Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 5

Place of Publication: State College, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1928

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg095.5

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Pennsylvania State
Horticultural Association Neivs

Vol. V STATE COLLEGE, PA., MARCH, 1928 No. 1

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Proceedings of the
State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania
for 1928

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SIXTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING
HELD IN HARRISBURG
JANUARY 18-19, 1928

Pennsylvania State
Horticultural Association News

Published by the Association

issued Quarterly at State College, Pa. SuDscription. 50c

Application for entry as second class matter at the Post Office at
State College, Pa., pending.

iProccedings of the
State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania
for 1928

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SIXTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING
HELD IN HARRISBURG
JANUARY 18 - 19, 1928

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State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania

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OFFICERS FOR 1928

PRESIDENT SHELDON W. FUNK, Boyerstown

VICE-PRESIDENT J. S. RITTENHOUSE, Lorane

SECRETRY S. W. FLETCHER, State College

TREASURER C. B. SNYDER, Ephrata

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE^-The above officers and R. D. ANTHONY,
State CoUege; R. E. ATKINSON, Wright stown; S. L. SMEDLEY,
Jr., Newtown Square.

STANDING COMMITTEES

LEGISLATION— C. J. TYSON, Flora Dale, Chairman; F. S. FENSTER-
MACHER, Allentown; W. A. HAINES, Bristol.

EXHIBITION— R. S. SNYDER, State College, Chairman; PAUL
THAYER, State College; W. P. DALDESPERGER, Bridgeville.

FRUIT— F. S. DICKENSHIED, Zionsville, Chairman; W. E. GROVE,
York Springs; C. W. SHEPPARD, Pittston.

MEMBERSHIP— R. D. ANTHONY, State College, Chairman; R. E.
ATKINSON, Wrightstown; F. N. FAGAN, State College; H. S.
NOLT, Columbia; A. S. LINVILLE, Mindinhall.

ADVERTISINO— D. M. JAMES, Harrisburg, Chairman; R. J. GILLAN,
St. Thomas; F. G. REITER, Mars.

SPECIAL COMMITTEES

GAME LAWS— J. A. RUNK, Huntingdon, Chairman; R. T. CRISWELL,
Chambersburg; W. A. HAINES, Bristol.

TRUE-TO-NAME-TREES— F. N. FAGAN, State College, Chairman; F.M.
TRIMBLE, Harrisburg; H. G. BAUGHER, Aspers.

REPRESENTATIVES ON AGRICULTURAL COUNOIIi— C. J. TYSON,
Flora Dale; H. M. ANDERSON, New Park; SHELDON W. FUNK,
Boyertown.

FREIGHT RATE REVISION— (In cooperation with the State Horticul-
tural Societies of Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland) R. T.
CRISWELL, Chambersburg.

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CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

(as amended January, 1928)

Constitution.

Article 1. Name. The name of this organization shall be
the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania.

Article 2. Object. Its object shall be the promotion of
horticulture in the State of Pennsylvania.

Article 3. Membership. The annual membership fee shall
be $3.00. Present life members shall retain their privileges,
but no new life members shall be received.

Members of county or local Horticultural Societies shall
have membership in the State Horticultural Association under
the following conditions :

(1) The county or local Society shall have at least fifteen
paid up members and shall hold at least three meetings a year.

(2) The Secretary of the county or local Society shall
remit to the Secretary of the State Horticultural Association
two dollars for each member, before February 1 of each year,
which shall be their dues in the State Horticultural Associa-
tion for that year.

(3) The Secretary of the county or local Society shall
transmit to the Secretary of the State Horticultural Associa-
tion before February 1 of each year a list of its officers and
members, together with a brief report of its work for the pre-
ceeding year, particularly of those matters that would be of
interest to the horticulturists of the state.

(4) The State Horticultural Association shall publish
these reports in its Proceedings, which shall be distributed to
the members of the county or local societies that have com-
plied with these provisions.

Article 4. Officers. The officers of the Association shall
consist of a President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treas-
urer, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each annual
meeting; also an Executive Committee of seven members, four
of whom shall be the elective officers. The Executive Com-
mittee shall have the general management of the affairs of the
Association when it is not in session.

Article 5. Quorum. Twenty-five members of the Associ-
ation and four members of the Executive Committee shall
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

Article 6., -Annual Meeting. The Constitution and By-
Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members
present at any annual meeting, provided such amendment shall
have been signed by ten members and presented to the Sec-
retary in writing at least ninety days prior to the time of
holding the annual meeting, and mailed by the Secretary to
each member at least thirty days prior to the annual meeting.

BY-LAWS

1. No member shall be eligible to the office of President
for more than two consecutive years.

2. The Treasurer shall disburse the moneys of the Associ-
ation only after the bills have been approved by the President
and the Secretary. He shall execute a guarantee bond for
such amount as the Executive Committee may determine, the
premium to be paid by the Association.

3. The President, by atid with the approval of the Exe-
cutive Committee, shall appoint the following standing com-
mittees, each of three members : legislation, membership, fruit,
exhibitions, advertising, and such other standing committees as
the Executive Committee may deem desirable.

4. The President, by and with the approval of the Execu-
tive Committee, shall appoint a nominating committee, a reso-
lutions committee and an auditing committee, each of three
members.

5. The rules of the American Pomological Society shall
apply in exhibits and nomenclature.

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WEDNESDAY MORNING

JANTJAEY 18, 1928

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The First Session of the Annual Meeting of the State
Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania convened m the
auditorium of the South Office Building, Harrisburg, Pa., the
President, Mr. Sheldon W. Punk, presiding.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS

It gives me a great deal of pleasure to welcome the mem-
bers of the State Horticultural Association to our 69th annual
meeting. I hope that you will take an active part m all of
the discussions so that when the time for adjournment comes
we can all go back to our homes and to our orchards with
information and knowledge that will help us to make 1928
just a little better than 1927.

I cannot help but contrast the difference between our
position today and that of the same day in 1927. A year ago
today we had in this country possibly the largest apple crop
that has ever been produced. Our last year's program was
taken up almost entirely with problems of advertising and
marketing, and many growers experienced difficulty in selling
their crops. We do not have enough apples to supply the
demand now. Today we are getting about as much for a bushel
of apples as we last year received for a barrel. Today we are
not so much interested in marketing or advertising, but must
again turn to production problems so that in 1928 we can pro-
duce more apples to supply the new markets that were created
in 1927.

This is a good time to try to figure out what we have be-
fore us for 1928. Nineteen twenty-seven has shown us very
clearly that the people of this country will pay a good price
for apples. Some of us, I am afraid, were rather dubious
about tthat point last year. We rather felt that things had
gotten to the point where people would never again be willing
to pay three dollars for a bushel of apples, but 1927 has proven
that if we give the people good apples, we can expect a good
price, providing we do not give them too many apples.

Bushel Basket Gaining Favor. The most interesting
development of the past year to me has been the way in which
the bushel basket has come into favor. Not over three years
ago, in Philadelphia, the buyers would pay more for one barrel
of apples than they would for three bushel baskets. I think
1927 has proven very conclusively that the proper package for
the eastern grower is the bushel basket.

Another thing that has pleased me, possibly in a selfish
way, is the small difference between the price of a box of

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western apples and a bushel basket of eastern apples on the
market today. Not more than two weeks ago I went through
the principal market district of Philadelphia and priced West-
ern boxes, box after box, and it was impossible to find more
than fifty cents difference between the best box and the best
bushel basket. I remember when it was not at all uncommon
for a western box to bring a dollar and a half more than a
bushel basket. I went into the place of one man who ordinar-
ily has half of his store filled with western boxes. In place of
those this year I found bushel baskets. I said, *'Why is^it
that your trade is demanding bushel baskets?" He said, ''I
don't know; but I do know that I do not have the call for the
box.'' He was getting three dollars for apples in baskets that
were not nearly as good as boxed apples for which he was
getting $3.25.

Over-production. Nineteen twenty-six taught us very
clearly the possibilities of over-production. A good many men
feel that it is not over-production but under-consumption. I
do not feel that this is the case. I believe that there are more
apples eaten today than there were a few years ago, but I
would like to call this fact to your attention. During the last
few years we have gotten rid of our greatest consumer of
apples — waste and decay. A very large percentage of the
apples that ten years ago rotted in the bins and in the cellars
today are going into consumption. Our conservation has in-
creased more rapidly than has our population. We are saving
much more of the crop and that, to me, indicates that the prob-
lem is not under-consumption but over-production.

Some men may say that our carlot receipts are not very
much larger than they have been. A great majority of the
apples formerly hauled into market by trainload, are now
going to markets by truck and are never accounted for. They
go into consumption just the same. Practically every con-
suming center in this country is now surrounded by an apple
producing district. The number of carloads that is being
moved does not fairly represent the number of apples that are
going to the market.

The discouragement that a good many men felt because of
last year's crop had its effect on the membership of this Asso-
ciation and the Secretary had considerable difficulty in getting
sufficient funds to print the proceedings ; that is the principal
reason why you received your copy of the proceedings at a
late date. We should have at this meeting the very best
speakers that it is possible to get, but it takes money to bring
in outside men. I wish you would try to think out some plan
whereby we can increase our finances so that we can spend
more money on the meetings.

Summer Tour. The summer tour was quite successful.
We started with the Cooperative Association at West Chester

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going from there to the DuPont^ Gardens at Longwood^ We
then stoDDed at the Experiment Station at Newark Delaware,
Iw'rwere I the Lnds of Director McCne;thxs part o

the program was very interesting indeed^ ,^^%f *i<dtiL a
covered Dractically the entire state of Delaware, visiting a
nuXr oKe larg'est orchards. The next night was spen^in

Ocean City, Md. The weather ^f/^f^^^^yj^i^f breezes
a relief to get to the seashore and to enjoy the «ooli".f j'yf ^^'^
of the ocean. The next morning we were vejy hospitab^^^^ en^
tertained bv the Harrison Nursery Company at Berlin, JVia. in
he afteJnoL some of the members left the to- at Berlin and
the remainder went to Salisbury, Md., where they were enter
tained by W. F. Allen Co., possibly the largest strawDeriy
pTant growers in the East. From there a great many of the
members went on to Annapolis and to Washingtton. It was a
very successful tour.

SECRETARY S REPORT

R. E. Atkinson. The proceedings were very much cur-
tailed this year as we were handicapped by lack of funds We
SVLv^ sufficient memberships consequently we^s^^^^^^^^^
everything as closely as we possibly could ; all ^1^\ ^usiness
proceedings of last year's meeting were cut out. I stiU j^^^^^
those in typewritten form if anybody wants access to them.

You will notice that the list of county and other affiliated
horticultural societies was not printed in the proceedings, as
formerly. That was also a means of cutting down expense.
We had over 700 copies printed where formerly we had a
thousand. There are a ew still in my possession but I have
applications for more than I have.

If the Association wants service it must respond with mem-
berships. Almost half of our income is cut off by that one
dollar left in the hands of the county associations and a very
large proportion of the membership is made up of member-
ship in the county associations, which means only one dollar
per member to this Association. Compared with our position
the New Jersey State Horticultural Society gets an annual ap-
propriation of $4500. It has, in addition, a full two-dollar
membership fee. We are considerably handicapped in com-
parison.

Last year representatives of our Association were success-
ful in having incorporated into a bill before the Legislature
an appropriation of $1,000 for the use of our Association, but
the Governor struck that out. The matter of having our
proceedings printed by the state printer was discussed at last
year's meeting, but was rejected on the ground that if this
were done the proceedings would be free to any one in the
state. Consequently, our membership wouldn't count for very

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much and we would again be left without funds. So the de-
cision was to leave it as a closed publication sent only to mem-
bers of the Association.

If we don't have memberships we don't have money to run
the Association. If a man can't get two dollars out of this
meeting or out of the proceedings, they aren't worth anything.
I want you to cooperate with the new. secretary and see that
we get the money in. If you get the money the Secretary will
deliver the goods.

Mr. Shantz: What additional service is New Jersey giv-
ing to the growers that it is worth a membership of two dol-
lars and a heavy state appropriation?

President Funk : If we publish the proceedings in full, as
we have been doing heretofore, and spend $200 or $250 on our
program, it will require about $1,000. At one time we had
almost a thousand members. Today we have about seven
hundred. The majority of the members of this Association
are county society members, so that we are getting only a
dollar from most of our members. With 700 members we get
only a little over $700, because we have between sixty and
seventy life members.

Mr. Shantz: Why is it that the New Jersey Association
is so valuable that they get an appropriation from their Legis-
lature and we do not ?

President Funk: That is largely a matter of politics. I
don't think there is any chance in the world to get an appro-
priation. We have about twenty other state agricultural or-
ganizations and if the Legislature would appropriate any
money to this Association, the other organizations would want
an appropriation too. We may just as well forget about state
aid ; we have got to do it ourselves.

S. H. Wertz:— How important are the proceedings com-
pared with putting on a better program? Why insist on pub-
lishing in good form everything that has gone on instead of
making the next meeting a better meeting?

Mr. Shoener: I agree with this man. They are a year old
before we get them. If a small pamphlet of the important
facts could be distributed, I think that would be sufficient.

President Funk: There are a good many members of the
Association who value the proceedings highly, but we want to
have an expression of the sentiment of the Association.

J. A. Runk : The addresses are often more than our minds
can absorb briefly and we like to have an opportunity to refer
to them later. Moreover, our libraries and societies in the
other states value these reports highly; we have lots of calls
for them. I think it would be a reflection on this Society to do
otherwise than to print the proceedings.

Ill

J. A. Boak: I am a representative from the Lawrence
County Society of almost thirty members. Those thirty mem-
bers read the report, but I am the only one that will get to hear
the addresses of this meeting. Personally, I would like to
have had more money put on this program, but the other 29
would not get any of the benefit of it. I doubt very much the
wisdom of curtailing our proceedings in any respect. Many
people will read it that wouldn't be able to attend the meet-
ings.

ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT OP A LARGE

APPLE ORCHARD

E. A. NICODEMUS, Waynesboro

For the greatest economy in orchard operation it is im-
portant to start right. In selecting a location I would be very
careful of the air drainage, avoiding air pockets, as there is
very much more danger of frost injury in the low places and
fungus diseases are much more difficult to control. I have
also noticed that in a season with lots of rain the fruit will
take on a much brighter finish in orchards that have good air
drainage. It is not necessary, however, to plant an orchard on
the side of a steep mountain to grow fruit. Very hilly orch-
ards are expensive to operate. I would like my orchard to be
a little higher than the surrounding country, or at least have
drainage in one direction, and I would prefer an eastern
exposure.

Planting Problems. I would plant the trees 20 by 40. I
know that good authorities advise 40 by 40 and there are some
very good arguments in favor of this method. If planted 20 by
40 you can spray them the first five years just about as
cheaply as if they were planted 40 by 40 and you have the
same opportunity to grow a crop between the rows. Between
the ages of 10 and 15, you will get twice the yield of fruit per
acre, with very little more expense. If your trees have made
a fair growth, at the age of 15 or thereabouts you will be
called upon to summon all your courage and begin cutting
out your fillers. I would never allow the branches of one tree
to touch the tree standing next to it and by cutting the fillers
fan-shaped, you might keep them until the age of twenty ; but
at that age your trees should stand 40 by 40. In fact, unless
you possess quite a little courage and will power perhaps you
had better plant your trees 40 by 40 anyhow.

Another very important thing to be considered is pollena-
tion. The self-sterile varities such as Stayman, should never
be planted in large blocks. A good pollenizing variety should
be planted about every ourth row.

In my opinion the most important operations in fruit
growing are spraying, pruning, fertilization and thinning. I

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believe it is pretty nearly a settled fact that the delayed dor-
mant, the pink, the petal-fall the two weeks and the five weeks
sprays will do the trick. A summer spray may be necessary if
you have certain conditions, but I think I would omit the
poison in the summer spray as it has been pretty well proven
that the codling moth can be controlled by the two and ^Ye
weeks sprays if a thorough job is done. I would never omit
the pink spray on varities that are susceptible to scab ; and in
a wet season that is favorable to scab development, I would
give all the varieties the pink application.

In some sections quite a number of growers are adopting
the stationary spray plants and find them very satisfactory,
but I have always felt that the cost of installation is too great
to be economical, except in very steep orchards. We find that
we can spray 75 to 100 acres of bearing orchard with one
sprayer.

Pruning. During the first ten years of the life of an apple
tree, prune little, but shape the tree and keep the limbs out
of the center. As the tree becomes older pruning is one of the
biggest jobs of orchard operation, but fortunately you have
all winter to do it. Our method has been to climb all over
the tree and thin out the small branches wherever they become
thick and keep out sunlight. My idea of a properly pruned
apple tree is one that will permit sunlight to reach every apple
on the tree. By judicious use of the pruning shears you can
greatly reduce the amount of work required for thinning ; and
by preventing the setting of an over-abundance of fruit spurs
you can, to some extent, encourage annual bearing.

Proper pruning of a tree greatly simplifies spraying. It
is almost impossible to thoroughly spray a tree that you can-
not see through. Head back the long limbs, especially on such
varieties as Stayman that break very easily; keep the weight
from getting too far from the center of the tree. I also feel
that when trees get so high that you cannot reach the apples
from a twenty-foot ladder, it is best to head them back, both
from the standpoint of economy in picking the fruit as well as
doing effective spraying.

We have found the past year or two that we have the
most defective apples in the tops of our trees, where we should
have our best fruit, due apparently to the fact that we have
not been getting enough spray to the tops. We are planning
to lower our tops and raise our spray guns.

Disposing of the brush is quite a problem after the prun-
ing of an old orchard. Our method of doing this is to make a
sheet iron box the size of a large wagon bed and mount it on a
low truck. The brush is thrown into this box where it will
burn as fast as two men can gather it. In an old orchard

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where the trees are not far apart it should be done before the
leaves come out as there is danger of burning them.

Fertilization. This is a problem that each has to solve for
himself to get the best results. Young trees on strong land do
not require much stimulation, but on thin, sandy soil nitrogen
is essential. In my opinion a bearing tree should make an
annual growth of eight to twelve inches and I would use
enough nitrate to produce that amount of growth. I would
rather have a tree a little undernourished than overnourished.
A tree that has had too much nitrogen will not produce well
finished fruit. The fruit is sure to be dull in color, soft in
texture and will not keep in storage. We apply our nitrate by
hand, using four to six pounds per tree on trees past twenty
years old, keeping away from the trunk eight feet and going
three or four feet beyond the spread of the branches. We
have trees on rich soil, fifteen year old, that have never had
any fertilizer and that are making more growth than trees on
thin land that have been regularly fertilized.

Thinning. The past few years this is becoming more gen-
erally recognized as one of the important operations, especially
as the trees grow older and are inclined to set more fruit than
they can properly mature. While some of the European mar-
kets are still paying good prices for small apples, I think we
will always have plenty of small apples to supply these mar-
kets even though we thin to six inches. Apples will usually
take on more color if they are thinned. It gives you an oppor-
tunity to get rid of your defective fruit and at picking time
you are pretty sure to have just as many bushels of larger
and more perfect apples than you would if you did not do any
thinning. Thinning also greatly facilitates spraying as it is
much easier to thoroughly spray a tree of apples that is prop-
erly spaced than one where the apples are hanging one against
another. Thinning should be done as soon as possible after
the apples have set, and no doubt many of us prolong the
operation too long. It does require quite a lot of work and it
is pretty hard to do it in a few weeks. I think thinning is
more important for the dessert apples, such as Grimes, Stay-
man and Delicious that are marketed mostly in this country,
than for varieties that are mostly exported, such as Yorks,
Winesaps and Bens.

Mr. Shoener: I was always afraid to burn brush in the
orchard but you say it can be burned without injury if burned
in the winter?

Mr. Nicodemus: Our trees are planted 20 by 40. Some
places they are getting pretty close. In the winter time the
brush doesn^t burn so fast and it doesn't make so much heat.
We have never had any injury from winter burning. As soon
as the leaves come out we have to stop.

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Mr. Vogel. Has anybody ever tried the Bell Brush
Picker or used it!

President Funk: I have been using it for a number of
years and it is very satisfactory.

Mr. Vogel: What kind of a tractor are you using on it?

President Funk : A Fordson.

Mr. Nicodemus: How far can you push it?

President Funk : Quite a distance.

Mr. Vogel: The reason I ask is that I was in touch with
the Bell Company in New Jersey to get a brush picker for the
Celtrac and they did not recommend it for the Cletrac. I
can't use a Fordson in my orchards and I was just wondering
if there is anybody who could tell me how to connect that
brush picker with the Cletrac tractor.

Mr. Louck: Do you like the sod or cultivated orchard?

Mr. Nicodemus: Our orchards are practically all blue
grass sod. That is, after they get ten to fifteen years old.

Question: In thinning fruit, how early can you begin and
how long can you continue ?

Mr Nicodemus: I should start as soon as the fruit has set,
usually some time in June, and aim to finish by the middle of
July, at latest.

Mr. Musselman: What do you do about mice?

Mr. Nicodemus: Some years that is quite a problem. We
pasture some of our orchards, turning stock in after the apples
are harvested. That is not always practical, however. We
poison a lot of mice. The formula we use is one and one-
eighth ounces of strychnine, a cup of glycerine, a cup of
baking soda and one cup of starch. Prepare the starch as for
washing. Take a cup of starch and pour a gallon of boiling
water over it and then dissolve the strychnine in the water
with the soda, pour in the glycerine, shake it well and then
pour over a bushel of wheat. This is the formula that the
Virginia Experiment Station recommends and we like it better
than anything we have used.

Mr, Hayes: I have some Greening trees 15 years old and
good size. I used from 8 to 10 pounds nitrate of soda a year.
I have complaints of the Greenings getting soft in storage. Is
that because I am using too much nitrate?

Mr. Nicodemus: I would say that would have a lot to do
with it. Apples get soft and punky when they are over-stim-
ulated.

Mr. Weinberger: I would like to ask Mr. Nicodemus
what sod he prefers?

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Mr. Nicodemus: Bluegrass. You have to use a little
more nitrate, but I think it is cheaper than to cultivate and use
cover crops. I believe you get higher colored fruit.

Question: Do you cut the grass?

Mr. Nicodemus: It doesn't require much cutting.

President Punk : At this time I would like to appoint the
Auditing Committee— Mr. Dickenscheid, Mr. Runk and Mr.
Reiter.

The question has been asked about the Bell Brush Picker.
I have used it for three years and I would hate to try to get
along in an orchard without one. It fastens right on to the
front of the tractor and you can clean up the brush just as far
as the man can drive the tractor. I usually have a man follow
after the pruner to throw the brush out into the middle of the
rows and then when the ground dries up in the spring we
simply send the tractor through. It is shaped like four fingers
on your hand and those fingers work under the brush and
gather it together and drop it wherever you want to burn it.
I takes no time at all to unload and little time to load. It is
a wonderful tool and doesn 't cost very much ; something that
every orchard man should have, I believe.

Mr. Vogel: What does it do when you get to a gutter in
the orchard?

President Funk: If you can get over it with a tractor,
harrow or disc, you can get over it with the brush picker.

Mr. Nicodemus has given us the point of view of one of
the largest growers in Pennsylvania and now we are going to
have another side of this apple growing problem. Mr. Smedley
does not grow as many apples as Mr. Nicodemus, but I believe
he has taken more prizes at our state show in Harrisburg than
any other man in the organization.

DEVELOPING A PERSONAL MARKET

SAMUEL L. SMEDLEY, Jr., Newtown Square

Whether ones location is near a local market, or whether a
wayside stand has been developed or it is necessary to ship
a long distance either by motor truck or freight car, the para-
mount point to be borne in mind is the importance of having
good fruit to sell. I shall not go into the detail of grow-
ing the fruit as this is not essentially a part of my subject.
There are a few points in the growing of apples, however,
that are well to remember — thorough pruning, spraying, fer-
tilizing, when necessary, cultivation and thinnisg. Of course
spraying and dusting are the most important factors and
consequently are ever before us, but I feel that proper prun-
ing and thinning are almost as essential if we are to put a

opened up to the sun and air whether it be pruned on the
many fungous diseases are greatly enhanced. Thinning toget-
her with proper pruning make an ideal combination for secur-
ing a good marketable apple and it is this type of fruit which
builds up a personal market.

Packages. It is folly, to my mind, to secure special types
of containers ; even wrapping each individual apple, and plas-
tering the outside of the package with highly colored labels,
if the fruit to be sold is not worthy of such treatment. In
other words do not pack ordinary fruit in an unusual package
in the hope of fooling the purchaser. There are many types
of packages, most of which are familiar to us and I would
not want to say just which is the best suited to our individual
needs; however, the best way to determine the package to use
is to adopt the one which our buyer demands. In case of ship-
ping to a wholesaler or commission man I think it well worth
while to consult him that we may find out what type to use in
order that our fruit will reach him in the best of condition. At
one time a great deal of fruit was shipped to the Philadelphia
market in hampers; now the tendency is to use the round
bushel baskets of one type or another and I feel sure that a
straight sided bushel basket will be used to an even greater
degree as time goes on, for they have the advantage of dove-
tailing together when packed into a freight car or motor
truck; also they can stand for greater vertical strain because
of their upright staves. We need, then, a strong, sturdy
basket that will protect our fruit, that may be easily and
tightly packed in car or truck and that will reach its destina-
tion in first class condition.

For a very special trade where extra fancy fruit is to be
packed the corrugated paste-board container with divisions for
each apple may be used. These packages are much more ex-
pensive than the wooden basket and unless the fruit is extra
fancy and your private trade warrants it, I do not feel that
the grower is justified in using such. Too much thought can-
not be placed upon the package we are to use. At best it is
one of the most expensive items in fruit growing. It is mostly
used but once and when there are thousands necessary to
accommodate each year's crop a few cents saved on each may
soon amount into costly dollars.

Packing. With the fruit carefully grown and the right
type of containers selected our next job is to get this fruit
harvested and packed correctly. Apples should be handled as
nearly like eggs as possible. A number one apple can easily
be forced into a lower and cheaper grade by being bruised
through careless handling. If picked a little green apples are
often bruised as they are pulled from the trees, they are some-
times allowed to fall as they are put into the picking bag or

—15—

I

basket, causing injury; the bags are often struck against the
rungs of the ladder and even a further chance for damage is
wheii the apples are put into the orchard crates or baskets
These are all places for the grower to watch for the care of his
fruit as it is in the freedom from bruises and blemishes which
enables that fruit to be kept for a greater period and sold tor
a higher price.

Packing is essentially an important factor in acquiring and
maintaining a market. Many packages upon reaching their
destination would never be recognized by the grower if his
name were not stamped upon them. Apples which seem to be
in perfect condition when they leave the packing house m the
fall may hardly be identified the following March or April and
this may be due largely to the manner in which they were
packed. In order to have apples hold up well m shipment and
storage they must be carefully selected and tightly packed.
Let me emphasize the tightly, for sound apples packed with a
slight bulge to the basket will have a much better chance ot
coming through the season in good shape than those packed
loosely and with only slight care as to their condition.

I believe in making the basket as attractive as possible
without undue expense. In using the covered bushel basket
the finished package will look much neater if the lid is fastened
down with hooks for the purpose. A few baskets with the lids
knocked off and the apples lost will soon pay for the hooks and
the time it takes to apply them. A little shredded oil paper
sprinkled through the basket will not only add color to the
apples but will also prevent scalding to a large extent.

One would think it would be needless to say that the face
of the package should fairly represent the entire basket, and
more and more growers are packing this way but there are
still others who do not realize the importance of this. A little
inspection trip through any of our large wholesale markets
Avill readily make this point understood. The grade should be
plainly marked on the lid and the packing kept strictly to this
mark. Some means of identification should be stenciled on the
lid which can be easily recognized by the purchaser. ^ This
may be the growers name or the name of the farm whichever
is used, the mark should be easily seen. This feature will aid
greatly in selling the fruit when that particular brand be-
comes known in the market. It is also one of the best and
cheapest forms of advertising. What better compliment could
be paid a grower than to know that his fruit can be sold in a
closed package without inspection by the buyer?

Market Preference. Another point to be considered in
developing a personal market is to consider the market de-
mands rather than one's personal opinion as to varieties. We
hear of great acreages being pulled out by western growers

—16—

because the varieties have ceased to be in demand. We too,
in many cases, are growing too many varieties. Some of these
varieties practically sell themselves while it takes all the effort
at our command to move the others. It would be better to find
out, if possible, the varieties most in demand in one 's locality,
provided such are known to do well, and grow them. In case
we have established orchards, it will often pay to tear out the
boarder trees and plant those with known merit. With our
farm storages we are in a better position to prolong the sea-
son of the standard varieties w^hich will enable us to do away
with the poorer ones. On the other hand, however, I have
seen perfectly good fall apples held over into the winter much
too long not only for their own good but also that of the
grower.

lAlong with good varieties we should also have our fruit
sized to meet the demand. For store trade certain sizes sell
better than others depending upon the demand of the indi-
vidual store and it is well to have enough fruit of a certain
size that this trade can be supplied for as long a period as
possible. It is important that this trade be supplied with the
class of fruit best suited for its needs as it will often pay a
premium to be satisfied. For a wholesale trade the best selling
size is a 3 or a 3i/4-inch apple and it should be our aim to
grow as many of these as possible. This season I was much
impressed by the fact that in the Philadelphia market one com-
mission man had difficulty in selling extra large Romes. They
were of very good quality but they were too large to be an
economical buy even for restaurant or store trade.

Retail Sales. So much for the wholesale trade. There is
also another manner of the disposition of fruit which may be
developed to such an extent that the whole crop can thus be
moved. This is the home or farm market. This manner of
selling has many points in its favor although there are some
disadvantages as well. Fruit to be sold at home should be just
as carefully graded and sized as that which is packed for ship-
ment. A person driving out to the farm is just as much en-
titled to a graded article, if desired, as a store keeper who goes
to a commission man for his fruit. On the other hand store
keepers and hucksters are taking more and more fruit in bulk
and unsized. They find it to their advantage to come right to
the farm for it, because the grower can afford to sell cheaper
as he has none of the expense of packing, of the containers nor
of delivery. Poorer grades of apples can also be moved in
this manner as the buyer can see exactly what he is buying
and will not feel that he has been cheated as may be the case
if the fruit is faced and is in a closed container. The indi-
vidual buyer also likes to drive out to the farm and get his
apples — and this is one of the best forms of selling that can be
developed. The apples are sold for cash in this case and it is

—17—

surprising how a satisfied customer will spread the news about
your apples. This, too, is good advertising and is well worth
cultivating.

Where there is a storage on the farm definite orders may
be taken in the fall for delivery during the season, thus provi^^
ing a supply of fruit over a longer period than would be possi.
bl! if th'ise same apples were stored in ^e mdmdual^^
where they might be exposed to furnace heat and other unf av-
Trable co/ditioL. If we are on the lookout to g-e the pureh^^^^
er a fresher and better article at all tunes it wi 1 not be long
before we are amply repaid for any extra effort we may put
forth An ideal situation would be, where there is enough de-
mand, to put all second grade apples into by-products such as
S)ple but?er, dried apples, cider. Jelly, etc which would leav^^
nothing but number one apples to sell fresh This is a situa ion
I dare say, for which we are all striving but few have actually
attained.

Along with the development of the farm or wayside mar-
ket comes the problem of Sunday selling. Many feel that this
is the most profitable day of the week and it doubtless is so for
there are by far more motorists on the highways this day than
on the other six. However, the trade will soon come to appre-
ciate one^s point of view if the shop is closed on Sunday and
will find it possible to call some other time It is well to
notify the public where there are signs on the highways direct-
ing people to the orchard that the farm is closed on Sunday
if such be the case, and then there will be no need to dissap-
point people who perhaps have come many miles to buy truit.
In conclusion, then, let us make up our minds that no
matter how we sell our apples that they will be packed as we
ourselves would like to buy them and then we will be assured
of a ready market for our products.

Question: What results have been gotten from the
Mcintosh in southern Pennsylvania.

Mr. Smedley: In the southeastern corner of Pennsylvania
the Mcintosh does not prove satisfactory. We get good quality
but they drop before they get sufficient color. I wouldn t ad-
vise anybody in our section to grow Mcintosh.

Member: If you were a couple of hundred feet above sea
level in the mountains, might that not be a different proposi-
tion?

Mr. Smedley: In the northern secitons of Pennsylvania
Mcintosh can be grown very well.

Mr. Shank: I think we should congratulate Mr. Smedley
on his stand against Sunday Selling.

President Funk: Mr. Smedley has been very successful in

— IS—

his end of the state. He happens to be a competitor of mine
and I know that he is producing some very fine fruit.

Mr. W. S. Campfield, Secretary of the Virginia State Hort-
cultural Society, will present the subject of *' Freight Rate
Discrimination. ' '

FREIGHT RATE DISCRIMINATION

W. S. OAMPFETTiD, Staunton, Va.

I bring to you greetings of the Virginia Society and our
sincere good wishes for a successful season. We wish you
neither a feast nor a famine, but rather one oi those years of
moderate crops with the larger profits which the apple in-
dustry so richly deserves.

About six months ago I was advised that our freight rates
were entirely out of line. I investigated and called a meeting
of representatives of the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland,
West Virginia and Virginia at Winchester in November. We
discussed the situation and received considerable information
from two rate attorneys, one of whom is the attorney for the
State Corporation Commission of Virginia. We found that
there is an alarming handicap under which Virginia, West
Virginia and Maryland are working as compared with our
competitors in western New York and the Pacific Northwest.

I am going to give you three or four outstanding cases.
I am not sure that the rate situation that prevails in Virginia,
West Virginia and Maryland prevails in Pennsylvania. I
think it does,

Rochester in the central part of the western New York
district is three miles closer to St. Louis, Mo., than is Staunton,
Va. But the Rochester growers can ship apples in carlots to
St. Louis for 25 cents per barrel less than Staunton growers.

Staunton to Savannah, Ga., is approximately 300 miles less
distance than Rochester to Savannah, but the rate is 2.8 cents
more than Rochester's rate.

