiil MUj;ii>>e yuvi all, n» il

astonished me when I came to make this calcula-
tion, which is of course very rough, but as I give
the (dements of it, you must rectify its errors.

The whole surface of Pennsylvania is said to be
2R, 000. Olio of acres. Deduct for unenclosed lands,
what seems to bo a large allowance, say 18,000,000,
and there remain enclosed in a ])ost and rail fence,
10,000,000. The size of the lots into which they
are subdivided, varies: near large cities and towms,
the lots are of a very few acres — in remoter places
thev are larger, but for convenience I hav(» assumed
as a basis of calculation, that the sub-divisi(jns of a
Per.nsylvania farm are on an averago about 10
acres.

Now. to (>n(doso a field of ten acres, you have on
each side 0<»0 feet, and calling a panel 10 feet, you
have (M) panels on each side, or 2(V1 pancds to go
round th(^ whole — but as every panel serves for an
enclosure on each side, the number of panels should
he reduced of course to onedialf; so that, upon a
larcre scalo of enclosure, every 10 acres refjuires l')2
]>aiiels of fence. Now 10,000,000 of acres, thus di-
vided into fields of 10 acres, amount to 1,000,000
ii'dds, eaidi 'A' whi(di requiring ^^^2 panels, the whole
aiifonitf of panels is l."*2.000.()(Mh The price of a
panel varies in dilferent parts of the Stiito; here it
would cost one dollar a ].an<d. hut taking th'' aver-
age at eighty cents a panel, we have J?105, 000,000, or
in iMund numbers, 5^1 00,000,000. Consider n<'^v th<>
interest on t1ii< outlay, tlie war and tear (d' the
fence, and that the wdiolo (d' it will not last more than
10 or 15 years, an<l you lia\e as the annual (ax upon
agriculture in Pennsylvania, the .^uin oi 10,000,000
of dollars. If this estimate appears still too high,
reduce it onedialf, and you have still a tax of 5^5, -
000,000.

Look at it in another ]>oint of view. See how
inauy post roads, private roads and lanes iliere are,
with a row of fences on each side — see how every farm
is cut up into little divisions of a hnv acres — and the
result will not vary mmdi from what 1 luive stated.
They say that every man's house is his castle — one
would think every man's farm w^as his fortification,
so cut up is it with these piles of logs, like so many

entrenchments. Indtcd, the best use (d" a f(mce that
I know, is that at (he battle of Bunker Hill; tho far-
mer-warriors brought two fences tog(!ther, and filleti
(he interval witii new hay, as an im|)romptii ram-
])art. But in times id' p<>ace they are absolute; nuis-

ances.

))

-«••-

York (oiiniv I'-xliibithui.

From what we recently heard of this exhibition, it
appears to have surpassed most others in l*ennsylva-
nia the present season, not only in the large atten-
dance of 12 to 15,000 {)eople, but in the number, va-
riety, and excellent (juality of the stock, implements
and productions, wdiich numbered over fifteen hun-
dred entries.

No intoxicating drink was allowed on the ground,
and consequently there; was no drunkeness, broils or
confusion. Between one and two hundred horses and '
mules, many of them very fine animals, were exhibi-
ted. In cattle, sheep and swine, the specimens wore
very good, although not numerous, but including
some very fine thorough bred Durhams from the herd
of John Evan's, Esq., the president of the society,

which were not entered ftu* cinnpetition. An Avr-

sh re bull from John Merryman, Esq., of Baltimore,
received the first premium. Several of the contribu-
tors were from that state.

Of some other departments the York Advocate

says :

The exhibition of poultry was exceedingly large,
and attra -ted much attention; the coops were nearly
all the time surrounded by hundreds of persons.
Every breed that has ever been heard of, we })elieve,
was 'represented. Shanghai, Chittagong, Dorking,
Cochin (diina, Brania Pootra, riiinese Silk, Frizz)e,
Game. Bantam; also, (jcese, Turkeys, Ducks, Pig-
eons, <^c., <^c.

The disyday of Agricultural and Mechanical im-
plements was very good, embracing Mowers, llcap-
ers. Cutters, &c., and some new Machines for farm-
ing and mechanical purposes.

Vegetables of all kinds, and in large quantities,
and some f)f monstrous size, occupied a prominent
position. Fruits in great abu dance, fresh from the
trees and vines, and cakes and candies, magnificent-
ly gotten up, delighted the eye and tempted the taste
of every looker on.

Of the Carpets, (^lilts, Ornamental Needle Work,
&c., the display was Jul! and h ghly interesting
combining the u-(du witli thf heauhiul.

The di'splay < i" Stoves, Saddlery, Boots, Hats,
Flour. Ibitter,* Honey, Sec. was large and h ndsome-
ly arranged. Inasmuch as \ho report (d tln^ du<lges
will be published, uc ridVaiu from u<iticing any ani-
mal or article particularly.

On Friday tho 7th, T/n' Plowing Match took place,
in a field near to tho Fair ground. Three teams
w^ore on'orod. but only two appeared en the ground,
Mr. Pe(er, (d York inun>liip, and Mr. Thomas Em-
mitt, ol this Borough. The Plowing was pretty well
done considering; the ground, and the circum -(ancoa
attending it. Thi^ is yet rather a novelty in York
couuiv, and all (hat is'^necessary, is only the ojipor-
tunity of a lew such trials, to bring the farmers of
old York up to their proper m rk in this depart-
ment. 1 i.1

At the close of the plowing match, the people gath-

i

^rtofv

350

CURE FOR POTATO ROT— '^rR TflORKE'S nTPORTRD STOCK.

("PECRlfBiB

ered around the Hpeaker's Htand, wiieu ;iii uddross
was d(3livered by the Hon. Alex. L. IlayoH, oi J^an-
castcr City. Like all that proceeds from his p'»n,
the address was full of good, sound practical sense,
full of "words iitly spoken." His manner was
pleasino;, an<l his words disiincf, and his nianiiost
laith in the doctrines he so W(dl pr(i[nul;:at(!d, and so
aptly illustrat<Mi, h. id tiiat largo assembly, ibr an
hour, deeply interested.

We should bo much pleased to have a copy of this

address. — Ed*

-*•»-

Cure fur (Fic I'otato Hot.

In a recent conversation with Mr. Joii.v Baukktt,
Jr., of (\iyu;^a l>rid;:;e, on thi; subject of the potato
diseas(\ In' infurm(Mi us that he had not been troubled
with the rot lor some years, and that there was an
easy remedy f >r it, which all mi<;ht apply with very
little trouble or expense. On incjuirintj; f(jr this sim-
ple remedy, w«' expected to have been told that it
was ii.serret, to be revealed only to those who were
willint; to contril>ut(» a hands<>me reward to the dis-
coverer. IJut Mr. 1>. freely <;ave us his experience,
which we as freely impart to (jur readers, leavin;:; it
to them to make tlic experiment, if they think pro-

Mr. Tliorne's Imported Stork.

AV^' nnich n>«^ret to have to record tii(? followinj?
mishaps, to some of the hi;^li priced stock lately t„ji..
chased in Fin;i;land, while on their voy;i;^e to the
United States in tlie Steamer" Ilfjrman. The article
isirom tlie "American A;j;riculturist." It says.

The steiimer Herman saih'd from Southampton on
tlu! rJth Octo'oer, and arriv«'d hert^ on tln^ 21)th, with

most of Mi. Th

lorne's late purchjises of Sliort-hora
cattle in England, and the remainder of his South-
down sheep. The cattle put on board were the Dindi-
ess bull Grand Dtih;, J)urhess 51)///, bred l)y the late
Mr. Thomas Rates; Duchess Ci'f^th, Frcdrrica, and /.a^-
lah Rookh, bought of Mr. Townley; Mi/sfmj and Au-
rora, from Mr. Tanqueray; Peri, from Mr. Rohien-
and Darlinf/, of Capt. Dilks. Seven prize South-down
sheep, purchased of Lord Walsingham, were also put
on board, two of which were for Mr. Francis Rotch,
of Otse<]^o, N. Y.

The Hermann had a succession of heavy gales du-
rinf^ her whole passage. On the third day out the
sheep-house was stove in, and three of these precious
animals were killed. On the eighth day out she en-
conntered the most furious storm she ever experien-
ced. About midnight the cattle houses were carried

per.

Mr. IJarrett stated that a few years since, he, as away, and the animals strewed in every direction
well as most of his neighbors, lost their entire crop ^^^^ ^^<^ ^" "- '"''ere, on account of the seveil ;, ,,:"
of {)otatot-s by the rot— that the next spring he was ^^^/^ g?^^^, they had to remain till morning. Duchess
compfdled to go to anotlicr town for seed, where lie

prociir<Ml :l supply Tt hiinsidf and

an

adjoining

G8//i was killed outright by the breaking Of a mast,
the others miraculously escaped without material in-

neighbor, and wher(> Im was told how to prevent the j J'^^''.^'- Gf'dnd Duke did not receive a singh; scratch,
disease, lie said he anil his neiglibor planted the
seed he procured on adjoinin;: iield.s — tiie soil and

treatment similar — only that Mi-. H. a[>[died the rem-
edy recommended to him — which consisted in sowing
ashes over the field <»nce :l week ior six weeks, com-
mencing shortly alter th(> second hoeing of the crop.
Ho used Irom iwo t* three bushels oC aslu^s per acre,
which is sufficient to giv(3 tic potato-to])s a go( «!
dusting. The result was that his field was entirely
free from the disease, while the potatoes on the ad-
joining field, without this applicatien (Taslns, rotted
badly. Since then, Mr. R., as well as most (d" his
neigiiliors, had applied a^^he^. and had been entirely
free from the disease. — Count ly Ucnfleinan.

-•♦^

liou j(t Kllt Smoki;!) ILvM-^. — A

Farmer's C(

'()inpanion.

tiiat li" \\:\< f 'r iiiaM\

writer in the
'iiMi.-liL'd at Deu-oit, sl.tes
. years preserved iiis hams,
tbrough the sunnn'r, in ihe nc^t perfect condition,
by packing them ii; JMrreh, wiili layers of c(.rnc.d.>
between them, so that tiie liani> waiM n^t come in
contact with each other. They should be taken out
and rubbed dry once during the summer. The cask
should be placed on a bench or trus^el, in a cool,
dry celhar.

Fattening ^fu'ej).

It is sometimes an object to fatten sheep rapidlv
in summer, and also to 'fatten off old sheep which
cannot bo readily fattened on pasture alone. In
either case, good pasture and the feeding of a mode-
rate quantity of grain daily, will generallv effect it
very advantageously. One bushel of grain fed to

sheep in summer, will make as much fat n-^ thr r

four fed in winter: hence they may be fattened off
most rapidly and with least expense in sunmier and
Ml—CanfiehL

A man behind the times should be fed on ketch-

•p.

AVe made a hasty inspection of the above animals
aftf^r landing. Of «N)urse they showed to great dis-
advantage, after such a rough voyage, and we shall
reserve giving our opinion fully till we can see them
under more favorable circumstances. Rut tliis much
we can say now, that Grand Duke was well named,
for a grand ))ull he really is. His head, eye, and
horn are particularly fine; and so far as- we can now
judge, all his other points may well challenge admira-
tioTi. His color is bea\itiful, mostly a deep, ritdi red,
with a line y(dlow skin. Du<-hessWM!i is too nnndi oul
of condition to sliov,' advantageou^l v, but sIk^ seems
a super!) cow. The Townley heifers are most (Extra-
ordinary; such fine IhmkIs and eyes, and such bris-
kets, it strikes us now that we have never nn^t out of
Mr. ]5afes'yard. We shall speak of the other ladfers
more particulaily hereafter. Suffice it to say that
they are well worthy of importation.

Thr- sheep are supei-b, om^ of the ewes we have no
recollection of ever havirii!: seen surpassed.

(I:-eat credit is due to Mr. Kotidi for his sfdection?,
and we can \vell svnipaf lii><e witli him in Ids caro
and ;mxiety in <ele,-tiri'jr the abo\'e e|ioie(> animals.
A- Ave a i"e abont going to pr<'-<, v,-.> can sav no ni^ro
at this nionn'nt. For some account of the (diaract(T
of this stoek and the prices paid f)r i , we would re-
fer to number six, j);<'j;e S'J, of this journal. Pwhess
»'» I///, havinir calved just before the steamer sailed,
sho was lef\ to follow hereafter.

Mr. Ihilany, of Virginia, jnit on board ten Seaitli-
down sheep, selected from the flock of IMr. AVelth,
three ot these were also killed vn hen tlie sheep-house
was stove in. Jhtchess GHfh was eleven montlis old,
aTid cost Mr. Thome .",00 guineas — SblOO of out
money. It is not the money, liowevfM', that Mr. T.
regr(,'ts at all, but the loss to his conntrv of so hiu;h
bred and valuable an animal. Those who have nol
tried it, little know the danger and expense incurred
in importing stock; every good animal arriving here
should therefore be the more highly prized.

1853.1

ORAVFAS PATENT CORN SHKLLKll

3GI

Grave's Patent Corn Sheller. slightly hollowed, at its middle and is fitted with a

The above cut represents a nesv Patent Corn SInd" sharp iron. The ear of corn to be shelled, is insert-

ler w]ii(di has lat(dy been exhil)ited to us, rather nove^ ed edgewise between upper edges of the shelling

m construction, and from its cheapness and simpli-
city, seems well adapted for the farmer, who cultiva-
tes on a small scale. The owner represents it as ca-
pable of slndling with ease 5 to G buslnds an hour,
worked by a single person. It is operat»3d by the
foot, deposits the cobs on one sid(\ and the corn on

plates, and the lower face of the cross bar above
them; the foot of the operator is then applied to de-
press the treadle, and thus force the ear between the
shelling edges; the latter ;ire pressed towards each
other by the spring?, with sufficient force to remove
the irrains but not to enter the cob. As the cross bar

ihe other. The latter we observed to be as entirely | des(;ends, it is turn(Ml by the action of the curved
clean as if run through the fan. It occupies very i guides, — groov<.'s, thus twisting the ear, and great
little room. Tin.' ])atent seems to consist in forcing I ly facilitating the action of the shelling plates. As
the ears separ;it(dy, betw(>en a s(3t of shelling'plates, i fast as one ear is forced down, the pressure of the foot
while at the s;imc time they ari; twisted on their ' is relax(Ml, and the spring of the treadle throws up
axis. th(3 cross bar, to receive a second ear, which expels

The engraving represents a table to whiidi the corn i tlu^ cob of the first, fiom between the shelling plates,
shelling ai'paratus is secured and supported by four i The slndled corn is eollect<Hl by the case, from which

legs. 'l\\i^ -h(dling jdates are four in numlxM-, and
arranged in pairs at right angles to each other, and
pivoted at their lower extremities, one pair is small-
er than the others, which lap over it, and is acted

it falls, through openings, made in the table into
suitalde receptacles.

Price of Llii^ machine is only $5 — Patent rights
:ire offered for sale, of most of the counties in I'enn-

upon by spi-ings, which thus f.^'ce the upp(>r"etlges of sylvania. Address !>. Pilkington, and A. S. RoW'

all lour plates to ajiproaidi each other. Tin; shelling
plates are inclosed in an inverted conical case, which
prevents the Si-attering of the shelled corn. Across
bar is supported above the shelling plates, by two
rods, whi(dj j^assing through the table, are secured to
a cross bar beneath to whltdi motion in imparted by
the spring treadle, secured to the base board. The
opposite extremiti(^s of the upper cross bar, are fur-
nished with |)ins, which are guided in curved grooves,
secured to a pair of upright standards, projected from
the upper edge of the case. The lower cross bar is

land, -lacksonvile, Illinois, sole projtrietors.

