Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 2

Place of Publication: State College, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1925

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg095.2

n

Pennsylvania State
Horticultural Association News

Vol. II STATE COLLEGE, PA., MARCH, 1925 No. 4

Proceedings of the

State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania

for 1925

»

SIXTY-SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING
HELD IN HARRISBURG
JANUARY 19-24. 1925

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u

It

Pennsylvania State
Horticultural Association News

Published by the Association
Issued Quarterly at State College, Pa. Subscription, 50c

Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at State College, Pa.,

November 27, 1923

Acceptance for mailing at special rates of postage provided for in
section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized November 27, 1923

Vol. II STATE COLLEGE, PA., MARCH, 1925 No. 4

Proceedings of the
State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania
for 1925

«

SIXTY-SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING
HELD IN HARRISBURG
JANUARY 19-24, 1925

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m

i A

■;.M

State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania

Ofificers and Cammittees for 1925

PRESIDENT
H. C. Brinton, Hanover.

1st VICE-PRESIDENT
S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown Square

2nd VICE-PRESIDENT
Dr. M. L. Bertolet, Mt. Penn

SECRETARY
S. W. Fletcher, State College

ASSISTANT SECRETARY
Paul Thayer, State College.

TREASURER
Edwin W. Thomas, King-of-Prussia.

VEGETABLE GROWERS' SECTION

CHAIRMAN
Thomas Biddle, Bustleton.

SECRETARY
W. B. Nissley, State College.

C. J. Tyson, Ch.
Paul Thayer, Ch.
R. D. Anthony, Ch.

STANDING COMMITTEES

LEGISLATION
D. M. Wertz

EXHIBITION
H. F. Hershey

FRUIT

R. J. Gillan

F. H. Fassett

R. S. Snyder

H. M. Doty

SPECIAL COMMITTEES

GAME LAWS
R. T. Criswell, Ch. J. A. Runk

ADVERTISING
P. R. Taylor, Ch. H. C. Barker

VARIETY CERTIFICATION
F. N. Fagan, Ch. C. H. Hadley

TO SERVE ON THE AGRICULTURAL COUNCIL

C. J. Tyson C. A. Greist

H. C. Brinton

C. A. Greist

H. G. Lewis

H. G. Baugher

MEETING OF WEDNESDAY MORNING, JAN. 21
THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE APPLE SCAB FUNGUS

C. R. Orton, State College.

Scab has been for years, and still continues to be, the
most destructive and wide-spread disease of the apple. No
other disease of this crop has been experimented with more
fully, particularly from the- standpomt of control. The life-
cycle of the parasite has been known for years ; the relation
of weather to the incidence of the disease is rather well under-
stood • and very satisfactory methods of control were worked
out years ago but still this disease takes a huge annual toll
of the apple crop.

The reasons for the present situation regarding apple
scab must be due largely to the failure of the grower to fully
understand the nature and the life history of the fungus which
causes this disease. This fungus has two distinct stages in
its development, a "perfect" stage which develops during the
early spring on the infected leaves of the previous season
which have over-wintered on the ground, and an ''imperfect"
or repeating stage which develops on the green leaves and
fruit as a result of infection from "spores" which are produced
by the perfect stage on the fallen leaves, these spores being-
carried by wind from the dead leaves to the green leaves.

Since the spores produced by the perfect stage on the old
dead leaves are the only known source of infection the attack
on scab is after all relatively simple. Two methods are open
to the orchardist ; either he must rake and burn all the fallen
leaves, or he can protect the newly developing foliage and
fruit from infection by the use of fungicides. Since the former
method is usually held impractical because of the difficulty
in destroying all the leaves the latter has been most generally
practiced. Upon the timely and efficient application of the
fungicide the degree of control is dependent.

Period of Infection. Rather extensive experiments have
been conducted to determine the period of infection in order
that the time of application of the fungicide may be so arrang-
ed that the maximum protection is secured. It was formerly
considered unnecessarry to begin spraying for scab control
before the pink stage of the blooming period and this was
followed by a petal fall, a 10 day, a two week and a midsum-
mer application. We know now that the pink application is
too late to catch the early infections and that at least a pre-
pink and in some years a delayed dormant is necessary to
secure satisfactory protection against scab. If the pre-pink,
the pink, the petal fall and 10 day applications are thoroughly
made later applications specifically for scab are usually un-
necessary.

The failures to control scab are invariably traced to care-
lessness or untimely applications of the fungicide. These
omissions allow even a few summer repeating spores to de-
velop, spread, reinfect the host, and thus perpetuate the dis-
ease in spite of consistent attempts to control the disease after
it is seen to be established. Truly an ounce of prevention is
superior to a pound of cure in this case.

When to Spray. While it is important to apply the fun-
gicide prior to rainfalls during the critical period of spore dis-
charge from the old dead leaves, the real object which every
orchardists should attempt to attain is to keep the newly de-
veloping leaves and fruit as fully covered as possible from
the time of their emergence to that time which is marked by
a date approximately two weeks after the petals have fallen.
By this date practically all the viable spores have been shed
from the dead leaves.

Slides will be shown illustrating the life-cycle of the scab
fungus, Venturia Pomi; the method by which the spores es-
cape and are carried by wind to the leaves where they germi-
nate and infect to produce later the summer repeating spores
which in turn germinate and reinfect. This process is repeat-
ed until growth processes of the leaves and fruit are concluded
when the leaves fall to the ground and by the next spring the
perfect stage is matured.

Question: Isn't cultivation one means by which scab
may be controlled?

C. R. Orton: Yes; the whole infection comes from the
leaves on the ground. If you destroy the old leaves you do
hot need to spray. But experience has shown that this is im-
possible. You can reduce a great deal of the infection by cul-
tivation and covering up the old leaves, but you cannot do it
completely. There will always be leaves ,left uncovered,
especially around the trunks of the trees, so that you are sure
to get ample infectoin.

Question: When is the period of the first spray?

C. R. Orton: That varies with the conditions. You have
to watch the season and have your experts advise you. Some
years it will come at the delayed dormant period. The past
year it came a week or ten days later so that our pre-pink ap-
plication was the most important one.

Question: How far can the spores be carried?

C. R. Orton: They do not have to be carried very far
because everybody has a few apple trees. Undoubtedly these
spores can be carried a considerable distance under favorable
conditions. I do not think the maximum distance has ever
been determined but we know that the spores of other similar
parasites they may be carried miles and still cause infection.

»

Question: Why is it that some trees are more susceptible
than others?

C. R. Orton: That is inherent in the tree itself. You may-
be immune from a certain disease while your neighbor along
side of you may be susceptible. With trees you have a similar
condition. The York Imperial is quite a resistant variety but
you will always get enough infection so that it will injure a
certain proportion of your crop.

Question : How long is your foliage protected ordinarily
by applications?

C. R. Orton : It depends on the rate of growth of the
leaves, but you cannot expect absolute protection of the foli-
age during this stage of rapid development much more than
four or five days. We find, however, that we get excellent con-
trol by placing the sprays at ten day intervals.

Question: Does the application protect the leaves al-
ready developed and the new infection take place on the new
growth of the leaves? If you put the application on today
and cover the leaves thoroughly are they immune?

C. R. Orton: They are protected for just so long as that
film of spray covers your leaves. But you must remember
that the individual leaves are growing all the time and the
growth is always from the base and not from the tip of the
leaf. The place unprotected, therefore, is always at the base
of the leaves. At the end of five or six days you have quite
a little area there that is not adequately protected.

LESSONS FROM EXPERIMENTS IN THE CONTROL
OF APPLE SCAB WITH SPRAYS AND DUSTS*

Summary of talk by H. W. Thurston, State College.

1. In light scab years, such as 1920, almost any of the
common sprays or dusts will keep the disease in check, but
in years of heavy infection and unfavorable weather, many
spray materials fail.

2. The severity of scab infection is determined by the
rainfall during the months of April and May, and the character
of the rainy days is of more importance than the total amount
of rainfall. A small amount of rain, together with cloudy,
drizzly or foggy weather, is a much more dangerous condi-
tion than several heavy showers.

3. The early applications are the important ones, so far
as scab is concerned. The tests have shown the necessity of
at least one application prior to the pink. Certainly this is
true in most years, and it is recommended that where scab is

*The results of these experiments are presented in greater
detail in a bulletin of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, State College, Pa., sent free on application.

a problem spraying should start with a delayed dormant spray.
Growers should get away from the idea of spraying only at
fixed intervals. Their aim should be to start with a delayed
dormant and keep the young foliage covered as fast as it un-
folds. Don't give the scab spores any unprotected leaf surface
on which to get a start. If this is done up until the time of petal
fall scab control will be assured.

4. Spraying: During the six years of these tests it has
been found that lime sulphur, cither home made or commer-
cial, both liquid and dry, when properly diluted and applied
has given the most uniformly satisfactory results and probab-
ly should still be considered the standard fungicide for scab
control.

5. Dusting: Sulphur dusts have given some very good
results at State College. During these tests dust has been
increasingly promising and during the past season one of the
dusted plots was actually the best in the test. Improvements
in dust and dusting machinery have been largely responsible
for the better results obtained in more recent years.

Question: In the use of dry lime sulphur did you follow
the directions of the maker in diluting it?

H. W. Thurston: We followed the directions to this ex-
tent: we never made it any stronger than the directions said.
I have tried several strengths.

One of the members present stated that he seemed to get
as good results from a weaker strength.

Question: Did you make the same number of applica-
tions of spray as with dust?

H. W. Thurston: In the experiments of the past sum-
mer the same number of spray applications were used as with
dust. They were put on in every case during the same day.

Question: What is the right amount of dust pressure?

H. W. Thurston: I do not know what the dust pressure
should be but I feel that we still do not have enough pressure,
even though the dust is ground much finer. We need more
pressure and something in the way of a nozzle. Now we have
nothing but a piece of pipe. It seems to me that the best
way to apply dust is to apply it in the same manner as we
apply the spray.

Question: At what time of day do you put on the dust?

H. W. Thurston: Early in the morning, — not necessar-
ily at daylight by any means. It is not always necessary to get
out before daylight in order to dust. The main point to avoid
is wind interference and if you have to get up early to get
this, do so. Some dust at night.

Question: How much wind can you have without in-
efficiency?

H. W. Thurston : That depends on the size of the trees
and the power of the blower. You cannot blow^ dust against
much wind, that is certain. Furthermore, the farther you
have to blow it to the top of large trees the more difficult it
becomes.

Mr. Wolfe ; I would like to know^ whether you have had
any discoloration of the foliage through the use of dust?
Answer: We get no discoloratoin.

Member: In our county w^e noticed a bronzing of the
foliage and in places where the dust seemed to settle it check-
ed the growth of the trees.

Question: When is the grower to know just when to
start spraying and what to use?

H. W. Thurston: The growler perhaps is not able to
to know just when these scab spores start shooting. We will
come to the time when in each important fruit region there
will be a specialist who will watch these dead leaves for the
first appearance of the spores. Then when he finds that con-
dition word wull go around the region to start spraying for
apple scab. A beginning has already been made in Pennsyl-
vania to supply this spray service. There is no set schedule
that can be safely used. It is up to you growers to get behind
a movement of this kind if you wish to secure this assistance.
Question: What is the w^eakest strength we can use lime
sulphur and secure results.

E. L. Nixon: 1.008 is the weakest you can use and con-
trol apple scab.

Question: In your experiments with different kinds of
sprays did you experiment with sulphocide?

H. W. Thurston: Not in 1924. We gave that up sev-
eral years ago as a scab spray.

Question: How strong can that be put on without in-
juring the fruit?

H. W. Thurston : The weakest solution we used burned.
If we had used a w^eaker solution it probably would have had
no value.

Question: Have you had any experience in spraying in
the rain? I know of that being done.

H. W. Thurston : We do not make a practice of spraying
in a rain, but, if we are spraying and there is a drizzle w^e do
not stop.

Question: In case of rainy weather between your pre-
pink and petal drop period, w^ould you advise spraying?

H. W. Thurston: In case of a long drawn out period of
rainy weather I w^ould get in there if I could.

Question: Do you think there would be any damage
done the blossoms?

H. W. Thurston: I am pretty well convinced that you
can spray the blossoms in full bloom without hurting them,
but if you use arsenic in the spray it will kill the bees, w^hich
are beneficial in pollination.

The Chairman: At this point I will appoint the follow-
ing committees: Nominating: F. H. Fasset, New Hope; P. S.
Fenstenmacher, AUentown and H. F. Hershey, Hamburg;

Resolutions: D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro, Luther P.
Creasy, Catawissa, Samuel Dickey, Oxford.

Auditing: A. E. Reist, Palmyra, R. J. Gillan, St. Thomas,
G. B. Pollock, Wyoming.

SOME RESULTS OF APPLE PRUNING IN NEW

JERSEY

A. F. Mason, New^ Brunswick, N. J.

In an endeavor to cut dow^n the cost of production, or
perhaps due to actual labor shortage, many apple growers
have overlooked the value of thorough pruning in the produc-
tion of high quality fruit. Trees have been allowed to become
very brushy, and the tops on older trees have reached a height
that even the most modern type of orchard sprayer cannot
reach.

A Very Profitable Orchard. Senator Emmor Roberts, of
Moorestown, N. J. has a 10-acre block of Rome Beauty trees
that is known all over the state of New Jersey because of some
tremendous crops which it produced about the time of the
w^ar. For two or three successive seasons the gross returns from
the 10 acres are reported to have exceeded $20,000 per year.
However, in 1922, the crop, though bountiful, ran to small
sized fruit, while considerable scab in the orchard caused
much loss when the fruit was picked. Perhaps a quarter of
the crop was thus lost. The trees had grown tremendously
and were quite thick and brushy. Lack of pruning was sug-
gested as the probable cause of the small size and as a con-
tributing factor to the poor control of scab secured by spray-
ing. A pruning comparison was arranged for the 1923 season.

A three row block was pruned very thoroughly, special at-
tention being given to bringing the tops back within bounds,
and to thinning out the clumps of small wood with which the
periphery of the Rome Beauty tree gets so full.

Moderate Dehorning. The first move was to bring the
tops down to a height of from 20 to 25 feet. This involved
the removal of sometimes three or four limbs as much as three
or four inches in diameter, cutting alw^ays at a point where
a strong side branch carried the growth out laterally, thus
forming a natural top at that point. Many growers will ob-
ject to the removal of much of the top in that manner, stating

that the top is the portion of the tree from which the finest
fruit is secured. Their statement is correct, but their reason-
ing is faulty. Light is the controlling factor, and it makes no
difference whether the "top" of the tree is fifteen feet in the
air, or fifty feet. It is the section that gets the most light,
and therefore is the portion of the tree that has the most vigor,
that will produce the best fruit. In bringing down the tops of
each tree from five to ten feet we did not destroy the portion
of the tree that bears the best fruit, we merely moved it
five to ten feet closer to the ground, so that it could be more
easily handled. No large bare holes were left in the center of
the tree. Cuts were made at points where a natural top exist-
ed.

Renewal of the Tree Top. Most growers have ob-
served that the bearing apple tree, if neglected, has several
'^stories" in it. The strong shoots that formed the top were
bent over by weight of fruit, and new vigorous sprouts devel-
oped to carry the growth a few feet higher. When they, in
turn, are bent over and outward with the weight of crops, still
another crop of vigorous new shoots develop to elevate the
top of the tree. It is possible for the experienced pruner to
bring back the tree to one of these natural stopping places,
without damaging the tree, or opening the center up too much
to the danger of sun scald, and the operation seems to lower
the cost of operation greatly. It has been shown by Childs,
of the Oregon Experiment Station, that when spraying with
the best type of equipment, and 300 pounds pressure, that 51%
of the wormy apples on a 26-foot tree were in the top eleven
feet, that only produced 25% of the crop, while 31% of the
wormy apples in a 28-foot tree were in the top six feet that
only produced 6% of the crop. When the cost of spraying and
picking the fruit from high trees is considered, and the evi-
dence on the amount of wormy or diseased fruit in the top of
the average well sprayed tree is weighted, a strong case against
the high tree is developed.

After bringing down the tops, the side branches were then
carefully thinned out, removing much wood about the size of
a finger or a thumb, leaving the twigs and branches so that
they hung evenly and without interference. In thinning of
this kind, the twigs that rose from the top of a limb and those
that hung directly down from beneath it were first candidates
for removal. When we finished we thought we had the trees
in excellent shape, but the growers who watched the progress
of the work were scandalized. They claimed that it would
be impossible for the tree to produce a crop on such a small
amount of wood.

Size of Fruit Increased. In the fall the crop from five
typical trees in the well-pruned block was compared with the
crop from five typical trees of the thick, brushy block. The

10

thick brushy trees averaged 25.4 bushels per tree, while the
well-pruned trees averaged 20.6 bushels per tree. But notice
the effect of the pruning on the size of the apples ; 54% of the
apples from the well-pruned trees were over three inches in
size, while only 18% were less than two and one-half niches.
On the brushy trees, only 30% were over three inches in size,
while 34% were less than two and one-half inches. The fol-
lowing table gives the results :

EFFECT OF PRUNING ON SIZE OF FRUIT. RESULTS
BASED ON CROP FROM 5 TREES IN EACH BLOCK

Treatment % of crop over % of crop %of crop less than
3 inches 2|/2 to 3 inches 2>^ inches

Well pruned

54%

28%

18%

Thick and brushy

30%

36%

34%

Tw^o per cent increase in apples having half or more of the
surface red accompanied the increase in size due to pruning.
A large group of Burlington, Camden and Gloucester Coun-
ty growers, representing our biggest fruit districts, followed
these results closely. To clinch the matter we repeated the
work in this past (1924) season, using the same trees. How-
ever, we pruned five of the trees in the thick brushy block,
so as to have three comparisons, as follows :

1. Trees well pruned for two years — 1923-24.

2. Trees well pruned only one year — 1924.

3. Thick brushy trees.

The results were very gratifying. Both blocks of well
pruned trees far outyielded the thick brushy trees, this con-
dition being true over the entire orchard, all but the check
trees of which had been well pruned. The block that had been
well pruned only one year had 33.1% more apples than the
thick brushy trees, while the trees which had been well pruned
for two years had 40.9% more apples than the thick brushy
trees. The following table gives the results :

EFFECT OF THOROUGH PRUNING ON AMOUNT OF

CROP— 1924

Figures obtained from hand-picked and windfall stock from

5 trees in each block.

Treatment

Total crop from 5 trees in

each block

% increase
over check

Unpruned check

Well pruned 1924 only

Well pruned 1923 and 1924

76% bushels

0.0

lOlVo bushels

33.1%

10714 bushels

40.9%

11

Again, the size of the fruit from the well pruned trees ran
far ahead of the fruit on the thick brushy trees; 66.6% and
54.1% of the crops on the two well pruned blocks were above
three inches, while only 43.8% of the crop from the thick
brushy trees ran above three inches.

As to small apples, the two well pruned blocks had 5.6%
and 8.2% of their crops under 2/2 inches, with none under
two inches. On the thick brushy trees 18.8% went from two
to two and one-half inches, while 3.4% even fell below two
inches. The following table gives the results :

EFFECT OF THOROUGH PRUNING ON SIZE OF

APPLES— 1924

Figures obtained from hand-picked stock from five trees in

each block.

Treatment

% crop % crop % crop % crop
over 3" 2y2"-y' 2^^-2/2'' below 2"

Unpruned check, 1923

30

36 :

34 :

0

Unpruned check, 1924

43.8 :

34 :

18.8 :

3.4

Well-pruned, 1924

66.6 :

27.6 :

5.6 :

0

Well-pruned, 1923-24
(1923 crop)

: 54

: 28

: 18

0

Well-pruned 1923-24
CI 924 croo^

: 54.1

: 37.7

»

: 8.2

: 0

Color was again benefitted by careful pruning, there be-
ing 6% more red apples on the well pruned than on the thick
brushy trees. The following table gives the results :

EFFECT OF PRUNING ON COLOR OF FRUIT— 1924

Figures obtained from hand-picked stock from five trees in

each block

Treatment

% of crop running % of crop running
over 50% red color less than 5Q% red color

Thoroughly pruned
Unpruned check

35.3
29.3

647_
"70.7

We feel th^t w^e have built up a strong case against the
thick tree, the unpruned tree and the high tree. In these days
only fruit of high quality has been bringing adequate returns.
It costs only eighty-three cents per tree to do this thorough
job of pruning the first year, and on an estimate, not over
fifteen cents to prune the same tree the next year. It required
1.7 gallons per tree per application more to spray the high
thick tree than it took to spray the well pruned tree, not to
speak of the diflference in labor required.

12

QUESTION BOX

"Did dusting control scab in 1924?"

One member stated that dusting did control scab for him
and that he averaged 97% control.

Mr. Thurston w^as asked if he dusted both sides of the
tree and he stated that he did.

"Is the York Imperial losing ground in competition with
other varieties?"

G. W. Mitchell. The York Imperial is losing ground and
it is largely the fault of the grower himself. It is an ideal
apple for baking and has wonderful keeping qualities. It is
necessary to educate the housewife as to how best to use this
variety, especially with reference to baking and cooking.

A. C. Martin. When it comes to stewing there is nothing
to equal the York. The York Imperial has been losing ground
for one reason : If you attempt to sell the York they will tell
you it won't cook. I make it a practice to ask what they cook
with. Very often they say gas and then I tell them that they
try to cook too quickly. I could sell 100 bushels of Staymans
where I could sell five of York. It used to be that everybody
used coal or wood. Now they are using gas and that, I be-
lieve, is the reason why the York is losing ground.

Sheldon Funk: It is simply impossible for me to sell the
York Imperial.

President Greist: It seems to be largely a question of
locality and market. There are certain markets that know the
York Imperial and will pay as much for it as for the Stayman,
sometimes is will bring a little more. I should think that Mr.
Funk would have no trouble in selling the York Imperial, es-
pecially this year.

Sheldon Funk: I have had more trouble this year than
ever before. I cannot move them.

A Member: The Stayman bears five years earlier than
the York and bears every year, while the York bears every
other year. The Stayman is far ahead of the York.

A Member: I have five bushels of York Imperials to one
of Winesap. I cannot get $1.00 a bushel for them.

"Who has had satisfactory experience with hail insur-
ance?"

Sheldon Funk : I had hail insurance last year and my ex-
perience in adjusting a loss with the Company (the Hartford)
was entirely satisfactory.

"Is there over-planting of apples and peaches in Pennsyl-
vania?"

Member : A short time ago the New Jersey Horticultural
Association passed a resolution favoring a census of the plant-

13

ing of apples and peaches in New Jersey. I think it would be
a good thing for us to take up the matter.

The Chairman: I think this will be taken care of by the
census being taken by the Department of Agriculture at Wash-
ington, which has an appropriation for that purpose and has
regularly appointed census takers.

AFTERNOON SESSION

January 21st

EXPERIENCES OF A PENNSYLVANIA PEACH

GROWER

Sheldon W. Funk, Boyertown.

The success or failure of the peach business in Pennsyl-
vania is very largely dependent upon location. Extremely
cold weather during the winter and late spring frosts are us-
ually the limiting factors as far as profit is concerned.

The first essential, therefore, is a high, well drained loca-
tion on a light, friable soil. A high, well drained location is
not only essential as far as frost is concerned but it is also con-
ducive to higher quality fruit. Peaches grown on a light, well
elevated soil are practically always superior in flavor, appear-
ance and carrying qualities to the fruit grown on low and
richer soils. The spraying costs will also be far heavier on the
low elevation.

My practice has been to use the peach only as a filler.
This is contrary to the practice of a great many growers. We,
however, have never experienced any of the difficulties us-
ually claimed for peaches as fillers and I would not consider
using them in any other way.

The apples are planted forty feet apart and the peaches
twenty, giving us twenty-seven apples and about seventy-five
peaches to the acre. We put in a driveway every thirteen
rows, which accounts for the smaller number of peach trees.

The peaches come into bearing at three to four years of
age and are taken out when ten to eleven years old. This al-
lows for from six to eight crops ranging from one to ten
bushels per tree.

The number of varieties to be planted will depend upon
a number of conditions which should be considered very care-
fully before the actual planting is done.

The most profitable variety is, of course, the Elberta and
it should be planted as extensively as possible. Always bear
in mind, however, that the harvesting period on this variety
is never more than ten and frequently as low as three to four
days.

14

Cultural Suggestions. I have not the time to go into cul-
tural details but will merely offer a few suggestions. It is
highly important to grow a large tree in the shortest possible
time. To do this it is necessary to practice a' thorough system
of cultivation with liberal applications of fertilizer. Young
trees may be cultivated until the end of June and bearing trees
several weeks longer. The fertilizer should be applied earlier
in the season.

The consumer wants large, well colored fruit which means
that culls should be eliminated as far as possible. To accom-
plish this, it is necessary to prune the trees well each winter
and then thin the fruit very hard during the summer.

After the fruit is grown, grade it carefully and pack well
in new containers suited to your market.

The trials and tribulations of the fruit business seem to
be increasing quite rapidly at present. Our old enemy "Peach
Yellows" is, of course, still with us; but with careful inspec-
tion two or three times each season, we are able to hold it in
check. Recently a new pest, the Oriental Peach Moth, has
made it's appearance and this insect has all the ear-marks of
a "bad actor/* At present, we have no practical remedy for it's
control. The Japanese Beetle is also about due in our section
so it would seem that peach growing in our part of Pennsyl-
vania is due to become highly interesting, if not profitable.

Peach Varieties. The discussion developed that that part
of Berks County where Mr. Funk is located has had about one
peach failure in forty years — that of 1921. He extends his
peach season several days by using nitrate heavily on certain
trees. He gets about seventeen half bushel baskets per tree ;
a good picker can pick 100 baskets a day, but the average is
nearer 50. It takes seven packers to pack a car a day. His
market is chiefly Boston, and his season normally comes in
between south Jersey and New York, northern New Jersey
being out of peach growing now. Mr. Funk has mostly El-
berta, but would plant more Hiley than any other white peach,
not Belle of Georgia, which comes on the market with other
sorts. The parly Elberta will not bring a good price; their
color is against them. Matthews Beauty, which is usually
three days ahead of Elberta, is preferable. The later the El-
bertas ripen, as a rule, the more money they bring.

HOW CAN WE GET NURSERY STOCK THAT IS TRUE

TO NAME
J. K. Shaw

Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass

I don't know whether or not the fruit growers in Pennsyl-
vania have had as much trouble from getting fruit trees not
true to name as we have in southern New England. I judge

15

I!

from what Professor Fletcher has told me that you are not
without your troubles in this respect. I have sometimes
thought in southern New England we have more than our
share of this trouble. Possibly this is partly because of the
experiences of Professor Sears and Waugh when they started
their orchard in South Amherst some fifteen years ago. They
were unfortunate enough to get more than a thousand trees
not true to name and most of these were undesirable varieties
that proved pretty nearly worthless to them. Their exper-
iences were pretty thoroughly advertised around that part
of the country and perhaps this has helped to bring to our
notice a great many cases of fruit growers who have had
trouble of this sort.

While it is true that the absolute numbers of misnamed
trees is apparently large it is also true that the proportion of
misnamed trees is rather small. I have no means of knowing
just what the proportion has been in recent years but I think
it is somewhere in the vicinity of five per cent, but even this
rather small proportion is of great importance to the fruit
grower for it results in material loses if one grows these trees
several years before he finds that they are not true to name
and must then top-work them or pull them out and replant
with other varieties. At any rate our fruit growers have be-
come considerably interested in this problem of misnamed
trees and this has resulted in developing a plan of certifying
varieties which has been carried out for the past four years
through the agency of the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' As-
sociation. In the time that is allotted to me this afternoon I
propose to tell you about this plan and how it has worked and
the success that it has attained.

How Misnamed Trees Occur. In the first place it may
be profitable to consider for a few minutes how misnamed
trees occur. I find that a great many fruit growers think it is
all due to dishonesty of nurserymen. As a matter of fact, I
believe, that the number of misnamed trees that occur through
the dishonesty on the part of the nurserymen is extremely
small. I have found that nurserymen are as honest as any
other class of people, but they are up against serious difficulties
in this matter and despite considerable effort on their part,
misnamed trees do get out and get into the hands of the fruit
grower. The worst thing I have said about nurserymen is
that I do not believe they have felt the responsibility in this
matter that they should have felt.

In the early years of the nursery business, any single nurs-
ery enterprise was comparatively small. The proprietor quite
possibly made the personal acquaintance of every tree in the
nursery. He probably cut all his propagating wood himself,
oversaw the process of budding, kept watch of the trees as
they grew and personally looked after the digging and packing

16

of the trees when they were sent out to his customers. The
business has grown so that now no large nurseryman can give
this personal attention to his trees but must turn a great deal
over to hired helpers. Now you all know it is a fact that a
hired helper is not as dependable as the man who has a per-
sonal interest in the success of the business. Moreover, many
nursery laborers are not competent to keep a close oversight
of the trees in the nursery and occasional mix-ups occur.

Mixtures in the Nursery Row. All nurserymen cut their
propagating wood from the older trees in their nurseries. Of
course, there are some who propagate part, or perhaps in a
few cases practically all their trees, but the proportion of
nursery trees so grown is extremely small. Now it is the
easiest thing in the world for a man cutting bud wood or scion
wood to make a mistake and get on to the row of Stayman
Winesap w^hen he thinks he is cutting Baldwins. In this way
Stayman Winesap gets mixed into the Baldwin row in the
nursery and in succeeding years when one goes to cut bud
wood in these rows he gets a mixture. So from year to year
this mixture is perpetuated and will continue until it is dis-
covered and the misnamed trees eliminated from the row. It
is also very easy to get scions mixed in the grafting room when
the operation of root grafting is under way. In fact there are
all sorts of ways in which a stray variety may get mixed in the
rows. So you see from the nurserymen's method of propaga-
tion that once a mixture occurs it is bound to persist until it
is discovered, or until the nurseryman goes to some other
source for his propagation wood.

Furthermore practically all large nurserymen dig their
trees in the fall and bring them into the storage cellar where
they are kept during the winter and perhaps graded during
slack times in the winter season and finally in the spring ship-
ping season are packed up to fill customers' orders. It is true
that only the greatest care will prevent occasional mistakes
while these processes are going on.

Occasionally the stocks are grown from seed from our
orchards of cultivated varieties. It has seemed to me entirely
possible that while in most cases these seedling stocks are
easily distinguished from the variety to which they are budded
and most seedling stocks which come up are eliminated, that
possibly once in a great while a seedling stock might be mis-
taken for the budded variety and allowed to remain in the
nursery row. Then if propagating wood is cut from these trees
the mixture continues and as I have shown before it is bound
to continue until discovered and eliminated.

It has seemed to me that there is more likely to be mis-
named trees among those that have been wholesaled than
among trees bought directly from the nurserymen who grows
the trees. I have sometimes said to groups of nurserymen that

17

/ ::'^ll

I thought the wholesaler was less careful in selling to other
nurserymen than was the retail grower in selling to orchardists
and I have never had this statement challenged. How much of
this comes about through mistakes and how much through
gross carelessness or worse I am unable to say, but I believe
it is true and, therefore, it is always desirable to buy trees
whenever possible from the nurseryman who actually grows
them.

Some Mistakes Inevitable. I think we may say, there-
fore, that it is practically impossible to grow trees on a large
scale without occasional mistakes being made no matter how
careful the nurseryman may be and the only way to avoid mis-
named trees is by inspection of the nursery row and identifica-
tion of the varieties therein, and the elimination of trees not
true to name. As a by-product of some of our investigation
work at the Massachusetts Experiment Station some years
ago it appeared to us that this was an entirely practical scheme
and I have frequently said that it is just as easy to know vari-
eties by the nursery trees as it is from the fruit. Practically
every fruit grower knows the common varieties by the fruit,
but he does not know varieties by the nursery trees. The rea-
son for this is that the fruit grower sees the apples more often
and becomes more familiar with them. Expert nurserymen
familiar with trees through long experience in growing them,
on the other hand, know varieties by the nursery trees better
than they do by the fruit.

It is our experience with this problem of identifying vari-
eties that has led to the plan of the Massachusetts Fruit Grow-
ers' Association for the certification of nursery varieties. I
will now show vou a collection of slides, the first of which il-
lustrates some of the operations of the nursery ; some of them
illustrating the difference between varieties of trees as they
grow in the orchard and finally some slides showing the leaves
of different varieties by means of which I hope to show you
that differences do exist betw^een different varieties.

Plan of Variety Certification. The certification plan of
the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Association was started in
1921 in the nursery of T- W. Adams & Company of Spring-
field, Massachusetts. The way the plan worked is briefly as
follows :

Any nurservmen desiring to have his trees certified makes
application to the secretary of the association. Thereupon
the association sends its agent to examine the trees in the
nursery, this work being carried on during August and early
Sei)tember. Each tree is very carefully scrutinized to see if
it is true to name and all trees found true to name are drilled
through the scaffold, or in the case of one year whips through
the main trunk of the tree, and an ordinary lead seal is inserted
and the name of the variety stamped on the- seal by means of

18

an ordinary hand sealing press. It has been our intention that
this seal should stay on the tree until the tree comes in bear-
ing but we have not been able yet to find a satisfactory wire
that will last that long. At first we used a copper wire, but
discarded that on account of the expense and more especially
through fear that in occasional cases it might injure the tree.
Next we used a soft steel wire, that apparently will not last
for more than two or three years. Last year we used a tinned
wire, which I hope will last a little longer, and next year we
expect to use a galvanized steel wire which we hope will prove
more satisfactory than anything we have used heretofore. The
actual work of attaching the seals is performed by laborers in
the employ of the nurseryman.

During the year 1921 to 1922 work was confined to Massa7
chusetts nurseries. Now as a matter of fact there are very
few apple trees grown in nurseries in Massachusetts. I do
not suppose the total number exceeds ten thousand. It, there-
fore, became apparent that in order to try out the scheme in
any adequate fashion it would be necessary to go outside the
state. Accordingly in 1923 we made arrangements to certify
trees for the Kelly Nurseries in Dansville, New York. Inas-
much as it appeared unfair to say that we would certify the
trees for one nursery and refuse to certify trees for another we
decided in 1924 that we would offer certification to any nurs-
eryman desiring to have his trees certified and as a result of
this policy took on three additional nurseries the past summer.
The total number of trees certified has grown from about 3,500
in 1921 to more than 125,000 the past year. It is significant
that all nurseries adopting the plan of certification have con-
tinued it in succeeding years. Moreover, they seem well pleas-
ed with the idea and tell us that they think the plan has come
to stay.

Regulation of Nurserymen Not Advisable. The Massa-
chusetts Friut Growers' Association does this work at no profit
to itself. The actual expense of the work is paid by the nurs-
erymen for whom it is done. The total cost including the cost
of labor in attaching these seals has amounted in most cases
to less than 2 cents per tree. The nurserymen having certified
trees sell them ordinarily at a small advance over the cost of
uncertified trees though this increase in some cases has been
greater than fruit growers think warranted. We have con-
sidered very carefully the idea of attempting to regulate nurs-
erymen in this matter and require an agreement that they
would not ask more than a stated increase in price for the cer-
tified trees. It has seemed to us, however, that this was un-
wise as it is very difficult for a variety of reasons to determine
what a fair advance in price should be. We have decided to
leave it to the regulation of the law^ of supply and demand and
at the present time it looks as though this solution would work

19

itself out in time. I do not think the nurserymen think so
much of an advanced selling price for certified trees as they
do for the advertising value of the plan and the assurance it
gives them that they are selling trees true to name.

Percentage of Misnamed Trees. It is significent that in
every nursery in which we have done certification work for
the first time we have found misnamed trees, the proportion
varying from less than one per cent to more than ten per cent
with different nurseries. Sometimes these misnamed trees
are merely a few scattered trees through a given variety, and
sometimes we find substituted for a certain variety something
entirely different. Of course, we find all intermediate de-
grees of mixtures. Of course, after two or three years of this
inspection and certification the misnamed trees are eliminated
and we find very few or no misnamed trees in the nursery
row. There is, however, always a chance of new mixtures
creeping in and we found them the past summer in varieties
that had been pure the year before.

Certifying Other Fruits. Up to the present time the or-
ganization has confined its work entirely to apples. The rea-
son for this is that apples are the most important fruit in this
section of the country and that we felt familiar with varieties
of apples and did not feel sufficient familiarity with varieties
of other fruits. Next year, however, we hope to take on plums
and pears in case any nurseryman desires to have them certi-
fied. There is, however, comparatively few mixtures in these
fruits in the nursery. Within a year or two we hope to be able
to take on sweet cherries which are rather badly mixed in
western New York nurseries. The problem with peaches is
a more difficult one and I doubt very much if the present
scheme can be carried out satsifactorily with this fruit. Many
varieties can be distinguished with comparative ease, but some
groups of varieties present great difficulty, notably the Early
Crawford group. We have given very little consideration to
the problem of small fruits which are undoubtedly badly mix-
ed in the nurseries and it seems certain that our plan of at-
taching permanent seals to such plants would not work.

Variety certification has been started in other sections of
the country, although not on exactly the same plan as we have
used in the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Association. There
is an association of nurserymen in California that maintains
an orchard for furnishing propagating wood for nurserymen
and which maintains a variety inspection of the nurseries
which is continued until the trees are in the orchard of the pur-
chaser. In this way they are able to practically insure trees
true to name. They have not thus far tried the plan of attach-
ing permanent seals to each individual tree.

Considerable attention is being given to this problem by
Canadian fruit growers and nurserymen and they have started

20

the past season a plan of inspection of nurseries, but without
any official certification and without attaching the seals to in-
dividual trees.

Thus far our operations have been carried on entirely with
retail nurserymen that is by men who grow trees themselves
and sell them directly to the fruit grower. I hope sometime
we may be able to reach into the wholesale trade where we
will be able to correct or prevent more mistakes than we find
among the retailers. Whether this work will be continued
through the agency of the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation or through some other agency remains to be seen. It
may not seem logical that a state organization should be oper-
ating in other states, but so long as no other organization ap-
pears it seems best that this organization should carry on the
work. I feel sure that the effect of this certification work will
be felt far beyond the trees actually certified for it will prove a
spur to other nurserymen to take more pains in examining
their trees and making sure that the trees are true to name.
We think in Massachusetts that it offers the most practical
solution for the problem of the misnamed trees and that in
time they may be eliminated from the nursery and orchard.