Winchester to Greensboro, N. C, is 309 miles less than the
distance from Rochester to Greensboro, but the rate is only 5.6
cents per barrel less from Winchester.

Charlottesville is 4 miles farther from New York City than
Rochester, but the rate is 19.2 per barrel more.

Cumberland, Md., is 173 miles from Baltimore, the metrop-
olis of its own state, and its rate per hundred is 30 cents;
while Rochester, N. Y., is 364 miles, or more than twice the
distance, but the rate to Baltimore is only 27.5 cents per hun-
dred, a difference in favor of Rochester of 2.5 cents per barrel.

The rate from Rochester to Philadelphia is 28.5 which will
give you a basis for figuring whether your rate is out of line
with the territory to the south.

—19—

When you come to figure the difference between the sum of
money paid for freight from the territory to the south as
against western New York, it becomes staggermg.^ A carloaa
of 200 barrels of apples from Staunton to St. Louis would ap-
proximate $40.00 more that the Staunton grower has to pay
than the western New York Grower. This is not a handicap m
dollars and cents alone. We are now passing through a period
of high production as a result of the heavy planting ot 1905
to 1912 There is now taking place an enormous reduction ot
apple acreage, a survival of the fittest. In determining which
shall be the apple orchards of tomorrow we are placed under
a handicap as compared to western New York and the Pacific
Coast; the selection is going to be more severe m Virginia,
Maryland and West Virginia than it is in western New York.
In other words, our acreage is going to be reduced to a greater
extent than otherwise if we have to continue to bear the handi-
cap of a good many cents per barrel difference in freight rate.

For one dollar of freight they can ship their apples into a
greater market area than we can from the states to the south.
As I say, I think this includes parts of Pennsylvania.

We have been advised by our attorney recently that situa-
tions have developed that make it necessary for us to get into
this rate case immediately and actively. The Pacific North-
west has a fiat rate of $1.50 per hundred from the Pacific
Northwest to all states between Maine and Florida. The
Arnold Fruit Company of Florida has filed application for a
hearing before the Interstate Commerce Commission asking for
reduced rates from Virginia and, I think, Maryland and West
Virginia to the Florida peninsula. It may develop that this
complaint is rather loosely drawn and our attorney advises us
that it is absolutely imperative that we get in there and insti-
tute proceeding on a stronger and a wider basis to include not
only Florida but all the southern states to protect our future
rights. We may join with the Arnold Company. We may
possibly get them to withdraw their case and join with us, but
at any rate we must protect our rights.

One of the leading rate attorneys of Washington has led
me to believe that we can reasonably hope for a rate reduction
of twenty to thirty-five dollars per car into southern territories
due to the fact that the Hoke Smith »Act of Congress has prac-
tically instructed the Interstate Commerce Commission to re-
duce freight rates on farm products to a minimum. In two
recent cases the Interstate Commerce Commission has indi-
cated that it may follow to the letter the Hoke Smith Resolu-
tion, one being the sugar case. Sugar had been on the same
basis as apples, practically. Now you can ship sugar for 18
cents just as far as you can apples for 30 cents. ^ This leads us
to think there are good prospects for rate reduction.

—20—

The other is the California deciduous case, in which they
have reduced the freight rate very low. Now is the psycolog-
ical moment to go before the Interstate Commerce Commission
with a case in which we request lower rates on apples, a farm
product that is or can be shown to be a basic industry in the
areas which we are discussing.

We have called a meeting of the Board of Directors of the
Virginia State Horticultural Society for next January 26th at
Richmond, Va., at which meeting we have requested West
Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania to send delegates. Our
board is going to take definite action. It is going to take a
lot of money and time and effort. We hope you will have a
representative there. I believe that this is one of the most
vital questions that will come before the fruit growers in many
a day. If we are going to keep in competition with other dis-
tricts we must have an adjustment of our freight rates in
line with theirs.

Harry Miller of Paw Paw, W. Va. : I am a dirt farmer
and fruit grower and for that reason I am interested m
this rate case. Freight is a fixed overhead which every one of
us has to pay. When this overhead is too high, it comes back
on the producer ; he is the one who pay it, not the consumer.
You quote a buyer on apples from Chambersburg and the first
thing he does is take down his rate book and say, ' ' The rate is
so much from Chambersburg, so much from Winchester. It is
ten cents less from Rochester for the same grade of apples.''
You know what he does? He says, ''I will buy where I can
get the same goods for the least money.'' He comes back at
you and says, ' ' Your rate is so much. If you reduce the price
by ten or fifteen cents a barrel, you can get the sale. If you
don't, I will give it to the other man." That is what is done
in thousands of cases.

The apple business in this section, from Harrisburg to
Staunton, Va., as far west as Cumberland, as far east as the
coast, is becoming a basic industry. We cannot afford to
have it injured by discrimination in freight rates. The rail-
roads, of course, aren't going to lower the rates if somebody
doesn't say something about it. We must take care of our
own interests.

The present rate of freight does this artificial thing, which
I am sure was never intended in the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission Act when it was first formulated in the McKinley
Administration. There was an effort to adjust the freight
rates relative to the geographical location of the product. It
does exactly the opposite. For instance, Mr. Campfield told
you that Rochester has rates that are a good deal lower than
Winchester and Winchester is already half way down South ;
lower than Martinsburg, West Virginia, and lower than Cham-

—21—

bersburg, Penna.; and yet these are nearly haK 7?;^ f^^^^
South. This arbitrarily moves production up to the Canadian
line without any of the corresponding advantages It we
could pull our trees up and move them there, we would have
big cities like Buffalo to sell in. We would have a local mar-
ket. But this arbitrarily moves us there without giving us any
of the advantages. We are still down in Virginia and West
Virginia to sell our fruit ; we still have to pay excess freight
rates. It is a deadweight overhead.

The money spent to secure readjustment of freight rates
is not a gift. It is simply an investment in our business. Every
other line of business in the United States is investing the
same way. Our friends from the Pacific Coast recently got a
reduction of 13 cents a hundred from California on deciduous
fruits. How? They went down to Washington and got alter
the people until they succeeded.

.A couple of years ago I was a delepate to a meeting of
the Horticultural Board in Washington, on the Mediterranean
fruit fly.. When I got there I was the only delegate from
West Virginia. There was one from New York and two Irom
Florida and that was all from the east. When the western
delegation blew in they had forty or fifty growers, five or six
Congressmen and three or four Senators. They got the re-
suits and we people in the east were simply asleep. We can
have our markets taken away from us by discriminating
freight rates if we don't attend to our business.

W. S. Campfield: It is thought that to prosecute a case of
that sort properly before the Interstate Commerce Commission
would cost $7,500, maybe $8,000. This wouldn't be a large
sum, if it is covered by four states.

We would like to have Pennsylvania join Maryland, Vir-
ginia and West Virginia to prosecute this task together. There
is strength in numbers in Washington and there is strength m
unity. If we go down there with a united front, we can get
results.

We want to invite you down into the Shenandoah Valley
and West Virginia on your trip next summer. We want to
show you some good old Virginia hospitality. We would be
glad to see you all and we think we can show you a good time
and some good orchards.

President Funk :. Mr. Campfield and Mr. Miller have pre-
sented this matter very well and it is now up to us to^ decide
what we want to do about it. There isn't any question but
what something should be done.

S.W.Fletcher: The State of Pennsylvania has a coni-
munity of interest with our sister states in the solution of this
problem. It is true that over 80 per cent of our apples are

—22—

sold from trucks in local markets and do not go on railroad
cars, yet we have a large apple growing district in southern
Pennsylvania that is vitally interested in this problem, and
scattered wholesale plantings elsewhere. It seems that the
least we can do would be to give our support to this project by
having a representative of the Association attend the meeting
called at Richmond. I move that the President, or a delegate
appointed by him, shall attend this meeting and that the
Board of Directors of this Association shall consider in what
way, if any, the financial participation of the fruit growers of
Pennsylvania shall be secured.

The motion was seconded.

The question was called for and the motion was carried.

(R. T. Criswell, of Chambersburg, was appointed by Presi-
dent Funk to represent the Association at the Richmond meet-
ing. It was decided by the Board of Directors that funds
should be raised by private subscriptions from interested
growers and shippers.)

President Funk: I am going to ask Mr. Rees to speak
on Apples for Health. Mr. Rees is President of the American
Pomological Society.

THE 'APPLES FOR HEALTH' CAMPAIGN

R. W. REES, Rochester, N. Y. .

I have never been officially connected with Apples for
Health but have followed its work closely from the beginning.
I am sure that if we never had a larger crop in the United
States than the one we had in 1927, there wouldn't be much
use to talk about advertising. However, in 1926 we did have
more apples than could be profitably marketed under our pres-
ent distribution system. With growing competition from
other fruits and vegetables and the increased competition
which Mr. Campfield spoke of as coming from the orchards
planted from 1905 to 1912, Ave are going to continue to have
for a number of years in any season when climatic conditions
are exceptionally favorable, more apples than can be profitably
marketed under our system.

With this idea in mind the American Pomological Society
called a meeting in Chicago a year and a half ago to organize
Apples for Health, a national organization, to study the situa-
tion and work out some feasible plan for a national advertising
campaign. I am not going to talk advertising — I haven't the
time — but I want to call attention to three types of advertising
that have developed. We are all familiar with the corporation
type of advertising such as the automobile industry or the
Eastman kodak industry, where a single corporation advertises
a standardized product. The corporation pays the advertising

—23—

expense and receives the remuneration resulting therefrom
Then you have the cooperative type of advertising, illustrated
by Sunkist oranges and Blue Diamond brand walnuts, in which
a group of growers put a standardizel commodity on the mar-
ket and advertise a standardized product.

A new type of advertising has come along, and that is
ffroup advertising of non-standardized products. You have
that, for instance, in the National Florists Association, with
their five or six million dollar campaign. Say it With
Flowers.'' A group of men who are competitors in business
unite in boosting the sale of their product which is not stan-
dardized. You have the same thing in the paint industry m
the laundrymen's association advertising campaign which is
now on, and a number of others which I might mention. Such
a type of advertising is the only one which could fit the apple
industry, an advertising campaign to increase the consumption
of apples ; backed by growers from different competing sec-
tions and backed by people who are not putting up an abso-
lutely standardized product.

It has proven successful in these lines which I have just
mentioned. During the past year and a half the Association
has spent most of its time in working up a national interest in
the subject. The last two times I have been on the Pacific
Coast I have had occasion to talk with a number of leaders
there and I find there is a most favorable feeling there toward
it. They are organized in a way to make it possible for them
jto come across substantially in a campaign like this.

It is proposed to put on a four million dollar campaign ex-
tending over a period of four years, a million dollars a year.
That sounds like a lot of money, but it is less money than one
■state spends each year in advertising the citrus industry. An
active campaign will be put on in the near future for member-
ship and for raising funds for this campaign. I believe that
you can well afford to give the matter your careful considera-
tion when it is put up to you, and think it over well before
you say no.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON

JANUARY 18th, 1928

The Second Session convened at 2 :00 p. m., the President,
Mr. Sheldon Funk, presiding.

President Funk: The first subject for discussion this
afternoon will be the ''Developments in Oriental Fruit Moth
Control.'' There is no insect that has caused as much concern
among the fruit growers of Pennsylvania as the Oriental fruit
moth. Dr. Alvah Peterson of the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, who will now address us, is an authority on this sub-
ject.

—24—

THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE
ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH

ALVAH PETERSON, Entomologist, Bureati of Entomology,

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

I welcome an opportunity to talk with fruit growers about
their insect problems yet I approach the subject of the oriental
peach moth with hesitancy because it is probably the most
difficult insect problem on peaches that any entomologist or
fruit grower has been up against. At one time I thought the
peach tree borer was the most serious insect situation on peach
that an entomologist ever faced. After working continuously
for seven years on the peach tree borer we finally found a most
valuable control in the use of paradichlorobenzene. It may
be of interest to know that experiments for the control of the
peach tree borer extended over 100 years. If this also holds
for the oriental peach moth the next hundred years will be the
hardest for you as fruit growers.

The Oriental peach moth has been in this country about
ten years and up to date we have no insecticide or cultural
practice which we can recommend as a complete panacea.
Probably some of you are wondering why I consented to give
an answer to one of your most important problems. The
chief reason why I agreed to give this talk is the fact that
as a fruit grower I would want to know the status of this
insect pest so I could decide for myself what course to pur-
sue in the immediate future in respect to increasing or de-
creasing my fruit production. In thinking over the best meth-
od of presenting the facts I decided to present the problem
from the view point of an investigator. In other words I want
you to assume for the period of this discussion that you are an
entomologist and trying to solve this problem for the many
growers that are constantly requesting from you a satisfactory
control measure. The life of an entomologist is far from rosy.
A few growers I have known seem to think- that an entomolo-
gist has a soft snap and is endowed with supernatural power.
I can assure you that an entomologist's job is not easy and he
is no different than other human beings. He may have ac-
quired knowledge and experience which growers do not have,
yet his mental calibre is no greater than that of many growers
I have known, consequently, do not expect him to perform
miracles. In turn, as an entomologist, I have great respect for
careful observations and experiences of fruit growers. Such
information is often of decided value in reaching a solution
to an insect problem. •

Now that you have taken on an entomologist complex, let
us look into the problem of the oriental peach moth. I am
going to assume that you are acquainted with the injury pro-
duced by the oriental peach moth. For those in the audience

-—25—

not familiar with the work of this pest I will show some lan-
tern slides later on which will illustrate some of the points we

will discuss. J J 4?

As an entomologist we. go into a peach orchard and see tor
the first time injured peach twigs. Immediately we try to tina
out the name of the insect causing the damage. This we do
by rearing the insect to the adult stage and submitting it to
specialists for determination. After we \^^^^'l^f''^^^±^^
causing the damage we start a careful study of the life history
and habits of the pest.' Such a study will give us the number
of generations per season, the time of appearance, the manner
of passing the winter and the habits of each individual stage.
We learn that there are four stages in the life cycle; egg,
larva (or worm stage), pupa (in cocoons) and adult ( moth)
The larva is the stage in the development of the insect that
does the damage. In the course of these fundamental studies
we endeavor to find those points in the life history and habits
of the insect which man may attack and control or reduce the
pest to a point that it is no longer destructive. We will not
go into the details of these studies so we will discuss at once
the possibilities of control revealed in these studies.

We will consider insecticidal and cultural control from the
view point of each individual stage, the egg, larva, cocoon and
moth.

Eggs: The following points in respect to killing an egg
when on the tree or a larva as it hatches from an egg are
essential and should be kept in mind. In the first place the
eggs on peach trees are found on the underside of the foliage
and usually on the new growth. This makes it difficult to coat
them with a spray. Again eggs during warm weather hatch
in 3 to 5 days and in cool weather 5 to 10 days. Furthermore
unhatched eggs may be found on the foliage during the entire
spring and summer in varying numbers. These facts show at
once that many applications of the insecticide are needed if the
insect is to be controlled by killing eggs with a contact spray
Entomologists have demonstrated that contact sprays will kill
eggs. Nicotine or white oil emulsions will kill a large number
of '^eggs, or larvae that have just hatched from eggs, yet the
number of applications needed and the thoroughness of the job
required make any spray recommendation for killing eggs very
expensive and impractical even though the material used is
almost as cheap as water. All told it seems to me that the
only possibility open for the use of an ovicide is the develop-
ment of a cheap contact spray which can be incorporated into
the regular spray or dust schedule. This will kill the eggs
present on the tree at the time of application and thus would
help to reduce the infestation but it would not take care of
eggs deposited and hatching in between sprays or late m the
season when all spraying and dusting has ceased.

—26—

A considerable amount of work has been done with nico- '
tine and oil sprays for killing the eggs. Neither of these pro-
ducts has been able to bring about a cheap, effective or prac-
tical control. All the information to date points to the con-
clusion that the future development of a satisfactory control
of the oriental peach moth by killing the egg is not very
hopeful.

Larva: The second stage in the life cycle of the insect
is the larva or worm stage. This is the stage that does the
damage. It also keeps us awake at night trying to figure out
ways to kill the rascal. It is probable that most of you are
already acquainted with the peculiar feeding habit of this
critter which has proven to be a life saver for the insect. Be-
fore a worm enters any plant tissue, twig or fruit, it spins a
light silken web about its body and then proceeds to gouge out
pieces of plant tissue with its mouth parts and sets these to one
side without consuming them. When the head and thoracic
portion of its body are submerged in the plant tissue, feeding
commences. This habit immediately prohibits the use of an
arsenical coating on the outside of the twig or fruit for such
will not be consumed. I have rolled peaches in powdered
arsenate of lead and placed on them half-grown larvae. Many
of the larvae entered the coated fruit and were not killed.

The peculiar feeding habit of this insect challenges the
ingenuity of all entomologists and fruit growers. How are we
going to get around it and what can we do to make the larvae
consume poisoned tissue? To date this challange still stands
unanswered. We know that a few of the oriental peach moth
larvae are killed by arsenate of lead but the percentage is
insignificant. We still have to find a satisfactory stomach
poison. For the sake of argument let us assume we have found
a satisfactory stomach poison. This alone will not settle the
difficulties that face us. Some of these are the maintenance
and application of a coating of a stomach poison on twigs and
fruit. During the early part of a season the larvae enter the
growing terminals. On young trees growth is very rapid, at
times almost an inch a day and commonly two or three inches
per week. Since a larva enters the terminal end of a growing
twig we see at once the impossibility of maintaining a coat.
On fruit we are also up against a difficult situation. About
the time peaches are nearly full grown the newly hatched lar-
vae go directly to the fruit. Many of these larvae enter fruit
through the short green stem or through the skin in the deep
depression about the stem. Did you ever try to place a spray
or dust in the deep depression about the stem end of an Elberta
peach? This is almost an impossible task. Other difficulties
could be enumerated concerning tthe killing of growing larvae.
In summarizing the control measures for growing larvae noth-

—27—

^ ing has been found to be satisfactory and the outlook is none
too bright.

Cocooiis : (Lava and pupa) . Thus far we have examined
the possibilities of finding a control for eggs and larva and we
have had no encouragement. Let us now consider the cocoon
stage which may be found on the roughened parts ot truit
trees or in or on rubbish on the ground. The cocoon serves as
a protective cover for the full grown larva and pupa. Ihe
insect passes the winter as a full grown larva in a cocoon. It
we could destroy the larvae or pupae in the cocoons we might
bring about a satisfactory control especially if this is done
during the winter season.

We know that cultivation a week or so previous to the
emergence of the first adults, which usually occurs at or before
blossom time for peaches, will kill all overwintering cocoons
found on the ground. This helps to reduce the early infesta-
tion.

To date no very effective contact spray has been found
which kills summer or overwintering larvae in cocoons. At
the present time a large series of preliminary tests are being
conducted at Moorestown, N. J., along this line. Some of the
chemicals we are using may prove to be effective. We are
hopeful concerning the possibilities of developing a cheap and
effective dormant spray which can be applied during the dor-
mant season. In another year or two we may be able to report
progress. This is more than we said for control measures on
the egg or growing larvae.

Moth: We have covered the apparent possibilities with
three stages in the life cycle of the insect. Only one stage re-
mains and that is the moth. A goodly number of experiments
have been conducted with the moths. Undoubtedly most of
you have heard considerable about some of these. The control
of the moth can be approached from at least two points of
view. We might attract them to traps and kill them or we
might use repellents and keep them away from peach trees.

Let us consider the field of attractants first. We know
that many species of moths come to artificial lights at nights
and the oriental peach moth does most of its flying about sun-
set or shortly thereafter. It would seem logical that we might
capture many moths by artificial electric lights, however, such
is not the case. One grower in New Jersey installed a $3,000
electric light equipment in his peach orchard and after two
year's experience discarded the same. We checked over his
results carefully and found that he caught very few moths.
Many more moths were captured in 10c bait pans which we
placed in the same orchard where the expensive light traps
were located. We also ran a goodly number of colored light
tests at the laboratory and obtained some very interesting re-

—28—

suits but these have no bearing on control measures so we will
not discuss them*. So far as light traps are concerned we find
they are of little or no value in the control of the oriental
peach moth.

The next possibility along the line of attractants is the use
of baits. Since I happen to be guilty of starting the work on
baits for the oriental peach moth a few years ago I suppose it
is up to me to give you my honest opinion concerning their use. *
I am quite certain that some of you will not agree with me on
this subject. We all have a right to believe what we wish so
long as we are sincere and can back up our statements with
facts. Our information to date on the use of baits for control-
ling the oriental peach moth under average orchard conditions
does not warrant us to recommend their use to a fruit grower.
Why? There are many detailed reasons I could enumerate but
I will only mention one or two important ones. If you have
used baits in your orchard you have undoubtedly caught a
goodly number of adults. What proportion of the population
in the orchard did you catch? I am inclined to believe that
bait pans or pails catch less than ten percent of the moths in
the orchard at any given time. We have liberated a goodly
number of marked adults in peach orchards where we have had
bait pans in every other tree and the recapture has never ex-
ceeded ten percent. If this is a true story, then it alone is
argument enough for me against the use of bait pans. We
hope to have much more reliable information on this matter in
another season.

I could elaborate on many undesirable feautres in the use
of bait traps but this will be unnecessary for I am sure you
have had this information presented to you before this. All
our tests with bait pans in these orchards and those of other
entomologists make me believe that we still have a long way
to go before we find a satisfactory bait and trap which may be
used as a control for the oriental peach moth.

The remaining possibility of insecticidal control from the
view point of the moth is the use of repellents. We do not
know much about this subject at present, however, we do
know that certain chemicals will repel the female moth and
keep her from depositing eggs on foliage coated with the
respective products. To date we have not given these a thor-
ough test under orchard conditions, consequently we cannot
report on them. It may be several years before we find, or
again we may never discover a product that will prove to be
practical.

Parasites: The foregoing discussion summarizes the con-
trol measures for the oriental peach moth problem from an
insecticidal view point. If I should stop at this point most of
you would go home and probably pull out your orchards. I

—29—

believe this would be a rash thing to do. Personally I am not
completely discouraged about the outlook because one very
hopeful situation exists which may prove to be remarkable
help within a few years.

The thing I have in mind is the parasite situation. This
has a bright outlook at present. As you know it often happens
that when things look the darkest we are nearest the point of
relief. Man has often been confronted with serious insect
outbreaks and before he is able to find a solution for the prob-
lem nature comes along and solves it for him. There is good
evidence to show that this is taking place in some localities
with the oriental peach moth.

I have been watching and studying oriental peach moth
infestations in New Jersey ever since the insect made its ap-
pearance about ten years ago. We find that the insect is most
serious about the second year after it is found m a new orch-
ard. From then on it has gradually become less severe. Of
course there have been fluctuations in the infestation. This
past season in many orchards in southern New Jersey the fruit
injury was less than ten percent on any variety. This is a
marked reduction over previous years when infestations ran
between 35 to 75 percent. In general it can be said that in
orchards where the pest has been present for five years or
longer the parasites usually do very effective work and reduce
the infestation greatly. We already know of forty or more
species of insects that attack the egg, larva or cocoon of the
oriental peach moth. This is many more species than we know
for the codling moth. Two or three of these are very impor-
tant, one attacks the egg and the others attack the larvae,
especially when they are in the twigs. Last year in Burling-
ton county. New Jersey, a large percentage of young twigs in
young and bearing ochards Were infested with oriental peach
moth larvae early in the season. If all of these had developed
into moths the fruit would have been extremely wormy. As
it was 75 to 90 percent were attacked by a small wasp like
insect, Macrocentrus anylivora, and most of the oriental peach
moths turned into parasites which in turn attacked new larva.
As a consequence at harvest time there were very few oriental
peach moths present in the orchard.

Undoubtedly there will be considerable fluctuation in the
effectiveness of parasites from year to year yet the the pres-
ent tendency indicates that parasites will be extremely useful
most every season in reducing infestations where infestations
have been established for several years. Undoubtedly the
safe species of parasite will not be universally effective. In
fact we already know that this is the case. One species,
Glypta, is known to be abundant in the northern part of New

—30—

Jersey and central Pennsylvania while Macrocentrus is present
in large numbers in southern New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware,
and elsewhere.

DISCUSSION ON ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH

Question: What are some of the repellents you are using?

Dr. Peterson: They are not obtainable in quantity in the
market. We are not prepared to make any statements as to
whether they could be used by a grower or not.

Harry Miller, of W. Va. : What measures can we take
to see that we don^t get it out of nurseries? Could we trim off
the moth infested limbs before they leave the nurseries?

Dr. Peterson: The chance of coming from nursery stock
is not very great. Your nursery stock is examined quite thor-
oughly by competent inspectors. The young trees are ex-
tremely smooth and there is not much rough bark where we
can find cocoons. I have yet to see more than one or two
cocoons on nursery trees and I have examined thousands of
trees. Most of the infestation is coming from fruit shipped
into a community. If we examine carefully the different in-
festations throughout the United States, we find that most of
them start around small towns. This means that fruit has
been shipped into those towns from territories w^hich are
infested. The housewife or the merchant found the wormy
peaches, discarded them, threw them out into the garbage
and the insect emerged and attacked the peach trees in the
backyard. That is where we find the new infestations all over
the United States. In Georgia, it was first found in the back-
yard, not in commercial plantings.

Rarely would you find it on twigs, but if I got nursery
trees that had a good many rough spots on them I would want
to destroy the prunings.

R. T. Criswell: Have you abandoned nicotine?

Dr. Peterson: I tried to point out the difficulties that we
are up against in killing the egg and I said to develop a con-
trol along that line we would have to have a very cheap insec-
ticide. I think that would exclude nicotine.

Mr. Mitchell: Wouldn't it be possible to kill the moths
by the use of gas in some such manner as they used it in the
army against human beings?

Dr. Peterson: The idea has been tried out to a limited
extent by using nicotine gas and some others, but with little
promise. The moths are in the orc?iard continuously all sea-
son; the emergence of the spring brood alone covers a period
of about 9 weeks, coming out every day for 9 weeks, and the
moth isn't out over 24 hours before it starts to put down eggs.

-31—

vjvw:«''"t-'>j^^

That would mean an application of this gas about every 48
hours for several weeks.

Question: How long does the moth live?
Dr. Peterson: An average of ten days to two weeks.
Mr. Mitchell: Wouldn't you eventually get them all?
Dr. Peterson: You would get them all but in the mean-
time they have put down most of their eggs. If I put the
material on today, we will say, the moth comes out tomorrow,
starts to deposit eggs the next day and deposits most ot its
eggs in nine days and by the time I come around m ten days
I kill the moth but the moth has put down its eggs and the
infestation is there.

Question: When do those eggs hatch out?
Dr Peterson: In three to five days. The incubation
period of the egg is three to five days, but the complete life
cycle from egg to new adult would be thirty days to six weeks.
If they came out all at once, we would have a chance.

Question: How general is the peach moth distributed
over the United States?

Dr Peterson : The insect is now found, I would say with-
out much hesitation, in practically every peach producing state
east of the Mississippi River and in one or two states west of
it Possibly it does not occur in Michigan but I know it
occurs in most every other state east of the Mississippi River
It is getting bad in some places. The only place where I
know that it hasn't proven a serious pest is m Fort Valley,
Ga The reason for that is because there is no fruit but the
peach there. The peaches are all picked early m the season
and the insect doesn't have anything to develop on later m the
season. Here you have apples, late peaches, quinces and other
fruits and the insect builds up a large overwintering supply
Avhich gives it a good start in the spring.

Question: Is there any information that would lead us to
discriminate in regard to the variety of peaches we plant as
to time of ripening, etc.

Dr Peterson: A few years ago I would have said yes,
but I don't know as I would say that now. We find m New
Jersey where I have been now for several years, that the late
variety infestations, varieties after Elberta, are not much
heavier than with Elberta. We had Krummels and Iron
Mountains this year and Fox Seedling and one or two others
in which infestations ran between five and ten percent. In
other words, parasitism seems to be just as effective with the
late varieties as with Elberta.

Member: We have 100 percent infestation on Iron Moun-
tain and comparatively none on Elberta.

—32—

Question: AVhat would be the result if a man would de-
stroy the entire crop of peaches?

Dr. Peterson: We have an interesting situation which de-
veloped very similar to that in New Jersey. There is a man
who had an isolated orchard north of Trenton which was com-
pletely killed by a freeze about three years ago. At that time
he had what we considered a moderate to heavy infestation.
The freeze cleaned him out, so he had only a half dozen bas-
kets of fruit in his entire orchard of probably 50 acres. The
next year his infestation was extremely low and hasn't built
up very much since. Probably parasites are helping to keep
it down. I would say the distruction of fruit in an orchard
would be of no value unless that orchard was isolated from all
others by several miles.

Mr. Steams: I used nicotine sulphate to control the
Oriental moth in the egg stage in Virginia over a period of
six years, and for three years in New Jersey. The trouble with
nicotine spray is the close margin between cost and profit. The
average of all the work we did in those years showed that the
increase was 15 per cent of the crop after we paid for the
material. It is a very easy thing to demonstrate to a fruit
grower how to kill aphis with nicotine. It is a very difficult
thing to demonstrate that he has killed the eggs of Oriental
moth with nicotine. I can only say if I were a fruit grower I
would apply nicotine sprays If I had a heavy infestation of the
Oriental moth.

Question: Will lead do any good on apples?

Dr. Peterson No, I have rolled apples and peaches in
arsenate of lead until they w^ere perfectly white. Put your
Oriental moth larvae on and they will eat and thrive.

Question: You don't know how far the parasites are dis-
tributed?

Dr. Peterson: Two years ago the insect did not occur in
Ohio. Mr. Stearns now reports to me that parasitism is al-
ready quite high in some orchards in Ohio. Whether para-
sites went along with the infestation or not is pretty hard to
say. Apparently it follows up pretty closely on the heels of
the new infestation.

W. S. Campfield: What is the scale of migration of the
insect ?

Dr. Peterson: It is carried by wind. Just how far, we
don't know. We know that moths will travel a half mile to
a mile, at least, going from one side of an orchard to another
or from one orchard to another. It is possible that they go
even further.

President Funk: At this time we will have our Treas-
urer's report.

—33—

^■f^jaj^igumi^

ii

i'^k

EEPORT OF THE TREASURER

EDWIN W. THOMAS, Treasurer

RECEIPTS

^^_ $ 219.60

Cash Balance January 1, 1927..... 2.00

1-26-1927, From Porter R. Taylor \"7'"" 212.80

i.26 " " Robert E. Atkinson, annua dues.

;.26 " " Robt. E. Atkinson, for receipt book ^^-^^

1 ofi " " Porter R. Taylor, apple adv *

2 21 " " Robt. E. Atkinson, adv. in program ^^-^^

2 91 " " Robt. E. Atkinson, annual dues .-.-^-^-- •

2-21 " " Geo. H. Elbel, Rossiter, Pa., annual dues ^-"O

2.26 " " Robt. E. Atkinson, adv. program ^^-^

2-26 " " Robt. E. Atkinson, annual dues ^ •

o il u u Interest on $100 Liberty Bond ^•

4-30 " " Interest on $500 Liberty Bond ^^•^-

K 14 " " Trexler Farms, apple adv^....- ^'

2 14 ^^ " Interest on $200 Liberty Bond -

5 28 " " D. Maurice Wertz, refund on premium l^-^^

6- 2 " " Robt. E. Atkinson, annua dues •

6. 2 " " Robt. E. Atkinson, advertising acct ^^^-^^

^. 2 " " R. B. Anthony, annual dues ^^'^^

g. 7 it u R. D. Anthony, annual dues ^^^^

Q. Q « « Porter R. Taylor, adv -- '^^

9-22 " " Lehigh Co. Hort. Soc, annual dues ^^-^^

Q.29 " " .Robt. E. Atkinson, annual dues ^ ^^

9 29 " '' Erie Co. Hort. Soc, annual dues ^^^

10- 1 " " Interest on 100 Liberty Bond 138*01

10-22 "' '" Porter R. Taylor, peach adv... ' •

in 29 " " Interest on $500 Liberty Bond -^^-^

10-31 " " Lehigh Co. Hort. Soc, annual dues ^^-^^

11. 1 « " R. D. Anthony, annual dues ^^^^

11. 5 " " R. D. Anthony, annual dues ------- '

n 12 " " A. L. Hacker, Allentown, annual dues ^-^^

11-19 " " Interest on $200 Liberty Band ^^^-^^

11.19 " " 200 Liberty Bond, paid off ^' ^^

11-30 " " R. D. Anthony, annual dues ^^^^

12 3 " " R. r>. Anthony, annual dues '^

12. 3 " " State Hill Fruit Farm, adv ^^^

1-14-1928 " R. D. Anthony, annual dues '

$1,551.17
DTSBTJRSEMENTS

1-24-1927, To Piatt, Youngman & Co Treas. Bond $ ^2.50

I_24 " " J- Horace McFarland Co ^^ ^^

2- '8 " " Torsch & Franz Badge Co ' 311 10

2- 8 " " Nungesser Printing Co. -- * ^^^^^0

2- 8 " " M. C. Burritt, Hilton, N. Y ^^^^

2- 8 " " H. B. Tukey, Hudson, N. Y '^'^

2-14 " " Nungesser Pointing Co ^^^^^

2-23 " " Lester Lewis Walsh ....—----

2-26 " " C. H. Connors, New Brunswick, N. J ^-^^

ft. 6 " " R. !>' Anthony ■" 'ka

8. 6 " " Nittany Printing & Publishing Co ^-^^

8-31 " " J. Horace McFarland Co 168 75

10-21 " " New York Packer '^

11-22 " " The Telegraph Printing Co ^^\^\

12-23 " " Nungesser Printing Co ---------- - 909*00

1-11-1928 " F. P Ristine & Co., two $100 bonds 202.90

1-18 " " To cash in Wayne Title & Trust Co - ^^-^^

$1,551.17
—34—

REPOBT OF THE AUDITING COMMITTEE

January 18, 1928

We the undersigned auditors duly appointed, have examined the ac-
counts, bills, vouchers, etc., of Edwin W. Thomas, Treas., of the Penna.
State Horticultural Association and have found the same to be correct
and the receipts and balances to be as follows:

Cash balance from 1928 $ 219.60

Receipts during 1927 including one Liberty Bond

of $200 matured 1 331.57 $1,551.17

Cash balance on hand Jan. 1, 1928 $ 86.81

Expenditures during year 1927, including two $100

Mortgage Bonds, $202.90 1,464.36 $1,551.17

Liberty Bonds on hand $ 600.00

2 $100 Mortgage Bonds 200.00

Bank Balance 86.81

fj. A. RUNK
Auditors] F. S. DICKENSHED
[F. G. REITER

E. W. Thomas: With this report I ask to be relieved of
further responsibility. You elected me to this position more
than a quarter of a century ago. I desire to express to you
my appreciation of your confidence in electing me Treasurer
of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for
more than twenty-five consecutive years.

