URBANA ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00000 1135 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/pennsylvanianspo74kosa 557 I 6b TiO.lU STATE OF ILLINOIS ADLAI E. STEVENSON, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION NOBLE J. PUFFER, Director DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief URBANA BULLETIN NO. 74 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS AND THEIR USE IN CORRELATION BY Robert M. Kosanke PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1950 ILLINOIS [GAL SURVEY L RY AUG 25 1950 URBANA STATE OF ILLINOIS ADLAI E. STEVENSON, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION NOBLE J. PUFFER, Director DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief URBANA BULLETIN NO. 74 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS AND THEIR USE IN CORRELATION BY Robert M. Kosanke PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1950 MANUSCRIPT COMPLETED AUGUST 1948 ORGANIZATION STATE OF ILLINOIS HON. ADLAI E. STEVENSON, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION HON. NOBLE J. PUFFER, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION HON. NOBLE J. PUFFER, Chairman W. H. NEWHOUSE, Ph.D., Geology ROGER ADAMS, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chemistry LOUIS R. HOWSON, C.E., Engineering A. E. EMERSON, Ph.D., Biology LEWIS H. TIFFANY, Ph.D., Forestry GEORGE D. STODDARD, Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D., L.H.D. President of the University of Illinois GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION M. M. LEIGHTON, Ph.D., Chief Velda A. Helen E. Millard, McMorri SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION 100 Natural Resources Building, Urbana M. M. LEIGHTON, Ph.D., Chief ENID TOWNLEY, M.S., Assistant to the Chief Junior Asst. to the Chief Elizabeth Stephens, B.S., Geological Assistant Secretary to the Chief Berenice Reed, Supervisory Technical Assistant GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES Arthur Bevan, Ph.D., D.Sc, Principal Geologist Coal G. H. Cady, Ph.D., Senior Geologist and Head R. J. Helfinstine, M.S., Mechanical Engineer George M. Wilson, M.S., Geologist Robert M. Kosanke, M.A., Associate Geologist John A. Harrison, M.S., Assistant Geologist Jack A. Simon, M.S., Assistant Geologist Raymond Siever, M.S., Assistant Geologist Mary Barnes Rolley, M.S., Assistant Geologist Margaret A. Parker, B.S., Assistant Geologist Kenneth E. Clegg, Technical Assistant Oil and Gas A. H. Bell, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Frederick Squires, A.B., B.S., Petroleum Engineer David H. Swann, Ph.D., Geologist Virginia Kline, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Wayne F. Meents, Assistant Geologist Richard J. Cassin, M.S., Assistant Petroleum En- gineer Lester W. Clutter, B.S., Research Assistant Industrial Minerals J. E. Lamar, B.S., Geologist and Head Robert M. Grogan, Ph.D., Geologist Donald L. Graf, M.A., Associate Geologist James C. Bradbury, M.A., Assistant Geologist Raymond S. Shrode, B.S., Assistant Geologist Clay Resources and Clay Mineral Technology Ralph E. Grim, Ph.D., Petrographer and Head William A. White, M.S., Associate Geologist Herbert D. Glass, M.A., Associate Geologist William Johns, B.A., Special Research Assistant Groundwater Geology and Geophysical Exploration Arthur Bevan, Ph.D., D.Sc, Acting Head Merlyn B. Buhle, M.S., Associate Geologist M. W. Pullen, Jr., M.S., Associate Geologist Richard F. Fisher, M.S., Assistant Geologist Margaret J. Castle, Assistant Geologic Draftsman Robert D. Knodle, M.S., Assistant Geologist John W. Foster, B.A., Assistant Geologist Engineering Geology and Topographic Mapping George E. Ekblaw, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Areal Geology and Paleontology H. B. Willman, Ph.D., Geologist and Head J. S. Templeton, Ph.D., Geologist Subsurface Geology L. E. Workman, M.S., Geologist and Head Elwood Atherton, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Donald B. Saxby, M.S., Assistant Geologist Robert C. McDonald, B.S., Research Assistant Lois E. Titus, B.S., Research Assistant Mineral Resource Records Vivian Gordon, Head Harriet C. Daniels, B.A., Technical Assistant Dorothy Gore, B.S., Research Assistant Dorothy A. Foutch, Technical Assistant Zora M. Kaminsky, B.E., Technical Assistant Elene L. Roberts, Technical Assistant Janice J. Corrigan, B.A., Technical Assistant Ruth Bickell, Technical Assistant Jane Teller, A.B., Technical Assistant GEOCHEMISTRY Frank H. Reed, Ph.D., Chief Chemist Grace C. Johnson, B.S., Research Assistant Coal G. R. Yohe, Ph.D., Chemist and Head Donald R. Hill, B.S., Research Assistant Joseph E. Dunbar, B.S., Research Assistant Industrial Minerals J. S. Machin, Ph.D., Chemist and Head Tin Boo Yee, M.S., Assistant Chemist Paulene Ekman, B.A., Research Assistant Grace C. Moulton, M.S., Research Assistant Fluorspar G. C. Finger, Ph.D., Chemist and Head Robert E. Oesterling, B.A., Special Research Assistant James L. Finnerty, B.S., Special Research Assistant Chemical Engineering H. W. Jackman, M.S.E., Chemical Engineer and Head P. W. Henline, M.S., Chemical Engineer B. J. Greenwood, B.S., Mechanical Engineer James C. McCullough, Research Associate X-Ray and Spectrography W. F. Bradley, Ph.D., Chemist and Head Physics Kenneth B. Thomson, Ph.D., Physicist R. J. Piersol, Ph.D., Physicist Emeritus Janice Helen Howard, B.S., Research Assistant Analytical Chemistry O. W. Rees, Ph.D., Chemist and Head L. D. McVicker, B.S., Chemist Howard S. Clark, A.B., Associate Chemist Emile D. Pierron, M.S., Assistant Chemist William F. Loranger, B.A., Research Assistant Annabelle G. Elliott, B.S., Technical Assistant Alice M. Helmuth, B.S., Research Assistant Ruth E. Koski, B.S., Research Assistant Charles T. Allbright, B.S., Research Assistant MINERAL ECONOMICS W. H. Voskuil, Ph.D., Mineral Economist W. L. Busch, Assistant Mineral Economist Nina Hamrick, A.M., Assistant Mineral Economist Ethel M. King, Research Assistant EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION Gilbert O. Raasch, Ph.D., Associate Geologist in Charge Margaret Ann Hayes, B.S., Research Assistant LIBRARY Anne E. Kovanda, B.S., B.L.S., Librarian Ruby D. Frison, Technical Assistant Marjorie Roepke, B.S., Technical Assistant PUBLICATIONS Dorothy E. Rose, B.S., Technical Editor M. Elizabeth Staaks, B.S., Assistant Editor Meredith M. Calkins, Geologic Draftsman Ardis D. Pye, Assistant Geologic Draftsman Wayne W. Nofftz, Technical Assistant Leslie D. Vaughan, Associate Photographer Beulah M. Unfer, Technical Assistant Consultants: Geology, George W. White, Ph.D., University of Illinois Ceramics, Ralph K. Hursh, B.S., University of Illinois Mechanical Engineering, Seichi Konzo, M.S., University of Illinois Topographic Mapping in Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, This report is a contribution of the Coal Division. August 1, 1949 CONTENTS Introduction 7 Objectives 7 History of spore studies 7 Preparation of coal for microscopic examination of botanical ingredients 8 Descriptions of new genera and species 11 Summary of generic characters 12 Genus Punctati-sporites 14 Genus Granulati-sporites 19 Genus Alati-sporites 23 Genus Reticulati-sporites 25 Genus Laevigato-sporites 27 Genus Denso-sporites 31 Genus Cirratriradites 34 Genus Endosporites 36 Genus Triquitrites 37 Genus Calamospora 40 Genus Reinschospora 42 Genus Lycospora 44 Genus Raistrickia 45 Genus Florinites 48 Genus Cadiospora 50 Genus Illinites 51 Genus Schopfites 52 Genus Schukospora 53 Genus Wilsonia 54 Location of coal samples 55 Correlation of Illinois coal beds 61 Casey ville group 62 Wayside coal bed 62 Battery Rock coal bed 62 Reynoldsburg coal bed 63 Conclusions 63 Tradewater group 63 "Sub-Babylon" coal bed 64 Babylon coal bed 64 Willis and Tarter coal beds 65 Delwood and Pope Creek coal beds 66 Rock Island (No. 1) coal bed 66 Murphysboro coal bed 67 Bald Hill coal bed 67 Stonefort coal bed 68 Davis and Wiley coal beds 68 Dekoven and Greenbush coal beds 69 Conclusions 69 Carbondale group 70 Colchester or No. 2 coal bed 70 Summum (No. 4) coal bed 72 Harrisburg-Springfield (No. 5) coal bed 73 5- A coal bed 74 Herrin and Grape Creek (No. 6) coal bed 74 Distribution and abundance of Genera in No. 6 coal bed 76 Conclusions 77 McLeansboro group 78 Jamestown coal bed 78 Bankston coal bed 79 Cutler coal bed 80 Danville (No. 7) coal bed 81 Cutler-rider coal beds 82 1st Cutler-rider coal bed 83 2nd Cutler-rider coal bed 83 3rd Cutler-rider coal bed 83 Scott ville coal bed 84 Upper Scottville coal bed 85 Trivoli (No. 8) coal bed 85 Ditney coal bed ." 86 Carlinville coal bed 87 PAGE Macoupin coal bed 87 Shoal Creek coal bed 88 New Haven coal bed 88 McCleary's Bluff coal bed ' 89 Friendsville coal bed 89 LaSalle coal bed 90 Upper McLeansboro coal beds 90 Shelbyville coal bed 91 Trowbridge coal bed 91 Woodbury ( ?) coal bed 91 Watson coal bed 92 McLeansboro coal and limestone beds in southern and southwestern Illinois 92 Conclusion on the McLeansboro coal beds 92 Discussion 93 Summary 93 Acknowledgments 93 Plates and explanations 94 References 126 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE 1. Outline of the procedure used in isolating the small spores for microscopic investigation. . 9 2. Various types of spore coat ornamentation 11 3. A radially symmetrical spore 14 4. A bilateral spore 14 5. Illinois counties from which coal samples were collected 56 6. Correlation of coal beds Nos. 6, 5-A, and 5 with the aid of spores isolated from rotary- drill samples 77 7. Correlation of lower McLeansboro coal beds, by plant spores, with suggested limestone correlations in Franklin County 82 1. Genus Illinites and Punctati-sporites 94 2. Genus Punctati-sporites 96 3. Genus Granulati-sporites 98 4. Genus Alati-sporites and Reticulati-sporites ... 100 5. Genus Reticulati-sporites and Laevigato-sporites 102 6. Genus Denso-sporites 104 7. Genus Denso-sporites, Cirratriradites, and Endosporites 106 8. Genus Triquitrites 108 9. Genus Calamospora and Reinschospora 110 10. Genus Reinschospora, Lycospora, and Raistrickia 112 11. Genus Raistrickia 114 12. Genus Raistrickia and Florinites 116 13. Genus Schopfites and Schulzospora 118 14. Genus Wilsonia 120 15. Thin sections of Reynoldsburg coal 122 16. Genus Cadiospora, Laevigato-sporites, Punctati-sporites, Lycospora 124 17. Spore distribution chart (In pocket) 18. Cross-section of McLeansboro coals and limestones in south-southwestern Illinois (In pocket) PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS AND THEIR USE IN CORRELATION BY R. M. KOSANKE INTRODUCTION The term spore may be defined in a broad sense as a reproductive organ or body formed by plants, and in the animal kingdom by members of the Class Sporozoa of the Phylum Protozoa. The spores iso- lated from Illinois coal beds are all de- rived with a few possible exceptions from vascular plants.1 All vascular plants pro- duce spores or spore equivalents of which there are several types : homosporous spores, which are essentially the same size ; male microspores and female megaspores of heterosporous plants; and male spores (microspores, prepollen, or pollen), and female gametophytes of primitive seed plants. All vascular plants produce either homo- sporous spores or male microspores, or in more highly developed vascular plants, their equivalents. Megaspores are not produced by all vascular plants. For this reason, and because there are many more male spores produced than megaspores, the homosporous spores, microspores, and prepollen (small spores) have been selected for the investi- gation of their possible use in the correlation of Illinois coal beds. The correlation of Illinois Pennsylvanian strata is a complex problem, as is attested by the numerous publications on the subject from the time of Worthen and his asso- ciates. Correlations using biological evi- dence have been of considerable value. The work of Dunbar and Henbest on the Fusuli- nidae, Schopf's megaspore publications, and Cooper's ostracod studies are examples. However, there still exist numerous per- plexing coal correlation problems, and proved key beds are needed. Plants with definite conductive elements which are above the mosses and liverworts in the phylogenetic sequence. There are more than 50 named coal beds in Illinois, and in addition there are a number of unnamed thin coal beds. The spore content of many of these coal beds has been extensively examined ; other beds still need to be studied over a wider lateral distribution. OBJECTIVES The main objectives of this investigation were to determine the feasibility of corre- lating Illinois coal beds by means of plant spores, and to provide a paleobotanical basis for correlating as many of the coal beds as possible. In order to accomplish these objectives, it was first necessary to prepare and study the small spores from numerous coal beds, to identify old and describe new genera and species, and to determine the vertical and lateral distribution of each species. Variation in the abundance of genera and species (both lateral and vertical), were also studied, as well as their zonation within portions of coal beds. HISTORY OF SPORE STUDIES The history of spore studies, given by various authors, is very complete. The following paragraphs give the more im- portant contributions. The presence of fossil plant spores was, in all probability, first observed by Mr. Henry Witham (1833, p. 50, PI. 11, figs. 4 and 5). He emp^yed William Nichol's method of thin sectioning to some cannel coal from Lancashire and noted " . . . . de- cided traces of organization." Witham stated that he was inclined to believe that these traces of organization might possibly be the remains of a monocotyledonous plant [7 8 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS (vessels). Witham declined to speculate, saying, " .... I shall not venture upon any conjecture respecting them." Bennie and Kidston (1886) pointed out that the traces of organization of Witham, drawn for Witham by W. MacGillivray, show many megaspores and not monocotyledonous vessels. It is also quite likely that numerous small spores were present in Witham's sections. His illustrations are shown at 100 X and on that basis many of the light colored areas measure from 60 to 100 microns, which is distinctly within the size range of small spores, and suggests the presence of small spores in Witham's sections. From 1840 to 1855 there appeared a number of noteworthy papers on paleo- botany and the origin of coal. Morris (1840) is credited by Bennie and Kidston (1886) to be the first to illustrate isolated fossil megaspores. Others who contributed were Bowman (1841), Phillips (1842), and E. W. Binney (1848). One of the most important contributions to the study of isolated plant remains found in coal was made by Franz Schulze in 1855. He dis- covered that coal could be macerated with chemicals (see page 9) without harm to the botanical ingredients. Thus almost 100 years ago there were known two methods (thin section and maceration) by which the botanical ingredients of coal could be studied microscopically. These methods with minor refinements are used to this day. From 1855 to 1881 little happened that was directly related to the studies of spores from coal beds. Reinsch's publications of 1881 and 1884 are well known. Reinsch's publication in 1884 is an excellently illus- trated two-volume work which has received considerable attention. Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall (1944) honored Reinsch with Reinschospora. Species of this genus were illustrated by Reinsch as were the now recognized genera: Granulat'i-sporites, Tri- quitrites, Reticulati-sporites , Punctati-spo- rites, Raistrickia, Cirratriradites , Endospo- rites, and possibly Denso-sporites. Reinsch also illustrated many megaspores. He be- lieved that the organisms found in coal from Russia and Saxony were of algal origin, and that the flat expansion (flange) surround- ing some of the spores was parasitic in origin. James Bennie and Robert Kidston collab- orated to publish an account of the spores of the Carboniferous of Scotland in 1886, Bennie's contribution being entirely geo- logical, and Kidston's entirely botanical. Kidston did not favor Reinsch's theory that the organisms in coal were algal remains. Kidston believed the organisms in question to be spores, and that the flat expansion surrounding certain types of spores was an integral part of the spore on which it occurred. The period following Bennie and Kid- ston's paper until 1931 was largely devoted to the "algal coals" (see Jeffrey 1910, Thiessen 1925, and Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall, p. 53, 1944) and the development of the thin-section method by Thiessen at the United States Bureau of Mines. Numerous papers concerned with spores from Paleozoic coal deposits appearing between 1931 and the present have been of considerable aid in the present investigation. The authors and dates of publication are as follows: McCabe (1931), Potonie (1931), Loose (1932, 1934), Hartung (1933), Raistrick and Simpson (1933), Ibrahim (1933), Raistrick (1934-1935, 1937-1939), Wicher (1934a, 1934b), Florin (1936-1940, 1944), Paget (1936), Schopf (1936, 1938), Berry (1937), Knox (1938-1939, 1942), Millott (1939), Wil- son and Coe (1940), Schopf, Wilson and Bentall (1944), Wilson and Kosanke (1944a), and Wilson (1944b). In addi- tion to these papers, Olof H. Selling's paper (1946) has been helpful in under- standing the spore types of certain modern pteridophytes. PREPARATION OF COAL FOR MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION Coal is formed from plant remains which are progressively coalifled and altered from their original state by increasing pressure, temperature, and the passage of time, re- sulting in the formation of coals of different PREPARING COAL FOR MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION WEATHERED COAL + 65 MESH STORED < | SIZING CONTROL SAMPLE / | DECANT^ -65 MESH MINE. CORE DRILL AND OUTCROP COAL \ / l Iio%kohK / STAIN RESIDUE 1 COAL SAMPLE MACERATION IN SCHULZE'S SOL. / — | DECANT f DESTAIN DEHYDRATE IN ALCOHOLS ROTARY DRILL COAL SAMPLES SP. GR. SEPARATION 1 DIAPHANE SOLVENT AND 100% ALCOHOL CONTROL SAMPLE 1 CONTROL STORED 1 DIAPHANE SOLVENT CARBONACEOUS SHALE MACERATION IN / MIX WITH DIAPHANE HYDROFLUORIC ACID ,v.wn , |— Fig. 1. — Outline of the procedure used in isolating the small spores for microscopic study. ranks that range from brown coal to meta- anthracite. The Pennsylvanian coal beds in Illinois are high volatile bituminous coals of C and B rank, and are composed of at least two or more of the following ingre- dients: vitrain, clarain, durain, and fusain in variable proportions plus differing amounts of mineral matter and moisture. Three methods of preparing coal for microscopic investigation of the botanical ingredients which are used in the United States are: the chemical maceration meth- od, the thin-section method, and the serial microtome method. The thin-section meth- od has been described by Thiessen, Sprunk, and O'Donnell (1938). The serial micro- tome method has been described by Jeffrey (1910). The maceration method has been described in part by various authors, but since it is the method used in this investi- gation it seems necessary to explain the process in detail and to record additional information which may be of help to others. The maceration method was first de- scribed by Franz Schulze in 1855, and with modifications is widely used today not only for the maceration of coal, but by botanists for the maceration of modern plant tissues. It consists of two phases, the partial oxida- tion of coal and the dispersal of the humic matter. The resistant plant spores, cuticle, etc. are freed, and may be isolated for microscopic examination. The partial oxidation of coal may be accomplished by a number of oxidizing agents, the most common of which is termed Schulze's solution. The solution is pre- pared by mixing one part of a saturated aqueous solution of KC103 with two or three parts of cold concentrated HN03, which in the presence of an oxidizable substance, in this case coal, reacts typically as follows: 2 HN03 + KCIO3 — > 2 N02 + KC1 + HoO + [4 O] The coal is then placed in a beaker and covered with Schulze's solution. The oxi- dation of coal follows: Coal + Oxygen (i.e. from Schulze's solution) — > partially oxidized coal, i.e. oxides of carbon, water, soluble acids, humic acids, etc. As shown in figure 1, weathered samples of outcrop coal need no further oxidation, and the first phase of the maceration process is unnecessary. This is because the coal has been oxidized by nature. Coaly or carbonaceous shales do not macerate readily with Schulze's solution, but maceration may be accomplished with hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid has also proved helpful in the maceration of certain tough cannel coals. The length of time necessary to prepare 10 PENNSYLF/1NIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS coal for the second phase of the maceration process depends upon the rank and physical nature of the coal. Banded ingredients of Illinois coal beds do not oxidize at the same rate. Experiments have shown that in general the order of oxidation for a given coal sample is vitrain, clarain, durain, and fusain. The time necessary to oxidize dif- ferent coal beds varies considerably. The maximum and minimum time generally required to complete the oxidation phase of the maceration process on non-weathered Illinois coal using a two-to-one Schulze's solution is as follows : McLeansboro coals 6 to 50 hours Carbondale coals 12 to 100 hours Tradewater coals 36 to 140 hours Caseyville coals 48 to 206 hours The longest oxidation time required for any Illinois coal was that of the Reynolds- burg bed of Caseyville age. The length of time necessary to oxidize coal may be shortened by increasing the temperature of the mixture, or by increasing the strength of the solution. Coals while still in Schulze's solution can be tested to determine whether or not they are ready for the second phase of the macera- tion process by placing a small portion of the partially oxidized coal in a beaker and washing it free of acid. The coal is then covered with a 10 percent solution of KOH ; if a heavy brown liquid forms (release of the humic matter), a drop of this liquid is placed on a glass slide and examined microscopically for spores. If spores are present in abundance, the maceration is ready for the second phase. The remainder of the partially oxidized coal sample in Schulze's solution should be washed with H20 until a pH of approximately 7 is reached. This may be accomplished either by siphoning or decanting with several changes of H20. The second phase of the maceration may be expressed in the following manner : (Soluble portion (salts of Partially oxidized 1 humic acids) coal + H20 + KOH \ Insoluble portion (preserved ( botanic ingredients) The KOH solution usually used is 10 percent, but it is preferable to use as weak a solution as possible. Two or three percent solutions have given creditable results. The second phase of the maceration process is completed when abundant spores are pres- ent. The time necessary for the second phase may vary from 15 minutes to more than 12 hours. As shown in figure 1, the soluble humic matter is washed from the residue which is then ready for sizing. The coal residue is divided into two frac- tions by screening with a standard 65-mesh Tyler screen, the openings of which are 0.0082 inch or 210 microns. The filtrate of this screening process, the minus 65- mesh material, contains the small spores and prepollens. Some of the larger spores which are included in this filtrate material may be small megaspores. After each screening, the screen should be carefully cleaned to avoid possible contamination from one screening operation to the next. The spores contained in the minus 65- mesh screenings vary from light or pale yellow to dark brown. It is necessary to stain the material to obtain good photo- micrographs and to study the minute struc- tural details of the spore coat and append- ages. The staining process is simply a matter of covering the residue with a con- centrated aqueous solution of safranine Y (other stains may be used) from 10 to 12 hours. Warming the staining solution two to three hours is usually sufficient to stain the residue. When the staining process is completed, the surplus liquid is drained or decanted off and the residue dehydrated with alcohol* as shown in figure 1. For glycerin jelly mounts, excess stain may be removed by several changes of H20. For diaphane mounts, the alcohol solution is mixed with a 50-50 solution of absolute alcohol and diaphane solvent, followed by pure diaphane solvent. The final mounting is accom- plished by draining off the excess pure di- aphane solvent, and mixing a portion of the residue with diaphane and mounting. Com- mercial diaphane is somewhat thin for mounting spores, and best results have been obtained by exposing the mixture of diaphane and residue to air, which slightly thickens the diaphane. The portion of the residue not used in preparing slides may be saved NEW GENERA AND SPECIES 11 in a storage bottle and covered with pure diaphanc solvent. The cap of the storage bottle should be sealed with paraffin to prevent evaporation and ultimate drying up of the residue. Rotary well cuttings of coal beds have provided a valuable source of samples for this investigation. Such coal samples also contain greater or less amounts of other strata from which the coal must be freed. The coal contained in rotary samples is first separated from non-coal material by wash- ing the cuttings with warm water to remove drilling mud and other soft clayey material. The sample is then dried and the coal separated out as the float in CC14 with a specific gravity of 1.58. The CC14 is re- moved by air drying, and the coal is ready for the oxidation phase of the maceration process. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES Introduction Nineteen genera of small spores, of which five are new, have been isolated from Illi- nois coal beds: Cadiospora, lllinites, Schul- zospora, Schopfites, and Wilsonia. Cadio- spora, lllinites, and Schulzospora are known only from Illinois; Schopfites from Illinois and Ohio ; and Wilsonia from Illinois, Iowa, and Ohio. Several specimens which possess undescribed features and which may repre- sent new genera, are not described because they are rare and hence of little value for correlative purposes. Critical examination of a sufficient number of forms to prepare complete description has not been possible. The small-spore genera described prior to this report have been modified slightly by the many new species described. The new species which have been assigned to these genera have increased the generic size ranges, and additional minor morphologic features are recorded for some genera. This information is considered important in delineating the genera, but a revision of the genera has not been attempted. Some 130 species have been identified from Illinois coal beds, of which 100 are Fig. 2. — Diagrammatic drawing of various types of spore coat ornamentation: A. Levigate B. Granulose C. Papillate D. Punctate E. Punctate-Reticulate F. Reticulate G. Vermiculate H. Obervermiculate I. Verrucose J. Rugose K. Lobate L. Striate M. Spinose N. Setaceous O. Processes-Projections new species. Additional new but rare and undescribed species are known, as has been noted. The species of spores described pro- vide a working basis for the correlation of Illinois coal beds. New species have been constructed only when specimens were iso- lated in sufficient number for adequate description. What constitutes a species is an ever present problem in paleontology, and perhaps even more so in micropaleobotany. The following characters have been of ut- most importance in the construction of new species: shape, ornamentation, haptotypic structures, spore coat, and size. The various types of spore coat ornamentation are diagramatically illustrated in figure 2. The morphologic features of a radially symmetrical and bilateral spore are illus- trated in figures 3 and 4. Table 1 records the generic characteristics for all of the 12 PENNSYLVJNIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS Table 1. — Summary of Genus Symmetry- Shape in Transverse Plane Size in Microns Ornamentation Punctati-sporites (PI. 1, Figs. 5-9; PI. 2, Figs. 1-11) Description page 14 G ran vi lati-spontes (PI. 3, Figs. 1-11) Description page 19 Alati-sporites (PI. 4, Figs. 1-5) Description page 23 Reticulati-sporites (PI. 4, Figs. 6-7; PI. 5, Figs. 1-2,4-5) Description page 25 Laevigato-sporites (PI. 5, Figs. 3, 6-11) Description page 27 Denso-sporites (PI. 6, Figs. 1-11, PI. 7, Figs. 1-2) Description page 31 Cirratriradites (PI. 7, Figs. 3-6) Description page 34 Rndosporites (PI. 7, Figs. 7-9) Description page 36 Triquitrites (PI. 8, Figs. 1-5) Description page 37 Calamospora (PI. 9, Figs. 1-5) Description page 40 Reinschospora (PI. 9, Figs. 6-7; PL 10, Figs. 1-2) Description page 42 Lvcospora (PI. 10, Figs. 3-7) Description page 44 Raistrickia (PI. 10, Figs. 8-9; PI. 11, Figs. 1-8; PI. 12, Fig. 1) Description page 45 Florinites (PI. 12, Figs. 2-8) Description page 48 Cadiospora (PI. 16, Fig. 1) Description page 50 Illinites (PI. 1, Figs. 1-4) Description page 51 Schopfites (PI. 13, Figs. 1-4) Description page 52 Schulzospora (PI. 13, Figs. 5-8) Description page 53 Wilsonia (PI. 14, Figs. 1-4) Description page 54 Radial Radial Radial Radial Bilateral Radial Radial Radial Radial Radial Radial Radial Radial Bilateral (?) Radial Radial, appears bilateral because of bladders. Blad- ders not inclined distally. Radial Radial Radial Round to sub- triangular Roundly triangular to triangular Subtriangular Round to oval or roundly triangular Bean-shaped to suboval Round or oval to subtriangular Round to sub- triangular Round Subtriangular to triangular Round Subtriangular to triangular Round to sub- triangular Round to sub- triangular Elliptical body (circular) Round Oval to elliptical (body oval to circu- lar) Round Elliptical (body circular) Round 27.3 to 111 25 to 85 70 to 150 40 to 126 14 to 150 25 to 100 50 to 175 22 to 75 30 to 165 30 to 85 18 to 45 37 to 90 50 to 210 105 to 117.6 56 to 70 78 to 115 67 to 112 69 to 98 Punctate, papillate, reticulate-like, apiculate, verrucose, vermiculate, or setaceous Levigate, granulose, punctate, verrucose, spinose, setaceous, or reticulate (?) Bladder — Granulose or punctate Body— Levigate, granulose, punctate, or reticulate Reticulate, body wall levigate to punctate Levigate, punctate, apiculate, verrucose, rugose, obvermiculate, mildly reticulate Body — Levigate, granulose, punctate, reticulate, papillate, rugose, vermiculate Equatorial portion — as above Levigate, granulose, punctate, or reticulate Bladder— Externally — Levigate, granu- lose or punctate Internally— Reticulate or punctate Body — Levigate or punctate Levigate, granulose, mildly punctate, verrucose, spinose, or with blunt processes Levigate or mildly punctate Body— Levigate, granulose, or punctate Equatorial range — Spinose or setaceous which are single or partate Levigate, granulose, punctate, or rugose Spinose or setaceous which are single or partate, or verrucose Bladder — Externally — Levigate, granu- lose, rugose Internally — Reticulate Body — Levigate, granulose, or faintly punctate Punctate to granulose Bladder — Externally — Levigate Internally — Coarsely punctate to reticulate Body — Levigate to granulose Proximal surface — Levigate Distal surface— Blunt to round projections Bladder — Finely punctate Body — Finely punctate Bladder — Externally — Levigate Internally — Reticulate Body — Levigate to granular GENERIC CHARACTERS 13 Generic Characters Haptotypic Features and Bladder Membranes Trilete mark usually distinct, rays short or long, com- missure and lips vary in prominence, arcuate markings present or absent, contact areas lacking Trilete, rays long, commissure distinct, lips not prominent, contact area present or absent Trilete, rays long, commissure distinct, lips poorly de- veloped, contact areas lacking Trilete, commissure and lips usually present, or covered by ornamentation, contact areas present or absent Monolete linear suture, lips and arcuate marks present or absent Trilete mark distinct or indistinct, rays variable in length, commissure and lips poorly developed Trilete, rays well developed, lips distinct, commissure thin but distinct, flange distinct Trilete, rays distinct and long, lips elevated usually, com- missure variable, apical papillae present or absent Trilete, rays long, lips and commissure present or absent Trilete, rays short to medium length, lips and commissure variable, contact areas absent or present Trilete, rays long, lips and commissure well developed Trilete, rays long, lips present or absent, commissure thin but distinct, equatorial ridge (arcuate) distinct, apical papillae present or absent Trilete distinct or indistinct, rays short or long, lips usually poorly developed, contact areas present or absent Alete or trilete mark vestigial, possibly trilete in one species, distal surface largely or completely covered by bladder, proximal surface covered by bladder Trilete, rays long, distinct arcuate ridge, lips and com- missure distinct Proximal surface distinctly trilete, rays 10 to 12 microns long Trilete, rays long, lips slightly developed, commissure thin or open Trilete, rays relatively long, lips poorly developed, suture thin, body covered by bladder Trilete, rays long, lips elevated, suture thin. Distally bladder covers body and proximally the bladder covers the body in part to almost entirely Thickness of Spore Coat in Microns 1.25 to 6.5 Bladder— .75 to 2 Body— 1.5 to 5 Excluding muri — 2 to 4 1 to 3.5 Proximal and distal surfaces — ca. 2 Equatorial portion — 4.2 to 18.9 Flange thickness — up to 1.5 Body — 2 to 3 Bladder — very thin Body — up to 3 Variable due to thickened corners — 1 to 9 Generally 2 to 3 2 species up to 6 Less than 3 1 to 3 Bladder — very thin Body — up to 2 6 to Spore coat — less than 2 Bladders— 1.5 to 2 Proximally — 3 Distally— 4 to 5 Body and bladder — 2 Bladder— 1.5 to 2.2 Body— 2 to 3 Affinity In part Pteriodospermic Filicales (?) Lycopodiales (?) Gymnospermic (?) Sphenophy Hales (?) Hepaticae Filicinean (?) Calamarian Unknown Lycopodiales Cordaitalean (?) Filicales Calamarian (?) Sphenophyllales Unknown Lycopodiales Filicales Gymnospermic Unknown Gymnospermic Unknown Unknown (Gymcspermic) Gymnospermic 14 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS Fig. 3. — Diagrammatic drawing of a radially symmetrical spore illustrating: A. Flange and striations B. Ray of trilete mark C. Original position of suture or commissure D. Contact area E. Lip F. Arcuate (?) ridge Fig. 4. — Diagrammatic drawing of bilateral spore illustrating: A. Original position of monolete mark B. Lip small spore genera observed in Illinois coal beds. This table together with the plates illustrating species of the various genera will serve as a guide to the identification of genera. GENUS Punctati-sporites (Ibrahim, 1933) emend., S. W. and B., 1944 Plate 1, figures 5-9; Plate 2, figures 1-11; Plate 16, figures 3-4 More species are assigned to the genus Punctati-sporites than to any other small spore genus. The numerous species exhibit a wide variation in spore coat ornamenta- tion, and it is possible that the plants which produced spores classified under this genus may represent more than one group. It is perhaps for this reason that the range of the genus covers all of the Pennsylvanian coal beds in Illinois. The genus is present but not dominant until McLeansboro time. The geographic distribution of the genus is extensive since it is known from the United States and Europe. The following description of the genus is based on 31 previously described species and 16 species described in this report: the spores are radial, trilete, originally spherical to subtriangular in outline, and frequently obliquely compressed. The known size range is from 27.3 to more than 111 microns. The spore coat ornamentation is extremely variable and includes practical- ly every known type. The tetrad mark is present (not known in P. quaesitus) and varies considerably as to its prominence. The rays may be short or long and extend to the margin of the spore wall. The com- missure, arcuate markings, and lips may be present or absent. No contact areas are known to occur on species of this genus. The spore coat varies in thickness from 1 to 6.5 microns although most species range from two to four microns. There can be little question that the spores of Crosso- theca Hughesiana, illustrated by Kidston, plates 25-28 (1906) are congeneric with Punctati-sporites. Thus at least some species of Punctati-sporites are of pteridospermic origin. The new species of this report extend the maximum size range by about 30 microns, suggest the presence of arcuate markings, and confirm the presence of various other types of ornamentation. Eventually the genus will either have to be redefined or new genera established. Either change is impossible at the present time since the species of this genus in certain cases may represent immature forms of other existing genera, or these forms may represent transitional species. Additional information concerning species of this genus in connection with reproductive organs must be available. The following are new species of the genus Punctati-sporites from Illinois coal beds: 1. P. setulosus 2. P. fenestratus 3. P. foveosus 4. P. minutus 5. P. mundus 6. P. obliquus 7. P. orbicularis 8. P. provectus 9. P. verrucifer 10. P. foveatus 11. P. quaesitus 12. P. quasiarcuatus 13. P. reticuloides 14. P. triangularis 15. P. vagus 16. P. vermiculatus GENUS PUNCT/ITI-SPORITES 15 PUNCTATI-SPORITES SETULOSUS Sp. nov. Plate 2, figure 1 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, and essentially spherical in shape. Fre- quently there is a small fold on the proximal surface of the spore coat. The holotype measures 73.5 X 73.5 microns, and the known size range is from 68 to 79 microns. The spore coat has numerous short blunt setae slightly more than 3 microns in length and from 1.5 to 2.5 microns in width. The setae cover both the proximal and distal surfaces. The trilete rays are distinct while the lips and commissure are faintly discernible on most specimens. One of the rays is frequently longer than the other two. The rays of the holotype vary in length from 16 to 24 microns. The spore coat averages 2 microns in thickness ex- cluding the setae. Holotype. — Maceration 500-C Slide 2, a coal bed at 227 to 228 feet (Shoal Creek?) in the Central Pipe Line — Liddk No. 1 well in Wabash County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is distinct from all known species of the genus by the presence of numerous short setae. These are suggestive of the ornamentation found in the genus Raistrickia excepting for the fact that the setae of P. setulosus are very short. PUNCTATI-SPORITES FENESTRATUS sp. nov. Kosanke and Brokaw Plate 2, figure 10 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, spherical in shape and the outline is some- times slightly crenulate due to folds. The holotype measures 77.7 X 79.8 microns and the known size range is from 68 to 85 microns. The spore coat is distinctly punc- tate, the punctations are closely spaced and do not exceed three microns. The pits are round to oval. The trilete mark is not distinct, in fact, the spores appear alete and only through careful focusing is it possible to discern the trilete mark. Some specimens suggest the presence of arcuate markings but it has not been possible to prove this point because of the ornamentation. The spore coat is from three to five microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 474-A Slide 3, No. 6 coal bed, Franklin County, Illinois. Discussion. — P. fenestratus sp. nov. is similar to P. foveatus sp. nov. but distinct from it by having smaller and more closely spaced punctations. Further, the trilete mark is less distinct. PUNCTATI-SPORITES FOVEOSUS Sp. nov. Plate 2, figure 3 Description. — Spores are radial, weakly trilete, spherical in shape and generally obliquely compressed. Holotype measures from 111 X 107 microns and the known size range is from 90 to 115 microns. The spore coat is covered with large punctations which suggests a transition type of ornamen- tation between punctate and reticulate types. The punctations or pits vary in width from two to 12 microns and penetrate the spore coat from 1.75 to 2.5 microns. The areas between pits average slightly more than four microns. The trilete mark is weakly devel- oped and frequently difficult to observe owing to the ornamentation and oblique compression. The spore coat is often torn along one or more of the rays. The spore coat is usually at least three microns thick. Holotype.