In the discussion which followed the presentation of this
paper it was brought out that the additional expense of cer-
tification of varieties — about five cents a tree at present — is
small compared with the advantages secured. Two New York
nurseries now offer trees that have been certified by the Mas-
sachusetts Fruit Growers' Association and had exhibits at the
Farm Products Show. Dr. Shaw stated that the State Horti-
cultural Association of Pennsylvania, in cooperation with the
State Department of Agriculture and State College, is the log-
ical agency to undertake this work, and that his services would
be available for the certification of trees in Pennsylvania nurs-
eries that desire it, until one of our own men can be trained
to distinguish the varieties. He believes that many nurseries
eventually will secure certification, as a matter of self interest,
without regulation or pressure from governmental agencies,
and that the law of supply and demand will determine the ex-
tra price that it will be necessary to pay for certified trees.
The Association authorized the appointment of a Committee
to prepare a plan for variety certification in Pennsylvania
nurseries.

t!

ip

21

WHAT DETERMINES THE KIND OF SOIL MANAjGE-

MENT FERTILIZAT^ AND PRUNING THAT

APPLE TREES SHOULD RECEIVE?

E. C. Auchter,

Head Department of Horticulture, University of Maryland,

College Park, Md.

The commercial fruit industry of the United States has
been increasing so rapidly in the last few years and the de-
mand for quality has become so emphasized, that orchards
managed carelessly or in a haphazard manner are not likely
to be very profitable.

In order to properly manage apple orchards, which are
erowing under a wide range of soil and climatic conditions,
it is necessary to understand some of the fundamental prin-
ciples which underly the various orchard practices. If some
of these principles are understood it can readily be seen why
certain orchard operations, such as pruning fertilization, etc.
mieht properly be varied under different conditions. A knowl-
edge of some of the fundamentals of tree growth will also give
us a better understanding of how different pruning, soil man-
agement and fertilizer practices affect growth and production.

Desirable Orchard Conditions and the Interrelation of

Orchard Practices

In productive and profitable orchards the following es-
sentials are generally found : (a) A good supply of large, dark
green and healthy foliage, (b) Terminal growth over the tree,
which is of good length and thickness. (Desirable lengths vary
with age of trees), (c) Fruit spurs of good lengths (one-half
inch) and thickness, with numerous and healthy large leaves,
(d) Well balanced tree growth and development.

Orchardists realize that to get their trees into the above
conditions and to keep them in such condition, requires cer-
tain definite orchard practices.

Assuming that the orchard has been planted on suitable
ground and that proper arrangements have been made for
pollination purposes, the following orchard operations, proper-
ly done, are then essential if productive and profitable orchards
are to result.

1. Proper spraying.

2. Proper pruning.

3. Proper soil management.

4. Proper fertilization.

5. Proper thinning of fruit.

The first four of these operations are so interrelated in
their effects upon tree growth and fruit production that they
should be considered together and not as separate practices.

22

Numbers 2, 3, and 4 especially should be considered collective-
ly before deciding upon the method to use under any one of
the headings. For instance, it is impossible, in many cases,
to apply fertilizers intelligently without knowing what types
of soil management and pruning are to be used. Likewise, in
many instances, the pruning should be varied depending upon
the type of soil management and fertilization to be used. It
is quite possible to use proper soil management and fertiliza-
tion practices and then counteract many of their advantages
by improper pruning. An attempt will be made to explain
these statements and evidence will be presented later, which
can be used as a basis for deciding how these practices are in-
terrelated and which practices should be decided upon under
different conditions.

Tree Physiology and Nutrition.

Apple trees as well as other plants grow, thrive and are
productive provided sufficient amounts of water, mineral or
soil foods and air foods are available. The plants absorb from
the soil, through the fine root hairs on the roots, the various
mineral elements. These, of course, must first be dissolved
in the soil water before they can be absorbed. Thus the var- '
ious elements such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulphur,
iron, magnesium, nitrogen, silicon, sodium, chlorine, manga-
nese, aluminum, etc., are taken into the plants through the
roots. The first seven of these generally seem to be the most
important in most plants.

In the leaves, various elaborated or digested foods are
formed. This production occurs in the presence of sunlight
in the green parts or chloroplasts of the leaves. Carbon-diox-
ide of the air enters through small breathing pores or stomata
and is combined with water to make up certain elaborated
foods called carbonhydrates (starches, sugars, etc.).

The soil foods can be considered as raw foods and as such
are of little value to the plant until they have been changed
end combined with the carbohydrates or other elaborated
materials formed from them, helping to make up certain of
the elaborated foods such as proteins, fats, etc. The elaborat-
ed foods are the ones which are used by the plants in making
new growth and in producing seeds and fruit.

It can thus be seen that the leaves might be called the
stomachs of the plant. With these facts in mind, the great
value of the plant of having a large, green and healthy leaf
surface can readily be seen.

The Relative Importance of Certain Mineral or Soil Elements
and the Importance of Carbohydrates in Apple Orchards
Although apple trees do need and do use, for proper de-
velopment, practically all of the essential mineral elements,

23

n

experiments have shown in many states, mcluding Maryland,
that most of our soils are already supplied with sufficient
available amounts of these minerals for satisfactory tree
growth and fruitfulness. Nitrogen, however, seems to be
deficient in many of the soils and a profitable response often
results whenever it is added. It is often necessary to add phos-
phorus, potassium, and lime for the growing or farm crops
on the same soils, where apple trees will show no response to
the addition of these fertilizers. Orchards which are cultivat-
ed and in which cover crops are plowed under, thus seldom
need any addition of phosphorus and potassium as far as the
trees are concerned. Phosphorus, however, is of value in the
sod orchard for the growth of grass and clovers and may be
needed at the time of seeding the cover crop in the cultivated
orchard, simply to grow a larger cover crop. Thus, generally
speaking, nitrogen is the most important of the soil foods to
consider in the care of the apple orchard.

As stated previously, the elaborated or digested foods are
the ones, which are used in plant growth and fruit production.
Of these elaborated foods, the carbohydrates (starches,
sugars, etc.) are very important. These carbohydrates, and
the materials formed from them are used by the plant in build-
ing up new tissues and in strengthening others. Thus in the
case of the apple, the carbohydrates are used in : (a) making
new terminal growth over the tree, (b) in increasing the diam-
eter of the main limbs, trunks and roots, (c) in the production
of new root growth, (d) in the formation of new fruit spurs,
(e) in keeping the old spurs healthy, and (f) in the formation
of fruit buds for fruit production.

From the above discussions, it can be seen that or-
chardists should be particularly interested in the carbohy-
drate, nitrogen and water supply for fruit trees. The relative
amounts of these materials in the tree are also very important
and in the following pages the carbohydrates will be repre-
sented by the letter C. A large letter C will be used to indi-
cate relatively large amounts of carbohydrates while a small
letter c will be used to represent relatively small amounts.
Likewise the amounts of nitrogen will be represented either
by a large N indicating a good supply or by a small n if the
supply is limited.

How Various Orchard Practices Influence the Contents of
Carbohydrates and Nitrogen in the Tree.

Let us now refer to the various orchard practices as out-
lined on page 2, and see how each of these affect the carbo-
hydrate and nitrogen contents of the tree.

Proper Spraying: Discussing the question of spraying
first, we all know that if the foliage is not properly protected
by spray materials, it will be injured by various insects and

24

diseases. For instance if Apple Scab is not prevented, dis-
eased areas or scab spots, often occur on the leaves. This in-
jury may range from a few diseased areas on the leaves to
practically complete defoliation in severe infections. Like-
wise Leaf Spot, the leaf form of Black Rot, might seriously
reduce the amount of healthy foliage. Insect injury, such as
that caused by the European Red Mite, which seems to reduce
the green (chlorophyll) content of the leaves, giving the or-
chard a yellowish or bronzed appearance, might result.

Aphis may cause the leaves to become distorted and se-
verely curled so that the amount of leaf surface exposed to the
sun would be greatly decreased. And thus many other ex-
amples might be given. However, it seems quite clear that
if proper spraying is not performed, the amount of healthy
foliage will be greatly reduced. By referring to page 23 we
will recall that the carbohyhrates are manufactured in the
leaves and we have just seen how important these foods are
for tree growth and fruit production. Thus if the leaves, the
manufacturing plants of the tree, are reduced we can see that
relatively the tree would have less carbohydrates and a small
c would result.

Proper Pruning: In the case of pruning there are two
main problems; namely, when to prune and how much to
prune. Under the heading "When to Prune"— the question of
summer versus winter or dormant pruning is presented. A
few years ago, much was heard of the supposed advantages
of summer pruning. It can be seen that if pruning was done
in the summer time (late June or July) that a large amount
of leaf area would be removed. Tree growth in length or
terminal growth is usually completed during July in most sec-
tions, although this date varies under various different en-
vironmental conditions. It can thus be seen, that is the prun-
ing was done at about this time, practically very little new
growth and leaves would result. Thus the trees would lose the
value of the removed leaves from July until normal leaf fall.
In such a case, the amount of carbohydrates which such trees
would make for use and storage would be much less than sim-
ilar trees unpruned in the summer. Of course very early or
very late summer pruning probably would not be so detri-
mental. Possibly in certain special cases, a certain amount of
early summer pruning might be desirable for special reasons.
However, in most cases experiments have shown that summer
pruning is not to be recommended. The vigor of the trees is
reduced and production is often less. Plainly summer pruned
trees would have relatively less C.

How niuch to prune young trees : If the pruning is to be
done then in the dormant season, the question immediately
arises of how much to prune. Before discussing this phase of
the subject, it is necessary to differentiate between young and

25

I

moderately vigorous trees and old bearing trees lacking some-
what in vigor.

Experiments in various parts of the country have shown
that with young, vigorous trees, heavy prunmg has decreased
the total amount of new wood growth produced m any one
season. With less wood growth, less total spurs were also
formed With less new growth and less spurs, the total leat
area was correspondingly less on the heavy pruned trees. It
can thus be seen that with less leaf area, less carbohydrates
could be formed. We would expect then that heavy prun-
ing on young trees, by cutting down the possibilities of carbo-
hydrate manufacture would dwarf the trees. Experiments
have shown such results. Heavily pruned young trees made
less wood growth, less spurs, less fruit buds, had smaller roots,
smaller trunks and main limbs and were delayed in both earli-
ness and amount of fruit production. Young trees should thus
be pruned only enough to form a good main framework ot
branches, to remove badly interfering limbs and to allow
enough sunlight to enter the tree to keep the various parts
healthy and vigorous. Thinning out of limbs is to be recom-
mended instead of continually heading back terminals.

Pruning Bearing Trees : In the case of old bearing trees,
rather low in vigor, heavier pruning seems advisable. In such
trees the removal of several small limbs evenly distributed
over 'the tree and the moderate heading back, of certain of
the main limbs to a good side branch gives good results. Such
old trees, often have so many spurs and buds on theni, that
the amount of water and nitrogen which reaches each bud is
insufficient to combine with the carbohydrates and cause sat-
isfactory growth. As a result terminal growth is often short,
the fruit spurs grow very little and only the healthiest spurs
form fruit buds. By the rather hard top pruning, the total
number of buds are reduced although the amount of roots
remain the same. As a result comparatively more water and
nitrogen reaches each bud. New and longer terminal growths
are produced upon which new, vigorous spurs are produced
the next year, each of the old spurs remaining grow more
vigorously and fruit buds are formed. Such old trees thus
actually produce more new growth and spurs and become
more fruitful following a comparatively heavy pruning.

Proper Soil Management: In the handling of orchard
soils several objects should be sought. Some of these are: (a)
the conservation of moisture, (b) keeping up a good nitrogen
supply, (c) the addition of organic matter, and (d) a proper
physical condition of the soil. It is rather hard to separate
these four factors since it can readily be seen that if a good
supply of organic matter is added, the physical condition of
the soil would be improved, the nitrogen supply probably

26

would be increased and the water holding capacity of the soil
would be greater. •

Considering these points in relation to orchard culture,
it can readily be seen that certain soil practices might be bet-
ter than others. Likewise a certain practice might be satis-
factory under one set of ocnditions and unsatisfactory under
a different set of conditions. In general, it can safely be said
that if the orchard soil was allowed to grow only a sparse
grass covering, which was not cut from time to time, that the
grass would be taking from the trees both water and nitrogen.
Such trees would probably suffer. On the other hand, if the
orchard was given continuous clean cultivation and practically
no standard cover crops or natural weed cover crops were
plowed under, the soil under such treatment would have a poor
physical condition, a poor water holding capacity and would
gradually become deficient in nitrogen.

Although there are many modifications of the clean culti-
vation and cover crop and the sod mulch systems, they will
not be discussed in this paper.

If by means of fertilizer, heavy enough sod could be grown
in the orchard so that plenty of mulching material would be
available, or if an extra supply of a cheap enough additional
mulch such as straw, corn stalks, etc., could be obtained so
that as much water and nitrogen would be available to the
tree and if this would be as cheap a practice as clean cultiva-
tion, plus cover crops, then either method would be satisfac-
tory. The decision as to which method to use would depend
on the amount of water and nitrogen available, the amount
of organic matter added, the cost of the methods and the re-
sponse of the trees. Nitrification, of course, proceeds faster
in cultivated ground than in sod. More nitrates are thus
found in cultivated soils. Generally speaking the clean culti-
vation and cover crop systems have proven more satisfactory
to date in most of the eastern orchards which are growing on
level ground. Alfalfa, as a permanent sod, is receiving some
attention now in the east and may prove satisfactory. The
use of alfalfa as a permanent sod is very satisfactory in the
irrigated orchards of the northwest. Many of the mountain-
ous orchards in the Piedmont regions are using partial culti-
vation, thus the tree rows in the young orchards are cultivated
and sod mulch is grown in the middle of the rows to prevent
washing. In older orchards, every other row is cultivated and
the cultivated rows are alternated each year or two.

Since nitrogen is essential for tree growth and since water
constituted from eighty-five to ninety per cent of fruits and
is essential for the dissolving and intake of minerals, into the
plant, that method of soil management should be used which
will conserve and add the greatest amounts of these materials.

27

t

I

Proper Fertilization: By referring to page 24 it will be
seen that nitrogen is most generally the element needed where
the cultivated orchard shows any need for fertilization, bod
orchards and cultivated orchards on light, thin soils usually
show very favorable and profitable returns from the addition
of nitrogen. Stable manure, when it is available, is a very
good orchard fertilizer. Dried blood, tankage, nitrate of soda,
ammonium sulphate and others are carriers of nitrogen. Us-
ually quick acting fertilizers, such as nitrate of soda or am-
monium sulphate, applied early in the spring, give the most
satisfactory results. Phosphorus is of value for the grasses
and legumes in sod orchards and for cover crops applied at
the time of seeding, in the cultivated orchards. Thus fertiliza-
tion enters into the whole scheme, since one of the soil foods,
nitrogen, can be increased for the tree, by simply applying
some nitrogen carrier to the soil.

The Relation of Carbohydrates to Nitrogen in Promoting

Tree Growth and Fruitfulness.

We have seen how the common orchard practices such as
spraying, pruning, soil management and fertilization might
influence the possible carbohydrate and nitrogen content of
fruit trees. We have also seen how important these two ma-
terials plus water are for tree growth and fruitfulness. Each
of the orchard practices have been discussed separately, but
it will be recalled— page 22, that these different practices were
all interrelated in their effects on tree growth. In other words,
before deciding upon any practice to follow, such as nitrogen
applications, it was shown that the types of pruning and soil
management which were being used, should be taken into con-
sideration. Thus a special type of pruning might produce
similar results as far as fruit buds are concerned as the ap-
plication of fertilizers. Changing from sod treatment to cul-
tivation might produce the desired result as well as special
fertilization. Fertilizers in certain cases could easily take the
place in increasing fruit buds of either special pruning or cul-
tivation.

Doctors Kraus and Kraybill, working at the University
of Chicago, have recently shown that the relative proportions
of carbohydrates to nitrogen, within the plants themselves,
determine to a great extent their growth and fruitfulness. By
analyzing chemically plants which were differing from one
another in growth and fruitfulness, they have shown that
there must be a certain relation between the carbohydrates
and nitrates within the plant before a condition will be caused
which is favorable for good growth and at the same time, the
formation of numerous fruit buds. They find four different
arrangements or relations of these two materials, which in-
fluence growth and fruitfulness in different ways. Practically

28

every condition that the plant or tree may be in, can be inter-
preted according to the relationship of nitrates on the one hand
to the carbohydrates on the other. With certain relationships,
we may get very little growth and fruit. Other relationships
produce both vigor of tree and fruit, while in others, we may
obtain plenty of vigor but no fruit. The other different classes
follow :

1. If the supply of nitrate is abundant, but that of carbo-
hydrates is restricted, growth will be weak, slender and feeble
and there will be little or no production of flowers. While
this condition is not common in orchards it might occur if
trees were defoliated yearly by insects, diseases or spray ma-
terial. Trees pruned heavily in the summer would probably
fall into this group also.

2. If the supply of nitrate is abundant, and there are
sufficient carbohydrates so that this nitrogen supply is utilized,
we get a strong, vigorous wood and leaf growth but still little
or no formation of fruit buds. All the carbohydrates have been
used up in growth, leaving no excess for fruit bud formation.
This condition is well illustrated by our vigorous, rather heav-
ily pruned, young orchards, which continue to grow on certain
rich, moist, fertile, cultivated soils and do not come into bear-
ing.

Bearing apple trees, which have been too heavily pruned
and headed back in the dormant season, usually fall into this
class, for two or three years following the pruning. The car-
bohydrates, stored up in the limbs, spurs, etc., are cut away
in the pruning, leaving the nitrogen in excess. The removal
of so many buds also reduces greatly the amount of growth
and leaves which normally would have been produced. Thus
less carbohydrates would be made and stored.

3. If the nitrate supply is ample and there is an excess
of carbohydrates over and above the amounts utilized with the
nitrogen, we get not only a good growth of tree, but also an
abundant supply of fruit buds. This is the condition found
in healthy, producing orchards.

4. If there is a deficiency of nitrates and an abundance
of carbohydrates, we get an extremely weak growth, yellow-
ish foliage and either few flowers produced or else a produc-
tion of flowers too weak to set fruit. This is the condition
usually found in our so-called starved or devitalized orchards.
Old orchards growing under sod conditions, without fertiliza-
tion, are often in this class.

If we were to represent these conditions graphically, illus-
trating the amounts and relations of carbohydrates and ni-
trates'ijy sizes of letters, the chart would look as follows :

29

'S

¥''3

lit r

iM

MT

Class I. ^
Class II. |.y

N

c

N

Class IV.V

N

==Smail amount
of fruit.

==Poor growth

Class III.

= Rank growth =Small amount of fruit.

=Fair growth =Good fruiting.

=Poor growth = Small amount of fruit.

Symptoms and Indications Denoting a Poor Physiological

Conditions in Apple Orchards.

Suppose an eight year old boy was sick and a physician
was called in. Before prescribing treatment that physician
either consciously or unconsciously would diagnose the case.
In addition to testing the heart and lungs and determining the
fever and pulse, the following observations w^ould probably
be made : (a) color of boy— whether his face was pale and yel-
low, or whether the cheeks had a healthy pink or red color,
(b)' height of boy, (c) height compared to width, (d) total
growth, (e) whether the boy w^as normally active, vigorous
and healthy and thus productive of a certain amount of work.

The treatment prescribed would depend on and vary with
these findings. Thus if the boy was six feet tall, very slender,
yellow in color and not very active, the treatment prescribed
would no doubt be different than if he was four and one-half
feet tall, broad shouldered, had a good healthy color and nor-
mally active.

The physiological condition of fruit trees can similarly
be diagnosed, and the treatments prescribed or used should
vary according to the diagnosis. For instance, before pre-
scribing treatment, the symptoms denoting the health of the
tree should be studied and observations similar to those made
of the boy, should be made. Thus : (a) color of foUage— is it
dark green or yellow and sickly looking? (b) height of tree —
is it dwarfed for its age or overgrown? (c) height and width
of tree— is it very tall and narrow, or is it a well balanced
tree? (d) total growth— is it making a satisfactory grov^th of
new wood each year? (e) length of terminal growth — is the
terminal growth three inches or four feet? (f ) is the tree pro-
ductive— are the fruit spurs numerous, vigorous and are fruit
buds formed? Non-blossbming spurs, which form only about

30

one-sixteenth of an inch of new growth each year, seldom
form fruit buds; spurs making one-fourth of an inch of new
growth generally blossom, but often do not "set" very well ;
spurs making from one-half inch to one inch generally blos-
som and "set." Spurs which are forced out into long, slender
growths often do not blossom.

Thus we have several definite symptoms by which we
might diagnosis the physiological condition of a tree in order
to intelligently prescribe treatments.

Orchard Diagnosis and Prescription.

Having in mind the above symptoms and the aforemen-
tioned four classes with their theory of food balance, let us
study some hypothetical orchards, diagnose their cases, and
suggest a rational treatment. First let us assume a young
orchard, about eight years old, on fertile, moist soil, making
a vigorous growth. The leaves are large, dark green and
dense. The soil is cultivated thoroughly, legume cover crops
are plowed under, and the trees annually receive a moderate
to heavy dormant pruning. No fruit is being produced nor
does it appear that any will be produced for some time. How
should such an orchard be handled? Evidently this orchard
falls in class H. There are plenty of nitrates and carbohy-
drates for growth, but not enough excess carbohydrates for
fruit production. We must get this orchard into class HI.
Evidently we must increase the carbohydrates or decrease the
nitrogen supply or do both. The latter is the most easily regu-
lated. If a crop is sown early in the spring or the orchard is
seeded down temporarily in grass, part of the moisture and
nitrogen will be diverted from the trees and used by the crops.
The carbohydrates proportionate to the nitrates in the tree
will be increased. If these trees are then pruned very lightly
the stored carbohydrates in the tree will not be pruned away;
more wood for producing leaf area will be left, carbohydrates
w^ill accumulate and the orchard should fall into group HI and
become productive. It is possible also, though a questionable
practice, that a deep plowing, thus cutting some of the roots,
would reduce the capacity for taking up moisture and nitrate
by these trees and thus help in bringing them into bearing.
Girdling of such trees, although not generally recommended,
would cause an accumulation of carbohydrates above the gir-
dle, and encourage fruit bud formation. In girdling ( the re-
moval of a narrow ring of bark from the trunk) care should
be taken not to scrape the soft growing cambium or sappy
layer from the wood.

Let us assume another orchard of bearing age in which
the soil is cultivated; the foliage is healthy and green; the
new growth on fruit spurs is about one-half an inch each year,
and the terminal growth is from ten to fourteen inches annu-

31

II

ally. Good crops are being borne. How should this orchard
be handled? Such an orchard is in class III and evidently is
being managed properly. No fertilizer, special pruning or
special culture seems necessary. Heavy applications of a
nitrogen fertilizer might upset the nitrate carbohydrate rela-
tion and throw such orchards into class H. Such treatments
w^ould be serious mistakes.

Let us now consider one more middle aged orchard under
a different set of conditions. This orchard would probably
be in sod but it might possibly be cultivated and on light or
poor soil. The trees are making very short terminal and spur
growths, the leaves are yellowish and small, blossoms are not
produced very abundantly and those which are produced do
not set well. A chemical analysis of the wood of such a tree
would probably show it packed with sugar and starches (car-
bohydrates) but low in nitrates. Evidently this orchard is in
class IV and is in a starved or devitalized condition. What
can be done? Evidently there is either a need for more ni-
trates or the amount of carbohydrates should be decreased.
If such trees are given a rather heavy pruning, much of the
stored up carbohydrates would be removed. With the same
root system to absorb water and nitrates, a vigorous new
growth will generally be produced on such trees ; some of the
carbohydrates would be used up in this growth, and better
crops will result. This same result might have been brought
about in sod orchards if such orchards were plowed and culti-
vated. Competition for nitrate and moisture would have been
reduced by removing the grass. More nitrates are generally
formed in a cultivated soil, and in this case, the increase of
nitrates even without carbohydrate reduction, w^ould prob-
ably have changed the balance or relation of these two nu-
trients so that the orchard would have fallen into class III.
Still a third way of handling such an orchard, especially if it
was a tilled orchard, would be the addition of a nitrogen carry-
ing fertilizer. By adding nitrate the accumulated carbohy-
drates in the trees would be balanced up and growth and
fruitfulness would probably result. In case all three remedies
were given, that is, a heavy pruning, cultivation and a nitro-
geneous fertilizer, quicker and even better results could prob-
ably be expected. Care should be taken, however, not to con-
tinue such a practice too long for fear of throwing the orchard
beyond class III into class 11 — too vigorous a growth and non-
fruitfulness.

Other theoretical orchard conditions might be supposed
and courses of treatment outlined, but probably the above ex-
amples are sufficient to illustrate how different orchards
should be treated to bring the nitrates, moisture and carbohy-
drates into the proper balance or relation suitable for normal
tree growth and fruitfulness.

32

GENERAL SUMMARY

From the above discussions, the great importance of un-
derstanding tree physiology and how the different orchard
practices affect this physiology can be seen. With this knowl-
edge, it is clear that all orchards probably should not receive
the same treatments. It is readily seen that treatments should
be determined by a careful diagnosis. General recommenda-
tions can be given, which will fit many orchards, but in the
last analysis, the treatments given to individual orchards
should vary with the conditions of growth found in each or-
chard. Thus the amount and kind of pruning, amount of ni-
trogen to add and the type of soil management to use should
vary with the orchard. These amounts should be based on
the growth, fruitfulness and appearance of the orchard. A
good treatment in one case might be a bad treatment in an-
other. Pruning, orchard culture, moisture relations and the
use of fertilizers — primarily through their effects upon the
carbohydrate and nitrate contents and relations within the
tree, all contribute to the desirable condition of good growth
and fruitfulness.

These orchard practices are so interrelated in their effects
upon tree growth and fruitfulness that all of them should be
considered collectively when deciding how and to what extent
to practice or change any one of them.

Question: How are you going to control the mice in the

sod?

Answer: I have just spent $75. to put wire protectors
around young trees. With the older trees you don't have so
much trouble. If the mice were very bad I would put wire
protectors around the trees.

A delegate stated that sometimes the mice will burrow
down and girdle the roots. Professor Auchter then said that
some growers take sweet potatoes, put strychnine on them
and put the poisoned potatoes down into the ground around
the tree. Holes were made in the ground with a pointed stick
and the poisoned potatoes were then placed in these holes.

Question: Do you get as good color with clean cultiva-
tion as with sod?

Answer: Generally speaking, no. However, if you get
better growth due to cultivation, then thin out a little bit and
let the sublight come in.

Numerous questions were then asked by the growers deal-
ing with the managements of their individual orchards.

33

Ili

!*

BUSINESS SESSION Wednesday Evening, Jan. 21

R. E. Atkinson : At the present time there is a movement
among agricultural associations to form a state federation.
It occurred to us that you might be interested in such a com-
bination. If so we would be glad to have you send a delegate
to meet with the other associations who will consider some
such movement. We are trying to form the agricultural in-
terests into a body so that they can work together m harmony.
I am simply putting the matter before you for your decision.

Moved by Mr. Criswell and seconded by Mr. Fensten-
macher that the Horticultural Association send Mr. Atkinson
as a delegate to this conference. Agreed to.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY

S. W. Fletcher, State College.

The paid up membership for 1924 was 812, a net gain of
88 over 1923. There are 138 life members, so that the paying
members are now 674.

Over 450 of these are members of the county horticultural
societies, and pay the State Association but one dollar. The
Association closes the year without deficit, save for the long
standing obligation to repay the money borrowed from the life
membership fund. The Association also owns Liberty Bonds
to the value of $800. The balance for this fiscal year would
have been larger if it had not been necessary to pay nearly
$200 for reporting the annual meeting. This has been done
heretofore by the State Department of Agriculture.

The policy of organizing County Horticultural Societies
has justified itself. The two most recent additions are Lycom-
ing and Bucks, making the total number seventeen. We still
hope to have Allegheny, Wyoming, Lackawanna, Monroe,
Schuylkill, Montgomery, Beaver, Erie, Blair and a few others,
eventually, but it is evident that the period of most rapid ex-
pansion of the Association from this source has passed. \Ve
can reasonably expect a total membership of over 1,000 within
a few years if the county societies are fostered. Franklin, York
and Lancaster are now the leading county societies, as to paid
members, in the order named.

34

The Summer Trip, in conjunction with the American
Pomoiogical Society tour, was unusually successful. Splendid
meetings were held in the orchards of Franklin and Adams
counties, with an attendance of over 300 at some points, one
day being spent in each county. The Association is under
obligations to the officers and members of the Franklin and
Adams County Horticultural Societies for the excellent ar-
rangements, and for their hospitality. Shorter, but no less in-
teresting meetings were held in York and Lancaster Counties,
under the auspices of the respective local societies. The Sum-
mer meetings should be continued, but I suggest that it might
be worth while, next summer, to go outside the state, say to
western New York, the Hudson River Valley, or Virginia.

Life Membership: The question of the future policy of
the Association with respect to life membership should be con-
sidered. Only three life memberships have been issued dur-
ing the past six years. Annual members are far more satis-
factory from the point of view of Association finances, as they
pay their way each year, while we are now carrying 138 life
members who contribute practically nothing toward current
expenses, the money that they paid having been mostly used
in past years. Moreover, it is extremely difficult to keep a
check on life members, as to whether they are alive or dead,
and as to whether they receive the Proceedings or not, for
they are under no obligation to report to the Secretary once
a year, as are annual members. We must keep faith with our
present life members, but I recommend that no new life mem-
berships be issued.

This brings up the question of a revision of the Constitu-
tion and By-Laws. The present instrument is needlessly long
and unwieldy. The Executive Board, at its meeting last Jan-
uary, authorized the Secretary to prepare a tentative revised
Constitution and By-Laws, merely as a basis for discussion,
to be printed in the Proceedings of 1925, and acted on at the
next actual meeting. The more important changes suggested,
aside from greater brevity, are these:

No new Life Memberships to be received.

The administration of the affairs of the Association to be
in the hands of an Executive Committee of seven, consisting
of the President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer, and
three other members.

A revision of the list of standing committees.

35

Ml

The Association is now on its feet, with a loyal member-
ship of over 800, and no debts. It is in a fair way to become
one of the leading State Horticultural Societies m the East,
rivaling that of New York, which has long set the pace. The
time has come, it seems to me, for the election of a Secretary
who shall be a fruit grower, not a professional horticulturist
connected with State College or the State Department of Agri-
culture. It is not likely that the right man can be secured
without paying him a nominal salary, say of $300 or $400 a
year. It may be necessary to increase the annual dues
to $3.00, which is the sum paid by members of New
York State Horticultural Society for similar service. The
dues are $2.00 in New Jersey and Virginia, which have paid
grower secretaries, but in each of these states the Horticultural
Society receives, in addition, a liberal state appropriation.

The Association has performed a useful service for its
members during the past year in two respects : it has brought
about a more reasonable attitude on the part of the sportsmen
of the state toward the depredations to orchards and farms by
deer, so that the prospect for some measure of relief is hope-
ful ; and it has inaugurated a self-supporting state wide cam-
paign for advertising fruit, by means of posters and recipe
books, published by the Association and sold to members, that
has been distinctly successful. It should be continued and ex-
tended. The Association has failed, however, in its attempt
to make the crop-reporting statistics on Pennsylvania fruit
more nearly representative of actual conditions in the state,
and will continue to fail so long as members do not respond
to the appeal of the Committee on Crop Estimates for their
cooperation. This is one of the problems that should receive
special consideration this, year, as a matter of self interest.

S. W. Fletcher, Secretary.

PROPOSED REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION AND

BY-LAWS

Constitution.

Article 1. Name. The name of this organization shall be
the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania.

Article 2. Object. Its object shall be the promotion of
horticulture in the State of Pennsylvania.

Article 3. Membership. The annual membership fee shall
be $2.00. Present life members shall retain their privileges,
but no new life members shall be received.

36

Members of county or local Horticultural Societies shall
have membership in the State Horticultural Association under
the following conditions :

(1) The county or local Society shall have at least fif-
teen paid up members and shall hold at least three meetings
a year.

(2) The Secretary of the county or local Society shall
remit to the Secretary of the State Horticultural Association
one dollar for each member, before February 1 of each year,
which shall be their dues in the State Horticultural Associa-
tion for that year.

(3) The Secretary of the county or local Society shall
transmit to the Secretary of the State Horticultural Associa-
tion before February 1 of each year a list of its officers and
members, together with a brief report of its work for the pre-
ceeding year, particularly of those matters that would be of
interest to the horticulturists of the state.

(4) The State Horticultural Association shall publish
these reports in its Proceedings, which shall be distributed to
the members of the county or local societies that have com-
plied with these provisions.

Article 4. Officers. The officers of the Association shall
consist of a President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treas-
urer, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each annual
meeting; also an Executive Committee of seven members, five
of whom shall be the elective officers. The Executive Com-
mittee shall have the general management of the affairs of the
Association when it is not in session.

Article 5. Quorum. Twenty-five members of the Asso-
ciation and four members of the Executive Committee shall
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

Article 6. Annual Meeting, The annual meeting shall be
held at such time and place as the Executive Committee may
determine.

Article 7. Amendments. The Constitution and By-Laws
may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present
at any annual meeting, provided such amendment shall have
been signed by ten members and presented to the Secretary
in writing at least ninety days prior to the time of holding the
annual meeting, and mailed by the Secretary to each member
at least thirty days prior to the annual meeting.

By-Laws

L No member shall be eligible to the office of President
for more than two consecutive years.

2. The Treasurer shall disburse the moneys of the Asso-
ciation only after the bills have been approved by the Presi-
dent and the Secretary. He shall execute a guarantee bond for

37

II

•I

such amount as the Executive Committee may determine, the
premium to be paid by the Association.

3. The President, by and with the approval of the Exe-
cutive Committee, shall appoint the following standing com-
mittees, each of three members : legislation, exhibitions, new
varieties, fruit statistics, advertising, plant diseases, insect
pests, and such other standing committees as the Executive
Committee may deem desirable.

4. The President, by and with the approval of the Exe-
cutive Committee, shall appoint a nominating committee, a
resolutions committee and an auditing committee, each of three
members.

5. The rules of the American Pomological Society shall
apply in exhibits and nomenclature.

TREASURER'S REPORT

Edwin W. Thomas, King-of-Prussia, Treasurer

RECEIPTS

Cash balance 1-24-1924 1 167.33

2- 2-1924 — From S. W. Fletcher, Annual dues 304.00

3-15-1924 — From interest on $100 Liberty Bond 2.12

4-12-1924 — From interest on $500 Liberty Bond 10.62

5-17-1924 — From interest on $200 Liberty Bond 4.26

5-17-1924 — From S. W. Fletcher, Annual dues 389.00

6-16-1924 — From S. W. Fletcher. Annual dues 32.00

9-15-1924— From interest on $100 Liberty Bond 2.13

10-18-1924 — From interest on $500 Liberty Bond 10.63

10-24-1924 — From Porter R. Taylor, State Bureau of Markets 136.50

11- 1-1924 — From Porter R. Taylor, State Bureau of Markets 36.30

11-15-1924 — From Porter R. Taylor, State Bureau of Markets 54.50

11-15-1924 — From interest on $200 Liberty Bond 4.24

12-20-1924 — From Porter R. Taylor, State Bureau of Markets 69.00

12-27-1924 — From Porter R. Taylor, State Bureau of Markets 12.50

12-30-1924 — From interest oh deposits, General Acct 3.44

1- 6-1925 — From S. W. Fletcher, for Adv. in program 58.00

1-14-1925 — From interest on Life Membership fund 2.19

Total Receipts $1,298.76

DISBURSEMENTS

1-25-1924— To The Nittany Printing and Pub. Co $ 33.00

1-25-1924— To S. W. Fletcher, Envelopes and Postage 10.50

1-31-1924— To Torsch and Franz Badge Co 18.20

3- 4-1924 — To Piatt, Youngman and Co., Treasurer Bond . . 2.50

3-21-1924— To George M. Darrow 12.19

5-13-1924— To. E. E. Moyer 172.60

5-13-1924— To The Nittany Printing and Pub. Co 20.50

5-13-1924— To F. N. Fagan 1.36

6-11-1924— To H. C. Dunmire Co 4.00

6-11-1924— To H. C. Dunmire Co., on account 600.00

11- 5-1924— To J. Horace McFarland Co., 1,400 window cards 71.00

11-15-1924— To The Telegraph Printing Co., 6,000 booklets 146.00

12-29-1924— To The Telegraph Printing Co 94.50

1-19-1925— To cash in bank 112.41

Total Expenditures $1,298.76

38

AUDITOR'S REPORT

We, the undersigned Auditors, have examined the ac-
counts, bills, and vouchers of The Pennsylvania State Horti-
cultural Association, Edwin W. Thomas, Treasurer, and find
the same correct.
Auditors :

R. J. GILLAN,

S. W. FLETCHER.

REPORT OF EXHIBITION COMMITTEE

Paul Thayer, State College, Chairman .

The Fruit Awards

CLASS L Delicious: 1, E. F. Kauffman & Son, York, $10.
Gnmes: 1, S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown Square, $10; 2, E. F.
Kauffman & Son, York, $5. Rome: 1, S. L. Smedley, Jr., New-
town Square, $10; 2, E. F. Kauffman & Son, York, $5. York,

1, Geo. Myers, Biglerville, $10. Stayman: 1, S. L. Smedley,

Jr., Newtown Square, $10; 2, E. F. Kauffman & Son, York, $5.

CLASS 2. Winesap: 1, S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown
Square, $10.

CLASS 3. Baldwin: 1, Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield, $6.
Delicious: 1, Francis R. Cope, Dimock, $6; 2, E. F. Kauffman
& Son, York, $4. Grimes: 1, E. F. Kauffman & Son, York, $6;

2, Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield, $4. Jonathan, 1, E. F. Kauff-
man & Son, York, $6. Mcintosh: 1, Francis R. Cope, Dimock,
$6. Northern Spy: 1, Francis R. Cope, Dimock, $6. Rome
Beauty: 1, E. F. Kauffman & Son, York, $6; 2, Daniel Rice,
New Bloomfield, $4. Smokehouse: 1, Daniel Rice, New Bloom-
field, $6. Stayman: 1, E. F. Kauffman & Son, York, $6; 2, S.
L. Smedley, Jr., Newtow^n Square, $4.