I also want to sound a little word of caution. There is
some disposition to make this organization too much of a com-
mercial affair. It should undoubtedly be strictly as educa-
tional.

(The Association later expressed its appreciation of the
long and efficient service of Mr Thomas, in the report of the
Committee on Resolutions. Sec.)

On motion, the report of the Treasurer was accepted.

J. A. Runk: The auditors notice that the funds available
in 1926 were $2,432, and that this past year were only $1,500.
The committee would like to call your attention to the fact
that during the past year our resources were decreased to the
extest of $900. If that should continue for two or three years
more we will go bankrupt.

It was voted, upon motion duly seconded, that the repprt
of the auditors be accepted.

President Funk : I wish to appoint two committees : Reso-
lutions Committee — F. H. Fassett, Chairman, W. W. Livingood
and F. N. Fagan ; Nominating Committee — F. G. Reiter, Chair-
man, D. M. Wertz and J. A. Runk.

The members of this Association who were on the summer
tour were much impressed with the hospitality shown us by Dr.
McCue, who is Director of the Delaware Agricultural Experi-

—35—

•I

ment Station. We are delighted to have Dr. MeCue address
us this afternoon.

DELAWARE'S POSITION IN THE APPLE INDUSTRY

C. A. McCUE, Director Delaware Experiment Station

Delaware is the second smallest state in the Union yet in
certain farm products she has to be reckoned with on the
large produce markets of the East. She produces enough sweet
potatoes to wreck the sweet potato market. She is an "^P^r-
tant factor in the egg market, the cantaloupe market, and the
peach market, and one might almost say that she is the mam
source of supply for the early apple market at certain seasons.
Delarware is small. Her land area is only 2,370 square miles
or 1257,600 acres at low tide. She has about 10,000 farms
with a farm population of 44,000 people. She has a little over
a million apple trees, or about an average of 500 apple trees
per square mile for the entire state, which is a record

If we go into the situation a little more thoroughly we will
find that the majority of these million trees are quite com-
pactly concentrated in two areas. The larger one occupies
about 10 to 15 miles square in the center of the state with
Wyoming as the principal shipping point. Another area is
found in the southwestern part of the state with Bridgeville
as the shipping point. There are a few good sized commercial
orchards outside these two areas; but they can practically be
counted on the fingers of one hand. Commercially speaking
the apple industry of Delaware occupies a comparatively small
area of the state. An area 20 miles square would probably
hold the entire commercial plantings of the state.

Varieties. The principal commercial varieties grown are
Early Ripe, Yellow Transparent, Williams, Crimson Beauty, a
few Duchess and Fourth of July as early varieties. There are
few mid-season varieties- grown on a commercial scale. For
late varieties, in time of ripening, we first start with Grimes
Golden, Jonathan, Delicious, Stayman, Paragon, Rome, Nero,
York Imperial and Winesap. Outside of the varieties just
named, which comprise the bulk of the commercial planting,
we can find a few Red Astrachan, English Red Streak, Sum-
mer Rambo, Fanny, Kink David, Northwestern Greening, and
Lilly of Kent. The varieties that are being recommended for
planting or top working are Yellow Transparent, Williams,
Crimson Beauty, Grimes, Jonathan, Stayman, Rome, and York,
with the further recommendation that under certain condi-
tions, as to soil, that Paragon, Delicious or Starking, and
Winesap be used.

You will note that we have dropped out of our recommen-
dations such varieties as Early Ripe, Fourth of July, Red
Astrachan, Duchess, Nero and Paragon, which are now grown

—36—

to greater or less extent. These varieties have been dropped
for various reasons such as, self sterility, non producers, late
bearing, poor quality, etc. The trend in varieties at the pres-
ent time is toward fewer varieties and in general toward those
that have a favorable standing on the wholesale markets, and
which can be produced economically in the apple districts of
the state. Market competition is also a deciding factor in the
production of a number of varieties. For the past 10 or 15
years there has been a decided trend toward the early varie-
ties, not because we cannot grow winter varieties, but because
in the early varieties there is less marketing competition than
with late sorts.

You will note from the list of varieties grown and recom-
mended that there is a gap between the early summer varieties
and the fall varieties. During the month of August any varie-
ties that Delaware might put on the market come into compe-
tition with early apples from the North and the mountain sec-
tions of the East. Also many of our growers are also growers
of peaches and the peach crop is being harvested during
August, thus making a serious labor conflict if both apples and
peaches were ripening during that month. Again the early
crop comes off when prices are highest, while late apples are
harvested at a time when prices are lowest and must be stored.
Grimes and Jonathan are not often stored, but sold as soon as
possible after picking, as experience has shown that taking
storage costs, and price into consideration, there is on the
average little to be gained by storing these varieties. These
two varieties are of high quality and except in years of heavy
production, like the year 1926, they bring profitable returns.
There is also a general feeling that these two varieties are a
distinct asset in the orchard for pollination purposes with such
varieties as Stayman, Paragon and Winesap.

Index Number of Apple Prices by Months. Refering again
to prices, and the statement that we sell our apples when
prices are high, attention is called to the Index number of
monthly apple prices for Delaware. Taking July as 100 they
run as follows : : July 100, August 95, September 81, October
76, November 82 and December 95. We have not worked out
the index price for January, February or March, but doubtless
the January and February indexes will run over 100. Thus
discounting storage, freight and insurance charges, the index
number will probably approximate that for July.

As regards distribution of production between early and
late varieties our information is not complete. We have a
record of carload shipments but not of truck shipments, except
for 1924. Truck shipments are an extremely important factor
in the marketing of apples from Delaware. I should judge
that the truck shipments account for quite a considerable per-
centage of Delaware's apple crop.

—37—

The average yearly total carload lot shipments from the
state for the 5?,eJr period 1922-1926 w^^/PP-JX S cat^
ears Of these 962 or 55% were shipped during July , If "cars
o?:bout 7% during Augist which ^-es a rdative produ^^^^^^^^^
of 62 to 38 in favor of early apples. That is, for the o year
period 62% of the carload shipments made were early apples
and 38% late apples. These figures, while correct only insoar

as carload shipments are concerned, will g> W^^^^,*^^^^^^ ^ate
picture as to the relative importance of the early and late

apple crop in the state.

The figures for carload shipments for 1927 are incomplete
however,The shipments prior to July 31st were 673 cars, with
907 pars for August. The season was late m 1927 and unaer
normalcondiS most likely one-half of these 207 cars would
have been shipped in July.

It is possible that a few cars of late apples coming out of
storage were included in the number of cars shipped before
August lltbut the number would be so small that they can for
all practical purposes be disregarded.

I have previously spoken of truck shipments In 1924, the
only year for which we have reliable figures there were ap-
;;?ximately 50 cars shipped by truck and 1355 <.ars by ra^^^^^
the rail shipments 850 cars were early apples In the same
year tLe^w^ manufactured in the state 15,000 cases of No.
10 cans of apples; 5,000 cases of No. 10 cans of apple butter;
18,000 cases of No. 21/2 cans of apple butter; 2,000 cases of No
2 cans of apples ; and 80,000 gallons of cider These figures
on canned apples, apple butter, and cider will give some idea
of the apple by-products business m Delaware.

I think that you grasp the fact that a high Percentage of
the apple production has to do with early apples The early
Tariet'SL are principally Yellow Transparent and Williams J^
some of the years for which figures were cited a large amount
of early apples have not picked on account of low prices near
the end of the early apple season.

Has Delaware Overdone the Early Apple Business? Many
of our growers feel that she has. Others say that if certain
unprofitable varieties like Early Ripe were eliminated we could
well handle the marketing of the crop. Early Ripe is a bien-
nial bearer and self sterile. Years when it comes wit\a f uU
crop, the amount produced tends to depress the price of Yellow
Transparent, and ruins the market. It is doubtful if any fur-
ther great increase in acreage of early apples will occur.
Rather the growers are turning their thoughts more to late
varieties. I am expecting a normal increase in acreage ot late
varieties, and possible decrease in acreage of earlies, due to
cutting down of unprofitable early varieties.

—38—

How Are Delaware Apples Handled? All of the early
crop is handled in hampers or bushel baskets. For the past
year or two the use of the bushel basket or bushel tub in-
creased greatly and probably 80 to 90% of the early varieties
are handled in this way. Also during the past few years the
use of the barrel has been decreasing in handling the late crop.
More and more the bushel basket is being used, both for quick
sale and for storage. Only a few of the larger growers still
use the barrel to any great extent and even they are now
using the bushel basket for the early winter varieties such as
Jonathan and Grimes. One might say that the box is not used
at all. A few growers sometimes pack a few boxes of fancy
grades, but the practice appears to be on the decrease.

The by-products business in canning, apple butter, cider,
etc., is on the increase. I have given you the figures for 1924.
Since that time the amount of by-products has probably in-
creased.

Our troubles from a growing standpoint are primarily
three. 1st— Cost of production. 2nd— Scab control. 3rd—
Codling moth and Oriental peach moth. I have linked codling
moth with Oriental peach moth as it is difficult to separate the
two problems.

Some of our high costs of production have been cultivation
and fertilization. Some effort is being made to lower growing
costs by the utilization of permanent crops of sweet clover and
alfalfa in the orchards. Some growers have been unusually
successful with sweet clover but the practice of growing al-
falfa in the orchard as a permanent crop is still an experiment.

Scab control is of paramount importance on some varieties
such as Yellow Transparent, but on the whole our growers are
handling the problem successfully by spraying. Codling moth
control, however, is another story. For several years past in
a large number of our orchards second broow codling moth has
caused enormous losses on late varieties. In some orchards
the per centage of cull fruit has run upward toward 90%.
The moth has not been a serious factor in the production of
early varieties, but there is a growing feeling; that neglect of
codling moth sprays on early apples has contributed largely to
the losses experienced on late varieties.

Distribution of Delaware Apples. I take it that you will
be interested in where our apples go, that is, what is the dis-
tribution of the crop. Our records are not complete as we
only have the point of destination of carload lots to those
cities upon which the Federal Government makes a market
report. The cities east of the Mississippi upon which we have
reports numbered 34 in 1926. In that year Delaware apples
went to 30 of these cities. In 1925 Delaware shipped apples to
all of the 20 cities reported upon. In 1924, 20 cities reported,

—39—

wP <;Pnt auDles to 13 of them ; and in 1923 we shipped apples
^o 13 out of 20 reporting. We do not have figures as yet for

the 1927 crop.

•The 4 cities reporting in 1926 to f i«\7 ^^^ 'orkam
namely, Atlanta, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, and New Or eans
had received shipments in previous years The point tartnesi
west to which we ship is Milwaukee. The farthest north m
The US £ Portland, Maine ; farthest south, Tampa, Florida ;
Ind New SrSs^La. The main points for Y^/.J^^^Xe^

Zd ProvSence R I The average yearly carload shipment to
Bostrrf;rX'4 years 1923-26 was 141 cars; to Detr |t 1
o»v^ ■ to New York, 139 cars ; to Pittsburgh, Uf cars , ana
PMi;delpSr204 cak. It is quite ^^yj^^l^^^^^^^
tion of Philadelphia, all or the majority of these cars represeni

Sy appl^^^^^^ The Cincinnati situation -^ -f §f ^s ^aVd S
wP shinned 14 cars; in 1924, none; m 192o, 32 cars, ana in
r926 Se The shipments to this market strongly suggest a
correlation with the size of the early apple crop m Southern
Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee.

The records which we have fall far short of accounting for
all cars shipped in any one year. In 1923, 38% a- unaccount-
ed for- in 1924, 44%; in 1925, 43%; and in 1926, 41%. We
might With a g;eat deal of confidence say that of the cadoad^^
^f apples sent from Delaware each year only about 60% go to
c ties of record. Where does the other 40% go? A great deal
of th'm go into Pennsylvania, cities like Scranton, Wilkes
Barre Hazelton, Harrisburg, Altoona and Wilhamsport get
their ^hare. We also know that in times past, heavy ship-
ments have gone to Toronto, Montreal and Quebec. A few are
exported, but not many. Probably every city ni the East ot
over 25,000 inhabitants consumes Delaware apples m some
form or other during the year.

One thing noted in distribution that interests me greatly
is the fact that large quantities of Delaware apples are shipped
into the apple belts of New York and New England. I or ex-
ample in 1926 Buffalo took 69 cars; Rochester, i cars; and
Syracuse, 11 cars. Seventy-seven cars of Delaware apples went
into the heart of the apple belt of Western New York. In the
same year Boston took 124 cars ; Springfield 32 cars ; Wor-
cester 4 ; Hartford 18 ; Bridgeport 5 ; and Providence 29 A
total of 212 cars for New England, south of Maine. Needless
to say these were all early apples. The moral is, ship your
apples where they have a cultivated appetite for apples and
ship them at a time they cannot get them at home. The best
apple market is where apples are grown.

—40—

Competition. Every man in business is wise if he learns
all he can about his competitors, their product, their methods
of production, their markets and above all the time they are
in the market. This holds as true for the apple grower as for
the manufacturer of radio panels, or women's dresses. As
stated before the competition area for Delaware's early apples
is much smaller than the competition area for late apples. Late
apples from Delaware come into competition with all the apple
producing areas of the United States. Early apples have a
very much smaller area of production cofpetition. We have
seen that the bulk of Delaware shipments of early apples
comes in July. Hence, in early apple competition we are con-
cerned only with those areas which ship apples in July.

Of all apples shipped in carload lots, in the United States
during July for the past 4 years Delaware's share varies from
24% to 39% of the total with an average of 31.5%. Thus we
can confidently say that about 1/3 of all apples shipped to mar-
ket during July comes from Delaware orchards. This is an
important fact as we have already seen that the price index is
100 for July.

The next question to settle is where does the other 2/3
come from and does it compete in the same markets. A glance
at the shipping points for July convinces us that some late
apples are still coming to market as for example New York in
1927 shipped 13 cars, in previous years Oregon has shipped a
few cars as has also Pennsylvania, while the State of Wash-
ington has averaged about 53 cars in July for the past 4 years.
Obviously the bulk of the shipments from Washington, Ore-
gon, and New York are hold over late apples and do not come
into direct competition with the early crop as the fruit is
largely put to a different use.

A glance at the statistics shows us that Delaware's chief
competitors for the July market are California, which averages
nearly 40% of the July shipments, and Southern Illinois with
an average yearly production of about 17.5% of the early crop.
Thus we see that three states, Delaware California, and Illinois
furnish about 88% of all apples shipped during July, and if
we were able to definitely identify and eliminate storage apples
shipped during July we would still have a higher percentage
from 3 states. The Eastern Shore of Maryland averages about
108 cars per year, but for all practical purposes, the Eastern
Shore of Maryland can be considered a unit with the Delaware
producing area. Outside of the states already mentioned the
chief competiting production areas are New Jersey, Virginia,
West Virginia, Arkansas, Indiana, Georgia, and Ohio. Plant-
ings are increasing in Tennessee and Kentucky.

The Outlook. One of the great early apple consuming and
distribution points is Chicago. Delaware does not enter heav-

—41—

ily into the Chicago market, averaging only about l/i^ cars
per year. California, Illinois and Indiana, do use the Chicago
market. Delaware does not ship to St. Louis. St. Louis ad-
joins the Illinois producing district and probably is a large
marketing center for Illinois apples. St. Louis also probably
absorbs some Kentucky, Tennessee, and Arkansas apples. Thus
we can see that a considerable portion of our marketing com-
petition disappears at once. Delaware's natural market tor
parly apples is to the North and East, including such midwes-
tern cities as Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and Detroit As long as
our competitors from South of the Ohio, and West of the AUe-
ghanies, keep out of the Eastern markets we have little to fear
from them with the exception of California. There is, how-
ever, a large and mainly undeveloped district to the south of
us in the Virginias, Carolinas and mountain sections of Georgia
and East Tennessee, that can cause Delaware real trouble m
the future.

Delaware has quite materially improved the quality of her
pack during the past year and will continue to do so. This is
a necessary step ; as competition increases, and competition is
bound to increase, the best markets will be dominated by that
district that was first in them with a quality pack up to or
exceeding U. S. Standard of Grades and Inspection. If we
can reach such a status in the large Eastern and Northern mar-
kets before our competitors do, we have but little to fear for
the future of the inlustry, providing that we will be satisfied
to hold our producing acreage practically stable at its present
figures.

At this point Dr. J. S. Rittenhouse, the Vice President,

took the Chair.

Question: How about the Japanese beetle?

Dr. McCue: Fortunately we are not bothered with them
in the truck section. They are only in the northern part of
the state and they have not been spreading rapidly. They are
not present in any quantities to cause serious injury.

RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE USE OF DIFFERENT
OILS IN THE CONTROL OF EUROPEAN RED MITE

AND OTHER INSECTS

G. F. McLEOD, State CoUege

When I say oils I am talking of oil, the active ingredient.
When I say oil sprays I am talking of oils as they are ready to
be applied to trees.

There is confusion about ''viscosity,'' ''flash points,'' and
other terms. Density, or the specific gravity of the oil means
whether it is a thick or thin oil. It distinguishes between lub-
ricating oils and kerosene or volatile oils. The density seems

—42—

to have an effect upon the killing nower of the oil. Volatility
means going off into the air or changing into gaseous form;
evaporating. Volatile oils generally are ineffective against
egg masses and scale insects. The slowly evaporatiner oil
(which in most cases is a lubricating type) is better, in that it
persists as a film. Viscosity, or pourability is the ability of
the material to run through a given aperture in a given
amount of time. An oil may be very slow to pour and yet
volatile. The varying characters of oils seems to affect their
value for killing bugs.

Then there is another phase, the danger of injury to the
plant. The characters that identify an oil with regard to its
injury to the plant seem to be largely centered in a process
known as sulfonation. Sulfonation means the refinement of
oils with surfuric acid or liquid sulfur dioxide so as to remove
cracked oils, so called aromatics. These cracked oils and aro-
matics are more liable to injure plant tissue than are the
heavier oils. The more highly sulfonized the oil is the safer it
will be for us to use. The flashpoint of an oil is the tempera-
ture at which an oil gives off a combustible mixture, which will
ignite. This could be used for detecting blended oils, where
they mix a lubricating or non-volatile oil with an oil of the
volatile type. They might lower the flashpoint by adding the
other oil.

Oil Emulsions and Miscible Oils Compared. So much for
the oil itself, the active ingredient. Oil emulsions and mis-
cible oils are the product ready to apply to the plant.. There
are three elemests in an oil emulsion — water, an emulsifier and
oil. The water is the carrier or v^ehicle m which the oil, the
killing agent, rides ; and it is wrapped in a package which we
call an emulsion.. Water is the most generally accessible car-
rier. The emulsifier is most commonly a soap of some kind.
Casein, glue, Bordeaux mixture, and various fats, vegetable
oils, and alkali soaps, are also used.

What is the difference between an oil emulsion and a mis-
cible oil? The oil emulsion is usually a little lower in oil con-
tent ; it has less of the actual killing agent. It is therefore,
lower in price. As a rule it is less stable when nxed with
varying water supplies, dirt in the spray tank, and lime sul-
pnur and other chemicals that may enter. The miscible oil is
generally higher in oil content, hence higher in price, md is
more stable.

The Way Oils Kill Bug^. The volatile oils usually pass
through the body or through the eggs and dissolve or coagu-
alte the tissues. The non-volatile or lubricating oils kill
chiefly by actual suffocation of the insects, shutting off^ their
air supply, exactly as would happen to us if we jumped into a
tank of oil and sunk our heads.

—43—

i:!!^ .£mt3im»'>^

Oils were used for killing bugs as early as 1763. Kerosene
was used on plants almost as soon as it was for illumination
purposes. The recent interest in oil sprays is due to the tre-
mendous increase in European red mite and the resulting dam-
age in Pennsylvania orchards. There have been isolated cases
of growers who have used oil sprays for many years in an at-
attempt to control San Jose scale, especially where the scale
infestation has been very heavy.

Insects Controlled by Oil Sprays. There has been re-
ported in a number of state and Federal publications the in-
creased efficiency of oil sprays over lime sulfur in controlling
San Jose scale. It is now generally accepted by research men
in entomology that oil sprays will kill a heavy infestation of
San Jose scale better than lime sulphur. There are many other
scales for which oil sprays are successful. In some of the cen-
tral counties of Pennsylvania we have successfully controlled
the globular scale of the peach and have not injured the trees.
There is an orchard in Northumberland County that was prac-
tically ruined by the globular scale until sprayed with a mis-
cible oil and is now in a healthy condition.

The adult pear psylla, an insect about which we know
very little in Pennsylvania, is killed by three percent oil spray.
Tree hoppers and other insects which slit the bark and deposit
their eggs are killed by a three percent oil spray. Leaf rollers
have been killed in the Northwest and somewhat in New York
state. We get some kill of leaf roller in this state with the
heavy oil emulsion, but we will have to use more oil if we are
going to get at the leaf roller problem. The results from the
Northwest indicates that an 8 percent oil spray is necessary for
the control of leaf rollers by killing their eggs. Some research
workers and fruit growers claim a good control of aphids on
apples with oil sprays, yet if I were the owner of an orchard
I would still keep nicotine on hand for aphis. Dr. Frost, at
Arendtsville has reported killing red bug eggs in a delayed
dormant spray with oil. Oils have recently come into slight
use as spreaders and stickers. That is a new development and
is not to be considered in a practical way by the fruit growers
as yet.

Limitations and Difficulties in Using Oil Sprays. Oil is
not a fungicide in any sense, but many of the oils recently de-
veloped will mix with fungicidal materials such as lime sul-
phur, Bordeaux and soluble sulphur. There is still some danger
of injury to plants. Even with our improved commercial oils
we can not disregard the careful handling of oil sprays. The
highly volatile oils are not usually as dangerous as the other
forms but they cost so high that they are not used largely.

The weather limits our ability to apply an oil spray. Hot
weather and low humidity seem to be very dangerous. Some

defoliation has been reported. In the dormant season we have
the danger of freezing. Generally weak trees w^ill be injured
more quickly by oil sprays than wull healthy trees The most
severe injury is defoliation. When you get defoliation you
know you have done something, particularly if it occurs in
July. Last year we found some dead twigs, and fruit spurs
turned brown and got soft and mealy. That was direct oil
injury. We could almost trace where the oil had stopped run-
ning on those twigs. You will also get sometimes in oil spray-
ed orchards an early drop of the fruit. A very common injury
ill the colder parts of the state is a delay in the starting of the
buds, sometimes as much as ten days. Sometimes the fruit on
the trees sprayed with oil is more slow in coming to full ma-
turity as to color and finish.

What is the place for the oil spray? It is not to replace
any other spray material. The place of the oil spray in our
Pennsylvania spray schedule is for the control of the European
red mite and San Jose scale. There it stops.. In those coun-
ties which receive our spray service we tie the oil spray in so
as to get the maximum benefit of the oil on aphid eggs. We
wait until the last moment in the hope that most of those aphid
eggs will crack and allow the oil to get in. Nature can't read
our spray calendar and nature alone determines when those
eggs will crack and the aphids come out. But our first con-
sideration is to put the oil on with safety for the fruit tree and
our main purpose in putting it on is to kill red spider and San
Jose scale.

Life History of Red Mite. The European red mite was
first reported from this state by Dr. Frost in 1919. It was
probably here for a long while before but we had confused it
with other mites very much like it. It is now generally dis-
tributed over the eastern fruit growing regions of the United
States. It winters over as tiny eggs, about the size of a grain
of pepper, on the twigs and branches of the trees. Those win-
ter eggs hatch in the spring about the time of the pink spray.
In the year 1918 the first eggs hatched, Dr. Frost says, on
.April 22nd. In 1921 the first eggs hatched on March 31st. In
1922 they hatched on April 28th. Last year the first eggs that
I saw hatch were in Lehigh County on April 28th. There are
eight or nine generations a year in Pennsylvania. A hot, dry
spell favors their development and their numbers increase tre-
mendously. Cool, rainy weather after they have hatched re-
tard developfent.

This mite reduces the vitality of a tree by withdrawing the
green coloring matter, called chlorophyl, out of the leaf ; this is
the only source that the tree has for manufacturing food to
store in its fruit buds, for maturing its fruit and for making
growth. Injured trees will defoliate much earlier than trees

—45—

Bffcr-.-c^gMlw

that have been protected. In some examinations made last
year I found an average of twenty eggs per spur in the spring.
We counted 5,000 leaves with mites on them and the average,
on May 13th, early in the year, was 15 mites on a leaf.

This reduced vitality is shown in the smaller size of the
buds. The growth of the trees is shortened or they become
spindly. This year we had distinct evidence bear me out
that the color and finish of the fruit as well as the size of the
fruit is distinctly damaged by this mite.

Red mite may be found in practically every orchard in
the state, both apple and peach. I inspected fifty orcards m
eight counties of southeastern Pennsylvania, at harvest this
fall and in 94 per cent of those orchards the eggs were on the
fruit. When they are on the fruit they are certainly thick on
the twigs and branches.

To summarize, oil sprays are complex, variable chemical
combinations. Use them carefully. Oils are not a substitute
for lime sulfur. The demonstrations show that a three percent
oil spray applied as an early delayed dormant is the best pro-
cedure for red spider. It must be followed by four to five
summer applications of liquid lime sulfur if you would clean
up entirely. Oil alone is not a complete control method tor
red mite. All trees in an orchard must be sprayed or the
spread will come over from a check tree.Dust is not an efficient
control for the red mite. Summer oil sprays are not yet rec-
ommended for general use in Pennsylvania orchards.

WEDNESDAY EVENING

JANUARY 18, 1928

The Banquet Session convened at 8 :00 p. m., at Pythian
Hall, the President, Mr. Sheldon Funk, presiding.

President Funk: It gives me pleasure to introduce to you
the President of the American Pomological Society. A num-
ber of years ago he published an apple orchard survey of
North America, one of the most valuable surveys that has ever
been gotten out. At the present time Mr. Rees is connected
with the New York Central Railroad in the Agricultural Rela-
tions Service.

THE OUTLOOK FOR APPLE GROWING

R. W. REES, Rochester, N. Y.

I want to congratulate you on the wonderful fruit exhibit
you have this year. I think it is especially commendable con-
sidering the climatic conditions which we were up against in
growing the 1927 crop.

Early History. Let us look back for a minute at the early
history of the American fruit industry, beginning with its de-

—46—

velopment around the small settlements in the early days,
when it was pretty largely a matter of producing fruit for
home use or at most for the local market within ox cart or
wagon haul. In those days there was very little need for
standardization of grade or package, as you had a direct
grower-consumer deal in which the consumer saw what he
bought and bought on appearance rather than on specified
types. With the development of transportation that whole
condition changed. With the development of rapid transpor-
tation, and particularly the refrigerator car, centers of pro-
duction have tended to go farther and farther away from
centers of consumption, as Ave see at the present time in the
largely developed fruit and vegetable districts of the North-
west.

iAnother thing which has had an effect has been the de-
velopment of cold storage, making it possible to carry the ap-
ple crop throughout the entire year. As Dr. McCue pointed
out in his talk, Delaware's early apples have to meet the com-
petition of cold storage apples from other sections during the
month of July. So we have a twelve-month apple crop due to
cold storage, a condition which did not exist in the early days.

Competition from Vegetables. I think we all realize that
the apple industry in the east faces two principal sources of
competition; one from other fruits and vegetables, and the
other competition with other apple-growing districts. In
regard to competition with other fruits and vegetables the
development has been rapid. Most of you can remember when,
in the rural districts at least, the apple was practically the
only winter fruit. We thought of the apple as the primary
fruit food throughout the summer and winter, up until early
spring. That condition has changed pretty largely. Look at
the citrus industry. Today you can go into a grocery store
in any village or hamlet throughout the United States and buy
citrus fruit every day of the year. Our banana consumption
has jumped to where it now amounts to 18 pounds of bananas
for every man, woman and child in the United States We have
a real competition from these two fruits.

Then we have competition from lettuce, celery, spinach,
cabbage, which in all centers of consumption are on the mar-
ket every day of the year and are doing much to balance the
diet, which was formerly done by the consumption of apples.
These industries have grown up on a large scale, in large dis-
tricts, and I believe that we can expect them to continue and
produce fully as much as the market wants.

Then we have strawberries coming in to compete with
apples throughout the cold storage period. We have cherries
from California to compete with the late storage apples and
with early summer varieties. The cantaloupe has taken a very

—47—

E£Vi^

IS- 1 ■>:>',■} r.-y^n''

important place. All these industries are holding up well as
far as acreage is concerned and they will keep on planting as
long as these crops can be grown at a profit.

Competition from Other Fruits. Some of the other fruits
are particularly important as competing with our summer and
early fall varieties. The grape industry has had the most phe-
nomenal growth of any during the last seven or eight years.
California was shipping about thirty-five or thirty-seven tlious-
and cars of grapes previous to 1920. Now it is up around sey-
enty-five thousand cars a year. Last September I was m
Fresno California, when they moved 4,400 cars of grapes out
of that district in three days. When grapes move at that rate,
4,400 cars, 44 straight trainloads of 100^ cars each, out ot one
district in three days, it means competition.

The juice industry, of course, has had the biggest increase
there. Previous to 1915 there were no juice grapes shipped
out of California; now the movement amounts to about 50,-
000 cars a year. Just how directly this affects the apple in-
dustry is hard to say. Juice grapes undoubtedly replace a
considerable amount of apple juice if we take the figures on
beverage cider manufacture as an indication.

Peaches, apricots, prunes and plums and a number of other
fruits are all being produced to a saturation point ; when the
various commercial districts all hit with a crop it is pretty
difficult to realize a profit for the average grower, and the
acreage is sufficient for some time.

Pears are showing the most phenomenal growth of any
fruit at the present time. This is almost entirely on the Pa-
cific Coast. The Pacific Coast produces 95 percent of the can-
ned pears of the United States. They have a sufficient acre-
age at the present time to absolutely kill the eastern Bartlett
pear market for fresh fruit and they will send all the fresh
pears east that the market will stand. California dries about
five million pounds of pears, largely for the Scandinavian mar-
kets, and will continue to can pears at a heavy rate.

As to what our competition from pears is going to be, I
believe it is conservative to say that California, which pro-
duces 200,000 tons of Bartlett pears at the present time has
an acreage capable of producing 400,000 tons in 1935 or there-
abouts, practically doubling the production of that one variety.
As you go farther up the coast you find that the acreage ot
Bartletts has increased considerably, but in the Rogue River
Valley the tendency has been to go more heavily into winter
varieties. We are going to have a considerable increase in
Bosc, Anjou, and those varieties which come on for the winter
markets. As you go on north into Hood River, Yakima and
Wenatchee, for the last few years it has been the general plan,
particularly in Hood River and Yakima, wherever an apple

—48—

tree is taken out to put in a pear tree. There is a marked ten-
dency towards pears throughout those districts.

Summing up the competing fresh fruits and vegetable sit-
uation, during the last five years those fruits and vegetables
which compete directly with the apple have increased about
35 per cent in volume. The preceding five years they increased
50 persent in volume. To what extent we can increase the
appetite of the American public for apples, under these con-
ditions, is a question.

Competition from Canned Goods. Today I ate lunch in a
very good restaurant in Harrisburg and ordered fruit cock-
tail. That fruit cocktail was made up of canned pineapples
from Hawaii, canned peaches and canned pears from Califor-
nia, and canned cherries from Oregon.. You will find that in
a large percentage of the medium-priced restaurants, at least,
that they are using an increasing amount of canned fruits and
vegetables, first, because the increased overhead of space
rental for fresh fruits is high; second, the largest chain res-
taurants, which have gone almost entirely to canned goods,
say they can^t get the uniformity in fresh fruits and vegetables
that they can get with canned goods. They don't have to have
to have a buyer now because they can go to the telephone and
'phone down for so many cases of this, that and the other and
then know that it w^ill come all right. They don't have to
have a man in the market long before daylight to make selec-
tions.

Pineapples have only been canned a comparatively few
years. Fifteen years ago canned pineapples were almost un-
known; today there are a little over eight million cases a year
in the pack. On peaches, pears and apricots, in the last ten
years there has been an increase of 175 per cent in the pack.
The apple industry is meeting tremendous competition from
canned goods. With the increased use of canned goods in
restaurants, and increasing population in apartments, we will
see that competition continue and expand.

The Competition from the Northwest. The situation
doesn't look nearly as bad w^hen we consider that during the
last 15 years there has been a very rapid decrease in the total
number of apple trees in the United States, dropping off fully
a third. This has come about to a considerable degree,
through the decline of the general farm and home orchards,
and large acreages through some of the central states where,
due to climatic conditions, crops were very irregular. But this
reduction has not yet been reflected in the commercial crop of
the United States, because our orchards today are in the hands
of better growers than ever before, men who are making a
better study of their problems and who are getting a higher
yield per tree and a higher yield per acre than we have ever

—49—

had before in the history of the apple industry. That has kep
up our production. I believe that I am safe in saymg that
within the next few years, in any year ^^h^^^^^™,^^^^ J^,^^'"
Lns are such that the Pacific Northwest the Shenando^^^^
Cumberland and Western New York districts f 1 ^^?^^^. ^^^ ™
a heavy crop (and when climatic conditions are right for those
three sections they are right for the rest of the 9;>,^ftry) we
are going to have more apples than the market will take at a
profit especially if we market the whole apple crop instead of
leaving the culls at home.

