Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 3 Place of Publication: State College, Pa. Copyright Date: 1926 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg095.3 Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News Vol. Ill MARCH, 1926 No. 1 Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1926 ISSUED QUARTERLY !»; sj 46 N. Cameron St., HarrisbuJ'i|LPa. Office of the Secretary: Wrightsto^Ji^. ttf ' Cj ^v • / SIXTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING HELD IN HARRISBURG JANUARY 19-21, 1926 Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News Published by the Association Issued Quarterly at Harrisburg, Pa. Subscription, 50c Application for entry as second class matter at the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa., pending. Vol. Ill MARCH, 1926 No. 1 Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1926 SIXTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING HELD IN HARRISBURG JANUARY 19-21, 1926 State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania Officers and Committees for 1926 PRESIDENT H. C. Brinton, Hanover. VICE-PRESIDENT S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newtown Square SECRETARY Robert E. Atkinson, Wrightstown. TREASURER Edwin' W. Thomas, King-of-Prussia. C. J. Tyson, Ch. Paul Thayer, Ch. R. D. Anthony, Ch. STANDING COMMITTEES LEGISLATION C. A. Griest EXHIBITION H. F. Hershey FRUIT R- J. Gillan F. H. Fassett R. S. Snyder H. M. Doty J. A. Runk, Ch. SPECIAL COMMITTEES GAME LAWS C. H. Hadley ADVERTISING P. R. Taylor, Ch. H. C. Barker VARIETY CERTIFICATION F. N. Fagan, Ch. C. H. Hadley H. G. Baugher TO SERVE ON THE AGRICULTURAL COUNCIL C. J. Tysoiv H. F. Hershey H. C. Brinton E. H. Vogel H. G. Lewis FOREWORD The subject matter of this little book contains a number of facts very vital to those who make up t^^^ Association^ It contains many new scientific observations which will be wel- comed by everyone who is eager for new information of prom- ise Many of the facts herein are old and well-known to most of us. but they are of such value that repetition fY^s thern the emphasis which is essential to appreciation of their true "^^ As a matter of convenience to the reader, the arrange- ment of topics has been made according to their relation to Tach other^ather than to the order in wh ch they were pre- sented at the annual meeting.. The ^^^'-/t^'T^^S^f/f'"^*^^! in the belief that anyone particularly interested in one sub iect or closely related subjects may find most of what he Wants grouped together for his convenience ^n earnest ef- fort has been made to interpret the thought of each speaker correctly, and wherever possible the exact words presented by the various speakers are recorded, but for brevity, some ajparentlv non-essential parts have been emitted, and in the interest of clearness a certain amount of editing has been "^"ifvou are a member of the Association, tell your friends of the value of the work it is doing, and impress upon them that even though they may get all the facts from the printed report, thev still miss half the value of a "get-together , if thev fail to attend the meetings. If you are not a member, JUIN. Help yourself, and incidentally, help everybody else. ^ The Secretary. Wednesday Morning. CHESTNUT STREET HALL. Mr. H. C. Brinton, President, presiding. The President. Mr. H. C. Brinton, delivered an address of greeting and welcome to the delegates. He described the wonderful trip of the last summer. He also urged members to participate in the trip for the coming summer ^^^^.^^^^ ^^^^ mention of the fact that there is a vacancy in the Game Commission which the Horticultural Association feels ought to be filled by a representative who understands the situation from the grower s standpoint. The President also made note and mention of Horticul- tural Week at State College. He urged all members to at- tend this meeting. . . u i» ^r^_ Mr. Felty: I move that the Association as a whole ap- prove the appointment of Mr. Anderson for the vacancy on the Game Commission. Mr. E. H. Vogel: I second the motion. Motion carried. PROPOSED REVISION OF CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS by Dr. S. W. Fletcher The present Constitution is twenty-five years old and covers seven pages. This one differs in brevity in the first place, and in the second place it discontinues life member- ships! Those who are at present life members retain that privilege. No new life memberships are issued. One reason for that is there have been only three in eight years and the second reason is that annual memberships are a better paying proposition from the point of view of the Association's fi- nances. The Horticultural Societies are discontinuing life memberships. There is a third point of difference. This Constitution creates a small executive committee and places the responsi- bility of the management of the affairs of the Association, at time's other than the annual meeting, in the hands of that committee. The Executive Committees of the past did not function and we want one which will function. I suggest that the proposed Constitution and By-Laws be read and action taken on them as a whole, or seriatem. This proposal was adopted. CONSTITUTION Article 1. Name. The name of this organization shall be the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania. Article 2. Object. Its object shall be the promotion of horticulture in the State of Pennsylvania. Article 3. Membership. The annual membership fee shall be $2.00. Present life members shall retain their privileges, but no new life members shall be received. Members of county or local Horticultural Societies shall have membership in the State Horticultural Association under the following conditions: (1) The county or local Society shall have at least fif- teen paid up members and shall hold at least three meetings a year. (2) The Secretary of the county or local Society shall remit to the Secretary of the State Horticultural Association one dollar for each member, before February 1 of each year, which shall be their dues in the State Horticultural Associa- tion for that year. f3) The Secretary of the county or local Society shall transmit to the Secretary of the State Horticultural Associa- tion before February 1 of each year a list of its officers and members, together with a brief report of its work for the pre- ceding- year, particularly of those matters that would be of interest to the horticulturists of the state. (4) The State Horticultural Association shall publish these reports in its Proceedings, which shall be distnbuted to the members of the county or local societies that have com- plied with these provisions. Article 4 Officers. The officers of the Association shall consist of a President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treas- urer, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each annual meeting; also an Executive Committee of seven members, four of whom shall be the elected officers. The Executive Committee shall have the general management of the affairs of the Association when it is not in session. Article 5. Quorum. Twenty-five members of the Asso- ciation and four members of the Executive Committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Article 6. Annual Meeting. The annual meeting shall be held at such time and place as the Executive Committee may determine. Article 7. Amendments. The Constitution and By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting, provided such amendment shall have been signed by ten members and presented to the Secretary in writing at least ninety days prior to the time of holding the annual meeting. BY-LAWS 1. No member shall be eligible to the office of President for more than two consecutive years. 2. The Treasurer shall disburse the moneys of the Asso- ciation only after the bills have been approved by the Presi- dent and the Secretary. He shall execute a guarantee bond for such amount as the Executive Committee may determine, the premium to be paid by the Association. 3. The President, by and with the approval of the Exe- cutive Committee, shall appoint the following standing com- mittees, each of three members : legislation, exhibitions, new varieties, fruit statistics, advertising, plant diseases, insect pests, and such other standing committees as the Executive Committee may deem desirable. 4. The President, by and with the approval of the Exe- cutive Committee, shall appoint a nominating committee, a resolutions committee and an auditing committee, each of three members. 5. The rules of the American Pomological Society shall apply in exhibits and nomenclature. Mr. Fetterman: I move that it (the Constitution and By- laws) be adopted as a whole as presented. Mr. S. F. Simnion seconded the motion. Motion carried. SOME FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE SIZE AND COLOR OF APPLES by A. F. Mason, New Brunswick, New Jersey At the close of the New Jersey State Horticultural So- ciety exhibit at Atlantic City in December, I had occasion to sell one hundred twenty-five bushels of fruit which had been used in an exhibit set up to show the value of thorough prun- ing. This fruit had been divided into three sizes for purposes of comparison, the smallest size being two to two and one half inches. I was bid $1.50 per bushel for everything except the small grade. The two dealers bidding would not handle these small apples at any price. It was with difficulty that I finally got one dollar per bushel for them from a third dealer. Size is an important factor in marketing fruit. The New Jersey State' Bureau of Markets recently sent me quotations on apples sold in both Philadelphia and New York during the certain periods in 1924 and 1925, showing the prices paid for different sizes of the same variety of apples. Some of these are as follows : APPLE QUOTATIONS PHILADELPHIA MARKET JANUARY 1925 Jan. 2 Jan. 5 Jan. 6 Jan. 9 Greenings Yorks Stajnxians Va. No. 1, 2V6" 5.00 6.00 Va. No. 1, 2%"7.00 Del. No. 1, IVi" 5.25 Del. No. 1, 3" 5.75 Va. No. 1, 2^^4.50 Va. No. 1, 2^^"7.00 Va. No. 1, 21^" 4.50 Va. No. 1, 2%" 4.50 5.25 Va. No. 1, 3" 5.75 Jan. 16 N. Y. A2 V*" 4.50 N. Y 2 %" 6.50 N. Y. 2 %" 6.75 7.00 Jan. 19 N. Y N. Y. 7.00 N. Y 4.00 N. Y A2 V4" 4.50 2 %" 6.50 B2 %" 3.25 2%" 5.50 Jan. 21 Va. No. l,2"-2%" 3.00-400 Va. No. 1. 2%" 5.00 7.00 Va. fey. 2%" 7.00 Va. fey. 3" 8.00 Jan. 22 N. Y. A2 V4 N. Y. 2 ^ Jan. 23 Jan. n 4.50 7.00 Va. No. 1, 214" 4.50 Va. No. 1. 2%" 5.00 5.75 N. Y ord. A2 ^"Del. Fey. 2W 5.50 3.50 N. Y ord. A2 ^''Del. Fey. 3" 5.75 5.00 Jan. 30 Old Winesap Va. Unci. 2" 3.00 Va. Unci. 2%" 5.00 Del. A2 ^" 4.50 Del. A2 Mj" 4.50 8 The daily apple report, No. 8, of the Market News Service for Monday, January 11, 1926, contained on page 1 the report of sales on the New York market as follows: "New York — Barrels: Supplies heavy. Demand and market limited, market rather dull A 2]^ inch Mcin- tosh best mostly $8.00-8.50, few Fancy high color $9.50-10.00, poor color $7.00-7.50, Rhode Island Greenings A ZJ^ inches $4.50-5.00, few $5.25, A 2^ inches $5.50-6.00, A 3 inches $6.00- 6.50, " Evidently on January 11, 1926, color was worth from a dollar to three dollars per barrel, and size was worth from a dollar to two dollars per barrel in New York. On the same day in Philadelphia, pale-colored Yorks brought $3.50, while bright colored Yorks brought $4.75, and A grade 2J/2 inch Greenings brought $4.50 to $5.00, while large-sized Greenings of the same grade brought $6.00. On roadside markets, hard but handsome Winter Bananas often move readily when luscious Grimes stagnate, and simply because of high color even Opalescent and Black Ben occa- sionally outsell Stayman on many stands. The public eats largely with the eye and the eye sees principally size and color. Even fruit growers themselves depend largely on the appearance of fruit in judging its quality. Dr. S. W. Fletcher, of the Department of Horticulture of Pennsylvania State Col- lege, recently tested this with a large group of the leading fruit growers of his state. He fed them pieces of the lead- ing varieties, such as Mcintosh, Delicious, Grimes, Stayman, Rome, Baldwin, and others, and the highest score — made by a grower operating 600 acres — ^was but 20 per cent correct, while another grower — for many years a college professor and now operating a fruit farm of 140 acres — could not identi- fy a single one by flavor alone. Need one go farther, then, to prove the desirability of producing apples of large size and high color? Variations in size of apples of any one variety in different orchards and different seasons may be due to several causes, some of the most common being the moisture supply, avail- able plant-food, number of apples on the tree, vigor of the tree, freedom from insect or disease attack of leaves and fruit, and perhaps many other reasons. Many of those factors can be controlled readily by cultural practices, such as irrigation, fertilization, pruning, thinning, and spraying. Color on apples is dependent on many complex, less un- derstood, and less easily controlled factors. The most com- mon are vigor of the tree, or rate of growth, soil conditions, moisture supply, sunlight, and weather or atmospheric con- ditions. We can alter some of these, notably the rate of rrowth and the distribution of sunlight through the tree, by fertilization, pruning, and thinning. Pruning and thinning are two practices which can be put into operation very easily bv any fruit grower, and I would like to present some data secured from demonstrations of these two practices carried on by the Extension Service of the New Jersey College of Agri- culture and Experiment Station. The pruning work in the Rome Beauty orchard of Senator Emmor Roberts, Moores- town New Jersey, will be discussed first. Let me emphasize the point that we are about to consider the pruning of mature bearing trees and not young trees. This Rome Beauty orchard contains approximately ten acres and is about twenty-seven or twenty-eight years old. It made quite a record for production during the war, return- ing a gross of over $2000 per acre for two consecutive years However, in 1920, '21, and '22 the size of the fruit fell off and it became difficult to control diseases and insects in these trees, and this condition was attributed to the fact that the trees' had dense high tops and carried too much fruiting sur- face resulting in many small uncolored apples on the inner and 'lower branches, while the dense head made spraying diffi- cult. Senator Roberts states that a portion of the 1922 crop was unmarketable for these reasons. Through the cooperation of the owner the Extension Service established a pruning demonstration in this block in 1923. Three rows of approximately thirty trees each were pruned by the eimployees of the farm under the direct super- vision of the extension specialist, county agent, and Experi- ment Station pomologist, an adjoining row being left unr pruned as a check block. The remainder of the orchard was then pruned by Senator Roberts' men. Special attention was given to the removal of all dead wood and the thinning out of small branches and twigs in the outer portions of the tree. The tops of the trees had reached a height of from 25 to 30 feet, and this was reduced as far as possible to 20 feet on the demonstration rows. This thorough pruning cost 86 cents per tree the first year. Perhaps 40 per cent of the total wood on these trees was removed, consisting largely of twigs smaller than the size of one's finger and of limbs taken out of the tops. Growers present while the pruning was being done expressed amazement over the amount of wood re- moved, many of them believing that insufficient wood had been left to bear a crop of fruit. Much to their surprise, however, these thoroughly pruned trees had a crop of over 18 bushels per tree, while the thick brushy trees had a crop of over 21 bushels per tree. Fifty-four per cent of the crop on the well-pruned trees was over 3 inches in diameter, while only 30 per cent of the crop from the thick brushy trees ran 10 over 3 inches in diameter, and there were 2^ per cent more red apples on the well-pruned trees than on the thick brushy trees. Records were taken on the cost of spraying the two types of trees. Well-pruned trees required 6.0 gallons per tree per application throughout the season, while the thick brushy trees required 7,7 gallons of spray per tree per application, a saving of materials and labor in cost during the season of 26 cents per tree in favor of the well-pruned trees. In 1924 this demonstration was continued, the well-prun- ed trees being given a light pruning where needed, consist- ing principally of the removal of water-sprouts and a few twigs in the outer portions of the trees. Five trees from the check block were thoroughly pruned in order to have a com- parison of trees which had been well pruned for one and two years. The remainder of the check row was left unpruned. The outstanding feature of the work in 1924 was a light crop on the check trees which averaged but 12.4 bushels of hand- picked marketable fruit per tree, while the well-pruned trees averaged 18.4. Again the differences in size were marked, the well-pruned trees having 54.1 per cent of the crop over 3 inches in diameter, while the thick brushy trees had but 43.8 per cent. This increase in size is of particular interest, when it is considered that the crop on the well-pruned trees was 6 bushels per tree larger than the crop on the thick brushy trees. This second season there were 6 per cent more red apples on the well-pruned trees than on the thick brushy trees. The past season the demonstration was repeated on the same trees and five additional trees from the check row were pruned for the first time and added to the pruned block. A little more time was required this season in pruning the trees, as there was a pronounced increase of small twigs in the outer portions of the trees and these had to be thinned out. It re- quired about half an hour per tree to do this work. The re- sults were just as striking as in past years. The average crop on all the well-pruned trees amounted to 28 bushels per tree, while the crop on the thick brushy trees averaged 31 bushels per tree. Of the 31 bushels on the thick brushy trees 3.6 bushels ran less than 2 inches in size and were thrown out as culls, while there was a negligible quantity of culls on the well-pruned trees. Thus the crop of marketable fruit on the well-pruned trees was just as large as the crop on the thick brushy trees, in spite of the fact that the latter had 6 or 8 feet more bearing surface in the tops. Twenty-eight per cent of the apples ran over 3 inches in size as compared with less than 15 per cent on the thick brushy trees. Nineteen per cent of the fruit on the thick brushy trees ran from 2 to 2^2 inches in size, while only 10 per cent of the fruit on the well-pruned trees fell into this smallest marketable size. 11 Color was markedly improved on the well-pruned trees. 56 per cent of the apples having more than half of the sur- face colored with red as compared with only 40 per cent similarly colored fruit on the thick brushy trees. Another interesting fact is brought out in considering the individual records of hand-picked marketable fruit from the five well-pruned trees over a period of three years, and com- paring them with the figures secured from five trees in the thick brushy block over the same length of time. On the well-pruned trees, a uniform crop has been produced each year amounting to 18, 18 and 25 bushels respectively for the three past seasons, while on the thick brushy trees the crops have been 21, 12 and 28 bushels. Careful pruning has seemed to cause regularity in bearing, while the neglected trees have borne heavy crops on alternate years. The following chart and table show the size of apples secured from these five trees under each treatment over a period of three years. 1925 Comparison of Three Successive Crops of Hand-Picked Marketable Fruit from an Average Well-Pruned Tree and a Thick Brushy Tree From Average Thick Brushy Tree— No. of Bushels Year Over3" 2 ^"-3" 2"-2^" Culls Total Crop 1923 1924 1925 9.9 10.0 7.1 5.1 6.9 15.0 3.3 1.5 2.8 0 0 0 18.3 18.4 24.9 Total Crop 3 years 27.0 6.5 5.6 4.7 27.0 7.6 0 61.6 bu. 1923 1924 1925 7.7 4.4 17.1 7.3 2.4 6.2 ♦Negligible 21.5 ♦0.4 12.4 ♦3.6 28.0 16.8 29.2 15.9 ♦4.0 61.9 bu. ♦Culls not considered in totals. Thus it is seen that thorough pruning gave an increase of 10 bushels per tree of 3 inch apples and a reduction of 8 bushels per tree of 2 to 2^ inch apples without reducing the total yield of marketable fruit. Observation of the trees which had been carefully pruned over a period of three years shows a constant increase in bearing wood in the inner portions of the trees, fruit being produced well down along the main branches on these trees, while all of the fruiting wood on the thick brushy trees is in a narrow shell with a thickness of possibly two or three feet The advance in the growth of this new fruiting wood can be 12 plainly seen by observing trees which had been well pruned for one, two and three years. The development of this new fruit bearing wood toward the center of the tree is probably more pronounced on a terminal-bearing variety, such as Rome Beauty, than it would be in the case of a spur-bearing variety such as Stayman, Grimes, Baldwin or Winesap. The reason for the loss of this bearing wood on the thick brushy trees is due to sunlight starx'^ation, the leaves being so shaded that they were unable to function normally and the twigs on which they were located eventually died. This same factor caused the death of large limbs in the lower or shaded portions of dense trees or trees in orchards planted so close together that the branches interlock. It must be said in justice to the thick brushy trees in the check block that they are now in a condition of greater neglect than is seen in commercial orchards. Some pruning would have been done to these by any fruit grower. How- ever, it was impossible to put the men in these trees with instructions to give them a light pruning without having them copy as closely as possible the treatment given to the well- pruned trees. It is true also that we see extremely dense and high trees in a great many commercial orchards which we visit in our rounds of the state. . . In conclusion, we can say of this demonstration that it has shown that both size and color of Rome Beauty can be markedly increased by careful pruning practices. Another factor influencing color of fruit is the time and method of harvesting. Comparison was made in this orchard of the effect and cost of picking in one and two operations. The first picking was made on September 28 and 29, at which time all large well-colored apples were removed. This amounted in most cases to about 40 per cent of the crop, and the fruit removed was largely from the south side and outer portions of the trees. The remainder was allowed to hang until October 21. Ninety and five-tenths per cent of the fruit had more than half its surface colored with red when picked in two pickings, while the fruit harvested in one picking on October 8 and 9 had but 56.5 per cent of its fruit half colored with red, and fruit picked in one picking on October 21 had but 78.9 per cent of its surface colored with red. Further- more, the trees on which the fruit was allowed to hang until October 2h without making any picking lost 40 per cent of their crop by dropping, as compared with but 31 per cent on the trees which had been picked over twice. It can be readily seen that the quantity of dropped apples is extremely high in both cases. This is due to the very high wind storms oc- curring at two periods during harvest. There was a slight increase in size, due to two pickings, amounting to 3.5 per cent. 13 The chief objection to picking in two operations advanced by growers is that it involves too much time and is too ex- pensive. Detailed records on the harvest of 2359 bushels picked in two operations and 2279 bushels picked in one operation indicate that it cost 4.83 cents per bushel to har- vest in two operations and 3.52 cents per bushel to harvest in one operation. The increased cost due to harvesting in two operations is 1.31 cents per bushel, and this slight in- creased cost per bushel is a negligible investment if one can secure from 15 to 35 per cent increase in color. These figures are confirmed by the work done in 1924 in this same orchard where with a lighter crop, it was shown that the cost of pick- ing in one operation was 5.24 cents per bushel as compared with 6.6 cents per bushel where picking was done in two operations. In fact, the 79 bushel increase in crop due to picking in two operations, if valued at only $1 a bushel, would pay two and a half times over for the increased cost of picking. Growers who have tried picking in two operations find that it is not as big a task as they imagine. We pick our peach crop in two to five operations and our labor is already ac- customed to the selection of large well-colored specimens. Why not extend this beneficial practice to apples? Thinning is another practice which is not regarded with favor by many Pennsylvania growers. To many it is seen as an expense from which adequate returns are not received. However, during the past two years we have secured data in one of the large commercial orchards of the state which show rather conclusively that the benefits derived from thin- ning not only far outweigh the disadvantages, but return sub- stantial profits to the grower and remove from the market a considerable quantity of small low-priced stock. Two years ago a thinning demonstration was started in the orchard of Locust Grove Farms, Westville, New Jersey, Clinton Clement, manager. The variety used was Old Winesap which bears fairly regularly and on spurs. It is inclined to run small under all conditions in central Jersey. A dozen trees were thinned, the fruit being spaced 6 to 8 inches, from 183 to 1545 apples being removed from the trees. It took 35 man minutes per tree to do the thinning. The results were strik- ing. On the unthinned trees 55.7 per cent of the fruit ran less than 2]/^ inches, while on the thinned trees only 20.3 per cent ran less than 2%. inches. On the unthinned trees only 11.2 per cent of the crop ran over 2J^ inches, while 30.4 per cent on the thinned trees ran over 2j/$ inches, ai marked in- crease in favor of thinning. The crop on the thinned trees was 12.1 bushels per tree and on the unthinned 14.4 bushels per tree. These same trees were to be used again this past year in the thinning demonstration, but the set was light and 14 no thinning was needed. The trees thinned in 1924 came back with a crop of 13.2 bushels per tree, while the trees left unthinned in 1924 produced but 3.8 bushels per tree. When it was found this past season that the block used in 1924 did not need thinning, the demonstration was moved to an adjoining orchard of the same age and variety, where there was a heavy set of fruit. Twelve trees were thinned, spacing the fruits from 6 to 8 inches, while twelve adjoining trees were left unthinned for comparison. The thinning took 104 man minutes per tree at a cost of 69.3 cents. Again strik- ing results were secured in the fall, when the fruit was picked. The following table shows the difference in size of fruit se- cured from each block: Comparison of Total Crop from 12 Thinned Trees with Total Crop from 12 Unthinned Trees Treatment Total Crop Crop per Tree Sizes of Fruit Bushels Bushels 2^" and up 2y4, -2W Less than 2V4' (Culls) Unthinned Thinned 162 147^ 13.5 12.3 Bu. 30^^ 56^ % 18.8 38.4 Bu. 58 V4 62 % 36 42 Bu. 731/4 29 % 45.2 19.6 Marketable Fruit Per Tree From Unthinned Trees 7.2i Bu. Marketable Fruit Per Tree From Thinned Trees 9.9 Bu. Thus it is seen that on the unthinned trees 45% of the crop ran less than 2^4 inches, while on the thinned trees but 19% was of this unmarketable size. Thirty-eight and four- tenths per cent of the crop on the thinned trees ran over 2% inches, while only 18.8 per cent from the unthinned trees ran into this desirable size. If we may adopt $2 a bushel as a fair price for Old Winesap apples 2^ inches and up, and $1.50 a bushel for Old Winesap apples 2%, inches to 2J/^ inches, and 60 cents a cwt. for cull stock (less than 254 m- ches), the returns due to thinning are $17.82 per tree for the thinned trees and $14.01 per tree for the unthinned trees, a difference of $3.81 per tree in favor of thinning. If we de- duct from this figure 69 cents per tree, which was the cost of thinning, we still have a net profit of $3.12 per tree due to thinning. Very few of our Winesap growers can overlook this much money. Thinning demonstrations on Wealthy and other summer apples have shown that marked increase in size can be se- cured by this practice without greatly reducing the total crop. To secure the desired increase in size, certain general conditions must be met in thinning. The crop on the trees should be heavy. The work must be done just as soon as the 15 grower can be sure which apples will withstand the June drop, generally during the latter half of June and early July. The spacing between apples must be considerable, six to eight inches for most varieties, but even more in case trees are not vigorous, or when the natural tendency of the variety is to run small, or when the moisture supply in the orchard is generally deficient. It is usually easier to increase size on spur-bearing varieties, such as York, Winesap, Staytnan, Grimes, Baldwin, and Jonathan, than on terminal-bearing varieties such as Rome or Twenty Ounce. Both size and color can be influenced by applications of nitrogenous fertilizers. No undernourished tree can be ex- pected to put size on fruit, and nitrogen is generally the limit- ing factor. Moderate applications will not reduce color; in fact, they tend to give a better finish to fruit, particularly on a variety like Stayman when trees are old. Heavy appli- cations, causing a strong vegetative growth, as a general thing reduce color. Propping can also be given attention by the growers of fancy fruit. The props hold the heavily loaded limbs erect, allowing for a better distribution of sunlight through the tree, and a consequent increase in color to the fruit. Props can be cut in winter when it is too cold to prune, and with a little care can be made to last many years. As competition becomes keener and the markets become more discriminating in their demand for higher quality fruit, the fancy produce should sell the more readily. These simple practices ajre strongly recommended to our growers for ever wider application. DISCUSSION ON FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SIZE AND QUALITY OF FRUIT Member: If you pick over trees to increase the size and quality, you also eliminate danger of storm damage. I picked the Wealthy four times and the Jonathan three times and increased the size. We increased the quantity of that fruit about one quarter. In a year when it is dry picking over helps considerably. DISCUSSION ON FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SIZE AND QUALITY OF FRUIT bv Sheldon W. Funk • The matter of size and quality is largely a personal prob- lem. I like a two and three quarter inch Winesap. That seems to be the best. That is not the size for which the other fellow pays the most money. The three inch apple sells better than any other size. 16 With the exception of pruning and thinning, all our other operations are over-worked one way or the other. When you get the maximum size you are apt to have minimum color and vice versa. The more tillage and fertilizer you have the more size you get with less color. The manner of increasing yields by thinning was an in- teresting fact nicely emphasized. Let us try to watch some of the things Mr. Mason has told us. Watch the trees and watch results. There is another thing which he mentioned which is im- portant. If everything is right, (the tree growing on the right kind of orchard land), it will ripen and get a maximum color at a certain time. There is a certain time for picking the Stay- man Winesap, and so on. The fruit which ripens too early is small with a dead color and the fruit ripening too late is apt to be green with too little color. (Remarks.) Mr. Runk: I think I was the pioneer user of nitrate of soda in this state and I have used it consistently. The secret is to get it at the trees early in the spring and stimulate early seasonal growth. I have not had freezing of wood because of late maturity. If we get color and reasonable size we always have selling quality. Member: Do not forget that this fall was a hard one in which to get color in our end of the state. There were weeks and weeks of cloudy weather with no sunshine, which makes it almost impossible to get color. MY EXPERIENCE WITH BOX PACKING OF APPLES by F. R. Coke, Jr., Dimock, Pa. My experience is in the northeastern section of Pennsyl- vania, fifty miles from the nearest market, and where roadside selling has not been known to any extent. We are compelled to pack for distant shipments and rough handling. High quality of fruit deserves and demands high quality of packing. Most of the commercial apple crop is sold in larger towns where the average consumer has no facility for storing large quantities of fruit. A consumer who wants high quality apples wishes them nicely packed and is willing to pay a fair price for it. We discard the barrel for the best packing. The apples are injured more with bruises and openings than when they come out of a box. There are three types of box : one— the western standard box. 2,— the slatted shipping crate lined with corrugated boards. 