Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v.11 Place of Publication: State College, Pa. Copyright Date: 1934 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg096.4 6 \J l'\ Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News Vol. XI State College, Pa., Search, 1934 No.l .' \ Proceedings of the State Horticultural Associatioti of Pennsylvania for 1934 - i -^ Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting Held in Harrisburg, January 17-18 OPPORTUNITY Buy and Plant Next Spring Before Prices Advance Any Farther Don't be one of those who will say, "I WISH I HAD BOUGHT MY TREES." ACT NOW We have one of the largest and most complete assortments of high grade fruit trees and ornamentals available today. eac WE SPECIALIZE IN AND TREES Our peach trees are extra fine this year. Just the kind of trees that grow and make an orchard you can be proud of. All leading commercial varieties, including: GOLDEN JUBILEE and SHIPPERS LATE RED The quality of our apple trees is well known. We have the same dependable trees to offer this year. You should know more of our new varieties: RICHARED DELICIOUS RED ROME BLAXTAYMAN GALLIA BEAUTY LOBO McINTOSH They Mean Added Profits for the Fruit Growers A complete list of all leading commercial varieties of apple, both one and two-year trees. THOUSANDS OF EXTRA FINE 2-YEAR OLD YORK IMPERIAL TREES We also specialize in small fruit plants such as Strawberries, Raspberries, Blackberries, and Grapes. We have all leading commercial varieties. WE SELL DIRECT TO THE PLANTERS AT FAIR PRICES Send for our complete price list today and buy from no nursery until you receive our prices and iLnow more about the Bountiful Ridse Nurseries PRINCESS ANNE -:- MARYLAND Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION Issued Quarterly at State College. Pa. Annual Dues, Including Subscription. $2.00 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at State College, Pa. Vol. XI State College, Pa., 3iarch, 1934 No. 1 • m • Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1934 ^ Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting Held in Harrishurg, January 17-18 i OPPORTU^flTY Buy and Plant Next Spring BeFore Prices Advance Any Farther Don't be one of those who will say, '1 WISH I HAD BOUGHT MY TREES." ACT NOW We have one of the largest and most complete assortments of high grade fruit trees and ornamentals available today. eac WE SPECIALIZE IN AND TREES Our peach trees are extra fine this year. Just the kind of trees that grow and make an orchard you can be proud of. All leading commercial varieties, including: GOLDEN JUBILEE and SHIPPERS LATE RED The quality of our apple trees is well known. We have the same dependable trees to orfer this year. You should know more of our new varieties: RICHARED DELICIOUS RED ROME BLAXTAYMAN GALLIA BEAUTY LOBO McINTOSH They Mean Added Profits for the Fruit Growers A complete list of all leading commercial varieties of apple, both one and two-year trees. THOUSANDS OF EXTRA FINE 2- YEAR OLD YORK IMPERIAL TREES We also specialize in small fruit plants such as Strawberries, Raspberries, Blackberries, and Grapes. We have all leading commercial varieties. WE SELL DIRECT TO THE PLANTERS AT FAIR PRICES Send for our complete price list today and buy from no nursery until you receive our prices and luiow more about the Bountiful Ridge Nurseries PRINCESS ANNE ... MARYLAND Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION Issued Quarterly at State Collese, Pa. Annual Due,. Including Subscription. $2.00 Entered as second-class matter at the Post OFfice at State Collese, Pa. Vol. XI State College, Pa., iMarch, 1934 No.l Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1934 ^ Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting Held in Harrisburg, January 17-18 Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1934 |m State Horticultural oAssociation of Pennsylvania OFFICERS FOR 1934 President F. G. Reiter, Mars Vice President H. M. Anderson, New Park Secretary R. H. Sudds, State College Treasurer C. B. Snyder, Ephrata Executive Committee: The above named officers and C. J. Tyson, Gardners; Sheldon W. Funk, Boyertown; and H. F. Hershey, Hamburg. STANDING COMMITTEES Legislation and Representatives on Agricultural Council: C. J. Tyson, Ch.; H. S. Nolt, Columbia; R. T. Criswell, Chambersburg, (Repre- sentative on Tax Committee). State Farm Show and Exhibition: John Ruef, State College; Ch.; R. J. Gillan, St. Thomas, Paul Thayer, Carlisle. Insect Pests: T. L. Guyton, Harrisburg, Ch.; H. N. Worthley, State College; L. B. Smith, State College. Plant Diseases: H. W. Thurston, State College, Ch.; R. S. Kirby, State College, K. W. Lauer, Harrisburg. Game Laws: J. A. Runk, Huntingdon, Ch.; Geo. Balthaser, Wernersville; R. H. Bell, Harrisburg. True-To-Name-Trees: F. N. Fagan, State College, Ch.; F. M. Trimble, Harrisburg; G. L. Baugher, Aspers. Representative from Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania to Eastern States Fruit Council at Washington: R. H. Sudds, State College. The seventy-fifth annual meeting was opened in Room B, Farm Show Building at Harrisburg, Wednesday mornmg, January 17, by President Reiter who called upon the Rev. H. B. King of the Paxtang Presbyterian Church to give the invocation. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS F. G. REITER, Mars, Pa. It gives me great pleasure to greet you at this 75th Anni- versary of our State Horticultural Association. I know this organization has served well the fruit growing interests of Penn- sylvania or it could not have survived for 75 years. No doubt there are some here who have belonged to this organization 25 years or more. We are especially fortunate in having such men at this meeting; we regret that more ot our older members are not here for our first meeting in our i^arm Show Building. While we had an exceptionally good meeting room in the South Office Building yet I believe we will all enjoy having the meetings here so close to other activities of the ^ arm Show, and especially so near to our fruit show of which the fruit growers of any State would be proud. The memories of some of those present may take them back through the greater part of the 75 years of this organization. I know they have seen wonderful changes in the fruit growing industry in our great State. More than 20 years ago (jrabriei Hiester said, **If we are going to grow apples extensively in Pennsylvania, I think they should be sold as Pennsylvania apples^ \ I would that he and many others that worked so hard for the advancement of Pennsylvania fruit growing might see the progress that has been made! Many growers are now packing standard grades and using the Pennsylvania labels ol which we may well be proud. We have come through another hard year although I believe it has been just a little better than the previous year 1 hope this year may be still better. Surely there are better times ahead, but be the burden heavy or Ught, we should look well to the great work of those who have gone before us and strive for even greater accomplishments in the future. 2 — — 3 SECRETARY'S REPORT R. H. SUDDS, State College This is the meeting marking the 75th birthday of this Asso- ciation. For that period of time, we have held our annual proceedings through periods of prosperity and depression. Our history is indeed notable in at least several respects as our enai- nent historian, S. W. Fletcher, will point out in his talk at the banquet this evening. Our meetings are being held in this building because the South Office Building Auditorium is no longer available. 1 he faciUties in this building are certainly far from ideal. About the only consolations are that all other agricultural organiza- tions meeting here are subject to the same conditions, and that we are close to the exhibits. I am pleased to be back with you once more after a year's profitable study under the direction of Dr. J. H. Gourley of the Ohio State University, who appears on our program this morn- ing While I did not have much opportunity to inspect the Ohio apple growing industry, I met many of the growers during my stay. There are in general progressive and alert to take advantage of what is best in horticultural practices and are facing the future just as confidently as you. The complex of the Ohio fruit growing industry is changing as rapidly and as fundamentally as ours. I wish to thank R. D. Anthony for his assumption of the role of secretary during this period. To Miss Mary Bowmaster, who carried on much of the work of this office, I express my heartfelt thanks as well as those of the Association. It is with sorrow and reverence that I observe the passing of Dr. WilUam Worman Livingood of Robesonia. A retired physician, an active politician, and an able fruit grower, his absence will be felt in the Berks County Society and in this Association. I have accepted his hospitality and his wise counsel and shall miss his unfailing courtesy and good humor. His loss is indeed one we can ill afford. Regarding the membership situation, we had 610 paid up in 1933— a slight loss from 1932 but one all other fruit growers societies have probably suffered to at least an equal extent. As the treasurer's report will show, we still are in good financial condition, notwithstanding a considerable loss on barrel Penn- sylvania Quality Labels due in part to the failure of certain growers to accept their tentative orders. Next year the Asso- ciation will not enter directly into the label distribution. How- ever, arrangements may be made to furnish indirectly anyone desiring them. Advertising, our only source of revenue besides dues, has held up in volume extremely well indeed, although we have cut advertising rates. Please keep our advertisers in mind in placing your orders. We do not knowingly accept fraudulent or misleading advertisements. — 4 — A Better Control of APHIS At a Lower Cost of Spray PENETROL An Activator for Nicotine Spraying Solutions. Can be Combined With Other Spray Materials. Saves up to Three-fourths of the Nicotine Usually Required. From Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 260. "Preliminary tests (with Penetrol) have shown that a dilution of one-half to one per cent, when combined with nicotine sulfate, gives satisfactory control of some msects, with con- centrations of nicotine much lower than those at present recommended. This means a material reduction in the cost of such sprays which are at present relatively expensive. Bulletin No. 310 of the Maryland State Agricultural Experiment Station reports on some of the experiments conducted with Penetrol over a period of about two years on different species of aphis and other pests attacking a wide range of plants. The following results are abstracted from Table No. 2, page 455 of the Bulletin. (The common names of the insects are used here. The dilutions are by volume): ^_. ^. . .^aa Materials used: Penetrol 1-200 plus 40 per cent Nicotine 1-4000. Insect Per cent kill Apple grain aphis. . . 100.0 Green apple aphis . . 99.7 Rosy apple aphis . . 98.0 Green peach aphis (spinach aphis) . . 99.0 Insect Per cent kill Black peach aphis 98.5 Cabbage aphis False turnip aphis Bean aphis Melon aphis 99.0 100.0 99 0 100.0 From Page 275, "Proceedings of the 75th Annual Meeting New York Horticultural Society.'* ••Penetrol at the rate of 3^ gallon to 100 gallons of Bordeaux mixture afiforded efficient control with }i pint nicotine sulfate." (Pear psylla.) From Page 37, Bulletin No. 244, West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. ••At both Inwood and Morgantown it has been found by L. M. Peairs ^^4 Ed^i»,.?„<»J^4 that apple aphids? mainly the green aphids. can be killed in the early season ^^^h dilutions of nicotine as g?eat as one part to 4,000 parts of water, if along wrth it Pe^etro is used at H per cent strength. Midsummer tests at Morgantown gave 95-100 per cent kill^ivith one part nicotine to 6,000 parte water, and from 85-95 per cent with 7,500 parts water. From Page 34, Delaware Experiment Station Bulletin No. 172. ••An experimental spray of 40 per cent Nicotine Sulphate at the 1-800 dilution with Pene- trol 1-200 * * * gave practically 100 per cent kiU." (Grape Leaf Hopper.) NICOTROL For those who prefer the combination of Nicotine and Penetrol in one container. PENETROL and NICOTROL may be obtained through your dealer. Write direct for Leaflets and Further Information. Kay-Fries Chemicals, Inc. Kay Laboratories Division 180 MADISON AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y. — 5 — It will not be possible for your secretary to serve you again in this capacity this year unless there are no growers available for the office and the association is unanimously in favor of his continuation. With succeeding years, it has been increasingly difficult for this association to work with the county societies. In violation of our constitution, which requires 15 members in a local asso- ciation before affiliation is carried out, we have been allowing some societies of lesser numbers to retain half of the dues with the hope of stimulating them. It is also nearly impossible to find out each year who are the new county officials and then once knowing when to write, to obtain any report from the local societies. In certain instances, the local members have failed to receive their Proceedings on time for that reason; such late maiUngs also cost much more money to send than the regular issue. We have been represented on the Eastern Apple Growers' Council by R. T. Criswell who has as usual given of his own time and money for your mutual benefit. Secretary Campfield of this Council has entered various protests in Washington as our representative. This was occasioned by freight rates, basket and storage prices, and the Uke. Your secretary did not favor in its presented form the Eastern Apple Council's protest against the proposed decreased federal lead and arsenic toler- ance for this year because he felt that more harm than good might come from such a protest, based as it was on the false premise that lead and arsenic residues are unimportant in human health, especially when the consumers are becoming much more lead and arsenic conscious. All optimists to the contrary, lead and arsenic are poisonous in any amount. Several Pennsylvania growers advertised washed fruit this year to the disadvantage of their competitors; others intend to follow suit this year. Very cheap and effective washers for removing arsenic but not lead can be made at home and will soon be on sale by one of the commercial companies. In this connection I wish to call your attention to a recent communication from Acting Secretary of Agriculture Tug well, 'In the Department's announcement of June 20, 1933, a lead tolerance of 0.014 was forecast for the 1934 season. In the absence of a commercially feasible lead arsenate substitute it is evident that despite the most effective washing method a material amount of fruit will not meet the tolerance of 0.014 lead per pound. Accordingly, a tolerance of 0.019 grain lead per pound of fruit is announced for the 1934 crop. It is hoped that by the end of the 1934 season the various lines of research now under way will enable the industry to meet a tolerance of 0.014 grain per pound the following year and, perhaps, to eli- minate lead entirely as is now being done in vegetables. The tolerance for arsenic will remain at 0.01 grain arsenic trioxide per pound of fruit". — 6 — We have held no summer trips since 1931, although there will be some such thing this year. The 1933 summer meeting held at State College on August 7 and 8 on the 25th Anniversary of the Experimental Orchard was well attended.* In conclusion, I believe that we have weathered the economic storm very well, all things considered. Let us look forward to a more prosperous and tranquil new year of horticultural activity. TREASURER'S REPORT C. B. SNYDER, Ephrata, Pa. Receipts to date of meeting $ 1,675.56 tExpenditures 1,473.02 Cash on hand 202.54 Bonds 800.00 Total assets $ 1,002.54 Auditing Committee Report: We have audited the accounts of Mr. Snyder and found them to be correct. F. S. Dickenshied H. F. Schreiber M. E. Johnston. Report of H. A. Hanemann, Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg, on Penn- sylvania Quality Apple Labels, 1933: RECEIPTS: From growers for basket and barrel labels, imprinting, parcel post charges and special plates $ 628.72 22,400 barrel labels on hand with Ohio Valley Lithographing Co. at $6.75 per M 151.20 Total Receipts $ 779.92 EXPENDITURES: Osborn Printing Co. for 113,000 basket labels with imprints, parcel post charges and stereotype plate $ 399.91 Ohio Valley Lithographing Co. 51,400 barrel labels at $6.75 per M 346.95 29,000 imprints on barrel labels 32.00 Prepaid parcel post charges on barrel labels 106 Total Expenditures $ 779.92 COMMITTEE REPORTS Mr. J. A. Runk reported for the Game Laws Committee, stating that no legislation had been passed during the year concerning the deer problem and therefore there was no formal report to make. *For information regarding what leesone the orchard had, write to the School of Agriculture State College, Pa., and ask for a copy of Bulletin 294. There is no charge for thie. tNo salaries or other compensation are paid anyone. A detailed list of duly authprized expenditures was made by Mr. Snyder. The lengthy report is condensed to save on pnntmg costs. The Auditing Committee saw the complete report. AUDITING COMMITTEE We have audited the accounts of Mr. Snyder and found them to be correct. F. S. Dickenshied H. F. Schreiber M. E. Johnston. RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE 1 Whereas, God in his Divine Ruling, has taken from our membership Dr. W. W. Livingood, be it resolved that a mmute of respect to him be entered in our records and that a message of condolence be sent from our Association to his bereaved wife. 2. Whereas, the proximity of old, neglected, and uncared for trees to our well managed commercial orchards is a real menace to the insect and disease control in those orchards, be it resolved that our State Bureau of Plant Industry be encouraged to inaugurate measures of control or removal that may help to solve this problem. 3. Whereas, during the absence of our Secretary, Mr. Sudds, Dr. Anthony and Miss Bowmaster carried this work so well, be it resolved that a vote of commendation be extended to Dr. Anthony and Miss Bowmaster for this extra service to our Association. 4. Whereas, Dr. T. L. Guyton of the Bureau of Plant Industry has rendered unusual service to this Association, it is resolved that a vote of thanks be extended to Dr. Guyton for these services. 5; Whereas, Mr. R. T. Criswell has rendered unusual service to this Association in his capacity as our representative on the Eastern States Fruit Growers^ Council, spending his own time and money in behalf of the Association, be it resolved that a vote of thanks be extended to Mr. Criswell for these services. 6. Be it resolved that this Association thank the Farm Show Commission for the meeting room provided. That, however, we respectfully request more attention be given to the equip- ment of the rooms for the showing of charts and the use of projection lanterns. The absence of shades on skylights and adequate outlet plugs make at present the satisfactory showing impossible. 7. Whereas, Ernest F. Pierce, late of Jenkintown, a faithful servant of the horticulturists of eastern Pennsylvania for 20 years, died January 2, 1934, be it resolved that the secretary be instructed to extend the condolence of this Association to the bereaved widow. 8. Inasmuch as the Bee Inspection Service in the State has been so much reduced as to impair this service seriously, be it ^8 — For The Best Results U Reliable Dow Insecticides TRADt DOVV MARK The money you get from your crops depends as much on the quality of insecticides used as on any other factor. No matter what you grow, you cannot afford to experiment with inferior sprays and dusting materials. Neither can we afford to experiment, so we sell the reliable, time- tested Dow insecticides of known effectiveness and proved killmg power. Dow Lead Arsenate Thousands were misled into usini^ substitutes for Lead Arsenate last year and paid heavily because the substi- tutes were ineffective, caused serious injury and did not control the insects. Protect your crops with the reliable Dow Lead Arsenate and wash your crops before marketing, if necessary. Dow Lead Arsenate is the practical insecticide for leaf-eating and chewing insects, bugs and worms. It is also widely used on lawns and golf greens. Dow Special Potato Spray Many potato growers overlook the advisability of properly protecting vines. Even when bugs and diseases are not troublesome, it is worth remem- bering that sprays containing copper stimulate the growth of vines by keep- ing them in a healthy condition, thereby increasing yields. Dow Special Potato Spray possesses excellent physical characteristics. Be- ing a very finely divided material, it mixes readily in cold water without forming sludge. Ordinary agitation will effect good suspension in the spray tank, and usual pressure will force the product through the spray noz- zles without clogging. Give Dow Special Potato Spray a trial and be convinced of its effectiveness. Dow Magnesium Arsenate RECOMMENDED FOR BEAN BEETLE CONTROL The Mexican Bean Beetle is the most destructive insect attacking beans. Unless controlled, it will de- stroy an entire bean crop in a sur- prisingly short time. The bean beetle can be controlled without much diffi- culty if recommenled spraying prac- tices are followed; however, the bean plant is exceptionally tender and injury is almost certain unless proper materials are used. Magnesium Arsenate is recom- mended by the U. S. Department of Agriculture and experimental stations located in bean-producind states. It is recommended because it controls the beetle without damaging the tender bean foliage. Insist upon Dow Magnesium Arsenate for best results. Dow Dry Lime Sulphur Fine powder mixes readily in cold water, will not burn foliage, or cause fruit to russet. Dow Dry Lime Sul- phur is clean and easy to handle, conveniently packed and may be stored without deterioration. Dow Dry Lime Sulphur is recom- mended for controlling various fun- gous diseases, such as apple and pear scab, powdery mildew, brown rot, blotch, etc., also such insects as red spider and rust mite. Control is assured, while burning, and russetin*^ are eliminated. No effective material safer than Dow Dry Lime Sulphur is available. i il: i The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich. — 9 — resolved that our Horticultural Association indorse the Resolu- tion of the Bee Keepers Association asking for the full restora- tion of this inspection service*. J. S. Rittenhouse J. A. Runk J. H. Weinberger. Accepted. NOMINATING COMMITTEE In our selection of officers, I feel that it might be wise to make one word of explanation. There has been some question from the College but we find it necessary to have a man from the College to act as Secretary in view of the faet that our growers do not have the time necessary to spend on this work. For that reason we have selected the same officers as last year. Charles Wagner J. E. Linde W. E. Musser. Accepted. