Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 7

Place of Publication: State College, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1930

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg095.7

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Pennsylvania State
Horticultural Association Neivs

Vol. VII State College, '=Pa., SMarch, 1930k. ' ^o. 1

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Proceedings of the
State Horticultural Asso^ation^

of Pennsylvania ^4t^ ' .*
for 1930

• /•

*■■*

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Seventy-first Annual Meeting

Held in Harrisburg

January 21'22'23

Pennsylvania State
Horticultural Association News

Published by the Association
Issued Quarterly at State College, Pa. Subscription, 50c

Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at State College, Pa.

Vol. VII State College^ Va., SMarch, 1930 ^o. 1

Proceedings of the
State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania
for 1930

^

^

i

Seventy-first Annual Meeting

Held in Harrisburg

January 21-22-23

iHrl

State Horticultural oAssociation
of ^ennsyhania

OFFICERS FOR 1930

PRESIDENT J. S. RITTENHOUSE, Lorane

VICE PRESIDENT H. S. NOLT, Columbia

SECRETARY R. H. SUDDS, State College

TREASURER G. B. SNYDER, Ephrata

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: The above oflFicers and C. J. TYSON,
Gardners; SHELDON FUNK, Bovertown; and H. F. HER-
SHEY, Hamburg.

STANDING COMMITTEES

LEGISLATION AND REPRESENTATIVES ON AGRICULTURAL
COUNCIL: C. J. TYSON, Gardners, Ch.; H. S. NOLT, Colum-
bia; W. W. LIVINGOOD, Robesonia.

STATE FARM PRODUCTS SHOW AND EXHIBITION: J. U. RUEP,
State College, Ch.; H. S. NOLT, Columbia; GEORGE A. GOOD-
LING, Loganville.

INSECT PESTS: T. L. GUYTON, Harrisburg, Ch.; H. N. WORTHLEY,
State College; H. E. HODGKISS, State College.

PLANT DISEASES: H. W. THURSTON, State College, Ch.; R. S.
KIRBY, State College.

SPECIAL COMMITTEES

GAME LAWS: J. A. RUNK, Huntingdon, Ch.; F. E. GRIEST, Flora
Dale; T. L. GUYTON, Harrisburg.

TRUE-TO-NAME TREES: F. N. FAGAN, State College, Ch.; F. M.

TRIMBLE, Harrisburg; H. G. BAUGHER, Aspers.
MANDATORY GRADING: F. G. REITER, Mars, Ch.; D. M. JAMES,

Harrisburg; R. T. GRISSWELL, Chambersburg.
COOPERATIVE MARKETING: R. J. GILL AN, St. Thomas, Ch.; GUY

L. HAYM^N, Northbrook; G. A. STEWART, Harrisburg.

CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS

(as amended January, 1928)

Constitution.

Article 1. Name. The name of this organization shall be
the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania.

Article 2. Object. Its object shall be the promotion of
horticulture in the State of Pennsylvania.

Article 3. Membership. The annual membership fee shall
be $3.00. Present life members shall retain their privileges,
but no new life members shall be received.

—3—

Members of county or local Horticultural Societies shall
have membership in the State Horticultural Association under
the following conditions :

(1) The county or local Society shall have at least fifteen
paid up members and shall hold at least three meetings a year.

(2) The Secretary of the county or local Society shall
remit to the Secretary of the State Horticultural Association
two dollars for each member, before February 1 of each year,
which shall be their dues in the State Horticultural Associa-
tion for that year.

(3) The Secretary of the county or local Society shall
transmit to the Secretary of the State Horticultural Associa-
tion before February 1 of each year a list of its officers and
members, together with a brief report of its work for the pre-
ceeding year, particularly of those matters that would be of
interest to the horticulturists of the state.

(4) The State Horticultural Association shall publish
these reports in its Proceedings, which shall be distributed to
the members of the county or local societies that have com-
plied with these provisions.

Article 4. Officers. The officers of the Association shall
consist of a President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treas-
urer, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each annual
meeting ; also an Executive Committee oi seven members, four
of whom shall be the elective officers. The Executive Com-
mittee shall have the general management of the affairs of the
Association when it is not in session.

Article 5. Quonim. Twenty-five members of the Associa-
ation and four members of the Executive Committee shall
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

Article 6. Annual Meeting. The Constitution and By-
Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members
present at any annual meeting, provided such amendment shall
have been signed by ten members and presented to the Sec-
retary in writing at least ninety days prior to the time of
holding the annual meeting, and mailed by the Secretary to
each member at least thirty days prior to the annual meeting.

2. The Treasuier shall disburse the moneys of the Associ-
ation only after the bills have been approved by the President
and the Secretary. He shall execute a guarantee bond for
such amount as the Executive Committee may determine, the
premium to be paid by the Association.

3. The President, by and with the approval of the Exe-
cutive Committee, shall appoint the following standing com-
mittees, each of three members : legislation, membership, fruit,
exhibitions, advertising, and such other standing committees as
the Executive Committee may deem desirable.

4. The President, by and with the approval of the Execu-
tive Committee, shall appoint a nominating committee, a reso-
lutions committee and an auditing committee, each of three
members.

5. ^ The rules of the American Pomological Society shall
apply in exhibits and nomenclature.

BY-LAWS

1. No member shall be eligible to the office of President
for more than two consecutive years.

—5—

Proceedings of the State Horticultural
Association of Pennsylvania for 1930.

TUESDAY AFTERNOON

JANUABY 21, 1930

The First Session of the Seventy-First Annual Meeting of
the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania convened
in the South Office Building, Harrisburg, Pa., at 1 :45 P. M.,
the President, Mr. J. S. Rittenhouse, presiding.

President Rittenhouse: The members will please come to
order. The meeting will open with an invocation by Rev. Dr.
Harry D. King.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS

J. S. RITTENHOUSE, Lorane, Pa.

This is the seventy-first annual meeting of the Pennsyl-
vania Horticultural Association. Seventy years is a long time
and I wish the fathers of this Association might be here to
tell us their impressions of the changes and developments in
horticulture and other subjects that have taken place during
these seventy years. When they first met there was no tele-
phone, electric light, talking machine, moving picture, trolley,
automobile, radio or air travel. As affecting our own industry,
agricultural chemistry was in its infancy, spraying and spray-
ing machinery were unknoAvn, chemicals for spraying and dust-
ing were not developed, animal or lupn power was the only
power used on the farms and tractors were unthought of. I
am not seventy years old but all these things had their incep-
tion and development in my time. I am not a prophet nor
the son of a prophet but I think it a safe prediction that the
next seventy years will show greater and more startling de-
velopments than w^ere witnessed in the past seventy years.

At the request of our Secretary, Dr. Fletcher, I attended
the meeting of the National Horticultural Council in Washing-
ton last week. The meeting was represented by most of the
States from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada to
the Gulf of Mexico. President Dyer of the Council, and all
others who expressed themselves, were very earnest in advo-
cating a tariff on bananas. It was also the opinion of the
group that the Federal Department of Agriculture should set
aside a sufficient amount of money to develop methods to con-
trol the Oriental fruit moth, and that an apple advertising
campaign must be encouraged. Last year our association did
not look with favor on a banana tariff. I might add that the
Department of Agriculture, through the efforts of the National
Horticultural Council, will probably devote the amount of
money requested to try to develop methods to control the
Oriental moth.

—6—

^1

We are known as the State Horticultural Association of
Pennsylvania. In its inception, this probably was a horticul-
tural association in the broader meaning of the word ''horti-
culture/' When I became a member the subjects for discus-
sion had dwindled to those of vegetable and fruit growing.
Recently the vegetable growers formed their own organization
and we are now a fruit growers association with the apple as
the major subject of interest. We are growing apples of good
varieties and of good quality but we are letting the market for
our fruit slip away from us.

If I am correctly informed, the per capita consumption of
apples in the United States is now considerably less than it
was years ago. The banana and the citrus fruits are increas-
ingly used and I think it is time we wake up and acquaint the
public with the value of apples in the daily diet. The banana
and citrus fruit growers have increased the demand for those
fruits by shrewd advertising and it is up to us to do the same
for the apple to maintain our markets. A vigorous advertising
campaign for the apple should be started before the next crop
ripens. In the apple we have a fruit with some of the neces-
sary requirements for maintaining the bodily health of the
adults and for assisting the growth and development of child-
ren. Through not advertising we are hiding our light under a
bushel.

SECRETARY'S REPORT

S. W. FLETCHER— state OoUege

On January 1, 1930, the membership was 905, which is a
gain of 194 during the year. The mark set for the year was
1000; we fell short by 95. I predict that we shall pass the
1000 mark during the coming year.

Of the 905 members, 116 are life members, and pay no an-
nual dues; 789 pay annual dues. The County Horticultural
Societies continue to be the most important source of member-
ship; 612 of our 905 members are affiliated with County So-
cieties. Following is a list of the counties that contributed the
most members to the Association in 1929 :

York „ _ 95

Lancaster ^ „ 92

Erie 60

Indiana , 52

Berks ^ 51

Chester-Delaware 51

Franklin 51

Lehigh „ 50

Luzerne „ 38

Lawrence 38

Bucks 36

—7—

n,

The experience of the last seven years has shown that the
best way to build up the State Association is to have active
county societies; they have an important function to perform
in the county, also. Some of these have fallen by the way-
side, and should be revived; such, for example, are Adams,
Bedford, Cumberland, Lycoming, Perry, and Wayne. So-
cieties should be organized in new counties; such as Lacka-
wana, Allegheny, Montgomery, Westmoreland and Beaver.

The Association closes the year with a comfortable balance
in its current operating fund and with its investment fund in-
, tact. This has been made possible by the increase in member-
ship, and by the income from advertising in the program and
the Proceedings. In view of this circumstance, the Executive
Committee recommends that the amendment to the Constitu-
tion, passed at the 1928 meeting, increasing the annual dues
from $2.00 to $3.00 be rescinded. Over half of our members
come from the county societies and have a limited acreage of
fruit: it is for the interest of Pennsylvania Horticulture that
these smaller growers retain their membership in the Associa-
tion ; leaving the dues at the lower figure will favor this. It
must be understood, however, that $2.00 dues will not serve to
meet the needs of the Association unless the membership ap-
proaches 1000, and unless around $200 a year is derived from
advertising.

We have given a fair trial to the plan of collecting thirty
cents additional from those members who desire to receive
Fruits and Gardens, the publication of the American Pomolog-
ical Society. The plan has not been successful, chiefly because
of numerous complaints that the paper did not come to the
subscriber, which becomes a reflection on this Association. I
recommend that this feature be dropped. Members may secure
Fruits and Gardens direct from the publishers for fifty cents
a year.

The Summer Trip into Ohio, under the direction of Dr.
R. D. Anthony, came at an inconvenient time for most of our
members and was not as well attended as usual, but was profit-
able to all. The officials of the Ohio State Horticultural
Society and of the Ohio State Experiment Station showed our
group every courtesy.

This meeting terminates my six year term of service to the
Association as Secretary; the pressure of other obligations
makes it necessary for me to withdraw. I had hoped to turn
over to my successor a membership of 1000, but this goal has
not been quite reached. I leave it as a mark for him to shoot
at. I am happy, however, in being able to assure him that the
Association is in a flourishing condition, both in finances and
interest, and is a worthy exponent of the great and growing
horticultural interests of Pennsylvania.

— 8—

Jan. 23

Jan. 26

Mar. 2

Mar. 2

Mar. 19

Mar. 25

Mar. 28

Apr. 25

May 8

May 8

June 12

June 21

July 27
Aug. 2
Sept. 23
Oct. 19

1930
Jan. 14

Jan. 14

Jan. 14

REPORT OF THE TREASURER, 1929

RECEIPTS

Cash balance on hand $ ^^o'^n

Plus voucher No. 6 given June 5, 1928, not returned.... 2.70

Dr. S. W. Fletcher 43.30

Dr. S. W. Fletcher, membership dues 44,^.J0

Dr. S. W. Fletcher, advertising 90.00

Dr. S. W. Fletcher, membership due 156.40

Field Force Pump Co., advertising 10.00

Dr. S. W. Fletcher, membership dues 88.30

Dr. S. W. Fletcher, advertising in Annual

Proceedings and Membership dues 147.00

Dr. S. W. Fletcher, advertising 60.00

Dr. S. W. Fletcher, membership dues - 90.10

Friend Manufacturing Co 6.00

Interest of $500 Liberty Bond 10.62

Interest on two $100.00 Apartment Bonds 6.00

Oscar J. Saeger estate. Posters and Price Cards 7.00

Dr. S. W. Fletcher, membership dues 41.00

Ontelaunee Orchards, advertising material 2.20

Interest on $500.00 Liberty Bond 10.63

Interest on two $100.00 Apartment Bonds 6.00

Dr. S. W. Fletcher, membership dues

Lehigh County Hort. Assoc 19.00

Dr. S. W. Fletcher, membership dues

Bucks County Hort. Assoc 17.00

Interest on $100.00 Bank Certificate 4.00

Jan.

26

Feb.

26

Feb.

256

Feb.

26

Feb.

26

Mar.

7

Apr.

1

Apr.

6

Apr.
Apr.
June

6

30
13

July
July

8
31

Sept.
Oct.

9

22

Nov.

11

$1,517.09

DISBUBSEMENTS

Rebinding Treasurer's Book $

Bureau of Markets, Dept. of Agriculture

Samuel Fraser, Geneseo, New York

Frank N. Farnsworth, expense to Harris-
burg meeting

A. S. Colby, expense to Harrisburg meeting
American Pomological Society, 124 membership dues....
Lester Lewis Walsh, reporting and transcribing

Proceedings -

American Pomological Society, Subscription to

"Fruits and Gardens"

Dunmire Printing Co., Printing Proceedings for 1929....

Nittany Printing & Publishing Co....-

Nittany Printing & Publishing Co., 500 letter heads....

Dessa B. Keller, 50 hours at .50 ^

Telegraph Printing & Publishing Co.,

printing 50 posters

Nittany Printing & Publishing Co

Nittany Printing & Publishing Co., 500 letter heads....
Nittany Printing & Publishing Co.,

2000 W W. envelopes $11.00

1000 Hort. News 13.50

2.50
17.21
43.50

79.28
78.90
37.20

205.25

1.20
516.85
165.75

5.00
25.00

2.50

60.50

5.00

24.50

Jan. 22 Cash in Bank

$1,270.14
. 246.95

$1,517.09

-9-

ASSETS, JANUABY 22, 1930

Liberty Bond $ 500.00

Two Mortgage Bonds, $100.00 each 200.00

Certificate in Ephrata National Bank 100.00

Cash Balance, January 22, 1930 _ 246!95

Total Assets, January 22, 1930 $1 046.95

AUDITOR'S REPOBT

January 22, 1930
We, the undersigned auditors, duly appointed, have examined the
accounts, bills and vouchers of C. B. Snyder, Treasurer of the Penn-
sylvania State Hirticultural Association, and have found the same to
be correct and the receipts and balance to be correct.

Cash balance from 1928 _ $ 258.64

Receipts during year 1929 including one

Liberty Bond $100.00 matured 1,258.45 $1 517 09

Cash balance on hand January 22, 1930 246 95 '

Expenditures during year 1929 "." l,270*.14 $1,517.09

ASSETS, JANUARY 22, 1930
Two $100 Mortgage Bonds ^ 200 00

rl^f-fl^ *^''°'* xi--,-; .■".".■■.■"".■."":.■.■."-■ 500.00

Certmcate in Bank „ 200 00

Bank Balance 246 95

Total

-"" $1,046.95

[M. A. MOORE

Auditors - W. W. LIVINGOOD

. [H. G. BAUGHER

On motion, the Reports of the Treasurer and of the Audit-
mg Ooramittee were accepted.

BEEKEEPING AND FRUIT GROWING

B. J. ANDERSON, State College

The two industries of beekeeping and fruit growing are
becoming more and more closely related. The size of orchards
are continuously increasing so that a single orchard often in-
cludes fifty or more acres. With such a development of the
industry, the investment, the responsibility and the problems
ot the fruit grower have materially increased.

Importance of Pollination: One of the problems is that of
obtaining proper pollination of fruit when planted in large
blocks. The realization of this problem came largely through
the practical experience of fruit growers in that large
blocks of fruit trees failed to give satisfactory sets
ot trmt. Where investigations were made it was found
tnat two of the contributing cases for lack of pol-
hnation were large blocks of one variety and a scar-
city ot pollinating insects of which honeybees are probably
the most important. As a result of these discoveries, fruit
growers are becoming more and more interested in bees as a
direct means of increasing their crop of fruit. However,

—10—

some fruit growers were previously interested in bees and
kept bees as a means of increasing their income through the
sale of honey. Their profits from the bees were unknowingly
two fold, one part coming from the sale of honey and the
other part from the increase in the production of fruit.

Own or Rent Bees? When a fruit grower becomes inter-
ested in bees and finds that they are of value in his orchard
for pollinating purposes, the question immediately arises in his
mind, — should I buy and own the bees or should I rent them?
The answer to the question depends largely upon the man and
the amount of time he has for bee work. If he likes bees and
has a moderate amount of time to work with them he will find
the bees both interesting and profitable, ^^^lere bees are
kept on a small scale and the honey is sold for a retail price
the profits per colony during an average year should be about
$10.00, depending somewhat upon the particular location and
the care given the bees. Twenty to fifty colonies would make
a sizable side line. If interested, the fruit grower desiring to
handle bees should learn as much as possible about their care
so as to make the project a success. Furthermore, where the
fruit grower is selling his fruit at a roadside market, honey
can also be sold to advantage.

Any one beginning with bees should begin on a small scale
in order to determine his liking for the bees and to learn the
beekeeping methods before incurring too large a risk.

Bee Rental: A fruit grower should not purchase bees and
leave them set in the orchard without care. They arc liable
to contract disease and become a menace to beekeeping for
many miles around. In some states bees are being rented
rather extensively by the fruit growers for pollinating pur-
poses. The bees are distributed throughout the orchard by the
beekeeper during the blooming period of the trees after which
they are collected and taken back to the apiary of the bee-
keeper; different charges are made for this service. In New
Jersey the rates vary between $5 and $10 per colony. C. L.
Farror of Amherst, Massachusetts, suggests a rate of $5
;er colony plus transportation for each colony covering
live or six frames with bees. He would subtract $1.25 per
frame for each colony covering a less number of frames. He
would add $1.00 per frame for each colony covering a larger
number of frames, the number of frames covered to be deter-
mined at 60 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit. A colony with three
frames of bees would rent for $2.50, one with 10 frames for
$9.00. Experiments have shown that weak colonies are of
relatively less value because of the smaller number of field
bees present. With such rates the fruit grower would be rent-
ing bees for the orchard rather than colonies. With this sys-
tem the fruit grower has nothing to do directly with the bees.

—11—

Home Apiary Location: When the bees are owned by the
beekeeper, care should be used in selecting a location for the
apiary, as best results will be obtained by locating the bees a
short distance from the orchard. The hives can then be dis-
tributed throughout the orchard during the blooming period
and be returned after this period is over. With a small orch-
ard of a few acres this is not necessary. If the bees remain in
the orchard throughout the year, they may suffer from spray
poison in collecting dew in the morning or they may interfere
some with work within the orchard. Therefore, it may be
advisable to move the hives to a new site. Even though there
will be some loss of bees through this manipulation, since some
of the bees will return to their old locations, there will be
greater satisfaction in handling the bees throughout the sea-
son and working the orchard will over balance the loss in
bees. When the bees are placed on the new stands a large
bunch of grass or weeds should be thrown in front of the en-
trance so more bees will notice the difference and mark their
new locations.

Comb or Extracted Honey: An important question con
fronting any person planning to keep bees, is the question of
whether comb or extracted honey should be produced. Ex-
tracted honey production requires less labor and less skill dur-
ing the summer but more time and work later in preparing the
honey for the market. Extracted honey must be extracted,
bottled, and sometimes liquified before it is put on the market.
This work may be done any time after the honey flow previous
to the beginning of cold weather. Comb honey on the other
hand sells more readily and requires less labor in marketing.
It does, however, require more skill and labor during the
honey flow.

Combining Extracted and Comb Honey: The most advis-
able proceedure usually is to combine extracted with comb
honey production and use both shallow frames and sections.
The shallow frames are given to the colony, first being placed
above a queen excluder. The section supers are placed under
the shallow frame super ; after the bees have begun work in the
frames and have the super two-thirds full, the queen excluder
would be removed at the time the sections are added. In this
way a larger crop is obtained and swarming is lessened to a
considerable extent. The honey in the shallow frames is ex-
tracted so the combs can be used again the next year with
the principal efforts being centered upon comb honey produc-
tion.

Equipment Costs: The original cost of equipment for the
two systems is nearly the same, being about $16.00 per hive
tor comb honey and about $18.00 per hive for extracted honey
production. Three supers in addition to a complete hive should

—12—

make up the outside equipment of the apiary. For extracted
honey this would be three full depth bodies, for comb honey
one shallow frame and two section supers per colony. In the
more favorable locations four supers may be advisable for each
colony. A hive tool, bee veil, smoker, and small two or four
frame honey extractor make up a large part of the general
equipment.

Question: Do you recommend leaving those shallow
frames on over winter as an additional food chamber?

Mr. Anderson: We prefer, in general, to extract those
and keep them as drawn combs for another year, using two
full size bodies over winter. That means additional labor,
perhaps more than the average individual wishes. You lose a
point there,— if they are left over winter and spring they will
very often contain considerable honey in the spring and then
if you get a good flow from dandelion or apple, the bees will
be crowded to such an extent that they will start swarming
very early; for that reason I would like to have the empty
combs on there. If you do that I would say use two shallow
frames and extract one so you will always have one empty
super of drawn combs for the next spring.

Question: How many bees should there be to the acre?

Mr. Anderson: There should be between one or two col-
onies to the acre, distributing them throughout the orchard.

Question: How do you take care of the new swarms
when they are scattered through the orchard?

Mr. Anderson: There is much more work and less satis-
faction in handling bees when they are scattered through the
orchard. If they were out where you could see them, you
might catch those swarms. However, you should try to pre-
vent swarming and you can do so fairly well in the average
season. You will have less swarming with extracted honey
production than you will with comb honey production, but
you will lose a few,— even the best bee keeper will lose a
swarm once in a while.

Question: If a fruit grower has his apiary centrally lo-
cated, will he gain enough by scattering the colonies around in
single acres to compensate for the loss of bees?

Mr. Anderson: I believe so. In that regard I would say
this,— that your bees are of greatest value to you during those
few years when you have only one, two, three or four days for
pollinating your blossoms, and in those seasons when it is
fairly cold during the pollinating period the bees have a ten-
dency to stay near the hive and you may lose by not scattering
the bees around through the orchard.

—13—

,(

I will mention one point now that bears on your question :
Mr. Hootman of the Michigan Station was making some experi-
ments in that State on pollination with bees. He took an 11-
acre orchard and in one end put different varieties of pollen
producing blossoms. The set was increased there to 42 per cent,
while in the other end, the set was only 7 per cent. When he
provided the proper pollinating conditions in the other end,
the set was increased in that part to 42 per cent ; however, I
believe it pays to scatter your bees throughout your orchard.'

If there is a hard wind blowing, the bees have a tendency
to go with the wind rather than against it; the trees on the
leeward side have a relatively better chance for pollination,
especially if there is a large number of bees. Of course, in an
acre or so of fruit the wild insects will pollinate pretty well,
but in larger scale orchards the bees are especially needed.

Question: At what temperature will bees work, or at
what temperature will they not work an orchard?

Mr. Anderson : The bees slow up materially at 60 degrees.
They do their best work at higher temperatures, around 80
and below 60 they do very little. Around 65 they work a
little. It depends upon whether the wind is blowing and the
humidity of the air, but around 65 in general is the tem-
perature at which they stop working.

Qiieslion: I had Stayman and Grimes apples in the orch-
ard and the Staymans that were closer to the Grimes seemed
to have more apples on them; the set seemed to be better than
where they were farther away. I came to the conclusion that
they travel farther with warm weather.

Mr. Anderson: That is true.

Qnestion: Do you need bees as much in a sod orchard as
in a regular cultivated orchard ?

. Mr fn^jerson: You need bees possibly a little bit more
m a cultivated orchard. There are a few more wild insects
m a sod orchard than there are in a cultivated orchard. Cul-
tivating, of course, does away ^ith most of the bumble bees
and other bees that live in the ground.

I might say a word about the bee as a carrier of pollen
and why it is perhaps more superior to other insects. In the
lirst place^ It works very persistently on one variety or one
species. There are counts made of 32 bees and 28 of those had
pure pollen and four none. A count was made of some bum-
ble bees and half of those had mixed pollen; sometimes they
t tS!^ % five different kinds of pollen. The honey bee can
Hml r.?^^'''^^ ^^^^^^^les and placed where desired at the
riZl^^f "I'fl- ^^^y,^^^^ very persistenly, visiting a large
nlumber of flowers while they are working. A bumble bee is a

—14—

good pollinator but in the spring there are only the queens
left ; all the worker bees die during the winter and when spring
comes you have only the queen bumble bees left and under our
system of cultivating the orchard there aren't many of those
left any more.

President Rittenhouse : I want to say to the Committee
on Nominations that I prefer if they do not consider me for
re-nomination. My relations to the officers of the Association
have been, exceedingly pleasant but I am not trained in par-
liamentary affairs. My acquaintance with the individual mem-
bers is not as large as I feel it ought to be. As the office of
President of this Society is one of very great honor and as
there is plenty of competent material here, I feel that the
honor should be passed on oftener than once every two years.

THE INFLUENCE OF A CONTINUOUS BLUE GRASS SOD

ON AN APPLE ORCHARD

R. D. ANTHONY, State CoUege

We have been accustomed to thinking of permanent sod
when combined with proper additions of nitrogenous fertil-
izers as being a satisfactory method of orchard soil manage-
ment. In fact there are many successful orchards in this
State that have stood in sod for 20 years and more. However,
the department of horticulture in its studies of the use of
nitrogen in sod orchards has recently had four cases where
applications of nitrate of soda, sometimes more than double
the usual amount, have failed to maintain tree growth or yield
and where the trees have all the appearance of suffering from
nitrogen starvation.

These cases will be more easily understood if I describe
each briefly. The two which have been conducted the longest
are in the college orchard and include York, Stayman and
Baldwin trees.

State College Cases: One plot had received clean cultiva-
tion without cover crops for 12 years and the soil was in a
seriously depleted condition in 1920 at the time the blue grass
was seeded. The other had been in sod since the orchard was
planted, 12 years before; and as no fertilizer had been used,
the grass was not heavy and the tree growth was poor. This
plot was plowed and reseeded in 1920. Since that time these
plots have been treated alike. Each spring some of the trees
have had ten pounds of nitrate of soda; others, five pounds
and some of the trees have received none.

In spite of the fact that all these trees were in poor shape
at the start of these tests, the nitrated trees did fairly well for
about five years, but during the last two years there has been
very little growth and almost no yield even with the trees re-
ceiving the ten pound treatment.

—15—

$

Where the nitrate has been applied, the blue grass soa
has been growing thicker each year. This was especially true
in the block where the trees received ten pounds. Here by
1929 it had become a tight mat.

Mount Alto Results: The other two blocks are in com-
mercial orchards in Franklin County. One is located in a
block of mature York trees in the D. M. Wertz orchard at Mt.
Alto. For eight years these trees have received annual appli-
cations of five or ten pounds of nitrate of soda, leaving certain
trees untreated as checks. Growth and yield were entirely
satisfactory on these trees until 1927 when there was a very
evident slowing up in growth. In 1928, grow^th, yield and leaf
color were all unsatisfactory. This was even the case in one
part of the block where the trees were given twenty pounds of
nitrate of soda each.

When this test was started, the blue grass sod was several
years old but was not very heavy as these trees had received
but little fertilizer. Since then the use of the nitrate of soda
has rapidly thickened up the sod until, by the late summer of
1928, it was one of the densest I have ever seen in an orchard.

St. Thomas Results: The other test is also in mature
York in the orchard owned by Gillan Brothers at St. Thomas.
Here, since 1924, the trees in five acres have received five, ten
or fifteen pounds of nitrate of soda or equivalent amounts of
sulphate of ammonia. When this test was started, the orchard
had been in blue grass sod for a number of years, but it was
quite weedy and there were many bare spots, especially where
filler peach trees had stood. Half of the orchard received an
application of the fertilizers just as the buds began to show
gray at the tips ; the other half was fertilized when the first
pink showed in the blossoms. The use of these heavy applica-
tions of nitrogen, together with two applications of ground
limestone and one of superphosphate (acid phosphate), brought
about a rapid thickening of the sod. The bare spots became
well covered, and in the half receiving the earliest application
the blue grass drove out the weeds and became very dense.
In the half receiving the fertilizers three weeks later, the
weeds continued to thrive but the cover was heavy.

In the summer of 1928, the trees receiving the five-pound
application began to show signs of decreasing vigor. By 1929,
these trees had the typical appearance of sod trees receiving
no nitrogen, though the trees which had been receiving fifteen
pounds continued in excellent condition. During the first two
yeara, 1924-25, those trees receiving fifteen pounds of fertilizer
yielded nearly four bushels per tree more than those receiving
live pounds, while for the last two years, 1927-29, the increase

—16—

was over seven bushels. The check to ])oth yield and growth
has been more serious in that half of the orchard where the
blue grass has become heaviest.

So much for the conditions of these experiments; what
causes can we assign to the failure of these trees to behave as
we usually expect apple trees to behave in well fertilized sod?

Why Lack of Nitrogen Response: In all these cases the
blue grass sods were at least ten years old by 1929, and in two
cases they were nearly twenty years old. We hear a great
deal now about high protein pasture in Pennsylvania as a cheap
means of feeding live stock. Blue grass forms the basis for
this work. This grass makes its most rapid growth about the
time the apple trees are in full bloom. It is capable of taking
very large amounts of nitrates from the soil and using them to
form proteins. In fact, blue grass six to eight inches high may
be richer in proteins than clover. While these conditions are
ideal in the pasture, in the orchard they result in too much
competition for the nitrogen. As long as the sod is growing
and has not become too tight, we can feed both grass and trees
by early applications of nitrogen; but when the sod becomes
fully established, it can use all the fertilizer we can afford to
put on, and the trees will suffer.

Sod Rotations: This is not an objection to blue grass as
an orchard sod, but it is an objection to it as a long continued
sod. The very fact that it has a high protein content enables
us to make a valuable contribution to the soil by clipping the
grass while it is green and dropping it as a mulch. Further-
more, the high nitrogen content enables the sod to rot doAvn
quicker when we plow it under.

At the college we have recently had some very gratifying
results from using short sod rotations as a means of building
up soil fertility. We are coming to believe that we can se-
cure the best results with any sod when it is worked into the
soil by plowing or disking every four to six yenrs and then
reseeded.

Grass Differences : You are perhaps wondering why these
results with blue grass are so different from those some of you
have had with timothy and red top. Blue grass is the native
grass in the southern half of Pennsylvania, while timothy and
red top are more common grasses in the northern half. Blue
grass has a protein content at least three times as high as
timothy and red top ; furthermore, the two latter grasses seem
to make their heaviest growth somewhat later than blue grass.
As a result, we have a very different nitrogen supply in the
soil available to the apple trees, and in long continued timothy
and red top sods, the trees do not show such serious check as
with blue grass. Even with timothy and red top there would

—17—

probably be a sufficient increase in the fertility of the soil with
more frequent plowing to justify the use of shorter rotations.

Possible Influence of High Heads : Another factor possibly
has been important in these tests. In all four cases the trees
had heads high enough to permit a vigorous growth of grass
clear to the trunks. If the tops had been sufficiently low and
dense to check the grass growth the usual method of broad-
easting a considerable part of the fertilizer under the spread
of the branches might have supplied enough nitrogen to the
trees for satisfactory growth.

Question: You said that they turned blue grass under.
What we do with it is go over it with an orchard cultivator
and tear it up and go over it with a disk and lisk it up. Which
is the better method?

Mr. Anthony: Anything that decreases the vigor of that
stand, — I donH care how you do it. We take an old team and
a careful driver and tell him just to flop that sod over, about
a three-inch furrow, and we can tear it up that way which we
thirik is about the cheapest under our conditions. On the
other hand, if you can tear it up with any sort of a tool that
rips it up, so much the better. Any way to get it worked
down a little bit.

Question: How often do you cultivate?

Mr. Anthony: I don't know. Where we can turn that
sod with a plow I think that we can tear that up enough to
reseed that year. That is, where we turn it in the fall, we give
it the winter to rot down. If you start to put a disk on it in
the spring when it is wet, providing you have anything like the
experience Mr. D. M. Wertz' men had, it is going to take you
all year to rip it up and the following year for reseeding.

Question: Do you hurt anything by tearing it up with a
plow f

Mr. Anthony: I don't believe we have hurt the roots
enough to be considered at all; that man plowing has run be-
tween three and four inches. We have plowed land that
hasn't been plowed for fifty years and I am perfectly certain
there was no injury whatsoever. The Gillan orchard was
plowed; the Wertz orchard was disked. I asked Mr. Gillan
himself whether he though there had been any damage done
in his orchard. He said they cut one root that was big enough
to be a slight injury to the tree, but outside of that he didn't
think the cutting of the roots was enough to be at all serious.

Question: What about the pine mice?

Mr. Anthony: Pine mice are deep working mice. I don't
believe you have any solution for mice of any kind that has

—18—

proved as successful as poisoning, although your short rota-
tions will help you get some of your mice out.

Mr. Tyson: Instead of leaving the sod until it approaches
that danger point, how would it work to give it a tearing up
every year or every other year without actually destroying the
sod?

Mr. Anthony: I think it is merely a question of which is
the greater economy. If you can get in there early in the
spring every couple of years and rip it up, just enough that it
slows it up and yet reseeds itself, and does not cost any more
than the heavier, job of tearing it up every five or six years,
I don't think there would be any difference at all in the result.
I think it is a question of which brings the greater economy, a
tearing up every two years or so, or going longer, working
harder, when you do tear it up. I doubt if the results would
be very different. Possibly Mr. Tyson's method, by prevent-
ing it coming to that peak demand, might let us get by vnth
a little bit lower nitrogen bill.

Dr. Fletcher suggests that Mr. Tyson's system of just a
partial tearing up would be better for use on steep land. You
can, however, on very steep land plow in alternate rows.
Plow one row one year and the next row the following year so
as to leave your alternate rows of sod to break your wash.

Mr. Engler (Maryland) : For one who can not grow blue
grass, have you had any experience with sweet clover as
bringing these things along for a few years so we can get blue
grass growing?

Mr. Anthony: Of course, I have been talking blue grass
which, you understand, is a non-nitrogenous grass. That is,
it doesn't utilize the air nitrogen as does alfalfa and sweet
clover. That is an entirely different problem. You all know
cases where alfalfa has been carried for 15 to 20 years without
the addition of nitrogen and where the trees are in good shape.
Where a man is so fortunate that he can carry sweet clover
and alfalfa, he does not need to worry at all. Unfortunately,
lots of us can not do that. We have to use the blue grass. It
is the natural grass in the orchard and it costs too much to get
alfalfa. The question is, how can we use it to advantage?

Question: How much lime does blue grass need? Does
it need an alkaline soil?

Mr. Anthony: No, it will grow under more acid condi-
tions than alfalfa and sweet clover. Then when that goes out
your red top comes in. In most of south-central and south-
western Pennsylvania the natural acidity of the soil is low
enough so that the blue grass grows. When you get up into
Lackawanna County and in through there you are out of that

—19—

1'

k

blue grass section to quite an extent; you are getting into
other grasses, grasses with a much lower protein content Your
timothy and your red top and your orchard grass will run
around four to five per cent protein, where the blue grass runs
20. Therefore, you see you have an entirely different nitrogen
situation there.

So you gentlemen who come from Lackawanna and Lu-
cerne and Bradford and Susquehanna counties, where you do
not get so much blue grass and where you are dealing with
timothy or red top, you do not have this heavy nitrogen supply
to get from your grass. You have a different situation.

HAVE FRUIT GROWERS STRESSED TOO MUCH THE

SUPERIOR VALUE OP ONE YEAR OLD

APPLE TREES FOR PLANTING?

YES!

H. G-. BAUQHER, Aspers, Pa.

As a fruit grower and nurseryman I will say that there
has been too much stress put on the planting of one-year apple
trees. I shall first give my experience as a fruit grower for 22
years and second as a nurseryman for 25 years.

As a fruit grower, I planted in the spring of 1908, 25
acres to apples, using two-year-old trees. In 1912, I planted
15 acres, using one and two-year trees. In the years 1915,
1916, and 1917, I planted 100 acres to apples, using one- and
two-year trees. In keeping close watch over the first block
of 25 acres, now 22 years old, and the second block of 16
acres, planted with one- and two-year trees, now 14 years old,
and the third block of 100 acres, planted with one- and two-
year trees, I have never been able to find anything in favor of
the one-year trees, as to growth, size or shape of trees in the
orchard after growing for the years stated. If any difference,
it would be in favor of the two-year trees.

The advantages and disadvantages of each age tree are
as follows : The one-year tree is a small tree seldom possessing
side branches, and commonly called a **whip,*' and when set
in the orchard is not as noticeable as a larger tree. It is
therefore more apt to be run down with the farm tractor or
team of horses. The two-year tree is much larger and more
readily seen, and thus not so apt to be run down.

As to the cost of pruning the different age tre^s when set
in the orchard, I have never found anything in favor of the
one-year tree over the two-year tree. My estimate of the cost
of pruning of two-year trees for the first five years in the
orchard is not to exceed one cent per year or five cents per
tree for the first five years.

—20—

As to coming into bearing, I have never found anything in
favor of the one-year tree coming into bearing sooner than the
two-year tree ; if anything it would be in favor of the two-year
tree.

From some trees in my first block of 25 acres of Stayman
and York planted as two-year trees in 1908, ten years after
planting, I have picked 10 to 12 bushels of apples per tree of
fine, large, well-formed apples.

In 1928 I had the pleasure of showing this orchard to Pro-
fessor Fagan. I took him under the branches of one of these
trees and told him to look carefully over the tree and to tell
me if he though he could have made a better shaped tree if it
had been a one-year tree when planted. His answer was,
*'Well, you must remember this tree has been in the hands of a
skillful man.*'

In the summer of 1929 I had the pleasure of showing this
same orchard to Dr. Anthony, and in looking over the orchard
I asked him the same question asked of Professor Fagan. With
a smiling face, he refused to say yes or no. A few months
later I showed our good friend and nursery inspector, F. M.
Trimble, over this same orchard which then had a heavy crop
of apples on it. Some of the York Imperial trees picked 20 to
30 bushels to the tree. I told Trimble if he could find any
limbs broken at the crotches in the 25 acres, I would make a
present of $50.00 ; he had no occasion to collect.

I will now speak of my experience as a nurseryman for 25
years, growing apple trees. I soon learned that some varieties
were much faster growers than others, especially in the first
and second year's growth in the nursery row and that, with
the fastest growing varieties, it was hard to get a growth of
over five-foot w^hips the first year, while the slower growing
varieties would not make this size, especially if the weather
was dry. I have found this same one-year whip, if left in the
nursery row another year, would make a good strong, well-
branched tree with heavy trunk, five to seven feet high. The
growth of the trees the second year in the nursery row is much
more rapid than the first year's growth, therefore I can give
the planter a much stronger ti-ee in two-year trees than in one-
year trees. With the improved method of digging trees from
the nursery row with the power digger, most all of the roots
are given to the trees, whether one-, two- or three-year trees.

I will also say that in the nursery row, it is much easier
to certify two-year trees as being true to name than one-year
trees; the one-year trees usually have no branches the first
year and do not show the difference of growth in the leaf or
habit of growth of the different varieties that the two-year
trees do.

—21—

I shall show a few samples at the close of my talk of one-,
two- and three-year apple trees, showing the growth of the
different aged trees in the nursery row each year. For re-
planting in my orchards, Avhere mice have girdled trees or
from any other cause, I use many three-year trees with good
results. The trees will fill up the vacant space much sooner
than one-year trees would. I have brought with me a sample
of one of these trees, now six years old, to show the growth it
has made after it had been set in the orchard for three years
to fill up a vacant space.

I have a letter from William Hoopes. He couldn't be here
to present his ideas on this question and I will read his letter :

'*Mr. H. G. Baugher, Aspers, Pa.

**Dear Sir: In reply to yours of the 11th, in reference to
the topic, *Have Fruit Growers Stressed Too Much the Value
of One- Year Old Trees?', personally we think they have. Root
gall, for one thing, does not show up very much on one-year
old trees. On a two-year bud or a three-year graft, it does
show up, and these trees are discarded by the nurseryman.
The extra care p:iven the trees while in the nursery is worth
far more than the extra price of the two-year old trees over
the one-year old trees. The one-year trees, as said before, do
not show the root gall or crown gall as quickly. Therefore,
the fruit grower plants these trees in his orchard and he does
not find out which ones these trees are until too late. Then he
has grown them for many years and to take them out now
makes him a considerable loss.

**We have furnished one of the largest growers in New
Jersey with trees for many years and he has told us on several
occasions other men in his section, often adjoining his orchard,
had planted one-year trees and our trees always gave him a
crop one or two years in advance of the other planters' one-
year trees, and the first crop more than paid for the extra cost.
In addition his orchard always shows off better than with one-
year trees after many years of bearing. (Signed) Hoopes
Brothers & Thomas Company."

Question: I want to ask a question before Mr. Baugher
leaves. What is the difference in expense in planting one-
and two-year trees?

Mr. Baugher: Possibly five cents more expense on the
older tree.

99

HAVE FRUIT GROWERS STRESSED TOO MUCH THE

SUPERIOR VALUE OP ONE- YEAR OLD APPLE

TREES FOR PLANTING? IT DEPENDS.

F. N. PAGAN, SUte CoUege

It depends : First, upon the type of the two-year old tree.
Is this two-year tree a cull from the first year's growth? If
so, it is not as good a tree as a five to seven foot one-year tree.
Second, upon the height of heading by the nurseryman dur-
ing the dormant season immediately before the tree enters its
second year's growth.

Third, upon the pruning or stripping of the trunk by the
nurseryman during the second growing season or just prior to
shipping the two-year old tree to the orchardist. If the nur-
seryman heads his one-year stock 40 inches high and does not
strip the trunk higher than 30 inches, the two-year tree is
likely as good a tree for the planter to use as the one-year tree.
If the nurseryman heads his stock at 40 inches and prunes or
strips up to 30 inches, then the tree is not as good for the
orchardist as the strong one-year tree. If the nurseryman
heads at 26 to 30 inches, the grower has a fine chance to de-
velop an ideal head if he prunes off all branch growth except
the lead branch upon which he may then develop a head to suit
himself.

During the past year several of our Pennsylvania nursery-
men saw thousands of two-year old apple and cherry trees that
would make ideal trees for the orchardist. These trees were
headed low and the orchardist would have a chance to select
the lead branch and develop just a good tree <xB from a
one-year.

Times change; nurserymen's methods change; orchardists'
ideas change. Years ago the orchardist was pleased to get a
tree showing a nice straight front stripped of all branches ex-
cept a little cluster at the top. The orchardist wanted such
trees; the nurseryman gave him what he wanted. It was the
business of the nurseryman to please the planter. Go back
into some of the old, orthodox books and you will find that the
theory was to cut these back. Still some nurserymen's cata-
logues carry the same pictures they did thirty years ago — they
cut these back to stubs, made a stocky tree and caused the
branches to thin out. The orchardist wanted that and the
nurseryman gave it to him. Times have changed.

One-Year Trees : A few years ago, the orchardist changed
his ideas. He wanted to develop a head on his orchard trees
to suit himself. He had had some trouble with breakage. He
began to demand a tree unpruned and, still further, a one-year

—23—

tree upon which he could develop the type of tree head that
seemed to suit his fancy. Therefore, the demand for one-year
trees increased. The nurserymen, to a large extent, have tried
to give him this tree.

One of the reasons the orchardist demanded a one-year
tree was so that he could start a low head on his tree. In
heading them low he did exactly what the nurseryman did
when he headed his tree the beginning of this past season be-
fore it became a two-year-old. He headed it here and he de-
veloped a head immediately under where he pruned it, exactly
what the orchardist did. They got a lot of breakage. They
wanted more trees on which they could tram the heads.
Those are some of the facts that have led into the development
of a one-year old three.

Two-Year Trees : Upon the type of the two-year old tree
also hangs this question,— is this two-year old tree that the
nurseryman sells a cull of the nursery at the end of the first
year? If it is a cull of the nursery at the end of the first year,
then it is not as good a tree as the one-year that was not a
cull That is probably the only absolute statement that I will
make for you. If it was a cull,— and by a cull we mean a root-
graft tree that for some reason or other didn't heal quite
right or didn't make a satisfactory first-year's growth,— it may
have been infected a little by crown gall; it may have had
some rosy aphis that stunted the tree. If you saw the nur-
sery stock you would find that the higher percentage of injured
roots from one cause or another will always fall m the small
size trees. The percentage of damage will d^^^case /n the
large size trees, whether it be a one- or two-year old block of
trees.

New Type of Two-Year Trees: The Pennsylvania fruit
tree nurserymen and your Committee on Certification spent a
week together this last summer in the nurseries and in one
section they are no longer heading the height they used to
head,— the high head, way up here,— getting too long a trunk
for the plants; they are getting a little lower and I am safe in
saying that the Pennsylvania fruit tree nurserymen and your
Committee on Certification saw thousands of trees (we could
probably number them in the millions) that I would just as
soon have as one-year. They headed them a little lower; they
had a development of head with an ideal chance to take off
any of the branches, giving us a chance to practice wider spac-
ing of our branches.

Narrow Crotches: In doing so, we have an opportunity to
keep the crotches from being so narrow. You notice on these
two-year old trees that these limbs that came down farther on
the branch below where this tree was cut as a one-year, that

—24—

you have a wider angle on your branch the farther down you
go. That is true in all the rest of the pruning you are going
to give this tree. The wider your angle of branch, the stronger
will be your crotch ; the more narroAV the crotch, the weaker it
will be.

It Also Depends: One other point that I make — it de-
pends (and this is going to hit the nurserymen very hard but
fortunately not the Pennsylvania nurserymen) upon whether
the tree has been bundled any length of time with all the
head branches brought in. How many of you have ever bun-
dled trees and opened them and had them lie in the nursery
over winter? How many of you have ever seen the leather
straps and seen them weighted down so the nurseryman can
get them into the bundle with all the head branches other than
the lead branch bent tight in? We hope that we can get some
work started in some of our Pennsylvania nurseries to see how
much real damage has occurred to those branches bent in m
that manner. No wonder the old teaching was to take this
two-year tree and head these back to stubs. It was hardly
possible to bend a branch and hold it that way for weeks at a
time without expecting the cell growth on the outside to be
stretched ; and on the inside to be mashed. It is little wonder
that the old teaching has never been changed on a two-year old
tree I don't know how many of you ever tried planting a
two-year old tree that stayed in a bundle over the winter in a
nursery cellar or maybe in a heeling-in ground outside, but I
will guarantee that not many of you have ever kept them that
long or longer with your side branches. Most of them were
headed down. Why? Because down here we had some buds
that can still grow. We follow a lot of these old practices be-
cause we knew that that is what happened. I hope that the
Experiment Station can get some work started on that and
help show us.

I am a great believer in telling any one of you to go to
your Pennsylvania nurseryman near home. We have plenty
of good ones. If you can find what you want at these nur-
series, get your trees and haul them home and try to get them
so they don't even bundle them for you, at least not bundle
them too tight. Then you have a chance to shape that tree
any way you want to.

Question: You pruned that two-year old tree. If that
had been a Delicious, wouldn't your side branches have com-
peted with your center leads? If that tree hadn't been pruned
until three years old, like that tree standing there, you would
never have a Delicious tree looking like that. My experience
has been that those side branches will compete with the center
every time.

—25—

Mr. Pagan : We have had lots of them do that. The side
branches go on and it means hard pruning in the next four to
six years, if we are going to keep it down and keep the center
from doing it. We can show you plenty of trees up at the Ex-
periment Station that are that way. I don't think there is
anything unusual about that, though.

VARIETIES FOR THE HOME MARKET

PETEB BOLTZ, Lebanon

This question may be considered a local problem and I
hope to discuss it from that angle. Does the home or local
market require a different list of varieties from that used in
plantings where the crop is shipped in carlots to distant mar-
kets? In carlot districts usually only such varieties are grown
that can be grown to the greatest perfection. You have prac-
tically the entire world for your market. If a variety is not
wanted in one market, you can try another. You may sell
your crop as a whole or in part at any time during the sea-
son. Firmness is an essential characteristic in a variety in-
tended for long distance shipping.

Number of Varieties: In a home market, you can sell
varieties that would be too tender for distant shipping, put up
in the usual package. You must have a sufficient number of
varieties to supply all the requirements of your market from
the beginning to the end of the season, but a multiplicity of
competing varieties is not only unnecessary but is decidedly
unprofitable. To have your market table bedecked with a
dozen or more varieties may be all right to make an attractive
display, but when it comes to making a selection for the market
basket it causes a veritable Babel of confusion among your
customers. If the would-be purchaser is fortunate enough to
remember the name of the variety of his previous purchase, he
will ask for it by name. If he does not remember he will let
you guess and the chances are he will not get what he wanted.
If he is a new customer and he is not familiar with varieties,
he may ask for a good cooking or for a good eating apple and
buy what you recommend, but probably will take it for granted
the others are not good for that purpose. If you tell him they
are all good, he may doubt your veracity or your good judg-
ment or both and pass on to make his purchase from some one
more reliable.

To supply all the needs of a local market, you must have
a constant supply of dessert apples, as well as cooking apples;
also some crab apples and a limited number of sweet apples.
The varieties I recommend for the home market have been se-
lected from a list of over a hundred that I personally have
grown and about twenty more that others have grown under
my observation.

—26—

Pour Main Varieties: The first is a list of four funda-
mental varieties which must not be omitted from any collec-
tion where they can be well-grown ; they are the Yellow Trans-
parent, Summer Rambo, Smokehouse and Stayman Winesap.
The merits of these varieties are so well known that I need only
say that with these four varieties, if properly handled, you can
supply the market continuously from the beginning to the end
of the season.

Supplementary Sorts: The next is a list of ten varieties
that may be considered supplementary to the foregoing. They
have all proven highly satisfactory with me, but I leave it to
the judgment of each individual grower as to how many of
these varieties should be included in his plantings. The varie-
ties in order of ripening are Red Astrachan, Duchess, Wealthy,
Grimes Golden, Banana, Red Delicious, Baldwin, Rome Beauty,
York Imperial and Paragon. I would also recommend two
sweet apples, the Sweet Bough and Winter Sweet Paradise and
two crab apples, the Transcendent and the Hyslop.

Other varieties which I would recommend only with some
reservations are Early Ripe, Benoni, Williams Early, Mcintosh,
Jonathan, King David, Golden Delicious, King, Spy, Hubbards-
ton, Nero, Limbertwig and Stark.

Other varieties I have tried and found wanting, some for
unproductiveness, some for overproductiveness making thin-
ning too expensive, some for not being adapted to our climate
and soil, others for the poor quality of the fruit.

Many of the new varieties I have not tried. I am vastly
more concerned in reducing my present number of varieties
than in increasing them.

Question: What is the matter with Mcintosh?

Mr. Boltz: I haven't tried it very extensively but the
fault I find with it at Lebanon is that we are a little too far
south for it. It becomes too early an apple ; it drops a little.

RAISmO BOTH HOGS AND APPLES
Not Necessarily on the Same Land

H. 0. BBINTON, Hanover

As to results of mixing hogs and apples, it has been my
experience that in spite of all we can do, we have off years in
apples, likewise in hogs, but for some time past it has just
happened to balance off. When the apples were off it was a
good hog year and good prices and if the hogs did not do so
well, the apples did; so it has enabled me to have an income
that is little more regular.

—27—

li,

I would say if you like hogs and have room for a couple of
lots, try a few hogs. As to breed, they are like chickens, grow
the breed you like but do not expect to get rich on hogs any
faster than you are on your apples.

President Rittenhouse : I never kept livestock but I have
seen the effect of the hog on apple trees in my neighbor's orch-
ards where they had grown hogs ; they are certainly destruc-
tive to trees. Have you had little pigs running in your arch-
ard doing any harm?

Mr. Brinton: I don't have pigs running in the orchard
at any time.

President Rittenhouse : 1 have not kept any pigs but my
neighbor had some little pigs that he allowed to run. I have
a sod orchard. They run their noses through that sod and I
believe they get every field mouse there is. The trees were
young and yet they didn't do any harm to those young apple
trees.

Mr. Brinton: It is just at certain seasons of the year that
the hogs seem to go after the trees. They will not bother trees
at other seasons. I don't know why it is. I have some of
these lots in an old part of the orchard. I have some trees
that really don't amount to much more than shade trees, al-
though they are fruit trees. When they start on a tree, if
you don't watch them very closely, it only takes about a day
for them to girdle it. The minute you see a mark on that tree
you either want to protect it or get your hogs out, or else that
tree will go.

Question: Isn't it true that if you give hogs plenty of
room they won't do that?

Mr. Brinton : I use lots altogether. A hog seems to crave
something at this particular time of the year and my experi-
ence has been that they Avail go after the tree even if they do
have a big range. If they were ranging in a wood lot perhaps
not, but ranging in lots of an acre or two they will.

MY COMMON STORAGE

J. A. BUNK, Huntingdon

I want to tell you briefly about the construction of our
storage. I will tell you how it was built, the size of it and in
a brief way how it is working out. The storage is 110 feet
long, 55 feet wide, IOI/2 feet at the eaves and 12 feet at the
center. There are two doors, one at each end, and there arc
no ventilators. We had had some experience wdth cellar stor-
age,—barn cellars with ventilators,— and every time a blizzard
came along we had to get out in the cold and plug up those
ventilators to keep the apples from freezing underneath them.

—28—

I made up my mind I would give it a trial without ventilators.
The side walls, because of the materials we had available (sand
and plenty of stone), we built of monolithic concrete; 15 inches
thick at the base ; with sub-drainage and 13 inches at the top.
The roof was built of reinforced slab. We used a standard
reinforcing and did not try steel bars or railroad irons or any-
thing of that kind because the rooms were wide. We had the
largest spans on which our engineers had ever figured the
stresses and they demurred and said we couldn't build it that
way. I told them to go ahead and figure accordingly and that
we would take the consequences. We had mule teams and
dump wagons on the roof and we had no sagging, but we did
put in a lot of steel. The slab varies form 11 inches at the
eaves to 91/2 inches at the center approximately. There is no
attempt made to carry it exactly.

Ventilation: The doors are at the opposite ends, 12 feet
wide and 101/2 feet high. There never is any question at all of
ventilation. In fact, as soon as cold weather comes we close
the door at the east end of the building and use only the door
at the west end of the building.

Temperatures: We never have carried on careful experi-
ments on temperature, but we never have had any trouble with
freezing. In zero weather we can open those doors as much
as we want and still have no trouble with freezing even right
at the door. I never have found apples frozen enough to hurt
them at any time in the cellar. There is a rough temporary
sub-floor in the building, not what we would like to have but
all we have been able to get, it seems, so far.

Storage Packages: We always store in bushel baskets, by
the way, as I never felt like littering up the premises with
crates. We never have had a crop that we needed to push
the cellar to the full limit, but we have stored seven tiers deep
with baskets and have had no bad effects so far as we have
been able to observe.

Results of the Past Year: We have found and are finding
right now that some varieties, especially Baldwin and Stay-
man Winesap, are going on the market a trifle too ripe. In
other words, it was too Avarm in that storage cellar during the
fall months. That is a problem that we have encountered. No
doubt we will have to some time be able to check down that
temperature with cold storage or some artificial means.

Question: Have you had wilting?

Mr. Runk: No wilting. Right now it is so damp in that
storage that a basket allowed to stand with a corrugated pad
over the top gets moist. We have that much moisture. At

—29—

I

times it does get dry and we have had to water the floor.
There is absolutely no cement in the floor; it is a combination
of sand and clay.

Pall Temperatures: I have mentioned one criticism, one
fault that we have had develop. We had approximately 15,000
bushels as they came from the orchard, but not full packed
bushels, but would have had ten or twelve thousand bushels
stored in the cellar this fall. There were temperature condi-
tions that I knew were too warm and we have had too much
ripening. The greater the bulk of apples, the greater the
temperature you have to contend with in the fall. You have
the heat coming off the apples when you store them out of the
orchard.

We do one thing that perhaps is not good orchard practice.
Sometimes we leave them out more than one night but we al-
ways aim to leave the apples out one night after picking so
they get chilled as much as possible. If you leave a large
quantity out you run into the sunshine part of the day and
you lose as much as you gain and take a chance of bad
weather. The radio helps out a little bit on that sometimes.

I am questioning, with our results this year and with all
our talk about storage, whether we are not perhaps overdoing
the thing. I am not sure that sometimes we wouldn't be better
off selling our apples right out of the orchard.

Question: Do you have any trouble bringing the mice
into the storage when you keep your apples overnight?

Mr. Runk: Yes, we do, and rats will get in sometimes.
I will tell you how we solved that problem as we had a good
deal of trouble with it at first. Whenever we find rats or mice
m the storage, we run our tractor inside the door and shut
the door and let it run for a couple of hours and that monox-
ide gas does the work and it doesn't hurt the apples at all.

MY COLD STORAGE

SHEIiDON PUNK, Boywtown

I have little to offer as far as cold storage is concerned
but I will say that I would not want to get along without it.
We have had cold storage now for three or four years and we
need it not only for peaches but for our earlier varieties of
apples, such as Transparent, Duchess, Wealthy, Summer Ram-
bo, Grimes and Mcintosh. I use a lot of cold storage. I
have three or four common storage cellars but I do want some
cold storage. The only undesirable feature is the expense,— it
costs a lot to put in a cold storage plant. My experience has
been it does not cost very much to run it after it is once
installed.

1 use an ammonia system and have one or two units; one
automatic and one hand-controlled. We use the two of them
in the fall when we are running in peaches or apples and after
we get our temperature down to the desired stage, we shut off
the machine and let the little one run and it will take care of
things automatically.

Question: How big a storage?

Mr. Funk: I have two cold storage rooms, 40 by
50, and one cold room. The cold room is a room in which
the return from the machine runs through a smaller number of
coils on its way back to the machine. I find that it is a very
good room for Stayman Winesap, for instance. They ripen up
a little bit earlier than they do in the cold storage and not quite
as early as they do in common storage. We use that merely
as a cold room. It is just in between common and cold.

Question: Can you tell us about how many days you can
hold peaches in cold storage?

Mr. Punk: We can hold peaches very nicely for four
weeks, but that is about the limit if you do not want too much
waste. If you are willing to take a little waste you can carry
them longer than that, but we do not ordinarily try to carry
them longer than four weeks. My practice is to put them in
and just as soon as we are finished in the orchard we start
pulling them right out of the cooler.

Question: You can take them out and ship them, then?

Mr. Punk: Yes. Just after you finish in the orchard.
It is a strange thing how many people will wait until peaches
are all gone, and then you have about a week or ten days
when they all want peaches, and that is the time we take
them out of the cooler and get rid of them. In that way we
used up all of the rejected peaches, stuff that was slightly
decayed or wormy or something like that that we could not
sell at all during the season, but by putting it into the cooler
and taking it out right away we were able to get rid of it at
a fair price.

Question: Do you have a commercial plant in addition
to your packing plants?

Mr. Funk: There are a number of commercial storage
plants in that vicinity.

Question: Do you think you could afford to store in one?

M!r. Funk: I could not afford to store in a commercial
plant.

Question: Have you any data relative to cost per bushel
of apples?

—31—

*;

Hi

Mr. Funk: It is A^cry small. On apples we do not run a
cold storage all winter; we merely run cold storage until cold
weather comes on and then we shut off the machine. If we
get a warm spell we may start up again. We may start up
again in the spring of the year if we have apples on hand but
it not we will just run for the summer and fall months. The
actual cost of storage without figuring your interest on invest-
ment wouldn't run over two or three cents a bushel.

Question: What material do you use to insulate the
building?

Mr. Punk: Sheet cork on the floors and granulated cork
on the sides and in one case on the top, but all the sides are
insulated with granulated cork seven inches of it wdth a
double thickness of flooring and several thicknesses of paper
and a 22-inch stone wall.

President Rittenhouse: There was a question submitted
that fits right into this, Mr. Funk, and that is, ''What is the
best cold storage temperature for peaches T*

Mr. Funk: In my estimation the best cold storage temper-
ature for peaches is 35 degrees or as close to 35 as you can hold
it. I do not like to run them much below that because you
realize that you have considerable variation in the tempera-
ture in the cold storage room. For instance, there will be
anywhere from three to six degrees difference between the top
of the room and the floor. So that if you get the center of
your room much below 35, you stand some danger of freezing
the peaches on the floor. You can freeze apples and it will
not hurt them if you let them alone, but if you freeze a peach,
it is gone ; there is no bringing it back. You have simply got
to throw it out. So we find that a temperature of 35 is about
as good as we can get.

Question: I held peaches until Christmas. They looked
all right but they would not do to eat.

President Rittenhouse: Any other person had any experi-
ence with storing peaches that knows what the best tempera-
ture is for storing them? Thirty-five degi-oos is what Mr.
Funk thinks is the best temperature.

Mr. Coffin: We find that 35 degrees is about the ideal
temperature for peaches.

President Rittenhouse: The next question is. Has any-
body had experience with the Killifer tool in orchard tillage?

^ Mr Frederick Greist: They make a great many cultivat-
ing tools, what they call a chisel and a sub-soiler and disk and
various other attachments. It is for the purpose of getting
down far into the ground. I bought last summer one of those
miiifer tools, a chisel and sub-soiler attachment, and I shall

—32—

tell you next year what the results have been. I got it especi-
ally because there were some parts of the orchard that had
outcroppings of hard pan pretty close to the surface. There is
possibly an objection that I prune the roots pretty hard in
going through, but I thought it was worth while risking root
pruning in order to break up the hard pan. I had a cater-
pillar tractor and pulled this sub-soiler through to a depth of
from 22 to 24 inches. We will see the effects another year.

Question: How old were the trees?

Mr. Greist: They were about 12 years old.

Question: How close did you get to the tree?

Mr. Oriest: I did not go closer than 12 feet to any of the
trees. Some of the places where the trees were large, I just
went once through the middle. That would be 15 feet from
the tree. Those trees happened to be planted 30 feet.

(The meeting adjourned at 4:45 P. M.)

ADJOURNlVfENT.

WEDNESDAY MORNING
January 22, 1930

The Second Session convened at 9 :15 A. M., the President,
Mr. J. S. Rittenhouse, presiding.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE EXPORT TRADE TO THE
PENNSYLVANIA APPLE GROWERS

D. M. JAMES, Bureau of Markets

Pennsylvania, together with the neighboring states of
Maryland, West Virginia and Virginia, contains an apple grow-
ing district which has become famous not only for the produc-
tion of high quality apples for domestic sale, but also as the
greatest apple exporting district of the world. ** Apple Pie
Ridge,'' as this section is often called, exports far greater
quantities than New York State, and even more than Wash-
ington, the heaviest apple producing state in the Union. This
fruit forms the bulk of the barreled apples shipped to Europe
and South America, and is all known to the export trade as
*' Virginia apples,'' since the greater part are grown in Vir-
ginia or West Virginia. In recent years, however, Maryland
and Pennsylvania have also been exporting heavily. The most
recent figures available show that 55 per cent of the carlot
shipments from the 1926 Pennsylvania apple crop were export-
ed. A lesser percentage were probably shipped from the 1927,
1928, and 1929 crops, because conditions were unusual in 1926,
but I would venture to say that at least a third of the cars
shipped from Pennsylvania points have been exported during
the past three seasons.

—33—

It is very evident that the extensive export movement has
a favorable effect on all growers in the United States, whether
they export apples or whether they dispose of their fruit
through domestic trade. Nearly fifteen million bushels of
apples, or approximately 15 per cent of the estimated commer-
cial crop of the country are exported yearly. A large part of
the estimated commercial crop is never offered for sale as fresh
fruit, but is used in the production of canned and dried apples,
jellies and preserves, cider and vinegar, or is lost because of
spoilage or waste. Therefore, it is evident that the export
movement is considerably greater than 15 per cent of the
available commercial apple supply. Fruit growers of every
apple producing state in the Union are indebted to the export
trade for the disposition of sufficient apples to create an addi-
tional and burdensome surplus if they were put on the do-
mestic markets.

To be sound and healthy, this export trading must be
profitable to the European or South American importer as well
as to the American grower. For the most part this business
is profitably handled, the best proof of which is seen in the
tremendous growth of apple exports in the past few decades.
But some of this business is not profitable to American growers
or to foreign importers, due principally to factors which may
be avoided. To export fruit the grower enters a specialized
and hazardous field which he should study carefully. In the
first place, the small grower should endeavor to link his opera-
tions with others because it does not usually pay to export in
a small way. It is important to know the special likes and
dislikes of the various foreign markets as to seasonal prefer-
ences, varieties, sizes, grades and markings on the package.
In short, the grower or shipper must have a commodii;^ which
meets all the requirements of the foreign market and he must
grade and pack the fruit so that its full value is realized. Too
many American shippers take unnecessary chances with un-
known and unreliable foreign brokers. Great care should be
used in making the export connections which may be done
through the New York representatives of the foreign concerns.

In packing fruit which is intended for export it is well to
remember that the stock receives more than twice the handling
received by fruit in domestic trade. Barrels must be well
coopered, the chime hoops must be of proper size and well
nailed in place. Too many nails in the top chime hoop are
undesirable because it causes cracking of the barrel head in
making inspection; 10 to 12 nails are sufficient. It is very
important to pound down bilge hoops and nail them securely
as the coopers usually place only one or two nails in the hoops
to hold them in place.

Since England takes about 80 per cent of all the barreled
apples shipped from the United States, it is absolutely neces-
sary to mark all packages intended for that market, '* Produce
of the U. S. A.*' in letters not less than one-half inch in height,
this being a requirement of Great Britain. Other marks
should include variety, packer's name and address, grade,
minimum and maximum size range, '^T. S. Standard BarreU'
and ''Shredded Oil Paper'' when used.

The face of the pack should be a suitable display of the
general quality, size and color of the stock contained in the
run of the barrel. European buyers are said to discriminate
against packs of apples where they can detect a marked dif-
ference between the contents and the top of the barrel.