The apple planting in the Pacific Northwest has been very
light for a number of years. Thousands of acres were planted
which never should have been planted ; hundreds of men
engaged in the business who didn^t have the business capacity
or^th^e capital to stay in the business. Practically all of that ^
is now a thing of the past. They are out of business and their
orchards are off the map.. We still have a big apple mdj jjy
in the Northwest amounting to more than 40 percent of the
total commercial apple industry of the country A lot of that
acreage is good ; some is not so good. In all the districts they
?eel that they h^ve reached their maximum P^o^^^^tion because
their trees were planted too close together, about 18 or ^U
feet, and have already come together. So they have a maxi-
mum bearing surface and it is now a case of thinning out
which will hold down yields per acre for some time. The trend
has been to reduce rather than increase the acreage there
Hood River Valley, 15 years ago, was considered the^ center ot
the apple production on the Pacific Coast. Last September
when I drove over that valley it was a most disappointing
sight. The tendency there is going to be for a constantly de-
clining acreage. Wenatchee will continue to produce a lot ot
apples Only two varieties will show increased production.
Delicious is undoubtedly going to increase heavily and they
grow a good Delicious in the Northwest in spite of the tact
that some people say they haven ^t any flavor. They grow the
kind that the markets want and you are going to have keen
competition from them. They grow a good export Winesap
and a good domestic Winesap and they are gomg to continue
to produce a lot of Winesaps for the storage market. On
Jonathan and Rome, the two other most important varieties,
the trend certainly will be downward in production.

Competition from the Central States. Coming across to
the Central territory, I think that we need not look for any
material increase in winter varieties. The big Ozark district,
which is almost entirely a Ben Davis district, is not planting
sufficiently to keep up their production of Ben Davis ; but the
early apple belt, extending from the Ozarks through Illinois,
Indiana, across to Jersey and Delaware, is going to continue to
increase somewhat. Districts to the north are gomg to de-

—50—

crease very rapidly in the production of early apples. South-
western Michigan in the last two years has cut down a really
(arge acreage of Duchess and some Wealthy, because they
couldn't meet the competition of higher colored fruit coming
in just ahead of their crops.

We are going to see, in the early apple industry, just what
happened in the peach industry. There was a time when
Western New York, the eastern district of Pennsylvania,
southwestern Michigan and northern Ohio produced a lot of
early varieties of peaches. Go through that territory now and
you find hardly anything commercially but Elberta. The de-
velopment of the southern peach field drove out all early vari-
eties of peaches that far north. The development of an early
apple industry in the latitude I have just mentioned will put
out the early apple industry through the north, with the excep-
tion of local markets.

It is not necessary for me to say very much about condi-
tions in the Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley. That territory
has a potential possibility for a considerably increased produc-
tion, if we take the age of their orchards into consideration.
We know that some of those orchards are in rather poor shape
and in poor hands but we know there is a big acreage of good
commercial orchards well located in the hands of good pro-
ducers and that they are going to continue to produce apples ;
you are going to have to meet them in domestic markets and
in the export trade in increasing amount, I believe.

Competition from the East. Western New York, which
gives you quite a bit of competition by shipping into this state,
has gone through as hard a period of depression during the
last four years as any section in the United States. For four
years they have hit crops when everybody else did, with low
prices, and they have failed on the years when there were good
prices. However, the industry is not dead, by a whole lot.
Apple trees live to a good old age in western New York and it
costs a lot of money to cut them down and they are not going
to be cut down very fast. I don*t believe that we are going
to see the decrease from that territory which some people have
hoped for, because it is an old-established industry, with orch-
ards that stand up under more neglect than they will in most
other parts of the country, and they are going to stay.

New England has increased its production more rapidly
than any other section in the United States. In the last 15
years there has not been a big increase as we talk about it in
thousands of acres, but a big increase on a percentage basis,
in the number of good young orchards that are being devel-
oped by men who love the orchard industry. They are grow-
ing mighty good fruit. I think that I can say without preju-
dice that the state of Massachusetts has made more progress in

—51—

perfecting their grading and packages than any other state m
the United States during the last six or seven years. ihey
have increased the quality of their product ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
that time by increasing the acreage of Mcintosh and Graven-
stein.

We have a very interesting example of what good quality
means if we take the Boston market as an example. A lew
years ago, during the forepart of the winter you could go to
iny fruit stand or to any fancy grocer m Boston and you
would find every one of them carrying western Jonathan and
western boxed Delicious. You would probably find five per-
cent of the better stores that were carrying some local grown
fruit The fruit dealers complained about local stock because
it wouldn^t pyramid well— they were not sized even enough to
do that. But with the development of a better pack m Massa-
chusetts they gradually edged into that Boston market until at
the present time you will find 100 percent carrying New Eng-
land grown Mcintosh during its season and you will hnd a
pretty big percentage that are not carrying any western boxed
stock at all. Carlot shipments of apples from the west have
dropped off something like 300 percent in the Boston market
during the season of local fruit. They have won back their
local market by growing quality varieties, and standardizing
their pack.

Then they got to producing a little more than the local
market would take and they have shown that they can ex-
pand. New York City has become a Mcintosh market, sup-
plied pretty largely from New England and the Hudson Val-
ley of New York state. I bring this up as pointing out the im-
portance of building up a local market with local fruit of
quality production and quality pack.

I understand that about 80 percent of your apples in Penn-
sylvania move to local markets in less than carlot, mostly by
truck I believe that you are now coming into an era that is
more favorable ; that the trend of a few years ago, when cen-
ters of production were going away from centers of comsump-
tion - is drifting the other way. With the increased competi-
tion in the cost of producing fruits and with high transporta-
tion charges, there is a tendency for production to come back
and develop around centers of consumption. Your good roads
have extended that area very materially. There is no doubt but
that the most prosperous fruit sections, in the last five years
the ones who have stood competition best, are those which have
catered largely to nearby markets. I wish to congratulate you
on your fortunate situation in this respect and to wish you
well in your efforts to build up a better quality product, to
grade and pack it more attractively and deliver it to your con-
sumers on a more business-like basis.

—52—

Following Mr. Rees, Senator Orlando Harrison of Berlin,
Md., W. S. Campfield of Staunton, Va., and several others,
were called upon and contributed to the enjoyment of the eve-
ning.

THURSDAY MORNING

JANUARY 19, 1928

The Session convened at 9:30 A. M., the President, Mr.
Sheldon Funk, presiding.

President Funk: The Secretary tells me he has no min-
utes. We had the Treasurer's report yesterday. We are ready
to elect officers for the coming year. I will call for the report
of the Nominating Committee.

F. G. Reiter: For President we place in nomination the
name of Sheldon W. Funk; for Vice President, J. S. Ritten-
house; for Secretary, S. W. Fletcher; for Treasurer, C. B.
Snyder. I move the adoption of the report and the election of
these nominees.

President Funk: Are there any other nominations?

There being none, the motion was seconded and carried.

There is an amendment to the Constitution to bring be-
fore the meeting. In order to amend the Constitution it is
necessary to have the amendment signed by ten members of
the Society and have this in the hands of the Secretary at
least 90 days before the annual meeting. This has been done.
We will ask the Secretary to read it.

R. E. Atkinson: The proposed amendment increases the
annual dues from $2.00 to $2.50 and provides that members of
county societies shall pay to us $1.50 instead of $1.00.

Mr. Shoener: May it not have the tendency to reduce the
membership and bring less in the treasury than we now have?

Mr. Anderson: It meets with my approval. If we can
get our report out on time I would be very glad to pay annual
dues of three of four dollars.

G. W. Melcher: If a member drops out for the sake of
fifty cents additional, it would be a good riddance.

W. E. Grove : The New York State Horticultural Society
charges three dollars and meets behind closed doors.

Mr. Haines : I think we should raise it to five dollars.

President Funk: If we had fifty cents extra, with eight
hundred members, it would give us $400 more and we could
put that into the program and strengthen it. I believe the
members of the organization deserve that.

We cannot account for the fact that certain members did
not receive their reports.

R. E. Atkinson: The lists were sent to Harrisburg, to the
Printing Company, with orders to send a copy to every mem-

—53—

ber. They wrote that copies had been sent to every member
on the lists submitted and sent me the remaining copies,
about thirty-six. Since that time those copies have been ex-
hausted. I think something went wrong at the printing
office or in the mail. I am confident that the lists were sent in
good order.

S. H. Wertz: I understood the committee yesterday re-
ported that we have gone in the hole pretty close to $900 last
year. I can't see how fifty cents per member is going to get
you anywhere. I therefore move that the dues be $3.00 in-
stead of $2.50. Even that will hardly give us an even break
figuring the $900 deficit and the fact that the proceedings were
very late this year.

J. A. Runk: I second Mr. Wertz 's motion. Let us have a
little reserve in the treasury. I compared the treasurer's re-
port of last year with this year and find that we dropped
back $900. We didn't, as Mr. Wertz put it, go in the hole
$900, but our resources did lapse $900. Suppose that con-
tinues for two or three years more, what will we get ?

Another situation that is absurd and will come back to
plague us in the near future is the fact that our annual report
for last year is already exhausted and there are demands
coming in from libraries and from scientific associations for
copies. The Secretary will have to write back and say that
the Pennsylvania Association doesn't have money enough to
print those reports.

President Funk: We still have some bonds that we have
been holding as a reserve fund and we have not been willing
to dip into that unless it is absolutely necessary. We didn't
go in the hole $900 ; our receipts were $900 less. The princi-
pal reason for the drop in membership was that everybody was
so discouraged with their apple prices last year they didn't
have any money.

Member: In Luzerne County we have forty to fifty mem-
bers. I don't know a member who received his report this
year. A number missed the year before.

S. B. Monosmith: Membership is not reported to the Sec-
retary. There are quite a number of our county society mem-
bers who have never been reported.

W. A. Haines: Is there anything in our by-laws to pre-
vent us from taking advertisements for our yearbook?

R. E. Atkinson: That would affect the second-class pos-
tage rate. We didn't print a regular program this year be-
cause it involved a certain amount of risk. Last year our
program cost us a bit more than our advertisements brought
in.

S. H. Wertz: I move that the proposed amendment that
was read be changed so that the annual dues shall be three dol-

—54—

lars and the corresponding change made in the other article,
the Secretary of the local association remitting $2.00 instead
of $1.00 for each county society member.

The motion was seconded and carried.

S. W. Fletcher: It may be possible to get the proceedings
in the hands of the members within a month or six weeks after
the meeting, providing we do not have to wait for the county
lists. The importance of getting the proceedings out promptly
justifies us in printing the membership lists of the preceding
year, if necessary, rather than wait, as has been done, for new
lists each year.

F. G. Reiter: I move that the amendment to the Constitu-
tion, as amended, be adopted.

The motion was seconded and carried.

President Funk: The amendment does not go into effect
until next year. Many of the members have already paid
their dues for 1928.

REPORT OF THE FRUIT COMMITTEE

H. L. SHANK

Our old friend, J. F. Jones, of Lancaster County, has gone.
He was a great asset to the fruit business and one of the best
nurserymen I ever knew. I shall not forget, as a young man,
attending this Society and the cordial welcome that was shown
me by men like Dean Watts and E. W. Thomas and a number
of others who have gone.. Let us pay attention to the young
men coming into our Society and make them feel at home.

The Fruit Committee recommends reduced planting to
Pennsylvania fruit growers. We also recommend general sup-
port of the Apples for Health campaign.

Last summer many of us got into trouble with peaches. We
had a lot of soft peaches on our hands overnight. We would
like to ask State College and the colleges of Maryland, Vir-
ginia, Delaware and New Jersey if there has ever been any
experiments on peaches, in regard to fertilizing them to pro-
duce a peach that will stand up a little better in transit and
not fall down as soon as it leaves the tree. A broker in Dela-
Avare told me of the trouble he had with nitrated peaches, but
peaches which had been fertilized with dissolved bone and
potash, gave no trouble. Brown rot isn't the entire trouble in
transit. It would mean an enormous saving to the fruit
growers of Pennsylvania if we could get away from this soft
stuff.

We also urge our growers to use the county or state spray
service with the reservation that you must be the master of
your orchard. Personally, had I used the state spray program
h'lst year I don't believe I would have had any apples to sell.

—55—

\:^'_^ -•■■■<gaHr»gg^w::.BW

I

We were all through spraying when ^^e program came to ou^^^
place and I am positive our trees would have ^^^^^ f ^^ ^^^
tection had we gone strictly on that program. They can t
make a blanket program. But we urge you to use ^t as much
as possible. I would be glad to know if ^.^y^bing has been
done along the line of fertilizing for hardening of the texture

of the fruit.

President Funk: I would like to introduce Dean Watts,
who has a very pleasing duty to perform.

PRESENTATION OP THE GABRIEL HIESTER CUP

By DEAN R. L. WATTS

In presenting this loving cup to the exhibitor who has
scored the largest number of points in the Fruit Division of
the State Farm Products Show of 1927, it i^^^^^^^^f.^^^f^i^^^^^
brief biographical sketch of the distinguished horticulturist,
Gabriel Hiester, in whose memory it is presented.

Gabriel Hiester was born at ^^Estherton'' near Harrisburg
Pennsylvania, April 28, 1850, and died at his home near that
city, January 18, 1912. His father, Augustus Otto Hie^ster was
a prominent citizen and an influential Trustee of The Penn-
sylvania State College.

In 1868, at the age of 18, Gabriel Hiester was graduated
from Penn State. In 1891 he was elected a Trustee and served
in that capacity until his death in 1912. No member of the
Board did more for the advancement of agriculture, especially
horticulture, and, in recognition of valuable service rendered
the fruit farm of the College has been named in his honor. He
was elected President of the State Horticulture Association m
1905 and was serving his eighth term at the time of his death.
He was Vice-President of the Association from 1902 to 1904
and a member of the State Board of Agriculture from 1881
until his death.

Mr Hiester was widely known as an unusually successful
liorticuiturist. He produced fruits and vegetables on a large
scale for the markets of central Pennsylvania and frequent ly
attended Farmers' Institutes and horticultural meetings m this
and other states where he gave his hearers the beneht o± his
many years of experience as a grower of choice products, tie
was a man of sterling qualities, being broad-minded, unselfish,
and thoroughly devoted to all interests which concern the wel-
fare of mankind.

The highest tribute to Mr. Hiester is paid by his daughter,
Mrs. Sara H. Faulkner, who, in a recent letter, wrote as fol-
lows :

^^Father's two strongest characteristics and the ones that
were evident in all he did were his perfect unselfishness and
honesty. He never thought of his own comfort or of his own

—56—

pleasure. His time and energy were always given gladly to
others, especially to those interested in the subject to which he
devoted his life. He was especially interested in young men.
I doubt if any one knows the number who came to him for ad-
vice and help. His example as well as his words must have
been an inspiration to them. His honesty was simply a part of
him. He couldn't have done a dishonorable thing. One can't
even imagine it.

^^I think father's absolute goodness was what drew people
to him and inspired their confidence. They were always sure
of him. After all, it seems to me it is just that, his absolute
goodness, that made his life so well worth while. If those who
come after him could learn that lesson from him, to put into
everything they do honesty, unselfishness, and kindness, it
would be the greatest tribute that could be paid to him."

Mr. Samuel L. Smedley, Jr., you are highly honored in be-
ing the recipient of this beautiful loving cup, presented in
memory of one who was held in such high esteen as a man and
as a devoted, unselfish, public servant who worked unceasingly
for the welfare of Pennsylvania horticulture and for the pro-
motion of better agricultural conditions throughout the Com-
monwealth. I congratulate you, Mr. Smedley, upon your sig-
nal success as a grower and exhibitor of choice fruit.

OUR COMPETITORS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

S. W. FLETCHER, State College

Pennsylvania is a part of the great Allegheny Apple Belt,
which stretches from the New York state line through the Vir-
ginias and the Carolinas into north Georgia and east Tennes-
see. This region is destined to be the apple bin of the country.
Our chief competitors are western New York and the Pacific
Northwest, mainly the state of Washington. During the past
seven years, which have been lean years for the apple industry,
these three regions have been engagd in a fierce struggle for
supremacy, and even for existence. The casualties have been
heavy, all along the line of battle. It is too early to predict
the outcome with any degree of certainty, but I am here to re-
port the results of my observations in the Pacific Northwest,
during the past summer. These are, or ought to be, distinctly
encouraging to the harassed apple growers of the east.

Very few of our westerm competitors have made money
during the past seven years. Many of them are in serious fin-
ancial straits. Orchard values have slumped badly, but still
are high, as compared with the East— higher than is justified.
There has been a considerable reduction in the acreage of bear-
ing orchards and a marked falling off in new planting. The
evidence points strongly toward a gradually diminishing com-
petition from this source. Mr. R. W. Rees, a most capable

—57--

^

"•^-ifif^jif^^irpt-t '^i.vj

observer, estimates a reduction of ten percent or 5,000 cars^^by
1935. I would place the figure considerably higher., \\ith
the exception of the Yakima and Wenatchee Valleys, which
are the leading centers of production, practically all the apple
districts of the Pacific states are going back, and some are
already down and out.

Hood River. I was amazed at the change in the Hood
River Valley. When I was there last, twenty years ago Hood
River was at the pinnacle of its fame. Hood River apples and
Hood River methods of culture were held up as the ideal to-
ward which the rest of the pomological world flight strive but
hardly hope to attain. Hood River apples brought $3.50 a
box f. 0. b. shipping point, and Hood River orchards sold for
$1 500 to $3,500 an acre. It was a veritable pomological Al-
addin's lamp. Now the once famous apple orchards are pass-
ing out rapidly. Many of those that are left are sick The
whole Valley looks unkempt and dejected, as compared with
its spruce appearance twenty years ago. I say this with regret
and sympathy, not with competitive exultation.

The factors that have contributed to the downfall of Hood
River apple growing, aside from the prevailing low prices ot
recent years, which all districts have shared alike, are winter
injury and the perennial canker. In 1919 the temperature
dropped to thirty degrees below zero, and again to twenty-six
below last December, when the trees were not yet fully dor-
mant The bark of thousands of trees was killed at the crown
and in the crotches. Top-working on a hardy stock, such as
Arkansas Black, has been recommended. Following winter in-
jury comes an insidious disease, the perennial canker tor
which no practical method of control is known The Hood
River apple industry has had a hard blow from which it is not
likely to recover in a generation, if ever. The Valley probably
will come back as a fruit district, but it is likely to be in pears,
strawberries and other soft fruits rather than m apples.

I visited some of the other apple districts of the North-
west and found most of them on the down grade, aside from
Yakima and Wenatchee. The Spokane Valley and the Bitter
Root, once centers of great expectations, are practically out
of the picture now. The same is true to a greater or less ex-
tent of the Williamette Valley, and the Walla Walla Lewis-
town, White Salmon, Rogue River and Okanogan districts.
Many of these orchards were planted during the boom years,
without carefully considering soil, climate and water supply.
The once aspiring apple districts of Colorado, Idaho and Mon-
tana are making very little noise and still less money. I visited
the Watsonville and Sebastopol districts of California and
found nothing for us to worry about there, except that there
will be a heavy increase in Sebastopol Gravensteins, which

—58—

Eastern growers of early apples will need to watch. Although
California produces about forty percent of the fruit, of all
kinds, raised in the United States, the apple is not likely to be
one of her head-liners. In fact, California does not produce
enough apples for home consumption.

Yakima. The only apple districts in the Pacific States
that will continue to give us stiff competition are the Yakima
and Wenatchee Valleys. Their orchards look thrifty, and the
growers are alert and determined. They are in the business to
stay, though their pocketbooks are flat, except for a slight
bulge, where the proceeds of the 1927 crop have been stored.
Yakima, however, is gradually shifting from apples to pears,
peaches, apricots and other soft fruits, especially pears. At
present seventy percent of the 50,000 acres of fruit in the
Valley is apples, ten percent pears and ten percent peaches.
The drift toward the pear is quite pronounced here, as it is
throughout the Pacific States. There is going to be over-pro-
duction of pears within the next ten years.

There is a fair proportion of new planting in Yakima. The
census of 1925 found 1,553,450 bearing apple trees and 330,372
young trees, a total of 1,884,022 trees as compared with
2,050,181 trees in 1918. Enough bearing apple trees were
pulled out last year to reduce the output by 1000 cars. These
were mostly unprofitable varieties, and fillers, but some were
orchards on unfavorable sites. This type of shrinkage has
been going on for several years. There has been practically
no orchards of standard varieties on favorable sites that have
been pulled out, notwithstanding reports in the East to the
contrary.

The Yakima Valley was visited by a disastrous freeze of
19 degrees last fall, on September 24th and September 25th.
It caught thousands of bushels of apples on the trees. It also
caught thousands of young trees, still growing lustily, and
snuffed them out ; bearing trees were not injured. I saw many
orchards, mainly pears, one to three years planted, that were
ruined, especially orchards on low ground. Coming after sev-
eral lean years, this has had a very depressing effect. The
general discouragement over the apple situation is reflected in
orchard values, which have slumped from $1,000 — $1,800 an
acre to $500 — $600 an acre. Few orchards are changing hands,
however, except in exchange for town property — there are no
buyers.

The Yakima Valley fruit industry impressed me as a some-
what crippled but still vigorous and forward looking enter-
prise. The orchards are owned by keen, energetic business
men who are not likely to throw up their hands and say all is
lost at the first stroke of misfortune. This Valley will continue
to give us the kind of competition we need in order to sharpen

—59—

.ill

our wits Nevertheless the trend toward pears and soft fruits
runmistakable, and there will be a decline of at least fifteen
percent in apple production during the next ten years.

Wenatchee. This is, indeed, "The Apple Capital,'' as llie
local Chamber of Commerce proudly claims. Out «* this nar-
row valley come 16,000 cars of apples m a normal year, or ap-

prlx^matfly fifteen percent of the ^o.-^^'-^'^tv'' Wenatchee
the United States. Unlike the Yakima Valley, Wenatchee
grows apples almost exclusively. Ninety-five percent of the
Valley now under irrigation is in orchard; it is difficult, it not
impossible to buy unplanted land. This restricts the outlook
^extension of apple growing, although a project for PVittin|
water on higher land now is being considered There are
29 587 acres of orchard in Wenatchee proper Chelan Coun-
?y) and 40,182 acres in the district, ^^ich includes parts of
Grant and Douglass Counties. Wenatchee alone had 1 194647
annle trees in 1925, a decline of six percent m five years. This
Suction s due almost wholly to the elimination of Poor vane-
S and the removal of fillers; a few marginal orchards, on
poor sUes, have been pulled out. The younger plantings now
doming into bearing will offset this loss. There is small pros-
pect of a reduced production during the next decade, but there
will be little if any increase.

The "average" Wenatchee grower has not made any
money for several years. Some have lost their orchards, on
rreefosure ; many others have had to be helped fi^anmllyjhe
host growers however, have made a moderate proht. Ihese
arf thrmer^^ho have been able to get yields of 400-500 paeked
boxes an acre, or better. When appearing before the Inter-
State Commerce Commission in an effort to get freight rates
reduced, Wenatchee growers present figures which prove be-
yond peradventure that they are in a desperate plight and
must have immediate relief. Nevertheless, it is observed that
the 500 box an acre growers are banking money and that tne
price of Wenatchee orchards has not declined to any extent
Few if any, can be bought for less than $1,000 an acre and
many not less than $2,500 an acre. To an Eastern man these
seem like inflated values, yet I was assured that good orchards
pay high interest on these valuations, as a ten-year average,
hence I find it hard to weep over the sad plight of our Wenat-
chee competitors.

One of the chief difficulties is the large number of five to
ten acre orchards. These may have been all right m 19 1«,
when apple growing was a bonanza enterprise, but they are
not an economic unit in 1927.

Yields and Grades. With a transportation charge of 871/2
cents a box, and a cost of production almost double what it is
in the Allegheny Region, it is evident that the only Washmg-

—60—

ton orchards that have paid during the past seven years are
those that have produced heavy crops of high grade fruit. The
average production in the Yakima Valley during this period
has been 200 boxes an acre; in the Wenatchee Valley, 271
boxes. The best orchards, however, have produced 400 to 600
boxes, and a very few 1,000 boxes. In a recent conference
Wenatchee growers decided, *^ Orchards with an average yield
of less than 400 boxes an acres have small opportunity for
profit.^' This is a somewhat higher yield than is commonly
secured in the East, with rare exceptions. The average yield
in Western New York and the Allegheny Region, over a term
of years, is around 200 bushels ; a few growers double and even
treble this.

Eastern growers need to remind themselves constantly
that heavy production is as essential to success as high grade
fruit. This depends as much on location, especially whether
the trees escape frost injury and bear regularly, as on cultural
skill. I was impressed with the advantages of Wenatchee and
Yakima in this respect. There has not been a crop failure in
fourteen years ; Wenatchee never has less than fifty percent of
a crop and rarely less than seventy percent. The use of
heaters has been abandoned, except in low spots. This factor
of crop dependability is one of the greatest assets of these dis-
tricts.

Twenty-five years ago Eastern growers marvelled when
told that Hood River secured crops that were 95 percent extra
fancy. These were produced on young trees in a virgin orch-
ard country. Today, as a result of too close planting and in-
creasing difficulty with pests, the grade is far lower. The
average in Wenatchee is fifty percent extra fancy, thirty per-
cent fancy and twenty percent C grade and culls. The best
growers reduce the C grade and culls to less than ten percent.
This is only a slightly higher percentage of salable fruit than
is commonly secured in the East. In our own district the aver-
age is about fifty-six percent U. S. No. 1, twenty-eight percent
U. S. No. 2, and sixteen percent culls. Our U. S. No. 1, how-
ever, by no means equals the extra fancy grade of the West.

Orchard Crowding. It seems strange that our Western
competitors, with all the sad experience of the East before
them, should have set most of their apple orchards twice too
close. The common planting distance was sixteen to twenty-
four feet apart, or seventy-six to one hundred trees an acre.
At twelve to fifteen years of age these orchards are crowded,
and the percentage of off-color C grade fruit mounts steadily.
A large percentage of the older orchards in the Northwest are
so crowded that it is impossible to secure best results. There
is perpetual twilight beneath the trees, many of which are per-
manently ruined in shape. Many growers are failing to attack
this problem vigorously. The removal of diagonal rows seems

—61—

■ -^.^ ■ j^iri.jjw

ORCHARD SPRAY PIPE LINE. WENATCHEE

STATIONARY SPRAY PLANT, WENATCHEE
(Photographs from D. F. Fisher, Bureau of Plant Industry. U. S. D. A., Wenatchee)

to be the best solution, but some trim up the fillers harder each
year, until only one or two upright branches are left when
they are finally pulled out. A thinned orchard falls off sharply
in yield per acre but usually gets back to its former produc-
tion by the third or fourth season.

Because apple trees under irrigation in the Northwest
begin to bear early some Eastern growers have surmised that
they will be short lived. There appears to be no basis what-
ever for this conclusion. There are sixty-year old trees in
these two Valleys that are still bearing heavily; and many
thirty-year old orchards that show no sign of diminshed vigor.
In Western New York the Spy and Baldwin do not reach full
productiveness until thirty-five years old, if the trees have
space enough. Possibly this is true in irrigated districts also.
The newer plantings are spaced thirty to thirty-two feet apart.

Varieties. Our competitors in the Northwest can teach us
a lesson on the choice of varieties. We grow too many sorts,
and keep too many trees that do not pay their way. In the
Yakima and Wenatchee Valleys only three varieties have paid
in recent years, the Delicious, Winesap and Rome. The other
two leading sorts, Yellow Newtown and Jonathan, have not
been profitable. Thrifty, bearing orchards of Stayman, Jona-
than, Grimes, Yellow Newtown and other sorts have been
pulled out because they have not paid. This takes courage.
Other varieties now being discarded are Arkansas Black,
Wagener, Gano, Ben Davis, Stayman, and Spitzenburg. We
need more of this kind of courage here.

Delicious is rapidly advancing in favor; there are 332,725
Delicious trees in Wenatchee as compared with 358,794 Wine-
sap trees. The new planting is practically all of these two
varieties, with just enough other sorts to serve as pollinizers,
usually less than ten percent. In Yakima, the 1925 census
showed that 152,099 of the young trees are Delicious and
84,485 Winesap. Rarely does it pay to top work trees that are
over ten years old, since young trees come into bearing so
early.

We need to cull the unprofitable varieties from eastern
orchards just as much as to cull the unprofitable individuals
from our flocks and herds. Therein is another argument for
farm bookkeeping. The axe should be laid at the roots of
many a lusty apple tree now standing in the commercial orch-
ards of the East.

Alfalfa and Fertility. The soil management methods now
in favor are in sharp contrast with those that formerly pre-
vailed. Until 1915 practically all the orchards were clean
tilled, with little if any cover-cropping. Then the rosette, and
other evidence of depletion of organic matter in the soil began
to appear.. Between 1917 and 1922 many orchards fell off

—62

—63—

OKCTIARI) SPRAY PIPK LINK. WKXATCHKK

STATIONARY SPRAY PLANT, WENATCHEE
(Photographs from I). F. Fisher, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. D. A., \Venatchee)

—02

o

to bo the best solution, but some trim up the fillers hardei* eaeh
year, until only one or two upright ])]*anehes are left when
they are finally pulled out. A thinned orehard falls off shai'ply
in yield per acre but usually gets back to its foi'mer i)]*odue-
tion by the third or fourth season.

Because apple trees under irrigation in the Northwest
begin to bear early some Eastern growers have surmised that
they will be short lived. There appears to be no basis what-
ever foi* this conclusion. There are sixty-year old ti'ees in
these two Valleys that are still bearing heavily; and many
thirty-year old orchards that show no sign of diminshed vigor.
In Wester:! New York the Spy and Baldwin do not reach full
])r()ductiveness until thirty-five yeai's old, if the trees have
spae(» enough. Possibly this is true in iri'igated disti'icts also.
The iK'wei' plantings are spaced thirty to thirty-two feet apart.

Varieties. Our competitors in the Northwest can teach us
a lesson on the choice of vai'ieties. We gi'ow too many sorts,
and kee]) too many trees that do not pay \hv\v way. In the
Vakima and AVenatchin^ Valleys only thi'ee vai'ieties have paid
in I'ccent yeai's, the Delicious, Winesa]) and Rome. Th(^ other
two leading sorts. Yellow Newtown and Jonathan, have not
been pi'ofitable. Thrifty, bearing orchai'ds of Stayman, Jona-
than, (ii'imes. Yellow Newtown and othei* sorts have be(ni
pnlled out because they have not paid. This takes coui'age.
Other varieties now being discardcul are Arkansas Black,
Wagener, Clano, l>en Davis, StaynmM, and Spitzenbnrg. We
need moi'c of this kind of courage here.

Delicious is rai)idly advancing in favor; their are 332.725
Delicious trees in Wenatchee as compared with 358,794 Wine-
sap trees. The new planting is practically all of these two
varieties, with just enough other soi'ts to serve as pollinizers,
usually less than ten percent. In Yakima, the 1925 census
showed that 152,099 of the young ti'ees are Delicious and
84,485 Winesap. Rarely does it pay to top work trees that are
over ten years old, since young trees come into bearing so
early.

We need to cull the unprofitable varieties from eastern
orchards just as much as to cull the unprofitable individuals
from our fiocks and herds. Therein is another argument foi*
farm bookkeeping. The axe should be laid at the roots of
many a lusty apple ti'ce now standing in the commei'cial orch-
ards of the East.

Alfalfa and Fertility. The soil management methods now
in favor are in sharp contrast with those that formerly pre-
vailed. Until 1915 practically all the orchards were clean
tilled, with little if any cover-cropping. Then the I'osette, and
other evidence of depletion of organic matter in the soil began
to appear.. Between 1917 and 1922 many orchards fell off

—63—

! ~^c':! '■';iii&'r* V-r^"-:"--: JJ-ifc-ii*,- '

sharply in vigor and productiveness. Now, practically all the
bearing apple orchards in the Northwest are in a permanent
sod of alfalfa, or sweet clover— chiefly alfalfa. It was found
that annual tillage, with late summer and fall cover crops, as
practiced in the East, would not provide enough organic mat-
ter. The orchards are furrow irrigated every seven to four-
teen days throughout the summer, thus supplying enough
moisture for both the apples and the soil improving crops. The
alfalfa is not cut, but may be dragged down before harvest, if
not sufficiently tramped down in spraying. The stand seldom
needs to be renewed. I saw fifteen year old alfalfa sods that
were still in perfect condition. The sod may be disced lightly
in the spring, to work the alfalfa stems into the soil.

Apples in alfalfa rarely respond to any fertilizer treatment
whatever, but nitrogen is applied occasionally on the lighter
soils. The luxuriant growth, dark green foliage and heavy
production of Yakima and Wenatchee trees in alfalfa and
sw^eet clover are not surpassed by the best sod orchards in the
East that are heavily nitrated. It is a striking demonstration
of the importance of maintaining the organic content of the
soil. In the East, we have laid too much stress on the use of
nitrate and too little on the maintenance of organic matter
through the growth of leguminous crops. Our alfalfa may
need frequent re-seeding, and must be cut several times a sea-
son to mulch the soil, since we do not irrigate ; but even with
these handicaps this is an excellent way to reduce the fertilizer
bill.

Stationary Spray Plants. Washington apple growers are
obliged to spray six to nine times a season, because of overlap-
ping broods of codling moth. There is no scab or other fun-
gous disease in this rainless summer climate. Dusting has not
met Avith favor. I was impressed with the ertreme thorough-
ness of the spraying ; they use a higher pressure than we do —
400 pounds is considered essential — and apply more liquid
per tree.