-*•»-

CoMC IN Houses. — A Ttmnessee corrospondimt
says:— The best remedy that I have tried for colic in
horses is, one pint of whiskey and t\V(»thirds of a
teacup of giHipowder. .Mix well and dreneh tho
horse. In ordinary cases the hoisc will l>e w(dl in
half an hour.

If you would teach secrecy to others, begin with
yourself How can you expect another will keepyouf
secret when you cannot yourself.

iM

%¥

.f-J-.',

^^e!^^

362

PRICE OF FATlNf LAND.

[Decembbr

For the I'enna. Farm Journal.
The past, present, and prospective prirts <>( liaixl-

etl proprrty.

Messrs. Editors: — Beinp; a constant rfudtT 'iftlK^
Farm Journal since the first number, and Imvin^ ob.
served the in(^rrn«=inrr attrntifm and altility liifuacd
into its columns as it progresses, and its consecjuont
accumulating value to practical Agriculturists, I bog
permision to express my gratification that a jdurnal
devoted especially to this subject has found gonial
elements amonirst my bdlow fann(>rs to justify tbo
increased uxitmscs nocossarilv incurrcMl in raisin^: it
from its comparatively small l)Oginning to its present
apparently highly prosperous condition, creditable
alike to its sj/iritcd conductors, and to the discernment
of th(^ agricultural community in which it at present
flourishes.

In every department of business connected with the
occupation (»f ;i farmer, itseolumns teem with interest
and instruction, Mhi(di I am well assured is not lost
upon those concerned. Aiiiongst the reliable proofs
to tliis lia].]»y effect is the fact, that many feel embol-
dened to convey through your c( lumns for tiie bene"
lit of others, the result of th(>ir own ex]»erience, or
their settled convictions on questions of admitted im.
portance, expecting and even courting discussion even
if the bases up(ni MJiiih their conclusions have been
founded should crumble under the operation. Of this
latter character may })e considered the following re-
marks, submitted to the consideration of farmers
under the impression that many have not given the
subject the attention that its In^aring on their particu-
lar interest demand-. I allude to the past, thepresent-
and the prospective aspect of Agricultural investments
and the causes which have, and probably will con-
tinue to affect them.

'ric great and suddenly ii!crca-( d ]»rice of fjirm
land bince tlie ciinmencement of the ]tresentyear has
taken our farming c{ninHinity bvsurprise. And no^
a lew ai'e (lisjiosed t<» take advantage of wliat apjicars
v> lien C(tnnected v. itli former experience, to be a tran-
sient speculative value, to subside to its former level
in the course of a few months or at farthest in a year
or two; by offeiing their property for Pale. All iarni
produce has been similarly effected to a greater or
less extent, and a disposition is very generally man-
ifested to convert it at once into money at its presen^^
saleable price, least the usual diminution in value
may commence with the articles yet unsold.

That the cause of the recent advance of prices is
not due to diminished production must be apparent
upon a slight examination of the subject, and that it
is not due to increased consumption beyond the usual
increase of supply is equally clear, from the fact that
the quantity exported beyond the limits of our coun-
try has not been materially increased since the
commencement of the rise. To some other causes,
then, it must be attributed, and questions of interest

to the farmer are, to what cause must it be ascribed?
And will that cause operate transiently or permanent-
ly? "W ill it rcniain stationary* or be progressive? buo
examination it is believed will lea<l to the conclusicn
tliat the present prices generally will prove toTif^pfT,
mam>nt--or even progressive toanextent not easily for-
seen, and a relapse (o then' foianer nioncv jiri<'e im-
probable if not impossible, for the following reasons,
1st, from the increase and still Increasing (juantity of
gold in the wor'ds curren<-v, and its necessary dimu-
nition in value, 2nd, from the legal d(d)asement of
of the standard of silver coin by the Tiovernment to
meetthe'diminishing value of g(dd, and ordly (though
not permanently) from the prospective increased de-
mand for agricultural products to supply the deficien-
cy alledged in the present crops of Western Europe,
stimulated by the prospect of an extensive continen-
tal war.

With respect to gold it must be })orne in mind
that the amount in value produced from our own
mines since the ])eginning of 1S50 has reached the
enormous sum of over two hundred millions of dollars,
one half of which has remained in the country to
swell the currency already large before the balance
passing to English liands y^rincipally, has, with the
amount received from their own colonial mines du-
ring the last two years, created a retlundancy there
also, perhaps as great in proportion to the business
i)f the country as that experienced here. Th<» mines
of Piussia also have been producing about fifty million
dollars worth annually since 1845. The rates of pro-
duction from the three sources named, will probably
from present prospects, continue f »r an indefinite
number of wir^. From the^e (lata it is not unrea-
sonable to infer that th(^ rec( nt prt^dictions, that in
ten vears from this time the metallic currencv of the
world Avill be double that of the year 1850, will be
' full}' r(>ali/.ed.

It was e;irly discovered here that the (^intntHii of
"old hail diiniiii-lied the commercial value below it?
legal v;ilue in c\irrent coin, while silver in quantity
and leg:il value remained stationary and <•• ininaiidtMl
a premium in g(dd standard coin, inereasing inverse-
ly a> llie \a1ue of gold diminished, ami their circula-
tion together at their legal values respectively be-
came impossible. Silver mainly disappeared from
circulation and from the country. To correct this
discrepancy an unwise Congress deemed it good pol-
icy during the sessions of 1852-3 to equalize the stan-
dard value of coin of both metals, not by requring an
increased, quantUj of gold in the several coins of that
metal, but by diminishing the quant It y of silver in
the dollar, and its fractional parts, to the required
exten t, (the extent of diminution I gather frr.m the
puldic prints at the time amounted to 20 grains from
213 gr. formerly contained in the dollar but not hav-
ing seen the act I cannot speak positively) said to be
nearly 14 per cent, and continuing it as a legal ten-

185:^.1

OSlRll WILLOW.

?m

der at it'< fornu^r. This auKumt (jf didniscment what- are thuH invested, will, with common prudence and
ever it be, will measure precisely the extent (.f the i forecast, pass unharmed through the ordeal; not so,
depreciation of our currency at the time of the pas- however, with tliose with those whose dependance
Hage (d'the act. A further accumulation of gold from i and nn^an- are on mon(>y in any foi'm, at interest or
year to year will rcfpiire a (•orrespon<ling d(d)asement ^ ()therwis(\ the whole weight of ultimate loss will fall
of silver coin to meet its diminishing value, until, if on the latter exchisiv(dy. .V single (>xemplificiition of
continued a few years, pure silver and gold will )>e- this position will s<'rve to illustrate the object arrived
come of equal value for ("([Ual weiglits or in other at in t^e fjregoing discussion.

terms, (Ujr standar<l dollar in either metal will be j Vpon the suj)position tliat a certain property would
worth about one sixteenth ol" their valiu' in 1^50. This have conuuanded in ISoO a j)rice of ten thousand dol-
niay be an extreme that will never be realized, but to ^ lars, and at this this time thirteen thousand dollars
whatever (wtent it may progress, in precisely the j could be obtained f)r it, and that in 1850 sixteen thou-
same ratio must the j^y/a' of all saleable commod- sand dollars will measure its value, it would fol-
ities advance to maintain the real value in that year- low that the pro])erty had been improved tothe extent
It will be observed, if these premises be correct, that ' of thr, e thousand dollars in 185,'' and six thousand

a portion of the late increase in the price of farm land
audits products is owing to an increase in i\\(}quantity
of our metalic currency, and a further influence has

dollars in 1850, or that sixteen thousand dollars in 185G
was of no greater value than thirteen thousand in
1853 or ten thousand dollars in 1850. The latter is

been exerted by a d(d)asement of tlu^ currency by j the tru(; state of the case: the holder (jf the property
which their relative value is nn'asurc^d. These two j maintains his interest like a ci)rk floating on a rising
causes, to whatever extent they have or may effect \ surface, while the money owner has suffered the
the saleable value of commoditii s mav be consichu'ed loss of deoreciation in Its value. Transactions of
permanently in action and their intensity to increase i every day occurrence will justify this parallel to the
progressively so long as the production of gold in ar letter,
nations nuiintains its present rate of accumulation. , Middletown, Del. co. J. E.

The increase o^ d< nuind and conse({uent advance <»>

of price ior breadstuffs for European con>umption,
will probably be very considerable, _^ inde{»endent of
the lluctuatlons in value and amount of the clrcula-

For the Fanii Jouriuil.
Osier Willow.

The attention of Horticulturists in this county, has

i* 1-111 11 r u n ' recentlv ))een called to the probable advantages of

ting cuianmcv, which has been eipially lelt there as ^'^'-■'^'j i r>

the culture of several new cro s, among which the

in this couiiti'}. All Western Ihirope has given ev-
idence by acts of theii' several ( Mivernments but s(d-
doiu restarted to, for the encouragement of the impoi-
tati(;n ol" f(,r('i;i^n grain, thai tin; crops in all the niar-
atime count lies on the wot of that continent \\\i\^

willow seeiiH most ]irominent. Several rewards are
offered, bv a member of the society to the most suc-
cessful cultivator, llenee there is much inquiry as to
the most suitable soil, vai'iety of willow and manner

,, 1 , Til . • ir 1 1 ' of propairation arel (Milture. It would seem, by the

llv siioi't ol tile amount rciiuireil tor local , i i -^ -^

Uccii unusually sii
C; nsnmpll( n. Thiir usual source> of supjily ha\ e been
Ilussia and \\\v I'nited States, when such deiiciency
has occurreil, and even under (»rdinarv <'icunistances
of lailure, wc might anticipate a rise of lilt}' }»erc(;nt
in the prices of wheat and indian corn, the prospect
at pitM nl i.^ that the whole deiiciency mu.vL Ia' drawn
from ihc United States alone, in consequence (;f a
probable state of war preventing the grain from IJus-
sia finding its way into any of tue couuLries rcquir
ing it.

Ill view of these considerations and prospective
forebodings which to some extent have been already
realized and to a much greater extent are almost cer
tain to be so, it is respectfully suggested that wisdom
and prudence would council our farmers to consider
thoroughly the consequence to their interests to re-
sult from disposing of their lands or other permanent
property — under the prospects before us, even at the
present comparatively high and tempting prices. The
fluctuation of the currency cither in value or quan-
ty will not effect the real value of property either
advantageously or adversely, and all whose means

dearth (.f experimental ficts, in Agricultural and
Horticultural works, to be a comparatively new bus-

iness.

Eor the^e rea^on^ it is thought expedient to give,
from the ])e<t European authorities the n^ethod prac-
tised there aeciirdin'j^ to f/mdon, than wdiom, no wri-
ter has condensed moi-o im| .rtatit information on this
and kindred subjects.

To his Arboretum et Fruticetum Brittanicum,— a
work not in the society s Library; consequ<iitly not
easily accessible to it'^ members, — we are iielcbtcd for
most of the followdng information.

It is pleasant to state, that the subject is not en-
tirelv new to all the members of our society. Fine
prepared osiers and their manufacture were exhibi-
ted last Septeml)er, by one of our members. From
him much valuable information may be obtained.
His investigations and he has a\.iil' d himself of all
practical facts within his reach, led him to adopt the
common willow, so extensively cultivated near AVil-
mington and in this county, for the manufacture of
charcoal for gunpowder. Its quality for baskct-ma-

(■I

■a

cJl^sattMii

361

TTTK STRAWP.FRKY QUFSTTOy

[PEPFMnER

king is improved by each succeedlnn; cuttinf^ until
the third. Tlie coramonyellow willow, (i>'a/ixy/7c7///trt)
would no doubt be equally improved by frcMjucnt cut-
ting. It is certainly tougher than the formor under or-
dinary circumstances. A variety grown lifre for five
years, probably the S. Forl)3'an:i, appcjirs well iidap-
ted for the purpose, producing slender, branchless
shoots ten feet long in a season. Persons desirous of
testing different varieties can liave cuttings gratui-
tously.

"Almost all the species of willows may bo grown
or this purpose; ])ut poino are greatly preferable to
others. The most vigorous growing is unquestiona-
bly, S. vimlnalis; and it is the sort most generally cul-
tivated for basket making. It has no disadvantivge
except that in cold wet seasons and in moist soil it
does not always ripen the points of its shoots. S.
rubra, S. forljyana, S. declpiens and S. stipularis
arc excellent species of less vigorous growth than S.

ly thinned out, and also cut down, leaving only an
eye or two at the bottom of each, until th(^y be dimin-
ished to such a 11 limber as the stool is capabh; of sup-
porting with vigor throughout tiio season. A basket
maker finds nioro ;.crs ice fVom one shoot of 0 or
8 feet in lengtli than from four of o feet in length and
one of the first dimensions will not exhaust the stool
or the land so nnich as four of the others. The proper
season for thinning the stools is from the Ibt of
March to the middhjof April.

The shoots should not be cut till the second au-
tumn after planting; for by being allowed to remain
uncut such a length of time, the stocks become stron-
ger and more able to produce a good crop.''

Should this meet the approbation of editors and read-
ers of the Journal it will be followed from the same
authorities by The operation of Cutting^ Peeling, ({:c.

In my last communication you have materially en-
larged the circumference of my pea stalk. It wants

foot.

Olenisle, Nov. 7th, 1853.
*•*•

J. K. K.

Viminalin. The best of these is perhaps S. forby- a period before 2.3. (Twenty-three hundredths) of a

ana. These we consider as by far the most valuable.

Th(5 soil for basket willow ought to be deep, well

drained, aud thoroughly prepared; and the situation

ought to be low, level, and naturally moist; and if

there is a command of water for irrigation so much

the better." ^'^ang o])S(:rves "there are few soils that

will not bear willows; yet some situahons ?ire very

unfit f)r them. I>ry and exposed grounds, peat, moss

and land covered with F^tanding water, or a quagmire

are not at all suitable. Hollows, the soil of which

is composed of rich, soft, earthy particles, and which

can be laid drv, ar<' the tiKtst (^liLrible for convertintr

into osiers; and if such can lie occasionally soaked

with water during the Av)' nionihs of summer, the

situation may be considered perfect. Coni{)lctely

draininir the site of a basket willow plantation is the

first step to\var(l< it^ formation, and tlie foundation

For the Farm Joun:al.
Mr- Prince's liCtter on the Strawberry (Question.