Since shipping for export is so much more hazardous than
shipping for the domestic trade, more care should be used in
grading and packing. Every barrel should be racked several
times during packing to insure a tight pack. ''Slacks" are
discounted from 35c to to $1.00 belov/ the price received for
tight barrels. In grading the fruit it is essential to remove
any apples which are blemished by skin breaks, bruises or cuts,
which may later develop into decay.

Unfortunately, there are some American growers and ship-
pers, particularly in the high price years, who look to the
export markets as dumping grounds for all inferior apples.
Early in the fall, stock is shipped to Europe which is so im-
mature as to be unfit for human consumption ; later in the sea-
son, shipments are made which are so over-ripe and badly de-
cayed as to be hardly fit for cider. Other lots are exported
which are badly slack, which means that nearly every apple
contained in the slack barrels will be badly bruised during the
20 or more handlings which it receives on the journey. Still
other lots are so badly damaged by scab, scale, worms, or
some other disease or insect as to render them unattractive for
any purpose. Surely such stock is poor advertising media to
encourage the greater use of American apples in foreign mar-
kets.

Before closing, I will explain briefly the certification re-
quirements for exporting. First, any carlots to be shipped to
Great Britain must be inspected at shipping point or at point
of export. The steamship companies will not accept any lots
which are not covered with the "Export Form Certificate."
For shipments which go to South America it is best to secure
a "Sanitary Certificate" at shipping point, although if this has
not been done it is possible to secure this from the Plant Quar-
antine Board at the seaport. This certificate specifies the free-
dom from or relative freedom from San Jose Scale, and must
be seen by the consular officials of the South American coun-
tries at our seaport.

i;

—35—

:

.'

h

* :

The U S Export Standards which are used in connection
with the buying and selling of export fruit, and which are
Usually required on a Government Certificate in securing credit
on shipments, apply to factors of condition, specifying that the
stock be tightly packed, not further advanced in maturity than
firm ripe sh^^^^^^^ not more than 5 per cent damaged by bitter
pit water core, internal breakdown, scald, decay, freezing or
other condition factors except that not over 2 per cent shall be
affected by decay, not more than 2 per cent ^^^^^^f} ^^^^^^^^^
down, and shall be free from scald unless packed m oiled papei
when not more than 2 per cent slight scald shall be permitted.

CAN WE SECURE GOOD PACKING OP APPLES

BY LEGISLATION?

M. C. BTJBRITT, HUton, New York

In attempting to answer the question which Secretary
Fletcher has put to me in this topic, I shall, of course, base my
reply on the results of experience in New York State. At the
outset it should be said that there are differences of opinion as
to the value and success of the law. I think that it may be
fairly said that, however doubtful any one may be about it^
success, few would care to substitute a less stringent law and
the majority, at least among the best growers, would rather
have the standard raised. Some would even make the use of
its provisions compulsory.

New York Apple Law: The first fact to be noted in re-
gard to the New York Apple Law is that it is not really a
packing law but rather a branding and selling law which
places the responsibility for the apples in the package up to
grade, size and variety branded, on the seller as well as on the
packer. It makes the grading permissive and not compulsory.
But it does compel the packer to mark the package plainly as
to the grading, whether graded or not, and if so, how. The
law also requires that the face or shov/n surface of a closed
package shall be an average of the contents of the package.

Grades: The actual grades are not prescribed but the
Commissioner of Agriculture and Markets is empowered after
public hearing to fix and promulgate official standards for
grading and classifying apples packed or repacked within the
State and to change any of them from time to time. The law
further provides that the standards so fixed shall not be lower
in their requirements than the minimum requirements of the
official standards of the corresponding grades of apples, com-
monly known as United States grades. The Commissioner,
after hearings and upon the advice of leading apple growers,
fixed the U. S. grades as the official New York grades, viz : U.
S. Fancy, U. S. No. 1, U. S. Commercial, U. S. No. 2, and Un-
classified.

—36—

EO^FORCEMENT RECORD : Two questions arise in con-
nection with the enforcement and the practical results of this
law. The least important question is, what is the record of
enforcement? The report for 1927 makes this answer:

No. of lots of apples inspected 4911.

No. of lots of apples found up to grade, 3958, 80.6 per cent.

No. of lots of apples in which minor violations occurred,

853, 17.4 per cent.
No. of lots of apples in which major violations occurred

and penalties asked for, 100, 2.00 per cent.

The 1929 record shows :

No. of lots of apples inspected, 5040.

No. of lots of apples found up to grade, 4401, 87 per cent.

No. of lots of apples in which minor violations occurred,

570, 11.3 per cent.
No- of lots of apples in which major violations occurred

and penalties were asked for, 69, 1.3 per cent.

Thus the average percentage of minor violations, which
may be assumed to be chiefly the result of lack of knowledge,
mistakes and trying to keep too close to the line, appears to
be from 12 to 20 per cent, and that of the major and probably
more or less willful violations, which called for penalties, less
than 2 per cent. Approximately 85 per cent of apples are now
being packed in grade.

Results of Legislation: The second and more important
question is, has this legislation been effective in increasing the
pack of good apples or not ? This question is much more diffi-
cult to answer, as it is more or less a matter of opinion. Our
chief inspector, probably as competent as any to express an
opinion, estimates that there is a considerably more unclassi-
fied pack this season (1929) than in any previous year. I
should say 50 per cent was unclassified, 35 per cent U. S. No.
1, 10 per cent U. S. No. 2 and 5 per cent U. S. Commercial.
Many growers and dealers believe that the percentage packed
unclassified this year is higher than Inspector Duncan esti-
mates, probably nearer 60 per cent. In this connection it should
be remembered that 1929 was a year of small crop, unusually
dry weather causing many more small apples than usual, and a
year of exceptionally severe aphis injury. All of these factors
tended to encourage growers to pack unclassified.

Director B. D. Van Buren of the State Bureau in charge of
the enforcement of the law says in a letter of January 8, 1930,
''I am fairly well satisfied with the results of the working out
of the law as it is at present. Commission men interviewed in
New York City stated to me that New York apples, as well as
apples from other eastern states, were arriving much more

—37—

4i

•1
i

'\

■li"

i >

evenly graded as to the grade branded upon the package than
ever before ; also that the overf acing provision has resulted in
a condition' where the entire contents of the package much
more nearly represent the face or shown surface than during
the past years.

''In the Hudson Valley I would estimate that about 60 per
cent of the packed apples are packed either U. S. No. 1 or
Commercial. The rest are packed and branded Unclassified,
usually with cider and misshapen apples out. These are
packed in this way usually for bakers' trade, although in many
instances are so packed because it is thought the percentage of
U. S. No. 1 apples is not great enough to warrant making a
No. 1 Grade from them. Comparatively few No. 2's are being
packed anywhere in New York State.

Tendency to Sell Tree-Run: ''I think there is a strong
tendency for the grower to sell his apples tree-run. This, I
believe, holds true in western New York as well as the Hudson
Valley.' This is not always for the purpose of evading the
grading law, but more often to get rid of the extra work of
grading and the responsibility of supervising the same, at the
time when the rush work of harvesting the crop is at its height.
There are instances, however, where apples are branded Un-
classified to avoid risk of violating the law.

''In the Hudson Valley, several buyers are buying the
apples from growers at so much per barrel for the No. 1 or
Commercial, and the No. 2 or Unclassified, the cider apples and
the culls being thrown out, the grower either to take them
back or the buyer disposes of them, paying the grower the
sales price. This is satisfactory to both parties in the deal
when the crop is a good one. However, when the crop is poor,
the grower usually feels that the buyer is taking out excess-
ively large quantities of apples."

Grower Opinion : Legislation does not insure good apples.
Grower opinion varies widely. Many growers think the U. S.
No. 1 is too rigid and resent being compelled to mark their
packs Unclassified. Others believe that the U. S. Standards are
not high enough and that their tolerances should be lowered. I
think that the more thoughtful and progressive growers be-
lieve that the law is far from the solution to the problem of
improving the New York apple pack and that although it has
no doubt greatly improved the uniformity and reduced over-
facing, thus securing a pack truer to its label, it has undoubt-
edly had some tendency to encourage the packing of more un-
graded (Unclassified) apples than might otherwise have been
the case.

Summarizing, then, I would answer Secretary Fletcher's
question by saying that while we can undoubtedly secure a

—38—

better pack of apples with appropriate legislation than without
it, we can probably never hope to secure all the improvement
most of us hope for by compulsion, nor even to avoid entirely
the placing of apples of inferior quality on the market in
competition with the best. Maximum improvement will be
voluntary.

Factors Involved in Packing Gpod Quality Apples: So

many factors are involved in the packing of a good quality of
apples that it is unreasonable to expect legislation alone to
solve the problem. We need to have a complete plan and to
go forward all along the line at the same time. There must be
three essential parts of such a complete plan, one of which is
largely individual and two of which are likely to be coopera-
tive, although not necessarily so. These are (first) growing;
(second) local grading and packing and (third) distribution
under a unified control.

Growing: New York Growers are more and more realiz-
ing that there cannot be good packs of apples without good
growing of apples. The beginning of any plan of improvement
in the apple industry is a well-grown, a better-grown apple.
I shall discuss some New York orchard management trends in
my talk this afternoon.

Packing House and Packers: Many of us have a strong
and growing conviction that a good uniform grade of apples
can best be secured in a properly equipped packing house with
skilled packers. Whore an individual grower's orchards are
large enough, he will be able to do this in his own packing
house, but in the main, and especially in New York, this means
community packing houses either privately owned and operated
on a custom basis, or cooperatively owned and operated. More
and more the packing of New York Apples is being done on a
custom basis in and around the cold storages in western New
York, either by the storages or by local cooperatives.

0. L. P. Plan: May I digress here a little to dis-
cuss the cooperatives and their place in any program
of improvement. First, let us distinguish sharply be-
tween a local cooperative association to pack and grade
and a cooperative sales organization. Cooperative pack-
ing houses have been successful in New York and
have come to stay. We shall see many more of them estab-
lished under the G. L. F. plan, as we know it, which has the
approval of, and a loan from, the Federal Farm Board for the
specific purpose of cooperatively grading, packing and loading
produce. This plan was fully presented to the New York
Horticultural Society last week by General Manager Babcock
of the Grange League Federation Exchange. I quote from Mr.
Babcock 's address:

—39—

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4

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^

li

^^ Naturally whatever the G. L. F. undertakes must be
based on the experience of its management. This experience
teaches us that however comprehensive and far-flung may be
anv plan for cooperative marketing, it must draw its life from
the participation of the individual farmer and that it can only
enioy this individual farmer's participation m the plan by
ioining hands with him at his local shipping point Develop-
ment and supervision, therefore, of joint local facilities for the
buying of farm supplies and the preparation for market of
fann products is the G. L. F/s program.

'^This plan is considered, even by the G. L. F., as only one
step in bettering the present system of marketing and nothing
mo?e is claimed for it. I do believe, however, that it is a step
S fundamental importance and that furthermore it is the only
one which farmers in G. L. F. territory are prepared to take
with any degree of certainty at the present time.

^^ Vision the average agricultural community in this tern-
torv It centers around a town or hamlet on the railroad.
On the farms that cluster around this community shipping
point are raised a wide variety of farm products ranging from
wheat, buckwheat, hay, potatoes and cabbage through the
whole list of fruits and vegetables. At hardly any point in
the state is there such a preponderance of the production ot
any particular farm product as to make that particular pro-
duct dominant. This, of course, excepts the wholly dairy and
poultry community in the milk shed.

^^To these same farms which raise this variety of agricul-
tural products must come a variety of agricultural supplies,
mainly feeds, seeds and fertilizers. The significant thing to
remember, however, is that both the incoming supplies and the
outgoing products clear through the same railroad point.

''To service such shipments both in and out in the average
community, we have a variety of marketing setups. These
range from so-called feed stores, handling nothing but incom-
ing agricultural supplies, to produce dealers who may not own
any physical equipment at all. In between are all possible
combinations. At the average shipping point, however, there
is, when measured by capacity, two to three times the physical
equipment required for the job of marketing for the farmers
who clear through that point. It is also a fact that the phys-
ical marketing equipment is obsolete at many points; that
much of it was too expensive to begin with and that, as a re-
sult of trying to operate two or three times as many outfits as
are required for the job, too many men are employed, too much
capital is used in working capital and the overhead over all is
extremely high.

—40—

''The G. L. F. marketing plan purposes slowly but surely
to correct this situation. It purposes in places of over-equip-
ped, over-manned, under-volumed marketing outfits serving
local shipping points and generally operating for profit, to
establish, when the farmers around that shipping point care to
cooperate to do so, marketing organizations and equipment
which will concentrate the maximum of incoming supply busi-
ness and outgoing farm products, handling through a single set-
up, a set-up wJiich will be economical as far as investment
goes, which will be brought up-to-date in equipment, and
which may be owned and operated if necessary to secure re-
sults by the farmers in the community and the G. L. F. on a
cooperative, non-profit, service basis.

"This plan of the G. L. F.'s is in accordance with both the
spirit and letter of the agricultural marketing act. It has the
support of the Federal Farm Board. In fact, the G. L. F.
has established a line of credit with the Federal Farm Board
which will enable it to use the money loaned by the Board to
help farmers at shipping points work out what is needed in the
way of economical marketing service.

"Already the G. L. F. has had experience in what is pro-
posed. Starting four years ago, it has slowly developed agen-
cies at shipping points which are owned jointly by the G. h. F.
and local farmers for the bringing in and giving of retail serv-
ice on farm supplies. There are now 52 of these in successful
operation. Their average cost of rendering retail service is a
little over 5 per cent on the volume handled, against 12 per
cent for such service throughout the State as a whole.

"With tw^o or three of these retail service agencies, for
two years the G. L. F. has been experimenting in using them
to take in and prepare for market, farm products. The plan
has proven feasible. Combining the physical handling of in-
coming supplies with the preparation for market of outgoing
farm products cuts the cost of each service. It is proper that
the farmers for whom each service is performed should see to
it that they are combined and that when savings are made they
come back to them.*'

Cooperative Sales Agencies: Cooperative sales agencies
have not proved to be a success as yet. They are of little use
until they have lined up back of them enough volume of com-
parably-graded produce to be able to carry the overhead of a
sales agency without too great cost per package. To be ad-
vantageous, this cost should be lower than that charged by
private agencies. Cooperative selling in western New York
failed for several reasons which we can now see as we look
back upon our experiences. The most important reasons were
that it was top-heavy in management, inexperienced and ex-

—41—

-W!m«w..mi*'*-gww

1!.

pensive; that it removed from the grower all decision as to
sale by pooling; that it depended too much on contracts and
too little on voluntary cooperation; and that its sales service
was of the broker-corporation type, not grower-minded, and
was also inefficient.

Pooling Sales: Pooling sales has tended to remove de-
cision as to the sale from the grower, which is a vital consid-
eration long ago pointed out by Harold Powell and one that is
practiced by the greatest cooperative sales organizations in this
country, namely the California Fruit Distributors, where in
spite of the fact that they handle 75,000 cars of produce out of
California, which is 74 per cent of the total citrus production
of that state, the decision as to sale rests absolutely with the
local grower and his local cooperative. It is not made in any
regional or central agency. These cooperatives have usually
depended too much on contracts and too little on voluntary
efforts, as I have said. They have had poor sales service, a
sales service which essentially represented the buyer rather
than the seller.

Three years ago I pointed out to this Association that it
is evident from our experience that cooperative selling must
follow rather than precede better standardization and grading,
and that emphasis should be shifted from cooperation for sales
service to cooperation for a packing service. And I have not
changed my mind since that time. I still believe that this is
where the emphasis needs to go upon cooperative effort to
grade and pack locally rather than upon the other which would
be a natural sequence once we are successful in the local mar-
ket.

Voluntary Efforts for Grade Improvement: But in spite
of all this, even if we grow good quality fruit, which is, of
course, absolutely the first essential and it ought to have
major emphasis in the beginning, and even though we are suc-
cessful in bringing that fruit together into uniform grades
(and I believe that we shall be successful in getting that quan-
tity of fruit uniformity graded to a high standard through vol-
untary effort in local groups rather than compulsory legisla-
tion) legislation may help; it may contribute as it has con-
tributed in New York, but I do not think that it is by any
means the answer, for you will never get legislation that will
set a high standard. You will always have to compromise and
get a minimum standard and that minimum standard will
usually be lower than your best growers, your most progressive
growers will want.

In other words, legislation will not do them any good
except perhaps as it may prevent a small amount of inferior
stuff coming on the market in competition with theirs. We

—42—

I

I

can only get the highest standard then in my opinion through
voluntary effort and that voluntary effort must be of a co-
operative character in order to achieve the result.

Distribution: Even though we have acquired this result,
as well as the growing of good fruit, we will still be up against
severe competition from all other fruit-producing territories
and not only from these fruit-producing territories but from
the vegetable producing territories, for any one who has studied
the situation realizes that the per capita consumption of apples
is falling very materially; that citrus fruits have cut into the
apple business in a large way; that even such vegetables as
lettuce and celery have increased markedly, many, many times
and that there isn't any question but what these are in direct
competition with apples and other fruits.

If you don't believe that, you just set yourself down to
the table along with some fresh lettuce and celery and apples
and see how much it reduced your apple consumption at that
meal. We shall still have this severe competition from all of
these other products. We shall still have glutted markets due
to poor distribution and we shall still have the depressed prices
as a whole.

The Federal Marketing Act: The Federal Marketing Act,
was aimed to correct this situation, to take this third step,
and whatever we may have thought about this Federal legis-
lation in the beginning (and I was one who had no enthusiasm
for it, — almost opposed it, — did, in certain phases of it) I
think most of us have changed our views somewhat after the
appointment of the Federal Farm Board, for I doubt if any
President ever brought together a higher class of men, men
more honestly and sincerely interested in their industry, or
men of any more experience, successful experience, most of
them, in the fields that they were expected to serve, than these
men in the Federal Farm Board.

Its major purpose under the Act is to organize American
agriculture on a commodity basis through a farm marketing
system of producer-owned and producer-controlled cooperative
associations. Personally, I believe that is essential to achieving
the end, for here again even though New York State or Penn-
sylvania succeeds in setting up satisfactory legislation as far
as those particular states are concerned, you will still have the
competition of poorly graded or ungraded stuff from other
states and going back again to the principle I have tried to lay
down and defend here, that we are going to get the highest
standards for our fruits only by voluntary effort rather than by
legislative effort, that out of legislative effort we can only
expect minimum standards.

—43—

Conclusion: It seems to me this third step is essential.
So that I would say that the answer to these questions is tied
up around all of these things— the growing of good fruit, the
packing of good fruit, the grading of good fruit, and of a
national system of the control and distribution of that fruit.

HOW VIRGINIA REfGAINED HER APPLE MARKETS

W. S. CAMPFIEIiD, Secretary
Virginia State Horticultural Society, Statmton, Virginia

Prior to 1922 there was no serious practical attempt to
standardize the apple grade and pack of the State of Vir-
ginia. At nearly every fruit growers meeting, there would be
a discussion of grades; committees would report ideal grade
specifications, growers would endorse them in the highest terms
and enthusiastically assure the meetings that they were going
home resolved to pack all of their crop in accordance there-
with. Even the many who earnestly tried to do so had as
many different understandings of what the grade rules meant
as there were individuals. The majority of the growers would
give the adopted grade no fruther serious thought after the
meetings, with the result that there was little if any improve-
ment in grades. Then too, there was and still is in the apple
industry as in all others, a class of growers and buyers who
would brand their apples with one hand and grade them with
the other, neither hand knowing what the other was doing. It
was also the practice by many at that time to brand their
apples with the highest sounding term that the mind of the
individual could invent, and usually the poorer the grade of
fruit in a package, the better it was faced and the more
superlatives were used in the brand term.

Virginia's Loss of Markets: In that period of high prices
during and immediately after the World War, the temptation
to lower the grade year after year was so great that it re-
sulted in Virginians natural markets gradually being lost to
her more far-sighted competitors. An unjust freight rate
situation contributed largely to this condition, as it enabled
more distant competitors to lay their apples down in our nat-
ural near-by markets with an equal or sometimes lower freight
charge than from Virginia. Then came the practically com-
plete crop failure of 1921, which forced the last of our local
market connections to turn to other sections for their require-
ments- The ever alert and aggressive grower organizations of
the Pacific Northwest seized this opportunity to flood the mar-
kets of the South with Western box apples. The uniform
grade and size of the boxed apple together with its attractive
color and smaller package appealed to the Southern trade and

—44—

they did not notice much, if any, difference in flavor because
Virginia had been shipping her Ben Davis apples to the South
anyway.

It was then that our leading growers realized that some
immediate practical action must be taken to improve and stand-
ardize their apple grades. One of our extension horticul-
turists made a survey of the Southern markets and upon his
return told the growers in no uncertain language that the
sentiment he had found in Southern markets was strongly
against Virginia apples due to our unreliable pack and equally
low freight rates from other sections. As a result of these
conditions, our first steps towards practical standardization
were taken.

To properly understand the development and present
status of apple inspection in Virginia, it will be necessary to
describe briefly the three phases of the work, i. e.. State Ring
Inspection, Federal-State Inspection and the Apple Grading
and Marketing Law.

State Ring Inspection Service: In 1922 a group of grow-
ers at Winchester aided by the State Division of Markets
inaugurated the State Ring Inspection Service. Grade rules
were promulgated, inspectors were trained and furnished by
the State, the growers grouping themselves into inspection
rings, paying for the cost thereof on a per package basis. The
Inspector of each ring visited every orchard two or more times
per day as he found it necessary, making inspections at the
packing shed. The grower having been furnished a State
Inspection stamp put it on each barrel or package of apples
that he packed for that grade unless the Inspector found cause
to recall the stamp.

The State Inspection stamp had no authority outside of
Virginia and at first had very little market value. Buyers,
however, soon began to realize that they could get larger
blocks of more uniformly graded apples from the few inspec-
tion rings around Winchester. In 1923 the Ring Inspection
was extended to many parts of the State and that same year
the Federal-State Inspection became available to Virginia
growers on the same basis as now employed generally, i. e., by
issuing carlot certificates based on inspection at the car door.
It was found that Federal-State Inspection was much more
successful among growers who had enjoyed the benefit of State
Ring Inspection service for one season. Thus, in a large ma-
jority of cases, ^^Ring Inspection*^ became the educational fea-
ture that preceded Federal-State Inspection and usually gave
away to the latter after the first year.

—45—

Even though Federal-State and State Ring Inspection in-
creased very rapidly from 1922 to 1927, they included only a
small percentage of the apple output of the State. Growers
who had their apples inspected and stamped accordingly, real-
ized that they needed some protection from the other growers
of the State who packed their apples as they pleased and used
the same grade terms as those employed under inspection.

Virginia Apple Grading and Marketing Law : As a result
of this sentiment, the Horticultural Society secured a Legisla-
tive enactment in the early part of 1927 known as the ''Apple
Grading and Marketing Law/' Under this law, the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture was directed to promulgate grades for
apples in closed packages and designate grade terms for each
grade, such as, ''Fancy,'' "U. S. No. 1," and "U. S. No. 2,"
etc. It was the general understanding that the Commissioner
of Agriculture would follow the U. S. Grades. The law did
not require that a grower must pack and brand his apples
according to the grade regulations or that he must have them
inspected, but it did require that every closed package of
apples packed and offered for sale, transportation or storage in
Virginia must be marked with one of the grade terms or be
marked "Unclassified" and that being marked with one of the
grade terms, it must conform to the specifications thereof and
that no other grade terms can be used as substitutes. Being
branded with one of the grade terms specified by the Commis-
sioner, such a package of apples was subjected to inspection.

I wish especially to emphasize that the law did not estab-
lish or define grade specifications. This it was thought would
be too dangerous and difficult of change, if an emergency
arose. Therefore, the law empowered the Commissioner of
Agriculture of the State, after consultation with the Directors
of the Horticultural Society, to establish grade regulations.
This feature provides a degree of flexibility that is very desir-
able in taking such a radical step. It is to be noted also that
a State official or department was not given unrestricted
authority to promulgate the grades. This was guarded against
by creating the Board of Directors of the Horticultural So-
ciety an advisory council to the Commissioner in this par-
ticular.

Enforcement of the Law: Coincident with the passage of
this law an increased appropriation was granted the State
Division of Markets to enable it to provide a police inspection
for the enforcement of the law. In normal crop years, from
SIX to ten police inspectors are appointed and provided with
automobiles and assigned to certain territories of the State
with instructions to range at will through their district. They
are chosen from the experienced Inspectors with great regard

— le-

as to their ability, to approach growers and handle regulatory
situations. A law such as this is loaded with dynamite and
any attempt to handle growers arbitrarily would soon bring
the law into general disrepute. While this number of inspec-
tors could not hope to inspect any considerable proportion
of the apples packed in the State, their experience had given
them a knowledge of the growers that enabled them to "bob-
up*' at the right time or as the grower thought, at the wrong
time, in a remarkably large number of instances. It is surpris-
ing how many cars of apples an inspector can visit in the pro-
cess of loading along a line of railroad. He is also empowered
to visit packing houses, storage houses, inspect apples enroute
to the railroad, while being loaded and until the car is billed
and sealed. When he finds apples that are not graded accord-
ing to the grade terms stamped on the package, he is empow-
ered to hold such lot or shipment until it is regraded or re-
branded, according to grade. Usually a slight violation where
no ill intent was shown was overlooked the first time, but the
grower was always given a written notice and received a letter
of warning from the State office and of course, closely watched
thereafter. If it was a gross violation or an apparent attempt
to evade the law, the inspector issued an order holding the
fruit until regraded or branded. There have of course, been
some instances of wilful A^olation that developed into bitter
controversies and one or two instances of court proceedings,
but the lower courts have held the law valid and fined the
grower a nominal sum. When the growers found that the law
had teeth in it and that the Division of Markets intended to
firmly though justly enforce its provisions, it resulted in build-
ing up a consciousness of pack among the growers more
quickly and generally than anything that had ever been done.
The duties of a police inspector were entirely distinct and sep-
arate from other types of inspection until the first of last No-
vember, beginning then an experiment is being tried of letting
police inspectors do Federal-State work through the storage
season.

Qood Results of the Law: There has been a greater im-
provement in the general grade and pack of apples going out
of Virginia during the three years since the law has been in
force than in all of the rest of the history of the industry.
There has been a great increase in the use of Federal-State
Inspection. This enactment, which is often spoken of as the
"Truth in Package Law," is said to have been the greatest
single step the apple industry of Virginia has ever taken and
to have done more to regain Virginia's lost markets than any
other undertaking. It is felt that if the Horticultural Society
is successful in securing an equitable freight rate adjustment
in the hearing now before the ICC, that Virginia's market

—47—

ran^e will be greatly extended in area through the Middle
West which cannot now be reached to advantage and that our
standardized pack will compete favorably with Northwestern
box apples.

Reaction of the Growers: The Compulsory Marking Law
meets with general favor among the growers, barring of course,
the few instances where an individual had his fruit held for
remarking. While he may cherish a little bitterness, the senti-
ment in favor of the law is so overwhelming that he hesitates
to discuss his personal animosities in public. During a heated
discussion at our recent Horticultural Society meeting regard-
ing dissatisfaction \nth the present Federal grades there was
not a word uttered in opposition to the branding law, which
may be accepted as a strong endorsement of the law, and I
recommend unhesitatingly that the growers of every Eastern
state consider seriously protecting themselves and the apple
industry generally, as well as the consuming public by the
passage of such an act. Not so many years ago farmers were
advocating the ''Truth in Fabric Bill'' to be applied to the
textile industry in correction of some of their abuses. The
Virginia apple growers secured the passage of the ** Truth in
Package Bill" to protect the apple industry from its inherent
abuses and to build up greater confidence among the con-
sumers.

Large Amount "Unclassified'': To analyze the operations
of inspection in Virginia, it Avill be recalled that the output
during 1929 was approximately 3,100,000 barrels. This in-
cluded not only packed fruit but bulk shipments, canners,
ciders and other low grades. It is a reasonable estimate that
not much over 2,000,000 barrels went out in closed packages.
Up to December first, about 700,000 barrels had been inspected.
Many shipments of course, Avere packed according to grade
though not inspected and considerable quantities of apples will
be inspected either in or as they leav^ cold storages. There is
very little inspection of unclassified fruit, thus, it is not unrea-
sonable to assume that approximately 1,000,000 barrels, or 50%
of the Virginia packed crop were put up according to some
one of the U. S. Grade specifications. The other 50% prob-
ably was packed and sold under the term Unclassified.

Why So Much Unclassified? This is much too great a
proportion of the total packed fruit to be marked Unclassified
and it indicates that something is wrong with the practical
workings of the Federal-State Inspection Service. There being
no general complaint of the personnel of the Service, one must
look to the grade rules themselves for the difficulty. Either
the grade rules are not practical or the growers do not under-
stand them and are afraid to attempt to grade their fruit ac-

—48—

cording to the regulations because of the marking law or it is
pure carelessness on the part of the grower. Personally, I am
inclined to blame all three causes in the order named. At any
rate, many of the leading growers of Virginia are gravely con-
cerned because of the large percentage of packed apples that
are being marked '"L^nclassified" and feel that some drastic
move must be taken to change this situation or it will defeat
the inspection program.

Eesults of Inspection of Some Unclassified Lots : During
the season 488 lots of apples that were marked ''Unclassified''
were inspected. These inspection reports were grouped and
analyzed and furnished some interesting data. The analysis
of these reports show that scattered through the group of
apples marked Unclassified there was 29% of fruit that would
have the U. S. No. 1 grade if it had been properly sorted out
and 48% of this group would have met U. S. No. 2 grade if it
had been sorted out, thus, leaving only 23% of fruit in the Un-
classified group that really was of a quality lower than U. S.
No. 2. However, 131 of these lots or 26% met U. S. No. 2 as
they were packed, that is without regrading. In view of these
figures, there arises the very significant question of why Vir-
ginia growers failed to grade 50% of the packed output of the
State according to U. S. standards and therefore, had to mark
it '* Unclassified" under our law, when more than three-fourths
of that fruit would have one of the U. S. grades if properly
graded.

Source of Unclassified Apples : The Unclassified fruit was
not all packed by the small or isolated grower who might be at
some disadvantage in securing inspection. The greater por-
tion of Unclassified fruit came from the larger orchard districts
and included that of some of the largest growers where inspec-
tion service was amply available.

High prices at harvest time last fall and the readiness of
the buyer to disregard grades probably accounts for consid-
erable of the condition. Thus, it may have been largely of a
seasonal nature. However, the large percentage of No. 2 fruit
included in the Unclassified indicates a strong dislike of the
buyer and his markets for the grade term U. S. No. 2. This
view has been presented to the Federal authorities in charge of
Inspection, but they have thus far failed to comprehend the
significance of an unpopular grade term in the markets. Both
the grower and those in charge of Inspection Service must
realize that our produce markets are one human endeavor
where theory is entirely out of place. Produce markets want
what they want, when and as they want it and theory be
hanged. I firmly believe that the present unyielding attitude
of the Federal Inspection Service has contributed consider-

-49—-

J

ably to the large volume of Virginia apples that are marked
Unclassified and if persisted in may lead to serious complica-
tions in our standardization program.

The Tendency to Pick Earlier — Its Effect on Grade:

Whether right or wrong, there has been a marked tendency in
our State during the past several years to start picking our
apples a little earlier each season. Early export prices prob-
ably are an incentive contributing to the practice, as well as
losses from premature dropping and storms together with the
problem the larger growers have of harvesting their crop in
time to save it. Due to this tendency towards early picking,
there is a strong feeling among the York growers in the north-
ern part of the State where the soil is heavy and color slower
in developing, that the Federal color requirements for Yorks
are much too high. They propose changing the color require-
ments for U. S. No. 1 Yorks so that it will read, '*A tinge of
color covering 10% of the apple,'' rather than the present re-
quirement of ''15% showing characteristic color.'' This sug-
gestion does not meet the approval of all the York districts of
our State and may be strongly opposed if it comes to an issue.
Inasmuch as there is a considerable York district in the north-
ern part of the State that is dissatisfied with the present color
requirement of Yorks, and to the further fact that this sec-
tion of the State has contributed large quantities of apples
marked Ulnclassified, it would seem that Federal Grade Regl-
lations do not meet the needs of this large body of growers.
Their needs are undoubtedly based on the demands of the
market.

U. S. No. lis a Diflficult Grade : The present U. S. No. 1
grade requirements are not easy to meet except during the oc-
casional years when nature seems to combine all of her ele-
ments to the end of producing high quality fruit. So many
years when the crop is light, or when weather and disease con-
ditions are not quite as favorable as they should be, thus caus-
ing the apple crop to finish just a little off quality, it is
mighty hard to meet U. S. No. 1 requirements. On the other
hand it is mighty hard to stamp U. S. No. 2 on a pack of fruit
that is just a little off quality, but contains splendid value and
in many markets would sell for as much as No. 1 or not more
than a quarter less, if the package wasn't blemished by the
term No. 2. It would seem as though there is too wide a gap
between U. S. No. 1 and U. S. No. 2 specifications.

Suggestions for Improving U. S. Grades: Having been
connected for years with one of the largest selling organiza-
tions in the country, I am going to give my personal ideas of
changes that I feel would greatly improve the present U. S.

—50—

Apple Grade Regulations, making them meet more closely the
needs of the grower and the ideas of the Market, thus, adding
to their popularity.

Our present U. S. Fancy corresponds closely to the North-
west Box Apple Grade Extra Fancy. The present U. S. No. 1
corresponds closely to Northwest Fancy, there being some dif-
ference in color requirements. I strongly urge the U. S. De-
partment to adopt Northwest grades and Northwest grade
terms. There is no reason why the same pack from the North-
west should be termed Fancy and from Virginia and Pennsyl-
vania termed U. S. No. 1. Eastern Government inspected
apples are handicapped on the markets by grade terms one
step lower than those of the Northwest.

If this change were made, the present U. S. Fancy would
become U. S. Extra Fancy and the present U. S. No. 1 would
be termed U. S. Fancy with some changes in color specifica-
tions, but I would be inclined to leave the color specifications
about where they are and ultimately the Northwest would
lower their slight differences. Then I would change the name
of U. S. No. 2 to IT. S. C grade. Another grade should then
be provided just under Fancy (the present U. S. No. 1). This
grade should be about one-third lower in color requirements
and 50% more lenient in defects than the present U. S. No. 1.
Such a grade w^ould take care of the dissatisfied York growers
and many other growers w^hose fruit lacks finish in certain
years. This might become the popular barrel and basket grade
of the East, but it would leave the high specifications of the
present U. S. No. 1 for the benefit of those growers whose
fruit finishes with higher color and quality. I do not know
what this new grade might be called unless having done away
with the present grade term U. S. No. 1 by calling that grade
U. S. Fancy, we might call the new grade U. S. No. 1.

At least some of the authorities at Washington do not
favor this plan because it entails the adoption of Northwest
grade terms. I am advised that the Federal Department has
never adopted the Northwest grade terms of Extra Fancy,
Fancy, and C. The Inspection Service in the Northwest in-
spects on the basis of the Northwest grades, U. S. grades and
grade terms not being used on Northwest box apples.

Eelation Between U. S. and Northwest Grades: As has
been explained to me, the Federal Department refuses to ac-
cept Northwest grade terms because it thinks that the term
Extra Fancy has a superior meaning that should be applied to
perishable agricultural products. When the U. S. Department
adopted its grade rules for apples, it followed the Northwest
specifications very closely, but ignored the Northwest grade

—51—

t

terms and arbitrarily called the highest grade Fancy instead
of Extra Fancy, because they had decreed that Fancy was the
highest quality any farm product should be termed. They
then selected No. 1 and No. 2 for the lower grades. Appar-
ently, they propose to adhere to this decision, regardless.

A literal construction of the term Extra Fancy may be,
theoretically too high a designation for farm perishables. But
in the case of the Northwest Box apples, the terms Extra
Fancy and Fancy have, through long trade practices, acquired
a definite practical meaning, having great commercial value
and it is not difficult to see why the Northwest growers hesi-
tate to give up the use of those terms as they are applied to
apples. It seems to me that the attitude of department
officials at Washington in this particular, is narrow and unre-
sponsive to established trade practices. In fact, there is a
strong feeling in Virginia today that if the Federal Department
continues its unyielding attitude, Virginia should, like the
Northwest, establish her own grades and have her apples
graded and stamped according to Virginia Standards. Per-
sonally, I think that such a breaking up of the grade rules of
the different sections of the country would be deplorable. The
Government as an exponent of standardization should stand-
ardize standards.

Does Apple Inspection and Standardization Pay Virginia?

In a discussion of apple inspection the vital question to be con-
sidered is, will it PAY the grower, either immediately or in
the future. The State Division of Markets made a survey re-
cently to determine what the commission merchants and retail-
ers who buy from our apple speculators really think of stand-
ardization as it has worked in Virginia. The firms who
answered the inquiry handled a total of over 800,000 barrels of
Virginia apples or about 40% of the packed crop and over
90% of the replies indicated that the retailers in the distribu-
ting markets have found our pack much improved, more de-
pendable and that they are highly pleased. One said, "Your
grading and marking law was a 'life-saver.* '* Another re-
plied, ** Virginia State inspected apples are worth from 25c to
50c per barrel more than apples from other States, not inspect-
ed.'* Another, ''We are having a great demand for your
apples due to a more dependable pack. We can offer our
customers a better pack and be sure that what we offer them
is going to be as represented.'* One wrote, ''Federal Inspec-
tion Certificates at point of origin, aides me considerably in
making sales and collecting money.'* A firm handling about
thirty-five cars in the Southern market writes, "Up until the
grading law went into effect, we did not handle nearly as
many Virginia apples on account of their irregularity both in
size and grade. We could hardly get a barrel of apples that

--62—

would in anyway compete with Western box apples and the
Western shippers were putting car after car in our markets
even when barrel fruit was plentiful. The last two years
though, there has been a change made in grading and packing
your barreled apples and we have been able to almost discon-
tinue handling Western box fruit.**

One of the largest handlers of Virginia apples replied,
"We are writing to say that nothing has ever been done to
accomplish more for the Virginia apple growers than inspec-
tion. Every car (except two) that we have sold this season
has been by Federal Inspection at shipping point. It com-
mercialized the apple ; puts us in a position to offer something
real. We offer subject to these goods passing the grade and
size as sold FOB loading station and our good trade has not
hesitated to buy this way and the trade that does not want to
buy under such conditions, we do not care to sell.**

The largest buyer of Virginia apples replied, "As you
know we have several agents and our operations are for New
York domestic markets as well as for export. With respect to
the Virginia grading and marking law, I wish to express my
whole-hearted approval thereof. The law has accomplished a
great deal in the improvement of the Virginia reputation and
has benefited the Virginia grower thousands of dollars directly
and indirectly.**

The extracts from letters that I have just read, of which I
might read dozens of others, tell you the importance of inspec-
tion in dollars and cents far more forcibly than I could do if
I talked for hours. Those are words of the markets that pay
their hard earned dollars for your fruit and one should listen
to such advice much more attentively than to the theories of a
department. That is the strongest answer I can give to your
request, "Does inspection and standardization of apples pay?**

Importance of Proper Distribution: The vital reason why
the farmer and the fruit grower does not receive a larger per-
cent of the consumers dollar is because he does not perform
enough of the service of merchandising, to entitle him to it.
Growing a product entails most of the hard and dirty labor,
after this is accomplished most farmers quit. Apples or other
farm produce while possessing potential value may have little
or no actual value at the point of production; that is, when
piled up in your packing shed or at your railroad yards.
Millions of tons of coal in the tipples or on the sidings at the
coal mines contributes nothing to the welfare of humanity and
in that position has but little value. It is not until it has been
distributed to the furnaces of the home and boilers of the fac-
tory that its actual value can be realized; so it is with apples.

—53—

M'!

'Sii

Apples must be properly graded, packed, stored, trans-
ported to market, advertised to create demand, redistributed to
the retail trade and attractively displayed. Keeping quality,
type of package, grade and variety preferences of the different
markets must be observed, as well as dozens of other details,
necessary to satisfy a discriminating and fickle consuming
public.

The actual value of a farm product at its point of origin
is usually much less than half of its value after reaching a fav-
orable center of consumption. It is the distribution that adds
the greater value and the grower must perform, personally, or
through controlled agencies, a greater proportion of the service
beyond the point of production if he hopes to command a
larger share of the final returns for his product. Standardiza-
tion is the first and most fundamental step of this service.

I unhesitatingly urge in the strongest terms that the same
standardization of apples be applied to truck shipments as to
carlot shipments.

Off -Grade Apples: A grower may think that he has re-
lieved himself of the duty of standardization if a peddler or
commission merchant come to his shed and inspect the fruit,
hauling it away in truck loads to distribute without regard to
grade standards, but such fruit comes in direct contact with
your standardized grades. If not that from your own orchard,
it goes into competition with the graded fruit from other grow-
er's orchards and his culls compete directly with your better
grades. Each off-grade apple that is consumed, takes the place
of a good apple and often takes the place of several good
apples, as its low quality may discourage the further purchase
of apples by that consumer. We are crying for tariff on
bananas. Why? So that we can sell more cull fruit to the
public ? Standardize your apples, distribute them widely, dis-
play them attractively, advertise them thoroughly to advise
the public of their health-giving qualities and lusciousness and
then send your off-grade fruit to the by-products plant or the
hog trough and we need not worry about banana competition.
As R. G. Phillips, Secretary of the International Apple Ship-
pers, so well said, *^ There are too many good and poor apples
grown in the United States, not too many good apples, but too
many good and poor apples.'* Let the poor apples go into the
by-products channels and there is sufficient demand to take
our standardized grades at prices that will offer the industry
a just and reasonable profit, even in this period of rather high
production.

In conclusion, I say to you unhesitatingly, adopt a sane,
thorough and rigid standardization program for your apple in-
dustry, make it practical and reasonable from the start and if

~54r-

you support it with a compulsory grading and marking law,
which I believe is very desirable, see to it that the administra-
tion of the regulatory features of that law are in the hands of
the most efficient, just and firm regulatory officer that you can
secure and I believe that your industry will benefit greatly.

Can the Farm Board Aid the Eastern Apple Grower?

The Virginia State Horticultural Society opposed apples
being included in the Stablization Provision of the Farm Relief
Bill and up to the present time has seen no reason for chang-
ing this position.

To put itself in a position to receive the cooperation and
intended benefits of the Farm Board, the entire apple industry
must be organized into local and district sales units all feder-
ated to a common head. This may well give us cause to hesi-
tate. Can the East be brought together into a common sales
organization? Not unless the sound conservative business
leaders in every community will assume the responsibility of
leadership. Are we not so close to the great market centers
that this type of leadership is unavailable because of its long
established and satisfactory market connections which it will
hesitate to abandon for the uncertainty of cooperative mar-
keting? Can a less responsible and more theoretical leader-
ship attract and hold the confidence of a following necessary
for such a momentous undertaking?

Virginia is not opposed to cooperation, but from experi-
ence she knows too well that to be successful, it must grow
from the roots of the industry upward springing from a spon-
taneous demand of the growers themselves.

It might seem to some at first thought that if a stabilization
committee was to be formed and started to buy apples, with
money borrowed from the Government, that it would have a
wholesome effect on the market. Apples are a perishable com-
modity that must be sold within the life of their keeping
quality. Therefore, if a theoretical surplus were to be brought
up by such a committee their purchases would not be taken out
of the market, but hang over it like a threatening cloud that
would scare the 'Hrade'' into the policy of hand to mouth buy-
ing, as no one would know how, when or where the Stabiliza-
tion Committee would sell its holdings. Would a committee
operating with Government funds be so properly manned that
it would know what varieties and grades to put in certain
markets? Could they know and watch the keeping quality of
the different varieties? Would they sell their holdings in the
United States or dump them in Foreign markets? There is no
apple district in the Union that would be effected so quickly
and adversely as the Cumberland-Shenandoah section, if the

—55—

I

export market was used as a dumping ground by the Com-
mittee. Once the apple industry is brought within the activi-
ties of the Farm Board, every district could be required to
meet certain forms of organization in order to have a voice in
such activities.

President Rittenhouse: The subjects taken up by Mr.
Burritt and Mr. Campfield are of such momentous importance
that I feel some one of our members should give the opinion of
the Pennsylvania growers on the subject. I don't know who
here will feel like having something to say, but I think the mat-
ter should not be allowed to drop. Some action should be
taken as to the grading and packing of apples. Dr. Fletcher,
have you any opinion?

Dr. Fletcher: Mr. President, this matter of apple grades
and the responsibility that it would be desirable that Pennsyl-
vania should have a mandatory apple grading law, as is the
case in Virginia, was before the Association last year, you re-
call. I think the feeling was fairly general that we would like
to study the situation a while and get the experience of our
neighbors in New York and Virginia before we were committed
definitely to any program. Personally, I fell in the same
frame of mind at this time. Realizing, of course, that Penn-
sylvania is a local market state primarily, the matter is not
quite as much an issue with us as it is in these wholesale states.
I suggest that the Executive Committee appoint a standing
committee on apple grades and marks who, during the coming
year, will look into this matter in greater detail than we can
possibly do here and make recommendations at the next meet-
ing.

On the further subject of cooperation, we have been much
interested in the statements made by Mr. Burritt with refer-
ence to cooperative marketing organizations in western New
York which have had a central sales agency which hasn't
worked out very well. In view of the fact that the Federal
Farm Board's policies inevitably will vitally affect our horti-
culture, even though it may seem to us that they do not apply
quite as definitely to us as to the western states, I think we
should take cognizance of this new factor in our market situa-
tion and study it during the coming year. I should like to see
a standing committee on cooperative buying and selling which
will make report and recommendations to us at our next meet-
ing. Mr. Chairman, I will move those committees be ap-
pointed. The motion was seconded and passed.

Mr. Haase: I believe, gentlemen, that we have about
grades enough. If we would put in a few more grades we
would work to the detriment of the good growers. As Mr.
Campfield said, some men of this State ship apples in a pool;

—56—

that they should be given a better standing is the greatest mis-
take we make. We have lost our markets by putting up poor
apples into good grades. The only way back again is ship
good apples and as high grades as possible. It would work to
the detriment of the good shipper to get more and different
grades.

President Rittenhouse: R. L. Watts, Dean of the School
of Agriculture, The Pennsylvania State College, will speak
briefly.

Dean Watts : I want to assure you that I had no thought
of saying anything when I came into the room. I have always
been interested in the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Asso-
ciation and I think it has been one of the strongest State asso-
ciations that we have had over a very long term of years. I
was looking about a few moments ago for familiar faces, older
ones, — the ones who have been the war horses in this Associa-
tion for a good many years and I missed a good many faces,
Mr. President, I am sorry to say, men who at one time were
v^ery active in this Association; but I am glad to see a good
attendance and I am very sure that all of you are students of
our problems. I presume there never was a time when all of
us gave so much thought to our problems as right now.

The Federal Marketing Act and the Federal Board have
caused all of us to work just a little faster than we have
worked for a long time, and I believe that we have reached the
time in Pennsylvania when we should concentrate our thoughts
particularly upon the whole subject of marketing. We have
given so very much attention to production in the years gone
by, and properly so, and it will be necessary to continue giving
production problems our attention, but I believe that with the
creation of this Federal Board it will be necessary for us to
give far more thought to marketing, the whole subject of mar-
keting, than we have in the past.

I don't believe it is out of place to say here that this
Federal Board is very largely a creation of the western part
of our country and I believe that competition in the years to
come will be much keener than it has been in the years gone
by. Furthermore, I think, there is room for plenty of improve-
ment in the whole marketing problem in Pennsylvania. I am
not going to venture to say just in what way improvements
should be made, but I am very confident that very great im-
provement can be made in marketing.

I am glad to have a word with you, Mr. President, and I
want to pledge the hearty cooperation or the continued cooper-
ation of The Pennsylvania State College in any way that seems
to be possible.

—57—

ORCHARD TILLAGE

r. H. TASSETT, Meshoppen

Our orchard is located in Wyoming county along the Sus-
quehanna River. The soil is a sandy loam free from stones,
the site being on what we call the '* second level' ' at an eleva-
tion of about 700 feet. Practically all the orchard is level.

We have about sixty acres altogether, with thirty in the
new orchard which is now eight years old this spring; thirty
acres are in what we call the ''Old Orchard.'' Most of the
latter is fifty-five years old and it is producing good crops.

Our fertilizers consist of barnyard manure and nitrate of
soda. Our cultivation consists of plowing as early in the
spring as possible. We use a three-bottom orchard plow with
eight-inch bottoms and try to plow about four inches deep ; a
Bissel disk is used a couple of times. The balance of the sea-
son, we use two spring-tooth harrows. Power is furnished by
a Case tractor. We attempt to keep it clean and free from
weeds until about the last of July when we either sow a cover
crop or let it grow to weeds. We consider rye and vetch the
best for cover crops. However, if crimson clover did not kill
out so often, we would use it but we can winter it only about
once in five years.

Now there are some reasons why we cultivate. We have
been gro>ving apples for about fifty years and have tried about
every kind of management, and have arrived at the conclusion
that we can produce a profitable crop of apples cheapest by
cultivation.

Cultivation practically controls the mice nuisance which is
a lot in most orchards, for in some orchards, as much as 20
per cent of the trees have been injured in a single year.
Thorough cultivation helps to control many of our insects that
spend a part of their life cycle in the ground by destroying
them at that period.

We also believe that by plowing down all of the leaves
before the spores of scab begin to discharge, we go a long way
in helping to control one of the hardest of our orchard enemies.

We find that we are not losing much in color but that
cultivation delays the maturity for several days, which many
times is an advantage. It seems as though we get some of our
sunniest days during the latter part of October and sunshine
with maturity is bound to give us color.

Dr. John P. Stewart formerly of The Pennsylvania State
College ran an experiment in our orchard for ten years where
he had six different variations of treatment. This experiment
only confirmed my belief in thorough cultivation. We would
not think of recommending this for all orchards because we

—58—

know it would be impossible but we do believe that where con-
ditions are similar to ours, that it will pay. I am sure that it
would result in a great loss to leave our own orchard in sod
for more than three years at a time.

MARKETING THROUGH A COOPERATIVE

B. J. GIULAN, St. Thomas

Our Association began under the Non-Profit Act of 1919.
We are located along the Lincoln Highway about ten miles
west of Chambersburg and we started out wdth economy being
one of our biggest handicaps. We used as a packing house an
old barn, to which we had made additions on the two wings
and an additional floor for storage, and also a room for retail
selling of apples and peaches. What caused us to start our
operations was the number of small growers down there in our
section in Franklin County competing with each other. We
thought that if we could get together in some way it might be
to our mutual advantage.

From the beginning we used the Federal inspection. At
the start we had about twenty active members with an acreage
somewhere around 300 of peaches and apples. In 1929 we had
about 600 acres with probably 200 being contemplated for
planting in the next couple of years. We shipped last year about
73 cars of peaches and 40 cars of apples. Our apple crop was not
as large last year as some years. Last season we had to pack
our peaches in three different places because the barn was too
small. Our crop in peaches is about 90 per cent Elbertas.

Dr. Fletcher: Have you met with any difficulties?

Mr. Gillan: We have had a number of difficulties. Some
of the members dropped out, which we did not regret, either
because of careless orchard practice or they were not cooper-
ating in the packing as the other members. We feel that it
has been of immense help to us in getting away from compe-
tition in selling. Being able to get car quantities has helped
us also.

Many of these orchards have a number of varieties which
have made us some trouble, but had we not been able to pool
this would have been worse. We have had a number of truck
sales the past few years to Pittsburgh, Ligonier, Altoona and
Johnstown, and this past season, with the exception of the
first night's pack in peaches we hadn't a cull peach around the
place in the morning. Trucks were there waiting to pick up
our culls as fast as we could turn them out.

Dr. Fletcher: How do you determine sales policies? Who
determines that?

—59—

Mr. Oillaa: One of our members is acting more or less as
a salesman. We have been using different selling agencies,
contracting a few years with these agencies, but in the past
few years we have not contracted with any of them. We feel
that they are just as eager to take our business as they were
before when we had a contract. We thought that we might
lose them by not contracting, but so far that hasn't proven to
be the case.

Question: This is the first year you packed in three
houses? Do you think that better than packing in one big
house? How did it turn out?

Mr. Gillan : We were compelled to do that on account of
room.

Question : I was thinking, would you have found it better
to have built one bigger house to take care of all that tonnage ?

Mr. Gillan : This year our packing expense, including the
transportation from the packing house, which is about three
miles from the railroad, without the package, ran us fourteen
and six-tenth cents a bushel. In one packing house, which is
better equipped than the others, the expense of packing was a
little less than in the other places.

Question: Do you figure you can get too big a unit?

Mr. Gillan: Even in our larger packing house if we did
not have so many people in there, it might be cheaper.

Question: What about your prices?

Mr. Gillan: The prices returned to the growers this year,
taking off all expenses, packing included, on a little over
23,000 bushels of peaches packed out, was $31,000.

Question: Did that include the receipts from the culls?

Mr. Gillan : That did not include the culls or the roadside
sales. About 15 per cent of our crop was sold at roadside.
That isn't included in those figures. We get different prices
at the roadside depending on the size of the package and the
quality of the fruit. We are right along the Lincoln Highway
which is a much traveled highway and we can get, if the fruit
is fine, almost as large a price as they can get at the better
stores, but there is only a certain amount of that fruit goes
out that way.

Dr. Fletcher: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask Mr.
Gillan if his benefit from the cooperative packing association
has been derived from greater economy in packing or from
enhanced prices received.

-—60—

Mr. Gillan: I don't know whether I can answer that ques-
tion exactly, but I believe that we are benefited by both. It
may cost us a little more to pack, but I din't see how it can. I
know that in the selling end we are benefitting.

Question: Do you limit your membership?

Mr. Gillan: No, we do not limit the membership, but we
do limit the quality of it. We have several fellows who are
trying to use the best means they know of taking care of the
orchards and we do try to practice packing the best fruit we
know how. We have been cooperating with the Federal in-
spectors and we feel complimented on what they tell us of the
work we are doing. If any person wants to come in they have
to meet those restrictions.

Dr. Fletcher: On what conditions do they come in, in
regard to any payment?

Mr. Gillan: We started originally with an assessment.
We first voted $5.00 an acre; we didn't use that We
used $4.50 an acre and $25.00 membership. That paid for
our additions to the barn and our initial equipment. Since
that time, we have added some packing machinery; we take
that off the sales each year. Any time that we need funds we
have been going to the bank and making a loan and paying it
off after the fruit has been gathered and sold.

Question: Who is responsible to the bank for that loan?

Mr. Gillan: The groAvers who jointly signed the note.

Question: How far does the farthest orchard happen to
be away?

Mr. Gillan: About five miles. We haul to the packing
house in boxes. At first we let the growers lose their identity
on the package. For the past few years, we have been using
the grower's name on the package. A few buyers seem to
specify some particular orchard and we have been using an
abbreviated stamp showing the grower's name. It is also a
better aid on checking to give the grower credit.

TWENTY-SIX YEARS OP EXPERIENCE GROWING

EARLY APPLES

*

AABON NEWCOMER, Smithburg, Md.

Twenty-six years of growing early apples is a long ex-
perience. I had, for several years previous to 1902, been think-
ing of planting Transparent apples in a commercial orchard.
I had watched the market and it looked as if it would be a
good thing to attempt in a commercial way. In November,
1902, I purchased 2400 Transparent apple trees and 150 trees

—61—

of two other varieties. On May 8, 1903, this orchard was
planted, using a system of planting trees that was originated
by a California grower; I foolishly followed him, for I triple
planted the orchard, put 135 apple trees on each and every
acre of the 22-acre field. In addition to that, one year later, I
planted 2600 peach trees on the same ground, 260 trees on one
acre.

In three years these Transparent trees began to bear a few
apples and every year thereafter they bore a nice crop of
apples. In their fifth year they bore a crop of 200 bushels
which sold for $200. The trees continued to produce small
crops until 1914 when a bumper crop of nine carloads was
produced.

From 1914 to 1924 this orchard produced ten crops in
eleven years. In 1921 there was an entire failure in this orch-
ard ; that was the entire crop failure of almost the entire east-
ern United States. There were three freezing mornings in the
month of April, 21st, 22nd and 23rd that year.

The gross production of this 22-acre orchard for eleven
years was $2,600 per acre during that period. At this period
of the orchard everything was going fine. However, we lost
money in this orchard every year except two out of the last
five years because of exceedingly low prices and over-produc-
tion of early apples, especially Transparent. During these
last five or six years this immense apple country of the Eastern
Shore, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia, West Vir-
ginia, Pennsylvania and maybe a few other spots in the East,
along with a great portion of the Central United States, over-
produced Transparent apples and down went the prices. As
many as 50 carloads of this particular variety would be in one
market on a Monday morning for sale and distribution, and
you can imagine what happens when 50 carloads or more ar-
rive in a city the size of Pittsburgh or Boston in one day, when
31 per cent of all that production comes out of the little State
of Delaware.

The last two years out of this five-year period, 1928 and
1929, were fairly good years. A kind Providence favored us
with just about from 25 to a 50 per cent production and I
think that is the greatest blessing that we had in the early
apple game. Had it not been for that the last five years would
have been a positive failure.

Looking at this Transparent apple game from this view-
point I would say this to the growers that are here today We
would help a kindly Providence if as individual growers we
would thm from our good growing Transparent apple trees

—62—

and all other varieties 40 per cent of our poor apples ; throw
them on the ground each and every year throughout the entire
apple country.

Dr. Fletcher: Mr. President, I have a letter from Mr.
Stark which I will read.
'*To the Members of the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society:

*'I regret that a bad cold has interfered with my plan of
leaving Washington tomorrow morning to attend your meeting
in Harrisburg. However, I am sending this brief statement
which I hope will be of interest to the apple growers of your
State.

''In the first, place I want to tell you that the proposed
method of collecting the funds for the National Apple Adver-
tising Campaign through the cooperation of the Basket and
Container Manufacturers at the rate of Ic per bushel container
was unanimously adopted at the National Meeting of the Bas-
ket Manufacturers. This splendid cooperation and deep inter-
est of the manufacturers deserves hearty appreciation from the
growers. Although the manufacturers also have much at
stake, nevertheless they have demonstrated a very broadmind-
ed attitude toward the apple problem.

''Whenever this proposed method of collecting the adver-
tising funds has been explained to the apple growers, it has
met with a very hearty approval.

"The growers feel the absolute need of advertising and
they also feel that this proposed plan of collection is the most
practical plan available.

"The following briefly outlines the advantages of this plan :
"It is proposed that —

"The Basket and Container Manufacturers add to
their invoices which are sent to the apple growers, an
item which represents Ic per bushel container (3c for
barrels) that is purchased by the apple grower.

."The above is the fundamental principle of the
proposed method of collection which would be under
the supervision of Apples for Health, Inc. (the Na-
tional Apple Advertising Association) and the Na-
tional Associations of the Basket and Container Manu-
facturers. Doubtless a few minor details may have to
be adjusted to fit the circumstances.

"The following are a few of the main advan-
tages of this method which have been strongly pre-
sented by the apple growers as reasons why this
method should be promptly adopted :

mm

''It is economical. It eliminates the 15% commis-
sion charge which would be the minimum that would
have to be paid to any agency who collected this
fund.

''It is efficient. It assures that 100% of the ad-
vertising funds collected would be spent for advertis-
ing and other publicity that would bring a big increase
in apple consumption. It is fair. This method should
satisfy all subscribers because each grower 'large or
smair automatically pays his proper proportion ac-
cording to the size of his crop. Each grower could
feel confident that every other grower was doing his
proportionate part. There are many other advantages
to this method but the above gives the main points.

"There are, of course, many minor details that will have
to be worked out by the joint committees of the manufacturers
and the Apple Industry, but we feel that with the hearty sup-
port of the apple growers that a splendid practical apple ad-
vertising campaign can be put into effect and will greatly
increase consumption of apples, and that is the real problem
before the apple industry.

"We feel it is unnecessary to take your time in recounting
the need and advantages that would come to the apple indus-
try from such a national advertising campaign. You can see
similar results all around you — and in nearly every other line
of industry.

"If the apple growers of Pennsylvania want the advan-
tages of apple advertising, we feel they have a very unusual
and very favorable plan of securing it. We hope to have your
strong support.

"If your association feels so inclined we will appreciate a
resolution approving of the general plan as outlined. '*

APPLES FOR HEALTH, INC.,

By Paul Stark.

President Rittenhouse : Gentlemen, it was the idea of the
Council not to go contrary to the wishes of the growers them-
selves and they asked that a general opinion of the growers be
expressed so that there will be no opposition on this matter.

Mr. Moore : I think the container manufacturers are very
generous but with somebody's else money. How can they ap-
propriate the growers' money by adding the cost of this adver-
tising to the containers? Aren't the growers able to appro-
priate the money themselves ? I think that is a wrong princi-
ple that they should attempt to add to the growers' invoices
money which they are not giving themselves.

Mr. Sheldon Funk : Mr. President, we have fooled around
with this advertising proposition for quite some time and we
apparently haven't gotten anywhere. I believe Mr. Moore is
wrong in his assumption that the basket men want to appro-
priate that money. They are merely willing to add it to the
cost of the baskets. It has been proven that we fellows here
in Pennsylvania, at least, are not willing to dig down into our
pockets and put up that much money. Some of us possibly
might be and some of us might not. Here the basket men have
simply said that they will go to a lot of trouble, to considerable
expense, to collect this money for us. They are getting none
of it. They haven't asked to do it. It looks to me as though
it is the most feasible plan that has come before the growers
yet, because we won't do it ourselves. If we won't do it our-
selves and we want it done and somebody else is willing to do
it for us, then what are you going to do? Let's get rid of it.
We have carried it along for three or four years and had a lot
of literature and had men here year after year talking about
advertising apples, "Apples for Health," and apparently we
aren't any further today than we were three or four years
ago, with this exception.

Here we have a definite proposition that these men are
willing to do this if we want to try it and if we do not want it
done, they are just as well satisfied. That is the way I look
at it, M^r. Chairman. I feel that we should decide this thing
one way or the other. Let's do something about it or wipe it
off the slate.

Mr. Crowell: We have sold all our fruits through adver-
tising and we firmly believe that advertising pays. We have
spent I guess $400 a year in advertising. It is a greater factor
in a local market than selling through commission men. I
think if we want this advertising (and I believe it is a good
thing if it is handled through an advertising agency whose skill
for advertising can be used rather than through some inde-
pendent corporation who have not had the experience of say
15 or 20 years of advertising) we should appropriate the money
from our horticultural association and get it by increasing our
dues in the association.

Mr. Haase: By collecting one cent a basket we have the
cheapest agency we can get. It will hit every man the same.
Everybody has to come across and everybody will get the
benefit and it is the only way we can get at this proposition.
When your competitors are getting the best of you, watch their
methods and you will find they are making use of advertising.
Such being the case let us fight them with their own weapons.
Look what they are spending. How much do we spend?
Nothing. All the money we spend for advertising will come

—65—

1

back to us a thousand per cent. Advertising is the life of
trade not only in the fruit growing industry but all others.
All other industries show us the way.

Mr. Shank : Yesterday I had the privilege of hearing the
greatest talk on advertising I have ever heard. We had the
Publicity Director of the Chamber of Commerce before the
State Association of Markets. Personally, we are interested in
one of the finest little markets in the State down here in
Lancaster and I want every grower here to know that pub-
licity and advertising are doing a tremendous lot of good for
every one using it. We did something as an experiment this
fall in our own community. We wanted to try it out and if I
can persuade the growers of Lancaster County next year we
are going to enlarge on it in a larger way than we ever did it
before. I went into a little high school community show with
my own personal advertisement and cooperated with those
schools in the community. The most outstanding success I had
was in the Catholic High of Lancaster. I had the girls see
which girl could make the best apple pie. We invited the
mothers and the older folks to see who could make the best
apple pie, boys as well. I will challenge you any where to
find finer pies than could be found there. They made you
hungry to look at them.

For the boys in that community we staged a drawing con-
test to see which could draw the prettiest picture of an apple.
Again we had the girls who didn't care to bake pies write
essays on why the apple is the king of fruits.

We had 35 prizes, a basket of apples to each winner. We
gave away the best apples we could raise. I want you to
know the satisfaction those children got out of it. They were
thinking apples and they were talking apples and beyond a
doubt it helped in my own selling of fruits. The best returns
came from the Catholic High of Lancaster, as I said. I took
our market manager along and helped him present the group.
I never shall forget the kindness the sisters extended and their
appreciation. Next spring we are going to invite that entire
high school out to our orchards. I want you to know that I am
absolutely confident that that method of advertising will get
you a lot from your local community.

Next year, if I can get it across, I want the growers of
Lancaster County to cooperate with me and carry that cam-
paign through the schools of Lancaster City, because the re-
sults have been fine. I would much rather have growers give
a few barrels of apples to the children, the boys and the girls,
and let them know the apple is the king of fruits, than any
other advertising that can be done.

—66—

I am going to get back to the advertising campaign. Every
hotel in Pennsylvania of any size at all is assessed one dollar
per room in an advertising campaign to sell Pennsylvania to
the tourists of the world. There was something like $15,000
collected from the hotels of Pennsylvania last year. The State
Chamber of Commerce is taking that money and putting it in
Detroit and Cleveland and New York City; they are putting
it everywhere ; telling what a wonderful state Pennsylvania is
to tour in. If you are not acquainted with the facts at the
present time I want you to know that Pennsylvania's income
from her highways is one of the biggest incomes in the state
treasury today. Why? Through the advertising campaign
bringing tourists into Pennsylvania, telling of the wonders that
you and I see every day and never think to look at. It is
copy. I raise a few hogs. That is one way we are getting rid
of our cull apples. We are giving them to the hogs. We
don't make much money but we get rid of them that way.
Every time I send a batch of hogs to the Union Stockyards at
Lancaster I see a charge come to me for advertising, right off
the grower. We have to carry it. We can't expect the other
fellow to carry it.

We do not buy many apple baskets but we buy a lot of
peach baskets. Gentlemen, I say put this across. Somebody
has to pay for it and you can't expect anybody else to pay your
bill for you. Put it across. If we want to do it, go to it and
put it across. If the hotels of Pennsylvania consider it advis-
able and see the wisdom of such a plan, we ought to do it.