CLASS 4. York Imperial: 1, Daniel Rice, New Bloom-
field, $6. Golden Delicious: 2, Francis R. Cope, Dimock, $4.

CLASS 5. Delicious: 1, E. F. Kauffman & Son, York, $6;
2, F. G. Sattethwaite, Yardley, $4. Grimes: 1, Gillan Bros., St.
Thomas, $6 ; 2, S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown Square, $4. Jona-
than: 1, S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown Square, $6. Mcintosh:
1, Gillan Bros., St. Thomas, $6. Rome: 1, S. L. Smedley, Jr.
Newtown Square, $6; 2, E. F. Kauffman & Son, York, $4.
Smokehouse: 1, E. F. Kauffman & Son, York, $6; 2, Daniel
Rice, New Bloomfield, $4. Stayman: 1, S. L. Smedley, Jr.,
Newtown Square, $6; 2, E. F. Kauffman & Son, York, $4.
York Imperial: 1, Beaufort Farms, Harrisburg, $6; 2, George
Myers, Biglerville, $4.

CLASS 6. R. I. Greening: 1, Everbreeze Fruit Farm,
West Chester, $6. Black Twig: 2, E. F. Kauffman & Son,
York, $4.

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W

CLASS 7. Delicious: 1, S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown
Square, $6. Grimes: 1, S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown Square,
$6; 2, Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield, $4. Jonathan: 1, Ever-
breez'e Fruit Farm, West Chester, $6; 2, S. L. Smedley, Jr.,
Newtown Square, $4. Rome: 1, S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown
Square, $6; 2, Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield, $4. Smokehouse:
1, S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown Square, $6; 2, Daniel Rice,
New Bloomfield, $4. Stayman: 1, S. L. Smedley, Jr., New-
town Square, $6; 2, Everbreeze Fruit Farm, West Chester,
$4. York Imperial: 1, Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield, $6.

CLASS 8. R. I. Greening: 1, Everbreeze Fruit Farm,
West Chester, $6. Summer Rambo: 2, S. L. Smedley, Jr.,
Newtown Square, $4.

CLASS 9. Baldwin: 1, Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield; 2,
Clarence McHenry, Indiana, $2. Delicious: 1, H. S. Nolt, Co-
lumbia, $4; 2, Masonic Home, Elizabethtown, $2. Grimes: 1,
D. M. Wertz, Mt. Alto, $4; 2, S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown
Square, $2. Jonathan: 1, Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield, $4; 2,
H. S. Nolt, Columbia, $2. Mcintosh: 1, Shaffer Bros., Gravity,
$4; 2, Gillan Bros., St. Thomas, $2. Northern Spy: 1, Jacob E.
Hinkle, Oley, $4; 2, J. L. Reitz, Lewisburg, $2. Rome: 1, Dan-
iel Rice New Bloomfield, $4; 2, Guy L. Hayman, North Brook,
$2. Smokehouse: 1, Jacob E. Hinkle, Oley, $4; 2. C. B. Sny-
der, Ephrata, $2. Stayman Winesap: 1, Masonic Home, Eliza-
town, $4; 2, C. B. Snyder, Ephrata, $2. York Imperial: 1, D.
M. Wertz, Quincy, $4; 2, G. W. Myers, Biglerville, $2.

CLASS 10. R. I. Greening: 1, Everbreeze Fruit Farm,
West Chester, $1 ; 2, Clarence McHenry, Indiana, 50c. Stark:
1, Jacob H. Hinkle, Oley, $1 ; 2, Mertz Bros., Northumberland,
50c. Senator: 1, McClelland Bros., Canonsburg, 50c. T. King:
1, Mertz Bros., Northumberland, $1 ; 2, D. K. Sterrett, Ship-
pensburg, 50c. Ewalt: 1. Mertz Bros., Northumberland, $1 ; 2,
Mertz Bros., Northumberland, 50c. Pewaukee: 1, C. B. Sny-
der, Ephrata, $1 ; 2, Ray A. Briggs, Nescopeck, 50c. Summer
Rambo: 1, Masonic Home, Elizabethtown, $1 ; 2, S. W. Wolff,
Lima, 50c. Black Twig: 1, D. M. Wertz, Quincy, $1. York
Stripe: 1, Mt. Breeze Co., Scotland, $1 ; 2, Geo. E. Shaw, Lew-
istown, 50c.

Maiden Blush: 1, Everbreeze Fruit Farm, West Chester,
$1. Fall Pippin: 1, F. B. Wolff, Lima, $1; 2, R. A. Briggs,
Nescopeck, 50c. Wealthy: 1, F. B. Wolff, Lima, $1; 2, Ever-
breeze Fruit Farm, West Chester, 50c. Nero: 1, Gillan Bros.,
St. Thomas, $1. Russet: 1, Gillan Bros., St. Thomas, $1. Gano:
1, D. M, Wertz, Mt. Alto, $1 ; 2, Ray A. Briggs, Nescopeck,
50c. Ben Davis: 1, D. M. Wertz, Mt. Alto, $1; 2, Crawford
Bros., Fayetteville, 50c. B. Gilliflower: 1, Peter R. Boltz, Leb-
anon, $1 ; 2, E. A. Baron, Erie, 50c. Fallawater: 1, Dan. Rice,
New Bloomfield, $1 ; 2, Masonic Home, Elizabethtown, 50c.

40

Hubbardston: 1, Dan. Rice, New Bloomfield, $1; 2, M. T.
Wenger, Denver, 50c. Smith Cider: 1, Dan. Rice, New Bloom-
field, $1 ; 2, Everbreeze Fruit Farm, West Chester, 50c. Wag-
ener: 1, Dan. Rice, New Bloomfield, $1; 2, D. K. Sterrett,
Shippensburg, 50c. Bellflower: 1, Ray A. Briggs, Nescopeck,
$1. Gravenstein: 1, Ray A. Briggs, Nescopeck, $1. Fall Ram-
bo: 1, S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown Square, $1. Winesap:
1, S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown Square, $1 ; 2, Dan. Rice, New
Bloomfield, 50c; Fameuse: 1, D. M. Wertz, Mt. Alto, $1; 2,
Everbreeze Fruit Farm, West Chester, 50c. Winter Rambo:
1, D. M. Wertz, Mt. Alto, $1. Twenty Ounce: 2, Ray A.
Briggs, Nescopeck, 50c.

Ensee: 1, McClelland Bros., Canonsburg, $1. Paradise:
1, C. B. Snyder, Ephrata, $1 ; 2, Peter R. Boltz, Lebanon, 50c.
N. W. Greening: 1, D. M. Wertz, Quincy, $1 ; 2, Gillan Bros.,
St. Thomas, 50c. Golden Delicious: D. M. Wertz, Quincy, $1.
Red Stark: 1, H. L. Faucett, West Chester, $1. Shackleford:
1, D. M. Wertz, Quincy, $1. Red June: 1, Everbreeze Fruit
Farm, West Chester, $1. King David: 1, H. S. Nolt, Columbia,
$1. Golden Winesap: 1, Dan. Rice, New Bloomfield, $1. W.
Banana: 2, McClelland Bros., Canonsburg, 50c.

CLASS 11, COUNTY EXHIBITS. 1, Chester-Delaware
County Horticultural Association, West Chester, $100: 2, Lu-
zerne County Horticultural Society, Wilkes-Barre, $75; 3,
Lancaster County Fruit Growers Association, Lancaster, $50.

CLASS 14, PEARS, Verz: 1, M. P. Wenger, Denver, $1.

President Drouard: 2, Peter M. Boltz, Lebanon, 50c.

CLASS 16B. Black Walnuts: 1, Mrs. D. A. Speece, Dau-
phin, $1 ; 2, Clarence Blouch, Jonestown, 50c.

Shelbarks: 1, Eric Ridal, Berwick, $1 ; 2, Clarence Blouch,
Jonestown, 50c.

PROMISING NEW VARITIES
REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE

R. D. Anthony, State College, Chairman

For the past three years the report of this committee has
dealt with the selection of a list of the best varieties of tree
fruits for planting in this State. The present report also deals
with varieties but from a diflferent point of view — what new
varieties are w^orthy of a place in our trial plantings? We
should make a sharp distinction between varieties which fall
in our list of possible commercial plantings and those for test
plantings. The first kind should have had years of careful
trial and have proved themselves adapted to our particular
conditions ; the second kind may be of very recent origin and
be untried in our own region. It is unfortunate that some

41

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I

growers have failed to realize this diflFerence and have made
large plantings of untried varieties.

Both as a Society and as individuals we should do every-
thing in our power to prevent the commercial planting of un-
desirable kinds. A mistake of this kind means eventually a
neglected orchard in our midst and poor apples on our market ;
both of these hurt our business.

Our list of commercial varieties changes from time to
time to meet new market demands and to make room for bet-
ter sorts. There should be three or four trees of each of the
more promising varieties in each fruit community. It should
be an important function of each County Horticultural Society
to keep its members informed as to the location in that county
of plantings of new sorts and the results obtained; and it
should be a function of the State Association to do this same
thing, in cooperation with the county societies, for the State
at large.

The sources to which we should go for the first report of
a new variety should be our own State agricultural experi-
ment stations. The New Jersey Station at New Brunswick
is doing a very fine piece of work both in breeding and in test-
ing new peaches and is also testing a considerable number
of apples. The New York Station at Geneva is the pioneer
both in breeding and in testing new sorts and is now sending
out some very promising new seedlings. You will find these
new varieties discussed in a series of bulletins published by
the Geneva Station called "New or Noteworthy Fruits.*' The
seventh number of this series was published a year ago. The
Central Experimental Farms at Ottawa, Canada, maintained
by the Canadian government, are developing some promising
sorts for regions demanding hardy fruits. Your own Station
at State College has over ten acres devoted to variety testing.

Below are briefly discussed some of the most promising
of these newer sorts:

• Early Mcintosh: This is a cross of Yellow Transparent
and Mcintosh made on the grounds of the New York Experi-
ment Station at Geneva. Except that it ripens a week later
than Yellow Transparent it is very similar to Mcintosh.

Starr: This variety originated in New Jersey over fifty
years ago. In the Southeastern Region, Starr is finding a
place in the commercial plantings as a desirable sort to follow
Yellow Transparent. In the rest of the State, however, the
variety needs thorough testing before being planted on a com-
mercial scale. In trials at State College the trees have been
killed by fire blight.

Melba: This is a Mcintosh seedling originated at Ottawa,
Canada, which ripens just before Oldenburg. It is similar to
Mcintosh in quality but much of the bright carmen color is

42

c

REPORT OF GAME LAWS COMMITTEE

R. T. Criswell, Chairman.

This committee was appointed "to meet with similar com-
mittees from the state-wide sportmen's organizations of Penn-
sylvania, together with representatives of the State Game
Commission and of the State Department of Agriculture for
the purpose of endeavoring to arrive at a solution of the game
question in its relation to agriculture, that shall be fair to
all concerned."

On October the 9th last the members of the Game Com-
mission of the Commonwealth, representatives of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture of the Commonwealth, including the Sec-
retary and Deputy Secretary, members of Sportmen's Asso-
ciations, officers of the State Grange, your committee ap-
pointed for the purpose above stated, and a number of citizens
who had suffered from damage by deer made a tour of the
South Mountain District inspecting damage done by deer,
and that evening held a conference in the Senate Caucus Room'
at the State Capitol and discussed the various phases of the
deer damage problem. Before adjourning this conference
passed a resolution that a committee of three be appointed
by the State Agricultural Council to meet with a committee
of three from the State-wide sportmen's organizations in con-
ference with the Board of Game Commissioners "for further
discussion and formulation of plans for legislation to control
the matter of damage by game."

The Agricultural Council appointed as its committee of
three for the purpose above stated C. J. Tyson, Miles Horst
and R. T. Criswell.

The date of this conference was set for January 5th, 1925.
Your committee met with the Agricultural Council committee
on the evening of January 4th at the Penn-Harris Hotel, Har-
risburg, when plans of the stand to be taken by the committee
of the Agricultural Council were formulated, and your com-
mittee approved these plans.

Your committee attended the conference next day, Jan-
uary 5th, 1925, and, after this conference adjourned, met and
decided to support the legislation proposed by the conference.
The resolutions proposing legislation were as follows:

1.

RESOLVED, That as a protection to farming dis-
tricts against injury caused by deer, we recommend
the introduction and passage by the Legislature of an
amendment to the present game law authorizing the
Game Department, in counties where in their judg-
ment the same is necessary, to declare an open season
on does, that the special license for killing does in such
season be fixed at $1.00, and that the length of such

43

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in splashes, not the solid washing we find on the Mcintosh.
The tree is hardy and bears young. The variety has been re-
ported promising in New Jersey.

LrObo: The origin of this is the same as Melba. It is in
season slightly before Mcintosh and closely resembles that
variety. Lobo was awarded the Wilder Medal in 1923.

Cortland is a cross of Ben Davis and Mcintosh developed
at Geneva. Without too serious a loss of quality it carries
enough of the rough and ready qualities of the Ben to give
a fruit which can stand commercial handling better than the
more tender parent. It is from one to three wxeks later than
Mcintosh and hangs to the tree better than its parent.

Macoun: This is a cross of Jersey Black and Mcintosh
made at Geneva that is hardly distinguishable from Mcintosh
except that it is from one to two months later. As grown at
Geneva the fruits are a little smaller than Mcintosh.

Golden Delicious : Although the parentage of this variety
is unknown, from its appearance it would seem to be a seed-
ling of Grimes. It has the color of Grimes and a suggestion
of its quality, but in shape it looks like Delicious. This is
being tried in many places in the State and the chief reason of
including it in this list is to give the warning that the worth
of Golden Delicious is still to be proven and consequently we
should be very slow^ about making commercial planting, though
it should be widely planted in the test orchards.

Red Rome: A number of years ago U. T. Cox of Proc-
torville, Ohio, sent out a solid red sport of Rome Beauty. A
number of trees in the test orchard at State College were top
worked to this Red Rome. As far as can be detected they are
identical with Rome Beauty except that the color is nearly
solid and distributed over a greater proportion of the fruit
than in the ordinary Rome. Since one of the objections to
Rome has been its failure to color well under certain condi-
tions, it is seen that this red sport is w^orthy of much more
extended trial.

The Red Stark, a more highly colored type of the Stark,
is also finding favor in certain sections of Pennsylvania, par-
ticularly the northeastern counties.

In the above list of varieties Mcintosh blood predomi-
nates. Fruits of this breeding we would expect to find better
adapted to the northern portions of the State than to the fruit
regions of south and southeastern Pennsylvania. Here it is
still a question as to whether Mcintosh should be planted to
any considerable extent in competition with Summer Rambo,
Smokehouse, Delicious, Jonathan, and Grimes.

44

open season be determined by the Game Commission,
with proviso that farmers and tenants hunting on lands
owned or occupied by them be granted such license,
on application, without charge.

2. RESOLVED, That the present law be amended by
permitting the owner or tenant of a cultivated farm,
and his regular employes, to kill deer and bear found
committing injury to farm lands or crops or where in-
jury has recently been committed, and to keep the car-
cass, upon making report thereof to the Game Depart-
ment.

3. RESOLVED, That the present game law be so
amended as to permit the Game Department to curtail
the open season and bag limits on any species of game,
or to extend the open season generally or in districts,
under such regulations as they may deem necessary.

Your committee recommends that the Horticultural As-
sociation support this proposed legislation. However, we de-
plore that more prompt and more adequate relief from this
serious damage by game was not obtainable through this con-
ference.

R. T. CRISWELL,
Chairman, Game Damage Committee.

NOTES ON CONFERENCE ON DAMAGE BY GAME

Senate Caucus Room, State Capitol

Harrisburg, Pa., October 9, 1924

By, Seth Gordon, Executive Secretary, Board of Game

Commissioners.

Fruit growers and farmers of the state who have exper-
ienced damage to orchards and farm crops by game, principal-
ly by deer, requested, at the time of the State Farm Show in
January, 1924, that representatives of the Department of Agri-
culture, the Board of Game Commissioners, the State Horti-
cultural Association, the State Grange, and leading sports-
men's organizations, meet with them for a conference to con-
sider some constructive plan whereby legislation may be en-
acted in an attempt to protect fruit trees and farm crops
against destruction by game.

A full-day field trip into the South Mountain belt, (Adams,
Cumberland and Franklin Counties) to inspect conditions was
rnade under most favorable weather conditions. The inspec-
tion trip covered varied conditions, including places where
general farm crops and orchard trees have suffered because
of the presence of deer in large numbers in nearby State For-
ests. Deer-proof fences erected by property owners and the

45

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.

4'.

State Game Commission jointly were also inspected. The
total distance covered by auto on the trip was 165 miles.

Upon returning to Harrisburg the delegation assembled
in the Senate Caucus Room, and the meeting was called to
order by Dr. H. J. Donaldson, President of the Board of Game
Commissioners, who requested Executive Secretary Gordon
of the Board of Game Commissioners to review legislation
covering game when destroying growing crops, and the pro-
cedure to reduce the number of deer by opening the season
on does.

Doctor Donaldson then stated that since it would be prop-
er for State officials to hear both sides of the case impartially
he would yield the chair to Doctor S. W. Fletcher, Professor
of Horticulture, State College and Secretary of the State Hor-
ticultural Association, who acted as chairman of the Con-
ference.

R. T. CRISWELL, Chambersburg, Chairman, Commit-
tee on Legislation Pertaining to Game Damage, State
Horticultural Association.

Mr. Criswell stated that their Committee, consisting
of five members of the Horticultural Association, had not
formulated any definite policy as to procedure, but hoped
to secure some information from the conference along
the line of suggested legislation. The following memo-
randum was then read by Mr. Criswell :

"WHAT DAMAGE IS DONE?

"Reports from all parts of the State indicate that the
damage is not general but that within certain restricted
areas it is severe, particularly where fruit belts and deer
in a mountain range territory are adjacent, and particu-
larly on young orchard plantings.

"WHOSE PROPERTY IS DAMAGED?

"Persons sustaining the damage are the individual
farm owners or tenants who have their crops tramped
over or grazed upon ; in the case of young trees having the
tips nipped off and older trees the fringes of terminal buds
within reach of the deer. In other words, the private in-
dividual is damaged.

"WHO OWNS THE ANIMALS DOING THE DAM-
AGE?

"Wild life is stocked, bred and protected by the State
through the Game Commission for the benefit of the pub-
lic at large. Chief financial support has come through
hunters who have been willing to pay licenses for the priv-
ilege of hunting and shooting certain game. They pay
these licenses to the State through the administration of
Game Commission and anyone breaking the laws protect-
ing wild life is prosecuted by the State through the Game

46

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Commission. Therefore, it seems that the State assumes
the ownership and responsibility for the protection of this
wild life.

"WHO SHOULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
DAMAGE?

"Since the State is the owner of this wild life and
assumes the responsibility of its protection and is collect-
ing money from those who enjoy the pleasure and priv-
ilege of hunting certain game, then the State should like-
wise be responsible for any damage done by its property ;
namely, the deer, to private individuals; namely, those
who have sustained damage to their property or crops.

"WHAT PROVISION MIGHT BE MADE FOR PAY-
MENT OF SUCH DAMAGE?

"Having established that the State is responsible for
the damage, additional legislation should be provided cov-
ering the following points :

"The person sustaining the damage shall so notify
the Game Commission and request their representative to
appear for an inspection and agree on the damage. In
case of failure to agree, each of the parties concerned
shall select an arbitrator and they in turn shall select a
third disinterested party. The decision of these three
shall be accepted as the legal grounds for settlement. The
amount of the damage having been established, the Game
Commission shall then pay the same to those sustaining
the loss.

"WILL THE DAMAGE BE A LARGE AMOUNT?

"The legislation should not be made retroactive, and
with the protective measures that the Game Commission
can employ and considering that the damage is not gen-
eral throughout the State, the total amount should not
be large.

"Assuming, however, that the damage is large, this
is all the more reason for the State fulfilling its obligation
of paying for damage done by its property to the private
individual.

"HOW MAY THE DAMAGE BE REDUCED?

"The Game Commission should have power, and in
most cases does have power to reduce the number of deer
where damage is severe, by the following and other
methods :

1. By trapping and removing to areas to be stocked.

2. By decreeing an additional open season. This
was done in one case last year but the way for such ac-
tion had not been paved and the sportsmen looked upon
it as a move that would destroy their natural hunting

47

rights as they saw it and took steps to make the open
season ineffective. If, however, in the future they were
faced with the option of seeing their money go to pay
for a large amount of damage done by deer to property
owners or of having the number of deer reduced by an
extra open season in which they could participate, then
it is probable that the additional open season w^ould be
decidedly effective.

3, By having the game wardens kill off the offend-
ing deer. This is the proper duty of the representatives
of the Game Commission and should not be imposed upon
the property owners. The property owner would not
shoot his neighbor's animals if they came on his property
and neither should he have placed upon him the trouble
and ill will of the neighborhood from killing the deer. It
is probable that if the wardens killed off a limited num-
ber of the leading offenders there would be much less
trouble from the balance.

4. By fencing out the deer. This is provided for at
present in conditions whereby the State pays 50% of the
cost of an 8 foot fence under certain conditions. This is
a corrective that is in need of further study before know-
ing to what extent it is feasible and effective.

"IS THERE ANY PRECEDENT ON ANY OF THESE
QUESTIONS?

"The State pays for damage by dogs. Those w^ho
wish to own a dog pay for this privilege a license which
is collected by the State, through the Bureau of Animal
Industry of the Department of Agriculture as the admin-
istrative of the State. Certain dogs do damage in the
way of killing livestock, particularly sheep, and the State,
through its administrative agent, pays to those sustain-
ing loss the full damage, based on the decision of the local
board of auditors. The responsibility of the State in this
case is not nearly as evident as in the case of the wild life
of which it is owner. Nevertheless, it sees that those sus-
taining damage by dogs are paid.

"In the case of wild life damage, the State collects,
through its agent the Game Commission, a large sum of
money which sportsmen are willing to pay through their
license fees for the special privilege which they enjoy.
If by the protection and increase of this wild life on the
part of the State certain individuals sustain damage, cer-
tainly the State should pay such damage from the revenue
obtained because of such wild life. Since the hunter is
not the only one who enjoys the wild life, for practically
everyone, with improved roads, gets to the country and
mountains and likes to see the wild life in its native state,

48

it is possible that part of the payment of the damage sus-
tained should come from general appropriations rather
than from license fees. This is a question to consider so
as to treat all fairly.

"Act No. 271, passed at the last legislature, provides
that damage done by bears to livestock, bees and poultry
be paid up to the amount of $10,000."

Mr. Criswell stated the practical thing to do in the South
Mountain is to have an open season which will be effective
in reducing the number of deer. Thinks there should be gov-
ernmental authority to determine when and how often the
open season for bucks should include a season for does.
HON. FRANK P. WILLITS, Secretary of Agriculture:

Mr. Willits stated that he believes many farmers are not
able to pay their share in erecting deer-proof fence, and that
it works a hardship upon them. Does not believe in destroy-
ing wild life but feels the conserving of it can be overdone
when men are forced out of their business, as seems likely in
the South Mountain section. Suggests killing off superabun-
dance of deer. Believes those interested along the mountain
side shoiild get together and come to an understanding among
themselves, then meet with the Game Commission and en-
deavor to come to some amicable conclusion. Farmers and
horticulturists do not now agree among themselves as to the
right method to pursue.

FRED BRENCKMAN, Secretary, State Grange:

Mr. Brenckman expressed his appreciation of the fact that
wild life is returning. He feels, however, that the people
whose interests are at stake in sections where game is pro-
tected should be given adequate protection, as it is not a state-
wide problem because in many localities game, particularly
deer, is very scarce. It is his opinion that sportsmen and
farmers should get together and work out some suitable plan
in an endeavor to solve the problem, the sportsmen keeping
in mind that the farmer must have some protection.

Mr. Brenckman said the State is not going as far as it
should in contributing to the cost of erecting deer-proof fences.
Believes State should pay three-fourths of cost instead of only
one-half. Desires fair play on both sides.

R. P. KESTER, Editor, Pennsylvania Farmer:

Mr. Kester stated from his observations there is a super-
abundance of deer in the South Mountain region, and that the
logical step is to reduce their number. He is not in favor of
having an open season on both male and female deer at the
same time. Since efficient rules have been adopted for the
protection and upbuilding of game, Mr. Kester feels that equal-
ly efficient rules can be adopted to check such developments
and thus prevent much damage to fruit and crops.

49

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MILES HORST, Representing National Stockman and
Farmer :

Mr. Horst stated that the Game Commission should avoid
stocking deer in sections where agriculture is the predominat-
ing industry, and where deer are likely to become destructive.
Is in favor of sport, but believes it should be controlled in order
that agriculture may not be destroyed.

DAVID PRITCHARD, President, United Sportsmen of
Pennsylvania :

Mr. Pritchard stated that the sportsmen are all in sym-
pathy with farmers who are suffering from losses, and that
they are willing to go more than half way to make things
equal. Does not believe that many farmers are unable to bear
fifty per cent of the cost of erecting deer-proof fences, and
that $1.38 per rod, the share of the farmer, is not excessive.
Suggests that farmer bear his expense by furnishing the posts
and labor to erect the fence.

Mr. Pritchard asked that farmers recognize the sports-
men and not antagonize them. Prejudice should not exist
between farmers and sportsmen because the sportsrhan is a
friend of the farmer and not an enemy. He further suggested
that the Game Commission deputize experienced men to go
into the woods and slaughter barren does. Mr. Gordon later
informed the conference that no human being could do this
with any degree of accuracy, and that having officers of the
Board killing oft* surplus doe deer, and trapping is about out
of the question.

GEORGE W. HAAG, Representing Montgomery County
Sportsmen's Association :

BeHeves something should be done for the protection of
fruit growers and farmers, either by erecting fences or reduc-
ing the number of deer by open season on does.

A. H. READER, Representing Blari County Sportsmen's As-
sociation :

BeHeves only plan is to erect fences or kill off surplus
deer.

JOE MELLON, Representing the Penna. State Game and
Fish Pro. Asso. :

Mr. Mellon stated something must be done for the people
who have built up the South Mountain as an agricultural dis-
trict. Suggests open season for does last two weeks in Jan-
uary, because they are driven from original haunts by the open
season during the first two weeks of December. Recommend-
ed purchase of Gardner property near Pine Grove Furnace,
Cumberland County, to be used for refuge and cleared patches
sown to grain for game food.

50

DR. H. J. DONALDSON, President, Board of Game Com-
missioners :

Stated sentiment among sportsmen's organizations is
strong against killing does, and recommended that orchards
be fenced to keep out deer. Paying damages in cash would
take too much money and would lead to much trouble be-
cause of the great numbers of "fake" claims which would be
presented. Pointed out the impossibility of paying for dam-
age done by all game, but willing to make every effort toward
offering protection in the way of constructing deer-proof
fences. Suggested that farmers board hunters as the return
from housing sportsmen is far greater than the damage done
by game.

J. A. RUNK, Horticulturist, Huntingdon County:

Mr. Runk strongly opposed protection of female deer
when such protection deprives people of earning a livelihood,
and that there should be no more reason for recognizing sen-
timent against killing off female deer than we do about female
domestic animals of any sort. Estimated his loss to date at
$16,000. Feels that the sportsmen do not understand the prob-
lem of the farmer and fruit grower. Mr. Runk stated either
they must give up the agricultural interests or control the
deer. Stated certain areas are infested with deer while adja-
cent territory is immune. Favors an open season on female
deer without a special license to shoot them.

ARTHUR GRIEST, President, Horticultural Association:

Mr. Griest feels that small farmer as well as fruit growers
should be given consideration. Would dislike to see does kill-
ed, but suggests sentiment be laid aside and an open season
be declared where deer are committing depredations. Does
not believe it wise to open the season for does all over the
State because of the scarcity of deer in some districts. Re-
commends fencing as another solution to the problem, but to
fruit growers only is that a remedy, and other crops are dam-
aged as well.

ADOLF MULLER, Member of the Board of Game Commis-
sioners :

Believes that much damage is being ascribed to deer which
they could not accomplish. Deer cannot convey disease to
trees though they do injure them otherwise and that in some
cases losses were the result of disease and not deer damage.
Believes the problem can be solved only when all interests
become fair and open minded in their views, willing to aid
in any way possible.

D. MAURICE WERTZ, Horticulturist, Waynesboro, Frank-
lin County:

Mr. Wertz stated something is radically wrong with the
underlying principle of affairs when a man is penalized who

51

li

I

•« M

■mil

tries to work and earn an honest living as is the case when he
cannot protect his property against destruction by deer. Be-
lieves the fencing proposition is not satisfactory and in the
course of time will be found to be so. Believes killing off sur-
plus deer will remedy the trouble for only short time.

MR. STRAUSBAUGH, Horticulturist, Adams County :

Questions constitutionality of laws depriving citizens of
right to protect their property. Feels that people should be
paid for damages if wild life is worth more to the State than
orchards and farms. People who derive the benefit of the wild
life should be willing to buy properties and turn them into
game preserves.

HON. JOHN M. McKEE, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture :

Secretary McKee stated that in their investigations re-
garding damage done by game they find that Pennsylvania is
ahead of other states in game protection work. Mr. McKee
feels that it is not fair to turn state property loose on private
property and place the burden for the damage done by game
upon owners of private property. If sportsmen are not willing
to reduce the number of deer, farmers and fruit growers will
be forced to abandon their industry and move to other regions.
Favors $25,000,000 bond issue to purchase forest areas, etc.,
but deplores the fact that sportsmen in general do not favor
reducing the number of deer in infested districts.

SECRETARY GORDON, State Game Commission:

Called attention to the fact that the delegates had been
practically talking about relieving conditions in the South
Mountains, but that a number of other sections are similarly
affected and deserve consideration and relief at the same time
no matter what form of relief may be decided upon.

At the close of the discussions, Mr. Fred Brenckman,
Secretary of the State Grange, made a motion that a com-
mittee composed of three representatives from sports-
men's organizations, and three representatives from the
State Agricultural Council of which the State Horticul-
tural Association is a branch, be appointed to confer with
the Board of Game Commissioners at such time prior to
the meeting of the 1925 legislature as may be mutually
satisfactory for further discussion and formulation of
plans for legislation to control the matter of damage by
game. The motion, seconded by Mr. Griest, was carried.

Secretary Gordon of the Game Commission was di-
rected to arrange the time and place of the suggested
meeting.

It was the concensus of opinion that the inspection
trip had been well planned and that the Conference was

52

the first constructive effort to get together and solve the
problems involved.

SETH GORDON,
Executive Secretary, Board of Game Commissioners.

DISCUSSION OF THE REPORT OF THE GAME LAWS

COMMITTEE

R. T. Criswell: The committee has done what it could.
Unless instructions are received to the contrary, we intend
to follow up the matter of putting through this bit of legisla-
tion. The Agricultural Council stood out to the bitter end
for the money payment for damage, but without support,
either on the part of the Game Commission or the sportsmen.
I would suggest that if the committee is continued that they
be authorized to go further than dealing with the Game Com-
mission, and be empowered to do as they think best in regard
to securing relief legislation.

D. M. Wertz : For one, I feel that sufficient work has not
yet been done. I think the result of that conference is totally
unsatisfactory as will become evident if it once becomes a law.
We will then realize that practically nothing has been accom-
plished and we have been given very little relief. It seems
to me that a still greater effort should be made in the matter
of self protection in this very serious matter. What is passed
now will be for the next two years and there are some of us
who realize what serious results there will be in those two
years.

Moved by Mr. Wertz and seconded by Mr. Fenstenmacher
that the report of this committee be received with thanks and
filed ; that the committee be continued with power and author-
ity to go still further into this subject in any direction that
they may see fit. Agreed to.

REPORT OF RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE

RESOLVED, that since nursery stock is the founda-
tion of our orchards, that a committee be appointed to
work out some plan of tree certification in Pennsylvania,
so that we may be sure to secure trees that are true to
name.

RESOLVED, that farm storage is a most important
factor in Pennsylvania horticulture and is annually grow-
ing more so, and that this Society extend its sincere thanks
to Mr. L. M. Marble, Canton, Pennsylvania, who has been
spending so much of his time and private funds for the
welfare of the public, in farm storage research.

RESOLVED, that this Society approves of a State
census of commercial fruit trees by age and variety, sim-

53

m

■'i

ilar to that taken by many other horticultural states, and
that our Legislative Committee be directed to work most
earnestly for a State appropriation for this purpose.

RESOLVED, that this Society looks with disfavor
upon the Pennsylvania State Highway Department, in
the manner in which they hire men, by transporting them
to and from work on the State's time, as well as the high
wages paid, so that horticulturists in these communities
cannot afford to compete with the State in wages paid
in gathering and marketing their crops, even though their
own taxes are a part of the fund the State so expends, and
that in so doing the Highway Department works a hard-
ship on the agricultural interests.

RESOLVED, that this Society should exert greater
effort to convince the authorities of this great agricultural
and horticultural State recognize the fundamental truth
that since the State protects wild animals, the State is
thereby made absolutely responsible for any damage such
animals may do to the property of all the citizens and
taxpayers of the State.

RESOLVED, that this Society calls the attention of
our Legislative Committee to the deficiency in our Penn-
sylvania State laws with reference to the incorporation
and conduct of cooperative purchasing and marketing as-
sociations, and, in cooperation with other farm organiza-
tions, steps should be taken to secure adequate legisla-
tion on this important matter.

D. M. WERTZ, Waynesboro, Chair'n.
LUTHER P. CREASY, Catawissa,
SAMUEL DICKEY, Oxford.

Member: With reference to the naming of trees, I think
there should also be a statement "Free of Disease." We have
had considerable trouble in buying trees free of disease.

C. H. Hadley: All stock that is grown inside the state is
subject to inspection. When you buy stock from outside the
state and it is infected, do not accept it.

The Chairman: Do I understand that nursery stock com-
ing from outside the state carries no inspection?

C. H. Hadley: The State Department of Agriculture has
no jurisdiction over stock grown outside of the State. If it
is grown inside of the state we can see to it that it is not dis-
eased. If so, we can destroy it. When stock comes from out-
side the state it is entirely up to the purchaser and it is our
suggestion that if it is diseased that he does not accept it.

4i

Member: I would like to ask Mr. Wertz how much the
men who work on the highways receive in the section he had
in mind.

D. M. Wertz: There are a number of sections through-
out the state paying higher wages. Generally speaking, the
wages are above the wages paid by the agricultural interests,
— above what they can afford to pay.

Member: The fellow who works on the road does not
get a penny more than enough to live on. I don't want to see
wages go down. The trouble is that the farmer does not get
enough and pay enough. How is a man going to pay $20 or
$25 a month rent when he only receives fifty cents an hour
for the hardest kind of work. Those who have worked on a
concrete road know what it is.

On motion, the report was adopted as read.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS

For President, H. C. Brinton, Hanover; for First Vice-
President, S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown Square ; for Second
Vice-President, Dr. M. L. Bertolet, Mt. Penn; for Secretary,
S. W. Fletcher, State College; for Treasurer, Edwin W.
Thomas, King-of-Prussia.

F. H. FASSETT, Chairman,
P. S. FENSTENMACHER,
H. F. HERSHEY.

On motion, these nominees were duly elected, on ballot
cast by the retiring President.

The Secretary announced that he could not serve after
the current year. On motion, the Secretary was authorized to
appoint an Assistant Secretary, who would be responsible for
membership.

The President: I declare Mr. H. C. Brinton elected as
President and Dr. S. W. Fletcher elected as Secretary. In re-
tiring from the Presidency of this Association I desire to thank
the members for their splendid cooperation during my term.
I am now going to call upon Mr. Brinton to take the Chair.

H. C. Brinton: I want to thank the members of this As-
sociation for the honor they have conferred upon me. It has
been my pleasure for some years to be in touch with the work
of this Association and I feel that it is largely responsible for
making Pennsylvania the great fruit state it is. I assure you
that I will do everything possible to continue the work of this
Association and I ask you to give me the same undivided sup-
port which you have accorded your officers in the past.

Moved and seconded that a vote of thanks be given to the
President and other officers of the Association for their work
during the past year. Agreed to.

55

m

THURSDAY MORNING SESSION, JANUARY 22.
LIFE HISTORY OF ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH IN

PENNSYLVANIA

C. H. Hadley, Pennsylvania Bureau of Plant Industry.

At the last annual meeting of this Society, the writer gave
a brief report on the status of the Oriental fruit moth in Penn-
sylvania. At that time but little investigation had been made
of the actual situation, with particular reference to the life
history and habits of the insect, and the data given were based
largely upon investigations carried on elsewhere.

This Society in a resolution presented at last year's meet-
ing urged that the State Department of Agriculture and the
Pennsylvania State College cooperate in a joint investigation
of the status of the insect in Pennsylvania, and in finding
methods for controlling it. This suggestion has been carried
out, and the data recorded herewith, covering the life history
and habits of the insect, have been secured by members of the
Bureau of Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture
and particularly by Messrs. T. L. Guyton, A. B. Champlain,
H. B. Kirk, J. R. Stear, and C. S. Anderson. Observations
were carried on at several points, including Harrisburg and
vicinity, Manchester, York, Chambersburg, and Stewartstown.

It should be remembered that the data presented herewith
are based on one season's observations only, and that this sea-
son may not have been what might be considered an "average
season." It is quite possible, therefore, that observations con-
tinued through later seasons may show results somewhat at
variance with those of the season just passed.

Distribution in 1924

There has been apparently something of a spread of the
insect during the season just passed as compared with the area
known to be infested during the previous season. During the
1924 season the insect was found in Franklin, Adams, York,
Chester, Delaware, Philadelphia, Montgomery, Bucks, Berks,
Schuylkill, Lebanon, Lehigh, Dauphin, Lancaster, Cumber-
land, Perry, and Northumberland Counties. It is quite possi-
ble, however, that the pest is present in other counties of the
state than those mentioned, and beyond any doubt the insect
must be considered as one of the outstanding fruit pests of
today.