Dear Sir: — AVhen from three plants of McAvoy's
Extra Red Strawberry received direct from th(^ rais-
er, 1 produced m wli'de progeny, having on (\ich plant
separate spik 's of pistillate and hermaphrodite blos-
soms, and I sent you one f )r verification, an individ-
ual cjitne forwjird and taunted both you and me with
gross ignorance in not knowing that it was a charac-
teristic of ''dint, and a do/,"n other varieties." When
thdf inilixidual subviMjncntly comes forward in your
Octoli'T number, and labors liard, and (piotes "Mr,
McAvoy" and "fifty doUars" to prove that tliatsamo

same strawl)erry has no sue// chiU'drti'ys : wlien :.H('h
of its prosperity, and, conse((uently, of the profit to | .^,^ j.^^p.^.i^i^j.^i ,,;.^>„p-,,.^ ,-,x whole eolumr.s solely to
be derived from it. The drains ought to be open or j ,j^j^]^^ ,,^,t ^he inronsistrnnj, kv., of his opponent,
built on the sides and covered over with flags to pre- | ^^xiU, as you say, it is time to stop,
vent their bring (dioked up with the roots. In no! Qf ,vh at value Is all this .b.gmadc de^dannition ?
case shouhla plantation uf willows be att(>mpt-d but ^viiat, sir, if you t.dl a g^Mitlenian that you keep

in prepared ^ir^'ind except ]>erliap^, where a f'-w rows
may )"■ intri ducrd uj'Mn the brink of a ri\-er or on
the tops of the banks of ditches. lfa\ in- fixed upon
the spot andalso having carefully prepared the ground
the next step is to procure the plants. These should
be of the last years wood, taken from the under end

vour li'Mis iM^ond tlii' attractions of their male com-
panions, asy(Mi have already told him a similar thing
about osago oranges, figs, and so on, and that tlicy
vt lav vou Cirgs in abundance "good enoun-li to eat,"
—what, I ask, would it signify that he answer you,
on the strength of "his long experienc(\" that "it is

of well-ripened shoots of good size, and they should ' utttMdv Impos^ild.^ ?"
be in length '^f 1 foot. Every vigorousshoot will af- ; And what if, in like manner, Mr. Parry and otli-
ford two or three plants. The distances at whicdi | ers t 11 the same gentleman, that tln-y can raise
osiers for baskets ought to ])e planted are 18 inches j strawberries, ''good enough to eat," though by no
between the rows and 12 inches apart in \\w rows. ! means perfect, from plants out of the reach of stami-
This distance will not be too thick iur at lea:>t five nat(( iniluence. What signifies an "utterly inipossi-

or six years; but after that period every alternate
plant should be removed. Osier plantations must be
carefully hoed and cleaned every year. AVhen the
fihoots become too numerous they should be carcful-

ble" or a "thousand dollars" to the contrary?

And if, sir, Mr. Forbes in the Salictum W^uburnien'
sis, figures a specimen of Salix Croioeana, and do-
scribes it as havin;]r ''barren catkins which have the

1853.1

POMESTK^ UE(U:iPTS.

r?f)5

rennirkable pecuharity oi changing inloyr/Z/Vt ones,"
f\nd states that he has watidied the progrc^ssive
change of" the filanunits to pIstiN, — what signifu^s it
thai a gentli'inan from Flushing dare;^ AV^. I), to oflcr
an instance of the kind?

And when, in Smith's "English Flora," Mr. Tior-
rer observes that th(» sann' plicin)mena occurs in F^a-
lix Oltijului, and Ml', (ice thesanu' in S. (^iiicria, —
what effect would ithav<'on the fact if the same gen-
tleman were to ex])ress his i*(diglously Avorded senti-
ments on our having found "v»'hat he considers a
•'Godsend," to help us?"

And supposing I point to a plant growing in our
garden — allied to the strawberry— the Rubus Odora-
tiis, never producing a berry there, nor, I believe, in
any other garden, and then refer to respectable bo-
tanical authors for the fa(;t that it formed berries per-
fectly in its native mountains when out of the reach
of cultivation, — what then if "somebodv" or "no-
body" did "declare" that "nature's laws were im
mutable," ami .so the fact, so called, could not be?

And. again, about this "immutabh? law," what if
we find in the (>uarterly Jxeview for lSr)2, that Sir
W.d. Hooker crimes for^\ard and says that there is
a plant in their collection, named by Smith dvlebo-
gyne lllinjhlin, vhiih ])rhrs pcrj'ect seeds thousands
(d miles beyond the reach of "staminate iidluence,"
what then if even the same gentleman from Flush-
ing should pronounce the assertion of the fact to be
akin to blaspliemy ?

And if. Mr. Editor, any nnin were to be "dumb"
enough to as'vcrt that a }>istilla.to flower, once fornu'd
or in blossom, could, (//'/■/• //idf, be mad(» to beconn' a
herma])hr()dite one, — would there not, //lOi, be some
analogy between that chaste figure of speech, that
"turning of a cow into a bull," and that proposition,
— but as no one has made such an assertion, may
not analogy, as well as "poetry," become "fool-
cry?"

And, as it seems so fashionable to draw supposed
analogies from the animal kingdom, is it not a fact
known to every agricultural stock breeder worthy of
the name, that they hav(5 it in their power to regu-
late the sexes of the animals they may rais(! to a
considerable extent, and can only not do so entireh/
through not knowing enough of this "immutable
law,/ about wliich another seems to know so mujh ?
Have the experiments recorded long ago, in volumes
37 and 3H of the Annals de V Agriculture Francaise,
as having Ixvn made by M. (lirou de Buzarienguez,
by which In; was enabled to raise as many females
in proportion to males in a Hock of ewes, as any one
might suggest, — have these facts ever been controvert-
ed? or rather has not every year more fully confirm-
ed the fact, that the "immutable law" which regu-
lates these things is comprised of external circum-
stances, which may become "perfectly under our
control?''

Indeed, sir, were your Journal a medical one I
could allude to the discoveries of mod(U'n physiolo-
g'sts, ))y wd)i(di it would appear that th(3 niere "turn
of a straw" preventfvl Mr. I'rince himscdf from be-
ing, perhaps, Mrs. I'artington.

If we want to argue this (piestion S(;i(!ntifically,
we nnist use language accurately, and in that event
there is no such thing, artuall'/, as "pistlllat(r' or
"hernniphr xlite plants." They mercdy bear pistillate
or lurmnpltroilitr flowers, and until the flow(u*s or the
rudiments of their sey>arate organs are formed, they
are under the laws whicdi regulat'3 the production or
development of either the one or the other. Once
formed the sexes are, of course, "immutable."

And now what becomes of all this talk about "im
mutability" and all that? It shows that men talk
about these things as if they knew every iota of the
process; when, if "wisdom were not extinct," with
Socrates, they would confess they knew comparative-
ly nothing; and it teaches all of us that we have
ninnv things to learn, and that there are nninv thlnn-R
hard to br* understood, which we shall better come at
by a brotherly walking forward hand in hand in the
search, than by sitting d(»wn in a ditch, an<l by the
strength of our lungs, If not b, the solidity of our
judgment, turn those away tVtim the searidi alter na-
ture's truths, who would "follow Imm* throu;;h all her
secret paths." THOMAS MEEllAN.

Domestic Keceipts.

(Jin(;er Va:v C.\ki:. — .'* cups of flower, I of sugar,
1 of molasses, 1 (d" butt<'r, table spoonful of ginger,
1 t(Mi spoonful of saleratus and o f'gl];s, bake in pans.
A pound of stoned and chojipcd raisins is an im-
provement.

QricK Biscuit. — Put a small table spoonful of
lard in 1 quart of flour, and add 2 tea spoonfuls of
cream of tarta , fin(dy powdered, with a tea spoonful
of salt — f)Ut a te:i spoonful of super carbonate of
soda in a pint of warm milk with it in and make the
paste of ordinary consistence for biscuit, adding
flour or milk, if either are needed — roll it half an
in(di thick, <'ut in shapes and bake 20 minutes.

Si'ONGE Cake. — lf> i'';:\^^, leavt^ out the y.dks of 2,
1 lb. of sugar and tin; weight of 5 eggs in flour,
beat the wdiites light, then add the yellow and sugar
alternately, not beating them much, th . flour stirred
in very light.

MuFFi.vs. — Take 2 eggs, 1 spoonful of yeast, 1
pint of milk warmed, 1 lb. of flour; mix them up
and let tluMU rise, then bake them in rings.

Kitxer Cake. — 5 cups of flour, 3 of sugar, 1 of
butter, 1 of cream, 4 eggs, a tea spoonful of salera-
tus, the eggs put in without beating, mix all together,
bake them 20 minutes in a middling quick oven.

Mountain (;'\(iERiuiEAi).— 1 cup of butt«^r, 1 of
sugar, 3 of flour, 1 of molasses, 3 eggs, tabh^ spoon-
ful of ginger, and a little pearlash.

n

3GG

TIIK POTATOE PLANT-l^ROFITS OF FUl'lT (TI/miK, .^.>.

fpErKMI^KK

1 or I tie Farm Journal.
The Fotatue IMant.

J. Lacey Darlin(;ton :

Pear Sir: — We ]iromiscd your readors f»r tlio O,'-
tober No. onr opininn havlnnr r(^f>ronce to adaptation
of soil, and depth of }tlaiitiu;^ and locality. In <'i--
der to prevent us Ix'in^ iissailcfl liy any who iiiay
differ 'with uh in th'' vifws laid down, ^V(' niiirht
state that wc desire notliin;:; more nor h'?<s than a
fair trial, and let the verdict fall accordin>:;ly.

Ist. Adaptation oi' noil and depth of ])lantin<i^.

The Roil in ordiu- to hrin*:; it in a ;j;ood condition
f(tr plantinp; potatoes .should l)e as permeable as pos-
biblc; a field that has been plowed the previous sea-
Bon is better than sod, and if otherwise no such
place will be suitable, we avouUI recommend havin<];
tlu' s(h1 plowed that the frost will spend its force
upon it and soften the clods — by no means would we
recommend ] lantiuL'; them under ihe sod as is often
done, f''>r scNcral sjiecial and what we consider sub-
stantial reasons — first, it should be the iuteutiuu to
have them slightly covered with soil, that the air
^^•ill, as far as possible, have access to the roots: and
secondlv, it will b(^ almost impossilde to brioLi; the i
soil in tip' cnndition indicated by only once plowin<^. j
We have, therefore, premised that the potatoe should
notbeplanled deep, and that even the ^mall (pianti-
ty of soil which wc would have placed upon them,
ehould be mellow f«>r reasons already laid down?
namely, to have free access of the atmosphere. We
know a farmer in our community who manures his
field in iMimmon as for ■.luy other crop, and covers
the potatoes — plantin;rs — ^s !t!i rye straw and then
passes the plowal>»n^ and elvers them slightly with
earth, and his crojis are generally i/ood and not af-
fected witii the rot. It will, therefore, be seen that
we consider the health of the potato to depend on
the permeability and mellowness of the soil, together
with constant access of the atmosphere.

As f )r locality, we fully believe that this, not less
important than any of the other points laid down, is
too little thought of by the farmer. JIow often do
"we see large pieces with potatoes, in low, marshy,
heavy soil, and as often poor crops; the potatoes after
digging, very heavy and full of sap, and a few weeks
after are half r(»tten. Kxperience has proven since
the potatoe plant is naturalised, that high grounds
are preferable and still more so, if they possess the
qualifieations already said, to wit, permeability and
mellowness. It should be readily drained that no
"water stagnates between the rows which will invaria-
bly produce a heavy potatoe.

It should also be the aim of farmers to select a
piece where surrounding obstacles will not prevent a
free draft of the atmosphere. This is a most im
portant point and is very fre(iuently the cause of
fircblast. Potatoes are planted near some woody
place, orchard, &c., and is it not well known that we

rarely can expect a good crop? AVe would rceom-
mend, if at all practicable, a plaet^ which is op<'n
and accessiblt* on all si<les ])y tie' atmosphere; we
could point t>» numerous instanct^s iti ()\ir vicinity
where this alom* was the cause of a failure.

We have now d(U\e, and if any of your patrons
will give our experiments, Sec, a trial, we hope a fii-
turr will reN'enl with what sn(N'ess it was attended.

H. K. UKAVKll,

Worcester, Montgomery co., Nov. 12, 185;^,.

'*•*'

Prolits of the Fruit Culture and tlie hest varie-
ties for Marltet.

AVe extract from the "Country Gentleman" a
report of an informal meeting of Pomologists in
New York, on one of tin; evenings during the recent
State Fair at Saratoga. It em! odies some valuable
inf(»rmati()n, and is of general interest. The subject
of ]iear blig;ht is of gr(\it importance, and ])y thus
comparing notes and observations, it is to bt^ hoped
a remeily for this great drawbaek to yiear culture
mav vet be found, as well as the cause of it. It seems
to be admitted that a forced and unnatural growth,
by stimulating nianur(»s increases th<' liability to be
attacked, ;in lals >t!iat it is m')r(> prevalent some sea-
sons than otluM's. We have never before ha<l sonuich
(''{^ it in (e^r own groumls, as t!ii< year, nor heard of
it to the same extent in the neighborhood of Wes
Clu^ster.

First Evenino.— (7/'ar7r///^7 of the Pear. — The sub-
ject of the crai'king of the ])ear was introduced, and
a number (d gentlei!ien ]iresent were unanimous in
stating that in New Fngland and in otluM- places
where the cra<'king had generally destroyed the
]Vfiite J.)()f/r/ttii\ (or Viri/ah'ru,) this variety had en-
tirely escaped when ])ropagated on tln^ quince.
The only exception was mentioned by A. Saul, of
Newburg, where it is usnally <|uit(; fair, but du,
ring the present seas(m of extraordinary rains-
it had cracked badly, and alike on both quince and
pear. E. W. Leavenworth, of Syracuse, said that of
the thousands of bearing trees of that place, none
had ever cracked except those brought from Long
Island; hence the inference that the disease was
mainly from a constitutional condition of the stock
or variety — most others, however, inclined to the
opinion that this disaster results from a pei;uli-
arity of the season. The itresent V(^ar it had hcen
more prevalent than n^nal; A. Saul state(l that all
his early pears were fine and the late ones much in-
jured; the first part of the season being favorable,
and the latter excessively wet. Cases were mention-
etl, however, where the influence of soil had contrib-
uted to the same result, in trees dissimilarly affected
in the same immediate neighbt)rhood,su!)jected alike
to every peculiarity of the season.

The only instanc(^ known where the Scckcl had
ever cracked, was stated by E. AV. Leavenworth, whose
trees had in one instance borne l)adly cracked fruit.
Everv alternate row in his Scrkrl orchard had been
heavily manured in the s|)ring, the others remaining
unmanured, but all were affected alike.

Several expr<*ssed the opinion that the ]\i7i Monii
J^on Je. CIrrr had of late years been less affected
with cracking tluin formerly, and that the over-es-
timate at first placed upon it had induced many to

iftr)3.i

PROFITS OF FRUIT CULTURE, k

c

3G7

yilace it too low. Some were of (»pinion tliat it verv
nearly approached "best," while others considered
it as only worthy to be classed "good," accord-
ing tt) tin.' scah^ of tlu^ American Pomological (Vjii-
gress.

The opinion was expressed by a number present,
thattlu! (.'racking of fruit results from the same cause
that produces leaf-blight on the tree; and several in-
stances wtT(» mentioned where the cracking had com-
menc«Ml first on the lower [larts of the tree, where
the heaves had been correspondingly attacked.

Select L(.sf,\'. — it was proposed that such gentle-
men ]>resent as were familiar with the best varie-
ties of the pear, should furnish a list of the three
best, or such as they would plant the most largely
for their own use. The Seckel, JUirtlelt and Virga-
lieu, (or I)of/enne,) were selected l)y P. Barry, of Ro-
ch(^ster: E. AV. Leavenworth, of Syracuse; and T. C.
Maxw<dl, of (leneva. J. J. Thomas, of Macedon,
named Flemish lU'duti/, Seekrl, Viruali»'ii; ,], Battey,
of Clinton county, ]>referred Jjjuise Bonne de Jersey,
Flemish Beauty and Wink field. Dr. AVendell, of
Albany, and A. Saul, of Newburgh, would choose
Seekel and liartlett, and would athl the Virgalien,
(or Doyenne,) provided it should still (.'ontiuue to do
as well as in years past. It thus apfx^irs, that of
tlie acve I voles gi\t*ii, sia \>fi(; lor me ^Sakei, six
for the Vir(/(diey; five f^r the liartlett, two for the
Flemish Beauty, and one for the Winkfield.

The smallness of size has been stated to be an ob-
jection to the *SV'<7a7, one gentleman remarked that a
tree on his grounds, whicli had Itcen uncultivated,
had borne such small fruit as is usually seen; the
present year it had l)een well tilh-d, (without nuudi
manure,) with an increase in the size of the crop,
aud a three-fold increase in the size of the fruit —
many of the specimens being (juite as birg(i as an
ordinray Viryalieu. The oj)inion was given by sev-
eral that the Seekel had not been allowed a fair
chance in ordinary managenu'iit, and that with high
culture its fruit would be much heavier and finer.