President Rittenhouse : I do not know whether you care
for any personal opinion of mine on the matter, but I feel it is
the only way by which money can be collected to put over an
advertising campaign and it is about as fair to all of the
growers as any tax, if you please to call it that, that would
be put upon us, because we would be paying in proportion to
the fruit that we are putting out.

Mr. Crowell: I am just wondering what check we, the
growers in general, would have after giving the money over,
if we went through with that plan. How could we influence
in any way their actions or change around or increase or de-
crease whatever activity they chose to take place. I would be
very glad if you would tell me that.

Dr. Fletcher: My understanding is that a majority of the
Board of Directors of Apples for Health are elected by grow-
ers and represent the state associations. It is essentially in
the hands of the growers themselves.

President Rittenhouse: Dr. Fletcher, do you think it
would be advisable to have a vote taken on the question as to

—67—

•}

I

Sj !i

how the members may stand on the question offhand without
any further discussion?

Dr. Fletcher: I agree with Mr. Funk that we ought to
settle this one Avay or the other. I know a good many feel a
little prejudiced against the whole matter probably justly so,
because it has been before us quite a number of years and it
has dragged and come to no definite objective, not because,
perhaps, of the officials of the organization but because the
funds have not been forthcoming. I am inclined to think that
we should support it. I agree with Mr. Shank, however, that
we must clearly understand that it takes care of only one fea-
ture of apple advertising — national advertising— and should not
be considered in any sense as lessening our efforts for local
advertising on which we need not only local plans for Lan-
caster County, but a state-wide program. I commend that to
our State Bureau of Markets as a very fruitful subject for
investigation in the interests of the fruit industry. Personally,
I favor supporting this project.

Question: May I ask whether there is any time limit or
whether there is any opportunity for recall in endorsing or ap-
proving or making such a regulation.

Dr. Fletcher: Mr. Chairman, obviously this Association
can't pass a resolution which would force anybody in the State
of Pennsylvania to add a cent to the cost of a package. It
only acts as a recommendation and each individual will use
his judgment as to whether he accepts that or not.

President Rittenhouse: We ask for the sentiment of the
growers. That is all. I wonder whether Mr. Campfield has
any opinion on the subject. He is not a Pennsylvania man,
but I would be glad to have his opinion.

Mr. Campfield: Gentlemen, I know something about this
plan. As a matter of fact Mr. Stark would tell you, if he
were here, that it was my plan. I am not sold on it at all; I
am not sure it is going to work but they came down into Vir-
ginia making a survey of the eastern section to see whether
or not they could raise a fund. We attempted in Virginia, the
same as you have here year after year, to try to interest our
growers in advertising and to contribute voluntarily, and I
think that over a period of two to four years, they collected
about enough money to pay the expense of running around
and seeing the growers to get it; they didn't get anywhere at
all.

So the plan was suggested that the only way of raising
the money would be by a painless tax on some organized
branch of the apple industry, and we figured out that the
package manufacturers were the better organized branch of
the industry that would represent the packed output of ap-

— es-

pies in the east. They took it up then with the basket manu-
facturers to see whether or not they would act as the agency
for collecting it. They volunteered to act as the agency for
collecting it because we realized that it was impractical to go
around all over the States of Pennsylvania and Virginia and
Maryland and New York and try to collect a cent a package.
That couldn't be done. The expense was too great.

The package manufacturers will, as I understand it, if
the growers ask them to, put the cent per bushel on their
package and turn it over to Apples for Health or any other
organization, and it is the idea and object of that organization
to employ professional advertisers, thoroughly equipped and
experienced in advertising products of this kind, such as the
flour campaign and dozens of others that are being success-
fully carried on.

Virginia has not taken any action on the proposition. I
suppose you are interested to know what we have done. We
say that there are two features of it yet that have not been
worked out to our satisfaction. First, we should not rest this
assessment or painless tax simply on baskets but we must get
the barrel manufacturers in here. Our barrels are made by a
lot of small cooper shops all over the State and we have urged
Apples for Health to step into that industry and say, **Put
an assessment on the hoops or heads or some other part of the
barrel that can be uniformly assessed at the rate of three cents
per barrel or one cent per bushel." Thus far they have not
assured us that they can do that but we want the assessment
placed on barrels and on baskets. That is one objection.

When that is arranged so that we are satisfied that the
people packing barrels are also going to contribute through
their organization, then we have the other problem on our
hands as to what the fellow is going to say who uses the bush-
el basket for peaches or any other commodity. How is he go-
ing to get exempt from contributing his cent to the apple
campaign? If he is willing to do it, all right, but we do not
feel that he is. There is a problem that we haven't worked
out yet.

So Virginia has taken no action until we see the barrel
people going into it and until we find out how we can justly
exempt those who use baskets for peaches and other com-
modities. But to get it straight, the basket people have only
offered their services as the collecting agency and what they
collect in that manner will be turned over to Apples for
Health or some other organization which will be controlled
and is controlled now by the growers through representa-
tion of their horticultural societies in different states.

Question: I would like to call attention to what appears
to me is a difficulty. I am impressed by the fairness sug-

—60—

\

gested in the letter of the basket manufacturers adding an
item of one cent per basket to their bills, but while that is
fair and open if an item of one cent is added the payer need
not pay that item. On the other hand, if the cent per basket
is added to the cost of the basket it can be collected and
turned over, but the buyer of the basket cannot be expected
to pay a separate item in my opinion. If the item is omitted
and the cent is added to the cost of the basket, the basket
manufacturer can turn that fund over, but itemizing it he
cannot.

Mr. Campfield: As I understand it, all basket manu-
facturers who belong to the association have agreed if the
growers endorse it and ask them to do it they will simply
raise their price of baskets one cent per basket or twelve
cents per dozen. They will be invoiced to the grower at the
cent increase in price.

Question: What is going to be the attitude of the box-
ed apple section? What is going to be their position? In
taking up the matter of baskets and barrels, are they going
into this campaign and on what basis?

Mr. Campfield: The box people of the Northwest took to
this campaign very readily at first and some sections had their
money available. They said they were ready to put it up in
the beginning if they could be shown that the East was going
in. We have dilly-dallied and dragged along with the mat-
ter to such an extent that I am told now that some of the box
industry in the Northwest have withdrawn that offer. W^heth-
er they can be interested again or not, I don't know, but at
one time they were all ready and some of the western as-
sociations had their money in hand to be turned over to the
association whenever we contributed our pro-rata.

Mr. Runk: Mr. Chairman, I have always been anxious
to contribute and have contributed to this fund. I think
three times I contributed $5.00 and I have always felt that
money was just simply thrown away because it never got us
anywhere. I do not criticize Apples for Health or the or-
ganization because it just happened like Mr. Campfield said
there were just enough of us paid in Pennsylvania to about
pay for sending a man here to our meeting and we never have
gotten anywhere with our national advertising. We sure
enough need it. We all realize the importance of it. We see
our banana and citrus fruit organizations, and every other
organization that is producing a commodity that is sold na-
tion-wide, backing up their sales with great campaigns for ad-
vertising. Somebody surely pays those bills. So I think we
are at fault.

—70—

Personally, my own basket bill is a pretty big item of
expense and I have been wondering here whether there would
be any way of getting those basket manufacturers to co-
operate and reduce the expense of their baskets somewhat and
contribute to this fund as well. I am also wondering in my
mind what the basket manufacturers themselves are going to
contribute. They have as much at stake or relatively as much
at stake as we have. But, on the other hand, if we can get
this particular project across in this way, I would be only too
glad to contribute personally.

(The meeting adjourned at 12:15 P. M.)

ADJOURNMENT.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON

January 22nd, 1930.

The Third Session convened at 1 :45 P. M., President Rit-
tenhouse presiding.

THE BROOKS' SPOT IN PENNSYLVANIA

B. S. KIBBY, State CoUege.

According to the program, this subject was assigned to
Dr. Thurston who is unable to be here. I have taken over his
topic on but a single day's notice without any opportunity for
previous preparation, other than a review of my observations
this year in Pennsylvania orchards.

Brooks' Fruit Spot is a disease which has been with us in
small amounts for a number of years. This disease on apples
shows up sometimes by mid- August as green areas; a little
later little black dots or the fruiting bodies of this fungus
develop. The late Prof. Walton, who worked at Arendtsville,
and Dr. Orton did some very good work on this disease. They
found out the life history of this fungus; they found for the
first time that this fungus acts much like apple scab. The
fungus lives from year to year in the old apple leaves under
the tree and along in the spring, usually during a period vary-
ing from about two weeks to six weeks after the petal fall,
the spores of this fungus are shot out from the old dead leaves
and are carried by the wind up to the apples, where during
wet damp conditions with the temperature favorable these
little spores of seed of this fungus enter the apple.

Spot Development:.- It is an interesting thing that the
spores of this fungus grow very slowly when they get into
the apple and it may be 50 or 60 days between the time that
this infection takes place and the time that we find these spots
on the apples. Fortunately, these spots on the apples, which
show up as little sunken places, have not ruptured the skin.

—71—

It is seldom that we find rot following after the Brooks' Spot
infection,— after so many other diseases, there we have a very
high percentage of rot following along, but not in this case.
However, when we find appes such as this, where they are
specked up with a number of Brooks' Spots, it throws the
appes out of grade.

Control: As to the control, this disease can best be con-
trolled with Bordeaux. The Bordeaux applied from two weeks
to three weeks after petal fall wall normally control the dis-
ease. This year I had a number of those demonstrations in
the southern part of Pennsylvania where this disease is com-
mon,—I might say that the disease is very seldom found in the
central, western or northern part of the state. It is mostly
down in the southern part. However, it is common in New Jer-
sey and in certain sections of Ohio. It seems to be spreading
and may become more general over other parts.

Where Bordeaux was applied three weeks after petal
fall, there was, in 1929, less than one-half of one per cent of
Brooks' Spot when we ran checks. In very severe cases, a
grower might have to keep a spray about five weeks after
petal fall to be sure of getting all of the infections.

Here are some results from a very large number of ap-
ples. Where all of the lime-sulphur sprays were applied we
found 1.9 bushels in a hundred or 1.9 per cent of Brooks'
Fruit Spot. Where one spray was omitted we found 8.6 ; two
sprays, 10; three sprays, 42; with four to six sprays omitted,
it drops a little. That was due to the fact that more or these
were in sections where it was not common. Lime-sulphur goes
quite a ways to check Brooks' Fruit Spot, but it is not a com-
plete control because in certain orchards where it is bad, even
where lime-sulphur was applied, I have seen it as high as 60
and 65 per cent of the apples when certain sprays are left
out, the summer sprays probably are the most important.

Susceptibility of Varieties: Brooks' Fruit Spot is a di-
sease over which I do not believe we need be greatly concern-
ed. It may become serious but, it does not attack all apples.
Certain varieties we found this year to be very susceptible,
namely Jonathan, Grimes, Golden Delicious, Stayman, — those
are the worst. Taking a number of other varieties we find
that York has very little ; on Mcintosh we found almost none,
due probably to the fact that few Mcintosh are grown in the
southeast.

In connection with the spray service, we plan to tell the
growers when to apply these sprays for Brooks' Spot and to
give the new schedule which we are attempting to prepare
and distribute before the growing season.

—72—

Where there was a lot of Brooks' Fruit Spot in orchards
last year it will pay to follow out those directions on the
verieties affected for the control of this disease and to apply
carefully and thoroughly this Bordeaux spray at the time
recommended.

ORCHARD MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN WESTERN

NEW YORK

M. C. BUBEITT, HUton, N. Y.

Before I begin this talk on our orchard management prob-
lems, I would like to say just one more word about the mat-
ter we were discussing here this morning, particularly with
reference to the Federal Farm Board, because I feel that a
somewhat erroneous impression was perhaps unintentionally
left. I have no connection with the Federal Farm Board in
any way, shape or form, and no authority to speak for it, but
I do know something about its operations.

The reason that this conference in Washington was not
more representative of apple growers the country over is
that the Board is compelled under the law to deal only with
representatives of organized groups. There were no such
organized groups in Pennsylvania. Furthermore, they deal
only with large regional groups and not with local cooper-
atives. Again, I would like to say just a word for these
Northwest men w^ho sat in the conference to this effect : They
were more disturbed over the fact that the East was not rep-
resented than the East was itself, I am sure. They declined
to take any actions that could have any particular effect on
the apple industry because they said the East was not repre-
sented and they did not want to undertake to speak for the
East. They took a very broadminded and liberal attitude
in the matter and the one constructive action of the committee
was to ask the Board to set up not a commodity committee,
as provided under the law, but a committee which would real-
ly be representative of American apple growers and that
committee is to consist of 12 and is to have three representa-
tives from each of the four general large fruit growing re-
gions of which the Cumberland-Shenandoah Valley and Penn-
sylvania are one.

I just wanted to make that explanation as an additional
bit of information with reference to the Board. I think noth-
ing is farther from the minds of the Board or of the North-
west apple growers or any of us than is a stabilization cor-
poration or a national sales agency at the present time.

Western New York has been passing through a period of
agricultural depression unequalled in its history. This depres-

—73—

sion has not been confined to fruit but has extended to nearly
all lines of production. Land values have fallen from 25 to
50 per cent and even more and they were not serious inflated
in the first place. Foreclosures on mortgages have been fre-
quent. Many farms formerly considered pretty good now lie
idle and their owners have gone to work in the towns. There
are few farm sales as few persons have the money to buy land.
There are signs that the bottom has been reached and that
the upward trend which inevitably follows the downward
periods may have already set in.

Such a period has naturally had a profound effect upon
farm organization as well as farm enterprises and cultural
practices. One of the most fundamental changes has been
less dependence upon cash crops and more upon animals, es-
pecially the dairy cow. During the past five years many farms
have been rehabilitated with cows. Growers of beans, po-
tatoes, and cabbage have done well for three years past.
The fruit grower *s situation has been made more difficult by
the most severe competition he has ever faced and by weath-
er which has injured many of his trees and made pollination
all but impossible. Naturally orchard practice has been ma-
terially modified under such conditions.

Soil Adaptation: No orchard factor and its influence on
profitable apple production has been brought home with more
force than the soil factor. Thousands of apple trees on heavy
wet soils have been killed or injured so that they are likely
never to be profitable again. Western New York soils are
essentially glaciated soils overlaid to a greater or lesses ex-
tent and depth by water-deposited clays and silts. The soils
which are chiefly glacial and which usually occupy the points
of some elevation, are as a rule the best apple soils because
they are more open and better drained. The water-deposit
soils of the lower areas where they overlay the glacial till at
a considerable depth — two or three feet or more — are usually
silty in character, heavy, compact and poorly drained.

There are orchards on both types of soils. Although
pi'obably less than one-third are on poor soils. But the yields
of apples on the better soils were 21 per cent greater and the
labor incomes six times as great as on the poorer soil types
in one area over a period of 14 years. There will be very
little additional planting on the poorly adapted soils but the
problem of soil management of the orchards on ill adapted
soils calls for a new and vigorous program of improvement.
Years of continuous cultivation without sufficient cover crops
and manure have burned out and used up the organic matter
and exhausted the natural lime content even on some of the
better soils. Soils have become compacted and drainag^e chan-
nels clogged. Orchards which have produced well no longer

—74—

do so. There is evidence to show that yields per acre in some
areas are less than one-third what they were twenty years
ago.

An Improvement Program: The improvement program
calls for tile drainage, where economically possible, improved
surface drainage, the application of lime and above all, the
addition of organic matter either through cover crops or ma-
nure. The use of lime and fertilizers are suggested primarily
as means of increasing the cover crop growth.

Upon the extent to which this program is adopted and
put into practice by western New York fruit growers de-
pends the growth and total output of that region. Grower
opinion is divided. The region is highly diversified. Many
growers have turned to other enterprises for their principal
income, and are letting their orchards go, taking what they
get without much effort. They blame the weather and the
general agricultural depression and hope for a comeback of
old conditions. Others look only for such improvement as
they themselves can effect by following a program such as
that above outlined.

Sod Versus Cultivation: One of the most noteworthy re-
sults of the conditions above outlined has been the strong
trend away from cultivation toward sod in the orchard.
Whereas ten to twenty years ago the practice of clean culti-
vation apparently justified and demonstrated as it was by
Dr. Hedrick's Auchter orchard experiments, (although these
were never fully accepted by all growers) was the rule and
practice, at the present time clean cultivated orchards are a
dwindling minority and even when practiced, cultivation has
been considerably modified. There are many growers who
think that this swing has been too wide and too rapid, and
who still cling to a modified practice of cultivation, awaiting
better experimental evidence and a clarification of views. Such
growers plow in late fall or early spring and cultivate but
once or twice, allowing weeds to grow thereafter.

No doubt one of the most important factors in arriving
at a wise decision, as between sod and cultivation as methods
of culture, is a better understanding of the functions of cul-
tivation and of what should constitute a sod for best results.
The contribution of your Experiment Station and especially
the work of Dr. Anthony as exhibited to our growers on last
summer's visit enroute to Virginia, has already been helpful
in clarifying both theory and practice.

Considerable evidence has been assembled by Dr. Heinicke
and others at the New York State College of Agriculture to
show that the principal function of cultivation is not what we
have been commonly taught to believe— that it was the con-

—75—

servation of moisture. It seems probably that under average
New York conditions, at least, there is sufficient rainfall to
serve the needs of an apple tree throughout the season with-
out cultivation. Moreover the evidence also seems to show
that an abundance of organic matter is more potent in retain-
ing moisture than cultivation anyway. Heinicke and his as-
sociates have further shown that the principal effect of cul-
tivation, especially if done early in the spring, is probably to
liberate nitrates to promote growth and aid in blossom set.
It is pointed out, and it is important to recognize it, that there
are three ways of obtaining an adequate supply of nitrates
in the orchard, (1) by early cultivation, (2) by the growth of
legume sods, (3) by the application of commercial nitrates.
Nitrates must be supplied to apple trees by one of these
methods. Which method is best is partly a question of rela-
tive cost.

Use of Alfalfa and Sweet Clover: Many growers, in-
cluding myself, have secured very satisfactory tree growth
and color as well as an ample supply of organic matter by
the use of alfalfa and sweet clover with results no less satis-
factory in any way than by the use of cultivation or com-
mercial nitrates, and with less cost and better color. On non-
leguminous sods either seeded or volunteer, the use of nitrates
is becoming quite common practice, usually with good results.
Commercial nitrates are considerably cheaper than cultivation
even when used in liberal quantities, and escape from the
high costs of cultivation has been an important factor in the
trend toward the use of nitrates. A rough rule recommended
for the application of nitrate of soda is one pound for each
four years of age of the tree up to forty years.

It cannot be denied, however, that one of the principal
causes of the drift from cultivation to sod is discouragement
and plain neglect; the discouraged and the slothful welcome
and accept new methods call for new expenditures of effort
and money.

Spraying: I shall not say much about this important
practice Like all others it has been seriously neglected
during the Uepression. This is perhaps inevitable in a period
of mounting costs and shrinking returns. However, those
growers who have faith in their business and who are sin-
cerely interested in growing better fruit are spraying more
frequently, more thoroughly, and more intelligently, and they
are producing better apples than ever before.

Some of you may be interested in dusting. I do not think
that the practice is increasing in New York. In fact fewer
growers are depending on it than formerly. It is finding its
place as a supplementary treatment most useful in large or-

—76—

chards in the latter part of the spraying season. Few grow-
ers who can afford but one outfit because of the size of their
orchards are relying on the duster.

Pollination: The problem of adequate pollination is one
which is worrying western New York apple growers perhaps
more than any other. For the past three years in succession
failure to secure good pollination has been chiefly responsible
for the successive small crops of fruit, and low yields of ap-
ples are at present the greatest handicap of western New
York.

The problem is a complicated one and by no means as
simple as it might appear. Apparently the causes are pri-
marily weather and the absence of bees. Cold cloudy or rainy
weather is of course unfavorable to the flight and work of
bees. Bee keepers claim that many bees are killed by spray-
ing and dusting, especially the latter, because the dust drifts
onto clover and other blossoms, and the bee keepers have
therefore been driven out of the region. Certain it is that
bees are relatively more scarce than they were at one time.
It is not strange that the growth of the number of bees has
not kept pace with the growth in the number of apple trees
in a region more than one hundred miles long and ten miles
or more wide containing tens of thousands of acres of ap-
ples, all of which bloom within the comparatively short period
of two weeks. Moreover, even though bees are present in
the orchard they do not circulate freely in the blossoms un-
less temperatures are at least 65 degrees Fahrenheit, and bet-
ter 70 degrees. This factor is an important one for we have
had seasons recently in which the temperature was 70 de-
grees or above for only two hours during the entire five-day
period when the blossoms of Northern Spy were susceptible
of fertilization! Another factor contributing to poor polli-
nation has been the failure of growers to provide fertile
varieties at sufficiently close intervals to have them readily
available to cross with self-sterile varieties or those partially
self -sterile.

After these experiences and after considerable study of
the matter growers who are having trouble with pollination
are grafting pollinating varieties into blocks of self-sterile
varieties, e. g., Rome into Spy blocks, at such intervals that
every Spy tree will be contiguous at least on one side to
Rome. They are buying or renting bees to put in the orchards.
Some are cutting branches of pollinating varieties in bloom
and placing them in pails of water as bouquets to set on the
ground among overhanging branches or to hang form limbs
in trees to be fertilized, all with good results. Practically
all the Spy apples I had in a bloek of 100 trees this year were

—77—

the result of bees in hives under the tree, of bouquets of Rome
in pails of water or of hand pollination. But there still re-
mains the problem of the weather.

Some of us are wondering if the failure of varieties or-
dinarily self -fertile to some extent like Baldwin and Twenty-
Ounce or even Rhode Island Greening, often self-sterile, are
not closely associated with these questions of pollination and
if it would not pay us to use more pollinators in our plant-
ings at more frequent intervals and to introduce bees. Rhode
Island Greening is seldom planted now without a variety like
Mcintosh every other or every second row.

Color and Uniformity: There is a growing realization
among our better orchardists of the importance of uniformity
in size and better color in our fruits. This is leading to more
careful pruning especially in the smaller branches on the
outside of the tree and to increased practice of thinning the
fruits. The more common use of sod culture has contributed
to better color in the fruit, and where properly used with-
out noticeable reduction in the size of the fruit. The solution
of the problem of uniformity in the size and pack of the fruit
is, we think, closely associated with the question of central
packing houses with their disinterested sorting and grading
machine sizing. Progress will continue to be made, I believe,
with increased realization of the need.

In conclusion, I hope that you will not think that I am
merely airing the troubles of New York apple growers. If
I did not believe that our experience might have some sug-
gestions for you, even though the problems of your more
scattered industry in the midst of great markets are different
from ours, I would not have ventured this talk.

Let no one think that New York is going out of the ap-
ple business. We have many thousands of acres of young
orchards taking the place of the old. Our best located and
most successful growers are continuing to plant orchards.
Out of the travail of our difficulties a more vigorous and in-
telligent industry is being born.

Question : Is New York troubled with mice injury in sod
orchards?

Mr. Burritt: I am glad you asked that question ; I might
have mentioned it. We are having more and more trouble
with increased injury from mice and unfortunately our grow-
ers, in the habit of cultivating and not having had any
trouble with mice in cultivated orchards, are not alive to it
and we are likely to have a much injury. But some of us are
awake to it and we are doing two things at the present time.
One is grubbing away in the fall all the sod from the base of

—78—

the tree for two or three feet around; the other, using the
poisoned bait recommended by the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, putting it in old cans at the base of the tree.

Mr. Haase : I used strychnine poison last f all^ on steam-
ed oats. How long does the poison remain effective in the
oats? I put it in the runways under the trees and around the
trees. Doesn't it wash out by thawing or by rains?

Mr. Burritt: I do not know that I can answer that
question. This is the first year I ever used the poisoned bait
myself, but the directions from the Department of Agricul-
ture say replace the bait after about 30 days, so that ap-
parently it does lose its effectiveness. We have followed just
a little different practice that I presume will make that last
a little longer and avoid the washing out by using old cans,
cans that had contained meat and vegetables. We take those
cans and bend them down, smash the end in so the birds can't
get in, leaving the hole just big enough for a mouse to get in,
and then turn the can down a little bit so that the water
won't get into it and put it on the leeward side of the tree out
of the wind. In that way I think we protect the bait and keep
it longer than we do putting it in the runways, although I
dare say putting it in the runways would be rather more ef-
fective. I think you will find, if you look up that circular,
that the Department says to replace after about 30 days.

Mr. Haase: I am using it in the runways; we made as
many as ten stations in a circle of about 30 feet. Perhaps we
caught more mice that way than if we had fewer stations, but
I have chickens and do not want to kill them with poisoned
grain.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON INSECT PESTS

T. L. OTJYTON, Harrisburg

Near the close of this season the committee sent out a
questionnaire to the members of this group asking for a re-
port on the outstanding insect pests of apples, peaches, cher-
ries and grapes. The response to this inquiry was quite grati-
fying. The total number of replies were more than could be
expected and we thank the members for the promptness and
cheerfulness with which they replied. It is these replies which
form the greater part of the report.

Apple Insects: Sixteen insects were reported as serious
on apples by at least one member. Leading in the number of
reports was the codling moth with 64 growers reporting. The
average percentage of damage of those reporting in percent-
age was 10%. Five growers reported unsatisfactory control
and ten an increase in damage.

—79—

I

Curculio was reported as severe by 54 growers with an
average of 18% loss. Twenty-two thought the insect on the
increase and nine were not able to get a satisfactory control.

Aphids, all species grouped together, were reported by
63 growers. Here the estimated loss was 10% and seven re-
porting unsatisfactory control.

Red spider was reported by 28 growers Avith an average
loss of 11%. Four reported unsatisfactory control. A large
majority mentioned oil as the only means of control.

Red bug was mentioned by 23 growers with an average
damage of 8%. Three growers thought this insect to be on
the increase and two were unable to get a satisfactory con-
trol.

A few of the other insects reported from apple are : leaf
roller, oriental fruit moth, canker worm, leaf hopper, apple
maggot, San Jose scale and grasshoppers.

Comments on Apple Insects by the Members.
Eastern: ''The curculio is doing the most damage in our
orchards. Many apples which would be perfect otherwise are
stung a very little, just enough to make them unfit for show
purposes."

Eastern: ''Insects of all kinds have been very bad this
season. I presume that this was largely due to the hot, dry
weather which we have had.'*

"In my opinion the growers lost money in the nicotine
that they applied to their apples this year. I suppose the rea-
son for this was that practically all the young aphids turn
out to be 'apple aphids' instead of 'rosy aphids.' I would
suggest that the entomologist of this State try to determine the
species of aphid eggs that are being laid in the fall that the
growers would know what to expect in the spring.'*

Eastern: "Aphids are getting worse every year. Nico-
tine does not seem to control them any longer."

Western: "We have a peculiar situation here; have
about eight acres in apples. I have more damage from adult
curculio late in the season than from their larvae. The out-
side row of apples are always damaged especially on the north
and west sides. They must fly in from neighbors about 300
yards, also from woods about same distance. We have almost
no damage at any time on the inside of the orchard."

Eastern: "We have sprayed our orchard completely nine
times following closely to spray schedule and feel that we
have the finest crop we have raised in a number of years in
our orchard. We are very much pleased with the spray ser-
vice."

—so-

Central: "Since we have been giving five sprays regular-
ly each year we have been able to raise clean fruit. We try
to cultivate our orchards from early spring until the middle
of July. This we think helps to keep down various pests."

Western: "In orchards that were not sprayed, the first
leaves were nearly all stripped off by canker worm by June
15th."

Eastern: "In regard to the above concerning codling
moth injury to apples I am of the opinion that some of the
damage is due to the Oriental fruit moth. A neighboring fruit
grower thinks perhaps the codling moth and Oriental fruit
moth are hybridizing and that this is what is causing the
more difficult problem of control. I am quite certain that it
is the Oriental fruit moth that causes the late damage (Sep-
tember to October) to delicious apples."

Eastern: "My experience with curculio is that it is large-
ly a matter of care and control by spray. Damage by codling
moth, especially from the first brood, have been reduced al-
most to a minimum in my orchards. In fact I have noticed al-
most none this year, even from the second brood, from which
occasionally I have had considerable damage, especially where
apples hang in clusters of two's and three's touching each
other. This damage is not apparent from the second brood,
probably because of a thorough spraying for the first brood."

Eastern: "In the past I had considerable trouble with
red bug but a year ago sprayed with miscible oil and last
year and this had very little damage. This also is fairly ef-
fectual in destroying rosy aphids and red mites. Leaf roller
which later in the season damages the fruit are the hardest
insects to control but this can be done fairly well by arsenate
of lead in very early sprays, such as the delayed dormant and
the pre-pink and pink sprays."

Eastern: "This year's crop did not warrant sprays for
curculio, and 75% damage was done to the few apples we did
have."

North Central: "We have some San Jose and oyster
shell scale but they do not seem to be increasing."

North West: "This year very few codling moth eggs
hatched before July 1st. The greatest number of newly hatch-
ed larvae appeared about July 20th. We usually have a severe
infestation of second brood appearing between September 1st
and 20th if the first brood is not controlled. We used "Me-
dina Oil," "Emulso," "Scalecide," and "Sunoco" at 1/2%. to
%% with arsenate of lead. The miscible oils appear to give
better coverage and excellent control."

Center: "I regard the European red mite as the worst
pest the apple grower in our section has to control. Apple

—81—

■'Vi

*

growers need a lot of information on the use of oil sprays,
especially on the combination of oil and other spray ma-
terials/'

Eastern: ''Just one thing after another. The worst for
years for codling moth. Certainly slipped up on spray sched-
ule/'

Peach Insects: Eleven insects were reported as harmful
to the peach crop of the state. The Oriental fruit moth w^as
at the head of this list and was mentioned by 73 growers with
an average of 21% infestation. Nineteen of this number re-
ported no or unsatisfactory control, while the remainder said
nothing about control. Several said the insect had just put
in its appearance in their orchards.

Curculio was given an important place by 46 growers,
and the average damage was 30%, with but one saying he was
unable to get satisfactory control.

Borers were reported by 23 growers. Satisfactory con-
trol was reported by all.

Of the other pests attacting peach, the peach Lecanium,
Japanese beetle, red spider, grasshoppers and deer were men-
tioned.

Comments on Peach Troubles.

Central: ''We are fearful of the Oriental fruit moth
which appears to be getting control of us."

Eastern: "I feel curculio is the worst insect we have to
combat at the present time. Any special control measures
would be greatly appreciated.''

Eastern: "This pest (Oriental fruit moth) is much less
than last year and considerably less than the year before, but
we can not say this is due to any control. It may be due to
weather conditions or parasites."

Eastern: "Have never had much trouble in controlling
insect pests except Oriental fruit moth."

Eastern: "We need something quick to control the
Oriental fruit moth."

Eastern: "We should have better control measures for
the Oriental fruit moth than at present advised. If not some
remedy soon we must go out of the peach business."

Eastern: "As for peach insects I have none in my orch-
ards with the exception of the Oriental peach moth and cur-
culio. Curculio is comparatively easy to control by careful
spraying with arsenate of lead when the husk is loosening and
again when it is off and a third time when the peaches have
acquired some little size."

—82—

Insects on Cherries: Forty-six reports were made on
cherry insects. Fiften listed curculio first and twelve men-
tioned aphids. Fruit fly, rose chafer and Japanese beetle were
mentioned and one grower said the robins caused most of his
loss. The members of the committee in their going about over
the State notice the presence of the cherry aphid in unusual
numbers and since aphids are difficult insects to forecast we
will make no statement as what may be expected for next
vear.

Insects on Grapes: Either the grape growers have no
trouble or they were too busy fighting them to reply to the
questionnaire. A total of twenty-eight replies came to the
committee.

Fifteen said the grape leaf hopper caused the most dam-
age. The reported percentage of damage was from 5 to 20.
The grape berry moth was placed first by eight growers with
reported percentage of from 5 to 50. Root worm was report-
ed by three, rose chafer by four and Japanese beetle and
phylloxera by one. From observations made by us we be-
lieve the leaf hopper to be the outstanding grape pest of the
year.

The small fruits were mentioned by very few growers.
San Jose scale on currants was the chief pest mentioned.

SOME RESEARCH WORK ON FRUIT INSECTS IN 1929.

H. N. WORTHLEY, State CoUege

This paper reports some phases of the reserch work of
the Department of Zoology and Entomology at The Pennsyl-
vania State College. It is concerned chiefly with a summary
of experiments conducted at State College during the past
year.

Codling Moth: Work Avith chemically-treated bands was
continued at State College in 1929, with more encouragement
than in 1928. Bands prepared by a manufacturer under six
different formulas were placed about the trunks of unsprayed
apple trees and examined at intervals to note the effect of the
chemicals upon the cocooning larvae. Of the six types tested
one gave promise of yielding good results in orchards where
such a supplementary control measure is needed. This band
was of corrugated strawboard, labeled ''A." Its record is as
follows :

—83—

Performance of Chemically-Treated Codling Moth Band

State College, Pa., 1929.

No.

Larvae

Found

%

Band

Applied

Examined

Trees

Dead

Alive

Dead

Treated

July 23

Aug. 9

1

13

0

100.0

Untreated

July 2

Aug. 9

19

99

960

9.4

Treated

July 23

Sept. 20

2

134

34

78.7

Untreated

July 2

Sept. 20

184

2089

8.0

Treated bands were not disturbed from the time of ap-
plication to the date of examination. They are compared in
the table with untreated bands used in life-history work, ex-
amined every three days. No larvae pupated in treated band
''A*', so of course there was no emergence of summer brood
moths. Since some larvae pupate within two or three days of
entering the bands, freshly-prepared bands must have killed
very quickly. Considering the rate at which larvae had been
entering the bands, all larvae that on September 20 had been
in the bands for two weeks were dead. Rainfall did not
weaken the bands until early September, for July and August
were exceptionally dry months with 2.87 inches of rainfall as
against a normal precipitation of 7.56 inches. For this reason
the season favored the bands. It is probably safe to say that
a band has been developed that in a dry summer in Pennsyl-
vania will kill larvae cocooning beneath it during the period of
pupation of the first brood larvae.

To illustrate the necessity for a high proportion of beta-
naphthol in the formula, to obtain a rapid kill and allow for
weathering, some work of the Federal Bureau of Entomology
in New Jersey may be mentioned. In 1928 Mr. E. H. Siegler
of the Bureau tested a formula containing one pound of beta-
naphthol in 1.5 pints of red engine oil against one containing
.75 pound of beta-naphthol in one quart of red engine oil. The
first mixture absolutely prevented moth emergence, while the
second allowed 28% of the worms to produce moths.

Time to Band: The use of chemically-treated bands in
codling moth control is still in the experimental stage. Where
used by growers it is recommended that they be applied just
before the first brood worms start to leave the fruit (early
July) ; and removed in late fall, winter, or early spring, and
destroyed, together with the live larvae which may remain be-
neath them on the bark. During pruning would be a con-
venient time for this operation.

Some interesting facts appeared in our codling moth life
history work at State College in 1929. Codling moth larvae
hibernating during the winter of 1928-29 in wooden containers
placed fiat against the south side of a tree-trunk in the or-

—84—

chard reached the peak of pupation two weeks earlier than
those on the north side of the same tree. The peak of moth
emergence came eight days earlier on the south side than on
the north. The average peak of pupation for all exposures on
the tree-trunk was but three days later than for larvae in
similar containers in a box fastened among the limbs of the
tree. This latter method is the one usually employed in mak-
ing the observations for timing codling moth sprays, and the
record reported seems to indicate that it gives a reasonably
accurate picture of what is happening in the orchard.

Moth Emergence and Time of Spraying: However, the
first emergence of codling moths does not necessarily mean
"time to start spraying*'. In the ordinary course of events the
very first larvae will not be feeding for ten days or more af-
ter moths start to emerge. In 1929 at State College the first
larvae did not appear until nearly four weeks after the first
emergence of moths. For twenty days following this first
emergence evening temperatures in the orchards were too low
to stimulate the moths into laying eggs. In fact, oviposition
began on the very day that moth emergence reached the half-
way mark. In one of our neighboring States where the cod-
ling moth has been a subject for investigation for many years,
the practice is to call for the first cover spray when fifty per
cent of the moths have emerged. Our 1929 experience agrees
with this statement, but since in many ways it was an unusual
year, we are not ready to adopt this as a standard.

A Possible Cause of Poor Spraying Results Unearthed.

It should not be our practice in discussing insect control
operations for Pennsylvania to draw upon the experiences of
workers in other States, for it has been observed repeatedly
that what will work in one section of the country often proves
to be unsuitable for another section. However, I should like
to report briefly on some results of studies of tank agitation
made by Professor Ralph H. Smith at the Citrus Experiment
Station of the University of California, as the work is of uni-
versal interest. The question involved was one of poor control
and tree injury following the application of oil sprays. Pre-
sumably, poor agitation of a quick-breaking emulsion or of a
stable emulsion diluted with hard water will allow the oil to
collect in the upper part of the tank, so that the mixture
when first sprayed out will be ineffectively weak, and toward
the end of the tank will become injuriously strong.

This point is illustrated in one series of tests in which
pure kerosene was added at one percent strength, the agitator
started, the tank filled, and samples for oil analysis taken
from the spray nozzle at intervals as the tank was sprayed
out. Various commercial sprayers were used, having agitator

—85—

paddles of the propeller type with different-sized blades and
operating at different speeds. Some of the figures are given
in the following' table:

Effect of Tank Agitation on Uniformity of the Spray Mixture

From RALPH H. SMITH, CALirORNIA.

No. and kind
of paddles

2 — narrow*

i <

i <

i i

i i

i i
i i

wide*

i i

narrow
wide

2 — 'wide, oil
added to
full tank

Agitator

speed
r. p. m.

100

200
300
100
200
300
200
200

200

No. of gallons in tank when sample was
taken and per cent oil in sample
200 gals. 100 gals. 10 gals.

% % %

0.3

0.5

1.0

0.35

1.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

1.0

0.25

1.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

1.0

7.5
1.4
1.0
2.7
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.0

1.0

*Narrow paddles-each with 2 blades 6" long, 2.75" wide, 30** pitch.
Wide paddles-each with 2 blades 6" long, 4.5 " wide, 30° pitch.

The figure 1.0 running through all the columns indicates
uniform mixing. Narrow paddles requered three-hundred
revolutions per minute to accomplish this, the wide paddles
tM'o-hundred revolutions. At the latter speed, two wide pad-
dles accomplished uniform mixing even when the oil was pour-
ed into the full tank and the agitator was run for only two
minutes before the first sample was taken.

Tests with proprietary oil emulsions at one per cent
strength, using two narrow paddles at one-hundred fifty r.
p. m. showed a strength of from 0.7% to 0.9% in the first
sample. Pending further work, Smith recommends that wide
paddles be placed twelve inches apart on the agitator shaft
and six inches from the ends of the tank, and be operated at
a speed of about 225 revolutions per minute in sprayers used
for the tTpplication of oil sprays.

It is reasonable to suppose that insufficient agitation, if
it allows oil to rise in the spray tank, would also allow settling
in spray mixtures containing such finely-divided solids as
arsenate of lead, slaked lime, and sulphur. In this case the
first spraying from a tank would contain excessive amounts of
these materials, while the last few gallons would be weak.

—86—

To what extent the lack of uniformity of the spray mix-
ture in the tank may have been responsible for oil injury,
spray burn, and poor control in Pennsylvania is not known. It
is but one of many factors that may be concerned when things
*'go wrong.'' It is a factor, however, that can easily be
eliminated from consideration if manufacturers will look into
the matter and make sure that the agitation provided is suf-
ficient to insure a proper mixture at all levels in the tank.

An examination of recent literature advertising orchard
sprayers reveals but little as regards tank agitation. Some
catalogues mention the type of agitator equipment. One men-
tions a speed of one hundred revolutions per minute. Appar-
ently questions on this point have not been asked. If the
matter is found to be important, it will doubtless receive in-
creased consideration both from growers and manufacturers.
The California work reported puts tank agitation to the
severest possible test. Unless summer oils find a place in our
eastern spray schedules, the standards set may be unneces-
sarily high.

More Evidence of the Need for Proper Spraying: Recent
revisions of spraying recommendations call for the omission of
a mid-summer spray. The possible effect of this omission on
insect infestations is shown by some counts made at State
College during 1929. Drop apples were collected at intervals
from beneath sprayed and untreated Mcintosh trees. Each
collection was scored for insect injury. Miscellaneous chew-
ing insects, largely bud moths and leaf-rollers having two or
more broods caused much of the injury found on this fruiit.
Just how many different species were involved has not been
determined. The results of the scoring, presented below, show
that the protection afforded by the early sprays did not per-
sist.

Effect of Omitting the Mid-Summer Spray On Insect Injury

to Mcintosh Apples

State College, Pa., 1929.

Apples per thousand injured by Bud
Moths and Leaf-Rollers
Sprayed Untreated

Collection
Date.

June 26
July 15
Aug. 6
Aug. 28
Sept. 9

74 190

47 178

39 185

222 233

246 236

Per Cent
Reduction

61

74
79

5

0

All Drops

98

204

52

Picked crop— 1929 101
Picked crop— 1928 28

172
185

42

85

1.'

—87—

(

I

The beneficial effect of the early sprays was lost by late
August. Due to this late summer attack the picked sprayed
fruit showed over half as much injury from this source as did
the checks. Doubtless a mid-summer application of arsenate
of lead would have given continuous protection, and the pick-
ed crop from the sprayed trees would have been relatively
clean.

Evidence on this last point is contained in the comparison
at the bottom of the table. In 1928 seven sprays ending with
a mid-summer application in late July gave 85% reduction of
this class of chewing insects, while six sprays in 1929 ending
in June, gave only 42% reduction. Stated in percentage, in
1929 sprayed fruit showed 10.1% injury from these miscellan-
eous feeders, in 1928 only 2.8%. The story is the same for
the codling moth and the plum curculio, which also have in-
jurious stages coming both early and late in the season. Fig-
ures for these species are not presented, for their total damage
at State College in 1929 was slight.

The point in this : Since we are obliged to omit a mid-sum-
mer application for fear of excessive arsenical residue on the
picked fruit, and since this omission gives encouragement to a
group of chewing insects having both early and late broods, it
behooves us in all our spraying work to take the utmost pains ;
to make sure that each tank contains the proper amount of
arsenate of lead, that each tree receives the proper amount of
spray, and that this spray is thoroughly and evenly distributed
upon the foliage and fruit. By fully controlling the early
broods (which was not done in this block of trees) we can
largely avoid the evil consequences of omitting a mid-summer
application of poison. Growers who figured that the 1929
crop was not going to be worth the spraying expense, and so
quit after the petal-fall spray, were simply storing up trouble,
for a number of these pests can easily become epidemic.

Mr. Oriest: May I ask if you saw any indication of bark
injury under the treated bands?

Mr. Worthley : We have had no indication of bark injury
from the bands so far.

Mr. Qriest: I tried a few and it injured the bark on a
couple of ten-year old Yellow Transparents, smooth bark trees.

Mr. Worthley: The trees that we have been working with
are in a neglected block of trees that must be 25 or 30 years
old and they have a fairly thick bark. You actually noted
what you would call injury rather than simply discoloration?

Mr. Griest: I think it was very decided injury,
tically killed one tree.

It prac-

—88—

Mr. Worthley: We have noticed some discoloration of the
outer bark, but on the trees on which we have been using
them there is no apparent effect on the inner bark. What it
would be on younger, thinner barked trees, I do not know.
That is one reason why I said the investigation of bands is
still in the experimental stage and it is not possible to make
any recommendations regarding them.

INTERPRETATIONS OF INSECT CONTROL

H. E. HODGKESS, State CoUege

Insect occurrence and development has been most unusual
during the past year. According to our records no other sea-
son has presented as many conditions which contributed to a
modification of the expected life cycles of insects. For these
reasons, the growing period of 1929 may be designated as the
most chaotic of the past decade. If we stop to consider spe-
cific situations, it is not at all strange that orchardists, in gen-
eral, have been at a loss to understand the behavior of certain
of the miscreants. Moreover I do not wonder that some fruit
growers have questioned the validity of particular insecticidal
practices or the timing methods which have been formulated
as a protection against destructive insects. But despite all
such discouragements, as the season ended, most of us profited
by the lessons taught and we are looking forward with confi-
dence to the opening of another year.

Influence of Seasonal Variations on Insect Development:
A rather open winter was followed by unusually high tempera-
tures in April. Fruit buds responded rapidly but, as a rule,
there was not the usual corresponding development of insect
life. This warm period ended rather suddenly with freeziing
temperatures and these were followed by cold rains. The
effect of these temperature variations on the insects was some-
what surprising and there appeared to be a retardation in de-
velopment of a number of those which we have come to con-
sider as "being the most destructive.

Late in June a period of high temperatures with a defici-
ency in rainfall over most of the State resulted in droughty
conditions which extended well into September. Early in this
period a number of insect species attained large proportions
only to disappear before much damage occurred.

In early Autumn the rainfall was rather abundant and the
temperatures on the whole were low. Under these conditions
a hastening in development of the insects occurred and this
was especially true of those species which overwinter as adults
or larvae. As a result there was a considerable amount of
damage to fruits on account of feeding by the insects before
hibernation occurred.

—89—

- f

Insect Happenings of Importance: A most outstanding
situation arose with the somewhat w^idespread increase of the
San Jose Scale. In recent years many fruit growers have come
to consider this scale as being of minor significance, but its
recovery indicates clearly that the insect must be considered
seriously in the coming years' spraying operations. The cod-
ling moth was perhaps the most variable of all species. The
emergence of adults was tardy and for the most part the peak
of first brood emergence did not occur until late in June. The
second bi-ood developed slowly and the full force of its attack
was not felt until shortly before the fruit was picked. How-
ever, on account of an early harvest, there was not much exten-
sive damage to apples, except in the hilly sections, as they
were mostly off before the peak of larval hatching. Leaf
rollers, bud moths and other similar forms threatened in some
areas but in genei'al these attacks were spotty and rather
easily overcome.

Attacks of aphids and especially the rosy aphis developed
strongly and their damage was rather extensive in a number of
orchards. The apple red bugs were rather late in hatching but
nevertheless the damage to fruits was severe especially in
those counties where growers have neglected to pay attention
to theii* conti'ol.

Curculio attacks to apple, peach and plum fruits seemed
to increase in the eastern, western and northern counties. This
was noticed particularly in September when the late summer
adults were numerous and caused considerable harm on ac-
count of their feeding activities on the fruits.

The Oriental fi'uit moth attacked both apples and peaches.
This species was more general than ever before, although in
some areas the attacks seemed less severe than in previous
yeai's. The I'ed spider continued to cause trouble and it ap-
pears to have become so well established in a number of
counties that apparently it will have to be treated, in many
orchards, as an annual pest.

The apple maggot appeared in widely separated areas,
especially in uncultivated orchards, where conditions for its
increase were the most suitable.

In the intensive commercial grape region, the several
species of insects continue to cause alarm. The rootworm is
being gradually eliminated in well-treated vineyards but the
leaf hopper is on the upward trend of its cycle and may out-
break any year if left unchecked.

Problems in Insect Suppression: The number of insect
species attacking apples is legion and although we are expected
to know all of these and do recognize many, it is a fact that
some of them do not appear to be of sufficient importance as

—90—

fruit attackers to be worthwhile as topics for discussion. On
the other hand there are a number of forms that are really
dangerous and often these may reduce considerably the final
returns from the crop. In considering the problems before
this group however w^e cannot take the time to go into the de-
tails of individual situations but rather should select those
which affect the orchards in a larger sense and which are
effecting the greatest amount of damage to the industry. It
is worthy of note at this time to call attention to the fact that
not all of these species are new but many of them are well
established forms that we have recognized for many years.

In order to secure information as to the insect conditions
a survey was made in orchards throughout most of the area.
A mass of information was obtained and from these records it
was ascertained that certain species reoccurred rather often
throughout the area. These were the ones included in the
data.

As the figures were analyzed, it was noted that there was
a difference in intensity of the insect infestations in different
subdivisions and even in adjacent counties the problems dif-
fered considerably. The variations in the different geogra-
phical regions were also rather striking. In order to illus-
trate these conditions the records from a number of counties
were selected and several of them were charted with respect
to the percentage of infestation of the more important insect
pests. A study of the chart showed that in Eastern and
Western Pennsylvania the means of solving the insect prob-
lems must differ somewhat and the plottings also served to
explain why there may be differences of opinion among fruit
growers as to the economic importance of particular pests.
These listings did not include the European red spider which
is well distributed in orchards over the entire State ; they rep-
resented only those species which may be recognized from the
character of their injuries to the fruits.

Extension Methods in Insect Suppression : The extension
plan for distributing information is to work with groups of
individuals. It is possible then to meet more people and to
discuss the more important problems in a larger area than if
the contacts w^ere made only on selected farms.

The insect control work among fruit growers, at the out-
set, was conducted on the basis of demonstrations of insec-
ticidal practices against particular insects. The purpose of
this plan was to acquaint growers with the value of a definite
standard of practice.

More recently as apple growers became familiar with these
ideas a more advanced method has been introduced to meet
the later requirements. This commonly is designated as

—91 —

spraying service. The spraying service is, however, of value
chiefly in the larger commercial apple growing counties where
the business of growing fruit requires a more intimate knowl-
edge of insect conditions than can be obtained by following
scheduled spraying. This plan does not however take care of
orchard requirements in other counties where apple growing
is less extensive but where the insect suppression problems are
none the less acute. For such areas we have evolved a some-
what different plan. We term this the modified spraying sche-
dule.

The modified spraying schedule plan is an arrangement
whereby the apple grower is urged to adopt the definite spray-
ing schedule as a guide for insect control. This information
is supplemented by timely observations within the county as
opportunity permits the specialist to observe local insect con-
ditions. Other suggestions are made from time to time if
unusual insect happenings are noted in adjacent counties or
over the State as a whole. This type of assistance is a devel-
opment from the plan of general broadcasting of insect con-
trol information that has been in operation for several years.
It appears to more nearly satisfy the requirements of these
growers and will be operated until it is practicable to place
the counties on the spraying service.

The spraying service and the modified spraying schedule
form of information may not suit individual orchardists. The
fact remains, however, that these systems meet the needs of
the greater number of fruit producers and they will be con-
tinued for the present, at least.

Discussion of Results— The Spraying Service: Spraying
service in Pennsylvania was begun during 1922 in the com-
mercial grape area, which is Erie County. At that time the
well established insect control practices had not been ar-
ranged into a workable system of vineyard practice. It was
therefore necessary to build spraying service around a se-
lected number of demonstration plots. These served as cri-
teria of the work and aided us to establish a definite system
of spraying.

Records are taken each year both from the standpoint of
sugar content and yield. The lowering of the sugar content
comes about as a result of the feeding activities of the grape
leaf-hopper. When these are abundant the berries do not as-
sume the normal color at maturity but are of a reddish hue.
Low yields are not entirely a result of insect attacks to the
vines but it has been interesting to note the consistent increase
m tonnage per acre in those vineyards in which a definite in-
sect control program has been adopted.

—92—

These conditions are indicated by the accompanying fig-
ures. The comparisons are of averages from the records of
each year for the first five year period during which the work
has been conducted.

Average Yield and Sugar Content of Grapes

YIELD-

-TONS PER A.

SUGAR

CONTENT

Year

On Plots

For Belt

On Plots

For Belt

1922
1923
1924
1925
1926

4.94
2.94
4.47
1.87
4.95

2.50
1.45
2.00
1.00
2.19

18.22
17.33
16.21
17.51
15.13

13.68
15.64
12.90
15.27
12.19

Av.

3.83

1.83

16.88

13.93

The grape spraying service has been operated along some-
what different lines since 1926. Instead of particular demon-
stration plots, a number of criterion vineyards have been used
for purposes of comparison. Since the operations have been
standardized, this arrangement has aroused a greater interest
on the part of the grape growers and it has seemed to add
impetus to a more general adoption of exact spraying prac-
tices. The records taken at harvest have shown that the
berries produced in well-sprayed vineyards were of the same
high quality as those obtained from our demonstrations in pre-
vious years. This perhaps may be more clearly stated in the
following tabular summary. In computing estimated returns
per acre the sum of $15.00 has been deducted as the average
cost of spraying operations.

Comparisons of Sprayed and Unsprayed Vineyards

Treat- No. of
ment Growers

No. of
Acres

Total
Yield

Av. Price
per ton

Est. Value
of crop

Est. Ret.
per acre

Complete 8
None 4

136
60

441.7
111

$40.00
40.00

$17,668.00
4,440.00

$114.91
74.00

Spraying service for tree fruits, with special reference to
the apple, was inaugurated in 1924. Six counties were selected
for the purpose of developing the most desirable method of
timing the insecticidal applications. In that year, 974 fruit
growers received the information. The number of spraying
service counties was increased considerably during the next
two years. Since 1926 there has been no large extension in
these activities although some changes have come about which
were attributable largely to the attitude of apple growers to-
ward the work. On account of these shifts we have been able
to enlarge somewhat on the area included and to meet the de-
mands of producers in the more extensive apple growing re-
gions. Our plans for the further expansion of spraying serv-

—93—

ice operations uall entail other changes. These will strengthen
rather than weaken the system and permit the inclusion of
counties which for a long time have been on the waiting list.

Apple spraying service last year was given in 38 counties
to 3,751 fruit growers. Cherry spraying service was given to
212 growers in one county. Peach spraying service was given
in nine counties to 1,021 orchardists. Vineyard spraying serv-
ice was given to 570 grape growers in Erie County, which is
the commercial grape growing area of Pennsylvania.

On account of seasonal conditions during 1929 the periods
between insecticide applications, as a rule, were variable even
in adjoining counties. Most insect infestations were spotty and
a retarded development of the insects added to the general
confusion. Our embarrassment was increased when orchardists
began to get excited over the length of periods between spray-
ing dates. However, at the close of the season the condition
of apples in well sprayed orchards compared favorably with
crops of the previous year and the losses due to insect ravajres
were as a rule comparatively small.

The determination of the benefits of spraying service to
apple growers, especially, presented some difficulties. In order
to arrive at a fair estimate of the amount of insect control
under these conditions a series of counts were made in a num-
ber of representative orchards in different sections of each
county. Tallies of fruits injured by different insects provided
a basis for judging the relative effectiveness of the practices
and in addition provided the data previously mentioned to
substantiate general observations with respect'^to insect prob-
lems in these areas.

The presentation of these facts to apple growers in a man-
ner that Avould indicate the relative values of efficient and
inefficient operations required a somewhat different analysis
than the usual technical expression. For this reason monetary
standards have been selected to evaluate the results of insec-
ticidal operations in the orchards. These f>rbitrary standards
will permit the comparisons of records over a period of years
Anthout taking into account the annual price^uctuations. The
standards selected were, one dollar for apples free from insect
blemishes; and 50 cents for rejects due to insect attacks. Vari-
ations ni amounts of fruit discarded on account of disease or
other causes were avoided as they are not included in these
figures.

The^ orchards were grouped with respect to the manner in
which the owners ordinarily planned their orchard operations
Iwo groupings were selected; (1) those plantings which were
completely sprayed, and (2) those plantings in which either the
practices were done incompletely or where the spraying was
tardy on account of inefficient machinery.

—94—

Computations based on the counts made in 1928 gave
some rather interesting comparisons. That year the records
were taken in 78 orchards which produced 203,250 bushels of
apples. There were 153,200 bushels free from insect malfor-
mations and the remaining 36,480 bushels of apples exhibited
some sort of blemish due to insect activities. These figures
were separated into the proper designations which for con-
venience in comparison are charted below.

Re.ation of Spraying Practices to Apple Insect Losses

CONDITION

OF APPLES

CEOP VALUE ESTIMATES

Treat- Orch- Total
ment ards Fruits

Amount
Clean

Insects
Injury

Total
Value

Insect Av. Loss
Losses Per Bu.

No. Bu.

Bu.

Bu.

DoU.

Doll. Cents

Complete 54 160,850
Part 24 42,400

130,341
22,859

21,5J)2

14,888

145,595.50
32,629.50

10,'796.00 .067
7,444.00 .175

It may be seen that the average loss index for the incom-
pletely sprayed orchards was 10.8 cents per bushel of apples
produced. If these men had given a little more attention to
the thoroughness of the applications and in certain instances
applied an additional treatment to the trees, their crop valua-
tions would have been increased by more than $4,500.

Similar examinations were made in 1929 at harvest. I
was believed that a more representative picture of the spray-
ing service would be obtained if a larger number of plantings
vrere included in the survey. The counts were made in 117
orchards distributed over 34 counties. Altogether 58,500 ap-
ples were examined in orchards which yielded 488,859 bushels
of fruits. The total of the rejects on account of insect at-
tacks amounted to 45,831 bushels. A comparison of the two
types of treatment and the computed valuations are given in
the following chart.

Relation of Spraying Practices to Apple Insect Losses

CONDITION OF APPLES

CROP VALUE ESTIMATES

Treat- Orch- Total Amount Insect
ment ards Fruits Clean Injury

Total
Value

Insect Av. Loss
Losses Per Bu.

No.

Bu.

Bu.

Bu.

DoU.

DoU. Cents

Complete 97 444,909 412,831 32,078 428,870.00 16,039.00 .036
Part 20 43,950 30,197 13,753 37,073.50 6,876.50 .156

A casual reading of these figures and a comparison with
those of the previous year may indicate that there was a much
better control of insects in completely sprayed orchards this
year as compared to 1928. The seasonal vagaries of the vari-
ous forms is perhaps a much better explanation as the average

—95—

loss index is only one cent more per bushel of fruits produced
than in 1928. These figures do indicate rather forcibly, how-
ever, that in an uncertain year like 1929 complete and timely
applications of insecticides are essential if maximum control
is desired.

The Modified Spraying Schedule : This type of assistance
was given in 18 counties. In practice, the spraying schedule
was used as a basis for the operations. This outline was modi-
fied from time to time as local observations indicated that
changes in timing the applications would be justifiable. It was
found under last year's conditions that it was possible to guide
the spraying operations almost as well in these counties as
could be done in the more extensive apple regions which have
spraying service. It may not work as favorably in other years
since the more extensive area of apple production requires even
a larger proportion of our time than has been given to it thus
far.

In order to ascertain if the small additional effort was
worthwhile to the growers, a survey was made in these counties
using exactly the same proceedure as in the area included in
the spraying service project. These figures when arranged
were rated according to the character of the operations and
they may be compared directly with those of the spraying
service.

Records were collected in 21 orchards in which 60,473
bushels of apples were produced. The number of apples show-
ing no insect damage amounted to 51,682 bushels. There were
rejected on account of insect damage as many as 8,791 bushels
of fruits. The valuations of these crops according to our stand-
ards for comparisons are given in the accompanying chart.

Relation of Spraying Practices to Apple Insect Losses

CONDITION OF APPLES

CROP VALUE ESTIMATES

Treat- Orch- Total Amount Insect
ment ards Fruits Clean Injury

Total
Value

Insect Ay. Loss
Losses Per Bu.

No.

Ba.

Bn.

Bn.

Dollars

Dollars Cents

Complete 15
Part 6

52,633
7,840

47,579
4,103

5,054
2,103

50,106.00
5,971.50

2,527.00 .048
1,868.50 .238

The figures suggest a somewhat less effective insect con-
trol even in well sprayed orchards. There is a much wider gap
between the figures showing the average insect loss per bushel
of fruits produced than is indicated by the average loss index
of the spraying service operations. This is perhaps an illus-
tration of the differences in the two schemes and may serve to
indicate why the schedule form of operations is more needed in
these counties. It may be assumed however that these men

— 9&—

will gradually become acquainted with the reasons for their
larger losses and adopt systematic spraying as a definite prac-
tice. In general, most of the orchards in the completely
sprayed groups compared favorably with the average of the
same class in the spraying service area.

Comparisons of the Two Methods: A question is raised
often as to the comparative effectiveness of spraying service
and a modified spraying schedule form of information. The
difference in operation is in the amount of technical assistance
given in the counties. Under both systems the personal equa-
tion enters as well as under-equipment and inefficient machin-
ery. For purposes of comparison one county was selected from
each group. The conditions were comparable with respect to
orchards, machinery and attention to operations. The com-
parisons were interesting in that they continued to indicate
exactly where the losses occur. In this tabulation the average
insect loss per bushel of apples produced was, — spraying serv-
ice, 2.5 cents; schedule spraying, 4.4 cents; partly sprayed,
10.6 cents; inefficient equipment, 16.8 cents; unsprayed 32.2
cents.

Summarization of Results: In order to arrive at a basis
for a comparison of the state wide results of spraying, the fig-
ures illustrating the spraying service and modified spraying
schedule were combined- These figures taken from 138 orch-
ards in 43 counties throughout the state may be expected to
represent the conditions that occurred last year in sprayed
orchards without reference to the kind of assistance received.
In these orchards 549,332 bushels of apples were produced of
which 54,622 bushels were discarded on account of insect in-
juries. The disposition of these fruits into the respective

Relation of Spraying Practices to Apple Insect Losses

CONDITION OF APPLES

CROP VALUE ESTIMATES

Treat- Orch-
xnent ards

Total Amount
Fruits Clean

Insect
Injury

Total
Value

Insect Av. Loss
Losses Per Bu.

No.

Bn. Bu.

Bn.

Dollars

Dollars Cents

Completell2
Part 26

497,542 460,410
51,790 34,300

37,132
17,490

478,976.00
43,045.00

18,566.00 .037
8,745.00 .168

Summarization of All Practices: The orchard examina-
tions were not accomplished according to a pre-arranged plan
whereby particular plantings were visited. They were selected
on account of being representative of the districts within a
rather restricted area in each county. As a rule, the selection
was at random and the classification was then based on the
orchardist's own statement of his spraying programme. Some
of the plantings received no treatment but as a rule there were

—97—

vt

II

too few apples either to count or to harvest. Other men were
found to be using materials for which the recommendations did
not provide any information.

It was believed that a compilation of all the records would
provide a means for comparisons of insect losses over the State
as a whole and these have been charted in an attempt to indi-
cate their valuations with respect to insect suppression.

The total number of orchards examined in 1929 was 144.
These yielded 560,947 bushels of apples and the rejects on ac-
count of insect injury were 61,496 bushels. The comparative
rating of these fruits with respect to the insecticidal practices
provides some interesting figures. These indicate that a defi-
nite relation exists between proper spraying, timeliness in ap-
plication, efficient equipment, the correct materials and either
inefficient spraying practices, substitutes for spraying or fail-
ures to make use of well known insect control practices- These
are illustrated by the following tabular summary.

Relation of Spraying Practices to Apple Insect Losses

CONDITION

OF APPLES

CEOP VALUE ESTIMATES

Treat- Orch-
znent ards

Total
Fruits

Amount Insect
Clean Injury

Total
Value

Insect Av. Loss
Losses Per Bu.

No.

Bu.

Bu. Ba.

Dollars

Dollars Cents

Completell2
Part 26
Dusted 2
None 4

497,542

51,790

7,315

4,300

460,410 37,132

34,300 17,490

4,580 2,735

161 4,139

478,976.00

43,045.00

5,947.50

2,230.50

18,566.00 .037
8,745.00 .168
1,367.50 .186
2,069.50 .481

Operational Valuations: A question is raised as to the
actual monetary value of an organized system of insect con-
trol practice. It has been shown that rather wide differences
constantly reoccur between good and poor operations. Many
men are nevertheless cautious in accepting the complete pro-
gram since their own experience has shown that sometimes
there are small differences between the exact following of a
definite practice and adjusting the practices as a matter of
convenience.

A single operation may not, under some conditions, show
large losses. In fact it is understandable that in a somewhat
small planting the cost may be rather excessive. This situa-
tion however has no logical bearing on a discussion of the in-
sect problems of the great body of apple growers and it has
been thought proper to illustrate this by applying the average
loss indices of the two classes under consideration to the esti-
mated total apple production of the State.

According to the report of the Bureau of Statistics, Penn-
sylvania Department of Agriculture the estimated yield of

—98—

apples last year was 5,973,000 bushels. If the two indices are
applied to this figure the difference between the results ought
to indicate the value of the insect control in terms of dollars
saved by following the preferred practice. In the accompany-
ing chart these figures have been assembled using for mone-
tary valuations the same standards that have been applied to
previous calculations.

Relation of Spraying Practices to Apple Insect Losses

CONDITION OF

APPLES

CROP VALUE ESTIMATES

re*y

Treat- Insect Total
ment Injury Fruits

Amount
Oleian

Insect
Injury

Insect
Losses

Total
Value

Per Cent Bo.

Bn.

Bu.

Dollars

Dollars

1929
1929

Complete 7.4 5,973',000
Part 33.7 5,973,000

5,530,000
3,960,000

442,002
2,012,901

5,751,999.00
4,966,549.50

221,001.00
1,006,450.50

Savings Due to Complete Spi

paying

$

785.449.50

It is not difficult to ascertain from such comparisons the
actual value of completely folloMdng a definite insect control
program. Using our arbitrary standards of valuation the
figures indicate that if all of the apple growers had folloAved
a complete system of spraying the savings to the industry
would have been more than $785,000.00.

It is not to be expected that every orchardist will follow
the practices outlined or different individuals obtain the same
degree of relief from the insects- We recognize that there is
a great difference between telling how to get control and in
being able to put these teachings into practice. Nevertheless
the purpose of this exposition is to illustrate that it can be
done because the records that have been discussed were taken
from your own orchards and they are indicative of the work
that is being accomplished by the men and women of the in-
dustry whose representatives comprise the membership of this
distinguished organization.

SUMMARY OF RECENT RESEARCH

E. L. NIXON, State College

I would like to, if I could, pass a paper around before I
would say anything on my subject and ask, — What is the most
needed thing in the Pennsylvania fruit farm? If you are go-
ing to get down to brass tacks on getting fruit that is 100 per
cent clean you had better make some provisions to send the
men here who are operating your guns and mixing the ma-
terials. Of course, it involves some money to get them down
here. Treat your laborers right and let them get some in-
formation. Ultimately they will take your place and manage

—99—

your farm. If you will agree to have 25 of your laborers in a
meeting next year I will devote my entire time to giving them
the nicest talk they ever had. They will go home and give
you a vote of thanks for sending them here to get some real
inspiration. The reason the potato growers are successful is
because they have the men who do the work here to get the
information.