— Maceration 486-B Slide 17, Friendsville coal bed, Wabash County, Illinois. Discussion. — The large punctations cer- tainly vaguely resemble the lacunae of some species of Reticulati-sporites but the sculp- turing is definitely punctate. The relation- ship between the two types is clear. Knox's figure 113 (1938, p. 462) closely resembles this species although it appears to be slightly smaller in size. PUNCTATI-SPORITES MINUTUS sp. nOV. Plate 16, figure 3 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, originally spherical in shape with the spore coat variously folded. The holotype meas- ures 29.4 X 28.7 microns and the known size range is from 27.3 to 32.5 microns. The spore coat is minutely punctate, but only with careful focusing and proper adjustment 16 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS of the iris diaphrams is it possible to dis- tinguish the punctations. The trilete rays are distinct, the lips are slightly developed, and the commissure is thin. The rays average nine microns in length, and the spore coat is one to 1.5 microns thick. Holotype.— Maceration 584 Slide 7, Woodbury ( ?) coal bed, Jasper County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is the smallest yet assigned to the genus Punctati-sporites. It resembles P. parvipunctatus Kosanke, 1943, but is smaller and has a thinner spore coat. Punctati-sporites mundus sp. nov. Plate 2, figure 8 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular with occasional irregu- larly placed folds. The folds sometimes occur along the margin of the spore coat. The holotype measures 61 X 58.8 microns, and the known size range is from 54 to 72 microns. The spore coat is ornamented with medium sized punctations which are not always clearly evident. The trilete mark is distinct as are the lips and commis- sure. The rays are of relatively uniform length, measuring from 16 to 19 microns on the holotype. The spore coat measures from 2 to 2.5 microns in thickness. Holotype. — Maceration 486-B Slide 17, Friendsville coal bed, Wabash County, Illinois. Discussion. — P. mundus sp. nov. is very similar to Knox's type 7K, 1942, p. 101. P. mundus probably has a coarser ornamen- tation. A form conspecific with 7K has been observed in No. 8 coal bed in limited number. Punctati-sporites obliquus sp. nov. Plate 2, figure 5 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, oval to spherical in outline and frequently obliquely compressed as exhibited by the holotype specimen. Folding of the spore coat occurs, often cresent-shaped, somewhat parallel to the margin of the spore coat. The holotype measures 34.6 X 39.8 microns and the known size range is from 31 to 46 microns. The spore coat is very minutely punctate and the punctations are closely spaced which tends to give the spore coat a minutely papillate ornamentation. The punctations are round and less than one micron in width. The trilete mark is distinct, with lips and commissure. The rays are not triangularly spaced as shown on the holotype specimen PL 2, fig. 5. The spore coat is 1.25 to 1.5 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 603-B Slide 5, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Discussion. — In some cases one of the trilete rays is indistinct. This tends to cause confusion in identification with a species of Laevigato-sporites , but by proper focusing usually a faint trace of the third ray can be detected. Punctati-sporites orbicularis sp. nov. Plate 2, figure 9 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, originally spherical in shape and compressed into a disc. Folds are rare and the holo- type specimen measures 37.8 X 37.8 mi- crons, and the known size range is from 35 to 44 microns. The spore coat is finely punc- tate and the punctations are very closely spaced. The trilete mark and commissure are distinct. The lips are slightly developed. The rays are usually of uniform length and average 12 to 13 microns in length. The spore coat measures 2 to 2.5 microns in thickness which is relatively thick for spores of this size of the genus. Holotype.— Maceration 542-A Slide 7, No. 8 coal, Peoria County, Illinois. Discussion. — Spores of this type of charac- ter are common. P. parvipunctatus Kosanke from the Pomeroy coal bed in Ohio is similar in size and shape but is more finely punctate. P. globosus (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944, is also similar but appears to be larger and have a coarser ornamentation. Type B(; of Raistrick and figs. 41 and 42 of Knox (1939) are also similar to P. orbicularis sp. nov. GENUS PUNCTATI-SPORITES 17 PUNCTATI-SPORITES PROVECTUS sp. nOV. Plate 2, figure 11 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, laterally compressed, spherical in outline with numerous irregularly distributed folds. The holotype measures 75.6 X 78.7 mi- crons. The known size range is from 72 to 83 microns. The spore coat is characterized by fine to medium punctations. Occasional- ly folding of the spore coat occurs at the terminus of rays and results in what appears to be an incomplete arcuate ridge. The trilete rays, lips, and commissure are dis- tinct. The rays are uniform length and on the holotype measure 27.3 microns in length. The spore coat is less than 2 microns in thickness. Holotype. — Maceration 609 Slide 6, Wayside coal bed, Johnson County, Illinois. Discussion. — P. provectus, the earliest known species of the genus from Illinois, is not abundant. The presence of folds (ridges) which may be arcuate in nature may be important from the standpoint of phylogeny. PUNCTATI-SPORITES VERRUCIFER sp. nOV. Plate 2, figure 6 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular in shape, obliquely or laterally compressed. The holotype meas- ures 65 X 66 microns and the size range is from 60 to 74 microns. The spore coat is provided with numerous wart-like projec- tions which are common to both proximal and distal surfaces. The wart-like projec- tions measure up to 4 to 5 microns in di- ameter. The area between the projections is levigate. The trilete mark is often partially obscured by the ornamentation and the rays extend almost to the margin of the spore coat with a slight development of the lips. The spore coat exclusive of the projections measures from 1.75 to slightly over 2 microns. The thickness of the spore coat including projections where present ranges from 3 to 4.5 microns. Holotype.— Maceration 520-A Slide 1, Bald Hill coal bed, Williamson County, Illinois. Discussion. — P. verrucifer sp. nov. is similar to and possibly conspecific with Raistrick's type D3. P. firmus (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944, is somewhat similar to the new species described here. PUNCTATI-SPORITES FOVEATUS sp. nOV. Plate 1, figure 6 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, spherical in shape and somewhat obliquely compressed. The holotype measures 73.5 X 73.5 microns and the known size range is from 67 to 84 microns. The spore coat is sharply punctate both proximally and distally. The pits are round to oval in out- line and uniformly distributed. The trilete mark is frequently indistinct and often the spores of this species appear to be alete. The rays are short, only 12 to 15 microns in length. A ridge, possibly an arcuate ridge, surrounds the rays and some specimens have folds of the spore coat which are usually parallel to the outline of the spore. The spore coat is 2.5 to 4 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 603-B Slide 6, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is readily iden- tified and has markings that might be classified as arcuate. PUNCTATI-SPORITES QUAESITUS Sp. nOV. Plate 2, figure 2 Description. — Spores are radial, probably trilete, spherical in outline and rarely folded. The holotype measures 35.7 X 37.8 microns, and the known size range is from 33 to 41 microns. The spore coat is punc- tate and the punctations are closely spaced and measure slightly in excess of 4 microns, in the largest diameter. The punctations are round to oval shaped. No definite trilete marks have been observed although faint lines suggestive of the mark have been ob- served on some specimens. The wall meas- ures 2 microns in thickness. Holotype. — Maceration 585-C Slide 4, No. 6 coal bed, Franklin County, Illinois. Discussion. — This form is provisionally placed in the genus Punctati-sporites even though the trilete mark has not been def- 18 PENNSYLFANIJN SPORES OF ILLINOIS initely observed. It is similar to but smaller than Knox's type IK (1942, p. 100). PUNCTATI-SPORLTES QUASIARCUATUS Sp. nov. Plate 1, figure 9 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, originally spherical, compressed outline spherical to oval. The holotype measures 86 X 100.8 microns and the known size range is from 82 to 104 microns. The spore coat is distinctly punctate and the puncta- tions are from 2 to 4.25 microns in diameter. The spore coat is thin for this size of spore. It measures 1.75 to 2.25 from the base of punctations to the inner wall and slightly more for the total thickness. The spores generally possess markings (arcuate?) which completely surround the tetrad scar. This marking is more in the nature of a fold rather than a ridge and in some cases does not connect all three rays of the tetrad. The rays, however, never pass beyond the marking. Holotype. — Maceration 625-A Slide 2, Willis coal bed, Gallatin County, Illinois. Discussion. — Species of Punctati-sporites which possess arcuate markings or even suggest their presence add a new character to the genus. It is possible that the folds or markings are of arcuate origin. Punctati-sporites reticuloides sp. nov. Plate 1, figure 7 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular to spherical in shape and generally slightly obliquely compressed. Holotype measures 50.4 X 52.5 microns, and the known size range is from 45 to 61 microns. The spore coat is ornamented with punctations of varying size. Where several pits merge to form one large punc- tation the spore coat appears reticulate. The single pits or punctations vary in size from 1.75 to 2.5 microns and the larger punctations (several combined (?) punc- tations) have measured more than 5 mi- crons. The trilete rays are always present although frequently not distinct because of the ornamentation. The rays range in length from 12 to 16 microns. The thick- ness of the spore coat is difficult to measure but probably does not exceed 2.5 microns. Holotype.— Maceration 579-A Slide 1, No, 2 coal bed, Bureau County, Illinois. Discussion. — P. reticuloides sp. nov. cer- tainly approaches the reticulate ornamenta- tion which characterizes the genus Reti- culati-sporites. The ornamentation is, however, punctate, but further suggests a relationship with Reticulati-sporites. Punctati-sporites triangularis sp. nov. Plate 2, figure 7 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, broadly roundly triangular, and with occasional folds. The holotype measures 63 to 65 microns, and the known size range is from 58 to 74 microns. The spore coat is indistinctly to distinctly punctate. The punctations are numerous and somewhat variable in size. The trilete mark is usually distinct and, due to oblique compression, it is frequently found at one side of the spore. The rays are fairly uniform in length, ranging from 22 to 23.5 microns. The commissure is somewhat developed and the lips are almost lacking. The spore coat is more than 2 microns but less than 3 mi- crons thick. Holotype.— Maceration 474-A Slide 1, No. 6 coal bed, Franklin County, Illinois. Discussion. — P. triangularis sp. nov. might be conspecific with P. granifer (Ibra- him) S. W. and B., 1944, however Ibra- him's description precludes this possibility since his species is not punctate. Punctati-sporites vagus sp. nov. Plate 16, figure 4 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, and spherical in shape; folding of the spore coat is rare except for an occasional pe- ripheral fold. The holotype measures 65 X 63 microns, and the known size range is from 61 to 67 microns in the largest di- ameter. The spore coat is punctate and the punctations are about one micron in di- ameter. The trilete rays are rather vague although generally discernible on all speci- GENUS GRANULATI-SPORITES 19 mens. They average 20 to 21 microns in length without a pronounced commissure or lips. The spore coat is 2 to 3 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 694 Slide 5, Shelbyville coal bed, Shelby County, Illi- nois. Discussion. — This species is characterized by a vague trilete mark and does not appear to be closely related to any existing species of the genus. PUNCTATI-SPORITES VERMICULATUS Sp. nov. Plate 2, figure 4 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, nearly spherical in outline, and folding of spore coat is rare. The holotype measures 67 X 63 microns; the known size range is from 57 to 73 microns. The spore coat is vermiculate (spore coat inlaid somewhat like worm tracks) to reticulate. The vermiculate indentation extends from 2.5 microns to 3.2 microns into the spore coat. The trilete rays are usually not sharply de- fined due to the ornamentation. They are always present however, and rather long. The rays of the holotype measure from 24 to 28 microns in length. The commissure and lips are poorly developed. The spore coat including the ornamentation measures 5.5 to 6.5 microns. Holotype. — Maceration 600 Slide 2, La- Salle coal bed, Bureau County, Illinois. Discussion. — The term vermiculate most accurately describes the ornamentation of the spore coat. Perhaps this term should be used in connection with P. grandiver- rucosus Kosanke, 1943. GENUS Granulati-sporites (Ibrahim, 1933) emend., S. W. and B., 1944 Plate 3, figures 1-11 Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall recognized 15 species from pre-existing literature from which they gave their generic definition (1944, p. 32). Their conclusions are supported by the present investigation, and the following 11 new species add to our knowledge concerning the variation within the genus. The 1 1 new species are : 1. G. commissuralis 2. G. concavus 3. G. adnatus 4. G. convexus 5. G. grandis 6. G. levis 7. G. pallidus 8. G. granulans 9. G. aculeolatus 10. G. spinosus 11. G. pellucidus The following is a description of the genus: Spores are radial and trilete, sub- triangular to triangular in transverse plane. The margin between the radii is either con- cave or convex, and the corners opposite the radii are generally rounded, but in some species they are bluntly pointed. Folding of the spore coat is frequently limited to the corners. The known size range is from 25 to 75 microns in the mean diameter. This extends the previously known size range by 30 microns. The ornamentation of the coat may be levigate, granulose, punctate, verrucose, spinose, setaceous or reticulate. The trilete rays are always long, usually two-thirds the distance to the spore wall, and in rare cases they extend to the spore wall. The commissure frequently is distinct, whereas the lips are usually not so distinct. The contact area, area con- tagionis, is known only in G. adnatus sp. nov. The spore coat is generally less than 2 microns thick but in G. grandis sp. nov. it is 4 to 4.5 microns thick. The only suggested affinity of the spores of this genus is with the Filicales. In general, species of this genus are likely to be found in any portion of a coal bed. In a few exceptional instances certain species appear to be restricted to the lower portion of a particular coal bed. The genus is most abundant in Caseyville and lower Trade- water strata, reaching an abundance climax in the Babylon coal bed of Western Illinois. Throughout the remainder of Pennsyl- vanian beds in Illinois Granulati-sporites is present but never abundant. 20 PENNSYLFANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS Granulati-sporites commissuralis sp. nov. Plate 3, figure 1 Description. — Spores are radial, trian- gular in outline, margin of spore wall between radii concave, corners opposite radii rounded. Holotype measures 29.5 X 26 microns, and the known size variance is from 26 X 34 to 25 X 33 microns. The spore coat is coarsely granulose and the granulations are closely spaced in most specimens. The tetrad mark is distinct and extends at least three-fourths the distance to the spore wall. The commissure is dis- tinct, and the lips are slightly developed but broken in part by granulations. The spore coat is 1.5 to 2 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 486-B Slide 22, Friendsville coal, Wabash County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is similar to the genotype G. granulatus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944, and may be conspecific with Raistrick's D8 (1937, p. 911) which was illustrated but not named. It differs from G. granulatus in that the granulations are larger and the rays are longer. The rays also appear to be somewhat longer than Raistrick's D8. Granulati-sporites concavus sp. nov. Plate 3, figure 4 Description. — Spores are radial, sub- triangular in outline, margins between radii strongly concave, corners opposite radii rounded. Holotype measures 55 X 58.8 microns, and the known size variance is about 6 microns more or less than that of the holotype. The margin of the spore coat between the radii parallels the radii for a considerable distance, and ranges in width from 22 to 24 microns. The spore coat is levigate and the tetrad mark extends at least three-fourths of the distance to the spore wall ; the lips and commissure are distinct. Spore coat is less than 2 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 318 Slide 10, "Ditney" coal bed from New Haven dia- mond drill core, White County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is similar to G. pellucidus sp. nov. and is found in association with Reinschospora which fur- ther suggests a relationship between the two genera. However, there exists little simi- larity of the spore bodies of the two species. Granulati-sporites adnatus sp. nov. Plate 3, figure 9 Description. — Spores are radial, roundly triangular in outline, margin of the spore wall between radii concave, corners opposite radii broadly rounded. Spores are laterally compressed and the holotype measures 35 X 36 microns while the known size range of this species is 32 to 39 microns. The spore coat is levigate distally and proximally except for an area adjacent to the tetrad scar. This area is somewhat thicker and appears slightly granulose under high magnification. The tetrasporic mark is distinct and extends at least three fourths of the distance to the spore wall. The lips are well developed and there is a definite area contagionis. The spore coat is uni- formly slightly less than 2 microns thick except at the contact area. Holotype. — Maceration 573 Slide 8, Coal 20 feet below the Carlinville limestone (No. 8 coal), Macoupin County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species has an area contagionis which has not previously been reported present in this genus. This species is strikingly similar to Raistrick's D 14, and also illustrated by Knox (1938, p. 459). However, they illustrate no area con- tagionis and on this basis it is not possible to consider their form conspecific with G. adnatus sp. nov. Granulati-sporites convexus sp. nov. Plate 3, figure 6 Description. — Spores are radial, sub- triangular in outline, margins between radii convex and corners opposite radii rounded. The holotype measures 61 X 60 microns and the known size range is about plus or minus 7 microns of that given for the holo- type. The spore coat is levigate but when examined with an oil immersion objective the spore coat is finely granulose. The tetrad GENUS GRANULATI-SPORITES 21 mark is present and the lips are poorly developed. The rays of the tetrad extend three fourths of the distance to the spore wall. The spore coat is 1 to 1.5 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 543-C Slide 8, No. 5 coal, Fulton County, Illinois. This species appears to be slightly more abundant in western Illinois than in southern Illinois No. 5 coal. Discussiofi. — This species is somewhat similar to G. deltoides (Ibrahim), S. W. B., 1944; however it is smaller and the tetrad rays do not extend to the margin of the spore wall. Granulati-sporites grandis sp. nov. Plate 3, figure 10 Description. — Spores are radial, sub- triangular in outline, margin of the spore wall between radii strongly concave, cor- ners opposite radii rounded although the spore is laterally compressed. The holo- type measures 74 X 84 microns and speci- mens are known to range from 66 to 75 mi- crons and 75 to 86 microns. The spore coat is essentially levigate although when viewed with oil immersion lens a fine granulation may be observed. The tetrasporic mark is distinct, rays extend almost to the margin of the spore wall, and the lips are definite. There appears to be a thickening which may be a super development of lips or equivalent to an area contagionis. The spore coat is 4 microns thick between the radii ; opposite the radii it frequently measures more than 4.5 microns in thickness. This slight thickening of the spore coat opposite the radii suggests a resemblance to the genus Triquitrites. However, the thickening is so slight that it seems unwise to consider this point further. Holotype.— Maceration 490-A Slide 8, McCleary's Bluff coal (3y2 inches), Wa- bash County, Illinois. This species has been observed only in the above mentioned coal. Discussion. — Morphologically this species must be classified as a member of the genus Granulati-sporites. It is much larger than any previously described species of this genus, but this fact merely extends the size range of the genus. It is similar in con- struction to G. levis sp. nov. but is larger and the spore wall is much thicker. Granulati-sporites levis sp. nov. Plate 3, figure 5 Description. — Spores are radial, sub- triangular to triangular in outline, margin of the spore wall between radii slightly concave or convex, corners opposite radii bluntly pointed, generally laterally com- pressed. Diameter is generally 48 X 50 microns and the spore coat is levigate. The tetrasporic mark is distinct, frequently torn open, and extends two-thirds to three- fourths the distance to the spore wall. The lips are distinct and thick, thinning toward the apex of the radii. The spore wall is uniformly 2 microns thick. Holotype.— Maceration 500-B Slide 2, Central Pipe Line-Liddle Nq. 1 (Friends- ville Coal), Wabash County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is known at present only from the upper McLeansboro group from Illinois. Granulati-sporites pallidus sp. nov. Plate 3, figure 3 Description. — Spores are radial, sub- triangular in outline, margin of the spore wall between radii slightly concave, corners opposite radii broadly rounded, in some instances flattened, and spore body is laterally compressed but not to the degree of most species of this genus. Average di- ameter measures 38 X 38 microns the size ranging from 35 to 42 microns. The cor- ners opposite the radii measure 14 to 20 microns in width in the lateral plane. The spore coat is distinctly granulose on both proximal and distal sides of the spore. The granulations are numerous and closely spaced, which gives the spore a rough appearance. The tetrasporic mark is dis- tinct, the rays usually extend two thirds the distance to the spore wall, and lips are somewhat developed. The spore coat is uniformly 1.5 to 2.1 microns thick. Holotype.— Maceration 587 Slide 1, 22 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS Battery Rock coal, Hardin County, Illi- nois. The geological range is from the Wayside coal to the basal portion of No. 2 coal bed. Discussion. — G. granulatus (Ibrahim), S. W. and B., 1944, differs from G. palli- dus sp. nov. in being smaller in size, with- out pronounced corners and, judging from Ibrahim's illustration (Plate 6, fig. 51), apparently has larger granulations, which are not as closely spaced as those of G. palli- das sp. nov. Granulati-sporites granularis sp. nov. Plate 3, figure 2 Description. — This form is strikingly similar to G. pallidas sp. nov. except for overall size and size of granulations. This species consistantly measures 4 to 7 microns less than G. pallidas sp. nov. and the granu- lations are smaller and are somewhat more closely spaced. Holotype. — Maceration 596-A Slide 1, Grape Creek No. 6 coal bed, Vermilion County, Illinois. This species is known to occur throughout Illinois No. 6 coal bed. Discussion. — G. granularis sp. nov. is similar to but distinct from G. pallidus sp. nov. A difference is apparent when one closely examines these two forms, and they are separated geologically. This species may be a transition form of G. pallidus. Granulati-sporites aculeolatus sp. nov. Plate 3, figure 8 Description. — Spores are radial, triangu- lar in outline, margin of spore wall is slightly convex between radii, corners opposite radii are bluntly pointed. The holotype measures 28.5 X 31 microns ex- clusive of the setae, and the known size range of this species is 25 X 28 to 33 X 34 microns. The spore coat is characterized by numerous blunt setae. The setae range in length from 3 to 3.5 microns and average slightly more than 1 micron in width. At the juncture of the setae with the spore coat, the setae are somewhat wider. The setae on the proximal surface are irregularly placed but on the distal side they are uni- formly placed and spaced 2 to 2.5 microns apart. The tetrasporic mark frequently extends three-fourths the distance to the spore wall and on occasion is split open. Lips may be seen with careful focusing. Holotype. — Maceration 625-A Slide 3, Willis coal, Gallatin County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is similar to Granulati-sporites microsaetosus (Loose), S. W. and B., 1944, excepting for the fol- lowing: the setae are longer and not regular- ly spaced on the proximal side as illustrated by Loose (pi. 18, fig. 40). Also the spore wall margin between the radii in G. microsaetosus apparently is concave and the corners opposite them are broadly rounded. Granulati-sporites spinosus sp. nov. Plate 3, figure 7 Description. — Spores are radial, triangu- lar in outline, margin of spore wall between radii convex, corners opposite radii bluntly pointed. Holotype measures 31 X 30 mi- crons, and the known size range of the mean diameter of this species is from 26 to 38 microns. The spore coat is characterized by numerous sharp spines which completely cover the distal and all of the proximal side except an area surrounding the tetrad mark in some specimens. The spines are almost 4 microns long and 1.5 microns wide. The tetrad mark extends nearly to the spore wall and lips are slightly developed. Holotype.— Maceration 579-A Slide 1, No. 2 coal, Bureau County, Illinois. Granulati-sporites pellucidus sp. nov. Plate 3, figure 11 Description. — Spores are radial, triangu- lar in outline, margin of spore wall dis- tinctly concave between radii, corners opposite radii are rounded. The holotype measures 48 X 48 microns and the size variance ranges from 44 to 53 microns. The spore coat is levigate and the tetrasporic mark is well over three-fourths the distance to the margin of the spore wall. The tetrasporic mark is most unusual in that it is 5 to 6 microns wide. The spore coat is GENUS ALATI-SPORITES 23 thin and measures less than 1 micron thick. Holotype.