Fire lUiyht. — E. AV^ L(;avenworth had found the
fiist growing sorts of the pear, and those stimulated
with high manuring, much more liable to blight
than those with short, compact wood; and that the
disaster usually occurred during the prevalence of
the hottest weather; which was in accordance with
the observations of several others.

Second Evening.^ — Cracking of the Pear. — Some
additional remarks were made on this subject by Dr.
AV'ard, of New Jersey, adverse to the opinion that
the cracking was caused by the removal of leaves
by leaf-blight. f)n his grounds tlie A'a/i Mons IjCou
le (/lere tree grew with vigor, but the fruit cracked
badly — the present season the cra<!ks were nearly
large enougli to ])lace one's finger within them, yet
up to the present time the tree retains its foliage.
His Virgalieu trees WT)rked on quince, which, last
year had given promise of doing well, had cracked
badly the jiresent season — the soil in whitdi they
grow is regarded as one of the best for the pear,
and these trees grow vigorously. '!\ (J. Maxwell, of
Geneva, had [)ears of the Virgalieu grown on ([uince
considerably affected, while those growing on pear
stocks were entirely free.

Profits of Fruit Culture. — This subject being in-
tr(Hluced, some statenu'.nts were made of the large
Pntfits derived from the culture of the I.ady Apple.
"• n. Denning, of Duchess county, liad annually
seld forty dollars worth of fruit fn)m a wingle tree,
the price varying from eight to twelve dollars per
bushel. The soil was gravelly. On soils of a dififer-j

ent character the crop had been (juite unsuc^-eHsful.
One gentleman had picked ten barrels from his trees,
and found only two barrels fair, the least blemish
entirely sp»oiling the sale of a fancy fruit. Another
gentleman stated that from an orchard in Orange
county, out of five barrels he had not obtained a sin-
gles hatful of good specimens. Dr. AVard said that
in Nlw Jersey it succeeded well on gravellv loam,
which was generally admitted to be its best soil. In-
formation was given of the larg(! profits of an orchard
at Darby, near Philadelphia, containing 200 trees,
and occupying four acres of land. The average an-
nual net profit was S«00, or .^200 per acre. The soil
of the orchard is constantly cultivated in crops, with
the application of bone dust, and it is regarded as
one of the neatest and best specimens of orchard cul-
ture in the State.

The high price of this apple depends entirely on
the demand for it in cities for fashionable evening
parties, which is far greater than the supply. Amer-
ican grown Lady Apples also command a very high
price for the same object in London. The opinion
was however expressed, that as it is not a fruit of
the highest character and value, and the fashion may
not always continue in its favor, it would be unsafe
to plant it largely, or exclusivelv for market.

rrojns oj rear Vuifure.~it was stated by a gen-
tleman present that Martin Smith of Tarryt()wn,liad
sold 1?()00 worth of Virgalieu pears (at$4 per bushel,)
from less than a acre, besides nearly i^UH) worth of
Bartletts. Another instance was mentioned where
an old tree, growing in Western New York, had an-
nually yi(dded from S20 to S;?0 worth of pears, at two
and a half dollars per bushel. An acre wouhJ ad-
mit loo such trees, and would yield annually from
S2(J00 to ;?3000 in fruit. The tree mentioned received
no cultivation. Dr. AVard had obtained from forty
trees of the Hartlett, which had been planted only
seven years, and which had commenced bearing
three years aft(.'rwards, an average of half a bushel
])er tree tlie present season, and had sold them from
four to six dolars per bushel. T. C. Maxwell had
trees of the Flennsh Beauty seven years planted, and
two years old when set out, which had borne two
bushels each last year, and over one bushel this.

Ripening and Marketing Fruit. — All present who
had tried tlie Fetnish Beauty, had found it, in com-
mon with many other sorts,) greatly improved in fla-
vor by picking a few days before maturity, and ri-
pening within doors. This treatment had also been
found necessary by some on account of the liability
of this pear to be l)lown off by the wind. P, Barry
said that the treatment must be adapted to the
peculiarities of the diflerent sorts — that some pears
of a soft, melting character, such for instance, as
the Flemish Jkauty and Jklle Lucrative, should
be ripened in a cool room, or dry cellar, to prevent
the process from Ijeing too rapid, and avoid spee-
dy decay. On the other hand, those of a hardier
or more gritty nature, needed a much warmer
temperature. The observation of other corrobor-
ated this statement. A dark drawer had been found
the best place for a pear to complete its ripening,
and to acquire its finest color. AV hatever the tem-
perature might be, that is best adapted to the manu-
ring process, preserving a uniformity, and avoiding
changes, was regarded of great importance; and also
that too dry atmosphere was unfavorable to the ri-
pening (^f winter pears", especiallv, which had to re-
main exposed to it a long time, and which, if they
once b<'came too dry, never could be made to soften
by maturity.

I

Rj&i

3f\8

PROFITS OF VnVVV rULTUUK. (tc.

[Decemhpk

,B|i* , «i.«cw;!»M*

-v- i»«3aifHl.-^W»N.lWWj*IWWJ»'J*

Dr. W.ii.i had foiitMl th" pr.^fits of urirkrt {>.";irs to
depend irreatly upon ih.'ir ];[■ •jhi- rip( ihiil'; it nut un
ir, (pirnliv liiipjMMK-l that a tnppif ])ri('o wa^ ohtaiti-
ed for haiKUnnn'U niaturcii llir(lrl(s ovrr those
equally ^Vfl I lm-mwh, hut in ;i ^r* en conditioTi. H«'
had sold th.ni I'T six ilnUars ])cr hiislicl, side
by side with those t-ipially a^ tin-' in •■v-'i-y mhcr re-
spect, that wonld <<\,v,'r\\ hiiii'^ t\V" ih>lhirs, and
Avhich had Tmt th.e t- iii|'i mil; cxi'Ti' n* of iutl maturity,
11,. had a!-<-, ioiiiid -• h'ciion !i mat NT of considerahlc
imporlaii-'', and had nhtaiiu'd a> nnndi tnr the finest
fissort-'d llirll'ff'. taken IrMjii a hirt:'' 'juant ity, as he
could have ..htained lor nearly the \vhnh> unassorte<h
The !)est il'irtl'lfs had sold at retail in New York city
ut twcdve to twenty-live cents eiudi.

Tin' Sf'kd pear, althou;j;h of sucdi suporlative \\\^^\\
flavor, was very low-priced in market, althou<;h in-
Httinees were mentioned wdiere six to ei^ht dcdlars [>er
buMhcd had heeti (d»tained for liuely |i;rowH sp<'cimens
in the Boston market.

Winicr I*i'((rs. — (J(>ntlenH^n present heinji; called
upon to name tiie hest winter j.ears, P. 15arry^ ex-
pressed his preferenco iorthe L<uriinrt\ ]\ i liter }s(hs,
mid Hush r lUuiif. 'idle Lainniti ;tiid l\ i/i(ri .\r/is
wouhl ripen well in huxes in eeljars, and the Kdst* r
Bucrrc ^vas niKiUc.-tiouahle the lu-t v«Ty late keeper,
but Hiiodi'i a I \N aya be ^m'^nm h|m,,, li,, .jxnioe. «J .
Battev. 'd (dintttn (Dunty. named two, the Winl-firhl
and iVihh I- .\'//>;d. d. ddi^mas s«deeied tlu^ 117///.-
f'l'lil, Lii/-:-' ,ir: , ll'/uf' J- A' //.valid I!i!.y/«r/lii''irr:\)r.
'W. nd. II ].ndeiTed the Wmhfiil'L Wint'r AV//.s-and
KasLcr iUn:ii(:K)\\ i{y\\\\QQ. For exclusive rai<in-- nn
quince, P. Barry would prefer the HlnLji'l'i (/'"Uf
Morcean, m\<} if'T^f-r Uucrrc. A few ^i^entleiie n w In.
were ae^juaint' d wiiii the J)of/ennc jns ■:(' llin r, re-
garded It as L!;ivin;^ the highest promise of all the
new \\iiit«'r sorts.

Some di<e\i<<i()n occurred in rtdatinn to tlio difli
cul'v <d sendin-j; ripen. 'd winter pears to city mar-
kets in wiotfi- ir-'in t!;.- (hiii,:j;er <d freezinii; on the
wav, d. I'attey s:nd iIm: the |.i-actict' wa- now eommon
ofruninu- freight c:n>, waianed artitieially, for carry-
in_i; p()tat(»i's trnm Northern New \ ork and \ ermoni
to'the Boston market, in the depth cd' winter; and
that noditlieulty could occur in the ease of winter
pears. It was, iiowever, h«-iieveil ]iy others, that as
soon as winter pears should he raised in lar^e quan-
tities, estahlislimcnts would sprinji; up in the cities
for purchasing:; winier {sears in autumn, when they
could hi' most safely transporcdd to a distance, and
for ripenin;:; them on a hiri^e scale for the mark(^t.
The ripenine; process could i»e done more economical-
ly if perfornn-d is a wholesah' maniKM', and could
doubtless be more perf-'ctly completed, than by any
email arrangements lur t)ie puipo^e hy the raisers
of the fruit.

__ 4««

>~.

N'-'.w CoKN ('kcsukk. — Thoina-^ I >!ird''i!, of Mwut-
niiTV, Aiahama, has tak-'ii nca-oi-os to SOCUre a
iKiient lor a new *'orn crusher. wlii<h is cxrcc. lin^ly
wtdl adapted lor eraidvin;:; and crushing:; eorn in the
ear, aNo \ai"ioiis other \ r;j^-('t;ilde^. The liopp.-r for
the reception (d tlie corn is jiec'uiiar; it reeeivs the
ears ot corn iiv various small (•penin;:;^; they paHN
down and are first cut by a revolving S shapi -d kni(e
on a \ertir.il .-pindle, and alter they pass do\Nn jirid
are cru-^hed heiwcen ^^o^('s and |)roJei'tions on thr-
i-evolving ^pindh'. and groves and j»roi».<'tioiis on the
inner face of the nnudrme. The grinding pe.rts are
of cast iron, the inside of th(^ case being a Iwdlow
cone, its bottom where it discharges bidng th(> ayjcx,
and the grin<ling spindle or muller acting with it«
outer on the inner surface of the case. The appa-
ratus is simple and g(tod. — Srienfi/ir Aineriran

Amrrican Wool. — Peter A. Browne, of Phila-
delphia, in a communication to the Kiclinuuid (Va.)
Whig, asserts that he can show that "as tin(Mi fleece
can be procured in X\w I'nited States as in any por-
tion of the world." He says that he has in his pos-
session wool grown in Aliegheny c(ainty, I'enna.,
1)V Wm. Hall, wliiidi measures fn'.m l-LM>f» to 1-2500
n'art oi an imdi. while the finest wool in the c<)llco-
tion sent to liim i»y Uie King oi Prussia, anu ue- uucpl
amontr; the s]>ecimens sent to him by the kin'j,(d Sax-
ony, measures 1 l21S(). Mr. Browne denies the eor-
5-ectness of the detdsion on tlu' sultject at the Lon-
don (h-ystal I'alace Fxhibitioii, and produces facts
to show that the jury on wo d did in_)ustico to the
^prcinu ri^ ^^^ American wool exhibi'icd.

iMrROVEMKNT IN (iiMsT 31 ILLS. — The ^^'o^cester
Sj)y speaks (d' improvement in the mani;cr of })Ock-
iuL^ mill-stones by which their capaidty lor grinding
can be dou))lcd. ' The editor (d the Spy saw it ap-
plied to a mill in AV(>rcester, and the result of its
application was that a buslud of Northern corn was
ground in a mimite and a lialf — and that an old
hishione*! mill, with a siuLrle run (d' stones, with
the improvement, will grind forty-six bushels an

hour.

4^* .

Watkii i\ Vy.vy. — The importance of placing peat
and swamp muck in a position to drain and dr\
thoroughly after diixging, and l>efore drawing, may
bew(dl understood when it is stated that usually
from .'sO to '.Ml ])arts out (d' a 'hundred are water, as
commonly s(U'n in a moist state, fresh and black
from the swamj).

-^•f

A WoKi> To ■B<»vs. — Stick to your trade, ])oys, and
learn to work if yt»u wish to be truly iiulepemlent.
There is no more pitiable sight than a half mechanic
applying for work. He is always at the foot of the
hill and labor as lie may, unless he becomes perfect
in his trade, he can never rise.

T.) Measure an Acre.

Land, .'>0?, square yards make one s(j, rod ; 40 pn.
rods make one stj. rood ; 4 s(p rood, one acre ; 640
acres one s(piare mile ; 4,^40 sq. yds. or 100 rods
made one acre.

In measuring an acre hy yards, tle^ us\ial prac-
is to trace off 7<) yards in length, and 7<> yards in
width ; this in a rough way, may be considered near
enouii;h lor practical purposes, but as 70 yards cither
way make MHMi s(p yds. it exceeds one acre by 00
yards. The determine an accurate acre it may be
measured 70 yards in length, by 00 1-7 yards in
width. Tlu^ same result may be arrived at by mea-
suring 22(1 le(d in length, and IIKS feet in width, or
l)y measuring IW l-o yards in length, by ('»•) yards in
breadth. — Amer. Farmer.

-*•►

Lime Dustf.r.— An Knglish orchardist, whose or-
hard occupies 50 acres, protects his trees from cat-
erpillars and other insects by shakingover theyoung
foliage quick lim- pulverised and sifted through a
fine sieve. He puts the linn' into a tin <'onical can-
ister, perh)rated at on(> end with a long handle. 4 he
time for using it is in the dew of the morning, or
whenever the leaves are damp. lie has found it
very effectuaL

I0?:"

jif

1 ."^ ,'*4'^?— »ji5^

sc^V,

.wTT* _^ ~

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f>.

d

I:"'

..'.

>:::j ..^••

^'^'-i
■''^i^

r^l

:->i

^•5vvi;v- ^

>',';

irHiJ

'in 'J ■•i-i," ''-

•^^«;

v> r^>:^

:^l„

■/■;',i

^'^:^' ^"^'^^^^' ^^f^'^"KI-PiriAAG. SOC'Y-IIESSIAN FT.Y-KKI.A,., ,; mm rv

r!(Vj

The opposite cut rcprosenU the Din-liiun null, Pon-

somo roots and stalks ,u «lucl, ^vc.re a deposit "of

tiac, (»ire and dan, i,,,,,,,,,.!,) recently ,l„. ,.,.:,;;;; "'^t^'Ml' """ \ ^'''■'-'' ■"" *'"' '""f""'' "'' «""'"« "
of Setl, A r„„,„„n,„, „„,,'.,.,,. T,.;',,,,,,, , V^« '''1-eature ,n .ts wiM,,.,l state l,,.t ,11,1 ,„.t

Ohio, and sold h, hi,,, a, ,he h„„ I',. ,.„„. s^ Tn " ;„ """"""' ,':" '' " ''"'"""■ "^ '-'"■"■ " '"'

Fair, at l-ittsburgh, to CJen. W... I,:„.i , „, on llo M ' '" ": ''^''" '"" "" ' ""''

City. one«ho, -1 recognize or point it ont to us distinct-

I'ontiac is six years nid. ,,, li,.,.t roan colov, „„„i;,„„ L' i,',''Z t "Tl ,"'"""' ""'"■' ''"' "" •^'=^" '^P''''-
.i.e, compact nnd .,„,„„.„ i..,] r,,,-,,,: I,:,- :, .....a.b,- ' d.^ts 1 so H,„l '"" "'■■,:""'" ': \""'' ''"'""'^"•"■
bly prominent an,l spa.Min, eye, combined ,v,„, . ,,,,.•.,,;; 'Vd "'l; .'"■"":''. ' '" ^ "^

feeding |„-,,|,„,|„... \V|„.,v k,„,„.„, ih„ ,,a,Iy niaio,-!- it will, „ lim,. ,',»;,„
ty ,.| l,ISM,„-k »-iih ,,tl,,T,,x,-,>i!,„ri„s,-;„,s,,|h,.ni t,.
be pi, polar ami cani'i-ly s,„ij;i,i a!t, r.