3, — the hamper basket or, the corru- 17 a gated board packages, with layers of separating cardboard with each apple wrapped and in a separate compartment. None of these packages prove entirely satisfactory for di- rect selling. The slatted shipping crate, lined with corrugated boards, gave the best results. The western box is the best package for selling wholesale to the city consumer. It is unsatisfac- tory for parcel post or express. At one time we used Cana- dian boxes in which the ends project an inch or two so that there will not be so much pressure on the fruit in shipping. We used the hamper in our local wholesale trade and for local markets. The hamper cannot be dressed so attractively as it ought to be for finer fruits. We have used the bushel corrugated board boxes, but they are not satisfactory. They carry fruit without bruising better than any other package, but are not strong enough to withstand careless hauling and handling. Our direct selling problem is an inability to guarantee that the packages will not be pilfered. IN VIEW OF THE HEAVY LOSS THIS YEAR FROM WIND COULD WE BEGIN TO PICK APPLES EARLIER? by Prof. Samuel Dickey, Oxford You have heard about the storm of October 10 and 11 in the southeastern section of our state. We had finished the Yorks and were beginning with the Staymans. Two thou- sand bushels came down and we had to sell one thousand at a lower rate. Fortunately we were able to market them lo- cally, largely at the orchard, for cider. Shall we change our schedule? This is only presented as a query. You must consider the question of loss to be sus- tained by picking immature fruit. Sometimes we are driven to it. The peculiar condition of the export market must be considered also. The York Imperial often has to be picked before maturity for keeping and color qualities. Ordinarily, picking before maturity is a bad practice. This is true especially if you want color and keeping qualities. There is definite loss in early picking. We suffered a severe loss by storm. How frequently can we expect such storms? I secured data from Washing- ton concerning wind velocity covering a period of 54 yearS; 18 During this time there have been 36 mile an hour winds only 3 times, as early as the 10th of October. This storm was reported as unusual and quite unusual in that it was accom- panied in Philadelphia by snow : and this was the first time in 54 years when there was snow as early a^ the 10th of October in Philadelphia. The data which I have been able to secure on the sub- ject indicates that we should take our medicine and go ahead as is our custom because long experience over years would lead us to do so in our orchard practice in this connection. FIELD NOTES ON PRUNING AND OTHER ORCHARD PRACTICES by Prof. Paul Thayer, State College (with lantern slides) There are a good many ways of pruning, from that in North Carolina of cutting back to where they were, to the method of just planting and letting them go as they please. Many growers are wasting time and money with peach prun- ing during the first three years life of a tree. During the first year, select your scaffold branches three or four, and if they have not made a growth over thirty or thirty-six inches, do no more pruning. If they have grown lanky or seem longer than others, cut them back and keep the tree balanced. Next year do some trimming out again on the size of the tree. When you have the four year old tree is when you want to start severe pruning to hold the tree in shape. Some men say it makes a sturdy tree. We have made a tabulation of the difference between heavily pruned and lightly pruned trees. All the difference between the heavily and the lightly pruned is simply a variation of one tenth of an inch to two or three inches in breadth and, in the matter of circumference, 14.36 to 14.56. The size of the tree is practically the same and this is surprising. At the end of each season you could not tell which tree was pruned severely and which tree was pruned lightly. The more you cut, the more you have to cut. You can save twenty-five dollars per acre in the first four years by light pruning. You can prune three trees lightly while doing two by the old method. Budding in shaping young apple trees, is not only a good proposition from a theo- retical point of view but also from a practical point of view. We took the work which Prof. Pagan did at the experiment station to the orchard and found that it would work there as well as at the experiment station. 19 I Take one year old whips and then when buds come strip the buds below where you want the first branch. Then come up to where you find a good bud about eight or ten inches and leave that one. Go up another eight or ten inches strip- ping the buds and leave the third. In some cases we left four buds cutting the top out about shoulder high. If there are too many buds along the trunk, the roots can not furnish food enough for all of them. Figures and measurements show that it is practical to direct the growth of the tree from the beginning. It does take time. Remember the one year whip you set out because you must go next year and pick the frame work for the tree. You prune when you set it out instead of when it has grown from the first buds a year. • Pollination is another matter. There is much work yet to be done on the subject of pollination. When you are plant- ing an orchard take into account the matter of pollination. It is much better to do this when selecting trees and planting the orchard than to wait till it is fifteen or twenty years old. Experimental work on pollination is very difficult. The only way is to bag the blossoms and take it from one to another. When you do that you change conditions of temperature and humidity. It is not positive that an orchard will work the same way. Some years the pollen is strong in variety and some years it is weak and also in the same sections. In planting, do not plant a solid block, but arrange varieties that bloom together and keep account of pollination. You must consider varieties and territories carefully. We tried to chart the sta.te into six or seven districts and through correspondence with growers we tried to get the standard varieties for these sections. Look at the chart and if you do not agree please take it up with us. DISCUSSION ON PRUNING by E. H. Vogel, Lancaster I do not think there is any other thing connected with orchard growers which can compare in interest with pruning. It requires more knowledge, experience and thought than any other orchard work. We probably know less about pruning than about the other operations. One of the first things for the pruner to acquire is a thorough understanding of how different orchard trees bear fruit. Many good apple trees have been ruined because the pruner did not know the importance of spurs which he cut ofif. The apple and the pear tree bear fruit on the little branches known as fruit spurs. 20 In the spring they expand and develop a few leaves with from four to six blossoms. Under normal conditions one be- comes fruit. These spurs continue to bear fruit for a long series of years. After the spurs are cut or broken you cannot expect fruit at that point unless you grow water sprouts and on these grow spurs. Pruning the apple tree ought to consist of thinning out the top to let light and air in and keep the spurs as long as they remain productive. Member: What season do you recommend for pruning the apple. Mr. Vogel: In the spring, and just this kind of weather, I think, is fine. THE VALUE OF OIL EMULSION SPRAYS FOR RED SPIDER AND THE ROSY APPLE APHIS by H. E. Hodgkiss, Entomologist, Div. of Agricultural Extension, Pennsylvania State College Oils in the form of sprays for use on fruit trees seem to have attracted and held the attention of fruit growers for a number of years. There is an idea prevalent that these ma- terials will provide the long sought cure-all and in some way simplify spraying practices against orchard msects. Oil sprays have not come into general use largely on account of some unfortunate experiences with crude oils and mechanical combinations containing oil which were used in the eariy at- tempts to combat the San Jose scale. The entry of commer- cial miscible oils into the field followed closely by the home- made oil emulsions however gave a greater promise of a more extensive use for these insecticides. The exploitation of a number of commercial and home-made oil compounds which were found to be unsafe when applied to fruit trees again brought about an attitude of hesitancy on the part of many orchardists with respect to the use of sprays in which oil was the killing agent. The more recent investigations during which the newer oil emulsions were developed, and also the commercial production of oil sprays of this type ^^ve at- tracted the attention of fruit growers and it appears that there is an increased interest in the use of oil sprays at this time. There are in general two types of insecticides, (1) those which are suited to be used in combination with other spray materials and (2) those which cannot be combined with other insecticides or with fungicides recognized as being compara- tively safe to the trees and effective against insects and fun- 21 i ■« ffous diseases. Insecticides of the latter type may not be harmful to fruit trees and perhaps may have a high degree of insecticidal value when used by themselves From the stand- point of the orchard program their outstandmg merit is that they may be relied upon to check important attacks of insects or allied pests which are not susceptible to the contact or poison sprays that experience has shown are reasonably ef- fective against the most common orchard insects and rela- tively economical in application to the trees. The oil emulsions, miscible oils and mechanical mixtures containing oil are included in the second grouping. The oil emulsion and miscible oils have come to be recognized as having in general, a somewhat greater amount of killing power against the San Jose scale than the more commonly used lime sulphur solution. Recent investigations by your Experiment Station have shown that the damages caused by the European red spider may be greatly reduced if oil sprays are applied to apple trees previous to the hatching of the spider eggs. The value of these insecticides against other insects and the susceptibility of different kinds of fruit trees to injury as a result of treatments with the various oils for the most part is not determined. The purpose of our educational work is to take the re- sults of these investigations to the orchardist and by means of demonstrations indicate where they may be fitted into his program of operation. This discussion is based on the results of demonstrations in a number of counties and it is believed that they represent what may be expected under usual conditions of orchard practice where attention is given to thoroughness and timeliness of the treatments. THE EUROPEAN RED SPIDER This work was conducted chiefly in Washington county under the immediate direction of Mr. Worthley. The or- chard was selected with particular reference to red spider infestation and on account of unusually severe attacks for several years we were assured of a recurrence of the infesta- tion while in other areas the amount of damage was ques- tionable at that time. These attacks were accompanied by a dropping of the foliage and subsequently large quantities of apples fell from the trees. During the past two years demonstrations have been made using an oil emulsion in comparison with lime sulphur solution in the delayed dormant application. The subsequent treatments to the trees during the summer were identical ex- cept that in a duplicate of the oil treatment the midsummer application was omitted. 22 In order to ascertain the initial value of each material, foliage counts were made just after the petal fall application of lime sulphur. The figures in the accompanying chart in- dicate the relative values of the oil emulsion and the lime sulphur solution diluted to scale strength. RED SPIDER CONDITIONS WITH RESPECT TO FOLIAGE INFESTATION MAY 13, 1925 Treatment Lime Sulphur Oil Emulsion as delayed dormant. as delayed dormant. Delayed dormant followed by the p r e-pink, pink, and petal-fall sprays. Row Leaves Leaves Row Leaves Leaves and In- not in- and In- not in- Tree fested fested Tree fested fested No. P. ct. P. ct. No. P. ct. P. ct. No. P. ct. P. ct. No. P. ct. P. ct. 4-6 100 0 5-6 0 100 7 100 0 7 10 90 8 100 0 8 0 100 9 100 0 9 0 100 As a further illustration of the practice counts were made of the mite population on the individual leaves of trees in this orchard. These were taken immediately after the fourth or the petal fall, application. The figures showed that in the blocks receiving oil emulsion as the initial spray there were only 25 red spiders on 1000 leaves. A similar record of the mite population in the block sprayed throughout with lime sulphur showed that there were 12,700 mites to each thousand leaves. The condition of the trees in midsummer is a cri- terion which serves as a guide to the real efficiency of a spray in the control of red spider. Where the mites are superabun- dant the leaves take on a bronzy color and later drop from the trees. Fruits also may become withered and fall to the ground. The adult mites are depositing eggs at about this period and they seem to prefer the fruits rather than the leaves for this purpose. The amount of fruit infestation has been in our experience directly proportional to the numbers of the mites on the foliage. In the following chart figures are given which indicate the percentage of infested apples in the two blocks which received the full number of summer sprays fol- lowing the delayed dormant treatment of either lime sulphur or oil emulsion. 23 Rvi' RED SPIDER CONDITIONS ON APPLE FRUITS IN MIDSUMMER Treatment No. of Fruits. Conditions of Apples. Infested Not Infested Lime Sulphur as delayed dormant Oil Emulsion as delayed dormant 100 No. 48 P. ct. 48 No. 52 P. ct. 52 100 0 100 100 During August there were mites on the leaves of all the trees. The foliage on the lime sulphur sprayed block was distinctly bronzed as compared with the dark green color of the trees in the sections of the orchard which received an initial treatment with oil. On October 20, 1925, these dif- ferences were discernable at a considerable distance. It should be mentioned that there was an increase in the amount of infestation on the demonstration trees during late August and in September. The weather during this period was hot and dry as compared with a greater number of cool days and cool rains during 1924. The weather conditions were therefore more suitable this year for mite development and it was to be expected that greater damages should re- sult. The figures in the accompanying chart are used to il- lustrate not only the difTerences due to the initial application but in addition they show that the protection afforded by the initial applications does not extend much later than mid- summer. RED SPIDER CONDITIONS ON APPLE FRUITS IN AUTUMN Treatment No. of Fruits. Conditions Infested of Apples. Not Infested Oil Emulsion 5 Summer Sprays. 100 No. 44 p. ct. 44 No. 56 p. ct. 56 Oil Emulsion 4 Summer Sprays. 100 48 48 52 52 Lin)e Sulphur 5 Suminer Sprays. 100 84 84 16 16 On account of the unusual abundance of these acarids in the southeastern counties comparable figures were obtained in orchards used primarily for other demonstrations. The following foliage counts made in Lebanon County are indica- tive of the results obtained in the eastern region where the outbreak was the most severe. In these plantings five ap- plications followed the delayed dormant treatment. 24 RED SPIDER CONDITIONS IN LEBANON COUNTY 1925 Application Lime Sulphur Oil Emulsion and tree Delayed dormant Foliage Conditions Foliage Conditions followed by Injured Uninjured Injured Uninjured 5 Summer Sprays • p. ct. p. ct. p. ct. p. ct. No. 1 97 3 7 93 No. 2 91 9 12 88 No. 3 89 11 15 85 No. 4 94 6 4 96 THE APPLE APHIDS The control of these insects has been an interesting prob- lem for many years. The value of the delayed dormant ap- plication against the rosy apple-aphis is seldom questioned but there is an ever insistent demand for a less costly spray than nicotine sulphate. Recent success with oil emulsion, 2 per cent oil, against other pests has led to an agitation for a more general use of oil sprays in orchards, and particularly against the aphids. Fruit growers have apparently become impressed that such sprays are cure-alls for their insect pests and they have been inclined to drop the safer lime sulphur- nicotine combination for the oil sprays without any definite knowledge of the comparative safeness to fruit trees or in- secticidal value of these newer remedies. In order to ascertain this information for the farmers a number of demonstrations were conducted in several counties in each of which the standard lime sulphur-nicotine spray was compared with the oil emulsions. Commercial oil sprays were used at either a two per cent oil dilution or ait the dilution recommended by the compounder. There were two demon- strations using the two per cent oil in comparison with the lime-sulphur-nicotine spray. The differences are shown by the following tabulation. AMOUNT OF ROSY APHIS INJURY IN DEMONSTRA- TION ORCHARDS Fruit Leaf Term- Leaves Fruits Treatment Dem. Trees clust. clust. inals curled Inj. Inj. Inj. Inj. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. L. S. and Nicotine 1 3 1 26 14 83 1 Oil 2% 3 31 161 21 445 33 L. S. and Nicotine 2 3 8 66 22 227 9 Oil 2% 3 175 221 104 1120 219 25 The usual recommendations on the oil containers is to dilute the material at a rate which gives a miich higher oil content to the spray. Two different brands of oil emulsion were used in comparison with the lime sulphur-spray in the delayed dormant application. These were diluted according to the recommendations on the containers to demonstrate the insecticidal value of these materials and the effect on the developing leaves. The results it was believed would be simi- lar to those obtained in general farm operations where the sprays were used in the same manner and at the same dilu- tion Casual observations in June indicated strong differences in favor of the oil treatments. There was a variation in dif- ferent orchards however and counts of injuries in late June did not substantiate the idea that the oil sprays were the more efficient. No injury to the leaves from the oil was ob- served. The results in two orchards are given in the follow- ing chart. COMPARISONS OF OIL EMULSIONS AND NICOTINE SPRAYS CONDITIONS OF SPRAYED TREES WITH RESPECT TO ROSY AND GREEN APHIDS Treatment Dem. Trees Fruit clust. Inj. Leaf clust. Inj. Term- inals Inj. Leaves curled Fruits Inj. L. S. and Nicotine Oil 1-20 1 5 5 40 0 8 0 13 12 95 4 0 0 0 14 142 0 7 52 466 56 0 L. S. and Nicotine Oil 1-20 Check 2 5 5 2 1 0 67 28 0 775 There is an impression which has gained support among fruit growers that the oil sprays are effective over a long pe- riod. The supposition is that a single application during the delayed dormant period will destroy all species of apple aphids and therefore later treatments will be unnecessary. While such statements are misinforming an opportunity was offered in two demonstrations to collect data with respect to this condition. Rosy aphis injury is ordinarily detected by the peculiar twisted curi of the infested leaves of the fruit-bearing and non-fruit-bearing clusters. Leaves of terminal shoots if in- fested are similarly curled but this deformation is quite dif- ferent from that which accompanies late spring attacks by the green apple-aphis. In the following table the rosy aphis injury is marked as fruit clusters injured. The figures beneath the caption, "terminal shoots injured," represent the amount of damage effected by the green apple aphis. 26 Treatment Dem. No. of counts Conditions of foliage Fruit Terminal Clusters Shoots Inj. Inj. Lime Sulphur and Nicotine Oil 1-20 1 500 500 37 141 20 75 Lime Sulphur and Nicotine Oil 1-20 Checks 2 500 500 No counts 37 244 37 217 100 per cent damage. The results of the demonstrations clearly indicated that a 2% oil content in the spray is ineffective against the rosy apple aphis. The treatments using a higher oil content in the dilute spray did not differ much in effectiveness with the lime sulphur-nicotine spray. There was a variation between the two materials in killing of the aphids in different orchards. These differences however were not large and on the basis of the seasons work it does not appear as if a fruit grower is justified at the present time in substituting oil emulsions for the lime-sulphur nicotine in the orchard program for the rosy aphis alone. The oil emulsions applied in the delayed dor- mant period were of no value for the control of later attacks of the green apple aphis which was largely on account of later infestations to the terminals from other sources. Recommendations for 1926 On account of the outbreak of red spider last year it may be advisable in those orchards where damage was severe for orchardists to plan for a delayed dormant or eariy delayed dormant application of an oil emulsion diluted as recom- mended by the compounder. The full number of summer sprays should be arranged to follow the oil spray application, the midsummer applica- tion being of particular importance. Where oil sprays are applied in the delayed dormant pe- riod orchardists" should plan to use three pounds of lead arsenate to each hundred gallons of dilute lime sulphur in the pre-pink application. Lead arsenate should not be put into the oil spray. When oil sprays are used nicotine sul- phate should not be added as it will not be apt to increase the value of those materials. Caution should be used in storing and applying oil prep- arations during periods of low temperatures. On account of differences in the spraying oils which perhaps may limit 27 their range of effectiveness against the pests and safety to apple trees it is suggested that until these limitations are recognized that the materials should be diluted as recom- mended by the compounder. It is suggested that on account of temperature conditions during the early spraying period the oil sprays may be applied with a somewhat greater de- gree of safety to the trees in the south eastern, southern, and south western fruit growing areas than in other fruit produc- ing regions of Pennsylvania. If oil sprays are applied on apple trees in the more northern or mountainous counties extreme care should be used in selecting the times for making the applications. Orchardists who did not experience serious trouble on apples from attacks of red spider are advised not to make changes in their usual spraying program but to depend on the lime sulphur combination sprays to protect th6 orchards from attacks of the rosy aphis and red spider. Mr. Dickey: Is there any information with respect to excessive applications throughout the years? Is there danger in the use of oil through a succession of years. Prof. Hodgkiss: We do not know as much about the ac- cumulative effect of oils as we would like to know. In the warmer sections of Pennsylvania and farther south oils can be used with a greater degree of safety than in the north. My suggestion is to use oils for severe outbreaks of in- sects which they will control and go back to lime-sulphur and nicotine to avoid possible cumulative injury. GROWERS* EXPERIENCE WITH DUSTING Discussion led by F. N. Fagan, State College Mr. Fagan: Gentlemen, why do you dust? Member: To lessen the time. Mr. Fagan: Do you dust because you save time? Member: Save time and money.' Mr. Fagan: Including cost of material? Member: Yes. Mr. Fagan: Are you going to dust next year? Member: Yes sir, I am. Mr. Fagan: Are there any others? Member: We dusted entirely for two years except the dormant spray. Water is a serious problem with us. Last year we had almost perfect scab control. We can dust the 28 orchard in three days and it will take a couple weeks to spray it. We can dust more economically than spray. We have more perfect control than we had with spray. We will continue the dormant spray with lime-sulphur and make it as late as possible. Mr. Fagan: You will hope your past experience will carry on for next year giving good results? Members: It is more than that; we have faith. (A few men expressed a preference for spraying) Member: What is the answer. Mr. Fagan: Spraying is about 27 years old and we are not perfect yet in it. Dusting is very young in comparison. Member: I would rather dust than spray You can control the same with dust as spray. By the Speaker: You think you can? Member: If you could get the price down I would say dust We use a wet spray through the spring into the summer. When the heat of the summer comes we use dusting as a summer application. Speaker: You supplement because you feel there is less danger of burning, do you? Member: We are open to conviction. Speaker: Did you have to learn about the conservation of material at the time of application? Member: We certainly did. Personally, I like to see something on the tree. I like to feel there is something on the tree and that the first rain storm is not going to wash everything away. Mr. Vogel: I cut our orchard in three sections: we sprayed one section through the season ; we sprayed the other section with the calyx spray and used lime and sulphur for mid-summer; we dusted the rest excepting the mid-summer spray; I cannot recommend dusting all through for apples yet. Member: We got good results from dusting so far as scab and codling moth are concerned. I realize that the cost of first class material is greater than that of liquid but the difference is made up in the saving of time in putting it on. Poor results from dusting are due to haphazard methods just as in spraying. Speaker: We find a great many mistakes in looking over orchard work, but experience becomes a good teacher. We are learning. It is interesting to realize that if there were no demand on the part of the grower for some other method than spraying we would not be approached by manufacturers of dusting machinery to dust It is difficult to sell a group of farmers an idea if they do not want to buy it. Member: Do you dust with the dew or all day long? 29 Member: I prefer to dust at night. Speaker: When the air is heavy? Member: It is much better then, and quite late. Speaker: Sometimes early in the morning- on a bright clear day with no air moving we find, sometimes, about eight thirty o'clock, that, instead of the dust staying in the trees, it goes up into the air. Then we stop. Member: Pennsylvania has a variety of altitude and various conditions of soil. The best time to dust is in the evening when the air is heavy. Speaker: You will not get results unless the dust stays in the trees. Mr. Weber: Sometime ago a number of county agents visited about eight counties in southeastern Pennsylvania. The county agent is frequently called upon for recommenda- tions. There is much difference of opinion as to the relative value of spraying and dusting. When a man recommends a thing he ought to recommend something which he knows will give results. I do not see how a county agent can recommend a thing with regard to which there is so much difference of opinion as on the subject of dusting. We wanted to see for ourselves what was going on where dusting was done. We found some growers dusting entirely and others in part and a few orchards worked by check. I have no authority to give information officially or in any other way. The general conclusion among the men who made the trip was that we did not see an orchard in the eight counties so dusted that we could say the orchard was under good con- trol. That pertains to the orchards where checks were left. We found only one orchard with scab control where dusting was done entirely and in that case there was no check to show whether there had been a serious scab infection or not. We have demonstrated over and over that we can get control by spraying according to a standard spraying schedule. We found orchards repeatedly where spraying was done and dis- covered less than one per cent infection. It is not so much a matter of the time you save in dusting as how much you get per hour for the time you put in trying to get control of disease. If you take two or three times as long to spray as to dust but get several thousand dollars more from spraying, that is the determining factor. Member: We dusted consistently for three years and while results have not been altogether satisfactory my faith is still in dusting. Member: What was the result of dusting at State Col- lege? Speaker: We have printed a report of seven years work at State College in bulletin form, No. 190. We have come at 30 last to the point where control methods with dusting have been accomplished which compare with spraying. The 1925 results have nothing for or against spraying or liquid. We have difficulty in getting sufficient water at State College. We have faith in dusting and hope it will do good. Member: Is there an advantage in dusting often? Member: My opinion is the finer we get the dust the nearer to the point where it is pretty nearly a molecule, to stick on the foliage, so much the better. It ought to be done before the heat of the day. Member: In how many years of the seven published in the bulletin did you get successful control? Speaker: We have never been successful so that we could say we could do a good job until the seventh year. We had two old machines. We do pot recommend that a man ought to change. The old model machines were poor ma- chines. Member: So was the first automobile. Member: Did they not have better dust last year than ever before? Speaker: Yes, I think we should say that every year the dust materials have improved and will improve for years. The spray materials have improved wonderfully. Member: There is a machine at the show called a dust sprayer: what is your impression of it? Speaker: Never used it or saw it in operation. I can see possibilities of shooting a fog out of the nozzles, an actual fog, broken down to a mist, and letting it drip through the tree to get a complete covering of the surface we are seeking to protect. Mr. Brinton, President: Will Mr. Mason please give us his opinion on the new type of spraying machinery. Mr. Mason : I never saw it work. The only one I saw is at the exhibit room and I can give no information on it. The men who saw it in operation in New York said it made a fine mist and blew it with not as wide a spread as the dust- ing machine but gave exceptionally fine distribution. They said it did not reach as high as dusting. Member: One man said it would throw a spray 40 feet. Mr. RunkL- It did not do that when we saw it at the! Geneva station. There was a gentle breeze and they could not get to the top of a little tree. I do not believe it is any good. Mr. Weber: A representative of a sprayer machine told me it was the only machine which would reach the top of a fifty foot building. He said it created a good impression on the other sprayer people. 31 / j Member: When is the best time to put on nitrate of soda? Would there be any advantage of making a later ap- plication where you think nitrate leaks away? Mr. Rank: If buds are weak you can stimulate them by an early application of nitrate or sulphate of ammonia, which is especially true of peaches and apples. You do not need to fear nitrogenous fertilizers getting away before the trees use them. You want the tree functioning as early as possible to secure bud development and maturity and wood cells. The trouble with a second application is a secondary wood growth, taking you into the winter. INTERSTATE COOPERATION TO BENEFIT THE APPLE GROWER A Uniform Spray Program for the Cumberland-Shenandoah Valley Region (H. W. Thurston) The Cumberland-Shenandoah Valley is a great apple pro- ducing region which extends into parts of four states. Many growers in this region operate orchards in tw^o or more states. The growers problems throughout this great valley are very similar yet four State Experiment Stations have been giving advice to these growers which has often proved confusing. The idea of cooperation and the possibility of getting together and agreeing on uniform recommendations for this great apple section originated at a conference of directors of Experiment Stations held not long ago in St. Louis. The direct out- come of the idea was a conference called by Director Knight of the West Virginia Station and held at Winchester, Va., July 20, 1925. Experiment Station workers from the states of Va., W. Va., Md. and Penna. attended this conference and appointed several committees to work on the various prob- lems of the fruit industry in this region. The present "Uni- form Spray Program" is the direct result of the work of one of these committees composed of Entomologists and Plant Pathologists representing the four states. The previously existing recommendations in the four states have been care- fully compared and all variations and differences adjusted so far as possible, making allowances for climatic and other con- ditions. Materials, time of application, (Uniformly defined) dilutions and dosages of Lead and Nicotine are uniform. The program has the approval of Pathologists and Entomologists of all four states for the season of 1926. It is confidently be- lieved that the apple growers of this region will be better served by cooperation and correlations of this sort, and that the program as here presented in something unique of its kind. Provision has been made for future conferences of representa- tives of the four states involved, and the 1926 program will be revised and kept up to date. 32 APPLE SPRAY PROGRAM FOR THE CUMBERLAND- SHENANDOAH VALLEY REGION FOR THE SEASON OF 1926 Approved by Entomalogists and Plant Pathologists of the States of West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania Name Purpose Time tDELAYED DORMANT Scales Aphids Red Spider When green can first be seen in the tips of the blossom buds Material for 100 gals, of spray LIME SUL- PHUR 32° Be 12 GALS. (In practice in Pa. Sp. gr. 1.03 is used) NICOTINE % PINT. (Oils may be used for scales) Penna. includes 3 pound Lead arsenate for bud moth and leaf roller PRE-PINK When first tint • of red shows in Not generally Scab central flower LIME SUL- recommended Frog-eye bud or as deter- PHUR TO for the region mined by TEST 1.008 except in Penna. spray service. LIME SUL- PHUR 32° Be PINK 10 QUARTS (In practice in Va. and W. Va. Scab When the maj- Pa. sp. gr. 1.008) omit this spray Mildew ority of the LEAD ARSE- on York and Frog-eye cluster buds NATE' 3 lbs. Grimes when Curculio have separated scab is the only Bud moth or as deter- Va. does not in- pest present. mined by spray clude arsenate service. except when curculio is present t"The exact time of this spray In Pennsylvania is to be determined by the spray service and usually occurs when the green ends at the more advanced blossom buds are out i to J of an inch". 