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE'S NOTE We have decided that we can give you a subscription to the American Fruit Grower magazine along with your membership dues. Those living in counties with county societies will not receive the magazine until the county society dues are paid. If you are now a subscriber to the magazine, the Association will care for your renewal provided you are a member in what- ever year the present subscription expires. No foreign mem- berships include the magazine. THE FEDERAL ORCHARD LOAN PROPOSITION ANDREW COHILL, Baltimore, Maryland My purpose is to take only a few minutes of your time to tell you something about the fruit loan set-up covering five states — Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia and Delaware. This is a producers' organization for producers' loans. Probably some of you were at Martinsburg when this was launched. Since that time the board of directors has gotten well under way and we are ready to make fruit loans during the coming week. We have received some applications which were turned over to us by the county agents. They are sending those appli- cations to us so that there will be no delay at all. We have approximately $3,000,000 to put out for fruit pro- duction loans. The minimum loan is $50.00 and the maximum would be 20 per cent of the capital stock which could be $100,000. I have a few application blanks which were gotten out this week. ♦Secretary's Note: Mr. McSparran replies that this service will be resumed when and if money is available; it was curtailed for this same reason. We thought our rate of interest would be on a 5}/2 per cent basis but it may be moved up to 6 per cent. Directors from Pennsylvania are J. H. Karns, Chambersburg ; Frederick Greist, Biglerville; H. M. Anderson, New Park; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg and Senator Rice of Biglerville. This is a fruit growers' own set-up, just like a private institution. We are getting loans for production agencies. The loan is based on crop liens and chattels. The directors felt that 50 per cent would be the maximum needed to take care of an acre during production season. It would cover such items purchas- ing of spray materials, labor, fertiUzer, baskets, barrels and possibly some new equipment. A spray machine would no doubt be called a necessity. Question: Do you demand hail insurance? Mr. Cohill: In this application we ask some questions along that line. At present we are considering the problem of a mutual insurance company. Question: What is the time limit of the loan? Mr. Cohill: The loan is payable as soon as your crop comes in. The full extent of the loan is one year. For further information, write: Mr. Andrew Cohill. East-Central Fruit Growers Production Credit Association, Baltimore Trust Building, Baltimore, Maryland. EASTERN STATES FRUIT COUNCIL R. T. GRISWELL, Chambersburg The Eastern States' Fruit Council was organized about 20 months ago at the Virginia State Horticultural Society meeting. They were joined by West Virginia and then invited the eastern states to unite with them to form the council; eighteen states have joined. The Council takes up those questions which are of interest to all the eastern apple growing States; such ques- tions as freight rates, spray residues, barriers to export traffic and other questions with the Government. We are very for- tunate in having men like Senator Byrd and Mr. Campfield of Virginia in our Council. I think it is very much worthwhile for our Association to continue its membership in the Eastern States Fruit Council. THE RELATION OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ENTOMOLOGISTS TO THE HORTICULTURE OF PENNSYLVANIA T. L. GUYTON, Harrisburg Members of the State Horticultural Society, as well as any other horticulturists in the state, are entitled to certain types of service from the entomologists in the Bureau of Plant Industry, State Department of Agriculture. These services come under •li 10^ 11 various headings and are intimately connected with the work of the plant disease men of the state. Practically since the estabUshment of the State Department of Agriculture, the inspection of nursery stock has been one of the duties which the entomologists have been called upon to perform. This nursery stock receives at least one annual inspection, and the mere presence of a few of the harmful species of insects may be sufficient cause to withhold the issuance of a certificate for sale of any of the stock in that particular nursery. The stock cer- tified for sale in the state is beUeved to be free from harmful insects, and it is gratifying to note that for the most part horti- culturists interested in planting will find Pennsylvania-grown stock to be more satisfactory than any which may be procured outside of the state. This, we beUeve, is due to the exacting requirements which are enforced in the matter of nursery certi- fication. Dealers and agents for nursery stock may handle only inspected stock and are required to register and give a list of the sources of stock they expect to sell. This registration gives the department a chance to check on all nursery stock sold in the state. For the year ending October 1, 1933, there were inspected and certified 852 resident nurseries and other plant growers. Over 300 non-resident nurserymen, 209 dealers and 3,325 agents were registered. In cooperation with another bureau of the Department of Agriculture, entomologists are at work in the enforcement of the Insecticide Law. New and untried materials are subject to tests before they are licensed for sale. A check-up is carried on from time to time of the old and standard mixtures and materials used in spraying. Orchardmen as a rule are not given to the purchasing of untried materials. I am speaking particularly of the successful growers. It is, however, sur- prising to find how many small or inexperienced growers are ** taken in'' by patent mixtures which in many cases are not only worthless for the purpose intended, but actually harmful to the trees upon which they are applied. Many growers have suffered heavy loss in both ways. Thus you see it is the purpose of the Insecticide Act to guard the pubUc against unscrupulous or ignorant persons who are interested entirely in the sale of some product which may or may not have the merit claimed by the manufacturer. From time to time surveys are made to detect the presence of insects in harmful numbers on economic plants. Such surveys have been carried on in relation to the spread of some of our most serious orchard pests. The Oriental fruit moth, Japanese beetle, San Jose scale, and lately the gipsy moth are a few of the insects which have recently invaded our orchards. It is the duty and purpose of the department to restrict the move- ment or spread of new and not generally distributed insect pests. Such an attempt has been made by the aid of quarantines where necessary and through cooperation of growers and ship- pers in many other case. — 12 — Quarantines seem necessary for the protection of areas not known to be infested with a new or not widely distributed plant pest. Such quarantines are used by all countries. Just now England has quarantines against our woody plants and potatoes because of our common pests of these plants which are not known to occur in England. The Ust of prohibitions by other countries is long. In some instances quarantines seem to work an injustice on certain individual growers. However, it is believed that the sum total of the results from the maintenance of quarantines is of benefit rather than hindrance to the horticulturist. Quaran- tine lines in the state are also necessary in many cases to make it possible for the growers within the state to market their produce in points outside, where if the quarantine was not established the marketing of the produce would be prohibited. Probably more growers have felt the effects of the Japanese beetle quarantine than any other which has ever been established. Some have been dissatisfied and offered criticism. Some of this criticism was probably justifiable. However, it has always been the foremost throught of those drawing up the quarantme lines to keep constantly in mind the good of the growers of the state as a whole. At present the main object in the Japanese beetle quarantine is the protection of the grape growing district in Erie County and to enable our producers of horticultural crops to reach outside markets. Soil treatments and sprayings — 13 — were applied in Erie to eliminate a slight infestation found in that city. The entomologists of the State Department have cooperated with federal entomologists in releasing many millions of para- sites of both the Oriental fruit moth and the Japanese beetle. In the case of the Japanese beetle these parasites were furnished by the Federal Government and are species originating in Japan. The parasites liberated for Oriental fruit moth control in part came from the Federal Government laboratories and part reared for liberation by the Pennsylvania Department of Agri- culture. In 1933 ten million were so reared and released. In addition to this number three introductions were made through the Federal Department this year. How efficient these para- sites are in the matter of control of these new pests cannot be accurately estimated since there is no definite way of making a check on their activities. However, it seems that in a great number of places where the Oriental fruit moth was a very serious pest a year or so after its introduction, it is now con- sidered much less destructive and parasites appear to be an important factor in this changed condition. We are concerned in the matter of control of insect species which offer promise of eradication. Just now we are trying to eradicate the gipsy moth, a serious foreign insect which is established in the Scranton-Wilkes-Barre district. In 1932 an infestation of this serious orchard and shade tree pest was found in Inkerman, a small mining town near Pittston. In 1933 there were 3200 acres and 5,255 properties sprayed with nearly 55 tons of arsenate of lead and 2,000 quarts of fish oil. Trees were banded to the extent of 25,526. From these bands 45,561 larvae were taken and crushed. To make spraying and banding possible 1,216 acres were cleared and the brush burned. About one and one-half million egg masses were destroyed by burning and direct treatment. The results from this work as shown by a partial check, are gratifying. Where many thousand egg masses were found in 1932, less than twenty were found in 1933. There is an enormous amount of work still to be done. The only factor to guarantee success in eradication is adequate facilities including funds. The state is receiving a very sub- stantial federal support and cooperation on this project. All fruit growers recognize the place of the honey bee in supplementing native insects in pollination of fruit blossoms. Here we play an active part in inspection of apiaries for bee diseases. Ofttimes bees are purchased by orchard men without knowledge of their condition as to healthfulness of the brood or type of hive in which they are housed. The chief apiary inspector is usually in a position to give information about colonies for sale. He may be able to save you considerable loss and at the same time make our inspection work easier. We believe it is more satisfactory for the orchard man to maintain his own colonies than to depend on rented bees; and if these colonies are well handled, he will be able to get an additional profit from them in surplus marketable honey. — 14 SOME RECENT TRENDS IN AMERICAN ORCHARDING J. H. GOURLEY, Chief, Department of Horticulture, Ohio Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio; Chairman, Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio It is doubtless something of a coincident that I should be invited to take part in the seventy-fifth anniversary of your society, but I consider it a compliment to return to my native state on such a delightful occasion. Ohio looks to Pennsylvania for leadership in many horticultural matters, and this together with your staff of professional workers, constitute a bond of close fellowship. When your secretary asked me to suggest a topic for my remarks I chose one which permitted of considerable liberty. It is obvious that no one could treat all the tendencies in any one branch of agriculture but some of them might easily be given. Trends in practice are, after all, trends in thought, they are the results of what people think. When one individual is more creative than another, the rest of us follow, at least long enough to give the idea a fair trial. So every trend in American orcharding is the creature of some one's mind and if we could only know the history connected therewith, it would be a dramatic and moving story of people. That we go in one direction for a while and then in another is not strange, nor should we shed tears when we find we have been wrong in our past practices, but rather rejoice that we have made progress and learned something that is better. Now, I have a wide choice in the selection of ''trends" for surely they are many and I would not want to even infer that those I include are the most important. Neither do I pretend to interpret these trends correctly for your own location. Your own horticulturists can do this better than I. My suggestions are based largely on the situation as I see it in Ohio and even there, not all would agree with me. The Quality Factor.— Profits may be made in several ways. The price of the commodity might be raised, the yield per acre could be increased, the cost of production lowered, or the quality of the product might be improved so that it would command a higher price. The quality factor in fruit is a vital one, not only flavor or eating quality, but those others which make for better color, finish, and general appearance. Those of us who have followed the practice of spraying for a number of years are impressed with the trend toward sprays which will avoid the burning of foliage and the russeting of fruit. Efforts along this line have taken the form of the use of ''elemental sulphur" or coloidal sulphur and the use of more dilute Bordeaux mixture and lime sulphur solutions. Such changes have been considered radical, unwarranted, and heresy in many quarters. The accumulating evidence, ho>vever, is resulting in a radical change of practice along these lines and our experience in Ohio may be of interest to you but is not — 15 — offered in a spirit of suggesting what should be done in another state. In 1922 a new set of experiments were begun by the Department of Horticulture with a view of eliminating the wide- spread spray injury. At first the work was done in central and southern Ohio, but for several years it has also been followed in northern Ohio, and with equally good results. The formula for Bordeaux mixture has undergone a marked change. Three pounds of copper sulfate and four pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water was considered standard at the begin- ning of these experiments. The amount of copper has been reduced to three-quarters of a pound with three times the amount of lime, and commercial control of apple scab, sooty fungus, and Brook's spot have been secured consistently. The russeting of fruit and injury to foUage have been greatly reduced, in fact, eliminated unless weather conditions have been un- favorable. Liquid lime-sulphur has been reduced in strength from one gallon to forty of water to one to 75 or 80 gallons of water. Dry lime-sulphur has been used at the rate of three pounds to 50 of water in pre-blossom sprays to IJ.^ pounds for cover or summer sprays. Now these reductions or dilutions have been successful in scab control where timeliness, thoroness, and ample quantity of material, have accompanied their use. To use less material simply to make spraying more economical would not be justified unless the results were actually superior. It is in the superior quality of fruit that the change is justified and the members of our department who have actually carried on this work feel confident that this result has been secured. The use of additional lime (4 or 5 pounds to 50 gallons) has also proven of value in reducing burning from arsenicals. While it is claimed that the additional lime reduces the value of both sulphur and arsenicals such beneficial results have been secured in our own work that this has become a regular practice in our spraying. Hence milder, less caustic sprays together with more thoro applications constitutes the chief trend in spraying in Ohio, leaving the question of spray residues out of the picture. Russeting. — The past season we experienced a great deal of fruit russeting, particularly in northern Ohio. This has stimu- lated renewed interest in the problem. In the first place, we may ask just what russeting is and how it is produced. This requires an examination of sections of the skin of russeted and non-russeted apples which reveals a very definite cork cambium in the injured specimens somewhat similar to that found in a potato tuber. Such a cambium or layer of ''growing cells" is not found in an uninjured apple. Once this special machinery is set up the russeting might go on to almost any degree of extent and thickness. The russet itself is composed of cork cells which give it its characteristic reddish or yellow-brown ON'T take chances with poisonous sprays! Protect your crop with McCormick's Pyrethrum- Rotenone Sprays and Dusts. Absolutely non-poison- ous— no risk of harmful residue— yet highly effective in killing power. RED"A" SOAP LIQUID INSttTlClOE Order from your dealer now — or write us for further information •M W -IMI'UUVI.II BLACK ARRO\V INSECT DUST SAFe ARRO^ [INSECT' SPRA^ McCORMICK & CO., Inc. :: BALTIMORE, MD Standardized Liquid and Dust Pyrethrum, Derris Insecticides 16 — 17 — appearance. The injured tissue is loose and somewhat dis- organized which explains the loss of water and early shriveling of russeted apples. Among the most situations associated with russeting is the topography of the land. This was clearly shown this year when the apples growing in a depression or on low land were fre- quently badly russeted while those in the same orchard but on high land showed Uttle or none. There was a clear gradation in amount of the injury as one left the lower levels and pro- ceeded up the hillside. This injury was present whether the orchards had been sprayed or not, but was frequently aggra- vated by caustic sprays. Weather, of course, is the culprit in this case as a depression of itself is not a causal agent. Low temperatures, especially if accompanied by rain, seem to be especially serious but very high temperatures play havoc also in mid-summer. The variety question is the next which should be considered for every experienced orchardist known that varieties vary in their susceptibility. The worst offenders in this regard are the Ben Davis tribe. Golden Delicious, Baldwin, Ensee, Grimes Golden, Jonathan, and perhaps Cortland. Less susceptible are Rhode Island Greening, and Stayman Winesap, while Rome Beauty, Delicious, Mcintosh, and Northern Spy are quite free of it. There is another set of varieties which are likely to be somewhat russeted regardless of outside conditions. These are Roxbury and Golden Russet, Westfield Seek-no- Further, Hubbardston, Nonesuch, Cox Orange, Blenheim, Smokehouse, and others. One of the chief causes of russeting is frequently the spray material used. Soluble materials of a caustic nature or sprays of too great concentration cause immediate burning or in the case of Bordeaux may cause a russeting throughout the formative period of the apple. High temperature at time of spraying activates the chemicals which causes injury. Sprays applied at a critical stage in the development of the fruit or foliage is much more serious. Like- wise much trouble results from the improper use of spray guns or nozzles. In this ''Big Bertha'' era of spraying when we like to boast of high pressures and large quantities applied per minute carelessness of manipulation may prove most costly. Coarseness of materials used may also result in mechanical injury just as too coarse a spray may do. Russeting also results from limb rubs, insect stings, or any abrasion of the tender skin. If russeting is to be avoided the causes must be removed and the orchardist is in a position to help himself in part of the cases and in others he is at the mercy of uncontrolable agents. Water. — Like the air we breathe, water has usually been taken for granted. But the past four summers have shown us that water may be the limiting factor in orcharding. Western growers have long thought it strange that Eastern orchardists — 18 — did not try the use of irrigation as a means of producing fruit of better quality and for more regular production. Several orchardists in Ohio have tried their hands at irri- gation, with extraordinary success. The trees have been im- proved, diameter of fruit has been increased at least one size, and particularly notable has been the increase in red color. Similar results have been reported from Maryland and Virginia and it would seem that this question of water supply is bound to be of increasing interest to Eastern orchardists. The chief question is whether a supply of water can be secured at a low enough cost to warrant its use. Soil Studies. — For a quarter of a century now one of the main lines of orchard study has been that of the soil in its various relations. The chief trend here seems to be as a result of the fertility work of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station. The frequent turning under of sod in the orchard is proving bene- ficial in many sections. In our own recent work we have been impressed by a survey of representative orchards which are growing on very acid soils on the one hand, and on nearly neutral or slightly alkaline soils on the other. For years we have said that lime was of doubtful value as an amendment to orchard soils, and this is based on a number of experiments. However, it seems apparent that orchards on very acid soils are less productive, the trees are smaller and respond less to fertilizer applications than those which are on less acid soils. An all-over appUcation of 2 or 3 tons of Ume would doubtless pay well in the ultimate growth and yield of the trees. Another feature of this survey dealt with the fate of super- phosphate which is broadcast in orchards. One case may be cited of a sod orchard which is typical of the findings in the others. In 1910 two blocks of trees in southern Ohio were treated with 5 and 10 pounds of superphosphate respectively. This was continued for 5 years and since that time no phos- phorus has been used. After the interval of 14 years it was found that most of the phosphorus was still found in the first inch of soil with a little more in the second and third inch than in the untreated land. Where the treated orchards were culti- vated the phosphorus was found incorporated to the depth of the plowed area or an inch below. This means that if phos- phorus becomes necessary for fruit trees some means must be found for incorporating it with the soil to a sufficient depth that it is available to the tree roots since it is not soluble enough to leach thru the soil. Pruning.— The chief trend in pruning is toward lighter pruning of young trees until the bearing habit is well estabUshed, say 12 to 15 years with apple trees. After this sufficient pruning should be followed to maintain a reasonably open tree. As a demonstration of the amount and kind of pruning desirable we have a small block of Stayman Winesap and Baldwin trees at Wooster which have had different types of pruning since they 19 were planted in 1915. Here we see that the unpruned trees are decidedly larger today than any other block in the orchard. However, they are thick, difficult to spray thoroughly and con- tain many shaded and barren branches. This situation will become worse as the trees get older yet up to date their per- formance has been good. The Ughtly pruned trees rank next in size and the heavily pruned ones are smallest, — this fact had been shown by experiments in several parts of the United States. The following table gives the effects of various amounts of pruning on the yield, size of fruit, and color. The highest yield has been obtained from the unpruned plot, exceeding the heavily pruned one by an average of 71 per cent. This is an enormous sacrifice in yield for any other advantage that may be gamed by heavy pruning. The size of fruit, on the other hand is fairly proportional to the amount of pruning. The heavily pruned trees produced 24 per cent more apples having a diameter of 3 inches, or larger, than the unpruned ones. Color has been affected more in Baldwin than Stayman. In the former solid red color was increased from 72 to 92 per cent, which is no small item, but it was gained at an enormous sacrifice in yield. Effect of Pruning upon Yield, Size and Color of Fruits Total yield — pounds. Size Above 3" diameter % 5-yr. average Color Above 33 % red. Unpruned *B. 8546 *S. 6655 B. 77.5 S. 67.7 B. 72.6 S. 92.0 Pruned lightly 6111 7635 80.6 89.6 67.9 96.1 Pruned heavily 5520 3333 89 91.2 92.1 89.8 *B.— Baldwin, S. — Stayman Winesap. Fruit Setting.