;■"' "'■ ll"'--a„„., u„u]dr„al,l„u„y ,„„■ to ,v,.„„„i,,e

'^. H. ALKXAXDKli.

In reply t., .,ur (M,rrospon(l,>nt above, we .shuU crivo,
ri.ila.lHphia Sorlcfy Tor f'rom.ain- A^riruitui e. '^ '^'"' '^'^['"=^'T "»>ml,.T, enn^mvin-s <,f tho .vinr^ed

''''"' ''-^iniMtin,, ol (I,,. :,},ov.> .soeietv. I.el,|..f H.! ''''•^•^'=i'> J'l.v, so that },e (,r any oiKM-an easily ideri-

''''"" ''-^i'ii'iii-" "I the ahove .soeietv, hehl ut th."
'^"-"'- ^'"- '"^"- I'liiSa-hlphia, .va. e.aishh-n.! in
must respects fully (Mjual I,, i;,nner ve;M-, iiltho,,.-!,
fnmi theiibsenccM.r nvu m- ih.ve principal e^ntrn'a.
tors in neat cattle. Up.,-,, ,vas a fallin- oil' in thi< .le-
partmont. Jn a line di..play of hor.os, al.<o sheep,
swine, poultry, agricuhnral iiiip!.,... nt. and pnuhn-e'

lily it, t„;;,.|l„.,- will, ils l,is|„,y ,„„| |,,|,i,;^ „;,,

rnior.t was „„t n...,.iv,.,l i„ time lor pre.s,,„i ou.uber

IVrpnii! no».ipy^

the exhdnt.on mainlam-d U. pn.n.ns pnaninent I send you a small sample of n ne.- species of IWHev
character. Mie n|t,n,.!nnM- ,n.,t,.|, ,. , . , Tf ........... I, ... /^ . ., „ .. '. '"■ii"3.

character. Th^ plt,„;:hin,- matfh v. as po.tp.tned on
account of unfavorable weather, nn,! iwu days were
occupied by the exhibition, instead of three as here-
tofore.

An address was delivered by Tlmmns TT. Tbirroue^
of Lancaster, which Is very "hio-hly eMn,n,ended by
those wlio lioard ii.

■f^

31r. Longworth on the Strawberry Question shall
have a hearinor i„ ^iir next.— Ed. F vkm do, K^.^,,

For the Farm Jonriiul,

It was sent to a (b^nthanan of (.nr^ia .lurin..- the
wmt.r of 1S.1(U-1, n-oni the Xepaul MuuntaL of
Ilindostan, and is believed to be tht> i]r>i ,,f In kj^d
ever seen in the United States. Tiie grain has

very much the appearance of t]n> "E nn,,-- .r v/lwat
Parley only :anal!e,, but that variety like all oth-
<'rs, has 1,eards or awns, while this i> entirely
^"■anlless, or what is termed bald. The pfn.t is re
inarkably vi;;nn,us. tillers well, an I fnan a sin;.:lc
years trial, I jud-" it will suecee.I In this latitu'le
'pilte as well as any -ther kind of sprin- barh^v. Wiien
'»> ''^*'<'"L it I'H.ks beautiful in c.»ntrast with (.thor

Hessian I'lv.

Mf^-.!'. Tn,,, .. a-i II ' • , -, - ""^K^ neauiuui m contrast with (.tlicr

more'd.Vrn r^ , ' ^ ''' ^"'^''^^'' ^^'''"' ^'"' ^^-^-^^M^atch being covered with its bright

7 ' •'"^^"•••^'V'^totho ud.eat eropof this country JcHow infloresence ^

e ,,. 'V 1, r '''' ""^^ ''''''' ^'^^' ^'^ --^-l-o n,y propensity of experimenting

,i, • :' ^:"---7^ '^ -'t short even nnl- ; with new grains, grasses, .^e. I a., there/.re willinf

'-^!-N.S rnnehb. bo lamented, while no to di,<tribute thds .-rain (about 1 ouart ^ b. r U

Qas been discovery to staj the ravages of this i„..,.ct. e,vtend,.,l i, lal.

solo T'T "," ^""''^''^^'' t'"^' i« i° P-««c«ion of Tl .ho wish samples of it will please advise

d r ,;■'"' " " f'"^"'''"' "'■• '■^"•'^-"•^ "f t'H« 1'™^^^^ "f '"•■'i'in. A n. ., ,.r ,|„.i,. ,,,„.,,.. ,„

^»" .iMire at least. he m bn-v f,, fi..> ..n.... i .. •. ;« ..n n... ,..,.. r' . . .

^•"'=i^wre at least. The injury to the plant by it
seems to be done entirely while the in.scct is in its
larva or egg state: absorbing in some way as its
nourishment the juices of the growing stalk. After
I has armed at a certain .tage (as we are informed )
H escapes from its (,uter .skin or shell a wirj-od in-
sect, and rises in the air. An.iln .hi^ tran.^'ormed
State, (we are told) it propagates its species ])y de-
Positing u, eggs in the young uheat plants in the
'ail of the year. We Lave taken the pains to put

i.s all the recompense I desire, except T ml-hf add,
alike liberal distribution of similar favors, by th. sc
who may be In possession of any new or rare seeds,

fruits, .*ee., ,tc. A^ery respeeftilly,

J. 1^ (JAJUiKK.
Mountville, Pa., Xov. Tlth lsr>;b

■-4•♦-

For the Farm Journal.
Plan o/ an Ice House.

UUEATLAND, NoV. 14, 1853.

Mr. Editors:— I will volunteer a description of

i.f!.(i

..,'4*4£ ■.•/;•*

■•'*'.,'! "'J-''

i.y.i.-iK_-v.^L,' . .«v'«gi^1

370

CKDAR OF LEBANON-PENNSYLVANIA IIORTICUT.Tri; M. -JOriVTY. mr.-rMnBR

Fortlio Farm Journal.
Chester County Feldspar.
Messrs. Editors:— A (VistinfjuislKMl travcUci- thus

an ice house for the benefit of your numerous read-
ers, if you think it worthy of an insertion. My j

house is ten feet square, which is f^^iffi^'ic^^^y ^^'^^p I y^pj^i^g of the substance oi Porcelain of oor own

fnr nnv nriv.ate faniilv. I excavated the earth to the i i , ., • i • i. . . ^i

lor any privaic lamnj. x ^^v. nonntrv in dcscribin*' his recent mmI to the mami-

depth of eight feet, by eleven in length -^J- th, X;;';;,!,,,, ..^l ungues i... Pa..:

then made a frame consisting of lour sills, four ^J^^_.^, ,, .. , ... „^.. ,,,^

plates and eight posts, framed so as to make it ten
feet square; I then have six inches of space at each
side of my frame, whi.-h I lill ].y phicing plank two
inches thick horizontally an^l liUing in wiili >-l;iy !i<
I jdace lli'in. Tliis will lini-h the liouso all but the
roof and gahlcs.

And lor cunvnience in lilling, the roof should he
adiust.Ml so as to b<> easily rcnioviMl, which can ])e

*'We have in the United States tin- most inrleot
materials. Nothing can exceed the feldspar of Ches-
ter county, Pennsylvimin, from whi.-li t In- iMaulitul
Phili'Ml'liia porcelain was inadr, au'l whirli, when'
|.1;i,mmI alongside of that of Sevres, could lud l»' (lis-

This la-t /'"•/ he givers from his own observation
on tho'siM.t, whore the comparison Avas made under

..IjuMMsoas to beeasny romov.n , ..nnn -' ' ; ; ^^^ ^^^^ ,,;„, the French Superinten

done l,y plarin- an u]n-i-ht post m the centre oi each : 1"^ • }• , ^ I .

gable of whalrs.-rhoight you dpsin^'for ^l^M'^^^'l^ ^^ ! "^^v'uld not tlio Farm Journal givo us some little

your ro..r, lh<n bv iayin- a i.latc Irom post to post j,;^|,„.^. ^f this attempt to manulacture ].orc.'lain at

you have a stool for rarh sido of iIh' roof to rest on, ^^^^^^^^:^ DKLTA.

ind.^pendent of each otlo-r. without the rafters b.Mtig : pi^ii-^a.^lphia, Nov. I-k

connected, which enables you to lift cither or both I — ^

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

The Exhibition at the stated n,.Min..- h.^M on

sides off (or tlie purpose of filling. l'<'r the gables it

requires an cxira pair uf rafters, independent ^of the

roof, to weatherbo

one end and *^nn

house is complete. For a bottoiu I i^refer cord wood

or rails, covered with straw; also straw net up be

tween

throw water on it until it is frozen in one cake. By

the above mcihod I have at this date plenty of h'e

in my bouse, (]dentv even if it wa'^ warm weather.)

\ ours,

Carlisle, Pa. ^^'- ^'- ^'

. ^ —

For th'M'.iMii .T''urnal. iiouer. .mi. i-hh-li- ,^ - , i t i '.,,1

Pctcr C«mn.on-s Coda,- o, l.c„;.n,.n in tl.c .^ar- ,1,,. lav,., lln.i,,, kinds. A. I'.rk.T had a larg. c«l-

"'" •"•"'""",,„. . ,. , , r'oi"Kr..i,s. .Ia,u...s B. liaxtor oxldl.itnl .lislu-s of

Mk-'SR?. Ei.iTORs:— IVofessui- ^illmian in his late i ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ Ihu-liosso <rAns""l™'e- '''i^^' *^".''"."'

mton-tin.'Nv..rktl..isaesCTil*sit,-lvh.;^au account,,,.;^; ,,„. St. (Jormain and -Napoleon varieUM.

:/,„■. .:nd,.Hu. .ard..n. ..o ... :- _ | M.-. B.i., U..ln.c do l^.r oa,. ^^-^^;;^

,,„ a n.nunt calh-d tl.o Labyrinth from ^^-^-^-\\^^:^^'^r^-22-^:i'!t.r.,...\n ,.nn,e eondi-

^ ; ; y ,. ., Tnesdav evrudn^, was of unusual brilliancy. 1 he

oard aganiM; th^'n h.ive a dooi at ^^"^y

;bank and sod ilo' rest, and your^j^J^^^- _^^^j ^j^;, ^j,^,,^ ^,.,41 ^.,.,,^vn j^lants did much
. For a bottom I ])rerer cord wood ^j.^.,!;^ ;,, ,i„> cultivators. Mr. Uuist's collection com-
,, covered ^ith straw; also straw «et up 1. P^;;; 1 nuu^;;?-^^^
1 the ice and plank. I break my ice fine and- ^J;^^^^^'' - ^^ Dreer's dwarf plants presented a rich
i' water on it until it is frozen in one cake. By ]^^^^^^ \^^^^^ ^^^ ^j^,, ,-,j^.st condition. Mr. Cope's col-

' ' loctioii' contained some o( the finest varieties, and
well -rown. Mr. Ki.orr's table pr.^sented the great-
est nmnbor aiul variety of biUiaputian spec.mon.,
U'nvr \n small pots and in profuse bloom was a show
of it" If A.lam n.er ba<l v<>ry large plants m lul
llower ^Ir. iKindas" -ard-'nrr a choice variety ot

Cope'.^
i-oin the

.(), , „.,unt called the ..ahyrintn irom 1 s n . j — -— ,,^^^ ^-^ ^-^^^^ ,f ^,,^,es in prime
cate windln-s, there is a magnificent Cedar oi Leba- , ^.^^^ ^^^^^ ^r^; n,,o;ner the Catawba grape
non Avbich was presented to. Jussieu by CoHlnson, oM y'egetables in variety were shown hy <■-
K".land, in 1T:U. It is still in full vig.,r. At six ^ .ard.... F.^ ^.f ^ 1^;!:^ ^-s by

feet from the ground, it is ten and a half fee in .u^ \\\!'^l^,,Vr/s ganlener.
curafercnce. Its broad spreading horizontal branch. • y^^^,,^^ ,ver.' awarded as f< llows:
es so numerous, and thickly studded with som])re chrysanihnuums-V^^T the best six ^;;^^;^;^\ ' •-
evergreen spicule., extend iar and wide, shading a varieties to Thonnis f-^^^^jj--;!^:^!;^ "^^^ to
U: area, and enalded 1. to understand and to re- I ^- ^^^^ ^ :^ ^^ ^'l^ Poi^one^ ^n ... .
alise how grand and gloriou,^ was once the veneralde , ,^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^,^^^^^,^^^^ j.^, ^^^^ second best to 11;;;!^;^
Libanus, adorned by forests of its own native cedars, p,,,,, y.^v the best specimen of the large . ^7^^^^

r „„.:..r.,..4; .. ♦,. ,,.,. wl.ll.. xvnitin.T Thnmoq Mcehan. LMrdener to Caleb /.)})( . \ ^ _^_

It was a source of satisfaction to m.', while waiting
the arrival of my companions, to sit contemplatively
under the shadows of this princely tree."

I would that one of your good neighbors, who has
done so much to interest us all in the character of
this same -Collinson, of England," might have oc-
cupied a seat along side of his friend SiUiman, "con-
templatively under the shadow of this princely tree."
Philadelphia, Nov. 15. DELTA.

Dreer. J^or rne uesL .^p.n i.u^.. -. ^..^- '-r. ^

Thomas Moehan, gardener to Caleb 'j^ X^'
best Pompone to Thomas 1^ airley And ^P^^'-^'J
miums of >^2 each to J. F. Knorr's gardenei, Ad.^m
Uber/fhomas Fairley, and A. ]>arker, for displays ot
Chrvsanthemums. . r €3

riant. sh<nrn for the f^^st thne-hy^^^^^^^^^^^
for Medinella Speciosa, to James Bisset; ^2 lor^
antha Veratrifilia, to Thomas Meelian. B ouq«e
Design-fer the best to Thomas >^'-'^=y;. ^^f *^^7the
Cut Flowers-for the best to James Bisset, lor
second best to Thomas Meehan.

185.1]

AD TNTKRIM ki:iu)irrs.

.?71

' ff- 3-'.^^-9iSKm*'%Mif> i

i'car,,-f(.r ti.e best, t he Ducliess,. d An^n, .m., Mr. Tlmrnily, a., (I„. ro,,n,.st of s,,mo nf n„r frionds

oI..aac !. {a.xt..r; for the Hocond host, tho I>asH,. ! «-ho sa«- thrn, on that o.-oa«ion. J!,u l-lor' thov

Co mar, to he .amo; and a Hpocal premunu „C .s.; ,„ ,.„„„ ;„(„ „„, ,„,,,i„„, ,,,,;,,, „.^,^ ^„, >

A\,ll,amd,,l,„s (".-aim.. d,v|day ,d (!ru,M.M, K„m.. -r ( Moher, they had 1 n .■xlu),ii,.d aMl„. Ii„Hin.'-

Fix or seven varieties, all of ul.irl, wev iii ,,n ,- u.u C-.nnty Ai^ri.'nlin, :il I^ir al .M,„:i,i lOlivindat

"'■'A; r ,1 1 t. t t ,/.-,., '.'"■'■'■'''■"'■"'■ ''I''l"l"lplda Soeiety I, !■ |„:,„'„, tin.'

a./.n/-„r. H. hesttoJamos Jones, (fi.rar.l Col- AK'icul.nn.. Some of us noticed .!mo , , l,„:l rf
lege grournls,) f„r tlio sce..nd host to (I,,. ,sa,n,.. B,-,,- , these K.^hihitions, and were not a little surprised at

coli — for the best to Thos. Meehan. lirusscls Sprouts
— for the best to Daniel McDermot, gar<hMHU' to Mr.
Sayers. ib-play — ho- the best, by an amateur gar-
dciM !■ to Thos. ]\I(M'hmi, L-ardener to C. (Jope.