33 Name Purpose Time Scab Mildew Frog-eye Codling moth PETAL FALL Curculio Leaf roller and other chewing insects (Red Bug) When most of the petals have fallen Material for 100 gals, of spray LIME SUL- PHUR 32" Be' 10 QUARTS (In practice in Pa. sp. gr. 1.008 is used) LEAD ARSE- NATE 3 lbs. (Nicotine 1 pint only when read bug is known to be present) 10 DAYS SPRAY Scab Frog-eye Mildew Curculio Codling LIME SUL- PHUR 32" Be 10 QUARTS (In practice in Pa. sp. gr. 1.008 is used) Ten days after LEAD ARSE- the Petal fall NATE 3 lbs. moth stage or as de- termined by spray service Arsenate not recommended in Va. except for leaf roller. Nicotine 1 pint is considered necessary in Pa. for red bug. 5 WEEKS SPRAY Codling moth and other chew- ing insects Blotch Bitter root About 5 weeks after petal fall stage as deter- mined by spray service. Lead arsenate 3 pounds in either lime sulphur or Bordeaux as ad- vised by spray service. MID SUMMER SPRAY Codling moth and other chew- ing insects Blotch Bitter rot About 10 weeks after petal fall stage as deter- mined by spray service. Lead arsenate 3 pounds in either lime sulphur or Bordeaux as ad- vised by spray service. 34 PEACH GROWER'S PROBLEMS by W. W. Oley, Bridgeton, New Jersey My experience is from southern New Jersey where we have large orchards. Our problems, I suppose, are largely your problems in Pennsylvania, differing only in minor de- tails. The problems of thirty years ago were different from those of ten years ago, and now they are quite different from three years ago. We have different conditions in the markets. We have real competition in New Jersey from South and North Carolina. I visited North Carolina when they were beginning to pick Elbertas. I immediately notified our people that high grade material would soon come into New Jersey. We did, one time, raise early peaches but I believe they are doomed as much as Carmans. A few years ago it was easy to get a good price for Carmans. The problems of a peach grower fall into two classes, — production and marketing. If a man goes into production on a commercial scale he must consider his location, his markets and his varieties. In New Jersey we have flat land and we must pick locations with proper drainage. Varieties must be considered carefully if connected with competition with the South. We must use the early type for roadside markets such as the Carman because of color and flavor of the tree-ripened fruit. The Carman is not fit for shipment. We need another variety to ripen at the same time as the Carman, freestone and yellow. The outstanding variety for New Jersey is the Pioneer. There is another called the Cumberland. The Eclipse comes at the time of picking the Hiley. The Eclipse will hang on the tree for ten days without spoiling, although it will not be fit then to ship. We must save money in the cost of production which means developing labor-saving methods. The general method of pruning is to put a gang at work who go through the or- chard and finish the trees as they go. We divide our force into two divisions: — Our best men take a saw and good lopping shears. They do the rough pruning, and decide the important work, making the cuts with saw and lopping shears, taking the big branches; the next group have small hand shears and trim up, finishing the trees. Thus, we cut our cost of pruning one-third. We are doing it at a cost of about 11 cents. The cultivation of orchards is a different problem. We have no stones. Our soil is loamy. All our land has a firm stiff yellow clay sub-soil. We use tractors. 35 i per cent of Jhe time at the spring. We cut it to 10%. justify the expenditure of money. One dollar spent puts back two dollars in peaches. Harvestine- is really a problem because it is costly. We have a map sys em and we number every fourth tree along thlroaSe painting a number and letter on every fourth ?ee We have a map on the platform wall of the unloading station and drivers are instructed where to go. We can keep track of everything as it is going on. We get it out quickly and can cm down packing costs, which is an important prob- lem. The marketing problem begins with the packing house. Quality p^?k is important if you intend to compete with others entering your market. We believe in Federal inspec- Uon and beliefe it is of the greatest value to us. We have many cull peaches and it is important to consider how to get rid of them Last year a Philadelphia concern took the culls which they cold packed and made into a peach preserve The roadside market should have quality fruit. Of course, we sell soft tree ripened peaches and some of our culls. The matter of pollination ought to be considered in plant- ing an orchard. The Hale is one variety that needs cross- pollination. DISCUSSION led by R. J. GILLAN, St. Thomas Our problem is how to prevent stain and whether we are doing the right pruning. Has anybody had experience in correcting staining of the peach? Member: How does stain affect the fruit? Mr. Gillan: Some people think they are getting poison. Member: We turned from spraying peaches to dusting them because customers were afraid to buy peaches that were spotted. Dusting is more apt to make the peach skin have a bitter taste. When we dust, we can prune harder to get the sun in to ripen the fruit. 36 THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH Notes by S. W. Frost, Pennsylvania State College To the fruit growers it may seem that no progress has been made in the control of the Oriental Fruit Moth during the past year. The situation is, however, somewhat different than a year ago and safety of peach and quince crops is promising for the future. Certain developments of a purely technical character during the past sunrmer, have given the entomologist more hope and the fruit grower should feel en- couraged. Four factors contribute to reducing the percent- age of Oriental Fruit Moth, or are instrumental in it. These factors are (1) Parasitism, (2) Cultivation, (3) Spraying and (4) Bait-pails. It should be noted that the entomologist recognizes that none of these methods give satisfactory control but each plays a part in reducing the percentage of infestation and any means of relieving the situation should be considered worth while. The discussons in the follow- ing four paragraphs gives a general summary of the lines of investigation pursued by various workers in Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland and Pennsylvania during the past seasons and are not intended to be taken as recommendations. Recommendations will be discussed by Prof. H. E. Hodgkiss in the final paragraph of this paper. Parasitism plays no small part in portions of the infested areas in reducing the percentage of Oriental Fruit Moth. This is a natural factor that at present cannot be regulated but it is encouraging at least to know that certain parasites are reducing the moths especially in the vicinity of New Jersey where the pest has been established for a longer period of time. Last summer the New Jersey workers re- port that the reduction of moths was noticeable. Experiments on cultivation which were continued again last summer, under the direction of Mr. A. L. Stearns of New Jersey, have given increased weight to this method of reducing the numl^rs of Oriental Fruit Moth. Cultivation with a disc-harrow was found superior to ploughing. It vvas further found advisable to discontinue cultivation for a period of three weeks after the early cultivation in April in order to prevent from escaping the larvae that have been turned under the soil by cultivation. Experiments with nicotine sprays were continued last summer by Mr. A. L. Stearns of New Jersey and by Dr. Philip Carman of Connecticut verifying the results that have been obtained in previous years, namely, that spraying with nicotine may reduce infestation from 11 to 15 per cent. While such sprays are costly they can be made at a saving to the peach grower. 37 V % Bait pails are among the new developments in control •measures attempted last summer. This work was conducted at Arendtsville, Pa. Suggestions can hardly be given as the investigations ar^ still in their infancy. In one test conducted during the summer, tin-pails of a gallon capacity were filled about a quarter full with a mixture of one part molasses and eight parts water. These pails were hung on every other tree in every other row in a quince orchard. At picking time it was found that the percentage of infested fruit was reduced twenty-five per cent in the pailed block. Like the other means of control discussed above this is by no means satisfactory but its possibilities give enough promise to war- rant further investigation with a view to improvement. THE ORIENTAL MOTH IN FRANKLIN COUNTY by J. R. Stear Pennsylvania Bur. of Plant Industry The Oriental Moth was first reported in Franklin County near Caledonia in 1922. It was noted as present on peach trees in Chambersburg in 1923. In 1924 it was found to be established in peach orchards along the eastern side of the county. In 1925 the moth had spread to orchards in the middle part but as yet has not been found in the western half of the county. It thus appears that Franklin County marks the western border of the infestation that includes all of southeastern Pennsylvania. An infestation was found m Pittsburgh and very likely other isolated infestations are present outside of the generally infested area. During the season of 1925, life history studies of the Oriental Moth were carried on at Chambersburg. In this work it was found that there are four generations of the moth in Southern Pennsylvania. Of these, 10% of the 3d genera- tion and all of the 4th generation go into hibernation and winter over as larvae. These hibernating larvae transform early in the spring and in 1925 adults were emerging from the second week in April up until June. To supplement the cage records on the number of generations and abundance of the moths throughout the season, bait pans with diluted mo- lasses were placed in three peach orchards and one apple or- chard. These were examined daily except Sundays and from May 15th, the date the pans were hung out, until September, moths were taken every day except after heavy rains. Moths were most abundant in the field from June 17th to July 5th when adults of the 1st generation were emerging, and from 38 July 19th to August 10th when adults of the 2nd brood were emerging. After August 10th there was a heavy decline in the number of adults, even when the adults of the 3d brood began to emerge August 17th. This was due largely to the absence of fruit in orchards where the pans were placed. The last adult was taken in the pans on October 15th. The pans placed in the apple orchard caught practically no moths until August 1st. From then on until October they were taken in considerable numbers. In an apple orchard located near Harrisburg a striking increase was noted in the moths taken as compared with the numbers taken in an adjoining peach orchard. During September, four times as many Oriental Moths were taken in pans in the apple orchard as in the peach orchard. This would in- dicate that Oriental Moth infestation in the apple occurs late in the season, and comes from nearby peach orchards. Where the Oriental Moth has been established for several years, as in New Jersey, the percentage of parasitism was found to be as high as 90% in 1925. In Franklin County the percentage was found to be very low. It varied from less than 1% for the first brood, up to 4% for the third brood with an average of 2% for the season. The percentage of parasitism will no doubt increase in the next few years. RECOMMENDATIONS ON SPRAYING PROGRAM FOR THE ORIENTAJL MOTH H. E. Hodgkiss, State College The recommendations for the control of the Oriental Peach Moth during 1926 are as follows : Peach orchards should be disked to the depths of four inches previous to the blossoming of the fruits. Spray applications of nicotine sul- phate at the rate of one pint of nicotine to each 100 gallons of diluted fungicide should b^ made first, when the calyces drop from the fruit, second, a spray of the same material should be made ten days later, a third spray, five weeks after the calyx drop, particularly for early peaches such as Greens- boro, a fourth application seven weeks after the calyx drop particularly for Carman variety, a fifth application nine weeks after the calyx. This is particularly for Elbertas. A sixth application should be made eleven weeks after the calyx for late maturing varieties such as Salway. These suggestions are tenative recommendations such as we have followed for the past two years and are based on suggestions of entomologists in the infested territory. 39 5 I CAUSE AND PREVENTION OF PEACH CANKER by R. C. Walton, State College, (Arendtsville Field Laboratory) The cause of the peach canker which was so destructive in 1924, was discussed at these meetings a year ago and various ' theories advanced as to its cause, such as winter injury, brown rot, bacterial spot, injury from paradichloro- benzene, the abnormal cold, wet, spring of 1924, and spray injury. After a thorough investigation, all of these theories were discarded except the last, namely spray injury. Since the trouble was not noticed until July 1924, it was too late to conduct spraying experiments for that year and therefore nothing could be definitely proved. However, in New Jersey a similar trouble had been in existence for two or three years prior to 1924 and extensive spraying tests conducted with the result that the investigators decided the cankers were due to arsenate of lead and that the trouble could be corrected by additional hydrated lime in the spray mixtures. The problem which confronted us in Pennsylvania was to find out if our trouble was the same as the New Jersey trouble and whether the same control measures would prove effective. With this problem in mind extensive spraying experiments were planned for the 1925 season with the hope that a con- trol for the cankers could be obtained and that a repetition of the loss, which in 1924 ran into hundreds of thousands of dol- lars in southern Pennsylvania, could be avoided. A thorough description of the cankers with illustrations was given last year before this society and published in the 1925 report so that only a brief description of them will be given at this time. Although the main symptoms are various types of cankers, the trouble is also very much in evidence on the foliage which practically always shows dead, circular areas varying in size up to 1/4 inch or slightly larger, and dead brown areas along the margin of the leaves. These dead areas frequently fall out. The leaves may or may not turn yellow but in either case premature defoliation usually results. The cankersj w'hich do the /real damage arie mainly of three different types. First, bud cankers which are found chiefly on one year old wood around the buds and fruit spurs but also around the first few buds on hew wood. Second, cankers found on roughened bark of new or old wood where the arsenate of lead is more likely to stick. The bark turns dark, takes on a scorched appearance and very often splits open and exudes gum. Third, a serious type of canker which 40 forms at the junction between the old and new wood. Here the branch is very frequently girdled with the result that the leaves turn yellow and drop. The wood at the point of girdling becomes very brittle and breaks easily. Severe cases of this girdling type of canker with the discolored leaves can be seen for a long distance against the darker and greener foliage of more healthy branches. A new type of injury which the New Jersey investigators state they have not seen, was noticed in one of the sprayed plots (No. 11) where sulphur and lime were omitted and nothing but Kayso and arsenate of lead aoplied. The fruit was severely burned having the appearance of a rot with the exceptions that the flesh was hard. The peaches were en- tirely worthless. The spraying experiment planned for 1925 was put into execution and the object of this paper is simply to place be- fore the society the results obtained. A two year old Elberta orchard which had never been sprayed, belonging to Mr. Oscar Rice, Biglerville, Pa., was selected as an ideal one for the experiment. The orchard was laid oflF into 19 plots to be sprayed, each one having 12 trees, four of which were not to be sprayed. In fact there were over 200 trees in the orchard which served as checks, every other row being untreated. The accompanying map will give an idea of the arrangement of the plots. The sprays used in most of the plots were either the New Jersey Dry Mix or some variation of it, made by re- ducing or increasing the lime, sulphur or lead. One plot was sprayed with self boiled lime sulphur and four were dusted with mixtures in which the lime content varied. Two makes of arsenate of lead used in order to determine if there was any difference in the amount of injury produced. A table showing the various mixtures used accompanies this paper. The plots necessarily had to be small and it was there- fore out of the question to use a power sprayer and clean it out after spraying each plot. Consequently, a powerful bucket pump was used which threw an excellent mist and covered all parts of the trees thoroughly. The mixtures were kept agitated constantly while th^ pump was working. The dusting was done with a power duster. Three applications were given, except in the plots where the sprays were purposely omitted. These were as follows: May 20, June 5, and July 9 sprayed, and May 22, June 9 and July 9 dusted. 41 I Summary of Results 1 The first application (shuck-fall spray) gave practi- cally no injury. This is exactly the opposite of results ob- tained in New Jersey in 1924 when most of their mjury came with the shuck-fall application. Weather conditions are probably somewhat instrumental so that the time of the appearance of the trouble may vary from year to year. See Plot 6 which received only the first spray. 2. The second application, June 5 spray and June 9 dust is the one which caused the most serious injury. The third application on July 9 gave considerable injury but less than the second. The fact that the injury came with the second and third applications in 1925, does not mean that the same will hold true other years. 3. In 1924 it was thought that the excessive spring rains helped to make the growth succulent and tender and therefore more susceptible to arsenic injury. However, this theory does not seem to hold good for 1925 which was a very dry spring compared to 1924. Before and after the first ap- plication, there was decidedly more rain than just before or after the second and yet it was the second application which gave the 'most injury. 4. Where the arsenate of lead was increased to 2^ pounds per 50 gallons of spray, the injury was not as serious as one would expect. There was considerable more injury than where IJ/2 pounds of lead were used. In both cases the mixtures were made up with 4 pounds of lime. (Plots 2 and 7.) 5. Where no lead was used in the Dry Mix (Plot 1), there was not the slightest trace of any form of injury, the plot being just as free from it as the unsprayed trees. 6. When sulphur and lime were omitted and the plot sprayed only with Kayso and lead, the injury was extremely serious. (Plot 11). When sulphur was left in the mixture and only lime omitted, the injury was also s-erious but notice- ably less. No reason is known why the presence of sulphur should lessen the amount of arsenical injury. 7. All plots in which no lime was used (9, 11 and 19) were very seriously burned. As the lime was increased, the injury decreased until where 6 and 8 pounds of lime \yere used in the Dry Mix formula, there was very little injury of any type. (See Plots 13 and 14.) 8. Best results were secured in the Self Boiled Lime Sulphur plot (No. 15) and the Dry Mix plot (No. 14) each 42 of which had 8 pounds of hydrated lime to 50 gallons of spray. The plot of Dry Mix having 6 pounds of lime was in very good condition but showed slightly more injury. 9. Four kinds of dusting materials were used, the idea being to determine if by varying the amount of lime the in- jury would increase or decrease. 90-10 Dust (no lime) gave terrific injury of all types, so serious that some of the trees were seriously stunted. The amount of injury was practically the same as in sprayed plot number 9 where lime only was omitted. 80-10-10 Dust (10% lime) gave rather serious injury also but the plot was in good shape compared to the one re- ceiving 90-10. There was undoubtedly more injury in this plot than in plots receiving the regular Dry Mix. 70-20-10 Dust (20% lime) was a decided improvement over 80-10-10 while 60-30-10 (30% lime) showed less injury yet. However, even with a dust mixture of 30% lime there was some injury although not serious, and the plot as a whole was not nearly as good as the Self Boiled Lime Sulphur plot or the Dry Mix plot where 8 pounds of lime were used. 10. Two kinds of arsenate of lead, Rex and Niagara, were used in each plot, one row with one kind and another row with the other. There was no noticeable difference in the amount of injury produced. 11. The check of unsprayed trees of which there was a great abundance, showed no injury whatever such as was so plentiful on trees sprayed with arsenate of lead. They stood out in sharp contrast against some of the stunted sprayed and dusted trees. 12. The question is frequently asked why this arsenical peach injury has appeared only within recent years. Why did we not have it years ago and is it due to some diflference in the arsenate of lead? The most plausible answer to me, is not due to the lead but to the use of spray and dust materials entirely too low in lime content. It appears to be simply a matter of the peach growers discarding the old standby Self Boiled Lime Sulphur for the Dry Mix, which contains only half as much lime, and for the peach dust mixtures, which are also deficient in lime. It is only natural that the growers should use these more easily applied materials and there is no reason why they cannot safely continue to do so provid- ing the lime content is raised to approximately the same amount as contained in the old Self Boiled Lime Sulphur. 43 Plot No. Peach Canker Spraying Experiment Oscar Rice Orchard 1925 No. of Sprays Materials Used Per 50 Gallons Sulphur Lime j Kayso Lead 2 First Omitted 2 Second Omitted 8 2 Third Omitted 1 First Only 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0 8 0 ^ ^ 1/^ ^^ 4 V2 V2 ^k Vz V2 % Amount of Injury None 1% 2% IMs 1^ 1% 44 Not a trace of canker or folia <^e injury. Just as free from injury as unsprayed trees. Moderate gumosis, fol- iage injury and defoli- ation. Small bud cank- ers scarce. Injury not very serious. All types present. Slightly more than in plot 2. Injury must have come in 2nd or 3rd application. Gumosis and foliage injury present but not serious. Injury came in first, third or both sprays. Injury less than in Plot 5. Moderate gumosis, fol- iage injury and de- foliation. About the same as in plot 3 or slightly worse. Injury slight. Plot in very good condition. Almost as good as the check trees. There- fore, first spray gave practicallv no injury. Considerably more in- jury than where 1^ pounds of lead were used but much lessi than where lime was omitted. Moderate injury. Slightly worse than Plot No. 2 where sul- phur was added. Plot in serious con- dition. All types of in- jury serious. Trees stunted. Occasional branch killed. Leaves drooping. Defoliation serious. Injury worse than where 4 pounds of lime were used but not as much so as one would expect. Plot No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 No. of Sprays Materials Used Per 50 Gallons Sulphur Lime Kayso Lead Amount of Injury 0 0 ^ 8 8 8 V2 1% IV2 y2 V2 IMj IMj I 3 Self Boiled Lime Sulphur 8-8-50 1 % 80-10-10 Dust (10% lime) 70-20-10 Dust (20% lime) 60-30-10 Dust (30% lime) 20 90-10 (No lime) 0 Over 200 unsprayed trees Very serious injury of all types. Worse than Plot 9 which received sulphur. Trees stunted and even the fruit was burned. Worst plot in the orchard, by far. Moderate injury, about the same as where the regular Dry Mix was used. See plot 2. Plot in very good con- dition with very slight injury. Plot in excellent con- dition. An occasional drop of gum or injured leaf. Just as good as Self Boiled Lime Sul- phur. Plot in excellent con- dition. About the same as Dry Mix with 8 pounds Lime. Rather serious injury with gumosis, foliage, burning and cankers. Much more than with regular Dry Mix. Much less injury than in 80-10-10 plot. Still somewhat less in- jury than in 70-20-10 and not serious. Still far from equal to mix- tures with 8 pounds of lime. Very serious injury of all types. About the same as sprayed plot No. 9 which received no lime. Trees stunted and some branches killed by the girdling cankers. Not a single case of leaf injury or canker such as was found wherever lead was used. There was only an occasional drop of gum that showed up following rains such as any normal peach tree will show. Dates of Spraying May 20, June 5, July 9. Dates of Dusting May 22, June 9, July 9. 45 I THREE LITTLE KNOWN DISEASES OF PEACH W. A. McCubbin, Pennsylvania Bureau of Plant Industry I. Rootlet Rot In 1922 attention was called to a peach orchard near Bendersville in Adams County, which was making extremely poor growth and in which the foliage of most of the trees was yellowed, badly rolled, and dropped early in the fall. The owner had a suspicion of peach yellows, but a close examination failed to show any symptoms of yellows in the affected trees. The symptoms were clearly indicative of some trouble which affected the water supply and thus produced drought conditions in the tops. It was easy enough to determine that there was nothing in the limbs, twigs or trunk to account for the trouble, and attention was then given to the root system. The larger roots were found to be normal and to all appearances healthy, but on tracing these out to their finer branchings- it was evident that many of the finer rootlets were dying or dead. Here was the cause of the drought condition; the rootlets were so reduced in number that they could not supply sufficient water to the top. On account of the very dry weather in 1922, it was suspected that the rootlets might have died from lack of water, but when the same symptoms appeared in 1923 in a season of sufficient rainfall, another cause had to be sought. The owner's statement that corn had never done well on this field provided a hint that there might be in these peach trees a case of the metal poisoning which has recently been worked out as a prominent factor in corn root rot. In corn plants the presence of **free" iron and aluminum in certain soils brings about a poisoning of the tissues which so weakens the root system that it is easily attacked by the root rot organisms. Tests of the roots or soils by the use of the potassium thiocyanate method gave no positive indication of free iron, but since the addition of certain feterilizer elements had proved of value in corn root rot control, it was decided to make applications to these trees of different fertilizer com- binations in varying amounts. This was done in the spring of 1924, on April 28th, as indicated in the accompanying table (Table 1). The rows forming the plot were selected from the interior of the orchard in a sectio'n showing the tnost pronounced symptoms. The results of the treatment were very outstanding. Two rows, E and G, and these alone, responded immediately to 46 the treatment, produced a crop of dark green, vigorous leaves without a sign of rolling or yellowing, and by the end of the season these trees had made an excellent growth. The two rows showing this remarkable recovery had, in the one case an application of nitrate and potash, and in the other a com- plete fertilizer including lime. Nitrate, potash, phosphate or lime individually gave no noticeable results nor did phosphate and lime or nitrate and phosphate appear to bring appreciable benefit. It is noteworthy that the effect of this treatment was again evident in the two recovered rows in 1925 ; and it should also be stated that applications of the smaller amounts appeared to be as effective as relatively large applications. In the absence of careful checking up and of exact chemical investigations it is not possible to draw the definite conclusion that these peaches suffered from metal poisoning. It is interesting to record however, that in 1924 Dr. G. N. Hoffer, an authority on corn root rot, visited the orchard and made examinations of the corn growing beside it; he found that many of the stalks gave the chemical reaction of iron-aluminum deposits in the nodes, and these tests are fair evidence of an unbalanced soil condition in the adjoining peach orchard. When one adds the fact that the use of the fertilizer elements recommended for correcting this trouble in the case of corn (viz., nitrate and potash), also brought about quick and marked improvement in the peach trees in question, one is justified in a suspicion that the orchard may be suffering from this same type of poisoning. TABLE 1. FERTILIZER A^^PLICATIONS USED IN ROOTLET ROT STUDIES; PLOTS E AND G, WHERE NI- TRATE AND POTASH WERE USED, WERE THE ONLY PLOTS SHOWING RECOVERY Plots Materials Tree numbers in plot; table figures are pound per tree applied 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A Nitrate 1 1 1 1 I 2 2 2 2 4 B Phosphate 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 8 C Potash 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 D Lime 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 E Nitrate, 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Phosphate, 2 9 2 2 2 4 4 Potash 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5- Lime 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 F Phosphate 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 8 8 Lime 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 G Nitrate 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 G Potash 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 H Nitrate 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 Phosphate 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 8 47 11. PUNKY ROOT This trouble has been noted in limited areas in Franklin County for a number of years. It appears to be restricted to certain sandstone soils, but this association may be purely accidental. The name Punky Root given to it by the growers, is a fairly accurate name because the chief symptom is the development of soft, cheesy wood tissue in the trunk, a few inches above and a few inches below the ground level. The texture of the wood at this point is so soft and brittle that an affected tree breaks off readily if the least stress is applied. Also the upper roots, which run from the brittle portion of the trunk, are easily broken from it, and for this reason such trees often appear to be quite loose in the soil. On examining the woody tissue at this point it is found that there is a great development of soft storage tissue (paren- chyma) at the expense of the thick, hard-walled supporting wood cells. This accounts for the cheesy nature of the trunk and the further fact that there is a great reduction in sap con- ducting cells explains why affected trees invariably show symptoms of drought in the tops ; in dry weather not enough water can pass through the lower trunk to keep the leaves supplied, and in consequence the foliage is yellowed, rolled, and burns readily on the edges. Twig growth is short and weak, and the leaves fall early. Wood structure above the punky tissue in the trunk and limbs is apparently normal, as well as is the root system. Moreover, the inner or first- formed wood rings are often normal in the punky section for two or three years after the trees are set out, after which they suddenly begin to develop the characteristic soft tissue. Af- fected trees are likely to die after several years of sickly growth. No insect or fungus has yet been found associated with this disease, and the development of the cheesy wood layer all through the growing season seems to preclude the idea of winter injury. In short, there is no cause known for this trouble. Correspondence with M. B. Waite of the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, brings out the fact that he has known this trouble for twenty years and has found it in other east- ern states. It is known to him under the name of "Edema". At present no one appears to have any suggestions as to how this trouble may be prevented or cured. III. HEART ROT This disease has been found in a few older orchards in Franklin, York and Cumberland Counties, and no doubt is present in many other parts of the state though it is nowhere widespread. 