— The shift in emphasis in this important problem of fruit setting has shifted to some extent from that of the poUination problem alone to the additional one of the nutritional condition of the trees. It has been found in seasons like the past one when there was a ''snow ball" bloom that there is often a light set. This occurs whether weather conditions are favorable and poUination has taken place, or not. There seems to be a tremendous competition for food supply between the individual flowers at such a time. This is more serious with some varieties than others. Those which tend to set in clusters or "ropes" as Baldwin, Grimes, Jonathan, Wealthy and Yellow Transparent are less affected by such a situation than with those which are likely to set only one fruit from a cluster of blossoms, such as Stayman, Winesap, Delicious, Arkansas Black, and Mammoth Black Twig. This means more — 20 — detailed pruning with the latter varieties in order to secure the stimulus of the numerous cuts and also the use of early appli- cations of fertilizer. Other trends are also pronounced, as in packages, production areas, fertilizer practice, cooperative movements, and the spray residue problem. These have been treated from time to time and need no repetition here. The fruit industry in the United States seems to be taking definite steps to reduce the number of poor varieties and relieve the acreage situation so that production may be more nearly proportional to the demand. It is going to mean a better in- dustry and the pubUc is bound to profit by the movement. Dr. Gourley's Discussion Question: Do you think russeting may begin as early as pink spray? Dr. Gourley: I think so in some seasons. Question : Do you recommend any of the Red Romes? Dr. Gourley: We think very well of the Red Rome. We find very little difference between it and Gallia Beauty. We are getting as good size Red Rome in our orchards as Gallia Beauty. Question : How is the quaUty ? Dr. Gourley: I think there is no difference in quality. Bowker Chemical Company 420 Lexington Avenue New York City Manufacturers of all kinds of dusting and spraying materials for commercial and home garden use. Plants at Baltimore, Md., and Carteret, N. J. Warehouse stocks at con- venient points. — 21 — Question: What is the quality of Rome Beauty compared to Cortland? Dr. Gourley: Under most conditions Cortland is far better. I was surprised to find in certain sections of New England that they are growing Cortland very successfully. Both Rome and GalUa Beauty are doing well in Ohio but not in New England. Question: The little twigs of Rome Beauty hang thickly. Would you advise pruning them? Dr. Gourley: Go in and undercut them. If it is not too expensive, some detailed pruning would be good. Question: Will you go into a little more detail on coloring conditions and weather? Dr. Gourley: Probably the most prominent factor is tem- perature which grades out from an actual frost to cool weather particularly with moisture, to dry warm weather when coloring will not occur. When we get somewhat above 80 degrees, we get burning or sun scald from these high temperatures even though we do not spray. Question: We had a good deal of russeting on Yorks in Adams County. It was mostly on the inner cheek side of each apple. Did your studies show any reason for this? Dr. Gourley: I do not believe that I could tell this. The time was when that apple was upright rather than hanging down and your russeting may have occurred rather early and showed up later. Lime-sulphur russeting will show up sooner. The reason for this is that the cells do not divide rapidly enough and cracking results. Question: Have you had any experience in bringing Spys into earlier bearing? Dr. Gourley: This varies a good deal. I tried ringing but the Spy does not respond to ringing as will a variety that comes in earlier. I can not give you anything specific. Question: In your opinion is dry lime sulphur as good as liquid lime sulphur? Dr. Gourley: We thought we got just a trifle better results with dry. Virginia Man: In Virginia at the Experiment Station wo have suffered more burning with solution of dry lim(^ sulphur than with concentrate. Question: Is Cortland softer than Mcintosh? Dr. Gourley: Oftentimes it is. I do not know whether that would hold generally or not if they are grown in exactly the same locations. Question: Would it be as desirable a commercial sort as Mcintosh? Dr. Gourley: Yes, I think it would. Question: How far south is it practical to grow Mcintosh? Dr. Gourley: I do not know about this. Just south of Columbus in Ohio we are getting fine results. Question: If you were planting a young orchard would you plant Red Rome or the old Rome? Dr. Gourley: I would plant the new Rome. On an average it is as good or better than Rome Beauty. Dr. Anthony: What about length of branch growth and yield? Dr. Gourley: I would make the general statement that good growth and high yield are correlated. Growth and yield were once thought to be antagonistic. When we get below seven or eight inches we are not making enough growth. Question: Do you make any distinction for varieties such as Stayman and Delicious? Dr. Gourley: Stayman and Delicious require unusually strong growth for good holds. Question: Have you had any experience in placing bees in orchards for pollination? Dr. Gourley: We have never seen better demonstrations of its value than this year. It is a good practice and should be followed. (Secretary's Note — See Dr. E. F. PhiUips talk on page 31.) Mr. Gillan: What is the correct pressure for spraying? Dr. Gourley: I would rather have a higher than one too low. We use around 375 to 400 pounds. This is not so much trouble as it gives us higher pressure for the top of the trees. We should also know the opening of the nozzle. When you put it on with- out cutting it down to a mist you make it less effective. (Secretary's Note — You may see a demonstration of nozzles and pressures at the 1934 summer meeting.) Question : Do you recommend bloom spray? Dr. Gourley: We use both. I think there the great care of the operator is important. We have very few that we allow to spray for some people never learn how. You must follow a systematic way. The human element is just about the biggest thing in spraying. Question: How do you tell if a tree is properly pruned? Dr. Gourley: I think that it is largely a matter of judgment and experience to tell when a tree is too thick. I do not beheve you can tell on paper about this. Reasonably light pruning will give you best size and yields. I would suggest somewhat of a thinning our practice rather than a light opening up of the branches. Mr. Fetterman: At what height would you Uke to top a 13 year old tree of Summer Rambo or Stayman? Dr. Gourley: I should like to keep it, when possible, under 20 feet. Question: What month do you prefer fertiUzing a sod orchard? n — 22 — 23 — Dr. Gourley: About three weeks before bloom. If you are using Cyanamid you should fertilize about three weeks earlier than that because it takes a little longer for it to be converted in the soil to a form available for the tree's require- ments. Question : Would you recommend two pickings? Dr. Gourley: What you want is color and you should leave the apples on until they are ready. Question : Do you think the continued application of Cyana- mid has a tendency to take care of deficiency in lime on sod that is very acid? Dr. Gourley: Sulphate of ammonia has a tendency to make soil acid. If your soil has a pH of 4 you should use lime. To take care of that condition and make the soil alkaline with cyanamid would take a very long time. Question: Is there any danger in the continued use of Cyanamid year after year? Dr. Gourley: I do not know about this. It is a rather new fertilizer with us in the orchards but so far we have gotten good results as with any other carriers of nitrogen. As I said before, it should be put on earlier. A great many of our Ohio orchards are on very acid soil. Cyanamid is doubtful for orchards on the lighter soils. Question: In making a test for acidity do you take subsoil or top soil? Dr. Gourley: Both. Question: Is there anything in the theory that applying nitrogen in January and February it will get down to tree roots before it makes growth? Dr. Gourley: It should be put on suflBciently early so that it will supply the tree roots when they are active. If you wait until later the grass gets so much of it that you have a tempo- rary loss to the tree. Cyanamid should be put on February 15 or first of March and nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia a little later. Question: Does it help to mix nitrogen and phosphate? Dr. Gourley: We are using 250 pounds of phosphate between tree rows and using nitrogen under the spread of the trees. MAKING THE MOST OF RAINFALL IN THE ORCHARD R. D. ANTHONY, State College Recently the papers were tilled with accounts of the damage to persons and property caused by an unusual rain storm in California. Large areas of the mountain sides were denuded of soil and thousands of tons of debris were washed into the low lands. A brush fire which had destroyed the ground cover accentuated this damage. Such spectacular erosion as this is front page stuff; yet it is small in proportion to erosion which 24 — HYBREX Kills Overwintering Larvae of the Codling Moth Cuts Your Spray Bills Increases Your No. 1 Fruit Recommended by EXPERIMENT STATIONS Miscible Oil plus Cresylic Acid is still the best and cheapest CONTROL for Aphis, Scale and Red Mite Combination found only in MECHUNG'S SCALE OIL THIRTY OTHER HIGH GRADE PRODUCTS Mechling Bros. Chemical Co. CAMDEN, N. J. PHILADELPHIA, PA. BOSTON. MASS. — 25 is going on all around us. H. H. Bennett, who has charge of the erosion studies of the United States Department of Agri- culture, estimates that more than 26 times the amount of plant food used annually by all the plant growth in the United States is washed into the sea each year, a loss valued at over two billion dollars. When visible gullies begin to form between the tree rows, when we see silt piled against the fences at the bottom of the hill, we realize that erosion is robbing our orchards; but many of us do not realize that ^^sheet^' erosion may cause much greater losses. Sheet erosion is washing which is so distributed over a large area that gullies of any material depth do not develop. Sheet erosion is so gradual that we may fail to realize its action until we find spots in the orchard where the brown color of the top soil has changed to yellow or red and we discover that all the surface soil has gone and that we are trying to grow trees and cover crops in subsoil. More than a dozen years ago I was in a young orchard in southeastern Pennsylvania where the trees were standing on mounds a foot higher than the center of the rows. That was before the soils specialists had begun to emphasize sheet erosion, and I blamed the trouble to plowing toward the trees too many times. Now I realize that I was looking at a typical case of sheet erosion where the tree roots were holding the soil imme- diately under the tree and annual, long-continued cultivation was supplying the finest conditions for soil washing in the center of the rows. Many of us are spending a good many thousands of dollars trying to add to the fertility of our soils while, at the same time, we are continuing orchard practices which make it possible for many times that amount of fertility to wash away from the soil. In a number of places in the United States, plots for soil erosion studies have been laid out. One of these was established in 1918 in the corn and wheat area of Missouri*. The plots are 6 X 90 feet, 1/80 of an acre, with a slope of less than three feet in the 90 feet. Iron partitions were driven down to separate the plots, and a cement catch basin put in at the lower end of each plot. Six different systems of soil management were tested, one to each plot. The annual rainfall is about 40 inches. In the plot which has grown corn every year 30% of this rain has run off and been lost to the soil; this is practically the same run-off as where the land was plowed and cultivated without a crop. Growing corn each year corresponds roughly to the orchard practice of growing annual cover crops seeded in June. When wheat was grown each year this run-off of the rainfall was cut from 30% to about 23%. Not only was the soil occu- pied by a growing crop for a longer period each year with the wheat, but also the soil was more completely filled with roots. When corn and wheat were grown in a rotation with clover sod, ♦Miller, M. F. and Krusekopf, H. H. The InBuence of SystemB of Cropping and Methods of Culture on Surface Run-off and soil Erosion. Mo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui.' (Res.) 177, 1932. — 26 — / the loss of rainfall through run-off was cut to about 14%, a saving of nearly 6H inches of rainfall compared to the loss with corn alone. An inch of rain means about 27000 gallons per acre. The most interesting plot for us is the one in continuous blue grass because of the extent to which we use blue grass in our orchards. Here the loss of rain by run-off was only 12%— not a very large gain over the corn- wheat-clover rotation. When we study the erosive effect of this run-off, we find some exceedingly interesting records. Remember that this mov- ing water in these plots can go, at the most, only 90 feet and that the fall is less than three feet in that distance, a much smaller slope than in most Pennsylvania orchards. Since the eroding power of running water increases greatly with increasing velocity, longer or steeper slopes would give much higher figures. The plots annually plowed and cultivated without a cover crop had soil washed off at the rate of 41 tons per acre per year. The plot under corn each year lost at the rate of 20 tons per year; while replacing corn with wheat cut the loss in half or to 10 tons. The rotation of corn, wheat and clover gave less than three tons of wash per year and the use of continuous blue grass cut this to the insignificant value of 3/10 of a ton per acre per year. In a 7-year-old orchard at State College there is a sod strip running up and down the slope which has a drop of only five feet in 200 feet. On either side of the sod are cultivated areas growing heavy cover crops. These covers are so handled that the group has a growing cover over the winter and the period of cultivation is from two weeks to a month only. Consequently the opportunity for run-off and erosion in the cultivated areas is very much less than in most cultivated orchards. W S Clarke, Jr. of the Horticultural Department has been making a study of the soil moisture in this area for several years. The records for 1932 are particularly interesting since that year we had two dry periods, early July and beptember, with rather heavy rains in late July and early August. In the sod area the differences in moisture in the first six inches between the top and the bottom of the 200 foot slope were: July IS, no difference; July 30, 3.3% more in lower area; September J J, 0.6% more in upper portion. In the cultivated area the cUtter- ences were: July 18, 1.7% more moisture in low end; July 20, 10.1% more in lower area; September 22, 8.4% more. Since 1% means 10 tons of water more per acre in the upper six inches, the rains of late July ran down hill in the cultivated block enough to make a difference of 100 tons of water per acre between the top and bottom of the slope. The heaviest rain was 1^4 inches in 24 hours, most of this coming in five to six hours in a series of thunder showers. This is not an unusually heavy rain; one storm in 1933 gave over four inches in 24 hours, feuch storms have much higher percentages of run-off. — 27 — At State College we are growing apple trees in large boiler- plate cylinders. Varying amounts of chopped, green rye arc spaded into these cylinders each year — one row of six trees receives no rye while the row with the largest application receives about 12 pounds per tree. Last year each of these 42 cylinders received six inches of water at a single application. Because the cylinders project above the ground none of this water could run off. It took two and one-half times as long for this water to penetrate below the surface where no rye or very little had been put into the soil as where the larger amounts of rye had been used. As you all know, the old Experiment Orchard at State College has completed its 25th year and the results have been sum- marized in Bulletin 294. During the last five years of this period some of the most pronounced differences in the plots were in the amount of moisture in the soil; differences of 40 to 50 tons of water per acre six inches deep were common in the early spring. As all plots had received the same rain fall, these differences are the result of differences in run-off — differences which are the direct result of the type of treatment the various plots received. Uniformly those plots which have grown some sod have been able to hold a larger proportion of the rain fall than those plots which have had annual cultivation. We can summarize the situation as follows: 1. Enough water falls on any of our orchards, even in the driest years, to grow a full crop of fruit and a heavy cover crop. Our problem is to save this rain through cutting down run-off and by having a deep enough soil for proper storage. 2. Excessive run-off causes erosion which may destroy the fertility of the land much faster than we can build it up. Sheet erosion is even more dangerous than that type of erosion which produces gullies because we may not be conscious of sheet erosion until the top soil has all been removed. 3. The presence of a growing crop or of large organic residues checks run-off. Annual cultivation, which leaves the land bare for any con- siderable period even when a heavy cover crop is grown, does not check the run-off enough to give soil moisture reserves which will carry trees through severe droughts. A permanent sod is the most efficient check to loss of rain fall by run-off. A sod rotation is nearly as efficient a check to run-off as a permanent sod. 4. Permanent blue grass sods have checked tree growth by using too much of the soil nitrogen for the grass growth. 5. From the standpoint both of the nitrogen supply and the saving of rain fall, sod rotations seem desirable. Mr. Fetterman: What is the peach grower going to do about this problem? Mr. Fagan: We have a peach orchard at State College now about 16 or 17 years old but it is still too good to throw away. 28 A NEW SERVICE Now You Can Buy SELF EMULSIFYING SPRA!f Direct from our Branches and Warehouses in Your Vicinity PENNSYLVANIA BRANCHES AND WAREHOUSES AUentown Beaver Chambersburg Altoona Blawnox Exeter Ardmore Brownsville Greensburg Harrisburg— Derry St. and Oberlin Road Johnstown Lewistown McKeesport Lancaster Malvern Pen Argyl Lansdale Marcus Hook Reading Philadelphia— 1608 Walnut Street Pittsburgh— 1400 Chamber of Commerce Building Tamaqua Williamsport York BRANCHES AND WAREHOUSES ADJACENT TO PENNSYLVANIA Cumberland, Md. Frederick, Md. Wheeling, W. Va. Johnson City, N. Y. Trenton, N. J. Youngstown. Ohio. SUNOCO SPRAY— emulsifies readily, controls Scale and Red Mite, is safe and effective. TEN YEARS OF PROVEN VALUE SUN OIL COMPANY 1608 WALNUT STREET PHILADELPHIA MAKERS OF BLUE SUNOCO MOTOR FUEL 29 — For five years this was seeded as close to June 1 as possible. We have come successfully through two of the driest years in history with this orchard and we suggest you seed the peach orchard by June first to mixtures of clover that will grow during the summer and be plowed or worked into the soil the following season. Question: Has it been mowed? Dr. Anthony: It is mowed or rolled before picking. Question: Will that interfere with growth of trees? Dr. Anthony: No. Dr. Anthony: Has anybody tried putting in earlier seeding in his peaches? When do you put yours in, Dr. Skinner? Dr. Skinner: We put in Sudan grass about May 5. I can see no damage from this practice and will continue to use it. Mr. Kleppinger: We like to get our cover crop in a little later. We feel that June 1 seeding cuts down the size. Our trees are eight to nine years old. Mr. Greist: I planted a block of peaches in 1928, seeded it to rye and sweet clover and have never reseeded. We give a light discing each year. Grasshoppers and other bugs are very bad on the lower limbs. Mr. Anderson: Is your growth from germination or from roots? Mr. Greist: I think both. Mr. Fagan: I think this problem of cover cropping in the peach orchard is a very important one and especially when sweet clover is used. We can gather some valuable information along this line if we turn to the work with sweet clover being conducted in the dairy country of the upper Mississippi Valley. There we find that biennial sweet clover reached its highest protein content for hay during its second yearns growth when it is 18 to 20 inches high. They also find that if such clover is plowed or disced into the ground as a soiling crop at this same height that they return to the soil the largest amount of nitrogen that it is possible to secure from sweet clover. If we use clover mixtures seeded in the peach orchard in late May or early June at the rate of six pounds per acre, these clovers will become established well during the following growing months and winter over and produce by the middle of the next May stands of green succulent clover which can be plowed or disced into the land when a new seeding should be made at once, merely culti- vating enough in the peach orchard to prepare a seed bed. In this way we cut our cultivation to a minimum and the item of six pounds of clover seed per acre is a very small expense. Sweet clover allowed to go to seed in its second year and then plowed down or mowed will not return to the soil as much nitrogen in that it takes some of the accumulated nitrogen from the soil to feed the bacteria necessary for breaking down the fiber of the stocky seed producing growth. I would not be — 30 — surprised to see that the peach orchard, and for that matter the apple orchard, man is compelled in the future to do some rotating of cover crops for undoubtedly we will run into coveJ crop diseases and pests where one crop is grown continuously that will finally destroy the cover crop but rotation of these crops will probably answer this difficulty. If in the second year of biennial sweet clover a grower should use the disc or weed hog for destroying the cover when it reached a height of 18 to 20 inches there undoubtedly will be some second growth that will produce seed during that season. If such covers become too heavy for the orchard mowing will immediately stop the coverts pull of moisture from the soil. KEEPING BEES IN THE ORCHARD E. F. PHILLIPS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York I think we can start with the statement that pollen is strictly a bee's food. Sweat bees and wild bees, flies and honey bees are carriers of pollen. There has come to be in New York an in- creasing interest in bees in the orchard as an insurance poHcy for pollination purposes. The fruit grower knows from experi- ence that he cannot tell about weather conditions. Obviously it is a mathematical problem entirely. In western New York, Baldwin, a somewhat self-fertile apple» was grown extensively. They have changed varieties to some extent, so Baldwin has ceased to be the only apple and Mcintosh and other sorts are grown. If 1000 insects get into an orchard there is much less chance of their jumping from one blossom to another than from one tree to another. The interest is m the increase of bees in the orchard, for there is something very interesting in bee keeping and I have been asked to try to come to conclusions on their problems. The individual fruit grower .asks if he needs bees possessing no sense of weather. Neither 'l nor anyone else knows the exact conditions that drive out the insects but it is these uncertainties that enter in and make it beyond doubt a question of weather. To get more definite clues on which to work we have been carrying on two lines of investigation at Cornell. I asked 10 men to help me and we collected insects in seven different orchards; one orchard was chosen near Lake Ontario and all were commercial orchards but one. Five apple trees planted by the roadside, where nothing had been done to them, were chosen for a particular purpose. Wild insects went to these trees because they were the only ones around; there were very many insects on these trees. I put in another orchard two men who worked a total of 56 hours and collected 33 insects. One of these men was an ex- perienced collector. The average catch for all was 7H insects per man per hour. You see, if we have one apple tree in a circle of a mile, there are a certain number of insects to be found on this tree; if we have two trees in the same circle we find half as many insects on each or the same total number. — 31 — The fact that fruit growers must use some poisonous sprays kills some bees. Many wild bees that pollinate blossoms live in paths through meadows and pastures and when these are plowed up many of them are destroyed, so that the insect population in western New York is inadequate. When it came time, we visited the orchard to estimate the crop. The orchard where the poor insect collection occurred was 80 acres with one side of the road Mcintosh and the other side Baldwin, and a few other varieties. Baldwin had perhaps 83^^ per cent of a crop per tree, while Mcintosh had only about a half bushel of apples in all. I cannot tell a fruit grower how many colonies of bees he needs. Many people are buying package bees from the south. These were compared with strong colonies of overwintering bees and the latter were found to give much better results. With the low temperatures at blooming time it is only the strong colonies that are worth while. To move such large colonies to an orchard is a big job but they are the only ones that count. Also the use of honey bees in the orchard is a necessity, since so many wild bees are destroyed by winter killing. The honey bees will go out in cool weather above 45 degrees. The hives should be well scattered throughout the orchard. They will fly long distances in good weather but not in cool weather. The bee keeper wants his bees in June for sweet clover and the fruit grower wants his for apple blossoms. Question: Has a scale of prices for bees been established? Dr. Phillips: No, we get all we can. Question : Is there a correlation between fire blight and bees? Dr. Phillips: We do not know as yet and hope not. OUR EXPERIENCE WITH THE FARM TYPE COLD STORAGE F. N. FAGAN, State College There are many factors bearing upon the advisability of storing the Pennsylvania apple crop on or near the point of production that have undergone changes during the last 30 years. The importance of nearness to centers of consumption has dis- appeared with improved roads and auto trucks. The refrigerator car and the improvements in rail transportation and also our further knowledge of insulating materials has had its effect. The building of large terminal storages in centers of consump- tion, built for an endless number of food products, has been an important item. These terminal storages have been constructed for year ^round use and are designed for much lower hot weather temperatures than is necessary for apples. What has been the result? They have been built at a high cost