Throughout the Pacific States the stationary spray plant
is rapidly replacing the portable sprayer. It was first used in
1908, in a flooded pear orchard by the Sacremento Eiver, Cali-
fornia. Fifteen hundred of 2,500 apple growers in Wenatchee
have installed this system, in orchards ranging in size from
five to two hundred acres. Last year, 325 stationary systems
were installed in the Valley, and only eighteen portable out-
fits sold. A tank commonly holding 1,000 gallons, sometimes
more, is placed near the middle of the orchard, or in the most
convenient location. It is usually of concrete, and is equipped
with an agitator. Adjacent to it is the pump, usually four
cylinder, and the power, commonly an electric motor; gas en-
gine power is satisfactory but more trouble. These are mounted
on a concrete base. The motor should be 71/^2 H. P., developing

—64—

400 to 500 pounds pressure at the pump. This central plant
is preferably, but not necessarily, housed.

From the tank, pipes are run to all parts of the orchard.
The main is commonly one-inch wrought iron, galvanized in-
side and out, sometimes three-quarter inch ; the laterals are
three-fourths inch, sometimes half-inch. The laterals are run
along every third or fourth row of trees, so that it will not be
necessary to use over seventy-five to 125 feet of hose. The pipe
lines may be laid below ground or on the surface, but in prac-
tically all of the recent installations they are run through the
tops of the trees, ten or twelve feet above the ground, being
supported by boards and by wires hung from screw-eyes at-
tached to the branches. The system may be either return or
dead end, commonly the latter because it is much cheaper.
There are gate valves at the take off of all laterals and hose
connections every 125 to 200 feet.

The cost of installing a stationary spray plant is some-
what higher than the first cost of a portable sprayer, but the
difference is more than offset by a lower operating cost, chiefly
because of economy of labor. It can be installed in a twenty-
five acre orchard for about $1,500. The saving in labor, ac-
cording to Washington growers, is one-third to one-half. Other
advantages claimed are a lower depreciation, since the system
is said to be good for at least fifteen years ; convenience on soft
or hilly ground; and no bruising of fruit with the spray

wagon The possible disadvantages, aside from the higher

initial cost, are the complete dependence on one plant, and the
loss of some spray material left in the pipes. This loss, how-
over, is almost negligible. There is no settling of spray ma-
terial in the pipes; it is kept in suspension by the velocity of
its movement. One man can handle the spraying of a twenty
acre orchard, alone.

I am convinced that the stationary spray system will grad-
ually supersede the portable outfit in the East, as well as in the
West. Some growers combine the two methods by connecting
the pipe system with the portable sprayer, which is installed,
temporarily, at the spi*ay shed, and may be detached for spray-
ing outlying portions of the orchard.

Spray Residue. The rainless summers of these valleys and
the late sprays that are necessary for the control of codling
moth, make a spray residue problem that has the growers
greatly worried. The apples usually have at least .01 of a
grain of arsenious oxide per pound of fruit, the limit set by
the federal government, and frequently up to .08 grams. The
losses in 1926, from condemned fruit, or fruit which had to be
ye-conditioned at destination were quite heavy. The dry wip-
ing machines, which were used last year, improved the ap-
pearance of the apples, but hurt their storage value and re-
moved only one-third to one-half of the spray residue. Ma-

—65—

I

:1(

chines for spraying the apples with a one percent hydrochloric
aS wash a^re now being tried. This removes the W resi-
due, but may cause a browning or scald, especially at the caiy_x
end! Last year some growers lost over fifteen percent of the r
apples so treated. It is evident that the crux of the matter is
?o dry the apples thoroughly and quickly after they have been
through the bath. No machine has yet appeared that does
this The treatment of apples for spray residue is expensive,
it costs about five cents a bushel. This is just another item
added to an already high cost of production, and another point
on which Eastern growers have a distinct advantage.

Whatever may be the disadvantages of Washington com-
petitors in certain respects, they have no handicap in the mat-
ter of skill and initiative in the handling and marketing ot
their fruit. As a competitive group, we are far behind them in
this respect. The pressure test is being used very largely as a
means of determining the best time to pick each variety. Ihe
apples are graded, packed and put into storage the day they
are picked. The culls are almost a dead loss; we have a dis-
tinct advantage in this respect. Cooperation would seem to be
essential, but human nature is as frail there as hf^ and there
is much dissension. Less than seventy percent of Washington
fruit is pooled. A Northwest Master Cooperative, patterned
somewhat after the citrus organization of CaHfornia, has been
projected, but the jealousies of competing districts has pre-
vented its consummation.

The test of an industry is its ability to meet competition
by putting a superior article on the market at a low cost.
When this test is applied to the apple districts of the North-
west it reveals their greatest weakness— a high cost of produc-
tion-due largely to high' land values, pest control, irrigation
thinning and heavy packing expense. A fair statement of the
average cost of producing Winesap apples during the past five
years is: when the yield averages 250 boxes an acre, $1.98;
when 300 boxes an acre, $L16; when 500 boxes an acre, $.91
The average f. o. b. price of extra fancy Winesaps during the
same period has been $1.29. This shows no profit for the aver-
age grower, and only a fair profit for the exceptional grower
It accounts for the general depression which exists throughout
the Northwest, except in some quarters at Wenatchee, aid
even there I suspect they are whistling to keep up their cour-

age. ,.

The Outlook. I returned from the Pacific Coast feeling
much encouraged over the outlook. The peak of competition
from that source has been passed. It is a matter of common
knowledge that our other great competitor, western New York,
has slumped very badly the last few years. There is a brighter
prospect for the Appalachian apple growers who have not lost
heart during this u iprecedented series of lean years, and who

--(56—

have favorable locations. For we must not shut our eyes to
the fact that the apple district of which we are a part has not
escaped unscathed. Many orchards have been neglected, and
thousands of trees, once promising, have ceased to be a factor
in the market. Nor can we forget that during the boom days of
twelve to twenty years ago many orchards were planted on
sites that are unsuitable, especially as regards freedom from
frost. These inevitably must pass out. I hazard the opinion
that there will be a shrinkage of at least twenty percent from
these causes in the Appalachian district. We shall need, also,
to press much harder than heretofore the standardization of
grades and cooperative marketing ; and I feel assured it will be
necessary to meet box competition by the use of a smaller
package than the barrel. The recent drift toward bushel bas-
ket and box packing in the East, in barrel territory, is an un-
mistakable sign that the East is not going to resign the box
trade to the West. The man who has a location that insures
regular crops, and who brings cultural and business skill to
bear upon his problems, may well take heart. There are bet-
ter days ahead.

J. S. Rittenhouse: Do they leave those pipes up all the
year round or only during the spring season?

S. W. Fletcher: All the year. There are three methods
of handling the pipes — below ground, which has been aban-
doned ; laying on top of the ground, and above ground in the
tree tops. The latter is best.

Question: Do they pick more than once out there?

S. W. Fletcher: They commonly make two or more pick-
ings.

Question: As I understand it, their practice is not to cut
the alfalfa in the orchard.

S. W. Fletcher: It is left to fall down. Under our con-
ditions we should cut it, two or three times a year. They can
supply all the moisture they need by irrigation. We should
cut it and get the mulching effect on the ground.

H. W. Miller: How much nitrate of soda are they using?

S. W. Fletcher: Very little. If an orchards has been put
in alfalfa very little if any fertilizer is needed except on the
thinner soils. The fertilizer bill in the Northwest is very
much smaller than it is in the East.

H. W. Miller: Did I understand you to say they were
discarding the underground pipe system?

S. W. Fletcher: Because it is an added expense. Better
to have it above ground where you can get at it in case of any
difficulty.

H. W. Miller: We find in West Virginia that laying the
pipe on top of the ground is very satisfactory. I have a thou-

—67—

:.:-'. .'■; ^Vidriii'^^i-.^s^i

^■i!::/v.'V'.;"-"^

4

sand acres under pipe. It is more economical than portable
sprayers. It doesn^t make any difference what the weather is,
you don^t have to pull sprayers over the ground. Another
great factor in pipe systems is that the gun man sprays ten
hours a day. He doesn^t have anything to do but to change
from one connection to the other. We found with the portable
sprayer it took twenty minutes to go in and load up and
twenty minutes to come out and twenty minutes to spray that
material out. In other words, we lost two-thirds of the time.
In this way a man with the gun sprays material ten hours a

day.

J. S. Rittenhouse: I would like to ask what they do to
prevent the freezing of those pipes that are left out all win-
ter? How do they drain them over uneven ground. Is it
necessary to draw off the solution during the night to pre-
vent settling?

H. W. Miller: Some people take up the laterals; some
don't. In every little sink we have a tap in the bottom of the
pipe. You go over the system and open those taps in the fall
and it drains itself. Some people stop fifteen minutes early
in the evening and flush out the system with cold water. That
is a very good way. That will clear out any sediment, but
we have had very little trouble with sediment with a 400-
pound pressure.

We have found it best to use inch and a half mains, take
off from them with an inch and reduce to three-quarters and
then to half-inch according to length of line. The advantage
of taking off with an inch is that you can feed up more
against the gun. We find if we have two guns on a side line
with three-quarters of an inch pipe, if you haven't plenty of
material you won't feed them both.

DISCUSSION ON SCAB CONTROL

DR. E. L. NIXON, State College

Question: How much does the period of spore discharge
vary in a neighborhood according to sloped

Dr. Nixon: Nothing at all. It is moisture, not elevation
or slope. Slope is the thing that determines advancement or
retarding of the blossom. I would like' to talk on the passing
of the spray calendar. The spray calendar is antiquated. It
has been the basis of spraying for scab control in the past. The
condition of the tree has absolutely nothing to do with the con-
dition of that fungus.

Question: How about the effect of certain local rains?

Dr. Nixon: A local rain won't make the scab spores
shoot. A thunderstorn won't shoot any.

Question: How long a period does it take to shoot them?

—68—

Dr. Nixon: Overnight. Half a day and night will shoot
them out.

Question: How long do you have to spray after that?

Dr. Nixon: Forty-eight hours.

Question: The whole orchard?

Dr. Nixon: Yes.

H. W| Miller: Did I understand you to say that you wait
until these spores shoot before spraying?

Dr. Nixon: We give you the information when they are
ready to shoot.'

Mr. Miller: You would like to have the spray on when
the spores begin to shoot?

Dr. Nixon: Forty-eight hours before they shoot.

Mr. Miller: You give us forty-eight hours start, do you?

Dr. Nixon: More than that. We give you the informa-
tion immediately when the asco-spores are ready to discharge.
Then it is a case of forecasting the weather conditions. If you
see that you can wait three or four days, all right, but a day or
two before the rain starts, you should begin to spray and you
go on through the rain, if necessary.

Mr. Miller: How can you get any virtue out of spraying
material when it is raining? You dilute it too much.
Dr. Nixon : Another tradition.

Member: I have sprayed in the rain and have had the
best results I ever obtained in my life.

Dr. Nixon: Because you hit it at a time when the scab
spores were discharging.

Mr. Miller: When we have sprayed with the rain some-
times we have missed it. You say that elevation makes no
difference in the time of discha'rge?

Dr. Nixon: No. Last year it was raining all over the
state, day after day. The discharge of scab spores took place
on the same day in Cumberland County that it did in Luzerne
County and yet it was full blossoming time in the Cumberland
Valley and early pink time in Luzerne.

Mr. Shank: Why isn't it possible to put a protection on
those trees before the rain so that when it comes you can sit in
your house and feel that your trees are protected ?

Dr. Nixon: It was a nice sunshiny week, and the trees
were approaching the pink stage— that is what you mean? And
then all at once it rains like blazes for about four days. You
sit in the house and fan yourself. That saves you a lot of
trouble but it makes you sort out a lot of scabby apples.

Mr. Shank: We want you to give us a spray that will
give us protection without thundering around in the rain.

—69—

■■>'y>jr-r-v.''Tfl

Dr Nixon: An apple leaf in three days' time has grown
enough* new surface so that it is susceptible to scab spores.
An apple leaf will double in three days' time in a warm grow-
tng period. You put on the protection three days early then
it^ra^ns for three days; meanwhile the ^^^/^^ .^^^^.^^^^^^^^^
size and we sit back in the house saying, ''Well, I finished it.
The scab spores are smaller than the microscopic particles of
dust that we have here in this room and they shoot into the
dr and settle down. Here is a leaf that had a perfect ly^^^^^^^^^
coating of spray three or four deays before, but it happens
thai ?he spores fell where there isn't anything. There it lies;
it germinates and we say, ''I don't have to spray m the ram.

The longest period of apple scab infection that we ever
had occurred in Pennsylvania this year. The latest discharge
of spores ever known in this state took place this year Most
of our protective sprays put on this year came altogether be-
fore the scab spore discharge took place.

Mr. Anderson: What power microscope is required and
how much training will be necessary?

Dr Nixon: A 200-power microscope will show these
things up in beautiful shape. It could be done in two labora-
tory sessions. Come up to the laboratory this sprmg. We
will put on a laboratory school in scab spore discharge. Brmg
a pocketfull of diseased leaves. We will test these out and
find out exactly what condition those asco-spores are m. We
will have some there to shoot so you can see this.

Question: I understood those asco-spores showed up weak
in thl early part of the season and you predicted there would
not be a very heavy discharge from them.

Dr Nixon : Yes, they developed very rapidly and if at the
blossoming time it had turned off dry, there wouldn t have
been enough scab in Pennsylvania to have gotten a laboratory
specimen; that is just what happened the year before. It you
have a dry spring, perfectly dry, it doesn't make any differ-
ence whether you spray the orchards for scab.

Dr Peet of Wisconsin made this discovery ; that m con-
trolling scab with dust you have 19 hours that the dust is effec-
tive; in the control of apple scab with spray, you have 4»
hours. Some men have had success dusting, occasionally, when
there isn't much scab.

President Funk: On the Executive Committee I will ap-
point : R. D. Anthony, R. E. Atkinson and Samuel Smediey.
Legislative Committee: C. J. Tyson, F. S. ^enstermacher Dr.
W A. Haines. Exhibition: R. S. Snyder, Paul Thayer, W. D.
Baldersberger. Game Laws: J. A. Runk, W. A Haines, R. 1.
Criswell Advertising: D. M. James, R. J. GiUan and J^. tr
Reiter. True to Name Trees: F. N. Fagan, F. M. Trimble and

—70—

H. G. Baugher. General Fruit Committee : F. S. Dickenshied,
W. E. Grove and C. M. Sheppard.

I would like to have the General Fruit Committee bring in
a very short list of varieties that they consider best adapted
to the different sections of Pennsylvania and present it at our
meeting next January.

Membership Committee : R. D. Anthony, F. N. Fagan, R.
E. Atkinson, H. S. Nolt and Arthur Linville. Agricultural
Council: C. J. Tyson, H. M. Anderson and Sheldon W. Funk.
As a delegate to the meeting at Richmond, concerning rate
classification, I appoint R. T. Criswell. He has arranged to go
and the Secretary of Agriculture will appoint a man from the
Bureau of Markets.

HOW THE STATE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY
SERVES THE FRUIT-GROWER

E. H. BELL, Director, Bureau of Plaint Industry

The work of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the 'State
Department of Agriculture has to do chiefly with the enforce-
ment of laws designed to furnish protection to the agriculture
of the state against insect pests and diseases of plants ; to reg-
ulate the quality of agricultural seeds ; to create sentiment for
the control of noxious weeds; to conduct the state apiary in-
spection service ; and to secure information for general dissem-
ination, through surveys and studies of injurious insects and
diseases.. In addition, this Bureau is called on for much gen-
eral advice and information regarding the matters just men-
tioned as well as others such as the control and eradication of
pests, weed control, seed analysis, and the quality and source
of insecticides.

Nursery Inspection. Not all of these are of special con-
cern to fruit growers, however. They will be more interested
in such features as the nursery and other inspection services,
and peach yellows eradication work. We have a very definite
and exacting law in Pennsylvania requiring that all nurseries
shall be visited regularly by state inspectors and the owner be
permitted to sell only after his property is found to be free
from insect and disease pests. Also all agents, dealers and
outside nurserymen are obliged to establish the fact that their
goods have passed official inspection wherever grown before
a license to sell is issued. At present this work involves the
inspection of approximately 400 nurseries in Pennsylvania with
4,500 acres of stock to be examined. I wish to state at this
point also that, with very few exception, we have received the
heartiest cooperation from the nurserymen throughout the
state.. They appear to appreciate that it is not only reason-

—71—

4

i

i

!

able to expect that the W-s o* nu -^^^^^^^^^

their business on a profitable basis. „ . . ^ .„,r,nlete

A report of this work is i^trrSuerw^itV S^^f^^^^
list of all our nurserymen who have «?^Pl^f^^5^ l^ j^

.ents, together with t^^e ^^^^^^^^^^ in\his con-

T::i^l.r/e:^sp^^ l^^^ a wh^e are depend-
able sources of such stock as ^^^l^^'^'l;^''^^^^ distant estab-
them a more satisfactory source than some more^^^^^ .^ ^^^^^

lishments for the '"eason that t^ have mor^ ^^^.^^ ^^ ^^^

i-torh^CinaddiS^^^i^^^^^^^ ^^— ''-' --
.e in the -cH-tizatio-f ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^

Fruit growers s^^^^^^^fS certificate to every shipment
required to attach a copy of J^^^^^^' ^^ or others selling
of stock sent out. ^^^"^ ^l\^f^^^^^!^;rmd carry an agent's
nursery stock are '•«^^;,;^V the certificate of the party for
certificate bearing a ^^P^.^^^ buyer is able to determine

•p.„h Yellow, 1^-f - ^rv^:rrVS5i; w« ",::

of much interest to our fruit g™^^,'!^-^^^"^ erowing districts,
of the most dreaded diseases ^^ «X s^Sed [he orchards ex-
I„ 1921, when the eradication -of /^^te^^^^^^^^^^^^ gincc that
amined showed almost 5% of the trees in ^^^^

time, there has been a gradual de«re^se un ^l this y ^^^^
the most extensive examination ^J/^'^aae re
This work to date has mvoWed the e^arnma^*^^^ ^^ ^^.^^

4 000,000 trees of wh-h ^-^f X^ving area of the state

diseased. E^^jy/?f '^; "^'u There are some sections, how-
has been included m this work. JfJ^f^ ^^^^^ menace

lease inspectors for more thorougn^^o cowers pre-

date less work has been done Contact witn aii g j

viously visited will be maintained however so as t^ ^^^ ^.^
constant check on any tendency tor a new o

much value to our fruit industry.

insecticide Control. The insecticide control wo^^ m w^^^^^^
the Bureau of Plant Industry coope^^^^^^^^^^
Foods and Chemistry represents a greater ser^ ice to g

—72—

than he may appreciate. The characteristics of a good tree
are fairly apparent to the trained eye, but the real quality of
a spray material can only be determined by chemical analysis
and actual trial in the field, garden or orchard. Unscrupulous
manufacturers have at time (though at present, we believe, less
frequently) taken advantage of this fact and by skillful sales
methods have sold the farmer much worthless or misrepre-
sented material. It is the purpose of this work to keep a con-
stant check on the sale of all insecticides through registration
by the Bureau of Foods and Chemistry and field tests by the
Bureau of Plant Industry as a prerequisite for registration of
each and every brand. The manufacturer or seller of any in-
secticide is liable and can be prosecuted and fined for mis-
branding or otherwise misrepresenting his wares. Reports of
this work are published at frequent intervals and always val-
uable to the grower who may desire them. It is unfortunate,
however, to note that now and then growers or local dealers
report to the Department that they have been deceived by
agents selling various concoctions for the killing of all sorts
of bugs, beetles and diseases. Some of these remind one of
Aesops and other fabulous stories of the age of ^* giants" and
** ogres." Sometimes these materials have been registered be-
cause so far as the label, formal directions and chemical con-
tent are concerned they met all requirements for registration.
The trouble has usually resulted from claims of salesmen which
cannot be readily established yet are sufficiently convincing to
secure sales. These cases usually come to us after the damage
has been done, notwithstanding the fact that there is abund-
ant information easily accessable to the grower. The sad part
of it often is that there are some who are more inclined to take
the word of a skillful salesman than that of someone who
really knows. If in doubt about such matters, get in touch
with the Department of Agriculture at Harrisburg.

Along with these field tests some attention is given to
trials of new materials in the control of insects for which no
satisfactory remedy has yet been devised. The Oriental fruit
moth and rose chafer are examples of such trials.

Cedar Rust. Cedar rust of apples is no longer a serious
problem with Pennsylvania fruit growers. Infection occurs,
however, practically every year to some extent in our com-
mercial fruit area and since control always involves the re-
moval of cedars from surrounding properties, the State De-
partment of Agriculture is called on to take the necessary reg-
ulatory steps where conditions warrant it. This project con-
stitutes a fine example of cooperation on the part of property
owners in behalf of community improvement work. In many
instances the presence of cedars is an asset rather than a lia-
bility to their owner, yet in every instance so far the necessary

—73—

:i-TT««W5W '-UJ*-^!! mu

adjustment has been made without serious complications^ The
Department aims to continue this service where conditions
justify attention.

Japanese Beetle. The Japanese beetle work which the
Department is doing is perhaps fairly well understood because
of its newness and the intensity of operations the last few
years It may not be fully appreciated by our fruit growers
and agricultural people generally that this work has a very
decided interstate aspect necessitating the closest cooperation
between the states directly affected and the Federal govern-
ment This feature has an important bearing m the methods
used 'in carrying on this work. It is not only a matter ot
directly protecting Pennsylvania from the ravages of this pest
but also of satisfying other states that everything^ possible is
being done to prevent long distance spread through shipments
from the infested territory. This is the important means of
preventing very objectionable restrictions being placed on
shTpTent of produce from Pennsylvania. This is an indirect
benefit particularly to fruit growers which may sometimes be
overlooked. No one familiar with the habits of insects, and par
ticularly one so active as the Japanese beetle believes that the
ultimate spread of this pest can be prevented. It is hoped
and believed, however, that the spread can and is being held
up until our research people can devise control and other meas-
ures which will enable us to live with it as we are with other
pests In fact substantial progress has already been made
along this line and ample information is available to those who
desire it.

THURSDAY AFTERNOON

JANUARY 19, 1928

President Funk: We will have the report of the Resolu-
tions Committee.

REPORT OF RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE

1 WHEREAS, the Federal-State Shipping Point Inspec-
tion of fruits has become of considerable importance m Penn-
sylvania and of assistance to carlot shippers m packing and m
marketing their fruit and Avhereas the curtailing of this work
would be detrimental to the best interests of the fruit industry
of the Commonwealth, be it

RESOLVED : That the State Horticultural Association of
Pennsylvania strongly endorses the continuance of this worl^
and that the Association ask the Secretary of Agriculture to
take whatever steps necessary to see that the work is sut-
ficiently financed during the 1929 season by having the funds
revolve through the hands of some disinterested party (such as
the State Association of Markets) in case there are insufficient

—74—

funds available from the State Department of Agriculture:
and be it further resolved that a committee of the Association
be appointed to w^ait on the Secretary of Agriculture and pre-
ent this action to him in person.

2. That the Association give our retiring treasurer, Mr.
E. W. Thomas a unanimous vote of thanks for his faithful
services during the past twenty-five years; we feel a real loss
in his retirement as treasurer.

3. That this Association is in full sympathy with the
''Apples for Health'' movement and we urge our members to
support it.

4. That the Association has sustained a great loss in the
death of two of its oldest members, J. F. Jones of Lancaster
County, and Howard Chase of Philadelphia, and that our sec-
retary convey to the bereaved families the sympathies of the
Association.

• 5. That the Secretary be instructed to express the thanks
of the Association to the State Department of Agriculture for
its many courtesies during the 1928 meeting.

' 6. That the Association is opposed to a crop reporting
system wherein future prices as well as present size and condi-
tion of crop are predicted. The Association feels that a crop
report on present condition and size of the crop alone, is satis-
factory.

F. H. FASSETT,

F. N. FAGAN,

W. W. LIVINGOOD,

Committee
President Punk: If Mr. Stewart, who is now in charge of
the Bureau of Markets, has anything to say we would be glad
to hear from him.

Mr. Stewart: Since the revolving fund has been taken
away from us the more work we do the more we go in the
hole. We haven't the money to carry it on. The fees for in-
spection, you know, depend wholly upon the size of crop and
condition of crop, not only fruit and vegables, but also poultry.
We have to know how many inspectors we need as early as
July, so that these men can be signed up. We usually hire
these men from the Federal government. They are men who
have been doing work in Florida and working their way up
this way. We have got to get in our bids for these men early.

This year there weren't as many cars inspected as we
thought there would be, yet we had to hire these men and we
laid them off just as soon as we could. When we had a revol-
ving fund it didn't make any difference how^ many men we
took on as long as it was self-suppoiting. But this year all
the fees that came in from inspection had to be turned into
the state treasury and we had to pay these men from the

—75—

■■ V^T-^-Jr-'i'g-V

!

general appropriations for the Bureau. It makes it very hard
for us to estimate how many men we will need and how much
appropriation will be required, because we have to make our
budget two years in advance.

We are supposed to spend not more than 40 per cent of
our budget the first biennium, leaving the remainder for the
second year. This year we used up more than our allotment
simply because we didn't come anywhere near estimating the
expense it would be to carry on this inspection work.

The poultry work doubled this year. It increased from
53 000 birds to 100,000 birds.. Next year we have requests in-
dicating that it will be over 200,000 birds. We wouldn t care
if we could use the fees from those inspection, but we can t.

We are trying to get by this year until we get our next
appropriation. We would like to handle all the fruit and veg-
etable inspection that is requested, but unless something^ is
done, somebody will have to suffer. We will not be able to
take on enough inspectors- to handle this work satisfactorily it
we have to pay them from our appropriation. We haven t the
money to do it.

H. C. Brinton: May I amend that resolution to this ef-
fect : that a committee present the resolution to the Secretary
of Agriculture personally.

P. N. Pagan: We will incorporate it in the resolution.

J. A. Runk I move the report be adopted as amended.

The motion was seconded and carried.

**INPLUENCE OP THE RINGING OP PRUIT TREES

ON PRUIT PRODUCTION''

r. N. PAGAN

The ringing of fruit trees is not new. It has been prac-
ticed for at least 200 years. There is one industry over 150
years old that is based entirely on the ringing of plants to
cause them to set fruit. We do not see many currants on the
market any more, but the dried currant, which is a small seed-
less grape, was secured by ringing the plant. The horticul-
turists of Greece still practice this method of causing the
plants to fruit.

This morning we heard Dr. Fletcher tell us about the
crowded conditions of orchards in the Pacific Northwest There
probably isn't a grower here but who has some crowding in
his orchard. We attack this problem from the point of view
of the filler tree. Apple orchards have been planted m Penn-
syylvania and other states using filler trees, with the idea ot
taking them out when they start to interfere with the per-
. manent trees. We didn't always take them out, did we / At
the college we have twenty acres of apples planted 20 by zu,

—re-

one permanent to three fillers. They are Baldwin, Stayman,
Rome Beauty and Mcintosh, five acres of each, planted solid
with the same varieties used as fillers. The trees were planted
in the spring of 1917. In 1922 Ave knew that the Baldwin,
Mcintosh and Stayman trees had reached a size where, if they
didn't hurry up and bear, we would never get any benefit from
them.

We had these filler trees as a liability; we now hope to
retain them as an asset. An old method of girdling was to
drive nails all around. Hanging horse shoes on the limbs and
weighting them down would make them bear.. A mouse or a
rabbit girdles a tree in the winter and it will die if you don't
bridge the injury. But there is a time when you can girdle
a tree and not kill it.

Girdling Experiments. In 1922 we started girdling. In
1924 we girdled eighteen trees of each variety. They bore
heavily the next year. In 1925 a member of our .Association
entered the orchard and saw these trees. He said, ''I pulled
out 2,700 fillers last year that never paid me a penny ; I never
had a crop on them."

The crop on 18 grirdled Mcintosh trees yielded in 1925
4 bushels to the tree. These had been girdled in the summer
of 1924. The rest of the trees in the Mcintosh block did not
bear quite a bushel of apples to the tree. The girdled Stay-
mans yielded four bushels to the tree. The rest of the 540
didn't quite average a bushel to the tree. The Baldwins, we
knew, were very slow coming into bearing. We girdled 110
of them. We picked 103 bushels from those, and 10 bushels off
the rest of the 540 trees. So we made those Baldwins bear.
There was really no particular reason why we should girdle
the Romes because they had not begun to crowd. The Rome
is a slow grower. They averaged two bushels to the tree and
the ungirdled trees only about a quarter of a bushel. The
Baldwin is naturally an alternate bearer but in 1927 we got
nearly .89 of a bushel from girdled trees, heavily cut back ; .60
of a bushel from the larger permanent trees. It is past the
experimental stage.

Suppose you kill a tree by girdling? I would be willing
to kill a few trees in 1922 and have the rest give me four
bushels to the tree in the fall of 1925. But it isn't necessary
to kill trees in girdling, or even to injure them if it is done
right. I do not hesitate to advise girdling for filler trees.

What about permanent trees that are around 12 years old
and not bearing; is girdling advisable? It Avill make them
bear. How much injucy it is going to develop later on I can't
toll you. We have girdled the same trees this year for the
third time ; we have lost about 24 trees on 14 acres, and these
mostly weak trees on rocky land. Never girdle weak trees.

—77

Question: How wide do you make that girdle?

Mr Fagan: We have been doing it about a quarter of an
inch but we now merely cut through the bark, to the wood,
Scut removing a ring'of bark at all, There xs then no dan-
ger of injury to the tree, and the girdling effect is just as pro

nounced.

Question: When do you do it?

Mr. Fagan: When the tree is growing most rapidly;
about July first, with us.

Question. Do you protect the wound '.

Mr. Fagan: It isn't necessary.

Question: Do you cut a fresh place each year?

Mr. Fagan: Yes.

President Funk: A good many of you remember Mr^
aorbv the Executive Secretary of "Apples for Health, who
addressed us last year. We are fortunate in havmg him again

this year.

APPLES FOR HEALTH CAMPAIGN

G. W. GORBY, Chicago
The receipe for Browing old gracofully « *» .l<«I' "«J

yo„ kLw ttV .Iready, but I want you to be a Uttlc looney

about Apples for Health.

I know of an apple orchard in New Jersey not very far
frnm STshtown mn by a man named Carr, containing 144

irs-^tlred' this year $50 000 Tl- ^j^.Sr;^ be-
much larger crop, he cleared only $40,000. The ditterence oe

Tween lasf year and this year is what I/^ J^^J^^^^^tm stab
Apples for Health does what it is intended to do, it will stab-

ilize the price of apples.

I want vou apple growers to get into the habit of sub-
scribingtowrrds Apples^for Health, which is your advertise^^^^^
• item ^ust the same as you pay for your spray, your fertilizer
or y^urpruninr I want you to become business men instead
of Slers ipp e growers have been inveterate gamblers
?orTar It S fust as necessary for you to become marke
conscLu'as it is for you to see that the tree and f^-t a- we^^
developed Your job is not done until the apple is in the hand
i satiS consumers. Get away from the hazardous game of
fppTrgrlrg w^^ thought of what the apples are going

?o brfng or where they are going. The up to date hardware
merchant puts on his budget so much for advertising. The
Se grower must come to that if he is to be a business man.

—78—

On the train this morning I picked up a menu. This train
runs straight through the great apple state of Pennsylvania.
I was glad to see an apple on the menu— fifteen cents. But
there was a whole page on the banana — the history of the
banana, and its good properties. Then somebody handed me a
paper and I found a full page on the delicious banana and its
desserts. That is what they are dong to the apple industry of
Pennsylvania. Apples for Health ought to have that page,
and tell the people what a good thing the apple is. We are
going to have it if you will support us. We are going to chase
the orange and the banana and all the competitors of the apple
back where they belong and put king apple on top.

You are going to have an application blank to take home
and then send in your membership check direct to headquar-
ters in Chicago. We are not trying to get a half cent a bushel
assessment right now. We are trying to build up as big a
membership as we can and 200,000 apple growers of America
at five dollars each would make $1,000,000.

Apples for Health is an outgrowth of the American Pomo-
logical Society. It was founded in September, 1926, so it is
only a little over a year old. In that time we have established
a truly national organization. For the first time in history a
man stands before you representing apple growers in every
apple-growing district of the United States. Apples for Health
is the national voice of the apple-growing industry.

There are forty-seven different associations similar to our
own that have carried on national advertising campaigns for
their product. Many of them are foods. The average adver-
tising campaign runs from two to seven years, to get results.

We want your membership ; but five dollars isn't a start to
what you ought to do. You ought to go out in your neigh-
l3orhood and convert these people who do not understand what
it is all about, remembering that the apple has year by year
been crowded farther and farther back off the American citi-
zen's table, giving place to the more highly advertised fruits.

We have a definite advertising plan. We have employed
the Millis Advertising Company, who are getting ready to put
on a fund-raising campaign. Many are interested in it besides
powers; manufacturers of spray materials, machinery, fertil-
izer, paper that the Northwestern grower uses to wrap around
nis apples; box, barrel, basket, paper box and carton manu-
lacturers— you would be surprised at the number of people
that are interested in the success of this movement. I re-
ceived a letter recently from a lithographer in San Francisco
telling me he would line up the entire Pacific Coast in the
lithographic line back of this movement.

We have the best thing to advertise in the world-- the
apple.

—79—

1

other Advertising Results. I expect to speak in Boston
to JJow btfore the Sation Leape otCo^^^^on^^r<.^^^^
ThP Secretary of that organization, Mr. Roberts, maae an m
vestiSfoi^hi national advertising campaigns, four of

[h m S f^^^^^ campaigns. In those thirteen national eam-
pdigns he found that the average wa. five years m len^^^^^ and
the sales increase for the commodities was 249 percent. it
sl^t a ^aS U is an investment. Every grower here m the
SlltVof Pennsylvania will do well to put down ^^^^ member-
ship fee as one of the first items of his 1928 budget

The orange growers have raised the total sales of their
product from 'twelve million per year to over seventy4wo mil-
lions ner year in a little more than fifteen years. That is a
tesJimoniarto their advertising. The first year they spent
$25r The next year they spent $10,000 and they have never
spent as little as that in any year since. , , ^ , .