48 As the name indicates, the heart wood of the trunk and main limbs is destroyed by a wood rot of the kind one sees in many forest trees. It is apparently due to a fungus of the small shelf type (Coriolus versicolor) and on the stumps and limbs of dying trees the shelf stage of this fungus may be found in great abundance, forming a large series of project- ing shelves closely set together. The upper surfaces of these shelves have conspicuous growth bands which exhibit a wide range of colors, thus accounting for the species name of "versicolor". The rot in the heart is rather sharply restricted in the early stages to the inner growth rings or in other words, to the wood which was present up to a certain year. This fact is easily established by cross section study of the trunk and limbs at a series of points from below upward. In each sec- tion the healthy outer rings will be of the same number, but the rings affected by rot will diminish in number as one gets farther outward in the limb, until finally the rot ceases at a point where the healthy rings come to the heart. This means in effect that the wood produced up to a certain year was easily attacked by the rot fungus, but that the fungus was unable to advance into the succeeding outer layers. When one looks for the reason of this rather sharp difference in rot resistance between wood produced up to a given season and that laid on afterwards, the evidence points clearly to winter injury. In certain seasons all the wood of the tree is affected by low temperature, and although the growing layers and buds may survive, the wood itself becomes browned and altered to such an extent that it is easily attacked by the fungus in question. It is certain that extreme low tempera- ture will bring about this condition, but it is also suspected that the state of maturity of the trees on entering the winter period may also be a factor ; orchards are usually affected as a whole but some orchards in a given district may be i^J^^ed and others escape entirely, a situation which would hardly exist if actual low temperature alone were concerned. The damage arising from heart rot is less than one might expect from the extent of the rot in affected trees. Succeed- ing wood layers are usually normal and seem to have a high resistance to radial penetration of the fungus, and in general the presence of the rot has not seemed to affect the later growth or bearing ability of the trees. The chief damage ap- pears to come from mechanical weakening of the trunk and Irmbs, and in an orchard which has developed heart rot there is much more than normal breakage of limbs and splitting away of tree portions. From the nature of the case it is apparent that no cure is possible once trees are affected, nor are efforts to prevent infection practical since the rot fungus concerned is plentitul 49 and very common on manv tree species in our orchards and woods Although it is obviously impossible to prevent winter injury from extreme cold, vet it is usually within one's power to avoid sending trees into the winter season in a soft and unripened condition. SHOULD WE LIFT THE JAPANESE BEETLE QUARANTINE? by C. H. Hadley, Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Pa. The question has been raised recently on a number of occasions as to whether or not the quarantine on account of the Japanese beetle should be lifted, or if not, how much longer it should be continued. In reality there are two phases to the quarantine, which have some fundamental points in common, but which are in many other respects entirely dis- similar. ' One phase has to do with the question of distribu- tion of products to a more or less localized extent, the prod- ucts being of a perishable nature, such as vegetable crops, and not capable of being shipped to points very far distant ; and the other phase having to do with the shipment of less per- ishable products, such as nursery and ornamental stock, soil, manure, etc., which are shipped very widely to points through- out the entire United States. Purposes of Quarantine Enforcement The first phase of the quarantine enforcement, which we commonly speak of as the "farm products quarantine," is aimed at the limitation of the spread of the insect to com- paratively local areas. It may be accepted as a definite fact that there is and will be a certain natural movement of beetles each season in an outward direction, the extent of this move- ment depending very largely upon seasonal conditions. We cannot control seasonal conditions, so that we cannot control this natural local spread, except to a rather limited extent. The purpose of the farm products quarantine is to limit the local spread of the insect resulting from the movement of perishable products capable of and oftentimes actually carry- ing a greater or less number of beetles along with the ship- ments. The natural movement of the beetles resulting from their natural ability to fly varies somewhat from year to year, but in a general way we may say, that the average yearly movement of the beetles up to the summer of 1925 has been in the neighborhood of fifteen miles per year in an outward 50 direction from the infested territory. Perishable farm prod- ucts, in a general way, move to a distance up to one hundred mile's or thereabouts, in all directions from Philadelphia as a center. Therefore, the aim of the farm products quarantine is to hold down the local spread of the insect as nearly as possible to the minimum natural outward spread, and to pre- vent the carriage of beetles in large numbers to points vary- ing from approximately fifteen to one hundred miles or so beyond the present infested limits, through the movement of these farm products carrying living beetles during the sum- mer beetle season. The other phase of the quarantine enforcement is com- monly spoken of as the "nursery quarantine work'*, and has to do with the movement of plant and ornamental stock, often carrying soil about the roots, from the Philadelphia area as a shipping point to practically every state in the Union and even to foreign countries. There is concentrated in the vici- nity of Philadelphia a nursery industry which ships thousands and thousands of plants of various kinds and sizes yearly, to points all over the country from within the present quaran- tined territory. Many instances might be cited of compara- tively large numbers of grubs being found in soil about the roots of nursery or potted plants, which would normally be transported, under conditions most favorable to the insect, to every corner of the country within a short space of time, usu- ally a period of a very few days, and also at practically any time of year, except possibly the middle of winter and the middle of summer, during which periods shipments of this character are rather few as compared with the rest of the year. Therefore, it is quite proper to say that the aim of the nursery quarantine enforcement is to prevent the long distance spread of the insect to any point in the United States, resulting frdm the movement of infested plant stocks and products, a movement which is far in excess as to dis- tance of any natural ability of the insect to fly, even under the most favorable circumstances. The quarantine work has been in force since 1919, and during that time it is safe to say that millions of plants and millions of baskets of farm produce have been moved out of the Japanese beetle area under quarantine restrictions, with- out to date, so far as is known, any infestation becoming established any great distance from the main infested terri- tory in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. The local spread each year has been fairly steady outwardly in all direc- tions from the original center of infestation. During the pe- riod represented by the years 1916-1925 inclusive, the infested area has increased from one-half square mile to 6,047 square miles. While this is apparently a tremendous increase, it represents on an average an outward movement in an air 51 line from the original center of infestation, a movement west- wardly from the original center of infestation, of approxi- mately forty miles, a movement to the north of approximately forty miles air line, a movement to the east as far as the Atlantic Ocean— a distance of approximately fifty miles air line and a movement to the south to the junction of the Delaware River and the Atlantic Ocean, Cape May City, N J — a distance of approximately seventy-five miles air line. Looking at the spread from this angle, therefore, the spread has not been as extensive as might have been expected of a beetle as able to fiy as readily as this insect, and as capable of distribution through the movement of infested plant prod- ucts. These figures include the entire Japanese beetle area in the States of Pennsylvania, Nev^ Jersey, and Delaware, the great bulk of the infested area at present being in New Jersey. During the summer of 1925, the spread of the insect has been less proportionately than in any previous year since it was first found ; in Pennsylvania, there has been no westward extension of the area, and but little extension to the north, the additional territory bringing in comparatively small areas in Berks, Lehigh, and Bucks Counties— a total of only six townships all told ; in New Jersey, the spread has been north- eastwardly and eastwardly, to the east extending the infested territory to the Atlantic Ocean at the point where Raritan Bay meets the ocean. Generally speaking, it is possible to say that the insect has made no appreciable increase in terri- tory during the year. In Pennsylvania, the present infested area includes all of the counties of Philadelphia, Montgomery and Delaware, and portions of Chester, Berks, Lehigh and Bucks Counties, a total area of approximately 1800 square miles. Since the State of Pennsylvania contains 46,216 square miles, the pres- ent infested territory then comprises only approximately 1/25 of the total area of the state. Scope of Quarantine Enforcement The volume of products moved out of the area under quarantine supervision should also be taken into considera- tion. Inasmuch a.s the movement of products from New Jersey is to a very considerable extent to the Philadelphia market, and from there redistributed, and inasmuch as the movement of products in Philadelphia is so closely tied up with the movement of New Jersey products, it is best to take the figures representing the entire movement under quaran- tine supervision of products out of the quarantined area in both New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Under the farm products quarantine, during the summer of 1925, a total of over two million packages of quarantined 52 farm products were moved out of the infested territory under certification. From slightly less than half this number of packages, under actual inspection of each package, there were approximately 114,000 beetles removed before the packages were certified for shipment. In connection with the enforcement of the nursery quar- antine, it should be noted that there is concentrated within the general Philadelphia area probably the most intensive area devoted to the production of ornamental nursery stock, both deciduous and coniferous, of any similar sized area in the LTnited States. Within the quarantined territory and un- der the supervision of the quarantine service in shipping their plants outside the quarantined area, there are located over 1100 commercial dealers in nursery stock, in addition to 300 to 400 small dealers selling plants only occasionally, or carry- ing on only a very .small local business. Among the first group are approximately 500 greenhouses, 169 nurseries, 280 floral shops, and numerous other dealers in stock of this type. Within the Pennsylvania area alone, there are ninety-five out- door nurseries with more than 3,000 acres of growing orna- mental stock. From these nurseries there were actually treated during the spring of 1925 alone more than 30,000 conifer trees carrying balls of soil about the roots, before be- ing certified for shipment to points outside the quarantine area. Other points of interest with reference to the major sub- ject under discussion might be brought out as having a more or less important bearing on the general question involved but it seems to the writer that the points already mentioned of themselves indicate the answer to the question. The or- ganization of the Japanese beetle work, as between the states concerned and the Federal Government, is developed along lines of the most complete cooperation between the agencies represented. Any material change in quarantine action on the part of any one of the agencies would require a corres- ponding change on the part of the other cooperating agencies. Should the quarantine be lifted by any one of these agencies, it would necessitate similar action on the part of the other agencies. The lifetime of the quarantine at the present time would result in the releasing of the movement of hundreds of thousands of shipments capable of, and in many cases actu- ally carrying the insect in one or more stages to points all over the United States, and would most certainly, in the writer's opinion, result in immediate widespread distribution of the insect over a very extensive territory. The lifting ot even the quarantine on the movement of farm products would most certainly result in the very early distribution of the in- sect widespread over the entire area served with these perish- able products, and very little point of infestation throughout 53 the area comprised within a radius of one hundred miles from Philadelphia would in turn be the starting point of a new infestation, which would develop undoubtedly in the same general way as the original infestation in New Jersey has de- veloped. The scattering of thousands of beetles during the summer season, and of large numbers of larvae in infested shipments of plant products throughout the rest of the year, would beyond question result in very early widespread estab- lishment of the insect over a territory so large as to effectu- ally prevent any state or national efforts in control of limita- tion of spread. Taking into consideration all the factors involved that are capable of consideration, it is the writer's belief that the time has not yet come to lift the quarantine on account of this insect, and in fact, the results of the season just past, and the consideration of other factors involved would seem to justify even more strict enforcement of the quarantine reg- ulations than is now possible with the funds available. 4e )K * * 'K Member: Has the quarantine area been increased in Pennsylvania? Speaker: , Yes, becoming effective January 1 including the tw^o lower townships of Berks and the two lower town- ships of Lehigh and one township in Bucks adjacent to the already quarantined area. Member: Is it fair and just to increase the area into townships where it had not been before? Speaker: The quarantine area has been extended into territory where the beetles have not been actually found. But it has been extended to where it was found by experience the infected area might extend. It was easier to quarantine by anticipation than to break into the midst of a busy season with a quarantine to check the march of the beetle in new territory. Experience has shown that the beetles have been extending beyond the quarantine area of the previous season. As a matter of general convenience we have, for five or six years, included in the quarantine area, the next adjacent town- ship to the last point where the beetles have been found. We use the township as a unit of area because it is the smallest and most convenient and most readily understood. If we limit the lines only to points where the beetles were actually found, we will find the succeeding season infested in the ad- jacent territory and are required under the general quarantine law and practice to extend the quarantine to include new terri- tory early in a summer season. Such a proceeding is confus- ing to everybody. We expect to have a conference with the men who are interested in this matter at the office of the Secretary tomorrow morning at 8:30 o'clock. 54 Member: We object to having goods shipped from in- fested sections into territory where there are no beetles. There is another thing to be borne in mind. If the area of quarantine is increased every year it will extend gradually until the quarantine has carried these beetles everywhere. Mr. Hadley: There are people who insist that dealers get things for them in spite of the quarantine. We know that some people have told commission men to get what they want and "never mind the quarantine". The actual area in- creases because of a natural movement of the beetles which is not exactly the same for every year. One reason for tak- ing additional territory is because experience has shown it is much more convenient to extend the quarantine line be- yond the actual area of infestation, rather than to wait for the middle of a season and then move it once or twice during the season with due notices. We must notify the transporta- tion carriers, public carriers, of the quarantine line before we can hold them responsible. We distribute five to six thou- sand notices to public carriers in that territory. Every year it would have been necessary to extend the line in the middle of the season if we had limited the quarantine absolutely to the last outside point where we found the beetles. It is largely a matter of convenience to the greatest number of people concerned. In the area beyond the actual finding of beetles which has been included in the quarantine area we give a blanket certificate to those who have occasion to ship produce with which they are allowed to ship to points outside without further restriction or inspection. They must carry the certi- ficate with them. If an officer stops them they produce the certificate and can proceed. That is the extent of their in- convenience. Member: A truck driver told me that a swarm of beetles appeared in the Philadelphia fruit yards and settled in a freight car and a workman closed the door of the car. Is this possible? Speaker: That is possible. There is a flight period last- ing from one to three days in the middle of the summer sea- son. It is absolutely impossible to predict when that will occur. We can usually tell in the morning of the day. For the last two years, we have put an absolute imbargo on the movement of farm products outside of Philadelphia during that period. This has given us much trouble. We were to d it could not be done. Nevertheless it has been done. I would not say that the beetles do not go out of the quarantine area. So far as we know they have not been getting out and be- come established in other places. 55 During the last three years we have had inspectors going through the larger towns and many smaller ones in the east- ern and central parts of the state immediately after the flight period examining the stuff in the market. In a few instances we found occasional beetles. In one or two instances we found large numbers and, of course, we disposed of them. So far as we have been able to determine, they do not go in sufificient numbers or find satisfactory conditions to result in being established in points outside of the general territory. Anybody who undertakes to close Philadelphia so that not one beetle can get out is undertaking more than a man sized job. Mr. DICKEY Why has the beetle not extended further to the westward in Pennsylvania ; do you attribute it to the work which the state has been doing in extermination by parasites ? Speaker: Seasonal conditions may have some influence. Our experience has shown that there is a great deal more care being taken now and in recent years on the part of ship- pers, commission men, farmers, than ever before. Five and six years ago the attitude was different. Then, a man might take pride in the fact that he could get something through with bugs. There is more general respect for the quarantine and more inclination to work with the quarantine on the part of a majority of shippers. Parasites are responsible to a large extent. The parasite work has progressed beyond our expectation. There are two species of parasites ; they are defi- nitely established in the Jersey district. There is one in the eastern Pennsylvania district around Torresdale. I am cer- tain that the parasite population has not reached a point where they can effect an appreciable and practicable influence on the beetle. We have succeeded in two years, in establishing and re- covering in the field, species which we allowed four or five years to establish. We turned them loose. We cannot make them multiply faster than they will. A REPORT ON THE GAME PROPOSITION by D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro This is a big subject and worthy of serious considera- tion. Are the present laws concerning damage to farm crops by protected game, satisfactory? My answer is, "not satisfactory". Every farmer and fruit grower is interested. The persons who made the game laws were interested on the other side from the farmers and fruit growers. The present law with relation to protected animals is for the 56 welfare, comfort, pleasure and happiness of the sportsman and the people who are enjoying pleasure and is not for serious business such as we who are farmers and fruit growers conduct for a living. Spmething must be done. Sentiment must be changed. It must be recognized that when the state protects animals, the state becomes responsible for those animals. The animals are protected. If you shoot an animal out of season the state, which is over run with wardens, will arrest you. The animals may do damage to crops of different kinds and there is practically no redress. It is unfair, one-sided and unjust. The farmers and fruit growers must have recognition so that damage done by animals will be paid for in much the same way as we are penalized if we injure animals. When a public utility goes through a farm with a pole line, trolley line or railroad the damages are assessed, at a rate presumed to be fair and legal. The same line of reason should follow with respect to protected animals, and the state should pay for them. VITAMINES IN VEGETABLES AND FRUIT by Prof. R. A. Butcher, State College (Part of this lecture was illustrated with lantern slides) At the present time investigators recognize five vita- mines of importance to growing children and animals. We can not take vitamines like proteins, fats and carbohydrates, measure them and tell their structure. We can take vita- mines, concentrate them but we can not pick one out and show it to you. We can not name them as we name barium sulphate and other chemicals. We have given to them tem- porary alphabetical names, as follows, — A. B. C. D. E. Vitamine A is a fat soluble A and is found in Spanish chard and all leafy plants and alfalfa, butter and cod liver oil. The absence of this vitamine produces an eye disease in rats and human beings, such as is found in Japan, India, China and other localities using a one-sided diet. Vitamine B is found in practically all most vegetables, and highly concentrated or germ of wheat, and also in yeast. The vitamine in yeast has been over emphasized this vitamine will result in Beri-Beri and animals will lose control of their muscles of the injury to the nerves. 57 fruit juices and in the embryo presence of this An absence of very frequently entirely because Vitamine C is found in leafy plants, in fruit juices and in the acid fruits such as the orange, lemon, lime, and in rhubarb in large quantities. It seems to be preserved m acid, but is easily destroyed in alkali. Vitamine C is called anti-scorbutic. It cures scurvy or Barlow^'s Disease. It will cure brittle bones, soft gums, and falling out of teeth, et cetera, where such is due to lack of vitamme C. Vitamine D is called anti-rachitic because its absence will result in rickets. It occurs in alfalfa, clover, Spanish chard It is also found in cod liver oil. Its absence will re- sult in th€ softening of the bones. During the last two years we made an epoch-making discovery as to the effect of light. We had not recognized it in the past. If rats are fed on a diet lacking Vitamine D their bones will become so soft that you can tie them in knots. Sunshine will change this condition without changing the diet. This is because of the ultra violet ray. You can expose rats with a rubber bone condition to the ultra violet lamp for fifteen or twenty minutes and the softening wall change. The light has done something to the bones. We also made the discovery that if you take food with- out vitamine D and expose it to the ultra violet lamp, some- thing happens to the food and the rickets will disappear in rats who eat it. Olive oil does not contain vitamine D as cod liver oil does. You can take olive oil and put in under the lamp and have a cod liver oil without the taste. Vita- mine D is stored in some food and helps the body to build the skeleton and the teeth. Sunshine will help, but even sunshine will finally fail if there is an absence of vitamine D in the food and you get a rachitic condition. You can grow rats in the dark with proper food. If black rats and white rats are put on the same diet, with sunshine or the ultra violet ray, the white rats do not get the rickets but the black rats will. That explains vi^hy the negro population in larger cities gets a higher percentage of rickets in winter and spring than the white children. The pigment in the skin of the negro stops the ultra violet light as it does in the black rat. Vitamine E has been discovered within two or three years by Dr. Evans of the University of California. It has been found in only a few things so far. It is found in the wheat germ, the oil from the germ or embryo of the wheat. It is found in lettuce, alfalfa, dried tea and meat. Vitamine A and D are found in the animal body, mostly in the liver and kidneys and other vital organs. There is not much Vitamine A, B, C, or D in the muscle tissue. Vitamine E is in the muscular tissue and not in the vital tissue. Dr. Evans called it the anti-sterility or the fertility vitamine. 58 Rats can be fed so they will grow and become large adults and be normal in every way but not reproduce. These rats will become fertile when injected with one milligram of con- centrated vitamine E made from wheat. Ninety per cent of rats become fertile with this treatment of vitamine E. Ninety to ninety-five per cent of small animal work is directly applicable to human nutrition. Rickets is becom- ing a thing of the past and beri-beri is disappearing in the Philippines due to vitamine work. There is probably no field of experimental work on the animal which is now giv- ing such practical results to the human family. The only place where vitamines can be manufactured is the plant. The vitamine in cod liver oil comes from a plant. All vita- mines are manufactured by plants and there is no other source so far as we know. The vitamine content of fruit and plant is highest when it is tender and ripe. This is true of almost all except the garden pea. As a rule, alfalfa, let- tuce and practically all leafy plants which contain vitamines have the highest count the less mature they are. Most plants w^hich contain yellow, orange or green pigment are rich in vitamin-e A, such as yellow corn which is fairly rich in it while white corn contains none. The green leafy plants Ike the outer portion of lettuce contain Vitamine A in the outer and green portion, but practically none at the core. This is true of the cabbage. The tomato stands head and shoulders above any other fruit in Vitamine content because it is rich in A, B and C. The yellow carrot has high vitamine content in order as follows : — A, B and some C. Cooking and keeping can affect the vitamine content if done properly or improperly. In the case of tomatoes you can destroy many and still have many left. The National Canners' Association made a study of the process of canning to find the best method. They discovered that short time heating at a high temperature is better than a long time at lower temperature. Keep the oxygen away. Pump the air out or boil it out. For the growing child and the adult we must have a continually varying supply of food going into the body day by day to build up resistance, to keep up the general health and welfare. That is the function of a well balanced variety diet, which should contain vegetables and fruits all the year. 59 is t*s* 4 THE BY-PRODUCTS FACTOR AS AN ADJUNCT TO THE GROWING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES by Prof. W. W. Chenoweth, Massachusetts Agricultural College There are a few fundamentals upon which I believe we will all agree : — 1. That the growing and marketing of the perishable fruits* and vegetables is always attended with some loss due to unmarketable grades and to over supply, and that often this loss becomes a serious matter. 2. That market conditions would be vastly improved if we could eliminate a large portion of the poorer grades. 3. That the bulk of the more perishable vegetables and deciduous fruits consumed in our large cities does not come direct from the farm but from the manufacturer. 4. That the percent of fruits and vegetables consumed in the manufactured state is increasing, because their prepar- ation for consumption entails less labor than does the fresh fruit or vegetable. If these statements are approximately true, then we must adapt our methods to meet the present and future needs. One of the most promising solutions of these conditions is the by-products factory operated in conjunction with fruit and vegetable growing. This will solve in a large measure the problem of waste materials and will remove from the market a large portion of the poor grades and will give to the consumer a high quality product in a condition most acceptable to him. These factories should be owned and operated either by the individual grower or as a cooperative enterprise by a group of growers. As a general rule, the factory operated purely as a salvage enterprise would be supplied with sufficient materials at all times during the season to maintain operations on a minimum capacity, but during the peak of the season when prices prevail the output would be increased to the maximum. If operated as a business proposition it should operate to market capacity throughout the season. Once established these small factories must operate approximately to the extent of their market, even if such operation reduces the sale of fresh materials. The factory operated by the individual will build up a special market for a relatively small amount of high quality products while the cooperative factory doing a larger business may sell either on a special or the general market, preferably the former. 