Life History and Habits

The Oriental fruit moth overwinters in the larval stage
in slight cocoons, using particles of bark, grass and dirt in
addition to the silk which holds together the other matter.
They are found in the dried situations on the trunks of trees,
beneath loose bark, in cracks and crevices on the bark, in tight

56

crotches, in old borer holes, in mummied fruit on the trees,
in curls of peach bark, and rarely on bark in exposed places.
They may also be found on other trees adjacent to infestation,
on fence posts and in weed stems — but not in numbers com-
parable to those found on tree trunks.

Transformation to the pupal stage takes place in early,
spring, April 8th at Harrisburg being our first observation.
This is at the time of the first showing of pink in the peach
buds and the first opening of quince buds.

There are often old trees in an orchard where the dead
branches, and oftentimes the trunks and larger limbs are cov-
ered with lichens and loose rough bark — these are the ideal
situations for the hibernating larvae ; pruning of dead limbs
and scraping off the loose bark would materially reduce the
numbers of spring moths.

Maximum spring pupation appears to be from April ISth
to 20th. Adults were first observed April 24th at Harrisburg
and vicinity in 1924. At that time the quince leaves were un-
folding and the peach blossoms were half out.

There was a flight of moths observed during the middle
of the day on May 6th. Large numbers of the moths were ob-
served flying about through the tree tops. Numerous individ-
uals were taken for determination. Pairs were observed mat-
ing. No evidence of ^gg deposition was noted at the time.
The weather was bright and warm for the time of the year.
This was followed by a period of cloudiness and heavy rain-
fall which extended over the following two weeks. At the end
of this period few moths could be found in the orchard. The
habit of daylight-flying was noted a number of times through-
out the season, although at no later time was the number of
moths nearly as great as in the first flight.

The moths are somewhat smaller than the codling moth,
with dusky brown mottled wings. The wings are folded
against the body when the moth is at rest.

Eggs are deposited usually on the under side of the leaves
in the casf of peach, although we found some eggs upon the
upper surface. In the case of quince they were always found
upon the upper side on account of the hairy under surface.
Eggs are also deposited on the persistent calyx of the quince
fruit and on the stems of new shoots.

The eggs are transparent when empty or translucent and
iridescent before hatching. They are circular in outline, scale-
like, somewhat convex and with flattened edges. The center
is whitish or grayish with a slight polish. The whole egg is
about the size of a pin head. The eggs hatch in from four to
ten days.

In general appearance the larvae resemble the codling
moth larvae but are somewhat smaller; they vary in color dur-

57

ing the different stages of development, the younger larvae
are a dirty cream color varying to pink which is intensified
as they grow older.

Upon hatching the young larva immediately start out to
find favorable feeding places. The length of time required for
the larvae to develop fully is from eight to sixteen days, de-
pending on weather conditions.

The first two generations of larvae (there are five alto-
gether) feed mainly in the terminals of peach, cherry and
quince. A part of the third generation larvae are found in the
terminals. Very few individuals of the remaining genera-
tions enter the twigs. In one orchard where the trees were
old and the twig growth slight, many of the larvae of the first
generation went into the small peaches.

Larvae of the remaining generations feed in fruit ; mainly
peach, quince and apple, the latter are usually attacked in the
ripening condition and after the harvesting of peaches.

The full grown larvae of the summer generations when
leaving the fruit or stems to transform, prefer to form their
cocoon on the sides or between the fruits, where they utilize
the fuzz or hairs on the fruit together w^ith silk in making
cocoons. Fruit baskets and corrugated board covers are also
favorite places for pupation. Larvae of the third, fourth and
fifth generations coming from picked fruit are found in such
places, and this no doubt constitutes a means of spread of the
moth.

Life History in 1924

Life history of the Oriental Moth as worked out for 1924
may be summarized as follows: The over-wintering larvae
begin to pupate the first week of April and continue in this
stage until the second week of June. The first generation
moths begin emerging the last week of April and continue to
the first of July. Egg laying begins May 20 and continues to
July 20. Larvae feed from about the last week of May until
the first week of August. The second generation of moths
begin emerging the last week of June and continue up to the
last of August. Egg laying by this generation extends from
the last week of June up to the first of September. Moths of
the third generation begin emerging about the middle of July
and continue up to the last week of September. Egg laying
by these moths begin the last week of July and continues up
to the first of October. A part of these larvae over-winter.
The fourth and fifth generations are so much over-lapped that
the time of emergence and tgg laying come at the same time.
Egg laying extends from the middle of September up to the
middle of October. A part of the larvae of the fourth and all
of the fifth generation over-winter in the cocoons already de-
scribed.

58

A study was made of the parasites attacking the Oriental
fruit moth. Only four species were reared this season. None
of these species were numerous enough to have any marked
effect on the rate of infestation in the orchards. There was
a marked increase in the known area of infestation this year
over that of last year. The loss occasioned by the insect in
most orchards was equal to that of 1923, or in some cases much
heavier than that of 1923. The rate of infestation varies
throughout the infested area ; in several places Elberta peaches
were as much as 20% infested, varieties ripening beforeElberta
were not nearly so heavily infested . Later varieties in some
orchards w^ere entirely ruined by the larvae, while in nearly
all instances quinces were made quite worthless.

Question: Was this life history record taken near Har-
risburg?

C. H. Hadley: The chart as a whole is something of a
composite, composed of observations which extended from
Herrisburg down to Stewartstown.

Question: Is there any reasonable supposition that the
bad weather last spring had anything to do with making the
pest worse than usual?

C. H. Hadley : I do not think so.

EXPERIENCES IN ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH

CONTROL

H. E. Hodgkiss, Entomologist, Dept. of Agricultural

Extension.

The Pennsylvania State College.

This part of the discussion, as indicated by the title, is to
be restricted to the repressive measures used against the in-
sect. Before elaborating on that phase of the topic I purpose
to preface my remarks with a brief outline of the situation as
regards Oriental fruit moth control, in order that growers may
understand these conditions and be better able to make their
own deductions, as to the merits of the practice.

The situation with which we were confronted in 1924 was
more serious than many orchardists realized. At the time
the work was undertaken there was little definite experience
with repressive measures which could be relied upon to effec-
tively control the pest. In our educational work the program
was based on recommendations of Entomologists working in
the infested region who cooperated with us in formulating a
tentative schedule for applying insecticides, and ih determin-
ing the most suitable method of control.

This program was suggested to peach growers and in
order to ascertain the real value of these measures a number
of demonstrations were conducted by the College in repre-

59

sentative districts throughout the infested area in Pennsyl-
vania.

In any discussion of the merits of this program it should
be borne in mind that this work was in no sense experimental.
It was, however, a demonstration of the results of experiment-
al researches. Whatever conclusions may be drawn in this
paper therefore, will be on the basis of economy in orchard
operations rather than on the merits of the control practice.

The Program

The feeding habits of the caterpillars, as pointed out in
the previous paper are of a nature which seem to discount the
value of any material which might kill the young larvae be-
fore they enter the twigs. There is apparently only one other
means of attack, which is to kill the eggs or the new^ly hatch-
ed larvae before they have a chance to enter the stems. The
eggs of the Oriental peach moth appear to be quite susceptible
to the action of insecticides which kill either by contact or
by the gassing properties of the materials. This offers a
promising means of control and is the practice on which the
most reliance has been placed.

In the planning of an insect control program considera-
tion must be given not only to the normal development of the
pest but also to the probability of seasonal variations from its
normal habits. With the species under consideration it may
be recounted that its period of Complete development occurs
not only once but there may be as many as five complete gen-
erations in one growing season of the trees. That is there are
four or five periods when eggs are being deposited.

If there is to be any appreciable reduction in the numbers
of the caterpillars of the later generations, the eggs of each
brood must be attacked. Peach growlers who have tried this
practice realize that the job is not an easy one. The most that
can be expected is to apply the ovicide during a period when
observation indicates that the most of the eggs have been laid.
For the most part the periods of maximum tgg deposition
coincide with the times at which the usual peach sprayings
are made. This forms a basis for a forecast as to w^hen ovi-
cides may be applied with the least disruption of the orchard
program and with a reasonable assurance of success.

The selection of an ovicide w^as not particularly difficult
as it will be recalled that the egg laying of all the broods is
accomplished during the growing period of the peaches. This
necessarily limits the choice to a single material on account
of the probable danger to foliage and later the fruit from other
insecticides even though they may be the more eft'ective. Nico-
tine preparations were chosen on account of their ovicidal
properties and the safeness accompanying their use. The nico-
tine was applied either as a dust or as a liquid.

60

The Tentative Spraying Schedule.

In the initial survey it was believed that at least five ap-
plications of the nicotine should be made to the trees. A
schedule was suggested as a tentative guide for peach growers
in their orchard operations which included five applications
of nicotine. These wxre to be used as the blossom petals
dropped, when the calyces were breaking, and again in about
two weeks. A special application of the nicotine was suggest-
ed about three weeks later and also one in the usual brown
rot spray before the fruit ripened. It was believed that these
sprayings or dustings would then be made during the period
of greatest abundance of the eggs of each successive brood.

Unfortunately for the schedule the seasonal difference de-
layed the initial egg laying so that this system w^as not follow-
ed in its entirety. Although many growers made several
treatments using the nicotine the average as finally determined
was four instead of the five which we at first recommended.
This change was suggested as the season advanced when ac-
cording to our observations a fewer sprays would be as satis-
factory and make the control less expensive to the grower.

Results of Control Efforts in Orchards

Ten demonstrations were conducted in six counties. For
the sake of brevity in this discussion only two of the orchards
which are representative of the work will be considered. In
the orchards of Mr. Arthur S. Linvill, Middletown, Delaware
County, 1,200 trees were chosen on account of the previous
years heavy infestation. The varieties were Matthews Beau-
ty and Iron Mountain. The program included the following
schedule of spraying and dusting using nicotine as the ovicide.

61

Table I. — Schedule of Treatments in Linvill Orchard.

Spray

Date

Check

Dusted

1-800

1-500

April 7-12 Dry mix

Dormant Lime Sulphur Lime Sulphur L. S.

1^03 1.03 1.03

May 26
Petal Fall

L. S.
1.03

Dry Mix 2 lbs.

Lead
Nicotine 1-800

May 28

Dry mix 2 lbs.
Lead 2-100
Nicotine
1-500

May 29

Dry mix
2 lbs. lead

June 2

«

July 26-26
July 29

((

Dust. 65 lbs. sulphur
70 lbs. sulphur20 lbs. lime
10 lbs. lead 10 lbs. lead

& 2% nicotine

Aug. 4

75 lbs. sulphur20 lbs. lime
20 lbs. lime
2% nicotine Nicotine

1-800

4 lbs. soap
per 100
Nicotine
1-500

Aug. 13

70 lbs. sulphur
20 lbs. lime
5 lbs. lead
2% nicotine

Aug. 19

Dust

40 lbs. sulphur
50 lbs. lime
10 lbs. arse-
nate

Dust

These applications were made by the owner of the orchard
and they are probably representative of what occurs in the
average orchard spraying in the State.

Determination of Effectiveness of Applications

The determination of the effectiveness of the practice and
the comparative efficiency of the insecticides brought to our
attention a condition which casual observers may have over-
looked. Mr. MacLeod, who directed the demonstrations, is
of the opinion that its importance is second only to the actual
damage to the individual fruits. In order to illustrate the point
a table has been prepared in which figures are given based on
the external appearance of fruits with respect to infestation
and the actual infestation ascertained by splitting open each
fruit.

62

Table II. — Error in Estimating the Efficiency of Oriental Fruit
Moth Spraying by External Examination of Fruits.

Treatment External Examination Cut Fruits Percentage of Error

Visibly Apparently
wormy. clean.

Clean Wormy Clean

but but but
visibly appar. visibly
wormy, clean, wormy.

Wormy

but
appar.

1 Total
error.

Check

No.
41

No.
59

No. No. P. ct.
8 21 20

P.ct.
36

P.ct.
56

Nicotine
1-500

46

54

14 9 17

30

47

Nicotine
1-800

44

56

24 10 55

18

73

Nicotine
dust 2%

41

56

19 15 46

27

73

Table II shows that it is impossible to determine the ac-
tual condition of a peach fruit as regards injury without cut-
ting it open and examining it internally. The indicated error
from external examination only is approximately from 50 per
cent to 75 per cent. The average is about 60 per cent. In
other words a peach grower has no means of determining the
condition of a basket of fruits unless he cuts the individual
peaches. This is of course an impossibility.

In tabulating the results of the work all counts were bas-
ed upon peach fruits split open and examined for internal as
well as for the external injuries.

Results of the Demonstrations

«

In the Linvill orchard there was a direct comparison of
dust and spray according to the usual practices. In addition
an application of 40% Nicotine sulphate was made at an in-
creased strength. On account of the comparisons these re-
sults are used for the illustration.

Table III.— Indicated Results of Oriental Peach Moth Control

Variety

•

Fruits
exam.

Condition of fruits when cut open

Treat-
ment

Clean

Wormy

Amount
Clean

Check

Iron Mt.

No.
100

No.
39

No.
61

P.ct.
39

Nicotine
1-800

Iron Mt.

100

70

30

70

Nicotine
1-500

Iron Mt.

100

59

41

59

Nicotine

dust 2%

Iron Mt.

100

60

40

60

63

Costs of Spraying

Cost records of the liquid applications in the Linvill or-
chard were kept for the demonstartion block. In this block
there was an increase of 31 per cent in the number of market-
able peaches. Dry mix was used as the fungicide and carrier
for the nicotine.

Cost of Spraying Peaches for Oriental Moth
Orchard of Arthur Linvill, Middletown, Pa.

Materials Amounts per Application Total Amt. Cost per

Used. lb or

gal. Total
lbs. Cost

1
lbs.

2

lbs.

3

lbs.

4
lbs.

5
lbs.

6
lbs.

Lime— lbs. 20

20

20

25

12%

97V4 %cperlb.

$.74

Sulphur— lb. 40

40

40

10

130 3c per lb.

3.90

Arsenate — lbs. 2^

2^

2%

2M!

10 18%cperlb.

1.85

Nicotine — pints IVa

ly*

Ik

Ik

5 1.41 per pt.

7.05

Casein — lbs. 3

3

3

11 18c per !b.

1.98

Lime-sulphur
gals. 15 gals

15 lAMtC per gal.

2.34

The total cost of protecting the fifty trees was $17.85 which
is a cost of about thirty-five cents per tree. Of this cost seven-
teen cents was chargeable as moth protection.

The yield of fruits amounted to 107 bushels. On the basis
of yield the cost of protection from moth was 8 cents for each
bushel of peaches. At an average price of $1.54 per bushel the
increase due to moth protection was $51.13.

Costs of Dusting

Some worth while figures were obtained from Mr. John
W. Baer, York county on the costs of dusting of his peach
orchard of 4,000 trees. There was an actual reduction of in-
jury of twenty per cent owing to the operation. The dust pre-
parations were mixed and these figures represent the costs
exclusive of labor in applying the material.

Cost of Dusting Peaches for Oriental Moth and Diseases
Orchard of John W. Baer, York No. 10 — 4,000 trees

Materials Amounts per Application.

8

Total

Amt.
Used
lbs.

Cost

Per

Unit

Total
Cost.

Lime

s

cc

CO S S

: c

04

Sulfur 1500 1500 1500

4,500 $3.50 1157.50
Cwt.

Arsenate

Nicotine 96 96

Totals

160 160 160 Third Brood 480 $18.00 $86.40
Cwt.

96 96 96 96 576 $110.00 $633.60

Cwt.

$962.82

lA CD

I i i 8 8 g 2

<o lid CD CO «o -«

The total cost of the dust was $969.82 and represents a
cost per tree of 24.2 cents. Of this amount about 18 cents re-
presents the expenditure for moth control. Looking at it
from the angle of production the total cost was 13.8c per
bushel. Of this, moth control amounted to about 10.3 cents
per bushel of fruit marketed.

There was a yield of 7,000 bushels peaches. Of this
amount there were probably 1,400 more bushels of perfect
fruits on the treated than as against trees which did not re-
ceive all of this treatment. This means in dollars and cents
that from the increased return after deducting the cost of the
dust there was left $1,380. This represents therefore the real
benefit from the operation.

Program for 1925

The past year's experiences have shown that while there
have been reductions in injury by spray and dust applications
yet these are not an economical practice. There is no exten-
sive body of evidence which indicates that we will have in the
near future any definite experimental data on which to base
control recommendations. In the light of the past summer's
experience it appears that the peach grower will be fully justi-
fied in revamping his tentative program to the extent of re-
ducing the nicotine applications in the spraying schedule.

Attention is directed to the following discussion of prac-
tices w^hich are embodied in the program which is suggested
for peach orchard operations during the season of 1925.

Plowing and disking the orchard. The cultivation of an
orchard for the purpose of turning under leaves or other debris
which may harbor insects or fungus diseases is recognized as
a good orchard practice. Experiments being conducted at the
New Jersey Experiment Station indicate that there is a con-
siderable reduction in damage to fruits where the soil has been
turned over and mummied fruits or leav^es WQrt buried to a
depth of at least four inches. While it is not known that the
insect winters in the soil or that there is any great amount of
hibernation in fallen leaves or on weeds it is believed that
much good will come from the general adoption of such prac-
tices among orchardists.

Paradichlorobenzine : This material where used against
the peach tree-borer apparently effects a reduction in the hi-
bernation of the insect near the base of the trees. Just why
it does this is not clear. However observations in treated or-
chards point to the suggestion that a more general adoption
of the P. D. B. treatment may result in a lessening of the in-
tensity of peach moth infestation in any particular community.

65

- -A

64

NICOTINE SULPHATE TREATMENTS

Liquid Applications: Reliance should be placed on the
wet spray which is to be used against flie eggs. The demon-
strations indicated a greater killing with the liquid applica-
tions and it is apparent that the contact is more the killing
agent than the gas evolved from the spray. From our obser-
vations it is believed that if nicotine in the proportion of one
pint to 100 gallons of dilute spray is used in the usual applica-
tion to the trees, the fruit will be protected from injury as well
as if the number of treatments was increased. In some in-
stances the latest maturing varieties may need additional pro-
tection but it appears in general that the amount of protection
may be reduced by this practice and thus afford a correspond-
ing lessening of cost in the orchard operations.

Dusting: Applications of a two per cent nicotine dust
were not as efficient as the liquid when applied in a similar
manner. The better practice rs to make two treatments about
ten days apart for each brood of eggs. Even this did not in
our work afford as high a reduction in fruit damage as the
liquid. It was true however that a fair control was obtained.
Where there are men who favor this method it is suggested
that the treatments be split and the dust applied to the row of
trees from one side at the first dusting. In ten days the opera-
tion should be repeated and at this time the treatment should
be made to the trees from the opposite side.

Question: Has there nothing been found yet whereby
we can definitely know when to make the application?

H. E. Hodgkiss: Up to last year the work that had been
done had not been on a sufficiently large enough scale, or
sufficiently close, to give us any reliable evidence as a guide
for the fruit grower. In the next two or three years perhaps
we will have something definite to go on.

THE VALUE OF OILS IN DORMANT AND DELAYED

DORMANT SPRAYING

S. W. Frost, Arendtsville Field Laboratory

Oil emulsions in one form or another have been in use for
a number of years but have never in the history of spraying,
found a permanent place on our spray schedule for apples or
other fruits. The use of oil as a spray material is almost as
old as lime sulphur itself. As early as 1763 we have reference
to the use of oil as a spray and kerosene has been used to de-
stroy insects almost from the time of its first general use for
illuminating purposes. The Use of red-engine oil-emul-
sions are, however, of rather recent date. Milk, soaps, alcohol,
acids and a host of other materials have been used to emulsify
oils. The recent introduction of numerous commercial miscible
oil mixtures has greatly developed the oil problem.

In considering oil sprays, one must remember that lime
sulphur solution is a standard spray material which early gain-
ed a permanent place on our spray schedule and for over fifty
years has been a standard spray. It is compatable with nico-
tine sulphate, arsenate of lead and other insecticides, which has
helped to give it the permanent place that it now occupies. It
is therefore with some reluctance that fruit growers and scien-
tists are willing to give up lime sulphur for other spray ma-
terials.

Several questions naturally arise; (1) what has been the
reason for the renewed interest in oil sprays at the present
time? (2) should oils be used, when and for what purposes?

The renewed interest in oil sprays was first brought about
by the enormous increase in San Jose scale, especially in the
Middle and Western States, together with the lack of control
secured from the use of lime sulphur solution. This resulted
in 1923 in a conference called at Vincennes, Indiana, to study
the results of the past three years experience on the control
of the San Jose Scale which had become a very seroius menace
to the fruit growers of Indiana and Illinois. As a result of
this conference, oil sprays were recommended in the place of
lime-sulphur for San Jose Scale.

In 1919 the red spider problem confronted the fruit grow-
ers of Eastern United States. This insect, related to the red
spider of citrus fruits and sometimes called the European red
spider, attacks the foliage of the apple giving it a bronzy color.
The solution of this problem was soon found in the applica-
tion of oil sprays during the delayed dormant. The control
is also supplemented by lime sulphur sprays for the summer
broods of red spider. A detailed account of control was given
in a preceding issue of the proceedings of the Pennsylvania
State Horticultural Society showing conclusively that from
90 to 100 per cent of the eggs of the red spider can be killed
by a delayed-dormant oil spray. It was also shown that lime
sulphur has little or no value as it kills but a very small per-
centage of the eggs. The recent work of the Connecticut ex-
periment station bears out our results.

Experiments conducted at the research laboratory at
Arendtsville, Pennsylvania, have also shown that a delayed-
dormant oil spray kills the eggs of the red bug. A large num-
ber of counts have been made over a period of three years.
These figures have been summarized and will be published
in one of the journals of economic entomology. They show
very plainly that oil sprays kill the eggs of the red bug. It
is sufficient to say here that we are convinced that the delayed-
dormant oil spray has additional value in this respect. On
the other hand an oil spray applied in the true dormant, failed
to kill the eggs of the red bug.

67

Oil sprays are recommended for apple only during the
dormant and delayed dormant periods. The delayed dormant
application seems more valuable and more advisable than the
dormant spray because it is more timely from the standpoint
of the injurious insects concerned. In 1918, the Massachusetts
Agricultural Station emphasized the value of the delayed-
dormant spray in preference to the true dormant application.
In 1919 the Missouri Experiment Station pointed out that
scale could be controlled equally as well in the delayed dor-
mant as in the dormant spray. Considering that the eggs of
both the red bug and the red spider can be killed in the delayed
dormant oil spray and also that scale and aphis can be killed
at this time, we must recognize that the delayed-dormant ap-
plication has considerable value. Nicotine sulphate must be
added for aphis at this time.

This brings us to a consideration of the materials to be
used. This is a matter largely of personal preference. Num-
erous miscible oils are now available upon the market that
have proved highly valuable. Many formulae have been pro-
posed for making oil emulsions at home. We are well aware
that there is a great difference between a commercial oil, call-
ed sometimes a miscible oil, and the home-mixed oil, which is
an emulsion. The writer is partial to the kayso, red-engine oil
emulsion that has given very satisfactory results in various
tests conducted in orchards in Adams County, Pennsylvania.
The emulsion is made after the formula of the Missouri Ex-
periment Station, using, however a larger quantity of calcium
caseinate. One pound of calcium caseinate is mixed in one
or two gallons of water, three gallons of light paraffin oil is
added and the mixture emulsified by means of a pump and a
spray nozzle pumping the whole mixture once through the
nozzle. A creamy yellow mixture results. This is added to
100 gallons of water giving a three per cent oil emulsion.

As an index to the quality of the home-mixed emulsions,
various samples were taken and the oil globules measured be-
neath a microscope. Milk, which we know as a perfect emul-
sion, was used for comj^arison. In Guernsey milk, the size
of the oil globules ranged from .0068 to .0017 millimeters in
diameter. In the home-mixed emulsions* described above, the
oil globules measured from .0578 to .0017 millimeters, com-
paring favorably with the milk. Many of the commercial oils
were measured in similar manner and were found to have oil
globules even smaller than the home-mixed emulsions. In
one of the oils, the oil globules were found as small as .0004
millimeters. This of course is one of the factors adding to the
value of such sprays.

Tests were also made in the laboratory to determine the
stability of the home-mixed emulsions as well as various com-
mercial mixtures. It was found that the home-mixed emul-

68

sions compared favorably with the commercial mixtures in
this respect. Free oil was found in no case upon the surface
of the test mixture, even when allowed to remain standing
for a month or more. The oil and the calcium caseinate both
both being lighter than the water, come to the top at the same
time forming a jelatinous mass which readily mixes with the
water again. The cheapness of the home-mixed emulsions of
this kind, lends a possible solution of the oil problem for
those who desire to make their own emulsions.

Numerous tests have been made to determine the immun-
ity of home-mixed emulsions from burning. Stayman Wine-
sap trees twelve years old, were sprayed with a three per cent
emulsion as well as a one and one-half per cent emulsion up
to and including the petal fall application without burning.
A three per cent emulsion is the regular dormant strength
and in as much as no burning resulted from this treatment it
was decided that a delayed dormant oil spray would cause no
serious injury. The Missouri Experiment Station in 1923 re-
ported that they used oil sprays as late as the petal applica-
tion without burning. O'Byrne states in the quarterly of the
state plant board of Florida, that a bordeaux oil emulsion is
less injurious to the foliage of citrus fruits than plain bor-
deaux. From these facts it would appear that miscible oils and
oil emulsions are safe at least as late as the delayed-dormant
application.

The question of scab control remains. While this is re-
mote from the field of the writer, nevertheless throughout all
his experiments he noticed the lack of scab control where oil
emulsions or miscible oils were applied without the addition
of a fungicide. Bearing in mind that oils are used chiefly in
the delayed dormant spray and that a noticeable amount of
scab is controlled at this time, it seems necessary to consider
the fungicidal value of this spray. The writer has encounter-
ed numerous occasions where serious scab injury resulted
even upon York Imperial, a comparatively non-susceptible
variety, when oil sprays were used in the delayed-dormant.
We must admit then that straight oil sprays have no fungicidal
value, at least against the apple scab. A fungicide should be
added to the oil spray especially when susceptible varieties
such as Rome Beauties and Stayman Winesaps are being
sprayed with oil in the delayed-dormant. Soluble sulphur can
be added to the oil spray at the rate of five pounds to one hun-
dred gallons of spray solution. Bulletin 1178 of the Bureau
of Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.
C, gives directions for the addition of a 3-3-50 bordeaux mix-
ture to the oil spray. Both of these add the necessary fun-
gicidal value for scab control. This, however, is a new field
in apple spraying and needs further investigation.

69

It appears from the foregoing studies that miscible oils
or oil emulsions are not substitutes for lime sulphur.
Oils are not fungicides and must be supplemented by the addi-
tion of fungicides where they are required. Lime sulphur on
the other hand is primarily a fungicide, although it has been
used for years to control certain insects as San Jose Scale,
blister mite and a few others. As pointed out before, certain
insects as the red spider have demanded the use of oils. Like-
wise serious outbreaks of San Jose Scale demand an oil spray.
It is evident then that the use of oils depends upon special
problems of the fruit grower. Fruit growers would be wise
to stick to the standard lime sulphur solution unless their spec-
ial problems demand oil sprays.

Question: Where the scale is very bad on an old or-
chard that has not been sprayed, would it hurt to make the
oil spray stronger?

S. W. Frost: I do not think it would be necessary.

Question: Would powdered milk be as good as Kayso?

S. W. Frost: I have not tried it myself. I do not see
why it would not. It is a question of getting the oil particles
broken up so that they mix with the water.

Question: Is there any chance of hurting the trees
through the continued use of oils for several years?

S. W. Frost : I have not conducted the work long enough
to say this. I would want five years experience before at-
tempting to state the cumulative effect of oil. There is some
evidence that there is a cumulative effect, but it is not conclu-
sive.

Question: Do you think engine oil would be as safe as
the commercial oil?

S. W. Frost : I have used both and have had no burning.
This is the third year we have been using engine oil. We
have had no case of burning.

Question : How about putting on the oil early in the fall.
Is there danger of damage from freezing?

S. W. Frost: That is a local question. It is not, however,
good practice to put on the spray in freezing weather. If the
material freezes, the water is removed and the free oil is left.

Question: With a temperature of 40 degrees, do you
think it would be safe to apply oil?

S. W. Frost : If it does not get down to freezing you will
have no trouble.

70

CAUSE OF THE PEACH DROP IN 1924

R. C. Walton, Arendtsville Field Laboratory

In July, 1924, my attention was called to an abnormal
drop of the peaches in one large orchard in Adams County.
An investigation revealed the fact that the trouble was broad-
cast over the County and that the cause of the drop was the
presence of small dead areas or cankers located at the base of
the fruit spurs and buds. Many of these cankers had penetrat-
ed to sufficient depth to cut off the food supply with the result
that the peaches withered and dropped. The matter looked
so serious that Mr. McCubbin, Plant Pathologist of the Bu-
reau of Plant Industry at Harrisburg was called down and a
day spent with him in touring the county and investigating
all phases of the problem in an effort to determine the cause
of the cankers.

Description of Cankers

The cankers are not confined entirely to the fruit spurs
but are found at the base of the leaf buds and also sometimes
between the buds. When around the buds the injury may be
called bud canker. These cankers can be found mainly on the
one year old wood but are also present on the new growth
where they are small, seldom more than half girdling the twig,
and practically always found at the base of the buds nearest
the junction of the old and new wood. These new wood cank-
ers are slightly sunken, dark brown, and have very definite
margins. The bark adjoining the dead areas has a decidedly
reddish color.

On one year old wood, the cankers are much larger, up
to one inch in length, sometimes almost girdling the twig ex-
tending above as well as below the buds, and have less definite
margins than those on new growth. Both fruit spurs and
leaf buds may be killed outright and especially is this true on
the inner branches.

A serious type of canker is frequently found at the point
where the new wood joins the old. Here the branches are
frequently girdled and the wood becomes so brittle that the
branch is easily broken off. In September rny attention was
called to an orchard in Chester County which had this type
of injury so seriously that the trees had the appearance of
apple trees severely affected with twig form of fire blight.
Earlier in the season this type of injury can readily be located
by a slight yellowing of the leaves which also have symptoms
of curling and a shot hole appearance. In rainy weather when
the soil is filled with moisture, quantities of gum will exude
from the cankers, which fact however is not characteristic of
this trouble only, because many peach diseases are accom-
panied by exudation of gum.

71

In Adams County all three types of injury are present and
in 1924 assumed quite serious proportions because in many
orchards the crop was reduced to half of what was expected.
The cankers were found to be much more abundant and ser-
ious on the inside branches where a high percentage of the
small twigs were killed outright. This is really very serious
because in Adams County many growers follow a system of
pruning which causes the trees to bear a large percentage of
the crop on the inner branches. Consequently, with these
twigs killed an entirely new crop of twigs will have to be
grown before the trees can resume their habit of bearing
peaches on the inside branches.

Theories Suggested as Cause of Cankers

Of the various theories suggested as the cause of the
cankers, the following appear to be the most plausible: Win-
ter Injury, Combination of Spray Injury or Winter Injury
with Parasitic Organisms, Brown Rot, Bacterial Spot, Injury
from Paradichlorobenzine the abnormally cold, wet spring
of 1924, and Spray Injury.

Winter Injury: This theory had much to commend it at
first when the cankers were noticed only on the one year old
wood. However, when they were found on new growth, and
in some orchards they are very abundant there, this theory
had to be abandoned. At first it had seemed very plausible
because of the fact that the summer of 1923 had been unusually
dry followed by a wet fall which had forced the peach trees
out into secondary growth. It was supposed that the trees
had gone into the winter in an unripened condition and had
therefore been injured. This theory was further substantiated
by the fact that in one four years old Adams County orchard
which had been sickly from the start and which had shown
very poor growth for 1923, the trouble could not be found.
It was thought that these trees which had not been forced
into secondary growth, had been better able to withstand the
winter. Had the cankers not been on new wood in other or-
chards throughout the county, this winter injury theory w^ould
have been a very plausible one.

Combination of Winter Injury or Spray Injury with Par-
asitic Organisms: The theory was advanced that possibly
certain sprays or the severe winter had caused the cankers
into which had entered parasitic organisms which had ex-
tended and enlarged the dead areas and thereby produced in-
jurious results.

Many cankers were collected and thoroughly examined
both by Mr. McCubbin and the writer. Attempts were made
to isolate organisms which could be held responsible but none
were found. The cultures almost invariably were sterile and
therefore this theory was abandoned.

72

Brown Rot: Many of the larger cankers, especially those
containing exudation of gum, were very similar in appearance
to brown rot cankers but the organism producing this disease
could not be recovered. The writer has learned that investi-
gators in some of the other states where the trouble has ap-
peared, have also failed to isolate the brown rot organism from
the cankers.

Bacterial Spot: This disease which is a common one in
the southern states, was thought by Pathologists in two dif-
ferent states to be the cause of the cankers but as stated above,
all efforts to isolate parasitic organisms in Pennsylvania failed.

Paradichlorobenzine: Since this chemical has been used
so extensively of late years for the control of the peach borer,
the theory has been advanced that it might be responsible
for the cankers. However, those familiar with the injury re-
sulting from its use claim that the damage occurs only on the
trunk at the base of the tree. Furthermore, the cankers have
been reported from orchards which have not been treated with
paradichlorobenzine.

The Abnormal Cold Wet Spring of 1924: The advocates
of this theory are many in Pennsylvania mainly because the
peach trouble was noticed for the first time shortly after the
very unusual wet weather of May and June. The growers
are of one mind in believing that the unusual spring of 1924
had something to do with bringing on the peach drop. The
writer is also of the opinion that this theory is at least partial-
ly responsible and that it, in combination with spray injury,
may be the solution of the problem.

Spray Injury: This theory was one of the first to be sug-
gested and undoubtedly has more advocates than any other
single theory. In New Jersey w^here the cankers have been
noticed for the past three years, the investigators are so thor-
oughly convinced that arsenic used in the spray mixtures is
the cause of the cankers, that they are prepared to publish
their results. They have conducted spraying tests in which
they used plots w^ithout lead and with various amounts of lead,
and also with various amounts of lime. The results of these
tests have proved to them that arsenic can cause the cankers
and also that an extra amount of lime added to the spray mix-
ture will remedy the trouble. They find that the standard
8-8-50 self boiled lime sulphur will largely eliminate the
trouble probably because of the large amount of lime used.
It is also their opinion that cankers come at the time of the
shucks spray.

Since 1924 w^as the first season the cankers were observed
in Pennsylvania, no spraying experiments were conducted.
However, extensive tests are being planned for the 1925 sea-
son.

73

Sprays Used in Orchards Affected with Canker: In Ad-
ams County in the last two years, the Peach Growers have
largely used Dry Mix or 80-10-10 dust in place of the self boil-
ed lime sulphur and this fact in its self may be a very im-
portant factor.

The trouble is to be found all over the county in both
sprayed and dusted orchards and, with one or two exceptions,
on practically all varieties. Practically the only dusts used
on peaches in the county are the 80-10-10 and pure sulphur
mixtures. The former is always used at the time of the shuck
application. Orchards which received nothing but 80-10-10
in 1924 were heavily affected with the canker.

One of the worst affected orchards in Adams County was
sprayed at the time of the shuck application with the following
formula: Arsenate of lead 5 pounds, Lime 12 pounds, and
Black Leaf 40 one quart, and water 200 gallons. If the cankers
were due to the arsenic then the 12 pounds of lime were en-
tirely too few to counteract the effect of the arsenic. Follow-
ing this application there were two sprays of Dry Mix with 5
pounds of arsenate of lead.

Occasionally growers report the cankers on unsprayed
trees. Two of these cases were investigated. In one place
the peach trees were interplanted with apple and although the
peach trees were not sprayed intentionally they could not have
helped but receive a pretty thorough coating from the adjoin-
ing apple trees. In the other place the trees were in a garden
with an orchard adjoining it. An occasional indefinite canker
could be found but they were rare and since there was slight
danger of the trees receiving some spray mist, no definite con-
clusion could be drawn.

Three orchards which were known absolutely never to
have received a drop of spray were examined thoroughly. Two
were three years old and one two years old. Not a single case
of canker could be found on any of the trees.

Prevalence of the Canker

The presence of the trouble in states adjoining Pennsyl-
vania was investigated by personally interviewing Plant Pa-
thologists of the various institutions. Ohio, West Virginia
and New York report that the trouble has not been found.
Virginia reports it and attributes the canker to be due to Bac-
terial Spot although no definite experiments were performed
to substantiate these conclusions. Maryland has noticed it
for three years and has done some investigational work. Their
investigators are of the opinion that more than one factor is
envolved and they report finding similar cankers on unsprayed
trees. They are positive however, that the cankers can be pro-
duced by arsenic in the spray mixtures. Delaware reports the
trouble to a moderate extent. Dr. Waite of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, thinks it is very characteristic of spray

74

injury and states that the reason why it is more prevalent and
serious on the inner branches is because the spray does not
dry so readily and remains in drops for a longer period of time.
The views of New Jersey have already been given.

The observations in Adams County, Pennsylvania, have
already been stated and to these the writer would like to add
that it is his opinion that the spray mixtures are at least partly
responsible but he is also of the opinion that the excessive
rainfall of May and June, 1924, was very instrumental in mak-
ing the trees more succulent and tender and therefore more
susceptible to injury.

Consequently, from this resume of the peach trouble in
this and other states, it will be noted that the prevailing opin-
ion is that the cankers are due to the arsenic in the spray or
dust materials. If the experiments which will be conducted
in Pennsylvania in 1925, conform in results secured, to those
in New Jersey, the trouble can be remedied by the use of ad-
ditional lime.

PRESENT STATUS OF PEACH YELLOWS IN

PENNSYLVANIA

W. A. McCubbin, State Department of Agriculture

The peach yellows inspection was carried out in 1924 un-
der much better conditions than in any previous year. Not
only was it begun earlier in the season but it was conducted
throughout without any serious interruptions such as hap-
pened in other seasons because of the necessity of detailing
some of the inspectors to other work in the height of the sea-
son.

In addition to the inspection I was able to do in person the
inspection staff and the counties covered by them were as fol-
lows : F. L. Holdridge — Lancaster, Chester, Montgomery ; E.
L. Pierce — York, Adams; A. W. Buckman— Bucks ; Edgar
Tomer— Berks, Lebanon, Lehigh; P. G. Wilson— Dauphin,
Cumberland ; J. R. Stear — Franklin.