The pineapple is perhaps the best example of what adver-
tising can do t^'promSte an industry, ^his-as a coop^^^^^^^^^
movement of the Hawaiian pineapple growers. They resoivea
ritop shipping raw pineapples and to get the people hungry
for (LnSrpineapple So successful have they been that m
ten yea?s they have reduced the annual consumption of raw
%ll7e^ilL 700,000 crates to 26,000 crates -d ^a- ^^^^^
creased the canned pineapple consumption f^om ^00,000 cases
annually to more than 5,000,000 annually. That is a most re-
markable example of the power of advertising. ^

We want the strongest man you have in Pennsylvania
fruit growing to go on that Executive Board so that Pennsyl-
vania ma^ hive a' voice on it. It will take ^-J thi;ee^^^^^^^^^
years to put on the campaign. It will take money. The mem
bership fee alone will not put it over unless we have general
support Finally, it will take education to teach the people to
eafmore apples If we do it in three years we will have ac-
compSeK great service. When the American people eat
mo"e apples th'ey will be a healthier and ^J^^^f^'1%^^^^^^
(The Executive office of Apples for Health is 510 South

Wabash Avenue, Chicago, 111.)

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON DEER DAMAGE

J. A. RUNK, Huntingdan
There has been a committee working for several years try-
ing to make some progress in preventing ^^^l^}^^'''^l^^!^^^^^^
ting the damage as low as possible, and tq establish a Pohcy f oi
the future. Th" Game Commission is pursumg the Poliey^^^ J;
ing to make Pennsylvania a big game refuge in a state whidi
LI as large agricultural and ^horticultural interests as^^^^^^^^^^
sylvania. We have made some progress, but we ha^en t ac
complished what we started out to do.

^80—

We called one public hearing at Harrisburg after the
meeting last year. About 100 growers were present. We
drew up a bill providing for the same increase in hunters' li-
cense fees as the bill that was passed last year, stating in that
bill that the increase in funds should be used to pay damages.
Here is what happened: Mr. John Phillips, who was at one
time President of the Game Commission, had the ear of the
Governor and he pursuaded Governor Fisher and those who
were near him that the deer were running out of food back in
the forests and that they needed more game refugees, and
more game protection. His bill was introduced in the Senate
at the same time that our bill was introduced in the House.
They had more influence and the Sportsmen's Association was
backing them and they were able to push their bill through.
Dr. Haines sponsored our bill, but we saw that we would be
licked so we withdrew our bill and allowed the other bill to
ride through. I was informed the other day by the man in
charge of that work in the Game Department that this will
provide something like $375,000 a year to be invested in new
game refugees. This is just what we do not want. Since
we w'ithdrew our bill that leaves us free to come into the next
session of the Legislature and continue the fight on whatever
plan is decided upon at that time.

All this work must be done through the Agricultural
Council. We don't go in as free lances, like we used to.

Can Kill Deer Damaging Farm Property. One thing has
been accomplished. We have secured decisions from three
Judges in three different Circuit Courts of the state, that the
constitution will not conflict with you if you kill deer that are
doing damage to your property. We passed that word along
and this year there have been hundreds of deer killed all over
the state by fruit growers and farmers and there hasn't been
a single arrest or conviction, nor will there be. Incidentally,
it might be of interest to know that there were approximately
15,000 deer killed in Pennsylvania the past season, which is
twice as many as the year preceding.

We made a canvass last year. Thirty-seven counties re-
ported serious damage. We made that survey through the
Bureau of Statistics, who very kindly donated their service.
We sent out over 3,000 letters. We got back 646 reports.
When this was tabulated, 211 reported damage and that dam-
age approximated $100,000. I have them listed by counties.
It shows three main centers of damage.

The State Importing Game. The Commission has been
spending a lot of money to import game. Until two years ago
they were importing deer and elk, in direct contravention to
our interests. We have brought about the cessation of that.
The Game Commission has pledged our committee and has

—81—

,.'_'WUirij*>:.'«J« 3**a ^

gone on record as saying that it.would not import any more
deer or elk into the state. Here is what was spent m the last

*^^ Cr! Z^Xt^^ ring-necked pheasant $32 000
inPludina eggs In 1925-26, for ring-necked pheasants $41,000
Here s the point I would right with regard to ring-neeked
phe:sant?%\e;are not a S-ebird; they dcn.'^^^^^^^^^^^

they don't afford any tremendous ai^^^l* «„*. '. f f.^/i cfos f or
are imported. Here is another item. $65,000 m 1924-1925 for
hare and rabbits introduced: Is 1925-1926, $5b UOU in

VhTtwo veirs 1924 to 1926, for ring-necked pheasants and rab-
the two years iJZ4 to , o _ ^^^^^ ^j^^^ ^^^^^^

and us" i'tt tTethe pr'oblem' that is already confronting
tTem instead of sending outside the state for rabbi^s^

The committee for next year will work through tl^e Agn
cultural Council and will concentrate ^^^l^'^f^XJ^'J'"' I
believe payment for damage is a solution of the pioblem.
controlled open season is the solution.

Deer Fencing. Since I have the longest deer fence in the
state^'p^'hlpTTw^as asked to n.ke this -PO'^-^^^^^^^^^^
pH in 1 925 The law then provided for a fifty-titty basis oi leuL
?ng It waln't satisfactory because the state dictated prices,
labor and everything. In 1925 we got through a bill provid-
ing for an aSnatf plan of fencing whereby the state fur-
nished tSe wire and staples and the property owner erected

the fence. „ ...

In 1925 there was only $1,562 used out of an appropriation
o-f *innOO ncr annum In 1926, just as soon as the alternate
If was put into effect, there was $9,792 used, and there were
some thirty odd orchards and truck patches fenced, with a

?oSl of 6 674 rods of fence erected. From June 1st, 1926, to
total ot b,o -^ rou^ ^^^^^ constructed and

$8551 of Sf $10 OOOred.'' In other words, we left approx.

^o,oox ui ^ ^ monev in the treasury m the year 19Zb

mately $1,500 of that money _^ ^^^ .^

rack'fnto the'^G^e" Commission f^te^thaUn're laf th'S
hpnpfit from it Mr. Conklm assures me that m the last inree
vearfth^^^^^^^ turned down a single application To

da?' this year there have been 2,937 rods of fence built at a
ist of $4 374 ^nd there are a number of applications pending,
Towing that P^^^^^^^ close to the $10,000 will be used this year.
Approximately 100 orchards now are fenced.

We are ^oing to keep hammering away on fencing. We
^nn^tooiSder fencing the final or fundamental solution of this
don t ^^^^f.^^J,,^^^^'''^^^ ^ou have $200,000 invested m an
Sird and the ?eef col JTn and destroy any where from
S 000 to $15,000 annually, you want some protection and he
Ince gives il I advise every fruit grower who is suffermg
injury to build a fence.

—82—

President Funk: This is one of the best reports we have
ever had on this problem. Apparently we have made con-
siderable progress.

PARCEL POST SHIPPING

R. E. ATKINSON, Wrightstown

Parcel post shipping is a nuisance. It doesn't pay. At
the same time I keep on doing it to a limited extent. I use
parcel post shipping as a means of holding good trade. If you
have a good customer who wants some nice Christmas presents
to make to friends, it may be good business to fill the order,
whether it pays or not. I have ceased taking orders to be
delivered at any certain time, because it means that I have
to do the packing. There is nobody else on the place who will
pack so the fruit will carry to Galveston, or Florida. I have
packed some half bushel paper cortons that are reported to
have reached Galveston in splendid condition. I have shipped
some to State College, and to New York, that you couldn't
tell from baked apples when they arrived. So it is partly a
matter of packing and partly a matter of handling.

I have been experimenting with corrugated paper boxes,
using 1751b. stock for the half bushel and 2001b. stock for the
bushel size. The 1751b. stock for the half bushel is all right
but it doesn't carry the bushel size. For bushel shipments I pre-
fer round bottom bushels, ring packed with thinlayers of excel-
sior worked in ; then the cover wired on with a rather fine an-
nealed wire such as is used by mechanics for fastening bolts in
motor bearings. It is some of those little details that make
parcel post shipping a nuisance. If you don't fasten the cover
down that way, there is no use shipping. Those things take a
lot of time. I charge for this service twenty-five cents a pack-
age above the retail price at the farm plus parcel post or ex-
press— twenty-five cents for the half bushed and thirty-five
cents for the bushel. Formerly I made it fifteen and twenty-
five. You can't any more than break even on this charge.

The half bushel carton is just half the dimensions of the
bushel box in height. I use the same method of packing as is
used for the western box with a little chunk of excelsior set
down between each two apples. If that isn't done there is
enough shifting in the box during transportation so that they
get badly bruised. Since I have used excelsior they carry in
perfect condition.

Last year there appeared an advertisement in the Sunday
issue of the New York Times, a full page advertisement by a
Connecticut farmer advertising apples in pasteboard cartons.
I wrote him to inquire how he came out financially on that
project. His experience is a caution to any one in trying to
build up a direct-to-the-consumer trade, where shipment is nec-

—83—

essary. That page ad cost the man $1,200 and he sold $1,200
worth of apples ; so that he made a present of the apples and
had the experience to show for it.

REPORT OF ADVERTISING COMMITTEE

E. E. ATKINSON

Because of the short fruit crop there was little interest in
the work of the Advertising Committee last year. The ship-
pers of peaches cooperated, as in the previous year, m financ
ing a half-page ad in the Packer, featuring Pennsylyvania
peaches, just prior to the movement of the crop. The results
were apparently very satisfactory. This system indicates the
value of collective effort in such advertising, as the cost was
approximately 34 cents per car.

No new apple advertising material was prepared because
of the lack of interest. However, it was possible to reduce the
stocks carried over from the previous year so that at the pres-
ent time the committee has on hand advertising material to
the value of approximately $50.00, most of which consists of
receipe books.

THE GOLDEN DELICIOUS IN PENNSYLVANIA

PAUL THAYER, State CoUege

A few years ago, not far from where the original tree of
Grimes Golden was found, another yellow apple, evidently a
seedling, attracted attention on account of its excellent qual-
ity. It somehow came to the attention of an enterprising mid-
west nursery firm who are continually on the look-out for some
new variety of promise. They adopted it, named it the
*' Golden Delicious'' and started an advertising campaign un-
equalled unless by that of the Delicious, which was put out by
the same firm.

A word about the name may not be out of place. The
striking characteristic of the Delicious is it tendency to have
five prominent protuberences at the apex or blossom end of the
apple. The five points of the Delicious are familiar to persons
who cannot identify a single other apple. While the Golden
Delicious shows these points to a slight degree, so also do
Grimes and other varieties. The Golden Delicious more nearly
resembles the Grimes in flavor and texture than any other va-
riety and in fact were we to guess at the parent of the Golden
Delicious the Grimes would be the logical choice. It was prob-
ably business reasons whch led Stark Brothers, after spending
• thousands of dollars advertising the Delicious, to name their
next product ' ' Golden Delicious. ' '

With commendable enterprise Stark Brothers have main-
tained for several years at the State Farm Products Show a
beautiful display of Golden Delicious apples. Few, if any, of

—84—

these on display, however, were produced in Pennsylvania.
Visitors to the show passed by the few plates of rather medi-
ocre specimens of Pennsylvania grown Golden Delicious in the
competitive display to rave over the wonderful Missouri or
Idaho grown apples in the Stark booth. These people failed
to understand why the college staff was not enthusiastic over
this wonderful new variety.

In order to secure a representative display for the 1927
show Stark Brothers were written to and a list of 65 Pennsyl-
vania growers of Golden Delicious was secured. Circular let-
ters to these brought out six plates of rather indifferent fruit.
Four of the growers also wrote their comments on the variety.
These four growers, located in widely different sections, all
voiced their disappointment in this much praised apple.

Results of Questionaire. Last summer a questionaire
was sent out to about 150 growers, to every one in the state
whom we had reason to believe had Golden Delicious in bear-
ing. One result of the questionnaire is the exhibit of Pennsyl-
vania grown Golden Delicious on the table in the third floor of
the Emerson-Brantingham. building. Besides the exhibit, I
received more or less detailed information regarding the be-
havior of the variety from 54 different growers located in 32
different counties.

^ Forty-three growers described the tree as a good grower
while one called it ''moderate'' and one ''slow.'' From the
standpoint of vigor of growth there seems little to be desired.

The Ohio Experiment Station reports that is is an effec-
tive pollenizer for most varieties, which is another characteris-
tic worth having.

One Pennsylvania grower reported that Golden Delicious
blossoms went through a freeze and set a crop of fruit when
other varieties in the same orchard were killed. It has been
often observed that some blossoms, as Jonathan, can withstand
cold that will destroy the blossoms of other varieties, as Stay-
man. Blossom hardiness is a desirable characteristic in any
variety.

It is also pretty well established that the Golden Delicious
comes into bearing early and, for young trees at least, is a
heavy bearer. While the range of replies to the question:
"At what age does it come into bearing" was from two to ten
years, most of the growers gave four or five years as the time
necessary to produce fruit. Mr. Weinberger reported the va-
riety as coming into bearing at five years and producing an
average of eight bushels per tree at eight years old. He also
reported that the set of fruit was so heavy that it required the
heaviest of thinning to produce apples such as he has shown
in the exhibit.

—85—

The one serious charge brought against thiyariety and it
is a serious one, is its tendency to wilt or shrivel after pick^^^
While the apple is a good keeper so far a« ^^f X^^hS
concerned it frequently loses its firmness soon after harvest.

SmeS's Jho^ghTJSlls us that the tree has no heart P^^^^^^^^
the sap throughout it. The tree fenves part of its foo<i ±^m
the soil in very dilute solution and m order for it to get sumc
ent fioi vast^uantities of water must be ev^porat^^^ For
this purpose the twigs and leaves, and even the ™«' ^J%^"T
ered wifh minute breathing pores and the Jst^r the frmt
^rows the more active are these pores. As the fruit approacnes
maturity and development slows down these pores become less
Tt Se Jnd when nature has finished her work she.^Se oS
apple with a layer of wax. On some apples, as with the old-
JEoiTed Greasy Pippin, or the Gate apple or sometimes m the
case of the Paragon, this wax can be scraped off ^^th ^^
thlmb nail so thick is it. This waxy coating cuts off trans-
piSon aAd keeps the fruit f-m.wilting. In certain vane-
ties as the russetts, it is almost entirely lacking wh^lem other
varieties as mentioned above it is very evident A clear dry
air as in the Northwest seems to encourage its development
while some horticultural practices tend to prevent its forma-
tion.

Eflfect of Sprays: Thus it has been found that strong
sprays tend to roughen the fruit and prevent the production of
Ewaxy coating^ Not only does this increase the tendency
to wilting but the russeting seriously inoures the appearance
and salability of the fruit. In order to see whether there was
a correlation between the kind of spray used and the wilting
of the fruit the growers were asked the spray they used ana
the time the fruit wilted. The vast majority reported the use
of standard lime sulphur and there seemed to be no correlation
between the kind of spray used and the time of wilting, in
fact of the three who reported the apples as keeping firm atter
February two were users of lime-salphur. However, this evi-
dence is not sufficient justification for anyone sticking to the
standard spray and expecting to produce good Golden De-
licious.

While there was great variation in the reports of the time
wilting occurred the average date given for common storage
was not far from the holidays. In spite of lack of confirma-
tory evidence I would strongly recommend whenever possible
the use of a milder spray than lime sulphur on Golden De-
licious.

—86—

There has been a tendency to pick the Golden Delicious
too early. It attains an attractive yellow color early and
many growers have been picking it with the Grimes, which is a
serious mistake. It was rather striking that the three growers
who reported picking ''very late*' were the three who reported
the longest keeping without shriveling. It is evident that in
ventilated storages such as we have in the state January first
is about as late as we can expect to hold the apple without
shrivelling although milder sprays and later picldng may be
found to extend the time.

Most of the growers reported that it sold about with the
standard varieties, probably a little better than Grimes and not
quite so high as Mcintosh, Delicious and Northern Spy. Two
or three spoke of it as a poor seller, due perhaps to the condi-
tion of the fruit offered for sale. Practically all who reported
sold direct to the consumer. This method of sale permits the
seller to bring the good qualities of the product to the atten-
tion of the purchaser. There have been few yellow apples
which have been able to withstand the handicap of color on the
wholesale markets.

We hear of wonderful prices paid for carloads of Golden
Delicious. They were not Pennsylvania grown. Whether
Pennsylvania-grown Golden Delicious can stand the competi-
tion of the red varieties in the city market, you can estimate
for yourselves after looking at the display in the Emerson-
Brantingham Building.

To recapituate what we know and what we think about
the Golden Delicious :

1st. It is a vigorous grower making a shapely strong tree.

2nd. It is an early and heavy bearer with a tendency to-
ward annual bearing.

3rd. On account of its heavy bearing it must be severely
thinned if fruit of good size is to be secured.

4th. It is a late bloomer thus escaping untimely frosts.

5th. The blossoms are resistant to frost, coming through
with a full crop when other varieties are killed.

6th. It is an excellent poUenizer, probably the equal of
Grimes or Mcintosh in this respect.

'7th. It has excellent dessert quality.

8th. It is very easily spray-russetted. This injures its
appearance and is conducive to early wilting. This can be
largely avoided by careful spraying with mild fungicides.

9th. It is badly inclined to wilt. This is a serious fault
and is the chief factor limiting its value. This can be over-
come to some extent by:

(a) The use of mild fungicides.

(b) Picking very late.

—87—

(c) storing at once in the best possible storage, tak-
ing especial care of the humidity.

(d) Wrapping in oiled paper if necessary.

10th Unless the above recommendations affect materi.ally
its keeping quality its season of usefulness extends but little
beyond the holidays.

nth. In niarketmg it is handicapped in most markets by
its color. .

12th Where the above recommendations are followed it
bids fair to supplant Grimes as an early season yellow apple
of high quality.

REPORT OF EXHIBITION COMMITTEE

PAUL THAYER, State CoUege, Chairman

Sixty exhibitors, representing twenty-seven counties had
entries in the apple exhibit of the State Farm Products Show
this year. Lancaster County received the banner given by the
State Horticultural Association to the county wmmng the larg-
est number of premiums. The banner was won by Franklin
County last year.

C B Snyder, of Ephrata, won the cup offered by the State
Horticultural Association for having the best box of Stayman
apples in the show. The Bucks County Horticultural Associa-
tion won first place in the display of apples by county associa-
tions.

S L Smedley, Jr., of Newtown Square, Delaware County,
was awarded the Gabriel Hiester cup for the largest number
of points scored in the apple exhibit. The cup was offered by
the State Farm Products Show Commission in memory of the
man who had done a great deal for the development of the
apple growing industry of the state. He lived at Estherton,
near Harrisburg.

The complete list of awards is:

Variety

Delicious

Jonathan

Paragon

Rome

Stayman
a

u
York

CLASS 1, BARRELS

Exhibitor

County

E. E. Kauffman

York

E. E. Kauffman

York

H. R. Worthington

Chester

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

Delaware

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

Delaware

S. R. Snyder

Lancaster

H. R. Worthington

Chester

E. E. Kauffman

York

Variety

Baldwin
Stayman

u
a

Grimes
tt

Smokehouse
if

u

Rome
u

ft

Jonathan
ti

it

Paragon

Delicious

Mcintosh

York

Oliver

Banana

Stayman

M
tt

York
tt

ft

Smokehouse
ft

ft

Jonathan
tt

tt

Mcintosh
It

u

Paragon
((

tt

Stark
Grimes

it

Rome
tt

ft

Northern Spy

Baldwin

Delicious

Nero

Winesap

Oliver

CLASS 2, BOXES

Exhibitor

D. Rice

C. B. Snyder

D. Rice

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

C. B. Snyder

E. E. Kauffman
J. G. Hoffmaster
H. R. Wbrthington

D. Rice

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

E. E. Kauffman
J. G. Hoffmaster
S. L. Smedley, Jr.

D. Rice

E. E. Kauffman
H. R. Worthington
E. E. Kauffman
Woodbourne Orchards

CLASS 3, BOXES

J. G. Hoffmaster
J. G. Hoffmaster
D. Rice

County

Perry

Lancaster

Perry

Delaware

Lancaster

York

York

Chester

Perry

Delaware

York

York

Delaware

Perry

York

Chester

York

Susquehanna

York
York
Perry

CLASS 4, ROUND BUSHEL BASKETS

S. L. Smedley, Jr.
Paul Lengel

C. B. Snyder

D. K. Sterrett

Mt. Breeze Orchard
J. M. Cameron
H. R. Worthington
J. G. Hoffmaster

E. E. Kauffman
S. L. Smedley, Jr.
E. E. Kauffman

D. Rice

R. J. Gillan
Shaffer Brothers
Woodbourne Orchards
R. J. Gillan
Gillan Brothers
H. R. Worthington
H. R. Worthington
Guy Hayman
S. L. Smedley, Jr.
H. R. Worthington
S. L. Smedley, Jr.
Paul Lengel

E. E. Kauffman
L. B. Rusterholtz
Ray Briggs

W. O. Bingham

Delaware

Schuylkill

Lancaster

Cumberland

Franklin

Cumberland

Chester

York

York

Delaware

York

Perry

Franklin

Cameron

Susquehanna

Franklin

Franklin

Chester

Chester

Chester

Delaware

Chester

Delaware

Schuylkill

York

Erie

Luzerne

Franklin

CLASS 5, ROUND BUSHEL BASKETS

Chester
Delaware

H. R. Worthington
S. L. Smedley, Jr.

Ray Briggs

Luzerne

-88-

-89—

i

Variety

York
u

tt

Smokehouse
tt

u

Stayman
tt

tt

Jonathan
tt

Paragon
Rome

tt

Mcintosh
arimes

Nero

Banana

Winesap

Delicious
it

tt

Grimes

tt

tt

Jonathan
tt

ft

Smokehouse
u

tt

Stayman
tt

tt

Northern Spy
tt

tt

York
tt

tt

Home
(t

tt

Baldwin
tt

u

Winesap
tt

tt

Mcintosh

Wagener
tt

CLASS 6, BUSHEL HAMPER
Exhibitor

D. K. Sterrett

H. R. Worthington

E. E. Kauffman
J. G. Hoffmaster
H. R. Worthington
E. E. Kauffman

S. L. Smedley, Jr.
D. Rice

H. R. Worthington
S. L. Smedley, Jr.

D. Rice

H. R. Worthington
S. L. Smedley, Jr.
H. R. Worthington

E. E. Kauffman
E. E. Kauffman
S. L. Smedley, Jr.

CLASS 7, BUSHEL HAMPER
H. vR. Worthington

D. Rice

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

CLASS 8, PLATES

K. L. Storm
C. B. Snyder
W. O. Bingham

C. B. Snyder
Masonic Home Orchard
Guy Hayman

E. E. Kauffman
Masonic Home Orchard

D. Rice

S. L. Smedley, Jr.
H. R. Worthington

D. Rice

C. B. Snyder
Masonic Home Orchard
S. L. Smedley, Jr.
Woodbourne Orchard '
Simon Niebauer

John Derr

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

Taylor Goshorn

E. E. Kauffman
Guy Hayman

Dickenshicd & Weinberger
S. L. Smedley, Jr.

D. Rice

A. H. Tuscano

C. D. Sandt
Masonic Home Orchard
S. L. Bmedley, Jr.
Guy Hayman
Shaffer Brothers

R. J. Gillan

D. Rice
D. Rice

P. R. Siefert
William Gombert
P. R. Seifert

—90—

County
Cumberland
Chester
York
York
Chester
York
Delaware
Perry
Chester
Delaware
Perry
Chester
Delaware
Chester
York
York
Delaware

Chester

Perry

Delaware

Bucks

Lancaster

Franklin

Lancaster

Lancaster

Chester

York

Lancaster

Perry

Delaware

Chester

Perry

Lancaster

Lancaster

Delaware

Susquehanna

Cambria

Columbia

Delaware

Franklin

York

Chester

Lehigh

Delaware

Perry

Pike

Northampton

Lancaster

Delaware

Chester

Cameron

Franklin

Perry

Perry

Northampton

Schuylkill

Northampton

Variety
tt

tt

CLASS 8, PLATES— Continued
Exhibitor
Mt. Breeze Orchard
Dickenshied & Weinberger
C. D. Sandt
Ray Briggs

CLASS 9, PLATES
R. J. Gillan
H. R. Worthington
Guy Hayman

C. B. Snyder

D. Rice

Masonic Home Orchard
Ray Briggs
D. Rice
D. Rice
John Derr
J. G. Hoffmaster
C. B. Snyder
S. R. Snyder
W. O. Bingham

Black Gilliflower D. Rice

R. I. Greening
tt

Paragon
tt

It

Dominie
it

Fallawater
it

tt

Winter Banana
tt

tt

Summer Rambo
tt

tt

tt

Hubbardston
tt

tt

Simon Niebauer

D. Rice

Ray Briggs

J. G. Hoffmaster

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

D. M. Wertz

D. Bice

D. Rice

D. K. Sterrett

J. G. Hoffmaster

J. G. Hoffmaster

John Derr

C. D. Sandt

Ray Briggs

J. G. Hoffmaster
Golden Delicious Dickenshied & Weinberger
tt " Guy Hayman

tt u Woodbourne Orchards

NVest'n GreeningC. B. Snyder

Taylor Goshorn

Winter Rambo
tt

tt

Smith Cider
tt

Opalescent

King
tt

tt

Oliver

tt

tt

York Stripe
tt

tt

Paradise
tt

Esopus

Wealthy

Pewaukee

Nero

Belleflower
tt

Fall Pippin
tt

tt

Ewalt

Gravenstein

Westfield

Ben Davis

Gano

Albermarle

Taylor Goshorn

Mt. Breeze Orchard

D. M. Wertz

D. Rice

John Derr

D. Rice

Shaffer Brothers

Ray Briggs

H. R. Worthington

Ray Briggs

C. D. Sandt

C. B. Snyder

D. Rice

S. R. Snyder

Ray Briggs

Ray Briggs

Ray Briggs

Mt. Breeze Orchard

Guy Hayman

Guy Hayman

—91—

County
Franklin
Lehigh
Northampton
Luzerne

Franklin

Chester

Chester

Lancaster

Perrv

Lancaster

Luzerne

Perry

Perry

Columbia

York

Lancaster

Lancaster

Franklin

Perry

Cambria

Perry

Luzerne

York

Delaware

Franklin

Perry

Perry

Cumberland

York

York

Columbia

Northampton

Luzerne

York

Lehigh

Chester

Susquehanna

Lancaster

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

Perry

Columbia

Perry

Cameron

Luzerne

Chester

Luzerne

Northampton

Lancaster

Perry

Lancaster

Luzerne

Luzerne

Luzerne

Franklin

Chester

Chester

f

Variety
Grimes

u

Paragon
tt

(t

Smokehouse
ft

tt

Stayman
tt

Northern Spy
((

York
(t

a

Jonathan
((

tt

Baldwin
a

tt

Mcintosh
tt

Rome
tt

tt

Delicious
((

tt

CLASS 10, SIXTEEN APPLES
Exhibitor

H. R. Worthington
H. S. Nolt

C. B. Snyder

H. R. Worthington
Paul Lengel
J. G. Hoffmaster
H. R. Worthington

D. Rice

S. L. Smedley, Jr.
S. L. Smedley, Jr.

C. B. Snyder
S. R. Snyder
Simon Niebauer
Woodbourne Orchards

D. K. Sterrett

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

D. Rice

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

D. Rice

Masonic Home Orchard

D. Rice

R. T. Cresswell

Mt. Breeze Orchard

Shaffer Brothers

Woodbourne Orchards

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

Paul Lengel

W. O. Bingham

Victor Panovec

W. O. Bingham

H. S. Nolt

CLASS 11, SIXTEEN APPLES

Winter Banana D. Rice

Golden Delicious Dickenshied & Weinberger

;^ero H. R. Worthington .

CLASS 12, TRAYS

Grimes

C. B. Snyder

tt

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

M

H. R. Worthington

Paragon

H. R. Worthington

u

C. D. iSnyder

Smokehouse

TT. R. Worthington

u

C. B. Snyder

tt

E. E. Kauffman

Stayman

C. B. Snyder

tt

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

tt

S. R. Snyder

York

D. K. Sterrett

tt

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

tt

TT. R. Worthington

Mcintosh

Shaffer Brothers

tt

Woodbourne Orchards

tt

E. E. Kauffman

Stark

H. R. Worthington

Baldwin

Shaffer Brothers

Northern Spy

Shaffer Brothers

County

Chester

Lancaster

Lancaster

Chester

Schuylkill

York

Chester

Perry

Delaware

Delaware

Lancaster

Lancaster

Cambria

Susquehanna

Cumberland

Delaware

Perry

Delaware

Perry

Lancaster

Perry

Franklin

Franklin

Cameron

Susquehanna

Delaware

Schuylkill

Franklin

Northampton

Franklin

Lancaster

Perry

Lehigh

Chester

Lancaster

Delaware

Chester

Chester

Lancaster

Chester

Lancaster

York

Lancaster

Delaware

Lancaster

Cumberland

Delaware

Chester

Cameron

Susquehanna

York

Chester

Cameron

Cameron

CLASS 12, TRAYS— Continued

Variety Exhibitor County

Delicious Victor Panovec Northampton

" E. E. Kauffman York

« Woodbourne Orchards Susquehanna

Jonathan E. E. Kauffman York

« S. L. Smedley, Jr. Delaware

Rome S. L. Smedley, Jr. Delaware

« E. E. Kauffman York

CLASS 13, BEST TRAY

Banana D. Rice Perry

Golden Delicious Dickenshied & Weinberger Lehigh

Nero H. R. Worthington Chester

CLASS 14, FANCY BASKETS

Stayman S. L.. Smedley, Jr. Delaware

" C. B. Snyder Lancaster

CLASS 15, COUNTY ASSOCIATION EXHIBITS

First Bucks County Horticultural Association

Second Luzerne County Horticultural Association

Third Chester-Delaware Horticultural Association

COMMITTEE ON FRUIT TREE IDENTIFICATION

Your committee held one meeting during the past year on
August 16 and 17 at West Chester. At this time a nursery
tree identification school was held for Pennsylvania fruit tree
nurserymen. Through the courtesy of Hoopes Brothers and
Thomas Company the committee was able to hold field meet-
ings in their many apple blocks. Eight nurseries were repre-
sented and much interest was shown by the nurserymen. The
nurserymen expressed a desire to continue the tree variety
study in 1928 and your committee expects to hold another
school in some Pennsylvania nursery during August 1928.

Two nurseries in the state followed up the culling and cer-
tification work of the committee duruing 1927. The Pennsyl-
vania Nurseries at Girard, had their apple blocks culled and
H. G. Baugher had varieties certified under the plan of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

In another year the committee expects to have enough
interest from the nurserymen to justify the State Horticul-
tural Association in stocking the necessary equipment for
certification work.

H. G. BAUGHER,

F. M. TRIMBLE,
F. N. FAGAN,

Chairman

-92—

-93-

THE PENNSYLVANIA FRUIT LIST

Tree Fruits Recommended for Planting in Pennsylvania by the

State Horticultural Association

(As Adopted in January, 1923)

Apples

Five leading varieties, named in order of importance, for
wholesale or car lot plantings in each region :

Southern Region. (Adams and adjoining counties) Stay-
man, York, Grimes, Jonathan, Rome.

Southeastern Region. (East of York City and south of
North Mountain) Stayman, Smokehouse, Grimes, Rome, De-
licious.

Northeastern Region. (East of Sunbury and Troy) Bald-
win, Northern Spy, Stayman, Rome, Mcintosh.

Western Region. (West of Greensburg, Kittanning, and
Corry) Baldwin, Northern Spy, Rome, Stayman, Stark.

Central Region. Stayman, York, Rome, Delicious, Jona-
than. (For northern half use varieties of Northeastern Re
gion.)

Leading varieties for local market planting, arranged in
order of season of marketing. Chief sorts marked *** ; secon-
dary varieties ** ; varieties of limited value *.

S.

S.E.

**

**

*

***
»**

N.E.

W.

«

c.

«*

Region
Yellow Transparent
Oldenburg (Duchess)
Williams
Summer Rambo
Maiden Blush
Wealthy
Mcintosh
Smokehouse
Grimes
J.onathan
Delicious
R. I. Greening
Wagener
Baldwin
Stayman
Northern Spy
Rome
Stark
York

The following additional varieties, because of their qual-
ity, are worthy of a place in the home planting only. They
are arranged approximately according to seasons of ripening.

Early Harvest, Fanny, Gravenstein, Jefferis, Fall Pippin,
Mother, Twenty Ounce, Cortland, Cox Orange, Salome, Tomp-
kins King, King David, Esopus, Tolman Sweet, Ftcd Canada,
Golden Russett, Yellow Newtown.

—94—

«

«•
•*

«

***
*»*

**
««

««

***
***

*

***

«

***

**»
**»

*

Peaches

Leadini? varieties for commercial planting arranged ac-

\_/\_f 1. VX-LXX^ VV/ kj\_ t*>JV/-».x V^J.

^^^^ ^.

Region

S.

S.E.

N.E.

W.-S. of
Erie

W. Erie
Shore

0.

Admiral Dewey

*

Greensboro

*

***

***

*

«*

Carman

Hiley

«*

**

«

*

«•

*

Champion

Belle of Georgia

***

•»**

•

•

•

«

Rochester

Hale

***

«

«

«

*

^■K"N'

***

***

***

**»

***

Elberta

Crosby
Fox

,

«•

*«

Salway

*

««

«

**
^

Smock

w

Iron Mountain

•

♦

♦#

Pears

The three leading commercial varieties throughout the
state are: Bartlett, Seckel and Kieffer. Additional varieties
of high quality for home use arranged in season of ripening
are : Tyson, Clapp Favorite, Bosc, Sheldon, Clairgeau, Angou-
leme (Duchess), Winter Nelis.