60 The trend of home affairs especially in our city homes is to get away from many of the practices of a generation or two ago. Our lives are filled with too many things to expect the average home to carry on all the practices which were the ioy and pride of our grandmothers. The jam-kettle and pre- serve jar are rapidly following the spinning wheel and the loom ; and a large percent of our American homes are lookmg to the grocer and the market for their supplies of fruit and vegetable products, ready prepared for the table and put up in packages suitable fo present needs only. The grower with his supply of relatively cheap material can supply this poten- tial market which exists in every city and town in our more congested centers in the East. Thousands of these con- sumers are hungry for foods that have the home-^made flavor and taste and they are willing to pay extra for it if the quality is right. The farm by-products factory can more nearly meet the conditions of this market than can the old established com- mercial concerns. The farm manufacturer is not bound by the old traditions that have grown up with our commercial factories. He is free to combine his materials in such pro- portions and in such quantities as will produce products of exceptional taste and flavor. He will not resort to the use of commercial pectins because he has an abundant supply of superior material in his cull apples. He will find no use for glucose, nor for artificial sweeteners. Coal tar -products, though certified by the government will find no place in his products except possibly to color his mint jelly. The her- metic seal does away with any need for Benzoate of Soda. He knows nothing about the manufacture of synthetic prod- ucts and it is our sincere hope that he may continue in this profound ignorance. The farm manufacturer, however, possesses a rare ad- vantage in spite of the ignorance already attributed to him. He comes into personal contact with many of his customers so that he learns what his trade desires and knowing this he can so manipulate his materials and processes to meet the demands of his customers. Human nature is pretty much the same the world over and as a result of this personal contact between manufacturer and consumer we establish new and better standards for our foods. Products from such factories speak for themselves and it is not necessary to consult the label to find out what we are eating. The farm by-products factory cannot supplant our large commercial factories. There should be no desire that they should even enter into serious competition with them, because their function is primarily the economic marketing of surplus crops in the form of canned and manufactured products to a 61 discriminating trade which experience shows will grow as the value of these home-s to oe made by special recipe which will give a product altogether different from the commercial brands. It will be canned m e ass jars and sold through one of the best stores in Boston. ?hfs man has his market provided he can supply the qualrty Verv sensibly this man has equipped one unit of a small Sy and is now engaged in solving the two problems which must be solved before he can begin manufacturing operations. . The peels and cores are to be converted into JeHy. ™^ waste alone may be used or it may be and P^^^ably will be Combined with cull stock. The Mcintosh has high color good flavor with distinct acid taste and is therefore admirably adapted to the production of jelly. When this grower succeeds, and he will succeed, we will have made a long stride forward in developing ^f^^^o im- proving market conditions because his success will encourage many others to handle their fruit in a similar manner. New England folks do not know and appreciate apple butter as you and I do who have known it all our lives. Keai 68 apple butter is practically unknown in New England homes, consequently its manufacture has not developed. We still have hopes, however, that apple butter will eventually be- come one of the products through which we can market large quantities of our poor grade apples. Cider jelly is known and liked in many localities and a few factories utilize many bushels of cider stock in its pro- duction. One small factory in Vermont has manufactured and marketed locally more than three tons of cider jelly this year, besides large quantities of boiled cider. This factory has also made about 1000 barrels of cider all of which has been marketed locally. The greatest development ancj growth has been along the line of general canning and manufacturing for a special mar- ket. A large number of these small plants are now in opera- tion and their number is increasing each year. All canning is in glass jars. The pint is the standard size although some half and quarter pints are used. Fruit and vegetable products likely to spoil are preserved in hermetic sealed jars. All manufactured products are made in small quantities with out adulteration, thereby retaining the home- made characteristics for which they are highly prized, by the consumer who buys them. Practically all those factories sell direct to the consumer. A few sell a part or all of their products through exchanges or high class food shops. Some make deliveries; others sell at the factory. The prices in the main are high but not ex- cessive when one considers the quality. Some of our farm factories grow the bulk of their raw materials, others grow some, while still others grow prac- tically none depending upon neighboring fruit and vegetable growers for their supplies. Very few of these factories oper- ate the full year, most of them begin in the spring with the earliest vegetables — greens and asparagus, and close about Thanksgiving time with the root crops and apples. Some of these factories constitute the entire business of the operator, but most of them are a side line or are operated in connection with other work. Some make a specialty of just a few things with enough of a general line to hold their trade but the greater number have a fairly wide range of products including fruits, vege- tables and poultry. A rather interesting development has been going on in one of our western counties during the past three years. A group of some 30 or 40 women have formed a cooperative or- 69 ffanization for the purchase of containers, labels, etc., and for the sales of finished products. The products of these women must receive the approval of a standards committee before they can be offered for sale under the organization s label. Orders for goods are received and these are filled from the products of the members. Sales are held in the principal city of the county to dispose of the surplus left after all orders are filled. This is a wonderfully fine organization and has in it great possibilities for the women who compose its membership. It eives them the opportunity to employ their spare time in a profitable way and has enabled many families in that county to raise their standards of living, while they have contributed to the health and enjoyment of their many city customers. This organization enables these women to express themselves in the production of something in which they have a natural talent thereby contributing to their happiness and content- ment,—a profit from the business which should not be for- gotten. The actual gross income of the home or farm factory has a very wide range. The beginner feels proud if he or she receives a few hundred dollars for the first year's work. As the business grows the sales increase until the factory is in the thousands class some ranging to ten thousand or more. This is not a great sum when compared with the large com- mercial concerns, but large enough to support the faniily, educate the children and lay by something for the rainy day, and only a few of us are doing better if as well. The work is pleasant if one is temperamentally adapted to it. It is not over-burdensome and the busy season is short. While the limits of growth of any given factory are largely determined by the operator I feel quite sure that very few if any of our New England factories will develop into real com- mercial factories selling their products on the general market in competition with those from other sections of the country. Our factories will, in general, continue to cater to the special market. They will prefer to handle a relatively small amount of products at a relatively large profit to competition with large commercial concerns who must depend upon a large output and a small profit per unit. We should like to see some commercial canning and manufacturing develop in Mas- sachusetts but so far we have had to be contented with hopes. However as the home farm factory demonstrates its profit- ableness the commercial factories will come. The farm factory has come to stay in New England. It is in its very early infancy. The fact that those now operat- ing are paying a profit is the argument that cannot be dis- puted. As long as the proposition was a theory only, people 70 hesitated to engage in the work. Now that it is a demon- strated fact we are just entering our period of real growth. We shall not only continue to grow but we shall develop also. Better methods, higher quality, greater economy, new types of factories, better returns for our products are some of the things we shall see brought about within the next decade. Wherever there are congested centers of population or wherever there are public highways carrying a heavy traffic there are good locations for by-products factories, and these under proper management will show a profit worth the seek- ing. Our experience in New England has fully demonstrated the practicability of the by-products factory as a money maker, as an agent in the marketing of poor grades and culls and as a means of giving pleasant and profitable employment to to many people. Some of the most important factors that have contributed to the development of the farm and home factory in Massa- chusetts are the following: 1. Training schools. 2. Programs and conferences. 3. Personal supervision by the extension specialist. 4-. Provision for competitive exhibits. 5. Distribution of technical literature. The training schools exclusive of winter short course and sum,mer school have been of two general types, (1) Those held at the college, (2) those held locally. The schools at the college have run from three to five days of eight to ten hours work. While the local schools have been one day ses- sions at different intervals throughout the season, as a rule each group received three days training during the year. These schools have contributed much to the technical and scientific knowledge of the factory operators. They have aroused interest and enthusiasm for this kind of work, and they have been of great value in standardizing processes and products. They have substituted modern methods for old time home methods making much of the work simpler, easier, and more economical. Three years ago there was held, in connection with our union agricultural meeting, a few hours conference with ten or a dozen factory owners. Out of this small beginning there has developed a regular program for factory operators during Farmers' week at the college. Two successful programs have given assurance of the helpfulness of these meetings. Our programs have dealt with the problems of the home factory operators who have come together in a sort of experience meeting each giving and receiving valuable help. 71 Our Extension Specialist is a man of tireless energy and abundant resources. He finds time from his other duties as he g-oes about over the state to give a great deal of personal supervision especially to beginners. He conducts the local training schools and comes to know the problems of each member. He is therefore in position to render service at the proper time and to the one who needs it most. Four or five years ago there were no prizes offered for exhibits of canned and manufactured goods except for juve- niles and housewives. This has been changed and now we have prizes offered for exhibits by producers for sale by prac- tically every local fair while all large fairs including the New England Apple Show offer attractive prizes, in a large number of classes, to farm factory competitors. At the New England Apple Show held in Boston this fall more than twenty pro- ducers placed exhibits in competition for the prizes offered, aggregating approximately $1000.00. Almost the entire space of one large room was occupied by this exhibit. Hundreds of packages of canned fruits and fruit products, especially apple products, all in glass, were on exhibition. Five years ago or even three years ago such an exhibit would have been impossible. We have tried to develop simple economical and safe methods Tor canning and manufacturing fruit and vegetable products. We think we have made some improvements on old time methods. The best of these methods have been put onto cards, leaflets and bulletins for distribution among the factory owners and housewives of the state. We have tried to emphasize the importance of quality, appearance and econ- omy as the three fundamental facts to be considered in estab- lishing a standard for farm factory products. Our next most important step which we hope to con- summate this year, toward which we have steadily been trend- ing is the organization of our farm workers into an associa- tion. We now have sufficient number of live-wire operators to give us a good working unit. Whatever we may lack in numbers we can easily make up with enthusiasm for the first year or two. Such an organization will be a tremendous in- fluence not only in improving what has already been ac- complished but it will also supply the knowledge, energy and enthusiasm that will result in a greater growth and develop- ment of the business. As I look back over the past ten years it seems to me we have accomplished a great deal toward making the farm factory a vital part in the marketing of fruits and vegetables ; in the conservation of raw materials and in filling a real need among consumers. I have a steadfast faith that increases with each year that the farm factory will, in the years to come, 71 become more and more intimately associated with the con- servation of culls and poor grades and through this associa- tion hundreds of farms will become prosperous because the entire crops are marketed at a profit. PRICES AND YIELDS You might be interested in knowing something about how our people arrive at the selling price of their goods. Also in the prices themselves. As a general rule the plan is as follows: Account is taken of cost of all materials, fuel and con- tainer; a wage is allowed the operator; something is added for overhead, especially where overhead is appreciable. This fixes the production cost per package. The selling price is then determined by multiplying the production cost by two. This gives a margin of profit wide enough to take care of breakage, spoilage and the few over and above the wage which was figured into the cost of production. Regarding prices I have said they are high but not ex- cessive. The truth of this of course depends upon the view- point and to some extent upon even habits of living especially habits of spending. Quoting from a printed price list I find apple jelly priced at 30c per six ounce glass. Currant jelly 40c per six ounce glass. A bushel of apples will make not less than 75 glasses of good jelly while a bushel of currants will yield about 100 glasses. The gross returns from a bushel of fruit converted into home made jelly are large. The profits will depend upon the manufacturer. The minimum cost of producing a glass of currant jelly is approximately ISc. Apple jelly will cost 12 to 14c. The maximum cost of making the jellies however, may be much higher due to method and to relative speed of manufacturer. 73 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOME BY-PRODUCTS FACTORY Discussion F. G. Reiter, Mars. Pa. Our development of the home by-products plant has been quite limited but I will endeavor to tell you some of our ex- perience and how we view the matter. I do not believe there was ever a time when there was such a demand for quality goods as there is today. Money is plentiful, and those who have it are ready and willing to pay the price for quality goods. A number of years ago almost every thing needed was produced in the home and the surplus carted to m^j^^^' When manufacturing came to the front the small individual home could not compete on the market, and gradually the business went to the large manufacturer. Competition in the manufacture of farm products and by-products has become keener, making low cost necessary. Substituting has become so common that quality has apparently been forgotten I do not mean to say there are not a number of brands of good quality orchard by-products— but you will agree with me, I believe, that there are a great many brands, not of good qual- ity. Also market conditions have changed to a great extent in Pennsylvania. The market has moved out to the farm in a great many places. Our customers come to our door if we produce quality goods. Those of you who have had experience in roadside mar- kets know that your best fruit is called for there. It is that class of people who are discriminating who know quality and are willing to pay for it, that are coming to our roadside markets. I do not mean that they are willing to pay any price we ask but they are willing to pay a fair market price. I believe some have spoiled their opportunities in roadside marketing on this one point. Our experience in this kind of marketing is somewhat limited. We have followed it for only two years, but our experience has been such that we are endeavoring to enlarge our business and see a large field ahead for the sale of farm by-products. A year ago last fall we installed our Pasteurized Sweet Cider Plant. We manufactured and sold over 5000 gallons of cider. Our experience the first year was worth a great deal to us and last fall we put out about 4000 gallons of 74 pasteurized cider of much better polish and finish. Our trade on this cider has been quite satisfactory. So far it has all been handled through our home market at $1.00 per gallon retail. That may seem high to some of you but the quality is there ; it is worth the price. It is better called refined apple juice and should become a national drink. When you stop to consider the sale of soft drinks today you can realize the wonderful field open to the sale of apple juice. But we must first teach our people how much more healthful is the refined apple juice compared w^ith a great many of the soft drinks. 'Fhe manufacture and sale of pasteurized sweet cider or re- fined apple juice is only in its infancy. Due to the demand for good apple butter we made 250 quarts last fall. We did not make this until the last part of November when the roadside market was about over for the year but those who got a sample of our apple butter have been coming back until only a few quarts remain. Our equipment for making apple butter is simple. We have a steam boiler for our cider making. We purchased a steam coil that fits into an ordinary cider barrel, a large collander, two pans, a dipper, a jar funnel and we were ready for busi- ness. We used two methods for making the apple butter. In the first lot the apples were washed, any imperfections cut out, graded as for cider making, cooked to good sauce, run through the collander to remove the skins, cooked again and seasoned. The second lot was pared and cored as for home making, cooked, run through the collander, cooked again and seasoned and the quality was much better than the former. Our experience in apple butter making was really only in getting started, but we are coming back stronger next year. I cannot say where this demand for home made quality orchard by-products is going to lead, but I firmly believe the demand is here. I believe all of those who have roadside markets will find that quite a profitable side line can be car- ried on with orchard by-products of quality. 75 A Real Profit-Opportunity for Orchardists! rty O the fruit erower who picks several thousand bu^els of apples T«ch yeaTwl offer a money-making opportunity without an equal. We can assilt hLi in marketing his sound undergrades at a consider- ^fe p^oChow Um how to%reate a year 'round deniand for re- fined appSriuice-and how to develop an mcreasing busmess m fruit juice products. An Investment Paying Big Dividends T« ».nter this field takes a certain amount of capital— from $l,500to $15 MO^ependfng on the bushels of undergrades avadable. The feto^Ton such an investment are large-frequenUy repaymg the entire amount involved in two or three years. If vou want to double the value of your apple crop-stabilize your Lrt^tiiTg methods^nd get into a business that brings m a big SSrtacome--write us today. We will send you-free-a copy of our ?^k "a Cdd^ Harvest From Undergrade Apples." It shows you h^ o&er s^wssful orchardists have made tb^u^nds of dollars by ustag Ae f^ous MOUNT GILEAD PROCESS of refinmg fruit jSces, and how you can profit in the same large measure. TME HYDRAULIC PRE// MFG.CO. 812 LINCOLN AVE. MOUNT GILEAD, O. The most complete line of machinery for fruit pro- ducts plants, including cider presses for every need. MARKET REPORTS AND FACTORS WHICH TEND TO INFLUENCE THEM by « E. R. Biddle, (Market Reporter, Philadelphia) In one of the recent trade papers I read a very interest- ing article on "Market News" and I was tempted to bring much of this article to you. There was one thought very aptly put in the lines of the old song: "It was not like this in the olden days, In the days beyond recall, In the harrow-farrow golden days, It was not like this at air*. No, it was not like this in the olden days. Meetings of growers, meetings like this one and the others that are being held here in Harrisburg this week were unthought of only a few years ago. Now Farmers' Week meetings, at which growlers get together and study their problems are being held in many of the states. As our country has grown so have our problems. You first began to study the problems of growing better and larger crops more economically. You have accomplished consider- able along this line, and you are still unsatisfied with results. In doing this you have come face to face with the question of what to do with the crop after it is grown. You have dis- covered that only about one-half of your job has been com- pleted by growing the crop. To make a profit it must be sold, a market must be found for your product, and the better the market the better the profit. With the changing times, which have brought greater improvements in transportation, vast new areas have been opened to production and you have ever increasing competition. Your competitors today com- prise not only your neighbors within a radius of ten to fifteen miles from the local market to which your father hauled what he produced, but also growers in Florida and in California, as well as in many other states. For a few minutes let me take you to our large markets and tell you of the number of carloads of fruits and vegetables necessary to supply the demand for one year. Last year, for instance, more than 160,000 carloads (including less than car- lots and boat receipts) were disposed of in New York City and vicinity. During 1925 there were unloaded in Philadel- phia over 42,000 carloads, not including vast quantities of less than carlots received by freight, express and boat, nor that great volume of produce from the nearby farms. 77 76 A Real Profit -Opportunity for Orchardists! rn O the fruit grower who picks several thousand bu^els of apples T?ach year wf offer a money-making opportunity without an equal. We can S hhn in marketing his sound ""df-^e-^^des at a consider- able nrofit— show him how to create a year 'round demand tor re- fined apple juice-and how to develop an increasmg busmess m frmt juice products. An Investment Paying Big Dividends To enter this field takes a certain amount of capital— from $1,500 to $15 OOO^epending on the bushels of undergrades available. The fiturn^n^such^an investment are large-frequently repaymg the entire amount involved in two or three years. If vou want to double the value of your apple cro^stabilize your m Jketii^ methods^and get into a business that brmgs m a big ^sh &e-w^^^^^^ today. We will send you-free-a copy of our book "a Golden Harvest From Undergrade Apples." It shows you how other successful orchardists have made thousands of dollars by S the famous MOUNT GILEAD PROCESS of refining fruit juices, and how you can profit in the same large measure. TttE HYDRAULIC PRE// MFG.CO. 812 LINCOLN AVE. MOUNT GILEAD tO. The most complete line of machinery for fruit pro- ducts plants, including cider presses for every need. 76 MARKET REPORTS AND FACTORS WHICH TEND TO INFLUENCE THEM by E. R. Biddle, (Market Reporter, Philadelphia) In one of the recent trade papers I read a very interest- ing article on "Market News" and I was tempted to bring much of this article to you. There was one thought very aptly put in the lines of the old song: "It was not like this in the olden days. In the days beyond recall, In the harrow-farrow^ golden days, It w^as not like this at all'*. No, it was not like this in the olden days. IVIeetings of growers, meetings like this one and the others that are being held here in Harrisburg this week were unthought of only a few years ago. Now Farmers' Week meetings, at which growers get together and study their problems are being held in many of the states. As our country has grown so have our problems. You first began to study the problems of growing better and larger crops more economically. You have accomplished consider- able along this line, and you are still unsatisfied with results. In doing this you have come face to face with the question of what to do w^ith the crop after it is grown. You have dis- covered that only about one-half of your job has been com- pleted by growing the crop. To make a profit it must be sold, a market must be found for your product, and the better the market the better the profit. With the changing times, which have brought greater improvements in transportation, vast new areas have been opened to prcxluction and you have ever increasing competition. Your competitors today com- prise not only your neighbors within a radius of ten to fifteen miles from the local market to which your father hauled what he produced, but also growers in Florida and in California, as well as in many other states. For a few minutes let me take you to our large markets and tell vou of the number of carloads of fruits and vegetables necessary to supplv the demand for one year. Last year, for instance, more than 160,000 carloads (including less than car- lots and boat receipts) were disposed of in New York City and vicinity. During 1925 there were unloaded in Phdadel- phia over 42,000 carloads, not including vast quantities of less than carlots received by freight, express and boat, nor that great volume of produce from the nearby farms. 77 Among the carlot receipts there were about 64 different commodities coming from 38 states and from 6 foreign coun- tries. During the year I have reported prices on 110 different articles. In 1924 the following markets in your own state received and sold many hundreds of carloads from various sections of the country. Some of you men are interested in some one of these markets. It is your local market. Allentown, 1,776 carloads; Aitoona, 2,236 carloads; Bethlehem, 663 carloads; Erie, 809 carloads; Harrisburg, 2,570 carloads; Johnstown, 1,845 carloads; Reading, 1,685 carloads; Pittsburgh, 21,124 carloads, (17 commodities) ; Scranton, 4,674 carloads; Wilkes- Barre, 4,022 carloads. Among these receipts there were all the staple commo- dities and a great number of mixed cars of various commodi- ties. Most of these mixed cars were made up in nearby large markets such as Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and Baltimore. I have mentioned these facts because they show so clearly the growth of this problem of feeding the cities, especially of this great state. I wish that information were available to tell you how these figures compare with those of ten years ago. I believe that they would be surprising, especially as they refer to the smaller markets. Let us now consider the market problem, especially mar- ket news. There are records of various agricultural news reports as far back as 1800 and it was in 1858 that a certain New York printer, evidently desiring to increase his business, began to collect and publish various items of market infor- mation. In 1913, Congress, realizing that the marketing side of agriculture had been neglected, authorized and appropria- ted money for the beginning of this work. The Office of Markets and Rural Organization was the result, and from this small organization has been developed the present Bureau of Agricultural Economics. It was not until 1915 that an experimental News Service was undertaken. The service covered only four products, — strawberries, tomatoes, peaches and cantaloupes. Trained representatives were stationed in six city markets and there were seven temporary field stations. From this there was a rapid expansion in the services rendered until in 1918 there were 38 crops included on the program. There were 71 tem- porary field stations and 32 city market stations operating in 40 states. In 1924, only 34 crops were included and complete market reports were issued on only about 25 of these prod- ucts. The various states, following the beginning of the Federal Government, began passing marketing laws. This state passed laws in the 1917 session of the legislature. The 78 act created a Bureau of Markets whose aim it should be to help both producer and consumer. So much for the historical side of the subject. The thing in which you are most keenly interested is how to know your market. The subject of market information can best be studied from three sides. First, supplies produced on the farms; second, supply and demand and resulting prices on the large markets and in competing producing areas ; third, the future outlook. I have come to you to talk specifically of the second side of market information, to tell you what is being done along this line and to try to explain some of this information. First, let me outUne the various market news reports which are available to the fruit and vegetable grower. The Federal Service covers the entire country. The reports indi- cate first the daily supply for the country as represented by the carlot movement of the various fruit and vegetables from the different states. At a glance the reader sees the volume of movement and the sections of the country in which the supply is originating. This information is made available by the various transportation companies, the reports of each day's movement are telegraphed every night to Washington where they are prepared for distribution the following morn- ing. The next vital piece of information is the report of mar- ket conditions in those shipping districts which are of princi- pal importance. Specially trained men are stationed in these localities to keep in close touch with all the local factors of the deal. This report shows the demand from the various markets and the prices which the local dealer is receiving as well as prices the growers are receiving. The next part of the information is the reports of the important markets. The individual market report must be brief, yet give a picture of the various factors controlling the business of that particular day. There is the matter of supplies which are available for consumption as shown by the number of cars arriving daily and the number of cars on track. The rate at which the prod- uct is moving through the channels of trade to the consumer is shown roughly by variations in the number of cars on track from day to day. This movement is controlled by the day to day demand of buyers. The feeling of strength or weakness of the market is reflected by the price which is established by the barter between buyer and seller. That is, the market price reflects the meeting point between the factors of supply and demand as represented by the ideas of seller and buyer. Right here let me explain some of the terms as used in our reports, especially the "demand'' and "market" terms. 