per cubic foot of storage space, often on land of high valuation; the natural 32 Tyson Orchard Service EVERYTHING USED IN GROWING, HARVESTING, PACKING AND MARKETING OF FRUIT WE LIST A FEW OF THEM Tiffany All-Steel Pruners **Forester'* Pruners W. & W. Pole Pruners **Snap Cut" Hand Shears California Ratchet Shears M. & G. Graft., Bud. and Pruning Knives Jones Patch Rudders Grafting Waxes (Hand and Brush) Wax Melters Bud Tying Materials Tar Oil (Non Caustic) Scalecide Sulfocide Pratt's "83" Oil Emulsion Black Leaf 40 Dry or Paste Arsenate of Lead Bluestone Spray Lime Flotation Sulphur Paracide (Peach Gas) Kayso Tree Tanglefoot New Evergreen Bordeaux Mixture Dust Materials COD-O-CIDE Tree Bands Power and Hand Sprayers Spray Hose and Accessories Guns, Rods and Nozzles Light Draft Harrows McAdam Discs Ladders Picking Bags Graders, Washers, Dryers Caps, Liners, Oil Paper Packages WE SOLICIT YOUR VALUED INQUIRIES AND ORDERS EDWIN C. TYSON FLORA DALE, PENNA. — 33 result is that the storage rental must be high or dividends cannot be paid. These high storage rates did not seriously effect the apple producers when prices ranged upwards from $6.00 per barrel for they still made money, but the producer cannot pay these high rates on apples at $2.60 to $3.50 per barrel. The common storage apple has had to give way not only to the crisp cold storage apple but to indirect competitors such as grape fruit, oranges, bananas, fresh and canned pineapple, honey dew melons at Christmas time, even nice fresh peaches in January, the European types of grapes throughout the winter and spring months, strawberries from January 1 to August 1, and the long list of fresh vegetables to be had in nearly every village store throughout the winter months. Many apple producers may not fully realize the increasingly severe com- petition offered by fresh vegetables. The farm cold storage house will help meet this competition because the grower will then be able to hold his fruit in better condition over a longer period; an apple in prime condition is in a condition to fight this competition and will hold its own in the struggle. The Pennsylvania State College constructed a farm type apple cold storage in 36 days in September and early October, 1932. Inside dimensions are 45' x 75'. The foundation is made of standard size cement block with footing below frost level. The insulation in the floor is two feet of common railroad cinders. The walls are constructed of studs 2" x 6" x 14' sheeted on the outside with one of the common %" thick insulating building boards and drop siding and faced on the inside with matched roofers. There is not one square foot of cork-board insulating material in the building. The insulating fill between the studs is regranulated cork, except in the wall of one room where we have filled experimental sections of the following materials: dry sawdust, mineral wool, buckwheat hulls, mineral cork, baled straw, and finely chopped straw. The ceiling of the rooms is 18" below the stud cap with no floor on the top of the ceiling joist. The ceiling is covered first with a non-tar building paper and below this is a ceiling of roofers. The ceiling joists are 2' X 8' and on top of this ceiling is an 8" fill of regranulated cork. The barn type roof of the building is of the gable tupe of 2" X 6" timber. Each gable end has a door for ventilation, — the attic is not constructed as a storage space. The building is divided into two main storage rooms, one engine room and one small low-temperature room. Each main storage room has two refrigeration type doors located for cross ventilation. The two storage rooms and four ceiling plugs each for overhead ventilation. The low temperature room has one refrigerator door and a ceiling plug. The storage is equipped with the direct expansion ammonia type of refrigeration and the machinery is powered by a 73^ H.P. electric motor. The pipe system and valves are so arranged as to permit using the full refrigerating power of the condenser -^34 — and compressor in one room at a time or in all rooms at the same time. The temperature control is automatic electric. Since the water supply at the farm was limited, it was necessary to use a cooling tower for the recirculating water that passes through the machine condensor. This has not been a disturbing factor in our plant. The storage rooms have a false floor; 4x6 timb3rs lie four feet apart on the 4-inch face level on the cinders, and upon these rest a section built slat floor of 2" x 6"'s. None of the 4x6 timbers extend to within a foot of the wall and all are so placed as to permit free flow of air under the 2 x 6 slat floor. Thus the storage rooms have a *'head room'' of 12 feet in that the ceiUng joists are 18 inches below the stud cap. We find this height satisfactory for storing packed bushel baskets of apples and the bushel crates. The storage packed full will hold 14,000 bushels in crates. The building cost us, complete and running, $6,000.00 for the building, $3,000.00 for the refrigerating machinery installed, for a total of $9,000.00 or a 65 cents per bushel cost of storage space. We know that the storage cost us more than it would a private farmer, because we had to construct it in 36 days. Neither would we construct a frame building if 90 to 120 days were available in which to do the job. A cinder block wall inside and out, or a brick or stone outside wall with inside wall of brick or cinder blocks, made moisture proof by a cement paint or filler over both inside and outside walls, would be better. During the last year the Knouse Corporation of Peach Glen, Adams County, constructed a storage with cinder block, sawdust filled wall and wooden inside floor and roof, at an extremely low figure for a complete 100,000 bushel storage. This storage has worked satisfactorily for the 1933 apple canning crop ac- cording to Mr. Knouse. In the farm cold storage construction not only must a given figure on preventing cold from leaking out of the building but must keep frost from entering the building during periods of low temperatures. For Pennsylvania conditions a wall and ceiling constructed to withstand long periods of low winter temperatures will be satisfactory; this construction will retain low enough temperatures in the fall for apples when mechanical means are used for cooling. The electric power used in our first year's run, October 1, 1932 to August 1, 1933, was 10,047 K.W.H. Assuming that the power rate is 1}4 cents per K.W.H. , the power cost for our 14,000 bushel house for that period would be $ 25.59. The first year's run at State College was satisfactory; firmt crisp Yorks were being sold in July, 1933 (harvested in October, 1932). One ideal factor of the farm cold storage is that the fruit can be stored and the natural heat removed within a few hours after picking. Another item not to be overlooked is the — 35 — fact that the orchardist has his fruit at his door ready to meet any quick ''demand sale'' that comes along. Our sweet cider sales jumped both in 1932 and 1933 because cold sweet cider could be kept on hand at all times without pasteurizing. It has been said that "a prophet is without honor in his home country". I am willing to run the chance and be that prophet by predicting that by 1949—15 years hence— 75 per cent of the commercial apple growers in Pennsylvania will be storing their apples in grower-owned orchard cold storages. These storages will be designed to store fall and winter apples but not to main- tain zero temperatures during the hot weather periods of the summer months. State College is ready to give the grower all the help possible in this work. Question: What was your experience in storing peaches? Mr. Fagan: We have not stored any peached. However, we are beginning to cool it down at peach season anyhow for Summer Rambo and Mcintosh. Question: What was the total cost of your storage? Mr. Fagan: $6000 was the contractor's price and $3000 for refrigerating equipment, $9000 in all or 65 cents per bushel. The same building could be built for less in a longer time. Question: Did the apples taken out of cold storage scald as soon as those from common storage? Mr. Fagan: Yes, Yorks did scald some. Question: Do they scald as quickly in April as in May? Mr. Fagan: Yes. Question: What kind of lumber did you use for the slats? Mr. Fagan: We used southern pine but cypress may be better. Question: At what temperature do you keep the room? Mr. Fagan: 33 to 34 degrees at top and 32 degrees at the floor. Question: What materials was used for the inside? Mr. Fagan: Roofers. This was No. 1 stock but very cheap. We would likely ask for concrete again. Question: Why did you use direct expansion system for cooling? Mr. Fagan: Because it was the cheapest? Question: How did you get rid of your mold? Mr. Fagan: We did not get rid of it although we fumigated with formaldehyde. Question: Did fumigation clear up that on the wall? Mr. Fagan: Yes but it came back again. Question: Does the fungi grow in low temperatures? Mr. Fagan: Yes the same as scab. 36 The Place to Buy Your Spray Materials Twenty-one years in the Insecticide business. We manufacture and dis- tribute a complete line, as follows: **Hy-Grade*' Lime-Sulphur Solution Tar Oil Wash (dormant spray) **Hy-Grade'' New Process Oil Paste— 90% Paraffin Oil 10% Special Fish Soap (delayed dormant spray) Sulphurs (all grades) Nicotine Sulphate, 40% and 50% Nicotine. We specialize in this material. Special price. Paradichlorobenzene (Peach Borer destroyer) Arsenate of Lead Calcium Arsenate Oxo Bordeaux Bordeaux Mixture Goulac Glutrin Casein Spreader Cresylic Acid Copper Sulphate (Blue Stone) all grades Lime, high Calcium, especially fine for spraying purposes, approved Koppers* Flotation Sulphur, for Summer spray **Soco" Wettable Sulphur Dry Mix (Jersey) Dry Lime-Sulphur Dusting Materials Sulphur Dusts Copper Dusts (all standard formulas) Largest manufacturers of *'Hy-Grade" Lime-Sulphur Solution, and Oil Sprays and Sulphur Grinders in the middle East. Largest distributors to Orchardists of Nitrates— Chilean, 16% and Cya- namid, 22% Nitrogen. Before purchasing elsewhere, get our prices Hagerstown Spray Material Co. (Hagerstown Sulphur Works) HAGERSTOWN, MD. Seuthern Chemical Company WINCHESTER, VA. 37 — Question: Did you compare present price of cork board with your insulating materials? Mr. Fagan: Yes, and found it too expensive. Question : Does the size of building allow you to pack basket apples to the walls? Mr. Fagan: We put them to the wall and have drip pans underneath. Question : Is that as good as storing away from the wall? Mr. Fagan: We find some wet apples at times but we have tried no other method. Mr. Fagan: We want all of you to use both the Agricultural Experiment Station and the Engineering Experiment Station in working out your storage problems. They will be very glad to help in all ways possible. RESULTS OF CODLING MOTH EXPERIMENTS IN 1933 H. N. WORTHLEY, State College, Pa. It is my plan to discuss the results of research work in codling moth control conducted for your benefit by the Agricultural Experiment Station at State College. This program has been pursued since 1928, although the intensive ^'flitting" back and forth to Adams County mentioned on the program did not begin until 1931. In the Cumberland-Shenandoah region of Pennsylvania, a district comprising Adams, FrankUn, and parts of Cumberland and York Counties, and heavily planted to apple orchards, our experience indicates that codling moth control demands a calyx and four or more cover sprays of lead arsenate at 3 pounds per hundred gallons. In addition, further reduction in codUng moth population by supplementary measures is urgently needed in many orchards. Plantings in this section that harboured even moderate numbers of codling moth larvae last winter suffered severely in 1933, the damage being accentuated by a short crop. The history of codling moth population and damage in the experi- mental blocks at Biglerville, as presented in Table 1, is typical of what has happened in heavily infested orchards. Table 1 clearly shows the beneficial effect of the extended spraying schedule of 1932, which reduced the worm population in the Grimes block two-thirds as compared with 1931. Arsenic residue at harvest was two and one-half times the tolerance in Grimes, and high enough on Rome to indicate trouble with lead. The reduced schedule of. 1933, while it produced no excessive residues, allowed the worm population to increase nearly four and one-half times over 1932 in both Grimes and Rome. Pubbcation authoriied by the Director of the Penneylvania Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion February 5, 1934, as Technical Paper No. 634. — 38 — Table 1. Trend of Codling Moth Population and Damage Adams County, Pa. 1931-1933. \ T 'a. Year Cover Sprays L. arsen. Total lbs. Apples per tree Injured per- cent Larvae per tree Grains-lb. Variety As203 Pb. rrrimftfi 1931 1932 1933 4 5 3 12 14 6 719 2359 695 93.4 32.9 94.3 751 243 1092 .017 .025 .002 nrimps Grimes .006 TlniTiP 1932 1933 5 3 15 7 3101 840 15.7 80.5' 132 589 .006 .002 Rome .011 Orchard plot experiments in 1933 were designed to test six combinations containing lead arsenate and calcium arsenate in the three first brood sprays, and four substitutes for arsenic in two second brood sprays. The three leading treatments were as follows: Treatment 1. Lead arsenate June 2. Lead arsenate, 2.5 — 100; lime sulphur, 1.006 sp. gr. June 12. Ditto. June 30. Lead arsenate, 2 — 100; lime sulphur, 1.006. Treatment 2. June 2. Lead arsenate, 2.5 — 100; skim milk powder, 2—100; lime sulphur, 1.006. June 12. Ditto, plus nicotine sulphate, 1 pint — 100 gals. June 30. As June 2, with lead arsenate at 2 — 100. Treatment 3. First brood arsenical sprays as above, followed by July 25 and Aug. 8. Summer oil (83%), 1 gal— 100; Nicotine sulphate, 1 pint — 100. The results of these three leading treatments are given in Table 2. Table 2. Comparison of Spray Treatments in 1933. Biglerville. Adams County. Rome. Apples per tree Percent Injured Worms per tree Residues Grains per Pound As203 Pb Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 840 767 766 80.5 65.1 44.0 589 381 186 .002 .004 .002 .011 .013 .012 As indicated by treatment 2, the addition of skim milk powder, and of nicotine sulphate in the second cover spray gave results superior to lead arsenate alone, reducing the amount of injured fruit 15 percent, and the actual number of worms 35 percent. — 39 Had it been possible to use this mixture in the second brood sprays, it doubtless would have equalled the results of treat- ment 3, in which arsenicals for the first brood were supplemented by two second brood applications of oil-nicotine. The results of the second brood spraying are clearly shown, the injured fruit being reduced 21 percent, and the actual number of worms 51 percent. Calcium arsenate at 3 pounds per hundred gallons gave results equal to treatment 1, but a so-called '^improved" brand as well as standard brands gave injury to fruit and foUage, even with the addition of Ume. With few exceptions, tests throughout the United States in 1933 were disappointing, and it appears that calcium arsenate is not yet adapted to spraying fruit trees. The addition of fish oil produced results about equal to treat- ment 2. Because this material forces the use of a substitute fungicide and may cause trouble with residue removal, it cannot yet be recommended in this State. Although the sprays applied in the experiments of 1933 pro- duced no excessive residues, there is evidence pointing to diffi- culty in meeting the lead tolerance of .019 grains per pound if more than two June cover sprays of lead arsenate are applied to early varieties, or to late varieties whose skin texture is rougher or position on the trees more protected than Rome. Fruit washing is the only answer, unless oil-nicotine is sub- stituted after the second cover spray. Because the effect of three or four applications of summer oil to apple varieties in southern Pennsylvania is unknown, and because its use will involve a fungicide other than sulphur, it may prove more costly than lead arsenate plus washing. In consequence, it appears best to use lead arsenate in as many cover sprays as may be necessary, and arrange to wash the fruit. This course is rapidly being forced upon apple growers throughout the nation, even in districts where poisonous residues are rarely found. It is generally recognized that the practice allays public suspicion, and that washed fruit makes a more attractive package in the eyes of the buyer. The coming season will doubtless witness the installation of fruit washers in most Pennsylvania packing and canning plants. No fruit cleaning investigations have been conducted in Pennsylvania. From the information at hand, however, it would appear that most growers who pack their own apples will find a commercial washer and dryer most satisfactory. Owners of small orchards may be interested in home made machines, plans for which are available in New Jersey Extension Bulletin 87, and Cornell Mimeo Bulletin No. 236. The residues anticipated in 1934 should not be diflficult to remove below the tolerance if the fruit is washed at picking time. One and one-half to two minutes in a commercial washer, using an unheated solution containing .95 percent hydrochloric 40 — Plant Fruit Trees This Spring While Prices Are Low —Quality High fVrite For 3ty '^w Catalogue Special Prices Quoted in Quantity Adams County Nursery and Fruit Farms Established 1905 H. G. BAUGHER, Prop. ASPERS, PA. acid (3 gallons of 20"^ Baume acid per 100 gallons of water), should suffice in most cases. In some orchards codling moth populations have reached the point where heavy damage will occur, even if six cover sprays are applied in 1934. In these orchards supplementary control measures are indicated. Scraping the trees this winter will greatly reduce the number of worms before the spraying season begins. Banding these scraped trees before mid-June with chemically treated bands will prevent a large part of the emer- I .■•■} > 1-3 S H O O 'A Q O O o 'A, o H < O O o Q < Q < < m o H CO 3 03 H GQ 00 05 f-H GO O §8 O o ■s o OQ CO d o d o d 05 I— t W5 d o ^ 5 X o 05 CO 00 (N 1^ ■g 2 III S 5 t Ill's CO O ;2; 03 0) lO (N CO Ttl »-( « c3 03 5 3 5 02 C3 § r CO CO 73 O CO d 05 , s Light ranch o • d o 1— ( d 1—1 o d SI CO d d -♦J c cc o a> 1 ^ p -* tJ^ • CO • • 1-H rH • P CO d (M -"^ fH lO T—^ d ^ G o o Oi t^ o TtH y—K 3 d • o d 00 • o d CO H CO CM • CM* oo CM 73 c ll TO n « CQ CO CM CO CO CM CM CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO *H OS fH rH 1«H CM CO CO CO CO CO '* gence of summer moths in July and August, and greatly reduce the carry-over next winter. Continued study of this practice has revealed several points that will bear emphasis at this time. First, the preparation of trees for banding should be very thorough. Not only should all rough bark be scraped from the trunk, limbs and crotches and burned, but patches of loose bark over cankers should be removed, and among the smaller branches all possible injured places such as rotted pruning stubs, broken branches, cicada scars, cankers and the like should be pruned out and burned. The importance of all this preUminary work before banding cannot be over-emphasized, for bands are effec- tive only in relation to the percentage of the larvae that are trapped. In fact, it appears that the early larvae which pupate and emerge as summer moths, and are thus responsible for the second brood of worms, are satisfied with any crevice among the branches, and may not reach the bands. Where this occurs to any great extent the chief function of the bands, which is to prevent summer moth emergence, will be seriously affected. Records in support of these statements are given in tables 3 and 4. A wide range of conditions is represented by the orchards in table 3. All are mature trees, of York, Maiden Blush, Grimes, and mixed varieties in order from orchard No. 1 to No. 4. The added effect of pruning among the smaller branches to remove wounds is seen in Nos. 1 and 4, where the bands trapped over 90 percent of the larvae. Scraping alone, although it greatly reduced the percentage of larvae remaining upon the trees, affected those among the smaller branches least. The great proportion here on unscraped trees in orchard 3—1932 was due to the abundance of cicada scars and rotted pruning stubs. The high percentage on the trunks of unscraped trees in orchard ]^o 3—1933 was due to large patches of loose, cankered bark. The owners of orchards 2 and 3 are now at work to get the trees in better shape for banding in 1934. To show that on banded trees the pupating larvae escape the bands more successfully than the hibernating larvae, table 4 has been prepared. Table 4. Summer Moth Emergence prom Trees and Bands— 1933 Orchard No. 2 Treated bands Orchard No. 3 Not banded Orchard No. 3 Burlap bands On trees In bands Total On trees On trees In bands Total Cocoons found 223 1011 1234 602 131 316 447 Moths emerged 01 7 98 HI 42 62 94 Percent emerged 39.1 0.7 8.0 18.4 32.0 16.4 21.0 — 42 — 43 In orchard No. 2 the examinations yielded 1234 occupied cocoons, of which 98 bore empty pupal skins indicating moth emergence. Only 7 of these moths — less than 1 percent of the number trapped — came from the treated bands; 91 came from the trees, or 39 percent of the larvae which escaped the bands. Of all larvae in the bands and on the trees, 8 percent produced moths. This figure, compared with the 21 percent emergence from trees with untreated bands in orchard No. 3, indicates that in orchard No. 2 the control of summer moth emergence obtained by scraping and banding was only 61 percent. On the same basis, if the scraping and pruning are thorough enough to force 90 percent of the larvae into the chemically treated bands 85 percent of the summer moth emergence will be pre- vented. If only 80 percent of the larvae are trapped, control will drop to less than 65 percent. The second point is that corrugated strawboard bands treated with a mixture of betanaphthol and oil are preferred over the untreated burlap that some growers have employed. For one thing, the closest inspection of burlap bands can scarcely keep moth emergence to 1 percent of the larvae trapped, as treated bands will do. In addition, closely controlled comparisons have shown that treated bands of 2-inch width trap 75 percent of the larvae, while burlap of 3 thicknesses 4 inches wide traps only 25 percent. As a trapping device treated bands are much superior to untreated burlap. Further, in spite of the higher first cost of the treated bands, they are actually cheaper to use than burlap. This matter of cost is the third point to be stressed. The figures in table 5 were obtained from growers who kept partial records of the scraping and banding operation in 1933. Burlap bands were used in all cases. Table 5. Growers' Figures on Cost of Scraping and Banding No. of trees Age — years Man hours — scraping . . . Man hours — banding... Cost at $.175 per hour. No. of inspections.... Man hours — inspection Cost of inspection Burlap bands — width... Length — feet Cost Orchard 1 2425 11-31 790 100 $155.75 10 800 $140.00 :i in. 5160 Orchard 2 8000 15-30 1500 $262.50 12 in. 24000 $45.00 Orchard 3 2000 30 12 in. 6000 In orchard 1 the scraping was too light, and is being repeated. In orchard 2 only the trunks and crotches were scraped. In orchard 3 the scraping was piece work at $.07 per tree or $140.00, a figure close to that in orchard 1. Our experience indicates ^ '// cr///*iMiiiiniiiiiiiMiiuiiinniHMHliL* I ARSENATE OP LEAD WITH ASTRINCCNT : (ilNlKALCHfHirf miiiiiiiiiiiiiiui^ ., THE 1933 HARVEST proved the consistently superior results of first brood Codling Moth Control ^ with ASTRINGENT ARSENATE OF LEAD m all fruit growing districts and the effectiveness of properly timed appli- cations of ^pp^^ DRITOMIC SULPHUR for scab control, red spider, mites, etc. YOU, TOO, will want to standardize on these superior spray materials for 1934 ir«.^DUST .Or^.»>;#; Astringent Arsenate of Lead Arsenate of Lead Calcium Arsenate Arsenate of Zinc Nicotine Sulphate 40% Paradichlorobenzene Oil Emulsion 83 Lime Sulphur Solution Dry Lime Sulphur Bordeaux Mixture Bordeaux Dust Copper-Lime Dust Dritomic Sulphur Apple Dritomic Sulphur For advice on these and other Orchard Brand Products, ask that a copy of 1934 "CASH CROPS" be reserved and sent you. General Chemical Company 40 Rector St., New York, N. Y. 1 South Broad St., Ph.la., Pa. Represented by TREXLER FARMS, ALLENTOWN, PA. — 44 — — 45 — that in the average mature orchard at least one-half hour should be allowed per tree for scraping and pruning to remove cocooning places. With this change, but using the figures in table 5 on cost of bands and of inspection, a comparison has been made of 12-inch burlap (folded to three thicknesses) inspected 10 times, and of 2-inch treated strawboard bands at $.015 per foot. See table 6. Table 6. Approximate Cost of Banding Operations for 100 Average Mature Trees Item Burlap bands 10 inspections Strawboard bands treated Amount Cost Amount Cost Scraping 50 hrs. 4 hrs. 34 hrs. 300 sq. ft. 88 hrs. $8.75 .70 5.95 .56 $15.96 50 hrs. 4 hrs. 300ft'.' 54 hrs. $8.75 70 Banding Inspection . 