— Maceration 486-A Slide 4, Friendsville Coal, Wabash County, Illinois. Discussion. — In many respects it greatly resembles the body of Reinschospora magni- fied sp. nov. without the flange although it is somewhat smaller in size. However, no specimens or even fragments of specimens were found of Reinschospora. GENUS Alati-sporites (Ibrahim, 1933) emend., S. W. and B., 1944 Plate 4, figures 1-5 The genotype A. pustulatus (Sporonites pustulatus, Ibrahim 1932) Ibrahim 1933, is to date the only described species of the genus according to Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall (1944) since they considered type D5 of Raistrick (1934-1935 and 1937) conspecific with A. pustulatus. It is diffi- cult to prove this point because the genotype spore coat is reticulate and Raistrick's illus- trations are not clear in this respect. Rais- trick's D5 is probably a separate and dis- tinct species but only through examination of photomicrographs or the type material can this be determined. The following are new species from Illinois coal beds: 1. A. hexalatus 2. A. in flatus 3. A. punctatus 4. A. triangularus 5. A. varius The following is a description of the genus: Spores are radial, trilete, spore body subtriangular in outline, and the interradial area generally concave, although A. in flatus sp. nov. is sometimes slightly convex and the corners round to bluntly pointed. The bladders (wings) number three or six with one or two bladders to each interradial area. The bladders are extremely variable in appearance because they are frequently folded and sometimes this folding can cause a form with three bladders to appear to possess four, five, or six bladders. The known size range— the overall measurement in the mean diameter — is from about 70 to 150 microns. The known spore coat orna- mentation varies from levigate, granulose, punctate to reticulate. The bladder orna- mentation is known to be either granulose or punctate. The trilete rays always ex- tend at least three-fourths the distance to the margin of the spore coat and generally to the margin or very close to it. Lips are not usually developed and the commissure is frequently distinct. The spore coat ranges in thickness from 1.5 to 5 microns, the bladders are usually 0.75 to 2 microns thick. The affinity of spores of this genus is unknown. There exist two possibilities on the basis of our knowledge at the present time. Spencerites Scott, an isolated cone genus, is an eligulate homosporous cone classified with the Lycopodiaceae. Accord- ing to Scott, S. majusculus is winged but quite different from S. insignus, " . . . for in S. majusculus each spore has three wings . . . . It appears as though in S. insignus, the wing is not divided into three parts. Scott's illustration (1898, pi. 15, fig. 18-C) shows a spore of S. majus- culus which is suggestive of Alati-sporites except that the trilete rays are short and the three bladders are tightly crowded against each other lengthwise. Certain species of the modern genera Podocarpus, Pherosphaera and possibly Microcachrys have three wings. These are however all southern hemisphere conifers. Thus the available evidence is meager that the affin- ity of Alati-sporites is possibly Lycopodia- ceae, less likely gymnospermic. The vertical geological distribution of Alati-sporites is from lower Tradewater (Willis coal bed) through No. 5 coal bed in the Carbondale group and in the upper McLeansboro group. Two points of in- terest noticed in regard to the distribution of the genus are: (1) Alati-sporites is more abundant in western Illinois in the Carbon- dale strata and more abundant in south- eastern Illinois in the McLeansboro strata and (2) the genus has been observed only in the upper half of the various coal beds. Alati-sporites hexalatus sp. nov. Plate 4, figure 5 Description. — Spores are radial, body is subtriangular in outline, margins between 24 PENNSYLFANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS radii are slightly concave and the corners are slightly rounded. Overall diameter of the holotype is 76.5 X 78.6 microns and the spore body measures 53.1 X 55.2 microns. There are two bladders between each radii which are arranged so that the corners of the spore body are not covered. The spore body is levigate although it appears very finely granulose under oil immersion. The bladders are finely granulose. On the proximal surface of the spore body there are scattered several round papillae. The trilete mark extends to the margin of the spore wall and the lips and commissure are not well developed. The spore coat is 1.5 to 2 microns thick and the bladders about one micron thick. Holotype. — Maceration 519-A Slide 1, Dekoven coal bed, Williamson County, Illinois. Discussion. — In some forms it is difficult to be certain whether there are five or six bladders because one of the bladders may not be clearly divided to the spore body. Pollen grains from the modern genus Podo- carpus upon occasion display unusual con- ditions when a species which normally has two bladders may possess three or four bladders. This is thought to be due to the failure of the mother cell to divide into four pollen grains after the second division. In some forms, one of the two bladders divides resulting in three bladders ; in other forms the two bladders divide resulting in four bladders of equal proportions. Whichever occurs, the body of the grain is larger than that of normal pollen grains of the species in question. This merely illustrates that there may exist some variance in the normal bladder number. Alati-sporites inflatus sp. nov. Plate 4, figure 2 Description. — Spores are radial, body is subtriangular in transverse plane, sub- spherical in outline including bladder. Margin of body wall between radii general- ly is slightly convex or slightly concave and the corners are broadly rounded. Overall diameter of holotype is 120.4 X 129.6 mi- crons and the known size range is from 120 X 123 microns to 148.7 X 150 mi- crons. The three bladders of the holotype vary in the longest diameter from 87.1 mi- crons to 93.4 microns. The bladders ex- tend over the proximal side of the spore body 8 to 15 microns and about the same distance distally. The bladders are almost devoid of folds and appear inflated. The juncture of the bladder and the spore body is somewhat irregular but in general follows the outline of the spore body. The spore coat is levigate with a few minor small round thickened areas scattered on the proximal surface. The bladders (peri- sporial) are about 1 micron thick and sharply granulose. The trilete mark ex- tends nearly to the margin of the spore wall, the lips and commissure are somewhat developed. Holotype.— Maceration 543-C Slide 6, No. 5 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Alati-sporites punctatus sp. nov. Plate 4, figure 4 Description. — Spores are radial, spore body is subtriangular in transverse plane, overall transverse outline is irregularly ovate to almost round. The margin of the spore wall between radii is gener- ally convex and the corners are some- what bluntly pointed. The overall meas- urement of the holotype is 102 X 98.75 microns while the spore body is 78.6 X 76.5 microns. The bladders vary in length from 70 to 80 microns and from 25.5 to 29.7 microns in width. The bladders overlap on the spore body about 5 microns. The known size range of the spore body in the mean diameter is from 70.5 to 79 microns. The spore coat is obvermiculate (as ob- served on undermacerated material) to punctate (on overmacerated material) and the bladders are finely granulose. Trilete mark extends nine-tenths the distance to the spore wall and the lips and commissure are not developed. The spore coat is 4 to 5 microns thick and the bladders are 0.75 to 1.25 microns thick and greatly folded to appear sometimes as though there were more than three bladders. By focusing up and down it is possible to prove the existence of no more than three bladders. GENUS RETICULATI-SPORITES 25 Holotype. — Maceration 576 Slide 4, coal bed below the New Haven limestone, Gallatin County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is similar to A. pustulatus (Ibrahim) Ibrahim, 1933, but the spore coat is not reticulate, the bladders are variously folded, and there is a dif- ference in size between the two species. Alati-sporites trialatus sp. nov. Plate 4, figure 3 Description. — Spores are radial, body is subtriangular in outline, margins of spore wall between radii concave in transverse plane, corners broadly rounded. There are three bladders which are usually not greatly folded. Overall diameter of holotype is 90.3 X 98.2 microns and the spore body measures 55.2 microns X 64.8 microns. The bladders range in length from 65.8 to 67 microns and overlap the spore body as much as 13 microns. -The known spore body range in the mean diameter is from 50 to 65 microns. The spore coat is levigate and the bladders are punctate. The bladders are sometimes connected as shown on plate 4, figure 3. Notice the lower left corner which illustrates this point and that in effect there are two bladders : one interradial between two rays, and one which is deeply dissected and at the other ray. The spore coat varies in thickness from 2 to more than 4 microns. The bladders are as much as 2 microns thick. Holotype.— Maceration 543-B Slide 20, No. 5 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. A. varius sp. nov. Plate 4, figure 1 Description. — Spores are radial, body is somewhat triangular, margins between radii are concave, corners are broadly rounded and there are three bladders, each folded, giving the appearance of six bladders. The overall diameter of the holotype is 116.8 X 128.5 microns, and the spore body measures 72.25 X 84.8 microns. The bladders range from 85 to 91.3 microns in length and overlap the spore body proximal- ly and distally as much as 10 to 11 microns. The juncture of the bladders with the spore coat is somewhat crenulate. The spore coat is levigate and the bladders are punctate. The tetrad mark extends nearly to the mar- gin without extensive lip or commissure development. The spore wall is 2 to 3 microns thick and the bladders are 1 to 2 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 543-B Slide 7, No. 5 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Discussion. — A. varius sp. nov. is similar to A. inflatus sp. nov. except for size and folding of the bladders. GENUS Reticulati-sporites (Ibrahim, 1933) emend., S. W. and B., 1944 Plate 4, figures 6-7; Plate 5, figures 1-2, 4-5 Reticulati-sporites is rarely abundant in Illinois, excepting for certain coal beds in the upper McLeansboro, particularly the LaSalle and New Haven. It is known to occur also in the Carbondale, Tradewater, and Caseyville groups in a somewhat dis- continuous pattern which is of value for correlation studies. There are seven named species which are described and illustrated; they are listed by Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall (1944), from European literature as well as about a dozen forms of Raistrick and Knox from Britain which are illus- trated and described to some extent but not given binomial names. Six new species, the first from the United States are: 1. R. adhearens 2. R. irregularis 3. R. lacunosus 4. R. muricatus 5. R. scrobiculatus 6. R. splendens Several additional new species are known to occur but owing to the lack of sufficient specimens are not described at this time. The following is a description of the genus based on the seven previously pub- lished species plus the six new species here described : Spores are radial, strongly to weakly trilete and in some cases apparently alete. In outline the spores are generally round although some species are oval or roundly triangular which may be due to compression. Folding of the spore coat is 26 PENNSYLVANIA^ SPORES OF ILLINOIS not common. The known size ranges from 40 to 126 microns. The spore coat is always reticulate and in some forms the body wall is also punctate. The haptotypic structures are variously developed on dif- ferent species. The trilete mark, lips, and commissure may be present or absent. When present they are frequently covered in part by the muri of the reticulate orna- mentation. The spore coat or coats, if the reticulate structures are perisporal, vary in thickness. Excluding the muri the spore coat generally is from 2-4 microns thick and somewhat thicker in several species. Little is known of the affinity of the spores of Reticulati-sporites. Suggested relation- ships of the trilete forms with Sphenophyl- lum and the alete forms with Hepaticae spores must await further information. Reticulati-sporites adhearens sp. nov. Plate 5, figure 2 Description. — Spores are radial, oval to round with the marginal outline wavy due to the muri. The holotype measures 88 X 92.4 microns and the known size ranges from 82 to 97 microns. The spore coat is reticulate with large lacunae frequently measuring more than 20 microns in width. The muri are 3-5 microns in width and 4-6 microns high. Folding of the muri is common. A definite trilete mark, lip, and sometimes commissure are present. The rays are at least 22 microns in length. There is an area contagionis which covers the area between the rays on the proximal sur- face. This area is marked by numerous round projections. The spore coat is 2-3 microns thick exclusive of the muri. Holotype. — Maceration 519-B Slide 7, Dekoven coal bed, Williamson County. Discussion. — The area contagionis is a new character for the genus and the thickening by round blunt projections is un- usual, but distinctive. Reticulati-sporites irregularis sp. nov. Plate 5, figure 1 Description. — Spores are radially sym- metrical, compressed into a disc-like shape without folds. The holotype measures 88.2 X 86.1 microns and the known size range is from 80 to 126 microns. The spore coat is reticulate and the lacunae vary in size and shape from rectangular to round and in size from about 2 microns to 12 microns. The muri range in thickness from less than 2 microns to 4-5 microns thick. The spore coat is variously thickened due to its reticu- late ornamentation. No haptotypic struc- tures have been observed. Holotype. — Maceration 144 Slide 1, "Sub-Babylon" coal bed above the Pennsyl- vanian-Mississippian contact, Fulton Coun- ty, Illinois. Discussion. — The known size variation is very large and yet specimens have been observed throughout the size range although most of the specimens are less than 110 mi- crons. The trilete mark has not been ob- served and thus this species is known only from the alete condition. The reticula- tions are vaguely suggestive of those of R. facetus (Ibrahim), S. W. and B., 1944, al- though this species is considerably smaller in size. Reticulati-sporites lacunosus sp. nov. Plate 5, figure 5 Description. — Spores are radial, sub- spherical in outline and the muri frequently folded. The holotype measures 86 X 92 mi- crons and the known size variance is from 80 to 101 microns. The spore coat is retic- ulate with extremely large lacunae and high muri. The lacunae measure 20 to more than 40 microns in width and the muri are frequently 8 to 10 microns high. The trilete mark is always present but frequently is not distinct in that it is covered by the muri. The holotype trilete mark is about the average condition. The rays are usual- ly over 22 microns in length. The spore coat is more than 2 microns thick. Holotype.— Maceration 625-B Slide 9, Willis coal bed, Gallatin County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is usually found abundantly in the lower half of the coal bed, suggesting that the parent plant was an early member of the plant com- munity. GENUS LAEVIGATO-SPORITES 27 Reticulati-sporites muricatus sp. nov. Plate 4, figure 7 Description. — Spores are radial, body is essentially spherical, the outline is irregular- ly crenulate due to the large muri. The overall diameter measures 84 X 91.2 mi- crons and the known size range is from 81.9 to 96.6 microns. The spore coat is reticulate with large lacunae and thin but long muri. The lacunae are up to 20 microns in width and average 10 to 12 microns. The muri are 8 to 10 microns high and about 2 mi- crons wide. They are frequently folded and twisted. The trilete mark, lips, and commissure are present and distinct. The rays of the holotype range in length from 23 to 31.5 microns. The spore coat ranges from 2 to 4 microns in thickness exclusive of the muri. Holotype. — Maceration 600 Slide 2, La- Salle coal bed, Bureau County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is distinctly an upper McLeansboro form, usually fairly abundant and easily recognized. As in R. splendens sp. nov., the muri traverse the trilete rays. Reticulati-sporites scrobiculatus sp. nov. Plate 4, figure 6 Description. — Spores are radial and es- sentially spherical in outline. The holotype measures 109 X HI microns, and the known size diameter is from 102 to 116 mi- crons. The spore coat has two types of ornamentation : one, the reticulate type and the other a very definite punctate condition between the muri. The lacunae are very large and regular and measure over 50 mi- crons in width. The muri measure 4 to 5 microns in width and are about 3 microns high. The trilete mark, lips, and commis- sure are distinct. The rays of the holotype range in length from 30 to 40 microns. The spore coat exclusive of the muri measures slightly more than 3 microns. Holotype. — Maceration 574 Slide 14, Shoal Creek coal bed, Bond County, Illi- nois. Discussion. — The punctate ornamenta- tion is so distinct that the reticulate con- dition appears indistinct when compared with other species of the genus. Reticulati-sporites splendens sp. nov. Plate 5, figure 4 Description. — Spores are radial, and spherical to subtriangular in outline with- out folds. The holotype measures 58.27 X 56.7 microns, and the known size variation is from 53 to 61 microns. The spore coat is reticulate with widely spaced lacunae on both proximal and distal surfaces. The reticulate ridges (muri) may be as much as 2 microns wide and 6 microns high and the lacunae may be as much as 12 microns in length. The tetrasporic mark is distinct as are the lips and commissure. The rays vary in length from 14 to more than 20 microns in length. The apex of the rays is frequently difficult to see due to the reticulate ridges which apparently traverse the rays. The spore coat is more than 2 microns thick and when joined by a ridge (muri) it is as much as 8 microns thick. Holotype.— Maceration 587 Slide 18, Battery Rock Coal bed, Hardin County, Illinois. This species is known to occur in the Wayside and "Sub-Babylon" coal beds through the Tarter and Willis coal beds of lower Tradewater age. Discussion. — R. splendens proves that the reticulate ridges (muri) are formed after the second division of the spore mother cell, because the ridges traverse the trilete rays. GENUS Laevigato-sporites (Ibrahim, 1933) emend., S. W. and B., 1944 Plate 5, figures 3, 6-11 ; Plate 16, figures 2, 6 Spores of the genus Laevigato-sporites are known to occur in Illinois in coal beds ranging from the Caseyville group through- out the entire Pennsylvanian. The genus is also known to occur in almost every coal of Pennsylvanian age that has been studied in the United States and Europe. Further- more, Berry (1937) reports its presence in the Permian of Ohio, and Wilson and Webster (1946) report that similar forms 28 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS exist in the "American Mesozoic and Ter- tiary coals." In addition to the five modern genera listed by Wilson and Webster, Olof Selling (1946) lists 20 other genera of pteridophytes from Hawaii which are def- initely monolete and thus of the Laevigato- sporites type. Selling's excellent monograph establishes without question the existence of numerous modern monolete bilateral spores. Apparently monolete bilateral spores originated in very early Pennsyl- vanian time and may possibly have a con- tinuous range to the present day. The first known definite occurrence of spores of this type in Illinois is in Reynoldsburg coal bed. A fragment of a spore coat which may be of this type has been observed in the Wayside coal bed (lower in the section). The thin coal beds of the upper Mississippian should be searched for spores of the Laevigato- sporites type. If spores of this type are not found, there was a tremendous floral change between Pennsylvanian and Mississippian time. The probability of this change is supported by the fact that Laevigato- sporit.es is generally the dominant small spore type throughout the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. The parent plant or plants of the spores classified under the genus Laevigato-sporites are unknown. It is surprising that so little is known in view of the abundance of spores of this type. The spores of a calamarian fructification (Reed, 1938) and of Zeilleria, a fern (Florin, 1937), are possibly of this type. Suggested affinities based on modern plants strongly indicate a relationship with the pteridophytes. The spores of the genus Laevigato- sporites are perhaps the easiest to identify generically. This is because they possess a monolete mark and bilateral symmetry. Classification of the ornamented forms is generally readily accomplished. However, classification of the levigate forms presents a perplexing problem. The known size range of the genus is from 14 microns in L. Thiessenii to 150 microns in L. ro- bustus sp. nov. In the size range of slightly under 20 microns to 30 microns there are two species: L. minimus and L. minutus. L. minimus is levigate and readily distin- guished from L, minutus, which is punctate, providing overmaceration has not reduced the ornamentation. There appears to be a continuous size range of the levigate forms from 40 to almost 150 microns, and the known maximum range of the ornamented species in 127 microns in L. vulgaris. There are six described species, two of which are known to occur in Illinois coal beds. They are L. desmoinensis and L. vulgaris. The latter is described as levigate to faintly punctate and the other as levigate. It is natural that species identification might be somewhat confusing. However, judging from illustrations, L. vulgaris has a much coarser spore coat and on this basis species separation has been made. Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall, 1944, considered Loose's L. vulgaris forma minor, maior and maximus, 1934, synonymous with L. vulgaris (Ibra- him) Ibrahim, 1933. If so, automatically the size range of the species is extended to that of L. vulgaris forma maximus which is 122 microns. Specimens from Illinois which are considered to be conspecific have measured more than 127 microns in the longest diameter. The following new species have been ob- served in Illinois coal beds: 1. Laevigato-sporites latus 2. L. medius 3. L. obscurus 4. L. oval is ^ 5. L. pseudothiessenii 6. L. punctatus 7. L. robustus The following description of the genus Laevigato-sporites is based upon the pre- viously described species and the seven new species mentioned above: spores are bilater- al, monolete, bean-shaped to broadly bean- shaped, sometimes approaching an oval shape (L. latus sp. nov.) ; elongate oval to broadly oval in plane of longitudinal sym- metry, round or oval in transverse plane. Folding occurs in certain species without definite patterns. The known size range from 14 to 150 microns in longest diameter. Ornamentation levigate, punctate, apicu- late, verrucose, obvermiculate to faintly reticulate. Suture always monolete and linear, which is less than half to three- GENUS LAEVIGAT0-SP0R1TES 29 fourths the total length of the spore. The suture is usually distinct but may be hidden by folds or ornamentation. The lips and small arcuate ridges may be present or absent. The spore coat may range in thick- ness from around 1 micron to 3.5 microns. Laevigato-sporites latus sp. nov. Plate 5, figure 11 Description. — Spores are bilateral, mono- lete, broadly bean to oval shaped in the plane of longitudinal symmetry, oval to round in transverse plane. The holotype measures 63 X 54.6 microns, and the known size variance is from 57 to 66 microns in the longest plane. The spore coat is levi- gate and the monolete mark is distinct, slightly opened, with lips. The monolete mark is less than half the length of the spore. The spore coat is 1.5 to 2 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 490-A Slide 6, McCleary's bluff coal bed ( 3 l/2"), Wabash County, Illinois. Discussion. — L. latus sp. nov. is distinct from all known species in that it is almost as wide as long and also the monolete mark is less than half the length of the spore. Laevigato-sporites medius sp. nov. Plate 16, figure 2 Description. — Spores are bilateral, mono- lete, elongate to oval in the plane of longi- tudinal symmetry. The spore coat fre- quently exhibits minor folds but major folds are rare. The holotype measures 42.1 X 28.3 microns and the known size range is from 36 to 43 microns in length and from 25 to 29 microns in width. The monolete suture averages 25 microns in length. The lips and suture are distinct, and the spore coat appears levigate although it obviously is minutely granular when critically ex- amined. The spore coat is 2 to 2.5 microns thick. Holotype.— Maceration 578 Slide 5, Scottville coal bed, Macoupin County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is intermediate in size between the small species of the genus and L. ovalis sp. nov. Laevigato-sporites obscurus sp. nov. Plate 16, figure 6 Description. — Spores are bilateral, mono- lete, broadly oval in outline, and rarely folded. The holotype measures 32 X 29.4 microns and the known size range is from 28 to 34 microns in the largest diameter. The outline of the spore is irregular due to the sculpturing of the spore coat which is punctate. The punctations are distinct when viewed with low magnification, but are obscure when viewed with high magnif- ication. The monolete suture is usually two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the body and somewhat distorted by the ornamentation. The lips are slightly elevated and the suture is well defined. The spore coat is 2 to 2.25 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 576 Slide 14, New Haven coal bed, Gallatin County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is closely re- lated to L. thiessenii Kosanke, 1943, and L. pseudothiessenii sp. nov. It differs from these two species in the type of ornamenta- tion, and is larger than L. thiessenii Ko- sanke, 1943. Laevigato-sporites ovalis sp. nov. Plate 5, figure 7 Description. — Spores are bilateral, mono- lete, bean shaped to oval in the plane of longitudinal symmetry. Folding of the spore coat is very rare. The holotype meas- ures 63 X 46.2 microns. Thus the width of the spore is about three-fourths of the total length. The known size range is from 45 to 65 microns. The spore coat is distinctly levigate, the monolete mark is half the length of the spore or more and the suture is frequently open. Distinct lips may be observed by focusing to proper ad- justment under high magnification. The spore coat is 2 to 2.5 microns in thickness. Holotype. — Maceration 501 -A Slide 1, coal bed at 85 to 87 feet in the Skiles-Price No. 1 well in Wabash County, Illinois. Discussion. — L. ovalis sp. nov. is distinct from L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe), S. W. and B., 1944, in being shorter and 30 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS wider, with a thicker spore coat and def- inite lips. Laevigato-sporites pseudothiessenii sp. nov. Plate 5, figure 10 Description. — Spores are bilateral, mono- lete, elongate to oval in the plane of longitudinal symmetry, round or oval in transverse plane. The outline in both longitudinal and transverse planes is broken by the sculpturing of the spore coat. The holotype measures 37.8 X 29.4 microns. The known size range is from 26 to 46 mi- crons in the longitudinal plane. The orna- mentation is various depending upon the degree of maceration. In general, the spore coat is verrucose to obvermiculate and some- times appears reticulate. The monolete tetrad mark extends well over half the length of the spore. The spore varies in thickness, due to ornamentation, from 1.5 to 3.5 microns. Holotype.— Maceration 543-D Slide 4, No. 5 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. The known range of the species is from the Upper Tradewater (Dekoven coal bed) to lower middle McLeansboro (upper Scottville coal bed). Discussion. — L. pseudothiessenii is dis- tinct from L. thiessenii due to larger size and slight differences in ornamentation. The two species are similar in many respects, and are probably from closely related parent plants. The writer has observed this species from the middle Kittaning coal bed in Ohio, the Mystic coal bed of Iowa, the Tebo and Lexington coal beds from Mis- souri, and in Indiana from No. VII coal bed to No. Ill coal bed. Thiessen was the first to observe and illustrate this species (1932, page 22, figures 14 B-C). Laevigato-sporites punctatus sp. nov. Plate 5, figure 3 Description. — Spores are bilateral, mono- lete, oval to broadly bean-shaped in longi- tudinal plane. Holotype measures 44 X 35.7 microns, and the known size variation in the long axis is from 35 to 51 microns. The spore coat is distinctly punctate, the monolete mark is over half the length of the spore, and the lips are poorly developed. The spore coat is 1.25 to 2 microns in thick- ness. Holotype.— Maceration 625-A Slide 1, Willis coal bed, Gallatin County, Illinois. L. punctatus is known to occur from the lower Tradewater throughout the Carbon- dale. Discussion. — Spores of this type are at the present assigned to the genus Laevigato- sporites sp. nov. on the basis of the mono- lete scar and because their symmetry is not radial but bilateral. However, the sym- metry is not as strongly bilateral as in most other species of the genus. L. punctatus may be distinguished from small forms of L. vulgaris (Ibrahim) Ibrahim, 1933, on the basis of a more sharply punctate orna- mentation. Laevigato-sporites robustus sp. nov. Plate 5, figure 9 Description. — Spores are bilateral, mono- lete, broadly bean shaped. Small folds of spore coat are common and occur almost anywhere either proximally or distally. The holotype measures 101.8 X 73.5 microns, and the known size range is from 79.8 to 150 microns in the longest diameter where- as the average range is from about 85 to 120 microns. The spore coat is distinctly levigate, and the monolete mark is usually one-half to two-thirds the length of the spore. The lips are usually not distinct and the suture is sometimes open. The spore coat is 1.5 to 2 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 574 Slide 8, coal bed below the Shoal Creek coal bed, Bond County. Discussion. — -The size range of 79.8 to 150 in the longest diameter may well in- clude at least two species based on size range. However, it is necessary to name the forms and it is doubtful that it will be possible to delineate species properly until spores of this type are found within repro- ductive organs. Raistrick's type B may be conspecific with L. robustus sp. nov. GENUS DENSO-SPORITES 31 GENUS Denso-sporites (Berry, 1937) emend., S. W. and B, 1944 Plate 6, figures 1-11; Plate 7, figures 1-2 The genus Denso-sporites has an interest- ing and important geological range in Illi- nois. So far as is known, it is restricted entirely to Tradewater and Caseyville groups. Maximum abundance is attained in the Reynoldsburg coal bed, upper Casey- ville, and the youngest Denso-sporites horizon is the Dekoven coal bed, upper Tradewater. Thiessen's "splint microspores" were species of Denso-sporites, and he found this type of spore abundantly preserved in splint coals. The resulting idea that splint coal was derived from a specific type of vegeta- tion does not appear valid. If this were true one might expect to find splint spores wherever splint coal is encountered. Also, the range of splint coal w7ould be identical with the range of "splint microspores." In Illinois, this is not true; in fact the Reynoldsburg coal bed is not truly a splint coal and yet it contains more "splint micro- spores" than any other Illinois coal bed. Figures 1-2, Plate 15, illustrate this point. There is little information concerning splint coal in Illinois; however it is known that splint coal does occur above the range of the "splint microspores." The parent plants of Denso-sporites contributed to splint coal but it is probable that splint coal was formed in more than one way and from more than one type of vegetation. The following are new species of Denso- sporites: 1. D. sinuosus 2. D. glandulosus 3. D. granulosus 4. D. lobatus 5. D. reynoldsburgensis 6. D. ruhus 7. D. sphaerotriangularis 8. D. triangularis The following description of the genus Denso-sporites is based on six previously described species and the species mentioned above: Spores are radial, trilete; isolated compressed forms are round, oval to sub- triangular in transverse plane. In vertical thin-section they are "dumbbell" shaped as seen on plate 15, figure 1. The known size range is from 27 to 100 microns. The proximal-distal portions of the spore coat may be levigate, granulose, punctate, papil- late, apiculate, rugose, to vermiculate. The equatorial portion of the spore coat may be levigate, granulose, punctate, nearly retic- ulate, rugose, apiculate and frequently irregularly thickened. The trilete mark may be indistinct, distinct, or even absent if the proximal area of the spore coat is poorly preserved. The rays may be limited to the proximal area or extend into the thicker equatorial portion of the spore coat. The spore coat is always characterized by the proximal-distal portion which is thin and the equatorial portion which is much thicker and frequently opaque. The parent plants of Denso-sporites are unknown. In some cases, the equatorial portion of the spore coat resembles a flange which re- motely resembles the spore genus Cirratri- radites. Denso-sporites sinuosus sp. nov. Plate 6, figures 1-2 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular to oval in outline and frequently obliquely compressed. The holotype (figure 1) measures 39.9 X 46.2 microns and the known size range is from 36 to 48 microns. The proximal and distal portions of the spore coat are minutely punctate. The thicker equatorial portion is nearly opaque with ridges arranged so as to appear reticulate to wavy. Figures 1-2, plate 6, illustrate this feature. The trilete mark is usually visible although indistinct in some forms. The rays are not known to extend beyond the proximal portion of the spore coat. The proximal and distal por- tions of the spore coat are thin but the equatorial portion averages about 10.5 mi- crons in thickness. Over 50 percent of the spore coat is of the equatorial type as viewed transversely. Holotype. — Maceration 587 Slide 12, Battery Rock coal bed, Hardin County, Illinois. Discussion. — The ornamentation of the 32 PENNSYLVANIA^ SPORES OE ILLINOIS thicker equatorial portion of the spore coat is characteristic of this species. Figure 1, plate 6, is in focus to show the trilete mark and ornamentation whereas figure 2 illus- trates the triangular outline of some speci- mens. Denso-sporites glandulosus sp. nov. Plate 6, figure 3 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete (?), originally spheroid, and frequently compressed to a suboval shape in the trans- verse plane. The holotype measures 27.3 X 35.7 microns, and the known size range is from 25 to 38 microns. The proximal and distal portions of the spore coat are minutely granulose as seen with the aid of oil immersion, and there are also scattered about a number of stalked glandulose struc- tures which extend also on the thicker equatorial portion of the spore coat. The glandulose projections average about 4.2 microns in length, 1-2 microns at the apex, and usually much less at the base because the projections are knobbed. A faint mark, probably the trilete mark, has been observed. The proximal and distal portions of the spore coat do not exceed 2 microns and the equatorial portion is 4.2 to 7.8 microns in thickness. Holotype. — Maceration 144 Slide 5, "Sub-Babylon" coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Discussion. — The glandulose nature of the entire spore coat is distinctive of this species. The glandulose projections are similar in shape to those of Lyginopteris oldhamia. Denso-sporites granulosus sp. nov. Plate 6, figure 8 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, oval to round in transverse outline and with occasional folds on the proximal sur- face of the spore. The holotype measures 52.5 X 48.3 microns and the known size variation is from 45 to 56 microns. The proximal surface of the spore coat is covered with small blunt granulose structures. The equatorial area is opaque with minor spine- like projections located at the equator of the spore. A few pits have been observed in the opaque area. The trilete mark is not prominent and the rays sometimes extend into the equatorial portion of the spore coat. The rays average about 16.8 microns in length. The proximal and distal portions of the spore coat are less than 2 microns in thickness while the equatorial portion varies from 7.6 to 12.6 microns which may in part be due to oblique compression. A direct transverse measure of the holotype reveals that over 40 percent of the spore is the equatorial portion of the spore coat. Holotype. — Maceration 625-A Slide 6, Willis coal bed, Gallatin County, Illinois. Discussion. — D. granulosus sp. nov. is similar in size and shape to D. densus Berry, 1937; however, the proximal-distal portion of the spore coat is definitely granulose. Type A, of Raistrick (1947, page 911), is somewhat similar to D. granulosus sp. nov. Denso-sporites lobatus sp. nov. Plate 6, figures 4-5 Description. — Spores are radial, thought to be trilete and oval to roundly triangular, as viewed in transverse plane. The holo- type (figure 4) measures 37.8 X 44.1 mi- crons and the known size variation is from 34 to 55 microns. The proximal and distal portions of the spore coat are actually vermiculate, appearing reticulate when not in perfect focus. The equatorial portion of the spore coat is not a homogeneous opaque structure but rather consists of an essentially opaque area and a definitely translucent area which extends beyond the opaque area to the margin of the spore wall. The peripheral margin of the opaque area of the equatorial portion of the spore coat is sharply lobed to nearly clefted, thus the margin is irregular in outline although the apexes somewhat parallel the outline of the spore coat in transverse plane. The trilete mark has not been definitely observed, probably due to the ornamentation of the proximal and distal portions of the spore coat. However, a faint mark has been ob- served on several specimens which suggests the presence of a trilete mark. The proxi- GENUS DENSO-SPORITES 33 mal-distal portions of the spore coat are estimated to be 2 microns thick; the equa- torial portion ranges from 8.4 to 10.5 mi- crons in thickness and comprises about 42 percent of the spore coat. Holotype. — Maceration 625-A Slide 1, Willis coal bed, Gallatin County, Illinois. Discussion. — Figure 4, plate 6 illustrates an oval outline as contrasted with the some- what triangular outline of figure 5. Figure 4 illustrates the ornamentation of the proxi- mal-distal portion of the spore which ap- pears reticulate, and figure 5 illustrates the vermiculate type of ornamentation. This feature is entirely dependent upon the focusing of the microscope. Denso-sporites reynoldsburgensis sp. nov. Plate 6, figures 9-11 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete and roundly triangular as viewed in trans- verse plane. The tetrad, plate 6, figure 9, shows the spore to be subtriangular at right angles to the transverse plane. The holo- type (figure 10) measures 39.9 X 44.6 mi- crons, and the known size range is from 36 to 47 microns. The proximal and distal surfaces are slightly granular as viewed under high dry magnification. With oil immersion this portion of the spore coat is either minutely granulose or punctate, probably granulose. The juncture of this portion of the spore coat with the equa- torial portion is marked by ridge or fold which completely surrounds the center area. Due to compression, a portion of the equatorial area overlaps on the distal side of the central area. The thicker equatorial portion of the spore coat is essentially opaque with a few minor pits or punctations, and minor folding of this area of the spore coat is shown on plate 6, figures 10-11. This species is definitely derived from tetrahedral tetrads and the tetrad mark may be weakly or strongly preserved on isolated specimens as shown in figures 10-11, plate 6. The rays do not extend into the equatorial por- tion of the spore coat. The rays of the holotype vary in length from 10.5 to 12.6 microns in length. The proximal-distal portion of the spore coat is less than 2 mi- crons thick and the equatorial portion averages 8.4 microns in thickness. A direct transverse measure of the holotype reveals that more than 39 percent of the spore is the equatorial portion of the spore coat. Holotype. — Maceration 618 Slide 21, Reynoldsburg coal bed, Johnson County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is similar to but certainly not conspeciflc with D. annula- tus (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944. Denso-sporites ruhus sp. nov. Plate 6, figure 6 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete (?), oval in transverse outline and with occasional minor folds of the spore coat. The holotype measures 42 X 52.5 microns, and the known size range is from 42 to 53 microns. The proximal and distal portions of the spore coat are punctate. The thicker equatorial portion of the spore coat is some- what irregularly thickened and the margin of the spore coat is rough in appearance. The trilete mark is indistinct to absent on most specimens. The proximal and distal portions of the spore coat are thin, not more than from 1.75 to 2 microns thick. The equatorial portion of the spore coat varies in thickness from 8.4 to 10.5 microns. Holotype.