79 » "Demand" is used to indicate the buyer*s attitude. "De- mand slow" indicates that the rate of sales or turnover is relatively slow. It represents a condition of uncertainty and dullness, although there may not be any actual change in prices. "Demand moderate"— is generally used when buyers are purchasing in a normal way, without excitement or lagging. It does not indicate price fluctuations. "Demand good", indicates firm confidence on the part of the buyer in general market conditions. It represents a healthy condition, with steady consistent trading. The "1 t I Many of you growers sell upon a local market or even from your farms at road side markets. Some of you larger producers sell or ship to dealers in the larger markets. Your aim is to get satisfactory returns for your products and to hold the confidence of your customers. If you are to do this you must not only know your own local market conditions but also general conditions in the larger consuming and pro- ducing sections of the country. TUESDAY (afternoon) 19, Jan. 1926 "ROADSIDE MARKETING SUPERVISION IN NEW JERSEY^ by '»» Alex Clark, Director, New Jersey State Bureau of Markets A great many farms along the travelled highway sell farm products to automobile parties but it is a different matter to go into merchandising and challenge the motorist to pur- chase. Selling in small quantities has been regarded by the producer as a nuisance. Competition demands that the pro- ducer go into the retail market. Many farms are getting re- tail prices for their products on the farm and are doing it profitably. We began to see in New Jersey that the roadside market held wonderful possibilities and that there were many difficulties to be overcome. There is a constantly growing group of buyers who want to buy on the farm and are willing to pay good prices. Some factors are hurting the proposition. What are some of the factors which hurt the roadside market? (1.) The careless and indifferent farmer who puts up a stand and offers his produce in a careless and slip shod man- ner. (2.) The 'matter of packing and grading is very im- portant. The same quality of goods should be in the bottom of a package as on the top. (3.) The roadside market is no place to sell culls. Some men make a practice of trying to get rid of odds and ends at roadside markets with un-marketable material which has been a detriment. (4.) Along the White Horse Pike between Philadelphia and Atlantic City there are roadside markets selling material which they bought at some market in the city. (5.) People soon found out that it was cheaper to buy good material in a city market or grocery store than at a poor roadside stand. S4 We studied this question with a view to helping and encouraging the motoring public to buy at the roadside markets We received suggestions and criticisms from the organized Women's Clubs and the Bankers' Association and the State and Local Chambers of Commerce. One year ago at the Horticultural meeting in Atlantic Citv the following plan of regulation was adopted: The Bureau of Markets in the Department of Agriculture was to work with the farmers, offering a standard which they could accept and giving them the privilege of using a state cer- tificate on a sign if they choose to accept the state standard. This sign would show to the public that the market was ap- proved by the State Departments. Tfie following rules were made:— REQUIREMENTS FOR A N. J. STANDARD FARMER'S ^ ROADSIDE MARKET i Owned by a farmer who produces 75% in value of the farm products offered for sale during any one month. II Not over 10% in value of farm produce may be of- fered for sale during any one month which was produced more than fifty miles distant, and all of such distant produce shall be plainly marked or labelled in such a manner as to show its origin or to dispel any thought of its being native produce. III The top or exposed surface of all packages or quantities of produce exposed for sale shall show a fair representation of the entire volume. IV The market will be located at least ten feet from the edge of the highway and will afford ample parking space for thf automobiles of all patrons off of the highway. Ap- proaches from the highway will be in accordance with state, county or township requirements. y. Products exposed for sale will be of an average high quality. VI All apples and white potatoes exposed for sale will be graded in accordance with New Jersey standard grade re- quirements. VII While automobile accessories and other products may be sold at a standard market, it will be primarily a pro- duce market. VIII. An inspection fee of $5.00 a year and a sign rental fee of $4.00 a year for each sign shall be paid at the t«me of making application. If the sales amount to over $1,UW a year the inspection fee will be $10.00 a year. 85 IX. The market shall be maintained in a clean and at- tractive condition and shall be open for inspection by a rep- resentative of the Bureau of Markets at all times. The owner will answer all questions of such representative truthfully and completely. X. The Bureau of Markets reserves the right to cancel the certificate, withdraw the right to use the standard term, and take the standard sign or signs at any time without previous notice. A few changes were made this year. Under rule I the percentage of products produced on the farm was changed to 60%. This year, under rule II the farmer is allowed to buy 40% of produce raised by other men. He is allowed 10% for foreign stuff which must be marked, such as "Georgia" water- melons and "California" iceberg lettuce. We eliminated the "standard" grading under rule VI but emphasized that the top be representative of the pack- age. Rule No. VIII requires fees because there is no ap- propriation to cover this expense and we feel that it is a definite service to the people who receive the inspection. The signs are made in state colors. They are attractive and wc are trying to sell the signs to the public. We located twelve signs which seemed to give general satisfaction. The con- sumers seem to be pleased. The whole plan is voluntary. Following is the form used for making application to dis- play the standard roadside market sign: — APPLICATION FOR STANDARDIZATION OF ROADSIDE MARKETS The undersigned hereby makes application for authori- zation to display a standard roadside market sign and to use the term "N. J. Standard Farmer's Roadside Market" in ad- vertising and describing a market located at (Give definite description of location) The undersigned has read the rules and requirements for a N. J. Standard Farmer's Roadside Market and hereby agrees to abide by the rules and fulfill the requirements. The estimated volume of sales for this year is $ Signed P. O. Date 86 This application should be accompanied by the inspection fee of $5.00 if the estimated volume of sales is less than $1,000 or more, and the sign rental fee of $4.00 for each sign, and sent to the Bureau of Markets, N. J. State Department of Agriculture, Trenton, N. J. Following is a statement on Standardization which is given to every applicant for a sign. STATEMENT ON STANDARDIZATION OF ROADSIDE MARKETS Origin : • At the annual meeting of the State Horticultural Society in Atlantic City, October 1924, several suggestions were of- fered regarding the promotion and protection of roadside marketing. The Society passed a resolution authorizing its president to appoint a committee to confer with the chief of the New Jersey Bureau of Markets about the matter. Two meetings have been held with this committee and the following plans have been completed: • GENERAL PRINCIPLES I. Roadside marketing offers a very promising and prof- itable manner of selling farm produce in New Jersey. Certain evils have already developed and some means of protecting the business from unscrupulous and unbusiness-like market operators are necessary if this practice is to be developed to its full possibilities. II. Criticisms have been received from the State Banker's Association, the State Chamber of Commerce and the State Federation of Women's Clubs, and from many in- dividuals. III. These criticisms are principally as follows: a Low quality products packed or arranged so as to appear of high quality. b Foreign or distantly grown produce sold and frequently represented to be native grown. c Lack of sufficient parking space for automo- biles, causing dangerous congestion on heavily traveled highways. d Farmers complain that many roadside markets are operated by 'irresponsible persons who lo- cate for a short period and sell inferior produce which they buy in the city markets or else- where. 87 hif THE PLAN A definite set of rules and requirements have been formu- lated. Farmer owners of roadside markets who care to avail themselves of this plan of standardization will make application on blanks furnished by the Bureau. These blanks may be secured from all county agricultural agents, mem- bers of the roadside market committee of the Horticultural Society or direct from the Bureau. The Bureau will inspect the ^markets for which applica- tions have been made and will, if satisfied with them, issue a standard roadside market certificate. The. certificate au- thorizes the holder to display one or two standard roadside market signs and to use this term in his advertising. Fre- quent inspections will be made of these markets by members of the Bureau staff. The certificate is issued in compliance with the regu- lations of the Secretary of Agriculture and provisions of Chapter 83, Laws of 1921, State of New Jersey. This law also defines the penalty of $100 fine for any misuse of stand- ard grade terms established under this act. The term, *'N. J. Standard Farmer's Roadside Market" has been promulgated by the Secretary for Agriculture for this purpose. ALEXIS L. CLARK, Chief, Bureau of Markets. TYPES OF WAYSIDE MARKETS (Illustrated) W. T. Tapley, State College Does every store that has for its -merchandising policy good service, dependability, high quality and fair price, have more than an even chance of building a successful and perma- nent business? To what extent does a store with shiftless •methods and unreliable goods injure the business of its neighboring stores? Does a store have to be especially tag- ged or display a sign before it can be designated and adver- tised as high class? Do buyers of fresh produce know what they want; do they buy from the roadside stand simply for the novelty of the idea, or in order to see and talk to a real farmer; — or do they buy from the roadside stand because they think they are getting native or fresh produce at a good price ? Large quantities of fruits and vegetables are now marketed over the counter of the roadside market. The fruit grower and the vegetable grower have made use of this development in greatly increasing numbers. The grower is, 88 then, running a store, selling to the consumer. Now un- doubtedly the fundamentals of successful merchandising are much the same in all lines. The successful roadside market must be run in much the sa only occasionally is not to be recommended in fairness to those who handle his product steadily regardless of the strength or weakness of the market. In all cases where the grower sells directly to truck buyers, it is highly important that he keep constantly informed as to market conditions and prices. Perhaps the best example of this is the use of the service of the Delaware Bureau of Markets where from 150 to 200 phone calls a day are received at the Dover office for price infor- mation on which to base sales. As stated before, the opening of good roads into new communities frequently opens up entirely new production areas and results in a modification of agriculture in the com- munity, influencing dairy and poultry production as well as fruits, vegetables, potatoes and other similar commodities. Much of this adjustment can be expected in Pennsylvania during the next ten years and increased competition seems inevitable. The present producing areas will have to meet such competition and to adjust themselves to it. Before beginning the use of the motor truck, the in- dividual fruit grower should carefully consider whether he has a sufficient volume of products to market to justify the investment. In too many cases all of the costs, including depreciation, are not given their proper consideration. For ^^\^P1^ ^" ^"^ ^^^^ ^ grower figured the cost of such a trip at $25.00 which was his actual expense when as a matter of fact his real cost was approximately $65.00 based on average costs of truck operation. In this particular case the increas- ed returns in sales amounted to about $50.00 so that the fruit grower was actually losing $10.00 or $15.00 in every trip instead of making $25.00 as he believed he was. The proper use of the truck certainly offers one of the best means by which Pennsylvania growers can develop their local markets and so hold the advantages which they have over distant producers who must necessarily use the regular chan- nels of distribution with their resultant expenses. When combined with better production, standard grading, and more aggressive advertising and selling, the Pennsylvania grower has httle to fear from outside competition. WHAT HORTICULTURAL INDUSTRY EXPECTS OF STATE COLLEGE AND THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Chester Tyson, Flora Dale «;fifn?^''^ T^"*^!.^ i^"^ ^^'"^^ ^ ^^'^^^^ ^^ require of this in- stitution. In the first place we want State College to continue research work along one important line, that of investigating root stocks for propagation of fruit trees. We are familiar 97 r with variations in the strength of nursery stocks of some varieties. Study along that line has shown it can be made more uniform and certain characteristics can be bred m the nursery stock by using uniform root stocks. State College has made considerable progress along this line and we want to do every- thing to provide means for them to continue with it. Another line along which we want State College to con- tinue is that of storage experiments. They have, in cooper- ation with Mr. Marble, done exceedingly important work m their investigation of farm storage conditions. These seem to be the two most important things being done for us. Another line of activity which is interesting is the con- trol of the Oriental Fruit Moth, a menace to peach growers particularly and in a lesser degree to apple growers through- out the state. We are depending on the experiment station to find something which will check the ravages of this insect. We desire the State Department of Agriculture to main- tain continued control and quarantine where necessary in the matter of the Japanese Beetle and vigilant watchfulness in the case of appearance of any new insect or disease. P. S. Fenstermacher, Allentown There should be more research work. As a whole, both have been doing fine work. If there is anything lacking, it is the support we do not give to State College. We should not allow the governor or anybody else to reduce appropria- tions which have been carefully considered by those in posi- tion to know, and agreed upon by the legislature. We ought to insist that this one institution which gives the farmer boys a chance, ought to be supported to the extent of the State's finances. SEVENTY YEARS OF HORTICULTURE AT THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE by Dean R. L. Watts, State College The Pennsylvania State College was chartered as the Farmers High School in 1855. An account of its chief ac- complishments in horticulture since that time should be of interest to every member of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Association. It is generally conceded that the campus of Penn State is one of the most beautiful to be found anywhere in the country. In speaking of the campus, I would be subjecting 98 myself to severe criticism from the older alumni if I failed to make any rnention of "Lovers Lane" which was admitted to be the loveliest and most fascinating part of the entire col- lege property. Adjoining the campus is the old apple orchard, planted in 1861, which has been an annual source of joy and pleasure to thousands of students and was of distinct educational value in the early days. What Penn State student has not been guilty of paying his respects to this orchard, at night if neces- sary, in order to secure some of the delicious fruit for his health's sake? Some of us recall with special delight and satisfaction the large, well-cared-for vineyard which was maintained by the students solely for their own enjoyment. After the grapes were ripe, the assignment of a given number of rows from which the students might feast to their heart's content constituted a frequent announcement at the daily chapel exercises which was invariably received with applause. Small fruits other than grapes have received considerable attention at the college. Professor George C. Butz was espe- cially active in studying the merits and adaptation of varieties of strawberries and the bush fruits to Centre County as well as to other parts of the State. It is with considerable pride and great satisfaction that we refer to the horticultural developments on the Hiester Farm. This property of 180^ acres was purchased in 1920 at a cost of $12,500.00. Dr. S. W. Fletcher, head of our De- partment of Horticulture, conservatively estimates its value today at $25,000. However, the great value of this farm con- sists in its advantages for educational purposes. It is the horticultural laboratory for practice, study and research. The well-known experimental orchard of 40 acres was planted in 1910 by Dr. J. P. Stewart. Results of great significance to the orchardists of the State have already been obtained from the numerous experimental blocks of trees. The orchard of about 45 acres which was planted in 1917, solely for instructional purposes, has been of inestimable value in teaching orchard management. This orchard is composed niainly of apple trees, though there are large blocks of pear, cherry, and peach trees. A light crop of apples of the finest quality was harvested from this orchard last fall and about 7,000 bushels from the experimental orchard. A vineyard, strawberry and bush fruit plantations, and a nursery used mainly for experimental purposes have also been established on the Hiester Farm. Penn State occupies a very important place among the Land Grant institutions for its work in vegetable gardening. 99 About 13 acres of vegetables are grown annually for instruc- tional and experimental purposes. All of the teaching in horticulture, and in fact, in all other courses of the college, was conducted in the Main Budding from the opening of the Farmers' High School in 1859 unt 1 he Botany Building was completed in 1888. Then the work was continued in this building until the Agncultura Building was finished in 1907. The Department of Horticulture used one classroom in the Agriculture Building until the first story of the Horticulture Building was constructed in 1913; the building was completed in 1915. Though the Horticulture Building is fairly well adapted to the work of the department, all but 30 per cent of the floor space is now used by other de- partments of the School of Agriculture. The small green houses attached to the Botany Building were found wholly inadequate so that a new range, compris- ing 7200 square feet of glass, was built in 1910, and 3600 feet added a few years later. A great variety of plants, including carnations, roses, chrysanthemums, tomatoes, cucumbers let- tuce and many other crops of minor importance, have been grown in these houses. Not only have they been exceedingly useful to students in horticulture but they have also yielded a substantial income to help finance the work of the depart- ment. Courses of Instruction In the earlier years of the college, horticulture, in the broadest application of the term, was included in a four-year course in agriculture which embraced all that was then known about this field of knowledge. In fact, not until two years after the appointment of Dr. Thomas F. Hunt as Dean and Director of the School of Agriculture and Experiment Sta- tion was a separate four year curriculum offered in horticul- ture. The first class in horticulture — of seven members— was graduated in 1910. The course is now arranged so that a student may specialize in pomology, vegetable gardening or floriculture. A four year curriculum in landscape architecture is also administered by the Department of Horticulture. Our alumni in Horticulture now number about 350, not including landscape architecture. Many of the graduates are worthy members of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Association and the majority of them are a credit to their Alma Mater. At present 56 students*are taking four year courses in Horticul- ture. 100 ' Short Courses A large number of the students who have taken the two year course in agriculture have scheduled many of the sub- jects iij horticulture. These young men are now located in all parts of the State and in many instances they are success- fully engaged in horticultural pursuits. The short course work in horticulture at Penn State has received a great deal of attention since 1907. Some of you were present during Horticulture Week at the college when 115 people availed themselves of the opportunities of the dis- cussions and demonstrations. We cannot estimate the good accomplished by such a movement, where the instructors and growers cooperate in imparting the latest and most useful in- formation available relating to the subjects under considera- * tion. Research Work The advancement of any department of college work depends very largely upon a broad, active, comprehensive program of research. There always has been considerable experimental work in horticulture at Penn State, and in re- cent years it has developed as rapidly as has been possible with the limited funds available. At present there are 22 active projects in horticulture. Special mention should be made of the vegetable crops breed- ing work; nutrition work with apples and vegetables; root stock work with apples, and fundamental storage studies at the Marble laboratories. The entire list of research projects is as follows: No. 275. Breeding experiment with late cabbage. No. 280. The relative value of varieties of late cabbage for diflFerent purposes. No. 294. The relative merits of varieties of tomatoes for difi^erent purposes. No. 437. A study of inheritance in the tomato. No. 548. A study of the control of club root (in coopera- tion with the Department of Botany). No. 558. The development of an improved variety of rhubarb. No. 569. A study of the fertilizer requirements of cab- bage and tomatoes. No. 701. A study of inheritance in lettuce. No. 707. A study of inheritance in beans. 101 Pomology No. 216. Influence of fertilizers on yield and quality of apples. No. 331. Apple orchard experiment— cultural methods. No. 332. Apple orchard experiment with fertilizers. No. 333. Apple orchard experiment with cover crops. No. 334. Apple orchard experiment — selection and stocks. No. 593. Influence of fertilizers on the yield, growth and other physiological functions of the apple grown in different soils. No. 651. A comparison of cultural methods in the apple ' orchard. No. 652. Improvement of fruit stocks. No. 668. Bud selection for establishing frame branches of fruit trees. No. 674. Fruit bud formation of the strawberry. No. 676. An experiment to determine the relative value of sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda as fertilizers for apple trees standing in sod. No. 677. The influence of cultural methods and condi- tions of growth on the keeping qualities of apples. No. 709. Planning and operating storage houses. The Agricultural Experiment Station is the only research institution in Pennsylvania to which fruit growers and gar- deners can look for the solution of their problems. The re- sults already achieved in the studies at the college have ma- terially influenced horticultural practices in the State. Extension Work The field of the college, the people's tax-supported insti- tution, embraces the entire state. Through the efforts of well trained technical specialists, information concerning the most successful procedure in orchard and garden is being conveyed to every nook and corner of this great Commonwealth. Teach- ing by extension methods is accomplished by means of litera- ture, lectures, and visits to growers, but more especially by demonstrations. At present four specialists are devoting all their time to extension work covering practically every phase of vegetable gardening and pomology. 102 Trustees We have reviewed rather briefly some of the outstanding accomplishments in horticulture at The Pennsylvania State College. However, I am more desirous of commemorating tonight the memory of those who years ago worked so faith- fully and incessantly for the advancement of horticulture at Penn State and throughout the Commonwealth. Let us first pay tribute to the Trustees who by profes- sion were horticulturists and whose abiding faith and interest in horticulture and this institution caused them to render un-- usual service without any financial compensation. Augustus Otto Hiester was a prominent citizen who lived near Harrisburg and who took a great interest in the estab- lishment of the Farmers' High School. He was a very in- fluential member of the first Board of Trustees appointed in 1855 and served until 1874. Who knows to what extent he may have participated in all of the early plans for the develop- ment of horticulture at Penn State? We can scarcely mention the name of Gabriel Hiester, the son of Augustus Otto Hiester, without associating it with the Pennsylvania Horticultural Association and the advance- ment of horticulture at the college. Some of his friends may be surprised to know that he was an alumnus of the Pennsyl- vania State College, having graduated in 1868. In 1879 he was elected a Trustee of the institution and served continu- ously until the time of his death in 1912. He was also Presi- dent of the State Horticultural Association at the time of his death, serving his eighth term in that capacity. Gabriel Hiester was a man of culture, refinement, and scholarly at- tainments. He was unselfish in all his interests, broad-minded and untiring in his efforts to promote the most rapid develop- ment of horticulture. He was also admired for his good fighting qualities. For instance, when incensed over the ac- tion of the Board of Trustees in deciding to use a field for athletic purposes which had been planted in orchard trees, he insisted that a new farm be bought solely for the use of the Department of Horticulture, and the property which was purchased has been designated as the Hiester Farm. The de- velopment of athletics and physical education and the wonder- ful advancement made in horticulture at the college have more than justified the action of the Board of Trustees in abandoning the young orchard. Let us also be thankful for the good fighting blood displayed by Mr. Hiester. I have always loved him more because of the firm stand which he took in this matter. 103 I do not know to what extetit John A. Woodward of Howard, Pa., influenced the development of horticulture at the college. He was a Trustee from 1884 to 1911 and I know he was very much interested in agriculture and, no doubt, he used his best efforts for the advancement of the entire field of agricultural education. He w^as one of the most success- ful home vegetable and small fruit growers I have ever known. Upon the death of Gabriel Hiester in 1912, Chester J. Tyson, of Flora Dale, was elected a Trustee and he has ser- ved in that capacity ever since. No just estimate can be placed on the value of his services as a Trustee and as a counsellor in connection with the work of the Department of Horticulture. We also desire to acknowledge the great value of the service rendered horticulture by E. S. Bayard, Editor of the National Stockman and Partner, who served as Trustee from 1906 to 1923 and from 1925 to the present time. Though he is primarily interested in livestock, he has always taken a very keen interest in the work of the Department of Horti- culture. In fact, our Board of Trustees has never failed in any sympathy or support which it could give to the work in horticulture at Penn State. The Faculty When the Farmers' High School opened on February 16, 1859, William Griffith Waring was the General Superintend- ent of the School and Professor of Horticulture. He was born in England in 1816 and died at his home in Tyrone, Pennsyl- vania, in 1906. The Campus of the Pennsylvania State Col- lege, which we have previously referred to as one of the most beautiful in the entire country, w^as designed and the trees were planted by Professor Waring. The old orchard was also planted by him. Though the term of his service was probably less than two years, he did so much for the school in this short time that he is deserving of special commemoration. Dr. W^illiam Armstrong Buckhout was born at Oswego, New York, in 1846, and died at his home in State College in 1912. He was graduated from Penn State in 1868 and became a member of the faculty of the college, as Professor of Botany, Geology, etc., in 1871. At a later date, he also served as Pro- fessor of Horticulture. It was my special privilege to pursue studies in botany and zoology under this great teacher. All of his students were impressed by his profound knowledge relating to a great diversity of scientific and practical subjects, but they were even more impressed by his modesty, strength of character, gentleness of spirit, faithfulness to duty, and abiding interest in The Pennsylvania State College. 104 V > Professor George C. Butz was born at New Castle, Penn- sylvania, in 1863. He, too, was an alumnus of Penn State, having graduated in 1883, and was the Horticulturist of the College from 1887 until the time of his death in 1907. Having taken all my horticultural work under Professor Butz, I have many happy recollections of him as a teacher, as a friend, and as a man. He represented the highest type of citizenship. He was always optimistic, cheerful in disposi- tion, and generous in mind toward those who disagreed with him. We can make no just estimate of his service to the Horticulture of Penn State and ouj great Commonwealth. Professor Butz was keenly interested in the campus and was responsible for the j)lanting of many of the fine trees which now embellish the college property. He was a splendid teacher and a successful investigator. Among the subjects which he discussed in the bulletins of the Experiment Station may be mentioned small fruits, apples, ginseng culture, black knot of plums, spraying, and vegetable seeds. Let us on this occasion also pay tribute to other mem- bers of the college faculty who aided directly the develop- ment of horticulture at the Pennsylvania State College and who have joined the innumerable throngs beyond this life: Presidents Evan C. Pugh, George W. Atherton, and Edwin Erie Sparks ; John Hamilton, the first Professor of Agricul- ture and Treasurer of the College for many years, and Wil- liam J. Patterson, Superintendent of the College Farms from 1880 to 1909. No mention has been made in this paper of members of the faculty who are living and who have rendered such im- portant service in recent years for the advancement of horti- culture at the college and throughout the State. And now, although our paper is already too long, we have not paid our respects to the present college staff of teachers, investigators, and extension workers in the field of horticul- ture. It would afford me great pleasure indeed to comment upon their splendid qualifications but it might be embarrassing to some of them, and especially to the honored Secretary of this Association, Dr. S. W. Fletcher, who is also head of the Department of Horticulture at the College. However, I am confident that most of you are acquainted with them and with their work, and that it will suffice to say at this time that I would not swap them for the same number of similarly trained men in any Land Grant College of the United States. 105 WHAT THE RECENT CENSUS REVEALS ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRUIT GROWING IN PENNSYLVANIA by Paul L. Koenig Federal-State Agricultural Statistician Department of Agriculture We have been asked to trace the development of the Pennsylvania fruit grovi^ing industry in the past five years, as revealed in the study of recent census information. Some very pronounced changes have taken place since the 1920 census was taken, as you w\\\ note in the tables and maps that will be shown you. These developments are of decided interest to you men as progressive fruit growers. Our latest data is obtained from tbe preliminary sum- maries that have been issued to date by the Federal Bureau of the Census, in which are given the results of the Federal Agricultural Census taken during the winter of 1924-75. The figures may not be final, being subject to correction for minor errors in tabulation, but they give a clear picture of conditions one year ago for comparison with previous periods. Our background material has been taken from the pages of "The Apple Industry of Pennsylvania'', Bulletin No. 369 of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, the first forty- five pages of which carry a remarkably complete history of apple growing to 1920. For the purpose of this study, comparisons are made on the basis of bearing and non-bearing trees. Production data becomes rather a weak indicator of changes that take place in fruit growing because of seasonal influences that affect production in any one year, as in 1924 for example. On the other hand, bearing trees are a very reliable indication of present potential production while non-bearing trees disclose future possibilities to a marked degree. (From several maps and tables, Mr. Koenig traced the changes that took place in apple growing in the United States since 1890 and brought to light the most important shifts in fruit growing recorded in the 1925 census. All the facts pre- sented, as well as many others, are contained in the following material, which permits us to crowd in more information than would otherwise be possible.) * NUMBERS AND RANK OF LEADING STATES IN APPLE TREES— 1890 TO 1920 Census of 1890 CENSUS OF 1890: Apple trees of importance principally in the northeastern '^infe'a and in the Ohio and central Mississippi valleys. Pennsylvania ranking third to New York and Ohio in bearing trees. ^ BEARING TREES NON-BEARING TREES Rank State No. Trees Rank in Production Rank State No. Trees Rank 1 New York 14,428,381 7 2 Ohio 10,860,613 1 3 Pennsylvania 9,097,700 10 4 Michigan 8,582,386 2 5 Missouri 8,150,442 6 6 Illinois 6,949,346 4 7 Indiana 6,089,106 5 8 Kansas 6,063,575 14 9 Kentucky 5,730,144 3 10 Tennessee 5,020,400 11 11 Virginia 4,253,364 8 12 North Carolina 4,249,468 9 Census of 1900 CENSUS OF 1900: Surprising shift in the rank of States In number of bearing trpes. Missouri moves up to first and Illinois up to third place. Kansas, almost doubl- ing apple acreage, also moves up, to fifth place. Pennsylvania dropi»ed to sixth, al- i^^Vf i.^® luimber of trees was increased. New York and Ohio still exceed Pennsyl- %anla but also dropped in rank. 1 Missouri 2 New York 3 Illinois 4 Ohio 5 Kansas 6 Pennsylvania 7 Michigan 8 Kentucky 9 Indiana 10 Virginia 11 Tennessee 12 Arkansas 20,040,399 9 15,054,832 1 13,430,006 5 12,952,625 3 11,848,070 16 11,774,211 2 10,927,899 6 8,757,238 10 8,624,593 7 8,190,025 4 7,714,053 11 7,486,145 20 106 107 Census of 1910 /.irwcTTS rnr iftlft. Afissourl still holding first place although losing almost six now a million below the number in 1890. Rank BEARING TREES State No. Trees Rank in Production 1 Missouri 2 New York 3 Illinois 4 Ohio 5 Pennsylvania 6 Arkansas 7 Michigan 8 Virginia 9 Kansas 10 Iowa 14,359,673 4 11,248,203 1 9,900,627 16 8,504,886 10 8,000v456 3 7,650,103 20 7,534,343 2 7,004,548 7 6,929,673 27 5,847,034 6 NON-BEtARING TREES Rank State No. Trees Rank 1 Washington 2 Arkansas 3 Missouri 4 Virginia 5 New York 6 Wes Virginia 7 Illinois 8 Pennsylvania 9 Ohio 10 Michigan 4,862,702 3,940,089 3,624,833 3,435,591 2,848,515 2,772,025 2,548,301 2,501,185 2,438,246 2,253,072 NUMBERS AND RANK OF LEADING STATES IN APPLE TREES AND PRODUCTION— 1925 CENSUS BEARING TRBBS NON-BBABING TREES Trees Rank i Trees 1924 in 1924 %of Pro- % of Rank State Numbers 1919 ♦hirt Rank State Numbers 1919 1 New York 9,454,127 98.1% 1 1 Illinois 2,770.114 151.7% 2 Virginia 8,060,674 109.1 3 a New York 2,457,970 83.8 8 Pennsylvania 6,884,138 98.5 5 3 Virginia 2,344,421 82.1 4 Washington 6,759,672 84.9 2 4 Pennsylvania 2,228,870 84.8 f> Michigan 5,519,795 98.3 11 5 Ohio 2,119,232 103.5 6 West Virginia 5,519,230 99.4 6 6 Michigan 1,943,127 94.8 7 Ohio 5,368,995 89.9 9 7 Missouri 1,879,255 118.5 8 IHinois 4.210,915 82.4 8 8 Arkansas 1,734.899 tt97.7 9 No. Carolina 3,720,244 107.1 10 9 Kentucky 1.531.860 107.3 10 Missouri 8,683,337 71.3 15 10 West Virginia 1,481,249 85.4 11 California 8,569.619 114.1 4 11 Tennessee 1,378,129 133.0 12 Kentucky 3,281,322 87.7 12 12 No. Carolina 1,182,160 84.8 13 Tennessee 2,892,948 90.9 13 13 Indiana 1,075,277 115.7 14 Indiana 2,776,041 81.0 24 14 Washington 1,049,849 188.0 15 Oregon 2.773,584 83.7 7 15 Kansas 1,033,813 162.2 lA Arkansas 2,687,789 66.0 14 16 California 900.700 78.7 17 Maine 2,441,449 86.2 18 17 New Jersey 826,948 101.0 18 Iowa 2,290,926 76.4 19 18 Georgia 775,635 96.1 1ft Wisconsin 2,177.974 93.8 28 19 Iowa 762,207 99.3 20 Marj'land 1.812.038 109.7 23 20 Massachusetts 756,867 95.6 Census of 1920 CENSUS OF 1920: Reveals greatest shift of any census. Missouri's orchards proved uncertain in production ai.a droppeing from second to fourtli. Ver>- slight decreases in Pennsylvania and New York and an increase of 700,000 in Virginia does not change relative ranking. Pennsylvania home orchards continue decline while commercial orchards advance. RANK IN PRODUCTION RANK IN PRODUCTION 1924 Census 1924 Federal Estimate Rank State Bushels Rank State Bushels 1 New York 18,548,823 1 New York 22,000,000 2 Washington 17,444,864 2 Washington 22,000,000 3 Virginia 13,242,049 3 Virginia 14.500,000 4 California 8.770,774 4 California 8,903,000 5 Pennsylvania 7,362,929 5 Pennsylvania 7,400.000 6 West Virginia 6.941,565 6 West Virginia 7,000,000 7 Oregon 5,989,860 7 Oregon 6,500,000 8 Illinois 5,857,588 8 Illinois 6,400,000 9 Ohio 5,778,799 9 Ohio 6,350,000 10 No. Carolina 5,773,508 10 No. Carolina 6,350,000 11 Michigan 5,372,477 11 Michigan 6,000,000 12 Kentucky 5,157,304 12 Kentucky 5,700,000 13 Tennessee 4,529,155 13 Tennessee 4,550,000 ■*w i f 109 108 NUMBERS OF APPLE TREES OF BEARING AGE- PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES Census of 1890 Rank County Trees 1 Allegheny 349,310 2 Crawford 336.195 3 Erie 312,260 4 Butler 284,500 5 Susquehanna 275,1 72 6 Westmoreland 270,34/ 7 Berks ~ 256,963 8 York 246.924 9 Bucks 246.078 10 Tioga 226,0-^7 11 Bradford 220.221 12 Mercer 219,708 13 Wayne 21 7,431 14 Washington 207.574 15 Armstrong - 206.060 Census of 1900 Rank 1 Allegheny 2 Berks 3 Erie 4 Butler 5 Crawford 6 York 7 Bedford 8 Bucks 9 Susquehanna . 