A summary of the work shows that in the 13 counties in
the south-eastern part of the state in which inspection was
done, 456 orchards were covered. This is the greatest num-
ber of orchards yet inspected in any one year, the nearest be-
ing 422 in 1922. These orchards contained 674,012 trees also
the greatest number of trees covered in any year, being far in
advance of the previous record of 482,614 in 1923. For more
complete details see Table I. In spite of the increase in or-
chards and trees coming under inspection, the trees marked
for yellows (and little peach) are outstandingly fewer than
ever before. The number was 6,064 or scarcely more than one-
third of those marked in 1921 when 132 fewer orchards were
inspected. This gratifying reduction in the amount of disease
is better shown by the fact that the 1921 inspection gave 4.45%

75

of yellows in the trees covered while in 1924 the actual amount
of disease recorded falls to the very low figure of .89%

It is possible that this present low mark for disease may
be in part accounted for by vagaries of the disease which is
said to have periods of rise and fall, but I feel sure that if one
considers the persistence and spread of yellows in the last few
years in the numerous small orchards not covered by inspec-
tion, one cannot help but consider the present fortunate situa-
tion as the logical outcome of a continued and thorough and
methodical inspection, backed up by the promptness of the
growers in removing infected trees.

When this inspection service was started in 1920 the goal
of our ambition was to get the percentage of yellows in our
orchards down to 1%. It w^as felt that if the disease could be
reduced thus much in future periods of natural increase it
could never rise to menacing proportions from such a small
beginning, and the loss at that percentage is not serious. The
attainment of this goal in the present year is not only a source
of gratification to the Department and to the peach growers
themselves, but it is important in the assurance it seems to
give that we can look forward into a future untroubled by the
bugbear of yellows.

It is worthy of note at this time that though all the in-
spection done on peach yellows from its beginning has been
carried out under the Horticultural Inspection Act which gives
the department full power to require the destruction of all
diseased trees, yet the campaign has been carried out to its
present successful point without a single prosecution or the
necessity of forcible destruction.

SUMMARY OF PEACH YELLOWS INSPECTION IN

1924 BY COUNTIES

County

No. of
Orchard

TABLE I.

No. of Trees
Inspected

No. Trees
Blazed

% with
Yellows

Adams

58

54,656

453

.83

Berks

43

114,003

668

.58

Bucks

37

77,569

330

.42

Cumberland

37

44,718

558

1.20

Chester

19

19,833

119

.60

Dauphin

59

25,325

479

1.80

Delaware

11

6,216

42

.67

Franklin

50

126,948

827

.65

Lancaster

37

37,407

370

.98

Lebanon

19

27,475

345

V 1.20
VlO

Lehigh

5

18,750

785

Montgomery

23

30,090

580

1.90

York

58

91,022

508

.55

Totals (1924)
Totals (1923)
Totals (1922)
Totals (1921)

456
417
422
324

674,012
482,614
442,507
287,466

76

6,064
10,698
11,052
17,376

.89
2.21
2.50
4.45

YELLOWS IN TREES OF DIFFERENT AGES

Our records contain the number and age of each block of
trees together with the number of yellows trees found therein ;
consequently it is possible to summarize the yellows situation
with respect to the amount of disease occurring in trees of
different ages. The large number of trees covered will tend
to make the possible error very small. In the table, the sum-
mary of this phase of the record is presented.

TABLE 2.

SUMMARY OF PEACH YELLOWS FOUND IN TREES

OF DIFFERENT AGES IN 1924

Age of Trees No. of trees inspected

No. of trees blazed

% with yellows

1 year

9,268

0

0

2 "

68,667

5

.007

3 "

104,884

193

.18

4 "

155,506

625

.40

5 *'

70,169

520

.74

6 "

41,234

384

.93

7 "

34,738

604

1.73

8 "

25,829

799

3.09

9 "

ia^7

686

3.55"

10 "

16,493

287

1.74

11 "

15,359

507

3.30

12 "

22,416

476

2.12

13 " and over

90,152

978

1.08

Totals (1924)

674,012

6,064

.89

Totals (1923)

482,614

10,698

2.21

Totals (1922)

442,507

11,052

2.5

Totals (1921)

387,466

17,376

4.45

SPRING INSPECTION

It has long been noted that peach trees affected by yellows
are stimulated into early growth in spring and their buds swell
sooner and blossoms open before those of normal trees. In the
spring of 1924 Mr. F. L. Holdridge and Mr. E. F. Pierce under-
took an inquiry into this e^rly growth character with a view
to determining whether these symptoms of prematurity could
be safely used in diagnosing yellow^s. It is obvious that if
one can determine whether a tree has yellows by symptoms
showing so early in the season, it would be a valuable addi-
tion to our inspection methods. A saving of half a season
might be a very important factor in the control of a disease
where prompt removal is so advantageous.

The investigation followed the method of placing metal
tags in certain orchards on all trees with premature bud, blos-
som or foliage development; subsequently in mid-summer
these orchards were inspected in the usual fashion and the re-
sults summed up in three lists— (a) tagged trees which later
showed yellows; (b) tagged trees which did not show yel-

17

I

V:

I

lows; and (c) trees which had not been tagged but which
later showed yellows. If the trees in which yellows was pres-
ent in mid-summer consisten only of trees tagged in spring or
even if they included all those tagged in spring, it would indi-
cate that spring inspection could either be employed success-
fully or at least that it had some value.

Unfortunately, so many trees in the investigation fell into
the second and third groups mentioned that we were forced
to conclude that premature growth of buds or bloom in spring
could not be relied on for inspection purposes to a degree that
would have any practical value.

NURSERY STOCK AND YELLOWS

Nursery stock has often been blamed as a source of in-
fection for peach yellows. If there is any basis for complaints
of this kind, the growers, the nurserymen and the department
are all equally anxious to know it. The completeness with
which our yellows inspection records are now kept suggested
one simple means of obtaining light on the subject and ac-
cordingly it was tested out in 1924.

If any nursery or nurseries are putting out stock which
contains on excessive amount of yellows infection a compari-
son of the amount of yellows developing in the stocks of dif-
ferent nurseries ought to indicate which, if any, of the nur-
series is open to blame in this matter. Our yellows records
give the age of each lot of trees and the amount of disease
therein; a return post card questionnaire was sent out to the
owners of all these orchards asking them to supply the data
lacking, viz. the origin of the nursery stock in each case. With
this information at hand, lists could be prepared of orchards
derived from various nurseries, and when to these lists there
was added the amount of infection present a comparison could
be made of the output of the different nurseries on a scale
large enough to bring out any guilt that might exist in spread
of yellows.

Less than half the question cards have been returned to
date (January 20). Those to hand have been sorted out, com-
pared with the yellows records and tables prepared for each
nursery involved.

These tables at the present time show no indication that
any nursery stands out by reason of yello>vs stock coming from
it. When the remaining cards come in this work will be com-
pleted and reported in full, but enough answers have already
been obtained to suggest that the final results will not show
blame attached to any nursery or nurseries for spreading peach
yellows in its stock.

78

THE COST OF PICKING AT ONE OPERATION COM-
PARED WITH THE COST OF PICKING IN TWO

OPERATIONS

A. F. Mason, New Brunswick, N. J.

All of us have observed that small under-colored fruit in
the inside reaches of the tree which may have been missed by
the pickers, will color up and size up markedly in a week or
two after the first harvest. Our growers have asked whether
it would pay to make two pickings, taking the large well-color-
ed specimens from the outside branches first, returning two
weeks later to gather the rest after it had received the benefit
of sunlight and nourishment following the removal of the
bulk of the crop. The main obstacle in the way has always
been considered to be the cost involved.

Without having any data on the increase in size and color,
we have secured some on the cost of picking. On trees which
were well loaded, it cost 5.24 cents per bushel to do the opera-
tion at one time, as compared with 6.6 cents per bushel where
it'was carried on in two operations, the trees bearing the same
crop. The following table gives the data:

COST OF PICKING IN ONE AND TWO OPERATIONS

Picking in 2
operations

1st picking
Oct. 16

9 pickers, 8

hrs. 2 men, 4 |12.30

women & 3

children

206 bu.

2nd picking
Oct. 24

9 pickers, 4% $ 9.41

hrs. 3 men, 4^21.71
women & 2
children

103 bu.

309 bu. 6.6c pe
rbu.

Picking in 1 Oct. 16
operation

9 pickers, 8

hrs. 3 men, 4 $16.00

women & 2

children

305 bu. 5.24c

per bu.

THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION, JANUARY 22
CONSTRUCTION OF A CONCRETE STORAGE

CELLAR

N. S. Grubbs, Mt. Holly, N. J., Representing the Portland

Cement Association, Philadelphia

State wide interest in farm storage in Pennsylvania has
been on the increase due to the extension of good roads into
the rural districts and to the development of local markets.

In discussing the subject of farm storage construction I
do not expect unanimous approval of each phase of the subject
for if everybody had thought as I thought then everybody
w^ould have v^anted to marry my wife.

Directions for Mixing Concrete: Before discussing con-
struction details it may be profitable to speak at this time about

79

?■

fe

some faction pertaining to making good concrete on the farm.

First, select good clean sand and stone or gravel and have
a supply of it free from silt, acids and other impurities.

Second, measure by volume the material and mix in defi-
nite proportions. Usually measures can be discarded after
work has been started where wheel barrows are used. A 1-
2-4 formula means — one sack cement, two cu. ft. of sand and
four cu. ft. of crushed stone.

Third, it is advisable to avoid using too much mixing
water as a sloppy mixture reduces the strength of the concrete.

Fourth, thorough mixing makes uniform concrete and dis-
tributes the cement throughout the mass.

Fifth, proper curing calls for protection of the newly
made concrete to prevent the water from evaporating. The
water in the concrete aids in the crystalization or setting of
the concrete. Usually straw, old bags, tarpaulins and the like
are used for this purpose.

Size and Capacity : One of the first problems to be given
consideration is the size of cellar to build. The following
table is compiled as a guide to suggest the dimensions of a
proposed cellar :

(Dimensions)

(Bushel

Capacity)

Wide

Long

High

Bulk

Crates

10

20

7

700

550

12

25

8

1,200

900

16

25

8

1,600

1,200

20

40

8

3,000

2,300

20

50

8

4,000

3,000

30

50

9

6,500

5,000

30

70

10

10,000

7,500

80

100

10

15,000

11.000

40

100

10

20,000

15,000

Excavations should be 10 or 12 inches larger on all sides
than the outside dimensions of the plan. The soil should be
placed in such a position that it can be used to back fill and
cover the cellar when it is finished.

In most cases it is advisable to lay drain tile level with
the footing on its outside laying them so they will drain any
water that might collect near the w^all to a low point some dis-
tance from the cellar.

Types of Walls : The exterior walls of the cellar may be
constructed in one of three ways — By placing concrete in
forms set up rigid to hold the concrete in place until it sets
(monolithic) ; by laying up concrete block with dimensions
of 8"x8"xl6" or 8"xl2"xl6", or by using movable forms to
build up two 4" or 5" walls with 2" of air space between them.
The two walls in this case are tied together with 4" of con-
crete every 4 ft. and by l/s"-^^" strap irons 10" long appear-

80

ing 2 ft. apart. These movable forms are 4 ft. long x 9 in. high
and are made to move as soon as they are filled. A relatively
dry mixture of concrete is essential to operate the forms with
success.

For the walls and footing a 1-2-4 mixture is recommend-
ed. Concrete placed into forms is called monolithic concrete
and it is when making monolithic concrete that spading or
tamping into the forms becomes necessary. Spading excludes
air pockets and tends to make the mixture one dense mass,
which, when cured, will give strength, resist moisture passage
and have a better appearance.

If the plan calls for columns and girders they can be made
of concrete, using forms for their construction. As a rule the
columns and girders are made before attempting to start plac-
ing the roof slab. Reinforcing steel cut in definite lengths and
of a definite diameter add tensile strength to the concrete and
make the case of expensive steel I beams and columns unnec-
essary.

The preliminary steps to placing the concrete roof slab
call for form lumber to be carefully built in place, which is
called decking. This decking, when properly supported under-
neath, carries the steel reinforcing and the newly made con-
crete until it is sufficiently hard to carry its own load. At
least three weeks are required for curing before removing the
decking. Keeping the concrete moist and covered with straw
or tarpaulin assists in the curing processes. Ordinarily a 1-2-3
mixture is used in the roof slab.

It is generally advised to provide the cellar with a con-
crete driveway and leave the large part of the floor, earth.
This aids in humidity control.

Ventilation: The design for the modern cellar eliminates
the old style system of elaborate intakes and outlets. Using
a dirt floor and providing the cellar with large openings at the
ends of the structure has proven to give the best results for
either apples or potatoes. The temperature of the interior of
the cellar follows more closely the temperature of the soil sur-
rounding the cellar than it does the outside air, even though
ample ventilation facilities are provided. Therefore, it is found
expedient to have the cellar planned to be rectangular in shape
with a large driveway door at each end ; or a large door at one
end and a large opening at the other end, so that a large vol-
ume of air can be circulated, thus keeping the air in the cellar
sweet and at the same time prohibiting condensation. The
ventilation controls the humidity of the cellar and its contents.

Cost: It is a difficult matter to arrive at costs unless
something definite is known concerning materials, labor con-
ditions and excavation details. Concrete cellars that have
been erected in Pennsylvania have ranged in cost from 25 cents

81

to 65 cents per bushel capacity depending on labor costs, ma-
terials, location with respect to freight stations, etc.

It is the purpose of the Portland Cement Association to
assist in locating, planning and working up specifications for
concrete storage cellars or similar farm structures and to be-
come of service to the agricultural interests just as long as the
work is kept on an educational basis.

EXPERIMENTS IN THE VENTILATION OF BANK

STORAGE CELLARS

R. D. Anthony, State College

Before starting our discussion of ventilation it seems wise
to repeat three storage facts which have been presented before
this Association in previous years through Mr. L. M. Marble s
reports. He has shown :

1. If apples cannot be placed in immediate 32° storage, a
temperature of 34° to 36° is low enough and that apples can be
kept successfully in storages where the fall temperature may
be as high as 40° to 42°.

2. Apples stored at 34° to 36° in open packages will keep
throughout the normal storage period for that variety, pro-
vided adequate ventilation is given.

3. To secure the full benefits of ventilation there should
be a constant movement of air through the storage though for
short periods, during times of extreme cold, the ventilation
may be cut down to a few hours each day without serious in-
jury.

The two storages used in the experiments discussed here
are both bank storages with stone walls and dirt floors. En-
tirely different results would have been secured had we used
above-ground storages. One of these storages is located at
State College. It is approximately 40 x 60 and has large doors
in one end with windows for cross ventilation. The other
storage is at the Marble Laboratory at Canton. It is 125 x 25
and has a 5 X 7 door in one end, a 4 x 4 window in the other
and a large door in one side, opening into a work room which
in turn has large outside doors. Most of the work has been
done at the latter storage. By the use of standard mercury
thermometers, electric resistance thermometers and recording
thermographs, the temperature of the air at many different
places in the storage could be determined and also the temper-
atures of the ground against the side wall and below the floor
were found. By hanging narrow strips of tissue paper
throughout the room and by the use of an anemometer the air
movements in the storage could be determined.

In working with the bank storage we have two different
sets of conditions at dift'erent periods in the storage season.

82

During the fall days the outside air is warmer than the tem-
perature we would desire in our storage while, during most
of the winter, the outside temperature is colder than we want.
In late September and October, when the nights may drop to
35 or 40 degrees while the day temperature may rise to 75 or
80 degrees should we shut up the doors and ventilators in the
morning to keep out the heat and then open them at night to
cool off the house? Contrary to what we would expect, this
is not the best practice. Leave all doors and ventilators wide
open during the fall !

Fall Ventilation : The history of a day's results at Canton
will show what happens when the doors are open in warm
weather. August 24 was one of the hottest days of last sum-
mer. At 2 P.M. the temperature just outside the north door
of the storage was 83. At that time all doors and ventilators
which had been closed until then were opened. Before the
doors were open the temperature inside the storage ranged
from about 60 near the floor to a little over 62 near the ceil-
ing. At 4 o'clock when the doors had been open for 2 hours
the outside temperature had risen to 84 while inside the cellar
the temperature near the floor had gone up less than half a
degree and at the ceiling the increase was only about 3 degrees
to about 65, a difference of nearly 20 degrees between inside
and outside though there had been a steady movement of the
warm air into the storage for two hours. At 4 o'clock a 15'
inch ventilating fan was mounted in the north doorway and
run until 5 :30 pushing out the cold air and drawing in the ,
warm air. At that time the outer air w^as 81°. The tempera-
ture within the storage had risen another half degree near the
ffoor and less than a half degree near the ceiling.

How was it possible to push this hot air into the storage for
3I/2 hours without raising the storage temperature more than
4 degrees? The floor is dirt and the entire west wall is stone
banked with dirt. The temperature of the ground just below
the floor during this test was 54 degrees, 30 degrees lower
than the outside air and approximately 10 degrees lower than
the storage air. Because of the relatively small amount of
total heat in air it is cooled quickly when in contact with a
cold surface. The ground is such an enormous reservoir of
cold that it can cool the air coming into the storage all day
long without the ground temperature being warmed more than
a degree in the hottest day.

In the storage at State College there were windows on the
south side which permitted the sun to shine directly into the
storage. Every day at about 10 o'clock the storage tempera-
ture jumped up 10 to 15 degrees. As soon as these windows
were covered with black paper this trouble was corrected. The
large amount of heat from the sun was more than could be con-
trolled by the ground temperature.

83

Ground Temperatures: The ground temperature shows
the same modifying influence when the outside air temperature
is lower than the ground temperature. On September 23, the
outside temperature at 8:30 at Canton was 38 and had prob-
ably been several degrees colder during the night. The outer
door of the storage was open throughout the night. At 8 :30
the temperatures in the storage ranged from 41 to 44 degrees
while the ground temperature was 48. At 3 :30 the same day
the outside temperature was 54 and the storage temperatures
ranged from 44 to 48.

While the ground temperatures are high it is probably
impossible to cool the storage more than 8 or 10 degrees below
the actual ground temperature and, because of the length of
day and the high mid-day temperatures, the storage is usually
a few degrees warmer than the ground temperature. During
the latter part of August the ground was 54 degrees. By
September 23 it had slowly dropped to 48° and by October 20
the temperature was between 45° and 46°. On November 18
it was 43° and by December 20 it had gone down to 39° and a
month later to 36°. From the temperature it can be seen that
it will be diffcult to maintain storage temperatures as low as
40° until late in the fall when both ground and outside air
temperatures have dropped. Last year Mr. Marble recom-
mended to this Association that fall apples which could not be
placed in immediate 32° storage be kept in an open shed or in
the orchard protected from the sun until there was danger of
^ freezing weather. The reason for this is that during the early
fall the night temperatures are considerably lower than the
storage temperatures while the air temperature in the open
shed at mid-day is not enough higher than in the storage to
influence the fruit materially. Fruit stored in the open shed
gets maximum ventilation at a time when it needs it most.

Winter Ventilation: When we come to a period of the year
when the outside temperature drops below 32° certain precau-
tions are needed in our storage. In the early morning of No-
vember 17 there was a rapid drop in the temperature of the out-
side air. At this time the large door of the Canton storage was
wide open. A thermometer standing four feet inside the door
recorded as low at 26° but 10 feet further in the storage pota-
toes were undamaged. At 8:30 on November 19 the outside
temperature w^as 19. At that time all doors and ventilators
were closed and the large ventilating fan was started to drive
air from outside through the ducts which come through the
ground into the storage. The air took considerably less than
a minute to make the trip from outside where the temperature
was 19°, through from 20 to 50 feet of underground pipe out
into the storoge. Its temperature as it entered the storage was
38°. The temperature of the ground was 42°.

It is only in the larger storages that it is economical to

84

ventilate by forced draft and that the modifying influence of
the ground can be used to greatest advantage. In most of our
storages we must trust to proper handling of the doors for our
ventilation. As long as the ground temperature is above 40°
the incoming air can be* considerably below 32° without danger
and the outer doors can be open. As mid-winter temperatures
are approached the ground temperature is so near the danger
point for apples that it can not exert much modifying influence
on incoming air that is much below 32°. At such time the
doors can be opened only when the outer temperatures are
above 27 or 28.

Tempering the Air: In the colder portions of the State
the outer temperatures may run so low that even with all doors
closed the storage temperature may go below the danger point
and, even when the storage is so well banked and insulated
that the temperature does not drop below 29°, long periods of
cold may so interfere with ventilation that the health of the
fruit is threatened. To provide for these cases, it is well to
have a work room in one corner of the storage with an outer
door and a door opening into the cellar. A heater in the work
room can ifcen be used to raise the cellar temperature and
fresh air can be warmed before it enters the storage. During
the extreme weather of Christmas week, the plan was followed
in the storage at State College with excellent success.

The storage at the Marble Laboratory is equipped with
four 22 inch ventilating shafts with ventilating cowls. A care-
ful study of these has led us to believe that they are not of
sufficient value in fruit storage construction to justify their
cost. During very cold weather cold air settles down them
and may freeze fruit directly under them. When there is any
possibility of opening the doors the amount of air moving
through the ventilating stacks is small in proportion to the
amount entering and leaving the doors.

We should stress the importance of large doors at oppo-
site ends of the storage. Where the bank does not permit a
door at each end a large window may be used. These give
cross ventilation and permit the movement of a considerable
volume of air which, as it sweeps through the storage, clears
out air pockets and completely renews the air many times a
day.

OUR COMPETITORS

C. J. Tyson, Flora Dale

Competition is the life of trade says the old adage and
without doubt our business is better for healthy competition.
It is when this competition comes too strong or unfair means
are used that we suffer.

The more we know about our competitors the better we
can prepare to meet competition when it comes.

85

Our competitors are not always the same. Your compet-
itors may not be mine. One man may be interested in those
who send fruit to his local market. Another may be concerned
with those who ship to the same large city.

The competition which all of us meet in greater or less
degree is that of the Northwest. Necessity has driven the
growers of that district to improve their method of growing
and packing and to devise a marketing system which has car-
ried their well grown, rigidly graded and securely packed
apples into every important market in the country. More than
this, their advertising and sales effort has put their apples into
markets which never until recently could have used apples
in carload quantities. Rigid laws have been passed and freight
rates have been made to further control the shipment of fruit
from these states. It is illegal to pack and ship apples with
certain defined blemishes and it is nearly impossible because
of freight rates to ship in bulk or in barrels or baskets from
the states of Washington and Oregon. Some apples are ship-
ped from Idaho and Colorado in bushel baskets. A few of
these come as far as Chicago but more generally they go to
the cities and country towns west of the Mississippi.

The apples of the Northwest do not equal the same var-
ieties grown in the east in flavor and juiciness. The almost
perpetual sunshine every day of the growing season, gives
color and finish which is seldom equalled in the east, more-
over the skin is thicker and tougher. These things coupled
with the careful grading and packing assure to the grocer-
man that when he buys a box of Northwestern apples his
trade will be attracted by the appearance and he will have a
minimum of loss from bruising or decay. Some important
southern markets left barrels for boxes almost entirely in
1923-24.

Twenty to thirty thousand carloads of these apples per
year means real competition and yet it would be worse for
us to have a similar quantity of bulk junk dumped on our
markets.

One effect of the apple development in the Northwest
has been to greatly extend the consuming season. The New-
tons of Hood River and Watsonville and the Winesaps of
Wenatchee and Yakima are the main dependence of many
markets in the months of April, May and June.

The Mississippi Valley competes with us when that ter-
ritory has a crop of Jonathans. Their Winesaps and Bens
are also felt in the Mid-Western markets as are the Grimes
of Illinois and Indiana. St. Louis, Cincinnati, Chicago, Louis-
ville and even Milwaukee and St. Paul are good markets for
Pennsylvania apples when the crops of the Middle West are
not too heavy.

86

The Dutchess of Michigan and New York compete with
our Wealthy and Rambo in the larger markets while a large
crop of Wealthy, King and Twenty Ounce, in these states
often hurts our markets for later fall varieties.

A large crop of Greenings in New York practically sup-
plies the market for cooking apples in New York City from
November to March and to a less degree in Philadelphia,
Pittsburgh, Cleveland and Detroit. This variety does not
sell to advantage south of Philadelphia.

The real competition from New York is of course the
Baldwin and when there is a good crop of this variety we all
feel it. The large Eastern markets are filled up and many
of the smaller industrial cities and towns are favored with
frequent consignments of Baldwins. One unfortunate feature
of this competition is the fact that our nearness to Western
New York makes our Pennsylvania markets an easy dump-
ing ground for inferior fruit in bulk.

We feel the competition of New England mostly because
a full crop there shuts us out of the desirable markets of Provi-
dence, Hartford and Boston.

New Jersey does not greatly affect our sales in New York,
even though much of her summer fruit goes there. Philadel-
phia is the common ground where many Pennsylvania grow-
ers meet New Jersey and Delaware competition not only in
summer varieties but more and more in Staymans, Romes,
Grimes and other winter kinds.

Maryland, West Virginia and the Valley of Virginia are
the chief competitors of Southern Pennsylvania in Yorks,
Staymans and Grimes both in domestic and foreign markets.

The Piedmont of Virginia grows large quantities of Albe-
marle, Pippins and Winesaps while the Valley grows many
Bens. Most of these, however, are marketed in the large
markets and abroad after Pennsylvania apples are gone.

Southern Virginia and North Carolina have not affected
apple markets seriously until the past few years. There have
been some large plantings in this territory and this season
south eastern sea-board was quite largely supplied up to
Christmas time with home-grown apples.

These are our chief apple growing competitors. We can
meet them best by growing good fruit and by packing it care-
fully. We have real advantages over many of them. We have
excellent markets in our midst. We have decided freight ad-
vantage over the North West. If money is to be made m
apple growing, we have a fair chance in Pennsylvania.

After all the competition which concerns me most is not
apple but citrus. An over supply of cheap oranges will turn
the peddler and the fruit stand away from apples for the simple
reason that oranges will stand more abuse and will yield more

87

profit. And there are too many oranges and grapefruit trees
in Florida and California — too many of them owned by health
and pleasure seekers who do not need to make a profit. This
makes hard competition for the apple grower whose bread
and butter depends on the profit from his orchard.

It was the citrus competition, the deluge of cheap oranges
and grapefruit which put the final crimp in the markets of last
year; and even this year with only a moderate crop of apples,
comparatively cheap oranges have kept the prices from going
as high as they should.

I do not know the remedy. Perhaps there is none. In the
mean time people are consuming more fruit and fruit products.
Nature takes a hand in the shape of a freeze now and then and
things are balanced up.

After all, competition keeps us on our toes to do our best
and if we do just that I believe we shall survive.

RESOLUTIONS ON GAME LAWS

After further discussion of the report of the Game Laws
Committee, the following resolution was unanimously adopt-
ed :

"We endorse the action of the Committee on Game Laws
in the measure it has taken thus far, and empower this com-
mittee to take such further steps as may in its judgment ac-
complish ultimately the main objective, which is recognition
by the State of its full responsibility for damage to property
by deer, either by prevention or by payment for damages.

ACTION ON COOPERATIVE BUYING

R. E. Atkinson reported concerning the proposed state
federation of cooperative agencies, He stated the proposition
was apparently agreed upon by the delegates from six or-
ganizations. There has been unnecessary competition and
overlapping of the various agricultural organizations and so
an effort was made to get these organizations together into
a state federation. For the last two or three years the ma-
chinery for such an organization was in existence under the
name of the Pennsylvania Farmers Cooperation Federation
which was organized under the law of 1919 providing for the
incorporation of cooperative associations without capital
stock. The proposition which the present directors authorized
was simply to get together on a common ground if possible.
What we agreed upon last night, therefore, was to take the
old structure and have on the Board two members from each
of the state-wide organizations. This Association would have
one or two members, depending upon what part they wished
to take.

88

^

The Chairman : You have heard the report. Do you wish
to take action along the lines suggested. Does the Association
wish to join the Federation?

Mr. Fletcher: Does this commit the Association to co-
operative buying?

R. E. Atkinson: I do not know that it does, absolutely.
Just what scope the organization w^ill take will depend upon
the Board of Directors. In other words, the Federation as
it is planned at present does not propose to dictate any defi-
nite policy. It will be up to the new Board of Directors to
decide what the policy will be.

S. W. Fletcher: I think it is the history of all state hor-
ticultural associations that the more closely their efforts are
confined to educational work the better. Difficulties are sure
to arise when they attempt to engage in buying and selling.
I think it would be prejudicial to the interests of this organiza-
tion to launch into any such business enterprise. Cooperative
buying is the province of local groups, not of a state-wide
educational organization like this.

A Delegate: As I understand it, we w^ould do business
under this new organization. The State Horticultural officers
would not become purchasing agents for us. The Horticul-
tural Association would, as I understand it, still retain its
educational features, and the members would also belong to
an organization which would enable them to buy necessary
products cheaper. As I see it, it would not affect the primary
purpose of this organization as it now exists.

After a very thorough discussion the matter was laid on
the table.

GROWER'S EXPERIENCE MEETING ON PACKAGES

AND ADVERTISING

Led by Porter R. Taylor, State Bureau of Markets

The Barrel

By D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro

The barrel is probably the oldest and most used apple
package and is especially well known in the East.

It seems to be the opinion of most people that it should
continue to be the eastern package even though the western
sections are pushing the box package very much on present
markets.

It seems our Eastern growlers cannot grow sufficiently
good and well colored stock to pack boxes to the same advan-
tage they are packed in the west.

Barrels should be very well and carefully made. In many
sections chestnut wood is used for staves and since the chest-

89

nut blight this wood is becoming more brittle and should be
watched very carefully else the staves will not be strong.

Likewise different materials are used for heads and care
should be taken that they are also good and strong and will
stand the proper filling of barrels as well as the handling later
on.

Hoops are one of the most important features of the bar-
rel and should be well looked after. Some packers prefer
steel wire hoops, others object to them. The general use how-
ever is six elm hoops per barrel but these hoops should be
carefully seen to and properly secured to the barrels.

These six hoop barrels are better liked in cold storages
and also preferred for export. However many shippers use
the eight hoop barrels instead of the six since the handling is
so frequent and so rough.

In making the barrel the croze should be looked after very
carefully, that is the slot on which the head rests. If it is not
well and mechanically cut out, the head will not rest on the
croze securely and is liable to burst out under pressure. On
the other hand the croze should not be cut too deep else it
weakens the end of the staves.

It is the general practice to use liners, two on each end to
help keep the heads more secure. These are placed across the
joints of the head and usually nailed with four small nails
and when properly applied are quite a help in strengthening
the head.

Care should be taken to not use barrels except those of
standard size and measurements and it is desirable to have the
material quite well seasoned before making the barrel.

Barrels should not be left out in the weather as they are
liable to swell and burst the hoops or become ill-shaped. They
should also be kept clean as a bright fresh package, even
though it is only an apple barrel will help very much in the
sale of the product.

APPLES IN BOXES

P. S. Fenstenmacher, Allentown

Our experience in the packing of apples in the bushel box
for several years, and more especially of the crop of 1924 when
the same grade of apples packed in barrels are bringing the
same price .as specially selected apples for boxing has brought
us to a conclusion that the box package is not a desirable one
for eastern grown apples.

The "Sun-Kissed" irrigation grown apples of the north-
west are so far superior in size and color that in comparison
with the eastern apples they will always be superior in these

90

respects, and consequently commands higher prices in the
open markets. Packed in barrels or bushels the product of the
eastern orchards comes only into competition with the apples
grown under the same conditions, and here the Pennsylvania
apple can hold its own against the best of this pack.

One of the questions pertinent to box packing quite natur-
ally presents itself, would it not be profitable to pack just
the very choicest of each variety in boxes and place what is
left over in bushels or barrels? This idea may work out all
right as far as the boxed fruit is concerned, but what about
the appearance and prices derived for the left over fruit after
all the choicest specimens are taken out? Will the extra re-
turns on the boxed fruit pay for the depreciation of the left
over stuff? This and similar questions pertaining to the box
package as a container for eastern fruit will have to be weigh-
ed and decided by conditions and circumstances of each par-
ticular locality. As for us in Lehigh County, we found that
as long as we confined our box packing to from a thousand or
two boxes our local buyers would take them at remunerative
prices. But this year, when this pack was materially increas-
ed and we were obliged to sell in the big markets, the net re-
turns were not any higher than A grade, barrel packed fruit.
We conclude that the extensive packing in boxes was not
advisable for eastern growers.

Hampers: R. E. Atkinson, of Wrightstown uses the
hamper as an apple package for all purposes — picking, storing
and selling. They can be piled seven baskets high in storage,
stacked close and provide good ventilation. Crates are better,
but cost too much.

"FI-BO-PAK"

S. C. Eshelman, McKnightstown

You have heard reports on the various other packages
which are used on the markets of which I shall try not to
detract from.

The most of you have used some of these packages, some
have used all of them. But I realize the package I have been
asked to talk on is comparatively new from the standpoint of
your experience.

We have used the Fi-bo-pak box for three years, with
great success.

My reasons for adopting this box was first, be-
cause of the convenience of the package in shipping
that is nests so well and does not take much room to store in
packing house, comes complete, ready to pack without any
evtra caps, etc., and second because of the mineral oil used
in the box. This adds a very important feature to the box ; in

91

■■ n

•

keeping the fruit. In 1923 we examined fruit in the Gettys-
burg cold storage, sometime in April without finding any de-
cay or waste in the Fi-bo-pak box, while bjfskets and barrels
in same room showed considerable waste and scald, as much
as 75% scald in barrels and quite a bit of decay in baskets
which made it necessary to repack. In spring of 1924 we drew
the last of our fruit out of storage. Stayman Winesaps — first
of June, in perfect condition with original juice and prime-
ness. We did not have to repack a box. These packages cost
no more than others, and when you can store in a package
that you can hold till that late without repacking, it is
a revelation to the fruit grower. There are many other pack-
ages on the market but I firmly believe men that here is a box
worthy of your consideration.

IMPROVED ORCHARD AND STORAGE CRATE

L. M. Marble, Canton

Following are specifications for the crate used in the Mar-
ble Laboratory.

Material :

4 pes. 13!/2xl-^x^" thick, surfaced, ends to be mitered.
4 pes. 12f^xl-^xJ^" thick, surfaced, ends to be mitered.
10 slats 12%x2x^" thick, edges to be rounded on one face.
16 slats 17!4x2x%" thick, edges to be rounded on one face.

Construction :

Heads should first be nailed together complete with slats.
It is recommended that corrugated nails be used for the frame
pieces of the heads, the nails being driven on both sides of
the head.

Where corrugated nails cannot be obtained, crate staples
may be substituted, or the head nailed together with 4d. ce-
ment coated nails. End slats should be placed so as to run up
and down and nailed with tw^o nails in each end, 2d. cement
coated nails being used. Slats should be evenly spaced.

Side and bottom slats should be nailed, two nails in each
end, slats being evenly spaced, five slats on each side and six
slats on the bottom. 2d. cement coated nails used throughout.

In working up the slat material, it is recommended that
1" stock be used, ripped 2" wide, and run through a moulder
fitted with side knives having a full' double oval curve. The
moulder should be set so that the material will be delivered
%" thick. The slats should then be re-sawed.

Crates hold slightly more than a bushel, so that they may
be piled together without danger of bruising the stock.

92

ADVERTISING PENNSYLVANIA FRUIT

REPORT OF APPLE WEEK COMMITTEE

Dr. J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Chairman

The special Apple Week Committee appointed a year ago
decided that it could best achieve its purpose by arranging
for supplies of advertising material through the Association
which could be furnished to the growers in small quantities
and at reasonable cost. Following this plan, an attractive
colored poster was arranged for and 1,400 copies distributed.
In addition, a sixteen-page recipe book was arranged for and
prepared for general distribution through the growers. The
initial order of 5,000 was soon exhausted and a reprint of the
same number was secured. Of the 10,000 copies which were
printed there are approximately 1,400 on hand now. The
recipe book in particular has been a distinct success and the
demand for the reprint of the poster indicates that it was a line
of activity well worth continuing. In all the material has been
used in nineteen counties in the state.

We would suggest that the special Apple Week Commit-
tee be discontinued in the future and that its work be made
a part of the work of a permanent Committee on Advertising,
having in mind the continuation of activity over the entire
year rather than at only one season. We believe that with the
excellent start that has been made that the association can
take a leading position in the promotion of the use of Penn-
sylvania fruit. The service which the organization can render
to the growers of the state is of decided value. It is, obviously,
impossible for individuals to secure advertising material at a
reasonable expense in the same way that the association can
secure it for them. We would, therefore, suggest the contin-
uation of the present lines of activity by the association.

A well developed program of advertising should be pre-
pared which will make it possible for the growers to secure
recipe books, poster material, newspaper material, and other
forms of advertising through the association. We believe that
the preparation of this material should be arranged by the
Committee and that those members of the association who
avail themselves of the use of this material should pay a
proper charge to cover the entire cost of the service rendered.
Up to the present time the work has been practically self-sus-
taining and this policy should be continued in the future.

This is a line of constructive activity which the association
can carry on to the mutual advantage of everyone interested.
The support of all other organizations should be secured as far
as possible. We feel sure that development of this work will
be an asset to the fruit industry of Pennsylvania.

93

ADVERTISING BY A LOCAL MARKETING

ORGANIZATION

H. C. Barker, West Chester

Down in our corner of Pennsylvania, we grow a good
many apples, and for the past fifteen years or so. West Chester
has been the home of our Chester-Delaware Counties Fruit
Growers' Association.