— Maceration 587 Slide 13 Battery Rock coal bed, Hardin County Illinois. Discussion. — This species is somewhat similar to fig. 1 (Pagent, 1936) but prob- ably not conspeciflc with it. D. ruhus sp. nov. is characterized by its rather coarse ornamentation. Denso-sporites sphaerotriangularis sp. nov. Plate 6, figure 7 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete and roundly triangular in outline and lack- ing folds, except at the inner margin of the thick wall. At this point minor folds may be distinguished. The holotype measures 48.3 X 50.4 microns, and the known size range is from 46 to 59 microns. The proxi- 34 PENNSYLFANUN SPORES OF ILLINOIS mal and distal portions of the spore coat are covered with large widely spaced papula- tions. The equatorial portion of the spore coat is thickest at the inner margins as shown by its nearly opaque nature. At the outer margin this portion is translucent. There is a sharp contrast between the nearly opaque and translucent portions. The nearly opaque portion is irregular in out- line due to its structure which is composed of a number of small plicating sheets. The trilete rays are faintly present and extend into the thick equatorial portion of the spore coat. The entire length of the rays, in- cluding that portion extending into the equatorial area, varies from 16 to 18 mi- crons. As viewed transversely, the proximal and distal walls of the spore coat are thin, certainly less than 2 microns. The equa- torial portion of the spore coat including the nearly opaque and the translucent area measures between 12.5 and 14.7 microns on the holotype specimen. A direct trans- verse measure of the holotype reveals that more than 63 percent of the spore is the equatorial portion of the spore coat. Holotype.— Maceration 520-A Slide 2, Bald Hill coal bed, Williamson County, Illinois. Denso-sporites triangularis sp. nov. Plate 7, figure 1 Description. — Spores are radial, faintly trilete, outline in transverse plane is sub- triangular and lacking in folds although some specimens show the equatorial area compressed over a portion of the proximal and distal portions of the spore coat. The holotype measures 58.8 X 58.8 microns and the known size range is from 52 to 65 mi- crons. The proximal and distal areas of the spore coat are granulose to vermiculate. The thicker equatorial area is variously ornamented. In part it is punctate and the margin has a few spines at which point the spore coat is translucent. Only faint lines resembling the tetrad mark have been observed. The proximal-distal portion of the spore coat is thin, not over 2 microns in thickness. The thicker equatorial portion varies from 12.6 microns between the cor- ners to 18.9 microns at the corners. About 55 percent of the total spore coat is that of the equatorial portion. Holotype. — Maceration 144 Slide 3, "Sub-Babylon" coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. GENUS Cirratriradites Wilson and Coe, 1940 Plate 7, figures 3-6 Cirratriradites is rarely abundant in Illi- nois coal beds. The two known exceptions are the coal beds between the Babylon and Delwood coal beds of the Tradewater group and No. 5 coal bed of the Carbondale group. The known range is from the base of the Tradewater (the Babylon coal bed) to below No. 8 coal bed in the McLeansboro group. The known range is not continuous, since some of the coal beds within this range appear to lack the genus. C. difformis and C. rotatus, which are new species from the Tradewater group, are of particular value for correlation purposes because of their abundance and restricted range. The following description of the genus Cirratriradites is based on 14 established species and four new species: spores are radial, trilete, with a definite flange, orig- inally roundly oblate and for this reason when compressed only minor folds are evi- dent. In transverse plane the spore body is round to subtriangular and the flange may be triangular, due to the extention of the rays, or almost round. The known size range is from 40 to 102 microns. The ornamentation of the spore coat is levigate, granulose, punctate, or reticulate. Some species have distal ridges which may enclose one to four or more areas in an unusual type of ornamentation. The flange is frequently radially striate and in some species the flanges have radially arranged processes. The trilete rays are usually strongly devel- oped, as are the lips, whereas the commis- sure is often sharply developed but thin. As reported by Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall (1944), the affinity of the spores of this genus is unknown although they are thought to be related to the lycopods. However, known microspores of Lepidostrobus do not GENUS CIRRATRIRAD1TES 35 have the flange development although some isolated spores of Lycospora described later in this report approach more closely a flange development than has been previously known. ClRRATRIRADITES AN NU LI FORM IS sp. nOV. Kosanke and Brokaw Plate 7, figure 6 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, nearly round to roundly triangular in transverse plane and with a definite equa- torial flange. Folding of the spore body is rare; the flange may or may not possess minor folds. The holotype measures 84 X 82 microns, and the known size range is from 76 to 90 microns. The spore coat is minutely punctate (as viewed under oil immersion) and the periphery of the flange is irregular, being minutely toothed. The flange is definitely not radially striate and appears to originate slightly to the proximal and distal sides of the equator of the spore. The spore coat of the holotype, exclusive of the flange, measures 73.5 X 71.4 mi- crons. The thin distal areas surrounded by ridges may be present or absent. The tri- lete mark is usually distinct and extends to the periphery of the flange. The spore coat measures 2 to 3 microns in thickness and the flange is 1 to 1.25 microns in thickness. Holotype. — Maceration 596-A Slide 8, Grape Creek No. 6 coal bed, Vermilion County, Illinois. Discussion. — The portion of the flange which extends beyond the spore body is rather small when contrasted to other species of the genus. This may or may not be due to the fact that the flange originates slightly to the proximal and distal sides of the equator. ClRRATRIRADITES ANNULATUS sp. nOV. Kosanke and Brokaw Plate 7, figure 4 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular in transverse plane, with a definite equatorial flange. Folding of the spore body is rare and only minor folds of the flange are known. The holotype meas- ures 89.2 X 98.6 microns, and the known size range is from 84 to 102 microns. The body of the spore measures 65.1 X 67.2 mi- crons. The spore coat is sharply punctate and the punctations vary in size from less than 1 micron to almost 2 microns. The spore coat frequently has on its distal sur- face, opposite the center of the trilete mark, a series of ridges which may enclose four or more areas. The flange is minutely radial- ly striate. The trilete mark is distinct and extends to the periphery of the flange. The commissure is not developed although the lips are distinct. The spore coat is over 2 microns thick and the flange is very thin. Holotype. — Maceration 540-C Slide 6, No. 6 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species was first ob- served in No. 5 coal bed by A. L. Brokaw. It is now known to be present in No. 6 coal and its range has been traced into the lower part of the McLeansboro group. ClRRATRIRADITES DIFFORMIS Sp. nOV. Plate 7, figure 3 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, subtriangular to round in transverse plane, with a definite large equatorial flange. Occasionally the flange is folded or slightly twisted. The holotype measures 63 X 53.5 microns and the known size range is from 52 to 68 microns. The spore coat is mildly reticulate with ridges at the periphery of the spore coat which anastomose in groups and extend into the flange. The area between the ridges of the flange is usually open but occasionally it is filled by the matrix of the flange or a reticulate network. The spore body of the holotype measures 31.5 X 31.5 microns. The trilete mark is usually distinct and extends beyond the body of the spore and into the outer margin of the flange in most cases. The commissure and lips are only slightly developed. The spore coat is about two microns in thickness and the flange is much less although somewhat variable. Holotype.— Maceration 625-B Slide 7, Willis coal bed, Gallatin County, Illinois. 36 PENNSYLVANIA'S SPORES OE ILLINOIS ClRRATRIRADITES ROTATUS Sp. nOV. Plate 7, figure 5 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular in outline and have a definite equatorial flange consisting of numerous radially arranged processes. The spore coat is rarely folded although occa- sionally it is obliquely compressed. The holotype measures 50.4 X 50 microns, and the known size range is from 46 to 58 mi- crons. The spore coat is coarsely punctate to reticulate and the flange processes appear to originate slightly to the proximal and distal sides of the equator, at which point the spore coat is reticulate. The processes are forked at the tip and frequently anasto- mosing. There appears to be a thin flange matrix joining the processes and when miss- ing it is thought to be due to preservation or maceration. The spore body of the holo- type measures 27.3 X 34.6 microns. The flange varies in width from 8 to 13 mi- crons. The trilete mark is distinct, the commissure is thin and the lips are sharply defined. The spore coat is less than 3 mi- crons thick, the flange processes are about 2 microns thick, and the matrix of the flange is very thin. Holotype. — Maceration 625-B Slide 7, Willis coal bed, Gallatin County, Illinois. Discussion.— This small spore is similar to the megaspore, Triletes rotatus Bartlett, 1928, in the formation of the processes in the flange. GENUS Endosporites Wilson and Coe, 1940 Plate 7, figure 7-9 Endosporites ranges throughout most of the coal beds in Illinois. It is rarely abun- dant except for several horizons in upper McLeansboro coal beds and from the Murphysboro through the Dekoven coal beds of upper Tradewater age. Identifica- tion of species is commonly difficult because of a badly folded perisporial bladder. E. vesicatus sp. nov. and E. plicatus sp. nov. have proved of value in correlating coal beds of the McLeansboro group. Additional species are known to occur in Illinois but because of insufficient specimens .only three new species are described. The following description of the genus Endosporites is based on eight established species and three new species: spores are radial, trilete, with a perisporial bladder, and laterally compressed in fairly good proximal- distal orientation. The bladder is general- ly plicated and occasionally the exosporial body may be slightly folded. The size range is from 50 to 175 microns for Ameri- can species of the genus. Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall (1944) include a doubtful species, E. (?) karczewskii (Zerndt) S. W. and B., 1944, transferred from Triletes which would extend the size range to 300 microns. The bladders may be ornamented externally by being levigate to granular to punctate, or internally by coarse punctations or by being reticulate. The exosporial body may be levigate or punctate. The trilete rays are distinct, and extend either to the periphery of the exosporial body or at least two-thirds the distance to it. The lips are frequently elevated and the commissure may be thin or wide. Apical papillae may be present or absent. The perisporial bladder is usually membraneous and the exosporial body is considerably thicker but probably does not exceed three microns. There is little doubt that spores of this genus are closely related to the Cordaita- leans. Three new species from Illinois coal beds are: 1. E. formosus 2. E. vesicatus 3. E. plicatus Endosporites formosus sp. nov. Plate 7, figure 9 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular in outline in transverse plane with a distinct perisporial bladder. The holotype measures 117.6 X 105 mi- crons ; the exosporial body wall measures 63 X 54.6 microns and the known size range is from 101 to 122 microns. Folding of the bladder and the body wall is common. The GENUS TRIQUITRITES 37 exosporial body wall is punctate while the internal bladder ornamentation is coarsely punctate to finely reticulate. The trilete rays are distinct and extend to the margin of the body wall. Occasionally, the folding of the bladder may appear as extensions of the rays. The lips are elevated and the com- missure is thin but distinct. A thickening of the bladder may correspond to arcuate ridges. The exosporial wall is not over two microns in thickness and the bladder is much less. Holotype. — Maceration 490-A Slide 5, McCleary's Bluff coal bed (3]/2 inches), Wabash County, Illinois. Discussion. — E. formosus is distinct from E. angulatus Wilson and Coe, 1940, based on size and ornamentation. It is distinct from E. ornatus Wilson and Coe, 1940, based on shape and ornamentation. Endosporites vesicatus sp. nov. Plate 7, figure 8 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, originally spherical in transverse plane with exceptionally large bladders. The bladders (perisporial) appear to be inflated and variously folded ; frequently they are folded over the exosporial body wall which itself is rarely folded. The holotype measures 73.5 X 136.5 microns, and originally must have measured at least 130 X 130 microns. The exosporial body measures 44 X 52.5 microns and the maximum size observed measured 148 microns (including bladder) in the largest diameter. The exosporial body is minutely punctate to finely reticu- late. The trilete mark is fairly distinct and the lips are slightly elevated while the commissure is thin but clearly marked. The rays extend at least three-fourths of the distance to the margin of the exosporial body, and apical papillae are usually pres- ent. The exosporial body does not exceed 2 microns in thickness and the bladder is about 1 micron thick. Holo type.— Maceration 542-B Slide 1, No. 8 coal bed, Peoria County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is characterized by large folded bladders and the presence of apical papillae. Endosporites plicatus sp. nov. Plate 7, figure 7 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, spherical in transverse plane with a small perisporial bladder. Folding of the exo- sporial body and bladder is common and the folds are usually parallel to the outline and are most numerous at the juncture of the perisporial and exosporial coats. The holo- type measures 86.1 X 81.4 microns and the known size range is from 78 to 99 microns. The exosporial body measures 63 X 56.7 microns, and is punctate with distinct apical papillae. The internal bladder ornamenta- tion is punctate to finely reticulate. The trilete mark is distinct and extends from two-thirds to three-fourths of the distance to the margin of the exosporial body. The commissure is frequently wide and the lips are elevated. The exosporial wall is 1.75 to 2.25 microns in thickness; the bladders are about 1 micron thick. Holotype. — Maceration 573 Slide 6, No. 8 coal bed, Macoupin County, Illinois. Discussion. — The presence of apical papil- lae and a small bladder characterize this species. GENUS Triquitrites Wilson and Coe, 1940 Plate 8, figures 1-8 Triquitrites has a long vertical range, but is an important spore genus in Illinois coal beds. It has been isolated from almost all macerations that have been run. The genus had periods of numerical abundance in upper Tradewater and middle McLeans- boro time. Triquitrites has been observed in almost all the Pennsylvanian coal beds studied in the United States and in Europe, and is readily recognized, which is a definite asset in the correlation of coal beds. Specific identification is likewise easy to establish, and the new species described in this report expand the known types of ornamentation and arcuate thickenings. The following description of the genus Triquitrites is based on six previously de- scribed species and seven new species : Spores 38 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS are radial, trilete, elliptical to oval in verti- cal plane, subtriangular to triangular in transverse plane. The interradial margin varies from concave to convex. The spores are usually compressed in good proximal- distal orientation. Folding of the spore coat is relatively rare, but folding or over- lapping of the arcuate thickenings is com- mon where the thickenings are pronounced. The known size range is from 22 to 75 mi- crons. The ornamentation of the spore coat varies from levigate, granulose, mildly punctate, verrucose, spinose, to blunt pro- jections or processes. The trilete rays are usually distinct and extend at least two- thirds the distance to the margin of the spore wall and in most species the rays ex- tend three-fourths the distance. The lips and commissure may be moderately devel- oped or almost lacking. The spore coat is characterized by extremes in variation due to the universal presence of thickened cor- ners opposite the rays. The spore coat, exclusive of the thickened corners, varies in thickness from 1 to 9 microns. The parent plant of Triquitrites is unknown. It is thought possible by Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall (1944) to be related possibly to the filicineans. It has been noted that an increase in the abundance of prepollens sometimes is associated with increase in the abundance of Triquitrites. This may be of ecological importance. The following are new species isolated from Illinois coal beds: 1. T. angulatus 2. T. crass us 3. T. discoideus 4. T. inusitatus 5. T. pulvinatus 6. T. priscus 7. T. protensus Triquitrites angulatus sp. nov. Plate 8, figure 8 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, triangular in transverse plane, margin be- tween rays is slightly concave or convex, and the corners opposite the rays are ex- tremely wide and thickened. The holo- type measures 71.9 to 70.9 microns, and the known size range is from 66 to 75 mi- crons. The arcuate thickenings are perhaps the most extreme of any species of the genus, and appear to be connected to each other by a thickened line on the proximal surface. The arcuate thickenings of the holotype vary in length from 33 to 42 microns and in width up to 8 microns. The ornamenta- tion is levigate on both the proximal and distal surfaces. The trilete mark is dis- tinct, the lips are slightly elevated, and the commissure is thin. The spore coat is 2.25 to 3.5 microns in thickness exclusive of the arcuate thickenings. Holotype.— Maceration 520-A Slide 3, Bald Hill coal bed, Williamson County, Illinois. Discussion. — T. angulatus sp. nov. is the largest species of the genus thus far ob- served and is characterized by an unusual development of the arcuate thickenings. Triquitrites crassus sp. nov. Plate 8, figure 6 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, subtriangular in outline, interradial mar- gins generally slightly convex, and have arcuate thickenings. The holotype meas- ures 66.1 X 67.2 microns, and the known size range is from 61 to 73 microns. The arcuate thickenings appear to originate on the proximal surface and surround the apex of the rays. The widest thickening measured on the holotype was 14.7 microns, and the length averaged 16.8 microns. The spore coat is levigate with widely scattered blunt projections on both proximal and distal surfaces. The trilete rays are dis- tinct, and extend at least three-fourths the distance to the margin of the spore wall. The lips are slightly elevated and the com- missure is distinct. The spore coat varies in thickness due to the projections; how- ever, exclusive of the projections, the spore coat ranges from 5.2 to 9 microns. Holotype.— Maceration 574 Slide 21, Shoal Creek coal bed, Bond County, Illi- nois. Discussion. — The thick spore coat and projections help characterize T. crassus sp. nov. GENUS TRIOUITRITES 39 Triquitrites discoideus sp. nov. Plate 8, figure 3 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular in transverse plane, interradial margins convex, and have de- finite arcuate thickenings. The holotype measures 71.4 X 67.2 microns and the known size range is from 63 to 74.5 mi- crons. The arcuate thickenings measure 4.2 microns wide and 16.8 microns long. They appear to originate at the equator of the spore. The spore coat is ornamented with short broad spine-like projections which may be irregularly placed on both proximal and distal surfaces. The trilete rays are sharply defined and extend nearly to the margin of the spore wall. The lips are thin but elevated and the commissure is thin but distinct. The spore coat, ex- clusive of projections and arcuate thicken- ings, varies in thickness from 3.6 to 4.2 microns. Holotype.— Maceration 542-B Slide 3, Trivoli No. 8 coal bed, Peoria County, Illinois. Discussion. — T. discoideus sp. nov. is abundantly present in a number of Mc- Leansboro coal beds. Triquitrites inusitatus sp. nov. Plate 8, figure 7 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, triangular in transverse plane, and the mar- gin between rays is essentially straight. The thickening (?) opposite the rays is unusual since it is a series of several processes which are projections of the spore coat. The holo- type measures 65.1 X 67.2 microns exclusive of the corner processes, and the known size range is from 60.5 to 73 microns. The processes (arcuate thickenings?) vary in width since commonly two processes appear to be fused whereas in length they average slightly more than eight microns. The spore coat is levigate to minutely granular. The trilete mark, lips, and commissure are distinct. The rays of the holotype vary in length from 15 to 17 microns. The spore coat varies in thickness from two to three microns. Holotype.— Maceration 603-C Slide 4, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Ilinois. Discussion. — T. inusitatus sp. nov. is characterized by unusual processes (arcu- ate thickenings?). The processes appear to be projections of the spore coat. Triquitrites pulvinatus sp. nov. Plate 8, figure 1 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, and subtriangular in transverse plane. The interradial margin is slightly convex, and the arcuate thickenings are large and cush- ion-like in appearance. The holotype meas- sures 46.2 X 46.2 microns, and the known size range is from 41.5 to 52.6 microns. The arcuate thickenings of the holotype vary in length from 16.8 to 21.5 microns and in width from three to four microns beyond the body cavity. The spore coat is essentially levigate with a few scattered small punctations present on some speci- mens. The trilete rays are distinct and ex- tend almost to the margin of the spore wall. The lips are elevated and the commissure is pronounced. The spore coat ranges in thickness from 2 to 2.75 microns. Holotype.— Maceration 628-A Slide 4, Murphysboro coal bed, Saline County, Illi- nois. Discussion. — T. pulvinatus is charac- terized by cushion-like arcuate thickenings. This species is somewhat similar to T. tribullatus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944, but it is slightly different in shape and the arcuate thickenings are shorter in length. Triquitrites priscus sp. nov. Plate 8, figure 4 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, and subtriangular in transverse plane. The interradial margins are concave, and the arcuate thickenings are distinct. The holo- type measures 40.5 to 40.5 microns, and the known size range is from 36 to 45 mi- crons. The length of the arcuate thicken- ings of the holotype varies from 20.4 to 21.4 microns and the width is less than half the length. The spore coat has coarse- 40 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS ly but widely scattered punctations. The trilete rays are distinct and extend more than three-fourths of the distance to the margin of the spore wall. The lips are slightly elevated and the commissure is distinct. The spore coat is more than 2 microns in thickness. Holotype. — Maceration 587 Slide 13, Battery Rock coal bed, Hardin County, Illinois. Discussion. — T. priscus sp. nov. is the first species of the genus recognized from the Caseyville group in Illinois. Triquitrites protensus sp. nov. Plate 8, figure 2 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, and triangular in transverse plane. The interradial margins are slightly concave or convex and have arcuate thickenings. The overall measurement of the holoytype is 37.8 X 36.5 microns, and the known size range is from 33.5 to 39 microns. The -arcuate thickenings appear to originate from the proximal side of the spore equator and their total width is 10.5 microns of which 4.2 microns extend beyond the body cavity. The length of the thickenings is the same as the width, 10.5 microns. The spore coat is levigate, but frequently small fragments of debris are found clinging to the proximal and distal surfaces. The trilete rays are fairly distinct and the lips are slightly elevated. The commissure may or may not be clearly visible. The rays extend almost to the margin of the spore wall. The spore coat varies in thickness from 2 to 3 microns. Holotype. — Maceration 519-B Slide 1, Dekoven coal bed, Williamson County, Illinois. Discussion. — The thickenings of T. pro- tensus sp. nov. are distinct from those of all other known species of the genus. GENUS Calamospora S. W. and B., 1944 Plate 9, figures 1-5 Calamospora is present in almost every coal bed in Illinois. It is abundantly pres- ent in the coal beds of Tradewater, Car- bondale, and McLeansboro age. Maxi- mum abundance is recorded from the Jamestown and Cutler coal beds of south- ern Illinois. Calamospora is present in moderate abundance in the Seville, Rock Island, No. 2, No. 5, Shoal Creek, and LaSalle coal beds. The genus is readily identified with one exception : mildly ornamented species of Punctati-sporites might possibly be confused with Calamospora. Identification of species is not always easy because of lack of ornamentation. Also it is thought that the spores of the genus are not readily segregated into re- stricted generic relationships. Thus Cala- mospora appears to be a somewhat general- ized form, possibly representing several types of parent plants. Hartung's (1933) work suggested the Calamarian relation- ship for which spores of this type have been placed in the genus Calamospora. Arnold (1945) described a fructification, Bow- manites, which was heterosporous, and both megaspores and microspores are of the Calamospora type. Certainly Arnold's small spores of this fructification (figs. 5 and 9) are referrable to Calamospora. Description of the genus Calamospora is characterized as follows, based on eight previous species and five new species: Spores are radial, trilete, originally spheri- cal in shape, and variously folded. The known size range is from 30 to 165 mi- crons. The ornamentation is in general levigate. The trilete rays may extend from one-fourth to more than two-thirds the distance to the margin of the spore coat. The lips may be greatly developed or lack- ing, and the commissure may be thin or wide. The area contagionis may be pres- ent or absent. The spore coat is usually very thin, 2 to 3 microns, and translucent. Two species have spore coats up to 6 mi- crons thick. Species with thin spore coats usually are folded. It is possible that C. obesus (Loose) comb. nov. S. W. and B,, 1944, and C. flava sp. nov. are megaspores. The only basis for this is their thick spore coats, 5 to 6 microns. However, this thickness is GENUS CALAMOSPORA 41 much in excess of the other species. These two species are generally smaller than the thin walled species C. perrugosus (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944. However, in light of Thompson's (1927) works this is not an important consideration. The following are new species : 1. C. breviradiata 2. C. flava 3. C. flexilis 4. C. liquida 5. C. pedata Calamospora breviradiata sp. nov. Plate 9, figure 4 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, originally spherical, and have folds general- ly parallel to the margin of the spore. The holotype measures 57.7 X 65.1 microns and the known size range is from 52 to 71 microns. The trilete rays are short and those of the holotype vary in length from 8 to 16 microns. The lips are distinct and elevated while the commissure is thin and attenuate. The area contagionis is devel- oped. The spore coat is levigate and is not over two microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 579-B Slide 1, No. 2 coal bed, Bureau County, Illinois. Discussion. — C. breviradiata sp. nov. is characterized by relatively short rays and highly developed lips. Also the presence of the area contagionis is important although not a feature restricted to this species. Calamospora flava sp. nov. Plate 9, figure 2 Description.— Spores are radial, trilete, spherical, and have occasional minor folds. The holotype measures 107.1 X 119.7 microns and the known size range is from 98 to 123 microns. The trilete rays of the holotype vary in length from 27.3 to 33.6 microns. The lips are very thin and elevated. Folds frequently are associated with the lip, and are possibly due to compression of the thick spore coat. The commissure when visible is thin. The spore coat is levigate, yellow, and 3.5 to 5.2 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 538-F Slide 8 (Macoupin coal bed?) diamond-drill core, Jefferson County, Illinois. Discussion. — C. flava sp. nov. is distinct from C. obesus (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944, although there can be little doubt that they are closely related. Calamospora flexilis sp. nov. Plate 9, figure 5 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, spherical to roundly triangular and have occasional folds frequently running parallel with the rays. The holotype measures 69.3 X 64 microns, and the known size range is from 58 to 70 microns. The trilete rays of the holotype vary in length from 14 to 17 microns. The lips are slightly devel- oped and elevated, however they are partly obscured by folds. The commissure is thin but definite. The spore coat is levigate, appearing minutely punctate due to minor irregularities of the spore coat. The spore coat is 2 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 625-A Slide 1, Willis coal bed, Gallatin County, Illi- nois. Discussion. — C. flexilis sp. nov. is charac- terized by its shape and folds associated with the rays. Calamospora liquida sp. nov. Plate 9, figure 1 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, spherical, and have numerous plications of the spore coat. The holotype measures 81.6 X 84 microns, and the known size range is from 76 to 94 microns. The plications are numerous and somewhat parallel to the outline of the spore. The trilete rays of the holotype are distinct and vary in length from 26.2 to 31.5 microns. The lips are moderately developed and def- initely elevated. The commissure is usual- ly thin but distinct. The area contagionis is not present. The spore coat is levigate and translucent. It is less than 2 microns in thickness which probably accounts for the numerous plications. Holotype. — Maceration 574 Slide 12, 42 PENNSYLFANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS Shoal Creek coal bed, Bond County, Illi- nois. Discussion. — C. liquida sp. nov. is similar to C. hartungiana Schopf, but lacks the area contagionis. Further, the plications are not generally of major dimensions. C. liquida sp. nov. is probably conspecific with Knox's type B3 (1938, p. 458). Calamospora pedata sp. nov. Plate 9, figure 3 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, originally spherical. Compression usually results in one major fold. The holotype measures 44.1 X 70.3 microns; before com- pression it probably measured about 65 X 65 microns. The known size range is from 41 to 75 microns. The trilete rays vary in length from 21 to 27.3 microns. The lips are generally lacking or very small. The commissure is thin but distinct. The spore coat is levigate, yellow, and varies in thickness from 2 to 3 microns. Holotype.