10 Westmoreland 11 Mercer 12 Wayne 13 Somerset 14 Tioga 15 Lancaster 16 Armstrong 17 Bradford 18 Washington ... 19 Franklin 20 Lycoming 21 Indiana 22 Chester 23 Luzerne 24 Greene 25 Clearfield County Trees 463,369 397,381 336,684 325,381 320,529 314,743 305,686 302.409 298,013 287,689 286,067 284,944 266,995 258,473 255,041 246,803 244,258 230,408 229,326 226,486 219,999 218,447 211,392 204.391 200.6 H 110 C^ensus of 19ld Rank County Trees 1 Bedford 273,141 2 Berks - - 261 ,740 3 Crawford ~ - 239,309 4 York 238,734 5 Allegheny , 227,256 6 Butler - 215,051 7 Susquehanna ~ 208,614 Census of 1920 Rank County Trees 1 Bedford 279,283 2 Adams ^ - 254,228 3 Franklin 239,011 4 York 234,526 5 Crawford 198,025 6 Berks 181 .309 7 Wayne 178,596 8 Eri/ - 171.757 9 Butler 165,238 1 0 Luzerne ■. — 165 133 1 1 Somerset 1 59,041 12 Susquehanna - - — 158,6M 1 3 Westmoreland 1 57,295 14 Allegheny - --• 151.246 NUMBER OF APPLE TREES NOT OF BEARING AGE IN PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES— 1920 (Counties having more than 50,000 trees of non-bearing age) Rank County Trees 1 Adams 280,335 2 York ~ 141,938 3 Franklin 101 .424 4 Lancaster • 98,191 5 Berks 96,869 6 Luzerne - 90,829 7 Cumberland 77,27 1 8 Chester 67,421 9 Bucks ~ 65,844 10 Montgomery 65,187 11 Wyoming 63,609 12 Bedford 59,893 13 Allegheny 57,079 14 Schuylkill 54,903 15 Beaver 54,679 16 Westmoreland 51,638 111 TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLE TREES IN PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES— 1920 (Counties having more than 200,000 trees) Rank County- Trees 1 Adams 534,583 2 York 376,464 3 FrankHn 340,435 4 Bedford 339,176 5 Berks - 278,178 6 Luzerne 255,962 7 Lancaster 222,622 8 Erie 218,436 9 Crawford 217,459 10 Wayne 213,932 11 Butler 209,253 12 Westmoreland 208,933 13 Allegheny 208,325 RANK OF LEADING PENNSYLVANIA APPLE COUN- TIES IN TREES AND PRODUCTION— 1925 CENSUS BEJLaiNG TREES 1 Trees Rank | Trees 1924 In 1024 % of Prod- 1 %of Ran k County Numbers 1919 uct Rank County Numbers 1019 1 Adams 443,413 174.4 1 1 Berks 176,908 182.6% 2 York 320,050 136.5 4 2 Adams 154,041 64.9 3 Franklin 273,614 114.5 2 3 W^estnioreland 114,122 221.0 4 Bedford 263,063 194.2 16 4 Franklin 112,374 110.8 5 Westmoreland 209,110 132.9 9 5 York 105,166 74.1 6 Berks 197,949 109.2 8 6 CumJt)€rland 78,476 101.6 7 Luzerne 176,895 107.1 5 7 Lancaster 71,953 73.8 8 Allegheny 140,376 98.8 20 8 Montgomery 70,704 108.5 9 Lancaster 147,618 \118.6 19 9 Allegheny 67,071 117.5 10 Erie 145,368 84.6 10 10 Luzerne 62,155 68.4 11 Somerset 142,293 «9.5 27 11 Bucks 56,095 85.2 12 Crawford 140,427 70.9 18 12 Wyoming 60,593 70.5 13 Wayne 138,659 77.6 3 13 Chester 49,307 73.1 14 Cumberland 138,558 129.7 17 14 Washington 46,528 09.1 15 Susquehamia 1133,755 84.8 6 15 Brie 43.520 93.2 16 Washington 127,378 98.6 24 16 Beaver 41,581 76.0 17 Butler 127,227 77.0 29 17 Schuylkill 37.978 60.2 18 Bradford 122,980 89.8 11 18 Bedford 35,564 50.4 19 Bucks 122,686 101.4 23 19 Jefferson 35.350 140.8 20 ^Schuylkill 119,838 95.2 33 20 Armstrong 35,119 126.8 21 Cheater 117,595 96.1 13 21 Indiana 34,762 101.9 22 Montgomery 114.777 116.7 38 22 Lehigh 34,306 86.1 23 Greene 114,513 85.3 41 23 Lebanon 34.142 127.0 24 Tioga 111,697 91.0 14 24 Dauphin 34.001 70.1 25 Blair 111,303 97.6 22 25 Butler 31,962 72.6 112 ON I < TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLE TREES— 1925 CENSUS (Preliminary) Rank County Number Trees in 1924 as % of 1919 1 Adams 2 York 3 Franklin 4 Berks 5 Westmoreland 6 Bedford 7 Luzerne 8 Lancaster 9 Cumberland .... 10 Allegheny 11 Erie 12 Montgomery .. 13 Bucks 14 Washington .. 15 Chester 597,454 425,216 385,988 374,857 323,232 298,627 239.050 2.19,571 217,034 216,447 188,888 185,481 178,781 173,906 166,902 111.7 113.0 113:4 134.8 154.7 88.1 93.4 98.6 117.9 103.9 86.5 113.4 95.7 88.7 88.0 APPLE PRODUCTION IN PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES— 1919 (Counties producing more than 100,000 bushels of apples) Rank County Trees 1 Adams ^1^'l^r 2 Franklin '^^^'?9^ 3 York - 310,8 1 4 Berks — - ^5^^.. 5 Lancaster - 1^2'nol 6 Cumberland - ^?VV^^ 7 Bucks - 52,404 8 Bedford — ^^o'rlf 9 Chester 48,574 10 Schuylkill — J23.443 1 1 Luzerne 21,316 12 Lehigh 20,867 13 Erie — 19.838 14 Tioga 103,471 JLS3M 113 g APPLE PRODlJCTIO^f— 1925 CENSUS (Preliminary) Rank County Bushels 1 Adams 526,/00 2 Franklin - I'^^'^Jj 3 Wayne 277,846 4 York - 265,85/ 5 Luzerne - o^^'^^y 6 Susquehanna - odol^n Wyoming oT^m^ ggpl^g - ^lO,Ui4 Westmoreland ^A'^Vn £rie - - 202,737 Bradford "-Z";;!! 193.577 Lackawanna - ?5v.!;^ Chester 87.498 Tioga - 73,505 Lycommg !?4'o21 :Bedford ~ — J^i'^rn Cumberland - Hr'^3? Crawford }1c'?ci Lancaster ^, Ao^ 20 Allegheny } 21. 023 21 Indiana ^20,596 22 Blair •- - } 4,099 23 Bucks 1 10,769 24 Washington*.! — 108,904 25 Lehigh 107,719 TOTAL NUMBER OF PEACH TREES (All Ages), PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES— 1925 CENSUS (Preliminary) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Rank County Number Trees 1924 Trees 1924 % of 1919 Trees Rank 1919 1 Franklin 2 Allegheny 3 York 4 Berks 5 Adams 6 Washington ... 7 Beaver 8 Westmoreland 9 Chester 10 Lancaster 11 Montgomery . 12 Snyder 13 Erie 14 Armstrong 15 Butler 16 Chester 17 Indiana 44 Luzerne , 249,178 206,708 176,961 173,056 157,809 154,703 147,808 139,772 112.936 104,301 100,047 99,896 88,172 86,757 85,587 80,866 78,575 26,199 143.4 95.3 81.5 94.6 81.3 124.5 66.2 83.4 60.1 75.3 72.9 99.5 95.8 95.0 77.5 63.3 68.3 24.4 173,765 216,851 217,194 183,005 194,107 124,211 223,118 167,562 188,137 138,598 137,300 100.441 92,079 91,351 110,494 127,808 115,022 107,380 7 3 2 6 4 12 1 8 5 9 10 16 19 20 14 11 13 15 114 NUMBER OF PEACH TREES, BY CROP REPORTING DISTRICTS District Number of Trees 1924 Number of Trees 1919 1924 % of 1919 (1) NW (2) N (3) NE (4) W^ (5) C (6) E (7) SW (8) S (9) SE STATE 218,247 114,137 70,300 543,767 590,483 245,298 645,780 750,943 641,884 3,820,839 279,117 167,380 123,585 736,985 768,670 412,800 668,265 767,239 874,393 4,798,434 78.2 78.2 56.9 73.8 76.8 59.4 96.6 97.9 73.4 79.6 The discussion turned to the Commercial Apple Orchard reports compiled for the growers during the growing season, by the Federal-State Crop Reporting Service. Continuous interest throughout the season was requested of the growers. The question was asked as to what is meant by "normal crop" in the orchard inquiry. Mr. Koenig: "Normal Crop'' is difficult to explain and few people agree on any one definition. We know that each grower has a very definite crop in mind at the beginning of the season; a crop that he believes he can reasonably expect his bearing orchard to produce, after he makes due allowance for an ordinary amount of damiage from disease, insects and bad weather. He will say, "I should get a crop of so many bushels from that orchard this year". It will not be the maxi- mum that his orchard can produce when conditions are ex- tremely favorable nor the minimum that can be expected when conditions are just the reverse. It is to be expected that some disease and insect damage and bad weather will prevail. President Brinton: Every grower should be able to judge for himself just what the normal production of his orchard should be. President Brinton: I again want to call your attention to the summer trip. Take time off and go along. You will have a good time and see something worth while. The men always come back from the summer trip saying they have been well repaid for having taken it. 115 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY Dr. S. W. Fletcher The Association will close the year with $800 in Liberty Bonds, the remnant of the old life membership fund, and over two hundred dollars ($200.) in cash. The paid up member- ship for 1925 was 815. There are 138 life members so that the paying members are now 677. Over 400 of these are members of the 16 county Horticultural Societies, and pay one dollar a year, to the State Association, instead of two. No new county societies have been organized during the year but several counties are about ready. The Secretary mailed membership invitations to over 1000 Pennsylvania fruit growers who are not now members; seventy-six responded. It is evident that the most promising field for extending our membership is through the county societies. Most of these have been active, but a few need severe pruning to make them fruitful. The summer trip was attended by over 150 members, and was thoroughly enjoyed. The Association was the guest at luncheon of Mr. and Mrs. Marble of Canton, and profited by the inspection of the splendidly equipped facilities of the Marble Laboratory for storage research. Several excellent orchards in western New York were visited, and a very in- teresting day was spent at the New York State Experiment Station, at Geneva. Many of the county societies now have well organized tours often visiting neighboring counties. I suggest therefore, that hereafter the summer trip include a fruit district of some neighboring state such as the Hudson River Valley, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, as well as part of our own state. A proposed revision of the Constitution and By-laws which was printed in the last Proceedings, is before the As- sociation for action. The old instrument, adopted 20 years ago, is needlessly long, and does not fit present conditions in the Association. The more important changes suggested, aside from greater brevity are the discontinuance of life mem- bership, revision of the list of standing committees, and the creation of a small executive committee. Only three of the 138 life memberships were issued dur- ing the past six years. Annual members are far more satis- factory from the point of view of Association finances since they pay their way each year. Moreover, it is extremely dif- ficult to keep a check on life members for they are under no obligation to report to the Secretary once a year, as are an- nual members. The tendency in all State Horticultural So- cieties is to abandon life membership. 116 In the proposed constitution the four elective officers and three other members constitute an executive committee. This committee should function as such, by means of frequent meetings; the present Executive Committee is too unwieldy to be effective. The Association has continued and extended its apple advertising campaign by means of posters and recipe books which are sold to members at cost. This work should be ex- panded to include the peach as well as the apple. The activi- ties of the committee are not a charge against the funds of the Association, but are self-supporting. More of our members cooperated with the fruit statisti- cian of the State Department of Agriculture than ever before, but the number is still discreditable. It would seem that self interest should lead to a practically unanimous response. The Committee on certification of nursery stock has been active, and has definite proposals to submit at this meeting. The Game Laws Committee has little progress to report, except a growing public sentiment in support of our position on the question of damages by deer. The 67th annual meeting of this Association finds it firmly established with a loyal membership of over 800, over $1000 in the bank and no debts. The present Secretary closes his official connection with the Association at this meeting hav- ing served as President or Secretary for six years. It is time for a change. I had hoped to leave my successor a member- ship of 1000, but perhaps it is better to leave this as a mark for the new officers to shoot at. REPORT OF TREASURER RECEIPTS. Cash Balance 1-1-25 .--- -.-. .•■"■ ^^il'm 1-23-25 From S. W. Fletcher, Advertising in Programs .... 6U.0U 1-31-25 From S. W. Fletcher, Annual Dues ^w.UU 3-14-25 From Interest $100 Liberty Bond ^-^^ 4- 4-25 From S. W. Flecther, Annual Dues f»^-^ 4-18-25 From S. W. Fletcher, Annual Dues ~ lOO.UU 4-17-25 From Interest on $500 Liberty Bond l^o^ 5-23-25 From Interest on $200 Liberty Bond ^-^ 5-20-25 From S. W. Fletcher, Annual Dues l^^-^ 9-19-25 From Interest on $100 Liberty Bond ^^^ 10-17-25 From Interest on $500 Liberty Bond ---;-;"".-- .iVVX 11- 7-25 From Porter R. Taylor, Sale of Adv. Material .... 166.M) 11-14-25 From S. W. Fletcher, Annual Dues .......-..,-.. /^-^^ 11-14-25 From Porter R. Taylor, Sale of Adv. Material -. 4 LbU 12-15-25 From W. G. Murtorflf, State College .. H-^ 12- 5-25 From Porter R. Taylor, Sale of Adv. Materia .... «3.UU 12-24-25 From Porter R. Taylor, Sale of Adv. Material .... j-j^ 1- 2-26 From Interest on $500 Liberty Bond ^-^^ 1- 9-26 From Interest on Life Membership Fund ~ "^'^ Total Receipts $1 299,33 117 f m\ DISBURSEMENTS. 1-23-25 People's National Bank, State College $143.09 1-31-25 Louis A. Irwin ^ 50.00 2- 2-25 Piatt Youngman & Co. Treas. Bond 2.50 3-16-25 A. Freeman Mason 24.56 3-30-25 The Nittany Printing & Publishing Co. ...- 115.00 3-30-25 Torsh & Franz 15.15 5- 1-25 Williamsport Printing & Binding Co 417.02 11- 6-25 J. Horace McFarland Co 89.00 11-17-25 The Telegraph Printing Co 229.00 12-15-25 The Telegraph Press ~ 2.25 1-19-26 To Cash in Bank 210.76 Total Expenditures January 20, 1926 $1299.33 (Signed) Edwin W. Thomas, Treasurer. I AUDITORS REPORT January 20, 1926. We, the undersigned auditors have examined the accounts, bills and vouchers of Edwin W. Thomas, Treasurer of the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association and find the same correct. Receipts and cash balance carried over from Last year $1299.33 Cash on hand - ^ 210.76 Liberty Bonds 800.00 Life Membership Fund 62.08 Total Assets $1072.84 (Signed) H. A. Schantz, J. A. Runk, Auditors. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION Probably the most important act was one makiilg it a misdemeanor to take property of any man from an orchard or farm or any private property, throughout the state. It was brought about after several attempts to have a rather rigid trespass act passed without much success. We were suddenly and unexpectedly confronted by a condition in Berks County when a Judge reprieved a man who had taken apples from an orchard on the ground that it did not come under any exist- ing law. That was so widely published that we suddenly found a strong sentiment for something to correct that condi- tion. An act was passed more rigid than anything that had been attempted. 118 I The other thing was in the line of attempting to help the deer damage situation. Probably most of you are familiar with what was attempted. We have been trying to secure acknowledgement on the part of the Game Commission that the state is responsible for damage done by protected game. At the last meeting a year ago we were able to report that there seemed to be interest and actual acknowledgement on the part of the Game Commission that damage had been done and something was due from the state. We attempted to se- cure compensation to growers for damage done. The job ot stopping the damage seemed to be nearly impossible. We found a great many farmers and fruit growers were interested in having game protected and in hunting deer and rabbits We felt that growers located near protected forests suffered most and should have compensation. We could not accomplish much. We met serious objection. The Game Commission did not cooperate with us along the line of pay- ing for damages. Their prime idea was fencing property and, perhaps, have the state pay fifty per-cent of the cost. An act along that line had been prepared and they were fostering it and thought sometime it would go through. We thought the act was playing with the matter and would not satisfy conditions. Finally we had an agreement, in the first place, for all growers or farmers, wherever located, to kill deer at any sea- son on their own property provided damage had been done shortly before the killing of the deer. Another provision of that same act was that the farmer or his employee would be permitted to keep the carcass of the deer and use it We were criticized for that. It was called the Meat Bill. We felt that in many cases where owners of farms were not in position to do the killing some such provision was necessary to en- courage employees or others to actually kill the deer. It finally passed in that shape. Another provision which we had to accept in modified form provided for an extended or rather a special season, at the option of the Game Commission at which the doe could . be killed, providing for that special season in territory where damage was known to have been done. During the past hunting season, after the buck season was closed a season was granted in sixteen districts, counties or parts of counties, and considerable doe were killed and others were frightened so that apparently the condition is improved this winter. C. T. TYSON, Chairman. 119 REPORT OF GAME LAWS COMMITTEE Your Committee on Game Laws reports as follows: The struggle to secure more satisfactory legislation dur- ing the last session of the Legislature was conducted by the special committee appointed by the Agricultural Council. Your committee frequently met with that committee and aided in pushing for desired alterations in the Game Code. The compromise amendments adopted by the joint conference of the Agricultural Council committee with the committee from the sportmen's organizations were passed ultimately by the Legislature, in altered form. It is early yet to see the results of these changes, but it would seem wise to endeavor to be organized adequately to go to the 1927 Legislature for such further changes as are desirable. (Signed) R. T. CRISWELL, Chairman. STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENN- SYLVANIA REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VARIETY CERTIFICATION Your committee appointed at the 1925 meeting of the As- sociation submits the following report. The First Meeting was called to meet in Harrisburg on April 23rd, 1925. An invitation was sent to all nurseries in the state growing fruit trees to attend. Mr. George of the Keystone Nurseries of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Com- mitteeman H. D. Baugher of Adams County Nurseries were present. The nurseryman's viewpoint of certification was dis- cussed, and it was decided to try to interest some of the Pennsylvania nurseries in certification work during the grow- ing season of 1925, the work to be done this year under the certificate plan of the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Associa- tion. Notice was presented regarding the nursery tree certifi- cation school to be held in July at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York. The notice was sent to all fruit tree nurseries in the state. The committee was able to interest H. G. Baugher of Adams County Nurseries and the Pennsylvania Nurseries of Girard, Erie County, Pennsylvania in certifying some apple stock under the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Certificate, and both had trees certified, and are now offering certified apple trees for sale. The committee is glad to report that Messrs. Baugher and Fagan of your committee attended the identification 120 school held at Geneva, New York, during July, 1925, and that in addition the Pennsylvania Nurseries of Girard, Pennsyl- vania, had two representatives in attendance. The school was under the direction of the American Association of Nursery- men, in cooperation with Professor French of the Massachus- etts Agricultural School, who represented J. K. Shaw of the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Association, and Dr. U. P. Hedrick of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York. It was the general opinion of the twenty members attending the school that certification of apple varie- ties in the nursery row was entirely possible and practical, and that the weeding out of trees not true to name was equally possible, based upon a knowledge of tree variety characters. The Second Meeting was held at State College on No- vember 12th 1925, and all members were present. The fol- lowing questions having been studied during the summer were brought up for discussion : 1. Is there a demand on the part of the orchardist for true-to-name nursery stock? Your committee had been gathering information relative to this question, and we feel that there is a very decided demand on the part of fruit tree planters for true-to-name nursery stock. 2. Do variety mixtures occur in the nursery to any great extent? Members Baugher and Fagan report that their ex- perience in nurseries during the summer of 1925 leads them to believe that mixtures do occur in many blocks of trees. In most cases these mixtures occur unbeknown and to the surprise of the nursery propagating the same. They further feel that such mixtures can be culled successfully during the growing season, while the trees are standing in the block. 3. What plan of securing true to name nursery stock is available? Your committee submits the following three plans for your consideration: (1) The plan of certifying and labeling the work would be sponsored by the State Horticultural Association, and is the plan which is now in successful operation as sponsored by the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Association, and under the immediate direction of Dr. J. K. Shaw. We suggest that a permanent committee of three be appointed to serve as certi- ficants. (2) The bonding plan. Under this plan the nursery furnishes and deposits with some state ofificial a bond cover- ing his sales, and guaranteeing the stock covered by the bond to be true to name. The general supervision of this bonding plan in Pennsylvania would probably naturally fall within the 121 I -1. i I 11 jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture. This plan would provide that the purchaser would supply to both the nursery selling the trees and the Secretary of Agriculture a full plant- ing plan of the orchard. The Secretary of Agriculture would arrange for yearly inspection of the orchard in question, and would keep careful record of the inspections, noting any losses or replanting in the orchard, and when the trees come into bearing, would arrange for inspection, and in case any trees were found to be not true to name, would arrange for an inspection and estimate of the damage caused the orchard owner, by such trees being not true to name, by a suitable unbiased Board of Survey. Both the orchard owner and the nursery selling the stock and providing the bond would agree as part of the contract to accept the findings and recommen- dation of the Secretary of Agriculture, based upon the report of this Board of Survey. (3) A third plan is that the Association request the Secretary of Agriculture to inaugurate a plan of service for variety certification, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State College. The question of nursery stock being sold true *to name is primarily a matter of education and good business ethics, and it is, therefore, appropriate that the scheme of certifi- cation of nursery stock should be sponsored by the state or- ganization most directly concerned — the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania. If this third plan is adopted, your committee recommends that a standing committee of three on variety certification be appointed, and authorized to request the Secretary of Agri- culture to inaugurate a system of variety certification in con- nection with the nursery inspection work of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and in cooperation with the Department of Horticulture of the Pennsylvania State College. Your committee further recommends that whatever method is established for the certification of nursery stock being true to name, the same service be available to the orchardists at their expense. With reference to the cost of the certification work, your committee feels that the only reasonable course to pursue is that the cost of the certification be borne by the nursery concerned. Respectfully submitted, VARIETY CERTIFICATION COMMITTEE: H. G. BAUGHER, C. H. HADLEY, F. N. FAGAN, Chairman. 122 Mr. Baugher: I did not believe apple trees could be cer- tified with any degree of certainty. I went to the school of certification for two weeks and changed my mind. I am in favor of it and think it will be one of the best things possible to help to clean mixtures in the nursery. After studying varieties and seeing the difference of life characteristics you are thoroughly convinced that it can be done. If I can go again I will, because you do not graduate in two weeks by any means. Only two men can do this work thoroughly. There are only two men doing it in eastern United States. A man can learn a great deal in two weeks and much more afterwards. Mr. Berger: Stark Brothers nursery, Louisiana, Missouri.) Certification has been left to the nurseryman and the grower. It is one of the problems which the grower of apple trees has to settle. The nurseryman is in a position to furnish anything the grower wants. If the grower desires something better and more complete the nurseryman will furnish it. Nurserymen have been blamed for things in the way of varieties being untrue to name which they did not intend. They want to give the kind of stock the grower wishes to have and will go a long way to give service. If there is a way such as this certification which appears to be feasible so as to give the grower better stock then the nurserymen will furnish it. There is a great deal more to certification than appears when you first look at it from the outside. Mr. Pagan: The American Association of Nurserymen may some day establish a Bureau. We feel that the certif- ication idea is all right and that inspection is all right, and that inspection, if established, ought to be valuable to the orchardist. Dr. Fletcher : I see little difference between plan one and plan three in effect Plan one is perhaps a little preferable. In the first place it is a conservative method. It has been found satisfactory by the Massachusetts growers. Secondly, I can see some advantages for this organization to have administration, jurisdiction at least, over this work. It is a splendid advertising feature for the State Horticultural As- sociation. I move that plan one be adopted, and the ap- pointment of a standing committee of this association which will bring together the State Department of Agriculture and State College in the prosecution of this work. Mr. S. L. Simmons. Seconds the motion. On vote, motion carried and Plan One adopted. jf 123 im REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE For the past several years the reports of this Committee have dealt with the selection of proper varieties for Penn- sylvania. This report is to deal v^ith the other half, the better half, of the tree,— its roots. Every root in our orchards is a different variety. It would have been impossible for horticulture to have reached its present importance if, back in the dark ages, some one had not discovered how to pre- serve a good kind and secure uniform fruit through vegetative propagation. But selection of roots is still in the dark ages. There are hundreds of apple orchards in this state, that should be in their prime which have lost as many as two per cent of their trees by root diseases and the sweet cherry orchard which reaches full commercial production with losses no greater than this is the exception. There is another source of loss in the orchard which is even greater than that from disease and which can be blamed chiefly to the roots — boarder trees. The dairyman has an easy problem with his boarder cows but our runts and loafers may not show up until the orchard is 15 or 20 years old, and to dig out and replant then is a serious problem. As far as is possible, we must eliminate the poor trees before they get into the orchard. Of the thirty million apple roots sold last year for budding and grafting nearly 90% were from seeds grown in Europe and a still larger proportion of our cherry roots were from European seeds. The European areas in which these seeds were grown have a very different climate from ours and the diseases and insects common here are frequently not found in Europe so there has been no chance for a natural selection for ladaptability to seve/re climatic conditions or for re- sistance to diseases and insects. It is no wonder that winter injury and fruit blight take their toll in our orchards. The Federal Horticultural Board has the right to forbid the importation of seeds or seedlings if the Board considers there is danger of introducing diseases or insects among the plants or packing material. At first the American nurserymen objected to this but now they are convinced that this is for their benefit as well as for the fruit grower. Last summer the American Association of Nurserymen recomriiended that its members cooperate with the American growers of seed- lings so as to develop sources of stocks in this country by 1930 when it is expected their importation will be cut off. The necessity now rests upon the fruit industry of the country to aid in the development of economical methods of growing seedlings and, in so far as it is possible, to find American sources of desirable seeds. 124 y Unfortunately, the nurseryman is chiefly interested in finding a stock which will grow well in the nursery and bud easily. Its probable future value in the orchard may be totally unknown or it may even be known to be inferior to some other less easily worked stock. On the other hand the grower frequently objects to paying the few cents extra for a superior stock which the nurseryman finds more costly to grow. The development of a better fruit stock should not rest in the hands of either the nurseryman or the fruit grower; it should be a matter of cooperation between the two. No agencies are so well able to bring about this cooperation as are the state experiment stations and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Last summer the experiment stations of the four states traversed by the Cumberland-Shenandoah Valleys and the U. S. Department of Agriculture were asked to send members of their staffs interested in fruit growing to a meeting held at Winchester, Virginia to consider measures best adapted to further the fruit industry of this region. A large majority of the men present stated that they considered the improvement of our present fruit stocks to be one of the most important problems in this region. Because of this the conference ap- pointed a committee to draw up plans to advance this line of work. What can we as fruit growers do to help out with this work which has so much promise of practical value? We can study any trees which die in our orchards to determine the cause of death if we can and if any number seem to be killed by root troubles we can report this to the county agent. We can call the attention of our Horticultural Department to any fruit trees wihch are unusually old or of outstanding vigor so their roots may be propagated and tested in further plant- ings. We can help find and collect seeds of promising wild types of cherries and apples. We can test in our commercial orchards trees worked on roots which our inv^estig^ators think show promise of improvement over our present sources. We can encourage our college officials and legislators who are attempting to find funds for the better support of fruit stock research. R. D. ANTHONY, Chairman. j» 125 It REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EXHIBITION. by Paul Thayer, Chairman There is not as much fruit at the exhibit as there ought to be. The show is self-supporting. The state does not give anything to the support of the show. Some of the em- ployees help us. It does not pay to exhibit fruit. If you want a fruit exhibit, someone must donate time, energy and money, to the exhibit. I want the Judge Mr. Mason to tell you what he thinks of the quality of the fruit at the exhibit. Mr. Mason: Last year you had the best quality of fruit I ever judged. I was a little disappointed this year because the fruit is not there. It is not all due to the growers, be- cause we did not have the season to finish fruit. There is a tremendous amount of bruising and stem puncture. This detracts from the quality and the value of the exhibit. We handled almost every apple. We did examine from one third to two-fifths of every basket individually. I wonder whether the packing represents the packing of baskets for market. We do not ask that it be better for the exhibit than for the market. If it is, then the packing is not very good. There were some rough looking customers. We realize that many men were saving the good exhibit fruit and that much of it was blown oflF October 17 and 18. They probably used some of this which did not seem to be bruised but the bruises showed up later on. • Member: Much of the bruising may be due to handling on the road or in storing here. Mr. Thayer: If it came Friday or Saturday, it may have been in the office until Monday. What was shipped last week was put in the building as soon as it was available. Mr. Mason: Harrisburg ought to have a better location for a fruit show. We appreciate the courtesies extended by Harrisburg and the Department of Agriculture for the use of the Emerson Building but that place does not lend itself to a fruit exhibit. The Exhibits are dirty before the show begins and that deadens the color and dampens the ap- pearance. Mr. Thayer: We had to handle much of the fruit and found it dirty and covered with dust. I am sorry there is no representative of the Mount Breeze orchard here to accept the cup which is given as prize for the best exhibit. 