Plums

Commercial plums which may be recommended are, in
order of ripening : Red June, Shiro, Burbank, Lombard, Brad-
shaw, Reine Claude, (Green Gage), Italian Prune, German
Prune, Shropshire Damson.

The following are of high quality and worthy of trial in
the home plantings of the state, arranged in order of ripening :
Abundance, Tragedy, Hand, Miller, Superb, Pacific, Pearl, Ten-
nant, Washington, Agen, Imperial Epineuse, Jefferson, Golden
Drop, Late Mirabelle.

Cherries

Only three sour cherries are of commercial importance:
Early Richmond and Montmorency, both with light juice, and
English Morello, with dark juice.

The following sweet cherries are recommended for com-
mercial planting: Yellow Spanish and Napoleon (Royal Ann),
for light cherries; Black Tartarian, Schmidt, Lambert, and
Windsor, for dark cherries.

In addition to these, the following sweets are worthy of
trial for the home plantation: Early Purple, Coe, Ida, Elton,
Bing, Centennial, Republic.

The following ''Duke'', or hybrid, cherries should be tried
in the home plantings: Empress Pkigenie, May Duke, Abbesse
d'Oignies, Nouvelle Royal, and Reine Hortense.

—05—

AFFILIATED COUNTY HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETIES

The following County Horticultural Societies are affilia-
ted with the State Horticultural Association, under Article II
of the Constitution.

BERKS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1922

OPPICEBS— 1928

Presidenl^SAMUEL B. RITTENHOUSK I^^ane

Vice President-E. GARFIELD EAGELMAN Geigers MiUs

Sec.-Treas.-WILLIAM W. LIVINGOOD.... RoDesonia

MEMBERS

Adams, Charles S a;";?^!!!!^

Angstadt, James B ^^"ttZ^

Cressman C. K S-^'^fiZ^

DeLong, Cletus Y p"^''^^Mr.

Eagelman, J. Garfield Oeigers Mills

Ebling, Aaron Reading R. 2

Fry John L c-o C. K. Whitner Co., Reading

Funk, Sheldon ""-"i^'^^tJ^^.'^''

Harnish, James Sinking Spring

Hershey, H. F 'Sf"'-^''''^

Hoffman, Frank G Mt. Penn

Huyett, Irwin B .Reading R. J

Irey, Allen 7 "^^^^/^''T

Kerchner, Harvey T Lenhartsvil e

Ketuer, Jacob B Wernersville

Lefever, John Boyertown

Livingood, William W Robesonia

Luigard, George W Lenhartsville

Materia, A. D Sinking Spring

Mayer, L. E - Boyertown

McGowan, Howard Geigers Mills

Mclcher, George W „...Bally

Rick, Charles M 431 Windsor St., Reading

Rick, John c-o C. K. Whitner Co., Reading

Rittenhoiise, J. S Lorane

Rittenhoiise, Samuel B ■ Lorane

Rohrer, George H Dryville

Shearer, Walter Vinemont

Sheble, Earl Hamburg

Shultz, Chester -Barto

Snyder, Fry & Rick Reading R. 2

Strohecker, Herman A Gouglersville

Wertz, Samuel H Leesport

—•96—

BUCKS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1924

OrriCERS— 1928

President— H. G. BENNER Coopersburg

1st Vice President— SAMUEL L. PAXSON Lumberville

2nd Vice President — S. B. Monosmith Weisel

Sec.-Treas— PEED SATTERTHWAITE ..Yardley

MEMBERS

Amos, William J. & Son Warminster

Benner, H. G Coopersburg

Crowell, Ralph T Buckingham

Fretz, J. Franklin Ottsville R. 1

Jamann, John Reigelsville

Kirshon, Benjamin Holieong

Monosmith, S. D Weisel

Moon, R. Barclay .Morrisville

Paxson, Samuel Lumberville R. D.

Pershing, Thed Pineville

Purmell, D. M Farm School

Satterthwaite, Fred Yardley

Shaffer, Charles N ......Hartsville

Transue, R. E Lumberville

Weicksel, Amelia Perkasie R. D.

CHESTER-DELAWARE FRUIT OROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1922

MEMBERS— 1927

Baldwin O.H West Chester

Barker H C West Chester

Barnard, C P Unionville

Bartram, G M West Chester

Brinton, Robert F West Chester

Bnnton, Wm. & Son Glenrose

Brosius, S. G West Grove

Crowell Samuel B Edgemont

Davis, E. N. G Newtown Square

Dohan, John T Darling

Hilles, Wilham T Malvern

Kemery, C. H West Chester

McNeal Wilham Parksburg

Martindale Mrs. C. P West Chester

Nichols Ohve T Downingtown

Pacchall, John Kennett Square

Passmore, N. S Qlen Mills

Passmore S. S Mendenhall

If'^'f' /• H Wfest Chester

^"^f^ ^' ^ Upper Darby

White, Theo ^^ Darling

Woodward, N.S. ..Mendenhall

Worthmgton, H. R West Chester

—97—

i

ERIE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

OrnCEES— 1928

..N. Girard

Presidenl^rRANK WOIJF -»"------ ~ j^ Girard

Vice President— FRED MOHRING ^ ^^^^^^

Secretary— J. V. MEEDER-.-^-^-^"- --- j^ Qi^ard

Assistant Secretary— E. B. GRUBBb -

MEMBERS

Girard
Blair, F. W. "Z.-Girard

Shreve, C. L Girard

Kach, Steve - ZZ'Girard B. 3

Crothers, J. iJ Girard

Wolfe, Clayton H ZI-Girard

Lehman, S. fe Girard

Meeder, J. V Girard

Landis, H. D ".""'.Girard

Foster, C. W ^^ ^.^^^^^

Grimshaw, H. ^ Girard

Lemmon, D. K -^ Girard

Mason, J. A -^ Girard

Jones, G. T. - j^ Girard

Beatty, J. E. ----- j^ Girard

McClenathan, J. J ^^ Girard

Rilling, Harvey ■^; ^.^^^^

Mohring, F. G ^^ ^.^^^.^

Wolf Frank L ....Fairview

Wheeler, C.H Fairview

Grubbs, E B ""-^ Springfield

Eisaman G. A ----- „McKean

Vernon Reed & Sons ^^^^^ ^^^^

Curtis, A. B ^^^^^ j.^g^

^r^' r; i^ "f ZZ'North East R. 6

Champhn, B. F ^^^^ ^ 2

Campbell, J. G -^ ivrnrth Fast

Moorhead, D. M . „ ^

Sh»ttuck,^Henry ZZZZZZZZZjine B.' 6

Wynkoop, >;■ w;"Z:ZZl Ene B. 6

Brown, J. Wallac. - Erie E. 8

Forbes, B. M ^ne B. 1

FRANKLIN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Organized January 21, 1922
OFFICEBS— 1927

,^ ^ « T. murarnw Greencastle

President-C P. OMWAKR__;^. Oreenscastle R. 4

Vice President-S A^EISETT chambersburg

Treasurer-r. A. ZIBOIEBMAN cbambersburg

Secretary — J. H. KNODE

MiEMBERS

T>. , ,Tr ck St. Thomas

Bmghano^ AV. O Chambersburg

Bream, D. M ^ ^ ,. .,,^

Brereton, O'Hara D "-- Edinville

Davidson, N.H -;;" -^^T^Tr'I

Diffcnderfer, C. R Chambersburg, R. 6

Gehr, Harvey J Waynesboro

—98—

Gillan, 0. F St. Thomas

Goshorn, Taylor Quincy, Box 47

Meisler, J. G Chambersburg R. 11

Miller, C. C Marion

Miller, D. L Waynesboro

Nicodemus, Ed Waynesboro

Omwake Bros Greencastle

Pomeroy, R. S Chambersburg

Pratt, L. F Chambersburg

Sharp, W. K Chambersburg

Shayzer, H. C St. Thomas

Shockey, L. P Chambersburg, R. 8

INDIANA COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Organized February, 1924

OrnCERS— 1928

President— T. C. HOOD „ Saltsburg, E. D.

Vice Presidentr— CLARENCE McHENRY Indiana

Sec-Treas.— H. W. STONEBREAKER Indiana E. 7

MEMBERS

Ackerson, S. A Blairsville R. 4

Black, H. M Idamar

Brown, Bert Indiana

Brown, H. M .V Indiana R. 5

Brown, Robert -Homer City R. D.

Diven, W. C Livermore R D.

Elbel, George H Rossiter R. D.

George, Thomas K Homer City

Gibson, Ira Indiana

Henderson, John G Saltsburg R. 1

Hines, Zenas Clymer R. 2

Hood, T. C Saltsburg

Hutchison, J. J Armaugh

Hutchison, C. H Armaugh

Indiana County Home Indiana

Indiana Hospital Indiana

Irwin, S. B Punxsutawney

Lydic, J. M Blairsville R. 1

McHenry, Clarence Indiana

Murray, Ed. A Punxsutawney R. D.

Nibert, William Indiana R. 3

Nichol, Harry A Indiana R. 3

Overdorf, H. W Blairsville

Patterson, James Apollo

Salsgiver, Andrew Indiana R. 7

Simpson, J. A Indiana R. 5

Snyder, Fred Avonmore R. D.

Stewart, C. D Indiana R. 4

Stonebreaker, H. W Indiana R. 7

Strong, T. M Blairsville R. 1

Swartz, D. H Clymer R. 1

Wadsworth, J. W Sewad

Wagner, J. S Blacklick R. 1.

Wakefield, E. B Homer City R. D.

Wetzel, William S Marion Center R. D.

Williams, F. W Indiana R. 4

—99—

LANCASTER COUNTY FEUIT GROWEBS ASSOCIATION

OrriOEES— 1928

President-EIMER E. SNYDER. Masonic Homes, EUzabethtown

Irt Vice President-HABBISON S. NOLT ""^Mm* L'

2nd Vice President-G. B. O. Felty MiUers^e

3rd Vice President^ELIAS H. VOOEL ^^^I l' ?

4tli Vice President-C. B. SITTOEK iSita

Secretary— M. A. MOORE — - "■^'T'Z ,, ,

Treasurer-S. E. FORRY. Bpl»rata B. 1

MEMBERS

Aunient, Andrew Safe Harbor E 2

Barr, Frank S ■■• Narvon

Betz W. E 1 1^^*"" K- I

Borry E. E Stevens R. 2

Bricker/E/B""Z.'. Z"'r'r^^^^l

Brossman, Morse Ephrata R. 4

Brubaker, J. C -- ^ititz K. 1

Dochat, C. J Lancaster R. 2

Engle, John G "^V-.n " ii!

Felty; G. B. O i^-^'^f 'p"?

Forry, S. E Ephrata R. 1

Garman, Albert S --• Manheim

Geist, Willis H Lancaster R. 5

Glick, Jacob R Lancaster R. 5

Good, Martin R Lancaster

Haverstick, Paul E -. Lancaster

Herr, C. M Lancaster R. 2

Herr, David S Lancaster R. 7

Hershey, C. Maurice Gordonville R. 1

Hershey H. S East Petersburg

Hess, Francis P Lancaster R. 7

Hostetter, J. E ^^p R. 1

Huber, L. B ^"^5T ?

Kauffman, A. L Ronks R. 1

Kendig, J. D V^^^'I^t ""

Kraybill, S. 8 -■ Mount Joy

Landis, D. M Lancaster R. 7

Lepole, Walter "-"■-- Akron

Mayer, Guy S -Willow Street

Mellinger, Jacob D Lancaster R. 8

Moore, M. A •- r^'^'^j

Myers, H. C Lancaster R. 7

Nolt, Harrison S Columbia R. 1

Peris, Roy ...-Florin

Reider, M. H ...Elizabethtown

Reist, H. G 1166 Avon Road, Schenectady, N. Y.

Risser, H. N Marietta

Root, J. W Manheim R. 1

Royer, John - ..^-Akron

Ruhl, H. F Manheim

Rutter Bros Lancaster

Shank, H. A Lancaster

Shenk, D. W Lancaster R. 7

Shirker, J. B Akron

Smith, George K -• .....-.-Akron

Suavely, Elmer Lititz R. 5

—100—

Snavely, H. H Lancaster

Suavely, H. R Lititz R. 5

Snyder, C. B Ephrata R. 1

Snyder, E. R Elizabethtown

Stauffer, Tillman H Lititz R. 4

Staltzfus, Ezra Gordonville R. 1

Stoneroad, S. A New Providence

Vogel, Elias H Lancaster R. 3

Wenger, G. P Quarryville R. 1

Wenger, John E Denver

Wenger, M. P Denver

Wertsch, Edwin Lititz R. 5

Widders, J. B Lancaster R. 3

Witmer, J. B Lampeter

Wolgemuth, Abner M Mount Joy R. 1

Zerphy, J. H Elizabethtown

Zimmerman, H. S Lapark

Zook, Amos F Lancaster R. 5

LAWRENCE COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1914

OrriCERS— 1928

President— J. A. BOAK.— New Castle R. 4

Vice President— J. W. Cox. New Wilmington

Sec.-Treas.— Rankin S. Johnston -. New Wilmington

MEMBERS

Aiken, J. V Portersville

Allen, L. R New Castle R. 3

Boak, J. A. & Son New Castle R. 4

Bovard & Baldwin New Castle

Cox, J. W. & Son New Castle R. 5

Cummings, J. W. & Son New Wilmington

Currie, W. E New Castle R. 1

Friday, G. P. & Son New Castle R. 1

Fullerton, A. H. & Son Edenburg

Harbison, C. F New Castle R. 1

Hartzell, C. M New Castle R. D.

Hileman, Carl New Castle R. 3

Hutchison, T. G New Wilmington

Ingham, M. M New Castle R. 3

Johnston, J. H New Wilmington

Johnston, R. S New Wilmington

Kelso, James New Galilee

Kildoo, S. L New Castle R. 4

King, H. L New Castle R. 1

Leslie, J. Merle New Castle R. 8

McClure, Frank New Castle R. 5

McCormick, C. M New Castle R. 2

Newton, E. M New Wilmington

Pherson, J. L Volant

Young, Fred Elwood City R. 1

—101—

y

LEHIGH COUNTY HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

Organized March 16, 1923

OFFICERS— 1928

President—J. H. WEINBERGER ^ Zionsville R. 1

Vice President— H. F. SCHREIBER ZionsvlUe

Sec.-Treas.— A. L. HACKER AUentown

MEMBERS

April Farms Coopersburg R. 2

Bender L. J Allentown R. 4

Billmeyer,* H. W Quakertown

Brown, H. W Box 576, Allentown

Dickenshied, F. S Zionsville

Fenstermacher, P. S Allentown R. 5

Gackenbach, C. A Orefield

Hacker, A. L Allentown

Kidd, Virgil Allentown R. 4

Kleppinger, B. M Coopersburg R. 2

Knappenberger, Thomas Zionsville

Kuhns, Victor J^llentown R. 3

Kyle, W. B Zionsville

Lapp, H. E Allentown R. 3

Laudenslager, Martin B Orefield

Mattes, Paul Emaus, R. 1

Merkel, C. D Coopersburg R. 2

Mill, H. S 622 N. 6tli St., Allentown

Mohr, Frank Fogelsville

Rinker, Harvey Allentown R. 4

Ritter, Astor * Allentown R. 3

Schantz, H. A Lentz Bldg., Allentown

Schantz, L. M Orefield R. 1

Shantz, M. P Lentz Bldg, Allentown

Scholl, Paul Fogelsville

Scholl, W. J Zionsville

Schreiber, Harry Zionsville

Shoemaker, C. C Catasauqua

Smith, G. E Bethlehem R. 4

Stauffer, Wallace Quakertown R. 2

Weaver, W. S Macungie

Weinberger, J. H Zionsville

Wolfe, Joseph : Fullerton

LYCOMING COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Reorganized 1924

OFFICERS— 1927

President— W. H. BANZHAF - Muncy

1st Vice President— M. O. WELSHANS Jersey Shore R. D.

2nd Vice President— S. L. RYNEARSON ~ Muncy R. D.

Sec.-Treas.— W. F. MacVEAGH Muncy R. 3

MEMBERS

Artley, O. R Linden

Banshaf, W. H Muncy

Gibson, Ralph 331 Center St., Williamsport

Harer, Roy Salladasburg

Hoy, J. A 329 Park Ave., Williamsport

Lundy, T. A Muncy R. 3

—102—

MacVeagh, W. F ^ Muncy R. 3

Miller, H. A 35 Ross St., Williamsport

Mutchler, Sherman .* .Hepburnville

Percy, M. A Montoursville

Rynearson, S. L Muncy R. D.

Sechler, Roy Muncy R. 5

Sheadle Sisters Jersey Shore R. 4

Van Sant, W. H Post Office Bldg., Williamsport

Welshans, D. D Jersey Shore R. 4

Williams, C. B Canton

Winter, J. Randall Muncy R. 2

Zellers, E. B Montgomery R. D.

Zellers, S. L Montgomery

WAYNE COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1916

President— HERMAN HAASE Narrowsburg, N. Y.

Vice President— HOMER BONEAB - Honesdale

Secretary— T. H. OLVER Beachlake

Treasurer— GEORGE SEAMAN Honesdale

MEMBERS— 1928

Bonear, Chester Honesdale

Bonear, Homer Honesdale

Chumard, Lewellyn Ariel

Haase, Alfred Narrowsburg, N. Y.

Haase, Herman Narrowsburg, N. Y.

Heinz, Henry Narrowsburg, N. Y.

Giver, T. H Beachlake

Roland, Otto Narrowsburg, N. Y.

Seaman, George honesdale

Shaffer Brothers Ariel

Simons, R. B Sterling

Spangenberg, R. F Hamlin

Young, Miles L Narrowsburg, N. Y.

YORK COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS— 1928

President— C. F. WEAVER York, R. 9

Vice President— H. M. ANDERSON „ _..New Park

Vice President— WALTER B. LOUCKS York

Secretary— GEORGE A. GOODUNG Loganville

Treasurer— SAMUEL SWARTZ » Spring Grove

MEMBERS

Auchey, Claude L Hanover

Alban, Thomas A Loganville

Anderson, H. M New Park

Anderson, Ralph Fawn Grove

Allen, Howard New Park

Bear, Arthur York R. 10

Bear, Jacob York, R. 10

Boar, John York R. 10

Beavcrson, E. S York R. 5

—10.3—

Brown, J. Turner New Park

Bupp, Jere .-. York, R. 2

Faber, Horace B -558 W. Market St., York

Fahs, D. C York, H. 9

Flinchbaugh, H. H Loganville

Forry, C. S Spring Grove

Forry, Roy Spring Grove

Gable, J. B Stewartstown

Gibson, W. F Yoe

Goodling, G. A Loganville

Gross, H. S York R. 10

Hartman, L. E Cly

Hauser, C. L York R. 7

Horn, David York R. 3

Howard, P. H Dover R. 1

Hykes, E. S York R. 8

Hykes' s! W 1300 N. George St., York

Kibbler, C. P W. Market St., York

King, M. G Mt. Wolf

Latterman, R. A York R. 5

Lau, L. B East Berlin

Lau, L. E East Berlin

Lehman, George E Wrightsville R. 2

Lightner, E. S York R. 10

Loose, H. H Menges Mills

Loucks, Walter B York

March, W. A Dover R. 4

Markey, Elmer York R. 2

Martin, A. C Muddy Creek Forks

McPherson Bros Bridgeton

Miller, Amos E Hanover

Miller, Harvey Loganville

Miller, J. L York

Morris, B. F Fawn Grove

Neiman, Otto Dover R. 3

.Raver, Ervin 226 Grantley St., York

Resh, Noah W Hanover R. 2

Richardson, W. F Whiteford, Md.

Shaffmer, Harvey E Dover R. 3

Shaw, R. C Stewartstown

Sidler, Anton York R. 9

Smeltzer, J. Harris Loganville

Smith, S. A : Yoe-

Stoner, Benjamin Hellam

Swartz, Samuel Spring Grove

Tarbert, D. F Dallastown

Thomas, John W York R. 8

Weaver & Lees York R. 9

Wernig, Charles York R. 2

Winter, M. L Hellam R. 1

Yohe, George Spring Grove

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF

PENNSYLVANIA

MEMBERSHIP LIST 1927 AND 1928

Name
Abracyinkas, Andrew
Ackerson, S. A.
Acme Veneer Package Co.
Adam, J. N.
Adams, Charles S.
*Adams, W. S.
Aiken, J. V.
Alban, Thomas A.
Allen, Howard G.
Allen, L. R.
Almoney, Victor
Amer. Lime & Stone Co.
Amos, Wm. J. & Son
Anderson, H. M.
*Anderson, H. W.
Anderson, Ralph W.
Angstadt, James E.
Ansbacker Insecticide Co.
Anthony, B. D.
*Anwyll, Harry L,
April Farms
Artley, O. E.
♦Atkinson, D. W.
Atkinson, R. E.
Auchcy, C. L.
Aument, Andrew
Baird, A. T.
Baldesberger, W. P.
Baldwin, O. H.
Balthaser, G. W.
*Banzhaf, W. H..
B8*5Vw^T, Herbert C.

Barnard, C. P.

Barr, Frank S.

Barton, W. E.
*Bartram, Frank M.
*Bartram, G. Morris
*Baugher, George L.

Baugher, H. G.

Bear, Arthur

Bear, Paul A.

Bear, Jacob R.

Bear, John W.

Beatty, J. E.

Beaver, James

Beaverson, E. S.

Beck, A. F.
*Bell, R. H.

Belles, J. C.

Bender, L. J.

Benner, B. E.

Bcnner, H. G.

*Life Members

—104—

Membership

Catawissa R. 4

Blairsville R. 4

Orchard Park, N. Y.

West Chester R. D.

Esterly

Aspers

Portersville

Loganville

New Park

New Castle R. 3

York R. 6

Bellefonte

Warminster

New Park

Stewartstown

Fawn Grove

Mertztown R. 2

527 Fifth Ave., New

State College
Harrisburg

Coopersburg R. 2

Linden R. 1

Wright stown

Wrightstown

Hanover

Safe Harbor R. ?

Lock Hav^'^''

Bridff.ej^;Tlle R. 2

^X est" Chester

Wernersville

Muncy

West Chester

North Brook

Narvon

Six Mile Run

Kennett Square

West Chester

Aspers

Aspers

York, R. 10

Mt. Wolf R. 4

York R. 10

York R. 10

North Girard

Mifflinburg

York R. 5

Perkasie R. 1

Bnrc^au of Plant Ind.

Shickshinny R. D.

Allentown R. 4

Iron Springs

Coopersburg

-105-

York

County

Columbia
Indiana

Chester

Berks

Adams

Lawrence

York

York

Lawrence

York

Centre

Bucks

York

York

York

Berks

V

Centre
Dauphin
Lehiffji^

^ ' Bucks

,'* Bucks

Bucks

Lancaster

Clinton

* Allegheny

Chester

Berks

Lycoming

Chester

Chester

Lancaster

Bedford

Chester

Chester

Adams

Adams

York

York

York

York

Erie

Union

York

Bucks

, Harrisburg, DaupHin

Luzerne
liehigh
A'lams
Lehigh

MUTILATED PAGE

\C

NanM

Be^iner, Roy
Benner & Smith
♦Bennett, Eugene B.
Berry, E. S.
Berth, E. M.
Betz, W. E.
Biddle, W. F.
Bievenour, W. S.
BiUmeyer, H. W.
Bingham, W. O.
Bitzer, Emil

Black, H. M.

Black, M. C.
♦Blaine, George W.
♦Blair, Charles P.

Blair, F. W.
♦Blessing, David H.

Boak, J. A. & Son
♦Boals, McClellan T.

Boltz, Peter E.

Bonear, Chester

Bonear, Homer

Borry, E. E.

Bountiful iRidge Nurseries

Bavard & Baldwin

Bowman, Oscar
^^oyer, John F.
^^*^: •'. Paul

Bracfe,

MiM.

Bream, D>i^ -^ -^
♦Breidenbaugh,'*x^''* ^ '
Brereton, O'Hara \).^ - -
Bricker, E. B.
♦Brinton, H. C. .
Brinton, Robert F.
Brinton, W. H. & Son
Bronson, Marvin
Broomell, H. Howard
Brosius, Sumner G.
Brossman, Morse
Brown, Bert C.
Brown, H. M.
Brown, H. W.
Brown, J. Turner
Brown, J. Wallace
Brown, M. M.
Brown, R. A.
Brubaker, J. C.
Biipp, Jerc

California Spray Chem. Co
Campbell, J. G.
Campfield, W. S.
♦Cation, U. R.
Central Chemical Co.
Champlin, B. F.
Chapin, Irvin
Chase Brothers
♦Chase, Charles T.
Clark, B. M.

♦Life Members

Membership

Perkasie

McAlisterville

Easton R. 3

Shippensburg

Fairmont Springs

Stevens R. 2

Bedford

822 Prospect St., York

Quakertown R. 2

St. Thomas

047 E. Northampton St.

Wilkes-Barre
Idamar R. D.
Allison Park
Northeast
Monaca
Girard
4 N. Court St., Harrisburg

New Castle R. 4

Hanlin Station

Lebanon

Honesdale

Honesdale

Stevens R. 2

Princess Ann, Md.

New Castle

307 W. Hanover St., York

Middleburg

Wyoming

Chambersburg

Boyertown

Edenville

Lititz

West (Ju?.ster

Glenrose

Dallas R. D.

Bridgeport

West Grove

Ephrata R. 4

Marion Center R. 3

Indiana R. 5

Box 576, Allentown

New Park

Erie R. 8
Martinsburg, W. Va.

Homer City R. 2

Lititz R. 1

York R. 2 ^^ ^ i,

204 Franklin St., New York

Northeast R. 2
Staunton, Va.
Orrtanna
Hagerstown, Md.
Northeast R. 6
Shickshinny R. 3
Rochester, N. Y.

Bala
Indiana

—106—

County

Bucks

Juniata

Northampton

Cumberland

Luzerne

Lancaster

Bedford

York

Lehigh

Franklin

Luzerne
Indiana
Allegheny
Erie
Beaver
Erie
Dauphin
Lawrence
Washington
Lebanon
Wayne
Wayne
Lancaster

Lawrence

York

Snyder

Luzerne

Franklin

Bucks

Franklin

Lancaster

York

Chester

Chester

Luzerne

J^ontfijomery

^'CllesLf^i'

Lancasti^r

Indiaria

India na

Leh^igh

York

Erie

Indiana

Lancaster

York

Erie

Adams

Erie
Luzerne

Chester
Indiana

Name

Clenison, J. W.
Cherry, Alfred
Chumard, Leweliyn
Cook, H. R.
♦Cooper, C. A.
Cope, F. U. Jr.
Coursen, I. H.
Cox, J. W.
Craighead, E. M.
Creasy, Luther P.
Cressman, B. F.

Cressman, C. K.
Cromley, P. S.
Crothers, J. D.
*Crouse, E. A.
Crow^ell, A. & T.
Crow^ell, Ralph T.
Crowell, Samuel B.

Culp, C. B.

Culp, Fred
♦Cummings, Joseph F.

Cunimings, J. W. & Son

Currie, W. E.

Curtis, A. B.

Cutler Manufacturing Co.

Dagostin Brothers

Davidson, N. H.
♦Davenport, Eugene

Davis, E. N. O.

Dayton, R. S.

DeCou, Benjamin S.

DeLong, Cletus Y.

Dennis, A. J.

Dickenshied, F. S.
*Dickinson, B. M.

Diehl, D. W. W.

Diener, W. Stewart

Dietrick, W. J.

Diffenderfer, C. R.
*Dill, Robert

Dive;n, W. C.

Dochat, C. J.

Dohan, John T.

Drumheller, J. R.

Druck, Albert

Duncan, D. G.
♦Dunlap, James M.
*Dunlap, R. Bruce

Eagelman, J. G.

Ebauch, W. H.

Ebling, Aaron

Eby, Henry R.

Eisaman, G. A.

Elbel, George H.

Elder, George K.
*Eldon, Robert M.
*Engle, John G.

*Life Members

Membership

County

Halifax

Dauphin

Belhvood

Blair

Ariel

Wayne

Hyndman

Bedford

1000 Highland Ave., Coraopolis, Allegheny

Dimock

Susquehanna

Wyoming R. 3

Luzerne

NeW' Wilmington

Lawrence

Gettysburg

Adams

Cataw^issa R. 1

Columbia

2100 Walnut St.,

Philadelphia

Philadelphia

Boyertown

Berks

Danville R. 6

Montour

Girard R. 3

Erie

Gettysburg

Adams

Avondale

Chester

Buckingham

Bucks

4420 Osage Ave.,

,

Philadelphia

Philadelphia

Schellsburg

Bedford

Schellsburg

Bedford

Sunbury

Northumberland

New Wilmington

Lawrence

New Castle R. 1

Lawrence

Northeast

Erie

353 E. 10th St., Portland,

Oregon

Sugar Loaf

Luzerne

Chanibersburg

Franklin

Plymouth

Luzerne

Newtown Square

Chester

Dimock

Susquehanna

Norristown R. 1

Montgomery

Mertztiwn R. 2

Berks

Louisville

Lehigh

Zionsville

Lehigh

5634 Stanton Ave., Pittsburgh Allegheny

Bedford R. 4

Bedford

Boyertown R 2

Berks

32 N. 12th St., Allentown

Lehigh

Chambersburg R. 6

Franklin

North East

Erie

Livermore

Indiana

Lancaster R. 2

Lancaster

Darling

Chester

Boyertown

Berks

Wrightstown R. 2

York

Shippensburg

Cumberland

Shippensburg R. 2

Cumberland

Dept. of Welfare, Harrisburg Dauphin

Geigers Mills

Berks

Stewartstown

York

Reading R. 2

Berks

Jail Bldg., Pittsburgh

Allegheny

East Springfield

Erie

Rossiter R. 1

Indiana

Lewistown, Maine

Aspers

Adams

Marietta

Lancaster

—107—

MUTILATED PAGE

!t

Name

Ernst, C. H.
Eschelman, S. C.
♦Life Members
♦Evans, W. H.
Everhart, George "W.
Faber, Horace B.
Fagan, F. N.
Fahs, David C.
♦Fassett, F. H.
Fassett, L. E.
Felty, G. B. O.
Fenstermacher, P. S.
Fetterman, J. G.
♦Filbert, R. J.
Fisher, H. J.
Fitting, George
Flack, M. Raymond
♦Fletcher, S. W.

Flinchbaugh, H. H.
Flora, Wm. H.

Forbes, R. M.
♦Ford, A. E.

Forry, C. S.

Forry, S. E.

Foster, C. W.
♦Fox, Cyrus T.

Fiancis, C. D.

Frantz, Ira

Frantz, S. P.
♦Freed, A. J.

Freed, W. A.

Fretz, J. F.

Friday, G. P. & Son

Friend Manufacturing Co.

Fry, John L.

Fullerton, A. H. & Son

Funk, Sheldon

Gable, A. P.

Gable, J. B. Jr.

Gackenbach, C. A.

Garber, H. F.

Garman, Albert S.
*Garrahan, R. H.
♦Garrettson, E. P.

Gay, Arthur

Gehr, Harvey J.

Geist, Willis H.

George, Thomas K.

Gerhard, .Owen S.

Gibson, Ira E.

Gibson, Ralph

Gibson, W. F.
Gilbert, Walter
Gillan, C. F.
Glecb, William
Glick, Jacob R.

♦Good, C. W.
Good, Martin R.
Goodling, G. A.

♦Life Members

Membership

Wilkes-Barre
McKnightstown

Plainsville

St. George St., York

York

State College

York, R. 0

Meshoppen

Meshoppen

Millersville

Allentown

Media

Fox Chase

Willow Grove

Lumberville R. D.

West Chester

State College

Loganville

Wrightsville

Erie R. 1

Glen Riddle

Spring Grove

Ephrata R. 1

North Girard

Reading

22.5 N. 17 St., Allentown

Dallas R. 1

Trucksville

Racine

Racine

Ottsville R. D.

New Castle R. 1

Gasport, N. Y.

c-o C. K. Witner & Co. Reading

Edenburg

Bo vert own

York R. 6

Stewartstown

Oreficld R. 1

Mt. Joy R. 3

Manheim

Kingston

Biglerville

Dallas R. 3

Waynesboro R. 1

Lancaster R. 5

Homer City

Clayton

1302 Oak St., Indiana

331 Center St., Williamsport

Yoe

West Leesport

St. Thomas

Delaware Water Gap

liancaster R. 5

Wavncsboro

54 S. Franklin St., Lancaster

Loganville

—108—

County

Luzerne
Adams

Luzerne
York
York
Centre
York
Wyoming
Wyoming
Lancaster
Lehigh
Delaware
Philadelphia
Montgomery
Bucks
Chester
Centre
York
York
Erie
Delaware
York
Lancaster
Erie
Berks
Lehigh
Luzerne
Luzerne
Beaver
Beaver
Bucks
Lawrence

Berks
Lawrence
Berks
York
York
Lehigh
Lancaster
Lancaster
Luzerne
Adams
Luzerne
Franklin
Lancaster
Indiana
Berks
Indiana
Lycoming
York
Berks
Franklin
Monroe
Lancaster
Franklin
Lancaster
York

Name

Gorby, John W.

Goshorn, Taylor

Graybill, N. Charles
♦Life Members

Greene, J. W.

Greening Nursery Co.

Gregor, G. N.
♦Greist, C. A.
♦Greist, F. E.

Grimshaw, H.

Gross, H. S.

Gross, Mahlon

Group, Foster C.
♦Grove, W. E.

Grubbs, E. B.

Grubbs, N. S.

Guyton, T. L.

Haas, William
Haase, Alfred
Haase, Herman
Haberman, Joseph W.
Hacker, A. L.
•Haddock, J. C.
Hadley, C. H.

Haines, W. A.
♦Hall, L. C.
Hamilton, B. W.
Haney, Edward
Harbison, C. F.
Hardt, C. W.

Harer, Roy

Harnish, C. H.

Harnish, James B.