1 \j Bands 4 /iO Total $13.95 Using chemically treated bands, the average cost of scraping and banding a mature tree is less than $.15. This is less than the cost of a single spray application, which will exceed $.24 for trees receiving 10 gallons of spray. Is this too great a price to pay to avoid 85 percent of the attack of second brood worms and to reduce by 90 percent the winter carry-over of larvae? This cost will be increased if untreated bands are used, for these must be inspected once weekly from late June to early September if summer moth emergence is to be prevented. If labor is available, and the thought is to use it, thinning to break the *' doubles'' and to remove wormy fruit from the orchard would be much more to the point. This practice, too, will prove profitable in heavily infested orchards. For the present the home preparation of bands is not advo- cated, due to the fire hazard and to the difficulty in maintaining the proper temperature for correct treatment. However, one type of cold-dipped band tested has proved to be very satisfac- tory, and this method of treatment will be further investigated. As before, chemically treated bands cannot be recommended for young, smooth-barked tr6es. In orchards where large numbers of hibernating larvae remain in wounds that cannot be cleaned out by scraping and pruning, a further method of reducing the winter carry-over of larvae is at hand. This is the brush treatment of such wounds with a penetrating blend of pine oil fractions developed for this purpose under an industrial fellowship at Rutgers University The method has been tested for two seasons in Pennsylvania, with complete success. In operation, all wounds suspected of shelter- mg codling moth larvae are given a heavy dose of the material by means of a small round brush mounted on a long handle. Cocoons are penetrated, and the larvae killed on contact. By careful treatment 90 percent of the hibernating larvae in otherwise inaccessible places can be killed before the spraying season begins. The treatment will consume from 5 to 15 minutes per tree, depending on the abundance of wounds, cankers, old pruning stubs, etc., to be treated. One gallon of the material will treat from 8 to 24 trees. Our records indicate that the total cost will range between $1.00 and $3.00 per acre of 27 trees. The material will not penetrate live bark, but does kill buds. It should be applied before growth starts, and fresh pruning cuts should be avoided. To summarize this discussion, the Cumberland-Shenandoah region of Pennsylvania faces a possibility in 1934 of the heaviest codling moth damage in its history. Control experiments sug- gest that the situation be met through a spraying schedule suited to the needs of codling moth control rather than to the fear of spray residues. Such a schedule should comprise a calyx application followed by four to six cover sprays timed to maintain spray coatings throughout the period of attack. Best results will be secured by using in all sprays a mixture con- taining 3 pounds of lead arsenate per hundred gallons of spray, plus Hquid lime sulphur and skim milk powder. Nicotine sul- phate at 1 pint per hundred gallons should be added to appli- cations falling at the peaks of egg deposition. Fruit washing will be necessary to reduce residues on harvested fruit below the tolerance. This practice is spreading, and should be adopted. Two minutes in .95 percent hydrochloric acid should suffice to remove the residues anticipated from the spray applications suggested, if the fruit is washed at picking time. Heavily infested orchards should be thoroughly scraped and pruned to remove wounds sheltering codling moth larvae. Worms remaining in inaccessible places on the trees can be killed by the brush application of a blend of pine oils designed for this purpose. Chemically treated bands should be applied not later than June 15. On trees that have been well scraped and pruned these bands will give 85 percent control of summer moth emergence at a total cost less than that of one spray appli- cation. In addition to scraping and banding, thinning should be practiced to break '* doubles'' and remove wormy fruit from the orchard. All this extra spraying, scraping, pruning, banding, thinning, and washing will result in increased cost of production. Will it pay for itself? No direct answer is possible. In some sections of the country the suggestion is being made seriously that apple growers who cannot finance the necessary fight against the codling moth will be better off to cut down their orchards and get out of apple growing. We face the same necessity in Pennsylvania unless a concerted drive is made to control this serious pest. Let each man look back over his own grading and sales records for the past few years. See if the percentage of 46 — — 47 — il i li packed fruit has gone up, and the perceutage of canners and cider apples down. Find out if the latter have paid expenses. Regard the question whether the processing plants can continue to absorb the bulk of the crop at a price that will keep apple growers in business. If the answers in your case are *^Yes'', you have the situation in hand. But if the answers are *^No'\ nothing less than the program summarized above will turn the trick. Unfortunately, you will be forced to spend money before you can hope to make any. But if the money can be obtained (and it has been made available to many fruit growers) the season of 1934 should see us a long way out of our present codling moth situation. Question: Would you band a tree that has not come into bearing? Mr. Worthley: We still do not recommend the use of chemically treated bands on young, smooth-barked trees. We have no indication of damage to trees with rough bark. Question: Would it be safe to treat the bands with pine tar? Mr. Worthley: I do not know but I doubt it. We used different fractions of pine oils one year which contain some of the less injurious things found in pine tar but we have not tested the pine tar. Question: Is beta naphthol a coal tar product? Mr. Worthley: Yes. Question: Would it be all right just to scrape a place on the trunk for the band? Mr. Worthley: In order to trap the maximum of larvae it is necessary to remove from the tree every nook and cranny that might shelter the larvae. Question: What sort of tool would you use for scraping? Mr. Worthley: It is merely a matter of preference. We have used a scraping tool made by a commercial company. This has a long blade with a hook one one end. We also made one ourselves from an old mowing machine blade. A small hoe that is not too heavy to handle will make a good scraping tool. Question: Is Scalecide or other oils recommended for codhng moth? Mr. Worthley: There is no evidence that oil spray has much effect on overwintering codling moth. Question: Can any one tell me where I can buy glass mice traps and the price of them? Answer: I had a price of $17.00 per thousand from Tyson Brothers recently. Arc You Able to Grow a Good Cover Crop in Your Orchard? en Did You Last Lime Your Orchard? Perhaps it is Lime that is Needed— for Legumes Demand a Sweet Soil In Addition : Trees Require Large Amounts of Calcium for Growth This year Palmer Lime and Pulverized Limestone are being used in a number of large orchards. It has come about by the accurate soil testing, to deter- mine the lime requirements, that we made for these particular orchardists. May We Assist Ton in Determining the pH Rating of Tour Soil ? We produce Palmer Brand Higli Calcium Lump, Pebble and Hydrated Limes for Spraying Purposes, as well as Agricultural Lime for your soil. Universal Gypsum & Lime Company YORK, PA. — 48 — — 49 CODLING MOTH AND ROSY APHIS SUPPRESSION H. E. HODGKISS, State College, Pa. The development of Horticulture during the 75 year period since the founding of your Association is well worth your tribute. The members who have been associated with it during even half that period have seen advances in fruit growing practices that have enabled them to produce apples of such a high quality that markets both domestic and foreign now demand Penn- sylvania grown apples. Entomology has had an important part in this program. When I read the history of those earlier days it was not without a sense of wonder at the means employed to secure wormless apples. The last years of the period, however, have been out- standing in the progress that has been made in insect control. Little known insects have at times become pests of prime im- portance only to succumb to control practices discovered by entomological investigators. The most outstanding problems today are, however, those which bothered the founders of this organization and even these are due in part at least to the modern developments in apple production. Our most important consideration is the codling moth. De- spite the state-wide averages in control over a period of five years there are individual orchards and rather sizable areas where the control problem has become acute. The reason for this condition is indicated in Table 1 . Table 1. Codling Moth Suppression 1929-1933 Method of Operation No. of Orchards Conditions with respect to apples Year Total yield bushels Insect injury Total Per cent 1929 Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Incomplete.. Incomplete.. Incomplete.. Incomplete.. Incomplete.. 114 103 90 125 149 24 94 180 217 149 522 , 883 696,869 677,575 1,122,800 1,033,900 52,740 342,910 947,350 1,054,330 914,500 12,549 9,059 17,617 20,210 38,828 4,536 36,691 85,261 95,628 130,442 2.4 1.3 2.6 1.8 2.6 8.6 10.7 9.0 9.07 12.4 1939 1931 1932 1933 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 The place of proper methods in codling moth control and other factors which are of utmost importance in the heavily infested areas have been discussed at other gatherings. It is not my intention to dwell further on these practices at this time. Rather it is my purpose to call attention to the things we tried to do last year and the results of those eflfcrts. The season of 1933 was notable for nation-wide efforts to control codling moth without undue amounts of residues in- jurious to human health. Many nostrums were advocated. We attempted to maintain the standard of control to which we have been accustomed in other years. The Entomologists of The Pennsylvania State College devised a formula whereby reduced dosages of lead arsenate were to be used in conjunction wath a casein spreader and with nicotine. Substitutes for lead arsenate used in experimental plantings had not proven suc- cessful as replacements for the poison. On account of the lessened amounts of the lead arsenate a somewhat closer check was kept on a number of orchards to ascertain if the plan was as effective as the standard dosages. Unusual amounts of rainfall interfered greatly with the program in that the period of summer protection was reduced to a mini- mum. As an added attempt to reduce the lead residue complex a choice was given in the third cover spray of using either lead arsenate or calcium arsenate. Calcium arsenate was withdrawn in the fourth cover spiray on account of serious damages it had caused in the experimental plots at Biglerville, Adams County and in other orchards where lime sulphur was used as the fungi- cide. The modified schedule suggested the use of lead arsenate in the following proportions to each 100 gallons of dilute lime sulphur: — petal fall, 3 lbs.; first cover, 2J^ lbs.; second cover, 23^ lbs.; third cover, 2 lbs.; fourth cover, 2 lbs. Nicotine was recommended in the petal fall, first and second cover sprays at the rate of 1 pint to each 100 gallons of dilute spray; powdered skim milk was used in all cover sprays at the rate of 2 lbs. to 100 gallons. This schedule was maintained in an orchard in Franklin County where a demonstration of codling moth control was already planned. In 1932 the crop loss from codling moth was 75 per cent. The demonstration block comprised 192 York and Gano trees which were between 20 and 30 years old. There were also 100 younger trees some of which were in bearing. There were on the average 2,957 gallons of spray applied at each treatment. A survey of codling moth injuries to the apple fruits was made on August 26. The results are given in Table 2. For the purpose of comparison a similar count was made in the main orchard sprayed by the owner; no nicotine or spreader was used in any spray. It was found that 23.8 per cent of the apples were "wormy'' and 42.6 per cent were "stung''. This was a total of 66.4 per cent. In comparison with the demon- stration block this was a difference of 23.4 per cent entries, 26.2 "stings" or an increase in the total damage of 49.5 per cent. Counts were made also on the upper and lower portions of the trees. There was 6 per cent more codling moth damage on fruit in the lower third thati in the upper third of the trees. — 60 — 51 Table 2. Results of the Codling Moth Control Demonstration in THE Ledy Orchard, Franklin County, August 26, 1933 Part of Orchard Method Treatment Condition of fruit with respect to codling moth damage Side entries Per cent Stings Per cent Total Per cent Demon- stration Spraying in- formation Four cover srpays of lear arsenate 0.4 16.4 16.8 Main orchard As owner chose Three cover sprays last with calcium arsenate 23.8 42.6 66.4 Grimes As owner chose Three cover sprays last with calcium arsenate 42.5 22.5 65.0 At harvest a second count was made on both the demonstra- tion block and the main orchard. Ten bushels of apples were counted from each block. Those from the demonstration block were 64.0 per cent clean, 35.9 per cent "stung^' and only 13 apples had worm entries. The 10 bushels from the main orchard had 14 per cent free from codling moth injury, 38 per cent "stung*' and 48 per cent of the apples were wormy. The apples from the demonstration block were graded and packed by the grower. The balance of his crop was sold to the canners and cider mills for about 40 cents per hundred pounds. In this case had the grower used proper spray methods his crop would have yielded him approximately $45,000 more than he actually received. Comparison of Practices in Eastern Pennsylvania In order to gain a general idea of the results of the modified schedule in a larger number of orchards a survey was made during October in a number of counties in the eastern part of the state. Thirty-five orchards with a yield of 405,000 bushels of fruit received the full schedule of sprays recommended. There was an average of 3.8 per cent of the fruit injured by codling moth. Sixteen orchards with a yield of 97,000 bushels were sprayed with 3 pounds of lead arsenate in each 100 gallons in all the cover sprays instead of 2)4, pounds. The codling moth damage amounted to 1.6 per cent. Thus under com- mercial conditions the use of 3 pounds of lead arsenate instead of 2J^ pounds resulted in a reduction in codling moth damage from 3.8 per cent to 1.6 per cent. Four orchards with a total crop of 100,000 bushels were sprayed with calcium arsenate in the fourth cover spray. The codling moth damage amounted to 6.2 per cent. Where calcium arsenate — 52 CHOOSE your commission house with the same care used in selecting spray SHIP TO US B ecause we have one of the largest stores in Phila. can handle truck or carload shipments do not buy any to compete with yours handle strictly on commission make apples our specialty make prompt returns & oem hiid FRUIT and PRODUCE Commission Merchants 1 22 DOCK STREET LOMBARD 1000 PHILADELPHIA 53 — was used in both the third and fourth cover sprays 30.2 per cent of the fruit was injured by codling moth. In orchards where calcium arsenate was used in the third cover spray and the fourth cover spray was omitted, codling moth damage amounted to 39.5 per cent. These orchards produced 214,000 bushels of fruit. Lead arsenate was used in the first, second and third but the fourth cover spray was omitted in 21 orchards. Seven per cent of the fruit was injured by the worms. Table 3. Codling Moth in Eastern Pennsylvania in 1933 Treatment Number of orchards Total vield of orchards Total bushels fruit uninjured Total bushels fruit injured Per cent of fruit injured 2 J^ lbs. lead arsenate throughout season 35 405,000 389,930 15,070 3.8 3 lbs. lead arsenate used throughout season 16 97,000 95,520 1,480 1.6 Calcium arsenate used in fourth cover 4 100,000 93,850 6,150 6.2 % Calcium arsenate used in third and fourth cover 2 100,000 69,800 30,200 30.2 Calcium arsenate in tliird and fourth cover omitted 7 214,000 129,570 84,430 39.5 Lead arsenic in all fourth cover omitted 21 160,000 148,918 11,082 7.0 Unsprayed 6 30,000 12,400 17,060 58.7 Three pounds of lead arsenate were recommended in all the cover sprays in 1932 and the codling moth damage in 36 com- pletely sprayed orchards with a yield of 373,300 bushels was 1.8 per cent of the fruit. In 12 unsprayed orchards 28.9 per cent of the fruit was damaged by worms. The data indicate a much heavier infestation of codling moth in 1933 than in 1932. Where 3 pounds of lead arsenate were used in either year the resultant control was approximately the same. A reduction in the amount of lead arsenate to 2}/^ pounds in 1933 gave about the same results as occurred when the final or fourth cover spray was omitted in 1932. Calcium Arsenate. — There was a somewhat extensive in- terest in the use of this arsenical as a substitute for codling moth. Individual growers who had no large codling moth problem obtained a rather high degree of benefit from its use and these orchards when examined showed no evidence of — 54 injury to foliage or fruits. The general experience in the heavily infested areas and in many orchards where the codling moth was not serious in 1932 did not agree with this condition. On the average these orchardists lost from 30.2 to 39.5 per cent of the apples from "worm^* injury and the codling moth population in the fall showed a large increase over that of the previous year. Burning of foliage was also very severe in most places. Spray Residues The spray residue situation was made uncertain owning to the placement of the lead tolerance finally at 0.02 grain of lead per pound of fruit. In order to determine the maximum amounts of arsenic and lead in the residues some 125 samples were collected in papers without handling the fruits. In most of the orchards the modi- fied spray program had been adopted in whole or in part. The results of the analyses are given in Table 4. Table 4. Analyses of lead Arsenate on Apples 2}/^ — 2 Lbs. Lead Arsenate Schedule Cover sprays Applied Residual Arsenic and Lead Number of orchard As204 Per pound Lead s of Fruit No. No. Grains Grains 2 3 4 27 49 14 .0009 .002 .004 .004 .012 .014 In several orchards the standard 3 pound lead dosage was used in preference to the one previously mentioned. A similar range of cover spray treatments was used in these places as were given in Table 4 and provides an interesting comparison of residual lead, especially under the conditions of rainfall in 1933. The analyses are given in Table 5. Table 5. Analyses of Lead Arsenate on Apples 3 Lbs. Lead Arsenate Schedule Cover Sprays Applied Residual Arsenic and Lead Number of orchard As204 Per pound Lead of Fruit No. No. Grains Grains 2 3 4 5 4 5 .001 .002 .003 .01 .013 .016 — 55 — Recommendations for 19M The control of codling moth as viewed from a state-wide as well as a national viewpoint is going to be even more difficult to accomplish this year. The conditions with which we have to deal are vastly different from those in most other states. Sub- stitutes for lead arsenate at present are of doubtful utility. Even in the later cover sprays it appears that they cannot be used to take its place. The analyses for lead indicate that there is not much benefit to be gained from reducing the lead arsenate dosages. The problem therefore resolves itself into one of codling moth control. If the insect is allowed to main- tain its high rate of increase there may be in some sections an even greater difficulty in harvesting enbugh clean fruits to pay operating costs. Apple growers should give this fact serious consideration. The prevention of increased losses depends largely on their decision. For the coming year the following suggestions appear to be the most suitable answer to our present situation. 1. Use lead arsenate at the standard dosage of 3 pounds to each 100 gallons. 2. Add casein to the spray in the form of powdered skim milk at the rate of 2 pounds to each 100 gallons. 3. Use nicotine sulphate in the spray when recommended in the spray information letters. 4. Time the sprays correctly. 5. Spray the trees thoroughly inside and outside. 6. In the heavily infested area use supplementary practices such as scraping, banding, and screening storage buildings in the orchard. The lead analyses indicate that some thought must be given to residue removal. Until the codling moth is again controlled it appears that Pennsylvania growers should be prepared to meet the competition from other states by adopting some prac- tical and comparatively inexpensive means of cleaning the apples before they are marketed. The Rosy Apple Aphis Probably no insect infestation in recent years has received the publicity or attracted the attention of all fruit growers more than the outbreak of rosy aphis in 1933. The rosy aphis hatched early on the trees and there were no natural checks to prevent their development. Subsequently the insects multiplied enormously and overwhelmed the trees, often crawling down the trunks and moving to other trees in search of food, — that is the picture of the aphis last year. Sometimes as in 1932 an infestation develops in early spring which is accompanied by over-whelming numbers of aphid parasites and predaceous ene- mies with the result that the insects are suddenly destroyed. In such years fruit growers recognize that orchards where con- 5G The Economy of Quality For a crop that has taken months of time and work, to say nothing of many dollars expended, there can be no compromise with quality in packing materials. Pioneer Shreds are heavily impreg- nated with pure mineral oil, to effectively prevent scald, and pre- serve the fine condition of the fruit. Available in deep, clear colors — purple, red, §reen. Other paper pacting materials are also available from this source, where quality is of primary importance. Packed in 25 lb. cartons — for your convenience. ,u.