What I would like to know most of all in the case of
scab is what causes the epidemics? This has never been an-
swered. Why an epidemic of fire blight? Why an epidemic
of anything? That is the research we really need.

I would like to know, in the case of a disease like fire
blight, what causes resistance or immunity in plants? This
is one of the most virulent parasites known to fruit ; yet, with
all its virulence, and the great speed and rapidity with which
it migrates and kills tissue, out pops one pair of seedlings
that so far are absolutely immune to the organism. We are
working now to find out what constitutes that immunity. Who
knows what the results may lead to and what their applica-
tion may mean?

What put pear growers out of business in Pennsylvania?
Blight. With the possibility of one being developed that is
very resistant, if not completely immune, we have a possibility
of combining that immunity with quality and bringing the
pear back in Pennsylvania. It will not mean so much to you
old grayheads but it will to the fruit industry of generations
to come.

The kind of research I have in mind won't be done in a
day, nor a year. The Extension Service carries out a pro-
gram of demonstration on the farms under proper control con-
ditions, that answers most of the local problems of the fruit
grower. This gives the research worker a chance to study
principles. That is the kind of research that is needed at
your institution. The Pennsylvania State College, something
more permanent than a mere orchard test.

Under proper environmental conditions, by mere accident,
we are 400 and 500 and 600 bushel potato growers. The dis-
ease that we knew so much about ten years ago, stem rot,
rhizoctonia, scab, and what not, has completely disappeared
from such fields. When they have disappeared the highest
potato yield comes out. Who knows that scab in relation to
environment, and that fire blight in relation to environment
offer the most practical method of controlling the disease?

If I could come here and say, *'I have here a substance
in a little vial. All you need to do is inject it hypodermically
in the bark of a tree and scab forever disappears.*' You
would all stand up and clap your hands and give me a cheer.

—100—

These things are not going to come about as miraculously as
that. Until we get more fundamental information on behavior
of disease, on cause and effect, and especially on the cause of
epidemics, why they disappear one year and come another,
you must continue to follow present counsel. You will have
to remember, however, that the admonition in the Bible, to
lean on the Lord was intended for the weary and not the lazy.
There is a difference. What does that mean? Get busy. Get
to work. We have the remedy, however imperfect it is at
present.

CEDAR RUST CONTROL

W. 0. McCUBBIN, Haxrisburg

I appear before you as a member of the Committee on
Plant Diseases but this committee has never met. Therefore,
to protect myself, I will say that any remarks that I may make
are my own personal report and that I am not responsible for
the rest of the committee's report nor are they for mine.

Cedar Rust: The subject to which I wish to call your at-
tention for a few minutes is a timely one,namely, the control
of apple rust. I say *' timely'' because the Department of
Agriculture, which has been assisting in the control of this
rust during the last ten or twelve years, has recently under-
taken a change in both its policy and its procedure in the
matter of controlling apple rust, and I would like to spend
a minute or two outlining just what that means for your in-
formation.

Perhaps to outline the basic factors of this disease would
be of interest. In the first place, it is a disease of apple foli-
age and fruit which is very troublesome when present in large
amounts. We have known cases where the apple rust has
been so prevalent in an orchard that it caused leaf fall almost
completely and the fruit, of course, followed the leaves to the
ground. In other cases the rust occurs only to a small ex-
tent, but being of a bright yellow color these spots are very
conspicuous. We often see rust on apple trees in small
amounts and although it looks very bad the actual damage
is not great.

Spraying: The second factor that should be mentioned
is that this rust has not proven to be readily controllable by
any spraying method. It comes from the red cedars grow-
ing in the neighborhood, each spring, and these invisible spores
born by the wind from the cedar fall on the apple leaves and
there set up rust. Unlike apple scab this rust does not spread
on the tree. The spores that are formed in spring are those
that remain throughout the summer and no new ones are
formed. The infection period then is only a short time in

—101—

the spring. One would think that this sort of disease which
doesnH spread and comes only for a short period could be
readily controlled by spraying. However, practice has shown
that that is not the case.

Variety Susceptibility: Another factor in the case of
apple rust is the presence of the varieties which are resistant
or immune to this rust. Not all apple varieties are subject to
it. Some are extremely susceptible, like the Winter Banana
and some are resistant.

The next thing that w^e may mention is the importance
in this disease of what we may call a shuttle habit- That is,
the disease lives on the apple tree during the summer on the
leaves or fruit and then runs back to the red cedar towards
the end of summer, forms galls on the red cedar and then af-
terward it goes back to the apple. It goes from cedar to ap-
ple and from apple to cedar, as you fancy a shuttle might do.

Cedar Rust Control: The only method of control that
has ever been worked out either here or in any other state
(and in passing I would say that the States of Virginia, West
Virginia and Maryland are very much more troubled with ap-
ple rust than we are) is to remove the red cedars from the
surrounding territory; this method has been in use for many
years. The owner of the apple orchard who desires to pro-
tect himself from rust, however, has no power to enter on
the land of his neighbor and cut down the offending cedar
trees. So that brings the Department of Agriculture into the
picture. It is one of those diseases which must be controlled
through state action, because of this fact that it involves a
source outside the apple OA\Tier's own property.

What Is a Nuisance? When this work was first begun
and indeed from the early days of all plant disease control
work of this kind, the eradication of cedar trees for rust was
carried out on the theory that they were a nuisance. In a city
a pen of pigs would be a nuisance, while they would be a
perfectly fine thing out on the farm. A nuisance is something
that is disagreeable to the surrounding people or injurious to
their land. This idea permeated all through the beginning of
not only the cedar rust eradication project but a great many
other phases of quarantine and regulatory work. We have
had to sort of recast our ideas in connection with cedar rust.
There has grown up in a number of states (our own included)
a little change of attitude toward this question of nuisance.
It IS not so simple as it appeared at first- It is because of
this change of attitude toward the question of nuisance that
the Department of Agriculture has to some extent altered its
procedure in the matter of control of cedar rust.

—102—

We may illustrate what I mean in the case of the apple
rust, using the more modern type of thought that is coming
in in regard to things of this kind. I must point out, however,
that while the idea of certain trees, shrubs, plants, etc., being
a nuisance is perfectly correct in a general way, that has per-
haps been overworked in the past and that thought in this
field slopped over into cases which we now see to have been
beyond the actual correct limits of nuisance, and perhaps the
cedar rust is one of those which can be put in this class.

Here we have a disease which passes from the apple over
to the cedar and then from the cedar back to the apple again.
If we consider the apple tree a nuisance, on what ground do
we say it is a nuisance? Is it because the apple tree shades
the orchard by its limbs and keeps it from the sun? Not at
all. Is it because the roots go in and absorb the soil nourish-
ment from the apple orchard? Not at all. The tree may be a
quarter of a mile or a half mile away and still be dangerous.
Then we must conclude that the cedar tree in itself has no
injurious effect on the apple orchard, but that its nuisance
value consists in the fact that it has on it a parasite, a fungus
])arasite which passes from the apple to the cedar. If, then,
that is the basis of the nuisance judgment, how are you going
to call the cedar tree a nuisance without calling the apple tree
a nuisance? It is a stumbling block.

If the cedar tree is a nuisance because it has a fungus
disease, the apple tree is a nuisance because it has the same
fungus disease alternately with the cedar. You thus come
u]) a rather blind alley in this sort of thing. If, then, you
can establish in this Avay no preferential right of apples over
cedars, how are we going to get about the necessary eradi-
cation ?

How are you going to establish a basis for eradication
which must be done, because that is the only means we have;
the only proper basis that we can see for eradication, then,
must be on the basis of equity. That is to say, you are not
taking out the cedar trees or ordering their removal because
they are a nuisance- You can't establish that very well. But
you are taking them out because the apple trees are more
valuable than the cedars and they are much more injured than
the cedars.

One can conceive if there were a great number of fine
Oriental cedar trees in a neighborhood and a single old apple
tree, one can conceive of us in our Department asking for
the removal of the apple tree to protect the cedars from this
rust which shows at once the nature of the problem.

We, therefore, have come to think that this subject must
be approached not so much on the basis that the cedars are

—103—

a nuisance as that it is a matter of equity and that if the
apples are to be protected by the removal of the cedars, the
cedar owner has some right in the matter to be considered.

Plant Pest Act Modification: This way of thinking has
led the Department of Agriculture to recast its method of
procedure and without going into details I will put it this
way : A bill was introduced in the last legislative body modi-
fying the Plant Pest Act, one clause of it, rather, to permit
the payment of compensation by the state for cedar trees
which it removes in the control of apple rust, and at the same
time the Legislature provided a small amount of money to
pay that compensation when called upon. The compensation
thus provided for is to be paid for the cedars and the stipula-
tion was written into the bill that the payment should be for
70 per cent of the valuation of the cedars.

New Procedure: The procedure, then, as we now are
compelled to carry it out under this act, is as follows: Upon
complaint of an apple owner who finds that rust is in his
orchard, and upon verification of this, the Department of
Agriculture investigates the situation and determines as well
as it can whether or not eradication is needed or desirable.
That is, if the orchard is very small or the injury is very
slight and the number of cedars very large, it might be that
it would not be considered desirable or necessary to eradicate
around those apples. On the other hand, if the orchard is
being badly damaged, we would consider the possibility of
eradicating the cedars. In that case we would ask the apple
owner first to take out all the cedar trees on his own land,
because it is against good policy to pay a man for doing work
on his own land and pay him for cedars on his own land for
his own protection.

Compensation of Cedar Owners : The second point is that
we will notify the owners of the cedars in the usual way that
they are to be destroyed and then when they are destroyed
compensation is given him to 70 per cent of their value. This
matter of compensation has been now worked out into sched-
ule form. That is to say, we are arriving at a basis for fair
valuation on a schedule obtained from information from vari-
ous sources, and we think we have now a schedule of a very
fair valuation to cover these cases. When the number of the
trees and their sizes are listed, the amount of compensation
in the case can be readily estimated and 70 per cent of that
value will be paid to the owner of the cedars forthwith.

Question: Is that the law now?

Mr McCubbin: That is in the law passed at the last
Legislature.

—104--

Public Approval : One further point I would like to men-
tion not covered by the law but suggested as a policy by the
Department is this: Every piece of regulatory work should
have as its basis popular public approval. That doesn't mean,
perhaps, that everybody is going to get up and hurrah for it.
It may be an objectionable thing, one of those things we have
to put up with, but if to a body of intelligent men and wom-
en, who are unbiased one way or the other, the provisions
and procedure under that quarantine or regulatory work ap-
pear to be just and fair, then we think it is as near right as
you can get it. If we can get a body of intelligent men and
women to approve of the justness and fairness of a piece of
regulatory work, then we think that that is* pretty nearly
right.

Cost to Apple Grower: If we examine the situation that
I have just outlined, there is still one loophole that does not
appear to the ordinary mind as very fair. Who, is getting all
the benefit of this eradication? The apple owner but the
State orders the removal of trees from a neighbor's property
and for the benefit of that apple owner. We feel that the ap-
ple owner should be called upon to undertake the cost of re-
moval of the trees. We feel that is a fair contribution on
his part and one that he ought to make. We have, therefore,
arranged the procedure in apple rust eradication as follows:

Summary of New Procedure: To recapitulate — A com-
plaint that may arise from an apple owner that his trees are
suffering from cedar rust is investigated. In case the disease
is present and eradication is desirable, the cedar owner or
the apple owner is asked to remove all trees from his own
premises as a starter. The next thing he is asked to do is will
he undertake to do the cutting? If he agrees to that, then
we serve notice on the surrounding cedar owners, the trees
are cut, their records are kept, the compensation computed
and a check is sent to the cedar owner for 70 per cent of their
value. That, in short, is the procedure that is now proposed
by the Department of Agriculture in dealing with these cases-
Justice To Both Parties: What is the cedar owner's at-
titude going to be? The cedar owner, first of all, gets 70 per
cent of the value of his cedars and they are cut down for him.
He does not have to cut them himself as formerly. Whatever
salvage value is in them, which amounts in some cases to
practically all their value, remains with him. There is no in-
justice there except insofar as he might feel aggrieved at
having to lose his cedars, but as far as the value of his cedar
is concerned, we feel that he has not been treated unjustly.
How about the apple owner? Any kick? He is the person
chiefly benefitted. In fact, he is the only personn benefitted.
He is getting all the protection that he can wish for if he

■—105—

will only cut the trees down; that is the only cost that is put
on him. I want to say that in a great many cases this
method is likely to obviate, to get away from a lot of ill-feel-
ing arising from cases where trees have been cut down for the
benefit of some neighboring orchard owner.

Question: What disposition is made of the cedar trees
when they are cut down?

Mr. McCubbin: That is up to the owner of the cedar
trees.

Question: What is the distance from the orchard they
must be removed?

Mr. McCubbin: It is not stated in the law and that
among several other things is left at the discretion of the De-
partment. That will vary in different localities, according to
the nature of the land, whether the orchard is up on a hill, in
a hollow, whether there is a screen of other trees, etc. There
are a great many factors entering into that which are left to
the discretion of the Department.

Legal Background of Compensation: Now, the final
thing, one will say, ''Why has the State assumed the duty
and the expense of cutting down these cedar trees and paying
compensation for them? What right has the State to pay
compensation to a cedar owner when his trees are cut down.''
If you look up the constitution of the State of Pennsylvania
you will find there this clause: no property shall be taken or
destroyed without due compensation; that is the reason why
that compensation has a valid background. We think that it
is as fair and just a method of obtaining regulatory results
as could possibly be worked out and we are hopeful that as
it is put in practice in the future it will work out to the satis-
faction of all concerned.

Mr. Glenn: May I ask a question? I have been wonder-
ing— this compensation has been used in connection with the
owner of the cedar trees. The man who owns the apple trees
has been having a loss for years and years probably. Finally
he comes to the point of finding out what is doing it and ask-
ing for relief. He has had a loss of maybe thousands of dol-
lars because of those cedars and yet compensation goes to the
other man.

Mr. McCubbin: May I ask you why he gets that loss?
He planted the orchard or bought it. He is responsible for
what occurs on his own property.

Mr. Glenn: In the Animal Industry Department, when a
man owns sheep and a neighbor's dog comes over on his prop-
erty and kills the sheep, the State pays him compensation for

—106—

those sheep. The owner of the dog, if he is found out and
known, has to pay it, but if they do not find him out, the
state pays it. The owner of the sheep gets the compensation-
Mr. McCubbin: Would you suggest that compensation
be paid to the apple owner? Why, then, if cedar rust is a fair
basis for compensation, wouldn't all these gentlemen over here
who have been listening about the apple scab problem say,
''Why not give us compensation for apple scab?"

Mr. Glenn: Is that coming from some one else's prop-
erty ?

Mr. McCubbin: It may very easily. We have lots of
diseases which come from other people's property. You are
getting into a very difficult field there.

Mr. Glenn: I w^ant to know if the same law covers dam-
age to other crops.

Mr. McCubbin: The law is limited to three things, all of
which are quite comparable— the apple rust problem, the white
pine blister rust, in which the Government is prepared to pay
compensation in case it asks for the removal of currants and
gooseberries for the protection from white pine blister rust,
and, third, European barberries, which it may take out to pro-
tect the area surrounding from grain rust. The law as amend-
ed is strictly limited to those three.

FACTORS INFLUENCING APPLE DISEASE CONTROL

B. S. KntBT, State CoUege

The statement that "the control of apple scab obtained
by a grower in a scab year is a good index to the effectiveness
of his spraying" has proven to be prophetic this past year;
1929 must go down as the most severe scab year in nearly a de-
cade. Scab spots were observed on apple leaves on April 29,
the earliest ever recorded for Pennsylvania. In unsprayed or
in improperly sprayed orchards, apple stem infection was an
important factor in reducing the set of apples; in such orch-
ards, scab infection had defoliated many trees by mid-sum-
mer. In unsprayed orchards at harvest time, there were al-
most no apples on trees of the varieties most susceptible to
scab. A conservative estimate of the Pennsylvania apple
scab loss in 1929 was 30 percent.

Spraying demonstrations in Northeastern Pennsylvania on
Mcintosh, a most susceptible variety, give striking examples of
loss from scab. In these demonstrations, the unsprayed trees
yielded on the average one-fifth of one bushel with every ap-
ple so heavily infected with scab as to be unmarketable, while
the sprayed trees yielded 8.75 bushels per tree, with only one-
seventh of a bushel of scabby apples per tree. Allowing 50

—107—

1 '

cents a bushel for diseased apples and $1.00 a bushel for ap-
ples free of disease, spraying increased the average value of
the apples on each tree $8.53.

In order to control most economically a parasite such as
the one causing apple scab, a knowledge of its life is neces-
sary. This fungus passes the winter in the old dead leaves ly-
ing about on the ground under the trees. In these leaves the
fungus develops minute globular cases called perithecia, first
filled with a granular, undifferentiated fluid like mass. About
the time the buds start to swell in the spring, finger-like tubes
(called asci) are formed from the granular mass in the spore
cases, (perithecia). However, the exact time of the formation
of these asci varies with seasonal weather conditions. Within
a short time spores are formed in the finger-like tubes (asci).
The immature spores are first colorless but soon become a
greenish brown color, reach maturity and are ready to be dis-
charged in great numbers during prolonged rains.

A study made of the development of over 1500 of these
spore cases collected in orchards in Southeastern Pennsylvania
during the spring of 1929 showed that spores started to form
during the third Aveek in March ; that a few spores matured
and were ready to be discharged into the air by April 1 ; that
other spores continued to mature and be discharged during
rainy periods until May 29, when the spores were entirely dis-
charged from 97 percent of the spore cases.

A study of unsprayed Smokehouse trees in a Berks Coun-
ty orchard showed how scab developed during the past sum-
mer. Scab spores were first discharged to bring about in-
fection on leaves during the rain occurring on April 5, when
an average of four leaves had developed on terminal shoots.
Scab spots resulting from these first infections were found on
twenty percent of the third and fourth leaves on May 7.

The unseasonably warm weather occurring between April
5 and 9 resulted in the development of an average of six new
leaves, a total of ten leaves, on terminal shoots and the flow-
er buds had developed from the so-called delayed dormant to
a pink stage. Rains occurring from April 10 to 16 caused a
very heavy discharge of spores and the resulting scab infec-
tion, which on May 14 was observed as scab spots on 20 per-
cent of all the leaves, developed from April 5 to 9. Spores
coming from the old leaves under the trees as well as the
thousands of spores developed on the scab spots appearing on
the new leaves had been able to bring about sufficient infec-
tion during favorable weather conditions between April 17
and May 13, to increase the number of all terminal leaves
showing scab spots from 10 to 32.9 percent between May 14
and 29. On the 29th of May, 65 percent of the stems of the
young apples were observed to be infected with scab, eventu-

—108—

ally causing these apples to drop ; 60 per cent of the young ap-
ples were scabby. On June 27, 61 percent of all the leaves on
the terminal shoots and 82 percent of all the apples were scab-
by. By September 17 all the apples had fallen from the trees.

In order to determine what factors in the orchard spray
program make for successful disease control and which ones
are condusive to failure, the extension plant pathologists of
The Pennsylvania State College in the fall of 1929 visited 242
orchards scattered throughout 44 of the principal apple pro-
ducing counties of this state; they examined 130,709 apples
and recorded the diseases present on each apple together with
the disease control program followed by the grower. A tabu-
lation of the data obtained from these orchard visits sho\ved
that control of apple diseases came in the following decreasing
order : Orchards receiving all sprays as recommended by spray
service showed the best disease control ; second, orchards
sprayed as per spray schedule recommendations; third, or-
chards receiving only part of the sprays as recommended by
spray service; fourth, orchards receiving only part of the
sprays recommended in the spray schedules.

Of the orchards sprayed by spray service, (Fig. 1), those
receiving all the recommended sprays had 1.8 percent scabby
apples and a total of two percent of apples affected with
other diseases such as Brooks Spot and Sooty Blotch, or had
48.5 times less scabby apples and 26.3 times less total diseased
fruit than the unsprayed orchards. The orchards receiving
only part of the recommended sprays had 5.7 times as many
scabby apples and six times as many total diseased fruit than
those receiving all the sprays.

Orchards failing to receive one of the six or seven recom-
mended sprays without regard to which particular spray had
been omitted had 3.5 times as many scabby and 4.5 times as
many total diseased apples as those receiving all sprays.
Where two of the recommended sprays were missed there was
9.8 times as many scabby apples and 9.1 times as many dis-
eased apples as the orchards receiving all sprays. Where
three of the recommended sprays were missed there was 27.8
times as many scabby apples as in the orchard receiving all
sprays.

Of the individual sprays the missing of the earlier ones
was the most condusive to scab development; the missing of
the summer spray had no effect on scab development in a
year with a dry July and August such as 1929 but was con-
dusive to the development to such diseases as Sooty Blotch and
Brooks Spot.

— 10»--

I

The substitution of oil for lime sulphur in the delayed
dormant spray in at least one orchard resulted in increas-
ing the bushels of scabby apples per 100 bushels from 7.8
bushels to 42.7 bushels.

The manner of applying spray was found to be important.
In part of one orchard, the early sprays were applied with the
operator spraying while riding on the spray rig and the other
part of the orchard sprayed with the operator spraying while
walking around the trees, thereby allowing him to cover
more thoroughly the leaves and the lower branches of the
trees. In spite of the fact that both summer sprays were
omitted, there was 41.2 less bushels of scabby apples per 100
where the spraying was done while the operator was walking.

In a certain county in the central part of Pennsylvania,
the application of the first two sprays several days later than
recommended by the spray service letters increased the scabby
apples by 12.06 bushels per 100 and the use of a hand pump
barrel sprayer, incapable of developing proper pressure, in-
creased the bushels of scabby apples by over 54 bushels per
100 even though all sprays were applied at the same time as in
neighboring orchards where less than one-half bushel per 100
were scabby.

A tabulation of the occurrence of scab in different varie-
ties of apples sprayed according to spray service shows (Fig.
2) that under 1929 conditions Mcintosh was the most sus-
ceptible variety to scab with an average of 3.56 percent scabby
apples. Other of the most susceptible varieties were North-
ern Spy, Delicious, Paragon, Eome, Stayman and Winter Ba-
nana. The less susceptible varieties include Jonathan, York,
Baldwin, Grimes and Golden Delicious, which are at the bottom
of the list in spite of the fact that in many counties
one less spray was recommended and applied to them
than to the more susceptible varieties. An economical sug-
gestion in scab control from the above summary would be for
the grower to put a special effort on thoroughly spraying
the most susceptible varieties at the crucial times.

Efficient orchard disease control is founded on the rule
of three— Time, Material and Manner. Remember that in tim-
ing sprays, nature waits for no one: that in the choice of ma-
terial, liquid lime sulphur has not met its superior for scab
control and that in manner, Scab and other fungi thrive
where the spray gun misses.

PIOUBE 1:

Belation of Spraying Practice to Apple Disease Control in

Pennsylvania 1929

DISEASED APPLES

SPRAYS APPLIED

Scab

Brooks
Spot

Sooty
Blotch

Total
Diseased

BUSHELS FEB 100

nnnrnlete

1.8

6.4

17.8

50.0

73.9

4.4

25.6

6.6
1.6

15.7
87.2

1.9

8.6

10.0

42.4

24.4

5.6

4.4

4.4
12.3

9.7
9.3

.1

2.1

6.3
40.5
23.5

.02

3.0

.0

4.4

2.2
16.2

3.8

1 Spray Omitted

2 Sprays Omitted

3 Sprays Omitted

4-6 Sprays Omitted

1st Lime Sulphur Spray

Omitted — .

17.1

34.5

100.0

100.0

10.2

1st and 2d Lime Sul-
phur Spray Omitted

5th Lime Sulphur
SDrav Omitted

33.0
11.0

Sum. Spray Omitted..
Average 1 or More

Sprays Omitted

Unsprayed -

18.3

27.6
100.

FIGXJEE 2:

Occurrence Of Scab In Different Varieties Of Apples Sprayed
According to Spray Service In Pennsylvania*, 1929

VARIETY

Mcintosh

Northern Spy

Delicious

Paragon

Rome

Stayman

Winter Banana .

Jonathan

York

Smokehouse

King

Baldwin

Grimes

Golden Delicious

<5^

SCABBY
FRUIT

3.56

2.47

1.64

1.17

1.13

.98

.89

.62

.52

.48

.22

.17

.15

.13

—110—

TIMING SPRAYS

S. H. BEAB, Scotland

The Secretary says that ''he bands his trees to determine
codling moth emergency.'* I don't exactly do that. I think
Dr. Fletcher went a little far when he said I attempt to time
my codling moth sprays by banding my trees. What I do is
try to modify my codling moth spray to meet the particular
condition, because we have in Franklin County three orchards
scattered over quite a large territory. They are about 12

— Ill—

t i

miles apart. In one of these orchards we have a local codling
moth problem. I think we must meet it ourselves, be-
cause, as you heard Mr. Hodgkiss say, they cater to groups of
growers rather than to individuals. We have had during the
past year as high as 40 per cent of codling moth infestation.
The reasons for that are several.

In the first place, this orchard was under-equipped with
sprayers and also we had been rather sparing with spray ma-
terials. Besides there is a neighboring orchard of about 40
acres that has had no treatment whatsoever for two years, —
that is a mighty good breeding place for codling moth. In
order to reduce the infestation in this particular orchard, we
have had to modify the spray schedule to the extent that we
apply two first-brood sprays about two weeks apart rather
than one. The idea of this is to kill a larger percentage of the
worms that emerge following the first-brood moth emergence
in the spring. We do not put on a second-brood spray because
of the spray residue problem for export apples.

We have been getting some control with this system.
Two years ago, we had just about as many worms. My ex-
perience, I might say, is limited to two years in these orch-
ards. This year, it seems to me we could see some benefit
from these two applications of arsenate of lead on first-brood
rather than one application.

For scab, the program says, '*He peers through a micro-
scope at scab spores. Does it pay?*' I do peer through a
microscope sometimes at scab spores. Dr- Kirby has outlined
to you the life cycle of scab and I guess you all know that
pretty well. For the past two springs, during the month of
March, I gather up some old leaves having scab spots from
the previous year and examine them under the miscroscope.
I usually start about the middle of March, sometimes before.
I take these scabby leaves and put them in a moist chamber
consisting of one plate inverted over another with a moisten-
ed blotter, in the under plate. The leaves are laid on this
moist blotter and a miscroscope slide smeared with glycerine
jelly or vaseline is inserted over them. These leaves are left
there from 12 to 24 hours and if, upon examination, they
show scab spores, I know that within 12 to 24 hours after the
start of the next rain, we are going to have scab. The thing
to do is to get your fungicide, on the foliage preferably, be-
fore that time or else shortly after.

To me the most important scab spray is the first one. If
we get our first scab spray on in time and get no scab, we feel
reasonably sure that we are going through the season with-
out any. During the past two years now we have used that
system and we have had no scab.

—112--

Question: When do you apply the first?

Mr. Bear: As soon as I feel that we are going to get
spore discharge with the next rain. After that, it is simply a
matter of keeping the foliage and new growth covered as fast
as it appears. Last year we finished one spray and began the
next inunediately because the leaves were coming out so fast
that we wanted to get the new growth covered.

Dr. Fletcher says, *'Does it Pay?'' I guess I must say,
''No," because my neighbors and you fruit growers grow scab-
less fruit without using microscopes ; so I can not say there is
any particular benefit to be derived from its use, although
there is some satisfaction in knowing how it is done.

PEACH YELLOWS REPORT— 1929

W. C. McCTJBBIN, Harrlsburg

Yellows inspection in 1929 while following in general the
plan of previous years was carried out on a somewhat larger
scale both as to the area covered and the number of trees ex-
amined. This year the work involved inspection of 661 or-
chards in 25 counties and the number of trees inspected passed
the million mark (1,030,165) for the first time in the history
of this work. In these orchards 1570 trees were marked for
Yellows (or Little Peach), thus making the average occurrence
of disease for these trees 0.1529%. The results of this inspec-
tion are tabulated by counties in Table 1.

In comparing the results with those of 1928 which cover-
ed inspection in 19 counties with an average of 0.14% of Yel-
lows it might be assumed that the very slight increase in Yel-
lows in 1929 over the previous year might be attributed to
the inclusion of so many new counties in which no inspection
has heretofore been done. That this is not the case is shown
in Table 2 where the inspection results in 1929 are separated
into two groups, one containing the counties previously cov-
ered and the other involving those counties in which inspection
was given for the first time in any extensive way. It is sur-
prising to note that the incidence of Yellows is slightly less in
the new territory and instead of raising the general average
these counties have actually lowered it. We must conclude,
therefore, that either our inspection activities are of no value
whatever in keeping down Yellows since there is less of it in
counties never touched by inspection than in counties where
inspection is a regular procedure; or that in the areas lonjr
covered by inspection there is a stronger tendency for the
disease to spread than in the outlying counties- But certain
inconsistencies of the same sort have been apparent for many
years in the territory long under inspection ; Franklin County
has been always remarkably freer from Yellows than Lebanon
or Berks and there are enough orchards and trees in these

—113—

*d

counties to exclude any possibility of this state of affairs be-
ing mere accident or yearly variation. Moreover in the eight
years of inspection in the older territoiy there has been a
consistent decrease in the yearly average as indicated in Table
3. We are forced to conclude therefore, that certain portions
of the state are natural infection spots where the disease will
spread rapidly while in other areas the conditions are such
that spread takes place with difficulty. The reasons for this
difference in spread in different localities is bound up with
the whole question of the source of Yellows infection and the
agency of spread, and no information on these points is yet
available.

The inspection work done in the western counties (Arm-
strong, Mercer, Indiana) was carried out partly to determine
if the Yellows there was of sufficient importance^ to justify
the Department in establishing a regular inspection service
in these and adjoining counties; and partly to look for any
evidence which might be useful in the solution of the general
question of Yellows spread. It was found in general that the
peach industry in these counties lives under the handicap of
uncertain crop largely because of frost danger, and that in
consequence it is carried on in sporadic fashion often without
the constant yearly care that is given where the industry is
profitably established. For this reason a regular inspection
would be of interest only to the comparatively few growers
who may be considered to be in the business permanently.

On the other hand the western growers with few excep-
tions are alive to the danger of Yellows and remove the trees
promptly. When questioned on this point several older men
stated that they had had an epidemic of Yellows about 20
years ago and that they had learned from this experience and
from the recommendations of Department workers at that
time to use the ax promtply. They all agree in this story and
that since that period of destruction by Yellows the disease
has not been troublesome though it crops up now and then.

Under the circumstances just outlined it is considered un-
necessary at present to attempt any systematic inspection in
these western counties such as is put on in the eastern area.
The same conditions appear to exist in several of the counties
west of the Susquehanna and it is doubtful whether methodical
inspection is worth while here also.

Inspection Staff and Territory

The staff of inspectors used in 1929 were largely men em-
ployed in former years. It has been found a very satisfactory
policy to employ High School teachers for this inspection;

— 114r—

they are men of good caliber, are conscientious in their work,
are able to meet the public well and, what is of importance to
the Department, they come back year after year so that the
training of a new force each year is unnecessary. Also they
are assigned the same territory each year as far as possible
and their familiarity with conditions in their areas enables
them to cover the orchards much quicker. They also soon es-
tablish personally friendly relations with the peach owners
which is a decided advantage.

We were fortunate in retaining all the staff of 1928 and
in addition engaged one new member, G. B. Bikle. The as-
signment of territory to the various members of the inspection
for 1929 was as follows :

A. W. Buckman — Montgomery, Lehigh, Bucks.

F. G. Wilson — Dauphin, Perry, Lebanon, Snyder, Cumber-
land (east half).

J. F. Rees — Berks.

J. W. Campbell — ^York, Adams.

S. C. Miller — Franklin, Cumberland (west half).

J. Leswing — Lancaster, Chester, Delaware, Schuylkill,
Juniata.

G. B. Bikle — Carbon, Northumberland, Columbia, North-
ampton, Union.

F. L. Holdridge — Field Supervisor for the above.

W. A. McCubbin — Indiana, Armstrong, Mercer. (Partly
for survey purposes).

Some slight changes of territory were made later but this
outline was substantially adhered to during the season.

Inspection was begun July 1 and ended August 31 with
the exception of some additional work carried on by Mr. Buck-
man and M^r. Holdridge in September and the collection of
data in October from the orchards where the owners had
agreed to carry out the inspection and turn the records over
to us for our files.

The long continued dry weather during the inspection
period enables the inspection to proceed in record time with-
out loss of time from rain. Over most of the area the peach
crop was good and growth conditions normal, both of which
were favorable to inspection work.

—115—

TABLE 1

Summary of Peach Yellows Inspection In Pennsylvania in 1929

ADDITIONAL TEBKITOEY— 1929

County

Number of
Orchards

Number Trees
Inspected

Marked for
Yellows

%
Marked

Armstrong 11

Adams

Bucks

Berks

Chester

Carbon

Cumberland

Columbia

Dauphin

Delaware

Franklin

Indiana

Juniata

Lancaster

Lebanon

Lehigh

Montgomery-
Mercer

Northampton

Northumberland

Perry

5,355

63 91,468

35 39,325

51 123,363

37 28,043

17 41,872

27 54,845

11 13,885

22 19,992

18 14,503

75 225,635

27 12,273

22 34,852

29 40,748

13 30.394

10 53,900

17 31,825

26 10,934

2

14

103

221

79

12

76

3

39

110

275

65

16

102

17

12

54

12

.027
.015
.261
.179
.281
.028
.138
.021
.195
.758
.121
.521
.045
.250
.055
.022
.169
.109

11 14,476 151 1.043

5 8,780

8 15,830

12

Snyder 52 49,550 68

Schuylkill
Union

32 15,306

6 12,500

49
9

York 36 40,511 69

661

1,030,165

1,570

.000
.075
.137
.320
.072
.170

.152

TABLE 2

Yellows Found In Pennsylvania In 1929 In New Counties
Compared With Those Previous Inspected

THE 12 ORIGINAL COUNTIES

No. Trees

County Inspected

Adams 91,468

Bucks 39,325

Berks 123,363

Chester 28,043

Cumberland 54,845

Dauphin 19,992

Delaware 14,503

Franklin 225,635

Lancaster 40,748

Lebanon 30,394

Montgomery 31,825

York 40,511

12 740,652

—lie-

No. Treei

Marked

%

Marked

14

.015

103

.261

221

.179

79

.281

76

.138

89

.195

110

.758

275

.121

102

.250

17

.055

54

.169

69

.170

1,159

.156

County

No. Trees
Inspected

No. Trees
Marked

%
Marked

Armstrong 5,355

Carbon 41,872

Columbia 13,855

Indiana 12,273

Juniata 34,852

Lehigh 53,900

Mercer 10,934

Northampton 14,476

Northumberland 8,780

Perry 15,830

Snyder 49,550

Schuylkill 15,306

Union 12,500

13

289,513

.i«i-

8

.027

12

.028

3

.021

65

.529

16

.045

12

.022

12

.109

151

1.043

00

.000

12

.075

68

.137

49

.320

9

.072

411

.141

-.z':-^'^-. i.:. V-

i

TABLE 3

Summary Of Peach Yellows Inspection In Pennsylvania
Over Nine Year Period, 1921 to 1929

Year

Counties

No. Trees

Orchards

No. Trees

%

Inspected

Inspected

Inspected

Marked

Yellows

1921

15

287,466

324

17,376

4.45

1922

14

442,507

422

11,052

2.50

1923

14

482,614

417

10,698

2.21

1924

12

674,012

456

6,064

.89

1925

13

655,493

408

2,326

.35

1926

13

624,743

390

2,524

.40

1927

13

802,033

447

1,846

.23

1928

19

922,540

533

1,317

.14

1929

25

1,030,165

661

1,570

.15

TABLE 4

Summary of Peach Yellows Inspection in Pennsylvania
Giving Yellows Averages Over Different Periods

Yean

Inspected

No. Trees

No.

Average

No. Trees

Marked

Years

%

From 1921 to 1925

2,542,092

47,516

5

1.868

From 1921 to 1926

3,166,835

50,040

6

1.580

From 1921 to 1927

3,968,868

51,886

7

1.307

From 1921 to 1928

4,891,408

47,516

8

1.087

From 1921 to 1929

5,921,573

54,673

9

.906

—117—

TABLE 5

Incidence of each Yellows in Pennsylvania in 1929
In Trees of Different Ages

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

No. trees
Inspected

Year Old 39,340

Year Old 41,968

Year Old - 64,783

Year Old 122,899

Year Old 120,676

Year Old 117,678

Year Old ^ 132,859

Year Old 166,815

Year Old 81,821

Year Old 45,604

Year Old 22,220

Year Old 19,710

Year and Older 53,792

1,030,165

No. trees
marked

%
Yellows

0 0

.000

0 0

.000

3

.004

52

.042

82

.067

133

.113

209

.157

446

.267

253

.309

101

.221

84

.378

72

.365

135

.250

1,570

.152

MICE CONTROL IN THE ORCHARD
C. p. OMWAKE, Greencastle

I suppose the subject of mice control in orchards had been
assigned to me because Dr. Fletcher knows that our orchard
has suffered severely from these pests which have, in the last
five years, come to be a real menace to the fruit industry in
Southern Pennsylvania, Maryland and the Virginias.

Our own experience from two years of neglect was a sorry
one. Our orchards, like many Pennsylvania orchards, are in
sod; mice were noticed in more than usual numbers in 1926
but no attempt to control them was made until 1928. We
did, however try to renew the damaged trees by bridge graf-
ting, with very good success; but the summer of 1927 seemed
to multiply the mice until we were literally over-run with
them. During the winter of '27- '28 they not only continued
their depredations on the trunks and roots of the trees but
peeled the bark from many of the bridge-grafts, thereby de-
feating our efforts to revive the orchards.

In the spring of 1928, we turned to the Extension Division
of The Pennsylvania State College for assistance and advice.
County Agent Knode arranged to have Mr. John Reuf of The
Pennsylvania State College and Mr. James Silver of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture visit the orchard.

We were told that two kinds of mice, the short-tailed field
mouse and the pine mouse were injuring our trees and that the
most satisfactory method of control was to kill the mice. We

accordingly placed poison grain bait mixed over the formula
described on page 11 of Bulletin No. 1397, U. S. Department
of Agriculture.

There are a number of ways of setting the bait so that
birds are protected from the poison and yet the mice may be
attracted to the stations. Home-made wood stations are de-
scribed in the same bulletin I have mentioned. Old tin cans
or second-grade milk bottles may be used. Scattering poison
bait in the runways gets a great many mice. More than 40
per cent of the trees in our orchard were damaged and we
realized that we had a real job on our hands. We bought the
glass poison stations that are available through orchard supply
houses. We placed 2400 of these stations containing the
strychnine poisoned wheat bait, putting one near the trunk of
each tree and several hundred were placed along the fences
surrounding the orchards. I do not know that it is essential
to place as many stations as we did. We were so badly
frightened by our 40 per cent damage that we probably went
to the extreme in our effort to get control of our voracious
enemy.

We placed the bait in our orchards in October, 1928.
Within two weeks after setting the poison we found quite a
number of the stations that were empty. We found lots of
dead mice and actually found a dead mouse in one of the glass
stations, with a grain of wheat in its mouth. We refilled
empty stations about four times during the winter finding
evidence each time of the effectiveness of the strychnine bait.

A check up last spring showed our bridge grafts practic-
ally undisturbed and the trees damaged were less than two
per cent as against 40 per cent in two years without any
effort to control.

I might mention another thing we did that I think has
some merit. Following a suggestion from Mr. Reuf we se-
cured a carload of cinder and placed about half a bushel
around the trunk of each tree. The theory is that mice will
not work through cinder and the trees are thereby protected
from the field mouse which works on the trunk of the trees.

We collected all the stations in early summer, washed
them and replaced them last fall. We think we have greatly
reduced the number of mice in our orchards by the poison
method, but we certainly did not get all of them for in the
five times that our men have policed these stations this winter
they have found more than 100 empty ones and a goodly num-
ber of dead mice.

I am convinced that the poison method is an effective one
and that by persevering in the use of the poison station the
present epidemic of destructive mice can be overcome.

lu

—118—

-119-

Question: How old are your trees?

Mr. Omwake: In one orchard the trees are 40 years
old. The next orchard, where the most trouble was, is 19
years old, and the smaller one is nine years old. We have
trees in the old orchard with 14-inch diameters that have
been girdled all around, the mice even following along the
roots of the trees.

Question: Did you lose those trees?

Mr. Omwake: No, we have not.

President Rittenhouse: There is not much danger of
poisoning birds if you use strychnine. You will scarcely kill
a bird with strychnine, although it will kill a four-footed
animal very soon. The question for discussion is, — ''San
Jose Scale is increasing in my orchard, although it was
thoroughly sprayed with oil last spring. Is it on the increase
generally?'*

Prof. Hodgkiss: I rise to state any orchard that is
thoroughly sprayed with oil or lime-sulphur ought not have
any scale, because we know when that material is used it is
efficient.

President Rittenhouse: The next question is, — ''What
are we to do about Red Spider? Oil Emulsion does not
seem to answer this question.'*

Prof. Hodlgkiss: As to this question about Red Spider,
I might say the same thing. We have abundant evidence
from both the experimental and demonstration view-point
that oil sprays when used at proper strength and thoroughly
applied are effective in the control of Red Spider. Of course,
I must qualify to some extent, in order to get the maximum
benefit from the oil spray we must apply our summer sprays
of lime-sulphur thoroughly to the end of the spraying sea-
son.

The last question is, "What has Pennsylvania done to
propagate and distribute the natural parasites of Oriental
moth ? * *

Mr. Stear: This question that I am asked to discuss
briefly is, "What has Pennsylvania done to propagate and
distribute the parasites of the Oriental moth?'* You may not
believe it, you men that are growing peaches, but there are
about 40 or 50 parasites that are working on the Oriental
moth in this State right now. We already have, so far as we
know, all the effective parasites that are doing any good
against the Oriental moth. About five years ago, Mr. Champ-
lain of the Department of Agriculture went to New Jersey

—120—

and made a large collection of infested terminals there and
brought them here to Harrisburg. We took some to
Chambersburg to rear them, to get what parasites we might
get, thinking that they had parasites in New Jersey that we
didn't have here, but when we reared them out we found
that they were the same species we already had. The two
species, macrocentrus and glypta, are our most common
species, and those were the species that we brought up, so
that did no good whatever.

An examination of all these 47 parasites proves to us, or
seems to prove, that there is no hope whatever in artificial
propagation, with one exception, and that is a parasite call-
ed trichogramma, an egg parasite. I found this past sea-
son at Chambersburg, from egg collections in probably half
a dozen different orchards, that about 30 to 40 per cent of
the eggs were being parasitized by this small wasp, so very
small that you can hardly see it with the naked eye.

I might say, then, in answer to this question, as to what
Pennsylvania is doing: We are going to make a little ex-
periment with this small egg parasite. We are going to rear
it in large enough numbers, we hope, to infest a small orch-
ard, probably two to four hundred trees, and we will see
what happens. Suppose we get good control, suppose we
find that in this orchard where we make the releases that it
is controlled 100 per cent. That is not anything to be opti-
mistic about, because it remains to be seen, then whether it
is at all practical to propagate it and distribute it and wheth-
er it can be done economically.

Question: Are these parasites throughout the state or
just local?

Mr. Stear: This parasite I am speaking about is dis-
tributed over the United States:

Question: Is the Oriental moth throughout the state?

Mr. Stear: It varies from year to year, but I think the
worst section was around Chambersburg in 1928. This past
year the infestation runs from 20 to 30 per cent and over,
and in 1928 about 40 per cent or more. It seems to have got
to the saturation point and varies depending on certain con-
ditions, weather or parasites or whatever it is. (The meet-
ing adjourned at 5:30 P. M.)

WEDNESDAY EVENING,
January 22nd, 1930.

The Banquet Session convened at 8:00 P. M., the Presi-
dent, Mr. J. S. Rittenhouse, presiding.

(Following appear the addresses of Messrs. Dutcher and
Wilson).

—121—

■.4

VITAMINS AND VITALITY

B. A. DUTOHEB, SUte College

Turning to the more serious and probably less valuable
part of the talk that I am supposed to give to-night, I have
been working in the vitamin field for the past several years.
I thought I would take ten or fifteen minutes to summarize
some of the things that would be of interest concerning the
vitamin in general and such particulars as I thought might
be of general interest.

We recognize today probably six vitamins; it won^t be
long before we have seven or eight. There is some evidence
that some of these vitamins are going to be split into two or
more fractions. Vitamin B has already been split into two
and possibly three. We recognize two but the third one we
have not yet officially recognized scientifically. We recog-
nize Vitamins A, B, C, D, E, no F. F has gone in and then
been denied by the man who discovered it and others have
proved that he was wrong. So there is a gap in the picture
right now. And, lastly, there is Vitamin G. So we have six
vitamins.

I would like to talk very briefly about some of the
things that might be of interest to you. Vitamin A is found
in all the leafy vegetables, green lettuce but not white, green
cabbage but not white; spinach is very rich in it; chard is
very rich. We have been doing some work in cooperation
with the Rhode Island Experiment Station and I have been
very much surprised at the results we are finding. Rhode
Island is growing spinach under various conditions of ferti-
lizer treatment, and while we have no data as yet as to the
effect of fertilizer treatment on vitamin manufacture in the
plant, nevertheless we are finding that some of the spinach
samples when fed in very minute quantities are sufficient
to keep a rat from developing any deficiency symptoms of
Vitamin A.

I won't stop to discuss where we find the vitamins scat-
tered, because you have been reading about that; but one
of the more important developments that has come out of
the Vitamin A work recently is the work that we have been
doing and that the doctors have been tying up with us in
the medical field on the effect of low Vitamin A content
diets on resistance or lack of resistance to disease.

I addressed the Laryngologists and the Ontologists and
the Rhynologists at their Atlantic City meeting. They make
their life work the study and treatment of diseases of the eye,
ear and nose, especially the respiratory tracts, the sinuses and
the throat. These men, I found much to my surprise, are

—122—

already using the things that we discovered to be true in
rats four and five years ago, applying them to human beings
with success.

When we feed an animal, particularly the white rat, on a
Vitamin A deficiency diet but have everything else in the
diet that the rat needs, first of all the rat commences to
show the lack of this deficiency by not growing; his ap-
petite starts to fail; he may continue to eat but he will
stop growing. The next thing that happens is the fur be-
comes rough and the eyes begin to get sore. You will notice
a little bloody exudate around the eyes. Gradually the ani-
mal starts to go blind. That is a disease that we have known
about for a long time that humans have had wherever Vita-
min A deficiency occurred, as it did during the World War in
Rumania and a number of other places. In Denmark par-
ticularly, where the Danes were so thrifty they sent all of
their dairy products out of Denmark to the Allies, to the ex-
clusion of Vitamin A carrying materials in their own coun-
try, the children began to break out with this eye disease.
Then Denmark had to make a new law requiring that a cer-
tain fraction of their dairy products be kept in Denmark in
order to keep their children strong and healthy and cure this
eye disease.

Another thing that has developed in practically the last
two or three years is the fact that 85 or 90 per cent of our
rats on a Vitamin A deficiency diet begin to get what we
call rattle. When you hold them up to your ear and hear
them breathe, they breathe with a rattly sound; they begin
to get snuffles and colds and finally they get the flu and
pneumonia and die. We can put in two drops of butter fat,
or five milligrams of spinach, or a little tomato juice, or a lot
of things that contain Vitamin A (Cod liver oil), and we can
cure or prevent this trouble, even after they have been very
ill with these various diseases, even when pus forms at the
base of the tongue, and the middle ear, the reproductive tract
goes to pieces, kidneys start to break down — all of these
things as a result of Vitamin A deficiency. If you catch the
animal quickly enough, before he has got to the point where
he is going to die, and give him two drops of butter fat per
day or a little spinach, he will gradually pick up; he will
start to grow and eventually get on his feet. Chloroform that
animal later when he has passed his age of usefulness ; open
him up and examine him and you will find scarry tissue all
through the lungs ; you know that he had pneumonia ; that he
had all of these other infections at one time ; but the vitamins
that you fed him brought him back and kept him from dy-
ing.

—123—

That is the main thing that has come out of this Vita-
min A work that will be of interest to horticulturists, to
vegetable gardeners, to dairymen and people who produce
dairy products, simply because Vitamin A has taken on a
new significance, namely it builds up resistance to respiratory
diseases, which is one of the messages I want to leave with
you tonight.

I will simply pass through very rapidly. Vitamin B and
the old Vitamin B complex, which we have now split into two
fractions. Vitamin B now refers to that vitamin which
cures beri-beri and has to do with the cure of nervous lesions.
When B is left out of a diet animals become nervous, get to
the point where they go into paralysis and die. That is found
in yeast, of course, in highest quantity. That is the reason
the Fleischmann people today take advantage of it and ad-
vertise it so highly. Fortunately, we don't need yeast; we
have it in lettuce, in spinach, in chard, in cabbage, in fresh
fruit juices, apples, oranges, lemons, limes, rhubarb, etc.
They are all rich in Vitamin B. So we don't have to go to
the drugstore and buy pills; we don't have to go to the gro-
cery and buy yeast, although it is a harmless food and a
good food for many people. It has slightly laxative proper-
ties and many people can take it with profit, but it isn't nec-
essary because we can get it from our natural foods.

Then we have Vitamin C, which is called the anti-scor-
butic vitamin. Lemons, limes, rhubarb, sour fruits, carrots
(which, by the way is also rich in Vitamin A) possess it. You
can lay down a general rule, going back to Vitamin A for a
minute, that anything that is highly colored, such as sweet
potatoes, (compared to white potatoes which have none at
all) is rich in this vitamin. That is Vitamin C and the one
that cures scurvy. We find it in general in practically all the
fruits and vegetables.

A number of interesting things have happened with Vita-
min D recently. We find Vitamin D in a large quantity in
the liver of animals or in the liver oils. That is the reason
we go to commercial cod liver oil ; we can find it in shark liver
oil. Many fish liver oils are rich in it. The best source for
it, outside of those, is in egg yolks, milk to some extent, and
we also find it scattered through the leafy vegetables in vary-
ing quantities depending on how much they were subjected to
sunlight. This brings up the point that I think I ought to
emphasize which is that we have discovered that ultra violet
rays, or the invisible portion of the sun's spectrum, have a
definite effect on the human body, or on the animal, causing
the animal body through the skin and not the food to manu-
facture this Vitamin D, therefore, you don't have to eat this

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vitamin in food in such large quantities unless you are living
in darkness all the time. Then, too, animals require a great
deal larger supply of Vitamin D.

Just recently they have isolated from yeast, and from a
lot of other different materials containing fats, an alcohol
called ergosterol, which is the parent substance of Vitamin
D. You can irradiate this substance with a quartz mercury
vapor lamp and you can manufacture Vitamin D so potent
that it is about two hundred to two hundred and fifty thous-
and times more potent than the best cod liver oil that can be
purchased. It can be dissolved in olive oil and can be pur-
chased from reputable pharmaceutical houses under the name
of Biosterol.

Vitamin E was discovered by Dr. Herbert Evans of the
University of California a few years ago. He found it was
all through the food materials we know, with very few ex-
ceptions; some are higher or richer than others. Vitamin E
is the anti-sterility vitamin. He can grow perfectly normal,
fine, sleep, healthy, fat animals which have become unable to
reproduce until tiny quantities of this vitamin, which he
manufactures largely from wheat seed oil, are introduced into
the diet. As he told me, when I visited him, there is not
much of practical importance in the breeding game on the
farm for the reason that we find it scattered through all the
cereals and most of the foods. Tea leaves happen to be par-
ticularly rich in this Vitamin.

Vitamin F has been abandoned, suggested and then
finally abandoned, which leaves a gap for the present time,
it doesn't pay to move another one up so we will pass it and
come to Vitamin G, which is the pellagra-curing vitamin. We
find that in the largest quantity in yeast, probably, and also
in the germs of all the cereals.

THE FEDERAL FARM BOARD

HON. C. S. WILSON, Hall, N. Y.

Mr. Toastmaster, Members of the Horticultural Society
and Guests : Your cordial welcome affects me. While you are
susceptible to humor, I am going to bring that part of what I
may say to you before you now. I have come here to tell you
about the Federal Farm Board. I am not going to lose that op-
portunity, because I want you to get the picture of the work
of the Federal Farm Board, and hence I will give you that part
of humor before I start the Federal Farm Board story.

The Agricultural Marketing Act became a law on the
15th of June when the President gave it his signature. The
Federal Farm Board met for the first time on the 15th of
July. At the time the Federal Farm Board met there were

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received at the office many communications relative to the
Federal Agricultural Marketing Act, some of them suggestions,
and it is two or three of those suggestions that will classify
as humorous and present to you while you are in that humor-
ous vein.

You can't imagine what some of those suggestions would
be. Here are a few of the letters that I gathered as I left the
office. Some of those suggestsions appealed to one from the
funny point of view. Some of the suggestions, though humor-
ous, have back of them a sincerity and an honesty that is to
be admired. Here is one; I will simply read a pararaph of
it. This is the statement, **I believe that you men of the
Farm Board are now so situated that if you should take ad-
vantage of it you could save our birds from extermination
and by so doing save millions of dollars in produce to our
country every year for all time to come. The English spar-
row must be destroyed at the earliest possible moment.'*
While it doesn't pertain to the Agricultural Marketing Act,
neverthless there is a thought. I don't know how you are
situated here in Pennsylvania but on my own farm I will
add that if we could also exterminate rats, that would cer-
tainly be very beneficial.

Here is another, **I should like to ask you a question,
please. But first let me introduce myself. I am a farmer
(and, by the way, it is a woman farmer, by name and trade).
I own a farm carrying a mortgage as high as the Scotch pines
and as deep as the gully. I have a girl in the university,
also a boy in the high school. Also have a fine crop of to-
bacco that was marketed last Friday for six cents a pound;
cost us ten cents a pound to raise. The question is, how
can I keep my children in school and buy me a fur coat?"

Here is one more that I will give you. ''AH that I can
see that the farmers w^ant is automobiles. One thing I noticed
was the dilapidated state of their old Fords and Chevrolets
they were driving around, some of theirs having the cush-
ions and tops patched by the women as the men were all
busy slaving for money to meet interest and buy gas for the
old cars. Now, if you could lend a part of that five hundred
million dollars to the farmers to buy new cars at a reason-
able interest by taking a mortgage on the new cars, you
would make some of them happier and do more for them
than anything else the Federal Farm Board could do."

There are some points of view and suggestions for the
enforcement of the Agricultural Marketing Act. But I shall
have to say that that is not carrying out the provisions of
the Agricltural Marketing Act.

— 126—

I have come here because I want to tell you about the
Agricultural Marketing Act and the carrying out of that Act
by the Federal Farm Board. I want to say this : The Fed-
eral Farm Board understands that the problem of the far-
mer in the Northwest is somewhat different from the far-
mer in the Middle West. You have your market right at
hand. You have a more diversified type of farming than the
farmer in the Middle West and therefore the cooperative
marketing problem is somewhat different. The Federal Farm
Board understands that and for that reason I want you to
know about the carrying out of the Agricultural Marketing
Act by the Federal Farm Board. I want to know about your
problems because they are different.

In the first place, the policy of the Agricultural Market-
ing Act is expressed in the declaration which is this: To
promote the effective merchandising of agricultural products
in interstate and foreign commerce in order that the industry
of agriculture may be placed upon an economical quality
with other industries, and the Agricultural Marketing Act
states definitely how that shall be done.

I read this evening of Congressman Ketcham's explan-
ation of that last night at a meeting. It is a little different.
I shall simply summarize it by saying that policy is carried
out in four ways. First, by minimizing speculation; second,
by preventing inefficient and wasteful methods in marketing;
third, by encouraging the formation of cooperative as-
sociations, farmer-owned, farmer-controlled associations; and
fourth, by handling surpluses.

In accordance with the provisions of the Agricultural
Marketing Act, the Federal Farm Board must contact farmers
by and through cooperative associations. The Federal Farm
Board must work with the cooperative associations. That is
in accordance with the Act. All right! It is natural, there-
fore, that the Federal Farm Board in starting its work con-
tact with the local cooperative associations that are already
formed, work with the cooperative associations that ^ are
functioning, strengthen those local cooperative associations,
add to those cooperative associations where needed other as-
sociations where needed; where it is possible federate local
cooperative associations into regional associations by com-
modities ; wherever practical regional associations into nation-
al associations by commodities. That is carrying out the spirit
of the Agricultural Marketing Act.

The Federal Farm Board understands the problem of the
farmer of the Northeast, that they are different perhaps from
some of the others and yet I want you to get one or two pic-
tures in your minds. Then we can see how this will apply to

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the farmers of the Northeastern states. I am going to try to
explain the policies of the Federal Farm Board by telling you
of the actions of the Federal Farm Board in some cases. I
will make this simply an outline, very brief, but I want you
to follow this as a picture across the continent and try to pic-
ture these cooperative associations in their work as they
function.

Let's take, first, a regional cooperative association. Soon
after the Federal Farm Board met the citrus growlers of
Florida came before the Federal Farm Board, the Citrus Grow-
ers of Florida Cooperative Association, and said that '* be-
cause of the Mediterranean fruit fly, because of the cyclone,
the citrus growers of Florida need a loan of money from the
Federal Farm Board.'* We said to the representatives of
that association, '*Are you the only cooperative association in
Florida? We want to assist as many of the growers of cit-
rus fruits as possible.*'

They said, ''No, we are not the only cooperative as-
sociation."

The Federal Farm Board said, *'Is it possible for all of
the cooperative associations of citrus growers of Florida to
unite into a regional and the Federal Farm Board will then
give financial assistance to that regional that will reach more
of the citrus growers than otherwise."

Well, they said they didn't know about that. They said
cooperative associations thus far had been somewhat in com-
petition with each other. But they said, '*We will try to get
together."

''All right," the Federal Farm Board said, "You go back
to Florida ; call in representatives of the other cooperative as-
sociations; see if you can form a regional association and we
will assist you in that work and then we will give financial
assistance by a loan of money to the regional association."

Now, to hear me tell that, that is a simple story that they
simply got together in conferences and did this. No, it wasn't
a simple story. It wasn't an easy task. It was a difficult
task, but it was done and the citrus growers of Florida as
cooperatives have eliminated competition and they are now
together in a regional association.

One more picture of a regional association. Shortly after
the Federal Farm Board was formed and met, the fruit grow-
ers of Michigan at Benton Harbor came before the Federal
Farm Board and the fruit growers asked for a loan of money,
a large sum of money. In order that we may have all the
facts relative to the fruit industry in western Michigan, we

—128—

asked a representative to go there and to confer with the
cooperative association and with the growers. He did so
and brought back the facts and about that time a tele-
gram was received at the office from another cooperative
fruit growers association in Michigan saying that "We
have heard that the Federal Farm Board is going to give
aid to a cooperative association of fruit growers in Michigan
and we want you to know that we are a cooperative associ-
ation of fruit growers in Michigan, that we need aid also and
therefore w^e request that we get aid." And about that time
we received another telegram from another fruit growers' as-
sociation in Northern Michigan, the cherry growers, in effect
that they too had heard of the aid that might come to the
other cooperative associations. They wanted the Federal
Farm Board to know that they too were a cooperative as-
sociation; that they needed assistance, a loan of money, and
that they wanted us to loan them money also.

There were three associations in Michigan up to this
time working separately and, as those associations admitted,
competing with each other.

And then there came what was a surprise to me, a tele-
gram from a cherry association across Lake Michigan in Wis-
consin which said this, "We have heard that the cherry grow-
ers of Michigan are uniting into a regional association to get
a loan of money from the Federal Farm Board. We, too,
want to get into this picture."

All right, there was an opportunity for all of those co-
operative associations to join together. We asked the rep-
resentatives to come to Washington, 25 or 30 representatives.
They came, sat around a table, rubbed shoulders together as
they never had done before, worked there two or three days
until we worked out a united program for the fruit growers
of the State of Michigan, including all of those cooperative as-
sociations into a regional association or group, eliminating
competition, increasing bargaining power and having in their
membership a volume of fruit equivalent to one-half the pro-
duction of the area.

We said to the College, "Does this program of the
Michigan fruit growers meet with your approval?" They
said, "Yes, we are able to get back of a grogram of united
effort and we couldn't do it before." And the Farm Bureau
said the same thing. Those Michigan fruit growers, by a
series of conferences, have developed a plan for a regional
cooperative association uniting all of their efforts in the fruit
area of western Michigan and eastern Wisconsin.

The policy of the Federal Farm Board in Florida is the
program of the citrus fruit growers. Have you that picture?

— 12»—

What is the policy of the Federal Farm Board in Michigan in
the fruit-growing area of eastern Wisconsin? The policy of
the Federal Farm Board is the program of the fruit growers
united into the regional in that district. Have you that pic-
ture? Now, let's carry it up a little farther. I will simply
mention these national associations extending over this coun-
try in scope: The Farmers National Grain Corporation has
been formed; the National Live Stock Agency has been form-
ed, uniting the two regional live stock associations, represent-
ing 2,500 local cooperative associations handling live stock
annually approximating three hundred millions of dollars; a
National Wool Growers Association has been formed-, a Na-
tional Cotton Growers Cooperative Association has been form-
ed. I have simply mentioned those because I want you to be
thinking about the commodities from the national point of
view.

Those associations by that action, strong local, united,
federated into a regional, federated into a national associ-
ation, well managed, sound financially, have eliminated their
competition. Those associations have increased their bar-
gaining power. Those associations are able to distribute their
products more orderly in the market. Just keep that picture
of the strong local and the regional and the national associ-
ation in your mind.

What about the farmer who belongs to no association?
The Federal Farm Board hopes that the cooperative associ-
ation in a community will render such a service in that com-
munity that others not now members of the association will
join. What about the farmer in the community where there
is no cooperative association? The Federal Farm Board is
mindful of him also. The Federal Farm Board hopes that
cooperative marketing will render such a service to agricul-
ture that in those communities where no cooperative associ-
ation exists, if there is a real need for it it will be formed.
Those associations are formed by commodities.

The Federal Farm Board is committed to the policy of
developing strong regional associations wherever practicable
of uniting those into regional associations by commodities,
wherever practical of federating those into national associ-
ations by commodities. Hove you that picture before you ?

Let's turn to the northeast; let's turn to the State of
Pennsylvania. The Federal Farm Board realizes that your
problem may be different, because of your markets, because
of diversified farming. Perhaps the local cooperative as-

-130—

sociation should include several commodities as the local as-
sociation. Last week at Washington met representatives of
large cooperative associations to discuss a national policy. In
accordance with the Agricultural Marketing Act, the Federal
Farm Board must act with and through cooperative as-
sociations. At that conference were representatives of the
cooperative associations handling apples. Many of them
came from the Northwest, where the apple cooperative as-
sociation is well developed. Those representatives met for
three days. As a matter of fact I wanted to attend the meet-
ing of the Horticultural Society at Rochester, and they said,
^*We would like to have you attend that meeting but we want
you to stay with us because many of us have traveled long
distances to get here." Those representatives developed a
program, tentative, preliminary indeed, for the apple industry
of the country. There are a few provisions of that program
that I want the apple growers of Pennsylvania to know
about. I shall not take the time for that.

One of the recommendations w^as early consideration by
the Federal Farm Board of the recognition and designation of
apples as a commodity. The Federal Farm Board had not yet
definitely designated the apple as a commodity. Apple rep-
resentatives think that the apple should be designated as a
commodity. Upon examining the situation from a national
viewpoint, the greater number of the more important pro-
ducing areas are at the present time unorganized cooperative-
ly and for that reason it seems extremely inadvisable to of-
fer now the suggestion that an Advisory Committee be set up.
If an Advisory Committee be set up, it is set up by the co-
operative associations handling apples. The representatives
thought it would not Fe a fair representation of all ,of the
areas if an Advisory Committee were set up at the present
time. That was a fair attitude to take.

We recognize that the apple cooperative associations in
the Northwest are well developed. Those representatives of
those cooperative associations offered their help and assistance
to the apple sections where cooperative associations are not
developed as well, offered their associations and help to those
areas to help them develop those cooperative associations. It
seemed to me that was a fair attitude to take. Therefore
they said, *'It will be more representative of the apple-grow-
ing industry all over the country if we do not advise an Ad-
visory Committee to be set up at the same time. Rather," they
said, *'the representatives being desirous of accomplishing the
purpose and object of eventually working out the handling of
the commodity on a national basis are prepared to recommend
that a general committee typical and representative of the
various important apple-growing regions be constructed by

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ift

selection on the following plan: that this general committee
be composed of three representatives of the cooperative move-
ment in each of the following four principal apple-produc-
ing sections: (1) New England, New York and Northern
Pennsylvania; (2) Shenandoah and Cumberland and South-
ern Pennsylvania; (3) the Middle West; (4) the Northwest,
including California and such other additional representatives
as the Farm Board may wish to appoint from areas not
hereby designated/'

The representatives feel that that would be more repre-
sentative of the apple industry to have the committee ap-
pointed in this way than if an advisory committee should be
set up by the cooperative associations, and it seemed to me
that was a fair attitude.

'*In the actual naming of the personnel of this committee
your conferees suggest that in these general regions where
existing cooperatives are coordinated into a general organiza-
tion, that such organization name its representation on the
committee. In these unorganized regions that the Federal
Farm Board invite the cooperation of state horticultural so-
cieties, agricultural colleges and the cooperatives themselves
in selecting their respective representations on this commit-
tee.''

There is a program with a step toward a national out-
look. The western apple-growing section Avish to contact
with the fruit-growing sections of the East. They are better
developed in the West than in the East and are willing to as-
sist the apple growers of the East in setting up cooperative
associations if they wish so to do. That is a program for the
apple industry of the country to develop.

Another thought in connection with the cooperative as-
sociations in the Northwest : The Federal Farm Board wants
to contact with all the cooperative associations in the North-
east. We want to know your problems. We want to know
your markets. We want to know your ideas. We want to
know your successes. The Federal Farm Board has taken defi-
nite action to that end. In the New England and North At-
lantic States there are approximately (of which we have rec-
ord) nearly 1,000 different cooperative associations and you
can see that it would be impossible for the Federal Farm
Board to visit each one of these cooperative associations,
physically impossible, but we want to know them; we want
to know their problems. How can we contact with them?
In the State of Pennsylvania there are, as our records show,
about 280 different cooperative associations. I am not sure
that that record is accurate. It is the record that we have.
If it isn't accurate, we want to make it accurate. How best
can we do that?