The Fruit Coinniitte*' submitted w veiy iut<r«'stln<'-
report ol the (dijccts inspected by tli<un .siiicc (he hist
stated meeting of the society,

J-'iCieeii (rciith'Hien Were duly (dected members.

Kvc. J i 1(1 1 (fill.

th(^ size Mfwi }»e;H)tv of
the ;i;reat iiumb.T of y;,
Lnfortunateb/, wlien v,-e

■^•¥-

Ad Inleiim Fruit lU'porf, for November,

JMiii.\i)r.!.i'HiA, Nov. II, lsr,a.
To the President Penna. Ifort. Societv: —

SIric(^ the Oetober nie-'tin;:; of" the Society, (he fol-
lowing- fruits luive been forwarded to tiic Fiult Com-
mittee foi- examination:

From r. 11. Vassadij, 20 Logan S(juare, throu<di
Robert Kilvington, two varieties of Grapes.

1. The Cassfidy — A aecidcutal seedliunr wliit(.
(irape, ^vith native leaf, and da'-k purpbsh wood, that
spiini;:: up in .Mi-. Ca^sady's yjird in ISIT, and fruited
in iNoli lor the Tn^t tiuK*. liiiitch, of medin

inany of the specimen-!, and
irie.ies embraced in the collee.
received tliein. the baiid-
somes't spe,. luicMs had all .ii.^appeare.j; andth- e.x-
t<'iisive ettlio.'tion Iia.l -Iwindh'd down to fourteen
sound apples, ;i,,,] nil,,, ;„ ., ^{.,,,, ,,p ,i(,,.av. \\\. w-ere
ther(dore nnieh disappoint.'d in bein;; prevented from
-ivmg to so ciioice ii collecti(.n th(; minute examina-
tion it so richly merited. Concerning it, however,
we may remark <:( neraliy, that it indicated either a
peculiar i)oni(dogica] adaptation in th- soil and (di-
mat(> of lha\er county, or extraordinary skill in
b-Mit culture, on tlie purt of Mr. Thornilv:-^probablv
both. • '

From l\ i:. /'/vv/.v, /;.s7y., , if i1h; (lermantown Tel-
egraph—Larg.' and beautiful specimens of two varie-
ties of l*eai-s.

^ J. \ir(ir of Winkfuhl ur Monsieur Ir Curc—'Wa
Rize, productiveness, and uniform bearing tendency
"f tiiis \ariety fully entitle it. to Ije ranked \n nirdifu

l'. Ihn/mne (V Jfirrr.-~T\u>i name i

,:!\eu as a,

synon3nie of the Faster Heurre by tlie London

_ Ilorticulbnal Society, arid of the'Easter l^'r<^'l-

w medium, five-eighths of an incdi in diameter; ! m'>t by Andre hen y, of Au-ers. 'I'he Ka^Ver

I round; color, greenish w iiite with oceasionallv ' I»* nrre is a ^Vinter Pear o

ni size,
c.rnj,

n<

tolerably compact, and sonietinics shouldc'rcd

helu

form rounu; coior, greenisn winte witli occasionally ' l'>* urre is a U'inter Pear of the ''besf (pntHh/ idnn

a^ faint salmon tint, and thickly covered with \\\i\U^. ^]>f>i" ih/ ripoifd. It must be eonf(>ssed, jimvever.

bloom; //(;.v//, juicy with little pulp; /A^ror, pleasant;

(pKiUhj "'rr,// (/('Oil."'

t

-. 7'//c A'//r///v/o//.— Tills may prove a km.wn na- ' this account, if often happens that'they fall shoi
iv(! \ariety. It was purchas<-d by Mr. Cassady, 17 1 tiieir intrinsi(; excfdlenee, at their approyiriate sef

that oiir knovv](Mle;e (\i' tiie jiear ripening process, of
the AV inter varieties, is exceedingly dideetlve: .and on

rt of

,,..,, . , , ipproyiriate season

years a;;o, b(d..re it had fruited, fcu" the Isabcdla, and of maturitv.

removed fn m Scdmylkiil Fourth andChestnut sts., {<> From Col. Fharirs //. //.//, of'tlir Vislrid of Cohiw
Us piT.Miit locality in Logan .S(piar.'. /^////r//, medium, l>io~SjH'r-ii„rns of Jidts Ili/hrid IVolniif. Tii'e history
eoinpact. V>\////, lnd(.w medinm, tivi.; eighths of an | and afipeararice /,f this uniipie .and int(>resting hvbrid
im h m dianieter;/^^;;//, roiiiid; ro/or, red, a shade present une(juiv,,cal evidence that it isa naturafcross
'h eper than the Catawba, with much ))loom; .ver^/,
unusually large; //c-v//, contains soiik; jnilp, which is
not tough, but half tender, and melting; ///'/ror, vin-
ous and

7i

between tlie Ibitternut (Juglans Cinerea,) and tlie

Knglish AValnut (Juglans llegin,) tiie latter being

tlie maternal parent. It originated about twenty

us and saccharine without any Catawba aroma; ! years ago at Chevy Chase, the residence of C(d. Pelt

fidlift/, "W." ^ near Washington, District of Columbia, from an Fn-

J-iom lloljvrt Ircdrll, Norristown, tlirougli Mr. giisli Walnut r»lanted by his brother, (.\apt. Wm. \

►Junes.— -A specim(>n()f Duchessed'Angoulemeofenor- H(dt, late (.f the United States Navy. Caj;t. P>eU pro-

nious size, nearly fiv(> imdies long by four and a cured the nut from an Fn<:lisli AValnut tree in the

quarter broad, ami weighing twenty-five and a garden of Mrs. Powie, of Princ'^ Ceorge's County,

quarU;r ounces — cxetM'ding in size anv pear we have

ever soon grown in this country. >sotwithstandin;i:

its magnitmle, we have ne\er < aten a bett<'r flavored

IHjcdiosse,— a variety, by the way, which, wdien fullv

^■ip<;^ne(l, we regard in (junllh/ ul hast ''nri/ (jnud.'''
rrnii, ^^li- lC,'K-rii, beading— -Additional specimens

^^ ''"• p''ar ineiitioiKMl in the hist "Ad Interim Ile-

peri us being probably the Jknrre J)iel. They were

<iven larger than thoso previously receive*], mioI pos-

^♦"ssed a still more brilliant cheek and e(iual!y fine

flavor.

From St. Ijovis Oniuh/ Missouri, through J. T.
llioinas, Esq.— 7Vo Ajiphs for tioir names. One
^'fi recognized as the Vuudiver; the other is probably
''" nipple of A\cstern origin, with whi^jh we are un-
'icquainted.

From Thomas Thornily, Fallstown, Beaver county,
Pennsylvania— tI larye ^(oUcction of Apples, exhibi-
^eu at the State Fair at Pittsburg, and sent to us, by

Maryland. AV'ithin ;i f(>w I undrcci yards of Mrs.
I)()wies I'csidence, 'jjrw a number (d Hiitternut trees
some of tlie pollen Irom tiie blossoms of whiidi had
no doubt been walb'd by the ^^•ind, or conveyed jiy
insects to the Knglish Walnut tree in the gar<len ;ind
occasioinul hybridism. After the nut had sprout-
ed, Col. Ilelt took it up and re]danted it in the lo-'al-
ity it at present oe( upios. 'flie tree is a vigorous
gi'ovver, .aiid is represcntf <1 as bein;j; exceedingly or-
namental. In iSolJ it fruited for the first time and
in Septemiier (d' the same vear, sf)eciineiis of the nuts,
with the wood and foliage, were exliihit<'d by Mr.
Joshua ]*iere<' of AV^jishinirton, at the nieetini:; of the
American Pomolo;j;ical Societv, in i*liilad(dpiiia. 'I'iie
nut, 1)1 its general appearanee, difTers very material-
ly from any otiiers of the Juglans family: — size, large-
one and three-fourths inches long, one and seven,
twelfths wide, and one thick, exclusive of the rem«rk-
ablc carcna, elevated a fourth of an inch above the

fr

372

n

AD INTEUIM KEPORT.

[DF.rKvnrn

Biirfaco and extending; entirely around its 1 >n;^itu(li-
nal eioinnlerance; J'ui'ht, ovate, pointed at its apex;
exterior .surface, deeply and lioldly, but interrupted-
ly and irregularly suliMted, without liavin;^ the con-
tinuous lon;^itudinal {iirrows usually noticed in the
Butternut; color, light hrowniMli yeUow; kernel, liuj.
Mr. rieree has Huceoeded in two instances in <:raft-
ino; this variety on tlic Kii;^li>h Walnu*. What has
been the success of others to whom sci ns wercHont,
^\Q are not infornnal. It is extremely diflieult to j^ralt
the Walnut in any of the ordinary ways. Owin;; to
the excitability of its buds, tliey are apt to j)us}i, and
exhaust the or;j^anizal)l!' ni;irt<M- of the scion, )»i'l"ore
its union with tiie stock <an l:ik«' plnco. Tliis iisual
cau<e of laibire is o]>viat<Mi ) y workin.:;, u'^ lecom-
niendcd by th(^ late l^M^sid-'iii l\iii,„!!t, vnili ili.' base
(»f the annual shoots, ! l^' bud- .'1 \. hiih ;:r;- Muall
and but littb' developcl. An- 'b- r sueeesslul mode,
noticed in P'Alltret's recent work on -^r iftin*;, is
to cleft^ratt in the side il tlie youn;^ shoots, and is
haid to answer wrll whether perform! '.v the solid
or herbaceous state. In re^^Mrd to i!io stock for
Belt's Hybrid, we would su;:;gest the Butternut lor
standards, and the Ju-lans I'nrj^arturiens for

dwarfs.

Fnvn. J. />. Garhcr, of Cohnnhia, 7" iutsi/Icanni —
Nine i-arclies of AppU's, sent to him from Georgia.
These are the tirst apjdes we have received that were
i;rown in that State. Much attention, we understand,
is beinj; paid at this time, by the Tomolo^ists of Geor-
gia, to'the raising of late kinds (d' this fruit. Those
that ripen Avith us in the winter, become, when trans-
ferred so far South, autumn varieties. This fact has
induced them to turn tlielr attention to S*)uthern
Seedlings. And we h-arn, that they have already
Bucceeded in originating a number of kinds, whicli
promise to bo far better keepers, than tliose wliieh
they had previously obtained Irom the North. We
are so much ]deased with the a]>p(n\iance td" those
sent to us by Mr. (larber, that we hop<> Mr. llichard
Peters, of Atlanta, or some of our other (l<M)rgia
friends will furnish us, at the }■: p >r seasnii, \\\[\i
other specimens for examination. Although those
we have received ;iif W'n in a condition for i''>t-iig,
we <!• ''ni tli'iii -iitiiririitiy ihteresting to im -rit a lull
exterior p»)mologieal 'ii m ilj-ti'n, ojieri.illy as niosi
( f them aro .'ntir. i;. n^'// tn us. A\\^\ il it --liouM
prove ir>iM our descriptions, tliat w.- h i\e imi receiv-
ed the tni" varioties, W(^ trust >0''<-;nioiiN tli;\t are ^
genuine will i^ forward''! to y.wv >nc\^-\\. ;

1. Linihtr Tn'i<i, i>r Jauna i'lr.r. — I i,i-^ va. k ty '
has been cultivated, to a ccinsiJciiibic lxIlul, in Vir-
ginia, and some of the Western States. Size, full
medium, three inches long by three and three-six-
teenths broad; Form, roundish oblong; Color, strip-
ed and mirbled with pale red on a yellowish ground,
yellow aiouiol the crow p.. a good deal russeted al^Mit
the base; Stem, three-ibvirtli o\ ;>!! im li long, by one-
twelfth thick, inserted in a deep, acumi nates russet-
ed cavity; Calyx, small, closed, set in a wide, j^hal-

low basin.

12. Sommerovr — aize, large, three and one-eighth
inches long, three and five sixteenth lu'oad; Form,
roundish-oldate; Color, a mottled greyish red, with
dai-k crimson stripes, and containing numerous large
grey dots; Stem, five-eighths of an inch long and
and one-fifth thich, inserted in a deep, narrow, par-
tially russeted cavity; Cahjx, small, closed, set in a
a deep, wide plaited basin.

3, Bar I/. —Size, rather large, two and five-eighths
inches by three and five-sixteenths; Form, roundish-ob-
late; Color, striped and mottled with crimson on a

greenish-yellow ground, witli a number of green rua-
s(»t spots; Stem, on(}-lialf an inch long, one-tenth
thick, insertiMl in a tolerably deep cavity; Calyx, rath-
er large, set in a wide, shallow basin.

4. Mountain. Sjtroiit. — Size, ne liiiinu twn mhI three
fourtiis inches by two and seven-eighths; y(>/-w/, oblong-
truncate; color, red withstr'pes of deeper hue, white
dots numerous, ,iteni, three-eighths of an in.-li lonrr^
one-eijith thick, inserted in a narrow cavity; eah/x,
medini!), ]»artinlly open, wet in a wide, deep, slightly
furrow(;d basin.

5. C(nna<\s Sweet. — Size, belov, nn^lium. two and
t>ne-ball"ine]u'« i'»ng. by two and tbrfp-rnnitlis l,i-nai|;
fitnn, rooihii-li r.aiiral: '<>/(>/•, -wliiii.-^li'jrrf^n, cloiiilcd
with gre';i-ru>'^( ' on tlio toui'.' exjtoved parts, an(l a

I /,/

: V

[ [M i;,a]is brol> I'u,) <ine fourth

-cloven;!? tbiok, inscrt"(l In

calyx, large, closed, set in a wiil'',

aii

I 1.1!

faint in-ow!! 'olw
di' an ineli l^n ■
a narro\\' ci \ i
shallow ba->in

I'.. A'/'-/, ',•/.■,'.•.— 5/2,c, large, two and tlireo r.urths
in(d»es long, by three and soM'n-eightbs hroa 1: /oy///,
oblate; eolor, striped and n:otll"d with red on a gre<Mi-
isli siround, ixrey dots abnndant: stem, five ei-hths of
an inch loi»g. and one-eighth thick, ins(M-ted in a wide,
not very deep, russeted cavity: calyx, large, partial-
ly open, set in a wide, superlieial basin; core, under
medium; need, small, light brown oMiU^'.Jlesh, tender,
juicy; flavor, fin(\' witli an eveeedin^I y dtdieious
thoni;!i"d(dicate aroma; ^?/<'//<V// '"Ijcyf." This variety
we re<'ard \vit!i especial favor: ami Ave fee] n>^ui'f(l it
will become popular Asherever ki\ "Wn. it is said to
be a native of North Carolina, and to have been
found growing among the Cherokee Indians.

7. Calla^-aija. — Size, above medium, two and three-
fourths incdies long, by three and on"-foui-tli liroad;
form, roundish, slightly tapering to tlie eiowii: rnlor,
dull brown, faintly striped, on a greeni-h \ ell .w rus-
set grouiel; .stem, t liree-ighths of an ineli Iwn^^^ and,.
and one-eighth tlTn 1<, ins(^rted in an irregular, rather
deep cavity; calyx, large, open, set in ;v deep, wide,
obscurely Innowed basin.