Hart, H. V. Co.
♦Hartman, D. L.

Hartman, E. W.
♦Hartman, L. E.

Hartman, M. T.

Hartman, T. A.
♦Hartman, William

Hartzell, C. M.

Hauser, Clarence L.
♦Haverstick, Paul E.
♦Hawkins, C. A.

Hawkins, E. B.

Hays, H. Samuel

Heacock, F. J.

Heinz, Henry

Henderson, John G.

Herr, C. H.

Herr, C. M.

Herr, David S.

Hershey, C. Maurice
♦Hershey, H. F.

Hershey, H. S.

Hess, Francis P.

♦Life Members

Membership County

1425 S. Racine Ave., Chicago, 111.
Quincy, Box 47
New Windsor, Md.

Franklin

520 McCartney St., Easton

Racine Ave., Monroe, Mich.

324 Glenside Ave., Glenside

Guernsey

Flora Dale

Fairview

York R. 10

Fountainsville

Gardners

York Springs

North Girard

Mt. Holly, New Jersey

Department of Agriculture

Harrisburg
Coplay

Narrowsburg, N. Y.
Narrowsburg, N. Y.
Baden
Allentown

Wilkes-Barre

Department of Agriculture,
Harrisburg

Bristol

Fairview

Home R. 2

Riegelsville

New Castle R. 1

2245 N. Second St.,
Harrisburg

Salladasburg

Leola

Sinking Springs

Hagerstown, Md.

Little River, Florida

Cashtown

Emporium

Stillwater R. D.

Etters

New Castle R. D.

York R. 7

Lancaster

Delta

Delta

Lancaster R. 2

Bedford

Narrowsburg, N. Y.

Saltsburg

Lancaster R. 2

Lancaster R. 2

Lancaster R. 7

Gordonville

Hamburg

East Petersburg

Lancaster R. 7

—109-

Northampton

Montgomery

Adams

Adams

Erie

York

Bucks

Adams

Adams

Erie

Dauphin
Lehigh
Wayne
Wayne
Beaver
Lehigh

Luzerne

Dauphin

Bucks

Erie

Indiana

Bucks

Lawrence

Dauphin

Lycoming

Lancaster

Berks

Adams
York
Cameron
Luzerne
York
Lawrence
York
Lancaster
York
York
Lancaster
Bedford
Wayne
Indiana
Lancaster
Lancaster
Lancaster
Lancaster
Berks
Lancaster
Lancaster

i0f\

Name

Hess, Paul C.
Hess, Willis A.
Hile, Anthony
Hileman, Carl
*Hill, William D.
Hilles, William T.
Hines, Zenas
Hitchings, Raymond 0.
Hoffman, Frank G.
Hoffman, H. L.
Hood, T. C.
*Hoopes, W. W.
Hoover, Albert
Hoover, Ralph
Horn, David
Horn, William
*Borst, J. Morris

Hosier, Ralph
*Hostetter, Abram
Hostetter, Herman
Hostetter, J. E.
Hottenstein, Ira
Howard, P. H.
Howe, Homer B.
Hoy, J. A.
Huber, Levi B.
*Huey, iS. R.
*Huff, B. R.
*Huff, L. B.
Hughes Fruit Farm
Hunt, V. C.

Huntsberger, Howard K.
Hurd, Victor H.

Hutchison, C. H.

Hutchison, James J.

Hutchison, T. G.

Huyette, Irvin B.

Hyde, A. A.

Hyde, Clarence M.

Hykes, Samuel W.

Tngham, M. M.

Innerst, Jacob

Irey, Allen

Irwin, S. B.

Jamann, John

Jaquish, John J.

Jayne, Allen

Jefferson, Thomas H.
♦Johnston, Mrs. F. C.

Johnston, J. H.

Johnston, R. S.

Jones, G. T.
*Jones, S. Morris

Kach, Steve

Kaltridor, H. J.

Kauffman, A. L.

Kaufman, J. B.
♦Keller, P. J.

Kelly Bros. Nursery

♦Life Members

Membership

Mt. Alto R. 1

Winchester, Va.

Curwensville

New Castle R. 3

North East

Malvern

Clymer R. 2

1419 Midland Ave., Syracuse

Mt. Penn

Butler, Star Route

Saltsburg R. 2

West Chester

Cessna

Everett R. 1

York R. ;^

Mars

Lebanon R. 3

Berwick R. D.

Johnstown

Lebanon R. D.

Gap R. 1

141 N. 10th St., Allentown

Dover R.. 1

Benton

329 Park Ave., Williamsport

Neffsville

New Castle R. 3

Greensburg

Greensburg

Mercer

Bedford R. 4

Perkasie

Millerton

Armaugh

Armaugh

New Wilmington

.Reading R. 2

Manns Choice

Manns Choice

L'^OO N. George St., York

New Castle R. 3

Jacobus

Boyertown

Punxsutawney

Reigelsville

Tunkhannock

West Auburn

Wycomb

Dallas

New Wilmington

New Wilmington

Girard

West Grove

Girard

York R. 3

Bonks R. 1

York R. 7

Gettysburg

Dansville, N. Y.

—110—

County

Franklin

Clearfield

Lawrence

Erie

Chester

Indiana

N. Y.

Berks
Butler
Indiana
Chester
Bedford
Bedford
York
Butler
Lebanon
Columbia
Cambria
Lebanon
Lancaster
Lehigh
York
Columbia
Lycoming
Lancaster
Lawrence
Westmoreland
Westmoreland
Lawrence
Bedford
Bucks
Tioga
Indiana
Indiana
Lawrence
Berks
Bedford
Bedford
York
Lawrence
York
Berks
Jefferson
Bucks
Wyoming
Susquehanna
Bucks
Luzerne
Lawrence
Lawrence
Erie
Chester
Erie
York
Lancaster
York
Adams

Name

Kelso, James
Kemery, C. H.
Kendig, J. D.
Kerchner, Harvey
♦Kessler, George W.
Ketuer, J. D.
Keyt, Charles I.
Kibbler, C. P.
Kidd, Virgil
Kildoo, S. L.
King, H. L.
King, M. G.
Kirshon, B. H.
♦Kister, U. Y.
Kitchen, G. W.
Kleppinger, B. M.
Knappcnberger, Thomas
Kniselv, Samuel
Knobei, E. M.
Koch, Charles H.
♦Koehler, P. E.
Kraybill, S. S.
Kuhns, Victor
Kunkle, N. J.
Kyle, W. B.
♦Landis, D. M.
Landis, E. M.
Landis, H. D.
Lapp, H. E.
Latterman, R. A.
Lau, L. B.
Lau, L. E.
Laucks, Walter
Laude, William
Ludenslagor, M. B.
♦Law^rence, Schuyler
Lebanon, S.
Leech, Harry
Lefever, John
Lehman, Arthur
Lehman, Elias
Lehman, Erless
Lehman, G. E.
Lehman, S. S.
Leiberknecht, H. P.
Lemmon, D. B.
Lengle, Paul H.
Lepole, Walter
Lesher, H. B.
Leslie, Merle
Lewis, L. A.
Lewis, L. N.
Lewis, Nelson
Lewis, Russell
Lienhard, Edward
Lightner, E. S.
♦Lightner, W. A.
Lincoln, G. H.
Linde, J. Eric

♦Life Members

Membership

New Galilee

West Chester

Manheim

Lenhartsville

Tyrone

Wernersville

Stuarts Draft, Virginia

572 W. Market St., York

Allentown R. 4

New Castle R. 4

New Castle R 1

Mt. Wolf R. 1

Holicong

Etters

Shavertown

Ooopersburg R. 2

Zionsville R. 1

Bedford R. 4

Sunbury R. 1

McKoansburg

Monaca

Mt. Jov

Allentown R. 3

Orwigsburg

Zionsville

Lancaster R. 7

Dublin

Girard

Allentown

York R. 5

East Berlin R. 2

East Berlin R. 2

York

Mountain Top R. D.

Orefiold

Main St., Towanda

York R. 9

Indiana Hospital, Indiana

Boyertown

York R. 5

York R. 5

York R. 5

Wrightstown R. 2

North Girard

Hellman R. 1

North East

Pine Grove

Akron

Northumberland

New Castle R. 8

Wyoming R. 3

Bridgeton R. 5, N. J.

Pittston

Pittston R. 1

Lehighton R. 2

York R. 10

Landisburg

Clarks Summit

Orefleld

— Ill—

Coimty

Lawrence
Chester

Lancaster

Berks

Blair

Berks

York
Lehigh
Lawrence
Lawrence
York
Bucks
York
Luzerne
Lehigh
Lehigh
Bedford
Northumberland
Schuylkill
Beaver
Lancaster
Lehigh
Schuylkill
Lehigh
Lancaster
Bucks
Erie
Lehigh
York
York
York
York
Luzerne
Lehigh
Bradford
York
Indiana
Berks
York
York
York
York
Erie
York
Erie
Schuylkill
Lancaster
Northumberland
Lawrence
Luzerne

Luzerne

Luzerne

Carbon

York

Perry

Lackawanna

Lehigh

Name

Line, H. W.

Linville, A. S.

Livingood, W. W.

Long, W. W.
*Loop, A. L

liOOse, H. H.
*Lord, John

Loucks, Walter B.

liOudenslayer, Martin

Lovett, R. P.

Luigard, G. W.

Lundy, T. A.

Lutz, W. J.

Lydic, J. M.
*MacNeal, William H.

MacVeagh, W. F.

Macey, George

Maderia, A. O.
*Maffet, M. A. (Miss)

Magid, Louis B.

Maloney Bros. Nursery Co.

March, W. A.

Markeley, N. S.

Markey, Daniel

Markey, Elmer

Marsh, H. V.

Marsh, Wilbur

Martin, A. C.
*Martin, J. O.

Martindale, Mrs. C. P.

Marvel Package Co.

Mason, J. A.

Mattes, Paul

Matthews, W. H.

Mauger, Morris
* Mayer, Guy S.

Mayer, L. E.

McCanna, Francis
♦McClelland, J. B.

McClenathan, J. J.

McCormick, C. M.
*McCormick, James

McClure, Frank

McDonald, iR. C.
♦McFarland, J. H.
*McGeorge, Mrs. K. L.

McGinnes, C. B.

McGowan, Howard

McHenry, Clarence
♦McKee, J. M.

McMullen & Patterson

McNeal, William

McPherson Bros.

Mechling, Edward A.

Meeder, J. E.
*Meehan, S. M.

Meisler, J. G.

Melcher, George W.

*Life Members

Membership
Wilkes-Barre Y. M. C. A.
Media R. 2
Robesenia
Eighty Four
North East
Menges Mills
Wyoming R. 1
York

Orefield R. 1
Fallsington
Lenhartsville
Muncy R. 3
Berwick R. 1
Blairsville R. 1
Parkesburg
Muncy R. 3
Noxen
Sinking Spring

264 S. Franklin St.,
Wilkes-Barre

Tallalah Park, Georgia

Dansville, N. Y.

Dover R. 4

Shanesville

York R. 9

York R. 2

Seven Valleys

Dover R. 4

Muddy Creek Forks

Mercersburg

West Chester

Laurel, Delaware

North Girard

Emaus, R. 1

Box 313, Salem, Ohio

Boycrtown

Willow Street

Boyertown

34 Mill St., Pittston

Canonsburg

Girard

New Castle R. 2

Harrisburg

New Castle R. 5

Inwood, W. Va.

Harrisburg

Orrtanna

Reading

Geigers Mills

Indiana

Harrisburg

Carbondale

Parksburg

Bridgeton

Moorcstown, N. J.

North Girard

380 Dorset St., Germantown

Chambersburg R. 11

Bally

—112—

County

Luzerne

Delaware

Berks

Washington

Erie

York

Luzerne

York

Lehigh

Bucks

Berks

Lycoming

Columbia

Indiana

Chester

Lycoming

Wyoming

Berks

Luzerne

York

Berks

York

York

York

York

York

Franklin

Chester

Erie
Lehigh

Berks

Lancaster

Berks

Luzerne

Washington

Erie

Lawrence

Dauphin

Lawrence

Dauphin

Adams

Berks

Berks

Indiana

Dauphin

Lackawanna

Chester

York

Erie

Philadelphia

Franklin

Berks

Name

Mellinger, J. D.
♦Mendelhall, J. H.
Merkle, C. D.
Merkle, Floyd
Mesta Brothers
Meyer, H. T.
Meyer, R. W.
Michael, Porter
Mill, H. S.
Miller, Albert & Co.
*Miller, Amos
Miller, C. C.
Miller, C. M.
Miller, D. L.
Miller, Harvey
Miller, H. A.
Miller, H. W.
Miller, I. A.
Miller, J. L.
Miller, L. P.
Miller, Rollo
Mitchell, A. F. & Son
Mitchell, E. B.
Mohr, F. J.

Molering, F. G.

Monosmith, iS. B.

Moon, R. Barclay
*Moon, Henry T.

Moore, A. C.

Moore, C. H.

Moore, M. A.

Moorhead, D. M.

Morgan, T. H.

Morris, B. F.

Mowery, N. E.

Moyer, L. S.

Moyer, S.
*Muller, Adolph

Murray, E. A.

Musser, W. E.

Musselman, I. Z.

Musselman, John

Mutchlcr, Sherman

Muttart, C. J.

Myers, H. C.
* Myers, Levi M.

Neiman, Otto

Newell, Henrietta

Newton, E. M.

J^ibert, Wm.

Nicodemus, Ed.

Nichol, H. A.

Nichols, O. T.

Niering, Theo.

Nixon, E. L.

Nolt, H. S.

Northup, A. M.

Northup, H. J.
*0'Connor, Haldeman

*Lif e Members

Membership

Lancaster R. 8

Glen Mills

Coopersburg R. 2

Hamburg

Finlcyville R. 1

Lewisburg

Robersburg

Wyoming R. D.

()22 N. 6th St., Allentown

192 N. Clark St., Chicago, 111.

Hanover R. 4

Marion

Newville

Waynesboro

Loganville

Williamsport

Paw Paw, West Virginia

Fishertown

York R. 9

Cumberland, Md.

Fishertown

Waterford, Ohio

Harrisburg R. 3

Fogelsville

North Girard

Weisel

Morrisville

Morrisville

Kingston

Dallas R. D.

Lititz

Moorheadville

Norristown R. 2

Fawn Grove

Mcchanicsburg

Chalfont

Hershey

Norristown

Punxsutawney R. D.

New Bethlehem

Orrtanna

Orrtanna

Hopburnvillc

1813 Pine St., Philadelphia

Lancaster iR. 7

Seddonsburg

Dover R. 3

Oxford Valley

New Wilmington

Indiana R. 3

Waynesboro

Indiana R. 3

Downingtown

Wapwallopen

State College

Columbia R. 1

Danville

Dalton

Harrisburg

—US-

County

Lancaster

Delaware

Lehigh

Berks

Washington

Union

Centre

Luzerne

Lehigh

York

Franklin

Cumberland

Franklin

York

Lycoming

Bedford
York

Bedford

Dauphin
Lehigh
Erie
Bucks
Bucks
Bucks
Luzerne
Luzerne
Lancaster
Erie
Montgomery
York
Cumberland
Bucks
Dauphin
Montgomery
Jefferson
Clarion
Adams
Adams
Lycoming
Philadelphia
Lancaster
York
York
Bucks
Lawrence
Indiana
Franklin
Indiana
Chester
Luzerne
Centre
Lancaster
Montour
Luzerne
Dauphin

Name

Olver, T. H.

Omwake Bros.

Overdorff, H. W.

Overholt, H. L.

Oyler, H. J.

Pacchall, John
*Page, C. M.

Page, L. A.
*Pannebaker, W. M.

Panovec, Victor

Parish, Charles

Parish, E. H.

Passmore, N. S.

Passmore, S. S.

Patterson, James

Paxon, E. M.

Paxson, S. L.

Pease, F. B. Co.

Percy, M. A.

Peris, R. N.

Perrigo, A. H.

Perry, J. G.

Pershing, E. H.

Pershing, Thed.

Pherson, J. L.

Philp, George

Pomeroy, R. S.

Poorbaugh, J. A.

Potteiger, C. M.

Powers, R. A.
*Pratt, B. G.

Pratt, L. F.

Primm, J. K.

Purmell, D. N.

Raitz, R. E.

Rakestraw, W. L.
*Rankin, Charles C.

Rankin, R. R.

Raver, E. C.

Read, F. A.

Reed, Vernon & Sons

Reider, M. H.

Reist, A. E.

Reist, H. G.

Reiter, F. G.
♦Rhodes, C. M.

Rice, A. E.

Rice, Daniel

Rice, L. D.

Rice, O. C.

Richards, A. C.

Richards, N. F.

Richardson, W. F.

Richey, M.

Rick, C. M.
*Rick, John

Rife, Jacob L,

Rilling, H.
*Life Members

Membership

Beachlake

Greencastle

Blairsville R. 4

Perkasie R. 2

Gettysburg R. 5

Kcnnctt Square

Etters

/ievcrly, N. J.

Virgilina, Va.

Easton R. 2

Wyoming R. D.

Dallas R. 1

Glen Mills R. 1

Mendenhall

Apollo, R. D.

Lunibervillc, R. D.

Lumbcrville

502 S. Clinton St., Rochester,

Mont ours ville R. 2

Florin

West Chester

Dallas R. D.

New Hope R. D.

Pineville

Volant

1700 McFarland Road,
Pittsburgh

Chambersburg

Yirk R. 3

Richland

Glenshaw R. 1

50 Church St., N. Y.

Chambersburg

204 Franklin St., New York

Farm School

Brookville

Unionville

West Chester

Elizabeth R. 1

York

47 Jay St., New York

McKean

Elizabethtown

Palmyra

110 Avon Rd., Schenectady,

Mars

West Leesport

Biglerville

New Bloomfield

New Bloomfield

Biglerville

Johnstown

Schellsburg

Whiteford, Md.

Everett R. 2

Reading

West liCesport

839 Market St., Lemoyyne

North Girard

—114—

Coimty

Wayne

Franklin

Indiana

Bucks

Adams

Chester

York

Northampton

Luzerne

Luzerne

Delaware

Delaware

Indiana

Bucks

Bucks

N. Y.

Lycoming

Lancaster

Chester

Luzerne

Bucks

Bucks

Lawrence

Allegheny

Franklin

York

Lebanon

Allegheny

Franklin

Bucks

Jefferson

Chester

Chester

Allegheny

York

Erie
Lancaster
Lebanon
N. Y.

Butler

Berks

Adams

Perry

Perry

Adams

Cambria

Bedford

Bedford

Berks

Berks

Cumberland

Erie

Name

*Rinehart, E. S.

Rinker, Harvey

Risser, H. N.

Risser, P. N.

Rittenhouse, J. S.

Rittenhouse, S. B.

Ritter, Astor

Ritter, Henry A.

Roberts, A. J.

Roberts, E.
* Roberts, Horace
*Robinson, A. Blaine
♦Rhode, William

Rohlfing, F. F.

Rohrer, G. H.

Roland, Otto

Romig Brothers

Root, J. W.

Rosenberger, W. G.

Royer, John

.Rozelle, H. E.

Ruhl, H. F.
*Runk, J. A.
*Rush, Perry M.

Ruth, B. F.

Rutter Bros.

Rynearson, S. L.

.Salsgiver, A. R.
*Satterthwaite, Fred G.

Satterthwaite, L. P.

Schaeter, Charles

Schantz, H. A.

Schantz, L. M.

Schantz, M. P.

Schenot, C. P.

Schieferstein, W.

Schelgel, E.

Schmidt, William

Scholl, Paul

Scholl, Winfield

Schoonover, W. E.

Schreiber, Harry F.

Schrope, J. H.

Schuchman, G. W.

Schultz, A. S.

Schultz, C. K.

Seaman, George
*Searle, Alonzo T.

Sechler, J. I.

Sechler, Roy

Seidler, A.

Seitz, M. H.
♦Settlemeyer, C. T.

Seybert, Paul

Shaffer Bros.

Shaffer, Charles N.

Shaffmer, H. E.
*Shank, H. L.

Sharp, W. K.

*Life Members

Membership

Mercersburg

AUentown R. 4

Marietta

Bedford R. 4

Lorane

Lorane

Allontown R. 3

Coopersburg

Moorcstown, N. J.

220 Dock St., Philadelphia

Moorcstown, N. J.

North East

Johnstown

Hummelstown

Mertztown

Narrowsburg, N. Y.

Downington

Manheim

Schwenkville

Akron

Pittston R. D.

Manheim

Huntingdon

Sycamore R. 1

1109 Franklin St., Reading

551 W. King St., Lancaster

Muncy R. D.

Indiana R. D.

Yardley

Newtown

York R. D.

602 Hamilton St., Allontown

Orefield R. 1

H02 Hamilton St., Allontown

Wexford

Leesport

Stoelersville

Berwick R. 2

Fogelsville

Zionsvillc

Dallas R. D.

Zionsville

Begins R. 2

Shermansdale

Herford

Barto

Honesdale

Honesdale

Fogelsville

Muncy R. 5

York R. 9

York R. 6

Wilmore

Berwick

Ariel

Hartsville

Dover R. 3

Lancaster R. 7

Chambersburg

—US-

County

Franklin

Lehigh

Lancaster

Bedford

Berks

Berks

Lehigh

Lehigh

Philadelphia

Erie

Cambria

Dauphin

Berks

Wayne

Chester

Lancaster

Montgomery

Lancaster

Luzerne

Lancaster

Huntingdon

Greene

Berks

Lancaster

Lycoming

Indiana

Bucks

Bucks

York

Lehigh

Lehigh

Lehigh

Allegheny

Berks

Lehigh

Luzerne

Lehigh

Lehigh

Luzerne

Lehigh

Schuylkill

Perry

Berks

Berks

Wayne

Wayne

Lehigh

Lycoming

York

York

Cambria

Luzerne

Wayne

Bucks

York

Lancaster

Franklin

Name

Shattuck, H. B.
Shaw, R. C.
Hhayzer, H. C.
Shcadle, Lydia
Shearer, W. J.
Sheble, E.
Shenk, D. W.
Sheppard, C. W.
Shermeyer, H. A.
Shirker, Jacob
Shoekey, L. P.
Shoemaker, C. C.
Shoener, John
Shoenthall, H. I.
Shrive, C. L.
Shultz, Chester
Shultz, E. T.
Sidler, Anton
Simmons, Daniel

Simmons, S. L.

Simons, R. B.

Simpson, J. A.

Slamp, H. S.
*Smedley, S. L.

Smedley, S. L. Jr.

Smeltzer, J. H.

Smith, C. M.

Smith, Clayton

Smith, G. C.

Smith, G. E.

Smith, G. K.

Smith, J. E.

Smith, L. R.

Smith, S. A.

Snavely, Elmer
^Snavely, H. H.

Snavely, H. R.

Snyder, C. B.

Snyder, E. R.

Snyder, F. A.

Snyder, Fred

Snyder, Fry & Rick

Snyder, T. A..

Snyder, R. S.

Sones, J. E.

Spangenberg, R. F.

Spangler, George

Sprague, Theo.

Squirrel Hill Nursery

Stahl, O. S.
Stahlman, T. M.

Staltzfus, Ezra
Standard Chemical Co.
Stark Bros. Nurseries
Stauffer, T. H.

*Life Member

Membership

Erie R. 6

Stewartstown

St. Thomas

Jersey Shore R. 4

Vinemont

Hamburg

Lancaster R. 7

Pittston R. 1

York R. 5

Akron

Chamborsburg R. 8

Catasauqua

Orwigsburg

New Paris

Girard

Barto

Dallas R. 1

York R. 9

Mt. Oliver Station,

Pittsburgh
Mt. Oliver Station,

Pittsburgh
Sterling
Indiana R. 5
Halifax R. 2
Newtown Square
Newtown Square
Loganville

Lewistown

Bedford R. 4

North East

Bethlehem R. 4

Akron

Newport

Mt. Hollv, N. J.

v^oe

Lititz R. 5

Willow St., Lancaster

Lititz R. 5

Ephrata R. 1

Masonic Home, Elizabethtown

Dallas R. 3

Avonmore R. 1

Reading R. 2

Brodbecks

State College

Thompson Bldg., Pottsville

Hamlin

Yoe

North East

2945 Beechwood Ave.,
Pittsburgh

Zionsville

1111 Westinghouse Bldg.,
Pittsburgh

Gordonville R. 1

Reading

Louisiana, Mo.

Lititz R. 4

—116—

Oounty

Erie

York

Franklin

Lycoming

Berks

Berks

Lancaster

Luzerne

York

Lancaster

Franklin

Lehigh

Schuylkill

Bedford

Erie

Berks

Luzerne

York

Allegheny

Allegheny

Wayne

Indiana

Dauphin

Delaware

Delaware

York

Mifflin

Bedford

Erie

Lehigh

Lancaster

Perry

York

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lancaster

Luzerne

Westmoreland

Berks

York

Centre

Schuylkill

Wayne

York

Erie

Allegheny
Lehigh

Allegheny

Lancaster

Berks

Lancaster

Name

Stauffer, Wallace
* St ear, J. R.

Stees, I.

Stein, G. E.

Steininger, Charles D.

Stephens, A. W.

Stewart, C. D.

Steyer Bros.

Stitzer, C. E.

Stock, Grover

Stone, F. B.

Stone, L. R.

Stonebreaker, H. W.

Stoner, Benjamin

Stoneroad, S. A.

Stoudt, C. M.

Stover, Jacob E.
♦Strasbaugh, E. F.

Strohecker, H. A.

Strong, T. M.

Stroud, R. 0.

Sun Oil Company

* Swank, Luke H.
Swartz, D. H.
Swartz, Samuel
Tabor, R. H.
Tarbert, D. P.
Tate, S. C.
Taylor, P. R.

*Taylor, Ralph S.

Thayer, Paul
♦Thomas, Charles L.

* Thomas, Edwin W.
Thomas, J. W.
Thompson, J. H.
Tobacco By-Products &

Chemical Corp.

Transue, R. D.

Treasure, R. H.
♦Trexler, Harry C.
♦Tyler, W. D.

Tyson, A. R.
♦Tyson, C. J.
♦Tyson, E. C.
♦Tyson, W. C.

Uibel, G. D.

Uncle Peters Fruit Farm

Unger, Daniel

Van Sant, W. H.

Vogel, E. H.

Wadsworth, J. W.

Wagner, A. H.

Wagner, Charles E.

Wagner, J. S.

Wagoner, C. E.

Wakefield, E. B.

Walp, C. F.

Walter, M. T.

♦Life Members

Membership

Quakertown R. 2

68 N. 6th St., Chambersburg

1933 State St., Harisburg

Wrightsville R. 1

Coopersburg

Mooresburg

Indiana R. 4

Woodbourne

Mifflinburg

Wyoming

New Wilmington

Schwenkville

Indiana R. 7

Hellam

New Providence

Hamburg

York R. 9

Orrtanna

Gouglersville

Blairsville R. 1

Upper Barby

Finance Bldg., Philadelphia

Johnstown

Clymer R. 1

Spring Grove

Mt. Vernon, Ohio

Dallastown R. 1

Erie R. 6

Harrisburg

325 N. Matlack Ave.,

West Chester
State College
King of Prussia
King of Prussia
York R. 8
Wernersville

Louisville, Ky.

Lumberville

Benton

Allentown

Dante, Va.

Norristown R. 1

Flora Dale

Flora Dale

Flora Dale

Adamstown

Mt. Carmel

Boyertown

Williamsport

Lancaster R. 3

Seward

New Cumberland

McClure

Blacklick R. 1

Bedford R. 5

Homer City

401 E. 3rd St., Berwick

Biglerville

Oounty

Lehigh

Franklin

Dauphin

York

Lehigh

Montour

Indiana

Bucks

Union

Luzerne

Lawrence

Montgomery

Indiana

York

Lancaster

Berks

York

Adams

Berks

Indiana

Delaware

Philadelphia

Cambria

Indiana

York

York

Erie

Dauphin

Chester

Centre

Montgomery

Montgomery

York

Berks

Bucks

Columbia

Lehigh

Montgomery

Adams

Adams

Adams

Lancaster

Northumberland

Berks

Lycoming

Lancaster

Indiana

Cumberland

Snyder

Indiana

Bedford

Indiana

Luzerne

Adams

—117—

Name

♦Walton, B. J.

Warden, H.

Waring, F.

Way, D. A.

Wealand, Harry
*Weaver, Abram

Weaver & Lees

Weaver, W. S.

Webber, Jacob

Weicksel, Amelia
♦Weigel, H. M.
*Weimer, E. A.

Weinberger, J. H.

Weinsehenk, W. H.

Welshans, D. D.

Welshans, M. O.

Wenger, G. P.

Wenger, John E.

Wenger, M. P.

Wernig, C. W.

Wertsch, E.
*Wertz, D. Maurice

Wertz, J. N.
•Wertz, George M.

Wertz, S. H.
♦Westrick, F. A.

Wetzel, W. S.

Wheeler, C. H.

Wheeler, C. V.
♦Whisler, Edgar

Whisler, R. E.

Whitcomb, P.
♦White, Arthur H.

White, F. Hayes

White, J.

White, T. J.

Wiant, David H.

Widders, J. B.

Wiggins, A. W.

Wilcox, H. D.

Williams, C. B.

Williams, F. W.

Williams, J. H.

Willier, J. A.

Winter, J. B.

Winter, M. L.
•Wister, John C.

*Witherow, R. T.

Witmer, J. B.
*Wolfe, Charles A.

Wolfe, C. H.

Wolfe, Joseph

Wolgemuth, A. M.
*Woods, Edward A.

Woodward, N. S.

Worthington, H. R.

Worthley, H. N.

Wright, A. L.

•Life Members

Membership

Hummelstown

Dallas B. D.

Philipsburg

Port Matilda

Elizabethtown R. 1

Windber

York R. 9

Macungie

Dallas B. D.

Perkasie B, D.

Harrisburg

Lebanon

Zionsville R. 1

New Castle

Jersey Shore

Jersey Shore

Quarryville B. 1

Denver

Denver

York B. 2

Lititz B. 5

Waynesboro

Johnstown

Jersey Shore B. 4

Leesport

Patton B. 2

Marion Center

Fairview

Hunlock Greek B. 2

Etters B. 1

Etters

York B. 4

Pulaski

Liverpool B. 1

County Home, Indiana

Darling

Huntingdon Mills

Lancaster B. 3

Clarks Summit

Media

Canton

Indiana B. 4

1210 Walnut St., Allentown

Gratz

Muncy B. 2

Hellam R. 1

Clarkson and Wister St.,

Germantown
Punxsautawney
Lampeter
Aspers
Girard
Fullertou
Mt. Joy R. 1
Frick Bldg., Pittsburgh
Mendenhall
West Chester
State College
Spring Hope

—118—

County

Dauphin

Luzerne

Centre

Centre

Lancaster

Somerset

York

Lehigh

Luzerne

Bucks

Dauphin

Lebanon

Lehigh

Lawrence

Lycoming

Lycoming

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lancaster

York

Lancaster

Franklin

Cambria

Lycoming

Berks

Cambria

Indiana

Erie

Luzerne

York

York

York

Lawrence

Mifflin

Indiana

Delaware

Luzerne

Lancaster

Lackawanna

Delaware

Bradford

Indiana

Lehigh

Dauphin

Lycoming

York

Philadelphia

Jefferson

Lancaster

Adams

Erie

Lehigh

Lancaster

Allegheny

Delaware

Chester

Centre

Bedford

Name

Wright, Elmer
Yohe, George
Yost, P. L.
Young, Fred
Young, Miles L.
*Youngs, L. G.
Zeigler, J. A. C.
Zellers, E. B.
Zellers, S. L.
Zerphy, J. H.
Zimmerman, H. S.
Zook, A. F.
Zook, I. F.

*Life Members

Membership

County

Spring Hope

Bedford

Spring Grove

York

Sugar Loaf B. D.

Luzerne

Elwood City B. 1

Lawrence

Narrowsburg, N. Y.

Wayne

North East

Erie

1018 W. Locust St., York

York

Montgomery

Lycoming

Montgomery

Lycoming

Elizabethtown B. 1

Lancaster

Lapark

Lancaster

Lancaster B. 5

Lancaster

Curryville

Blair

—119—

GENERAL INDEX

Addresses

f

Page

President Sheldon W. Funk - ^

Economic Management of a Large Apple Orcliard—

E. A. Nicodemus ^"

Developing a Personal Market— Samuel L. Smedley, Jr 14

Developments in Oriental Fruit Moth Control— Alvah Peterson 25

Delaware's Position in the Apple Industry— C. A. McCue 36

Results Obtained from the Use of Different Oils in the
Control of European Red Mite and Other Insects —

G. F. McLeod *2

The Outlook in Apple Growing— R. W. Rees 46

Freight Rate Discrimination— W. S. Campfield and H. A. Miller 19

Apples for Health— J. W. Gorby and R. W. Rees 23, 78

Our Competitors in the Pacific Northwest— S. W. Fletcher 57

Presentation of the Gabriel Hiester Cup— R. L. Watts 56

Contivol of Apple Scab Under Pennsylvania Conditions —

E. L. Nixon ^^

How the State Bureau of Plant Industry Serves the Fruit

Grower— R. H. Bell 71

Influence of Ringing Fruit Trees on Fruit Production —

F. N. Fagan ^^

Parcel Post Shipping— R. E. Atkinson 83

The Value of Golden Delicious for Pennsylvania— Paul Thayer 84

Business \

BEFORTS OF OFFIOEES

Secretary R. E. Atkinson 8

Treasurer E. W. Thomas 34

BEFORTS OF COMMITTEES

Exhibition 88

True-to-Name-Fruit Trees -

Game Laws

Advertising

Fruit

Resolutions

Nominating -.-

Auditing - -

Amendment to Constitution (increasing dues) 8,

Publication of Proceedings ^

Appointment of Committees - — - 70

Fennsylvania Fruit liist ~ ^^

County Horticultural Societies - ^^

93
80
84
55
74
53
.35
53

-120—