—132—

Not long ago, wanting to contact with these associations,
not being able to do it physically, not being able to make the
contact with each one, the Federal Farm Board met with the
Presidents of the Colleges, the Deans of the Colleges of
Agriculture, the Directors of Extension and the Commission-
ers of Agriculture of the Northeastern States. They said,
''Here are a thousand cooperative associations that we want
to contact with; we want to know their problems; we want
to help them if we can; will you assist us? We do not want
to duplicate existing agencies." A committee was appointed
from that conference that drew up a plan in conference with
the Federal Farm Board and that plan briefly is this: That
the Federal Farm Board, cooperating with the College of
Agriculture, the Extension Service, the Commissioner of Agri-
culture of every state, to go to every one of these cooperative
associations to know their set-up, to know of their problems,
to study their marketing. That plan was adopted by the
Federal Farm Board and $30,000 was appropriated in order
that the Federal Farm Board may make these contacts with
the cooperative associations in the Northeast.

I had a conference this afternoon with the Secretary of
Agriculture on seeking a conference with Dean Watts and
with the College of Agriculture, with the representatives of
the College of Agriculture, so that we may know the different
cooperative associations and their problem in the State of
Pennsylvania, to see if we can be of assistance. I think, if
I remember the figures correctly for the State of Pennsyl-
vania, Dean Watts, there has been set aside $3,100 for that
work in the State of Pennsylvania. We want to know your
problems so that we may, if possible, be of assistance to the
farmers here.

Occasionally the statement is made to me that because
the cooperative associations in the Middle West are better
developed than the cooperative associations in the Northeast,
the Northwest will not receive as great benefit as the farmers
of the Middle West who belong to those cooperative associ-
ations. Let me simply make these comments in connection
with that : If you could sit on the Federal Farm Board with
those other eight members, including the Secretary of Agri-
culture, as it has been my privilege and opportunity to sit,
and listen to their discussions as to how they would be able
to benefit, to help the different cooperative associations, and
occasionally the thought would come from any one of them,
where it seemed to be granting perhaps more than the
share, '*Let us not forget those other associations and those
other commodities that are coming under the Agricultural
Marketing Act that are not asking for this money." Con-

—133—

stantly there is the thought of trying to help or benefit all of
the cooperative associations in all of the commodities.

Is not the action of the representatives in this conference
of apple associations, where they said, '*It would be more
representative of the apple industry of this country if we
do not advise an advisory committee now, rather a contact
committee representing all of the industry," an evidence of
fairness to all? Is not the fact that the Federal Farm Board
has adopted this plan of contacting with all the cooperative
associations in the Northeastern states and appropriated
$30,000 in order to that work an evidence of the fairness of
the Federal Farm Board to assist all?

In conclusion, let me make this statement; No matter
how the agricultural situation may be solved, the first step or
the first essential is the organization of agriculture and the
Agricultural Marketing Act provides for that very thing.
Whether the Agricultural Marketing Act as it stands may
agree in every respect to what you think it ought to be,
whether it is entirely inclusive or not, all of us will agree
that it is better than any other suggested scheme in the very
fact that it is a law and there are back of it a Federal Farm
Board and five hundred million dollars to support it. After
all, no matter how the ultimate solution of the problem may
be reached, by whatever course it may be reached, the Agri-
cultural Marketing Act provides the first step in any of
those courses and that is the organization of agriculture.

The Federal Farm Board, in carrying out the provisions
of that act, is trying to contact with the cooperative associ-
ations in the East, with the cooperative associations in your
state ; we are trying to know your problems ; we want to
know your problems; we want to be of assistance as we can
under the provisions of that act.

President Rittenhouse : I don't know how to express
my appreciation of the enlightening remarks of the Honorable
Charles S. Wilson, but I am sure that he has given us lots to
think about and lots that will encourage us to organize for
better cooperation which we can hope for from the assistance
of the Federal Farm Board.

As the last speaker I will call upon Secretary Fletcher.
SEVENTY-ONE YEARS YOUNO

S. W. FLETCHEB, State CoUege

When a man begins to indulge in reminscences, when his
face turns toward the past more than toward the future, it is
a sign that he has passed the meridian of life and is approach-

ing antiquity. And yet, knowing this, my thoughts turn
backward tonight. I am led to retrospection by the legend on
the cover of the program of this annual meeting. This is the
seventy-first annual meeting of the Association. It was or-
ganized in 1859, when the clouds were hovering for the war
which rent the nation asunder during four bloody years. It
has had a long and honorable history. It is by far the oldest
of the several state agricultural organizations meeting in Har-
risburg this week.

It may be profitable to recall some of the changes which
have taken place since our horticultural forefathers gather-
ed in Philadelphia to found this Association. This event was
near the beginning of commercial fruit growing, as we know
it today. The first railroad, the Erie, was completed in 1826.
By 1859 railroads had penetrated most of the eastern states.
Heretofore the fruit supplies of the few large cities had been
limited to what could be brought in by market wagons or sail-
ing sloops. The railroads extended the distance at which it
was practicable to grow the food supply of the city from a
days journey with the market wagon, to some thousands of
miles. The result was the rapid development of cities in the
East, beginning about 1860.

At the time this Association was organized there was
already a powerful society in Pennsylvania devoted to the
advancement of horticulture. This was the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, which was organized at Philadelphia in
1827. It is the oldest horticultural society in the country;
the next oldest is the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
organized at Boston two years later. The Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society was then, and still is, dedicated to the ama-
teur ideal. It was, and still is, mainly an organization of
men and women of means, who grow fruits and flowers for the
love of it, not to sell. With them, fruit growing is an avo-
cation.

The period between 1800 and 1860 was the Golden Age
of the amateur in American fruit growing. Some of the pa-
trons of horticulture of that period were great connoisseurs
on varieties. Marshall P. Wilder, who founded the American
Pomological Society in 1850, grew 2000 varieties of his own
home grounds in Dorchester, Massachusetts, many of them
imported from Europe. We associate the names of C. M.
Hovey, A. J. Downing, Marshall P. Wilder, Thomas Meehan
of Philadelphia, with this period. The amateur period in
American horticulture passed about 1870, the amateur ideal
being submerged, for the most part, by the rising tide of com-
mercial fruit growing.

I

—134—

—135—

It was hardly to be expected that the commercial fruit
growers of 1859 would find a very warm reception in the
wealthy and aristocratic Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
It was necessary for them to set up a separate organization,
dedicated to the commercial ideal. Thus the State Horticul-
tural Association of Pennsylvania was born. It is the second
oldest state horticultural association in the country; that of
New York was organized four years earlier, as the Western
New York Horticultural Society.

This Association was organized at the beginning of the
first great apple ''boom,'' which occurred between 1850 and
1870. This was the direct result of the development of rail-
roads and the opening of distant markets. There have been
at least three apple ''boom'' periods since then, the last in
1917-19, but none were more intense than that of 1850-70.
Most of the old farm apple orchards, of one to five acres,
which are a characteristic feature of the Pennsylvania land-
scape, were planted then. When the forefathers of this As-
sociation gathered at their annual meeting, they spent more
time arguing about the relative merits of different varieties
than on all other subjects. There was no spraying whatever,
practically all the orchards were pastured, the only fertilizer
used was farm manure and pruning was done in the natural-
istic style.

The seventy-one years that have passed since the first
meeting of this Association have witnessed many important
changes in cultural methods. The most striking is the in-
troduction of spraying. Our grandfathers claimed, and with
some basis in fact, that in their boyhood days apples grew to
perfection without spraying ; there were no pests, to speak of.
Possibly not, but they came soon enough after orchards be-
came larger and more numerous. About 1875, the codling
moth and canker worm became so serious that many fruit
growers were discouraged and pulled out their trees, there
being no known preventative at that time.

Orchard spraying began about 1879, when Paris green
was first used to control these two insects. Bordeaux was in-
troduced about 1885. There was very little spraying, how-
ever, until after 1887 when the Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tions were established. It was not until after 1895, only
thirty-five years ago, that fruit growers really were convinced
that they could protect their orchards by spraying. Then
came the "San Jose Scale scare" of 1895 to 1905. Many of
the older members will remember those dark days, when it
seemed that the industry was threatened with extinction.
But a way out was found then, and so it will be, eventually,
with the Oriental Fruit Moth and other threatening pests.
During these thirty-five years, the Pennsylvania fruit grower

has progressed from the hand spray pump, developing per-
haps 75 pounds pressure, to the power outfit developing 400
pounds pressure. And now comes the stationary spray plant.
It is a most remarkable development and all of it has taken
place in our generation.

Other epoch-making events have occurred within the life
of this Association. Recall, for example, the refrigerator car,
perfected in 1887, which has made commercial fruit growing
continental instead of local; so that the chief competitors of
Pennsylvania fruit growers today live 3000 miles away. Note
also, the rise of the canning industry. The first commercial
pack of fruit in tins was in 1861, but very little canning was
done until after 1890. Now it is an industry with an annual
business of $125,000,000 and is a steadily increasing factor in
the fruit market. Consider, also, cold storage, which is main-
ly a development of the past thirty years. It was given im-
petus by the disastrous apple crop of 1896, when hundreds
of thousands of bushels rotted on the ground in the fall for
lack of a market. ^

These are but three of the many outstanding developments
in commercial fruit growing during the life of this Associ-
ation. And it is certain that the Pennsylvania fruit growing
of seventy-one years hence will be as different from that of
today as the present practice is in comparison with the fruit
growing of 1859. For nearly three-fourths of a century this
Association has stood for all that is best and most progressive
in Pennsylvania Horticulture. In the fact of great discourage-
ment at times, it has kept the faith and handed down the
torch. It has been, without question, the most important
single factor in Pennsylvania horticulture.

We build on foundations laid by other hands. We pay
tribute today to the men who founded this Association and
nourished it through the years; such men as Gabriel Hiester,
George C. Butz, Dr. Funk, William Chace, J. P. Stewart and
others whom you will recall. Their names are inscribed in our
horticultural Hall of Fame.

Last week our sister, the New York State Horticultural
Society, celebrated her seventy-fifth birthday. I suggest that
we observe the diamond anniversary of this Association, in
1934; and that we do so in a way that shall fittingly express
our deep sense of obligation to the founders of this Associ-
ation, and our confidence in the future of the industry that
we represent.

(Dr. Fletcher has been appointed Historian and has been
charged with the task of presenting, in 1934, a full and com-
plete history of our Association.)

—137—

THURSDAY MORNING,
January 23, 1930.

The Fourth Session convened at 9 :15 A. M., Mr. Sheldon
Funk acting as Temporary Chairman.

Chairman Funk: The meeting please come to order.
Your President was unable to be here this morning and he
has asked me to preside until he comes. Inasmuch as Mr.
Bell had a very unfortunate accident during the deer season
this fall and is unable to be with us, the first subject on the
program, ''New Regulations for the Japanese Beetle,'* will
be taken up Mr. Mr. Guyton instead of Mr. Bell.

NEW DEVELOPMENTS OP THE JAPANESE BEETLE
SITUATION IN PENNSYLVANIA IN 1929.

T. L. GUYTON, Harrlslmrg.

I am sorry Mr. Bell is not able to be with you and give
this repof't. He sends his greetings to you.

At this time last year, the area known to be infested by
the Japanese beetle in Pennsylvania included the area on the
east side of the Susquehanna River up to Milton, north and
east to Scranton and east to Stroudsburg; and isolated in-
festations at Sayre, Lewistown, York and Gettysburg.

These outlying infestations were not included in the
quarantined district but were handled by scouting and trap-
ping. Beetles were found at all these points in 1929. At
Lewistown one beetle was found, Gettysburg 270, Sayre and
Athens 252, and at York eight.

Two new infested districts were found in 1929 ; Williams-
port and Chambersburg. Over 1200 beetles were taken in
Williamsport and only two at Chambersburg.

The area of quarantine for 1930 has not been determined
up to this time, nor do we know exactly the methods which
may be used in handling the isolated areas. These matters
are worked out by the several states concerned and the Fed-
eral Department of Agriculture. This will be done in a few
weeks.

The infested areas in Sayre and Athens were treated last
fall with a surface application of arsenate of lead. And it
seems likely that they will not be included in the quarantined
area.

We favor the scouting, trapping and treating of isolated
areas rather than the inclusion of the non-infested territory
lying between the restricted districts and these outlying
points. When such uninfested territory is included, it sub-

—138—

jects a larger number of people to the inconvenience of the
quarantine regulations and throws the area open to a more
rapid increase of the beetle population. The use of the traps
baited with an attracting bait, scouting and treating with
arsenate of lead in these outlying districts, is probably more
effective in restricting the spread of the beetle than is the
average quarantine.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE NEW ENGLAND

FRUIT INDUSTRY.

R. A. VAN METER, Massachusetts Agricultural College,

Amherst, Massachusetts.

I have come here at the request of Dr. Fletcher to tell
you about some things that are happening in New England,
and I hope to learn more about developments here which will
directly affect our fruit growers.

New England's Present Apple Crop: Conditions in Penn-
sylvania resemble those in New England in many ways. Both
sections have changed greatly in the last few years and both
are interested in the multitude of special problems that sur-
round the local marketing of fruits. The commercial crop of
New England for the past six years has averaged only seventy
or seventy-five per cent more than the crop of Pennsylvania
alone, so you see that we are not such a tremendous producing
center that we are going to profoundly affect the fruit in-
dustry of the country. Apple markets are now so closely
correlated, however, that what happens in New England will
have some effect on your markets.

I am going to talk this morning mostly about our variety
problem and the trend of production in New England. You
want to know about the Mcintosh situation, and I think I
can make it clear, although it is mixed up with a number of
other things.

Influence of Early Horticulturists: The early American
horticulturists, of which Marshall P. Wilder of Boston was an
outstanding leader, were tremendously interested in varieties.
They imported and collected, tested and disseminated varie-
ties by the hundreds. These men performed a great service
to American horticulture but they incidentally left New Eng-
land with a remarkable collection of varieties. Many of these
are still to be found, for orchards stand for a long time in
New England, whether they get any attention or not. That
has given rise to a serious variety problem. I believe that
you have a similar problem here.

Looks or Reputation: Not so many years ago there was
a definite demand and therefore a good market for such

—139—

varieties as Sutton and Hubbardston and Seek-no-Further and
Gilliflower and Tolman Sweet and a host of other good ap-
ples. But the time came when the average consumer in the
city was raised on the sidewalks and not on the farm, and
he knew nothing about these good old apples that were ex-
cellent in flavor but not too attractive in appearance. Ap-
ples came to be sold more and more either on their looks or
on a reputation for high quality, and the favorites of a few
years earlier began to drag on the market. In the past ten
years the demand has narrowed down rapidly to a very few
varieties and others face a tremendous market handicap.

Odd Varieties: This change in the market demand came
so rapidly that orchards set since 1910 or even 1915 often
contained many trees of these old varieties, and many thous-
ands of young trees have been top worked in the past two or
three years. We still have far too many trees of varieties
inferior in value as modern market sorts, and the problem of
handling them at a profit will be with us for a long time, but
the quantity has been decreased and will continue to decline.
I believe the time has come when every apple grower should
seriously consider the ruthless elimination of the so-called
*'odd'' variety.

The Old Farm Orchard: The original fruit industry of
New England developed mainly as a large number of small
orchards of miscellaneous varieties, planted for the local
market and handled in connection with a general farm.
These orchards are still plentiful in New England, especially
in the southern part. Although these orchards are slowly
passing out, they still furnish the worst competition in the
whole fruit industry. They are not capitalized; there is no
interest to be paid on the investment, and few pay checks
are involved. The owner does most of his own work, and if
the apples bring the cost of what little spraying and fertilizing
is done and the cost of harvesting and marketing, the orchard
will continue business without figuring a loss.

These orchards are responsible for a large amount of
low-grade fruit which is dumped on New England markets
from the harvest season to Christmas time. A considerable
amount of low-grade fruit is produced in good orchards in
any orchard section and the combined amount is enough to
keep our markets well supplied with cheap fruit.

Quality: This year, a good many mediocre to low grade
Yorks have been shipped to New England markets from
down this way and they sold very slowly. Last year, Vir-
ginia and West Virginia shipped 315 cars of good Stayman
to Boston and they held their own on the market ; they sold

—140—

right along. High quality varieties that are well-grown,
well-graded, and well-packed will sell in New England — or
anywhere else — but I believe the day is past when satisfac-
tory prices can be realized anywhere for low-grade fruit. It
certainly doesn't pay to ship it far.

Commercial Orchards In New England: In addition to
the small orchards which once made up the bulk of the New
England fruit industry, we always had some good commercial
orchards, owned by specialists and given good care. About
1908 or a little before, these orchards began to increase in
number and they are still increasing. Planting in New Eng-
land reached a peak about the time of the World War, but it
has continued to the present. In the beginning, some of the
old-time varieties were included in these orchards but many
of them were top-worked later and in general these orchards
are planted to good varieties. The leaders are Baldwin, Mc-
intosh, Wealthy, Delicious, and Gravenstein, in order of num-
ber of trees.

Baldwin is still the leading apple of New England in
number of trees, but half of them are 30 years old or older.
The tendency is for Baldwin to be planted less and less and
the number of trees will decline from now on although Bald-
win production will not decline much for another decade and
may even increase a little from trees already planted.

The reason for this is not hard to find, although it is
something we hadn't thought of until the trouble was upon
us. Baldwin is being driven out by Mcintosh — competition
between varieties in our own orchards.

Baldwin originated in New England long before the
Revolutionary War and for more than a century it dominated
the fruit industry of the northeastern states in general. From
Christmas time until warm weather in spring brought the
last boxes from the cellars, it was king of the market. When
the Baldwins were sold, Roxbury Russett, a very late keeper,
took over the market until the apple season was gone.

When cold storage developed, Baldwin was kept into the
Roxbury season and Russetts declined. Baldwin flourished
and not many years ago was easily the leading variety in
new plantings.

Then Mcintosh came in and slowly made a place for it-
self in young orchards. When the Mcintosh crop became
large enough to make the variety known on the market, its
popularity rose to heights that have never been reached by
any other variety sold in New England. That led to more
planting, of course, until now Mcintosh is the principal variety
in every young orchard.

—141—

v., I

Effect of Mclntash: Mcintosh was originally a fall and
early winter variety and it soon displaced everything be-
tween Gravenstein and Baldwin. As the volume of Mcintosh
increased and the market demand rose, it became profitable
to hold Mcintosh for the mid-winter market. Baldwin can
hardly be sold in quantity until Mcintosh is off the market,
so the season for Baldwin has been greatly shortened. At the
same time, the Baldwin crop has been increasing, so we have
had more Baldwins to sell in a shorter period than before and
Baldwin has suffered accordingly. The Baldwin crop is still
increasing and its marketing season is being pushed further
toward spring by Mcintosh. One of our big problems for the
future is how to handle the Baldwin crop to advantage.

Cons-umers Demand Quality: You can't tell a New Eng-
land fruit grower that quality in apples doesn't count, that
consumers buy with the eye only. Mcintosh sells about 50%
above Baldwins of the same grade and doesn't look any bet-
ter. There never has been a time when consumers prized
quality so highly, or when they would pay so much to get it,
and there never has been a time when they had so little inter-
est in second grade stuff whether it is apples or radio sets.

New England Varieties: Mcintosh is our second variety
iin number of trees and it is climbing rapidly toward first
place. It is not an easy variety to handle. It must be har-
vested quickly or it will drop, especially in southern New
England, it requires foreign pollen, and it is very easily
bruised. Nevertheless, when a fruit grower makes up a plant-
ing list, he first enters all the Mcintosh trees he thinks he can
handle, with enough Delicious, Wealthy, Oldenburg, Cortland,
or Eed Astrachan to pollinize them. Beyond that he pro-
ceeds with great caution to select a few Spys or Gravensteins
or a few trees of some of the new varieties.

Mcintosh Future in New England: The New England
Mcintosh crop will at least double in the next ten years. Un-
like Baldwin the trees are young, two-thirds of them having
been planted since 1915. Most of the New England crop is
marketed in New England, but most of the Mcintosh grown in
Vermont are sent to New York. There is a lively demand for
Mcintosh among the Jewish people of New York and the ten-
dency is to draw more apples from Boston and other New
England markets. However, New England markets will ab-
sorb a lot more Mcintosh when more good ones are available.

Gravenstein is an important variety in the vicinity of Bos-
ton but It IS not hardy enough to be grown extensively in the
colder parts of New England. It is the best apple of its sea-
son and IS m active demand on the market. Production will

—142—

increase 50% or more in the next ten years. It goes off the
market in October.

Delicious represents 5% or less of the plantings in com-
mercial orchards. It is not planted as generally as it was a
few years ago. Delicious is not a very productive variety
with us, and too many apples fail to reach a satisfactory size.
Unless we find a way to grow Delicious better, it will never
occupy a very prominent place in New England orchards.

Early apples in general are not highly profitable in New
England and there is little tendency to increase plantings.
New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, and neighboring states can
ripen them earlier than we can and that is a decided advantage
to those states. Wealthy is commonly used as a filler, how-
ever, and is grown more widely than any other early apple,
though even Wealthy constitutes less than 5% of the total
number of trees. All other varieties, taken together, are de-
clining.

New England's Apple Future: We do not expect the
total increase in the apple crop of New England in the next
ten years to exceed twenty-five per cent. Baldwin and Mc-
intosh especially will increase considerably but the decline in
odd varieties will largely offset this. The most significant
part of the whole movement is not the increase in production
but the shift from smaller to larger and better cared for
orchards and the shift from miscellaneous varieties to a few
standard sorts. This is placing our fruit industry on a far
better basis than ever before.

The Mcintosh Flood: We expect to be shipping more
apples to outside markets in 1940 than we are now, but I do
not agree with those who see a tremendous flood of Mcintosh
coming out of New England. Minor varieties are declining
and a part of the increase will go to replace them. New Eng-
land is a great consuming center and is now receiving a great
volume of apples from the Northwest, — five or six hundred
cars annually from Washington alone — and several hundred
cars from New York. This volume is tending to decline. Our
Mcintosh are evidently displacing some of this outside fruit,
and this will go further before we ship any great volume out
of New England.

We shall soon have a lot more Mcintosh but we are going
to eat most of them ourselves. As to the rest, New York is
ready for more Mcintosh and the tendency will be to supply
that demand, which will account for our surplus for a long
time.

Question: Do you have any trouble with deer in New
England?

—143—

Mr. Van M^ter: We have a big deer problem in parts of
New England and there is nothing meaner than a deer when
it gets started running over part of a farm or one section of
an orchard, as you know. A few years ago, there was a time
when nobody saw a deer in Massachusetts; they were extinct,
everybody thought. But in the wilder parts of the Green
Mountains and in Northern Maine they stayed on, and then
began an era of protection; the deer began to increase and
they increased until one came out not long ago in a suburb of
Boston and I know one fruit grower within 35 miles of Boston
that killed seven in his orchard one year. That is unusual.
They aren't as plentiful as that over that eastern section but
there are a lot of deer in certain sections and they do a lot
of damage.

We have now what I think is the best deer law in the
United States. It is the only one that I have ever known
about that amounts to very much. In a good many states,
the sportsmen have made it possible for the fruit grower to
protect his property by shooting any deer that he finds nib-
bling his trees and that seems to them to be a very fair propo-
sition, but any of you who have lain out half the night behind
a bush somewhere trying to get a bead on a deer in the dark
know that you can't kill very many deer in the act. Some of
our growers tried it in every way; they went down and got
the county game warden and brought him out and tried to
shoot them with jack lights at night, the game warden being
present and taking the curse off the act. That didn't keep
them down very much. They tried all sorts of baits, foul-
smelling things, to keep them away; tried sound machines to
drive them away and they worked until the sound machine
got out of order and then the deer came out and fed.

Massachusetts Deer Law: We had all kinds of trouble
until finally we got a deer law which says that you can shoot
deer on or near your orchard if they are damaging or about to
damage the trees. That means something. If you see a deer
around the vicinity of your orchard and you think he is going
to damage the trees, you can follow him on your neighbor's
land and kill him, if the neighbor doesn't object. You can
follow that deer into the swamp and kill him. Then for the
first time you will reduce the deer in some of these sections
where they have been pestering .orchards.

Compensation for Deer Damage: We have abandoned
quite a few orchards in western Massachusetts because of deer
damage; they were a real nuisance. Then the State went a
little further than that and, working in cooperation with our
fruit growers' association, they have arranged a system of
compensation for deer damage so that, if in spite of all this,
the deer come in and do a lot of damage to an orchard, the

—144—

State will compensate the fruit grower for the loss. I think we
have by all odds the best deer damage law in the United States
and it might well be used as a model by horticultural soci-
eties in trying to straighten out the deer situation in other
states. We had a very serious problem facing us and I think
the solution has been reached. I think the State has done all
they can be expected to do to lessen the extent of deer damage.

We still have some problems in connection with it; we
still have some deer damage. But we are certainly a great
deal better off than we were a few year ago before we got
the legislation in our favor.

Question: There is a gentleman over at the Studebaker
Building who has a strip about six inches long that looks like
rubberoid roofing. He stated that he got this from a man up
in Massachusetts.

Mr. Van Meter : It is just a roll of roofing that he hangs
in the tree. He has tried it on three or four trees one year
and when he had those little rolls on the trees the deer didn't
brouse the trees. Whether it was because of the rolls or some-
thing else, I don't know. I do know that our fruit growers
have tried everything they could think of in the way of things
hung in the trees to keep deer away and nothing has had any
effect at all. Anything that holds out any hope at all ought
to be tried, but how those little rolls of paper will keep them
away when everything else we have tried failed, I don't see.
I rather doubt that the thing is going to work when really
brought to a test.

Question: They claim that roll of paper is saturated with
some kind of chemical and since a deer has wonderful scent,
he smells that and passes that tree by.

Mr. Van Meter: We have hung bags of asafoetida in the
trees, — the odor ought to keep them away, — ^but I can show
you pictures of trees that were badly browsed with bags of
asafoetida in them. It takes something more than roofing
paper to keep them away.

Mr. Fletcher: Some of our growers would be interested
in knowing the basis of adjustment of compensation to growers
for deer damage.

Mr. Van Meter: That is written into the law. Roughly,
the owner of the orchard appoints a man ; the State furnishes
a man and one of the county commissioners acts or sends a
man, so that the three of them adjust the damage. They decide
what the damage should be. The old system was to walk into
an orchard, look around say, **I guess the damage is $250,"
and the fruit grower said, **It is a thousand dollars." They

—145—

li

dickered until they came to a figure that suited both. That
has been pretty largely done away with by our fruit growers'
association. We have a standard method of procedure of ex-
amining every tree, and, knowing the amount of damage, if
one branch is seriously damaged, we will figure that at so
much, and so on. It is a standard form. It is working pretty
well and has been adopted by the Game Commission and the
growers. So I think we have pretty nearly a standardized
method of procedure. We have been trying to do away with
these fellows who plant a little bunch of trees or a small
garden up in the corner of the woods somewhere, hoping that
the deer will eat them so they can collect something from the
State. We want to eliminate that thing so far as we can and
every fruit grower is interested in doing away with that sort
of claim. We are making headway against it. Of course, any
tendency toward fraud in connection with deer damage will
kill the whole thing quicker than anything else, but I think
we are able through this standard procedure to eliminate most
of that.

Mr. Fletcher: Does the money come from the licenses?

Mr. Van Meter: Yes, we have a great many sportsmen.

Mr. Fletcher: Do you not reimburse for damage done to
the fruit trees by grouse eating off the fruit buds?

Mr. Van Meter: New Hampshire has a law of that kind,
but they have never worked out a satisfactory method of pro-
cedure in settling those claims. • If partridge eat the buds off
trees in New Hampshire, there is a State compensation, but
every year they get a new man to adjust it and it is about all
a man's life is worth to try to adjust that sort of thing, be-
cause they haven't been able to get away from guesswork in
connection with the damage. We have no such law and I am
glad we haven't until we get some method that is equitable.

THINNING TO PRODUCE QUALITY FRXHT

p. H. BEACH, Ohio State University,
Colum'bus, Ohio.

High quality in fruits has never been more desired than at
present. Increased production throughout the country to-
gether with improvements in transportation and refrigeration
bring quality packs of a wide variety of tempting fruits and
vegetables to all markets in abundant, alluring profusion.
Given plenty to choose from, the consumer is discriminating,
exacting and demands high quality. As it is the consumer
who pays out the money upon which the profits of all those
that go before him are figured, it is not only desirable but
necessary to serve his wants.

—146—

It is no longer sufficient for the apple and peach groAver
merely to raise fruit and place it on the market. Unlike the
bushel of corn or wheat, which are processed in various ways
by manufacturers before placing the product on sale as food,
fruits are a finished product when they leave the orchard,
ready for immediate use as food. This being the case, the
fruit grower must keep in mind the competition his product
meets in the market place. Unless producing for a cheap bulk
trade, the cannery or the cider mill, there is nothing to be
gained by producing mere quantity alone. We serve an ex-
travagant people who are willing to pay a good price for a
quality product but who do not want an inferior article just
because it is cheap. Furthermore it costs just as much to
pick, grade, pack, package, ship and market a second grade or
cull apple as it does first grade fruit. With the inferior grades,
the grower usually just trades dollars and may incur losses, in
addition to depressing the market for A grade fruit. For most
producers the profit is in the A grade and most growers are
interested in economical ways to increase the yield of A grade
fruit per tree. One practice, often overlooked by middlewest
and eastern growers, which exerts a tremendous influence in
the improvement of quality, is fruit thinning. It is the pur-
pose of this paper to discuss the advantages of thinning as a
follow-up practice to all-around good orchard management.

Thinning and Yield: Many will raise the question at
once, **Will not yield be sacrificed if thinning is practiced?'*
A practice that seriously reduces yield is, of course, open to
question, for it is necessary to get high yields. We need many
bushels over which to distribute our costs to keep down the unit
cost of the bushel and leave as large a margin as possible be-
tween cost and price for the grower's profit. Fortunately, we
can report that many experiments, demonstrations and grow-
ers' experiences combine to show that when thinning is
judiciously carried out there is no material reduction in yield.
Usually, and especially in the case of overloaded trees, the
yield of fruit of the desirable marketable sizes is considerably
increased by thinning. A few cases in point might be cited
from my Ohio experiences in fruit thinning demonstrations:

Total Yield per Tree — 1929

Thinned to XJnthinned

6 inches

Grimes, Delaware 16.75 bu. 14. bu.

Grimes, Chillicothe 30.5 22.75

Wealthy, Geneva 10.8 9.63

Wealthy, Painesville (8" apart) 17.5 18.1

Baldwin, Canton 13.5 14.

Proper thinning can be done with the assurance that yields
will not suffer. Even more gratifying is the knowledge that

—147—

;

where thinning is judiciously practiced, the amount of large
fruit of high quality will be measurably increased.

Thinning Improves Size : All fruit growers appreciate the
need of growing fruit to desirable market size. There is no
profit in the 214-inch apple under our conditions. There is
often more profit in the 3-inch apple than there is in the 21/2-
inch size. While there are many orchard practices that affect
size, including pruning, nitrogen fertilization, soil management,
proper spraying or dusting and others, there is no single prac-
tice which allows the grower to secure as good, even distribu-
tion of desirable-sized fruit throughout the tree as does the
practice of hand thinning. As a follow-up practice, there is
no substitute for thinning in improving the percentage of fruit
on the tree that will make desirable market size. This is par-
ticularly true with varieties that tend to overload as Transpar-
ent, Wealthy, Grimes and Baldwin. You may be interested in
some demonstration results from Ohio orchards where thinning
made the difference between profit and loss because of its great
effect on size improvement. In 1928, central and southern
Ohio set a very heavy Transparent crop. Growers were urged
to thin early and many demonstrations were placed with the
Transparent growers. At the orchard owned by L. B. Yaple
at Chillicothe, large old Transparent trees were over-loaded
with a heavy clustered set. Mr. Yaple planned to thin the
fruit on the entire orchard with the exception of that on a
few trees left as a check on the work. Thinning was done
leaving single fruits spaced about six inches apart which on
these large trees required 41/2 hours of labor at a cost of ninety
cents a tree to get the thinning completed. At harvest, the
thinned trees picked off an average of 19 bushels to the tree of
214-inch up fruit, while the unthinned checks had but five
bushels of this size. At the going price of $1.00 per bushel
there was a difference in tree value of $14 in favor of the
thinned trees. In this case, the success of the year's work was
entirely dependent upon thinning. Mr. Yaple shipped four-
teen cars of Transparents and had he not thinned he would
only have shipped about three cars of Transparents that year.
Of course, this is an extreme case where but it shows what
can be done with thinning to improve size with a heavy set
of clustered Transparents on large old trees.

At a demonstration on thinning Wealthy in northern Ohio
during the past year, the following records were taken which
show how greatly thinning increased the yield of fruit in the
profitable 234.inch and up size. A tree which w^as thinned to
single apples eight inches apart produced an increase of 6.3
bushels in the 23/4-inch and up size over the unthinned tree
and had no fruit under 21/2-inches in size. With the unthinned
tree most of the fruit was of 21/2-inch size and 2.7 bushels

^148—

were under 2l^-inches. The unthinned tree adjoining was hand-
led alike in all other respects except thinning. Due to inferior
size and color, three pickings were required with the un-
thinned tree while the thinned tree was easily harvested in two
pickings. Abundant moisture prevailed throughout the sea-
son which was a big factor in sizing the fruit on the unthinned
tree. Also an excellent local market made it possible to sell
all grades to alvantage at this orchard. Yet in spite of the
favorable season for growing a crop on unthinned trees and a
market which also paid well for off grades, the crop on the
thinned tree produced an increased value of $3.70.

MANTLE & MANTLE, PAINESVILLE, WEALTHY, 1929

UNTHINNED

THINNED 8 INCHES

(3 Pickings)

(2

Pickings)

Size

Yield

Price

Total

Yield

Price

Total

2%" up

3 bu.

$ 2.50

$ 7.50

9.9 bu.

$ 2.50

$24.75

2%"

6.4

2.00

12.80

3.6

2.00

7.20

2V4"

1.6

1.75

2.80

0/'

1.1

1.50

1.65

Drops

6

1.75

10.50

4.

1.75

7.00

Totals

18.1 bu.

$35.25

17.5 bu.

$38.95

A demonstration on thinning Grimes at Delaware, Ohio,
during the past year on mature trees rather heavily set with
fruit showed that thinning, as expected, Avas a big factor in
size improvement. With the unthinned tree the largest quan-
tity of fruit was produced in the 2i/4-inch size. Also, with the
unthinned tree, ten bushels of fruit per tree were below 21^-
inches in size while trees thinned to 6 inches had only 3%
bushels below 2i/2-inches. At this orchard the bulk of the fruit
was of the 2i/4-inch size on the unthinned tree. Where thin-
ning was done to 6 inches, the bulk of the crop was of the 2V2-
inch size and where thinning was done to 12 inches, the bulk
of the crop was placed in the 2% -inch size.

Two years ago, in a dry season, thinning certainly gave
outstanding results in securing fruit that made the desirable
21/^-inch and up size, which sells readily on the markets. I
recall one demonstration in north-eastern Ohio that year with
Wealthy where without thinning there was practically no fruit
that reached the 2V2-inch size. By thinning to 6 inches apart,
the Wealthy trees in this orchard produced five bushels per
tree of 21/2-iiich and up fruit. In this orchard that year there
was a difference in crop value of $7.00 a tree between the thin-
ned and the unthinned Wealthy.

Thinning Improves Color: It has been my observation in
Ohio that fruit growers are just beginning to realize the bene-
ficial effect that thinning has in improving the color of fruits.
As I go over the State, fruit growers frequently relate how
greatly impressed they were with the improved color of their

—149—

r

fruit, where they had tried thinning. This color improvement
is more readily noted where thinning is done on the red col-
ored varieties, such as Rome, Baldwin and Wealthy. One of
the first notations in Ohio on the improvement which thinning
exerted in coloring apples was back in 1908, when Professor
Gourley of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station at Woos-
ter was carrying on some thinning experiments in the Farns-
worth orchards at Waterville, with Grimes. The unthinned
Grimes were reported as being undersized and an unattractive
green in color, when harvested, as compared to good size,
pleasing clear yellow color, and high finish with the Grimes
from the thinned trees. In addition, it was noted that the
thinned Grimes frequently carried a blush and experienced
fruit growers know that if Grimes are grown under an environ-
ment that develops good size and yellow color with an occa-
sional blush that excellent quality fruit has been grown.

The increase in the intensity of color results from giving
each fruit a larger number of leaves to nourish it. It has been
determined experimentally, as many growers already know,
that color in apples is determined to a large extent by the
sugar content of the fruit as it approaches maturity together
with exposure to sunlight. It is further known that in the
case of over-loaded trees, the leaves are unable to manufacture
enough sugar to go around among the various fruits and give
them the desirable chemical composition that is conducive to
color development. Experiments conducted by Magness in the
States of Washington and Virginia have shown the correlation
between leaf area and size and color in apples, particularly
with the Delicious. He found that in order to grow extra
fancy Delicious of large size and high quality, that would pack
out approximately 88 per box, that it was necessary to have
from 50 to 75 leaves to nourish each apple. With Winesap,
the leaf requirement was not so high as with Delicious and it
was estimated that about forty leaves per apple would develop
medium to large sized Winesap of high quality and color.
With Jonathan, he estimated that from 20 to 25 leaves per
apple would probably be sufficient for the production of satis-
factory sized fruit.

Reporting further on the effect of leaf area on the develop-
ment of Delicious apples, Magness states that, ''With less than
thirty leaves per apple, the fruit of Delicious had poor flavor,
was lacking in aroma and almost inedible. With thirty leaves
per fruit, the quality was fair but not the best for Delicious.
With 50 to 75 leaves per fruit, typical prime Delicious quality
developed.'' With ten leaves per apple, Magness reports that
a sugar content of only about 10% developed and solid red
color was secured only to the extent of 23% of the surface.
This was associated with poor quality and small size. With 50

—150—

to 75 leaves the sugar content with Delicious increased to
about 14%, and solid red color extended over 50% or more of
the surface. Also satisfactory high quality was secured.

Color is one of the greatest selling points that fruit
growers can offer in their product. Everyone wants high
color. Since thinning has been shown to influence color devel-
opment so greatly, it seems that fruit growers could well spend
more attention to thinning to improve the color and eating
quality of their fruit. All orchard practices must be studied
with this in view to properly proportion pruning, nitrogen fer-
tilization, spraying or dusting, soil management and thinning.
Thinning is the follow-up practice that puts the finishing
touches of quality on fruit that is otherwise well grown. All
of the orchard practices mentioned are vital and necessary.
Each must be studied and used in the degree that will bring
a profitable result.

Thinning Improves Grade: Thinning practically elimi-
nates the No. 2 Grade and the cull apple or peach while it is
small. No other practice reduces these off grades as definitely
as thinning. With grading becoming more generally practiced
and more rigid, there is an increased need for thinning. As
an example of a satisfactory experience showing the effect
that thinning has on grade improvement, I will give the results
from a crop of Grimes produced in southern Ohio, where thor-
ough thinning was practiced in 1928 as a follow-up to a good
well-rounded program of orchard management. There were
1217 trees in this orchard which were thinned to from six to
eight inches apart in July at a cost of 28c per tree. The har-
vest records show an orchard run yield of 10,498 bushels. This
fruit packed out 8671 tub bushel baskets with 85% grading U.
S. No. 1 and 15% grading U. S. No. 2, with shipping point
mspection. Of the U. S. No. I's, 17% graded out 3-inch and
up and 63% graded from 21/2-inch to 3-inches. This was con-
sidered a very satisfactory result in the locality. I had been
familiar with this orchard for twelve years and know that be-
fore thinning was practiced, it was impossible to get crops of
as satisfactory size and grade as the one here reported. I do
not have the yield record on this orchard for the past year but
I know that this block of Grimes was thinned again and the
owner told me he was of the opinion that thinning increased
the crop value of his Grimes during the past year to the amount
of about $2000.

Time for Thinning : In the case of summer apples such as
Transparent, where the fruit is to be grown for early market
and where it is desired to get size as quickly as possible, we
feel that thinning can start soon after the fruits have set. In
fact it is our feeling in Ohio, which is confirmed by records

.■vA

taken at our Experiment Station, that early thinning of sum-
mer varieties largely prevents a second crop. For this reason,
it is unnecessary to wait until a second drop or June drop has
taken place with summer varieties and the work can be started
to advantage just as soon as it is known what fruits are going
to grow and which have failed to set. With fall and winter
varieties of apples, Ohio growers are inclined to wait until
after the June drop. This gives better opportunity to judge
size, form and finish and the removal of defective fruits that
have arisen because of disease, insect or mechanical injury.
With peaches the practice is to thin soon after the late May
or early June drop, before the pits harden, although many
satisfactory experiences have resulted from thinning peaches
quite late in the season.

Method of Thinning: In going over the tree, it is first
well to jar the limbs to take off the fruits that are ready to
fall. The balance can then be thinned to single fruits, suffici-
ently spaced to allow good size development. We recommend
that clusters of apples be thinned down to the best single
fruits. This is a rather important detail as it is practically
impossible to spray or dust thoroughly fruit hanging in clus-
ters. Invariably, considerable loss from worm holes and stings
results where fruits are allowed to touch each other in a clus-
ter. Naturally, fruits that have been previously damaged by
limb rub, scab, curculio, heavy russetting, hail or other in-
juries are removed. Culls removed in thinning are handled
with the lowest handling charge. They are removed quickly
and definitely as thinnings and you are not paying out later
for labor to pick and haul them to a packing house. They do
not take up valuable space in crates during harvest season or
in storage ;you do not incur heavy expense to grade them out
after the crop is harvested. For fruit growers endeavoring to
produce a quality product, thinning affords their best oppor-
tunity to get rid of culls economically and allows the best
individual fruits in the proper number to secure maximum de-
velopment during the remainder of the growing season.

Another point I would like to mention in thinning pro-
cedure is that where the thinning of apples is done late in the
summer after fruits attain considerable size and weight, grow-
ers should be careful not to drop the thinnings carelessly
through the trees, as they may bruise and damage other apples
in their fall. During the past summer, I have seen many
orchards where the growers had thoughtlessly thinned late,
dropping the thinnings through the tree, bruising the fruit in
the lower part of the tree that was left on. This detail can
easily be taken care of by sacking the thinnings in the upper
part of the tree or by throwing them clear of branches as
they are removed.

— 152-—

I do not like to be arbitrary in suggesting a delinite spac-
ing of the fruit. Furthermore variety and seasonal require-
ments vary. I have observed that few growers thin enough,
l^sually when trying to thin fruit to six inches, the result is
nearer four inches and where eight inch thinning is attempted
the result is more apt to be five or six inches. We are greatly
tempted to leave little fruits closer than we should because
they look so far apart when they are small. Growers must
make a real study of the relationship that should exist between
the leaf area and the individual fruit for the varieties which
they are growing. The spacing can then be gauged accord-
ingly. Probably from eight to ten inches is good spacing for
most varieties of apples. Over-loaded trees usually follow a
heavy bloom and on such trees the leaf area is relatively light.
Accordingly, in thinning this must be compensated for.

Thinning can be done either by hand or with thinning
shears. Peaches are thinned by hand. Shears are useful
where it is difficult to remove the apple without damaging the
attached spur or w^here hand thinning develops sore fingers.
The curved blade thinning shear is splendidly adapted to thin-
ning down clusters, especially after fruits have attained con-
siderable size and touch in the cluster. The use of shears is
growing because they do excellent work. With some varieties
of apples such as Eome, fruit is thinned easily by hand, be-
cause the apple separates readily where it joins the long stem.
It is important in thinning apples that the spurs feeding the
fruits which remain are not damaged in any way. In going
over larg^ trees, the w^ork must be done systematically and
each branch thinned in detail before passing on to another.

Thinning Costs: Thinning costs vary considerably be-
cause no two situations are identical. Varying rates are paid
for labor and the amount of labor per tree varies with the
size of the tree and the set and condition of the fruit. Figured
against the harvested bushel, thinning costs have varied from
two to seven and a half cents. At the Farnsworth orchard at
Waterville, Ohio, a three-year record on the cost of thinning
charged against the harvested bushel was found to be 31/20
for apples, 2c for pears, 5c for peaches and 10c for plums. It
is hardly fair, however, to charge the cost of thinning against
the thinned tree because usually the fruit would have to be
removed and handled at harvest time anyway. The cost of
sorting and grading the crop from an unthinned tree is far
greater than from one that has been properly thinned. Many
growers feel that the saving at harvest time resulting from
good thinning earlier in the season more than compensates for
the expenditure for thinning the trees. The important point
to keep in mind in considering the matter of cost is that thin-
ning can be done in a very economical way when you consider

—153—

\0-

its effect in improving the yield of high quality fruit. An
average of two years experience in apple thinning demonstr-
tions in Ohio, covering such varieties as Transparent, Duchess,
Wealthy, Grimes, Baldwin and Rome, showed an average profit
per tree of $6.10 in the thinning demonstrations.

Thinning Reduces Limb Breakage: By distributing the
fruit evenly over a long length of limb, thinning removes ex-
cessive stresses and strains and thereby prevents a large
amount of limb breakage with heavily loaded trees. The need
for propping is reduced where good thinning is practiced.
Among the different varieties studied in this regard, we have
seen perhaps the greatest benefit with Wealthy. Unthinned
Wealthy frequently show heavy limb breakage, while with
thinning the amount of breakage is reduced to a remarkable
degree.

Thinning Expedites Picking and Handling: Crops can be
harvested and handled more readily at a lower cost per bushel
from thinned trees; when pickers handle uniformly large size
fruits, they are harvested more cheaply. A Baldwin grower
in notheastern Ohio reported to me that, in keeping picking
records from thinned and unthinned Baldwins, he found he
could get his crop picked more economically from the thinned
trees. The pickers averaged thirty bushels from the thinned
Baldwin trees in the same time that it took them to pick
twenty-seven bushels from the unthinned trees. Harvest time
is always a rush season and if picking can be made more
efficient, the gain is considerable. Furthermore, if orchard
crates and packages are filled with fruit running heavy to the
A Grade, there is a further gain. Apple growers who have
had experience in putting fruit over a grading and sizing ma-
chine know full well that it is the amount of second grade and
cull fruit that has to be taken off the machine by hand grading
that determines the speed of operation. With fruit uniformly
good to large in sizes and the A Grade, the cost of packing is
greatly reduced.

Thinning Promotes Tree Vigor: Fruit is an exhaustive
process. Heavy loads of fruit make a considerable drain on
the vitality of tree. With trees carrying a heavy load of fruit,
the demand for manufactured foods from the leaves is exceed-
ingly great from the various fruits. This food seems to be
largely taken into the fruits until the crop requirement is sat-
isfied before any considerable amount is used or stored else-
where in the tree. We further know that a considerable sup-
ply of reserve food material is needed in the tree for the pro-
duction of fruit buds and high vigor for next year's crop.

Unfortunately, in thinning, the fruits are usually removed
so late in the season that there is very little opportunity to

—154—

exert immediate influence on fruit bud formation for the next
year's crop. Nevertheless, if over-loads are prevented by thin-
ning and fruits properly proportioned to leaves as a regular
annual practice, there should be a gradual gain in tree vigor
that should be reflected in more satisfactory annual fruit pro-
duction. It has been my observation in Ohio that thinning
does have an effect upon regular production. It seems more
than a coincidence that the orchards where thinning is regular-
ly practiced also have the reputation of being rather regular
annual producers. It is reported from the box apple sections
of the West that in the case of the Delicious variety, thinning
is necessary to keep them in an annual bearing condition.
Without thinning, the trees over-load and soon become bien-
nial bearers. More information is needed on this point, but
it seems reasonable that the orchard should be managed to
prevent over-loads in order that high vigor can be regularly
maintained. In the long run, high vigor should favor a greater
production of high yields of high quality fruit.

Thinning a Regular Practice: Our better fruit growers
in Ohio have reached the conclusion that thinning must become
just as much a part of their regular orchard practice as prun-
ing, spraying and orchard fertilization. During the last three
years there has been a tremendous change in the attitude of
our apple growers in favor of thinning. I think the big crop
year of 1926 did much to clear the air and get the growers
strongly of the opinion that to meet conditions as they are,
they must spend more effort toward producing higher quality
fruit. Since it was the practice most needed for the improve-
ment of quality, thinning was naturally taken up in a greater
degree from that time on. It is easy for fruit growers to put
off the job of thinning. The way to get it done is to arrange
for the necessary time and then do it. Thinning always im-
proves quality with a good fruit prospect. Fortunately the
labor expended on thinning is used only where a profitable re-
turn is practically assured. Fruit growers frequently spend
money on other practices without knowing just what the re-
turns will be, but when labor is used on thinning, the grower
knows in advance that he is practically assured of a profitable
result. I know of no growers trying to grow a quality product
who have tried thinning on trees moderately to heavily set,
who have discontinued the practice. They have never failed
to see a quality improvement from thinning. The only grow-
ers I find in Ohio, who are not thinning are those who have not
tried it. Too few growers appreciate the value of thinning;
more need to try it, keep costs, observe results and become
convinced that thinning is a profitable orchard practice.

Apples from other states, particularly the box apples from
the West, have taken a large part of the quality trade in our

—155—

Ohio markets and no doubt the same situation exists in Penn-
sylvania. These apples have taken this market by giving the
trade a uniform product of high quality. We, who have the
advantage of splendid markets near at hand, should be able
to cultivate them in a way that it is. impossible for our distant
competitors. However, the only way that I can §ee whereby
we can make greater progress in getting more of the quality
market is first to produce the quality. Hand thinning, because
it exerts such a tremendous influence in the improvement of
quality, should be one practice that we should be using for all
there is in it. Our Western box apple competitors are unable
to hold our markets without continuing hand thinning. No
doubt thinning will help us in the same degree.

Question: I wish you would tell us how to get Delicious
to overbear in Pennsylvania.

Mr. Beach: At the Ohio Experiment Station, Delicious is
not a high yielding variety as compared with Grimes Golden,
which has the high tree-yield record at the Station grounds
with a 15-year average of twenty and a fraction bushels per
tree. Red Delicious produced during that time just a little
over seven bushels. All the other varieties on our recommend-
ed commercial list fall between those extremes. The point I
did make was that many growers find it produces biennially.
On the long average, it is not a high yielding variety as yet
with us.

Question: What is the practice in reference to the fruit
that you pick off — throw it on the ground or take care of it?

Mr. Beach: Ordinarily it is left to lie on the ground.
That is a local problem. If there is any opportunity for future
infestations of any kind to come from thinnings, they are sack-
ed and removed.

Question: Do you think that a higher content of iron in
the soil will make any difference in the color of the apple?

Mr. Beach: I have no information on that point. I have
often heard it spoken of as a favorable soil situation, but I
have seen no evidence to that effect.

Mr. Haase: We will say four apples have been pulled off
from the base, will the center apple develop?

Mr. Beach: Yes, it will develop all right, unless you have
taken them off right around the spur. You may sometimes
approach a girdled condition.

Mr. Haase: Will that affect the growing of the central
apple? I did this in 1926 and it seems it didn't give me any

—156—

increase in size. That year, apples set very heavy and I had
to remove them and I found I had very little size increase af-
ter I removed three or four apples from that clustei".

Mr. Beach : Did you do your thinning leaving those scars
at the spur or did you cut the stems?

Mi-. Haase: I took the whole stem and pulled the apple
off all around.

Mr. Beach: You got practically a girdled effect and to
get away from that use these shears.

Chairman Funk : We will now take up the reports of our
standing committees and the first one on the program this
morning is Exhibition by Mr. Ruef.

REPORT OF EXHIBITION COMMITTEE

J. XJ. RUEF

The exhibit this year is not as large as that of last year.
It is characterized by one or two things. The quality of the
fruit as a whole is much better than that of last year. Second-
ly, we noticed that nearly all the entries include the standard
varieties we are recommending to be planted in this State. It
means that each year there is a gradual decrease in the mis-
cellaneous varieties, which shows that most of the growers
are either top-working or paying less attention to the local
varieties that we have in mind for local markets and also to
some of the varieties that have been in the old farm orchards.

We notice a great deal more shriveling this year. The
condition seems to be more prevalent from fruit that has come
from the common storage cellars. Some of the growers are
realizing that it is rather difficult to keep the exhibition fruit
in the common storage cellars and say that next year they
aim to send that fruit to cold storages sooner, or as soon as
harvesting is completed. I am sure if this condition were
brought out, we would have a little higher quality and condi-
tion in the show.

As to the winnings, I will say that Franklin wins the ban-
ner this year. The State Horticultural Association Cup award-
ed each year to the man showing the best bushel goes to
French Creek Farms at Fairfield in Adams County. ^ The Heis-
ter Cup awarded to the grower showing and winning the
largest number of awards, allowing three points for the first
place, two for second and one for third, goes to Guy L. Hay-
man of North Brook, Chester County.

That is about the report of the Committee, but it seems to
me at this time and with the present yearns show ahead of us
we have an opportunity to look over matters and formulate a
plan of action for the future. I will say, as I said last year,

—157—

I wasn't exactly satisfied with the amount of fruit we had this
year. Perhaps it is due to the season. I hope it is. But know-
ing the change that is about to come over the arrangement
of the show next year, we ought to try to make our horticul-
tural show just as big or bigger than any other similar event.
It is going to be hard for us to put a show across like that
with one or two counties competing. This year we only had
one county exhibit and that award, of course, goes to Lan-
caster County. It seems to me that we should be able to have
at least eight or ten county exhibits next year.

I believe it would be a good idea at this time if some of
the growers would make suggestions as to how we could better
this show ; how we could induce more men to show or how we
could persuade more county associations to make their ex-
hibits bigger and better.

Chairman Funk: Is there any discussion of this report?

Mr. Smedley: For three or four years I have been very
much interested in the show here and up to this past year,
Delaware and Chester Counties have put on a county exhibit.
This year it is entirely due to lack of fruit that we didn't put
one on. We had a very poor set and the quality was gener-
ally poor but I feel that in order to increase this show and
help it in every possible way, there is one regulation in force
now that could be done away with to the benefit of the grow-
ers and that is people entering apples, especially bushels or
barrels in this show. The fruit goes to the Show Committee
and when the show is over, the fruit is sold and the proceeds
go to the State Show Fund. A man bringing up several bush-
els of apples and not winning any premiums on them has a
total loss and I feel that he should be compensated for those
apples. Possibly the best way to do it is to let the apples be
sold, if he doesn't claim them at a certain time after the show
is over, by the Show Committee and the funds turned over to
him.

It also holds for the county exhibit. A county sends up 25
or 30 bushels and in cases where they get no premiums at
all, there is a total loss to them. A good bit of trouble and
time is spent not only in fruit and baskets but in the ar-
rangement of them, and I think it is only fair to the county
and to the individual that the closed packages, bushels, boxes
and barrels should be sold when the show is over if they are
not claimed and the money returned to the grower. We can
do that without increasing the premiums and we shall not
bring any more additional expense to the Show Committee.
Of course, they don't get the funds from the apples, but I
think the growers are giving a gift to the State and it would

—158—

be much better to get that money back. The grower would
feel better in the event he didn't win. That is just a thought
I offer.

Chairman Funk: That is a very good suggestion coming
from Mr. Smedley who is one of our most successful exhibitors
and I would like to see more discussion on it.

Mr. Thayer: I have been following up the show quite a
bit for the last eight years, as some of you know. I think the
Society ought to realize that at this time we are at the parting
of the ways. There is a new deal and it is up to this As-
sociation to make up their minds what they are going to do.

In the first place, we go into a new building. At present,
the Show Committee is paying rent for the Studebaker Build-
ing. Next year they won't have to pay any rent, and if this
Association tells them to take that rent money in the place of
the money they gained from the sale of apples, I think there
is an argument we can use to put across what Mr. Smedley
has in mind.

Another thing: I haven't seen the plans of the the build-
ing. I don't know where they are arranging to put the fruit
show, but you and I know that aside from possibly the live-
stock, fruit is the most interesting exhibit in the Show. There
is nothing else that will make the people climb two flights of
stairs in the Emerson-Brantingham Building, no wheat or po-
tatoes or corn, like they climbed up there to see the fruit show,
and that is a lever that we have on the State Commission to
get a good location. If we go to the State Commission and
tell them that we are going to put on a big show next year
and that we want recognition in the way of a good location
and all that, I think we can get the cream of the locations in
the building.

I think that we should decide now whether we want to go
ahead having the show at the same time, possibly getting
smaller, as it did this year, or whether we want to go ahead
next year when we go into the new building and put on a show
that is really worth while. I think that thing ought to be dis-
cussed and settled now.

Chaiiman Funk: Another very splendid suggestion. Let's
do something about it.

Mr. Haase: Maybe it would be a nice idea if a man put a
tag on the baskets and indicates what should be done with the
fruit. If you are looking for new customers, I am sure you
have them around here in some orphan asylum. How often
do those poor little fellows get fruit? I am sure any man

—159—

i«

would donate a basket or two of apples to an orphan asylum
and I assure you it would be appreciated by those little fel-
lows.

Mr. Tyson: I w^as about to rise in line with Mr. Thay-
er's suggestion to emphasize the fact that whatever we have
in mind to do along the line of planning for a show, stating
our preference as to the size of our future shows and making
that knoAvn to the Commission, ought to be done now. I un-
derstand some of the building plans for the new building have
been changed recently setting over partitions in the space
originally planned for fruit and potatoes and associated ex-
hibits to make room for more livestock. If the livestock peo-
ple are pressing on one side and we are not pressing on the
other side, that partition may come still farther into the space
we hoped to occupy.

Mr. Fagan: History generally repeats itself A good
many years ago it was the plan of the Association to return to
the grower money for his packaged fruit if he didn't claim it.
There was a lot of fiddling around and trouble to send that
money back. Finally, it developed so most of the growers who
wanted their fruit took it home with them or sold it them-
selves. Then a deal was put through whereby all of the pre-
mium fruit in packages, everything that won a premium in
packages, was retained by the Show Commission and sold in
that way, went into the common pool to pay premiums. I
think that is perfectly legitimate. If a man wins a premium,
let the fruit stay. He gets enough glory out of it to warrant
letting that fruit be sold to finance the show and pay the pre-
miums. Packaged fruit that does not win a premium was fi-
nally taken in to pay expenses. Your Association paid off a
debt of $900 in that way. We begged fruit from you and we
brought it out here to one of the first shows started to sell it
out at a nickel apiece. I remember that very vividly, for I
had charge of it. We used to go over here to the hotel with
four or five of us, count out nickels and pennies to one and
two o'clock in the morning. We paid off that debt by you
giving this fruit and I think there is no reason in the world
why an organization of this kind shouldn't give to the As-
sociation now that they are not in debt the premium fruit;
give it to them outright. You get recognition for winning
the premium and a lot of glory and honor in doing it. The
Association can use that money readily to help finance these
premiums. If you never handled a show out there, selling
plates at ten cents or fifteen cents apiece ,you don't know
what marketing is. Let them have the plate fruit. Let them
sell it. Very few enter more than a bushel and a half and it
is all mixed up in the different varieties when you do get it
back.

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From the years of experience that I have had with the
Show Committee and helped to pay off this debt, I would like
to see the generosity of the State Horticultural Association get
that far at least where premium winners would have no com-
plaint in letting the Association sell the fruit. You may
have to, of course, as had to be done, to pay the premiums
to get a show.

Take the other packaged fruit; I think the principle is
wrong. Mr. Smedley is absolutely right. The man who does
not win a premium on packaged fruit certainly ought to have
that fruit back, but if he does win a premium put the pre-
mium up high enough so that he hasn't been hurt in any way
financially, and then the glory just makes him feel that much
better.

Mr. Fletcher: I move that the Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Exhibition recommend to the Farm Products Show
Commission that all closed packages of fruit that do not win
premiums be left to the disposition of the exhibitor and if not
claimed within a certain time that they be sold and the money
returned to the grower.

(The motion was seconded).

Chairman Funk: The Committee to arrange the time.

Mr. Runk: I would like to make two remarks, one per-
taining to this. I would like to have that motion go through
the Agricultural Council. You will get results quicker than
you will coming from some individual of the Show Commis-
sion, because it is more and more the policy of our associations
to work in that way. The Agricultural Council is very close
to the Show Commission, and if that could go through our
representative on the Council it would get a hearing perhaps
quicker than coming the other way.

Another thing I want to mention in connection with the
Show is this : In a conference with one of the members of the
Show Commission a few weeks ago I discovered there was a
very concerted effort to change the time of the Show by as
much as two months, moving it up into November. It looks
on the face of things as if there was various reasons for do-
ing that, some political and some otherwise, but personally, I
feel that the success and the attendance and everything else
that has contributed to the upbuilding and the development of
this Farm Products Show have come about largely through the
• time of holding it, when all the farmers were through with
their work, especially the fruit growers. If you put the Show
back into November, I know I can't get away from my work
and stay a week for the Farm Products Show.

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I would like to criticize some of our men. Why can't you
let that orchard go and come here to help build up the pro-
gram of the Association?

So far as changing the time of the Show is concerned, we
will make a resolution to that effect in the report of the
Resolutions Committee, but for a certain reason, we can't
make that report until this afternoon and for that reason I
want to include that in the remarks now. I think that the
Association should go on record that we hold that Show in
January and not in November.

Chairman Punk: Are there any other remarks on this
motion? Let's then take a vote on it. (The motion was
adopted).

Mr. Thayer's question, I don't think, has been settled en-
tirely in this motion here.

Mr. Thayer: I think Mr. Tyson brought that out better
than I did. He says the livestock men are crowding the parti-
tions back and at the expense of the fruit men. How big a
show are we going to have, that is the question.

Chairman Funk: Do w^e want to discuss that at this
time? How much space should we have?

Mr. Punk: I think there ought to be representation on
the Council to keep looking after that in the future. We
can't solve that here today. We want somebody bucking
away there to guard our interests, somebody coming to every
meeting, if it is necessary, and see that our interests are pro-
tected throughout the year. That is the only way you will
get results.

Chairman Punk: If there is nothing else to report we
will take up the next committee, Fruits, by Mr. Smedley.

Mr. Smedley: As you all realize, there was a question-
naire sent out during the summer on varieties of apples best
adapted to Pennsylvania conditions. The questionnaire re-
turns have been tabulated by Mr. Sudds who will give a talk
on Pennsylvania apple varieties this afternoon.

I might mention one fact that some 15 years ago we ask-
ed a cold storage man, George McKay, now deceased, of Phila-
delphia, about what varieties to plant. His statement was,
**Stayman in half the orchard and turn around and plant the
other half Stayman." That shows the feeling of Stayman
Winesap at that time. I feel that the wave has gone by and
Stayman does not hold the high point as a commercial apple
that it used to. It is still with us as a fine apple if you can
get it in its perfection, but it is so difficult to get a good clean

—162—

Stayman and there seem to be so many pests to fight it and it
bears such a light crop as a rule that it is fast losing its
favor.

REPORT OP THE MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE

B. D. ANTHONY

We are coming more and more to rely upon the county
society as the nucleus of this organization and you people who
are members of county societies should realize that the suc-
cess of this organization does rest upon you to no small de-
gree. Dr. Fletcher has said that we can get along with our
present membership fee of two dollars. We can, provided we
have the membership of at least a thousand. We are short of
that goal now. In order to get along and do the things we
want on our present two-dollar membership fee, we must
reach that goal. In other words, we are passing back to the
county societies a large share of responsibility to get that
thousand. Many of you are from counties in which there is no
society. There are three or four counties where it is unfor-
tunate that either they permitted their old societies to lapse
or they never organized societies. But if you come from such
a county I hope you will go home and do what you can to get
your county organized right away.

There are many ways in which the county society can
serve the local growers, ways in which this society cannot.
There are ways in w^hich you as members of a county society
can serve this society and which you cannot as a single in-
dividual. So I think we should study carefully this relation
of the county society to the state society and do everything
we can to further the original unit.

Mr. Moore: I think the time has arrived when we must
have a closer organization and a better relationship between
the counties and State society than we have at the present
time. All the trend of modern business is toward closer and
better organizations and that we have to have in order to ac-
complish the result.

REPORT OP LEOISLATIVE COMMITTEE

0. J. TYSON

As Chairman of the Legislative Committee, I have no
formal report to make, largely because this being the in-be-
tween year, there are no matters for presentation to the
Legislature. The Executive Committee has acted to the
effect that the Legislative Committee and the representation
of three on the State Council of Agriculture organizations be
one and the same, their view being that the contact with the
Legislative matters was and would be likely to be mostly

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through the Councirs associations so that it would seem to
work out well to make one committee serve both purposes.

That being the case, while I am on my feet I would like
to say just a few words about the Council and suggest a few
things that should be taken to the Council at this time by your
representative. As some of you know, there is an organization
known as the State Council of Agricultural Associations. It
is made up of three representatives of each of the associ-
ations meeting here at this time. It has been in existence for
five years, I believe.

Contrary to the view of some of those who were in the
original organization, it has continued to function ; apparently
it has been taken very much in earnest by the representatives
of our State Government here at Harrisburg and I believe that
it has done increasingly good work for the associations. A
number of the matters which have originated here, the deer
damage question and other matters, that have come up from
time have gone through that Council and through the com-
mittees of the Council have been handled with the Legisla-
ture. Right now one of the matters that is receiving the most
active and probably the most useful attention has been that of
rural electrification. There has been a strong, active commit-
tee of that Council working on the extension of electric lines
throughout the country and working out fair rates, particular-
ly fair rates on branch lines and extension lines where former-
ly the rates seemed to be unfair to the farmers who wanted
electric current. I believe very fine work has been done by
that committee.

Right now one of the matters which is being proposed is
a thorough study of the tax question. We are certainly all
agreed that the tax situation is not as it should be with re-
spect to the farmer. Just why and just how that situation can
be remedied needs to be studied by somebody competent to
do it. That is one of the special plans of the Agricultural
Council for the next few years.

The thing that I had particularly in mind to bring to
your attention has been discussed here somewhat already and
there probably is not very much difference of opinion in this
body, but certainly the views of the Horticultural Association
want to be presented to the Joint Council in no indefinite
terms.