«. V/E 00 OUR MRT Write for samples and name of nearest dealer. PACKING MATERIALS DIVISION PioneerPaper Stock (pMPANY 486 WEST OHIO STREET CHICAGO, ILLINOIS OILED SHREDS FOR FRUIT — 67 tact insecticides are not used or where inefficient materials have been applied are as free from damage as their own plant- ings which have been protected at a rather considerable cost. They link these conditions with the perennial agitation against nicotine which is the standard insecticide and often fail to use the material or if they do they limit the amounts of spray with the result that they save at the outset but in the end may either lose the entire crop or the portion that is salvaged hardly pays for the cost of production. Timing of the spray period this year was exact. Some men claimed that adverse weather conditions prevented them from applying the spray correctly. This was hardly borne out by the experience of other men in the same regions who are accus- tomed to follow the better practices. In many of these orchards the resultant infestation was greater than ordinary which per- haps was to be expected on account of the size of the initial infestation and the personal equation that always enters into insect suppression operations. There was an increased agitation during 1931 and 1932 in favor of aphidicides the values of which under our conditions were either questionable or else they had not emerged from the experimental stage. Some of these had been used at our sugges- tion by orchardists who had expressed a willingness to make such comparisons. We were in a position therefore to guide fruit growers who were inchned to use substitutes for nicotine which is the standard remedy. The results of counts in orchards bore out our earlier conclusions. In 176 orchards completely sprayed which yielded 1,499,975 bushels of apples the rosy aphis injuries amounted to only 3.5 per cent. There were 125 orchards which were sprayed either with an inefficient material or were partly or poorly sprayed. In these plantings the mal- formed apples were as many as 25.5. per cent. Unsprayed orchards averaged 51.9 per cent of the fruits destroyed. As a direct result of the use of substitutes for nicotine those men who have used nicotine successfully have expressed them- selves as being convinced of its efficiency. Other men whose methods are less efficient will continue to use substitute materials which to them appear to be of equal value ; some will use insecti- cides which have been proven to be of questionable efficiency. Comparative Values of Aphidicides The general orchard survey developed out some very inter- esting data with respect to the effectiveness of different materials that were used as aphidicides. It made no particular difference which of the leading materials were used if the spray was prop erly tinied, thoroughly applied, or the equipment was suited for the job. In 149 completely sprayed orchards 96.8 per cent of the apples were uninjured. An equal number of orchards were visited where the same materials were applied in a haphaz- ard manner with the result that only 80.8 per cent of the apples harvested were marketable. ■-58 — The nicotine-lime sulphur is efficient and economical. Its chief advantage is that the nicotine can be combined with the lime sulphur-lead arsenate combination and effect a saving in the cost of an extra operation. Its chief disadvantage is in the difficulty, that many growers have, of not being able to time the application correctly. Many of the failures are due to faulty applications. This year in a number of orchards where the material was correctly used the damage averaged from 0 — 9.8 per cent. In other orchards where there was apparently a failure in the method the losses were sometimes as high as 33 per cent. Cresylic acid-oil is in much the same situation. It is efficient when properly used, but if incorrectly timed the results are very poor. Moreover the combination was originally suggested as a means of reducing the initial infestation so that later hatching aphids might be destroyed by a nicotine-oil spray. A number of growers used cresylic acid-oil correctly and in these orchards the losses averaged 3.8 per cent. In several other orchards the material was improperly applied and here the aphis fruit loss averaged 31.1 per cent of the crop. Tar oil-petroleum oil is a comparatively new remedy. As an ovicide against aphis eggs the tar oils have considerable merit. The addition of petroleum oil emulsion is made in an endeavor to extend the value so that the spray will have the added ad- vantage of a scale control. Tar oil combinations are strictly dormant sprays and as such fall into the class of special treat- ments. An impression has gotten abroad that the tar oil- petroleum oil combinations are cure-alls. They are not! The disadvantages are that they are disagreeable to use; special protection is needed for exposed parts of the operator's body if discomfort is to be avoided; the treatment to trees must be even more thorough than with the other materials mentioned, otherwise the value of the appUcation will be lost. These sprays are not as yet standardized as to proportions of the active ingredients and until this is done their proper dilution will not be readily understood by the grower. A tar oil-petroleum oil spray was used in a number of the orchards surveyed. Where the work was apparently done correctly the aphis fruit loss varied from nothing to 8.6 per cent. Where the spraying was poor the loss in the crop was often as high as 34.8 per cent. Of all the materials used as aphidicides in general orchard practice in 1933 the nicotine-lime sulphur sprays were the more consistent in aphis control. Tar oil-petroleum oil sprays showed much promise where they were carefully applied. The same can be said of the oil-cresylic acid combination. Growers who have had uniform success with the nicotine-lime sulphur undoubtedly should continue to use that material and avoid the need of an additional treatment in the delayed dor- mant period. Some orchardists will no doubt use one of the other materials. If so, special attention should be given to the timing and method of application. Where the newer tar oil- 59 petroleum oil sprays are to be used it may be advisable to try them out in a small way at first. This scheme will enable the men who are to do the actual work to become acquainted with the best method of handling them with a minimum of dis- comfort and avoid the possible discarding of a promising insecti- cide on account of adverse criticism while it is still in the experi- mental stage. SOME NORTHWESTERN ORCHARD LESSONS FOR THE EAST J. T. BREGGER, Editor, American Fruit Grower Cleveland, Ohio I believe there never was a time in the history of fruit growing when there was more to be learned from the outside; or when a grower needed to know what is going on in other states to meet the problems that are common throughout the country. It is this same exchange of ideas and experiences which we are attempting to give the readers in the columns of American Fruit Grower. It is worth while to consider methods prevalent in other sections even though it is human nature not to accept all the things we hear and see; we often accept from a distant individual suggestions we will not revive from one nearby. If it comes from a sufficiently remote source, we are apt to accept almost anything! When I first saw the State of Washington in 1921 I was greatly impressed by the bigness of the production practices, — everything was done on a large scale, with production based on intensive culture, with nothing but orchards to consider, and with all the trees were in their prime of life. You now have some districts in Pennsylvania which are as intensive as any east of the Rocky Mountains. I now find many of these prac- tices becoming common in the East, so it does not have the same '^glow'^ as a few years ago. Stationary spray plants, thinning, irrigation, and many other things are fast becoming ordinary practices in the East. We can divide into three principle groups the factors thai are fruitgrower has to face in order to grow fruit successfully: (1) Climatic and location, over which the grower has little control; (2) Cultural practices, which he can change to meet conditions of the orchard, and (3) Merchandising and marketing. First of all, the climatic conditions of the West help make fruit growing successful. The climate is conducive to annual crops to large yields, and to a high color the average yield of apples is 500 bushels per acre and maximum yields of slightly over 2000 bushels are recorded. The condition that makes this possible is an unlimited amount of sunshine, — when all other factors are supplied here in the East, that one factor of sun- shine remains a limiting one. The fact is striking that the — 60 — ST FRUIT FERTILIZER CYANAMID BECAUSE- It feeds trees evenly throughout season It grows large dark-green leaves It holds leaves on entire summer It produces good set of fruit and fruit buds It improves color of fruit It increases yield and Because — It is the only nitrogen fertilizer that carries hydrated lime to sweeten the soil. ONE TON OF 'AERO' CYANAMID SUPPLIES 1400 POUNDS OF HYDRATED LIME IN ADDITION TO 440 POUNDS OF NITROGEN ^^ni^^*- For further information, write AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY Manufacturers of *Aero* Cyanamid and *AmmO'Pho$* 535 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK. N. Y. Cyanamid is NITROGEN plus LIM^ — 61 — State of Washington has not given on an average less than an 85 per cent crop (or a minimum of a 50 per cent crop) as com- pared with 55 per cent average crops in Michigan, or 40 to 45 per cent crops in the Ozarks. Good soils with good drainage are common in western orchards, with the ideal soils found in the bench lands of river valleys. This good soil is deep for the tree roots, though not all soils are such. Naturally not all orchards are in the best of locations. We have along with the location and climatic conditions another factor, and that is the use of high producing varieties; practically all are high yielding sorts such as Winesap, Rome Beauty, Jonathan and Delicious and all these tend to be annual bearers as well. Originally with perhaps a dozen varieties, whole districts have reduced the commercial number to only four or five. Some mistakes were made, such as planting single varieties in which pollination was a factor, but these have been corrected. Where Winesap is used, there must be three varieties together. Regarding cultural factors, we have something in which the grower himself is responsible for his success or failure. Western practices which have to do with culture have some lessons for the East, many of which have already been adopted to some extent. Pollination is the first problem; the time of bloom and ade- quate colonies of bees are important. It was not much of a problem up to the time when varieties were more numerous and wild bees more common. More recently as many as 3500 stands of bees have been introduced into the orchards of a single county just for the pollination period. The problem of fruit set had to be taken care of. The next factor is that of fertility. Western orchards were largely planted on semi-desert land and in most cases the soil was fairly rich to begin with but as soon as irrigation and culti- vation were practiced, the organic matter was burned out. Then began the use of alfalfa as a cover crop, and now practi- cally 100 per cent of the orchards have alfalfa or sweet clover cover crops which take care of the organic matter content. Some nitrogen is applied in addition and a few growers have used too much. When the growth gets to where it shades the fruit too much, the color is cut down. Moisture is supplied through adequate irrigation. Only at extremely high temperatures accompanied by low humidity and wind is there a temporary wilting and a resultant stoppage in the manufacture of organic food. In the East, this happens more frequently, where both a lack of water and a shortage of sunlight produces this result. Nitrogen is about the only limiting factor from the stand- point of fertility in the Northwest, with the possible exception of phosphorus. Alfalfa is probable the heaviest feeder of phos- phorus and it is assumed that the trees can use some too. In — 62 — such locations, super phosphate is applied with nitrogen or alone. Another lesson learned in the West, is the treatment of a crowded orchard. When the tops begin to crowd, the roots have probably overlapped for several years; such trees are competing with each other for sunlight, nitrogen, and moisture. Many trees have been taken out in the West, — these trees were too close together and were limiting production. After taking out half of the trees by removing diagonal rows, it was found in two years that they had been an actually increased production and the trees were producing even more in three or four years. Orchards in New York have responded in the same way. There is also a great saving in expenses, with only half the original number of trees to fertilizer, spray, prune, and thin, with yields staying the same. The elimination of undesirable varieties and poor trees is even more striking. I think ope of the finest lessons along this same line is in the cotton industry. When with the recent acreage reduction, a certain number of acres were plowed under. It was surprising to note, however, that the actual production had not gone down very much. The poorest acreage was plowed under and the best which was left was given slightly better attention, because the grower had less acreage and more time. Costs were decreased but production stayed the same. This same lesson has been preached in fruit growing for years; cutting out the trees that are only paying part of their costs, and leaving those which pay the cost of production and a profit besides. As the western orchards were planted farther back from the level of available water, the cost of irrigation has gone up to five or more cents per packed box and on that basis a lot or orchards in the East could get irrigation much cheaper. In other words, your source of water is better and the cost of pumping cheaper than in some western orchards. When two or three years of drought are followed by a severe winter, many trees may be killed. Fall irrigation is important in the West when the winter season begins late. The cover crop is also important in giving winter protection. We find these lessons where water is a limiting factor, but of course the greatest benefit of an ample water supply comes in the increased yields. Pruning is an annual practice in the West and is never omitted ; it goes along with annual production, because under conditions of high production, the trees must be kept on an even vegetative balance. When a variety like Delicious or Jonathan over-bears through a too heavy set of fruit it will become biennial. There are two checks against this over-bearing — thinning and pruning. Thinning is done largely to determine the size of fruit and pruning to get an ideal balance in the bearing surface, keeping the tree on an even keel in the standpoint of vegetative growth and fruit bud production. There is a Rome Beauty orchard near Wenatchee which has a single year's record of nearly 2100 bushels per acre. These — 63 trees have averaged for eight years 1300 bushels per acre per year, so it is clear that the owner's method of pruning does not decrease yield. This particular orchardist cuts or develops in .each tree four or five ^'ladder spaces/' using them for spraying, placing ladders in pruning, thinning and picking fruit. At the same time the sunlight enters those spaces. That type of pruning has been something that I have thought about a great deal. You can make spaces such as these and still leave plenty of bearing surface. Spraying from the ground and all other operations are simplified by these openings. I think there is a lessons here for eastern growers. . The pruning of young trees in the West went from one extreme to the other. Recently they were planting young trees and not pruning them at all until they came into bearing. They have now gone back to the moderate pruning of young trees, as the trees became older (their first commercial plantings were made about 1900) they are fast reaching the stage of old tree problems. The East, of course, has more to offer the West than the West has to offer the East in the care of old trees. The next practice which originated with the West on a large scale was thinning which was first practiced to increase the size of fruit but is now credited with several other functions. Thin- ning is done as early as possible and the trees are usually gone over the second time. There is a great correlation between annual bearing and thinning. Where an unthinned Delicious without thinning was left, no fruit buds were found for next year. Dr. Magness of the United States Department of Agri- culture is doing similar work with the York here in the East. Thinning is practiced in the West to aid in codling moth control. Each thinner carries a little bag or apron and puts into it every wormy apple he sees, after which they are put in a barrel of water with oil on top, or are burned. They also pick off small, odd shaped and other below-grade fruit in thin- ning. They really do a lot of grading in their thinning operation. Thinning may pay for itself in that one way alone, besides increasing the color and size. Thinning offers many valuable attributes in western fruit growing. There is one other cultural practice I'll speak of, — spraying. Codling moth is the main pest in the Northwest although they have others, of course, but no apple scab. The spraying is actually a big thing, and if spraying alone will not bring results, other measures are added. If anybody wants to see real spray- ing, he will find it in Washington. Good spraying involves, first, the use of adequate liquid rather than just increasing the concentration of chemicals and, second, having some sort of system when doing the job of application. There are growers out west who put on 30 to 40 gallons per tree per application. In the extension service work, we have had as high as 80 or 90 men turn out for a spraying demonstration. By measuring the amount of spray put on, by obtaining capacity of the gun, and then timing the application, we found that trees of good -64- ^^ one Product.. IvS^^'^*" kk i s^ in the GARDEN "Black Leaf 40" spray- ed oa 8hrubs.flowers. vines and vegetables controls insect pests (Thrip, Leaf-Hopper. Aphis. Crawling Young Scale, Sluga. Young Worms, Leaf- Miners, etc.). Meas- ured in teaspoonfuls per gallon of water, it is inexpensive. A little goes a long way. Its odor, though faint, repels dogs. in the ORCHARD A standby with fruit- growers for killing Aphis, Bud-Moth. Leaf - Hopper , Red Bug. etc. Separate ap- plication not required. Use it with other standard orchard sprays. It does its own job and helps the kill from non- vol- atile poisons to which it may be added. Used with "summer- oil." it controls cod- ling moth — without poisonous residue at harvest. I I I i but • • • so many uses TX7HEN diluted according to directions for spraying, " Black Leaf 40 " becomes a vola- tile insecticide. It kills insects both by contact (wetting) and by fumes. This double-effect fur- nishes increased efficiency and quick killing power. Because the spray "fumcs-off" or evaporates from the foliaee and fruit, ** Black Leaf 40 " is safe to use. Efficiency, safety, rapidity of action and its many uses make ** Black Leaf 40" a logical insecticide for the farmer to rely-upon. Two Docodas of EfPoctivo Sorvlce Recommended by Colleges and Experiment Stations for more than 20 years, "Black Leaf 40" has established a re- markable record of successful use. Dealers everywhere sell it. But insist upon original sealed packages of genuine, full-strength "Black Leaf 40." Accept no substitute. A post- card will bring you descriptive leaflets. "Write TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS & CHEMICAL CORP. Incorporated Loulsvlllo, Konfucky 3403 in the POULTRY HOUSE A specific for body- 1 i ce a nd feather mites. When thinly spread on tops of perches it kills body-lice and feather mites with no handling of the birds. Judge "Black Leaf 40" by results. For less than a cent a bird you can clean up your flock. A drop on back of neck kills head lice. A few drops in nests will delouse lay- ers. Cost ia very low. in the BARN YARD "Black Leaf 40" com- bined with copper* sulphate is recom* mended by Experi> ment Stations as a drench for stomach worms and tape worms insheep. Cosu but a fraction of m cent per head. For dippins to kilt lice, scab and sheep tick, full instructions ' are given on 2-lb., 5-lb. and iO-lb. pack* ages. Ask your County Agent about " Black Leaf 40." SPRAY with it- DIP with Ji-PUST with it-DE LOUSE with it DRENCH with it- PROTECT EVERGREENS from DOGS with it — 65 — average size picking 35 to 40 bushels will take a lot of liquid to actually cover all the fruit and foliage. Unless you hit an apple from at least three sides you rarely cover it. A system is worked out which will hit each branch and apple; spraying first from a position near the trunk, and then from the outside; proceeding around the tree, spraying forward, then straight ahead and then back; and so on around the tree to the starting point. It is just as important to know when you are through with a tree as to know that you have it covered. There is a lot of difference in individuals. Where several men can spray an identical set of trees throughout the season, one man will have more wormy apples at the end of the season than two others put together. Another important matter is the timing of sprays. The use of codling moth traps for this purpose enables one to hit the peak of egg laying periods with a summer oil. This is important as oil kills about 90 per cent of the eggs before hatching. Oil is used when the greatest number of eggs are still unhatched. The great distance to their markets makes the Northwest growers do a lot of things you do not have to do, but it is well to consider some of these things from the standpoint of their advantage, even when it is not necessary. The distance has made western growers cooperate with each other, more than in any other section. They cooperate on selling, buying, pack- ing and advertising. They have had to ship good fruit across the country, because they realized they must sell fruit that would bring return orders. The western grower has been an honest packer year after year because he has had to be, not because he is inherently any more honest than the eastern grower. The East has also made big strides in greater stand- ardization of packs, better varieties, better color, and better marketing, all of which makes the actual sale of fruit easier. Within the last two years I have seen eastern fruit of an equal pack and grade bring the same price as that grown in the North- west. That is true of Mcintosh in New England, the Jonathan in the Middle West, and the Stayman here in your state. For 30 years or more there has been no serious consideration given the matter of advertising apples. Now they are beginning to receive publicity because of the vitamins which they contain, in addition to other valuable diatetic characteristics. I am sure that action and capital will bring eastern apples back to the place they deserve. The greatest organization for apple advertising in the West has been the Washington Boxed Apple Bureau. Each shipper contributes one-half cent per box for advertising. The time will come when some concerted action in advertising will take place in the East or better yet throughout the whole country, and then the competition will be between individuals who can produce the best fruit on the lowest eco- nomical basis. During the past 10 or 12 years the Northwest has been able to reduce the cost of producing apples from a figure of $1.26, — m — down to 70 or 75 cents per bushel on an average. When I went to New York, I was interested to find that with an average production per acre of half what it is in Washington, their production cost was almost identical to the Washington figure. In several other states, this cost is within five or ten cents of that figure or pretty much the same. It all means that the West has reached its low production cost limit, and now with higher labor cost and older trees, the cost may go back up again. Eastern districts still have a chance to lower the cost of production. Even if they stay at the same cost of production, it becomes a question of marketing at the same selling price. In the past, eastern marketing costs have been so much lower that they have offset lower selling prices. A big opportunity lies in the decrease of production costs and selHng fruit of highest quality to a market so close by, that no one should be able to take it away from you. The fruit growing industry of the East has some wonderful days ahead of it. Dr. Anthony: Was this cost of production 70 cents F.O.B. shipping point? Mr. Bregger: Yes; covering the entire cost of production before shipment. Question: What is the freight per box from Washington to New York? Mr. Bregger: It had been 85 cents per box but is now down to about 72 cents. THE COST OF PRODUCING UNITED STATES STANDARD GRADES OF APPLES, AS INFLUENCED BY ORCHARD PRACTICE* H. W. THURSTON, Jr., H. N. WORTHLEY, F. N. FAGAN, and J. E. McCORD, State College, Pa. In comparing one spray program, or material, or method with another it has long been the practice to measure the results in terms of percentage of control of certain diseases and insect pests. Such a method does not provide a wholly satisfactory answer to many questions from the grower's point of view. The grower is constantly tempted to think that perhaps he can get away with a cheaper method or a less satisfactory material; that perhaps in his case he can afford to use something that he knows will result in a slightly larger percentage of scabby or wormy fruit, but by saving on time or labor, or cost of material or machinery be able to save more than enough to make up the difference. ♦Publication authorized by the Director of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station January 26, 1934, as Technical Paper No. 632. — G7 — In 1929 we set ourselves the task of devising a measuring stick for comparing one orchard practice with another which should answer these questions in terms of dollars and cents profit or loss at the end of the season. To do this we have kept detailed cost accounts of all items entering into the production of apples on a ten acre block in the College orchards. These figures have now accumulated for a period of five years. One specific question which we set out to answer was, what profit can be expected when standard spraying practice is com- pared with the best dusting practice? The measuring stick was the cost of producing United States Standard Grades; and after grading the crop and selling the different grades at the average market price what is actually left per tree or per bushel or per acre as profit. The ten acres used in this experiment consisted of two varie- ties, Rome and Baldwin, in soUd blocks of five acres each and 12 years old in 1929. Each block was divided into four equal plots two of which were sprayed with standard liquid lime sulphur, lead arsenate, and nicotine. The other two plots ROME SPRAY DU5T BALDWIN SPRAY DUST Percent Culls i Ut!l.