This is a live organization with a 1924 paid-up member-
ship of fifty-seven. Of these, perhaps twenty might be rated
as commercial fruit growers with most of the others owning
or caring for anywhere from half a dozen trees to a few acres
of apples or other fruits. The ambitions of this Association
have not extended beyond general educational undertakings.
It has, however, fostered a close and intimate knowledge of
our several problems, and in many ways has promoted the
production of fruit. Not least among the factors which have
brought our troubles into the spotlight with the resultant
remedy have been the frequent attendance at our meetings and
field trips of State College and Department of Agriculture ex-
perts, who have without mercy exposed our shortcomings be-
fore our very own and our neighbor's eyes. This has tended
to increase the quality and quantity of our output, and with
new orchards coming into bearing, we have w^atched our mar-
kets become more saturated, competition keener and prices
less satisfactory, until it became apparent that w^hile we had
been giving the production end of our business some skilled
attention, the marketing end was w^holly at the mercy of con-
ditions which caused a glutted and low market throughout the
Fall and early Winter, with the later winter and spring gen-
erally experiencing fancy prices for fancy apples in boxes on
which 80 cents transportation charges had been paid since
they left their base some hundreds of miles beyond the Rocky
Mountains.

Thinking that this sort of thing had gone on long enough
with the local grower holding the tarred end of the stick, a
number of our larger growers got together, formed a coopera-
tive association with packing, storage and marketing facilities
and undertook to do for each other and for the group as a
w^hole what as individuals they could not do for themselves.

Like every other section of the globe, our own apples have
better color and better flavor than apples grown in any other
place. Of course, in our case, this is the gospel truth, but our
trade, not being so thoroughly convinced of this, was thor-
oughly accustomed to buying at the lowest possible figure
the good, bad and worse of the seasonal offerings and by
ground hog day forgetting entirely that our beautiful Brandy-
wine is flanked on both sides by hills covered with apple trees,

94

which so recently were bending with Smokehouse, Stayman
and Romes. So we had to advertise.

We are having to advertise, not only our products, but
ourselves — our Association. Some of our West Chester and ad-
jacent folks, like those in your home town, are afraid that our
little cooperative association is going to corner the market,
boost prices, and, in general, wreck the constituted good or-
der; they still don't know that the only thing that ever did,
or probably ever will, within certain limits, determine the
price that will be paid is supply and demand. So our first ad-
vertising undertook to explain to the trade that cooperation
amongst ourselves was necessary to provide the machinery
and facilities to properly grade and handle our crops, and that
the results should be equally as satsifactory to them as to the
growers in that a large supply of fruit of known grade, size
and kind would be made available for their use, and the usual
inferior ungraded supply, which hurts every market, largely
eliminated ; and that we proposed to supply them with apples
worth a hundred per cent more at a cost of perhaps twenty
per cent more.

Relying on the assumption that with most people seeing
is believing, we have made as a principal plank in our adver-
tising program ^TUT UP AN HONEST PACK AND LET
THE PACKAGE SPEAK FOR ITSELF." Every hamper
is labeled as to its contents, and we expect to build our repu-
tation on a high standard of grading, so that the contents will
be exactly as the label indicates.

There are conspicuous instances where extensive and lav-
ish advertising campaigns have created an enormous demand
for certain products. In general, however, it is safe to con-
clude that the use of a staple like apples cannot be greatly in-
creased through advertising. The most a local organization
can hope to do by good advertising, backed up by real goods
and real service, is to capture the business that exists. This
may be done by crowding out of the market goods usually
shipped in from some other section; or through educational
advertising where the market is accustomed to inferior goods,
it may be possible to supplant these by better products. The
very best plan of doing this in the case of apples is to show
people what a good apple looks like. Nixon says a good apple
twenty years ago won't pass for as good an apple today. The
way to show the housewife that greater, value is to be found
in the use of sound apples sized to suit the particular use to
be made of them is to show good apples at county fairs and
farm products shows and w^herever occasion offers.

At our booth in our local products show, in addition to
exhibiting fine specimens of different varieties, we had apples
prepared in a dozen different ways, and gave out recipes tell-

95

IM

ing how the different things were made; this sort of thing
creates a lot of interest.

We have a good daily paper in our town, and the whole
countryside has learned that if they want anything from a
hot-bed sash to a new cook, the Local News is the place to
look for it. We have made considerable use of the columns
of this paper. All our display advertisements are easily recog-
nized by our Keystone cut bearing our trade brand "Brandy-
wine Fruits." We also use this trade brand printed on light
cardboard in the containers of our best grades of apples.

During and since Apple Week, we used a few hundred of
the large posters with the red apple distributed by the State
Horticultural Association. These were displayed in shop
windows and carried by trucks and wagons. I think this post-
er well gotten up, and there is no mistake as to its intention
to advertise apples.

One of the best pieces of advertising we have done was
the publication of a booklet of some fifty choice recipes, to-
gether with a statement of the main varieties grown in our
section and the particular uses to which each variety is best
suited. We had five thousand of these printed, and the de-
mand for them is evidence that they have attracted attention
and have some merit.

One other advertising attempt is worth mentioning. A
few months ago we gave a dinner to the merchants with whom
we do business, some of the bankers and members of our Board
of Trade and others of our town. We not only filled them full
of music and the best grub that Chester County could pro-
duce, but we had three or four of the best speakers we could
corral and put some of our ideas across. With all due respect
to Mr. Sampson, as expressed by him at our meeting last night,
the good effects of this dinner have not worn off yet.

COOPERATION IN ADVERTISING LUZERNE

COUNTY APPLES

Howard Lewis, of Pittston, reported that the growers
catering to the Wilkes-Barre market are about to cooperate
by adopting a uniform brand, agreeing upon uniform grades
and packages, and requesting frequent inspection of their pro-
ducts by the inspector of the State Bureau of Markets station-
ed at Wilkes-Barre. Similar cooperation might be practicable
among growers supplying Reading, Lancaster, York, and other
local markets. He believes that the best method of advertising
is to display the fruit in quantity at their County Fruit Show.
"Of course," he said, "it is only a little county show, and in
a coal region too, and we could not expect to have one as
large or attractive as the State Fruit Show at Harrisburg ; but
we usually have about 400 plates of apples, 225 bushel baskets

96

'

of apples, and an attendance of about fifteen thousand." The
full measure of this gentle sarcasm is felt when we know that
the State Fruit Show at Harrisburg this year was scarcely
half as large as the "little show" in Wilkes-Barre. This is a
good natured prod which the rest of the state would do wxll
to heed.

E. B. Mitchell, of Harrisburg, finds the local papers his
best medium of publicity, using a one-inch ad, and occasional-
ly an item in the news columns. He distributed 2,000 of the
Association's apple recipe books, mainly through the stores
that handle his apples. He believes we must get together on
a general campaign for advertising the apple. "While we are
spending a few hundreds of dollars in distributing these recipe
books, the orange growers are spending over $100,000 in Penn-
sylvania alone for boosting the sale of oranges."

NATIONAL APPLE WEEK ASSOCIATION, INC.

W. L. Minick, Chambersburg

The National Apple \\^eek Association, Incorporated, de-
veloped from National Apple Day — National Apple Day, was
observed about eleven years ago. The International Apple
Shippers' Association has handled the project from its incep-
tion and is peculiarly fitted for handling same due to the fact
that it has an organization in every part of the United States
at both the producing and shipping ends and at points of distri-
bution. It also has the necessary organization in Canada, the
United Kingdom, Germany and Scandinavia.

Other large interests have been tied to this project in such
a way that a remarkable cooperation and contribution to the
success of the week have been given by such interests as the
railroads, steamship lines, chambers of commerce, educational
leaders, ministers, schools, doctors, and the public generally.
As two small examples of this, I cite the action of the Inter-
national Mercantile Marine in running an advertisment at its
own expense in relation to apples during National Apple Week
in the New York Times, World, Herald Tribune and Boston
Transcript, which cost not a cent less than $5,000. The Union
Pacific Railroad alone, in addition to its activities, has printed
and distributed at its own expense upwards of $20,000 in Ap-
ple Recipe booklets. All of the other leading carriers, steam-
ship lines, and a host of civic bodies have done their full part
and given a truly amazing cooperation.

The distributing trade throughout the United States has
for years taken a splendid interest and contributed most free-
ly of its time and money. Thousands of dollars have been ex-
pended by them and days and days of time and effort.

97

The growers themselves have thus far done little or noth-
ing to support National Apple Day and Week, and neither
have points of origin or producing sections, with the exception
of Yakima and Wenatchee. These two districts have for sev-
eral years supported the project most liberally, not only by
money, but by gifts of entire carloads of apples for free dis-
tribution to charitable institutions. I am not in any way blam-
ing the growers, and I believe that the leading ones will be
only too glad to support the project when the matter has been
called to their attention.

Very few people have any idea of the extent to which the
apple is advertised during National Apple Week or the value
which accrues therefrom throughout the entire year. It is
truly amazing. The publicity obtained this year, if paid for
at current rates, would have much exceeded a half million dol-
lars ; but it must be borne in mind that the greater portion of
the publicity which has been obtained could not be purchased
at any price. National Apple Week has captured the public
fancy and occupies the front pages of the newspapers and
reading notices. It commands the ability of cartoonists and
poets, the support of public men and civic bodies, the theatre,
the radio, public schools, universities, leading citizens in all
walks of life, and this support would be unpurchasable, if one
attempted to purchase it. It has only been obtained purely
as a cooperative matter through the central office of the Inter-
national Apple Shippers' Association at Rochester.

Obviously I can't cover the things that were done in de-
tail in a five minute talk ; but I do want to cite you, however,
to St. Louis, where the distributing trade organized a staff
of some forty men and personally called on over 4,400 retail
distributors in St. Louis prior to National Apple Week, inter-
ested them in the Week and left with them proper window
cards and other advertising material, and then the day before
National Apple Day a staff of telephone operators was or-
ganized and these 4,400 retailers were called on the telephone
and reminded that the next day was Apple Day and to prepare
for it. One retailer alone in St. Louis, operating some chain
stores, purchased 2,000 barrels of apples for National Apple
Week solely on account of the publicity which was given.
Then every' waiter in every hotel and restaurant in St. Louis
w^as presented by the International Apple Shippers' Associa-
tion with a badge in the shape of an apple and containing the
words "Eat More." The success given to apple consumption
in St. Louis was very marked. As a further example, a radio
talk given by Jim Bawden on apples was heard by Mr. W. L.
Wagner at Bradentown, Florida, who immediately weired St.
Louis congratulating them. These are only illustrations of
what goes on over the entire country. As a further example of
the carry over and the lasting impressions made, the Inter-

9r>

national Apples Shippers' Association begins to get letters
commencing in June from pretty nearly every part of the Uni-
ted States from hundreds of school children, school teachers,
professors, ministers, chambers of commerce and many dis-
tributors, asking the dates for National Apple Day and
Week, which show that they have been thinking and planning
apples the entire year.

National Apple Week is a tremendous factor in populariz-
ing the apple and beyond the shadow of a doubt is one of the
reasons why apple consumption has increased very much fast-
er than population and faster than practically any other fruit
or vegetable.

I am not in favor of attempting to advertise the apples
of any particular district. In the first place, sufficient funds
cannot be raised to carry on such a project. The minute that
it is attempted the entire burden will fall on the district that
attempts it and they cannot expect assistance from outside
agencies. The people who spend their time and their money
in the distributing markets in pushing apples necessarily han-
dle apples from many or all sections and they cannot as a
business proposition be expected to show partiality. In the
second place, all of these outside interests will not contribute
their funds and time to the boosting of any particular locality
but they will come in on the broad general proposition of the
APPLE as the King of fruits. From the beginning the Inter-
national Apple Shippers' Association placed emphasis on pub-
licity for apples as such and has consistently refused to ac-
cept any ones money except on that understanding. This is
applied in every instances For example, from the contribu-
tions from Wenatchee and Yakima, they understand that
neither box apples nor apples from Yakima or Wenatchee will
be advertised, and they have been entirely willing to contribute
to the cause as a whole for the boosting of just apples. The
main thing is to get people to eat apples, and when that is
accomplished they will consume the entire crop so that every
district will be equally benefited.

National Apple Week benefits the grower tremendously.
We are asking him and all others to contribute only a very
small sum to help perpetuate and enlarge the work which has
been established. On a three-year basis we are asking each
one to contribute a little over $13.00 per year, or $20.00 for the
first year and $10.00 for each of the next two years. If it isn't
worth this small amount, then it isn't w^orth anything and the
quicker we find it out and discontinue National Apple Week
the better. For example, a man w^ho has 2,000 barrels of ap-
ples per year for three years, or a total of 6,000 barrels, would
pay at the rate of about six-tenths of a cent per barrel, and
if he had 4,000 barrels per year for three years, he would pay
a little over three-tenths of a cent per barrel. If it isn't worth

99

this much to popularize apples, then we are off on the wrong
foot. As a matter of fact, a large grower ought to take out
more than one membership. Think of it, it only costs $40.00
for three years.

Of all the many publicity and advertising projects which
have been proposed and tried out from time to time, all the
way from the Pacific clear across to the Atlantic, National Ap-
ple Day and National Apple Week, regardless of any defects
they may have, actually worked and have survived the test of
practical experience. The method has actually been tested,
proved and developed during the last eleven or twelve years,
and after all results count.

The New York Packer in a recent issue stated that the
Vegetable Growers and Shippers of California have raised
and will spend one million of dollars for advertising the pres-
ent crop. What have the apple growers paid? Think, Gentle-
men, think!

D. M. Wertz: As Chairman of the Resolutions Commit-
tee, a resolution has been handed me with the hope that it may
receive favorable action: ^'Resolved that it is the sense of
this Association that the proposed child labor arnendment is
very unwise and unjust and that everything possible be done
to defeat the amendment in the present session of the State
Legislature.

This resolution was unanimously adopted.

After discussing the sale of cider and other items of in-
terest, the meeting adjourned.

VEGETABLE SECTION

No papers were presented before this Section, the discus-
sions being wholly informal, and no notes were taken by the
Secretary, W. B. Nissley, for publication.

The following officers were elected: Chairman, Thomas
Biddle, Bustleton ; Secretary, W. B. Nissley, State College.

SPRAYING AND DUSTING PROGRAM FOR FRUITS

H. W. Thurston and F. N. Fagan, State College

Apple

For controlling Apple Scab should be made at the delayed
dormant period, when the leaves of the blossom buds are ex-
panded from one-fourth to one-half inch. Material, lime-sul-
phur 1.03 Sp. Gr. (after dilution). Nicotine is usually includ-
ed in this application for aphis, three-fourths of a pint of nico-
tine sulphate to one hundred gallons of spray. Arsenate of
lead powder, three pounds to one hundred gallons of spray, is

100

also used with this application for Bud Moth, Case Bearers
and Leaf Rollers.

As far as Apple Scab is concerned, the aim of the grower
should be to spray often enough after this time to keep the
young foliage and flowering parts well covered and protected
until two weeks after the petals fall. Depending upon the
season, rain fall, and rapidity of growth, this means THREE
and sometimes FOUR applications in addtion to the delayed
dormant. One of these should be the petal fall treatment, im-
mediately, after the petals drop.' For these applications, use
lime-sulphur to test 1.008 specific gravity (out of the spray
tank). Arsenate of lead powder at the rate of three pounds
to one hundred gallons should be used in each application.
If Aphis are not under control after the delayed dormant,
nicotine should be added to the first application following the
delayed dormant. Where Red Bug is a factor, nicotine
should be included at the petal fall application and that given
two weeks after the petal fall.

The above recommendations differ from previous recom-
mendations in that at least one spray is suggested before the
pink, primarily for controlling apple scab. Whether or not
this application takes the form of a delayed dormant, or pre-
pink, will depend largely upon the season and rapidity of
growth, causing unprotected foliage. The size of the orchard
is often a factor in determining whether the grower will com-
plete the application as a delayed dormant or run over into
the pre-pink or even the pink application.

If the above applications have been timely and thoroughly
applied the necessity for late summer applications will depend
upon the presence of other pests, such as Fruit Spot, Sooty
Fungus, Late Curculio and Late Codling Moth.

If Apple Blotch Hs a pest, two app^licaitions of Bor-
deaux mixture should be made, the first one ten days or two
weeks after petals fall and the second application about two
weeks later.

d

^

Dusting the Apple

If the grower wishes to use dust he should follow the same
schedule as outlined above for spraying, using 80-10-10 dust
for all applications except the ones calling for nicotine, which
should be made with an "All-in-one" dust, or an extra applica-
tion of a nicotine dust should be made following applications
of the 80-10-10.

An 80-10-10 dust is composed of 80 per cent sulphur, 10
per cent lime and 10 per cent Arsenate of lead powder.

101

?': f

Pears

If the apple spray program is followed in the pear orchard,
control of the common pear pests (except fire blight) can be
secured.

PEACHES

First Application: Dormant, before buds swell in win-
ter or early spring. Use lime-sulphur testing 1.03 specific
gravity, (out of the spray tg^ik) for Leaf Curl and San Jose
Scale. If Lecanium Scale is present one of the oil sprays must
be used.

Second Application: When shucks are dropping from
the small peaches, use self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of
lead powder (2 pounds to 100 gallons of spray) ; or dry-mix
and the same amount of arsenate; or 80-10-10 dust. For scab,
Brown Rot and Curculio.

Third Application : Two to three weeks after second ap-
plication, use self-boiled lime-sulphur and two pounds arse-
nate of lead to 100 gallons of spray; or 80-10-10 dust ; or dry-
mix and arsenate ; for Scab, Brown Rot, Curculio.

Fourth Application: Four or five weeks before fruit
ripens, repeat the third application, omitting the arsenate of
lead. For Brown Rot.

PLUMS

First Application : Dormant, before buds open. Use lime-
sulphur 1.03 specific gravity, (out of spray tank). For San
Jose Scale. If Lecanium scale is present substitute one of the
oil sprays for lime-sulphur.

Second Application : As young plums are pushing out of
the calyx shucks and as shucks are dropping, use self-boiled
lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead powder two pounds to 100
gallons of spray; or 80-10-10 dust; or dry-mix and arsenate.
For Brown Rot, Leaf Spot and Curculio.

Third Application : About two or three weeks after sec-
ond application, use same material as in second application.
For Leaf Spot, Brown Rot and late Curculio.

Fourth Application: If Leaf Spot and Brown Rot are
not under control it is necessary to repeat the third application
about three weeks later, using self-boiled lime-sulphur or dry-
mix or dust but without the arsenate.

CHERRIES

First Application: Delayed dormant. When the green
is showing first in the buds, use lime-sulphur testing 1.03
specific gravity, and nicotine sulphate one pint to 100 gallons.
For San Jose Scale and Aphis.

102

Second Application : When the petals fall from flowers,
use self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead powder two
pounds to 100 gallons of spray ; or dry-mix and arsenate ; or
80-10-10 dust. For Leaf Spot, Brown Rot and Curculio.

Third Application : When young fruits are pushing out
from calyx shucks, repeat second application.

Fourth Application : Before fruit begins to color repeat
third application. For Leaf Spot, Brown Rot and Fruit Fly,
also early Slugs.

Fifth Application : After cherry harvest, repeat fourth
application. For Leaf Spot and Slugs.

If pest have not been serious one can often omit the sec-
ond application and fifth applications.

DRY MIX SULPHUR SPRAY

From 1924 Proceedings, Page 137

This is largely replacing self-boiled lime-sulphur, being
easier to make and equally effective.

The standard formula for preparing Dry Mix is :

Sulphur * 8 pounds

Hydrated lime 4 pounds

Calcium caseinate 8 ounces

The above amounts are sufficient to make 50 gallons of
spray mixture, and may be proportionately increased or de-
creased to meet the requirements of any spray tank.

A high grade of superfine dusting sulphur has been recom-
mended for use in preparing Dry Mix, but there is every rea-
son to believe that a good grade of commercial ground sulphur
flour will make just as effective a mixture. The commercial
sulphur flour is not only cheaper but also easier to handle than
the superfine material.

It is very important that fresh hydrated lime, free from
grit and dirt be used in preparing Dry Mix. The grade of
lime designated as "finishing lime" will be found more satis-
factory than any of the lower grades. Low grade lime usually
contains grit that clogs nozzles, and strainers and wears out
pump cylinders.

The sulphur and lime are mixed thoroughly in a dry form
and then sifted into the spray tank. If arsenate of lead is add-
ed, it should be at the time the spray is to be used.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE

Copper sulphate (Bluestone)
Lime (best grade stone lime)
Water

103

4 pounds

4 pounds

50 gallons

This is the 4-4-50 formula ; a 3-4-50 mixture would have
one pound less of bluestone. The bluestone may be conven-
iently dissolved in a few gallons of hot water, and made up to
25 gallons. Slake the lime to an even paste and add w^ater to
make 25 gallons. Mix these dilute solutions by pouring to-
gether slowly and churning constantly. Strain and use fresh.

Stock solutions can be made up in large amounts by slak-
ing lime 1 pound to a gallon of water and dissolving bluestone,
1 pound to a gallon of water. The one gallon of each is equal
to one pound of each material respectively. However, w^hen
using a stock solution both stock liquids should be diluted to
their respective total dilution before mixing them to make
the Bordeaux mixture. Increasing the amount of lime to six
pounds helps to prevent the burning sometimes caused by
this spray.

OIL EMULSION SPRAYS

From 1924 Proceedings, Page 139

Following is the formula used in preparing the stock solu-
tion recommended by the United States Department of Agri-
culture :

Red Engine Oil (such as Diamond, Paraffin

or Nabob) . 1 gal.

Potash Fish Oil Soap 1 «>.

Water Vl g^l.

The materials are put together in a kettle and heated until
the boiling point is reached. Just before boiling a brown scum
appears. As the boiling begins the brown scum begins to dis-
appear. At this point the cooking is stopped and the material
is pumped twice while still very hot at a pressure of 60 pounds.
This completes the preparation of the stock solution. In pre-
paring large quantities it is convenient to use a 200 gallon gal-
vanized cooking tank and place in it .a 50 gallon barrel of oil,
50 pounds potash fish oil soap and 25 gallons of water. In
emulsifying large quantities, a power sprayer can be used for
pumping the oil emulsion. The disc plate can be taken out of
the spray gun. The hot oil is hard on packing and hose and
it is best to use rather old hose for this purpose. The stock
solution can be kept in barrels until ready for use. However,
precaution must be taken against freezing which occurs at
about 15° F. If the stock solution is allowed to freeze, it can-
not be emulsified again. The stock solution is used at the
rate of 3 gallons to make 100 gallons of spray, which gives a
2% emulsion.

In using oil emulsion some difficulty is encountered where
lime-sulphur has previously been used in the spray tank and
where it is necessary to use hard water. Soft water or rain

104

water is preferable for making this spray. If the spray tank
contains a deposit of lime-sulphur it should be thoroughly
scraped and cleaned out and the pump line cleaned with a
strong solution of caustic soda or lye. If the water is too hard
to make a good emulsion the difficulty can usually be over-
come by diluting with weak Bordeaux of a 1/4-1/5-50
strength. Many growers dilute with a weak Bordeaux
throughout the application thinking that it gives a more sat-
isfactory emulsion.

Lubricating oil emulsion is pleasant to handle and be-
cause of this most operators do a very good job of spraying.
It has excellent spreading qualities. In fact growers who have
had experience with it think that it goes about 25% farther
per unit of spray than lime-sulphur solution. It costs one-third
to one-half as much as the lime-sulphur spray, dormant
strength.

See also page 66 of this Report.

105

\

\

THE PENNSYLVANIA FRUIT LIST

Tree Fruits Recommended for Planting in Pennsylvania by the

State Horticultural Association

Apples

Five leading varieties, named in order of importance, for
wholesale or car lot plantings in each region :

Southern Region. (Adams and adjoining counties) Stay-
man, York, Grimes, Jonathan, Rome.

Southeastern Region. (East of York City and south of
North Mountain) Stayman, Smokehouse, Grimes, Rome, De-
licious.

Northeastern Region. (East of Sunbury and Troy) Bald-
win, Northern Spy, Satyman, Rome Mcintosh.

Western Region. (West of Greensburg, Kittanning, and
Corry) Baldwin, Northern Spy, Rome, Stayman, Stark.

Central Region. (For northern half, use varieties of
Northeastern Region) Stayman, York, Rome, Delicious, Jon-
athan.

Leading varieties for local market planting, arranged in
order of season of marketing. Chief sorts marked *** ; sec-
ondary varieties **; varieties of limited value*.

Region

Yellow Transparent

Oldenburg (Duchess)

Williams

Summer Rambo

Maiden Blush

Wealthy

Mcintosh

Smokehouse

Grimes

Jonathan

Delicious

R. I. Greening

Wagener

Baldwin

Stayman

Northern Spy

York

Rome

Stark

The follov^ing additional varieties, because of their qual-
ity, are v^orthy of a place in the home planting only. They
are arranged approximately according to seasons of ripening.

Early Harvest, Fanny, Gravenstein, Jefferis, Fall Pippin,
Mother, Twenty Ounce, Cortland, Cox Orange, Salome, Tomp-
kins King, King David, Esopus, Tolman Sv^eet, Red Canada,
Golden Russett, Yellow Newtown.

; 106

S.

^r ^r *r

***

S. E.

**

^ 'F ^r

***
**♦

'r ^r V

N.E.

*
*

**

**♦

9|C syc i|c

♦ >!>

*

^r ▼ ^

V "r ^r

***

***
**

W.

c

•

Peaches

Leading varieties for commercial planting arranged ac-
cording to season of ripening.

Region

Admiral Dewey

Greensboro

Carman

Hiley

Champion

Belle of Georgia

Rochester

Hale

Elberta

Crosby

Fox

Salway

Smock

Iron Mountain

S.

•F ^ *F

^r V ^

*

S.E.

*

N. E. W.-S. of W. Erie C.
Erie Shore

:1c

*

**
^

Pears

The three leading commercial varieties throughout the
state are: Bartlett, Seckel and Kieffer. Additional varieties
of high quality for home use arranged in season of ripening
are : Tyson, Clapp Favorite, Bosc, Sheldon, Clairgeau, Angou-
leme (Duchess), Winter Nelis.

Plums

Commercial plums which may be recommended are, in
order of ripening: Red June, Shiro, Burbank, Lombard, Brad-
shaw, Reine Claude, (Green Gage) Italian Prune, German
Prune, Shropshire Damson.*

The following are of high quality and worthy of trial in
the home plantings of the state, arranged in order of ripening :
Abundance, Tragedy, Hand, Miller Superb, Pacific, Pearl, Ten-
nant, Washington, Agen, Imperial Epineuse, Jefferson, Golden
Drop, Late Mirabelle.

Cherries

Only three sour cherries are of commercial importance:
Early Richmond and Montmorency, both with light juice, and
English Morello, with dark juice.

The following sweet cherries are recommended for com-
mercial planting: Yellow Spanish and Napoleon (Royal Ann),
for light cherries; Black Tartarian, Schmidt, Lambert, and
Windsor, for dark cherries.

In addition to these, the following sweets are worthy of
trial for the home plantation: Early Purple, Coe, Ida, Elton,
Bing, Centennial, Republic.

The following *'Duke", or hybrid, cherries should be tried
in the home plantings: Empress Eugenie, May Duke, Abbesse
d'Oignies, Nouvelle Royal, and Reine Hortense.

107

AFFILIATED COUNTY HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETIES

The following County Horticultural Societies are affili-
ated with the State Horticultural Association, under Article
n of the Constitution.

ADAMS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

' Reorganized March 10, 1922

OFFICERS

President, C. A. GRIEST Guernsey

Vice President, W. E. GROVE York Springrs

Secretary, EDWIN C. TYSON Flora Dale

Treasurer, WM. S. ADAMS Gardners

MEMBERS

♦Adams, Wm. S Aspers

Bream, W. A Gettysburg

Boyer, W. W Arendtsville

♦Baugher, H. G Aspers

Baugher, G. L Aspers

Bittinger, C. H R. D. 6, Hanover

Benner, B. E ~ Virginia Mills

Boyer, E Biglerville

♦Grouse, E. A Gettysburg

♦Cation, W. R Orrtanna

Dock, Miss Mira L Fayetteville

♦Eldon, Robert M Aspers

Eshelman, S. C Gettysburg, No. 5

Frost, S. W , Arendtsville

Fraim, Merritt L Aspers

♦Griest, C. Arthur : Guernsey

♦Griest, Frederick E Flora Dale

♦Garretson, Eli P Biglerville

Gardner, L. M., Jr „ York Springs

♦Grove, W. E York Springs

Huber, Charles H Gettysburg

♦Hartman, George R Biglerville

Jacobs, Daniel C Gettysburg, No. 5

♦Keller, S. C Gettysburg, No. 5

♦Keller, Paul Gettysburg, No. 5

Knab, Mrs. George N New Oxford

♦Large, Katherine S ^ Orrtanna

Large, Mrs. E. S Orrtanna

Musselman, C. H Biglerville

Miller, E. M Hanover

Minick, W. L Waynesboro

Prickett. Josiah W Biglerville

Peters, Jno. B Gardners

Raffensperger, Charles E Arendtsville

Rice, A. E Biglerville

Riddlemoser, H. E McKnightstown

Spangler, George E Gettysburg

Snyder, E. Bane Jack's Mountain

Stock, G. M Idaville

♦Strasbaugh, E. F Orrtanna

Stoner, H. S Orrtanna

108

♦Tyson, Edwin C Flora Dale

♦Tyson, Chester J Flora Dale

♦Tyson, Wm. C Guernsey

Trostle, Francis Gardners

Wolfe, C. A Aspers

Wolff, Dr. W. E Arendtsville

Weaner, W. C Aspers

Wible, R. E Gettysburg

Wilson Bros Aspers

BEDFORD COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Organized January, 1924

OFFICERS

President, N. F. RICHARDS Schellburg

Vice President, LLOYD WRIGHT - - - - Spring Hope
Secretary, CLAYTON SMITH . - . - Bedford. R. 4

Treasurer, A. A. HYDE Manns Choice

MEMBERS

Blackburn. W. D Bedford

Bowser, J! C Wolfsburg

Claycomb, Irvin Osterburg, R. D. 1

Diehl, D. W. W Bedford, R. D. 4

Drenning, C. R Bedford, R. D. 3

Drenning, H. D Bedford, R. D. 3

Drenning, John L Bedford

Egolf, J. W Schellburg

Elder, H. C Cumberland Valley

Furry, E. S New Enterprise

Heacock, F. J Bedford

Howsare, J. C Bedford, R.D. 3

Hyde, A. A Manns Choice

Hyde, Clarence Manns Choice

Knisely, Samuel Bedford, R. D.

Mason, John C Hyndman

Mickel, J. Warren New Paris

Mollenauer, L. R Bedford

Richards, A. C New Paris

Richards, N. F Schellburg

Shaffer, R. E Schellburg

Slick, J. T New Paris

Smith, Clayton Bedford, R. D. 4

Wertz, J. N Bedford, R. D. 3

Williams, H. P Schellburg

Wright, C. E..... Spring Hope

Wright, Lloyd Spring Hope

THE BERKS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1922

OFFICERS

President, SHELDON FUNK ----- Boyertown

Secretary, W. W. LIVINGOOD . - - - Robesonia

MEMBERS

Berky, D. W Sewanee

Bertolett, M. L Mt. Penn

Bridenbaugh, John H Reading, Liberty Bank Bldg.

109

Deiner, W. S Boyertown, R. D. 2

DeLongr, Cletus Y Mertztown, R. D. 2

Doty, H. M Stony Creek Mills

Doty, Richard Stony Creek Mills

Eagleman, J. G ^...Guigers Mills

Fry, John L Reading

Funk, Sheldon -. Boyertown

Gerhard, Owen S Clayton

Haring, S. A Reading, 901 N. 11th St.

*Hershey, H. F Hamburg, R. D. 3

Hinkle, Jacob E Oley, R. 1

Johnson, Dr. E. E. S Hereford

Kruppenbach, Harry H Robesonia

Lenhart, Richard L Reading, Kline, Eppihimer Co.

Livingood, W. W ^...Robesonia

Lingard, Geo. W Lenhartsville

McGinnes, C. G Reading, 1507 Colonial Trust Bldg.

Markely, N. S , Shanesville

Mayer, L. E Boyertown

Melcher, Bennett A ^Bally

Melcher, George W Bally

♦Rick, John Reading, 434 Oley St.

Rittenhouse, J. H Lorane

Rittenhouse, Samuel Lorane

Rohrer, G. W Mertztown

Ruth, B. F Reading

Shearer, Walter J Vinemont

Sheble, Earl Hamburg

Shultz, Adam S Hereford

Shultz, Chester Barto

Strohmster, Herman A Gouglerville

Schmick, Wilson E Hamburg

Thompson, J. H Wernersville

Uibel, Geo. D Reading, Boys' High School

Wertz, Samuel H Leesport

Witman, John Reading

Yoder, C. L Boyertown, R. D. 1

Zellers, R. J Sinking Spring

BUCKS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1924
OFFICERS

President, ROBERT W. ATKINSON - - - Wrightstown
Secretary, FREDERICK G. SATTERTHWAITE - - Yardley

MEMBERS

Allen, Jas. D Stockton, N. J.

Amos, William J Warrington

Atkinson, Robert E Wrightstown

Broadhurst, Horace Halicong

Carrell, Frank B ^ Neshaminy

Crowell, Ralph T Buckingham

Everitt, Samuel Bristol

Lovett, Robert P Fallsington

Moon, R. Barclay Morrisville

Paxson, Edw. M. Lumberville

Satterthwaite, Frederick G Yardley

Snyder, Stover S Coopersburg

110

Sterninger, Charles B Coopersburg

Transue, R. E ,. Lumberville

We held four meetings and an orchard inspection trip.

At three of the meetings we had specialists from the Pennsylvania
State College. The presence of these men was appreciated.

Just one year of the Association's activities has been a great help
and it is a pleasure to meet the members who are engaged in like work.

FREDERICK G. SATTERTHWAITE, Secretary

CHESTER-DELAWARE FRUIT GROWERS

ASSOCIATION

Organized 1921
OFFICERS

President, A. S. LINVILLE Media

Vice President, H. RUSSELL WORTOINGTON - West Chester
Sec.-Treas., HERBERT C. BARKER - - - - West Chester

MEMBERS

Barker, Herbert C West Chester

Barnard, C. P ....Northbrook

*Bartram, George & Son West Chester

Bird, Anna C Brandywine Summit

Campbell, W. S Phoenixville, Rt. 4

Crowell, A. & T Avondale

Darlington, Hibbert West Chester

Dickey, Samuel Oxford

Dodge, Geo. P....^ East Downingtown

Dunlap, George P., Hillwood Fruit Farm Glen Riddle

Hayman, Guy L Northbrook

Hayward, Charles E Westtown

Ivins, William A Media

Kelly, Margaret West Chester

Keech, M. H West Chester

Linvill, Arthur Media

Lippincott, S. A Downingtown

Malone, Mary Brandywine Summit

Nolan, John V Malvern

Parker, Caroline R West Chester

Passmore, N. S Chester Heights

Perrigo, A. H West Chester

Phillips, Charles S Ocopson

Ray, J. E. S West Chester

Romig Brothers Downingtown

Sargent, George Glen Mills

Scott, A. H Wallingford

♦Smedley, S. L ^ Newtown Square

Smedley, S. L., Jr Newtown Square

Smedley, Walter Media

Thomas, Carl West Chester

Vandergrift, William West Chester

Walker, James Westtown

Welsh, George A ^ Moylan

Wolff, F. B .Lima

Wt)rthington, Russell West Chester

: 111

\il

The Association is in a very healthy condition. We are making:
a real effort to produce better fruit in this section and to eliminate all
but standard varieties. We have entirely too many varieties as seems
to be the case everywhere. It will take a number of years to get down
to our most satisfactory commercial kinds, but by discouraging plant-
ing of certain varieties, by top working, and by liberal use of the axe,
we expect to get this done.

Field trips to orchards where special treatments are being tried
were made during the summer. Our June tour was made by about
150 persons. Professors Nixon, Hodgkiss, MacLeod and others gave
talks or demonstrations, adding much to the pleasure and value of
this trip.

H. C. BARKER, Secretary

CUMBERLAND COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS

ASSOCIATION

Organized 1922

OFFICERS

President, GALEN H. GATES Shippensburg

Vice President, C. M. MILLER Newville

Secretary, H. F. MOWERY Shippensburg

Treasurer, JAMES DUNLAP - - - Shippensburg, R. D.

MEMBERS

Allison, Herbert W Shippensburg, R. D.

Angle, H. M Shippensburg

Barbour, J. B Shippensburg

Basehoar, Dr. C. S Carlisle

Berry, Dr. E. S Shippensburg

Boyer, Elton Biglerville

Bramon, J. B Shippensburg, R. D.

Brinkerhoff, H. J Lees Cross Roads

Bushman, H. M Carlisle

Cameron, John Carlisle, R. P. 1

Dennis, R. M Carlisle

Dubbs, H. J Carlisle, R. D.

Duncan, D. G -. Shippensburg

♦Dunlap, James M Shippensburg, R. D.

Gates, G. H - Shippensburg

Harmon, C. B Shippensburg

Heberlig, Herbert Newburg

Henry, Harold Shippensburg

♦Leonard, Frank Carlisle, R. D.

Miller, C. M Newville

Mowery, H. F Shippensburg

Mowery, N. E Shippensburg

Smith, Jos. H Carlisle

Stough, Mulford Shippensburg

Sunni-Glo Gardens, Inc Boiling Springs

Torr, W. H Mechanicsburg

Worst, D. C Carlisle, R. D.

112

FRANKLIN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Organized January 21, 1922

OFFICERS

President, H. W. SKINNER . . - . Chambersburg

Vice President, J. W. REICHARD Waynesboro

Treasurer, D. EDWARD LONG - - - - Chambersburg

Secretary, C. FRANK GILLAN . . - - St. Thomas

Assistant Secretary, R. J. GILLAN - - - - St. Thomas

MEMBERS

Alexander, W. M. & Son Dry Run

Barr, I. C Greencastle, R. 2

Bingham, A. H St. Thomas

Bingham, W. O St. Thomas

Bikle, Philip M. Chambersburg, R. No. 11

Bream, D. M Chambersburg

Brereton, O'Hara D..— Edenville

Crawford, J. B Fayetteville

Criswell, R. T Chambersburg

Davison, Norman Chambersburg

Diehl, E. W St. Thomas

Diehl, Edgar B St. Thomas

Doan, J. L ^ Chambersburg, R. 2

Duke, D. R Chambersburg

Duke, B. F Chambersburg

Gehr, Harvey J Waynesboro, R. No. 1

Gelwix, Dr. John M Chambersburg

Gillan, C. Frank ^ St. Thomas

Gillan, G. G St. Thomas

Gillan, R. J St. Thomas

Hagerstown Spray Material Co Hagerstown, Md.