Just as a matter of interest to you I would like to report
the result of a little canvass that was made of the commercial
exhibitors of the fruit show. The question has been brought
up as to whether the show might better be held in Novem-
ber ; whether at that time it might be better to charge an ad-

—164^

mission fee to help cover the expenses. While there has been
considerable expression on both those points by fruit grow-
ers, it was thought wise to canvass the men who are exhibit-
ing the machinery and supplies at the show, paying good, stiff
rental for the space they occupy and who pretty largely carry
the expense of the whole show. A questionnaire was passed
around day before yesterday which simply asked these three
questions :

Would you favor holding this show in January?

Would you favor holding this show in November?

Would you favor charging a fee?

Now, without any suggestion or without any argument
or discussing it with any of the people, these questionnaires
were passed around among the exhibitors who were interested
in supplies for the fruit grower. After they had filled them
out they were collected and this is the result :

Those who favor holding the show in January, 32. Those
who favor holding the show in November, 3, and of the 3, as
I recall, two were nursery firms. Those who opposed a fee,
35. Those in favor of a fee, 1, and 1 additional who said that
if the fee would reduce the cost of space he would favor a
moderate fee.

But in connection with those answers there were a lot of
interesting comments and a great many of them said without
any question that they would not be interested in exhibiting or
contributing anything to the cost of the show if it were held
in November. Their interest, in the first place, naturally, is
in showing their wares to the fruit growers to whom they
hope to make sales and they recognize two or three facts in
that matter. In the first place, they believe that the fruit
growers will not turn out in November. In the second place,
they believe that the fruit growers are not yet near enough
to the end of one year to begin to lay plans for another year
and, in the third place, the supply people themselves have
not sufficiently made their plans to be ready to state prices
or take orders for the next year.

Chairman Punk: You have heard this resolution. That
was the result of that canvass and I think the sense of the
meeting has already been shown. It will come up in the re-
port of the Resolutions Committee for action. It occurs to me
that on that one point while I do not desire getting into the
report of the Resolutions Committee, whoever goes to the
Council meeting this afternoon will have to go possibly be-
fore the Resolutions Committee reports and if the Association
would care to act on that one question, it might be helpful.

—165—

Chairman Funk : Mr. Tyson has given us a lot of very im-
portant information to think about. Can we take up this last
matter that Mr. Tyson has suggestel and thrash it out here in
the limited time that we have? It is rather unfortunate that
that has been left until so late in the meeting. I know that
quite a number of men in this room did not know the change.
Mr. Runk wanted it to come up this afternoon. I thought
that would also be the best place.

Mr. Runk: There are some resolutions pending that
can't be presented until this afternoon's meeting, but that
resolution is ready. Do you want to present that now, Mr.
Nolt?

Mr. Nalt: Whereas, the members of the State Horticul-
tural Association largely attribute the present success of the
Farm Products Show to the holding of the event during the
latter part of February, free to all.

Be it resolved :

That the Pennsylvania State Farm Products Show com-
mission continue holding the Farm Products Show at the
customary time late in January with no admission charge.

Chairman Punk: Let's take some action on it so that
Mr. Tyson knows our attitude. (Upon motion duly seconded,
it was voted to adopt the resolution).

Is there further comment on anything Mr. Tyson has
said? He has mentioned several matters that are very im-
portant. I think most of you realize the importance of this
Agricultural Council Committee. It is the Committee through
which we must work in this organization and I hope that if
any of you men in here have any suggestions for the better-
ment of the Society you will bring those suggestions to Mr.
Tyson who through his committee and through his contact
with the Agricultural Council will use every means to have
them carried out.

REPORT OF THE ADVERTISING COMMITTEE

D. M. JAMES

The Advertising Committee reports a lack of interest
this year in the use of the material which is prepared
for sale by the Association. There seems to be more interest
shown here at this meeting in the proposed plan for assessing
fruit growers for all the packages that they used and the
resolution has been prepared by the Resolution Committee
which we will discuss this afternoon. The material which the
Association has on hand, apple posters, advertising posters,
recipe books, has moved very slowly this year and it was not

—166—

thought wise to have more of them printed. We have on hand
a good many apple posters which are very suitable material
for roadside stands, for putting in store windows, where you
have a local sale. They are very attractive and they may be
used with your own name on if we get sufficient quantities.
We have on hand $135 of these posters and we will have to
use thGipi up. This year we sold only $90 worth. No letters
were sent out on them because in the previous year it ran into
considerable expense to circularize the association. So any
of you that have any use for these posters which are very at-
tractive and will help you in selling fruit in your local mar-
kets, can get that material by writing in here to the Bureau
of Markets and we will be glad to furnish the material and
prices.

The fruit growers in the commercial districts were ap-
proached on putting an advertisement in the Packer this year
as they had done in previous years. The Society decided not
to do that this year. The growers felt there would be suf-
ficient demand without any stimulation from advertising.

Dr. Rittenhouse suggested that a radio program and
talks before service clubs be put on during Apple Week but
it was felt after this material was worked up the demand was
sufficient for apples this year and it would be better to post-
pone this program until another year when it would be more
worth while.

REPORT OF THE GAME LAWS COMMITTEE

J. A. BUNK

The whole question of game legislation has resolved itself
into a matter of policy and since this is a year when there is
no meeting of the Legislature, there is no contemplated legis-
lation.

As I stated in my report last year, the question of dam-
age has largely been dropped. The force of the committee
has been concentrated on the protection of orchards by fenc-
ing. I want to say here that chairman of the committee co-
operated with five growers this year in securing fencing and
with four county agents as to methods of procedure, not a
very large report to make, but in every one of those cases re-
sults were secured. We have consistently advised every grow-
er, every county agent or anybody else that has interrogated
us on this point that if they are suffering damage, as long as
there were funds available, that fencing was the only ultimate
and full protection they could hope for and could secure. So
I should like to maj^e a brief report on fencing that has been
done during the year and say a word with regard to the money

—167—

already involved and as to how we should proceed in the fu-
ture. I might say, also, that I conferred both with Mr. Conk-
lin, who has charge of the fencing and land revenues in the
Department, and Mr. Slautterback, and I want to repeat the
statement that I made last year with regard to Mr. Slautter-
back's attitude. He is Executive Secretary of the commis-
sion and he came out of the conference with the Board this
morning to discuss with me our report and what he felt to be
the condition. I shall tell you a little later what he said.

There were 25 approved applications this year to date
coming from 16 different counties in the State involving 7,056
rods of fencing for which the State paid $9,775.11. In other
words, there are remaining for this fiscal year which ends
May 31st., only $200 for fencing.

I want to contrast that with last year. Last year we
only used during the entire year $4,500. There are $10,000
available for that each year and when we don't use that money
it reverts into the game funds at the end of the year, accord-
ing to a ruling of the Department of Revenue. So we lost last
year around $5,500 that we might have used for fencing. The
reason why there wasn't more of that money used, a relatively
large number of growers were waiting to see the results of
the open season on does.

Another thing that I want to report at this time is that
a number of men have asked me why there isn't more agita-
tion against the damage being done. Well, here is one rea-
son for it: The growers pretty generally all over the State
have taken things into their own hands and are killing the
deer by the thousand; they have come to realize that is the
best solution of the problem and they are using that. That
and fencing are the two real solutions to the problem.

There are pending and approved now for applications for
fencing involving 1674 rods, for which there are no funds,
and there are some 20 applications not yet completed and act-
ed upon. Both Mr. Conklin, who has charge of this work, and
Mt. Slautterback, Chairman of the Commission, suggested that
we should ask for more funds in the future for fencing. Ten
thousand dollars a year isn't covering, as you see. We have
only $200 left for the half of this remaining year. So it is up
to us next year, if we want to continue to work, to ask for
more money for fencing. We can get it if we ask for it.

I want again to call attention to the amount of money
that is used for the importation of rabbits, ring-neck pheas-
ants and Hungarian partridges — approximately $120,000 last
year, $10,000 for fencing and protection to the farmer's in-
terests and $120,000 a year for introducing game to further

—168—

the sportsmen's interests — not very fair. There is no reason
why we shouldn't have a slice out of that $120,000 for fenc-
ing.

There is one other item in connection with fencing that I
should like to state : There have been used to date for fenc-
ing, $36,000 and there have been $50,000 available in that
time. Therefore, we have allowed to revert back into the game
funds something like $14,000 which we should have used for
fencing.

Mr. Fletcher: I feel very strongly that this whole ques-
tion of fencing is just the first step. In all fairness and
equity, the State should recognize its obligation to pay the
damages its protected stock does to farm interests. It is a
matter of policy how soon we press that issue. I move that
the Committee on Game Laws be requested to investigate the
laws now in force in other states providing for the protection
of orchards from damage by deer, especially any provision
for compensating the growers from such damage, this infor-
mation to be made the basis of a report of the Committee to
this Association at the next Annual Meeting recommending
legislative action that may be desirable for the further protec-
tion of the fruit interests of Pennsylvania from damage by
deer. After what we have heard of the plan of Massachusetts,
I think we have a right to expect that we are pretty near
ready for the next step. (The motion was seconded).

Mr. Runk: I would just like to say under remarks on
this motion that three years ago we did this and have that
data on file in the Department of Agriculture. We didn't
have any funds ourselves for making that investigation until
Mr. McKee, who was then Deputy Secretary of Agriculture,
communicated with all the states in the East having deer prob-
lems and we have that information on file. As you know, two
years ago in the session of the Legislature we got a bill
through committee providing for the damage and then the bill
was killed. If it is the desire of the Association, we will re-
vise that data and can do it through the Department of Agri-
culture at no expense to the Association. I have the assur-
ance of Dr. Jordan they will cooperate at any time. We
can have that information revised to date and make a report
upon it and also summarize what has been done in the other
states. The next meeting is rather late to get action started.
That is where we have fallen down sometimes in the past in
our legislation because we have waited to formulate our plans
until the meeting of the Association in January and then there
are too many plans ahead of us in the Legislature and our
plan has to be rushed through and it is perhaps not well
thought out.

—160—

,ii

li

r '!

Mr. Fagun: I wouldn't want to dictate to our Game Laws
Committee, but why couldn't this be prepared at our summer
meeting and then it would be ready for our Legislative Com-
mittee early next season.

Chairman Funk: It could be presented to them and if
they didn't care to take final action they could refer it to the
winter meeting, but we might at least get some action on it.

Member: According to the report the State has now spent
$36,000 for fencing and that is approximately half the cost of
what has been spent for fencing. If this thing goes on it will
run up a couple of hundred thousand dollars before so long
being spent by the State. If the deer don't get it one place,
they go where they do. What I think we ought ultimately
to come to instead of fencing the deer out of private property,
fence them in the public property. It is entirely practical to
build deer fences in our big State reservations and establish
feeding stations.; furnish the deer that are kept there with
food and allow what regulations hunters want for hunting
within the fenced area and allow practically no deer outside.

That is my idea of the solution of the whole problem.
According to the estimate of the Pennsylvania Game Depart-
ment, I understand we have approximately 130,000 deer
population in Pennsylvania. If the average deer takes $10,00
worth of food from the farmer per annum, there is $1,300,-
000 it costs us farmers to feed the deer per annum. The State
can keep them within their own reservations for far less
money than that. What I would like us to do would be to
look to the future to get the deer handled in that way, fencing
them in and not allowing them outside the fenced areas.

Chairman Funk : We are having it from another angle.

Mr. Thayer: It seems, though, it would be well for this
Committee, after tabulating these laws in the other states, if
they could also in some way get a report of the working out
of those laws.

REPORT OF THE TRUE-TO-NAME FRUIT TREE

COMMITTEE

F. M. TRIMBLE

A representative group of the fruit tree nurserymen of
Pennsylvania motored to Geneva, N. Y., on July 29 1929
where a day was spent at the New York Agriculture Experi-
ment Station, observing the experiments being conducted
with fruit tree seedlings and the effect of various root stocks
on the development of fruit trees in the orchard. An op-
portunity was also given those present to compare varieties of
truit; to observe the development of new fruit plants as dis-

—170—

tributed by the New York Fruit Testing Association, and to
become acquainted with the apple tree varieties as grown by
the leading nurserymen in that vicinity. A second day was
spent visiting the large fruit tree nurseries in the vicinity of
Dansville, N. Y., observing the propagation of numerous va-
rieties of apple trees and their identification by means of leaf
characters.

This study of apple varieties in the nursery row is of edu-
cational value to our nurserymen, and we commend our lead-
ing fruit tree growers in Pennsylvania on their interest in this
subject of great importance to the man who intends to plant
an orchard.

F. N. FAGAN
H. C. BAUGHER
F. M. TRIMBLE

Chairman Funk: Is the Auditing Committee ready to re-
port ?

The adopted report as read by Mr. Moore follows the
Treasurer's report in the first few pages of the Proceedings.

Chairman Funk: We are now ready for the Nominating
Committee's report.

Mr. Tyson: The Nominating Committee submits the fol-
lowing ticket for your approval:

For President, Dr. J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane.

For Vice-President, H. S. Nolt, Columbia.

For Secretary, R. H. Sudds, State College.

For Treasurer, C. B. Snyder, Ephrata.

The three members of the Executive Committee to be
elected : C. J. Tyson, Sheldon Funk and H. F. Hershey.

Your Committee wishes to recommend that in the future
the Executive Committee meet oftener, if possible, and keep
as closely as possible in touch with the affairs of the As-
sociation.

(The Secretary was instructed by the members to cast a
unanimous ballot for the names presented.)

Mr. Fletcher: That Executive Committee recommends
to the Association that notice be given at this time of the pro-,
posed amendment to Article III of the Constitution which now
provides that the annual dues should be three dollars : at this
next annual meeting this may be amended to read two dol-
lars.

Chairman Funk: You men understand that that is only
a recommendation of the Executive Committee. We have

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I

been getting along, as Mr. Anthony said, on two dollars but
we must have a thousand members. The Executive Commit-
tee in making this recommendation (it is not final) wants you
to think it over. We are going to act upon it at our next
meeting. If you think it isn't worth more than two dollars,
then we will change it back to two dollars, but think it over
another year,

Mr. Fletcher: Mr. President, I offer this motion that the
Association definitely plan to observe the 75th Anniversary of
its founding at its Annual Meeting in 1934 in an appropriate
way and that in preparation for this event the President shall
appoint a historian who shall prepare a comprehensive review
of the history of the Association which shall be included in
the proceedings of that year.

(The motion was seconded and adopted and the meeting
adjourned at 12:15 P. M. Dr. Fletcher has been appointed
Historian).

Adjournment .

THURSDAY AFTERNOON

JANTJARY 23rd, 1930

The Last Session convened at 1:45 P. M., the President,
Dr. J. S. Rittenhouse, presiding.

President Rittenhouse: The meeting will please come to
order. The Resolutions Committee, I believe, is ready to re-
port.

REPORT OF RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE

H. S. NOLT

1. Whereas, Dr. Fletcher has found it necessaiy to dis-
continue his duties as Secretary of the State Horticultural As-
sociation because of added pressure of work at the College.

Be it resolved :

That the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association ex-
tend Its heartiest appreciation to Dr. Fletcher for his con-
structive and untiring services to the fruit industry of Penn-
sylvania through this Association.

2. Whereas, the members of the State Horticultural As-
sociation largely attribute the present success of the Farm
Products Show to the holding of the event during the latter
part of January free to all

Be it resolved :

That the Pennsylvania State Farm Products Show Com-
mission continue holding the Farm Products Show at the cus-
tomary time late in January with no admission charge.

(The above resolution had already been adopted in the
Thursday morning session).

3. Whereas, the •fruit growers of Pennsylvania realize
the importance of advertising nationally to increase the con-
sumption of apples

Be it resolved:

That this association endorse the general plan of authoriz-
ing the manufacturers of fruit packages to add one cent per
bushel to the price of containers, provided this tax is collected
on the three standard apple containers, namely, bushel bas-
kets, barrels and boxes, and is collected on packages used for
apples only; this money when collected to be turned over to
the National Apple Advertising Fund of Apples for Health,
Inc.

4. Whereas, the spray service is so valuable to the fruit
growers of this State

Be it resolved:

That the Extension Service appoint a greater force of
trained men to give spray service throughout all counties in
the State in both insect and disease control.

—172—

5. Whereas, the fruit growers of Pennsylvania have
come to realize the importance and value of research infor-
mation in producing their crops

Be it resolved:

That the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station
be requested to give us research information as rapidly as
possible on the following projects: (1) Pollination of apple,
peach and cherry varieties; (2) Oil sprays and their conapati-
bility with other spray materials; (3) The development of bet-
ter root stocks for nursery ; (4) The further study of variety,
adaptation to the different sections of the State; (5) The de-
velopment of new and better spray and dust materials; (6)
The better and more efficient control of apple scab and other
fungous diseases; (7) The control of russeting of apples, etc.

—173—

B

6. Whereas, the State Horticultural Association has en-
joyed the service and accommodation of members and rooms
of the Agricultural Department

Be it resolved:

That this association wishes to thank Dr. C. G. Jordan
and his associates for these accommodations, also recognizing
the long and faithful service of H. E. Klugh as manager of the
Farm Products Show, be it further resolved that our thanks
be extended to him for this service. •

H. S. NOLT, Chairman
J. A. RUNK
D. M. JAMES

(The report of the Resolutions Committee was adopted,
without discussion, except the resolution in relation to nation-
al advertising upon which the following discussion ensued:)

President Rittenhouse : This is a matter that must either
be approved or voted down. It is up to the members to ex-
press their opinion as to the advisability of the resolution.

Mr. Nolt: Your Committee thought, owing to the discus-
sion we had yesterday, that it was Avorthy of considering at
least and now it is up to you people to approve or reject it as
you wish.

Mr. Griest: I would move that we accept the resolution
as read. (The motion was seconded).

Mr. Schieferstein: I believe that we all recognize that
advertising is a good thing. The western growers have done
a lot with prunes and citrus fruits. I believe it has increased
consumption in each case. I believe advertising is a good
thing. If this is a good movement we ought to push it.

President Rittenhouse: I think we ought to have a larger
expression of the opinion of the members before we vote on
it. Let anybody feel free to express himself.

Member: I think we are all agreed that advertising is
absolutely necessary and as far as I know there isn't any
method that is going to get as large a percentage of the grow-
ers as this is. I think it is the only practical method. We
all realize we can't do everything that will suit everybody,
but I think it is going to pay the large majority of growers*.

Mr. Griest: I also feel that way about it, but the im-
portant thing to do is to get a start on the advertising ques-
tion. I hope that if we go on with it, some ways and means
will be devised so that all apples that are grown for sale will
help in this advertising. At present the only practical means

—174—

of collecting an advertising fund seems to be by the tax on
the containers. I would rather see it adopted at present and
get a start and later on a method of another sort may be de-
vised.

Question: May I ask how is this going to be collected
by Apples for Health, Inc., from the different manufacturers
or jobbers particularly those outside the state? We have some-
times bought from Laurel, Delaware, in our section. How
will that be collected?

Mr. Nolt: According to the way it was explained here
yesterday, the basket manufacturers have agreed to collect and
turn it over with no additional expense on our part.

President Rittenhouse: As I understood it, the added

price was not to be given as an additional item but was simply
to be added to their price of the basket without specifying it
was for that purpose. I don't want to call for the vote on this
question hurriedly. I think the Resolutions Committee would
feel better satisfied if they had some expression first.

Dr. Livingood: I thought the plan that was suggested
could be tried out for a year at least. We wouldn't be com-
mitting ourselves for more than a period of a year.

President Rittenhouse: We are actually not committing
ourselves at all. The National Horticultural Council has sim-
ply wanted the sentiment of the members of this Society as to
how they felt about it. I will call for a vote on the resolution
if there are no other remarks. (The resolution was adopted.)

The question has been asked, **How may the cracking of
apples, especially the Stayman, be prevented?" Is there any-
body here who can tell us how the cracking of Stayman can be
prevented? I would certainly be very glad if they could tell
me. I don't know and nobody else seems to know.

Question: We attributed our trouble which is very serious
with Stayman this year in Chester County to the dry weather
followedby heavy rains. Would facilities for irrigation dur-
ing dry spells prevent the hardening of the skin and the sub-
sequent cracking due to the rains that follow? I was won-
dering if there was any one who had experience with the
variety in the Northwest under irrigation conditions, whether
the same characteristic could be found there.

»

President Rittenhouse : Is there anybody who has been in
the Northwest who can give us any light on that question? I
have always had the same theory that you have had that the
skin matured to such an extent that when the pulp began to
increase the skin wasn't elastic enough and it would crack.

—175—

Mr. Abraczinskas : How many people here have cultivated
their orchards when they cracked?

Mr. Griest: And they still cracked.

Mr. Abraczinskas: Well, mine didn't and we had very
little rain.

President Rittenhouse : You may have a moister soil than
some of us have.

Mr. Shank: We have all kinds of trouble with our Stay-
man and we don't want this to increase. What are you going
to do about it? We are getting cracked apples; we throw a
lot away. We all like Stayman but we have got to get an
apple with the skin not quite as tough. We ought to find a
reason why some years we have a lot of cracks and some years
we don't. You talk about dry seasons and wet seasons. We
get cracks in all kinds of seasons. There are parts of our
orchard where there is more cracking than in others; I think
it is largely a soil condition.

President Rittenhouse: '*What is the practical value of
a paper mulch in a young orchard?" Has anybody had any
experience with paper mulch?

Mr. Van Meter: We have tried paper mulch in a young
orchard on a small scale, that is 15 or 20 trees, to see what
would happen. The trees seemed to get along all right but
after a few weeks we lifted up the paper and there were more
mice under there than we ever imagined in the country; they
collected under the paper in large numbers.

President Rittenhouse: **Is there any Pennsylvania ex-
perience with orchard heating?" Apparently there has been
very little orchard heating done in Pennsylvania. Is there any-
body here who has had experience with it? Gillan Brothers,
I have been informed, have tried it in a small way.

Mr. Sudds: Gillan Brothers have tried the plan of burn-
ing old automobile tires on the windward side of the orchard,
with the idea of letting the heat from that drift through the
orchard. I don't know whether they tried it recently, but
they did it for at least one year. I am not sure how much ad-
vantage they believed they derived from that practice; the
men tending the fires demanded overtime rates for doing so.

President Rittenhouse : Dr. C. A. McCue, Director of the
Horticultural Station of Delaware, is here and we would like
to have him give us a few words.

Dr. McGue: I was enjoying a chat and had no suspicion
of this. I have been fortunate to have attended the tail end of
your horticultural meeting here for the last three years. It so

—ire-

happens that I have gotten into the habit of coming to Harris-
])urg each year to attend the Master Farmers Banquet over at
the Penn-Harris Hotel; so I come up a little early each year
to see something of your exhibits and some of the meeting in
Ilarrisburg during that time.

I want to extend to you the greetings of the fruit growers
and horticulturists of the State of Delaware. Two years ago
a number of you came down through our State on a tour and
we would like to have you come down again some time as a
State Society. There are a number of farm organizations in
southern Pennsylvania, that have formed the habit in the last
two or three years of coming down to Delaware. I believe we
entertained two of those groups at the Experiment Station and
the University, last year. I happened tQ be abroad at the
time so I did not see them but I understood there was a very
good attendance. Our latch string is always out for Pennsyl-
vania horticulturists individually or collectively.

ORCHARD MANAGEMENT IN NEW ENGLAND

R. A. VAN METER, Massachusetts Agricultural College

Amherst, Massachusetts

From 1889 to 1897, the per capita consumption of apples
in the United States was about 110 pounds; since the World
War, it has been less than 75 pounds. At the same time the
per capita consumption of oranges and grapefruit has in-
creased from five to 20 pounds and that of bananas from nine
to 14 or 15 pounds. Some other fruits have also shown an in-
crease.

Competitors of the Apple: The advertising of citrous
fruits and the others has been credited with most of the change
in the eating habits of the people of the United States, but I
believe that it has played a minor role. In 1890, the con-
sumer who wished fruit after Christmas ate an apple, — ^he had
to, as there was hardly anything else to be had. Now he has
a wide range of choice, — apples, oranges, bananas, grapefruit
and grapes, or he might even prefer Iceberg lettuce to fruit of
any kind. Cheap canned fruits extend the opportunity for
selection for many purposes to pineapples, peaches, pears,
berries and cherries. Figs and dates are laid before him also,
and nuts in great variety.

This, I contend, is a mighty good thing, but whether it is
or not, most people prefer this wide range of choice and it is
useless to consider ways and means of returning to the old
basis. It can't be done. Nor will it help the apple grower to
say or to feel that these other producers havp stolen his mar-
kets by unfair means. As long as the welfare of the majority

—177—

is of greatest importance the consumer is the key man. Since
he is permanently better off, that ends the argument. If the
increasing number of popular fruits has made the apple grower
a victim of anything, he is a victim of progress.

Better Apples: As a matter of fact, I suspect that there
are as many apple growers making a fair living today as there
were forty years ago when the per capita consumption of
apples was 110 pounds annually. I think we ought to worry
less about the general decline in consumption brought about by
the newer fruits and to worry more about the consumer who
would a little rather have an apple but who finally buys an
orange because it looks so much more tempting as it is dis-
played for sale than the disreputable apples in the next bin.
If he really prefers an orange he ought to have it ; that is no
particular concern of ours. If he wants an apple but can't
find one that is fit to eat — that is another matter entirely and
one on which the future of the apple industry rests. Fortu-
nately something can be done about that, and the remedy is in
the hands of the fruit grower himself. Better apples will do
more than anything else to increase the consumption of apples
to hold that part of the fruit market that properly belongs to
the apple.

Apple Prices: I cannot see how the price of apples can be
increased a great deal by any means. There are too many
other fruits available and too many apples near the market,
in sections like Pennsylvania and New England, which are now
dumped because they will not return the cost of marketing, but
which would move to market if the selling price were increased
a little.

Orchard Specialization: The hope of every grower lies in
good apples more cheaply grown. We still have in New .Eng-
land too many small orchards. It takes almost as much ma-
chinery to handle a small orchard as a large one and the over-
head on a bushel is too high. The time has come when a grower
must either get into the apple business or get out of it, and in
the face of overproduction and increased competition a good
many of our growers could do no better than to double their
acreage by planting more trees; that is happening in New
England and I believe it is good management. Other small
growers are turning to some other line in which they are in-
terested and dropping out of orcharding; that is good man-
agement, too.

Yield and Cost : An attempt to grow fruit more efficiently
by spending less on pruning, spraying, thinning and fertilizing
usually works backwards. The secret of low production costs is
a heavy yield of good fruit. In spite of all the work put on an
acre of orchard in the Northwest, the per bushel cost of pro-

—178—

duction is not much different than that in a New England orch-
on an acre but get more bushels of marketable fruit. More
and more of our growers are coming to the same conclusion,
that the way to grow apples cheaper is to spend more on the
crop in summer and pull down the cost per bushel by rescu-
ing more apples from the cull barrel. I believe that the way
to increased profits in a great many eastern orchards lies in
this direction.

Hail Insurance: Your secretary asked me to say a few
words about hail insurance on apples. This has been a live
topic with us for several years. Fruit insurance still is in the
developmental stage, and further changes in rates and forms of
policies are to be expected as experience accumulates.

The insurance rate on apples in New England is now 6%
except in the Connecticut Valley and in Western Massachusetts,
where it is 8%. The limit of insurance is $300 per acre and the
insured must stand the first 10% loss. Adjustments are made
on e percentage basis — 50% loss calling for 50% of the insur-
ance, minus 10%. Policies range in size from a few hundreds
of dollars up to twenty-five thousand dollars — the largest I have
known in New England.

Most of this insurance is written by the joint stock fire
insurance companies and ordinarily is handled by the depart-
ment that takes care of the rain insurance of fairs, carnivals
and ball games. About sixty insurance companies are now
writing hail insurance on farm crops, but they really are com-
bined into about twenty groups. Combination is going on
in the insurance field as in all other lines of business activity,
but when two or more insurance companies are united the new
company still does business in the names of the original com-
panies to avoid confusion among policy holders.

Rain and Hail Instirance Bureau: In addition to these
twenty groups or combinations, about a dozen companies have
united their rain and hail insurance departments only in a
Rain and Hail Insurance Bureau with headquarters in New
York and Chicago. This combination includes among others
the North American, the Aetna and the Alliance, and it is
operating extensively all over the East. The Hartford Fire
Insurance Co. of Hartford, Connecticut, and the Home Insur-
ance Co. of Syracuse, N. Y., are other leaders in hail insurance
in New England and the eastern states.

Cooperative hail insurance has been attempted but has
never been particularly successful over a period of years be-
cause there is usually little capital behind the venture. A co-
operative company apparently cannot survive heavy losses. I
understand that a group of midwestern fruit growers are at-

—179—

N

tempting it by collecting premiums and at the end of the year
prorating the money collected among the losses if the receipts
are not sufficient to make full payment. There is considerable
doubt as to whether fruit growers will continue to buy insur-
ance on that plan. If enough spread could be secured it might
work out all right but a good many states would have to be
involved, I believe.

State Insurance: Wheat farmers in some western sec-
tions cannot borrow money from the banks unless the crop is
insured against hail damage. Because of an almost universal
need for insurance in the wheat belt a number of states have
established state hail insurance bureaus and have gone into
the business with cash reserves appropriated by the legisla-
tures. I understand that Montana, North Dakota, South Da-
kota, Nebraska, and Colorado have state hail insurance on this
basis. Some other states have tried it and failed when insur-
ance commissioners with political ambitions lowered the rates
as public benefactors and eliminated the cash reserves. State
insurance does not seem to be the answer to the problem.

The adjustment of hail insurance is now pretty well
standardized and is giving little trouble. The insurance com-
panies have been very fair in paying claims and the only com-
plaints I have heard have been that the rates in New England
are high — especially with the 10% clause attached.

Adjustment is not made until just before harvest. That
is fair, because apples hit in June or July often recover ap-
preciably before harvest. In making the adjustment, sample
trees are selected and the apples are picked from a strip
through the tree. The apples are graded in accordance with
the damage and the average loss is figured from these.

The form which hail insurance will take in future is un-
certain but the tendency is to let the old-line companies do
the experimental and developmental wark. Many of these
companies have withdrawn from the field with heavy losses but
the amount of hail insurance written is increasing and it may
reach a basis of efficiency comparable to older form of in-
surance.

Certified Trees: This is another development that has
helped us out a great deal. Every fruit growing section has
had more or less trouble from misnamed nursery stock, but
New England seems to have had more than a fair share of it.
The condition became so serious that in 1920, when our state
fruit growers' association drew up a ten year program of
things that should be done to improve conditions in the fruit
industry, it called upon the College to see if something
couldn't be done to check the planting of worthless varieties
as standard sorts.

—180—

We happened to have a man at the College who had been
interested for several years in the identification of varieties
by leaf characters — Dr. J. K. Shaw, who heads up the research
work in fruit growing. After much deliberation it seemed that
the only practical way to get at the problem was for the Mas-
sachusetts Fruit Growers Association to send Dr. Shaw to the
nurseries to help them straighten out their varieties.

Lead and Wire Seal: This was done and each tree ap-
proved as true to name was marked by attaching a lead-and-
wire seal bearing the name of the variety, the year, and M. F.
G. A., the initials of the Association.

Nurserymen were skeptical at first but gradually were
convinced that Dr. Shaw could really pick out the misnamed
trees without fail. As the demand for certification spread
among nurseries, some assistance became necessary and A. P.
French of the College Staff took up the work. The two have
been able to handle all calls so far, but it has kept them busy
during the late summer. This past season they examined over
two millions of trees. The year before they examined about
the same number.

Because of the method of attaching the seal by boring a
hole through a branch, certification was confined for some
years to two-year-old trees. This was not satisfactory be-
cause propagating wood was usually cut from the trees before
they were examined and any mixtures were carried over into
the stock for next year. Then Dr. Shaw and Mr. French be-
gan to inspect the one-year-old stocks and eliminate mixtures
before they were spread by propagation. This put a speedy
end to the mixtures and where that has been done for two
or more years, there are practically no misnamed trees.

The trend in certification now is toward a more general
inspection of one-year-old stocks and away from the seal of
two-year-old trees. This inspection eliminates varietal mix-
tures in the nurseries but does not guard against the mixing
of varieties by careless handling after the trees are dug. It
is much less expensive however and probably will continue to
increase at the expense of full certification. This year two
million trees were inspected and only fifty thousand were cer-
tified and sealed.

Paper Certification Seals: At first it seemed desirable to
place on each certified tree a seal that would last until the
tree came into bearing. It is not easy to find a weather re-
sisting wire that is not copper and the attempt has been aban-
doned in favor of an inexpensive seal that will last until the
trees are set. This year tough paper seals were used for the
first time, and they seem to be satisfactory. A different color
is used for each variety and that helps in keeping the varieties
straight after the trees are dug.

—181—

I

VARIETY EXPERIENCES IN OHIO WITH APPLES AND

PEACHES

F. H. BEACH, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

Ever since fruit growers began to gather together for
meetings, the variety problem has been one of live discussion.
Horticultural reports and literature abount with variety in-
formation. Thousands of varieties have appeared and have
been tested yet remarkably few have withstood the acid test
of commercial orcharding. Even these remaining favored few
have their faults, for no variety as yet has appeared that will
approach perfection in all of its characteristics. This leaves
the variety problem in a constant state of flux. We can ex-
pect better varieties in the future and this will keep the prob-
lem alive. The variety is the cornerstone of successful orch-
arding. The best of cultural practices cannot bring success
with a poor or unadapted variety.

Market Preferences and Varieties: Unfortunately, mar-
ket preferences change rapidly and trees come into production
slowly. This makes it difficult for the commercial orchard to
keep in style as regards its variety list. The most successful
orchards are those planted with varieties that anticipate de-
mand ten to twenty years hence. Many factors are at work
to affect these changes. Competition from other producing dis-
tricts and from substitute commodities are important ones.
Fortunate indeed is the fruit grower who knows with certainty
that he is growing varieties in strong demand and for which
his orchard is particularly well adapted to give him heavy pro-
duction of high quality. If this desirable combination of cir-
cumstances takes place near to his best market his situation is
doubly secure.

The grower of annual crops can change his variety of
seed at each years planting if necessary. The orchardist is
not by any means so fortunate. Many things can happen dur-
ing the life of a commercial orchard to affect the demand for
the varieties grown or the growing and marketing conditions
under which they are produced. The successful grower makes
changes as necessary to keep up with the procession even
though at times they are difficult to make. Top-working,
new plantings and the removal of unprofitable trees has to be
practiced in many commercial orchards to meet changed con-
ditions or to correct mistakes made at earlier plantings.

Red Apples: In passing we can mention several factors
that have affected the variety situation. Market preferences
change and exert tremendous influences. The trend now is for
red apples of high quality and we see increased demand for

--182—

such varieties as Jonathan, Winesap, Stayman, Mcintosh and
Delicious. Few markets take yellow apples in quantity when
they can get good red apples.

Competition: Competition from other producing districts
has exerted heavy pressure on the variety problem. In the
past decade we have seen the tremendous development of the
western boxed apple which is now a competitor with nearly
every middle west and eastern apple grower. Western Jona-
than, Winesap, Delicious, Stayman and Rome have given east-
ern growers plenty of competition. A rather similar situation
has taken place in the Shenandoah — Cumberland region in
the East. This large commercial production made up of a
few well-chosen varieties has exerted tremendous pressure in
narrowing down our variety list-
Refrigerator Car and Cold Storage: The refrigerator
car and increased cold storage facilities have extended the
season and distribution of quality varieties. Low quality
varieties now face difficult competition regardless of whether
they are easy handlers or not. The slump in the domestic de-
mand for Ben Davis in the past twenty years is significant of
this change.

Transportation: Improved highways and the use of auto-
mobiles and trucks in marketing fruit have revolutionized the
marketing situation in many sections, especially those near
good local markets. In such sections, varieties can be selected
to extend the marketing season and often high quality varie-
ties which do not stand up under the usual commercial hand-
ling can be grown to advantage.

Insects and Diseases: New insects and diseases are con-
tinually coming in to limit variety production. With the ad-
vent of the Oriental fruit moth in Ohio it has became practi-
cally impossible to grow varieties of peaches ripening after
Elberta. Lemon Free, Sal wey and Krummel October are ex-
amples of late varieties that are now in the discard because
of the ravages of the oriental moth.

Ohio's Conditions: I have been asked to give something
in regard to Ohio's experience with varieties of apples and
peaches. Ohio has a diversified climate, soil and topography
with varying market conditions and market preferences. This
makes the variety problem rather complex, which in the main
has to be worked out to suit local conditions. Ohio is pri-
marily a local market state. In the southeastern Ohio Rome
Beauty belt considerable carlot shipping is practiced with ap-
ples. In Ottawa County along Lake Erie in northern Ohio,
where the majority of the peach orchards are located, ship-
ments are also made in carload lots. With improvements in

—183—

transportation within the state the trend is toward more local
marketing and less carlot shipping.

Ohio Apple Survey: A survey of the commercial apple
orchards of Ohio was completed four years ago with an
enumeration in 48 counties which constitute the most impor-
tant commercial apple producing counties in Ohio. This
survey accounted for 2759 orchards aggregating 35,601 acres
and containing 1,489,263 trees. Ninety percent of the trees
were of winter varieties in season with Grimes and later and
ten percent were summer varieties. Summer varieties are
relatively unimportant with Transparent 3%, Duchess 2%,
Wealthy 2%, the leading summer varieties. Miscellaneous
summer varieties total 3%. Among winter varieties Rome
Beauty leads in number with 28% and Baldwin is second with
9%. The percentage of other winter varieties in order of im-
portance is Stayman-8%, Ben Davis and Gano 8%, Jonathan
6%, Grimes 6%, Delicious 6%, Spy, York, Winesap, Mcin-
tosh and Greening are each credited with 1% of the commer-
cial plantings. Miscellaneous fall and winter varieties con-
stitute an additional 14% of the total trees.

Southern Ohio : In the hilly section of southeastern Ohio
there is a rather distinct district known as the southern Ohio
Rome Beauty belt. About fifty percent of the trees in this sec-
tion are Rome Beauty. Spring frosts frequently limit pro-
duction m this territory and Rome Beauty with its late blos-
soming habit has been a dependable annual cropper often
producing fair crops when other varieties fail. Rome is well
suited to the extremes of climate which characterize this
region. It tends to bear heavy crops annually and the fruit
attains large size, attractive color and satisfactory finish Up
to the present time there has been good demand for 'well
grown Romes from this territory and the variety has been pro-
fitable. There is a tendency to extend plantings with red
strams such as the Gallia Beauty and Red Rome Beauty. Ben
Davis ^f^^ks second in number of trees in this southern dis-
trict with about 10% of the trees but the trend is distinctly
downward. Practically all the Ben Davis trees are now old
nv.fif Ki^""- ''1''''^ ""^Pl^^^- ^^' ^^^^^^y h^s not been generally

dd tri ' In '^" ^''' ?i.'^^ ^^^ '' ^^^^^^^^^ production from
flos d?^Z P™^^' df ^^Ijlty to control insects and diseases,
ZvfJj^^^ ^^ ^^' tendency of the fruit to russett from
sprays and weather injury which makes the variety difficult
8%''o'f thTt ^™^t^-ks third in southern Ohio ZiS^fhoul
loSn Abound a'n fl i T'''''^ ^"'^^^ ''^^ ^^^^^-^1^ is also
fS GrimS^^ ^ri i/'k'^^ '^'^^' ^^^^ ^^^ wholesale market
licLusTrP hntf ^"^ becoming weaker. Stayman and De-
iicious are both growing m favor in this territorv Less than
5% of the trees in southern Ohio are Jonathan'^and there is

no inclination to increase the planting of this variety in
southern Ohio as with few exceptions the variety is better
adapted to more northern locations. Other varieties which
are losing ground in Southern Ohio include Transparent,
Duchess, Winesap, York, Stark and Black Twig.

The Lake Section: The section bordering Lake Erie in
northern Ohio constitutes another rather definite apple dis-
trict. Here the Baldwin leads with about 25% of the total
number of trees. In the main the variety is well liked and
continues profitable but there is a tendency not to increase
the planting of Baldwin and shift the new plantings to other
varieties. Jonathan ranks second in importance in this terri-
tory with about 10% of the trees and a growing feeling to
plant more. The variety seems to be especially well adapted
to the territory west and south of Cleveland and is in good de-
mand in northern Ohio markets. In the past Ben Davis has
been important in this territory but has lost ground because
of low prices and decreased demand for low quality varieties.
Stayman is growing rapidly in favor. It is well liked for local
marketing which is increasing rapidly and the trend is to plant
more Stayman. Red Delicious makes up about 5% of the
trees and while many report it tardy coming into bearing and
a rather shy cropper, it wins many friends on account of its
high quality and attractive appearance. There are a few
plantings of Mcintosh which are proving profitable and the
variety is gaining in importance although at present less than
5% of the trees are Mcintosh. Grimes are grown in a limited
way but yellow apples do not enjoy heavy demand in north-
ern Ohio markets. In the territory west of Cleveland there
are a few profitable plantings of Rome but in the main this
variety is better suited to the longer growing season farther
south in the state. Spy, Wealthy, Wagener, Rhode Island
Greening and Stark are other varieties sufficiently prominent
to mention as profitable in northern Ohio, but these varieties
make up a small percentage of the trees grown. Varieties
which are noticeably declining in popularity in northern Ohio
orchards include such summer varieties as Transparent, Duch-
ess and Red Astrachan and such fall and winter varieties as
York, Northwestern Greening, Hubbardston, Russet, King Da-
vid, Spitzenburg, King, Fallawater, Ensee and Black Twig.

Eastern Ohio: A third section centering in Columbiana
and adjacent counties in eastern Ohio is worthy of mention.
This section caters to the nearby markets of Youngstown and
Pittsburgh and the many industrial towns of the Mahoning
and upper Ohio River valleys. In the past Baldwin has been
the leading variety grown with nearly twenty percent of the
trees, but Stayman has been planted so extensively that it
now leads Baldwin slightly. For the most part these Stay-

^185—

man trees are just now coming into full bearing mostly from
ten to fifteen years of age. Jonathan ranks third here with a
little more than 10% of the trees. Both Jonathan and Stay-
many are highly regarded as profitable varieties. Rome has
been planted quite extensively and is profitable in the south-
ern part of this district where it is w^ell adapted and ranks
fourth in number of trees. About five percent each of Grimes
and Delicious are being grown in this section and miscel-
laneous varieties make up about twenty percent of the plant-
ings.

Ohio's Questionnaire: A recent questionnaire was sent
out to prominent fruit growers throughout Ohio to get their
opinions on the varieties that are now profitable and which of-
fer future promise as well as to secure their judgment on
varieties which are becoming unprofitable and which should
be discarded from the commercial variety list. These opinions
together with information which we have secured in other
ways is incorporated in the following statements regarding the
trend of varieties in Ohio orchards.

Rome Beauty: As previously stated Rome Beauty is the
most widely grown variety and it predominates in the orch-
ards of central and southern Ohio. It is being planted to
some extent in northern Ohio. Rome tends toward annual
production of heavy crops and has been very profitable. Its
habit of late blooming carries it through many periods of
frosty and unfavorable spring weather to excellent advan-
tage. It adapts itself splendidly to the long growing season of
the central and southern part of the State. It grows to good
size, color and finish. Spray applications and unfavorable
weather seldom russet the finish of this variety. For these
reasons, Rome grades out well and packs a high percentage of
U. S. No. 1 apples where proper cultural methods are follow-
ed. It handles well in both cold storage and common storages
which are becoming increasingly important in the marketing
of Ohio's apple crop as local markets are developed. Some
growers feel that the variety does not have sufficient quality
to sustain its present demand in the future. It is so well
adapted to the region that no other varieties can successfully
compete with Rome at the present time as money-makers
The red sports of Rome, the Red Rome Beauty and Gallia
Beauty, are being considered in new plantings which is in line
with the tendency toward growing apples of higher color
Some growers report that in starting new plantings of Rome,
best growth is secured when the variety is top-worked on a
growthy stook such as Tolman Sweet or Northern Spy.

Baldwin: All markets know Baldwin and Ohio Baldwins
are in constant demand especially in the important markets
of northern Ohio. In addition to these good qualities the

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variety handles well out of common storage. It is the principle
variety grown in the northern half of the state and is very
productive. It is not without its faults, however, chief of
which are,— it is late coming into bearing, produces biennial
crops, is often attacked by Baldwin Spot and frequently does
not grade out well from the standpoint of size, defects and
color. For these reasons it is not conspicious in new plant-
ings, but the variety is still highly regarded and will continue
to be important in northern Ohio for many years to come.
Ohio Baldwins command a premium on the Cleveland market
over Baldwins from New York.

Stayman: Stayman is growing in importance more rapid-
ly than any other variety in Ohio at the present time and now
ranks third place in importance on the variety list. Stayman
is liked because of its high quality and also because it handles
excellently in common storage. Consumers in Ohio are ask-
ing for the variety for eating, cooking and baking apples and
growers are reporting more calls for Stayman than for any
other variety. The variety is not without its faults, however.
It is quite susceptible to frost damage and succeeds best on
high elevation where air drainage is best. Stayman is self-
sterile and the blossoms often fail to set fruits, making a seri-
ous pollination problem with Stayman. Handling the trees
to stimulate higher vigor in the blossoming spurs and provid-
ing for better cross pollination, including the use of bees, is
being advocated quite largely in the management of Stayman
plantings. Growers who are having success with Stayman are
interested in the new red sports of this variety, the Staymared
and Blaxtayman. In many locations, it has been difficult to
produce high color on Stayman. The variety is generally
adapted to the longer growing season of the central and
southern part of the state. In parts of northern Ohio, the
growing season is hardly long enough to give proper maturity
to this variety.

Ben Davis and Qano: These varieties were very profit-
able up until about 1920, but since that time have lost out.
Most of the trees are old and are becoming quite irregular in
production. The local markets of Ohio spurn this variety and
as a result the trees are receiving poor care and are going out
rapidly. According to our census taken in 1924 then Ben
Davis and Gano have about the same number of trees as Stay-
man but the number is declining rapidly. Occasionally export
demand offers a profitable outlet for Southern Ohio Ben Davis
and Gano. Frequently Ohio Bens lack finish and grade out
poorly.

Jonathan: Jonathan ranks next to Stayman in numbers
of trees and is more extensively grown in the northern part
of Ohio than Stayman. It is very highly, regarded by the

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k

growers throughout northern Ohio. Scab is easily controlled
on Jonathan. The trees come into bearing young and give
moderately heavy crops annually. The high color and quality
of Jonathan has made it a very popular variety and it sells
at high prices on all Ohio markets. In the southern part of
the state, Jonathan has not figured very prominently because
it does not adapt itself so well to southern regions. In south-
ern Ohio, Jonathan matures too early for fall trade and is apt
to ripen in hot weather which makes difficult handling. Los-
ses from internal breaj^-down, Jonathan Spot, Bitter Rot and
Brooks' Spot all contribute against the planting of Jonathan
in southern Ohio. Frequently, blight is serious in young Jona-
than orchards in this section of the state. On the other hand
in northern Ohio, the variety is harvested at a time when the
fall trade is ready to receive it and when it can also be held
in common storage for a short period, if necessary, in this
latitude. Except for Jonathan Spot, the diseases which are
serious on Jonathan in the southern half of the state are not
serious in northern Ohio. In the extreme northeastern part
of the state, the growing season is too short to allow the va-
riety to obtain satisfactory size and quality.

Grimes: Grimes is to southern Ohio what Jonathan is to
northern Ohio, but at the present time, there is a feeling
among the orchardists in southern Ohio that the wholesale de-
mand for this splendid variety is decreasing. In northern
Ohio, the growing season is rather short to produce good size
and mature Grimes and it is not extensively planted, although
it is valued even in northern Ohio, in a limited way, by some
local markets. On the whole, the markets of northern Ohio
are red apple markets and yellow apples do not meet with
favor there. Grimes has been the highest producing variety at
the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station orchards at Woos-
ter, with a fifteen year record of 20.3 bushels per tree. There
is still splendid demand for Grimes in local markets through-
out the state but there is no tendency to increase the planting
of this variety at present. Susceptibility to Brooks Spot, Col-
lar Rot, Blossom Blight, Bitter Rot, spray and weather russet-
ting are drawbacks to the production of this variety. On the
whole, it has been a heavy producer and has graded out quite
^ satisfactorily. If it were not for the fact that there is a
strong tendency for the decreased production of yellow apples,
the growers would be tempted to plant more Grimes.

Delicious: Delicious has been more widely distributed ov-
er the state than Grimes, although according to the total num-
ber of trees, the varieties are about equal with 6% each. The
high color, quality and attractive appearance of this variety
has made it very popular with the trade. This variety suc-

—188—

ceeds best on light soils, high elevations, or near Lake Erie
where frost damage is minimized. Major objections to De-
licious are,— it frequently is late coming into bearing and is
apt to develop biennial bearing tendencies. Also it is not
adapted to handling from common storage and requires either
immediate marketing or cold storage. The new red strains of
Delicious, such as Starking and Richared are attracting at-
tention among the new plantings. The Red Delicious types
withstand heavy applications of either Bordeaux or lime sul-
phur spraying and come through with good finish.

Mcintosh: Mcintosh can only be considered for the
northern districts of the State and on certain favorable high
locations elsewhere. At the present time but 1% of our trees
are Mcintosh. The susceptibility of the variety to scab and
the tendency of the fruit to drop prior to harvest are both seri-
ous drawbacks. Nevertheless, the variety yields well when
properly grown on adapted sites and the demand far exceeds
the supply at present in the important northern Ohio markets.
Growers report that Mcintosh is a variety that brings heavy
repeat sales. As folks learn of its high quality, an increasing
demand develops. Where it is adapted to its location, Mc-
intosh has proved very profitable for local markets and in
many sections of northern Ohio, there is a tendency to in-
crease the planting of this variety.

Wealthy: While but 2% of our trees are Wealthy,^ the
variety has many friends throughout the State. It is widely
adapted to the soils and climate of Ohio, comes into bearing
early, is easy to grow to good finish and in its season is a
splendid commercial variety. It tends toward heavy crops
biennially, but the yield is sufficiently high to make it a profit-
able variety. It has been widely used as a filled because of its
early bearing characteristics.

Summer Apples: Summer apples constitute only about
10% of our trees with Transparent the leading variety and
Duchess in second place. There are few large commercial
plantings of these varieties and for the most part they are
grown for local market. There is no tendency to increase the
plantings of summer varieties beyond the requirements for lo-
cal market.

Varieties for Roadside Market: With the increased de-
velopment of sales at the orchard and roadside, growers who
are able to market their fruit in this way are considering the
planting of a number of high quality summer varieties to give
a continuous supply during the season regardless of whether
or not they are adapted to commercial handling. Chenango
is popular for this trade. Its large size, attractive color, splen-
did appearance and pleasing quality combine to make it move

—189—

^1

at high prices in its season for local trade. Melba, a Canadian
introduction of the Mcintosh type which ripens shortly after
Duchess, is receiving some attention. This variety is perhaps
the best eating apple of its season and grows to good size and
attractive color. Among other varieties which are planted in
a limited way for local market in their season and which are
highly regarded are Benoni, Summer Rambo, Maiden Blush,
JefFeris, Ohio Nonpareil, Rambo and Golden Delicious.

YIELD RECORDS FOR IMPORTANT APPLE VARIETIES

At the Ohio Experiment Station orchard at Wooster,
average yield records over a fifteen year period have been
taken for several of the important commercial apple varieties.
These records are from an orchard planted in 1893 except as
otherwise noted.

Summer Varieties —

Average Yield Per Tree

Oldenburg (Duchess) 12.6 Bu.

Transparent 10.5 Bu.

Wealthy 7.4 Bu.

Fall and Winter Varieties —

Oriraes 20.3 Bu.

Rome 16.2 Bu.

Baldwin 15.9 Bu.

R. I. Greening 13.3 Bu.

Mcintosh— 14 yr. Ave., 22 yr. trees 12.3 Bu.

Jonathan 11.9 Bu.

Spy 11.6 Bu.

Stayman— 15 yr. Ave., 25 yr. trees 9.8 Bu.

Delicious— 11 yr. Ave., 21 yr. trees 7.3 Bu.

THE PEACH SITUATION

Peach Survey: Our commercial orchard survey shows
that peaches are grown commercially in about half the coun-
ties of the state with heavy plantings along Lake Erie and
limited plantings elsewhere near good local markets, well dis-
tributed throughout the state. In the 42 counties surveyed,
there were found 6,769 acres with a total of 1,103,000 trees
Of this number, 8% were early varieties, 70% Elberta and
11% were varieties ripening after Elberta. Over half the
trees and 60% of the Elbertas were found in Ottawa County
along Lake Erie, which is the most important peach producing
section in the state. In recent years the peach industry has
been threatened by the ravages of the Oriental moth. Vari-
eties which ripen after Elberta are regarded as almost impos-
sible to grow at present by the growers.

Elberta is the predominating commercial variety in Ohio
nnril^fr'^'' ^\ response to the market demand for this sort.
During the past decade the marketing of Elberta peaches in

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carload lots from Ottawa County has been unprofitable. In
other sections where the variety is produced in smaller quan-
tity for local markets, more success has been realized. The
trend is toward the development of local markets and away
from carlot marketing.

J. H. Hale is another variety which is liked because of
its splendid market appearance and quality, but is disliked by
many growers because it is often unproductive.

Early Elberta has many admirers because it starts the El-
berta season early, handles well and is a very attractive peach
which is well liked on our markets.

In some sections of northern Ohio, Wilma, a seedling of
Elberta, which ripens immediately after Elberta is used to ex-
tend the Elberta season.

South Haven is being liked for local market and so far it
has proved to be quite productive, of good quality, and com-
mands good prices.

There is less demand for white fleshed varieties, but among
these. Belle of Georgia and Champion can be mentioned as
among the most desirable. These are both hardy productive
varieties of high quality and have their place in limited plant-
ings for local markets.

Lemon Free, formerly a popular late variety, especially
in northern Ohio, has recently become unprofitable due to
ravages of the Oriental moth and the trend away from home
canning for which this variety was especially grown. Sal-
way has suffered for the same reasons.

Peach Trend in Ohio: In this brief discussion of peach
varieties, I have attempted to give the trend of the growers'
reactions as they apply to the varieties that have been most
extensively grown and tested. A wide list of peach varieties
has been tried in Ohio and but few of them have been found
to be of commercial value, even for local markets. The Ohio
trade likes a peach of the Elberta type and it has been neces-
sary for the peach grower to cater to this want in order to be
successful. The trend for peaches in Ohio is toward reduced
acreage, plantings being made only to supply the demands for
local markets.

VARIETIES OP APPLES FOR PENNSYLVANIA

R. H. SUDDS, State CoUege

Those who were members of the Association this past
year may remember the form letters sent you by the Depart-
ment of Horticulture of the Pennsylvania State College.
These letters requested certain information for the benefit of

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\*'

an apple variety bulletin in course of preparation by the Col-
lege. You were asked several sets of questions concerning
your present apple varieties, good, bad and indifferent, as well
as those not yet in bearing and those you would plant as a re-
sult of your experience, providing you had any such notion.

About 900 letters were sent out last spring and approxi-
mately 250 have been returned so far, and still they straggle
in now and then. Out of the 250 replies we were able to use
approximately 215. Of this latter number only 168 growers
gave the sorts of apples they would now plant as a result of
past experiences. However, very few intend to set many
more trees; the largest prospective orchard in sight according
to the replies is one of 75 acres in Susquehanna county. The
majority intend to do no more than reset in vacancies.

We took the replies and classified them by counties, then
we assembled the counties into districts or groups of coun-
ties, although the division lines you see on the map do not of-
ten coincide with the county lines. These districts were de-
termined both by the natural grouping of varieties in each
of them and by the observations of the Extension and Sta-
tion pomologists.

The varieties and districts are as follows:

Southeastern District: (South of a line from Harris-
burg to Stroudsburg and east of the Susquehanna River.)—
Stayman, Rome, Grimes, Smokehouse, Delicious, Jonathan,
Summer Rambo.

Southern District: (Franklin, Adams, York, Cumber-
land)—York, Stayman, Grimes, Jonathan, Summer Rambo,
Delicious, Smokehouse, Rome, Ben Davis.

Central District: (The mountainous section of the cen-
tral and southern coimt ies)— Baldwin, Mcintosh*, Stayman
Jonathan, Spy, Grimes, Rome, Summer Rambo.

Southwestern District: (West of Somerset and Indiana
counties and south of Mercer.)— Baldwin, Mcintosh*, Spy
Rome, Wagener, Jonathan, Wealthy. In the southern part of
this district, Stayman, Delicious and Grimes are added.

Northern District:... (All the northern counties, and in-
cluding Cambria and Somerset.)— Spy, Mcintosh*, Baldwin,
Wagener, Stark Wealthy.

The star after Mcintosh indicates that this variety is
adapted to higher altitudes only, even in those districts where
Mcintosh is noted as being a principal sort.

H nvTi^ f^r^' ^^!l^' represents the apple variety situation as
It exists today with the variety listed approximately in order

—192—

of commercial importance in each section. The varieties may
stray to some extent outside of the divisions in which they are
listed although they reach their greatest importance as noted.
While the picture as it may be ten or twenty years from now
may be expected to differ to some extent, no effort is made
to show any such tendencies. The situation is given just as it
is without showing any partiality.

•

Some of the varieties merit a few comments resulting from
information contained in the questionnaires together with our
personal observations.

Baldwin, which reaches its southern limit in Pennsylvania,
is an excellent variety with which to begin our comments.
This old sort seems to be coming back into popularity in those
sections where it can be fairly well grown, in spite of only
fair quality at best, Baldwin spot, decided alternate bearing,
russeting and somewhat temperamental yields in much of the
State until the trees reach maturity. It is also one of the last
to ripen its wood properly in the fall and any winter injury
of apple observed in this State such as occurred in 1917-18
may be expected on Baldwin. However, it is usually relative-
ly free from scab even under unfavorable conditions and is
known ^n many markets. Also, there is nothing better so far
to take its place, which is as effective a reason as any for its
continuance.

Stayman, which reaches its nothern limit of distribution
in our State, is at present regarded with mixed emotions by
many growers. When they can produce a good crop of sound
fruit which sizes and grades well, they are satisfied, unless
too many neighbors are well supplied with this same variety
in as good or better condition. However, as many of you know
too well, Stayman has some decided faults.

(1) It requires a high state of culture to secure satisfac-
tpry yields.

(2) It usually sets relatively lightly in proportion to the
amount of bloom even with the advantage of good weather at
blossom time; this is characteristic of the variety. The Ohio
Station reports that the Stayman flowers were more suscep-
tible to frost than were the flowers of Grimes or Jonathan.
This is characteristic of the variety.

(3) The proportionately lighter set requires careful scab
control or stem infection will thin out still more the only mod-
erate set.

(4) Stayman cannot pollinate effectively itself or any
other variety which has meant a loss in some instances.

—193—

(5) The fruit is too often subject to severe cracking for
some reason as yet unknown. This may be connected with
the lack of proper soil organic matter supply which is a prob-
lem in many mature orchards.

We may not all like Stayman, yet there is nothing to
replace it so far, even if we would.

York is adapted to its purpose — the production of large
yields of fruit at a relatively low cost, possessing marked
ability to stand up in shipment even under none too favorabzle
treatment, so that it is a favorite for export and canning.
York sells best on a market demanding primarily low priced
red apples rather than high quality. Even in York county,
where the variety originated, those men attempting to market
York locally state that it is not at all suited for that purpose.
It is out of place in those parts of the State where quality
must be considered, although as grown in its own area, Adams,
Franklin, York and Cumberland counties, for its proper pur-
pose, it is losing very few friends. It is interesting to note
again that Pennsylvania is the northern limit of York and
that although it is the principal variety in West Virginia, it is
declining in popularity in that State.

Ben Davis follows York naturally for about the s^me sort
of market, — low-priced red apples. More abuse has been
heaped upon Ben than on any other variety yet it still con-
tinues to make money for favorably located growers. More are
actually being planted in Adams and Franklin with the ex-
port and cannery trade in view. It is noteworthy that York
County does not want Ben Davis although Adams and Frank-
lin are only next door and part of the same Cumberland-Shen-
andoah valley region. Some of our growers located near
manufacturing centers find that Ben is suited for a cheap ap-
ple market where price is the main consideration. Others
claim that a small percentage of that variety is worthwhile
for storing, then selling after the better varieties are off the
market. In our replies for the State as a whole, Ben polled
an unfavorable vote of the ration of two to one, although Ad-
ams and Franklin counties were carried by an overwhelming
majority; excluding these two counties, the result was five
to one against Ben. i]

Rome seems to be satisfying most of the growers in the
southern sections of the State where it is adapted. It is very
subject to scab as all its growers know very well. However,
it so often fails to color as well as desired that future plant-
ings should favor the red sports of Rome, wherever lack of
color may be of importance. There are several Red Romes
and also the Gallia Beauty which is either a Rome sport or
seedling; a few preliminary indications are that these Red

—194—

Romes may fail to size as much as the original type, but Rome
can usually afford to sacrifice a little size for more color,
even if the indications are verified.

Delicious is in some ways a parallel to Stayman in that it
is at best very temperamental in yield and fruit size in older
trees, requires high culture for good results and must have
scab controlled since the Delicious fruit set frequently aver-
ages light at best. However, Delicious, unlike Stayman, is
an outstandingly excellent pollinating variety. The Ohio
Station says that Delicious flowers are more susceptible to
frost injury than any other commercial variety grown in Ohio.
The questionnaires from over the State showed a constant
criticism of the Delicious yield even in sections where it
should be perfectly adapted. Many Delicious have been plant-
ed in parts of the State where this sort does not belong and
where its size and color never will be satisfactory which, of
course, is not the fault of the variety. Where color alone is
a problem, one of the red sports may be used. As a result of
our observations and the questionnaire, we have a distinct
feeling that Delicious has been over-emphasized so far as Penn-
sylvania is concerned. As a last word, it should be remember-
ed that Delicious is not a cooking apple and that it must find
an outlet solely as a dessert fruit.

There are quite a few trying Golden Delicious, but most of
these reports were of trees not yet in bearing. The few in
bearing show that it is too often subject to shriveling since it
fails to develop the waxy coating possessed by the beautiful
northwestern-grown specimens the nurserymen always shows.
It is, however, making good as a pollen producing variety,
rivaling the ordinary Red Delicious in that respect. Pre-
liminary indications are that this variety may be subject to
the same diseases and to the same extent as is Grimes, includ-
ing Brooks spot, scab and collar blight.

Grimes is still a leading variety in most of the State, al-
though two infiuences are working against it: It is a yellow
apple which is often a disadvantage according to quite a few
of our replies and collar blight which has been the cause
of considerable loss, and which the so-called ''double-work-
ing'* on resistant trunks has not entirely prevented. How-
ever, half of the questionnaires from those growing Grimes
stated that those men would even now replant the same
variety, so that Grimes will probably rank well up in the list
for some time. Grimes' yield ranks with the best in its pro-
per districts. This variety reaches its northern climatic
range in Pennsylvania, as do York, Stayman and to a some-
what lesser extent, Rome.

Mcintosh most decidedly reaches its southern limit of
distribution in this State. It has been planted with much

—195—

more enthusiasm than good judgment and quite a few trees
are yet to come into bearing even in regions where it can
hardly be fi auccess. We can be very definite in our state-
ment that Mcintosh is adapted only to regions of higher al-
titude in the State. As grown at the College, Mcintosh at-
tains excellent size but is not equal in quality to Mcintosh
grown in more favored locations. This variety seems to re-
* quire cool nights in Autumn to mature its fruit with the best
quality. Scab is usually present on Mcintosh, if any variety
has scab. Mcintosh will often drop severely and suddenly on
approaching maturity. However, it is one of the highest
quality apples. When properly grown and carefully handled,
it will usually market at a considerably higher price than any
other variety.

Cortland is scattered over most of the State according to
our replies but only one man had it in successful bearing, al-
though twenty-six possessed young trees. Three said it was
a failure with them. From this it can be seen that our evi-
dence is not conclusive. We believe that Cortland should not
be regarded as a competitor of Mcintosh by any means, but
that it may possibly have a place in Mcintosh territory to ex-
tend the Mcintosh season; that it should not be marketed in
competition with Mcintosh, but rather Mored until Mcintosh
is gone since Cortland's season is the later. Eaten fresh,
Cortland and Mcintosh can hardly be confused ; cooked, Cort-
land is not nearly so different from Mcintosh although its
flavor is not quite so high and it does not sauce up quite so
much. Cortland will hang on the tree longer and endure hand-
ling much better than Mcintosh which has its practical ap-
peal.

In spite of Jonathan and Brooks' Spot and a tendency for
a decline in fruit size as the tree ages, Jonathan seems to
please most of those growing it ; together with Rome, Baldwin
and Smokehouse, it was tied for first place among the principal
winter varieties, as a sort drawing the fewest complaints in
the questionnaires. Several growers felt so well about Jona-
than that they were moved to declare it was their most con-
sistent money making variety. While there are a few success-
ful growers of Jonathan in northern Pennsylvania, it is bet-
ter adapted in the southern sections.

While Stark is now of importance in the northern part of
the State and also to a fair extent in the southeastern sec-
tion, only three of those at present growing and marketing it
successfully would plant more. Stark's color, yield and qual-
ity seem to offer the main objections. The red Stark sports
should be favored for any proposed planting.

Wealthy can be grown in any part of the State but be-
cause of this very fact, it has been overplanted in some parts

-^196—

of Pennsylvania. Where it can be marketed properly, it is
entirely satisfactory otherwise.

Wagener is adapted to the northern and western sections
and is of prominence there, although Ohio does not recom-
mend Wagener at all for the corresponding regions in that
state. Storage scald requires proper handling.

Smakehoiise and Summer Bambo had but two objectors
each in quite a list of growers, and three of those four were
located in northern Pennsylvania where these varieties do not
do well. Both these sorts would be planted again by nearly
all of the present growers which is a very good sign of their
popularity.

Spy is retaining its place in those sections where it grows
to a reasonable degree of perfection, in spite of the great
length of time it takes to come into commercial bearing.
Some have complained of this fact, although apparently no-
body has any difficulty in disposing of good Spy. Mcintosh
has been accused of cutting in on Spy's popularity, which it
has certainly done to some extent.