>Y GRADING RECORD FIVE YEAR AVERAGE 1929-1933 Percent MarKetablc U.S. Grades 1-3 Figure 1 — OS — Feeding your Official Evidence Virginia: "Those blocks in our experi- mental orchards that have received complete fertilizer for the past ten years are now outgrowing and outyielding other blocks. This is ex- plained by the greater amount of organic matter produced and eventually added to the soil." Pennsylvania: •'The value of nitrogen as the sole ingredient of an orchard fertilizer has been greatly overstressed. The plots which have received a complete fer- tilizer are obviously superior, in growth of cover crop or sod, in vigor of trees, and in yields, to plots which have received nitrogen only." New Jersey: **A complete fertilizer has always been recommended for tree fruits in New Jersey. For the past few years the Horticultural Department has recommended that in general apple growers con- sider as a basic fertilizer treatment, the annual use of 75 to 100 pounds of Muriate of Potash and 400 to 500 pounds of Superphosphate per acre, with the addition of nitrogen-containing fer- tilizers according to the needs of the variety and the orchard." IT WHEN there is a deficiency of or- ganic matter in your orchard soil: "fruit spur and terminal growth is short, the bark becomes tight, the fruit does not size up, much of the fruit cracks in summer when dry spells are followed by rains, die-back or rosette appears on the terminals, more top and root injuries occur in winter and in many cases the addition of nitrogen fertilizers gives very little response." Don't wait for your orchard to show these signs. Plan now to use a well- balanced fertilizer. Get a luxuriant growth of alfalfa or clover. These deep- rooted cover crops carry organic mat- ter and the essential mineral elements —potash, phosphorus and lime— to the lower root-feeding zones where the trees readily take them up. This in- creases the yield of high-quality fruit of better size and color and improves the foliage and tree vigor of your orchard. N.V. POTASH EXPORT MY., Inc. Baltimore Trust BIdg., Baltimore, Maryland '^^^ MA«t<-' — 69 — were dusted with sulphur dust except that a dormant oil spray was used for red mite and scale — lead arsenate and nicotine being included in the dust when indicated. Both spray and dust were always applied on the same day and as nearly as possible, at the same time. The detailed figures of costs have here all been reduced to terms of five year averages and to a per tree basis for the sake of simplification.* The fruit from each plot was sampled and graded separately, the grades being determined in each case by D. M. James, of the Bureau of Markets, Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture. Figure I shows how the fruit graded, the figures in the columns being the average percent of the total crop from the duplicate plots for the five year period. It will be noted that sprayed Romes show 11% more fruit in the first three grades than dusted Romes. Whereas, the Baldwins produced 6% more high grade fruit when dusted than when sprayed. The sprayed trees received for the five year period an average of 5.8 applications per year, and the dusted trees an average of 7.4 applications. The actual amount of material used showed an average of 3.3 gallons of spray per tree per application and 1.8 pounds of dust per tree per application. Figure 2 is an analysis of the fruit that failed to make either of the first three U. S. grades, and had to be sold either as U. S. Utility or as culls. This chart is an attempt to show why the fruit failed to make the grade, and to determine whether or not such failure was traceable to the disease and insect control program or to some other factor. Mechanical injury in this chart is quite uniform for all the plots. While it is perhaps higher than might be expected, possibly that fact may be ex- plained as due to the extra handling necessary to secure the data. Russet has not been found to be any worse on sprayed than on dusted plots. The fact that there was more russet on Baldwin than on Rome is to be expected as a varietal charac- teristic. We can see no evidence from this study that stand- ard lime sulphur treatment has either increased the amount of russet or in any way reduced the yield during the five years of this test. Bitter pit was not a factor on Rome but of great importance on Baldwin. Just why the sprayed Baldwin should show so much more bitter pit than the dusted trees is a point that we can not attempt here to explain. Both Chewing in- sects and Apple scab were worse on dusted Romes than on sprayed Romes which seems to be in line with past experience, although the difference did not seem to carry through to the variety Baldwin in the case of the chewing insects. There was no appreciable difference in the damage from Sucking insects imder the two types of treatment. It appears, therefore^ that the higher percentage of Romes in the lower grades from the dusted trees can be attributed almost entirely to the failure *It is expected that the details will be published later as a Technical Bulletin of The Penn- sylvania State College. — 70 — of the dust to control either scab or chewing insects, while the difference between the two treatments in the case of the variety Baldwin is due almost entirely to the difference in the amount of bitter pit. Figure 3 is the final appUcation of our measuring stick. At the head of each column is a figure representing the five year average cash return per tree. From this figure must be sub- tracted the cost of production. Under the heading Orchard Production, we have included the average cost per tree of all cultural operations such as plowing, discing, seeding, fertiUzing, pruning, thinning, and picking, including all labor and the use and depreciation of machinery. The slightly higher costs for Baldwin trees is explained by the fact that they produced a Analysis of Culls vFive Year Average) Showing Percent of fotalCrop fnjurcd bij achanlcQ Russe Iftcr R ^^C hcwincf JyiSccu SucKmj J-nsects pp W Sea ^^'^^or^e^'^ BALDWIN Figure 2 — 71 higher average yield and tliat the items for pruning, thinning, and picking were greater than for Rome. Interest on the investment has been figured to 22 cents per tree per year, and is based on a valuation of $200 per acre with interest at 5%. Charges for Grading and Packing include the cost of bushel baskets. The differences in this item are due entirely to the different percentages of the crop which could be packed in the upper three grades. (See Table 1.) Probably the most interesting item in this analysis is the difference in cost of the Control Practice (spraying as compared with dusting). It actually cost more than twice as much to dust a tree for an average season than to spray it. This difference is found to be due entirely to the difference in cost of materials, since the labor, machinery and power charges were considerably less for dust than for spray. Leaving out the cost of grading and packing, it will be found that cost of spraying amounts to approximately 25% of the CASH RETURN, COST & PROFIT PER TPEE.FIVE VEAR . ^^ AVERAGE^^^y ^'^^ »4.4a 1.98 '4.Z6 46 .66 /or 1.21 Profit i.ir 59 .22 &.05 1.64 L 1.17 Control Practice Grad inn PocKina ^i>tcvc8t Orchard Production .46 .74 ZZ I.Z9 1.07 .82 .ZZ I.Z9 SPRAY OUST ROME SPRAY OUST BALDWIN Figure 3 — 72 — *at Started to Rain . . . we couldn't spray in the rain and we had less than half of the orchard covered in the last pre-blossom spray so we simply pulled the wet sprayer in the barn, hitched to the duster and finished up with KOLODUST IN THE RAIN. This is the only sulphur dust I have ever found that can be used in this way. The two check trees which we left undusted showed over ninety percent scab, while the crop in general is clean. We have done this same thing in previous years and it has always proved an emergency measure which has kept us out of trouble/' Above is an extract from a letter written by Mr. Arthur Boiler, Sodus, New York. This emergency ''dusting in the rain'' is a standard practice with a number of good growers who have consistently brought through clean crops in ''scab'' years. Niagara Kolodust (Fused Bentonite Sul- phur) can be used in the rain because when it comes in contact with moisture it instantly dissolves on the foliage. Ordinary sulphur dusts, no matter how fine, do not meet the situation in similar emergencies. NIAGARA SPRAYER & ^^^^ CHEMICAL CO., INC. MIDDLEPORT, N. Y, — 73 — total production costs while dusting amounts to more than 40% of production costs. Subtracting all these items of cost from the total cash returns leaves us a figure (in the top of each column) which can be called profit per tree per year. This is not to be interpreted as net profit, since it represents merely the margin or difference between selling price and costs up to and through the operation of grading and packing. To find net profit it would be necessary to make further deductions from these figures for such expenses as hauling, storage, freight, and commissions. The analysis shows, however, a greater margin of profit from spraying than from dusting. On Romes this is to be explained by the combination of lower cost and higher percentage of packed fruit from the sprayed blocks. In Baldwins the lower cost of spraying together with a favorable price for the low grade fruit shows the margin of profit still in favor of the sprayed fruit in spite of a slightly higher percentage of culls. In explanation of the cash returns it should be explained that selling prices for the five year period averaged as follows: Average Selling Price per Bushel 1st three grades U. S. UtilTty Culls Baldwin $1.32 0.90 0.75 Translating the figures on average profit per tree, to terms of profit per bushel and per acre we have the following: Profits Apples Packed and Ready to Ship 5 Year Average nairis Ro me Baldwin Spray Dust Spray Dust Per tree $1.98 53.40 0.59 $1.21 32.80 0.36 $2.05 55.39 0.51 $1.64 44 28 Per acre Per bushel 0.40 li should be emphasized that all the figures presented hen^ represent only the briefest possible summary of this work. We beheve, however, that some such method as this for comparing one orchard practice with another in terms of costs, grades, and possible profits, is essential if the grower is to be able to choose wisely from among the multiplicity of materials and recommendations with which he is constantly confronted. In fact the ground work has been laid for comparisons on this basis between different soil treatments, fertiUzers, and covers. 74 Question: What percentage of scab had you last year as compared with former years? Thurston: More than any year since 1929. Question: Will the gathering of all dropped apples help the scab situation? Thurston: No. The scab does not live over on dropped apples; only on leaves. Question : What time in the morning do you dust? Dr. Thurston: From daylight to seven o'clock. Mr. Runk: Did dusting give you any superior condition of foliage or yield? Dr. Thurston: We do not think so. Question: Your yields seem low. Dr. Thurston: These trees were just coming into good bearing five years ago. The actual average yield of Rome per tree was about 3.30 bushels and for Baldwin approximately 4 bushels. TAR DISTILLATE EMULSIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF THE ROSY APHID F. Z. HARTZELL, Associate Entomologist, New York State Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. While the subject of my talk this afternoon deals with tar distillate emulsions, I believe that you will be interested in hearing also about certain other materials that have been tested for the control of the rosy aphid in New York. Every spray mixture has certain advantages and also certain disadvantages. At present it does not seem wise for growers who have had difficulty in controlling the rosy aphid to attempt to depend on any single mixture. Certainly the length of the spray mg season can be extended by using different aphicides m the same orchard. Pennsylvania has a great variety of orchard conditions. For this reason it is not my aim to attempt to give you detailed directions for treating your orchards. In your men at State College you have experts who are better able than I to give you this assistance. It is very important to remember that frequently the control of the rosy aphid is associated with the control of other pests, and the mixture to use will be determined to a large extent by the kinds of accessory insects that must be controlled at the same time in order to avoid special applications. For example, in some parts of New York bud moth is an important pest that generally should be controlled by the same application as is used for the rosy aphid, while in other parts of the state San Jose scale and rosy aphid must be considered as the two pests for which a combination spray may be desirable. Perhaps similar conditions prevail in different portions of Pennsylvania. — 75 — Brief Resume of Rosy Aphid Experiments Because the rosy aphid has been, and still is, one of the prin- ciple apple insects on most varieties in New York, especially in the western portion, experiments for its repression with various materials have been made by entomologists at the Geneva Station during the past thirty years. Throughout this period nicotine sprays have played a prominent part in the experiments and recommendations. Since the advent of nicotine sulfate about 1910, one pint of this material with lime-sulfur 2}/^ gallons in 100 gallons of spray mixture (11 gallons if San Jose scale were present) applied at the delayed dormant stage, has been, and still is, the official recommendation for the control of rosy aphids in New York orchards. During these thirty years various materials have been tested against this pest, many of which were proven either inefficient or objectionable for various reasons. However, during the past ten years or more certain mixtures have been tested that possess merit — some more, some less — in suppressing the rosy aphid. The following mixtures seem worthy of notice, all of which are expressed in the quantity used in 100 gallons of spray mix- ture: (1) Nicotine sulfate, 1 pint in linie-sulfur 2}^ or 11 gallons; (2) bordeaux mixture 4-8-100, nicotine 1-800, and lubricating oil, having a viscosity of 100 seconds at 100° F. (Saybolt), 3 gallons; (3) cresylic acid, J^ gallon in 3 gallons of lubricating oil; and (4) tar distillate emulsions at various concentrations. Tables will be shown later which give data on these several mixtures against rosy aphids and bud moth. However, before comparisons are made it seems advisable to describe and dis- cuss this latter type of spray material. Tar Distillate Emulsions Reduced to simple terms, these mixtures consist of certain coal tar oils to which have been added emulsifying agents for the purpose of making the oils miscible with water. Let us first consider these tar oils. How are they made and what are their properties? Refined creosote oil obtained from the distillation of coal tar is the constituent of these emulsions that gives them their name. Coal tar is formed during the manufacture of coke and illumi- nating gas. Bituminous coal is heated to about 2000° F. (1100° C.) in a by-product coke oven. The vapors coming from the oven are piped to a cooling chamber and the material that con- dense is known as coal tar. For the manufacture of creosote oil, this tar is placed in large steel stills and heated at gradually increasing temperatures. After the water has been driven off the materials that distUl below 392° F. (200° C.) are collected and removed for other uses since they contain valuable chemicals which at present are not desired for spraying trees. The portion that distills from 392° (200° C.) on up is known in America as crude creosote oil. In Europe these oils are known by different ECONOMIZE by Planting the Best Unfortunately some fruit growers have been guilty of attempting to econo- mize by curtailing their spray schedule, using an inferior brand of material, and putting on fewer applications, by using less fertilizer, doing less prumng, and the greatest mistake of all— replanting or planting a new orchard with the cheapest trees the market affords. We know of orchards producing this year crops only fit for the vinegar plant because the growers were trying to econo- mize We fear that some are planting trees which will be a disappointment because of being too cheap to })e good. You cannot afford to sacrifice quality for the sake of saving a few cents when buying trees. Demand the best and then of course buy as low as possible. Our chief appeal has always been dependable stock of the highest quality offered at reasonable prices. Peach Never before have we experienced such a demand for Peach. For years Nurserymen have been cutting down on production, but not until this season did a noticeable shortage in Peach develop. We hope to be able to take care of our customers, but must ask for your cooperation by sending in your orders early so that your trees may be reserved. So far there is no change in our price. Apple Our stock of Apple is not as large as it has been in other years, but we have a good supply of York, New Solid Red Delicious, New Solid Red Stayman Double Worked Grimes, and New Solid Red Jonathan, which are our best sellers. Write for further information concerning the New Double Red Varieties. Also let us sen.l you our complete planting list, quoting on various sizes and quantities. Titus Nursery Company WAYNESBORO, VA. — 76 — — 77 — names, so the term "tar distillates'^ has been applied to the portion distilling above 392° F. (200° C). The heating is con- tinued until a temperature of 680° F. (360° C.) is reached if a soft pitch is desired, but may be carried to 752° F. (400° C.) if a hard pitch is wanted. The material remaining in the still is known as pitch. The fraction of creosote oil utilized for the preparation of tar distillate emulsions is a refined portion that is obtained by redistilling the crude creosote oil to remove light boiling materials as well as the heavy materials that distill above 680° F. (360° C.) and are solids at ordinary temperatures. This selected portion is then chilled to 41° F. (5° C.) and put through a filter press to remove crystalline materials that would otherwise separate out in cold weather and cause trouble in spraying. The result is refined straight-run creosote oil. This in the material gen- erally used in the emulsions in this country. The specifications for a refined creosote oil for spraying trees might be stated somewhat as follows: 1. It shall remain free from crystals on standing three hours at 41° F. (5° C.) with occasional stirring. 2. It shall contain not more than 3 per cent of water. 3 It shall contain not more than 10 per cent of tar acids and 5 per cent might be even better. 4. The distillate based on water free oil shall be within the following limits: At temperatures up to 410° F. (210° C.) not more than 1% At temperatures up to 455° F. (235° C.) not more than 10% At temperatures up to 671° F. (355° C.) not less than 65% 5. Tests 2, 3, and 4 shall be made in accordance with the standard methods of the American Society of Testing Materials. Tar washes may be grouped in two classes: (1) those con- taining only creosote oil and emulsifier, and (2) those consisting of creosote oil, lubricating oil and emulsifier. The original tar distillate emulsions, a number of foreign brands, and some domestic makes belong to Class 1. Most American brands made previous to this winter would fall in Class 2. There have appeared on the market just lately several domestic brands that have no petroleum oil present. Most brands with which we experimented contained about 80 per cent of so-called active ingredients of which from 55 to 58 per cent was creosote oil, 2 to 9 per cent tar acids, 15 to 23 per cent lubricating oil, and from 17 to 20 water and other emulsifying agents. Petroleum oil was added largely with the aim of making the tar washes more effective against certain pests. It is claimed by some manufacturers that this oil aids in making a better emulsion. We have used five European and five American brands in our experiments during the past four years. The dilutions used in orchards varied from 2 to 12 gallons of the emulsion in 100 gallons of spray mixture. We also made mixtures of tar oil emulsions and petroleum oil emulsions and sprayed them on apple trees to determine the limits as regards control of the various insects and safeness to tree and buds. The results indicate that the following conclusions are warranted: 1. Tar acids decrease the insecticidal efficiency of the emul- sions. . ,. . . 1 . 2. Creosote oil is the chief active mgredient m destroymg aphid eggs, bud moth, oystershell scale, and perhaps scurfy scale. * 3. Lubricating oil is the principal agent in killing San Jose scale and the eggs of the fruit tree leafroUer. 4. Apparently there is a limit to the extent that one oil can be substituted for the other in an emulsion without affecting the toxicity of the material toward certain pests. Since these limits have not been determined it seems best to base all dilutions on the percentage of creosote oil present for those insects affected primarily by this material and to base dilutions for insects affected by petroleum oil on the amount of lubricatmg oil present. . ^ 5. A total oil content of 6 per cent in the spray mixture is, generally speaking, about the maximum that is safe for apple trees under New York conditions, regardless of whether this be creosote oil alone, lubricating oil alone, or a mixture of both. 6. Different concentrations of creosote oil seem necessary for the control of various species of insects as is also true of lubri- cating oil for other pests. . 7. If we define the "lower limit" of concentration as the minimum percentage of oil that gave consistent commercial control in the experiments, and the "upper limit'' as the con- centration beyond which no increase in control was obtained, then the tentative amount of creosote necessary in the spray mixture for control of the several pests are for black cherry aphid and green apple aphid 1.6 to 1.8 per cent, for rosy aphid 1.8 to 2.4, for oystershell scale 3.0 to 4.5, for scurfy scale 3.6 to 4 5 per cent. For bud moth the minimum would be 3.0 per cent for a light infestation and 4.5 for a severe infestation The hmits of lubricating oil for San Jose scale would be 2.5 and 3.0 per cent, depending on the severity of the infestation, while the lower limit for leafroUer would be 6 per cent of the same oil. Although my talk deals specifically with the rosy aphid, I have given data regarding dilutions for other insects so that growers may have the same for reference should the necessity arise for controlling such pests. Dilution of Commercial Emulsions Until the present dormant season, the domestic brands avail- able generally contained from 55 to 65 per cent tar distillates, including the tar acids, and from 15 to 23 per cent of lubricating oil. As it was not expected that drastic changes would be made in the emulsion, dilutions such as are given in Geneva Bulletins 636 and 637 were stated in terms of emulsions containing the percentages of oils just given. Since that time a number of new I 78 — 70 brands have been placed on the market, some of which are claimed to contain 83 per cent and even 90 per cent of creosote oil, and the manufacturers of some well known brands have changed the formula for making their emulsions, some of which contain nearly equal amounts of the two oils. At present, therefore, we have American brands that fall into the two classes mentioned previously. Some contain only creosote oil and* the emulsifier, while others have varying amounts of lubri- cating oil. Of course the greater the percentage of lubricating oil present the lower the percentage of creosote oil that can be incorporated in the same emulsion. Since there are such wide variations in the amount of the two oils in the different brands, tentative dilution tables become a necessity if growers are to apply these emulsions economically and efficiently. The follow- ing table, which embraces the known brands of tar washes and a few mixtures that might appear on the market, shows the percentage of each oil present. Table 4. Dilutions for Tar Distillate Emulsions (Tentative maximum amount necessary) Per cent oil in stock Gallons of emulsion to use in 100 gallons emulsion of spray mixture Cherry Light bud Creosote Lubricat- and green Rosy moth Scurfy Severe ing aphids aphid Oystershell scale scale bud moth 100* 0 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.5 90 0 2.0 2.7 3.3 4.0 5.0 83 0 2.2 2.9 3.6 4.3 5.4 80 0 2.3 3.0 3.8 4.5 5.6 70 13 2.6 3.4 4.3 5.1 6.4 65 15 2.8 3.7 4.6 5.5 6.9 60 23 33 40 3.0 3.6 4.5 4.0 4.8 6.0 5.0 6.0 7.5 6.0 7.2 7.5 50 9.0 40 9.0 11.3 35 44t 5.0 6.7 8.4 10.0 12.5 Gallons of lubricating oil to add to control San Jose scale 100* 0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 90 0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 83 0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 80 0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 70 13 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 (i5 15 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 60 23 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.3 50 33 1.8 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.0 40 40 . 