Heisey, S. A. & Bro Greencastle, R. No. 4

Hess, Daniel .'. Waynesboro

Hess, Paul G..... Mont Alto, R. No. 1

Hess, Ralph C Waynesboro

Hess, Ray B Mont Alto, R. No. 1

Hess, Willis A Mont Alto, R. No. 1

Horn, W. H Chambersburg, R. No. 10

Krebs, H. B Mercersburg

Karns, J. H Chambersburg

Landis, D. L., Jr Chambersburg, R. No. 1

Latshaw, J. E Marion

Long, D. Edward Chambersburg

Long, W. G Fayetteville

McAllen, R. W Fannettsburg

Mcllvaine, J. S Fayetteville, R. No. 1

Miller, Clayton Marion

Miller, D. L Waynesboro

Mish & Croft St. Thomas

Nicodemus, E. A Zullinger

Omwake Brothers Greencastle

Orr, B. G Chambersburg

Rearick, J. W Chambersburg

Reasner, J. E Shippensburg

Reed, Fred B Chambersburg

Reichard. Charles W Waynesboro

Sharpe, Walter K ^ Chambersburg

Skinner, H. W Chambersburg

♦Stear, J. R Chambersburg

♦Wertz, D. Maurice Waynesboro

113

11

INDIANA COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Organized February, 1924
OFFICERS

President, T. C. HOOD - -_^ - - - ^^Itsbur^ R. D.
Sec-Treas., H. W. STONEBREAKER - - - Indiana, R. D. 7

MEMBERS

Akerson, S. A Blairsville R. D. 4

Altman, L. A Blairsville

Black, H. M : •-- ---: Idamar

Brown, Bert C ^^rion Center

Brown, H. M ••■ Indiana, R. D. 5

Brown, R. A ^ Homer City, R. D. 2

Buterbaugh, M. S 647 Water St., Indiana

Caldwell, E. P Marion Center

Clark, B. M Indiana

Clark, Fred E Indiana

Conner, L. J Penn Run

Diven, W. C Livermore

Elbel, Geo. H Rossiter, R. D. 1

Fyock, Frank Rochester Mills, R. D. 1

Gahagan, Vernon , Loop

George, T. K Homer City

Gibson, Ira Indiana

Hamilton, R. W Home, R. D. 2

Hood, T. C Saltsburg, R . D.

Irwin, S. B Punxsutawney, R. D. 1

Keith. C. W Barnesboro

Lydic, J. M Blairsville, R. D. 1

McCrea, F. C Blairsville

McCrea, W. P Blairsville

McHenry, Clarence Indiana

Murrary, Ed A Punxsutawney

Nibert, William Indiana

Opdyke, F. A Homer City

Overdorff, H. W Blairsville

Rosensteel, L. C Edri

Simpson, J. A Indiana, R. D. 5

Snyder, Fred Avonmore, R. D. 1

Stephens, Ben Clymer, R. D. 2

Stephens, Zenas Clymer

Stonebreaker, H. W Indiana, R. D. 7

Strong, T. M Blairsville, R. D. 1

Wetzel, Wm. S Marion Center

Williams, F. W Indiana, R. D. 4

LANCASTER COUNTY FRUIT AND VEGETABLE

GROWERS ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS

President, P. R. KRAYBILL - - -
First Vice President, L. B. HUBER
Second Vice President. ROY N. PERIS
Third Vice President, M. A. MOORE
Fourth Vice President, ELIAS H. VOGEL

114

Rheems

Lancaster, R. 5

Florin

- Lititz

Lancaster, R. D. 3

Secretary, LOWELL F. HALLIGAN - - - - Lancaster
Treasurer, S. E. FORRY - - - - - Ephrata, R. D. 1

MEMBERS

Barr, Frank S Narvon

Betz, W. E Stevens, R. 2

Bollinger, Jacob Lititz, R. 1

Borry, E. E Stevens, R. 2

Brossman, J. F - Ephrata

Brossman, Morse Mohnton, R. 2

Brossman, Rudy Ephrata

Brubaker, J. C ^ Lititz, R. 1

Bucher, E. B Ephrata, R. 1

Burkholder, A. Z ^...Ephrata, R. 1

Ditzler, Jacob W Lititz, R. 5

Enders, John F Columbia, R. D.

Fair, Frank Elizabethtown, R. 1

Felty, G. B. 0 Millersville

Flory, Paul B Pequea

Forry, S. E Ephrata, R. 1

Furlow, Eber Hopeland

Garber, Henry F Mt. Joy

Gise, W. H Lancaster, R. 5

Good, Martin R 54 S. Franklin St., Lancaster

Hacker, E. S Ephrata

Harnish, C. H Leola

Herr, C. H Lancaster, R. 2

Herr, David S Lancaster, R. 7

Hershey, C. Maurice Gordonville, R. 1

Hershey, Hiram S .'....East Petersburg

Hess, Francis P Lancaster, R. 7

Hostetter, Dr. J. E - Gap, R. 1

Huber, L. B Lancaster, R. 5

Kauffman, A. L Ronks, R. 1

Kraybill, P. R Rheems

Kraybill, S. S Rheems

Lepole, Walter Akron

Longenecker, J. E Mt. Joy

Metzger, T. Warren Lancaster

Moore, M. A ^ Lititz

Nolt, Harrison S '. Columbia, R. 1

Peris, Roy N Florin

♦Reist, John G Mt. Joy

Root, J. W Manheim, R. 1

Ruhl, H. F Manheim

Smith, Geo. K Akron

Suavely, Henry B Lititz, R. 5

Snyder, C. B Ephrata, R. 1

Snyder, Elmer R Elizabethtown

Stauflfer, T. H Lititz, R. 4

Stolfus, Isaac M Ronks, R. 1

Vogel, Elias H Lancaster, R. 3

Wenger, Monroe P Denver

Wenger, G. P Quarryville, R. 1

Wertsch, Edwin Lititz, R. 5

Widders, J. B Lancaster, R. 3

Witmer, J. B Lampeter

Zimmerman, H. S La Park

115

LAWRENCE COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1914
OFFICERS

President, J. W. CUMMINGS -

Vice President, CLAN BALDWIN
Secy.-Treas., J. A. BOAK

MEMBERS

New Wilmington

New Castle

New Castle, R.

Bavard & Baldwin ;v; T-^^^TJf ^*^®

Bell, Russell .^ ^^^^ ^??^^1f ^?

Benson, B. J New Cast e, R. 8

Blair, T. W New Cast e, R. 4

Boak J A. New Castle, R. 4

Boak', J. eZ'Z'Z. Newcastle, R. D. 4

Bolph, Irwin Newcastle

Bovard & Baldwin New Castle

Brown, 0. P Newcastle, Broyles Ave.

Buchanan, S. W - New Wilmington

Boyd, J. H 461 E. Washin^on St., New Castle

Cox, J. W New Castle, R. 3

Cummings, J. W New Wilmington

Curry, Edward New Castle, R. 1

Drake, William Volant, R. 3

Friday, G. P New Castle, R. 1

Fullerton, A. H Edenburg

Gebhart, W. J New Castle, R. 8

Harbison, C. F New Castle, R. 7

Hartzell, Chas New Castle, R. 1

Hileman, Carl New Castle, R. 4

High Hill Fruit Farm Pulaski

Hopper, W. C New Castle, R. 4

Houk, J. B New Castle, R. 8

*Huey, S. R New Castle, R. 3

Hunt, Norman New Castle, R. 4

Hunt, S. J Edenburg

Hunt, Lewis _^ New Castle, R. 4

Johnston, J. B >few Wilmington, R. 1

Johnston, J. H New Wilmington, R. 1

Johnston, R. S New Wilmington, R. 1

Kildoo, Samuel ^ New Castle, R. 4

King, Howard New Castle, R. 7

Kyle, David New Castle, R. 8

Leslie, Merl New Castle, R. 8

McClure, Frank New Castle

McMillan. R. S 916 Morton St., New Castle

Nass, J. B New Castle, R. 3

Nass, J. A New Castle, R. 5

Offut, N. A Volant, R. 1

Patterson, Geo. W East Brook

Reynolds, Amzi New Wilmington, R. 63

Shaner, Elmer Slippery Rock

Stone, F. B New Wilmington

Wilson, A. O Volant

Young, Fred Elwood City, R. 1

THE LEBANON VALLEY COOPERATIVE FRUIT

GROWERS

OFFICERS

President, IRWIN LONGENECKER - - - - Palmyra

Vice President, J. R. HEILMAN Lawn

Secy.-Treas., H. MEYER SNAVELY - - . - Lebanon

MEMBERS*

♦Boltz, P. R Lebanon, R. 3

Bucher, Alvin Meyerstown, R. 4

Cassidy, John B Lebanon, R. 2

Freeman, W. C Cornwall

Heilman, Albert Cleona

Heilman, J. R Lawn

Hertzler, D. R Richland

Hoke, Arthur Cornwall

♦Horst, J. M Lebanon, R. 3

Keiser, Carl Cornwall

Krall, W- O Myerstown, R. 4

Liske, C. E Lebanon, R. 4

Longenecker, Irwin Palmyra

Meek, John Jonestown

Meyer, D. H Annville

Meyer, E. J Lebanon, R. 8

Miller, Albert D Lebanon, R. 3

Moyer, Joseph Lebanon

Rabel, Amos Lebanon, R. 5

Rank, William Lebanon

Reist, A. E Palmyra, R. 2

Snavely, H. Meyer Lebanon

Snavely, Misses Lebanon, R. 8

Supiot, A. V Cornwall

Trump, Chas Lebanon

Winters, Cyrus Lebanon, R. 8

Wolff, Paul Myerstown

Yingst, John Lebanon, R. 5

LYCOMING COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Re-organized 1924

OFFICERS

President, W. H. BANZHAF Muncy

Vice President, M. A. PERCY - - - - MontoursviUe
Sec.-Treas., W. F. MAC VEAGH ... - Muncy, R. 3

MEMBERS

Artley, O. R * Linden, R. D.

Banzhaf, W. H Muncy

Bes^, E. E Montgomery

Faries, Robert H 250 William St., Williamsport

Gibson, Ralph 331 Center St., Williamsport

Grittner, Harry M Montgomery

Hain7G. H Allenwood, R. D.

Harer, Roy Salladasburg

Heim, H. G 508 Pine Street, Williamsport

117

116

Heilman, H. C Muncy, R. 4

Lundy, T. A -Muncy, R. 3

Mac Veaeh. W. F Muncy, R. 3

MUlerVH^. A 35 Ross Street, Williamsport

Pearson, W.J Nisbet

Pearson, W. G -^- ■ V"-^'' n?''^'^9

Percy, M. A Montoursville, R. 2

Rynearson, S. L --- Muncy, R. D.

Sheadle, Miss Lydia Jersey Shore, R. 4

Stryker, E. E Montgomery, R. D.

Theiss, Lewis Edwin Muncy, R. 3

Welshans, M. 0 Jersey Shore, R. 4

Welshans, D. D Jersey Shore, R. 4

Winner, H. G ----- Calvert

Winter, J. Randall Muncy, R. 2

Williams, C. B ;;v^^2.^^S

Wheeler, C. S Montoursville, R. 2

Zellers, S. L Montgomery

Zellers, E. B Montgomery

After a period of several years of inactivity the Lycoming County
Fruit Growers* Association was re-organized in February 1924 with
26 paid-up members.

The work of the year 1924 was entirely educational. Three field
meetings were held. The first was a spraying demonstration on April
10. The second on September 4 was an auto tour to visit two of the
large commercial orchards in the county. Prof. G. F. Miles of State
College was present at this meeting and gave the growers much valu-
able help on fruit diseases. The third meeting was a grading and
packing demonstration conducted by R. S. Snyder of State College in
the orchard of one of the members.

All of these meetings were well attended and the members bene-
fited a great deal not only from the instruction given thru the dem-
onstrations but thru the association with other growers and the ex-
change of ideas.

The program for 1925 includes a demonstration orchard under the
supervision of the County Agent and State College Extension
Specialists.

W. F. MAC VEAGH, Secretary-Treasurer.

LEHIGH COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Organized March 16, 1923
OFFICERS

President, F. S. DICKENSHIED - . - - Zionsville

Vice President, H. A. SCHANTZ - - Allentftwn, Lentz Bldg.
Secretary, A. L. HACKER - - Allentown, 517 Hamilton St.

MEMBERS

Bender, L. J ^...Allentown, R. 4

Benner, H. G Coopersburg

Billmeyer, H. W Quakertown, R. 2

Dickenshied, F. S Zionsville

Everett, E. B Orefield, R. 1

Fenstermacher, P. S 214 N. 8th St., Allentown

Gackenbach, C. A Orefield, R. 1

Hacker, A. L Allentown, Colonial Bldg.

118

Hazlett, J. P Quakertown, R. D.

Hottenstein, Ira 141 N. 10th St., Allentown

Ihn, Harry 1147 Second St., Catasauqua

Keppinger, B. M Coopersburg, R. 2

Knappenberger, Thos Zionsville, R. 1

Kyle, Ben Zionsville, R. 1

Lapp, H.T3 Allentown, R. 3

Ldnde, J. E Orefield, R. 1

Mill, H. S Allentown, 622 N. 6th St.

Monosmith, S. B Weisel

Mohr, Frank ; Fogelsville

Oppenlander, E Allentown, 1648 Hamilton St.

Rappaport, N. S Allentown, 814 N. 7th St.

Schantz, M. P Allentown, 602 Hamilton St.

Schantz, Louis M Orefield, R. 1

Schantz, M. L Allentown, 1610 S. Albert St.

Schantz, M. F Allentown, 602 Hamilton St.

Shoemaker, C. C W. Catasauqua

Shoemaker, D. W W. Catasauqua

Schreiber, H. F Zionsville

Scholl, Winfield J Coopersburg, R. 2

Schmick, Casper Zionsville

Smith, Wm Orefield, R. 1

Snyder, 0. E Allentown, R. 3

Trexler, Harry C Allentown, Young Bldg.

Weaver, W. S Macungie

Weinberger, J. H Zionsville

Wolf, Joseph Fullertown

LUZERNE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

Organized Feb. 16, 1923

OFFICERS

President, HOWARD LEWIS - - . - Pittston, R. D.

Vice President, ARTHUR GAY ... - Dallas, R. D.

Secretary, PERCY L. YOST . . - - Sugarloaf, R. D.

Treasurer, ADAM STOCK . - - - Wyoming, R. D.

MEMBERS

Bronson, Marvin Dallas, R.D.

Blackmar, C. W Wyoming, R. D.

Brown, Edward Buttonwood

Coon, John Wyoming, R. D.

Coon, H. F Wyoming, R. D.

Ellsworth, Oliver Dallas, R. D.

Frantz, S. P Dallas, R. D.

Gay, G. E. & Son * Dallas, R. D.

Gay, Arthur Dallas, R. D.

Hess, Fred E Nescopeck, R. D.

Hess, S. S., Manager. Freeland

Ide, S. C Sweet Valley, R. D.

Johnson, C. F Kis-Lyn

Kauffman, Harry Drums

Kitchen, G. W Shavertown

Moore, A. C Kingston, 45 Eley St.

Parrish, Elmer D Dallas

Pierce, Harry W - Wilkes-Barre, Lock Box 196

Rebennack, Jacob Dallas, R. D.

119

.it*

i

(♦

Rozell, H. E Pittston, R. D.

Ruggles, F. L... Dallas, R. D.

Schoonover, W. E Dallas, R. D.

Seely, Walter E Nescopeck, R. D.

Stock, Adam Wyoming, R. D.

Wheeler, C. B Hunlock Creek

Williams, David Wilkes-Barre, Box 251

Williams, John White Haven

Winter, J. H ---- - vT^ o

Winters, B. J ~ .Dallas, R. D. 3

Yost, Percy L Sugarloaf, R. D.

PERRY COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Reorganized in 1923

OFFICERS

President, DANIEL RICE New Bloomfield

Sec.-Treas., L. F. ROTHROCK - - - - New Bloomfield

MEMBERS

Adair, Frank Landisburg

Clegg, W. S New Bloomfield

Jones, H. L Newport

Nickel, C. C Loysville

Rothrock, L. F New Bloomfield

Rhinesmith, H. B New Bloomfield

Ritter, Geo. H Loysville

Rice, Dana New Bloomfield

Rice, Daniel New Bloomfield

Shanor, Geo. E Duncannon, R. D.

Sharon, S. A Newport

Schuchman, Geo. W Shermansdale

Stewart, Geo. W. New Bloomfield

♦Stewart, John Landisburg

Stewart, William Landisburg

Zeigler, C. E Duncannon

Walker, M. C ~ Newport

Hicks, William Honesdale, Star Route

Hull, Bert S - Waymart

Keyes, Amasa Beach Lake

Kinsman, E. E Honesdale, R. Z

Lincoln, Geo. H Clarks Summit

Mohrman, Richard Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1

Murray, Philip Honesdale

Olver, T. H Honesdale, R. 4

Pohle, E. H Honesdale

Schmidt, Joseph Hawley, R. 1

Seaman, Geo Honesdale

Simons, R. B Starling

Stephens, J. A Honesdale

Woodley, S. E Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1

WAYNE COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1916

OFFICERS

President, BERT S. HULL Waymart

First Vice Pres., W. H. BULLOCK - - . - Honesdale
Second Vice Pres., HOMER BONEAR - - - Honesdale

Secretary, T. H. OLVER Honesdale, R. 4

Treasurer, AMASA KEYES Beach Lake

MEMBERS

Avery, Fred Honesdale, R. 3

Bonear, Homer Honesdale

Bullock, W. H Honesdale

Emery, Harvey Waymart, R. 2

Erk, Geo Seelyville

Gregory, James Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1

120

YORK COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS

President, C. P. KIBBLER York

First Vice Pres., L. E. HARTMAN Cly

Second Vice Pres., C. M. WERNIG York

Secretary, J. BENTZ KAUFFMANN - - - York, R. D. 7
Treasurer, HOWARD ANDERSON - - - - Stewartstown

MEMBERS

Allen, H. G New Park

Anderson, H. M New Park

♦Anderson, H. W Stewartstown

Anderson, Ralph W Fawn Grove

Auchey, Claude Hanover, R. 3

Bear, Arthur B York, R. 10

Bear, Jacob R York, R. D. 10

Bear, Jno. W York, R. D. 10

Beck, C. F York, R. D. 9

Beaverson, E. S York, R. D. 7

Boyd, Guy H York, R. D. 6

Boyd, Stephen G York, R. D. 6

Brandt, Emory W York, Box 666

♦Brinton, H. C Hanover, R. D. 6

Druck, Albert Wrightsville, R. D. 2

Flora, Wm Wrightsville

Gable, A. P York, R. D. 6

Houston, M. T Wrightsville, R. D. 2

Hykes, S. W York, 1300 N. George St.

Jacobs, David.'. Manchester

Kauffman, A York, R. D. 7

Kauffman, C York, R. D. 7

Kauffman, E. F York, R. D. 7

Kauffman, J. B York, R. D. 7

Kibbler, C. P York, 527 W. Market St.

King, Geo „ York, R. D. 2

Knisley, R. A Yoe

Lau, L. B East Berlin, R. D. 2

Lau, L. E East Berlin, R. D. 2

Lau, R. E York

Lehman, Elias York, R. D. 5

Leiberknecht, H. F York, R. 3

Linn, Harry Seven Valleys

Loose, H. H Menges Mills

121

Markey, Elmer J York, R. D. 2

Markey, Melvin York, R. D.

Martin, A. C Muddy Creek Forks

♦Miller, Amos E Hanover

Moore, Edward Mount Wolf, R. D. 1

Raby, J. B., Jr York, R. D. 6

Raver, Erwin C York, R. D. 9

Schmidt, Mrs. Jno. C 900 S. George St., York

Schmidt, Henry D York, Box 666

Sener, L. G Hellam, R. D. 1

Sidler, A ^.... York, R. D. 9

Smith, S. A Yoe

Snyder, Lloyd G Seven Valleys, R. 1

Stein, Geo. E ^ Wrightsville, R. D. 1

Stoner, Benjamin Hellam

Stock, McClean York

Stony Brook Fruit Farm: ^ York, R. 7

Swartz, Samuel Spring Grove

Tarbert, D. F -. Dallastown, R. D. 1

Weaver & Leas York, R. D. 9

Weber, G. G - York

Weaver & Leas York, R. 9

Wernig, Chas. M ^ York, R. D. 9

Winter, M. L Hellam, R. D. 1

Zeigler, J. A. C .York, 1018 W. Locust St.

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCLVTION OF

PENNSYLVANIA

MEMBERSHIP LIST

Name

Acme Veneer Package Co.
Adair, Frank
♦Adams, W. S.
Ackerman, S. A.
Albertson, Henry
Alburger, A. D.
Alexander, W. M. & Son
Alburn, James N.
Allen, H. G.
Allen, J. D.
Allison, Herbert W.
Altman, L. A.
Am. Fruit Growers, Inc.
Amos, W. J.
Anderson, H. M.
♦Anderson, H. W.
Anderson, Ralph W.
Ang^le, H. M.
Angle, Robert
Anthony, R. D.
♦Anwyll, Harry L.
April Farm
Artley, O. R.
♦Atkinson, D. W.
Atkinson, R. E.
Atwater, C. G.
♦Atwater, Richard M.
Aument, Andrew
Avery, Fred
Baldesberger, W. P.
Balthaser, G. W.
Baltzley, Luther
♦Banzhaf, W. H.
Barbour, J. Beattie
Barker, Herbert C.
♦Barlow, Thomas W.
Barnard, C. P.
Barnes Nursery Co.
Barr, L C.
♦Bartram, Frank M.
♦Bartram, G. Maurice
♦Bartram, George
Bashoar, Dr. C. S.
*Baugher, George L.
♦Baugher, H. G.
Bayard, E. S.
Bavard & Baldwin
Beam, J. D.
Bear, Arthur B.
Bear, Jacob R.
Bear, Jno. W.
Bear, Paul A.
Beard, Goodwin

Post Office

Orchard Park, N. Y.

Landisburg

Aspers

Blairsville, R. 4

Burlington, N. J.

Bustleton

Dry Run

Erie, R. 3

New Park

Stockton, N. J.

Shippensburg, R. D.

Blairsville

Pittsburgh, 2100 Penn Ave*

Warrington

New Park

Stewartstown

Fawn Grove

Shippensburg

Shippensburg

State College

Harrisburg

Coopersburg

Linden, R. 1

Wrightstown

Wrightstown

40 Rector St., New York City

Chadds Ford

Safe Harbor

Honesville, R. 3

Bridgeville, R. 2

Wernersville

Orrtanna

Muncy

Shippensburg

West Chester

Fort Washington

North Brook

Wallingford, Conn.

Greencastle, R. 2

Kennett Square

West Chester

West Chester

Carlisle

Aspers

Aspers

County

Perry

Adams

Indiana

Philadelphia

Franklin

Erie

York

Cumberland

Indiana

Allegheny

Bucks

York

York

York

Cumberland

Cumberland

Centre

Dauphin

Lehigh

Lycoming

Bucks

Bucks

Chester

Lancaster

Wayne

Allegheny

Berks

Adams

Lycoming

Cumberland

Chester

Montgomery

Chester

Franklin

Chester

Chester

Chester

Cumberland

Adams

Adams

♦ Life Members

122

Pittsburgh Stockman & Farmer Allegheny

New Castle Lawrence

Chambersburg, Box 98 Franklin

York, R. 10 York

York, R. 10 York

York, R. 10 York

Mt. Wolf York

Forty-Fort Luzerne

123

;i :

'I •

Name

Beaufort Farms
Beaver, James
Beaverson, E. S.
Beck, C. F.
Beck & Piatt
*Bell, R. H.
Bell, Russell D.
Bender, L. J.
Benner, B. E.
Benner, H. G.
Benner, Roy
♦Bennett, Eugene B.
Berry, Dr. E. S.
Bender, L. J.
Berky, D. W.
Bertolett, Dr. M. L.
Best, E. E.
Betts, W. E.
Bice, John H.
Bickley, Miss Mae
Bikle, Philip M.
Billmeyer, H. W.
Bingham, A. H.
Bingham, W. 0.
Bird, Anna W.
Bittinger, C. H.
Bixler, E. Stanley
Black, H. M.
Black, M. C.
* Blaine, George W.
♦Blair, Charles P.
Blair, T. W.
♦Blessing, David H.
Blackmar, C. W.
Blackburn, W. D.
Boak, J. A.
Boak, J. E.
Bock, W. H.
♦Boles, McClellan T.
Bolph, Irwin
♦Boltz, Peter R.
Bonear, Homer
Borry, E. E.
Botscheller, A. P.
Bowman, J. H.
Bowser, J. C.
Boyd, Guy H.
Boyd, J. H.
Boyd, P. C.
Boyer, Elton
♦Boyer, John F.
Boyer, W. W., & Bro.
Brandt, Emory W.
Brannon, J. P.
Brannon, H. P.
Bream, C. A.
♦Breidenbaugh, H. L.
Brereton, 0*Hara D.
Bricker, E. B.

Life Members

Post Office

Harrisburg, R. 3

Mifflinburg

York, R. 7

York, R. 9

White Deer, R. 1

State College

West Middlesex

Allentown, R. 4

Iron Springs

Coopersburg

Perkasie

Easton, R. 3

Shippensburg

Allentown, R. 4

Sewanee, Tenn.

Mt. Penn

Montgomery

Stevens, R. 2

Hollidaysburg

Weisel

Chambersburg

Quakertown, R. 2

St. Thomas

St. Thomas

Brandywine Summit

Hanover, R. 6

Easton, 126 S. 3d St.

Idamar, R. D.

Allison Park

126 S. 3d St., Easton

Monaca

New Castle, R. 4

4 N. Court St., Harrisburg

Wyoming R. D.

Bedford

New Castle, R. 4

New Castle, R. 4

Crafton, R. 8

Hanlin Station

New Castle, Boyles Ave.

Lebanon, R. 3

Honesdale

Stevens, R. 2

Dalton

Lebanon, R. 3

Wolf sburg

435 Park St., York

431 E.WashingtonSt.,New

Delta

Biglerville

Middleburg

Biglerville

York, Box 666

Shippensburg, R. D.

Shippensburg, R. D.

Cashtown

Boyertown

Edenville

Lititz

124

County

Dauphin

Union

York

York

Union

Centre

Lawrence

Lehigh

Adams

Lehigh

Bucks

Northampton

Cumberland

Lehigh

Berks

Lycoming

Lancaster

Blair

Bucks

Franklin

Lehigh

Franklin

Franklin

Delaware

Adams

Northampton

Indiana

Allegheny

Erie

Beaver

Lawrence

Dauphin

Luzerne

Bedford

Lawrence

Lawrence

Allegheny

Washington

Lawrence

Lebanon

Wayne

Lancaster

I^ckawanna

Lebanon

Bedford

York

Castle Lawrence

York

Adams

Snyder

Adams

York

Cumberland

Cumberland

Adams

Berks

Franklin

Lancaster

Name

Brinkerhoff, H. J.
Brinser, E. C.
♦Brinton, H. C.
Brinton, Robert F.
Brinton, W. H.
Brinton, Wm. H.
♦Brinton, William P.
Broadhurst, Horace
Brossman, Morse W.
Brossman, Rudy
Bronson, Marvin
Brooke, R G.
Brooker, J. A.
Brown, Bert C.
Brown, Edward
Brown, H. M.
Brown, Wilbur J.
Brown, O. P.
Brown, R. A.
Buchanan, S. M.
Bucher, E. B.
Buckman, J. Hibbs
Burk, Paul H.
Bullock, W. H.
Buterbaugh, M. S.
Burkholder, A. Z.
Butt, James
Caldwell, E. P.
Caldwell, E. P.
Campbell, Willard S.
Campfield, W. S.
Carter, John T.
Carrell, Frank B.
Cashtown Nurseries
♦Cation, William R.
Chapin, Irvin
♦Chase, Charles T.
♦Chase, Howard A.
Chase, T. M.
Clark, B. W.
Clark, Fred E.
Claycomb, Irvin
Clegg, Wm. S.
Conner, L. J.
Conti, J.
Coon, John W.
♦Cooper, C. A.
Cope, F. R., Jr.
Cornwall Orchards
Coursen, I. H.
Cowen, W. H.
Cox^ J. W.
Craighead, E. M.
Crawford, J. B.
Crawford, T. H.
Creasy, Luther P.
Crilly, J. A.
Criswell, R. T.
♦Grouse, E. A.

♦ Life Members

Post Office

Lees Cross Roads

Middletown

Hanover

West Chester

Parkesburg, R. 2

Parkesburg

Christiana

Holicong

Mohnton, R. 2

Ephrata, R. 4

Dallas, R. D.

Schwenksville

Wexford, R. 2

Marion Center

Buttonwood

Indiana, R. 5

Philadelphia, 2055 Wyncote Ave.

New Castle

Homer City, R. 2

New Wilmington

Ephrata, R. 1

Langhorne

Riverside, N. J.

Honesdale

Indiana, 647 Water St.

Ephrata, R. 1

Dimock

Marion Center

Marion Center

Phoenixville

Staunton, Va.

Wawa

Neshaminy

Caohtown

Orrtanna

Shickshinny

Bala

Union League, Phila.

Buckfield, Me.

Indiana

Indiana

Ostersburg

New Bloomfield

Penns Run, R. D.

New Castle, R. 1

Wyoming, R. D.

County

Cumberland

Dauphin

York

Chester

Chester

Chester

Lancaster

Bucks

Lancaster

Lancaster

Luzerne

Montgomery

Allegheny

Indiana

Luzerne

Indiana

Phila.

Lawrence

Indiana

Lawrence

Lancaster

Bucks

Wayne
Indiana
Lancaster
Susquehanna
Indiana
Indiana
Chester

Chester

Bucks

Adams

Adams

Luzerne

Chester

Philadelphia

Indiana
Indiana
Bedford
Perry
Indiana
Lawrence

„^^ ^^ _. Luzerne

1000 Highland Ave., Coraopoli^ Allegheny
Dimock Susquehanna

Cornwall Lebanon

Wyoming, R. 3 Luzerne

Roaring Spring Blair

New Castle, R. 3 Lawrence

Guernsey Adams

Fayetteville Franklin

Fayetteville Frankhn

Catawissa, R. 1 Columbia

Imler Bedford

Chambersburg Franklin

Gettysburg Adams

125

Name

Crowell, A and T.
Crowell, Ralph T.
Crowell, Samuel D.
♦Cumming^s, J. F.
Cummings, J W.
Currie, W. E.
Cutler Mfg. Co.
♦Davenport, Eugene
Davidson, N. H.
Davis, W. E.
Dayton, R. S.
Decker, R. M.
Deiner, W. S.
DeLong", Cletus Y.
Dennis, R. M.
Detweiter, H. B.
Dickenshied, F. S.
Dickey, Samuel
♦Dickson, B. M.
Diehl, D. W. W.
Diehl, Ed. B.
Diehl, E. W.
*Dill, Robert
Diven, W. C.
Doan, J. L.
Dock, Miss Mira L.
Dodge, Geo. P.
Dohan, John T.
Doty, H. M.
Doty, Richard
Dougherty, Dorsey
Drake, William M. C.
Drenning, C. R.
Drenning, H. D.
Drenning, John L.
Druck, Albert
Dubbs, H. J.
Dudley, O. P.
Duke, D. R. & B. F.
Duncan, D. G.
*Dunlap, James M.
♦Dunlap, R. Bruce
Ea<gleman, J. G.
Eby, Henry R.
Egolf, J. W.
Elbel, Geo. H.
Elder, George K.
Elder, H. cT
♦Eldon, Robert M.
Ellsworth, Oliver
Enck, W. K.
Enders, J. F.
*Engle, Enos B.
♦Engle, John G.
Erk, George
Eshleman, S. C.
*Espe, Augustus G.
♦Evans, W. H.
Everhart, G. W.

Post OflSce

Adondale

Buckingham

Edgemont

Sunbury

New Wilmington

New Castle, R. 1

Portland, Ore., 353 E. 10th St.

Plymouth

Chambersburg

York Springs

Dimock

Stroudsburg

Boyertown, R. 2

Mertztown, R. 2

Carlisle

Kemberton

Zionsville

Oxford

5711 Elgin Ave., Pittsburgh

Bedford, R. 4

St. Thomas

St. Thomas

Northeast

Livermore

Chambersburg

Fayetteville

Swan Hotel, Dowingtown

Darling

Stony Creek Mills, R. D.

Stony Creek Mills, R. D.

Gettysburg

Volant, R. 3

Bedford, R. 4

Bedford, R. 3

Bedford

Wrightsville, R. 2

Carlisle, R. 5

Bustleton

Chambersburg

Shippensburg

Shippensburg

Hollidaysburg

Geigers Mills

Pittsburgh, Jail Building

Schellburg

Rossiter, R. 1

Lewistown, Maine

Cumberland Valley, R. 1

Aspers

Dallas, R. D.

Biglerville

Columbia, R. 2

Harrisburg

Marietta

Seelyville

McKnightstown

Perrysville

Plainsville

York

County

Chester

Bucks

Chester

Northumberland

Lawrence

Lawrence

Luzerne

Franklin

Adams

Susquehanna

Monroe

Berks

Berks

Cumberland

Chester

Lehigh

Chester

Allegheny

Bedford

Franklin

Franklin

Erie

Indiana

Franklin

Adams

Chester

Chester

Berks

Berks

Adams

Lawrence

Bedford

Bedford

Bedford

York

Cumberland

Philadelphia

Franklin

Cumberland

Cumberland

Blair

Berks

Allegheny

Bedford

Indiana

Bedford

Adams

Luzerne

Adams

Lancaster

Dauphin

Lancaster

Wayne

Adams

Allegheny

Luzerne

York

* Life Members

126

Name

Everett, E. B.
Everitt, Samuel
Fagan, F. N.
Fair, Frank
Faries, Robert H.

Name
♦Fassett, F. H.
Fassett, Lloyd
Felty, G. B. O.
Fenstermacher, P. S.
Fetterman, J. Gordon
♦Filbert, R. J.
Fisher, E. J.
Fitzgerald, Chas. L.
Fleming, H. K.
Fleming, T. H.
♦Fletcher, S. W.
Flinchbaugh, H. H.
Flora, Wm. H.
Flory, Paul B.
♦Ford, A. E.
Forry, S. E.
♦Fox, Cyrus T.
Foxcroft Farms
Frable, Robert C.
Fraim, Merritt L.
Frantz, S. P.
Free, W. A.
♦Freed, A. J.
♦Freed, W. A.
Freeman, W. C.
Friday, G. P.

Friend Manufacturing Co
Frost, S. W.

Fry, Chas. S.

Fry, John L.

Fullerton, A. H.

Funk, Sheldon

Furlow, Eber S.

Furry, E. S.

Fyock, Frank

Gahagan, Vernon

Gackenbach, C. A.

Gable, A. P.

Garrahan, C. E.

Garrahan, Ralph

♦Garrahan, R. H.

Garretson, Eli P.

Gates, F. S.

Gates, G. H.

Garber, Henry F.

Gay, G. E. & Son

Gebhart, J. B.

Gerhard, Owen S.

Gehr, Harvey J.

Geigley, Amos W.

Geigley, G. W.

Gelwicks, Dr. John M.

General Chemical Co.

Post Office

Orefield, R. 1
Bristol

State College
Elizabethtown, R. 1
Williamsport, 250 William St.

Post Office
Meshoppen
Meshoppen
Millersville
Allentown
Media
Fox Chase

County

Lehigh
Bucks

Centre
Lancaster
Lycoming
County
Wyoming
Wyoming
Lancaster

Lehigh

Delaware

Philadelphia

944 W. Fourth St., Williamsport Lycoming
Dowingtown
Moyland
Andalusia
State College
Loganville
Wrightsville
Pequa
Glen Riddle
Ephrata, R. 1
Reading
Glen Mills
Pleasant Valley
Aspers
Dallas, R. D.
498 Linden Ave., York
Racine
Racine
Cornwall
New Castle, R. 7
. Gasport, N. Y.
Arendtsville
Reamstown

Chester

Delaware

Bucks

Centre

York

York

Lancaster

Delaware

Lancaster

Berks

Chester

Bucks

Adams

Luzerne

York

Beaver

Beaver

Lebanon

Lawrence

Adams
Lancaster

♦ Life Members

c-o C. K. Whitner & Co., Reading Berks

Edenburg

Boyertown

Hopeland

New Enterprise

Rochester Mills, R. 1

Loop

Orefield, R. 1

York, R. 6

Kingston

Kingston

Kingston

Biglerville

Shippensburg

Shippensburg

Mt. Jvy. R. 3

Dallas, R. 3

New Castle, R. 8

Clayton

Waynesboro, R. 1

Orrtanna

Orrtanna

Chambersburg

40 Rector St., New York

127

Lawrence

Berks

Lancaster

Bedford

Indiana

Indiana

Lehigh

York

Luzerne

Luzerne

Luzerne

Adams

Cumberland

Cumberland

Lancaster

Luzerne

Lawrence

Berks

Franklin

Adams

Adams

Franklin

\<

Name

George, T. K.
Gibson, Ira
Gibson, Ralph
Gilbert, Leon H.
Gillan, C. F.
Gillan, G. G.
Gillan, L. G.
Gillan, R. J.

Golden State Sales Corp.
Goldsborough, H. B.
*Good, C. W.
Good, Martin R.
Goodling^, Geo.
Goshom, Taylor L.
Grabert, 0. P.
Greening Nursery Co.
*Greist, C. A.
Greist, Frederick E.
Grimes, Eugene
Grittner, Harry M.
Groff A. P.
Gross, H. S.
♦Grove, W. E.
Grubbs, N. S.
Guyton, Thomas L.
Hacker, A. L.
Hadley, C. H.
♦Haddock, John C.
Hagerstown Spray Ma-
terial Co.
Haines, G. H.
Haines, Dr. W. A.
♦Hall, L. C.
Hamilton, R. W.
Harbison, C. F.
Lau, L. E.
Hardt, C. W.
Harer, Roy
Haring, S. A.
Harmon, C. B.
Harnest, James B.
Harnish, C. H.
♦Hartman, ^ T^.
♦Hartman, William
♦Hartman, L. E.
Hartzell, Chas.
Hauser, Clarence L.
♦Haverstick, Paul E.
♦Hawkins, Charles A.
Hawkins, E. B.
Hayes, H. Samuel
Hayman, Guy L.
Hazlett, J. P.
Heacock, F. J.
Heberling, Herbert
Heilman, Albert
Heilman, H. C.
Heilman, J. R.
Heim, H. G.