— Maceration 542-C Slide 3, No. 8 coal bed, Peoria County, Illinois. Discussion. — C. pedata sp. nov. is charac- terized by long trilete rays and singular fold. GENUS Reinschospora Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall, 1944 Plate 9, figures 6-7 ; Plate 10, figures 1-2 Reinschospora has been observed in rel- atively few Illinois coal beds. Its vertical geological range has thus far proved limited and it is therefore of importance for corre- lation studies. Fragments of Reinscho- spora have been isolated from the Willis and Tarter coal beds of lower Tradewater age. Complete specimens have been found irregularly from the Scottville and higher coal beds in the McLeansboro group. Per- fect specimens are very rare due to the delicate nature of the flange. Reinscho- spora is never abundant although it aver- ages one specimen per slide in the coal below the New Haven Limestone at the type locality and in a coal bed below this horizon (Ditney coal bed) in the diamond drill core from New Haven. Reinscho- spora appears to have been present in greater abundance in southern and south- western Illinois than anywhere else in the state, which is in contrast to the distribu- tion of Alati-sporites. Reinschospora belli- tas Bentall is known from the Angle and Battle Creek coal beds of southern Ten- nessee. Brokaw has recognized the presence of the genus in the McLeansboro group from Illinois. The following description of the genus Reinschospora is based on the two previous- ly described species and three new species described in this report : Spores are radial and trilete, and are subtriangular to trian- gular in transverse plane excluding the fimbriate flange. This is shortest at the corners of the radii and results in an over- all outline which is subspherical in trans- verse plane. The spines or setae of the flange are either united or separate. In one species the spines are partate and have round knobs at the apex of the spines. Folding of the spore body is rare except for the corners of R. magnifica sp. nov. The known size range is from 30 to 85 microns including the flange. The body ornamen- tation varies from levigate, granulose to punctate. The trilete rays, lips and com- missure are usually well marked, and the spore coat is under 3 microns. The affinity of this genus is unknown. There seems little doubt that it is closely related to the spore genus Granulati-sporites as pointed out by Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall (1944. page 53). Specimens lacking the flange and therefore referrable to Granulati- sporites were recorded by Bentall and the same condition exists in certain Illinois coal beds. Many of these cases have proved, under oil immersion, to be merely Reins- chospora with the flange removed. How- ever, numerous specimens observed con- firm Bentall's findings. Reinschospora magnifica sp. nov. Plate 10, figure 2 Description. — Spores are radial, sub- triangular in outline exclusive of setae-like flange. The margin between radii is concave, and the corners opposite radii are GENUS REINSCHOSPORA 43 broadly rounded. Spore body is flattened to eliptical in lateral profile and the corners frequently folded. Holotype measures 64.2 X 71.5 microns including flange and the known size variance is 60 X 69 to 70 X 78 microns. The spore coat is levigate except when viewed under oil immersion and then it appears finely granulose. The setae which radiate from the proximal side of the spore are separate and distinct and vary in length from 4 microns at the corners to 12 mi- crons midway between the radii. The setae at this point are embedded as much as 12.5 microns into the spore coat and are thus almost 25 microns in their entire length. At the corners opposite the radii the entire length of the setae is 10 microns. Individ- ual seta measure slightly over 1 micron in width and are usually blunt or very slight- ly tapering at the apex. There are usually more than 50 setae between the extremities of 2 rays of the tetrad scar. Due to the short setae at the corners and longer setae between the radii, the entire outline of the spore is subspherical. The trilete rays ex- tend well over three-fourths the distance the margin of the spore wall and are dis- tinct. Lips are usually poorly developed and commissure sometimes distinct. Holotype. — Maceration 536-A Slide 1, diamond-drill core (Shoal Creek coal), Franklin County, Illinois. Discussion. — Without question this species is similar to R. bellitas Bentall, 1944. It differs in having shorter setae which are not united and broader corners opposite the radii, which are frequently folded. Reinschospora triangularis sp. nov. Plate 9, figures 6-7 Description. — Spores are radial and triangular in outline exclusive of spinate flange. Margin between radii slightly con- vex, corners opposite radii pointed. Spore body flattened to elliptical in lateral profile and in contrast to R. magnified sp. nov. the corners are rarely folded. Holotype meas- ures 74 X 74 microns and the known size variance is 66 X 66 to 78 X 79 microns. The spore coat is levigate but appears slightly granulose under oil immersion lens. The spines opposite the radii extend 5 to 6 microns beyond the spore wall. The spines midway between the radii, frequently partate with round knobs at the apex up to 12.6 microns long, 1 to 1.5 wide at the base, extend as much as 7.3 microns into the spore coat just above the equator of the spore on the proximal side. The outline of the spore including the flange is sub- spherical. The trilete rays, lips and com- missure are distinct and extend nearly to the margin of the spore wall. Holotype. — Maceration 573 Slide 2, coal bed 20 feet below Carlinville lime- stone, No. 8 coal, Macoupin County, Illinois. It is also present in the Ditney coal bed, the New Haven coal bed, and Brokaw observed this species in a coal of the Bogota cyclothem. Reinschospora punctata sp. nov. Plate 10, figure 1 Description. — Spores are radial and triangular in outline, exclusive of fimbriate flange. The margin of the spore wall be- tween radii is very slightly concave. The corners opposite radii are pointed and fre- quently folded to appear round. Holotype measures 67.5 X 67 microns and the known size variance is about plus or minus 7 mi- crons from the holotype. The spore coat is distinctly punctate. The flange origi- nates slightly to the proximal side of the spore equator and is longest between the radii. It is composed of less than 50 fimbri- ate elements between radii, which appear, in some forms, to be used terminal- ly as well as laterally. The longest fim- briate elements measure 12 microns, opposite the radii 3.5 to 5 microns, and they are embedded into the spore coat only a few microns in contrast to R. magnified sp. and R. tridnguldris sp. nov. The trilete rays extend almost to the spore wall and the lips and commissure are present. Holotype.— Maceration 572 Slide 4, Upper Scottville coal, Macoupin County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is greatly similar to R. bellitas Bentall, 1944, but is 44 PENNSYLVANIA^ SPORES OF ILLINOIS readily distinguished from it by the punc- tate ornamentation of the spore coat. GENUS Lycospora S. W. and B., 1944 Plate 10, figures 3-7 Lycospora is one of the more important small spore genera in Illinois coal beds. It is known to occur in every coal bed below the Trivoli No. 8 coal bed. The fact that no species of Lycospora have been isolated from No. 8 and younger coal beds indicates a major floral change in middle McLeans- boro time in Illinois. The elimination of the plants represented by the spores of Lycospora is of extreme importance and may indicate either a step of organic evolu- tion owing to changes in environment or to senility. Whatever the cause of the lack of Lycospora in upper McLeansboro beds, it is of great value for correlation purposes. Our knowledge of the spores contained in fructifications of Lepidostrobus clearly indicates a close relationship with the iso- lated spores of Lycospora. Therefore, the presence of Lycospora is taken to indicate the presence of arborescent lepidodendrids. The following description of the genus Lycospora is based on four previously pub- lished species and five new species : Spores are radial, trilete, round to subtriangular in transverse plane, usually greatly com- pressed with or without folds, and with an equatorial ridge. The known size range is from 18 to 45 microns. The surface ornamentation may be nearly levigate, granulose, punctate to rugose. The trilete rays are distinct and generally extend near- ly to or to the margin of the spore coat. Lips may be absent or present, and when present they are usually elevated. The commissure may be thin but is generally distinct. The equatorial ridge is usually fairly well developed and in one species, in which it is greatly developed, it almost reaches flange-like proportions. The spore coat is thin and translucent. Apical papillae are present in L. brevijuga sp. nov. The following are new species : 1. Lycospora brevijuga 2. L. parva 3. L. punctata 4. L. granulata 5. L. pseudoannulata Lycospora brevijuga sp. nov. Plate 10, figure 5 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular in transverse plane, without folds, and have a definite but small equatorial ridge. The holotype measures 35.7 X 38.8 microns, and the known size range is from 32 to 41 microns. The tri- lete rays are distinct and extend to the periphery of the spore coat. The lips are small but elevated, and the commissure is distinct and wide. The spore coat is mildly punctate and 2 microns thick, apical papil- lae present. Holotype.— Maceration 603-C Slide 7, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Discussion. — L. brevijuga sp. nov. is characterized by long rays and a very small equatorial ridge. It may be conspecific with type D1? Knox (1938, p. 459), if apical papillae are present. Lycospora parva sp. nov. Plate 16, figure 5 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular in transverse plane, and are usually without body folds except at the periphery of the body adjacent to the flange. The flange is similar in construction to that of L. brevijuga sp. nov. and is slightly wider. The holotype measures 26.2 X 29.4 microns, and the known size range is from 25.1 to 32.5 microns. The rays are 8 to 10.5 microns long and extend almost to the flange. The lips are elevated and the com- missure is thin. The ornamentation of the spore coat is minutely punctate and is dis- cernible only with the proper adjustment of light, substage, and iris diaphragms. The spore coat is 1.5 to 2.25 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 591-B Slide 5, Danville No. 7 coal bed, Vermilion Coun- ty, Illinois. Discussion. — This species is obviously closely related to L. pusillus (Ibrahim) S. GENUS RAISTR1CKIA 45 W. and B., 1944, but is smaller in diameter and has a narrower flange. Lycospora punctata sp. nov. Plate 10, figure 3 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, compressed to a lenticular shape in lateral profile, subtriangular in transverse plane, and have a slightly expanded equatorial ridge. The holotype measures 36.7 X 38 microns, and the known size range is from 30 to 42 microns. The trilete rays are distinct, and extend almost to the equatorial ridge. The ridge is 2 to 3 microns in width. The spore coat is often folded at the juncture of the ridge and the periphery of the spore coat. The lips are elevated and the commissure is thin. The spore coat is punctate and between 1 to 2 mi- crons thick. Holotype.— Maceration 474-A Slide 4, No. 6 coal bed, Franklin County, Illinois. Discussion. — L. punctata sp. nov. is similar in construction to L. pseudoan- nulata sp. nov. They are separated by body ornamentation. Lycospora gran u lata sp. nov. Plate 10, figures 4, 6 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, spherical to subtriangular in transverse plane, without folding of the spore coat, and have a small equatorial ridge. Spores are laterally compressed but often not in good proximal-distal orientation. Tetrad groups are frequently found in most macerations. The holotype (figure 6) measures 31.5 X 37.8 microns, and the known size range is from 30 to 41 microns. The trilete rays are distinct with greatly elevated lips and a thin commissure. The rays extend to the margin of the spore wall. The spore coat is coarsely granulose and 2 or more microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 519-A Slide 14, Dekoven coal bed, Williamson County, Illinois. Discussion. — L. granulata sp. nov. is characterized by coarse granulations and greatly developed lips. Lycospora pseudoannulata sp. nov. Plate 10, figure 7 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular in transverse plane, have minor folds, and a greatly expanded equa- torial ridge appearing to resemble a flange. The holotype measures 39.7 X 42 microns, and the known size range is from 30 to 42 microns. The trilete rays are distinct, the lips are developed and elevated, and the commissure is definite. The spore coat is granulose, and the flange-like equatorial ridge is levigate with numerous small per- forations which are best observed when using an oil immersion objective. The spore coat is more than 2 and less than 3 microns thick, and minor folds occur at the juncture of the equatorial ridge and the spore coat. Holotype. — Maceration 587 Slide 17, Battery Rock coal bed, Hardin County, Illinois. Discussion. — L. pseudoannulata sp. nov. is characterized by its greatly developed equatorial ridge. GENUS Raistrickia S. W. and B., 1944 Plate 10, figures 8-9; Plate 11, figures 1-8; Plate 12, figure 1 Raistrickia is rarely abundant in Illinois coal beds, but it is important for correla- tion purposes. Species of the genus are known to be present in all of the coal beds of the Caseyville and Tradewater groups, and in most of the coal beds in the Carbon- dale and McLeansboro groups. The No. 2 and No. 7 coal beds contain more speci- mens of Raistrickia than any other coal bed in Illinois, though they are not truly abun- dant even in these two coal beds. Perfect specimens of Raistrickia are rare, due to their ornamentation. The spines or setae are often folded or twisted. How- ever, no trouble has yet been experienced in differentiating species. Plant microfossils classified under the genus Raistrickia are closely related to the spores of Senftenbergia plumosa, as pointed out by Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall (1944). It seems reasonable to expect that 46 PENNSYLFANI/1N SPORES OF ILLINOIS at least some of the spores of Raistrickia are filicinean in origin and possibly from the family Schizaeaceae. The following description of the genus Raistrickia is based on seven previously pub- lished species and nine new species: Spores are radial, trilete, and round to subtriangu- lar in transverse plane. The known size range is from 37 to 90 microns. The orna- mentation is usually spinose, setaceous, or coarsely verrucose. The spines or setae vary considerably in length, width, and shape. Further, the apex of the spines or projections of some species are variously partate. The trilete rays may be distinct or inconspicuous, short or long, and the rays and commissure are usually poorly developed. One species may possess an area contagionis. The spore coat varies in thickness from two to six microns. The following are new species from Illi- nois coal beds : 1. Raistrickia aculeata 2. R. protensa 3. R. crinita 4. R. crocea 5. R. imbricata 6. R. irregularis 7. R. pilosa 8. R. prisca 9. R. rubida Raistrickia aculeata sp. nov. Plate 10, figure 9 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, originally spherical, and with numerous long, slightly tapering blunt spines. The dimensions of the holotype spore body are 65.1 X 69.3 microns and the known size range is from 62 to 74 microns. The tri- lete rays are inconspicuous owing to numerous spines. The rays range in length from 19 to 23 microns. The lips and com- missure are poorly developed. The spore coat varies in thickness from 2 to 2.5 mi- crons. The spines are numerous and close- ly spaced. They vary in length from 7.3 to 10.5 microns and in width from 2 to 2.7 microns. Minor folding of the spore is a common feature. Holotype.— Maceration 490-A Slide 5, McCleary's Bluff coal bed (3 J/2 inches) Wabash County, Illinois. Discussion. — R. aculeata sp. nov. is characterized by numerous long, narrow, tapering, blunt spines. Raistrickia protensa sp. nov. Plate 11, figures 1-3 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, round in transverse plane, and have charac- teristic club-shaped, partate projections. The spore coat occasionally has minor folds and the projections are frequently folded or twisted. The dimensions of the holotype spore body are 58.8 X 60.9 microns, and the known size range is from 54.5 to 63.8 mi- crons. The trilete rays are definite and those of the" holotype vary in length from 18.5 to 22. The lips are thin and poorly developed. The commissure is either nar- row or wide. The spore coat is usually more than 2 and less than 3 microns thick. The club-like projections, when viewed in a median transverse plane, have one major division, each division minutely divided, resulting in as many as 5 divisions and 6 papillate knobs. The club-like projections vary in length from 12.5 to 17.9 microns. In width the projections are narrowest at their base and vary from 4 to 7 microns, and at the apex of those in true median sec- tion, from 12 to 14.7 microns. Irregulari- ties in the shape of the projections is thought to be due to folding, preservation, or over- maceration. Holotype.— Maceration 474-A Slide 8, No. 6 coal bed, Franklin County, Illinois. Discussion. — Partate spines or projec- tions within the genus Raistrickia are thought to indicate a rather close relation- ship between species sharing this unique feature. Raistrickia crinita sp. nov. Plate 11, figure 7 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular in transverse plane, and have numerous blunt to tapering spines. The holotype spore body dimensions are 61.9 X 58.3 microns, and the known size GENUS RAISTR1CK1A 47 range is from 54 to 67 microns. The tri- lete rays are very long, at least three-fourths of the distance to the margin of the spore wall. The lips are poorly developed. Many specimens are torn along the rays and are variously folded. Compressed forms rare- ly show good proximal-distal orientation. The many spines are often wider midway from their base to the apex. Although they taper toward the apex, they are not sharply pointed. The spines are numerous, closely spaced, and range in length from 7.7 to 9.5 microns. The maximum width at their thickest portion does not exceed 4 microns. The spore coat ranges in thickness from more than 2 microns to less than 3.5 mi- crons. Holotype.— Maceration 544 Slide 9, No. 7 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Discussion. — R. crinita sp. nov. is charac- terized by long rays roundly triangular in transverse plane, and numerous closely spaced spines which taper to a blunt point. Raistrickia crocea sp. nov. Plate 11, figure 6 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, round in transverse plane, and have scattered ribbon-like projections which are minutely partate at the apex. The holotype spore body dimensions are 69.3 X 73.5 and the known size range is from 63 to 77 mi- crons. The trilete rays are not usually sharply defined, and the rays average about 23 microns in length. The lips and commissure are thin and not greatly developed. The ribbon-like projections are 11.5 X 15.7 microns in length and from 7.3 to 9.4 microns in width. The projections are flattened, and occasionally twisted. The apex of each projection is partate, giving rise to as many as 6 spines measuring slightly over a micron in length and about half a micron in width. The spore coat is thin, yellow, usually not more than 2 microns thick, and it is frequently folded parallel to the periphery of the spore coat. Holotype. — Maceration 603-C Slide 1, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Discussion. — R. crocea sp. nov. is related to the other partate spine species of Rais- trickia. The spines differ from those of the other species in that they are ribbon-like in appearance. Raistrickia imbricata sp. nov. Plate 11, figure 8 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular to oval in transverse plane, and have numerous imbricating bluntly pointed spines. The overall dimen- sions of the holotype are 56.7 X 67.2, and the known size range is from 54.1 to 68.3 microns. The trilete rays are distinct even though occasional spines overlap the rays. The rays of the holotype vary in length from 13 to 18 microns. The lips are clearly visible and slightly elevated. The commissure is usually thin but def- inite. The spore coat is densely covered with many bluntly pointed spines which vary in length from 3 to 6.5 microns and in width from 2 to 4.2 microns. The spore coat is 2 to 3 microns thick, rarely folded although the spines are frequently folded. Holotype.— Maceration 500-D Slide 3, No. 6 coal bed, Wabash County, Illinois. Discussion. — R. imbricata sp. nov. is characterized by numerous bluntly pointed spines. Raistrickia irregularis sp. nov. Plate 11, figure 5 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, subtriangular in transverse plane, and have blunt spines which appear to be somewhat irregular in width. The holotype overall dimensions are 71.4 X 71.4 microns, and the known size range is from 66 to 77 mi- crons. The trilete rays are distinct and long, measuring from 21 to 28 microns in length. The lips are moderately thick and elevated. The commissure is usually clear- ly demarcated. The blunt spines vary in length from 4.4 to 7.2 microns and in width from 3.1 to 10.5 microns. The spore coat varies in thickness from 3 to 4 microns. Holotype.— Maceration 603-B Slide 6, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Discussion. — R. irregularis sp. nov. is characterized by long rays, and blunt spines 48 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS which appear to vary considerably in width. It is possible that the spines are of variable width because originally they were some- what lenticular in cross-section rather than round. Thus in optical vision of an iso- lated spore, the spines on the flattened lenticular side will be wide while an end view of the same spine will be narrow. Raistrickia pilosa sp. nov. Plate 11, figure 4 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, round to roundly triangular in transverse plane, with long spines, and a relatively small spore body. The spore body of the holotype measures 39.9 X 40.3 microns, and the known size range is from 37 to 43 mi- crons. The trilete rays are long but generally inconspicuous due to the spines. The lips and commissure are poorly devel- oped. The spines average in length about one-fourth the diameter of the spore body (10.5 X 12.6 microns) and in width the spines measure from 2 to 3 microns. The spore coat averages 2 microns in thickness. Holotype. — Maceration 544 Slide 2, No. 7 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Discussion. — R. pilosa sp. nov. is charac- terized by a small spore body, long narrow spines, and long trilete rays. Ratstrickia prisca sp. nov. Plate 10, figure 8 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular in transverse plane, and have numerous blunt spines. The overall dimensions of the holotype are 52.5 X 54.6 microns, and the known size range is from 48 to 57.8 microns. The trilete rays range in length from 14 to 20 microns. The lips are distinct although thin and somewhat elevated, and the commissure is definite. An area adjacent to the rays on the proximal surface has numerous dot-like thickenings which may be an area contagionis. The spore coat, on the proximal and distal sur- faces, is covered with many spine-like pro- jections which range in length from 2 to more than 6 microns and up to 4.2 microns in width. The spore coat ranges in thick- ness from 2 to more than 3 microns. Holotype. — Maceration 609 Slide 1, Wayside coal bed-, Johnson County, Illinois. Discussion. — R. prisca sp. nov. is closely related to R. grovensis Schopf, 1944. It differs from R. grovensis by the presence of a thickened area (area contagionis? ) , ele- vated lips, and is somewhat larger in size. Raistrickia rubida sp. nov. Plate 12, figure 1 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, roundly triangular in transverse plane, and have short blunt projections. The overall dimensions of the holotype are 65.1 X 65.1 microns, .and the known size range is from 61 to 69 microns. The trilete rays vary in length from 12.6 to 18 microns. The lips are absent or poorly developed and the commissure is frequently wide. The short blunt projections vary in width from 3.5 to 6 microns and in length from 3.1 to 5.2 mi- crons. The spore coat is unusually thick, measuring 4.2 to 5.8 microns, and of a brownish color. Folding of the spore coat is unknown. Holotype.— Maceration 574 Slide 19, Shoal Creek coal bed, Bond County, Illi- nois. Discussion. — R. rubida sp. nov. is charac- terized by a thick spore coat, and short thick blunt projections. This species is similar to and may be conspecific with type D6, Knox (1938, p. 459). GENUS Florinites S. W. and B., 1944 Plate 12, figures 2-8 The genus Florinites is represented in all of the Pennsylvanian groups in Illinois. It was most abundant during upper Trade- water and lower Carbondale time, that is from No. 1 coal bed through No. 2 coal bed. A period of limited abundance has been noted in middle McLeansboro time, No. 8 coal bed. Florinites appears to have considerable value for correlative purposes, though it is known that additional species and possibly a genus remains to be described. Additional GENUS FLORIN I TES 49 information is needed before this important descriptive work can be undertaken. There appears to be little doubt that Florinites is of gymnospermic origin. How- ever, Hoskins and Cross (1946) report the presence of abundant pollen grains of the Florinites type in the pollen chamber of F achy testa vera. Florin (1944) illus- trates the pollen grains of Lebachia pini- f or mis, L. hypnoides, Ernestiodendron fili- ciforme, W alchianthus crassus, W. cylin- draccus, XJllmannia f rum ent aria, and U. Bronnii. There certainly exists a similarity between Lebachia and Ernestiodendron with Florinites. The following description of the genus Florinites is based on three previously pub- lished species and three new species here described : Pollen grains appearing bilateral, in part possibly derived from tetrahedral tetrads. Grains are usually broadly ellip- tical in outline owing to bladder; body spherical, enclosed by the bladder except for a portion of the distal side. The body is often sharply folded. The known size range, length including bladders, is from 50 to 210 microns. The body of the grain is levigate, granulose, or faintly punctate. The external bladder ornamentation is levi- gate to granulose, but internally the bladder is reticulate. The trilete mark may be absent, faintly present, or distinct. The spore coat of the body is generally less than 3 microns thick and the bladder usually less than 2 microns in thickness. The following are new species of the genus Florinites: 1 . Florinites div e rsifo rm is 2. F. si?nilis 3. F. triletus Florinites diversiform is sp. nov. Plate 12, figure 5 Description. — Pollen grains are bilateral with a vestigial tetrad mark. They are elliptical in transverse plane, including bladders. The body was originally spheri- cal so that when compressed it forms folds at right angles to the long axis of the grains. The folds occur on the distal side at the terminus of the bladder on the bodv. The holotype measures 94.5 X 134.4 microns, and the known size range is from 91 to 98 microns in width, and from 126 to 139 mi- crons in length. The body of the holotype measures 75.6 microns in width, and 65 microns in length. A trace or vestigial remnant of the tetrad mark is generally discernible. The body of the grain is dark yellow to light brown in color in contrast to the pale yellow bladder. The body is levigate, the external portion of the bladder is levigate, but reticulate internally. The internal bladder reticulations are small, measuring 1 to 1.75 microns in diameter. The bladder overlaps the body on the distal surface in a crescent pattern on either side of the spore body in the long axis from 13 to 15 microns at the maximum. The body of the grain is 2 to 2.5 microns thick, and the bladder is 1.5 to 2 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 618 Slide 2, Reynoldsburg coal bed, Johnson County, Illinois. Discussion. — F. diversiformis sp. nov. is characterized by a vestigial tetrad mark, the extension of the bladder of the grain somewhat on the distal surface, and a distinct body. Florinites similis sp. nov. Plate 12, figure 2 Description. — Pollen grains are bilateral, apparently alete, and elongate elliptical in transverse plane including bladder. The body was originally spherical but due to compression the body is sharply folded. The holotype overall dimensions are 92.4 X 132.7 microns, and the known size range is from 88 to 97 microns in width and 124 to 142 microns in length. The body of the holotype measures 63 X 75.6 microns. The body of the grain is minutely granulose, and the bladder is levigate externally, reticu- late internally. The internal bladder re- ticulations range in diameter from 1 to 3 microns. The spore coat of the body is less than 2 microns in thickness, and the bladder ranges in thickness from less than 1 micron to 2 microns where thickened by reticulations. The bladder is sometimes folded or torn. 50 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OE ILLINOIS Holotype.— Maceration 542-C Slide 2, No. 8 coal bed, Peoria County, Illinois. Discussion. — F. similis is intermediate in size between the smaller F. antiquus Schopf, and F. elegans Wilson and Ko- sanke, 1944, which is considerably larger. It is similar in shape and construction to F. elegans. Florinites triletus sp. nov. Plate 12, figures 3-4 Description. — Pollen grains are bilateral, trilete, and elliptical in transverse plane in- cluding bladder. The body was originally spherical and folded around its periphery. The holotype overall dimensions are 52.9 X 65.1 and the known size range is from 49 to 69 microns. The body of the holotype measures 33.6 X 27.3 microns and the known size range is from 25 to 36 microns. Trilete rays are distinct on the proximal surface of the body and average about 8.4 microns in length. Lips are indistinct or absent, and the suture 1 to 1.5 microns in width. The body of the grain is minutely punctate, and the bladder is levigate exter- nally and finely reticulate internally. The body of the grain is 1 to 2 microns thick, and the bladder is variously thickened due to reticulations, but even so it does not ex- ceed 1 to 1.5 microns. Holotype. — Maceration 574 Slide 3, Shoal Creek coal bed, Bond County, Illi- nois. Discussion. — Florinites triletus sp. nov. is provisionally classified under Florinites. The presence of a definite trilete mark is contrary to the original description of the genus by Schopf, Wilson, and Bentall (1944). Only a limited number of speci- mens were found and it is expected that eventually a final decision can be made as to the proper taxonomic treatment of this form. GENUS Cadiospora gen. nov. Plate 16, figure 1 The generic name Cadiospora is proposed for spores of the following character: Spores are radial, trilete, originally spherical or slightly pyramidal on the proximal sur- face, usually flattened in fairly good proxi- mal-distal orientation, and have strongly developed arcuate ridges. The lips are thick and prominent on all specimens. The known size range is from 105 to 111.3 by 100 to 117.6 microns, based on measure- ments of 25 specimens. The trilete rays range in length from 39 to 46.2 microns when not shortened by folding or twisting. The lips range in thickness from 3 to 5 microns on either side of the suture. The spore coat ranges in thickness from 6 to 8 microns. The characters mentioned above strongly suggest a relationship with the megaspore genus Triletes (Reinsch) Schopf as illus- trated by Schopf (1938) except that the new genus is at least 180 microns smaller than any known species of Triletes. Fur- ther, the lips of Cadiospora gen. nov. dis- play the largest development of that struc- ture known to spores of a comparable size. This new genus may represent a megaspore of unusually small size, in line with the views of Thompson (1927). Regardless of the type of spore repre- sented, its vertical distribution in Illinois is limited to the upper McLeansboro group, and therefore it is of importance in corre- lation studies. Cadiospora magna sp. nov. Plate 16, figure 1 Description. — The genotype measures 117.6 X 111.3 microns, as oriented in plate 16, figure 1. The trilete rays vary in length from 40 to 44 microns. The suture is distinct and the lips vary in thickness from 4 to 5 microns on either side of the suture. The lips appear to continue as thickenings in association with the arcuate ridge. The apex of the rays (trilete aper- ture) is open or closed. The rays divide at the terminus of the rays and interradially become the arcuate ridge. The spore coat is minutely punctate to finely granulose, and measures 6 to 8 microns in thickness. Frequently small fragments of unmacerated coal anpear to cling to the spore coat. Genotype. — Maceration 600 Slide 15, GENUS ILLINITES GEN. NOV. 51 La Salle coal bed, Bureau County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species in overall ap- pearance resembles the megaspore species Triletes fulgens Zerndt, 1937 ; however, it is less than one third the minimum size range of Zerndt's species, and it has a rela- tively thin wall for a megaspore. Also Zerndt's illustration (1937) lacks the lip development so characteristic of Cadiospora magna sp. nov. GENUS Illinites gen. nov. Plate 1, figures 1-4 The generic name Illinites is here pro- posed for prepollens of the following character: Grains have radial body sym- metry, and an overall shape which viewed proximally or distally is oval to elliptical owing to two oppositely placed bladders. Trilete mark is distinct and is on the proxi- mal surface, which appears to lack a clearly defined cap or exine. The trilete mark is functional and not vestigial. The bladders are not inclined distally as in Pityosporites or modern pollen, and are as wide as or wider than the body. A false furrow or sulcus is the result of the bladder's over- lapping the body of the grain. The known size range in the longest diameter is 56 to 70 microns. The known body ornamenta- tion is levigate or granulose and the bladders are levigate externally and coarsely punc- tate to reticulate internally. The pre- pollens are probably of gymnospermic ori- gin. Gymnospermic prepollens with func- tional triradiate apertures represent a transi- tional stage between the trilete vascular spores and pollen tube development in modern conifer pollen. For this reason, and because the bladders do not appear to be inclined distally and lack furrows, a new genus is established. In an earlier publica- tion, Kosanke (1947) considered the pollen in question to be members of the genus Pityosporites, which now seems un- appropriate. The early pollens present in Pennsylvanian deposits may prove of great help in understanding climatic conditions. Although they do not appear in abun- dance, they should receive proper taxonomic treatment. Pityosporites has been considered indica- tive of xerophytic upland flora. The similarity of Pityosporites and Illinites suggests that the latter may be associated with xerophytic climatic conditions. If so, the geographic location of uplands in or adjacent to Illinois presents a problem. Pennsylvanian uplands in this area are thought to have existed in the Ozarks and Kansas. The winged nature of Illinites gen. nov. is an adaptation for wind dis- persal, and since the genus is rarely present, it is suggested that its origin may have been somewhat removed from the place of deposi- tion. Illinites unicus sp. nov. Plate 1, figures 3-4 Description. — The body of the grain has a triradial symmetry which appears bilateral because of two bladders arranged opposite each other. The grains are compressed and oval-shaped as viewed from either proximal or distal side. The body is round to oval, being oval at right angles to the transverse plane. The bladders almost encircle the body but are not much broader than the body in a transverse plane. The genotype (in the longest diameter) measures 63 mi- crons, and at right angles to this measure- ment, 42 microns. The body measures 32.5 X 42 microns, and the bladders overlap all but 16.8 microns of the body at the center of the proximal and distal sides. The known size variance in the longest diameter is 56 to 70 microns. The body of the grain is finely granulose, and the bladders are levigate externally and the internal bladder ornamentation is finely reticulate. The trilete mark is distinct, and the rays measure 10 to 12 microns in length. The pollen coat is less than 2 microns thick, and the bladders are thin except where thickened by internal reticulations. There seems little doubt but that this species is re- lated to the coniferous pollen. Genotype. — Maceration 494 Slide 15, 10-inch coal bed exposed in Coffee Creek, Wabash County, Illinois. This horizon 52 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS may be above the Shoal Creek coal bed of western Illinois which also contains this species. Discussion. — This species is character- ized by a distinct trilete mark, two bladders, and the lack of a clearly defined cap and furrow. This species is similar to Para- sporites maccabei Schopf, 1938, even to the shortening of one ray, but it is about one-fourth the size and shaped differently. Illinites elegans sp. nov. Plate 1, figures 1-2 Description. — The grains have an ellip- soid shaped body in transverse section, and two large bladders placed opposite each other. The grains are compressed in ex- cellent proximal-distal orientation which results in a certain amount of folding and overlapping of the bladders. The bladders nearly surround the body and are somewhat wider than the body, which may be due to compression. The holotype measures 51.4 X 63 microns in the overall dimensions and the body measures 29.4 X 46.2 microns. The bladders overlap the body except for 6 to 7 microns in the center of the proximal- distal surfaces. The known size range in the largest diameter is from 56 to 67 mi- crons. The body is levigate, externally the bladders are levigate, and the internal bladder ornamentation is coarsely punctate to finely reticulate. The trilete mark is distinct and presumed to be functional. The rays average 12 microns in length. The coat is at least 2 microns thick and the bladders are 1.5 to more than 2 microns thick. Holotype.