126 REPORT OF ADVERTISING COMMITTEE During the past season the Advertising Committee has continued the lines of activity started by the Apple Week Committee which functioned during 1924. Arrangements were made for the printing of advertising material for dis- tribution to growers who desired to use it. The recipe books were duplicated, and a colored poster and price cards for the important Pennsylvania varieties were prepared. Sup- pHes were secured in the following quantity ; 7500 books, 1600 posters and 7500 price cards. These were in addition to about 1400 recipe books carried over from the preceding year. As a result of this season's activities, all of the recipe books, num- bering 17,000 have been distributed to growers. There still remain in the hands of the Committee about 250 posters and approximately 3500 of the price cards. We feel that the value of the price cards to the dealer has not been realized by the grower because of the newness of this material. The re- sults which have been secured with this material indicate that there will be just as strong demand for it as for the other types of material. Summarizing the activities and the preparation of the advertising material for the past two years, it is interesting to note that a total of 28,000 pieces of material have been purchased by the Committee and almost 25,000 of these have been sold to growers on practically a self-sustaining basis. The committee does not feel that it has had the support of the organized growers of the State to the degree which it has reason to expect. Only nineteen counties were represented in the orders for 1925, most of these counties having been heavy purchasers during the previous year. One of the most pleasant parts of the Committee's activities has been the re- peat orders which come from a limited group of growers and organizations who have been finding the advertising material of real value in the sale of their fruit. The Committee believes that the County Horticultural Associations should form the nucleus for the distribution of this material, either as organizations or as individuals. In this way a much larger quantity should be distributed during the coming season and a much wider area included in the advertising activities. We, therefore, suggest to the officers of each county association that such advertising work be in- cluded as a part of their program for 1926 and that plans be made promptly to carry on this work. There also seems to be a strong probability that a con- test for a slogan for Pennsylvania apples would result in favorable publicity for the industry, as well as assistance in the preparation of advertising material. We, therefore 127 suggest that such a contest be arranged for, suitable prizes to be given by the State Association. There is one possible extension of the work of the Com- mittee which can be carried on if the interest justifies. This includes the preparation of the material for use in newspaper advertisements by growers of the various associations. If there is demand for such a service, the Committee will be glad to make such necessary arrangements. Committee : H. C. BARKER, H. G. LEWIS, P. R. TAYLOR, Chairman. COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS The Committee on Resolutions submits the following resolutions, viz : RESOLVED, That this society is in favor of taking advantage of our marketing possibilities by expanding in roadside marketing and thus relieving the conges- tion of the wholesale market to some extent. RESOLVED, That in view of the fact that legisla- tion so far secured by the efforts of the Game Com- mittee has not accomplished the results badly needed by our fruit growers, a very vigorous and concerted effort should be commenced at once to arouse public opinion in the state leading to the passage of a law at the next regular session of the legislature making the State or the Game Commission or both, directly liable for full remuneration for da^mage done to property by any game animals. RESOLVED, That it is to the best interests of the future business of Pennsylvania fruit growers that all fruit sold shall be of the very highest quality and condition possible, that every fruit in the package con- form to the highest standard of its respective grade, and that the spirit of this resolution apply with especial emphasis to sales at roadside markets. (signed) F. H. FASSETT, Chairman, (signed) ROBERT E. ATKINSON, (signed) F. G. REITER. Member John Schoener moves the adoption of the report of the Committee on Resolutions. Member Chester Tyson seconded the motion. Motion carried and Resolutions adopted. 128 COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS The Committee on Nominations submits the following names for the offices indicated, viz : President, H. C. Brinton, Hanover; Vice-President, S. L. Smedley, Newtown Square; Secretary, R. E. Atkinson, Wrightstown ; Treasurer, Edwin W. Thomas, King-of-Prussia. Executive Committee: Sheldon W. Funk, Boyertown; F* G. Reiter, Mars; G. B. Pollock, Wyoming. Respectfully Submitted, P. S. FENSTERMACHER, C. A. GRIEST, Nominating Committee. Mr. Fetterman: I move the Secretary cast the ballot for the candidates. Mr. Arthur Driest : I second the motion. Motion carried. Dr. S. W. Fletcher casts the ballot. President declares nominees dulv elected to office. 129 1. '0 , BEDFORD COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Organized January, 1924 OFFICERS President, N. F. RICHARDS ' ' ' ' ' ^ Schellburg Vice President, LLOYD WRIGHT - - - Spring Hope Secretary, CLAYTON SMITH - - - - Bedforcl R. 4 Treasurer, A. A. HYDE Manns Choice MEMBERS Barton, W. E ~ Six Mile Run Blackburn, W. D Bedford Claycomb, Irvin A Osterburg, R. D. 1 Diehl, D. W. W - Bedford, R. D. 4 Drenning, H. D ^ Bedford, R. D. 4 Egolf, J. W Schellburg Elder, H. C ^...Cumberland Valley Guyer, G. S New Enterprise Heacock, F. J Bedford Hoover, Albert Cessna Hyde, A. A ~ Manns Choice Hyde, Clarence M Manns Choice Knisely, Samuel Bedford, R. D. Mickle, J. Warren Bedford Miller, I. A Fishertown Reynolds, Hon. J. M Bedford Richards, A. C 1719 Pine St., Johnstown Richards, N. F Schellburg Shaffer. R. E Schellburg Sleek, J. T New Paris Smith, Clayton Bedford, R. D. 4 Wagoner, C. E Bedford, R. D. 5 Wertz, J. M Bedford, R. D. 3 Wr-ght, C. E Spring Hope Wright, Lloyd Spring Hope BERKS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OFFICERS President, WALTER SHEARER ... - Vinemont First Vice Pres., EARL SHEBLE Hamburg Second Vice Pres., H. A. STROHECKER - - Gouglersville Secy. & Treas., WILLIAM W. LIVINGOOD - - Robesonia Member of Exec. Com., CHARLES S. ADAMS - - Esterly MEMBERS Adams, Chas. S Esterly Adams, W. H Dryville Balthaser, George Wernersville DeLong, Cletus Mertztown Doty, H. M Stony Creek Mills Doty, Richard C Stony Creek Mills Eagleman, J. C ~ Geiger's Mills Ebling, Aaron Reading, R. D. 2 Fry, J. L Reading c/o C. K. Whitner Co. , Funk, Sheldon Boyertown Gerhard, Owen S Clayton 130 Gilbert, Walter. Leesport Harnish, James ~. Sinking Spring ♦Hershey, H. F Hamburg Hinkle, Jacob ..Oley Keim, Wm. R - Boyertown^ R. D. 2 Ketner, Jacob D Wernersville Lenhart, Richard Reading c/o Kline, Eppihimer Co. Livingood, Wm. W Robesonia McGinnis, C. R Reading, 507 Colonial Bldg. Markely, N. S Shanesville Melcher, George Bally Merkel, Floyd M Hamburg Rick, Chas. M .....Reading, 431 Windsor St. ♦Rick, John Reading, c/o C. K. Whitner Co, Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S ~ Lorane Rittenhouse, Samuel - Lorane Rohrer, George H Mertztown Ruth, B. Frank Reading, 1109 Franklin St, SchollkoflF, Carl A. T Leesport Schieferstein, Wm. .*. Leesport Shearer, Charles. r....New Jerusalem Shearer, Walter Vinemont Sheble, Earl , Hamburg Shultz, Chester Barto Snyder, Fry & Rick Reading, R. D. 2 Strohecker, Herman A Gouglersville Stoudt, Charles M Hamburg, R. D. 4 Thompson, . J. H Wernersville Uibel, George D Reading, c/o Boys' High School Unger, David _ Boyertown Wertz, Samuel H -...Leesport BUCKS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION Organized 1924 OFFICERS President, ROBERT E. ATKINSON - - - Wrightstown First Vice President, H. G. BENNER, - - - Coopersburg Second Vice President, SAMUEL L. PAXSON - - Lumberville Secretary, FREDERICK G. SATTERTHWAITE - - Yardley MEMBERS Allen, Jas. D Stockton, N. J. Atkinson, Robert E Wrightstown Barnhill, Edward Fallsington Benner, H. G _ Coopersburg Benner, Roy Perkasic Bickley, Mrs. Mae E Quakertown, R. D. S Carrell, Frank B Neshaminy Crowell, Ralph T Buckingham Everitt, Samuel Bristol, R. D. ; Groff, A. P ^ Chalfont Gross, Mahlon _ Fountainville Haney, Edward Riegelsville ' Hunsberger, Howard K Perkasie Jefferson, Thos. H „ Wycombe * Johnson, Evelyn B New Hope ' Landis, Elmer _ Dublin ^ Moyer, Levi D Chalfont Newell, Henrietta B Oxford Valley 131 Paxson, Samuel L Lumbervnie Pershing, Thed --"- ..-:...-....-..-^-Pineville Purmell, D. N National Farm School, Doylestown Saltzman, W. H Perkasie, R^ D. 3 Satterthwaite, Fred. G xi^^I'^^^^ Satterthwaite, Lewis P.-.--. --y Newtown Snyder. Stover P Pleasant Valley Transue, R. E Lumberville CHESTER-DELAWARE FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION Organized 1921 OFFICERS vLf pTesidtnt'H%^^^ WoRTHINGTON - " We'st Ch'eltTr Secf-Treas., HERBERT C. BARKER - - - West Chester MEMBERS Baldwin, O. H v West Chester Barker, H. C West Chester Barnard, C. P "w^'I'r^T^ *Bartram, G. M Wes Chester Brinton, Robt. F West Chester Campbell, W. S --- Kimberton Chambers, J. Paul .Newtown Square Corson, E. H Brandywme Summit Dickey, Samuel .Oxford Dohan, John T \T;^?r^'"^ Edgerton, J. Russell Westtown Fetterman, J. G -;;r"^fM!^ Forest Hill Farms Glen Mi s Foxcroft Farms Glen Mi s Gefrorer, Henry - .Gradyville Gyger, Furman -x\^'"J^u^'"^°," Hayman, Guy L Northbrook Hilles, Wm. T ■---- Malvern Kemery, C. H West Chester Leidy, Wallace H Y^^^i^^ Linville, Arthur S -; .-Media Lippincott, B. A Downingtown McNeal, Wm. H Parkesburg Morris, Mary West Chester Paschall Bros Kennett Square Passmore, N. S ---- -Ward Passmore, S. S - - Mendenhall Pennock, Geo. L - Lansdowne Perrigo, A. H West Chester Piel, Oswald B Downingtown Quinton, W. P West Chester Ray, Edgar S West Chester Romig Bros Downingtown Smedley. S. L.. Jr Newtown Square Thomas, Carl B West Chester Wanger. NeflF Kimberton White, Theo Darling Wilson, John S Westtown Wolff. Frank B Lm^a Woodward, N. H. Mendenhall Worthington, H. R West Chester * Life Members 132 CUMBERLAND COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION Organized 1922 OFFICERS President, GALEN H. GATES - . - - Shippensburg Vice President, C. M. MILLER Newville Secretary, H. F. MOWERY Shippensburg Treasurer, JAMES DUNLAP - - - Shippensburg, R. D. MEMBERS Allison, Herbert Shippensburg, R. D. Angle, H. M Shippensburg Barbour, J. B Shippensburg Berry, Dr. E. S Shippensburg Boyer, Elton G - Biglerville Cochlin, J. A - Duncan, D. G Shippensburg ♦Dunlap, James M Shippensburg, R. D. Gates, F. S Shippensburg Gates, G. H .-...Shippensburg Harmon, C. B Shippensburg ♦Leonard, Frank Carlisle, R. D. McDonald, E. F Miller, C M Newville Mowery, H. P Shippensburg Mowery, N. E Shippensburg Myers, John Mechanicsburg Rife, Jacob Lemoyne Torr, W. H Mechanicsburg FRANKLIN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Alexander, William M. & Son, Dry Run, Franklin County Bard, J. Bert Chambersburg Bikle, P. M Chambersburg, R. R. 11 Bingham, A. H St. Thomas B ream, C. C Chambersburg Breteron, O'Hara D Edenville Crawford, J. B Fayetteville Crawford, T. H * Fayetteville Criswell, R. T 12 North Second Street, Chambersburg Davison, N. H Chambersburg Diehl, Edward B. & Son St. Thomas Feldman, Charles S Edenville Gehr, H. J Waynesboro, R. R. 1 Gillan, R. J - St. Thomas Gillan, C. F ^ St. Thomas Gillan, G. G St. Thomas Gordon, Ross Greencastle, R. R. 6 Goshorn, Taylor b. Quincy ♦Grove, W. E - - ~ Hammond, F. F .Scotland Heeb, C. C Chambersburg Heisey. S. A Greencastle, R. R. 4 Hess, Willis A Mont Alto, R. R. 1 Hess, Paul G Mont Alto, R. R. 1 Hess, Ray Mont Alto, R. R. 1 Huber, E. B 232 South Main Street, Chambersburg Karns, J. H - Chambersburg Krebs, H. B Mercersbiirg Landis, D. L Chambersburg, R. R. 1 Latshaw, J. E Marioi[ 133 Long, D. Edward Chambersburg Long, W. G ' Fayetteville Miller, Clayton ;;;- -- -■--"- Marion Miller Frank 125 North Grant Street, Waynesboro Minnich, W. L Waynesboro Nicodemus, Ed Waynesboro Omwake Bros ~ ^ ■ ...-Greencastlc Peiffer, Walter.-.-334 South Fourth Street, Chambersburg Rahauser Bros - Greencastlc Reasner, J. E Shippensburg Reed, Fred E ....Chambersburg Renfrew, R. M Fayetteville Rinehart, R. J Mercersburg Skinner, H. W - Chambersburg Smith, G. Walter Smithburg, R. R. 1, Maryland Phone Waynesboro Wertz, D. M - Waynesboro Young, J. Milton Fayetteville, R. R. 1 LANCASTER COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION OFFICERS President, S. S. KRAYBILL - . - - First Vice President, HARRISON S. NOLT - Second Vice President, ELMER R. SNYDER Third Vice President, ELIAS H. VOGEL - Fourth Vice President, WALTER H. LEPOLE Secretary, MARTIN A. MOORE Treasurer, S. A. FORRY - - - . Mt. Joy Columbia, R. 1 Elizabethtown Lancaster, R. 3 Akron Lititz Ephrata, R. 1 MEMBERS INDIANA COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Saltsburg, R. D. Indiana, R. D. 7 fs< Organized February, 1924 OFFICERS President. T. C. HOOD ----- Sec.-Treas., H. W. STONEBRAKER - MEMBERS Ackerson, S. A Blairsville, R. D. 4 Altman, L. A Blairsville, R. D. 4 Black, H. M Idamar Brown, Bert C - Marion Center Brown, H. M Indiaiia, R. D. 5 Buterbaugh. M. S 647 Water St., Indiana Clark, B. M Indiana Diven, W. C Livermore Elbel. Geo. H Rossiter, R. D. 1 George T. K Homer City Gibson, Ira Indiana Hamilton, R. W Home, R. D. 2 Hines, Zenas -. Clymer, R 2 Hood, T. C ^ Saltsburg, R. D. Indiana Hospital Indiana Irwin S. B Punxsutawney, R. D. 1 Lydic, J. M Blairsville, R. D. 1 McCrea, T. C Blairsville McCrea, W. P Blairsville, R. p. 4 McHenry, Clarence Indiana Murray, Ed. A Punxsutawney Nibert, William Indiana. R. D. Putt, Ed - Clymer, R. 2 Rosensteel, L. C ~ Edri Salsgiver, Andrew R Indiana, R. 4 Simpson, J. A - Indiana. R. D. 5 Snyder, Fred Avonmore, R. D. 1 Stephens, Zenas ~ Clymer Stonebraker. H. W Indiana, R. D. 7 Strong, T. M „ ^..Blairsville, R n. 1 Thomas. Heber Indiana Wetzel, Wm. S Marion Center White, J. W., Mgr. Indiana Co. Home Indiana Williams, F. W - Indiana, R. D. 4 Wilson, A. D Avonmore 134 Aument, Andrew Safe Harbor, R. 2 Barr, Frank S Narvon Betz, W. E Stevens, R. 2 Borry, E. E Stevens, R. 2 Bricker, E. B Lititz ♦Brinton, Wm. P Christiana Brossman, Morse Mohnton, R. 2 Brubaker, J. C Lititz, R. 1 Dockat, C. J Lancaster, R. 2 Engle, H. R Marietta, R. 2 ♦Engle, Jno. G Marietta Felty, G. O. B Millersville Ferry, S. E Ephrata, R. 1 Garber, Henry F Mt. Joy, R. 3 Geist, Willis H Lancaster. R. 5 Glick, Jacob R Lancaster, R. 5 Good, Martin R Lane. 54 S. Franklin Harnish, C. H Leola ♦Haverstick, Paul E Lancaster Herr, C. M Lancaster, R. 2 Hershey, C. Maurice Gordonville, R. 1 Hershey, H. S E. Petersburg Hess, Francis P Lancaster, R. 7 Herr, David S - Lancaster. R. 7 Hostetter, Henry F Bdreville. R. 1 Hostetter, Dr. J. E Gap, R. 1 Huber. L. B Neffsville ♦Jones, J. F Lancaster Kauff'man, A. L Ronks. R. 1 Kendig, Dr. T. D Manheim Kraybill, S. S Mt. Joy Landis, D. M Lancaster, R. 7 ♦Landis, Graybill G Lancaster, R. 3 Lepole, Walter Akron Maver. Guv S Willow St. Mellinger, Jac. D Lancaster, R. 8 Moore. M. A Lititz Nolt, Harrison S Columbia, R. 1 Peris, Roy - Florin Reist, Henry G 110 Avon Road, Schcnectadv N. Y. Risser, H. N Marietta Root, J. W Manheim, R. 1 Rover, Tno Akron Ruhl, H. F Manheim Rutter Bros 551 W. King. Lancaster ♦Shank. H. A -'- Lancaster. R. 7 * Life Members 135 Shirker, Jac Akron Smith, Geo. K Akron Snavely, Elmer Lititz, R. 5 *Snaveiy, H. H Willow St. Snavely, H. R Lititz, R. 5 Snyder, C. B Ephrata, R. I Snyder, E. R ETizabethtown Stauffer, Tillman H Lititz, R. 4 Slehman, Wm New Providence Vogel, Elias H Lancaster, R. 3 Wenger, G. P Quarryville, R. 1 Wenger, M. P Denver Wertch, Edwin Lititz, R. 5 Widders, J. B Lancaster, R. 3 Winger, Clara ^...Ephrata Witmer, J. B ...Lampeter Zerphy, Jac. H Elizabethtown, R. 1 Zimmerman, H. S .^ LaPark * Life Members LAWRENCE COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION Organized 1914 OFFICERS President, J. W. CUMMINGS - - - New Wilmington Secy.-Treas., J. A. BOAK New Castle, R. MEMBERS Allen, S. R New Castle, R. 1 Baldwin & Bavard New Castle Blair, T. W New Castle, R. 4 Boak, J. A New Castle, R. 4 Boak, J. E..:. New Castle Cox, J. W New Castle, R. 3 Cummings, J. W New Wilmington Currie, W. E New Castle, R. 1 Dennison, Thos Slippery Rock Friday, G. P New Castle, R. 1 FuUerton, A. H Edinbiirg Harbison, Chas. F New Castle, R. 7 Hartzell, Chas. M New Castle, _R. 1 Hileman, W. Carl New Castle, R. 3 Houk, J. B New Castle, R. 8 Hughs Fruit Farm Mercer Hunt, Norman, M New Castle, R. 4 Hutchinson, F. G New Wilmington Ingham, M. M 129 N. St., New Castle Johnston, J. H New Wilmington, R. 1 King, Howard New Castle, R. 7 Kyle, David F New Castle, R. 8 Leslie, Merl New Castle, R. 8 McClure, Frank S New Castle McCormack, C. M Knox Ave., New Castle Nass, J. A .* New Castle, R. 5 Stone, Frank B New Wilmington Youn^^ J. Fred Elwood City, R. 1 136 LEHIGH COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Organized March 16, 1923 OFFICERS President, W. S. WEAVER Macungie Vice President, J. H. WEINBERGER - - Zionsville, R. 1 Secy.-Treas., A. L. HACKER Allentown MEMBERS Bender, L. J Allentown, R. 4 Billmeyer, H. W „ Quakertown,R. 2 Dickenshied, F. S Zionsville Dietrich, W. J 62 N. 12th St., Aiicniown Fenstermacher, P. S 214 N. 8th St., Allentown Gackenbach, C. A Orefield, R. 1 Haas, Wm. F Coplay, R. 1 Hacker, A. L Allentown, Colonial Bldg. Hottenstein, Ira 141 N. 10th St., Allentown Kleppinger, B. M Coopersburg, R. 2 Knappenberger, Thos Zionsville, R. 1 Kyle, Ben Zionsville, R. 1 Linde, J. E Orefield, R. 1 Mill, H. S Allentown, 622 N. 6th St. Monosmith, S. B Weisel Mohr, Frank Fogelsville Ritter, Astor Allentown, R. 3 Schantz, M. P Allentown, 602 Hamilton St. Schantz, Louis M Orefield, R. 1 Schantz, M. L Allentown, 1610 S. Albert St. Schantz, H. A Allentown, 602 Hamilton St. Shoemaker, C. C Catasauqua Schreiber, H. F .._ Zionsville Scholl, Winfield J Coopersburg, R. 2 Schmick, Casper Zionsville Smith, G. E Bethlehem, R. 3 Smith, Wm. M Orefield, R. 1 Trexler, Harry C Allentown, Young Bldg. Weaver, W. S - Macungie Weinberger, J. H Zionsville Wolfe, Joseph FuUerton LUZERNE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION Organized Feb. 16, 1923 OFFICERS President, GEORGE POLLOCK Wyoming Vice President, L H. COURSEN Wyoming Secy.-Treas., PORTER MICHAEL . - . - Wyoming MEMBERS Armstrong, Howard Dallas. R. I^. 3 Beard, Goodwin 64 Welles St., Forty-Fort Becker, C. E „ Bloomsburg, R. D. 5 Benscoter, Willard Hunlock Creek, R. D. Bitzer, Emil 647 Northampton St., Wilkes-Barre 137 Bonham, Boyd. — - Hunlock Creek, R. D. Brace, Paul ^ i^^^^^^^ n i Bronson, Marvin - ......JJallas, K. u. ^ Buck, Q. O cu-^H!^^^''''^!. !?• < Chapin, Irvin Shickshmny, R. D. 6 Coursen. I. H - Wyoming Creveling, James Bloomsburg R. U. 3 Dagostin Bros - --;- .-.-,Sugarloaf Dymond, A. C Trucksville, R. D. ^ Earl, John Wyoming, R. D. Ellsworth, Oliver Da as, R. D. Frantz, Ira 5^ ^^' S* 5* Gay, Arthur Dallas, R. D. Hartman, T. A Stillwater, R. D. Hav E F Trucksville, R. U. Hosier, Ralph. Berwick, R. D. Kitchen, G. W Shavertown Kutz, Raymond Pme Grove, R. D 2 Lewis, Howard Pittston, R. D. Lewis, Russell Wyoming, R. D. Lewis, Shay Wyoming, R. D. Line, L. L 99 Elizabeth St., Wilkes-Barre Lutz' W U Berwick, R. D. McC'anna, F.' J Mill St., Pittston Major, C. J Lehman Michael, Porter Wyoming Miiler, Bert Dallas, R. D. 3 Moore, A. C Ely St., Kmgston Niering Theo Wapwallopen, R. D. O'Neil, ' F. J Jermyn Parks, Wm Dallas. R. D. 2 Parrish, E. R Dallas, R. D. Pollock, G. B Wyoming, R. D. 3 Rebennack, Marie Dallas, R. D. Reed, Guy S Summit Station Rememsnvder, Charles Nescopeck, R. D. Rozelle, H. L Pittston, R. D. Santee, E. M Hunlock Creek, R. D. Schmidt, Wm Berwick, R. D. 2 Schoonover, W. J Dallas, R. D. Seybert, Paul Berwick, R. D. Sones, J. E Thompson Bldg., Pottsville Treasure, Roy H Bloomsburg Tressler, William B , Sybertsville Vosler, E. B Hunlock Creeek Warden, Howard Dallas, R. D. Wheeler, C. B Hunlock Creek, R. D. Wiant, David Huntington Mills Williams. D. L Wilkes-Barre. R. D. Williams. J. J 1272 Wyoming Ave., Kingston Yost, Percy Sugarloaf LYCOMING COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION OFFICERS President, W. H. BANZHAF Muncy First Vice President, M. O. WELSHANS - - Jersey Shore Second Vice President, S. L. RYNEARSON - - - Muncy Secy.-Treas., RALPH GIBSON - - 331 Center, Williamsport Acting Secretary, W. H. VAN SANT - P. O. Bldg., Williamsport MEMBERS Artley, O. R Linden ♦Banzhaf, W. H Muncy Eder, Charles Montoursville, R. D. 1 Gibson, Ralph 331 Center St., Williamsport Harer, Roy ^ Salladasburg Pearson, W. G Duboistown Lundy, T. A Muncy, R. D. 3 MacVeagh, W. F Muncy, R. D. 3 Miller, H. A 35 Ross St., Williamsport Percy, M. A Montoursville, R. D. 2 Rynearson. S. L Muncy Sechler, Roy Muncy, R. D. 5 Sheadle Sisters Jersey Shore, R. D. 4 Sheppard. C. W Pittston. R. D. 1 Van Sant, W. H P. O. Bldg.. Williamsport Welshans, D. D Jersey Shore, R. D. 4 Welshans, M. O Jersey Shore, R. D. 4 Williams, C. B Canton Winter, J. Randall Muncy, R. D. 2 Zellers, E. B ^ Montgomery Zellers, S. L Montgomery i' 138 139 i MEMBERS OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA 1926 Name Address Ackerson, S. A Blairsville Adams, Charles S 'iT^^^Mi^ Adams, W. H - Dryville *Adams, W. S V ^^P^^^ Alban, Thos. H Loganville Alexander, W. M. & Son .Dry Run Allen, Jas. D --- Stockton. N^ J Allen S R New Castle, K. u. 6 Allison, Herbert "W Shippensburg, R. D Altman L A Blairsviiie, K. 4 American Lime" & Stone Co ....Belief onte Anderson, H. M ......New Park ♦Anderson, H. W -^ Stewartstown Angle, H. M Shippensburg ♦Anwyll. Harry L . Harrisburg Armstrong, Howard Dallas, K. D. 6 Artley, O. R ~ \Vj"^^"' ^- ^ ♦Atkinson, D. W Wrightstown Atkinson, R. E )^^^?^*s*°^" * Atwater, Richard M Chadds Ford Aument, Andrew Safe Harbor. R. 2 Baird, A. T Lock Haven Baker, J. E. Co York Baldesberger, W. I' Bndgeville, R. D. 2 Baldwin, O. H West Chester Balthaser, G. W Wernersville *Banzhaf, W. H Muncy Barbour, J. Beattie Shippensburg Bard, J. Bert Chambersburg Barker, Herbert C West Chester ♦Barlow, Thos. W Fort Washmgton Barnard, C. P North Brook Barnhill, Edw Fallsmgton Barr, Frank S Narvon Barr I C Greencastle, R. D. 2 Barton, W. E Six Mile Run ♦Bartram, Frank M.... - Kennett Sqna'-e ♦Bartram, G. Maurice West Chester ♦Bartram, George West Chester ♦Baugher, George L Aspers ♦Baugher, H. G ~ Aspers Beard, Godwin Forty Fort (66 Wells St.) Beck, John A White Deer, R. 1 Becker, C. E Bloomsburg, R. 5 ♦Bell, R. H State College Bender, L. J Allentown, R. 4 Benner, H. G Coopersburg Benner, Roy Perka?ie ♦Bennett, Eugene B Easton, R. 3 Benscoter. Willard Hunlock Creek, R. D. Berry, E. S. Dr Shippensburg Betz, W. E Stevens Bicklev, Mrs. Mae E Weiscl Bikle, Philip M Chambersburg Billmeyer, H. W Quakertown. R. 2 Bingham, A. H St. Thomas Name Address Bingham, W. O - St. Thomas Bitzer, Emil 647 E. Northampton St., Wilkes-Barre Black. H. M Idamar Blackburg. W. D Bedford Blackmar. C. W Wyoming, R. D. ♦Blaine, George W North East ♦Blair, Charles P Monaca Blair, T. W New Castle, R. 4 ♦Blessing, David H Harrisburg, 4 N. Court St. Boak, J. A New Castle, R. 4 Boak, J. E New Castle, R. 4 ♦Boles, McClellan T Hanlin Station Boltz, Jacob Pottsville ♦Boltz, Peter R Lebanon Bonham, Boyd Hunlock Creek, R. D. Borry, E. E Stevens Botscheller, A. P Dalton Bovard & Baldwin 655 E. Washington St., New Castle Boyd, P. C Delta Boyer Elton Biglerville ♦Boyer, John F Middleburg Brace, Paul Dallas. R. 2 Bream, C. C Chambersburg ♦Breidenbaugh, H. L Boyertown Brereton, O'Hara D Edenville Bricker, E. B Lititz ♦Brinton, H. C Hanover Brinton, Robert West Chester ♦Brinton, S. L West Chester ♦Brinton. W. P Christiana "Broadacres" (R. E. Raitz) ^...Brookeville Bronson, Marvin Dallas Brossman, Morse Mohnton. R. 2 Brown, Bert C Marion Center Brown, H. M Indiana. R. 5 Brown. M M Martinsburg. W. Va. Brubaker, J. C Lititz, R. 1 Buck. Q. O Lehighton, R. 3 Buterbaugh, M. S 647 Water St.. Indiana Campbell, Willard S Kimberton Card, F. W Sylvania Carrell. Frank B Neshaminy Carst, Jesse 2736 N. 6th St., Harrisburg ♦Cation, William R Orrtanna Chambers, J. Paul Newtown Square C^apin. Irvin Shickshinny ♦Chase, Charles T Bala Chase Bros Rochester, N. Y. Cherry. Alfred Bellwood Clark, B. M Indiana Clavcomb, Irvin Osterburg. R. 1 Cochlin, J. A Mechanicsburg ♦Cooper, C, A 1000 Highland Ave., Coraopolis Cope, F. R Dimock ♦Cocoran, J. Paul New Albany Corson, E. H Brandvwine Summit Coursen, I. H Wyoming, R. 3 Cowen. Wm. H Roaring Springs Cox, J. W ^ New Wilmington * TJfe Members ♦ Life Members 140 141 Name Address Craighead, E. M ^ Guernsey Crawford, J. B Fayettevi e .Crawford, T. H Fayetteville Creasy, Luther B ----- --.Catawissa Creveling, James Bloomsburg, R. 3 Criswell, R. T Chambersburg ♦Crouse, E. A ~ ~ Gettysburg Crowell, Ralph T ~ Buckingham ♦Cummings, Jos. F Sunbury Currie, W. E New Castle Dagostin Bros ~ Sj^^^^*^\^ *Davenport. Eugene ---; Plymouth Davidson, N. H Chambersburg Dayton, R. S - v-"-"-D^"i?c^ DeCou, Benj. S Norristown, R. 1 DeLong, Cletus Y -"v-:"-^.^[*^*S^" Dennis, H. E Fmleyville, R. 1 Dennison & Sons, Thos Slippery Rock Derrick, F. P .Newburg Dickenshied, F. S Zionsyille Dickey, Samuel ~- .^....Oxford *Dickson, B. M 5711 Elgin Ave., Pittsburgh Diehl, D. W. W ^^^^^£?,' ^- "^ Diehl, Ed. B St Thomas Dietrich, W. J ^2 N. 12th St., Allentown ♦Dill, Robert North East Diven, W. C Livermore Docket, C. J Lancaster Dohan, John T Darling Doty, H. M Stony Creek Mills Doty! Richard Stony Creek Mills Drenning, H. D Bedford, R. 4 Duncan, D. C Shippensburg ♦Dunlap. R. Bruce Hollidaysburg Dymond, A. C Trucksville, R. D. Eagelman, J. E Geigers Mills Earl, John Wyoming, R. D. Ebling. Aaron Reading, R. D. 2 Eder, Charles Montoursville. R. 1 Edgerton, J. Russell Westtown Egolf, J. W Schellburg Elbell, Geo. H Rossiter, R. 1 Elder, H. C Cumberland Valley, R. D. *Eldon, Robert M Aspers Ellsworth, Oliver Dallas ♦Engle, Enos B Lancaster Engle, H. R - Marietta ♦Engle, John G - Marietta ♦Evans, W. H Plainsville Everitt, Samuel Bristol Fagan, F. N State College Fahs, David C .- York ♦Fassett, F. H Meshoppen Feldman, Charles S - Edenville Felty, G. O. B Millersville Fenstermacher, P. S Allentown Fetterman, J. Gordon .' Media ♦Filbert, R. J Fox Chase ♦Fletcher, S. W ^ State College Name Address Flinchbaugh, H. H Loganville Flora, Wm. H Wrightsville ♦Ford, A. E Glen Riddle Forest Hills Farms Glen Mills Forry, S. E Ephrata, R. 1 ♦Fox, Cyrus T Reading Foxcroft Farms Glen Mills Frantz, Ira Dallas, R. D. ♦Freed, A. J Racine ♦Freed, W. A Racine Friday and Sons, G. P New Castle, R. 1 Frost, S. W Arendtsville Fry, John L Reading Funk, Sheldon W Boyertown Fullerton, A. H Edinburg Gackenbach, C. A Orefield, R. 1 Garber, Henry F Mt. Joy, R. 3 ♦Garrahan, R. H Kingston ♦Garrettson, Eli P Biglerville Gates, F. S Shippensburg Gates, G. H Shippensburg Gay, A. H Wyoming, R. D. Gefrorer, Henry Glen Mills Gehr, Harvey J Waynesboro, R. 1 Ge'st, Willis H Lancaster, R. 5 George, T. K Homer City Gerhard, Owen S Clayton Gibson, Ira E Indiana Gibson, Ralph 331 Center St., Williamsport Gilbert, Walter ....' Leesport Gillan, C. F St. Thomas Gillan, G. G St. Thomas Gillan, R. J St. Thomas Click, Jacob R Lancaster Goehring, H. D New Brighton ♦Good, C. W Wavnesboro Good. Martin R.: 54 S. Franklin St., Lancaster Goodling, G. A ~ Loganville Gordon, Ross A Greencastle, R. D. Goshorn, Taylor L Quincy, Box 47 Gregor, E. M 324 Glenside Ave., Glenside ♦Griest, C. A Guernsey ♦Griest, Frederick E Flora Dale Grif^^th, H. B Dalton Groff, A. P Chalfont Gross, Mahlon Fountainville ♦Grove, W. E York Springs Grubbs, N. S Mt. Holly, N. J Guyer, G. L New Enterprise Guyton, Thos. L Dept. of Agriculture, Harrisburg Gyger, Furman Kimberton Haas, Wm "Overlook Orchards". Coplay Hacker, A. L Colonial Bldg.. Allentown ♦Haddock, John C Wilkes-Barre Hadley, C. H Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg Haler, Philip Orrtanna. R. 2 ♦Hall. L. C Fairview Hamilton, R. W Home, R. 2 Hammond, F Scotland ^'- ♦ Life Members ♦ Life Members 142 143 Name Address Haney, Edw --- ^^^^^^^^"^ Harbison, C. F New Castle, R. 7 Harer. Roy Salladasburg Harnish, C. H "V"^ »..Leola Harnish, James B -Sinl^ing Springs ♦Hartman, D. L Little River, Fla. ♦Hartnian, L. E - -.- ■ -^'^iy Hartman, T. A Stillwater, R D. ♦Hartman, Wm . Etters Hartzell. Chas. M New Castle, R. I Hauser, Clarence L York, K. 7 ♦Haverstick, Paul E Lancaster ♦Hawkins, Chas. A -; pe^a Hay E T Truckville Hayman, Guy'T - Northbrook Heacock, F. J ^^^^^ "^Heard, R. E -;- -.-Buffalo Heeb C. C Chambersburg Heisey, S. A. & Bro.' Greencastle, R. 4 Herr C H Lancaster Herri David'sZ".'"""""-.-'" Lancaster, R. 7 Hershey, C. Maurice Gordonville, R. 1 ♦Hershey, H. F -" --Hamburg Hershey, H. S East Petersburg Hess, Francis P Lancaster, R. 7 Hess, Paul C Mt. Alto, R. 1 Hess, Ray B Mt. A to, R. Hess, Willis A Mt Alto, R. 1 Hileman. W. Carl New Castle, R. 3 ♦Hill, William D North East Hilles. Wm. T Malvern Hines. Zenas Clymer, R. 2 Hinkle, Jacob 9^^^'^*^* ^ Hoffman, H. L - Butler, Star Route Hoffman, R. C Arendtsville Hood, T. C Saltsburg, R. D. ♦Hoopes, Wilmer W West Chester Hoover, Albert Cessna Home, Wm - Mars Horst, J. Morris Lebanon, R. 3 Hosier, Ralph Berwick, R. D. ♦Hostetler. Abram Johnstown Hostetter, Henry F Bareville. R. 1 Hostetter, Dr. J. E Gap, R. 1 Hottenstein, Ira 141 N. 10th St., AUentown Houck, J. B New Castle, R. 8 Houtz, A. B Elizabeth City, N. C. Howe, Homer B Benton Huber, Edwin B 232 S. Main St., Chambersburg Huber, Levi B Neffsville, R. 5 ♦Huey, S. R New Castle, R. 3 ♦Huff, Burrell R Greensburg ♦Huff, L B Greensburg Hughs Fruit Farm Mercer Hunsberger, H. K Perkasie Hunsicker, J. F 24 N. Church St., AUentown Hunt, Norman M New Castle, R. 4 Hurd, Victor Millerton Hutchinson, T. G New Wilmington Name Address Hyde, A. A Manns Choice Hyde, Clarence M Manns Choice Indiana Hospital Indiana Ingham, M. M 12^ N. St.,"New Castle Irwin, S. B Punxsutawney Jefferson, Thos. H Wycombe Jennings, C. H Schellburg Jennings, Paul B Towanda Johnson, Evelyn B New Hope ♦Johnston, Mrs. F. C Dallas Johnston, J. H New Wilmington, R. 1 ♦Jones, J. F Lancaster ♦Jones, S. Morris West Grove Karns, J. H Chambersburg Kauffman, A. L Ronks, R. 1 Keim, Wm. R Boyertown, R. 2 ♦Keller, P. J Gettysburg Kemery, C. H West Chester Kendig, Dr. J. D .^anheim Kerson, Benj. H Holicong ♦Kessler, Geo. W Tyrone Ketner, Jacob D Wernersville King, Howard New Castle, R. 7 King, M. G Mt. Wolf, R. 1 Kitchen, G. W Shavertown Kleppinger, B. M Coopershurg, R. 2 Knappenberger, Thos Zionsville, R. Knisely, Samuel Bedford, R. Knobel. E. M Sunbury, R. Koch, C. H McKeansbu ♦Koehler, Paulus E Monaca Koenig, Paul L State Dept. of Agriculture, Harrisburg Kraybill, S. S Mt. Jov Krebs, Harry B Mercersburg Kunkel, N. J Orwigsburg Kutz, Raymond Pine Grove, R. 2 Kyle, Benj Zionsville Kyle, David F New Castle Landis. D. L. Jr Chambersburg, R. 1 ♦Landis, D. M.. Lancaster. R. 7 Landis, Elmer M. Dublin Landis, Grayville G Lancaster, R. 3 ♦Landis, Israel Lancaster Lapp, H. E AUentown. R. 3 Latshaw, J. E Marion ♦Lawrence, Schuvler 109 Main St., Towanda Leidy, Wallace H Wavne Lenhart, Richard L c/o Kline & Eppihimer Co.. Readinc: Leonard, E. E Carlisle, R. 1 Lengel, Paul H Pine Grove Leonard, G. F 1012 Columbia Bldg., Louisville, Ky. Lepole, Walter Akron Leslie, Merl New Castle. R. 8 1-ewis, H. G Pittston Lewis, R. D Wvoming, R. D. Lewis, Shay Wyoming, R. D. Lienhard, Edward Lehighton, R. D. 2 Lightner, E. S :...York. R 10 ♦Lightner, Wm. A Landisburg 1 4 1 rg ♦ Life Members * Life Members 144 US i Name Address T • u. r.A AH u — Emmetsburg, Md. Lightwood, M H - ^j^j.j^g Summit Lincoln Geo. H - - Orefield Linde J. t.nc 99'ETizabeth St., Wilkes-Barre Ljne, L. L. -^ Uedisi, R. 2 Lnville Arthur S --- Downingtown Lippmcott, B A ^ Robesonia Livingood W. W ZZzTrfrusTBldg., Chambersburg Long, p. Edward ^ FayetteviUe Long, W. O^..... - •• Palmyra Longnecker Bros ^^^^^^ E^5^ *Loop, A. L ^^^^^ £^g^ If^'^A ir.h^ ZZZZZ Wyoming, R. 1 ♦Lord. John ..Muncy, R. 3 L"n