8. C. anbury. — Size, medium, two ami {!ve-ei(rhth9
inches long. !)V thre(> ]>V(>m]; Jbrm . ronn<ii>li conical;
coto)-, l)ri;j;l)t!v sti'ip^'d with earmiie' on the nn^'Xposed
sidi\ and ol a deejter I'ed en the part su]»jeeted to
t(. th" I'nll solar intluenee, many u^vry lais-^et dots
lai'L^' and sometimes stella.te tow inaN the base, Miiall-
er and more mimei-iai^ ne,;i- tho ci'own: sftm. tlirc'-
ei:i;iitlis ut" an. ineli h^mr, a.nd one-ninth ihirk, inser-
ted in a narrow, aeuminat' . rn^^-ete.] cavity; e^////.'".
snndl, (d(*sed, set in a wid'\ shallow Ita^in, ^vitll
}(.\ir or five small lle-hv elevation^, at the ))ottom netir

the calyx. .

0. Dapper.— Size, rather sm, ill. two and onc-eigntU
inches long by two and three-fburtlis broad; /o''W|
roine!i^!e!runeate: ro/or, whitish-yebow, wltli severf\l
erimsuii specks, am! faintly clouded ami mar!)led with
yellowish green ^^iili :ui obscure pace *-ra"g'" c'leeK;
stem, ttiree-eightbs (d an incli long, and one tw<'Hiu
thick, inserted in a medium, acuniinate cavity; ra///i,
small, closed, set in a moderately wide, very deep

From Cha.s: Kessler, Esq., Pveading— ^ collectm
of Fniil, embracing specimens of a Pear from Loaf-
er Heidlehuri), Berks Co., l\i., and nineteen ^'«^'^"f^
of Apples, eleven of wbieh w(Te gr^wn m b'"'^'^-
county, and eight near Dixon, Illinois:

1. The lliedlebiiry Pa/r— which was supposes i'^'
be a foreign variety, wo did not recognize till it ^v _
cut, when it at once became known to us as the n
ter. Under the name of Bleeeker's Meadow, it is n<J
ticed in most of the horticultural works, but its me

1R.V..1

AD INTKIIIM RE POUT.

373

its have not been properly appreciated. And al-
though admitted to be a native of Penn.sylania, there
is no published record of its history, nor any infor-
mation given in any work in regard to the particular
locality of its origin. The Philadelphia M.irket has
long been alanniantly supplied with it. nnder the
names of Sjiice ainl Spier Jiiifter. Not, however, un-
til recently, have we been able to tracer its his orv;
for which we are (diieflv indebted to Mr. Mahlon
Moon, of ^lorrisville, Bucks county. Thi's variety
originated, about seventy years ago, with Aaron
Feastcr, of Northampton township, Ibn-I^s county.
Having spiaing u[i on a piece of greund used ns "a
iiieadew, Ml-. I'easter desiLrnated it the .1/eoe'o/r /'///-,-
sid)-eM'"'5'f!v it ^^'Ji^ name<l the Fmsfcr. 'V\\o (iri'dna!
tree is still standing, and i-ontinnes, at the ago ••(
three-score years and ten, to h^ar most abundant-
ly. Some seasons, it has yielded five jiarrels (d" Iruit,
wirndi was sold for fbrtv dolhns. Althou"-h rather

eiglitlis broad; form, oblate; color, brownish red,
mottled with greyish russet, and iritersperse<l with
numerous large grey dots with a rusfeet point in tlie
centre of eatdi. yellowish green aliout the crown;
stem, short, stout, flesliy, fiv(!-eighths of an incii long,
and ihr( e (|uai t- is thick, inserted in a wide, shallow,
russetted cavity, with a i^rciniinence on on(^ side; ca-
lyx, largo, closed, set in a wdde, rather shallow basin.
N(»t mature.

9. Unknown — grown near Dixon, Illinois. Size,
large, two and s(.'ven-sixteenths inches long, b}' thr<.'0
and three-sixteenths broad; form, ioundish ol)late,
somewhat angular; color, beautilully strip'Ml with
carmine on a yoH()V,dsli white ground, stem, short,
t hrei'-eight hs el' an inch l"iig aiel oie--teiith thick,
-et in a de']>, moile-arely open caxity; calyx, cIo.mmI,
M't in .a narrow, superiieial basin. Xoi matni-e.

b'. rnknowii — grown near Dixon, Illinois. Siz;\
lar;i(', three inches h-ng, bv thr'-e and onedadi broad;

cearse in texture, and somewhat gritty .at the »• .re, ; ferm, obloni;- truncate; c dor, lirown, (,n a -reiaiidi
yet when })roperly honsc-ripeic'd, it is rieli, nnd in;r, j yidlow grouml, with a nuialx-r of i^rev dots; stem,
didicious, and in 7?/^^/////, "/'e/y/ yooJ." .Judging Ir.mi ' half-inch long and one-ei-hth thick, 'insert' 1 in a
the firm and flavor, its par. nts are jtrebably th" , rather deep cavity: calyx, me(lium, set in a deep,
Scckid and the ]b;rgamot. October i . its period of wide, furrowed l»a-in. Not mature.
maturity. 11, rnkn.wn - -t".>wn lu'ar Dixon, rdiie.is. Size,

12. The JJrpJrr — grown by ^Ir. TIejder, ofReadiior. i lar-", two and s.'Ven-«i- liths iuehcs h.ng, by tiiree
A lait \e winter Apph' devcribed in the a^.l intorim and tlir<'e-eighths hi'oa'l: ioiau, r.iundishconical;
Report for April last. — The present specimens differ color, striped and mottled with red, on a greenish
fr.im tliose sent us la^t spring, in l.einu^ larger, tw.. yellow gr. und; stem, ^hort atel sle-.ha-, ..nediab' in.h
and three-fourths inches, by three and one h.urth: in , long and (.ic eh' v. nth tliie'^, inse; t.d in a <!e. p, \. w-
possessing a short stem, t hree-cigliths ong, l.y oic- | row cavity; calyx, small, p\i'tial!y r^fLxe.!. set in -.i
eighth thick, and in having a marlded r"(b-lie.d< wiih narrow, modei'ately deep, plaife.l ha-in. It" tlie

usually om; (.r m .re white marks, as if the* red ced-
^ oring matter had bei^n entirely rubbed off. Specimens
i not sufficiently mature for te-^tinjr.

(piality of this ;ind the four pr<'ce<rnig ajipies corres-
ponds with the sizp and fin<? appearance of their ex-
terior, they should be widely di^^sennnated. Per-
8. The Fornicalder, Fallemealder, Fd'humfcr. — haps our crresponding mem!)er. Dr. K"nni(;ott. or
\\eha\ebeen inibrmed hy semeif the old inhabi- some (d' the 1 'omof.tgists of (diicago. wh.aic ■ ihe
taiits (d Reading, that this v.ariety oi-iginat. d Vvi'h ' trees W"re obtained can inloiiu us v.hat the varieties
a Mr. Pornw.ald, of that jilaee; hence tln^ name Porn- j are.

waM.r. In our notice of it in the March ad interim I 111. L'dr^'d Lind/cr Twiy — a smal!, ). lea-ant,
Keporr. we considered if ..I' "_r/oo /" <pi(ili!ii. The j greeni-h vclh.'A- apple [Vein Idinoi^, not true to
epecimens received this season, bein;^- remark.ahly ; name.

fine, and measuring more than a (o.it in ciiaaimie!"- lo, and 1 1, al o frcin Idinois, ar'- small and not
ence, have give us a still m^i-e favorabh' ojiinion of prepossessiie^ in app.'ai an<o.

it. Indeed tl;e unifondv I. true sizo, unbhaui>hed ir». V,ii(dirir — <:!"ewn bv Mrs, Kessl.u', of Ibad-

appearance and fair (piality of the Fornwa!<!er ren- ! inii;. Spocincns vei-y fin*'. 'Jdiis variety is chiellv
dcr it worthy of b-'ing more wddely cultiv.a!(d. ' piized for its culinary piopertifs. In re;!;a)-(l to the

4. Tlic /iV/////-'o.—Pliila'l(dphia was plentifully su].- ei i h. gran! v of it- name, we would remark, that in
piii'.l, sorm' years ago, Avitli this aj>ple, fruui the j D(daw ai e, where it originated, tle'i'e is no family
iieiljhboring Stati' of New Jersey-. Now it Ine-- al- with thecognonn'n \'andervere, but tliei-e ar^' many
iiio-t entii-ely dis.appeared fi-oni our market, TIm^ (.f the inlial.itants of Swedish dc^-cent, in that .^t.at*'.

Bpecmens, however, s(>nt Isy Mr. K( ssler, ch arly in
dieate that it, still llourishes in the vii-inity of llead-

mg.

5. Tlie Keim — grown on tlie p.remises of Mrs. Kcs-.v-
Icr, This native apj.le, ei' Rerks count}^ we no-
ticed in our F(!>ruary and .March "ad interim"
nepoif-. The present speeinnns are larger and fail- i
<r than tliose previously re<ei\ed, but have not yet
1"' ached their period of maturity.

f">' The Krouser — a native apple, noticetl in our I>e-
comber and February Ptcports.

7. Unknown — grown near Dixon, Illinois. Size,
very large, three am! one-cpiarter inches long by
four broad; form, roundisli, obscurely coni'-ab some-
what compressed at the sides; color, yellowish green,
with a faint Idush: stem, short, stout, lia!f-in(di long,
by one-sixth thick, inserted in a wide, ol)tuse cavity;
calyx, open, set in a deep, rather narrow basin,
shghtly plaited. Not mature.

^. Unknown — grown near Dixon, Illinois. Size,
very large, three inches long, by three and seven-

who write their mimes \ andivcr.

lb, 17, 1^, !'.) and 'J(i---weie er(.wn by Da\i 1 F.
Av'enrich, of Reading. Me-t .d" these aro sweet ap-
ples, of pleasant flavor, liul I heir snial! size, unac-
companied by an attractive exterior, im[»airs their
value.

«♦»

Patent Oflirc l?rporfs.

Ezra IF Daw'(>s, of Fif.'hti-dd, yi., for D.^a.-es o
a Con\ertib]'' Dung Fork:

I claim making the tines of ordinary dung or
hay forks to revolve upon the handles, as set forth.

Wooster A. Flanders, of Shaieii, A^'rmont, for

Improvement in Fee I li\ es :

I do not confine myself to the pecidiar construo-
tion described, but I claim the adjustable passage by
wdiich the entrance to the hive may be enlarged or
diminished in the manner set forth.

John D. PiJkins & AV. 1 1. De Puy, of Lima, In-

.'^74

PATFYT OFFIfF, r.Kl'oirPS

l>Fr

rMi'.F.R

185.TT

PATFNT OFFTPF RFPOIITS STATF FAiK,

?>75

WIWWh«Mfa#>kta

diana, for Improvement in / ttacbin^ Horses to
Plows :

Vic claim tho comliination of the limiM'r and stiff
ton;;ues with tue running gear, to adapt it to being
drawn by tw^i teams abreast, as described.

Samuel Hutchinson, of llockport, I ml., la- Im-
provement in Cutting and Planting Potatoes:

I claim the construction and comI)ination df^-cri-
bed of ihe cam, sliding platform, cutting ])ladi' and
trap doors, with th(» furrowing share and covering
bhule, for cutting, dropping, distancing and covering
potatoes..

David S. Ma('1<ov .^ d. \l. SmMi, r.r lJ.aavl;i, \

v.. iiir T!n]>r(>vcinrnt in \\ iimowci's

the neck of the animal.

Second, I claim, in cnmbina'ion with the groove in
thf ncrk-ldock, tlif ii^c d tin' pin Mi})serviiig tho
(Imililr purjione <»{" coiilruling the moV(Mnr?it (tf the
iu'(k-!)ln(k, and adjusting the length of the yuk"', u.s
desciibcd.

A\'ni. NVlit'cler, ul W'e^L Poulini'v, \'t., (assigriur

to (Jharlcs II. Kellog, of Troy, N. Y.,1 tor Tmprove-

in-'iit in Cutting tlic jiiii's aii'l 'r''''t!i in ('urrv

Conil)s :

I claim till* method of fornrnig tlie l)ars of curry
combs by phiring them (>\it ot ])hites, so that :it a
^iriu'!'' oper itii>n a strip of the proper width lor tho
bar is si'VtM'cil from the plate, and one rt>w of teoth
cut thereon, and another row uf)on the end of the

We claim. lii-U tlie p.M-uliar manner of operating ' I'^'^te fbr the next bar, as set h.rth.

the screen, \ 1/., bv means ot ih^ eiH'entri<'S plaeed in
a reverse manicr upmi tbi' shatl: sai<l eccrntrics
working la'tw ecu the bhiek> a'taehed to the under
bide ot the screen, as d(>:<ci iln 1.

Second, we claim I'l'iMbicin^- tw.i bhists i'vmn a sin-
gle fan, and having ihc i\v(> l)lasts cross nr intersect
each other, by which a bhi-t passes hori/'Uitally over
the top of the screen, and a Idast a! so passes up-
ward through the scrc^en, pi ••\ 'titinLr the .-. rern from
being clogged or cln^ked by the chalf.

Wm. AV. liiehards, of Philadeljdiia, Pennsylva.
r.la, for Improvement in making Shovels, Spades,

&.ii.

I claim as a n(5W manufacture, shovels, spades,
jind other im [dements, made of a comykosite sheet of
metal, whose constituents are parallel laniiniV) of an
uiu'((ual hardness, as set forth.

But I make no claim to smdi iiiijdcm. nts ui:;de id
the hard lamimL' extending f.r a short d!>fance <inlv

N. C. Davis, of West Jellerson, Ohio, for Iniprovo
ment in Seed IManters :

I claim the piston provided with a notch or hollowr
in its up|)er end. and so arranged in ('()inbinati()n
with the partition and d<>|iressioii, tliat it will hrin;;
up and distduirire tlinaigh tfie anerture, the desired
number id" grains ol corn evei'y time it is raised hy
the operator, as set Inrth.

John \V (^)rmald<. id" (.)ninev. 111., for Ininrtivc-
ment in < 'ane and Mal/.e (hitters:

1 (daim the framing an(l manner of attachinf^ the
knife atei arm to the sted.

0. P. Kidsey, (d" Iii\ing^tonville, New York, fo

Improvement in Grain Cradles :

I (daim, first, the bar or its e(iuivalent, lor atta -h-
ing tin; lingers of the irame to the snath, for the pur-
pose set iorth.

Sei'ond, I claim so connecting the braces with the

iiiu ii.vn.1 itninijco ».Avv.ivi.ii^ . -. .i. .mv7» . ..1 ..i...< ...I., oecono, i ciaim so conuccmi;^ iiie uiiiues \

above the edge, but only where itexten.N nn beneath j fingers, by means of link or other universal

lOUltS.

the strep to support the back.

1>. B. Sarg(Mit, of Sutton, New Haven, f.r Im-
provement in Expanding Horse Slioes :

I claim the combination of the bcnirers or cars,
with the j(»inted quarters or bars, jointed together or
to a Common toe piece or c t:-k. and operat<Ml by an
expansion screw or contri\ ante, a- speciiied.

d. r. Sar- -ni. (d Sutton, \ 'W Hiven, lor Iin
provement in <iarden and otlier Hoes:

1 d'> n<it (daim tlie emp!ovn^•Ilt of a scrinv arid nut
for conlininfi' tw ' inioL:- t i^etliei-; n^'r do 1 claim tlie
j.ttachment of tln^ shanl; aiel blade (d a hoe hy
means of the bearing plate> \V(dded to and fi>rming
part of the shank and rivetted to tlie blade.