— Maceration 490-A Slide 5, McCleary's Bluff coal bed (3 J/4 inches), Wabash County, Illinois. Discussion. — This species shares the dis- tinctive trilete mark with the previous species in addition to the wings; however, the bladders overlap the body to a greater extent. The bladders are larger and the body is shaped differently. GENUS Schopfites gen. nov. Plate 13, figures 1-4 The generic name Schopfites is proposed for spores of the following character: Spores are radial, trilete, originally spheri- cal, and flattened owing to compression in poor proximal-distal orientation. Schop- fites ranges in diameter from 78 to 115 mi- crons. The proximal surface is distinctly levigate for approximately four-fifths of the area. In some specimens the entire proximal surface is levigate. The distal surface of the spore is ornamented by a mass of closely spaced, imbricating, blunt to round projections. The projections range in length from 2 to 12 microns. The spore coat is up to 3 microns thick on the proxi- mal side, and thickens to 4 microns at the juncture of the two types of ornamentation. It is rather difficult to measure accurately the distal thickness of the spore coat be- cause of the ornamentation. Folding of the spore coat is rare except on the thinner proximal surface. The trilete mark is plainly visible and in one species it is fre- quently broken open. The lips and com- missure may be developed or rather thin. The origin of the distal portion of the spore coat can hardly be haptotypic in view of the definition of this term by Wode- house (1935). It is possible that the levi- gate portion of the spore coat might be due to the contact with its other members of the tetrad, and thus haptotypic in origin. Schopfites is commonly found in the No. 2 coal bed in Illinois, and is characteristical- ly restricted to the lower portion of the bed. A similar distribution has been noted from one maceration from Ohio. The spores from the Ohio coal beds are not well enough known to make a long range corre- lation on the basis of one maceration. The following two species are from Illi- nois coal beds and the first serves as the genotype : 1. S. dimorphus sp. nov. 2. S. colchesterensis sp. nov. Schopfites dimorphus sp. nov. Plate 13, figures 1-3 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, spherical, and somewhat flattened in poor proximal-distal orientation. The spores GENUS SCHULZOSPORA GEN. NOV. 53 vary in size from 78 to 115 microns. The proximal surface is distinctly levigate for approximately four-fifths of the area. The distal surface is covered with a mass of imbricating, blunt to round projections. This dimorphic type of spore coat readily assures rapid identification of the genus. The projections of the distal surface range in length from 3 to 12 microns, and in width from 3 to 15 microns. The proximal surface of the spore coat is usually at least 3 microns thick, and thickens toward the juncture of the two types of ornamentation. The distal surface is at least 4 microns thick, but may be more since it is difficult to measure the exact thickness due to the ornamentation. The trilete mark is plain- ly visible and the rays range in length from 30 to 35 microns. The lips are only slightly developed. Genotype. — Maceration 537-L3 Slide 5, No. 2 coal bed, Franklin County, Illinois. Discussion. — Schopfites dimorphus sp. nov. has proved a good guide fossil for the Illinois No. 2 coal bed. It is readily identi- fied and is usually abundant enough to have value for correlative purposes. Schopfites colchesterensis sp. nov. Plate 13, figure 4 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, originally spherical to ovoid in outline, and are usually flattened in poor proximal-distal orientation. The holotype dimensions are 78.1 X 90.3 microns. The proximal sur- face is essentially levigate while the distal area is covered with blunt projections. The juncture of the two types of ornamentation is somewhat irregular, and frequently some projections extend well onto the proximal surface. The projections are variable in width and shape. They range in width from 2 to 12 microns, and in length from 2 to 4 microns. The spore coat is 3 mi- crons thick on the proximal surface and thickens distally to 4+ microns on the distal surface, exclusive of the projections. The trilete mark is distinct and from 18 to 20 microns in length. The spore coat is frequently broken along the suture line. The lips are mildly elevated. Holotype.— Maceration 603-C Slide 7, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Discussion. — S. colchesterensis sp. nov. is smaller in size than S. dimorphus sp. nov., the distal projections are shorter, and not as closely spaced. GENUS Schulzospora gen. nov. Plate 13, figures 5-6 The generic name Schulzospora is pro- posed for spores of the following character : Spores are radial and appear bilateral owing to the presence of an elliptical bladder. Spores are distinctly trilete and the body is spherical and greatly compressed in good proximal-distal orientation. The spores range in size from 67 to 83 microns in width and from 90 to 112 microns in length. The body ranges from 60 to 75 microns in di- ameter. The mode of attachment of the bladder to the body is a somewhat per- plexing problem because the ornamentation of the body and bladder are identical. On the basis of 19 isolated specimens available for study it is thought that the bladder completely surrounds the body of the spore, a condition difficult to visualize. In shape Schulzospora closely resembles Florinites, but differs in the attachment of the bladder to the body. Schulzospora is generally dis- tinct from present recognized genera. Although Schulzospora is not abundant, it is useful in the correlation of the Battery Rock coal bed, because in Illinois it appears to be restricted to this coal bed. The description is given in the hope that addi- tional information from other spore studies might help clarify the actual type of attach- ment of the bladder to the body of the spore. The affinity is unknown, possibly gymnospermic. The following species serves as the geno- type. Schulzospora rara sp. nov. Plate 13, figures 5-8 Description. — Spores are radial, trilete, and elliptical in transverse plane including 54 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS bladder. The body is spherical, and fold- ing of bladder and body is rather common. The holotype dimensions are 81.9 X 109.2 microns, and the known range in the largest diameter is from 80 to 112 microns. The body dimensions of the holotype are 73.5 X 73.5 microns and the known range is from 60 to 75 microns. The bladder and body both appear to be finely punctate. The trilete rays are usually at least 20 microns in length. The lips are poorly developed, and the suture is generally well marked. The spore coat is frequently broken open along the suture lines. The spore coat and bladder appear to be thin, not exceeding 2 microns. Genotype. — Maceration 587 Slide 8, Battery Rock coal bed, Hardin County, Illinois. Discussion. — S. rara sp. nov. is a rare but rather important floral member of the Battery Rock coal bed. Additional speci- mens for the study of this genus might be found in the Main Nolin coal bed of western Kentucky if chart No. 6 of the subcommittee on Pennsylvania!! correlations is correct. GENUS Wilsonia gen. nov. Plate 14, figures 1-4 The generic name Wilsonia is proposed for prepollens of the following character: Grains are radial, trilete, and body and bladder are round in transverse plane. They are usually flattened in good proximal-dis- tal orientation. Folding of the bladder is common and folding of the body occasionally occurs. The known size range is from 69 to 98 microns including the bladder. The bladder covers all of the distal portion of the body. The proximal portion of the body is either completely covered by the bladder or largely covered by it. Wilsonia is related to Endosporites differing in that the body is indistinct as shown by examina- tion of plate 14, figure 1. Contrast this indistinct body with Endosporites plate 7, figures 7 to 9. Internal bladder reticula- tion appears to be a common feature of conifer pollen grains. There appears to be a slight peripheral bladder thickening in Wilsonia delicatus sp. nov. which may or may not be due to the internal bladder orna- mentation. The rays extend at least three- fourths the distance to the body margin, the lips are elevated, and the commissure is usually thin. The body wall is 2 to 3 microns thick, and the bladder ranges in thickness from 1.5 to 2.2 microns. Wilsonia has been isolated from coal beds in Illinois, Iowa, and Ohio. It occurs in the No. 6 and LaSalle and other coal beds in Illinois, but is not numerically abundant. The following new species are from Illinois coal beds and the first described served as the genotype. Wilsonia vesicatus sp. nov. Plate 14, figures 1-3 Description. — Grains are radial, trilete, and round in transverse plane including bladder, which covers the body distally and proximally. Folding of bladder and body is usually adjacent to the rays. The over- all dimensions are 79.8 X 75.6 microns and the body measures 52.5 X 46.2 microns. The known overall size range is from 69 to 81 microns, and the known size range of the body is from 42 to 54.5 microns. The trilete mark is distinct and the rays extend to the margin of the body wall. Folding of the bladder membrane makes the rays appear to extend beyond the body. Suture thin, lips elevated and prominent. Bladder levigate externally, reticulate in- ternally. Body apparently essentially levi- gate to granulose. The body wall is 2 to 2.5 microns thick and the bladder 1.5 to 2 microns thick. Genotype. — Maceration 600 Slide 2, La- Salle coal bed, Bureau County, Illinois. Discussion. — Wilsonia vesicatus sp. nov. is thought to be of gymnospermic origin, since the bladder in many respects re- sembles certain coniferous pollen described by Florin (1944). Wilsonia deltcata sp. nov. Plate 14, figure 4 Description. — The grains are radial, trilete, and round in transverse plane in- LOCATIONS OF COAL SAMPLES 55 eluding the bladder which covers the distal and a large portion of the proximal surface of the body. The body is spherical, and folding of the bladder membrane and body is common. The overall dimensions of the holotype are 92.4 X 86.1 microns; the body dimensions are 56.7 X 52.5 microns. The known overall size range is from 81 to 98 microns, and that of the body is from 52 to 61 microns. The trilete rays are dis- tinct, and extend nearly to the margin of the body wall. The lips are greatly ele- vated, and the suture is very thin. The bladder externally is essentially levigate, and internally it is distinctly reticulate. The body is levigate to minutely granulose. The bladder appears to be somewhat thickened at the periphery of the bladder. The body is 2 to 3 microns thick, the bladder is 1.5 to 2.25 microns thick. Holotype. — Maceration 540-C Slide 8, No. 6 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois. Discussion. — Wilsonia delicata sp. nov. differs from W . universica sp. nov. in being larger in size, having somewhat shorter rays, and in having less of the proximal side of the body covered by the bladder. LOCATIONS OF COAL SAMPLES Figure 5 indicates the 47 counties in Illinois from which samples of coal beds have been collected and macerated. Geo- graphic locations are listed by county and maceration number. Rotary and dia- mond-drill holes usually contained several coal bed samples listed as A, B, C, etc. and the names of these coal beds are not given. 56 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS Fig. 5. — Illinois counties from which coal samples were collected. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS 57 Geographic Locations L OCATION County Maceration Typea Coal Number Quarter Sec. Sec. T. R. Bond 561 DD NW NE NE 17 6N 3W 574 OU Shoal Creek SE SW SE 28 4N 4W Bureau 579 A-C su No. 2 NW 33 16N HE 600 OU LaSalle SE SW NW 33 16N he Christian 670 A-C DD No. 6 NE NE NE 12 12N 3W Clark 601 OU "Merom SS." NE SW 2 iin 12W Clay 563 A-C TD NE SE NW 23 5N 5E 564 A-D TD SW SW SW 14 5N 5E 569 A-D TD SE SE SE 10 4N 5E Clinton 689 OU Shoal Creek SW 2 3N 4W Coles 641 A-D 666 A-G TD TD NE NE SE NW SW SE 25 10 12N 13N 7E 7E 669 A-O TD NW SW SE 10 iin 7E Crawford 485 A-E TD NEc SW SW 15 5N 11W Cumberland.. . 484 A-M TD SE NE SW 8 9N 9E Douglas 586 A-D DD NE NE SE 27 16N 10E Edgar 610 OU Broulette (?) NW 28 14N 10W 612 A-C OU Flannigan (?) NW NE 2 14N 11W 695 AH DD SW SW SE 32 16N 12W Edwards 471 A-E TD NE NE NE 17 3S 14W 620 A-B TD SW SE SW 20 2S 14 W 621 A-D TD NW NE SE 18 IN 10E 622 A-C TD NW NW SW 28 IS 14W Effingham .... 605 OU Watson SW 1 6N 5E Fayette 473 A-F TD SW SW NE 29 5N 3E 510 TD NW NW NE 23 9N IE 512 A-B TD NW SE NE 22 8N 3E Franklin 474 A-D TD NE NW SW 21 7S 3E 507 A-B DD 5-A NE SW SE 1 5S 2E 522 A-F DD Cutler SE SE SW 2 5S 2E 533 A-C DD SE NW NE 16 6S IE 534 A-D DD SE NW NE 16 6S IE 535 DD Davis SE NW NE 16 6S IE 536 A-F DD SE NW NE 16 6S IE 537 A-R DD SE NW SE 27 6S 2E 545 A-E DD SW NE 29 7S 3E 546 A-J DD NE NE NE 30 6S 3E 548 A-H DD SE NW NE 16 6S IE 551 A-H DD SE NE NE 14 5S 2E 553 A-F DD SW NW 6 7S 3E 554 A-H DD SE NE NE 18 5S 2E 555 DD Jamestown SW NW NE 16 6S IE 556 A-B DD NW SE SW 10 6S IE 585 A-C DD No. 6 SW NE SW 3 6S IE 593 A-C SU No. 6 NE NE NE 25 7S 2E 594 A-C TD NW SE NW 1 6S 2E 693 A-G DD NE SW SE 18 7S 4E 698 A-C TD NW NW SW 5 5S 3E Fulton 144 OU "Sub-Babylon" NE NE SE 2 5N IE 523 A-B OU . Babylon NW NE NE 14 7N IE 524 A-F OU No. 6 SE NE NE 1 7N 4E 525 A-B OU Wiley NE NW NE 16 4N 3E 527 A-B OU Upper Delong NE NW SW 19 5N 2E 528 A-B OU Rock Island SW SW 23 6N IE 540 A-C OU No. 6 SE NE NE 1 7N 4E 541 OU No. 4 NW NE 3 3N 2E 543 A-D OU No. 5 NW NE 3 3N 2E 588 OU Babylon NW NE NE 14 7N IE 592 OU Greenbush SE NW NE 21 6N IE 599 A-B OU Rock Island SW SW 23 6N IE 602 OU Pope Creek SE SW SE 11 7N IE 603 A-C OU No. 2 NE NW NE 16 4N 3E 604 A-B OU Tarter NW NW SE 19 5N 2E 58 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS Geographic Locations— -(Continued) County Maceration Typea Coal L ,OCATION Number Qui irter Sec. Sec. T. R. Gallatin 570 TD NE SE NW 11 8S 10E 576 OU New Haven NE NE NW 19 7S 10E 624 ou Willis NE SW 30 10S 9E 625 A-B SM Willis NW SE 30 10S 9E 633 A-B OU 5-A SE SW SE 17 9S 8E Grundy 580 ST No. 2 12 33N 8E 611 ST No. 2 SE SE 9 33N 8E Hamilton 472 A-E TD NE NE SE 1 4S 5E 581 TD SW NE SW 19 5S 5E 582 TD NE NW NE 15 5S 7E Hardin 587 MD Battery Rock 27 us 10E Henry 589 SU Rock Island NE NW SE 3 16N IE 626 SU Rock Island NE NE 33 14N IE Jackson 549 MD Murphysboro NW NW 36 7S 4W 550 MD Murphysboro NW 30 7S 2W 608 OU Murphysboro SW NE SE 21 7S 3W Jasper 584 OU Woodburv SW 31 8N 9E 613 OU Gila (?) SW SW SW 29 8N 8E 614 OU Gila (?) SW SW SW 29 8N -8E 615 OU Gila (?) NE NE SW 28 8N 8E 616 OU Gila (?) NE NE SW 28 8N 8E Jefferson 479 A-F TD SE NW NE 36 4S 3E 513 A-B TD NE NE SE 36 2S 4E 538 A-F DD cSE 4 4S IE 557 A-G DD NE NE SW 3 4S IE 558 A-I DD SW SW SE 16 4S IE 559 DD NW NE SW 29 3S IE 560 A-B DD SW SW SE 22 4S IE Jersey 463 OU Summum No. 4 NW SW SE 16 7N 10W Johnson 609 OU Wayside NE NW NE 4 us 2E 618 MD Reynoldsburg SW 32 US 4E LaSalle 567 ST No. 2 NW NE 25 33N 4E Lawrence 585 TD NW SW NW 13 3N 11W Macoupin 571 OU Upper Scottville SE NW SW 16 12N 9W 572 OU Upper Scottville SE NW SW 16 12N 9W 573 OU No. 8 SW NE SW 7 12N 8W 575 OU No. 8 NW SE SW 10 iin 8W 577 OU Carlinville SE NE NW 26 12N 8W 578 OU Scottville SW NW NW 16 12N 9W 688 OU Macoupin NE NW 2 9N 7W Madison 511 A-C TD SW NW SE 3 3N 6W 617 A-C DD NE NE SE 29 6N 5W 643 A-D DD SE SE NE 28 6N 5W Marion 699 A-J TD NE NE SE 21 4N 4E Montgomery. . 697 DD Shoal Creek (?) NW SW NW 36 9N 5W Peoria 542 A-C OU No. 8 sw^ 3 8N 5E Perry 690 OU Jamestown NW NW NE 7 6S 2W 692 OU Cutler SW SW 34 5S 4W Pope 629 477 A-C OU TD Battery Rock SE SE SE SW NW 6 31 US 3N 6E Richland 9E Rock Island. . . 627 SU Rock Island NW SE SW 1 16N 1W St. Clair 565 A-C ST Jamestown SW SW SE 33 IS 7W Saline 355-69 SU Harrisburg No. 5 NW NE SE 15 9S 6E 518 A-B OU Davis NE NW 21 10S 5E 552 A-F DD SE NW 5 8S 7E 607 OU Jamestown NW SW NW 30 9S 5E 628 A-B OU Murphysboro (?) NE SE NW 27 10S 6E 632 OU Jamestown NW SW NW 30 9S 5E 709 OU Delwood NW NW 3 10S 6E Sangamon .... 371-74 OU Springfield No. 5 SE NE SE 21 16N 5W 630 DD No. 5 15 14N 4W GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS 59 Geographic Locations— -(Con< :luded) County Maceration Typea Coal Location Number Quarter Sec. Sec. T. R. Shelby 665 TD NE NE NW 12 ION 6E 694 SU Shelbyville NE SW NE 33 12N 4E 710 OU Trowbridge NW 14 ION 6E Vermilion 514 OU No. 7 SW SW SW 15 19N 12W 515 OU No. 6 NE SW 14 18N 11W 531 ST No. 6 NW SW NE 16 19N 11W 532 A-B OU No. 7 NE SW SE 12 19N 12W 590 A-D ST No. 7 SW NE NW 7 19N 11W 591 A-D OU No. 7 NE NW NE 18 19N 11W 595 A-C OU No. 6 NE SW 14 18N 11W 596 A-D OU No. 6 NE SW 14 18N 11W 597 A-B OU No. 6 NE NE 7 19N 11W Wabash 486 A-C SU Friends ville NW NE NE 29 2S 13W 487 A-D SU Friendsville NW SW SW 13 IN 13 W 490 OU 3W McCleary's Bluff NW SW- SW 29 2S 13W 494 A-B OU Shoal Creek (?) NW NE 11 2S 13W 500 A-F TD NW NW SW 26 IN 13W 501 A-B TD NE NW SW 19 IN 12W 504 A-J TD SW SW SW 17 IS 12W 508 A-K TD NE SE 3 IS 13W 516 A-M TD SW SW SE 22 3S 14W 517 A-L TD SE SW SE 16 IS 12W 583 TD No. 5 NE SE NW 27 2S 13W Washington. . . 509 A-B TD SW NW NW 26 3S 3W Wayne 478 A-G TD SW NW SE 29 2S 9E White 318 DD Ditney NE NW 18 7S 10E 475 A-D TD NE SW SE 31 3S 14W 476 A-C TD SE SE NW 27 6S 9E Williamson.. . . 519 A-B OU Dekoven NW SW 13 10S 4E 520 A-B OU Bald Hill NW SE 25 10S 4E 640 OU Stonefort NW SE 25 10S 4E 691 OU Bankston NE NE 24 9S 4E »DD Diamond-drill TD Rotary-drill SU Underground mine ST Strip mine MD Mine dump OU Outcrop CORRELATION OF ILLINOIS COAL BEDS The main objective of this investigation was to explore the value of fossil spores, found mainly in coal beds, as guide fossils for correlation purposes. Because little pre- vious work had been done in this field it was important to know ( 1 ) whether or not spores occur in sufficient abundance to be useful, and (2) whether the evolution and succession of Pennsylvanian plants was rapid enough to produce important changes in spore population between the time rep- resented by successive beds or groups of beds. In this connection it may be pointed out that the spore distribution chart (in pocket) records the presence of 130 species assigned to 19 genera. Spores were abun- dant in nearly all of the coal samples macerated. The facts that genera and species are numerous, and that 67 out of 130 species have restricted ranges, and 33 other species are restricted to Pennsylvanian groups in Illinois or have important geologic ranges, indicate relatively rapid plant succession and evolutionary changes. These spores therefore seem to fulfill the require- ments of satisfactory guide fossils. These conclusions could not be reached until the spore population of numerous coal beds had been determined. It was neces- sary, therefore, to sample numerous coal beds and obtain fossil collections from several samples from which lists were com- piled. The usefulness of the spores as guide fossils was indicated fairly early in the studies, after which the compilation of fossil lists representative of the various coal beds seemed of greater importance than the demonstration of their usefulness. At the same time the additional evidence added weight to the conclusion previously reached. In the following pages the fossil spores characteristic of most of the coal beds in the Pennsylvanian system of Illinois are listed by coal bed. It is evident that a vast amount of fossil material is available. It was scarcely necessary to assemble special evidence that evolutionary changes and plant succession were of sufficient impor- tance to provide many species of spores of restricted ranges. Actually the matter of prime interest came to be the identification of the spores characteristic of the different coal beds or unit groups of Pennsylvanian beds. In carrying on the census of spore popula- tion it was necessary to obtain collections from the same bed at as many localities as time and opportunity permitted. The identification of these beds had to be made by other criteria than by means of spores. This was not difficult in the Carbondale group because the coal beds have been traced almost continuously for many miles, and it was possible to collect from the same bed from localities in northern, western, and southern Illinois. In some cases this was also true for eastern Illinois. The Caseyville and Tradewater coals and partic- ularly the upper McLeansboro coals could not be identified with equal certainty except for relatively short distances. In general it appears that tentative correlations that have been made in the past were frequently found not to possess the requirements of stratigraphic relationship demanded by standards imposed in these studies. When there was uncertainty as to correctness of correlation, even though general agreement in fossil population existed, only the probability of stratigraphic agreement was suggested. Eventually the amount of evi- dence was considerable and the validity of the suggestions became increasingly more probable. Some collections from a particular coal bed were made at only one locality. It is necessary to know what effect samples of a particular coal bed from only one locality will have in correlation. The available evidence strongly indicates that the charac- teristic spores are present in each macera- tion, but in some cases the abundance ratios vary in the same bed from two widely separated geographic localities. Exceeding- ly rare species of spores have not been used as guide fossils and this tends to minimize [61 62 PENNSYLVAN1AN SPORES OF ILLINOIS a potential source of error in the correlation of coal beds. In working well-known coal beds a start was usually made at the type locality or area for which the bed was named. The type locality usually provided the stratigraphic evidence for identification of the bed elsewhere. CASEYVILLE GROUP The Caseyville group, formerly called the lower Pottsville, is best known from exposures in southern Illinois. It is the oldest Pennsylvanian group in Illinois, and is thought to correspond to the upper part of the Morrow series of the Midcontinent region, the upper part of the lower half of the Pottsville of the eastern United States, and the upper part of the Namurian B and the lower half of the Namurian C of Europe. Weller (1940) reported a maximum thickness of more than 400 feet for the strata of the Caseyville group in Hardin and Pope counties. It is characterized by two massive cliff-forming sandstones, the Battery Rock and the Pounds, which in places contain well-rounded quartz pebbles. Within the Caseyville group there are three coal beds which have been named the Way- side, Battery Rock, and the Reynoldsburg in the order from oldest to youngest. The Wayside is a member of the Lusk forma- tion ; the Battery Rock coal bed lies be- tween the Battery Rock and Pounds sand- stones; and the Reynoldsburg coal bed lies between the Pounds and Grindstaff sand- stones. The Caseyville group, according to Weller, Henbest, and Dunbar (1942), extends to the base of the Grindstaff sand- stone. Wayside Coal Bed Spores are rather numerous in the Way- side coal bed, but the number of species is small. Three forms which probably repre- sent new species are not described because each is a single occurrence, and only nine genera have been identified. The Wayside coal bed can be identified from its spore content because Lycospora pseudoannulata sp. nov. averages 70 to 75 percent of the total spore content, and because Punctati- sporites provectus sp. nov. is restricted to this coal bed. It is important to record the absence of the following genera: Alati- sporites, Laevigato-sporites , Cirratriradites, and Schulzospora gen. nov. The following genera and species are present in maceration 609, NE. i/4 NW. i/4 NE. \/4 sec. 4, T. 11 S., R. 2 E., Johnson County, Illinois: 1. Punctati-sporites provectus sp. nov. 2. Granulati-sporites pallidus sp. nov. 3. Reticulati-sporites splendens sp. nov. 4. Denso-sporites reynoldsburgensis sp. nov. 5. D. ruhus sp. nov. 6. Triquitrites priscus sp. nov. 7. Lycospora pseudoannulata sp. nov. 8. L. micro papillatus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 9. Raistrickia prisca sp. nov. In addition to the above species, forms referrable to Wilsonia gen. nov., Endo- sporites, and Punctati-sporites need to be described when sufficient good specimens are found. Battery Rock Coal Bed The spore content of the Battery Rock and Wayside coal beds are similar with respect to the small number of species identified. Only 1 1 species have been identified from the Battery Rock coal bed and nine of these are new. Schulzospora gen. nov. and Denso- sporites sinuosus have been observed only in this coal bed. Generally eight percent of the total spore content is Schulzospora gen. nov. The dominant species is Lyco- spora pseudoannulata sp. nov. ; however, it is less abundant than in the Wayside. Denso-sporites is more abundant than in the Wayside and there are four species present in contrast to two for the Wayside. Granulati-sporites pallidus sp. nov. has be- come a prominent member of the flora. The following important genera have not been observed from the Battery Rock coal bed: Alati-sporites, Reinschospora, Cirratriradites, and Wilsonia gen. nov. The following genera and species have been identified from this coal bed, maceration 587, Hardin County, Illinois: 1. Granulati-sporites pallidus sp. nov. 2. Reticulati-sporites splendens sp. nov. 3. Denso-sporites sinuosus sp. nov. 4. D. lobatus sp. nov. TRADEWATER GROUP 63 5. D. reynoldsburgensis sp. nov. 6. D. ruhus sp. nov. 7. Triquitrites priscus sp. nov. 8. Lycospora pseudoannulata sp. nov. 9. L. micro papillatus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 10. Raistrickia prisca sp. nov. 11. Schulzospora rara sp. nov. In addition to the species listed above, forms belonging to Calamospora and Punc- tati-sporites have been observed but are not described because of the lack of adequate good specimens to warrant description. Reynoldsburg Coal Bed Spores are numerically abundant in the Reynoldsburg coal bed, and 11 genera in- cluding 15 species are recognized. The Reynoldsburg coal bed at the single locality sampled is characterized by a dominance of Denso-sporites reynoldsburgensis sp. nov. which comprises 65 percent of the total spore content. Further, D. indignabundus (?) (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944, and Lycospora pellucidus ( Wicher) S. W. and B., 1944, appear to be restricted to this bed. Lycospora, the dominant genus of the Battery Rock and Wayside coal beds, is subdominant, representing only 20 percent of the total spore content. Nevertheless it is an important genus for correlating the Reynoldsburg coal bed because four species of the genus are known to be present, or two more than are found in either the Battery Rock or the Wayside coal beds. The presence of species of the genus Laevi- gato-sporites is of utmost importance be- cause it is the first occurrence of the genus in Pennsylvanian time in Illinois, and be- cause spores of this type are known to the present day. The following important genera have not been observed in the Reynoldsburg: Alati-sporites, Cirratrira- dites, Reinschospora, and Schulzospora. The following genera and species have been identified from the Reynoldsburg coal bed, maceration 618, SW. \/A sec. 32, T. 11 S., R. 4 W., Johnson County, Illinois: 1. Granulati-sporites pallidus sp. nov. 2. G. granulatus Ibrahim, 1933 3. G. gibbosus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 4. Reticulati-sporites splendens sp. nov. 5. Laevigato-sporites ovalis sp. nov. 6. L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 7. Denso-sporites reynoldsburgensis sp. nov. 8. D. indignabundus (?) (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944 9. Triquitrites priscus sp. nov. 10. L. pseudoannulata sp. nov. 11. L. granulata sp. nov. 12. L. micro papillatus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 13. L. pellucidus (Wicher) S. W. and B., 1944 14. Florinites diver siformis sp. nov. 15. Florinites antiquus Schopf, 1944 The addition to the species listed above, five species of the following genera have been observed in very limited numbers and are not described: Endosporites, Calamo- spora, Punctati-sporites , and Wilsonia gen. nov. Conclusions The spores of three Caseyville coal beds have been examined. Spores from 13 genera have been identified, and of these, seven species and one genus are restricted to the Caseyville coal beds. Laevigato-sporites and Florinites appear for the first time in the Pennsylvanian of Illinois in the Reynolds- burg coal bed. Alati-sporites, Cirratrtra- dites, and Reinschospora (which are present in the Tradewater group) have not been found in Caseyville coal beds. The Wayside, Battery Rock, and Rey- noldsburg coal beds, of Caseyville age, have a distinctive spore population which should enable the identification of coal beds at these horizons outside of Illinois. Attempts at correlation of the Caseyville coal beds and "lower Pennsylvanian" beds of western Illinois have led to the conclusion that the "Sub-Babylon"1 coal bed exposed near Tarter Bridge in Fulton County, sec. 2, T. 5 N., R. 1 E., and the Babylon coal bed are younger and therefore may be of early Tradewater age. Correlation of Illinois Caseyville coal beds with those of western Kentucky has not been attempted. TRADEWATER GROUP The Tradewater group, formerly called upper Pottsville, is known from outcrops in southern, western, and northern Illinois. Recent publications place the top of the Tradewater group at the bottom of the 1 A 2 to 3 inch coal bed called the "Sub-Babylon" coal bed by Schopf in maceration notes. It lies above the Mississippian strata and below the Babylon coal bed. 64 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS Palzo and Isabel sandstones in southern and western Illinois: Cady (1942) and Weller, Henbest, and Dunbar (1942). The base of the group in southern Illinois, according to Weller, Henbest, and Dunbar (1942), is at the bottom of the Grindstaff sandstone. In western Illinois the Tradewater group has been included in the Pottsville forma- tion by Moore, Wanless, Weller, et al., (1944); and Cooper (p. 16, 1946) in- cludes the beds from the Tarter to the base of the Carbondale in this group. The Tradewater group is thought to compare with the Lampasas series of the Mid- continent region, the upper Pottsville of eastern United States, and with the upper half of the Namurian C and all of the Westphalian A and B of Europe. The maximum thickness of Tradewater strata in southern Illinois, according to Weller (1945) is 445 feet, in western Illinois 100 feet, and in central Illinois it is thought to be possibly as much as 600 feet. This group includes a number of sandstones, shales, coal beds, and two marine limestones, the Curlew and Stone- fort in southern Illinois, and the Seville and Seahorne limestones in western Illi- nois. "Sub-Babylon" Coal Bed The oldest Pennsylvanian coal bed of western Illinois is termed the "Sub-Baby- lon," as is mentioned earlier in this report. It lies below the Babylon coal bed and above the Mississippian strata. A collec- tion and maceration by Schopf and an- other collection at the same locality and maceration by the author have provided -numerous spores. Ten genera and 13 species have been identified. Three are new species described in this report. The coal bed appears to be characterized by Reticulati-sporites irregularis sp. nov. and Denso-sporites glandulosus sp. nov., since they appear restricted to this bed. Furthermore, other species appear for the first time in this coal bed, as shown on the spore distribution chart (pocket). The following species have been identi- fied from the "Sub-Babylon" coal bed, maceration 144, NE. \/A NE. \/A SE. \/A sec. 2, T. 5 N., R. 1 E., Fulton County, Illinois: 1. Granulati-sporites pallidus sp. nov. 2. Reticulati-sporites irregularis sp. nov. 3. Laevigato-sporites desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 4. L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 5. Denso-sporites glandulosus sp. nov. 6. D. granulosus sp. nov. 7. D. triangularis sp. nov. 8. Triquitrites priscus sp. nov. 9. Calamospora mutabilis (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944 10. Lycospora punctata sp. nov. 11. L. granulata sp. nov. 12. L. pseudoannidata sp. nov. 13. Raistrickia prise a sp. nov. In addition to the above listed species, undescribed species of Endosporites, Granu- lati-sporites, and Calamospora are present in very limited number. A single fragment of a spore coat indicates the presence of the genus Punctati-sporites. Important genera not present include Alati-sporites, Cirra- triradites, Reinschospora, and Florinites. The "Sub-Babylon" coal bed is believed to be early Tradewater in age because of the presence of species of the genus Laevi- gato-sporites and because of the general spore content listed above and illustrated on the spore distribution chart (in pocket). The spore content of this bed differs from the Caseyville coal beds. Babylon Coal Bed The spores of the Babylon coal bed in- dicate a vast change in the flora when com- pared with those of the Caseyville coal beds. Twelve genera are known to be present and 18 species have been identified. The Baby- lon coal bed can be readily differentiated by plant spores from the coal beds above and below. Eight species appear for the first time in the Babylon coal bed as do two genera. Laevigato-sporites is the dominant genus for the first time in the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Granulati-sporites is subdomi- nant with 18 percent of the total spore content belonging to this genus, the largest percentage this genus attains in the Pennsylvanian in Illinois. Cirratriradites appears for the first time and makes up 10 percent of the total spore content. The Babylon coal bed exposed along Spoon River north of Babylon in Fulton County was for one reason or another as- TRADEWATER GROUP 65 signed to the position of the Battery Rock coal bed, but more recently (Moore, Wan- less, Weller, et al., 1944) to the position of the Reynoldsburg coal bed. The plant spores of these two coal beds lack similarity, indicating that the beds are not equivalent. In all probability the sequence in a com- plete section including both western and southern Illinois would be as follows : Tradewater Group Babylon coal bed "Sub-Babylon" coal bed Caseyville Group Reynoldsburg coal bed Battery Rock coal bed Wayside coal bed Therefore, the oldest Pennsylvanian strata in southern Illinois are of Caseyville age, and in western Illinois are of Trade- water age. The following species have been identi- fied from macerations 523 and 588, Fulton County, Illinois: 1. Punctati-sporites guasiar cuatus sp. nov. 2. Granulati-sporites pallidus sp. nov. 3. G. granulatus Ibrahim, 1933 4. G. gibbosus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 5. G. verrucosus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B, 1944 6. Reticulati-sporites splendens sp. nov. 7. Laevigato-sporites robustus sp. nov. 8. L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 9. L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 10. Denso-sporites granulosus sp. nov. 11. Cirratriradites maculatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 12. Endosporites sp. 13. Triquitrites pulvinatus sp. nov. 14. Calamospora straminea Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 15. Lycospora pseudoannulata sp. nov. 16. L. micro papillatus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 17. Florinites diversiformis sp. nov. 18. F. antiquus Schopf, 1944 19. "Spherites"* Willis and Tarter Coal Beds The Willis coal bed from Gallatin Coun- ty (Schneider's Mine— NW. VA SE. \/A sec. 30, T. 10 S., R. 9 E.) is correlated by plant spores with the Tarter coal bed in Fulton County (NW. \/A NW. \/A SE. \/A sec. 19, T. 5 N., R. 2 E.). This correlation is in agreement with that made by Wanless (1939), Henbest and Dunbar (1944), Moore, Wanless, Weller et al. (1944) and Cooper (1946). The following list of genera and species have been isolated and identified from both beds with two exceptions which are indi- cated in the list : 14. 