Post OflSce

Homer City

Indiana

331 Center St., Williamsport

Bushkill

St. Thomas

St. Thomas

137 Main St., Mt. Holly, N. J.

St. Thomas

175 Franklin St., New York

Shepherdstown, W. Va.

Waynesboro

54 S. Franklin St., Lancaster

York, R. 9

Quincy, Box 47

Allison Park, R. 2

Monroe, Mich.

Guernsey

Flora Dale

Lima

Montgomery

Chalford

Mt. Wolf, R. D. 1

York Springs

Mt. Holly, N. J.

Harrisburg, Dept. of Ag.

Colonial Bldg., Allentown

Bu. Plant Industry, Harrisburg

Wilkes-Barre

County

Indiana

Indiana

Lycoming

Monroe

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

Lancaster

York

Franklin
Allegheny

Adams

Adams

Delaware

Lycoming

Bucks

York

Adams

Dauphin

Lehigh

Dauphin

Luzerne

* Life Members

Hagerstown, Md.

Allenwood, R. D.

Bristol

Fairview

Home

New Castle, R. 7

East Berlin, R. 2

2245 N. 2d St., Harrisburg

Salladus

901 N. 11th St., Reading

Shippensburg

Leola

Sinking Springs

Little River, Florida

Etters

Cly

New Castle, R. 7

York, R. 7

Lancaster

Delta

Delta

214 N. Beaver St., York

Northbrook

Coopersburg

Bedford

Newburg

Cleona

Muncy, R. 4

Lawn

508 Pine St., Williamsport

128

Lycoming

Bucks

Erie

Indiana

Lawrence

York

Dauphin

Lycoming

Berks

Cumberland

Lancaster

Berks

York

York

Lawrence

York

Lancaster

York

York

York

Chester

Lehigh

Bedford

Cumberland

Lebanon

Lycoming

Lebanon

Lycoming

Name

Heisey, S. A. & Bro.
Herr, C. H.
Hershey, C. Maurice
♦Hershey, H. F.
Hershey, H. S.
Hess^ Francis P.
Hess, Fred E.
Hess, Paul C.
Hess, Ralph C.
Hess, Ray B.
Hess, Willis A.
Hicks, William
Hildebrand, John
Hile, Anthony
♦Hill, William D.
Hilles, Edith
Hilles, Elizabeth M.
Hinkle, Jacob E.
Hinkley, H. 0.
Hodil, Emory E.
Hodil, J. W.
Hoffacker, G. T.
Hoffman, H. L.
Hochberg, Wm. H.
Hopper, W. C.
Horn, W. H.
♦Horst, J. Morris
Horst, Miles
♦Hostetler, Abram
Hostetter, J. E.
Houk, J. B.
Houston, M. T.
Howe, Homer B.
Hood, T. C.
Hoopes, Wilmer W.
Horsfall, J. L.
Hottenstein, Ira
Houser, J. C.
Howard, T. H.
Huber, Chas. H.
Huber, Levi B.
♦Huey, S. R.
♦Huff, Burrel R.
♦Huff, L. B.
Hull, Bert S.
Hunt, Norman
Hunt, S. J.
Hunt, V. C.
Hyde, A. A.
Hyde, Clarence
Hykes, S. W.
Ide, S. C.
Ihn, Harry
Irvin, S. D.
Ivins, William A.
Jacobs, David
Jennings, C. H.
Jennings, L. H.
Johnson, C. S.

♦ Life Membfers

Post Office

Greencastle, R. 4

Lancaster, R. 2

Gordonville, R. 1

Hamburg

East Petersburg

Lancaster, R. 7

Nescopeck, R. D.

Mt. Alto, R. 1

Waynesboro

Mt. Alto, R. 1

Waynesboro, R. 4

Honesdale, Star Route

Dallas, R. D.

Curwensville

Northeast

Glen Mills

Malvern

Oley, R. 1

Elysburg

Glenshaw, R. 1

Glenshaw, R. 1

Hanover, R. 2

Butler

Verona, R. 1

New Castle, R. 4

Chambersburg, R. 10

Lebanon, R. 3

Lebanon, R. 1

Johnstown

Gap, R. 1

New Castle, R. 8

Wrightsville, R. 2

Benton

Saltsburg, R. D.

West Chester

Bustleton

141 N. 10th St., Allentown

Bedford, R. 3

1301 Poplar St., York

Gettysburg

Neffsville

New Castle, R. 3

Greensburg

Greensburg

Waymart

New Castle, R. 4

New Castle, R. 4

Bedford, R. 4

Manns Choice

Manns Choice

1300 N. Geo. St., York

Sweet Valley, R. D.

1147 Second St., Catasauqua

Punxsutawney, R. 1

Media

Manchester

Hummelstown

Schellburg

Orrtanna

129

County

Franklin
Lancaster
Lancaster
Berks
Lancaster
Lancaster
Luzerne
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Wayne
Luzerne
Clearfield
Erie
Delaware
Chester
Berks
Northumberland
Allegheny
Allegheny
York
Butler
Allegheny
Lawrence
Franklin
Lebanon
Lebanon
Cambria
Lancaster
Lawrence
York
Columbia
Indiana
Chester
Philadelphia
Lehigh
Bedford
York
Adams
Lancaster
Lawrence
Westmoreland
Westmoreland
Wayne
Lawrence
Lawrence
Bedford
Bedford
Bedford
York
Luzerne
Lehigh
Jefferson
Delaware
York
Dauphin
Bedford
Adams

Name

Johnson, Dr. E. E. S.
Johnson, Mrs. Evelyn B.
Johnson, Geo. W.
Johnston, Mrs. F. C.
Johnston, J. B.
Johnston, J. H.
Johnston, R. S.
Jones, Howard L.
*Jones, J. F.
*Jones, S. Morris
Karns, J. H.
Kauffman, A. L.
Kauffman, C.
Kauffman, E. B.
Kauffman, J. B.
Keech, M.H.
Keefer, L. C.
Keith, C. W.
*Keiser, Carl
Keller, Clarence
♦Keller, Paul J.
Kemery, C. H.
*Kessler, George W.
Keyes, Amasa
Kibbler, C. P.
Kildoo, Samuel
King, Geo.
King, Howard
King, M. G.
Kinsman, E. E.
Kitchen, G. W.
Klauser, W. J.
Kleppinger, B. M.
Knappenberger, Theo.
Knaper, John
Knisley, R. A.
Knisely, Samuel
Knobel, E. M.
Knutsen, Wm. J.
Koch, C. H.
*Koehler, Paulus E.
Koenig, Paul L.
Krause, J. W.
Kraybill, P. R.
Kraybill, S. S.
Krepps, Harry B.
Kruppinbach, Harry H.
Kuhn, C. E.
Kunkel, N. J.
Kyle, David F.
Lachman, John
Landis, D. X., Jr.
*Landis, D. M.
Landis, Grayville G.
*Landis, Israel
Landis, Israel
Langel, Paul H.
Lapp, H. E.
Lassen, H. G.

* Life Members

Post Office

Hereford

New Hope

Jermyn

Dallas

New Wilmington, R. 1

New Wilmington, R. 1

New Wilmington, R. 1

Newport

Lancaster

West Grove

Chambersburg

Ronks, R. 1

York, R. 7

York, R. 7

York

West Chester

Sunbury, R. D.

Barnesboro

Cornwall

Orrtanna, R. 1

Gettysburg, R. 5

West Chester

Tyrone

Beach Lake

572 W. Market St., York

New Castle, R. 4

York, R. 2

New Castle, R. 1

Mt. Wolf, R. 1

Honesdale, R. 2

Shavertown

430 W. King St., York

Coopersburg, R. 2

Vinesville, R. 1

Dallastown

Yoe

Bedford, R. 4

Sunbury, R. 1

Mt. Wolf

McKeansburg

County

Berks

Bucks

Lackawanna

Luzerne

Lawrence

Lawrence

Lawrence

Perry

Lancaster

Chester

Franklin

York

York

York

York

Chester

Northumberland

Indiana

Lebanon

Adams

Adams

Chester

Blair

Wayne

York

Lawrence

York

Lawrence

York

Wayne

Luzerne

York

Lehigh

Lehigh

York

York

Bedford

Northumberland

York

Schuylkill

Beaver

Dauphin

Schuylkill

Lancaster

Lancaster

Franklin

Berks

Adams

Schuylkill

Lawrence

Monaca

State Dept. Agr., Harrisburg

Barnesville

Rheems

Rheems

Mercersburg

Robesonia

Cashtown

Orwigsburg

New Castle, R. 8

4100 Browmsville Road, Pittsburgh Alle'gy

Chambersburg, R. 1 Franklin

Lancaster, R. 7 Lancaster

Lancaster, R. 3 Lancaster

Lancaster Lancaster

Lancaster Lancaster

Pine Grove Schuylkill

Allentown, R. 3 Lehigh

Lansing, Mich., Bean Sprayer Co.

130

Name

Latshaw, J. E.
Latterman, Robert
Lau, Rev. I. M.
Lau, L. B.
♦Brinton, S. L.
Lau, R. E.
♦Lawrence, Schuyler
Lehman, Arthur
Lehman, Elias
Lehman, G. E.
Lenhart, Richard L.
Leonard, G. F.
Lepole, Walter
Lesher, H. V.
Leslie, Merl
Lewis, A. G.
Lewis, H. G.
Lewis, R. D.
Lienhard, Edward
Lightner, E. S.

*Lightner, William A.

Lincoln, Geo. H.

Linde, J. Eric

Linn, Harry

Linville, Arthur S.

Lippincott, B. A.

Livingood, W. W.

Long, D. Edward

Long, W. G.

Longenecker, Irwin

Longenecker, J. E.

*Loop, A. I.

Loose, H. H.

*Lord, John

Lovett, R. P.

Loy, W. G.

Luberknecht, H. F.

Luigard, Geo. W.

Lundy, T. A.

Lupton,

Lydic, J. M.

Lynn, W. C.

*Macneal, William H.

McAllen, R. W.

McCabe, H. Dallas

♦McClelland, J. B. .

♦McCormick, James

McClure, Frank

McCree, F. C.

McCree, W. P.

McCubbin, W. A.

McDonough, F. L.

♦McFarland, J. Horace

*McGeorge, Katherine L

McGinnes, C. R.

McHenry, Clarence

Mcllvaine, J. S.

♦McKee, J. M.

♦McLanahan, J. King

McMillen, Ray

* Life Membters

Post Office

Marion

York, R. 5

Catawissa

East Berlin, R. 2

West Chester

York

109 Main St., Towanda

York, R. 5

York, R. 5

Wrightsville R. 2

Kline, Eppiheimer & Co., Reading

1012 Columbia Bldg, Louisville, Ky.

County

Franklin
York

Columbia

York

Chester

York

Bradford

York

York

York

Berks

Akron

Northumberland

New Castle, R. 8

Stony Creek Mills

Pittston, R. 1

Wyoming, R. D.

Lehighton, R. 2

York, R. 10

Landisburg

Clarks Summit

Orefield

Seven Valleys

Media. R. 2

Downingtown

Robesonia

213 Trust Bldg., Chambersburg

Fayetteville

Palmyra

Mount Joy

North East

Menges Mills

Wyoming, R. 1

Fallsington

Newport

Hellam

Lenhartsville

Muncy R. 3

Winchester, Va.

Blairsville, R. 1

Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg

Parkesburg

Fannettsburg

Reynoldsdale

Cannonsburg

Harrisburg

New Castle, R. 3

Blairsville, R. 4

Blairsville, R. 4

State Dept. Agr., Harrisburg

Middleport, N. Y.

Harrisburg

Orrtanna

Reading

Indiana

Fayetteville, R. 1

State Dept. Agr., Harrisburg

Hollidaysburg

Miten St., New Castle

131

Lancaster

Northumberland

Lawrence

Berks

Luzerne

Luzerne

Carbon

York

Perry

Lackawanna

Lehigh

York

Delaware

Chester

Berks

Franklin

Franklin

Lebanon

Lancaster

Erie

York

Luzerne

Bucks

Perry

York

Berks

Lycoming

Indiana

Dauphin

Luzerne

Franklin

Bedford

Washington

Dauphin

Lawrence

Indiana

Indiana

Dauphin

Dauphin

Adams

Bucks

Indiana

Franklin

Dauphin

Blair

Lawrence

Name

McMullen & Patterson
MacVeagh, W. F.
*Maffet, Miss M. A.
Malone, Mary S.
Marble, L. M.
Markey, Daniel
Markey, Elmer J.
Markey, Melvin
Markeley, N. S.
Marter, R. A.
Martin, A. C.
*Martin, J. O.
Mason, A. Freeman
Mason, John C.
Mason Drug & Chem. Co.
♦Mayer, Guy S.
Meek, John W.
Mechling, E. A.
♦Meehan, S. Mendelson
Melcher, Bennett A.
Melcher, George W.
*Mendenhall, J. Howard
Merkel, Floyd
Mesta Brothers
♦Metzger, Dr. A. H.
Meyer, Charles L.
Meyer, M. A.
Meyer, E. J.
Meyer, Henry T.
Meyer, Robert W.
Meyers, H. C.
Mickle, J. Warren
Miller, Albert D.
♦Miller, Amos
Miller, A. D.
Miller, C. Clayton
Miller, Chas. E.
Miller, D. L.
Miller, H. A.
Miller, Harvey
Miller, C. M.
Miller, I. A.
Miller, L. P.
Miller, W. C.
Mill, H. S.
Minnich, C. S.
Mish & Croft
Mitchell, A. J.
Mohr, Edward
Mohr, Frank J.
Morris, Mary W.
Mollenauer, L. R.
Morrow, Harry S.
Moore, N. A.
Mohler, David G.
Mohrman, Henry
Monosmith, S. B.
Morgan & Wilson
♦Moon, Henry T.
Moon, R. Barcley

* Life Members

Post Office County

19 Dundaff St., Carbondale Lackawanna

Muncy Lycoming
264 S. Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre Luzerne

Brandywine Summit Chester

Canton Bradford

York, R. 9 York

York, R. 2 York

York, R. D. York

Shanesville Berks

Bradford Allegheny

Muddy Creek Forks York

Mercersburg Franklin
Agr. Exp. Sta., New Brunswick, N. J.

Hyndman

Hancock, Maryland

Willow Street

Jonestown

Moorestown, N. J.

Germantown

Bally

Bally

Glen Mills

Hamburg

Finleyville, R. 1

LaFayette

1519 Frick Bldg., Pittsburgh

Annville

Lebanon, R. 3

Lewisburg

Rebersburg

Lancaster

New Paris

Lebanon, R. 3

Hanover, R. 4

Lebanon, R. 3

Marion

Smithfield

Waynesboro

35 Ross St., Williamsport

Loganville

Newville

Fishertown

Paw Paw, W. Va.

Catawissa, R. 1

622 N. 6th St., AUentown

Elysburg

St. Thomas

Pittston, R. 1

Mt. Wolf, R. 1

Fogelsville

West Chester

Bedford

Wilkensburg, R. 1

Lititz

Ephrata

Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1

Weisel

Norristown, R. 2

Morrisville

Morrisville

132

Bedford

Lancaster
Lebanon

Philadelphia
Berks
Berks
Delaware
Berks
Washington
McKean
Allegheny
Lebanon
Lebanon
Union
Centre
Lancaster
Bedford
Lebanon
York
Lebanon
Franklin
Fayette
Franklin
Lycoming
York
Cumberland
Bedford

Columbia

Lehigh

Northumberland

Franklin

Luzerne

York

Lehigh

Chester

Bedford

Allegheny

Lancaster

Lancaster

Bucks

Montgomery

Bucks.

Bucks

Name

Moore, Warren
Mowery, H. F.
Mowery, N. E.
Mowery, L. O.
Moyer, Joseph
Moyer, Leir G.
Moyer, Samuel
♦Muller, Adolph
Murray, Philip
Murray, Edward A.
Musselman, C. H.
Musselman, Ivan Z.
Musselman, John
Muttart, B. F.
Musser, W. E.
Myers, C. E.
♦Myers, Levi M.
Nass, J. B.
Nelson, D. H.
Newcomer, Aaron
Newman, Harry
Nibert, Wm.
Nickle, C. C.
Nissley, W. B.
Nissley, W. L
Nolan, John V.
Nolt, Harrison S.
Northrup, A. M.
Northup, H. J.
♦O'Conner, Haldeman
Offut, N. A.
Olver, T. H.
Omwake Brothers
Opdyke, F. A.
Oppenlander, E.
Orr, B. G.
Overdorff, H. W.
♦Page, C. M.
Page, Ji. A.
Parrish, E. R.
Patteridge, C. N.
Paxson, Ed. W.
Paxson, Samuel L.
♦Pannebaker, William M
Parker, Caroline R.
Passmore, N. S.
Patterson, Geo. W.
Patterson, James A.
Pearson, W. G.
Pearson, W. J.
Pease, Walter
Peris, Roy N.
Perrigo, A. H.
Pa. Frt. Pkg. & Sales Co.
Pennsyl, A. S.
Pennsyl, Bert
Pennock, Geo. L.
Pershing, Theodore
Percy, M. A.
Peters, John B.

* Life Members

Post Office

Media

Shippensburg

Shippensburg

Newville

Lebanon

Chalfonte

Hershey

Norristown

Honesdale

Punxsutawney

Biglerville

Orrtanna

Orrtanna

Schwenksville

New Bethlehem

State College

Siddonsburg

New Castle, R. 3

Chambersburg

Smithburg, Md.

New Castle, R. 4

Indiana

Loysville

State College

Hummelstown

Malvern

Columbia, R. 1

Danville

Dalton

13 N. Front St., Harrisburg

Volant, R. 1

Honesdale, R. 4

Greencastle

Homer City

1648 Hamilton St., AUentown

Chambersburg

Blairsville, R. 6

Etters

Beverly, N. J.

Dallas, R. D.

Richland

Lumberville

Lumberville

Virgilina, Virginia

West Chester

Chester Heights

New Castle, R. 9

Stewartstown

DuBoistown, R. D.

Nesbit

County

Delaware

Cumberland

Cumberland

Cumberland

Lebanon

Bucks

Dauphin

Montgomery

Wayne

Jefferson

Adams

Adams

Adams

Montgomery

Clarion

Centre

York

Lawrence

Franklin

Lawrence

Indiana

Perry

Centre

Dauphin

Chester

Lancaster

Northumberland

Luzerne

Dauphin

Lawrence

Wayne

Franklin

Indiana

Lehigh

Franklin

Indiana

York

Luzerne

Lebanon

Bucks

Bucks

Chester
Delaware
Lawrence
York
Lycoming
Lycoming

1811 South Ave., Rochester, N. Y.
piorin Lancaster

West Chester Chester

Collegeville Montgomery

Wolfsburg, R. D.

Wolfsburg

165 W. Essex Ave., Lansdowne

Pineville

Montoursville, R. 2

Gardners

133

Bedford

Bedford

Delaware

Bucks

Lycoming

Adams

Name

Philip, Geo.
♦Pierce, H. W.
Pierce, E. F.
♦Pratt, B. G.
Preston, J. Albert
Pohle, Edw.
Poorbaugh, J. A.
Powers, R. A.
Pollock, G. B.
Potteiger, C. M.
Purnell, D. N.
Pusey, Fred C.
Raby, J. B., Jr.
Raffensperger, Chas. E.
♦Rankin, Charles C.
Rappoport, M. S.
Raver, Edwin C.
Ray, J. E. S.
Read, F. A.
Rearick, J. W.
Rebennack, Jacob
Reed, Fred B.
Reichard, Chas. W.
Reif, Jacob L.
Reiner, Enoch
Reasner, J. E.
Reist, A. E.
♦Reist, John G.
Reiter, G. F.
Resh, Noah
Reynolds, Amzi
Rhinesmith, H. B.
Rice, A. E.
Rice, O. C.
Rice, Daniel
Rice, C. L.
♦Rick, John
Riddlemoser, H. E.
Rife, Jacob R.
♦Rinehart, E. S.
Risser, H. N.
Richards, A. C,
Richards, Neff
Ritter, Geo. H.
Ritchey, Maurice
Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S.
Rittenhouse, S. B.
Roberts, A. J.
Roberts, B. T.
♦Roberts, Horace
♦Robinson, A. Blaine
Rochester Rex Co.
♦Rohde, William
Rogers, A. L.
Rogers, G. W.
Roher, Geo. H.
Rohlfing, F. F.
Romig Brothers
Rose, E. A.
Rose Valley Sanitarium

* Life Members

Post Office

South Hills, Pittsburgh

235 Market St., Kingston

Kennet Square

50 Church St., New York, N.

Wernersville

Honesdale

York, R. 3

Glenshaw

Wyoming, R. 3

Richmond

Doylestown

624 Widener Bldg., Phila.

York, R. D. 6

Arendtsville

West Chester

814 N. 7th St., AUentown

York, R. 9

West Chester

47 Jay St., New York, N. Y.

Chambersburg

Dallas, R. D.

Chambersburg

Waynesboro

Camp HiU

Bangor

Shippensburg

Palmyra, R. 2

Mount Joy

Mars

Hanover, R. 2

New Wilmington, R. D.

New Bloomfield

Biglerville

Biglerville

New Bloomfield

New Bloomfield

430 Oley St., Reading

McKnightstown

Camp Hill

Mercersburg

Marietta

New Paris

Schellburg

Loysville

Chambersburg

Lorane

Lorane

Moorestown, N. J.

Marlton, N. J.

Moorestown, N. J.

North East

172 Monroe Ave., Rochester,

Johnstown

Chambersburg

Alum Bank

Mertztown

Hummelstown

Downingtown

Bedford, R. 3

Media

134

County

Allegheny
Luzerne
Chester

Y.

Berks

Wayne

York

Allegheny

Luzerne

Lebanon

Bucks

Philadelphia

York

Adams

Chester

Lehigh

York

Chester

Franklin

Luzerne

Franklin

Franklin

Cumberland

Northampton

Cumberland

Lebanon

Lancaster

Butler

York

Lawrence

Perry

Adams

Adams

Perry

Perry

Berks

Adams

Cumberland

Franklin

Lancaster

Bedford

Bedford

Perry

Franklin

Berks

Berks

Erie

N. Y.

Cambria

Franklin

Bedford

Berks

Dauphin

Chester

Bedford

Delaware

Name
Rosensteel, L. C.
Rozelle, H. E.
Ruhl, Dr. H. F.
*Runk, J. A.
*Rush, Perry M.
Ruth, B. F.
Saeger, Oscar J.
Sargent, Geo., Jr.
♦Satterthwaite, Fredk. G.
Satterthwaite, Lewis P.
Sanville, Florence
Schmidt, Mrs. J. C.
Schantz, M. P.
Schantz, H. A.
Schantz, L. M.
Schieferstein, Wm.
Schwinderman, H. P.
Schnick, Casper C.
Schmick, Wilson E.
Schoemaker, C. C.
Schoemaker, D. W.
Schoonover, W. E.
♦Schuyler, Lawrence
Scholl, Winfield J.
Schreiber, H. F.
Schrope, John H.
Schuchman, Geo. W.
Schultz, Adam S.
Schuyler, Lawrence
♦Searle, Alonza T.
Sener, L. G.
♦Settlemeyer, C. T.
Shatzer, H. C.
Sharon, S. A.
Shaner, Geo. E.
Shaffer, R. E.
Shockey, Luther P.
♦Shallcross, Frank R.
♦Shank, H. L.
♦Sharpe, Miss E. M.
Sheadle, Lydia
Shearer, Walter J.
Shenot, C. P.
Shenot, E. N.
Sheble, Earle
Sheller, Charles W.
Sheppard, C. W.
Shermeyer, Harry A.
Shoemaker, C. C.
Shoener, John
Schutz, Robert H.
Sidler, A.
Simons, R. B.
Simmons, S. L.
Simpson, J. A.
Skinner, H. W.
Slamp, H. S.
Slick, J. T.
♦Smedley, Samuel L.
Smedley, S. L., Jr.

♦ Life Members

Post Office

Edri

Pittston, R. D.

Manheim

Huntingdon

Sycamore, R. 1

Reading

N. First St., Lehighton

Downington

Yardley

Newtown

Brandywine Summit

900 S. George St., York

602 Hamilton St., AUentown

602 Hamilton St., AUentown

1610 S. Albert St., AUentown

Leesport

Wexford

Zionsville, R. 1

Hamburg

Catasauqua

Catasauqua

Dallas, R. D.

109 Main St., Towanda

Coopersburg, R. 2

Zionsville

Hegins

Shermansdale

Hereford

Towanda

Honesdale

Hellam, R. 1

Wilmore

Edenville

Newport

Duncannon, R. D.

Schellburg

Chambersburg, R. 9

Frankford

Conestoga Stage, Lancaster

Accotink, Virginia

Jersey Shore, R. 4

Vinemont

Wexford

Wexford

Hamburg

West Chester

Pittston, R. 1

York, R. 3

121 First Ave., Catasauqua

Orwigsburg

Mechanicsburg

York, R. 9

Starlight

Mt. Olive, R. 6, Pittsburgh

Indiana, R. 5

Chambersburg

Dept. Public Inst'n, Harrisburg

New Paris

Newton Square

Newton Square

135

County

Indiana

Luzerne

Lancaster

Huntingdon

Greene

Berks

Carbon

Chester

Bucks

Bucks

Chester

York

Lehigh

Lehigh

Lehigh

Berks

Allegheny

Lehigh

Berks

Lehigh

Lehigh

Luzerne

Bradford

Lehigh

Lehigh

Schuylkill

Perry

Berks

Bradford

Wayne

York

Cambria

Franklin

Perry

Perry

Bedford

Franklin

Philadelphia

Lancaster

Lycoming

Berks

Allegheny

Allegheny

Berks

Chester

Luzerne

York

Lehigh

Schuylkill

Cumberland

York

Wayne

Allegheny

Indiana

Franklin

Dauphin

Bedford

Delaware

Delaware

Name

Smedley, Walter
Smith, Clayton
Smith, Geo. K.
Smith, C. M.
Smith, Edwin
Smith, G. E.
Smith, James E,
Smith, Wm.
Smith, J. H.
Smith, Leonard R.
Smith, Noah
Smith, S. A.
Snavely, Henry B.
*Snavely, H. H.
Snavely, H. Meyer
Snavely, The Misses
Snider, J. E.
Snyder, C. B.
Snyder, F. H.
Snyder, Fred
Snyder, Lloyd G.
Snyder, E. Bane
Snyder, Elmer R.
Snyder, S. S.
Snyder, T. S.
Starkey, S. H.
Stauffer, T. H.
*Stear, J. R.
Stahlman, Dr. T. M.
Staub, A. C.
Stauffer, W. G.
Stein, Geo. E.
*Stem, Dr. J. C.
Steininger, S. L
Stephens, J. A.
Stephens, A. Woodward
Stephens, Ben.
Stephens, Zenos
Sterringer, Chas. B.
Stewart, William
Stewart, Geo. W.
Stitzer, C. E.
Stock, Adam
Stock, G. M.
Stock, McClain
Stoner, Benjamin
Stonebreaker, H. W.
Stoner, E. N.
Stoner, H. S.
Stough, Mulford,
Stockwell, Rev. G. E.
Stonybrook Fruit Farm
Storm, Dr. Katherine
Stover, Jacob E.
Strohnster, Herman A.
*Strasbaugh, E. F.
Strode, A. Darlington
Strode, Marshall
Strong, T. M.
Stryker, E. E.

♦ Life Membters

Post Office

Media

Bedford, R. 4
Akron
Lewistown
Royersford, R. D.
Bethlehem, R. 4
Newport
Orefield, R. 1
Carlisle

Burlington, N. J.
Lewistown
Yoe

Lititz, R. 5
Willow St., Lancaster
Lebanon, R. 8
Lebanon, R. 8
Medina, N. Y.
Ephrata, R. 1
Dallas, R. 3
Avonmore, R. 1
Seven Valleys, R. 1
Hagerstown, Md.
Masonic Homes, Elizabethtown
Coopersburg
Brodbecks
Bustleton
Lititz, R. 4
Chambersburg

1111 Westinghouse Bldg., Pgh.
E. Berlin
Quakertown, R. 2
Wrightsville, R. 1 .
Lemoyne
White Deer
Honesdale
Mooresburg
Clymer, R. 2
Clymer
Coopersburg
Landisburg
New Bloomfield
Mifflinburg, R. 1
Wyoming, R. D.
Idaville

Security Bldg., York
Hellam
Indiana, R. 7
Wilkinsburg, R. 1
Orrtanna
Shippensburg
' Wyoming, R. D.
York, R. 7
Perkasie

Springwood Farms, York
Gouglersville
Orrtanna
West Chester
West Chester
Blairsville, R. 1
Montgomery, R. D.

136

County

Delaware

Bedford

Lancaster

Mifflin

Montgomery

Lehigh

Perry

Lehigh

Cumberland

Mifflin

York

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lebanon

Lebanon

Lancaster

Luzerne

Indiana

York

Lancaster

Lehigh

York

Philadelphia

Lancaster

Franklin

Allegheny

Adams

Lehigh

York

Cumberland

Union

Wayne

Montour

Indiana

Indiana

Bucks

Perry

Perry

Union

Luzerne

Adams

York

York

Indiana

Allegheny

Adams

Cumberland

Luzerne

York

Bucks

York

Berks

Adams

Chester

Chester

Indiana

Lycoming

Name

Styer, Darlington
Styer, Walter, Jr.
Sunni-Glow Gardens, Inc.
♦Swank, Luke H.
Swartz, Samuel
Syder, Fred
Surface, H. A.
Tarbert, D. F.
Taylor, H. E.
♦Taylor, Ralph S.
Thayer, Paul
Theiss, Lewis E.
Thomas, Charles E.
♦Thomas, Charles L.
♦Thomas, Edwin W.
Thompson, J. H.
Tice, L. L.
Torr, W. H.
Transue, R. E.
♦Trexler, Harry C.
Trostle, Francis C.
Trump, Chas.
Tuscano, A. H.
♦Tyson, Chester J.
♦Tyson, Edwin C.
♦Tyson, William C.
Uibel, Geo. D.
Uncle Peter's Fruit Farm
Updegraft, P. H.
Van Gundia, G. K.
Vogel, E. H.

Wagner, A. H.

Wagner, Chas. E.

Walker, James F.

Walker, M. C.

Walton, R. C.

♦Walton, Robert J.

Watts, Gilbert S.

Watts, R. L.

♦Weaver, Abram

Weaver, Elmer J.

Weaver, Wm. S.

Weaver & Leas

Weber, G. G.

♦Weigel, H. M.

Weinberger, J. H.

♦Weimer, E. A.

Weinschenk, W. H.

Welsh, Geo. A.

Welshans, D. D.

Welshans, M. 0. & Sons

Wenger, G. P.

Wenger, M. P.

Wernig, Chas. M.

Wertsch, Edwin

Weaner, W. C.

Wertz, E. P.

♦Wertz, D. Maurice

♦Wertz, Geo. M.

Wertz, J. N.

♦ Life Members

Post Office

Woodbourne

Woodbourne

Boiling Springs

Johnstown

Spring Grove

Avonmore

Selinsgrove

Dallastown, R. 1

Chicora

325 N. Matlack, Ave.,

State College

Muncy, R. 3

Wayne, R. 1

King-of-Prussia

King-of-Prussia

Wernersville

Annville

Mechanicsburg

Timberville

Allentown

Gardners

Lebanon, R. 5

Milford

Flora Dale

Flora Dale

Flora Dale

Reading

Inc., Mt. Carmel

Valley View

Chambersburg

Lancaster, R. 3

New Cumberland, R.

McClure

Westtown

Newport

Arendtsville

Hummelstown

Bellwood

State College

Windber

Ronk

Macungie

York, R. 9

York

Harrisburg

Zionsville

Lebanon

New Castle

Media

Jersey Shore, R. 4

Jersey Shore, Box 60

Quarryville, R. 1

Denver

York, R. 2

Lititz, R. 5

Bendersville

Broad Branch Road,

Waynesboro

Johnstown

Bedford

County

Bucks

Bucks

Cumberland

Cambria

York

Westmoreland

Snyder

York

Butler

W. Chester Chester

Centre

Lycoming

Delaware

Montgomery

Montgomery

Berks

Lebanon

Cumberland

Bucks

Lehigh

Adams

Lebanon

Pike

Adams

Adams

Adams

Berks

Northumberland

Schuylkill

Franklin

Lancaster

1 York

Snyder

Chester

Perry

Adams

Dauphin

Blair

Centre

Somerset

Lancaster

Lehigh

York

York

Dauphin

Lehigh

Lebanon

Lawrence

Chester

Lycoming

Lycoming

Lancaster

Lancaster

York

Lancaster

Adams

Washington, D. C.

Franklin

Cambria

Bedford

137

Name

Wertz, S. H.
Wehmer, Wm. H.
Wetzel, Wm. S.
Weidner, H. E.
Wempler, Wm. G.
♦Westrick, F. A.
Wheeler, C. B.
Wheeler, C. F.
Wherley, Clarence B.
*Whisler, Edgar
♦White, Arthur H.
White, Theo. F.
Williams, C. B.
Williams, F. W.
Williams, H. P.
* Williams, Irvin C.
Williams, John J.
Williams, R. G.
Wilson, A. O.
Wilson, G. E. & Sons
Wlison Bros.
Wilson, Harry C.
Widders, J. B.
Winner, H. G.
Winter, H. Randall
Winter, M. L.
Winters, B. J.
Winters, Cyrus
Wise, Harvey
*Wister, John C.
♦Witherow, R. T.
Witman, John
Witmer, John B.
Wohleber, Stephen
♦Wolfe, Charles A.
Wolf, John
Wolff, F. B.
Wolper, D. L.
♦Woods, Edward A.
Worthington, Russell
Wright, Allen
Wright, A. L.
Wright, C. E.
Yahner, A. J.
Yanulewicz, John

Young, A. F.

Yoder, Chauncey L.

York Chemical Works

Young, Fred

♦Youngs, L. G.

Zeigler, J. A. C.

Zeigler, C. E.-

Zellers, E. B.

Zellers, R. J.

Zellers, S. L.

Zimmerman, B. F.

Zimmerman, H. S. "

Zimmerman, W. H.

Zook, I. F.

♦ Life Membters

Post Office

Leesport

Allison Park, R. 2

Marion Center

Gardners

Bustleton

Patton, R. 2

Hunlock Creek, R. D.

Montoursville, R. 2

740 W. Poplar St., York

Etters, R. 1

Pulaski

Darling

Canton

Indiana, R. 4

Schellburg

Royersford

Media

400 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago

Volant

Wilkinsburg, R. 1

Aspers

Richboro

Lancaster, R. 3

Calvert

Muncy, R. 2

Hellam, R. 1

1440 Wyoming Ave., Kingston

Sunnyside

Comodore, R. D.

Germantown

Punxsutawney

Reading

Lampeter

3064 Mt. Troy Rd., Pittsburgh

Aspers

York, R. 6

Lima

Norristown, R. 3

Frick Bldg., Pittsburgh

West Chester

Spring City

Spring Hope

Spring Hope

Patton

Wapwallopen, R. 1

North East

Royertown, R. 1

York

Ellwood City, R. 1

North East

1018 W. Locust St., York

Duncannon

Montgomery

Sinking Springs

Montgomery

Ringtown

La Park

3441 York Rd., Philadelphia

Curryville

County

Berks

Allegheny

Indiana

Adams

Philadelphia

Cambria

Luzerne

Lycoming

York

York

Lawrence

Chester

Bradford

Indiana

Bedford

Montgomery

Delaware

, 111.

Lawrence
Allegheny
Adams
Bucks
Lancaster
Lycoming
Lycoming
York
Luzerne
Lebanon
Indiana
Philadelphia
Jefferson
Berks
Lancaster
Allegheny
Adams
York
Delaware
Montgomery
Allegheny
Chester
Chester
Bedford
Bedford
Cambria
Luzerne
Erie
Berks
York
Lawrence
Erie
York
Perry
Lycoming
Berks
Lycoming
Schuylkill
Lancaster
Philadelphia
Blair

GENERAL INDEX

Advertising Apples 96

Advertising by a Local Market Organization — H. C. Barker 94

Apples, Cost of Picking — A. F. Mason 79

Apple Crate, Improved — L. M. Marble 92

Apple Fertilization, Pruning and Soil Management —

E. A. Auchter 22

Apples, New Varieties 41

Apple Pruning in New Jersey — A. F. Mason 9

Apple Scab, Life History of — C. R. Orton 4

Apple Scab, Sprays and Dusts for — H. W. Thurston 6

Apple Week, National — W. L. Minnich 97

Business Session 34-88

Competitors, Our — C. J. Tyson 85

Constitution, Proposed 36

County Horticultural Societies 108

Fruit List for Pennsylvania 99

Nursery Stock True to Name — J. K. Shaw 15

Oil Sprays, Value of— S. W. Frost 66

Oriental Fruit Moth, Life History of— C. H. Hadley 56

Oriental Fruit Moth, Control Measures — H. E. Hodgkiss 59

Packages, Experiences With — D. M. Wertz,

P. S. Fenstermacher, S. C. Eschelman 89

Peach Drop, in 1924, Causes of— R. C. Walton 71

Peach Grower, Experiences of A — Sheldon W. Funk 14

Peach Yellows, Present Status of— R. C. McCubbin 75

Question Box 13

Report of Apple Week Committee 93

Report of the XUommittee on Nominations 55

Report of the Exhibition Committee 39

Report of the Game Laws Committee 43 & 88

Report of the General Fruit Committee 41

Report of the Resolutions Committee 53

Report of the Secretary 34

Report of the Treasurer 38

Spraying and Dusting Program for Fruits —

H. W. Thurston and F. N. Fagan 100

Sprays, Formulae for ^ 103

Storage Cellar, Construction of Concrete — N. S. Grubbs 79

Storage Cellar, Ventilation of — R. D. Anthony 82

Vegetable Section 100

138