It may be noted that no early apple has been included.
These are usually a minor part of an orchard and quite a
few growers do not even grow them, since the early apple
market is distinctly a personal proposition. Transparent and
Duchess (Oldenburg) are the chief varieties. Early Mcintosh,
a Mclntosh-Transparent cross, maturing soon after Transpar-
ent, is on trial with quite a few growers. Some Maiden Blush,
Qravenstein, and Williams Red are grown locally, as well as
a few Starr.

A few secondary sorts should be mentioned briefly : Rhode
Island Greening is scattered over the northern half of the
State. While it has some friends, it is often criticized for its
color and yield, although it will continue to be of some im-
portance where it is known and liked. Very few were grow-
ing Northwestern Greening, but friends and foes were divided
evenly. Winter Banana also enjoyed a wide distribution and
is the source of surprisingly few complaints notwithstanding
its color, quality and the difficulties encountered in securing
blemish-free fruit.

Blacktwig or Paragon has a fair number of growers yet
in only three cases would the owners plant more and few
trees are yet to come into bearing. Yield, quality and mar-
keting difficulties caused more than half of those growing it
to class it as undesirable.

Winesap does not belong in Pennsylvania. While a few
isolated individuals can grow it well and are satisfied, the

—197—

ration of enemies to friends is five to one, mostly because of
its small size, low jneld and difficult marketing.

KiTig is declining rapidly because of diseases, quality and
yield. Between fire blight and winter injury, as well as the
rest of its defects^ King can well be spared in Pennsylvania.

Hubbardston had an unexpected number of growers and
although most of them apparently could utilize what they had.
very few of them would plant more and no more were yet to
come into bearing, which is a pretty good indication of Hub-
bardston's future.

Quite a few relatively unimportant varieties are black-
listed by the growers according to the questionnaire. These
all have one or more serioua faults under Pennsylvania con-
ditions which have caused their downfall; they are not all of
low quality by any means.

Some of these are: Alexander, Ben Hur, Bismark, Che-
nango, Deacon Jones, Dominie, Ewalt, Fallawater, Fall Pippin,
Gilliflower, King David, Mann, Pewaukee, all Russetts, Sa-
lome, Smith Cider, Spitzenburg (Esopus), Sutton, Yellow
Belleflower and Wolf River.

The above information from the association questionnaire
and our observations will be combined in reduced form with
the result of the 25-year old variety tests in the College or-
chards in an apple variety bulletin now being prepared by
the College. This will be sent to members of the Association
when it is available.

TRANSPLANTING TWELVE- YEAR-OLD TREES

F. G. BEITEB, Mars

In 1916 we planted several thousand apple trees with fill-
ers and got a number of misnamed trees in permanent places.
Not then knowing how to tell the varieties of trees before
fruiting, we allowed these trees to groM^ until we thought they
were too large before we discovered some of the errors. We
had top-worked some of them when we observed some large
tree movers transplanting large elms and other ornamental
trees. We decided to transplant some of these twelve-year-old
apple trees and have been quite successful.

We dug a ditch around the tree, leaving a ball of earth
from three and a half to four and a half feet across; then
wrapped the ball thoroughly with old burlap bags and rope;
tipped the tree back and slid a five by five foot square plat-
form securely under, hitched the tractor and started for a
new location. A set of one-inch blocks is quite convenient in
moving the tree to loading platform. A hole is dug to suit the

—198—

size of ball, the tree is pulled off the platform into the new
hole and the rope and burlap removed. The dirt is very care-
fully packed in around the tree. This, by the way, is the
most particular part of the work.

We use our sprayers and wash in around the tree to be
certain of not leaving any air pockets. It is best to put
three or four guy wires in place to keep the tree from swaying
in the wind. During the first year it may be necessary to ap-
ply some extra water. We found this quite necessary last
summer.

We have figured the cost of moving thirty trees as fol-
lows:

tractor
team without operator

Exposing 138 man hrs.

Wrapping 169 man hrs.

Digging new holes 64 man hrs.

Removing old trees 41 man hrs. 2 9

Moving 191 man hrs. 53

Wash in 20 man hrs. 5

623 man hrs. 7 62

623 man hours @ 40c $249.20

7 team hours @ 50c 3.50

62 tractor hours @ $1 62.00

Total cost $314.72

Coat per tree $ 10.49

We feel under our conditions this has been quite satis-
factory in filling out odd spaces with trees true to variety.

Member: I had a little experience with the moving of a
peach tree a few years ago at the fair grounds. It was a four-
year-old tree loaded with peaches, the peaches being ripe. We
took it into the fair grounds for a week, brought it back and
put it in its place again and the following year had a crop of
peaches on it.

GOOD POINTS AND WEAK POINTS OP THE JONATHAN

APPLE

H. S. NOLT, Columbia

I am glad to note what Sudds had to say about the Jona-
than as it has been one of my hobbies for years. I like it a lot
and I think it is one of the best paying apples that we can
grow in our country. Unfortunately, I am rather disappoint-
ed in some of our growers in our part of the State, because
they do not get better size in the Jonathan. When you con-
sider an apple, you should first consider the quality; all know
that a Jonathan apple has very high quality. Referring
again to what Mr. Sudds said, all the reports that came in
showed the Jonathan had a high quality for any purpose. I

— 19d—

don*t know of any other apple which is better than a Jona-
than,— some are just as good but not better. As for beauty,
where can you find a prettier apple with the exception of Mc-
intosh? We will give that variety credit for fine color, but
taking Jonathan that are well developed allowed to ripen on
the tree, not toa ripe but fully flush with fine red and posses-
sing a waxy appearance, it is as pretty as any apple you can
find.

Another feature in favor of Jonathan is the early ripen-
ing. Trees start to bear apples when four or five years old.
You don't have to wait until they are eleven years old as
some do.

Again, Jonothan apples bloom rather late in the spring
avoiding much trouble with freezing; we never had any
trouble with buds freezing. We have very little trouble with
scab, which is one of the bugbears of the fruit grower.

Weak Points of Jonathan: So much for the points in
favor of the Jonathan. Now, let's hear what we have to say
against the Jonathan. First, I think the most important dis-
ease is the Jonathan spot. When my trees began to bear
some years ago we didn't have very heavy crops. I let them
get good and ripe on the trees. The next thing I knew I
didn't have anything — they were all gone. I took the matter
up with Dr. Fletcher who told me how to remedy it. I found
that the trouble was with myself for they had been too ripe
on the trees. I find the best plan to overcome that is to pick
Jonathan two or three times. If you pick your apples all at
one time you are going to have a bunch of culls, a lot of little
green apples on each side of the trees that aren't good for
anything except cider. Pick the well-colored ones off and
in ten days come along and pick over them again; your sec-
ond picking will be nicer than the first. Then, if there are
still little fellows around the inside, it will pay to go over
and pick the third time and you will have all fancy apples. I
know because we tried it.

The Jonathan spot can be overcome. The way we do it

in our country in southeastern Pennsylvania is as follows:

We put our first or second picking in storage and keep the

rest^ for the home cellar, where we can hold them up until

Chnstmas. In cold storage you can hold them until April or
May.

Another important trouble is the Brooks spot. I didn't
know anything about that until this past year, but we have
learned here that we can control that by a thorough appli-
cation of Bordeaux mixture.

Another objection is the small size. We were told by one
ot our friends that 40 per cent of the apples should be pick-

—200—

ed off all trees ; I will include Jonathan in that. Pick off the
small apples in the summer and you can develop size. Go up
to our show and look over the Jonathan and I think you will
agree that they are as nice as anything there.

ROADSIDE MARKET EXPERIENCES

BAIiPH T. CROWELI*, Buckinghaan

It has been our pleasure to be in the roadside marketing
business for about eleven years and there is perhaps no meth-
od of marketing that ha^ received as much attention in recent
years as has the roadside marketing. Some of the essentials
of roadside marketing as we have gathered them from our ex-
perience are :

First, you must have something to sell: It is perfectly
obvious that if you don't have something to sell, any kind of
a location or any other advantage won't amount to anything.
In having something to sell, you should have a complete suc-
cession as far as possible throughout the season. In market-
ing fruit this necessitates a large variety of apples or peaches.
I might say that up to the present time our work has been
very largely with peaches, although we have also grown var-
ious vegetables, sweet corn, lima beans and some potatoes
and other things on the side, while our orchards were com-
ing into bearing.

Second is Location: We are fortunately located on the
right hand side of a well-traveled automobile highway lead-
ing to Philadelphia and we are on the homebound side. In
other words, we are on the right hand side going home; so
that that allows us a better opportunity for chance custom-
ers who don't know us than if we were located on the other
side and the people had to cross the road. Some of these
points are, of course, principles that you have heard of before
and yet any discussion of successful roadside marketing per-
haps wouldn't be complete without their mention.

An adequate and attractive display of fruit or vege-
tables is one point that has largely been underemphasized and
it would be hard for me to overemphasize its importance. We
all know that an attractive display is tantamount to sales and
yet we don't always realize that an adequate display is equal-
ly if not more important. If you have three or four or a half
dozen or even a dozen baskets of fruit standing out, people
riding by can't see them very well and they think, "Oh, well,
he has only a few." But if you have a hundred standing out
there on display, well arranged, so that they can be seen, it is
a very distinct sales advantage. A much larger percentage
of sales will result from an adequate display.

—201—

Advertising' has been very largely mentioned and is a
vary distinct sales help. One of the most important forms,
perhaps, is to advertise your display a little bit before the
automobile reaches its destination or will pass your sales
place; so they have a chance to be prepared for it, although
a great many people don't pay very much attention to the
signs and go riding on by until they see your display and that
is why a large display will catch the eyes much quicker than
a small display, until people get acquainted with you and
your products.

Advertising in the metropolitan and local papers is also a
help, as well as some automobile club publications, for ex-
ample. They reach prospective patrons who travel and who
use the highways and reach a great many that you could not
reach in any other way.

In any sort of merchandising I feel that the only code of
ethics necessary is the Golden Rule. We have tried to treat
our customers as we would like to be treated. Prompt recti-
fication of any mistakes or misunderstandings will gain favor
and a continuance of trade with any customer. Make friends
of your customers. Keep a mailing list. Notify them when
any particular variety is at its height and they will appre-
ciate it. It is a great satisfaction to have people come back
year after year and year after year. Perhaps you only see
them once or twice during the year. They come for a cer-
tain variety and they will come with very little regard for
the market conditions, if you will notify them when those
things are ready.

The Address: The point of having attractive packages
has been stressed very largely and we aim to have our name,
address and telephone number, with each package in some
form. That is particularly important with new customers so
that they can get in touch with you either by telephone or by
remembering where the place is and having your address so
they can locate you again. A great many chance customers
say, '^Well, I just happened to come on this road today and
we will come back again now we have your address.*'

Quality : High quality products, of course, are necessary.
In this regard, with respect to our peaches we grade them
usually into about six sizes or rather six prices starting with
culls which may include all sizes and that is the only grade
that we do not guarantee. We absolutely stand back of any
other grade that we sell and have frequently had people tell
us that their peaches when put down in a cool cellar and
separated, taken out of the basket, will keep anywhere from
ten days to three weeks. That is not because the peaches
are picked green. We aim to pick them ripe and pick several

—202—

times as our Chairman told us in regard to picking the
Jonathan apples. We pick all of our fruit several times so as
to have it in as nearly perfect state of ripeness as possible
and yet be capable of being handled successfully.

Sales Methods: Another point to remember is that we
have a sales person on hand all the time. We do not refuse
to wait on people just because it is after hours or at odd times.
We have also found that it has been necessary to keep open
seven days a week. We haven't especially enjoyed that from
any standpoint, but a great many of our customers live thirty
or thirty-five miles away and do not find it convenient to
make the long trip in the evening and during the early part
of the season when daylight saving is in effect. Sunday is
very often the only day that they are able to get out and con-
sequently we have followed the practice of catering to them.

Prices : Now, in the matter of prices, we believe that fair
prices should be obtained. I do not agree with the situation
whereby a grower considers if he gets the wholesale price at
the farm he is getting enough. I feel that in selling in retail
quantities you are entitled certainly to a little better than
the wholesale price. Neither do I think the customer should
be charged unreasonable prices because if that happens he
will not continue to return to your place for more, but there
is a happy medium between selling at the wholesale price and
the retail price. The retailer gets his goods at a wholesale
price and if we are going to sell them at the same wholesale
price it isn't fair to him and we want to use him some day as
a sales medium. If we are not going to give him a square
deal in our treatment, we can't expect a square deal from
him.

Sales Room: You may be interested that I haven't men-
tioned the necessity before of a good sales room. A good sales
room is a distinct advantage, but I would not say a necessity.
We have sold thousands of baskets and thousands of bushels
of potatoes, peaches and apples and so far we haven't had a
permanent building. We realize that we have now got to the
point of needing a building for grading, machine grading,
and as a sales room, but we are waiting to erect that until the
road is permanently located. They are going to concrete it
and it will be probably changed in grade or location just a
little, so that we are waiting to put up a permanent building.
But the quality of your goods and your treatment are far
more important than any fancy or ornate sales room. We use
ordinary tables on trestles five by ten feet and we have four
or five of those. They hold about fifty half -bushel baskets
apiece. We frequently have those full at a time and a great
many people will perhaps stop out of pity and ask us, **What

—203—

are you going to do with all those peaches or all those things
that you have there?" We immediately tell them we are go-
ing to sell them.

I had a huckster, a local wholesale man, stop one day
and we had several tables full of peaches. He wanted to
know if I would take a quarter a basket for them. I told
him no. ''Well," he said, **I will go on up the road and stop
back pretty soon and I guess maybe you will take it." He did
stop back but the tables were practically cleared.

A little further in the matter of prices, if you grade your
fruit carefully and have the sizes well distributed, give plenty
of latitude in the selection by having a large display, you will
find that there is very little trouble getting an average price
year after year. We haven't tried to squeeze the market in
years of a lean crop and, on the other hand, we do not have
to accept the lowest prices in years of a plentiful crop. On
an average we sell our cull peaches for fifty cents a half-
bushel basket, sometimes a little less, sometimes a little more.
The next grade is seventy-five cents ; that is usually the small-
est size of a good peach. One dollar, a dollar and a quarter
and a dollar and a half. Sometimes we have gotten as much as
two dollars for fancy Champions. I think perhaps occasional-
ly J. H. Hale.

Our main trouble has been to produce enough things
to sell after the trade became acquainted with us. Not only
do you have an outlet for your goods, but you form very
many acquaintances and friendships that help to make life
worth while. It is a very pleasant occupation.

Question: What is the volume of business week-days
compared with Sundays?

Mr. Crowell: That depends on the season. In the height
of the season we occasionally run perhaps three-quarters dur-
ing some weekdays but they are people largely who have been
notified and not chance customers. A great many of the
traveling public do their buying on Sunday. Sunday is ordi-
narily perhaps twice as large as any other weekday, but
sometimes in a peak season when we have notified people we
will get as high as three-quarters during a week-day.

Member: I ran a roadside market and I just put up a
good big sign— Nothing Sold on Sunday— and stuck to it.

Chairman Nolt: We are not attempting to run a road-
side market at our place. Quite a good many people come
for fruit but we turned them down. ^ ^ p ^""i«

Member: I would like to say I think the fruit growers
have just as much right to sell a basket of fruit to somebody

—20

that wants to eat it on Sunday as anyone has the right to
sell gasoline.

COMMON STOEAGE OP APPLES IN SOUTHEASTERN

PENNSYLVANIA

aUT L. HAYMAN, Nortlil)rook

The subject of common storage versus cold storage in
Southeastern Pennsylvania is almost as controversial as that of
''Shall we dust or shall we spray?" My own experience leads
me to believe that in our community there is a need for both
and our plan of packing and marketing can be greatly en-
hanced by using each in its correct place.

As some of you probably know, our sales are to some ex-
tent direct to retail stores and institutions but the greatest
proportion of fruit goes on consignment to Philadelphia, Ches-
ter and Wilmington. For some years, our growers have fea-
tured a pack, fresh from storage, and this naturally com-
mends itself to the buyer. With the home storage in oper-
ation, this plan works out very well, but when fruit is haul-
ed to a cold storage several miles away, there is considerable
additional expense involved in the process of rehandling and
packing. Considering economy of operation, the common
storage wins, but we must admit its limitations.

Limitations of Common Storage: Through late Septem-
ber and all of October, our warm weather comes in bunches
with several very warm days and warm nights in succession.
A constant storage temperature below 50 degrees is almost im-
possible until late in October. Our control of moisture and
ventilation is satisfactory, but we cannot bring frosty nights
when there is most need of them. That is the weak spot in
common storage. We believe that much fine fruit is held at
home to its detriment and our practice now is to store accord-
ing to our experience.

I shall briefly state this experience as it applies to the
several varieties we handle.

Jonathan — We have never gained by holding Jonathan
any length of time in either type of storage. We feel that the
quicker it is sold the more profit we are likely to make.

Grimes — Colors well in common storage but buyers soon
complain of softness. We try to move most of crop before
November 15th and keep a very few in cold storage to supply
limited demand up to January 1st.

Smokehouse — sells better in fall than later and hardly justi-
fied additional expense of cold storage.

—205—

.lit,

Winter Banana — same as Smokehouse.

Delicious — softens too rapidly in common storage. Pres-
ent market justifies cold storage costs on better grades.

Stajmaan — depreciates too rapidly in common storage, los-
ing those qualities which make it so highly marketable. We
feel it is pre-eminently a cold storage apple and plan to hold
at home only the No. 2 grade.

Rome — ^entirely satisfactory in common storage up to
Feb. 15. After that buyers complain of softness and want
stock from cold storage. Quite a large percentage of this
variety goes into cold storage.

Paragon — Very satisfactory in common storage and just
the reverse in cold storage. We cannot afford to put this
variety in refrigeration.

Chairman Nolt: Any questions you want to ask on com-
mon storage problems?

Chairman Nolt: We have such a wide variety of climate
and temperature in Pensylvania that the thing that appeals
to the fellow in southern part of the State is not satisfactory
in the northern part of the State; so I think those storage
problems are a matter of a man's own location.

EXPERIENCES WITH PEACHES AND GRAPES

E. H. VOGEL, Lancaster

Coming up the highways the last couple of mornings I
just saw how determined the growers of the State of Pennsyl-
vania, the farmers, the milkman, etc., were to come up to Har-
risburg to this State ShoAv. Why do the people try and get to
Harrisburg? The State Show is one reason. They are going
to hear things that they haven't heard before. They are go-
ing to get something that they can take home to help grow
better fruit. Why are they doing that? They are doing it
because the public demand better fruit; not culls but good
fruit. I tell you, gentlemen, we certainly can be very thank-
ful for hvmg in a State like Pennsylvania. It is certainly
worth-while, to hear some of the speakers whom we have been
hearing these last couple of days and especially today from the
States of Ohio and Massachusetts. I have been sitting here
tor the last two or three days listening to reports of these dif-
terent insects and diseases from the speakers,— insects and dis-
ease that are really plentiful in the southeastern part of Penn-
sylvania.

We had been spraying in our orchards for many years un-
til dusting came to life. Dusting has seemed to prove the
answer to the question at a certain time of year in our orch-

— 206—

ards. Wc give our peaches a liquid spray once a year. We
use oil ; if oil is not necessary we use lime and sulphur. After
that during the shuck fall, we use the 70-20-10 mixture. We
use that twice, when the shucks are about half off, and next
time we use it is when the shucks are entirely off the peach.
After that nothing but superfine dusting sulphur is used.

As to the amount and time, it all depends on the weather
conditions. Our biggest trouble we have had these last few
years has been the Oriental moth with which you are all ac-
quainted. We spent lots of money trying to control this
moth. We have not gotten much result. It is always best to
guarantee your peaches, but at the same time when you guar-
antee them, tell them to cut them in half sooner than spicing
them whole.

Pruning: We use the open center pruning. When the
peach tree gets to about four or five years old we generally
try to let the shoot grow half way up the limb. After the
tree has spread so far that it gets too wide, fills the spaces be-
tween your rows too much, we cut this limb back to where
this shoot is. By that time, the shoot has developed into a
pretty fair size limb. We found by using this system that we
are getting better quality, better flavored fruit on these re-
newed-top-trees than by simply letting them grow and bear
every year on these old limbs. That, I think, is a big secret in
getting good size fruit.

The question was asked the other day, **What about red
mite? Oil emulsion doesn't seem to answer the question.'*
This last year we have sprayed 100 acres of orchard with oil
emulsion; we used two brands. The cheapest brand we used
seemed to give us the best control. We sprayed these hundred
acres with the exception of about four acres. We all know
that spring came so quick last summer we didn't get over our
orchards. We sprayed everything except four acres. If you
had come down during the picking season and had walked
through those four acres of trees you would have found that
the leaves were very soapy looking, the fruit did not develop.
It came to a certain size and then simply got soft. The red
mite was so thick in those four acres of trees that if you had
walked through those rows with a white shirt on you would
have been bound to come out with a red polka dot shirt. That
proves that oil emulsion really does give results providing you
put it on right.

Our farm lies on a ridge runing east and west. Part of
the orchard lies on the south side and the other part on the
north side, which gives wonderful air drainage. Air drainage
is a great factor in successful fruit growing.

—207—

We start cultivating just as early in the spring as we
can. The reason we do this is to destroy as many of the dif-
ferent insects that hibernate under the trees as we possibly
can. We try and get over our orchards about once a week
until about the middle of July. After that why we do stop
cultivating. It is true that our orchards are very rough look-
ing in the fall, but, gentlemen, it is just as important to ripen
your trees as it is to ripen your fruit to get rid of injuries.

I was surprised to hear the other day that peaches in
some of the counties had been injured. This morning I went
out into my orchards and I found that these last few weeks
during which we have had such very warm weather started
putting moisture into those buds and, to my surprise, I found
quite a percentage of frozen buds. I think that every man
here from the southeastern part of Pensylvania, when he gets
home and goes out and examines his buds, will find the same
trouble. The temperature in our orchards Monday morning
was only zero.

Picking: You will find that lots of people pick their
peaches too soon. We realize the fact that the last 24 hours
you leave the peaches on the tree is the time they develop into
size and quality. Of course, that all depends on where your
market is. If you must ship, you have got to pick them
soooer. So it is just as important to know when to pick your
peaches as it is to know how to grow them.

MY STATIONARY SPRAY PLANT

H. W. SKINNER, Chambersburg

''My Stationary Spray Plant" is the subject assigned to
me even though I do not pose as an expert, as I have had only
one year's experience. I will outline the way we installed our *
first plant and the results we obtained. From our short ex-
perience I am sold on the idea of the stationary spray plant.

Water Supply: The pump is located near buildings
where we have a cistern holding one day's water supply which
we replenish by pumping from a deep well. The water flows
by gravity from this cistern to the plant located on a hill-
side nearby.

fk ^?^?; . -f^^?" ^^^ P^^^^ ^^^ spray material travels
through 11/2-inch pipe for about 700 feet to a H^-inch header

Si r?'""^ ^^^ full length of the orchard which is about

r.Tn. tt T ^^'l ^^^^^^ ""^ ^^"^^ t^^ laterals of s/^.inch

pipe; these will each average 1000 feet or more in length
Ihese laterals are spaced every seventh tree, with an outlet

average depth of two feet, except that the later piping was
put down only eight or ten inches deep. ^

—208—

Draining the Line: We had intended to blow this line
clear with compressed air, but we found it was not necessary,
because there was sufficient fall with properly located valve
outlets at the low points for gravity drainage.

Spraying Plan: We spray 14 trees at each hook-up us-
ing 140 feet of half-inch hose Avhich one man handles very nice-
ly. We use six separate leads of hose totaling six guns at
the same time. I think we will add two more leads next year
as we are using only about one-half the rated capacity of the
pump. We distribute the men in different sections of the
orchards so as not to draw from the same %-inch line any
more than is necessary.

Pressure: We use about 400 pounds pressure at the
pump, which gives just about 400 pounds at the ends of the
1500 foot pipe lines. The loss in pressure is slight if the pipe
is of sufficient size. On the other hand, too large pipe can be
used which takes too much material to fill the line, and this is
wasted in the dead-end system, which is the system we use;
also, the velocity of the spray material is reduced and may not
provide sufficient agitation.

Plant Cost: The cost of a stationary spray plant is not
prohibitive ; an outfit for 50 acres will not cost any more than
one good portable sprayer and a good duster. Our men lay
all the pipe. We are equipped with a set of tools, — dies,
wrench, vice, pipe-cutter, etc., all mounted on a wagon. We
can do the work much cheaper in this way.

Spraying Cost: The spraying can be done about five
times faster with the stationary plant than with a portable
outfit. We first piped 40 acres which took about six days to
spray with our portable sprayer assisted by an extra tank
hauling out water; with the stationary plant, we get over
the same ground in ten hours using seven men or 70 hours of
labor, as against 240 hours with the portable rig. The gaso-
line consumption was about 20 gallons per application for the
stationary plant as against 250 gallons with the portable rigs.
On this 40 acre block, with six applications a year, the saving
in labor is over 1000 hours ; the gasoline saving is 1200 to 1500
gallons.

Timeliness: The features about the stationary spray plant
that appeal to me are not only greater economy and efficiency
but also the timeliness of the applications. You can spray
much more quickly and on days following rain when the soil
condition would not permit the use of portable outfits.

(Adjournment at 4:45 P. M.)

:^i

209—

REPORT OP EXHIBITION COMMITTEE^ 1930
JOHN RXJEF, State College, Chairman

M. H. Lightwood, French Creek Farms, Fairfield, Adams
county, was awarded the grand champion bushel apple prize.
ITis bushel was Stayman. As a result of this winning he was
given the State Horticultural Association cup.

The County Horticultural Society banner which is awarded
to the society having the largest number of members taking
premiums in the fruit display, went to Franklin county this
year.

Guy L. Hayman of Northbrook, Chester county, w^on the
Crabriel Heister cup, which is given each year to the exhibitor
winning the greatest total number of points in the fruit show.

The list of awards, first places only, is :

CLASS 7, PliATES

Variety

Grimes

Rome

St.Tvman

Grimes

Jonathan

Rome

Smokehouse

Stavman

Baldwin

Delicious

Grimes

Jonathan

Mcintosh

Rome

Stark

Stavman

York

Black Twig

BARREL EXHIBIT

Exhibitor

Guy L. Hayman
Guy L. Hayman
Guy L. Hayman

BOX EXHIBIT

Guy L. Hayman
Guy L. Hayman
Guv L. Hayman
C. B. Snyder
C. B. Snvder

BUSHEL BASKET EXHIBIT

O. H. D. Brereton
Paul Lengle
Guy L. Hayman
Guy L. Hayman
Paul Lengle
Guy L. Hayman
French Creek Farms
French Creek Farms
Paul Thayer
Elevated Orchard Farms

PLATES, SPECIAL VARIETIES

Baldwin

Delicious

Grimes

Jonathan

Mcintosh

Northern Spy

Rhode Island Greening

Rome

Smokehouse
Stark

Stayman
Wagener
York

Daniel Rice

Daniel Rice

Harrison S. Nolt

Harrison S. Nolt

Paul Lengle

John Derr

Mertz Brothers

Masonic Homes

Guy L. Hayman

Mt. Breeze Orchard Co.

Daniel Rice

R. R. Siefert

Paul Thayer

—210—

County

Chester
Chester
Chester

Chester

Chester

Chester

Lancaster

Lancaster

Franklin

Schuylkill

Chester

Chester

Schuylkill

Chester

Adams

Adams

Cumberland

Adams

Perry

Perry

Lancaster

Lancaster

Schuylkill

Columbia

Northumberland

Lancaster

Chester

Franklin

Perry

Northampton

Cumberland

Variety

Exhibitor

County

Golden Delicious

D. D. Wagoner & Co.

Northampton

Fallawater

K. J. Gillan

Franklin

W^mter Banana

C. D. Sandt

Northampton

Ben Davis

Victor Panovcc

Northampton

Winesap

R. J. Gillan

Franklin

Spitzenburg

Herman Haase Narrowsburg, N. Y.

Newtown Pippin

D. M. Wertz

Franklm

Pewaukee

Trcssler Orphan Home

Perry

Fall Pippin

Guv L. Hayman
16 DISPLAY

Chester

Baldwin

Daniel Rice

Perry

Delicious

Daniel Rice

Perry

Grimes Golden

H. JS. Nolt

Lancaster

Jonathan

Daniel Rice

Perry

Mcintosh

Paul Lengle

Schuylkill

Rome

Guy L. Hayman

Chester

Smokehouse

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

Delaware

Stayman

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

Delaware

York

Paul Thayer
16 DISPLAY MISCELLANEOUS

Cumberland

Golden Delicious

D. D. Wagoner & Co.

Northampton

Winesap

C. F. Gillan

Franklin

Gano

W. 0. Bingham
STANDARD VARIETIES— TRAYS

Franklin

Baldwin

Daniel Rice

Perry

Delicious

Daniel Rice

Perry

Grimes

H. S. Nolt

Lancaster

Jonathan

H. S. Nolt

Lancaster

Rome

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

Delaware

Smokehouse

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

Delaware

Stayman

S. L. Smedley, Jr.
MISCELLANEOUS VARIETIES

Delaware

York Stripe

Philip Bikle

Franklin

Winter Banana

C. B. Snyder

Lancaster

Fall Pippin

Guy L. Hayman
COMMERCIAL BUSHEL

Chester

Stayman

Guy L. Hayman

Chester

Rome

S. L. Smedley, Jr.

Delaware

I 'I

—211-

THE PENNSYLVANIA FRUIT LIST

Tree Fruits Recommended for Planting in Pennsylvania by the

State Horticultural Association

Principal Pennsylvania Apples — 1929

(See VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR PENNSYLVANIA, this issue,
for discussion.)

Southeastern District; < South of a line from Harris-
burg to Stroudsburg, and east of the Susquehanna River.) —
Stayman, Rome, Grimes, Smokehouse, Delicious, Jonathan,
Summer Rambo.

Southern District: (Franklin, Adams, York, Cumber-
land.)— York, Stayman, Grimes, Jonathan, Summer Rambo,
Delicious, Smokehouse, Rome, Ben Davis.

Central District: (The mountainous section of the cen-
tral and southern counties.) — Baldwin, Mcintosh, Stayman,
Jonathan, Spy, Grimes, Rome, Summer Rambo.

Southwestern District: (West of Somerset and Indiana
counties and south of Mercer.)— Baldwin, Mcintosh, Spy,
Rome, Wagener, Jonathan, Wealthy. In the southern part
of this district, Stayman, Delicious and Grimes are added.

Northern District: (All the northern counties, and in-
cluding Cambria and Somerset counties.)— Spy, Mcintosh,
BaldAvin, Wagener, Stark, Wealthy.

Apple Varieties For Home Use.

The choice of varieties for home use varies with individual
preference to such an extent that it is impracticable to recom-
mend a list.

If suggestions are desired, write your Secretary, who will
advise you personally.

#

Peaches

Leading varieties for commercial planting arranged ac-
cording to season of ripening.

Region

Admiral Dewey

Greensboro

Carman

Hiley

Champion

Belle of Georgia

Rochester

Hale

Elberta

Crosby

Fox

Salway

Smock

Iron Mountain

S.

S.E.

*»#
***

*
«

N. E. W.-S. of W. Erie C.
Erie Shore

«

***

«

***

*
«

**

**

-212-

Pears

The three leading commercial varieties throughout the
state are: Bartlett, Seckel and Kieffer. Additional varieties
of high quality for home use arranged in season of ripening
are : Tyson, Clapp Favorite, Bosc, Sheldon, Clairgeau, Angou-
leme (Duchess), Winter Nelis.

Plums

Commercial plums which may be recommended are, in
order of ripening : Red June, Shiro, Burbank, Lombard, Brad-
shaw, Reine Claude, (Green Gage), Italian Pi^une, German
Prune, Shropshire Damson.

The following are of high quality and worthy of trial in
the home plantings of the state, arranged in order of ripening :
Abundance, Tragedy, Hand, Miller, Superb, Pacific, Pearl, Ten-
nant, Washington, Agen, Imperial E'pineuse, Jefferson, Golden
Drop, Late Mirabelle.

Cherries

Only three sour cherries are of commercial importance:
Early Richmond and Montmorency, both with light juice, and
English Morello, with dark juice.

The following sweet cherries are recommended for com-
mercial planting: Yellow Spanish and Napoleon (Royal Ann),
for light cherries; Black Tartarian, Schmidt, Lambert, and
Windsor, for dark cherries.

In addition to these, the following sweets are worthy of
trial for the home plantation: Early Purple, Coe, Ida, Elton,
Bing, Centennial, Republic.

The following ^*Duke," or hybrid, cherries should be tried
in the home plantings: Empress Eugenie, May Duke, Abbesse
d'Oignies, Nouvelle Royal, and Reine Hortense.

—213—

AFFILIATED COUNTY HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETIES

The following County Horticultural Societies are affilia-
ted with the State Horticultural Association, under Article H
of the Constitution.

ALLEGHENY COUNTY HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

Organized March 14, 1930.

orncERs

President— r. G. REITER Mars

Vice President — ROBERT A. POWERS Olensha/w

Secretary— CARLOS E. NORTON Sewickley

Assistant Secretary— EDWARD SHENOT. Wexford

Treasurer— SAMUEL SIMMONS Mt. Oliver Station, Pittsburgh

MEMBERS

Aber, R. M Gibsonia

Shenot, C. P Wexford

Grubbs, L. L Wexford

Kind, J. H Bellevue

Wohlin, Fred Perryville

McCandlcss, Ray X)akdale

Rankin, S. H Elizabeth

Fetter, Joseph M Wexford

Kerr, F. P Sewickley

Philp, George 1700 McFarland Road,

South Hills Branch, Pittsburgh

Stein, Henry Woodvillo

Bock, Walter N Crafton, B. 8

Haudenshield, Charles H Noblestown Rd., Crafton

Miller, Joseph T Wilkinsburg

Ray, Charles K Ingomar

Wilson, George E Wilkinsburg

Buck, Warren W Elizabeth

Craig, Albert B Sewickley

Reinhold, E. C Elizabeth

Shenot, Henry Sharpsburg

Schwinderman, H. P Wexford

Black, M C. Aii'ison Park

Shaffer, Frank H Pittsburgh

Eby Henry R Room 2, Court House, Pittsburgh

Baldesberger, W. P BridgeviUe, R. 2

Ferrall, George K 401 Barr Ave., Crafton

The Koppers Company Pittsburgh

Reiter, F. G j^^*g

Powers, Robert A Glensha';;' R. 1

Norton, Carlos E Sewicklev

Shenot, Edward Wexford

Simmons, Samuel Mt. Oliver Station, Pittsburgh

—214—

BERKS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1922

QppT/NTJT>g 1930

President^-CLETUS Y. DeLONG Mertztown

Vice President— GEORGE BALTHASER Wemersville

Sec.-Treas.— WILLIAM W. UVINGOOD Robesonia

Member, Executive Committee — GEORGE MELCHER Bally

MEMBERS

Hershey, H. F Hamburg

Eagleman, J. Garfield Geigers Mills

Ketner, Jacob Wernersville

McGowan, Howard Geigers Mills

Rohrer, George H Dryville

Rick, John c/o C. K. Whitner Co., Reading

McGinnis, C. R Reading

Rittenhouse, S. B Lorane

Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S Lorane

Balthaser, George Wernersville

Funk, Sheldon Boyertown

linger, D. H Boyertown

Sheble, Earl Hamburg

Harnish, James Sinking Spring

Haag, Arthur M Reading

Snyder, Frey and Rick Reading

Frey, John c/o C. K. Whitner Co., Reading

Irey, Allen M Boyertown

Schieferstein, William Leesport

Hoffman, Frank G Reading

Kerr, George A Virginsville

Kistler, H. C Lenhartsville

Merkel, Floyd Hamburg

Fisher, Fred Wernersville

Melcher, George Bally

Wink, E. F Lenhartsville

Kerchner, H. T Lenhartsville

Ebling, Aaron Reading

Strohcckcr, Herman A. Gouglersville

Cressman, C. K Boyertown

Schultz, Chester Barto

Mayer, L. E Boyertown

Fritz William Barto

Drumheller, J. R Boyertown

Rick, Charles Reading

Reading Bone Fertilizer Co Reading

Dietrich, Irvin Kempton

Redinger, Austin B Oley

Feeg, A. C Robesonia

BUCKS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1924

OFFICERS— 1930

President— R. E. ATKINSON Wrightstown

Vice President^-SAMTXEL L. PAXON LumbervlUe

Sec. Treas.— S. B. MONOSMITH Weisel

MEMBERS

Allen, S. W Ottsville

Atkinson, D. W Wrightstown

Atkinson, R. E Wrightstown

—215—

Ml

Beck, A. J^ t^erkasie

Benner Roy Perkasie

Bickley, Mrs. Mae E Quakertown

Bishop, William Doylestown

Crouthamel, R. M J^erkasie

Crowell, Ralph T Buckingham

Fitting, George Lumberville

Fretz, J. Franklin X)ttsville

Gross, Mahlon Fountainville

Hunsberger, Howard K Perkasie

Mills, Irvin Ottsville

Monosmith, S. B Weisel

Moon, Henry T Morrisville

Moyer, Levi S Chalfonte

Newell, Henrietta B Oxford Valley

Parmell, D. M Farm School

Paxon, Samuel Lumberville

Pfaff, C. Calvin Quakertown

Satterthwaite, Fred Yardley

Schaffer, D. C Hartsville

Steninger, C. D Coopersburg

Weicksel, Dr. Amelia ^ Perkasie

Yeger, Wilson Wismer

CHESTERDELAWARE FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1922

MEMBERS— 1930

Baldwin, O. H West Chester

Barker, H. C West Chester

Barnard, C. P Unionville

Bartram, G. M West Chester

Brinton, Robert F West Chester

Brinton, Wm. & Son Glenrose

Brosius, S. G West Grove

Crowell, Samuel B., Jr Edgemont

Davis, E. N. G Newtown Square

Dickey, Samuel Oxford

Dohn, John T Darling

Fetterman, J. Gordon Media

Hattenstein, S. C Spring City

5?,^"!^"' ^I^y L Northbrook

Hilles, William T JMalvern

Kemory, C. H West Chester

Linvillc, A. S.. Mendenhall

Malone, Mary S Brandywine Summit

^^^N,?^^' y^lliam Parksburg

Martindale Mrs. C. P West Chester

Nichols Olive T Downingtown

Pacchall. John. Kennett Square

Passmore, N. S Glen Mills

Passmore S S Mendenhall

IT'^-^'a ^' ? ^««t Chester

Ray, Edgar S West Chester

Saul, Mrs. M. B Movlan

Sherman, Mrs. Francis T Frazer

Smedley, S. L., Jr Newtown Snnarp'

—216—

White, Theo a Darling

Whitehead, P. B Newtown Square

Witt, Harry Penhurst

Woodward, N. H Mendenhall

Worthington, H. .R West Chester

ERIE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

OFnCERS— 1930

President— FRANK WOLF North Girard

Vice President— FRED MOHRING ^ North Girard

Secretary — J. V. MEEDER North Girard

Assistant Secretary — E. B. GRUBBS North Girard

MEMBERS

Lemmon, D. R ; North Girard

Forbes, .R. M Erie, R. 1

Shattuck, J. H Erie, R. 6

Kibler, T. F North Girard

Bendine, F. R Fairview

Kunzig, George A Girard

Lehman, S. S Girard

Mohring, F. G North Girard

Landis, H. D Girard

Colby, C. C Erie

Meeder, J. V North Girard

Ziesenheim, J. R North Girard

McKec, T. C East Springfield

Raine, Tom Fairview

Pennsylvania Nursery Girard

McClenathan, John North Girard

Rilling, Harvey North Girard

Beatty, J. E North Girard

Abbey, J. H North Girard

Grimshaw, Harry North Girard

Janes, Guy T Girard

Wolf, Frank L North Girard

Grossman, P. S Girard

Orton, C. W. & Son North East

Bogart, Fred North East

Reed, Vernon & Son McKean

Loop, H. S ^ North East

Bostwick, George ...North East

FRANKLIN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Organized January 21, 1922

OFPICERS— 1930

President — S. A. HEISEY Greencastle

Vice President— CLAYTON MILLER Marion

Secretary — J. H. KNODE Cham'bersburg

Treasurer— G. R. GRISSINGER Chambersburg

EXECTXTIVE COMMITTEE

H. W. SKINNER Chambersburg

FRED BTKT.E Fayetteville

R. J. GILLAN St. Thomas

MEMBERS

Minnick, W. L Waynesboro

Crawford, J. B Fayetteville

—217—

1 1.

i

Diffenderfer, C. R Chambersburg

Heisey, S. A Greencaatle

Latshaw, John E Marion

Crawford, T. H Fayetteville

Mountain Breoze Orchard Co Fayetteville

Young, R. C Chambersburg

Criswell, R. T Chambersburg

Miller, Clayton Marion

Long, D. E Chambersburg

Hafer, Roy Fayetteville

Bingham, W. O St. Thomas

Landis, D. L., Jr Chambersburg

Rahauser Brothers Greencastle

Bikle, Ferd Fayetteville

Nicodenuis, E. A Waynesboro

Karns, J. H Chambersburg

Bingham, A. H St. Thomas

Bear, S. H Scotland

Gabler, C. Grover Roxbury

Bikle, P. M. & Son Chambersburg

Gillan, R. J St. Thomas

Gillan, C. Frank St. Thomas

Croft, F. W St. Thomas

Hess, Willis A Winchester, Va.

Hess, Ray B Mt. Alto

Hess, Paul G Mt. Alto

Brown, Norman C Waynesboro

Shank, Owen D Waynesboro

Barr, I. C Greencastle

Harshman, John Smithburg, Md.

Goshorn, Taylor Quincy

Broam, D. M. Co Chambersburg

Skinner, H. W Chambersburg

Pratt, Loc F Chambersburg

Grissinger, G. R Chambersburg

Knodo, J. H Chambersburg

Bruce, C. H Chambersburg

Brereton, O. H. D Chambersburg

Rcichard, Chas. W Waynesboro

INDIANA COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Organized February 1924

OFTICERS— 1930

President— T. C. HOOD Saltsburc

Vice President-CLARENCE McHENRY Indiana

Sec.-Treas.— H. W. STONEBRAKER .'...„'.""lndiaiia

DIRECTORS
PRANK W. WILLIAMS Indiana

^'^''^r^^'' ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::SS

ED. A. MURRAY -Pnn^cTo^r^I^

THOMAS K. GEORGE ::::::z::zzz:z:zz::z:::^!S^ty

MEMBERS
Ackerson, S A BlairsvUle

f^'^^ H^ ^5 Idamar

Brown, Bert^ I^^.^^^

Brown, H M i^^i^^^

Prr'T.^""!?/'* Homer City

^^^'^' ^' ^ Indian!

—218—

Couch, H. R Parkwood

Diven, W. C Livermore

Elberl, Geo. H Rossiter

Fyock, S. L. & Son Clymer

George, Thomas K Homer City

Gibson, Ira Blairsville

Harris, Thomas New Florence

Henderson, John G Saltsburg

Hines, Zcnas Clymer

Hood, T. C Saltsburg

Houck, Clyde Clymer

Hutchison, J. J Armaugh

Hutchison, C. H Armaugh

Indiana County Hospital Indiana

Irwin, S. B Punxsutawney

Lydic, J. M Blairsville

McFrea, F. C Blairsville

McHenry, Clarence Indiana

Murman, H. W Clymer

Murray, Ed. A Punxsutawney

Nibert, William Indiana

Nichol, Harry A Indiana

Overdorf, H. W Blairsville

Patterson, James Apollo

Rice, Albert Marion Center

Rosensteel, L. C Edri

Rinn, D. F Indiana

Salsgiver, Andrew Indiana

Say, Austin Shelocta

Smith, Roland M Marion Center

Smith, A. Woodward Blairsville

Simpson, J. A Indiana

Snyder, Fred Avonmore

Stewart, D. C Indiana

Stonebrakor, H. W Indiana

Strong, T. M Blairsville

Swartz, D. H Clymer

Wadsworth, J. W Seward

Wagner, J. S Blacklick

Wakefield, E. B Homor City

Wetzel, William S Marion Center

Williams, F. W Indiana

Wood, I. C Shelocta

LANCASTER COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS— 1930

President— E. H. VOGEL Xancaster

1st Vice President — S. S KRAYBIIj:i Mount Joy

2nd Vice President— HENRY GABBER Mount Joy

3rd Vice President — JOHN WITMER Lampeter

4th Vice President — C. B. SNYDER Ephrata

Secretary— M. A. MOORE... Lititz

Treasurer— S. E. FORRY Ephrata

MEMBEBS

Aument, Andrew Conestoga

Borry, E. E Gordonville

Borry, Joseph W Ephrata

Bricker, E. B Lititz

Brenneman, John S Lancaster

—219—

"*

* I

'= Ail
'i' Pel

i 1.

Brubaker, J. C Lititz

Brubaker, Daniel A Ephrata

Coffroad, L. C New Holland

Felty, G. B. O Millersville

Forry, S. E Ephrata

Fisher, Isaac L Soudersburg

Garber, Henry F Mount Joy

Garman, Albert S Manheim

Glick, Jacob Lancaster

Good, Harvey Lancaster

Good, Martin Bareville

Harnish, C. H Leola

Harnish, Enos C West Willow

Haverstick, Paul E Lancaster

Herr, C. H Lancaster

Herr, C. W Lancaster

Hershey, C. H E. Petersburg

Hershey, J. Maurice Paradise

Hess, Elmer E Lancaster

Hess, Francis P Lancaster

Hollinger, J. W Rohrerstown

Hostetter, Dr. J. E Gap

Kauffman, Amos Ronks

Kendig, Dr. J. S Salunga

Kraybill, S. S Mount Joy

Landis, D. M Lancaster

Lepole, Walter A-kron

Maule, Norman C Willow Street

Mahaley, Clyde New Holland

Mayer, Guy S Willow Street

Mellinger, Jacob Lancaster

Metzler, Elmer Ephrata

Miller, John W Ephrata

Miller, Joseph C Safe Harbor

Moore, M. A Lititz

Moyer, S Hershey

Musser, A. G Denver

Nissley, D. H Lancaster

Nolt, Harrison S Columbia

Risser, H. N Marietta

Root, J. W Manheim

Royer, John G Akron

Ruhl, H. F Manheim

Rutter, Walter W .< New Holland

Reist, Henry G 1166 Avon Road, Schnectady, N. Y.

Rutt, Amos Lancaster

Rutter Brothers Lancaster

Pifer, Harvey Stevens

Shank, J. W Lancaster

Shank, D. W Lancaster

Schultz, J. Carlton.. Masonic Homes, Elizabethtown

Smith, George Akron

Snavely, Ammon Manheim

Suavely, C. B. Lititz

Snavely, H. H Willow Street

Snavely, Elmer Lititz

Snyder, Simon R Ephrata

Snyder, C. B Ephrata

Snyder, E. R "^^^^^^

Stauffer, TUlman H Lancaster

Stoneroad, S. A New Providence

—220—

Vogel, Elias H Lancaster

Widders, J. B Lancaster

Weaver, M. M Ephrata

Wenger, Benj. G Ephrata

Zook, Amos F Lancaster

LAWRENCE COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1914

OrnCERS— 1930

President— RANKIN S. JOHNSTON New Wilmington

Vice President — W. C. HILEMAN. New Castle

Sec. Treas. — CHARLES HARBISON New Castle

MEMBERS

Aiken, J. V Portersville

Boak, J. A. & Sons New Castle

Bovard & Baldwin New Castle

Cox, J. W. & Sons New Castle

Cummings, J. W New Wilmington

Curry, W. E New Castle

Friday, G. P. & Sons New Castle

Hileman, W. C New Castle

Huey, S. R New Castle

Hutchison, T. G New Wilmington

Ingham, M. M New Castle

Johnston, R. S New Wilmington

Johnston, J. H New Wilmington

Kelso, James Enon Valley

King, J. J. & Son New Castle

McCormick, C. M New Castle

Newman, H. M New Castle

Noss, Jos New Castle

Seley, Fred New Wilmington

White, A. L Pulaski

Young, J. Fred Ellwood City

LEBANON COUNTY HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS— 1930

President — H. MEYER SNAVELY Lebanon

Sec.-Treas.— J. MORRIS HORST « Lebanon

MEMBERS

Boltz, Peter R Lebanon

Bricker, L. B Lebanon

Cornwall Orchards Cornwall

Detwiler, Ira Lebanon

Heilman, Albert Cleona

Horst, J. Morris Lebanon

Hostetter, H. Herman Lebanon

Meyer, M. A., Jr Lebanon

Meyer, Allen Annville

Nallie, William Lebanon

Reist, A. E Palmyra

Snavely, Misses Lebanon

Snavely, H. Meyer Lebanon

Yengst, John Lebanon

—221—

k

M

{

LEHIGH COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Organized March 16, 1923

OrnCERS— 1930

President— J. E. LINDE. Orefield

Vice President— L. M. SCHANTZ Orefield

Sec. Treas.— A. L. HACKER AUentown

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

J. H. WEINBERGER Zionsville

F. J. MOHR Fogelsville

H. A. SCHANTZ Allentown

MEMBERS

Bayers, William Lehighton

Billnieyor, H. W Quakertown

Brown, H. W Allentown

Donnis, A. J Zionsvillo

Dickenshierl, F. S Zionsville

Ehrhart, John Spinnertown

Fensterniachor, P. S Allentown

Francis, C. D Allentown

Gackonbach, C. A Orefield

Haokor, A. L Allentown

Hausman, George B Coopersburg

Hort, Herbert Coopersburg

Kleppinger, B. M Coopersburg

Knappenberger. Thomas Coopersburg

Kuhns, Oscar H Allentown

Kuhns, Victor Allentown

Knntz, Mrs. M. M Allentown

Kyle, William B Zionsvillo

Laudenslager, Martin Orefield

Linde, J. Eric Orefield

Mattes, Paul Emaus

Merkel, C. D Coopersburg

Mohr, Frank J Fogelsville

Ritter, Astor Allentown

Schantz, H. A Allentown

Schantz, L. M Orefield

Schrieber, Harry F Zionsvillo

Slade, J. C Allentown

Smith, G. E Bethlehem

Smith, William M Orefield

Stauffer, Wallace Quakertown

Triechler, Raymon Coplay

Weaver, William S Macungie

Weinberger, J. H Zionsville

Wolfe, Joseph Fullerton

LUZERNE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

^ OmCERS— 1930

President— NELSON H. LEWIS Pittston

Vice President— WILLIAM SMITH Berwick

Sec. Treas.— HAROLD BRACE Z[Z^ZZZIZZZZ...J)Mb;8

MEMBERS

Rozelle, H. E Pittston

Hosier, Ralph Berwick

Walp, Charles Berwick

—222—

Smith, William Berwick

Wheeler, C. B Hunlocks Creek

Niering, Theo Wapwallopen

Lewis, Russell Pittston

Frantz, Ira Dallas

Wolfe, Walter Dallas

Birth, Elmer Fairmount Springs

Parks, William H Dallas

Lewis, Nelson H Pittston

Hann, Jesse Hunlocks Creek

Gay, A rthur Dallas

Lewis, L. A Wyoming

Lewis, Howard G Pittston

Lewis, Norman Pittston

Bonham, Boyd, Jr Hunlocks Creek

Schoonover, W. E Dallas

Parrish, E. R Dallas

Klein, M., Jr Wapwallopen

Hess, J. S Wapwallopen

Wardan, Howard Dallas

Behrens, H. A Wilkes-Barre

Hutchison, J. D Wilkes-Barre

Brace, Harold G Dallas

Sheppard, Charles Pittston

Chapin, Irvin Shickshinny

YORK COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS— 1930

President— C. F. WEAVER York

Vice President— H. M. ANDERSON New Park

Vice President— RUSSEL SHAW Stewartstown

Secretary— GEORGE A. GOODLING Loganville

Treasurer— S. A. SMITH yoe

MEMBERS

Allen, H. G New Park

Alban, Thos. A Loganville

Anderson, H. M New Park

Bear, Paul Mt. Wolfe

Bear, Arthur York

Brown, J. T New Park

Bupp, Jere York

Boyd, Paul Delta

Ebauorh, W. H Stewartstown

Everhart, George York

Frey, Harrv E York

Fahs, David York

Flinchbaugh . H. H Loganville

Flora, W. H Wrightsville

Gibson, W. F Yoe

Gross, H. S York

Goodling. G. A Loganville

Hvkes, E. S ...York

Horn, David York

Howard, P. H Dover

Hoffmaster, J. J Muddy Creek Forks

Kauffman, E. F York

Kauffman, J. B York

King, M. G ........". .Mt. Wolf

Lightner, E. S York

—223—

1

Lieberknecht, H. F w'"?/"T

Lehman, Geo. E Wrightsville

Lehman, Sylvester ^^ork

Latterman, R. A }^^^

Lau, Rev. L M -;;"'""r> ,'

Lau L B l^Sist Berlin

Lau; L: E:::";m""»»»;» :^ast Berlm

Loose, H. H Menges Mi s

Miller, Harvey Loganville

McPherson Brothers Bridgeton

Markey, Elmer .-York

Neiman, Otto -^o^^

Poif, Curvin E -■-• ---York

Payne, E. W Stewartstown

Resh, Noah W ■^;;V"'"^TVJ'I

Richardson, W. T Whitef ord, Md.

Seachman, Geo. E ^ed Lion

Shaw, Russell Stewartstown

Stein, Geo. E Wrightsville

Smith, S. A ;J^oe

Stover, Jacob E """;;,

Snyder, T. S Brodbecks

Tarbert, D. F Dallastown

Thomas, John M York

Whitecomb, Paul "T,

Winter, M. L Hellam

Weaver, C. F -York

Yoke, Thomas Spring Grove

Zeigler, Calvin York

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OP

PENNSYLVANIA

MEMBERSHIP LIST 1929 AND 1930

Name

Ab])ey, J. H.
Abraczinskas, Andrew
Ackerson, S. A.
Acme Veneer Package Co.
Adam, J. N.
Adams, Charles S.
*Adams, W. S.
Adams Co., Fruit Packing &

Distributing Co.
Adler, A. & Son

Aiken, J. V.
Alban, Thomas A.
Allem, S. W.
Allen, S. L. Co.
Allen, Howard G.
Allen, James D.
Allen, R. L.
Altman, L. A.
American Fruit Growers,

Inc.
American Lime & Stone C
Amos, Wm. J. & Son

♦Life Members

—224—

Post Office

County

North Girard

Eric

Catawissa, R. 2

Columbia

Blairsville, R. 4

Indiana

Orchard Park, N. Y.

West Chester

Chester

Esterly

Berks

Aspers

Adams

Biglerville

Adams

Front & Richmond Sts.,

Philadelphia

Philadelphia

Portersville

Lawrence

Loganville

York

Ottsville

Bucks

Philadelphia

Philadelphia

New Park

York

Stockton

Bucks

New Castle, R. 3

Lawrence

Blairsville, R. 4

Indiana

2100 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh

Allegheny

Bellefonte

Centre

Warminster

Bucks

Name

Post Office

County

Anderson, Edward T.

New Cumberland

Cumberland

Anderson, H. M.

New Park

York

^Anderson, H. W.

Stewartstown

York

Anderson, O. P.

Phoenixville

Chester

Anderson, Ralph W.

Fawn Grove

York

Angstadt, James E.

Mertztown

Berks

Anthony, R. D,

State College

Centre

*Anwyll, Harry L.

Harrisburg

Dauphin

April Farms

Coopersburg

Lehigh

Artley, 0. R.

Linden, R. 1

Lycoming

^Atkinson, D. W.

Wrightstown

Bucks

Atkinson, R. W.

Wrightstown

Bucks

At water, C. G.

40 Rector St., New York

City

Auchey, Claude

Hanover, R. 3

York

Aument, Andrew

Safe Harbor R. 2

Lancaster

Babcock, D. C.

Medina, Ohio

Bache, Carter

Nanticoke

Luzerne

Bacon, John

Gasport, New York

Baggs, W. E.

Martinsburg, W. Va.

Bailey, W. R.

Woodleaf, N. C.

Baker, C. E.

Chamborsburg, R. 6

Franklin

Baldesberger, W. P.

Bridgeville R. 2

Allegheny

Baldwin, 0. H.

West Chester

Chester

Balthaser, G. W.

Wernersville

Berks

*Banhaf, W. H.

Muncy

Lycoming

Barker, Herbert C.

West Cheater

Chester

Barnard, C. P.

TJnionville

Chester

Barnes, Norman H.

Wallingford, Conn.

Barr, Frank S.

Narvon

Lancaster

Barr, I. C.

Greencastle

Franklin

Barton, W. E.

Six Mile Run

Bedford

*Bartram, Frank M.

Kennett Square

Chester

*Bartram, G. Maurice

West Chester

Chester

*Baugher, George L.

Aspers

Adams

*Baugher, H. G.

Aspers

Adams

Bavard & Baldwin

New Castle

Lawrence

Bavers, Wm.

Martinsburg, W. Va.

Bean, John Mfg. Co.

Lansing, Mich.

Bear, Arthur

York, R. 10

York

Bep.r, Jacob R.

York, R. 10

York

Bonr, John W.

York, R. 10

York

Bear, Paul A.

Mount Wolf, R. 4

York

Bear, S. H.

Scotland

Franklin

Beard, Godwin

Plymouth

Luzerne

Beatty, J. E.

North Girard

Erie

Beaver, James

Milflinburg

Union

Beaverson, E. S.

York, R. 5

Beck, A. F.

Perkasie

Bucks

Beck, John A.

White Deer, R. 1

Union

Becker, C. E.

Bloomsburg

Luzerne

Behrens, H. A.

Wilkes-Barre

Luzerne

*Bell, R. H.

Harrisburg

Dauphin

Bender, L. J.

Allentown

Lehigh

Bendine, F. R.

Fairview

Erie

Benn, R. P.

Bangor

Northampton

Benner, Roy

Perkasie

Bucks

Benner, H. G.

Coopersburg

Lehigh

*Bennett, Eugene B.

Now Jersey

Betz, W. E.

Stevens, R. 2

Lancaster

♦Life Members

1

^1

'-1

—225—

Name

Bickley, Mrs. Mae E.

Bievenour, W. S.

Biklo, F. C.

Bikle, Philip M.

Billmever, H. W.

Bingham, A. H.

Bingham, W. O.

Birth, Elmer

Birth, Milton

Bishop, Wm.

Bitnor, L. S.

Black, H. M.

Blackburn, W. D.
^Blaine, George W.
"Blair, Charles P.

Blair, F. W.

Bl each or, Jacob B.
* Blessing, David H.

Boak, J. A. & Son

Booshoro, Harvey

Bogart, Fred
*Bolos, McClellan T.
*Boltz, Peter .R.
Bonoar, Chester
Bonoar, Homer
Bonham, Boyd, Jr.
Boone, Andrew W.
Borry, Jos. W.
Borry, E. E.
Bostwick, George
Bountiful Ridge Nurseries
Bowman, Oscar R.
Boyd, Paul C.
*Boyor, John F.
Boyer, W. W. & Bro.
Brace, Harold S.
Broam, D. M.
*Broidenbaugh, H. L.
Broidonbaugh, Herbert
Bronnoman, John R.
Breroton, O'Hara D.
Bricker, E. B.
*Brinton, H. C.
Brinton, Robert F.
Brinton, William & Son
Brooke, R. G.
Broom ell, J. Howard
Brosius, S. G.
Brossman, Morse
Brown, Bert C.
Brown, H. M.
Brown, H. W.
Brown, Norman C.
Brown, J. Turner
Brown, J. Wallace
Brown, M. M.
Brown, Robert
Brown, J. E.

♦Life Members

Post Office

Quakertown
York

Fayetteville, R. 1

Chambersburg, R. 11

Quakertown

8t. Thomas

St. Thomas

Fairmount Springs

Shickshinny, R. 2

Doylestown

Gordonville, R. 1

Idamar, R. D.

Bedford

North East

Monaca, R. 1

Girard

Safe Harbor, R. 2

Harrisburg

New Castle, R. 4

Lebanon, R. 3

North East

Hanlin Station

Lebanon

Honesdale

Honesdale

Hunlocks Creek, R. 2

Fairview, R. 1

Ephrata

Stevens, R. 2

North East

Princess Anne, Md.

Hanover

Delta

Middleburg

Biglerville

Dallas, R. 3

Chambersburg

Boyertown

Martinsburg

Lancaster, R. 7

Edenville

Li tit z

Hanover

West Chester

Glen rose

Schwenksville, R. 2

Bridgeport

West Grove

Ephrata

Indiana

Indiana, R. 5

Allentown

Waynesboro

New Park

Erie, R. 8

Martinsburg, W. Va.

Homer City

McDonald

—226—

County

Bucks
York
Franklin
Franklin
Lehigh
Franklin
Franklin
Luzerne
Luzerne
Bucks
Lancaster
Indiana
Bedford
Erie
Beaver
Erie
Lancaster
Dauphin
Lawrence
Lebanon
Erie
Washington
Lebanon
Wayne
Wayne
Luzerne
Erie
Lancaster
Lancaster
Erie

York
York
Snyder
Adams
Luzerne
Franklin
Berks
Blair
Lancaster
Franklin
Lancaster
York
Chester
Chester
Montgomery
Montgomery
Chester
Lancaster
Indiana
Indiana
Lehigh
Franklin
York
Erie

Indiana
Washington

Name

Brownell, J. Howard
Brubaker, Daniel A.
Brubaker, J. C.
Bruce, C. H.
Bruugess, J. Jenkins
Bullock, W. H.

Bupp, Jere
Burr, Milton

California Spray Chem. Co.
Campbell, J. G.
Campbell, Willard S.
Campfield, W. S.
Carpenter, G. S. L.
Carrell, Frank B.
Carter, L. A.
Cashtown Nursery
Cation, William R.
Central Chemical Co.
Champlin, B. F.
Chapin, Irvin
Chase Brothers
*Chase, Charles T.
Chumard, Lewellyn
Clark, B. M.
Clark Stek-0 Corp.
Clem son, J. W.
Close, E. V.
Coates, W. B.
Coffroad, L. C.
Colby, C. C.
Conch, R. H.
Cook, R. H.
*Cooper, G. A.
Cope, F. R. Jr.
Cornwall Farms & Orchards
Uowen, W. H.
Cox, J. W.
Craig, R. F.
Craighead, E. M.
Crawford, J. B.
Crawford, Thomas H.
Creasy, Luther P.
Creasy, C. W.
Cressman, B. F.

Cressman, Charles E.

Cressman, C. K.

Criswell

Croft, F. W.

Cromley, P. S.

Grossman, P. 8.

Crothers, J. D.
*Crouse, E. A.

Crouthamel, R. H.

Crowell, A. & T.

Crowell, Ralph T.

Crowell, Samuel B.
♦Cummings, Joseph F.

♦Life Members

Post Office

County

Bridgeport

Montgomery

Ephrata, R. 2

Lancaster

Lititz, R. 1

Lancaster

Chambersburg, R. 1

Franklin

Tunkhannock

Wyoming

Honesdale

Wayne

York, R. 2

York

Bardane, W. Va.

New York City

North East

Erie

Kimberton

Chester

Staunton, Va.

Hancock, Md.

Neshaming

Bucks

Mars

Allegheny

Cashtown

Adams

Orrtanna

Adams

Hagerstown, Md.

North East

Erie

Shickshinny, R. 3

Luzerne

Rochester, New York

Bala

Montgomery

Ariel

Wayne

Indiana

Indiana

Rochester, N. Y.

Halifax

Dauphin

Lawrenceville

Tioga

Parkesburg

Chester

New Holland

Lancaster

Erie

Erie

Parkwood

Indiana

Hyndman, R. 1

Bedford

Coraopolis

Allegheny

Dimock

Susquehanna

Cornwall

Lebanon

Roaring Spring

Blair

New Castle, R. 5

Lawrence

Chambersburg, R. 6

Franklin

Gettysburg

Adams

Fayetteville

Franklin

Fayetteville

Franklin

Catawissa, R. 1

Columbia

Catawissa

Columbia

2100 Walnut St.,

Philadelphia,

Philadelphia

Philadelphia

Philadelphia

Boyertown

Berks

Chambersburg

Franklin

St. Thomas

Franklin

Danville

Montour

Girard

Erie

Girard

Erie

Gettysburg

Adams

Perkasie

Bucks

Avondale

Chester

Buckingham

Bucks

Edgemont

Chester

Sunbury

Northumberland

-227—

Name

Cummmgs, J. W. & Son
Ciirrie, W. E.
Curtis, A. B.
Cutler Mfg. Co.
Dagoston Brothers
* Davenport, Eugene
Davis, E. N. G.
Davidson, N. H.
Dawson, R. D.
Dayton, R. S.

DeCou, Benj. S.
DeLong, Cletus Y.
Dennis, A. J.
Derick, F. P.
Detweiler, Ira K.
Dickenshied, F. S.
Dickey, Samuel
Dickinson, B. M.

Diehl, D. W. W.

Diehl, Ed. B.

Diehl, H. T.

Dietrich, Wm. J.

Dietrich, Irvin C.

Diffenderfer, C. R.
*Dill, Robert

Diven, W. C.

Dixon, M. E.

Dohan, John T.

Dochat, C. J.

Downey, H. E.
*Dnnlap, James M.
*Dunlap, R. Bruce

Drumheller, J. R.

Dubbs, H. J.

Duncan, A. W.

Duncan, Miss Eleanor C.

Dushane, J. R.

Dye, H. W.

Eagleman, J. G.

Ebaugh, W. H.

Ebling, Aaron

Eby, Henry R.

Eby, Levi F.

Edgerton, J. Russell

Edgerton Mfg. Co.

Edmiston, William

Egyptian Nurseries &
Orchard Co

Eisaman, G. A.

Electric Hose & .Rubber Co.

Elbell, George H.

Elder, George K,
*Eldon, Robert M.

Engle, John G.

Engleman, E. Y.