15. 16. 17. IS. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Punctati-sporites quasiarcuatus sp. nov. P. sulcatus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 Granulati-sporites pallidus sp. nov. G. aculeolatus sp. nov. G. deltiformis S. W. and B., 1944 Alati-sporites trialatus sp. nov.* Reticulati-sporites splendens sp. nov. R. lacunosus sp. nov. Laevigato-sporites ovalis sp. nov. L. punctatus sp. nov. L. robustus sp. nov. L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 L. minimus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 Denso-sporites granulosus sp. nov. D. lobatus sp. nov. D. sphaerotriangularis sp. nov. Cirratriradites annuliformis sp. nov. C. difformis sp. nov. C. rotatus sp. nov. C. maculatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 Endosporites angulatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 Triquitrites sp. Calamospora flexilis sp. nov. C. straminea Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 C. microrugosus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 Reinschospora (fragment)** Lycospora granulata sp. nov. L. pseudoannulata sp. nov. L. micro papillatus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 Raistrickia prisca sp. nov. Florinites antiquus Schopf, 1944 "Spherites" sp. * Refers to a type of spore which is to be described in a later publication by another author. The occurrence of a single form of Alati- sporites trialatus sp. nov. in the Tarter bed and a fragment of Reinschospora sp. in the Willis bed is considered a minor discrep- ancy, in view of the similarity in relative abundance of the more numerous forms. The dominant spore genus is Laevigato- sporites which comprises 39 percent of the spore content of the Tarter bed and 35 percent of the spore content of the Willis bed. The subdominant genus is Cirratrira- dites which comprises 26 percent of the spore content of the Tarter bed and 27 percent of the spore content of the Willis bed. The remaining genera are equally abundant in the two areas investigated. * One specimen observed in the Tarter coal bed out of over 5000 examined. ** One fragment of a specimen of this genus observed from the Willis coal bed. 66 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS Delwood and Pope Creek Coal Beds The Delwood coal bed in the NW. j4 NW. i/J sec. 3, T. 10 S., R. 6 E., Saline County, is correlated by plant spores with the Pope Creek coal bed in the SE. 14 SW. 14 SE. 14 sec. 11, T. 7 N., R. 1 E., Fulton County, Illinois. This correlation is in agreement with that by Wanless (1939), Weller, Henbest, and Dunbar (1942), Moore, Wanless, Weller et al. (1944), and Cooper (1946). Spores are not as abundant as in the Willis and Tarter coal beds. The follow- ing list includes genera and species which are present in both the Delwood and Pope Creek coal beds unless otherwise indicated : 1. Punctati-sporites fene stratus sp. nov. 2. P. reticuloides sp. nov. 3. P. sulcatus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 4. Granulati-sporites pallidus sp. nov. 5. G. 'verrucosus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 6. Laevigato-sporites punctatus sp. nov. 7. L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 8. L. minimus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 9. L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 10. L. ovalis sp. nov. 11. Denso-sporites sphaerotriangularis sp. nov.* 12. D. lobatus sp. nov.** 13. Cirratriradites difformis sp. nov. 14. C. rotatus sp. nov. 15. C. maculatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 16. Endosporites angulatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 17. E. ornatus Wilson and Coe, 1940* 18. Triquitrites priscus sp. nov. 19. T. pulvinatus sp. nov. 20. Calamospora straminca Wilson and Ko- sanke, 1944 21. Lycospora granulata sp. nov. 22. L. pseudoannulata sp. nov. 23. L. micropapillatus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 24. Florinites antiquus Schopf, 1944 25. "Spherites" sp. In addition to the above listed genera and species, a fragment of a spore was ob- served in the Pope Creek coal bed which probably is referable to the genus Rais- trickia. The dominant spore genus for the Del- wood and Pope Creek coal beds is Laevi- gato-sporites which comprises 45 percent of the total spore content. Lycospora is the next in abundance with about 15 percent of the total spore content being divided among three species of the genus. The Pope Creek and Delwood coal beds may be differenti- ated from the Willis and Tarter coal beds by the presence of Punctati-sporites fenes- tratus sp. nov., P. reticuloides sp. nov., in- creased abundance of Laevigato-sporites and Lycospora^ and reduced numbers of Cirratriradites . Rock Island (No. 1) Coal Bed The Rock Island coal bed from Pryce Mine (NW. ]/4 SE. \/A SW. \/A sec. 1, T. 16 N., R. 1 W.), Rock Island County, Werner Mine (NE. 1/4 NW. 1/4 SE. \/A sec. 3, T. 16 N., R. 1 E.), Henry County, and Buggos and White Mine (sec. 33, T. 14 N., R. 1 E.), Henry County, is corre- lated with a coal bed which crops out in sec. 23, T. 6 N., R. 1 E., Fulton County, Illinois. The following genera and species have been observed from all of the above loca- tions unless otherwise noted : 9. 10. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Punctati-sporites decorus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 P. fenestratus sp. nov. P. quasiarcuatus sp. nov. P. sulcatus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 Granulati-sporites pallidus sp. nov. G. verrucosus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944* Laevigato-sporites desmoinensis (Wil- son and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 L. ovalis sp. nov. L. punctatus sp. nov. L. vulgaris (Ibrahim) Ibrahim, 1933 Denso-sporites lobatus sp. nov. D. sphaerotriangularis sp. nov. D. triangularis sp. nov. Cirratriradites maculatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 C. annuliformis sp. nov.* Endosporites ornatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 Triquitrites pulvinatus sp. nov. Calamospora straminea Wilson and Ko- sanke, 1944 C. pedata sp. nov. C. liquida sp. nov. C. flexilis sp. nov. Lycospora pseudoannulata sp. nov. L. granulata sp. nov. Raistrickia sp.** Florinites antiquus Schopf, 1944 "Spherites" sp. ' Observed only in the Delwood coal bed. '* Observed only in the Pope Creek coal bed. * Observed only in the samples from Rock Island and Henry counties. ** One specimen observed in the sample from Fulton County. TRADEWATER GROUP 67 There is a little doubt that the coal samples from the localities mentioned above are from the same coal bed. The No. 1 coal bed can be readily distinguished from the Delwood and Pope Creek coal beds. The dominant spore genus of the No. 1 coal bed is Laevigato-sporites , since 45 percent of the total spore content is that genus. Calamospora, Punctati-sporites, and Denso- sporites are important spore genera. Lyco- spora, important in the coal beds below and above the No. 1 coal bed, is almost lacking. MURPHYSBORO COAL BED The Murphysboro coal bed has been examined for spore content from the follow- ing localities in Jackson county: south of Sato, SW. J4 NE. 14 SE. i/4, sec. 21, T. 7 S., R. 3 W. ; south of Ava, NW. 1/ NW. 14, sec. 36, T. 7 S., R. 4 W. ; and a sample from a mine dump of the abandoned Brinker Mine near Oraville. The spore content differs from that of the Rock Island coal bed, as can be seen in the spore distri- bution chart, and therefore the two beds are considered distinct. A coal bed occurring below the Curlew Limestone in the NE. 1/4 SE. 14 NW. 14, sec. 27, T. 10 S., R. 6 E., Saline County, has a spore content similar to that of the Murphysboro coal bed and is tentatively correlated with the latter. There are some differences, possibly owing to insufficient collections from Saline County. Denso-sporites which is present from the base of the Pennsylvanian through the Rock Island coal bed, appears to be absent in both Jackson and Saline counties. The following genera and species are known to be present in both Jackson and Saline counties unless otherwise noted : Punctati-sporites fenestratus sp. nov. P. obliquus sp. nov. P. sulcatus sp. nov. P. quaesitus sp. nov.* Granulati-sporites verrucosus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 G. pallidus sp. nov. G. aculeolatus sp. nov* Reticulati-sporites lacunosus sp. nov. Laevigato-sporites desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 L. ovalis sp. nov. L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 10 12. L. minimus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 13. L. punctatus sp. nov. 14. L. vulgaris (Ibrahim) Ibrahim, 1933** 15. Cirratriradites maculatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 16. Endosporites ornatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 17. Triquitrites pulvinatus sp. nov. 18. T. exiquus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 19. T. arculatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 20. Calamospora straminea Wilson and Ko- sanke, 1944 21. C. liquida sp. nov. 22. C. hartungiana Schopf, 1944 23. C. flexilis sp. nov.** 24. Lycospora granulata sp. nov. 25. L. brevijuga sp. nov. 26. L. punctata sp. nov. 27. L. micropapillatus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 28. L. pseudo annul ata sp. nov. 29. Raistrickia aculeolata Wilson and Ko- sanke, 1944 30. Florinites antiquus Schopf, 1944 The Murphysboro coal bed is readily differentiated from the Rock Island coal bed below and the Bald Hill above by a sharp increase in abundance of Lycospora and lack of Denso-sporites. Species differences are shown in the spore distribution chart. Bald Hill Coal Bed The Bald Hill coal bed is described by Cady (1926). The coal collected for the investigation was from Williamson Coun- ty just north of Stonefort in a road-cut in sec. 25, T. 10 S., R. 4 E. Wanless (1939) has suggested that the Bald Hill coal bed is approximately equivalent to the Upper DeLong coal bed of western Illinois. One sample of the DeLong coal bed from the NE. 14 NW. 1/4 SW. i/4 sec. 19, T. 5 N., R. 2 E., Fulton County, was prepared, but only a few long-ranging genera and species were obtained from a poor maceration. The Bald Hill coal bed can readily be identified by plant spores, differing from the Murphysboro coal bed by the presence of a restricted form, Triquitrites angulatus sp.'nov., and four species which appear for the first time in Illinois. The four species are Punctati-sporites verrucifer sp. nov., Reticulati-sporites adhearens sp. nov., Tri- quitrites crassus sp. nov., and Florinites elegans Wilson and Kosanke. Absent in samples from Jackson County. * Absent in samples from Saline County. 68 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OE ILLINOIS The following species have been identi- fied from the Bald Hill coal bed : 1. Punctati-sporhes verrucifer sp. nov. 2. P. sulcatus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 3. P. decorus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 4. Granulati-sporites pallidus sp. nov. 5. G. verrucosus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. . and B., 1944 (k>G. deltiformis S. W. and B., 1944 7. Reticulati-sporites adhearens sp. nov. 8. Lacvigato-sporites ovalis sp. nov. 9. L. punctatus sp. nov. 10. L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 11. L. minimus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 12. L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 13. L. vulgaris (Ibrahim) Ibrahim, 1933 14. Denso-sporites sphacrotriangularis sp. nov. 15. Triquitrites angulatus sp. nov. 16. T. crassus sp. nov. 17. T. exiquus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 18. T. arculatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 19. Calamospora straminea Wilson and Ko- sanke, 1944 20. C. hartungiana Schopf, 1944 21. Lycospora brevijuga sp. nov. 22. L. granulata sp. nov. 23. Raistrickia aculeolata Wilson and Ko- sanke, 1944 24. Florinites elegans Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 Stonefort Coal Bed The Stonefort coal bed exposed on Stone- fort Hill in the NW. \/A SE. l/A sec. 25, T. 10 S., R. 4 E., Williamson County, was macerated and the spores identified. The coal bed lies below the Stonefort limestone and above the Bald Hill coal bed as illus- trated by Henbest (1928). The coal bed has a maximum thickness of 14 inches and is without partings. Spores are abundant in the Stonefort coal bed, which may be distinguished from the Bald Hill coal bed below and the Davis coal bed above by several guide species, and the apparent lack of Denso-sporites and Granulati-sporites. In this latter respect it is somewhat similar to the Murphysboro coal bed. The following list of genera and species is from the Stonefort coal bed at the loca- tion given above : 1. Punctati-sporites decorus Wilson and Ko- sanke, 1944 2. P. firmus^ (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944 3. Reticulati-sporites adhearens sp. nov. 4. Laevigato-sporites punctatus sp. nov. 5. L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 6. L. vulgaris (Ibrahim) Ibrahim, 1933 7. L. ovalis sp. nov. 8. L. latus sp. nov. 9. L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 10. L. minimus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 11. Endosporites ornatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 12. Triquitrites protensus sp. nov. 13. T. crassus sp. nov. 14. T. pulvinatus sp. nov. 15. Calamospora hartungiana Schopf, 1944 16. C. straminea Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 17. Lycospora punctata sp. nov. 18. L. granulata sp. nov. 19. L. pseudoannulata sp. nov. 20. Raistrickia aculeolata Wilson and Ko- sanke, 1944 21. R. crinita sp. nov. 22. Florinites elegans Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 23. F. antiquus Schopf, 1944 24. "Spherites" sp. Davis and Wiley Coal Beds The Davis coal bed of western Kentucky and southern Illinois is correlated by simi- larity of spore contents with the Wiley coal bed of Fulton County, although there are some minor discrepancies. This correlation is in agreement with Wanless (1939). The type locality is in Union County, Kentucky, where the bed was originally called the "4-foot coal" by Owen (1856). In 1857, he called the 4-foot coal bed the No. 5 coal bed of Kentucky. This coal bed was named the Davis or No. 6 coal bed by Lee (1916), who gives two measured sections of the coal from the Davis Mine, Union County, Kentucky, in which the coal bed is 3 feet 9 3/4 inches and 3 feet 10 inches thick. One of the two sections measured by Lee includes a bony clay parting in the upper portion of the bed and both appear to have "marcasite" layers ]/2 inch thick. The Davis coal bed is known from outcrop and small mining operations in southern Illinois. In western Illinois the Wiley coal bed lies between the Greenbush coal bed and the Seahorne limestone, and ranges in thick- ness from less than one foot to two feet. Its exposure near Wiley, Fulton County, Illinois, is in the SW. \/A NW. ]/A, sec. 11, T. 7 N., R. 2 E. The following genera and species have been isolated from the Davis coal bed, maceration 518 A-B, Saline County, and from the Wiley coal bed, maceration 525 TRADEWATER GROUP 09 A-B, Fulton County, unless otherwise noted : 1. Punctati-sporites sulcatus Wilson and Ko- sanke, 1944 2. P. foveatus sp. nov.* 3. P. quasiarcuatus sp. nov.** 4. Granulati-sporites pallidas sp. nov. 5. G. spinosus sp. nov.* 6. Alati-sporites hexalatus sp. nov. 7. A. trialatus sp. nov.* 8. Reticidati-sporites lacunosus sp. nov. 9. Laevigato-sporites desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 10. L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 11. L. minimus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 12. L. punctatus sp. nov. 13. L. ovalis sp. nov. 14. Denso-sporites triangularis sp. nov. 15. Cirratriradites maculatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 16. C. annuliformis sp. nov.** 17. Endosporites ornatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 18. Triquitrites pulvinatus sp. nov. 19. T. inusitatus sp. nov. 20. T. crassus sp. nov. 21. T. exiquus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 22. Calamospora breviradiata sp. nov. 23. C. hartungiana Schopf, 1944 24. C. straminea Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 25. Lycospora punctata sp. nov. 26. L. granulata sp. nov. 27. L. micro papillatus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 28. Raistrickia irregularis sp. nov. 29. R. aculeolata Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 30. Florinites antiquus Schopf, 1944 Laevigato-sporites j Lycospora, and Cala- mospora are the most abundant genera, and the presence of five species which appear to originate in this bed helps to characterize the Davis and Wiley coal beds. Dekoven and Greenbush Coal Beds The Dekoven coal bed of western Ken- tucky and southern Illinois was correlated by Wanless (1939) with the Greenbush coal bed of Warren County in western Illinois, a correlation corroborated by fossil plant spores. The Dekoven type locality is in Union County, Kentucky, and the bed was originally called the "3-foot coal" by Owen (1856). In 1857, he called the 3- foot coal the No. 6 coal bed of Kentucky. This coal bed was named the Dekoven coal bed by Lee (1916) for an opening at De- koven. According to Lee (1916), the De- koven coal at the type locality measured 44 inches in thickness but it generally did not exceed three feet elsewhere. This coal bed locally has been called the "Gas" coal since it has been used in the production of gas. The Greenbush coal bed is named from an exposure in a ravine tributary to Swan Creek in the E. \/2 sec. 24, T. 8 N., R. 1 W., Greenbush Township, Warren Coun- ty, Illinois, and additional exposures are known from Fulton County, Illinois. The following genera and species have been identified from the Dekoven coal bed, maceration 519 A-B, Williamson County, and Greenbush coal bed, maceration 592, Fulton County, unless otherwise noted : 1. Punctati-sporites foveatus sp. nov. 2. P. fenestratus sp. nov. 3. P. firmus (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944 4. P. verrucifer sp. nov.* 5. Granulati-sporites aculeolatus sp. nov. 6. Alati-sporites hexalatus sp. nov. 7. Laevigato-sporites punctatus sp. nov. 8. L. ovalis sp. nov. 9. L. robustus sp. nov. 10. L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 11. L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 12. L. minimus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 13. L. vulgaris (Ibrahim) Ibrahim, 1933 14. L. pseudothiessenii sp. nov. 15. Denso-sporites sphaerotriangularis sp. nov. 16. Cirratriradites maculatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 17. Triquitrites inusitatus sp. nov. 18. T. pulvinatus sp. nov. 19. T. protensus sp. nov. 20. T. arculatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 21. Calamospora breviradiata sp. nov. 22. C. straminea Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 23. C. hartungiana Schopf, 1944 24. Lycospora granulata sp. nov. 25. L. punctata sp. nov. 26. Florinites antiquus Schopf, 1944 The Dekoven and Greenbush coal beds are readily differentiated from the coal beds below and above. Laevigato-sporites , Tri- quitrites, and Lycospora are the most abun- dant genera represented. Triquitrites reaches its maximum abundance, and Lae- vigato-sporites pseudothiessenii sp. nov. apparently originated at this time and is a dominant member of the flora throughout the Carbondale and early McLeansboro time. Conclusion Spores occur abundantly in the coal beds '' Observed only in Wiley coal bed. h* Observed only in Davis coal bed. Two specimens found only in the Dekoven coal bed. 70 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS of the Tradewater group and many guide fossils are present. Eighteen species of small spores appear restricted to the coal beds of this group. The genus Denso- sporites is not known to occur in coal beds of post-Tradewater age in Illinois. Wil- sonia gen. nov. has not been seen in the coal beds examined of Tradewater age, but does occur in the older Carbondale and Mc- Leansboro coal beds. The genera and species distribution is illustrated in chart 1 (in pocket). CARBONDALE GROUP The Carbondale group includes the strata from the base of the Palzo sandstone to the top of the Herrin No. 6 coal bed in south- ern Illinois, and from the base of the Isabel sandstone to the top of the Herrin No. 6 coal bed in western Illinois. The Carbon- dale group is thought to correlate with the middle third of the Des Moines series of the Midcontinent (Cooper, 1946), and with the Westphalian C of Europe. The thick- ness of the group does not exceed 400 feet according to Weller (1945), and in many places is much less. It is characterized by three persistent coal beds, the Nos. 2, 5, and 6 which are known to be present in south- ern, central, and northern Illinois. The dis- tribution of the No. 4 coal bed is less exten- sive than these beds, and the 5-A coal bed is essentially restricted to southeastern Illinois. In contrast to the Tradewater group, limestones are more prominent and there appears to be considerable similarity in the succession separating successive coal beds. No. 2 Coal Bed The type locality of the Colchester (No. 2) coal bed is at Colchester, T. 5 N., R. 4 W., McDonough County. The No. 2 coal bed in northern Illinois has been called the LaSalle No. 2, or Third Vein, coal bed. In southern Illinois, a thin, more or less in- definitely located coal bed above the Palzo sandstone has been correlated as the No. 2 coal bed by Wanless (1939) and by Weller and Wanless (1939). The Colchester (No. 2) coal bed of western Illinois and LaSalle (No. 2) of northern Illinois are a continuous bed and the same spores are found in both areas. A coal bed 2 feet 8 inches thick from a diamond-drill core in Franklin County, sec. 27, T. 6 S., R. 2 E., at a depth of 789 feet is identified as the No. 2 coal bed on the basis of its spore content. The following is a generalized description of the coal beds and other strata encountered in the Carbon- dale group of this core : Depth Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Base of McLeansboro.638 10 Top of Herrin (No. 6) coal bed 638 10 5-A coal bed 665 5}^ to 665 iy2 Top of HarrisbursJ (No. 5) coal bed. .. .685 0 No. 4 coal bed (?) 766 10 to 767 8 No. 2 coal bed 789 0 to 791 8 Bone and shale 791 8 to 792 2 Pyritelens 792 2 to 793 3 Underclay 793 3 to 794 11 Siltstone 794 11 to 802 0 Sandstone (Palzo ?, upper 28' impure) . . 802 0 to 860 0 Gray shale 860 0 to 868 5 Black shale 868 5 to 870 6 Top of the Dekoven coal bed 870 6 If the sandstone below coal No. 2 and above the Dekoven coal beds is the Palzo sandstone, the total thickness of the Car- bondale strata in this drill hole is 221 feet 2 inches, since the base of Palzo sandstone is considered to be the base of the Carbon- dale group. Another diamond-drill core from sec. 16, T. 6 S., R. 1 E., Franklin County, has a thin coal bed which has been identified by spores as the No. 2 coal bed. The follow- ing is a generalized description of the coal beds and other strata for a short distance above and below No. 2 coal bed : Depth Ft. In. Base of McLeansboro . 562 Sl/i Top of Herrin (No. 6) coal bed.. 562 S% Top of Harrisburg (No. 5) coal bed.... 613 0 Coal horizon 683 9 Coal No. 4 (?)........ 702 0 Limestone, fossilifer- ous 778 6 Shale, fossiliferous . . . .779 4 Limestone, fossiliferous 781 7 Depth Ft. In. to 61 A to 704 6 to 779 to 781 to 782 4 7 0 CARBONDALE GROUP 71 Depth Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Coal bed No. 2 782 0 to 782 10 Underclay and clay. . .782 10 to 786 9 Limestone (underclay limestone) 786 9 to 789 9 Siltstone 789 9 to 791 Y2 Sandstone (corrected depth by marker). . .792 6 to 793 6 Shale 793 6 to 810 0 Siltstone 810 0 to 815 5 Gray shale 815 8 to 818 0 Black shale 818 0 to 818 8 Top of Dekoven coal bed 818 8 If the one-foot sandstone at 792 feet 6 inches represents the Palzo sandstone, the total thickness of the Carbondale strata in this drill hole is 231 feet. The following genera and species have been identified from Fulton (maceration 603), Bureau (maceration 579), and Grundy (maceration 580, 611) counties in northern Illinois, and from Franklin Coun- ty (maceration 536-G, 537-L) in southern Illinois unless otherwise noted : 1. Punctati-sporites obliquus sp. nov. 2. P. verrucifer sp. nov.* 3. P. fo-veatus sp. nov. 4. P. quasiarcuatus sp. nov.** 5. P. reticuloid.es sp. nov. 6. Granulati-sporites convexus sp. nov. 7. G. pallidus sp. nov. 8. G. spinosus sp. nov. 9. Alati-sporites hexalatus sp. nov.** 10. A. trialatus sp. nov. 11. Laevigato-sporites ovalis sp. nov. 12. L. pseudothiessenii sp. nov. 13. L. punctatus sp. nov. 14. L. robustus sp. nov. 15. L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 16. L. minimus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 17. L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 18. Cirratriradites annuliformis sp. nov. 19. C. annulatus sp. nov. 20. Endosporites ornatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 21. Triquitrites crassus sp. nov. 22. T. inusitatus sp. nov. 23. T. pidvinatus sp. nov. 24. T. arculatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 25. T. exiquus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944* 26. Calamospora breviradiata sp. nov. 27. C. flexilis sp. nov. 28. C. hartungiana Schopf, 1944 29. Lycospora bre-vijuga sp. nov. 30. L. punctata sp. nov. 31. L. granulata sp. nov. 32. Raistrickia crinita sp. nov. 33. R. crocea sp. nov. 34. R. irregularis sp. nov. * Not observed in northern Illinois _No. 2 coal bed. ** Not observed in southern Illinois No. 2 coal bed. 35. R. pilosa sp. nov. 36. R. rubida sp. nov. 37. R. aculeolatus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 38. R. groyensis Schopf, 1944 39. Florinites antiquus Schopf, 1944 40. Sckopfites dimorphus sp. nov. 41. S. colchester ensis sp. nov. 42. Wilsonia sp. 43. "Spherites" sp. The list of genera and species isolated from the No. 2 coal bed indicates an abun- dant and diversified flora. The publica- tions of Noe, Janssen, and others describing the plant compressions in the ironstone nod- ules above the No. 2 coal bed in northern Illinois likewise record an abundant and diversified flora in post No. 2 time. Statistical counts of the small spores iso- lated from the No. 2 coal bed show that Lycospora and Laevigato-sporites are domi- nant, and that Calamospora is next in numerical importance. Thirty-eight to 42 percent of the total spore content is distrib- uted between three species of Lycospora. Twenty-seven to 33 percent of the total spore content is distributed between seven species of Laevigato-sporites , and 10 to 14 percent of the spore population is found in three species of Calamospora. The other 10 genera and 28 species comprise the re- maining 11 to 25 percent of the spore con- tent. The diversified flora of No. 2 coal bed apparently consisted largely of three groups of plants represented by the three most abundant genera of small spores. This is probably true even though the spore output per plant of the lycopsids is thought to be rather high. The parent plant of Laevi- gato-sporites is unknown but it is reasonable to expect fructifications bearing spores of this type to be present in the ironstone con- cretions from the Francis Creek shale which lies above the No. 2 coal bed in northern Illinois. Three samples were generally taken (top, middle, and bottom) from each collection of No. 2 coal bed, regardless of the thick- ness. As stated, the No. 2 coal bed in western, northern, and southern Illinois has a similar spore content. It has also been noted that the thin No. 2 coal bed from southern Illi- nois contains essentially the same floral ele- 72 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS ments in approximately the same abundance as the thicker No. 2 coal bed from western and northern Illinois. The zonation of Schopfites' in the lower portion of the bed and Alati-sporites in the upper third of the bed was observed in No. 2 coal bed in southern Illinois. The floral development of No. 2 coal bed is of considerable interest because the bed is widespread, and therefore to account for the zonation of various genera significant changes must have occurred in the flora during the period of accumulation of the bed. The parent plants of the following genera of spores are considered as early invaders since they have been isolated from the bottom third of the bed: 1. Punctati-sporites 2. Granulati-sporites 3. Laevigato-sporites 4. Cirratriradites 5. Endosporites 6. Triquitrites 7. Calamospora 8. Lycospora 9. Raistrickia 10. Florinites 11. Schopfites 12. Wilsonia The middle third of the bed contains the same genera listed above except that Schop- fites is very rare and Laevigato-sporites, Lycospora, and Punctati-sporites have ma- terially increased in abundance. The upper third of the bed apparently lacks Schop- fites, and Alati-sporites appears to be re- tricted to this portion of the coal bed. Laevigato-sporites and Calamospora reach their maximum abundance but Lycospora is much less abundant than in the middle and lower thirds of the bed. The No. 2 coal bed is readily identified by plant spores as indicated by the following species which are restricted to this bed in the samples studied: Punctati-sporites reticuloides sp. nov., Schopfites dimorphus sp. nov., and S. colchesterensis sp. nov. In addition, nine species appear to originate or terminate their geological range with the No. 2 coal bed, and these are indicated on the genera and species list of the coal bed and in the spore distribution chart. Summum (No. 4) Coal Bed The Summum (No. 4) coal bed, near Summum, Illinois, according to Wanless (1939), is exposed in Woodland Township (T. 3 N., R. 2 E.), Fulton County. Here the No. 4 coal bed is overlain by a black shale which contains large calcareous con- cretions. In Greene and Jersey counties the No. 4 coal bed is overlain by black shale and the Hanover limestone (Wanless, 1939, Payne, 1942). Wanless (1939) be- lieves the calcareous concretions in Fulton and Peoria counties are at the same posi- tion as the Hanover limestone. The coal bed below the Hanover limestone contains the same small spore population as the Summum (No. 4) coal bed, and the two beds are therefore correlated. The Summum (No. 4) coal bed appears to be represented in southern Illinois by a coal bed in Williamson County lying below the Harrisburg (No. 5) bed. However, additional comparative studies of the No. 4 coal bed from both western and southern Illinois are necessary before a definite corre- lation is made. Abundance variations and genera and species zonations must be clear- ly understood before attempting to extend the known distribution of the bed. The species content of this bed is small when compared with that of either No. 2 or No. 5 coal beds possibly because of the small number of samples examined. The following genera and species have been identified from the No. 4 coal bed in Fulton and Jersey counties (macerations 541 and 463): Punctati-sporites fenestratus sp. nov. P. obliquus sp. nov. P. verrucifer sp. nov. P. quaesitus sp. nov. Granulati-sporites convexus sp. nov. G. verrucosus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 Laevigato-sporites pseudothiessenii sp. nov. L. punctatus sp. nov. L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 L. minimus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 Cirratriradites annuliformis sp. nov. C. annulatus sp. nov. Endosporites ornatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 Triquitrites pulvinatus sp. nov. T. exiquus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 Calamospora breviradiata sp. nov. Lycospora granulata sp. nov. CARBONDALE GROUP 73 19. L. punctata sp. nov. 20. Raistrickia crinita sp. nov. 21. R. crocea sp. nov. 22. Florinites antiquus Schopf, 1944 Triquitrites exiquus Wilson and Ko- sanke, 1944, is not known to be present above this horizon in Illinois, and Alati- sporites has not been observed in the No. 4 coal bed although is known to be present in beds above and below. When Alati- sporites is present in a coal bed it has always been found in either the upper one-half to one-third of the bed. Its apparent absence in the No. 4 bed suggests that the swamp vegetation did not reach that stage of late floral development which is marked by the appearance of Alati-sporites in the upper part of other coal beds. The dominant genus in the Summum coal bed is Lycospora followed closely by Laevi- gato-sporites. The remaining genera ap- pear, on the basis of relative abundance, to be minor elements of the flora. Harrisburg-Springfield (No. 5) Coal Bed The Harrisburg (No. 5) coal bed (Cady, 1916) from southern Illinois has long been correlated with the Springfield (No. 5) coal bed (Worthen, 1883) from Sangamon County and western Illinois, a relationship which is substantiated by similarity in their small spore content. Arnold Brokaw2 like- wise correlated the Harrisburg and Spring- field (No. 5) coal beds. Brokaw's results are included in the present discussion in addition to further information obtained by the author from additional coal samples. The No. 5 coal bed is second in com- mercial importance in Illinois to the No. 6 coal bed, below which it occurs from 20 to 125 feet. In areas where either the No. 6 or 5 coal bed is missing, it is important to know which is present in constructing maps delineating the structure and distribution of the workable beds. The plant spores ob- served include guide fossils for the identifica- tion of the No. 5 coal bed. The following genera and species have 2 An unpublished master's thesis on No. 5 coal bed which was worked out in conjunction with the Illinois Geological Survey and the Department of Geology, Uni- versity of Illinois, 1942. been isolated and identified from the above coal bed : 1. Punctati-sporites fene stratus sp. nov. 2. P. obliquus sp. nov. 3. P. verrucifer sp. nov. 4. P. quaesitus sp. nov. 5. Granulati-sporites convexus sp. nov. 6. G. spinosus sp. nov. 7. Alati-sporites inflatus sp. nov.