But I claim my attachment of the blades and shank
whereby the blade not only can be readily removed
from or as readily confined ti^ tin* shank, but wlien
affixed to it is pi-evented fiom Iniakage whei-c the
greatest leverage or strain is brought njion it. nnvm-
in*'" to claim tlw bearing head, Hxeil tirmly to and
making part of the shank the movable plate oi'stif-
fener, or its equivalents (applied to the back of the
blade and made separate from the shank), the screw
on the shnnk, the screw nut, and the recess in the
hoe blade as combined together and w ith the -hank
of the handle and made to operate, as specliinl.

Albert Vose, of Pittsfield, Yt., for Improvement in
Ox Yokes. Antedated Aug. 10, 1853:

I claim, first, the construction of the semi-revol-
ving neck-blocks, each having a curved groove and
])in fitting into it, for enabling the neck-block to al-
ways adjust itself at right) angles to the direction of

that the snath niay be ibldetl idosed against tiie lin-
gers, without rcMpiiring that the said braces shuuld
be loosr-ned in the >nath, a> set forth.

John A. Taplin, ol Fi^hkill, X. Y., for Iniprove-

UKMit in Straw and <ii-ain Sejtarators :

I claim th(! vibrating straw carrier and grain s.^p-
arator, (M)nstructed as set forth with a screen uiid
tinted bottom board, for the purpose of se})aratinj;
the grain from the straw, returning the former to the
winnowing a])paratus, and conveying the straw to
the hinder extremity of the machine.

.]. V. A. AVemple, of Chicago, 111., for Improve-
ment in Crain Separators:

I (daim the emnlovment of a cvlinder, havin;i tan-
gential, or other suitably projecting platen across er
along its perhiphery lor the ]>urpose ol' separating tlio
grain and breaking the inijiinging (dfeet produc(Ml by
the threshing cylinder on iUo. end'ess apron, the said
cvlinder Ixdng s(> situated and operating in fear of
tlie threshing cylinder, as gently to feed ov(^r it tho
sti-aw and headings, as they arc delivered fruui the
threshing cylinder.

Geo. Calvert, of ITpper\ille, Ya., for Improvement
of Bee Hive :

I (daim the eombination of the honey boxes with
another box and cross ]>ieces, arranged and operated
in the maruKM- set forth.

Seneca Lapham, of Salem, Ohio, for I)(nicc8 for
Steering Cultivators:

1 claim the combination and arrangement of tho
parts, consisting of the lever and its attachment to

the braces, and. the connection of the tongue to tho
lever by the staple. This I claim in its application
to the purpose of changing the direction of this and
other matdiines as speciiied.

For ImjU'ovement of Opening ami (dosing dates —

Wm. T. M.'rritt, of Hart's Village, \. V. -. ,

1 claim elevating or depressing, «,ir ojiening and 1
closing tln^ gate, as described, \i/. : by means n{' the|
shaft, having upon it the yailley 1\ the pulleys (J (J, |
being attached pcrman(-ntly to said shaft, and hav-
ing ropes atta( died to them; and the piillys F F. hcdng
placed loos(dy on tln^ shaft and connected to it at a
certain period by me-ans ot ])ins on llui shaft, work-
ing in slots in the bosses or hubs of the pulh-ys, said
pulleys having the chains attached to them and to
the upper ends of tln^ gate styles, tlu^ gate b(dng ])re-
vented from Ixdng casu;illy depressed by means oi
the pawl, whi(di is freed from tln^ notcdi in the boss
or hub l)y the dog, substantially as set forth.

S. S. Allen, of Salem, N. d., for Improvement in

Cutting (Jear (d' (J rain and (Jrass Harvesters :

I claim the arrantrement bv whi(di the drlviri"-
wheel is nnide the centre of oscillation in counter-
balancing the cutter beam and cutnM-s tluM'eon, em-
bracing the secondary wheel and spring, for the pur-
poses set forth.

I also claim tlie combination of the t(mgue, with
the driving wluMd and the secondary wheel, for the
purpose set forth.

I also claim the method of l)alan(djig the cutter
blades on the angular Itar, by tho sliding bar, in
combination with the blade, or their equivalents, for
the purpose set forth.

Lastly, I claim the construction of the cutter
blades as fornnvl on the under sidti with a rasp or
roughened surface, while the upper side forms a
shear cutting edge for the pur])os(; of ])reventing
choking of the fingers and supplying an oil ))ox to
the cutter bar, as set forth.

John I)lue, of (\)vert, N. Y., for Improvement in

CarritM's to Grain Separators :

1 claim th(! arranjzement of the cam blocks, or
their e(piivalents, on tlie shaft, for agitating the end
less apron, as set forth.

John Jones & Alexander Lyle, of Botdiester, N.

Y., for Improvement in Cutting Gear of Straw Cut-
ters :

We do not claim the knives, heads, or flanges,
whi(di form a part of the heads separately. But we
claim the combination of the kniv >s and segments of
flanges (which are attached to and form apart of the
heads) the knives being ]»l!n'e(l on tle^ insid(^ of the
flanges, instead of the outsid(\ in tln^ manner and
for the purpose as described.

Samuel Karns, of Bloody Piun, Pa,., for Improve"

ment in Fastenintr the Teeth to Clover Hulling Cvb
mners :

J claim the binding of the teeth to the hulling
cylinder, by means of" the wire band, as set forth.

Abraham Lash c't, M. Moore, of Belleville, Ohio,

for Improvement in Screens of Winnowers:

W(^ do not claim any form of any mill or shoe :
but we claim tln^ two fluted clean(H*s, oi their equiva- :
lents, ami the combination of said cleaners, as set
forth. The same may be used in any common win- \

I claim the employment of the undulating or ziff-
zag wire for fen(Mng, substantially as des(;riben,
\\hi(di, by its < lasticity, increases the dural)ility and
effectiveness id the fence, as specififMJ.

A. 1>. Peterson, of Dexter, Mi(di., for Improve-
ment in Grain Threshers and Seperators :

I (daim, first, the riddle, v,ith s\vin;^ing sections,
as described, in conibinati'in with the interior (carrier
(>v (devator, to s<'parat(^ the grain from the straw,
and dis(diarge the grain on t(» the riildles under the
head of tlu^ carri( r or (de\ator, with the (dfeet of
{lermitting the cylinder and concavi; lo be set low
down, as set forth.

Second, the running of tin* raddle and carrier or
elevator, on separa e and independent pulleys, in the
numner set forth.

Third, the introduction oi" the projecting apron be-
tween the carrier or (devator and raddl(% to serve
the double purpose of preventing the straw from
driving through tin; raddle, and protecting the car-
rier or elevator, from abrasi(jn by the grain, as set
forth.

Fourth, hanging the riddles or tlui riddh;, and
wheat board, to upright standards, as (lescribed, to
give the upper riddle the longest stroke.

W. D. AV illiams, of Balei^zh, N. C, for Improve-

provemeiit m \V tigon Brakes.

I do not (daim a double crank attacdied to tin; iron
li<»unds of the wagon, and (;onnected to tln^ brakes
Ix hin<l the wheels, fin* ap{)lying the power through
tht^ action of the horse, forward and bacdcward.

I claim forming two swing or rollin'^; joints be-
tween die front axle and the front hounds, in combi-
nation with the swinging br.ake, arranged on top the
r(Mich, and in front of tln^ whiMds, for the y)urp()se of
rendering the wagon more perfectly self-lockitig, or
for applying the brakes simply l>y the aid of the
horse and wagon, and disengaging them by the for-
ward action of the fornn^r, the whoh; being a.^ de-
scribed.

i also claim making the brake capa])le of swing-
ing on a c(Miter so that it may be thrown over to-
war(l the front of the reacdi, when it is desired to
dump the load, and again thrown to its proper place,
after dumping, as set forth.

Joel AVisner, of Aurora, N. Y., for Improvement

in Washing iNIachines:

I do not claim the u^e of a horizontal circular ro-
tary wash board in the bottom of the tub, whenthej
are use(i with the ordinary radial tlutin^s.

But I claim making the said wash board of a con-
ical form, having its suifaee high(>r above tin; ))ottom
of the tub, !it the cireumferenee than at tlie center,
and attaidiing to it .md to tlie bottom of the tub, ra-
dial ribs of the liu'm of a half cone, when these ribs
are formed of such depth, and with sytaces so wide
betw(>en them, as to receive tln^ clothes in these
spjices in su(di a manner as to turn or roll tlujm over
as the board is rotated back and forth, as descri-
bed.

rf]

nowmg machine.

William H. Meriwether, of Comal county, Texas,
for Improvement in Wire Fences :

The laic State Fair,

The executive Committee of the State Agricultural
Society held a meeting at their (dlice in Harrisburg,
last week, when it was ascertained that the receipts
at the exhibition Ik hi in Pittsburg anu-unted to $17,-
2U0— deducting $rf,U()U paid in premiums, and ot hw
expenses, a balance will be hd't of .sddOO; \vhi(di, ad-
ded to the appropriation of $2,U()0 by the State, and
the sum in the Treasury and invested in stocks, wil

-■ 5>«^

370

PRE:^rTT-^rs fo]> ftftj) n^op^ '^^twottuwm

rPr

< KMIiKK

reach tho Piim of $15,000. It is contemplated l)y the
officers of the Society, to use this sum for the purpose
of estaltlishin^ nn A;i,iiculturiil school, ;ni<! applica-
tion will he made to the Legislature {nr tin at "(' in-
corporation fi>r the |)urpose. Itis li!i.\f>l ],v the
officers of tlio Society, tli.atan inslituti .n ..i t!ii> kind,
estahlished upon a proper hasis, could Im- ^^u^iuincd
by the resources of the Society.

For the Farin .Toiunu].

^liaji^haianu,

t lie ratfi'

-<••

Prii.iiuru-. \u\ l-'icld ( rups.
The Ctjmmittee (»f the State Airiicuhural Society
iiave issued the i'll-ldwiii'j: piciuiuuis inr Held cruph :

li'^t •'> acres 1 'l < '<

1 1! this tT^'at progressi\c ai:i\

.\ cw laiiLil'd iM 'tioiis arc

A manias tonciit-d radi In-aiitdi oi" fccitiiuo,

Set law arcl rc;iM,n at dctiaiice.

I]\iu lanniiiL;, olii aicl hoimrM art,

lias .'>crn il>- pahuiest da\s depart;

The old routine no more is know n,

The farnicr icw a chemist's cjrown,

.Vnl ol-tnise t- ience, <^aik and nia/.y,

lla< tui'nc(l his head an<; set hiui cra/y.

lie ^jMculatcs in iniprnNcd stuck,

">

<<

((

((
((

^20} \\ hile \'r<; his ])urs(! will hear the shock;
And when Jit last he's lost his all,
The eause he sei'S of his downfall.
'i"o stay him in his mad career,
Autl whisper caution in his ear,
I'll tell h(»w 1 was hdiihiijil mad(%
V*\ enterintir in the S/HiiK/hai trade.
AVife Betsy, if 1 may beli(>ve her,
At a show had cau<j;ht /o/r/ /f iv/-,
And s()(»n, frreatly to my sur})rise,
I)ccanie (piite rabid on Shan<i;hais;
And iearlul lest she'd si'old and ])out,
1 strai^ihtway went to pick some out.
Till* ilc'ilcr v,h(>Aveil IK ('\erv kind

Ami wile cculd scarce make up her mind,
"fwixt l)ufr Shanghais and some still liner,
10 I He called the iidval <'ochin t'hina:
10 I And should of tlu'se, neither suit her,
5 ' He had a kind called Bralnna I'ootra.
She cho-c, ainl 1, with manv si<^lis,

10
20
10
15

8

15
15

5

5
15
10
10

5
10

10

For 1

Jiest a' re oi' ( 'orn.

T) aci-es of Wheat,

acr(» do,

■^> acres of I've,

acre do,

0 acres of I)arlev,
5 acres of Oats,
acre of 'i'imothv Seed,
acre of" < 'lo\ei- do,
:\<'vo o{ Iri.sji Potatoes,
hall' acre do,
acre (if Carrots,

1 aero do.
4 acre of Hut a 11 itra,
\ acre Sti<rar Beets,
\ acre Man-id Wurtztl,
1^ acre Turinps,
half acre of Tobacco,

They add:

Competitors for premiums fur the above agricultu- Paid fiity dollars for Shan-hai
ral productions, must produce a full statement of the Months have elapsed, and mark ihe change,
mode of cultivation, and accmpany the same Beyond mv flmcy's w ilde.st ran;i;e,
with the cej'tiiicaN'^ id two resjicctahh^ men as to For now 'twould seem, misfortunes rife
the product and mca'-ui-'iucnr id' the ground, and Conspire to remler irrdclicd iwy life.
also exhibit a sample d racji cr^'p at the Animal : The i.ther day wih; Betsy said,
Meeting in 1 1 irri-lair':;, on the dd Tuoday (d Jan-: \W wnuld a pair of fowls behead;
iiary next, wdien these premiums Avill 1»" awarde<l. She served them up, they were so tough,

The entire crop produced on the Mr,,uiid surveyed Of Shan;j;hais I >oun hiol enou;^li,
must be measured in the bn-lnd, and no jiremium \ And wife's false teeth, that a week before
will he a\varded by the ciminittee where a ]»art of Had cost me sixty dollars or more,
t!ie crop is liiea^ured and the balance of one, or live j She broke, and ))y this mislia|) cruel,
acres, is estimated thei-(d)V. Ttnit is where a person \ Poor Betsy had to live on gruel:
contends for th(> b.'st five acres, the whole crop grown j While I mys«df, in trying to chew
on the five acres must Ite measured, and certified to, | A ])iece, nearly broke my jaw in two.
&c. j Thrtnigh sleepless hours, ail night long,

Samples nf crops, with certificates of ])rcduct and ' Is heard their thundering Chinese gong,
measurement (f cr(,ini<l, sliould be s(>nt to David | Tlndr constant crowing drives me mad,
Mumma, Jr., at llarrishurg. Ixdbre the first ol Janu- And then their gluttony is as bad;
arv next, in ord^-r that the iud;res niav have time to They've eat us out of hous(> and hall,
examine them before the Annual Me(ding of the wSo- 1 (l>ad as this is it is not all,)^
ciety, when the premiums will h- awarde<l. (Irain ' My ]iigs are stai\ing in their sties,
and Root crops, samples should not be less than half For want of meal, no cakes or pies
a bushel: Seeds, imt less than a p(jund; Tobacco, not For months wc'cc had, for not an (^^^
less than five pounds. We get unh\«s we buy or 1 eg.

4#* My suffering cows with look forlorn,

Trying to farm without capital, is like trying to 'Low for their 'customed f)od of corn;
run *a locomotive without fuel. .^1 .ney and wood And Dobbin and his patient mate.

both must be consumed, if they are to move the ma-
chine of the fiirm or of the rail.

-*•*-

The. true order of learning should be, iirst, what is
necessary; second, w hat is useful; and third, what is
ornamental. To reverse this arrangement, is Jike
beginning to build at the top of the edifice.

-••^

The nerve which never relaxes, the eye which
never blanches, the thought which never wanders —
these are the masters of victory.

No longer show their wonted gait :
Their ribs plain seen, ami staring coats.
Attest the want of corn and oats.
The corn crib's empty, grain bins clean.
The Shanghais have been there I ween;
My credit's gone, my debts unpaid,
My frieiKls avoid me half afraid.
And to conclude my moui idul tale,
^ly farm is up at "sheriti's sale."

By tue Doctor of Cow IIoii.ow.

END OF VOLUME III.

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