Erhart, John

*Life Members

Post Oflfice

New Wilmington
New Castle, R. 1
North East
Portland, Oregon
Sugarloaf, R. I
Plymouth
Newtown Square
Crambersburg
New Galilee, R. 2
Woodbourne Orchards

Dimock
Norristown, R. 1
Mertztown, R. 2
Zionsville, R. 1
Newburg, R. 1
Lebanon
Zionsville
Oxford
5634 Stanton Ave.,

Pittsburgh
Bedford, R. 4
St. Thomas
Millmont
Allentown
Kempton
Chambersburg
North East
Li verm ore
Livermore, R. 2
Darling

Lancaster, R. 2
Chambersburg
Shippensburg
Harrisburg
Boyertown
Carlisle
Livermore
Shippensburg
Winchester, Va.
Middleport, N. Y.
Geigers Mills
Stewartstown
Reading

Pittsburgh, Court House
Manheim, R. 3
Westtown
Plymouth, Indiana
New Castle

Farina, Illinois

East Springfield

Wilmington, Delaware

Rossiter, R. 1

Lewiston, Maine

Aspers

Marietta

Noxen

Spinnertown

—228—

County

Lawrence

T-iawrence

Erie

Luzerne

Luzerne

Delaware

Franklin

Lawrence

Susquehanna

Montgomery

Berks

Lehigh

Cumberland

Lebanon

Lehigh

Chester

Allegheny

Bedford

Franklin

Union

Lehigh

Berks

Franklin

Erie

Indiana

Indiana

Delaware

Lancaster

Franklin

Cumberland

Dauphin

Berks

Cumberland

Indiana

Cumberland

Berks

York

Berks

Allegheny

Lancaster

Chester

Lawrence

Erie

Indiana

Adams

Lancaster

Luzerne

Lehigh

Name

Eshelman, S. C.
*Evans, W. H.
Evans Brothers
Everett, Samuel
Everhart, G. W.

Eyett, Irvin
Faber, Horace B.
Fagan, F. N.
Fahs, David C.
Farnsworth, W. W. & Co.

*Fassett, F. H.
Feeg, A. C.
Feldman, Charles S.
Felty, G. 0. B.
Fenstermacher, P. S.

Fetterman, J. Gordon
*Filbert, R. J.
Fisher, H. J.
Fisher, Isaac L.
Fisher, Fred

Fitting, George

Flack, M. Raymond
^Fletcher, S. W.

Flinchbaugh, H. H.

Flora, Wm. H.

Forbes, R. M.

Forest Hill Farms

Forry, C. S.

Forry, S. E.

Forry, Roy

Foster, C. W.

Foster, Frank B.

Francis, D. C.

Frantz, Ira

Frantz, S. P.

Free, W. A.
*Freed, A. J.
*Freed, W. A.

Fretz, J. Franklin

Frey, Harry E.

Friday, G. P. & Son

Friend Mfg. Co.

Fritz, William

Fry, John L.

Fry, Emory

Fullerton & Son

Fyock, S. L. & Son

Funk, Sheldon

Gable, J. B. Jr.

Gabler, C. Grover

Gackenbach, C. A.

Garber, Henry F.

Garman, Albert S.
*Garrahan, R. H.

Gates, G. H.

Gay, Arthur

Gefrorer, Henry

Gehr, Harvey J.

*Life Members

Post Office

County

McKnightstown

Adams

Plains ville

Luzerne

Glen Mills

Delaware

Bristol, R. D.

Bucks

York

York

Plainsville

Luzerne

York

York

State College

Centre

York

York

Waterville, Ohio

Meshoppen

Wyoming

Robesonia

Berks

Chambersburg, R. 6

Franklin

Millersville

Lancaster

Allentown, R. 5

Lehigh

Media

Delaware

Fox Chase

Philadelphia

Willow Grove

Montgomery

Soudersburg

Lancaster

Wernersville

Berks

Lumberville

Bucks

West Chester, R. 5

Chester

State College

Centre

Loganville

York

Wrightsville

York

Erie

Erie

Glen Mills

Delaware

Spring Grove

York

Ephrata, R. 1

Lancaster

Spring Grove

York

Girard

Erie

Haverford

Montgomery

Allentown

Lehigh

Dallas, R. D.

Luzerne

Trucksville

Luzerne

York

York

Racine

Beaver

Racine

Beaver

Ottsville

Bucks

York

York

New Castle, R. 1

Lawrence

Gasport, New York

Barto

Berks

Reading

Berks

Millerstown

Perry

Edinburg

Lawrence

Clynier, R. 1

Indiana

Boyertown

Berks

Stewartstown

York

Roxbury

Franklin

Orefield, R. 1

Lehigh

Mt. Joy

Lancaster

Manheim

Lancaetcr

Kingston

Luzerne

Shippensburg

Cumberland

Dallas, R. 3

Luzerne

Gradyville

Delaware

Waynesboro

Franklin

-229-

m\

Name

Geist, Willis H.

George, Thomas K.

Gibson, Ira E.

Gibson, Ralph

Gibson, W. F.

Gilbert, Walter

Gillan, C. F.

Gillan, R. J.

Glebe, Wm.

Glick, Jacob R.

Goldsborough, E. L.

Good, Harvey

Good, Martin R.

Goodenow, Milo E.

Goodling, G. A.

Gordon, Ross S.

Goshorn, Taylor L.

Gray, E. Jr.

Graybill, N. Charles

Groon, J. W.

Greening Nursery Co.

Gregor, E. N.

Greil, C. B.
*Greist, C. A.
*Greist, Frederick E.
Grinishaw, Harry
Gross, H. S.
Gross, Mahlon
Group, Foster C.
*i-Grovc, W. E.
Grubbs, E. B.
(irubbs, N. S.
(hitelius, Ray D.
Guy ton, T. L.
Gygcr, Ferman
Haag, Arthur W.
Haaso, Herman
Haase, William
Haas, William
Hacker, A. L.
^Haddock, John 0.
Hadlcy, C. H.
Hafor, Roy

Hagorstown Spray Co.
Haines, Robert B., 3rd.
Haines, W. A.
*Hall, L. C.
Hammond, F. F.
Hann, Jesse
Hancy, C. H.
Harbison, C. F.
Hardt, C. W.
Harer, Roy
Harnieh, Enos
Harnish, James B.
Harris, Thomas
Harrison, Joseph
Harshman, John
Hart Co., H. V.

♦Life Members

Post Office

Lancaster, .R. 5

Homer City

Blairsville, R. 1

Williamsport

Yoe

W. Leesport

St. Thomas

St. Thomas

Delaware Water Gap

Lancaster, R. 5

Sheperdstown, W. Va.

Lancaster, R. 8

Bareville, Box 55

Fairview

Logan ville

Greencastle, R. D.

Quincy, Box 47

Hancock, Md.

Xew Windsor, Md.

Easton

Monroe, Mich.

Glenside

Lamar

Guernsey

Flora Dale

North Girard

York

Fountainville

Gardners

York Springs

Fairview

Mt. Holly, N. J.

Mifflinburg

Harrisburg

Kimborton

•Reading

Narrowsburg, N. Y.

Narrowsburg, N. Y.

Coplay

Allontown

Wilkes Barre

Camden, N. J., Box 361

Favettevillc

Hagorstown, Md.

Gcrmantown

Bristol

North Girard

Scotland

Hunlocks Creek

Loola

New Castle

Harrisburg

Salladasburg

West Willow

Sinking Springs

New Florence, R. 2

Berlin, Md.

Smithsburg, Md.

Hagerstown, Md.

—230—

County

Lancaster

Indiana

Indiana

Lycoming

York

Berks

Franklin

Franklin

Monroe

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lancaster

Erie

York

Franklin

Franklin

Northampton

Montgomery

Clinton

Adams

Adams

Erie

York

Bucks

Adams

Adams

Erie

Union

Dauphin

Chester

Berks

Lehigh

Lehigh

Luzerne

Franklin

Philadelphia

Bucks

Erie

Franklin

Luzerne

Lancaster

Lawrence

Dauphin

Lycoming

Lancaster

Berks

Indiana

Name

Hartman, D. L.

Hartman, E. W.
*Hartman, L. E.

Hartman, M. T.

Hartzell, Chas. M.

Hattenstein, S. C.

Haughay, John, Jr.

Hauser, Clarence L.

Hausman, George B.
*Haverstick, Paul

Hawkins, Charles A.

Hawkins, Paul M.

Hawkins, E. B.

Hayes, S. B.

Hayman, Guy L.

Heacock, F. J.

Heilman, Albert

Heinz, Henry

Heisev, S. A.

Helwig, D. B.

Henderson, John G.

Henry, J. W.

Herhold, J. C.

Herr, C. H.

Herr, David S.

Hershey, C. Maurice
*Hershey, H. F.

Hershey, F. S.

Hess, Francis P.

Hess, Elmer

Hess, J. S.

Hess, Paul G.

Hess, Ray B.

Hess, Willis A.

Hildebrant, Jno. A.

Hilo, Anthonv

Hileman, W. Carl
*Hill, William D.

Hillos, William T.

Hindenack, B. L.

Hines, Zenas

Hockensmith, J. J.

Hoffman, Frank G.

Hoffman, H. L.

Hoffman, R. C.

Hoff master, J. G.

Hogobaum, A. E.

Hollinger, J. W.

Holt, Herbert

Hood, T. C.
*Hoops, Wilmer W.

Horn, W. H.

Horn, David
*Horst, J. Morris

Hosier, Ralph

Hostetler, Abram

Hostetter, H. Herman

Hostetter, Dr. J. E.

Houck, Clyde

♦liife Members

Post Office

County

Little River, Fla.

Cashtown

Adams

Cly

York

Emporium

Cameron

New Castle, R. 1

Lawrence

Spring City

Chester

Bel Air, Md.

York, R. 7

York

Coopersburg, R. 2

Lehigh

Lancaster

Lancaster

Delta

York

Flora Dale

Adams

Delta

York

Enon Valley

Lawrence

Northbrook

Chester

Bedford

Bedford

Cleona

Lebanon

Narrowsburg

Wayne

Greencastle

Franklin

Catawissa, R. 1

Columbia

Saltsburg, R. 1

Indiana

Fayetteville, R. 1

Franklin

North Girard

Erie

T^ancaster, R. 2

Lancaster

Lancaster, R. 7

Lancaster

Paradise, R. 1

Lancaster

Hamburg

Berks

East Petersburg

Lancaster

Lancaster, R. 7

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lancaster

Wapwallopen

Luzerne

Mt. Alto, R. 1

Franklin

Mt. Alto, R. 1

Franklin

Winchester, Va.

Dallas, R. 2

Luzerne

CurwcnsvnMle

Clearfield

New Castle, R. ?>

Lawrence

North East

Erie

Malvern

Chester

Easton, R. 6

Northampton

Clymer, R. 2

Indiana

Harper's Ferry, W. Va

Mt. Penn

Berks

Butler, Star Route

Butler

Arendtsville

Adams

"Xruddy Creek Forks

York

Girard

Erie

Rohrerstown

Lancaster

Coopersburg, R. 2

Lehigh

Saltsburg

Indiana

West Chester

Chester

Chambersburg, R. 10

Franklin

York

York

Lebanon, R. 3

Lebanon

Berwick, R. 1

Luzerne

Johnstown

Cambria

Tiobanon, R. D.

Lebanon

Gap, R. 1

Lancaster

Clymer, R. 1

Indiana

—231—

y

Name

Howard, P. H.
Howe, B. Homer
Hoy, J. A.
Huber, Edwin S.
Huber, Levi S.
*Hue7, S. R.
Hunsberger, Howard K.
Hunt, N. M.
Hunt, V. C.
Hutchison, T. G.
Hutchison, J. J.
Hutchison, J. D.

Hutchison, C. H.

Huyette, Irvin B.

Hyde, A. A.

Hvde, Clarence M.

Hyde, R. A.

Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co.

Hykes, Samuel

Hykes, E. S.

Indiana Hospital

Indiana Countv Home

Ingham, M. M.

Irey, Allen

Irvin, S. B.

Jamann, John

.Tames, T. G.

.Tayne, Allen

Jefferson, Thos. H.

Jennings, Paul B.

Johnson, Mrs. Evelyn B.
*Johnston, Mrs. F. C.

Johnston, J. H.

Johnston, M. E.

Johnston, R. S.

Johnston, S. M.

Jones, G. T.
*Jones, S. M.

Kach, Steve

Kaiser, Frank A.

Karns, J. H.

Kauffman, A. L.

Kauffman, E. F,

Kauffman, J. B.

Keener, Simon S.

Keim, James F.

Keiser, C. C.

Keller, Allen
* Keller, Paul J.

Kelley Bros. Nurseries

Kelso, James

Kemery, C. H.

Kendig, Dr. J. D.

Kephart, H. C.

Kerchner, Harvey T.

Kerper, Milton

Kerr, George A.
♦Kessler, George W.

♦Life Members

Post Office

County

Dover, R. 1

York

Benton

Columbia

Williamsport

Lycoming

Chambersburg

Franklin

Neffsville

Lancaster

New Castle

Lawrence

Perkasie

Bucks

New Castle, R. 4

Lawrence

Bedford, R. 4

Bedford

New Wilmington

Lawrence

Armaugh

Indiana

Rear by Scott St.

Wilkes Barre

Luzerne

Armaugh, R. D

Indiana

Reading

Berks

Manns Choice

Bedford

Manns Choice

Bedford

Manns Choice

Bedford

Mt. Gilead, Ohio

York

York

York

York

Indiana

Indiana

Indiana

Indiana

New Castle

Lawrence

Boyertown

Berks

Punxsutawney

Jefferson

Reigelsville

Bucks

North Girard

Erie

West Auburn

Susquehanna

Wycomb

Bucks

Towanda

Bradford

New Hope

Bucks

Dallas

Luzerne

Now Wilmington

Lawrence

Connoqucssing

Butler

New Wilmington, R. 1

Lawrence

Indiana County Home

Indiana

North Girard

Erie

West Grove

Chester

Girard

Erie

Scranton

Lackawanna

Chambersburg

Franklin

Ronks, R. 1

Lancaster

York

York

York, R. 7

York

Elizabethtown

Lancaster

State College

Centre

Maytown, R. 1

Lancaster

Kleinsfeltersville

Lancaster

Gettysburg

Adams

Dansville, N. Y.

New Galilee

Lawrence

West Chester

Chester

Maytown, R. 1

Lancaster

Tyrone

Blair

Lenhartsville

Berks

Birdsboro, R. 2

Berks

Virginsville

Berks

Tyrone

Blair

—232—

Name

Ketner, Jacob B.

Keyt, Charles I.

Kibbler, C. P.

Kibler, T. F.

Kidd, Virgil

Kildoo, Samuel & Son

King, J. J. & Son

King, H. L.

King, M. G.

Kinney, F. A.

Kirshon, Benj.
*Kister, U. G.

Kister, H. C.

Klein, M. Jr.

Kleppinger, B. M.

Knappenberger, Thomas

Knoebel, E. M.

Koch, C. H.
*Koehler, Paulus E.

Koppers Company

Kraus, J. W.

Kraybill, S. S.

Kreamer, Lewis Co.

Kreider, George R.

Kuhns, Oscar H.

Kuhns, Victor

Kunkle, N. J.

Kuntz, Mrs. M. M.

Kunzig, Geo. A.

Kyle, William B.

Lacoe, E.

Landis, D. L. Jr.
*Landis, D. M.

Landis, Elmer E.

Landis, H. D.

Lang Stamp Works, Inc.

Lapp, H. E.
Latshaw, J. E.
Latterman, R. A.
Lau, L. B.
Lau, L. E.
Lau, R. E.
Lau, Rev. I. M.
Laub, H. n. Jr.
Laude, Wm. L.
Laudenslager, Martin
Lefever, John
Lehman, Arthur
Lehman, Earless
Lehman, Elias
Lehman, G. E.
Lehman, Sylvester
Lehman, S. S.
Lemmon, D. R.
Lengle, Paul H.
Leonard, F. E.
T^epole, Walter
Lesher, H. V.

♦Life Members

Post Office

Wernersville

Stuarts Draft, Va.

York

North Girard

Allentown

New Castle, R. 4

New Castle, R. 1

New Castle, R. 1

Mt. Wolf, R. 1

North Girard

Holicong

Etters

Lenhartsville, R. 1

Wapwallopen, R. 1

Coopersburg

Coopersburg

Sunbury, R. 1

McKeensburg

Monaca

Pittsburgh

Barnesville

Mt. Joy

Stony Creek Mill

Fairview

Allentown, R. 3

Allentown, R. 3

Orwigsburg

Allentown

Girard

Zionsville

Ranson

Chambersburg, R. 1

Lancaster, R. 7

Dublin

Girard

Hudson & Green Sts.

Albany, N. Y.
Allentown, R. 3
Marion
York, R. 5
East Berlin, R. 2
East Berlin, R. 2
York
York

Lewistown
Mountain Top
Orefield, R. 1
Boyertown
York
York

York, R. 5
Wrightsville, R. 2
York, R. 9
Girard

North Girard
Pine Grove
Carlisle
Akron
Northumberland

—233—

Coxinty
Berks

York

Erie

Lehigh

Lawrence

Lawrence

Lawrence

York

Erie

Bucks

York

Berks

Luzerne

Lehigh

Lehigh

Northumberland

Schuylkill

Beaver

Alleghenv

Schuylkill

Lancaster

Berks

^ Erie

Lehigh

Lehigh

Schuylkill

Lehigh

Erie

Lehigh

Luzerne

Franklin

Lancaster

Bucks

Erie

Lehigh

Franklin

York

York

York

York

York

Mifflin

Luzerne

Lehigh

Berks

York

York

York

York

York

Erie

Erie

Schuylkill

Cumberland

Lancaster

Northumberland

• 11

n

n

H

t

Name

Leslie, J. Merle
Lewis, L. A.
Lewis, Howard S.
Lewis, L. N.
Lewis, Norman
Lewis, Nelson
Lewis, Kussell
Lewis, S. V.
Lieberknecht, H. F.
Lionhard, Edward
Lightner, E. S.
Lightwood, M. H.
Linde, J. Eric
Linville, Arthur
Livingood, W. W.
Lloyd Fruit Farm
Lohry, Chas. F.
Long, D. E.
Long, W. W.
*Loop, A. L
Loop, H. S.
Loose, H. H.
*Lord, Jo^n
Loucks, Walter
Luigard, Geo. W.
Lundy, T. A.
Lutz, W. J.
Lupton, J. McSherry
Tivdic, J. M.
McCall, C. H.
McCanna, Francis J.
*MpClellan, J. B.
McClenathan, J. J.
McClure. Frank
AfcCormick, C. M.
*McCormick, James
AfarBonald, James C.
McDonald, R. C.
MfDonough, F. L.
"NffFarland, J. Horace
McFroa, F. C.
:\rcGoorgc, Mrs. K. L.
^rcGowan, Howard
AfcHcnrv, Clarence
*:\rcKoo, J. M.
^fcKo(^, T. C.
McTlvano, J. S.
:\rcNeal, Wm. H.
McGinniss, C. B.
AfcPherson Brothers
MacVeagh, W. F.
Madoria, A. B.
*Maffott. Miss M. A.
IVfagid, Luis B.
Mahle, H. F.

"Nrahaley, Clyde

Aralonev Brothers Nursery

Marble, L. M.

♦Life Members

Post Office

New Castle, R. 8
Wyoming, R. 3
Pittston, R. 1
Laughlintown
Pittston, R. 1
Pittston
Pittston, R. 1
Wyoming
Hellam
Lehighton
York, R. 10
Emmitsburg, Md.
Orefield, R. 1
Media, R. 2
Robesonia
Weston
Beaver
Fayetteville
Eighty Four
North East
North East
Menges Mills
Wyoming, R. 1
York

Lenhartsville
Muncy, R. 3
Berwick, R. D.
Winchester, Va.
Blairsville, R. 1
Indiana
Pittston
Canonsburg
North Girard
New Castle, R. 5
New Castle, R. 2
Harrisburg
Fairview, R. 1
Inwood, W. Va.
Middleport, N. Y.
Harrisburg
Blairsville, R. D.
Orrtanna
Geigers Mills
Indiana
Harrisburg
East Springfield
Chambersburg
Parksburg
Reading
Bridgeton
Muncy, R. 3
Sinking Springs
Wilkes Barre
Tallulah Park, Ga.
285 Madison Ave.,

New York City
New Holland
Dansvillc, N. Y.
Canton

—234—

County

Lawrence

Luzerne

Luzerne

Westmoreland

Luzerne

Luzerne

Luzerne

Luzerne

York

Carbon

York

Lehigh

Delaware

Berks

Luzerne

Beaver

Franklin

Washington

Erie

Erie

York

Luzerne

York

Berks

Lycoming

Columbia

Indiana

Indiana

Luzerne

Washington

Erie

Lawrence

Lawrence

Dauphin

Erie

Dauphin

Indiana

Adams

Berks

Indiana

Dauphin

Erie

Franklin

Chester

Berks

York

Lycoming

Berks

Luzerne

Lancaster
Bradford

Name

March, Wilbur
Markeley, N. S.
Markey, Elmer J.
Marsh, H. V.
Martin, A. C.
*Martin, J. O.
Martindale, Mrs. C. P.

Marvil Package Co.

Mason, J. A.

Mattern, Jas. C.

Mattes, Paul

Matthews, W. H.

Mauger, Maurice

Maule, Norman C.

Maurer, W. H.

Mayer, Guy S.
*Mayer, L. E.

Mecartney, J. L.

Mechling, E. A.

Meek, John W.

Meeder, J. V.

Meehan, S. Mendelson

Melcher, George W.

Mellinger, Jacob D.

Meisler, J. G.

Merkel, C. C.

Merkel, Floyd

Messmer Brass Co.

Mesta Brothers

Metzler, E. N.

Meyer, Allen

Meyer, Henry T.

Meyer, M. A.

Michael, Porter

Mickle, J. Warren

Mill, H. S.
*Miller, Amos

Miller, A. J.

Miller, C. Clayton

Miller, D. L.

Miller, E. W.

Miller, Frank

Miller, Harvey

Miller, H. A.

Miller, H. W.

Miller, Joe C.

Miller, J. L.

Miller, John

Miller, L. P.

Miller, R. C.

Miller, W. C.

Mills, Irvin

Minnich, W. L.

Mitchell, W. T. & Son

Mitchell, E. B.

Mohr, Charles C.

Mohr, Frank J.

Mohring, F. G.

Monosmith, S. B.

*Life Members

Post Office

Coimty

Dover, R. 4

York

Shanesville

Berks

York

York

Seven Valleys, R. 2

York

Muddy Creek Forks

York

Mercersburg

Franklin

West Chester

Chester

Laurel, Delaware

North Girard

Erie

Ilollidaysburg

Blair

Emaus, R. 1

Lehigh

Salem, Ohio

Boyertown

Berks

Willow Street

Lancaster

Hegins

Schuylkill

Willow Street

Lancaster

Boyertown

Berks

State College

Centre

Moorestown, N. J.

Jonestown

Lehigh

North Girard

Erie

Germantown

Philadelphia

Bally

Berks

Lancaster

Lancaster

Chambersburg

Franklin

Coopersburg, R. 2

Lehigh

Hamburg

Berks

St. Louis, Mo.

Finleyville, R. 1

Washington

Ephrata, R. 4

Annville

Lebanon

Lewisburg

Union

Annville,

Lebanon

Wyoming, R. D.

Luzerne

Bedford

Bedford

Allentown

Lehigh

Hanover

York

Dallas

Luzerne

Marion

Franklin

Waynesboro

Franklin

Romney, W. Va.

Waynesboro

Franklin

Loganville

York

Williamsport

Lycoming

Paw Paw, W. Va.

Safe Harbor

Lancaster

York, R. 9

York

Ephrata

Lancaster

Paw Paw, W. Va.

Fishertown

Bedford

Catawissa

Columbia

Ottsville

Bucks

Waynesboro

Franklin

Beverly, Ohio

Harrisburg, R. 3

Dauphin

Mt. Wolf

York

Fogelsville

Lehigh

North Girard

Erie

Weisel

Bucks

Hi
111

ul

if

—235—

lf(

Name

Moon, K. Barclay
*Moon, Henry T.
Moore, M. A.
Moorehead, D. M.
Morgan, J. C.

Morgan, T. H.
Morris, B. F.
Mt. Breeze Orchard Co.
Moyer, Joseph

Mowery, N. E.
Moyer, Levi S.
Moyer, Samuel
Murray, Edw. A.
Murrell, R. W. W.

Murman, H. W.
Musselman, John
Musselman, C. H. Co.
Musser, A. G.
Musser, W. E.

Mutchler, Sherman
Mutchler Bros.
Muttart, Dr. C. J.
Myers, Levi M.
Myers, H. C.

Myers, Paul M.
Nallie, Wm. J.
Neiman, Otto
Nelson, Carbet D.
Newcomer, Aaron
Newell, Henrietta B.
Newman, H. M.
Newton, E. M.
Niagara Sprayer Co.
Nibert, Wm.
Nicodemus, Ed.
Nichols, Olive T.
Nichols, Harry A.
Niering, Theo.
Nissley, D. H.
Nolt, Harrison
Northern Seed & Tractor Co.,
Northrup, H. J.
Northrup, A. M.
Northrup, Jean Bowden
Noss, J. A.
Obor, Henry K.
*0'Conner, Haldeman
Olvcr, T. H.

Old Patterson Nurseries
Omwake Brothers
Omwake, C. P.
Omwake, J. Ed.
Orton Brothers
Overdorff, H. W.
Oyler, H. J.
Page, C. M.
Pannebaker, Wm. M.
Panovec, Victor

♦Life Members

Post Office

County

Morrisville

Bucks

Morrisville

Bucks

Lititz

Lancaster

Moorehead ville

Erie

Girard

Erie

N. Park Ave., Philadelphia

Philadelphia

Fawn Grove

York

Fayetteville, R. 2

Franklin

Mechanicsburg

Cumberland

Lebanon

Lebanon

Chalfonte

Bucks

Hersey

Dauphin

Punxsutawney

Jefferson

Clymer

Indiana

Winchester, Va.

Orrtanna

Adams

Orrtanna

Adams

New Holland, R. 3

Lancaster

New Bethlehem

Clarion

Hepburnville

Lycoming

Hepburn ville

Lycoming

Philadelphia

Philadelphia

Siddonsburg

York

Lancaster, R. 7

Lancaster

Lancaster, R. 8

Lancaster

Lebanon

Lebanon

Dover, R. 3

York

Chambersburg

Franklin

Smithsburg, Md.

Oxford Valley

Bucks

New Castle

Lawrence

Now Wilmington

Lawrence

Middleport, N. Y.

Indiana

Indiana

Waynesboro

Franklin

Dowingtown

Chester

Indiana

Indiana

Wapwallopcn, R. D.

Luzerne

Lancaster

Lancaster

Columbia

Lancaster

Pittsburgh

Allegheny

Dalton

Luzerne

Danville

Montour

Danville

Montour

New Castle, R. 5

Lawrence

Elizabethtown

Lancaster

Harrisburg

Dauphin

Beachlake

Wayne

Stewartstown

York

Greencastle

Franklin

Greencastle

Franklin

Greencastle

Franklin

North East

Erie

Blairaville, R. D.

Indiana

Gettvsburg

Adams

Ettp'rs

York

Virgilinia, Va.

Easton

Northampton

—236—

Name

Post Office

County

Parkins, G.
Parker, S. H.
Parks, Wm.
Parmell, D. W.
Parrish, E. R.
Paschal, John
Passmore, S. S.
Passmore, Norman S.
Patterson, James W.
Paxson, Edw. M.
Paxson, Samuel L.
Pavne, E. W.
Ponnell, Hannah S.
Pennock, Geo. S.
Pennsylvania Nursery
Percy, M. A.
Perrigo, A. H.
Peris, Ray
Perry, J. J.
Pershing, Ed. H.
Pershing, Theodore
Peters, John B.
Pfaff, C. Calvin
Pherson, J. L.
Pifer, Harvey
Poff. Curvin
Pollock, G. B
Pomeroy, R. S.
Powers, R. A.
*Pratt, B. G.
Pratt, Lu. F.
Rahauser Brothers
Raine, Tom
Rakestraw, Wm. L.
*Rankin, Chas. C.
Rankin, R. R.
Rarig, L. S.
Raym, Edgar S.
Raver, Ervin
Read, F. A. Inc.
Reading Bone Fertilizer Co.
Readier, C. E.
Rebennack, Jacob
Redinger, Austin B.
Reed, Vernon
Reichard, Chas. W.
Reider, M. H.
Reimer, Enoch
Reist, Allen E.
Reist, Henrv G.
Reiter, F. G.
Reitz, R. E.
Resh, Noah W.
Rhodes, C. M.
Rhodes, Chesley
Rice, Albert
Rice, A. E.
Rico, Daniel *
Rice, George B.

♦Life Members

Martinsburg, W. Va.

State House, Boston, Mas.}-.

Dallas, R. 2

Farm School

Dallas

Kennett Square

Mendenhall

Glen Mills

Apollo

Lumberville, R. D.

Lumberville

Stewartstown

Wawa

Lansdown

North Girard

Mountoursville

West Chester

Florin

Dallas

New Hope

Pineville

Gardners

Ouakertown

Volant

Stevens

York, R. 5

Wyoming, R. 3

Chambersburg

Glenshaw, R. 1

50 Church St., New YorT*

Chambersburg

Greencastle

Fair view

Kennett Square

West Chester

Elizabeth, R. 1

Danville

West Chester

York

Albion, N. Y.

Reading

Nescopeck, R. 1

Dallas, R. D.

Oley

McKean

Wavresboro

P'l*?abethtown

Bangor

Palmyra, R. 2

Schenectady, N. Y.

Mars

Brookville

Hanover, iR. 2

West Leeaport

Elysburg

Marion Centre. R. 3

Biglervillo

New Bloom field

Dallas

Luzerne

Bucks

liuzerne

Chester

Chester

Delaware

Indiana

Bucks

Bucks

York

Delaware

Delaware

Erie

Lycoming

Chester

Lancaster

Luzerne

Bucks

Bucks

Adams

Bucks

Lawrence

Lancaster

York

TiUzerne

Franklin

Allegheny

Franklin

Franklin

Erie

Chester

Chester

Allegheny

Montour

Chester

York

Berks

Luzerne

Luzerne

Berks

Erie

Franklin

Lancaster

Northampton

Lebanon

Butler

.Jefferson

York

Berks

Northumberland

Indiana

Adams

Perry

Luzerne

—237—

Name

Rice, Oscar C.
Rice, L. D.
Richards, A. C.
Richards, Frank
Richards, Neff F.
Richards, Mrs. N. F.
Richardson, W. F;

Rick, Charles M.
*Rick, John
Rife, Jacob L.
Riland, H. E.
Riloy, Raymond
Rilling, Harvey
Rinehart, E. S.

Rinker, Harvey
Rinn, D. F.
Rissor, H. N.
Ritchoy, Marshall
Rittenhouse, Dr. S. J.
Rittenhouse, S. D.
Rittor, Astor

Rittor, Henry A.
Roberts, Arthur
Rochester, Rex Co.
Roberts, A. J.
Roberts, Horace
Roberts, J. Earl
Rohde, W. C.
Rohlfing, F. F.

Rohrbach, Geo. C
Rohrer, Goo. H.
Roland, Otto
RoTiiig Brothers
Rood, T. C.
Root, J. W.
Rosonberger, W. G.

Rosonsteel, L. C.
Roth, Edwin
Rover, John
Rozolle, H. E.
Riief, J. TJ.
Ruhl, Dr. H. F.
Rum soy, Wm. A.
*Riink, J. A.

*Rush, Perry M.

Russell, Mrs. Florence

Riitt, Amos S.

Rutter Brothers

Rntter, Walter W.

Rynoarson, S. L.

Salsgive, Andrew

Sammons, H. B.

Sanders, G. E.
*Sattorthwaite, F. G.

Satterthwaito, Lewis P.

f^aul, Mrs. M. B.

Sawyer, J. F.

Say, Austin

♦Life Members

Post Office

Ootinty

Biglerville

Adams

New Bloomfield

Perry

1719 Pine St., JohnstowL

Cambria

Ransom

Luzerne

Sehellburg

Bedford

Schellburg

Bedford

Whiteford, Md.

431 Windsor St

., Reading

Berks

Reading

Berks

H'^9 Market St.,

Lemoyne

Cumberland

Cressonia

Schuylkill

North Girard

Erie

North Girard

Erie

Mercersburg

Franklin

Allentown, R. 4

«

Lehigh

Indiana

Indiana

Marietta

Lancaster

Everett, R. 2

Bedford

Lorane

Berks

TiOrane

Berks

Allentown

Lehigh

Coopersburg

Lebigh

McKnightstown

Adams

Rochester, New

York

Moorestown, N.

J.

Moorestown, N.

J.

Philadelphia, 220 Dock St.

Philadelphia

Pikesville, Md.

Hummelstown

Dauphin

Fleetwood, R. 3

Berks

Dryville

Berks

Narrowsburg, R.

4

Wayne

Downingtown

Chester

Saltsburg

Indiana

Manheim

Lancaster

Schwenksville

Montgomery

Edri

Indiana

Orefield

Lehigh

Akron

en

Lancaster

Pittston

Luzerne

State College

Centre

Manheim

Lancaster

East Springfield

Erie

Huntingdon

Huntingdon

Sycamore, R. 1

Greene

Wellsboro

Tioga

Lancaster, R. 7

Lancaster

Lancaster

liancaster

Manheim, R. 1

Lancaster

Muncy, R. D.

•

Lvcoming

Indiana, R. D.

Indiana

Allentown

Lehigh

527 Fifth Ave., New York

Cj

Yardley

Bucks

Newtown

Bucks

Moylan

Delaware

Reading, Mass.

«

Shelocta, R. D.

—238—

Indiana

N'ame

Post Office

County

Scanlon, John

Weatherly

Carbon

Schaffer, C. D.

Hartsville

Bucks

Schantz, H. A.

Allentown

Lehigh

Schantz, L. M.

Orefield, R. 1

Lehigh

Schantz, M. P.

Allentown

Lehigh

Schioferstein, Wm.

Leesport

Berks

Schlegel, Edwin

Stetlersville

Lehigh

Scholl, Paul

Fogelsville

Lehigh

School, Winfield J.

Zionsville

Lehigh

Schoonover, W. E.

Dallas, R. 8

Luzerne

Schrantz, John W.

Hellertown

Bucks

Schreiber, Harry F.

Zionsville

Lehigh

Schultz, Adam

Bally

Berks

Schultz, J. C.

Elizabethtown

Lancaster

Schultz, Chester

Barto

Berks

Seachman, G. E.

Red Lion

York

Seaman, George

Honesdale

Wayne

Soarle, Alonza T.

Honesdale

Wayne

Sechler, Roy

Muncy, R. 5

Lycoming

Seitz, M. H.

York

York

Selev, Fred

New Wilmington

Lawrence

Semenow, S. D.

4323 Dakota St.,

Pittsburgh

Allegheny

*Settlemeyer, C. T.

Wilmore, R. D.

Cambria

Soybert, Paul

Berwick

Luzerne

Shaffer Brothers

Ariel

Wayne

Shaffer, Chas. N.

Hartsville

Bucks

Shaffmer, Harvey E.

Dover, R. 3

York

Shank, D. Owen

Waynesboro

Franklin

Shand, W. D.

Lancaster, R. 7

Lancaster

Shank, H. A.

Lancaster, R. 7

Lancaster

Sharp, Walter K.

Chambersburg

Franklin

Shattuck, J. W.

Erie, R. 6

Erie

Shaw, R. C.

Stewartstown

York

Shayzer, H. C.

St. Thomas

Franklin

Shoadle, Misses

Jersey Shore

Lycoming

Shearer, Walter J.

Vinemont

Berks

Sheblo, Earl

Hamburg

Berks

Shenk, D. W.

Lancaster, R. 7

Lancaster

Shenot, C. P.

Wexford

Allegheny

Sheppard, Chas. W.

Pittston, R. 1

Luzerne

Shermever, Harry A.

York, R. 5

York

Shirker, J. B.

Akron

Lancaster

Shirk, Ira J.

Mifflintown

Juniata

Shockey, L. P.

Chambersburg, R. 8

Franklin

Shoemaker, Chas.

Hancock, Md.

Shoemaker. C. C.

Catasaqua

Lehigh

Shoener, John

Orwigsburg

Schuylkill

Shreve, C. L.

Girard

Erie

Sidler, Anton

York, R. 9

YOTK

Si'gman, Isiah

West Willow

Lancaster

Simmons. S. L.

Mt. Oliver Station

Allegheny

Simons, R. B.

Sterling

Wayne

Simpson, J. A.

Indiana, R. 5

Indiana

Singleton, L. P.

Rochester, N. Y.

Skinner, H. W.

Chambersburg

Franklin

Slade, J. C.

Allentown

Lehigh

Slaymaker, Samuel

Shamokin Dam

Snyder

Small, Henry W.

Marion

Franklin

♦Life Members

239

^1

Name

*Siiiedley, S. L. Sr.
Sniedley, S. L. Jr.
Smeltzer, J. Harris
Smith, James E.
Smith, A. Woodward
Smith, C. M.
Smith, G. C.
Smith, Geo. K.
Smith, Leonard R.
Smith, Roland M.
Smith, S. A.
Smith, Wm. M.
Smith, W. S.
Smith, Wm.
Snavely, Amon
Snavely, C. B.
Snavely, Elmer
*Snavel7, H. H.
Snavely, H. Meyer
Snavely, H. R,
Snavely, The Misses
Snyder, C. B.
Snyder, Simon
Snyder, Elmer R.
Snyder, Fred
Snyder, R. S.
Snyder, Stover S.
Snyder, T. A.
Snyder, Frey & Rick
Spangenhorg, R. F.
Spra^e, Theodore
Squirrel Hill Nursery
Staltzfus, Ezra
Stark Bros. Nursery
Stauffer, T. H.
Stanffcr, Wallace
*Stear, .T. R.
Stein. George E.
Steininger, Chas. D.
Stcphend, A. Woodward
Stewart, D. C.
Stevenson, W. H.
Stitzer, C. E.
Stockdale, H. C.
Stode, H. W.
Stone, F. B.
Stone, L. R.
Stonehraker, H. W.
Stoner, Benj.
Stoner, Bertha
Stoneroad, S. A.
Stover, Jacob E.
Strasbaugh, E. F.
Strickler, Elmer
Strohecker, Herman A.
Strong, T. M.

Sudds, Richard H.
Stroud, R. D.

♦Life Members

Post Oflfice

County

Newtown Square

Delaware

Newtown Square

Delaware

Loganville

York

Bethlehem, R. 4

Lehigh

Blairsville

Indiana

Lewistown

Mifflin

North East

Erie

Akron

Lancaster

Mt. Holly, N. J.

Marion Centre, R. 2

Indiana

Yoe

York

Orefield, R. 1

Lehigh

Trucksvillp, R. D.

Luzerne

Berwick, R. 2

Luzerne

Manheim, R. 1

Lancaster

Lititz, R. 5

Lancaster

Lititz, R. 5

Lancaster

Willow Street

Lancaster

Lebanon

Lebanon

Lititz

Lancaster

Lebanon, R. 8

Lebanon

Ephrata, R. 1

Lancaster

Ephrata

Lancaster

Elizabothtown

Lancaster

Avonmore, R. 1

Westmoreland

Quakertown, R. 2

Bucks

Pleasant Valley

Bucks

Brodbecks

York

Reading

Berks

Hamlin

Wayne

North East

Erie

Pittsburgh

Allegheny

Gordonville, R. 1

Lancaster

Louisiana, Mo.

Lititz

Lancaster

Quakertown

Lehigh

Chambersburg

Franklin

W rights ville

York

Coopersburg

Lehigh

Mooresburg

Montour

Indiana

Indiana

Midvale

Franklin

Miiflinburg

Union

Ravena, Ohio

Chester

Delaware

New Wilmington

Lawrence

Schwenkville

Montgomery

Indiana, R. 7

Indiana

Hellam

York

Hellam

York

New Providence

Lancaster

York, R. D. 6

York

Orrtanna

Adams

Mt. Joy

Lancaster

Gouglersville

Berks

Blairsville, R. D.

Indiana

State College

Centre

Upper Darby

Delaware

—240—

Name
Sun Oil Co.

*Swank, Luke H.

Swartz, D. H.

Swartz, Samuel

Sweetwater Farms, Inc.

Synthetic Nitrogen
Products Corp.

Tarbert, D. F.

Tassia, P.

Tate, S. C.

Taylor, Raymond
*Taylor, Ralph S.

Thayer, Paul

Thomas, Carl B.
*Thomas, Chas. L.
*Thomas, Edwin W.

Thomas, John M.

Thompson, Dr. L. M.

Thompson, P. D.

Tingley, Harvey L.

Titus Nursery Co.

Tobacco By-Products Co.

Transue, R. E.

Treichler, Raymond
*Trexler, Harry C.

Trexler, T. A.

Tree, William A.

Trump, Charles

Turrell, Elmore

Tuscano, A. H.
*Tvlor, W. D.

Tyson, A. R.
♦Tvson, Chester
*Tyson, Edwin C.

Tyson, Robert W.
*Tvson, William C.

I^ncle Peter's Fruit Farm

linger, D. H.

TJnseld, F. J.

Vansant, W. H.

Virginia-Carolina
Chemical Corp.

Vogel, E. H.

Wadsworth, J. W.

Wagner, Chas. E.

Wagner, D. D.

Wagner, J. S.

Wagoner, D. D. & Co.

Wakefield, E. B.

Walp, Chas. F.
♦Walton, Robert J.

Walter, M. T.

Ward, M. R.

Wardan, Howard

Way, D. H.

Wealand, Harry
*Weaver, Abram

♦Life Members

Post Office

County

1428 Penn Square,

Philadelphia

Philadelphia .

Johnstown

Cambria

Clymer, R. 1

Indiana

Spring Grove

York

Glen Mills

Delaware

285 Madison Ave.,

New York

Dallastown, R. 1

York

N. George St., York

York

Erie, R. 6

Erie

1

Newtown

Chester

West Chester

Chester

Carlisle, R. 6

Cumberland

West Chester

Chester

King-of-Prussia

Montgomery

'

King-of -Prussia

Montgomery

York, R. 8

York

■

Montrose

Susquehanna

Norriatown

Montgomery

North Girard

Erie

Waynesboro, Va.

Louisville, Ky.

Lumberville

Bucks

■

Coplay

Lehigh

1

Allentown

Lehigh

1

125 Chestnut St., Sunbuiy

Snyder

\

York

York

!

Lebanon, R. 5

Lebanon

Noxen

Wyoming

Milford

Pike

Dante, Va.

Norristown, R. 1

Montgomery

Gardners

Adams

Flora Dale

Adams

Now York City

Flora Dale

Adams

Mt. Carmel

Northumberland

Boyertown

Berks

North Girard

Erie

Williamsport

Lycoming

Richmond, Va.

1

Lancaster, R. ^

Lancaster

Seward

Indiana

1

McClure

Snyder

1

Chestnut Hill

Lehigh

1

Blacklick, R. 1

Indiana

■

Easton

Northampton

*j

Homer City, R. D.

Indiana

1

Berwick

Luzerne

'"

Hummelstown

Dauphin

Biglerville

Adams

1

V

East Sprinsffield

Erie

Dallas, R. D.

Luzerne

'

Port Mathilda

Centre

Elizabothtown

Lancaster

Scalp Level

Somerset

1

—241—

*

^

Name

Weaver, M. M.

Weaver & Leas

Weaver, Wm. S.

Webb, M. E.

Webster Basket Co.

Weicksel, Dr. Amelia
*Weigel, H. M.
*Weimer, E. A.

Weinberger, J. H.

Welshans, D. D.

Welshans, M. O.

Wenger, G. P.

Wenger, Benj. G.

Wenger, John E.

Wenger, M. P.

Wenger, Neff

Wernig, Charles M.

Wertsch, Edwin
*Wertz, D. M.
*Wertz, G. M.

Wertz, S. H.
*Westrick, F. A.

Wetzel, William

Wheeler, C. B.

Wheeler, C. H.
*Whisler, Edgar

Whisler, Robert E.

Whitcomb, Paul
* White, Arthur H.

White, F. Hayes

White, Theo.

White, J. Reese

Whitehead, P. B.
Wiant, David H.
Widders, J. B.
Wiland, Carl

Wills, F. A.
Williams, C. B.
Williams, F. W.
Willier, J. A.
Wilson, C. S.
Wingard, S. B.
Wink, Edwin T.
Winter, J. Randall
Winter, L. M.
*Wister, John C.
Witherow, R. T.
Witmer, John B.
Witt, Harry
Wolfe, Chas. A.
Wolfe, Clayton H.
Wolff, F. B.
Wolf, Frank L.
Wolfe, Joseph
Wolf, Walter
Wolgemuth, Jack
Wolgemuth, Abner M.

*Life Members

Post Office

Ephrata

York, R. 9

Macungie

Fawn Grove

Webster, N. Y.

Perkasie, R. D.

Harrisburg

Lebanon

Zionsville, R. 1

Jersey Shore, R. 4

Jersey Shore, R. 4

Quarryville, R. 1

Ephrata

Denver

Denver

Kimberton

York, R. 2

Stevens, R. 2

Waynesboro

Johnstown

Reading

Patton, R. 3

Marion Centre, R. D.

Hunlock Creek, R. 2

P''airview

Etters, R. 1

Etters

York, R. 4

Pulaski

Liverpool, R. 1

Darling

c/o Houston-White Co.,

Millsboro, Delaware
Newtown Square
Huntingdon Mills
Lancaster, R. 3
25.3 Highland Ave.,

Newark, N. J.
Germantown
Canton

Indiana, R. 4
Gratz

Sharpsburg
Batavia, N. Y.
Lenhartsville. R. 1
Muney, R. 2
Hellam, R. 1
Germantown
Punxsutawney
Lampeter
Pennhurst
Aspers
Girard
Tjima

North Girard
Fullerton
Dallas, R. 2
E. Petersburg
Mt. Joy, R. 1

—242—

County

Lancaster

York

Lehigh

York

Bucks

Dauphin

Lebanon

Lehigh

Lycoming

Lycoming

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lancaster

Chester-Delaware

York

Lancaster

Franklin

Cambria

Berks

Cambria

Indiana

Luzerne

Erie

York

York

York

Lawrence

Mifflin

Chester

Delaware

Luzerne

Lancaster

Philadelphia

Bradford

Indiana

Dauphin

Allegheny

Berks

Lycoming

York

Philadelphia

Jefferson

Lancaster

Chester

Adams

Erie

Delaware

Erie

Lehigh

Luzerne

Lancaster

Lancaster

Name

Wood, I. C.
Woodward, N. H.
Woods, D. A.
Woolsey, Claude
Worthington, H. R.
Worley's Nursery
Worring, Oscar A.
Wright, Alan T.
Wright, C. E.
Wynkoop, J. W.
Yahner, A. J.
Yaple, L. B.
Yates Lumber Co.
Yeger, Wilson
Yiengst, John
Yohe, George
Yohe, Thos.
Young, J. Fred
Young, Miles
^Youngs, L. G.
Young, R. C.
Zeigler, J. A. C.
Zellers, S. L.
Zellers, E. B.
Zerphy, Jacob H.
Ziesenhein, J. R.
Zimmerman, H. 8.
Zook, Amos F.
Zook, I. F.
Zundel, G. F.

Post Office

Shclocta

Mendenhall

Alexandria

Washington, D. C.

West Chester

York Springs

Orefield

Spring City

Spring Hope

Erie, R. 6

Patton

Chillicothe, Ohio

Penn Yan, New York

Wismer

Lebanon, R. 5

Spring Grove

Menges Mills

New Castle, R. 1

Narrowsburg

North East

Chambersburg

York, R. 11

Montgomery

Montgomery

Elizabethtown, R. 1

North Girard

La Park

Lancaster, R. 5

Curryville

State College

County

Indiana

Delaware

Huntingdon

Chester

Adams

Lehigh

Chester

Bedford
Erie

Cambria

Bucks

Lebanon

York

York

Lawrence

Wayne

Erie

Franklin

York

Lycoming

Lycoming

Lancaster

Erie

Lancaster

Lancaster

Blair

Centre

■it

*Life Members

-243-

EstabUshed 1905

Adams County
Nursery and Fruit Farms

H. G. BATTGHER, Proprietor

ASPERS, (Adams County) PENNA.

-J '

FRUIT TREES

APPLE

CURRANTS

PEACH

GRAPES

CHERRY

GOOSEBERRIES

PEAR

NUT TREES

APRICOT

SHADE TREES

QUINCE

ASPARAGUS

PLUM

BARBERRY

RASPBERRY

(Red and Green leaved)

BLACKBERRY

CATALPA BUNGH

Free catalogue mailed on request.

cMagara

and

Clean Crops

60 HAND IN HAND

Whether you are a disciple of the dusting
method or follow a spraying program, when
you buy Niagara materials or equipment,
you have the assurance of using the best.

Niagara Sprayer & Chemical Co., he

Middleport, N. Y.

'I

—244—

-245—

"Wormy
Culls
less than

S* J. Kitzmiller

"Previous to using NuREX-
FORM, and while using other
forms of lead, my apples and
pears were wormy to an extent
of about 25 % but since using
NuREXFORM I have had to
cidl out not to exceed, and I
think, even less than 2% be-
cause of their being wormy.

"NuREXFORM mixes easily
and has excellent suspension
qualities.

Ho«tXfo;?A,

acK

'•NuREXFORM has given me better results
than I have obtained from any other arse-
nate.'!

S. J. Kitzmiller.

This is only one of hundreds of enthusiastic
letters we receive from fruit growers praising
the high quaUties of NuREXFORM. All rec-
ommend it even if it does cost slightly more
per pound. They look beyond first cost and
consider NuREXFORM from the standpoint
of adherence, suspension, easy mixing quali-
ties with Lime Sulphur and finally the greater
percentage of sound fruit it produces. If you
once try NuREXFORM, you'll never go
back to ordinary lead. You'll save money m
the long run. Try it. Write for circular.

The Toledo Rex Spray Co* • i

Nu^XFORM

IMPROVED 1^Y_ ARSENATE OF LEAD

Other REX
spray materials
include a com-
plete line of agri-
cultural sprays.

Rex Dry Lime-
Sulphur

Rex Oil Emul-
sion

Rex Bordo Mix-
ture

Sulphur

Copper Dusts

Rex Calcium
Arsenate

40% Nicotine
Sulphate

Toledo, Ohio

—246—

Pennsylvania grower Qets 70 More
Bushels per Acre with Pyrox

Mr. C. S. Newcomer of Chambersburg, Franklin

County, Pa., is convinced that Pyrox is far superior to

any spray he has ever used. Mr. Newcomer recently
wrote as follows:

"This season I made a test comparing Pyrox with
home-made bordeaux. Seed, fertilization, cultivation
and soil conditions were the same. However, my
yield on Pyrox-sprayed plots was 385 bushels per
acre, an increase of 70 bushels over the plots sprayed
with home-made bordeaux which jrielded only 315
bushels per acre."

EASY TO USE

Pyrox is a smooth creamy paste, easy to use ; simply
mix Avith water and spray. Pyrox takes the guesswork
out of spraying because Pyrox is dependable. It is al-
ways uniform. Never varies. It is so smooth and fine
that the finest nozzle can be used without clogging.

Order your Pyrox now. Your nearest dealer will
be glad to give you a copy of the latest Spray Guide. It
is free to all growers. If you cannot obtain a copy,
write direct to us.

13

BOWKER CHEMICAL CO.

419 Fourth Avenue

New York City

♦

—247

GRASSELLI GRADE

SPRAY PRODUCTS

Oil Emulsion

Lime Sulphur Solution

Dry Lime Sulphur

Sulphur

Dust Mixtures

Summer Fruit Spray

Sulforon (Activated

Sulphur)
Arsenate of Lead
Calcium Arsenate
Mangfanar

Bordeaux Mixture *

Blue Vitrol

Paradichlorobenzene

Casein Spreader

Sulphate of Nicotine

Weed Killer

DUORO (Orasselli Plant

Pood)
Monohydrated Copper

Sulphate

.p

Write for prices and booklets on Insecticides, Fungicides
and Plant Food for fruit and shade trees, flowers, shrub-
bery and gardens.

The Grasselli Chemical Go.

Public Ledger Bldg.,
Philadelphia, Pa.
347 Madison Ave.,
New York City.

Incorporated

CLEVELAND

Farmers Bank Bldg.,
Pittsburgh, Pa.
2101 Canalport Aye.,
Chicago, m.

i!'i|Uii|

nilliuiii Hi"

lililli

ii

_4w;

I

i

i^jHirim

iiiiiii

jiiiii: !!:;:;

illll^liil

li.'H miiii::

M.MMTI

Grasselli Grade

CJ Standard 7/e/c/ ^UUjh for 90 ^)ccu\s

-248-

More Dollars Grow on
Trees that are Sprayed

1

CONTROL diseases, kill pests, get larger
yields of grade A fruit and increase
your profits by using Bell-'Mine Rotary Kiln
Lime in your spray formula. Either in pul^
verized or pebble form. Pure, high-calcium
content. Covers well, sticks close, is easy to
use and economical. Will not clog nozzles.

Helpful bool^et "Spraying and Dusting

for Orchard and Farrn' will be

sent free on request.

AMERICAN LIME & STONE CO.

'^ellefonte, '=Pa.

• 11

i

tf

BeU-Mine"

%>tary Kiln

LIME

—249—

1»#* An Ortho Spray IIR^

KleenuP

for dependable results

— unusually high safety for trees.

— less costly and more effective than Lime-Sulphur or
Miscible Oils.

— a complex oil emulsion — the oil sticks and the water
runs off.

— combines readily with Lime-Sulphur, Bordeaux Mix-
ture, Black Leaf '*40"; makes them more effective,
easier to apply,

— will keep for years in air tight drums,

— mixes readily with any kind of water,

— orchard-proven by successful fruit growers of four
continents.

These, and other advantages, have made ORTHO
KLEENUP the world's most widely used oil spray.

Use VOLCK for Pear Psylla control in June, July
or August. Highly effective.

Write for full information.

F. A. REED CO., Inc

ALBION, NEW YORK

Manufacturer

COKRUGATED CAPS

BASKET LINERS

TILLS, QUARTS

PEACH BASKETS

BUSHEL BASKETS

CUSHIONS

f'i

I 1

I

'^

SEND FOB FBEE SAMPLES

CAUFORNIA SPRAY-CHEMlCAl CORP.

New York, N. Y.

—250—

251

^ality Fruit Packages

Which Sell ^ality

Fruit at the
Highest Prices

YATES LUMBER COMPANY

PENN YAN, N. Y.

252

•V

HAGERSTOWN SPRAY MATERIAL CO.

That's the place to buy

SPRAY MATERIALS

For your Pruits and Vegetables

Let us diagnose your spray problems without cost to you.
We have a spray compound for every purpose. A card or letter
will bring reliable information and surprising prices. Delay means

loss.

You should know about the NEW PROCESS OIL (paste) for
dormant spray as a scale infestation control, as recommended by
loading entomologists. Costs 30c per gal. Using 4 gal. to 96 gal.
of water makes over a 3.5% Oil Spray. Cheapest and safest Oil
Spray manufactured. Get information.

HAGERSTOWN SPRAY MATERIAL CO.

Hagerstown, Md.

SOUTHERN CHEMICAL CO.

Winchester, Va.

READING BONE FERTILIZER

QUALITY

SATISFACTION

SERVICE

HIGH GRADE FERTILIZERS DOW SPRAYS FOR THE

READING PLANT FOOD ORCHARD

(For Lawns and Gardens) (Dry Lime Sulphur, Arsenate of

READING MEAT MEAL Lead, and Paradichlorobenzene)

v^

(This Trade Mark Means Quality)

Ask Your Dealer for
READING BONE, FERTILIZER

We will mail a 5-lb. pkg. of Reading Plant Food to any address

upon receipt of $1.00

READING BONE FERTILIZER 00.

READING, PENNSYLVANIA

253

USE QUAKER SPRAY HOSE
AND INSURE YOUR CROPS

> • I '-- ' il

m^'!^^-^^i^J

AGAINST INSECT PESTS

Your spraying outfit is just as good as the hose.
No better, because the working efficiency of the
pump is lost if the hose is weak.

Quaker City High Pressure Spray Hose will pay
dividends. The tube is made with a spe< ial rubber
compound to withstand the destructive action of
Spraying Fluids. It will not easily rot and burst.

To endure the hardest and roughest treatment the
cover is made extra strong and tough.

A molded red cover hose made in 3/8", 7/16" and
1" capacity. Sold on reels from 250 to 500 feet—
also in smaller lengths.
In Spray Hose Quaker City is the 'daddy of 'em all.'

QUAKER CITY RUBBER CO.

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

It Pays to Spray The Quaker Way

254

ROSY APHIS

European Red Mite and Scale Insects

Six years ago, after careful orchard tests, we offered
Sunoco Spray for Rosy Aphis control. Our recommenda-
tion appealed to progressive growers who had suffered
severe losses from this pest.

Leading Pennsylvania growers have controlled rosy
and other apple and cherry Aphis by just one spraying.

Red Mite and Scale Insects controlled by the same
application.

SUNOCO

SELF EMULSIFVINO

SPRAY

Now delivered

at your station,

at reduced

prices.

Sunoco will save you money as it does for many
thrifty growers.

Send for our free booklet advising when to use
Sunoco for the greatest benefit.

.••!••.

•••••

— ^^^ J ^^^

SUN OIL COMPANY

1&08 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.

255

BEAN

Sprayers

and

Dusters

Power-Traction-Hand

pMI

Growers who are making their orch
ards pay are devoting more attention!
to the selection of their sprayers and I
dusters, whether power, traction
hand, and to the discharge equipment!

Spraying costs are vital in figuring up
the profit at the end of the season and I
these same costs will prove to be ruin
ous unless the proper equipment is se-l
lected not only from the standpoint of
proper design and workmanship in the
outfits themselves but in the capacity of
the machine.

The Bean line is now so complete and
so well designed throughout that no

grower should have any trouble in se
lecting an outfit that will exactly meet
his requirements and one that will prove
to be a profit maker for him.

The yard stick for measuring the
efficiency of a sprayer or du^iter is of
course the results that you get when
applied to your own conditions.

You find more Bean Sprayers and
dusters used every day which in itself
proves that the results are satisfactory.

If you do not have a copy of our
complete catalog we will gladly send it
upon request.

\}

'&f^

OP

kVI

John Bean
Mfg. Co.

Division rood Machinery CorporatioD

■'imm^^-

Kl vV

Lansing, Mich.

San Jose, Calif

Press No. 3

With Loading and Unloading Extensions

FARQUHAR HYDRAULIC

CIDER PRESSES

Are correctly designed for every need in the fruit juice
industry. Built strong and dependable, exert heavy pressure
and get the most and richest cider. Capacities up to 400
barrels per day — suitable for Roadside Marketing, the Indi-
vidual Orchardist, Custom Pressing and large Vinegar Fac-
tories.

Presses are self contained, easily set up, occupy littlo
space, operated at minimum cost and Avork rapidly assarinir
large capacity. Full line of Cider Press Equipment aiid
Supplies.

Descriptive Catalog tells how to turn calls into more
money.

A. B. Farquhar Co.^ Limited, York, Fa.

Engines — ^Boilers — Sawmills — 3!hreshers — Hay Balers

Farm Implements

257

TIGHT BINDING TEXT CUT OFF

BEAN

Sprayers

and

Dusters

Power-Traction-Hand

III IB I 'III.. ,i,.,.jc-^

m

A,

Growers who are making their orcli
ards pay are devoting more attention
to the selection of their sprayers and
dusters, whether power, traction or
hand, and to the discharge equipment.

Spraying costs are vital in figuring up
the profit at the end of the season and'
these same costs will prove to be ruin
ous unless the proper equipment is sel
lected not only from the standpoint of|
proper design and workmanship in the I
outfits themselves but in the capacity of
the machine.

The Bean line is now so complete and |
so well designed throughout that no

grower should have any trouble in se
lecting an outfit that will exactly meet
his requirements and one that will prove
to be a profit maker for him.

The yard stick for measuriuL^ the
efficiency of a sprayer or du.^ter is of
course the results that you get when
applied to your own conditions'.

You find more Bean Sprayers and
dusters used every day which in itself
proves that the results are satisfactory.

If you do not have a copy of our
complete catalog we will gladly send it
upon request.

■\-^i

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John Bean
Mfg. Co.

Division Food Machinery CorporatioD

Lansing, Mich.

San Jose. Calif

TIGHT BINDING TEXT CUT OFF

With Laading and Unloading Extensions

FARQUHAR HYDRAULIC

CIDER PRESSES

Are correctly designed for every need in the fruit juice
industry. Built strong and dependable, exert heavy pressure
and get the most and richest cider. Capacities up to 400
barrels per day — suitable for Roadside Marketing, the Indi-
vidual Orchardist, Custom Pressing and large Vinegar Fac-
tories.

Presses are self contained, easily set up, occupy littln
space, operated at minimum cost and work rapidly assdriiitr
large capacity. Full line of Cider Press P]quipmen': aii<l
Supplies.

Descriptive Catalog tells how to turn calls into more
money.

A. B. Farquhar Co.^ Limited, York, Fa.

Engines — Boilers — Sawmills — Threshers — Hay Balers

Farm Implements

257

y

Don't Trifle
With Rosy Aphis

Kemember the clusters of undersized twisted
and deformed apples that decorate your trees
in aphis years! From 20% to 60% of the
crop may be injured by Rosy Aphis; prob
ably the most serious apple insect in your
State. "Black Leaf 40" protection costs only
a few cents per tree.

Ask Your Experiment Station

Your Experiment Station and County Spray Experts recom-
mend "Black Leaf 40" applied at the delayed dormant stage
(when apple buds are out Vk to V2 inch). They recommend one
pint of "Black Leaf 40" to 100 gaUons of dormant strength Lime
Sulphur solution, plus Lead Arsenate. This ONE spray positively
controls Rosy Aphis and furnishes all-around protection against
Scale, Scab and early worms. If you use oil emulsion for scale
and red mite, add "Black Leaf 40" to control Rosy Aphis. "Black
Leaf 40" kills insects not only by direct contact (wetting) but
in extra measure by its Nicotine fumes.

BLACK JUEAF4iy

When Painted on the Roosts

*'BlackLeaf 40*' Kills

Poultry Lice.

"Paint" "Black Leaf 40" on roosts
with a smaU paint brush just before
birds perch. While the chickens are
roosting, fumes are slowly released
and penetrate the feathers, killing
the body lice. This treatment is
easy, effective and safe, and elimi-
nates all individual handling of the
birds. Write for further informa-
tion.

TOBACCO BY-PEODUCTS & CHEMICAL CORP INC

i.ouisviij:.e, kt.

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WORKS WHIUTHEYROOST

Black Leaf 40

W% Nicotine

GENERAL INDEX

Addresses

Page

. President J. S. Rittenhouse 6

Beekeeping and Fruit Growing — E. J. Anderson 10

The Influence of a Continuous Blue Grass Sod on an

Apple Orchard — E. D. Anthony 15

Have Fruit Growers Stressed Too Much the Superior
Value of One Year Old Apple Trees for Planting?

YesI— H. G. Baugher 20

It Depends— F. N. Fagan 23

The Importance of the Export Apple Trade to the

Pennsylvania Apple Growers — D. M. James 33

Can We Secure Good Packing of Apples by Legislation?

M. C. Burritt 36

Orchard Management Problems in Western New York —

M. C. Burritt - 73

How Virginia Regained Her Apple Markets — W. S. Campfield 44

Vitamins and Vitality — R. A. Dutcher 122

The Federal Farm Board— Hon. C. S. Wilson 125

Seventy-One Years Young — S. W. Fletcher 134

Recent Developments in the New England Fruit Industry —

R. A. Van Meter - 139

Thinning to Produce Quality Fruit — F. H. Beach 146

Orchard Management in New England — R. A. Van Meter 177

Variety Experience in Ohio with Apples and Peaches —

F. H. Beach 182

Varieties of Apples in Pennsylvania — ^R. H. Sudds 191

Growers* Experiences

Varieties for the Home Market — Peter Boltz 26

Raising Both Hogs and Apples — H. C. Brinton 27

My Common Storage — ^J. A. Runk 28

My Cold Storage — Sheldon Funk 30

Orchard Tillage — F. H. Fassett 58

Marketing Through a Cooperative — R. J. Gillan 59

Twenty-Six Years of Experience Growing Early Apples —

Aaron Newcomer 61

Timing Sprays — S. H. Bear Ill

Mice Control in the Orchard — C. P. Omwake 118

My Stationary Spray Plant— H. W. Skinner 208

Transplanting Twelve- Year-Old Apple Trees — F. G. Reiter 198

Good Points and Weak Points of the Jonathan Apple — H. S. Nolt....l99

Roadside Marketing Experiences — Ralph T. Crowell 201

Common Storage of Apples in Southeastern Pennsylvania —

Guy L. Hayman.
Experiences with Peaches and Grapes — E. H. Vogel.

259

.205
.206

258

GENERAL INDEX— (Continued)
Question Box

Page
What is the best cold storage temperature for peaches? 32

The Killifer tool 32

Will oil sprays control San Jose scale? 120

Will oil sprays control Red Spider? 120

What has Pennsylvania done to propagate and distribute

the natural parasites of the Oriental moth? 120

How may the cracking of Stayman be prevented? 175

What is the practical value of paper mulch in a young orchard 176

Is there any Pennsylvania experience with orchard heating? 176

Business

Secretary's Report 7

Treasurer's Report 9

1930 Officers and Committees 3

■j^

REPORTS OF COMMITTTES

Auditing 20

Exhibition I57 210

Fruit ^162

Membership 2g3

Legislative 2g3

Advertising 266

Game Laws 267

True-to-Name Fruit Trees 270

Nominating _ 272

Resolutions .„ 261 1 72

Insect Pests

Insect Pests in Pennsylvania, 1929— T. L. Guyton 79

Some Research Work on Fruit Insects in 1929— H. N. Worthley.... 83

Interpretations of Insect Control— H. E. Hoilgkiss 89

New Developments of the Japanese Beetle .Situation

in Pennsylvania— T. L. Guyton 133

Plant Diseases

The Brooks' Spot in Pennsylvania— R. S. Kirby 71

Summary of Recent Research— E. L. Nixon 99

Cedar Rust Control— W. C. McCubbin ZZZZZZZZlOl

Factors Influencing Disease Control-^R. S. Kirby .7 107

Peach Yellows Report— 1929— W. C. McCubbin 113

^^^P«r^«oSff*r^^L^?''''^^^®^'s Proposed One Cent

Per Bushel Advertising Pund.. /..» -i-i

Pennsylvania Pruit List ZZ™Z 212

County Horticultural Societies

■ ■*!

*• -•I

f^

214

260

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