* 8. A. trialatus sp. nov. 9. A. -\ 1-2 1-2 3-4 4-5 5-6 9-10 45-50 40-45 15-20 4-5 3-4 }/2-\ J4-i Yt-\ H-i 5-6 10-15 20-25 2-3 y-\ 45-50 40-45 25-30 2-3 y2-\ y-i 2-3 1-2 5-6 5-6 y2-i y2-\ 2-3 4-5 9-10 25-30 30-35 25-30 4-5 2-3 3^-1 3-4 34-i y2-\ y2-\ y2-\ 34-1 y2-\ "Spherites" Gen. Nov I. COAL BELOW THE BLUE BAND II. COAL BETWEEN BLUE BAND AND UPPER SHALE PARTING III. COAL ABOVE UPPER SHALE PARTING TO TOP OF BED A. GRAPE CREEK NO. 6 COAL BED (eastern Illinois) B. HERRIN NO. 6 COAL BED (southern Illinois) C. HERRIN NO. 6 COAL BED (western Illinois) spora-granulata sp. nov. comprises 69 per- cent of the genus, but only 14 percent of the total spore content. Punctati-sporites obliquus sp. nov. is the dominant species of the genus in all three counties mentioned in this discussion; however, it is less than three percent of the total spore content in Ver- milion County, not more than five percent in Franklin County, whereas it is the domi- nant species in Fulton County where it is 29 percent of the spore content. It appears from the foregoing that in the three areas under consideration there were differences in the relative abundance of various plants. Further studies in these three areas should help to establish the validity of the differences indicated by the studies. The No. 6 coal bed ranks first in com- mercial importance in Illinois because of its thickness, quality, wide geographic distri- bution and favorable mining conditions. It is the uppermost member of the Carbon- dale group and is an excellent key bed in many counties of the State, partly because of its benched character and association with the Herrin limestone. A persistent part- ing, the blue band, is usually found in the lower portion of the bed although occa- sionally it is found as high as the middle of the bed. In addition to the blue band, one to three shale partings less widely distrib- uted are known to be present. The usual sequence of strata above the coal is gray shale, black shale, and lime- stone but the coal bed may be overlain by any one of these, and in some localities be- cause of Pennsylvanian erosion and sub- sequent deposition, sandstone or siltstone' rests directly upon the coal bed with the normal caprock, gray and black shale, being "cut out." The strata below the coal bed usually contains a well developed underclay al- though this is locally replaced by shale, sandstone, or siltstone. In many places to- ward the base of the underclay limestone nodules appear locally representing a transi- tion zone which may develop into an under- clay limestone. The underclay limestone is usually non-fossiliferous, but the core of a drill-hole located near the center of the SE. \/2 sec. 4, T. 4 S., R. 1 E., Jefferson County, contained marine fossils at the base of limestone. In southern Illinois the un- derclay limestone may locally be absent. It is apparent from the discussion pre- ceding (see also fig. 6) that the strata ad- jacent to the No. 6 coal bed are somewhat variable. Variations of the sort mentioned may in some instances result in uncertainty in the identification of a coal bed when made FRANKLIN COUNTY 2 FEET I —TTTT-rn^gft 10 CARBONDALE GROUP 77 5$/y£ 3 WABASH COUNTY 4 HERRIN N0.6C0AL \7p • eo I \ ^ ^ CORRELATION OF NO. 6, 5-A, AND 5 COAL BEDS LEGEND LIMESTONE BLACK SHALE SILTSTONE UNDERCLAY ?--— — SANDSTONE Fig. 6. — Correlation of coal beds with the aid of spores from rotary-drill samples. by non-biologic means, even in areas where the structure is well established by core drilling and mining operations. However, these variations in the succession of strata materially increase in importance in less well drilled areas. A correlation chart (fig. 6) has been pre- pared on the basis of the identification of Nos. 6, 5-A, and 5 coal beds by spores ob- tained from rotary drill-hole cuttings in Wabash and Franklin counties for a com- parison of the strata in these two counties from a short distance above the top of the Carbondale group to a position a short distance below the No. 5 coal bed. There is a considerable difference in the succession and the usefulness of spores for purposes of identification of the coal beds. Conclusions The coal beds of the Carbondale group can be differentiated from each other and from the coal beds of the older Tradewater and younger McLeansboro groups by means of their spore population. There are 13 genera and 56 species of spores present in the coal beds investigated. In addition, there are two new genera and several new 78 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS species which are represented by a few specimens. These have not been described, but the new genera are to be described by another author from an area where more abundant specimens have been found. Ten species are restricted to the five coal beds of this group and 21 species either originate or terminate their geologic range in the Carbondale group. McLEANSBORO GROUP The term McLeansboro was first applied by DeWolf (1910) as a formational name for rocks which overlie No. 6 coal bed in Illinois. Jon A. Udden's description (1906) of the cores of the borings at Dela- field and Elm Grove in Hamilton County was used as representative of the Mc- Leansboro succession. Weller (1940) raised the McLeansboro formation to the rank of a group and introduced new forma- tional units on a cyclothem basis. The McLeansboro formation according to DeWolf included all Pennsylvanian strata above No. 6 coal bed. Spore studies, on the other hand, provide evidence in agreement with that produced by Dunbar and Henbest (1942) that there was a major change in fauna and flora shortly after the beginning of McLeansboro dep- osition but prior to accumulation of the Trivoli (No. 8) coal bed. Evidence indi- cates that the Carbondale group should extend beyond the position of the present conventional upper boundary, at the top of No. 6 coal bed, to the position of the paleontologic change. The Carbondale- McLeansboro boundary at such a position would conform essentially to the Des Moines-Missouri boundary of the Mid- continent region. This matter is discussed further in comments on the plant spores of the No. 8 coal bed. The maximum thickness of McLeansboro strata appears to be more than 1200 feet in central and eastern Illinois (Weller, 1945). These strata are believed to be equivalent to the upper third of the Des Moines series, all of the Missouri, and possibly a portion of the Virgil series of the Midcontinent region, also to the upper Allegheny and all of the Conemaugh of eastern United States and possibly to the Westphalian D and lower Stephanian of Europe. The McLeansboro group contains nu- merous prominent marine limestones, many thin and more or less lenticular coal beds, a predominant amount of shale, siltstone, and sandstone strata. In the shale beds particularly there are numerous layers of well preserved (not fragmentary) plant compression fossils. Conglomerates and variegated shale beds, although of local occurrence and not prominent members of the McLeansboro sediments, have fairly definite stratigraphic positions and geo- graphic distribution. Cooper (1946, p. 27) remarks: "As indicated in the stratigraphic summary the correlation of Illinois coal beds above the Shoal Creek limestone with those of the Midcontinent are uncertain and those in- dicated on the chart (fig. 2) are tentative and approximate, based on the analysis of the ostracode faunas that have been studied to date." Certainty of correlation and the sequence of the coal beds based on spore studies above the Shoal Creek are in doubt because the coal beds are lenticular, making it necessary to study numerous samples in order to include all of the coal beds that would be present in a composite section. While many coal beds have been studied, our information is still believed to be in- complete. Therefore, the sequence of beds for this portion of the McLeansboro sec- tion is regarded as tentative and subject to change in the light of additional informa- tion. The coal beds which have been studied contain many guide fossils indi- cating rapid changes in the plant life. These guide fossils are essential if it is going to be possible to correlate the coal beds of this sec- tion. Present indications suggest that the fossil spores promise to play an important role in the solution of the many correlation problems of the upper McLeansboro section in Illinois. Jamestown Coal Bed The Jamestown coal bed lies between the Herrin and the Jamestown limestones. McLEANSBORO GROUP 79 Samples of this coal bed that have been examined are from the NW. J4 NW. |4 NE. 14 sec. 7, T. 6 S, R. 2 W., Perry County, SW. l/J SW. 1/4 SE. l/A sec. 33, T. 1 S., R. 7 W., St. Clair County, and NW. 1/4 SW. i/4 NW. 14 sec. 30, T. 9 S., R. 5 E., Saline County. A section compiled by Cady3 of the Perry County exposure records the Jamestown limestone as 1/2 inch thick, fossiliferous, with a light gray soft shale above it. Be- tween the limestone and the Jamestown coal, there are eight inches of soft shale which is carbonaceous toward the base. The coal bed is six inches thick and is under- lain by 48 inches of shale with a few lime- stone concretions at the base. Below this bed, there are 24 inches of limestone lenses interbedded with shale, and the Herrin limestone lies below. The sample from St. Clair County is from the United Electric Red Ray strip mine, sec. 33, T. 1 S., R. 7 W. The coal bed is three to four inches thick with a lenticular pyrite parting \/i inch from the top. Field notes by Cady and Spotti record Yi inch of carbonaceous shale above the coal bed and below the Jamestown limestone which is one foot thick. The Saline County samples are from an Illinois Central Railroad cut along the Edgewood-Vienna branch, sec. 30, T. 9 S., R. 5 E. The spore content of the Jamestown coal bed is apparently characterized by few species, but eight genera have been identi- fied, which suggests some diversity of floral elements. The following genera and species have been observed in the coal bed : 1. Punctati-sporites fene stratus sp. nov. 2. P. quaesitus sp. nov. 3. P. sulcatus Wilson and Kosanke, 1944 4. Granulati-s pontes sp. 5. Laevigato-sforltes pseudothiessenii sp. nov. 6. L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 7. L. mtnutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 8. Endosporites ornatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 9. Triquitrites spinosus Kosanke, 1943 10. Calamospora breviradiata sp. nov. 11. C. hartung'iana Schopf, 1944 12. Lycospora granulata sp. nov. 13. L. punctata sp. nov. 14. L. parva sp. nov. 15. Raistrickia crinita sp. nov. 3 Field Notes. A variation was noted in the abundance of genera across the southern part of Illi- nois from St. Clair County on the south- western side to Saline County on the south- eastern side. Punctati-sporites and Laevi- gato-sporites are more abundant in Saline County but Calamospora and Lycospora are more abundant in St. Clair County. Numerically, Lycospora is the most abun- dant genus, averaging 33 to 36 percent of the total spore population. L. granulata sp. nov. is the most abundant species. Laevigato-sporites is next in abundance and L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944, and L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944, share approximately 20 to 23 percent of the 25 percent recorded for the genus. L. pseudothiessenii sp. nov. is rare, in contrast to the No. 6 coal bed, the first coal bed below the Jamestown. Punctati-sporites and Calamospora average 18 to 20 to 15 to 18 percent of the total spore population respectively. The remain- ing genera and species are minor elements of the spore population numerically. Bankston Coal Bed The Bankston coal bed is exposed near Bankston at the roadside east of the Allensy crossing of the Illinois Central Rail- road in the NE. \/A NE. \/A sec. 24, T. 9 S., R. 4 E., Williamson County. The coal bed lies several feet above the Bankston Fork limestone, and is badly weathered. Spores were extracted from the coal, but only after several attempted macerations. The coal had been oxidized by weathering so that the acid oxidation phase of the maceration process was unnecessary. The Bankston coal bed has been identi- fied in several diamond-drill cores from Franklin County. Samples of two cores of this coal bed from Franklin were macer- ated (maceration 536 E, from a drill-hole in SE. 1/4 NW. i/J NE. \/A sec. 16, T. 6 S., R. 1 E., and maceration 537 F, from a drill- hole in SE. 1/4 NW. i/4 SE. 14 sec. 27, T. 6 S., R. 2 E.). The following genera and species have been identified from the Bankston coal bed at the discovery locality and from the dia- mond-drill holes mentioned above: 80 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS 1. Punctati-sporites fenestratus sp. nov. 2. P. orbicularis sp. nov. 3. P. obliguus sp. nov. 4. P. quaesitus sp. nov. 5. P. latigranifer (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944 6. Laevigato-sporites latus sp. nov. 7. L. ovalis sp. nov. 8. L. pseudothiessenii sp. nov. 9. L. punctatus sp. nov. 10. L. robustus sp. nov. 11. L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 12. L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 13. Cirratriradites annuliformis sp. nov. 14. Endosporites ornatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 15. Triquitrites protensus sp. nov. 16. T. pulvinatus sp. nov. 17. T. spinosus Kosanke, 1943 18. Calamospora breviradiata sp. nov. 19. C. pedata sp. nov. 20. C. mutabilis (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944 21. Lycospora granulata sp. nov. 22. L. punctata sp. nov. 23. L. sp. 24. Wilsonia delicata sp. nov. 25. Gen. Nov. (see 5-A coal bed) The most abundant species is Lycospora punctata sp. nov. which comprised 25-28 percent of the total spore content. The genus Lycospora is the most abundantly represented genus making up 35 to 36 per- cent of the total spore content. Punctati- sporites is next in numerical importance with 20 to 21 percent of the total spore population. P. latigranifer is the most abundant species; it averages about 19 per- cent of the total spore population. Cala- mospora represents 16 to 18 percent of the spore population and C. mutabilis (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944, is most important with 13 to 14 percent. Laevigato-sporites rep- resents 14 to 15 percent and L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944, is the most abundant species with 9 to 10 percent of the spore population. L. pseudothiessenii sp. nov. is exceedingly rare, in contrast with its abundance in No. 6 and the Cutler coal. Punctati-sporites orbicularis sp. nov. and P. latigranifer (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944, are not known to occur below this bed. Cutler Coal Bed The name Cutler was applied by Bell, Ball, and McCabe (1931) to a coal bed exposed in the vicinity of Cutler, Perry County, Illinois. Stratigraphically the Cutler coal bed occupies part of the succes- sion between the Cutler limestone above and the Galum limestone below in the vicinity of Cutler. In some places in southern Illi- nois, as in Franklin County, the Bankston coal bed lies a few feet below the Cutler bed. A sample of the Cutler coal bed from the SW. \/A SW. \/A sec. 34, T. 5 S., R. 4 W., Perry County, Illinois, has been macerated and the spores identified. A coal bed commonly encountered in diamond drilling in Franklin County lies at the position of the Cutler coal bed of Perry County. Three such cores of this bed from Franklin County have been examined for spores: maceration 536-D, 458 feet 2 inches to 460 feet 9i/2 inches, SE. \/A NW. ]/A sec. 16, T. 6 S., R. 1 E.; maceration 537-E, 518 feet 8 inches to 520 feet 9i^ inches, SE. 14 NW. 14 SE. 14 sec. 27, T. 6 S., R. 2 E. ; and maceration 553-D, 426 to 427 feet, SW. 1/4 NW. 14 sec. 6, T. 7 S., R. 3E. The Cutler coal bed is commonly the thickest McLeansboro coal bed in Franklin County, but the bed is variable in thickness, ranging from less than 1 to slightly less than 3 feet. The coal bed is composed of normal bright banded coal and is not benched by shale or clay partings. However, lenses of pyrite have been observed. The following genera and species have been observed in Perry and Franklin coun- ties unless otherwise noted: Punctati-sporites triangularis sp. nov. P. orbicularis sp. nov. P. sp.* P. latigranifer (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944 Granulati-sporites granulans sp. nov. G. sp. Laevigato-sporites pseudothiessenii sp. nov. L. punctatus sp. nov. L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944 L. ovalis sp. nov. L. desmoinensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 L. robustus sp. nov. Cirratriradites annuliformis sp. nov.** Endosporites ornatus Wilson and Coe, 1940 Triquitrites spinosus Kosanke, 1943 T. pulvinatus sp. nov. T. sp. Calamospora breviradiata sp. nov. C. hartungiana Schopf, 1944 Lycospora parva sp. nov. * Not observed in Perry County sample. ** Not observed in maceration 553-D. McLEANSBORO GROUP 81 21. L. granulata sp. nov. 22. L. punctata sp. nov. 23. Raistrickia crinita sp. nov. 24. /?. pilosa sp. nov.* 25. "Sphcrites" sp. 26. Gen. nov. (see 5-A coal bed)* The dominant genus is Lycospora, and L. parva sp. nov. is the most abundant species. This species usually represents about 40 percent of the total spore content. L. granulata sp. nov. and L. punctata sp. nov. are somewhat variable in abundance but always represent five to 10 percent of the total spore population each. Thus Lycospora represents 50 to 60 percent of the total spore population. The two coal bed cores, macerations 536-D and 537-E, were divided equally into four samples each. Separate macerations of each of the samples revealed that Lycospora is domi- nant throughout the entire bed. Laevigato- sporites represents 28 to 33 percent of the total spore population, and when consider- ing the bed as a whole L. pseudothiessenii sp. nov. is the most abundant species for it represents 16 percent of the total spore population. However, this abundance is restricted to the upper half of the bed in macerations 536-D and 537-E. The upper half of the bed contains 26 to 27 percent of L. pseudothiessenii sp. nov. but the bottom half contains only five to seven percent of the total spore population and L. desmoi- nensis (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944, L. minutus (Ibrahim) S. W. and B., 1944, and L. punctatus sp. nov. become important numerically. In a diamond-drill core from Franklin County, maceration 553-D, the Cutler coal bed is only one foot thick. It contained 28 percent L. pseudothiessenii sp. nov. and this suggests the possibility that only the upper half of the coal bed is present. The only evidence of genus zonation is the restriction of Cirratriradites to the lower three-fourths of the bed. This further suggests that only the upper portion of the Cutler coal bed is present in maceration 553-D since Cirratri- radites appears to be lacking. The remainder of the spore population is of minor numerical importance when con- sidering the coal bed as a whole, except that Punctati-sporites represents six to seven * Not observed in Perry County sample. percent of the spore population and Cala- mospora three to five percent. Danville (No. 7) Coal Bed The No. 7 coal bed is the lowermost coal bed of the McLeansboro group in Ver- milion County, and is believed to be absent in southern Illinois by Wanless (1939) and Weller and Wanless (1939). Cady (1942, p. 10) suggests that the Cutler coal bed of southern Illinois may be equivalent to the Danville (No. 7) coal bed. One of the following coal beds in south- ern Illinois may be the equivalent of Dan- ville No. 7 coal bed: Jamestown, Banks- ton, Cutler, and even the first Cutler-rider coal bed. Genera and many species dis- crepancies exist between the spores of the No. 7 coal bed and those of the Jamestown and of the Bankston coal beds. Further- more, the rarity of Laevigato-sporites pseudothiessenii sp. nov. in these two beds from southern Illinois contrasts markedly with its prominence in the No. 7 bed. The Cutler coal bed appears to lack the genus Wilsonia gen. nov., but only one specimen of this genus has been isolated in the No. 7 bed. Species discrepancies are more nu- merous, particularly species of minor numer- ical importance. Genera and species of numerical importance in the two beds are essentially identical. The first Cutler-rider coal bed has two genera discrepancies of minor numerical importance and many species discrepancies. The dominant genus is Laevigato-sporites as contrasted to Lyco- spora in the No. 7 and Cutler beds. The evidence seems to indicate the equivalence of the Cutler coal bed and No. 7 bed of the Danville district. Two column samples and one random sample of the Danville (No. 7) coal bed from Vermilion County (macerations 514, 590 A-D, and 591 A-D) contained the following genera and species: 1. Punctati-sporites fenestratus sp. nov. 2. P. obliquus sp. nov. 3. P. orbicularis sp. nov. 4. P. triangularis sp. nov. 5. P. latigranifer (Loose) S. W. and B., 1944 6. P. sp. 7. Granulati-sporites commissuralis sp. nov. 8. G. verrucosus (Wilson and Coe) S. W. and B., 1944 82 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS CORRELATION OF THE LOWER MC LEANSBORO COAL BEDS WITH SUGGESTED LIMESTONE CORRELATIONS IN FRANKLIN COUNTY 2 3 4 MAP OF FRANKLIN COUNTY SHOWING DIAMOND DRILL HOLE LOCATIONS / / v. Wk V ,, , ■ THEIR USE IN CORRELATION 109 PLATE 8 Fig. 1. — Triquitrites pulvinatus sp. nov. holotype, maceration 628-A Slide 4, Murphysboro coal bed, Saline County, Illinois, dimensions are 42.2 X 46.2 microns. Fig. 2. — T. protensus sp. nov. holotype, maceration 519-B Slide 1, Dekoven coal bed, William- son County, Illinois, dimensions are 37.8 X 36.5 microns. Fig. 3. — T. discoideus sp. nov. holotype, maceration 542-B Slide 3, No. 8 coal bed, Peoria Coun- ty, Illinois, dimensions are 71.4 X 67.2 microns. Fig. 4. — T. prisms sp. nov. holotype, maceration 587 Slide 13, Battery Rock coal bed, Hardin County, Illinois, dimensions are 40.5 X 40.5 microns. Fig. 5. — T. spinosus Kosanke, 1943, maceration 600 Slide 1, LaSalle coal bed, Bureau County, Illinois, dimensions are 50 X 51.5 microns. Fig. 6. — T. crassus sp. nov. holotype, maceration 574 Slide 21, Shoal Creek coal bed, Bond County, Illinois, dimensions are 66.1 X 67.2 microns. Fig. 7. — T. inusitatus sp. nov. holotype, maceration 603-C Slide 4, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois, dimensions exclusive of corner processes are 65.1 X 67.2 microns. Fig. 8. — T. angulatus sp. nov. holotype, maceration 520-A Slide 3, Bald Hill coal bed, William- son County, Illinois, dimensions are 71.9 X 70.9 microns. 110 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS / \ rf cl THEIR USE IN CORRELATION III PLATE 9 Fig. 1. — Calamospora liquida sp. nov. holotype, maceration 574 Slide 12, Shoal Creek coal bed, Bond County, Illinois, dimensions are 81.6 X 84 microns. Fig. 2. — C. flava sp. nov. holotype, maceration 538-F Slide 8, Macoupin coal bed (?), Jefferson County, Illinois, dimensions are 107.1 X 119.7 microns. Fig. 3. — C. pcdata sp. nov. holotype, maceration 542-C Slide 3, No. 8 coal bed, Peoria County, Illinois, dimensions are 44.1 X 70.3 microns. Fig. 4. — C. breviradiata sp. nov. holotype, maceration 579-B Slide 1, No. 2 coal bed, Bureau County, Illinois, dimensions are 57.7 X 65.1 microns. Fig. 5. — C. flexilis sp. nov. holotype, maceration 625-A Slide 1, Willis coal bed, Gallatin County, Illinois, dimensions are 69.3 X 64 microns. Fig. 6. — Reinschospora triangularis sp. nov. holotype, maceration 573 Slide 2, No. 8 coal bed, Macoupin County, Illinois, dimensions are 74 X 74 microns. Fig. 7. — R. triangularis sp. nov. holotype, portion of holotype specimen as viewed with oil immersion showing spines. One spine inked in black illustrates the partate nature with knobs at the apex. Dotted line below spine indicates origin of spine in spore body. The line below the specimen is 20 microns in length. 112 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS THEIR USE IN CORRELATION 113 PLATE 10 Fig. 1. — Reinschospora punctata sp. nov. holotype, maceration 572 Slide 4, Upper Scottville coal bed, Macoupin County, Illinois, dimensions are 67.5 X 67 microns. Fig. 2. — R. magnifica sp. nov. holotype, maceration 536-A Slide 1, Shoal Creek coal bed, Franklin County, Illinois, dimensions including flange are 64.2 X 71.5 microns. Fig. 3. — Lycospora punctata sp. nov. holotype, maceration 474-A Slide 4, No. 6 coal bed, Frank- lin County, Illinois, dimensions are 36.7 X 38 microns. Fig. 4. — L. granulata sp. nov. maceration 603-B Slide 8, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois, a tetrad of spore which is rather common in the isolated spores of Lycospora. Fig. 5. — L. brevijuga sp. nov. holotype, maceration 603-C Slide 7, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois, dimensions are 35.7 X 38.8 microns. Fig. 6. — L. granulata sp. nov. holotype, maceration 519-A Slide 14, Dekoven coal bed, William- son County, Illinois, dimensions are 31.5 X 37.8 microns. Fig. 7. — L. pseudo annul ata sp. nov. holotype, maceration 587 Slide 17, Battery Rock coal bed, Hardin County, Illinois, dimensions are 39.7 X 42 microns. Fig. 8. — Raistrickia prisca sp. nov. holotype, maceration 609 Slide 1, Wayside coal bed, Johnson County, Illinois, overall dimensions are 52.5 X 54.6 microns. Fig. 9. — R. aculeata sp. nov. holotype, maceration 490-A Slide 5, McCleary's Bluff coal bed, Wabash County, Illinois, spore body dimensions are 65.1 X 69.3 microns. 114 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS m THEIR USE IN CORRELATION 115 PLATE 11 Fig. 1. — Raistrickia protensa sp. nov. holotype, maceration 474-A Slide 8, No. 6 coal bed Franklin County, Illinois, spore body dimensions are 58.8 X 60.9 microns. Specimen focused to illustrate trilete mark, lips, and commissure. Fig. 2. — Same specimen as in fig. 1, but focused to show projection opposite left ray. Fig. 3. — Oil immersion photomicrograph of projection from fig. 2, the projection is 15.2 microns in length from the margin of the spore coat to the apex. Note the partate nature and knobs at the apex of the projections. Fig. 4. — R. pilosa sp. nov. holotype, maceration 544 Slide 2, No. 7 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois, body dimensions are 39.9 X 40.3 microns. Fig. 5. — R. irregularis sp. nov. holotype, maceration 603-B Slide 6, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois, overall dimensions are 71.4 X 71.4 microns. Fig. 6. — R. crocea sp. nov. holotype, maceration 603-C Slide 1, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois, spore body dimensions are 69.3 X 73.5 microns. Fig. 7. — R. crinita sp. nov. holotype, maceration 544 Slide 9, No. 7 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois, spore body dimensions are 61.9 X 58.3 microns. Fig. 8. — R. imbricata sp. nov. holotype, maceration 500-D Slide 3, No. 6 coal bed, Wabash County, Illinois, overall dimensions are 56.7 X 67.2 microns. 116 PENNSYLVANUN SPORES OF ILLINOIS ^ THEIR USE IN CORRELATION 117 PLATE 12 Fig. 1. — Raistrickia rubida sp. nov. holotype, maceration 574 Slide 19, Shoal Creek coal bed, Bond County, Illinois, overall dimensions are 65.1 X 65.1 microns. Fig. 2. — Florinites simiiis sp. nov. holotype, maceration 542-C Slide 2, No. 8 coal bed, Peoria County, Illinois, overall dimensions are 92.4 X 132.7 microns. Fig. 3. — F. triletus sp. nov. holotype, maceration 574 Slide 3, Shoal Creek coal bed, Bond County, Illinois, overall dimensions are 52.9 X 65.1 microns. Specimen focused to illustrate partial overlap of bladder on spore body distally, and trilete mark. Fig. 4. — Same specimen as in fig. 3, focused to illustrate reticulate bladder ornamentation. Fig. 5. — F. divers if or mis sp. nov. holotype, maceration 618 Slide 2, Reynoldsburg coal bed, Johnson County, Illinois, dimensions are 94.5 X 134.4 microns. Fig. 6. — F. antiquus Schopf, 1944, maceration 519-A Slide 15, Dekoven coal bed, Williamson County, Illinois, dimensions are 65 X 84.1 microns. Proximal surface to * illustrate complete overlap of the body by the bladder. Fig. 7. — F. antiquus Schopf, 1944, maceration 604-B Slide 7, Tarter coal bed, Fulton County Illinois, dimensions are 56.7 X 73.5 microns. Notice folding of central body. Fig. 8. — F. antiquus Schopf, 1944, maceration 519-B Slide 8, Dekoven coal bed, Williamson County, Illinois, dimensions are 53 X 73.5 microns. View to illustrate distal side of body in part devoid of bladder membrane. 118 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS ■^'.A. .. THEIR USE IN CORRELATION 119 PLATE 13 Fig. 1. — Sc/iopfites dimorphus sp. nov. reconstructed drawing of genotype, maceration 537-Ls Slide 5, No. 2 coal bed, Franklin County, Illinois, diameter 113.2 microns. Drawing illustrating the external transverse plane. Fig. 2. — S. dimorphus sp. nov. drawing of longitudinal section illustrating levigate proximal surface and ornamented distal surface. Distal portion of spore coat exclusive of ornamentation is thicker than proximal portion of spore coat. Fig. 3. — S. dimorphus sp. nov. genotype photomicrograph, maceration 527-Ls Slide 5, No. 2 coal bed, Franklin County, Illinois, dimensions are 105 X 113.2 microns. Fig. 4. — S. colchesterensis sp. nov. holotype, maceration 603-C Slide 7, No. 2 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois, dimensions are 78.1 X 90.3 microns. Fig. 5. — Schulzospora rata sp. nov. reconstructed drawing of genotype, maceration 587 Slide 8, Battery Rock coal bed, Hardin County, Illinois, dimensions are 81.9 X 109.2 microns. Drawing illustrating the external transverse plane. Fig. 6. — Longitudinal section of fig. 5 illustrating complete bladder overlap of the body. Fig. 7. — Cross-section of fig. 5 illustrating spherical body and bladder overlap. Fig. 8. — Schulzospora rata sp. nov. genotype, maceration 587 Slide 8, Battery Rock coal bed, Hardin County, Illinois, dimensions are 81.9 X 109.2 microns. 120 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS THEIR USE IN CORRELATION 121 PLATE 14 Fig. 1. — Wilsonia vesicatus sp. nov. genotype, maceration 600 Slide 2, LaSalle coal bed, Bureau County, Illinois, overall dimensions are 79.8 X 75.6 microns. Fig. 2. — Reconstruction of a transverse proximal view of the genotype W '. vesicatus. Fig. 3. — Diagrammatic cross-section of fig. 2 illustrating the bladder which overlaps the circular body. Fig. 4. — W. delicata sp. nov. holotype, maceration 540-C Slide 8, No. 6 coal bed, Fulton County, Illinois, overall dimensions are 92.4 X 86.1 microns. Figs. 5-6. — Thin section of cannel coal from Witham (1833, PI. 11, figs. 4 and 5) believed to be the first thin sections of coal ever made. Fig. 5 is a transverse section and fig. 6 a cross-section illustrating megaspores and possibly small spores. 100X. 122 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS THEIR USE IN CORRELATION 123 PLATE 15 Fig. 1. — Thin cross-section of the Reynoldsburg coal from Johnson County, Illinois. The section contains numerous bands of anthraxylon, some attritus, opaque matter, and spores. Many of the spores are of the genus Denso-sporites which in cross-section appear dumb- bell shaped. 350X. Fig. 2. — A thin horizontal section of the Reynoldsburg coal from Johnson County, Illinois. The section contains many ("splint spores") spores of Denso-sporites reynoldsburgensis. 350X. 24 PENNSYLVANIA SPORES OF ILLINOIS W 4 ^A^tr- THEIR USE IN CORRELATION 125 PLATE 16 Fig. 1. — Cadiospora magna sp. nov. genotype, maceration 600 Slide 15, LaSalle coal bed, Bureau County, Illinois, dimensions are 117.6 X 111.3 microns. Fig. 2. — Laevigato-sporites medius sp. nov. holotype, maceration 578 Slide 5, Scottville coal bed, Macoupin County, Illinois, dimensions are 42.1 X 28.3 microns. Fig. 3. — Punctati-sporites minutus sp. nov. holotype, maceration 584 Slide 7, Woodbury coal bed (?), Jasper County, Illinois, dimensions are 29.4 X 28.7 microns. Fig. 4. — P. vagus sp. nov. holotype, maceration 694 Slide 5, Shelbyville coal bed, Shelby County, Illinois, dimensions are 65 X 63 microns. Fig. 5. — Lycospora parva sp. nov. holotype, maceration 591-B Slide 5, No. 7 coal bed, Vermilion County, Illinois, the overall dimensions are 26.2 X 29.4 microns. Fig. 6. — Laevigato-sporites obscurus sp. nov. holotype, maceration 576 Slide 14, New Haven coal bed, Gallatin County, Illinois, dimensions are 32.5 X 29.4 microns. 126 PENNSYLVANIAN SPORES OF ILLINOIS REFERENCES Arnold, Chester A., 1944, A heterosporous species of Boivmanites from the Michigan coal basin: Am. Jour. Botany, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 466-469. 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