44 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 +0.6 -fl.4 •fl.5 36 -hO.7 -f2.5 ♦This would not be an emulsion but pure creosote oil. The figures given under the respec- tive insects for this material will serve as a reference to the amount of creosote oil to be used for the several species. All amounts shown below and to the right of the heavy stepped line are regarded as unsafe for apple trees because the total amount of oil exceeds 6.2 per cent. 4- The plus sign before the figures in the last row show that at these dilutions of tar distillate emulsion the spray mixture contains this much oil already in excess of the 3 gallons necessary for San Jose scale. JBy using 6.7 gallons of this stock emulsion and adding 0.7 gallon of an 83-0 emulsion for each 100 gallons of spray mixture, rosy aphids, San Jose scale, oystershell scale and light infestation of bud motn would be controlled at one treatment. — 80 You will note that the lower half of the table shows the amount of lubricating oil to be added if San Jose is also present. The figures are based on a severe infestation. If the infestation is light and you feel confident that 2.5 gallons of lubricating oil in 100 gallons of spray mixture will control the pest, the amount of oil can be reduced one-half gallon in each instance shown in the table. From what has been said I believe you will agree with me that it is very important that every container of tar distillate emulsion should bear a label stating the percentage of tar acid, creosote oil, and lubricating oil in the brand. Like- wise, lubricating oil emulsions should be labeled stating the percentage of oil present. The question of mixing tar distillate emulsions and lubricating oil emulsions introduces a new, and to my mind rather serious problem since such mixing may lead to disastrous results, if our experiments are correctly interpreted. Two years ago I produced serious bud and twig injury on apple trees by such mixtures, even when the total amount of oil did not equal six gallons. In these tests different emulsifiers were used in the two emulsions. On the other hand, no injury resulted last season when a total of six per cent of oil was used, but m one case the two oils were emulsified and made into a mixture in the factory and in the other instance the same kind of emulsifier and the same kind of petroleum oil was used in each emulsion that was mixed in the orchard. These results indicate that the SUNSET...Shredded Oiled Paper SUNSET™Oiled Wraps, Plain & Printed THE STANDARD OF QUALITY SINCE 1922 Saturation of 18% or more of the proper oil, odorless, tasteless and pure to prevent and control scald. Attractive Colors Assuring Best Decoration Shreds Separate Easily for Quick Distribution, Eliminating Waste Cushions the Fruit Prevents Bruise Less Shrinkage MAKES THE APPLES LOOK FRESH AND CLEAN Packed in 50 lb. net weight Cartons easy to handle. Reliable agents in all growing centres with stocks ready for your call at the RIGHT price. . , ^ ., ,. ^^cnUa For information on how to elimmate waste and to secure the best results call upon your local agent. , t^ i i^ Stamping Your Barrels and Baskets "Packed in SUNSET Shredded Oiled Paper," increases the value of your fruit in the buyer's mind in both the foreign and domestic markets. FRED C. STRYPE NEW YORK NEW YORK — 81 I selection of the proper lubricating oil emulsion for mixing with a tar wash is a very important matter. For the present, I am advising growers to use only such emulsions for mixing as are recommended by the makers of the tar distillate emulsions. I fear that promiscuous mixing may lead to serious losses. In view of this situation it would seem that two alternatives are open to the manufacturers: (1) to make a tar distillate emulsion with a high creosote oil content arid also a lubricating oil emulsion which will be compatible with the former, stating the percentage composition of each on the container, thus allowing growers to add the desired amount of petroleum oil; or (2) to make two emulsions, the first having a high creosote oil content to be used for aphids, bud moth and other insects necessitating only creosote oil for control; the other having the proportion of creosote oil to petroleum oil in the ratio of 2.4 to 3 for use against aphids and San Jose scale, plainly indicating the composition on the label of each mixture. Time of Application Tar distillate emulsions should be applied in the late winter or early spring while the buds are dormant. It may be possible to make fall applications in Pennsylvania, but in New York we have not had sufficient experience to recommend treatment during late fall or early winter. The past two winters were very mild so our fall treated trees may not have reacted the same as they would have done after a severe winter. Evidently the present winter has been sufficiently severe to give reliable data on fall applications. We have made treatments in the spring when the buds were in the gray tip stage and with some varie- ties no bud injury resulted, while other varieties sprayed from the same tank showed considerable bud injury. We believe that until more is known of varietal susceptibility to tar washes the treatments should be confined to spring applications while the buds are dormant. If possible select quiet, balmy days when the temperatures are 45° F. or higher. Nicotine Sprays Since the introduction of nicotine sulfate in commercial quantities about 1910, one pint of this material with lime- sulfur 23^ gallons (11 gallons if San Jose scale were present) in 100 gallons of spray' mixture, applied at the delayed-dormant stage, has been and still is, to a large extent, the official recom- mendation for the control of the rosy aphid. Among the chief advantages of nicotine are the following: (1) Safeness to buds and twigs; (3) relatively low cost when compared with other insecticides that are effective against aphids and also bud moth; (3) compatibility with standard fungicides and certain insecticides, especially with lime-sulfur 1-8 to control San Jose scale; (4) the possibility of applying a combined fungicide and insecticide at the delayed dormant — 82 — stage; and (5) its high toxicity to aphids and bud moth if they are wetted by the spray. The results shown in the charts covering nine seasons when sufficient aphids were present to secure data indicate that nicotine gave high efficiency during all but one season, 1930; certainly a high degree of dependability. We will now consider some of the disadvantages of the delayed dormant application. You will recall that I said that nicotine possesses a high toxicity to certain insects if they are wetted by the spray. You will note that I place emphasis on that last clause ''wetted by the spray." There is the rub. Rain or high wind may make conditions impossible to spray large orchards entirely at the true delayed-dormant stage, and if the temper- ature is high, as happened in 1930, the young leaves will advance so rapidly and afford so much protection to the aphids and bud moth that it is practically impossible to kill a sufficient number of these insects to effect commercial control. In other words, it is practically impossible to wet the insect with the spray. Many growers are equipped to cover their orchards in from three to four days of steady spraying. If, however, the weather is adverse part of this time they either fail to control the aphids in a portion of their planting or else they try to hurry over the trees and do not give sufficient coverage, with poor control as the result. Spraying during high wind may be another cause of failure. The aphids seek the leeward sides of the buds in windy weather, and since it is difficult to thoroughly cover the leeward sides of the buds in a high wind, the insects are not wet with the spray. Low temperature is still another factor that may reduce the efficiency of the nicotine. I am leaving out of consideration those growers who do not thoroughly cover the trees with spray either through lack of system or because they do not use sufficient material or pressure. These growers will be apt to fail with any material. I am wondering whether we have made use of all the possi- bilities of nicotine. As you well know, we have attempted to combine a fungicide with nicotine and to apply the mixture in the delayed-dormant period. Experimental data secured last season indicates rather strongly that it may be possible to use lime-sulfur and nicotine for a period extending from the green- tip to and through the delayed-dormant stage both for aphid and bud moth. If these results are corroborated by future experiments we would be able to extend considerably :.he period for the appUcation of nicotine. Of course the earlier treated trees might need an appUcation of lime-sulfur in the delayed- dormant stage the same as is true of trees sprayed with cresylic acid or tar distillate emulsions. Perhaps we have unduly cramped the period for nicotine in attempts to economize. Another very important mixture when aphids, San Jose scale and bud moth are present in the same orchard is Bordeaux mixture 4-8-100, lubricating oil 3 gallons, and nicotine sulfate 1 pint (or 1 quart if bud moth is especially severe). The appli- cation is made at the delayed-dormant stage of the buds. It — 83 — is better to be a little early than late in making this treatment if the best results on aphids and bud moth are desired. The chief advantage of this mixture is the ability to control the three insects as well as fungous diseases through the delayed- dormant period with a single application. Its efficiency is quite high and the cost moderate. The chief disadvantages are the UabiUty of bud injury; at least on Rome Beauty, and the lack of knowledge regarding its safeness on many commercial varie- ties. Cresylic Acid During the past several years considerable interest in cresylic acid has been manifested by some New York growers. The usual mixture consists of cresylic acid Yi gallon, lubricating oil 3 gallons in 100 gallons of spray mixture. Usually soap was used as the emulsifier, but it may be possible to use other ma- terials for this purpose. Tests during four seasons indicate the following: (1) The mixture, when properly applied at the green tip stage is generally very effective against aphid eggs and San Jose scale, but has not given the consistent results shown by nicotine against the rosy aphid; (2) there is some danger ob fud injury, which, by the way, was rather severe in some of our experiments during one season; (3) it is ineffective against bud moth so should not be used in orchards where this pest is present ; (4) spraying with the wind can be practiced without lowering efficiency if the treatment is completed before any of the aphids hatch; and (5) it costs about the same as lime-sulfur 1-40 and nicotine when the cost for an extra application of lime-sulfur in the delayed-dormant period is considered. In fact, when labor cost is included the expense is sHghtly greater than for lime-sulfur 1-40 and nicotine. From these findings it does not appear that cresylic acid will be of value in New York except possibly for some growers who have no bud moth in their orchards. However, in those Pennsylvania orchards where bud moth is not present, the material may be very valuable in extending the spraying season. Some Advantages and Some Disadvantages of Tar Distillate Emulsions The advantages of tar distillate emulsions over other spray mixtures may be enumerated as follows: (1) Effective control of aphids, oystershell scale, scurfy scale and bud moth in one application, if properly applied as regards stage of buds, con- centration of creosote oil and thoroughness; (2) the period during which rosy aphids can be controlled is extended considerably if the grower treats a portion of his orchard with tar distillate emulsion during the dormant period and sprays the remainder with' lime-sulfur and nicotine at the delayed-dormant period; (3) spraying with the wind can be practiced, thus making it possible to utilize days with higher wind velocity than if it wore — 84 — necessary to complete each tree at a smgle operation. (4) lubricating oil emulsion may be added in proper amount and San Jose scale also controlled. Some of the disadvantages are greater cost and an extra application of hme-sulfur at the delayed-dormant stage to control fungous diseases; greater chances of injury to buds unless the applications are made while the buds are strictly dormant; and the acustic nature of these materials on the skin. It should be further stated that if a severe infestation of bud moth and San Jose scale are present in the same orchard sufficient creosote oil and lubricating oil cannot be combined for effective control of those two insects without risk of tree injury. A Tentative Spraying Schedule for San Jose Scale, Bud Moth, and Rosy Aphis It will be noted that each of the four mixtures discussed has certain advantages and certain disadvantages. However, all are effective, during certain years at least, against the rosy aphid, while some are also effective against San Jose scale and bud moth The grower has the option of using any he prefers Because of the usually limited time for application of each mixture, it seems that the time for treatment for the larger orchards might be lengthened considerably by adopting the following tentative schedule : PRUNING TOOLS Worthy of Your Consideration The BARTLETT Line All horticulturists know the value of a good line of Pruning Tools and those who have used BARTLETT No. 1 Compound Lever Tree i nm- mer, No. 44 Pole Saw, No. 18 Swivel Blade Saw and No. 777 Two Hand Pruner need no fur- ther inducements. If you have never seen these splendid tools let us fill your sample order, at least send for catalog. Our tools are carried by many of the job- bers of hardware and imple- ments also seed houses. BARTLETT MFG. CO. Box 69 3003 E. Grand Blvd. Detroit, Mich. 1. Spray a portion of the orchard during the dormant period with tar distillate emulsion, adding sufficient lubricating oil if necessary to control San Jose scale. 2. If bud moth is not present, spray another portion at the green tip stage using cresylic acid and lubricating oil, remember- ing that there is some chance of bud injury. 3. Spray the remainder of the orchard at the delayed-dormant stage with lime-sulfur 1-8 and nicotine. The orchardist who has been getting good commercial con- trol on his trees should continue to use lime-sulphur and nicotine, at least until further experiments have shown the range of safeness of other materials. There is a difference between good commercial control and taking pride in having an orchard entirely free from aphids. It is questionable whether it is profitable to control the last five per cent of the insects in an orchard. Both as regards growers and manufacturers, tar oil emulsions are in the experimental stage, the tentative dilutions given are based on considerable experimental evidence. However, further studies may result in slight changes in recommendations. Until we know more about these materials and their effects on trees it seems best that growers adopt a conservative attitude toward them. Use them on a portion of your orchard and treat the remainder with standard mixtures. This will enable you to get acquainted with the mixture and to make comparisons between the different treatments. Question: Do you have any substitute for nicotine that is effective? Mr. Hartzel: All of these are to a certain extent substitutes but not in the delayed dormant. The best would be the ground tobacco. The idea is to use this instead of nicotine. AH you need to do is to spray them in the delayed dormant with lime sulphur 4-40. Question : Do you spray in the petal fall and late bloom? Mr. Hartzel: We do not get much damage from the nymphs in petal fall and cluster. A FIVE-YEAR STUDY OF PENNSYLVANIA APPLE DISEASE CONDITIONS R. 8. KIRBY; State College, Pa Experience has often been considered to be the best teacher. A study of the records for five years of disease conditions shows us many things that help to answer the fruit grower's great question of **How can I most economically produce commer- cially clean fruit?'' Such questions as **Just what diseases are 86 — Quality Fruit Trees Plants Since 1895 and COMPLETE CATALOG FREE Root's Nurseries, Inc MANHEIM, LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Built to Extract The Last Drop of Juice Farquhar Cider Presses are built strong and dependable, exert heavy pressure and get the most and richest cider. Capacities up to 400 barrels per day — suitable sizes for Roadside Marketing, the Individual Orchardist, and Custom Pressing. Presses are self contained, easily set up, occupy little space, oper- ated at minimum cost and work rapidly assuring large capacity. Full line of Cider Press Equipment and Supplies. Descriptive Catalog tell& how to turn culls into more money. WRITE FOR CATALOG TO YORK. PA- NRA »Btf> WC DO OUR PART H4I lllUtCi. >*flOUHAR ^i^- Farquhar Cider PreMes — 87 — we fighting? How severe are these diseases? What influence has weather on disease?'^ can be answered by a study of what occurred in unsprayed orchards. During the past five years, 29,802 apples in 228 orchards have been examined and Table 1 gives the percentage of the different diseases found on the apples. Table 1. Percentage of Apples in Unsprayed Orchards Affected with Diseases 1929-1933 Brooks Sooty Year Scab Spot Blotch Blotch Black R. Rust 1929 87.2 4.4 9.2 1. .6 .01 1939 73.9 7.5 8.7 2.2 .2 .01 1931 80.5 8. 46. 3.9 1.5 .2 1932 81.5 6.2 17.4 1.7 6.9 1 1933 86.1 2.6 20.8 2 4.1 .01 Rainfall in Inches April May June July August Total 1929 1939 1931 1932 1933 6.12 2.71 3.33 1.71 4.49 4.81 3.03 5.28 3.69 5.86 3.56 4.20 3.71 3.15 2.53 2.81 2.23 5.28 3.39 4.26 2.52 1.47 4.01 2.82 7.61 19.82 13.64 21.81 14.76 24.75 The figures in Table 1 show conclusively that very few apples free of disease can be produced in Pennsylvania without spray- ing; that scab, the most important single disease, spots three- fourths to seven-eighths of all the apples; that sooty blotch is second in importance, and is capable of disfiguring nearly half of the apples in unsprayed orchards under certain conditions; that Brooks Spot may bring about the spotting of an average of more than one-fourteenth of the apples; and that blotch, black rot, and rust may cause some loss. The effect of rainfall on the various diseases can be observed to be the largest single factor in determining the severity of each disease. While the total amount of rainfall from April to August is observed to influence the amount of disease, another important factor must be considered: namely, whether or not rainfall came at the time when the disease was capable of causing infection and the host was in a stage to be damaged by the fungus. In the case of scab, it is observed that the drought year of 1930 with 13.64 inches of rainfall from April to August had 73.9 per cent scabby apples, or the smallest amount in any of the five years. That the total amount of rainfall is not so important as the time of the rainfall in influencing the amount of scab is shown by 1929, when less rainfall occurred than in 1931 or 1933. However, 1929 had the heaviest April-May rainfall of any of the five years and it therefore appears that the fruit grower must recognize this period as one in which he must keep ahead of scab. — 88 — Cherry Trees on Mazzard Roots ONE OF OUR SPECIALTIES At Our Nursery you can see a large assortment of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Evergreens, Flowering Shrubs, Etc. We Invite You to visit us and make your personal selection from the nursery row. Catalog with Prices Furnished Upon Request ENTERPRISE NURSERIES Geo. E. Stein & Son WRIGHTS VILLE, PA., R. D. 1 (Nursery located one-half mile north of East Prospect, Pa.) 89 — Sooty blotch is not affected by the early season rainfall, but an examination of the figures in Table 1 shows that the amount of sooty blotch occurring each year coincides exactly with the July rainfall. The amount of Brooks Spot, like sooty blotch, does not follow the total rainfall from April to August, since it was least severe in the wettest year, and was severe in the driest year. The figures in Table 1 appear to show that the June rainfall is the most critical period for the development of this disease. The amount of blotch is seemingly dependent on the June- July rainfall, and is not influenced by early spring rainfall. The development of black rot as shown in Table 1 seems to be dependent on each of the summer months having three to four inches of rainfall. Value of Different Sprays in Controlling Various Apple Diseases An effort was made to determine just which sprays, and how many, are essential to grow apples commercially free of disease. This study has been under way for five years during which time approximately 350 orchards have been visited in which all but one spray was applied and 163,838 apples were examined, and the disease on each recorded. Table 2 shows the percentage of scab in completely sprayed orchards, and the percentage increase of scab where each spray was omitted. Table 2. Increase in Percentage of Scabby Apples over Completely Sprayed by Omitting Different Sprays Eastern and Central Pennsylvania Spray Omitted Delayed Dormant . Pre-Pink Pink Petal Fall 10 Day 20 Day 3rd Summer 4th Summer • Percentage of scabby apples 1929 1930 1931 1932 4 10 8 28 21 5 7 2 3 3 16 5 3 14 4 5 3 G 8 12 -f ^ 7 3 -h + 1 0 1933 9 5 12 10 24 5 Percentage of Scabby Apples in Completely Sprayed 1.9 1.3 l.H 2.3 Legend +=Increa8e of less than 1 per cent. Blank=No spray recommended. The bottom Une shows that the percentage of scab in com- pletely sprayed orchards has varied from .7 to 2.3 per cent during the five years. For each spray omitted, the figures 90 — show the increase in percentage of scabby apples in addition to the amount in the completely sprayed. Thus, the 9 per cent increase from missing the delayed dormant means 9 per cent plus 2.3 per cent in the completely sprayed, or a total ot 11.^ per cent scabby apples. The figures in Table 2 show that in three years out of five the missing of the delayed dormant spray allowed scab to spot 8 to 10 per cent more apples than if the spray had been applied. The pre-pink spray was found to have been the most important scab in two years out of five, increasing the amount of scab 21 to 28 per cent, and in each of the other three years its omission in counties where it was recommended increased the amount of scab 5 to 7 per cent. Therefore, growers must reahze that the pre-pink spray is one of if not the most important sprays for apple scab control when favorable weather occurs for scab infection during this periodl If dry, unfavorable weather occurs for scab infection during this period, the omission of the pre- pink spray does not materially increase the scab. This is shown by the fact that each year the pre-pink spray has been omitted in from 20 to 60 per cent of the counties in areas where rams have not been perdicted for this period, and the growers have escaped serious scab infection. In the years 1929 to 1931, very little rain fell during the blossoming period, while in 1932 and 1933 rains were general during this period. Thus, when rains fall during the blooming TREXLER FARMS OREFIELD, PENNA. Distributors "Orchard Brand" Insecticides Wells and Wade Pruners **Bean'* Power Sprayers Tilley Picking Ladders Packages and Fertilizers A complete stock of repairs and supplies carried at our warehouse located on Route 309. Midway between Allen town and Slating ton. We Solicit Your Inquiries Mail Address Orefield, Pa. Phone AUentown 31467 — 91 period the pink spray must rank as one of the most important sprays in scab control. The petal fall spray must also be con- sidered as an important aid in scab control, when its omission coinciding with the occurrence of wet weather between petal fall and the next spray scab was increased 10 to 14 per cent. When the first cover or 10-day spray is applied approximately 10 days after the petal fall, and followed by a spray approxi- mately 20 days after petal fall, the omission of the 10-day spray did not allow so much scab to develop as the omission of any one of the earlier sprays. In 1933, however, the so-called 10- day spray was in reality a 17- to 18-day spray, followed by a so-called 20 day spray which was actually applied 27 to 28 days after petal fall. This arrangement of sprays was combined in 1933 with a period of rainy weather at and following the so- called 10-day spray. The omission of this spray allowed a 24 per cent increase in scab. It is the writer's belief that if the 10-day spray had been applied at approximately 10 days after petal fall, followed by a 20-day application, that the omission of the 10-day spray would not have allowed over one-third to one-half as much scab to develop. The omission of the 20-day spray, when followed by a third summer or cover spray applied around the first of July, allowed scab to increase less than one per cent in 1931, 5 per cent in 1932, and 2 per cent in 1933. This indicates that as far as scab control is concerned, the 20- day spray when followed by an early July spray can only be considered of secondary importance. Where earlier sprays have been omitted or scab infection is general on the leaves, the 20-day spray has been observed to be of primary importance. Further, if the next spray following the 20-day spray is not applied until the middle or last or July, as occurred in 1930, the omission of the 20-day spray allowed an increase of 12 per cent scab. The third summer spray which is usually applied during early July is of more importance than the second summer spray. The omission of the old last of July or fourth summer spray in four years out of five had little effect. Thus, it appears that a spray applied early in July usually is the last spray needed for scab control. These studies indicate that an active offensive against scab nuist b(^ conducted from the delayed dormant period up to and including the petal fall spray, and that from then on, sprays for scab control are usually of secondary importance. Table 3 shows the amount of sooty blotch in completely sprayed orchards and the increase in percentage of this disease when the different sprays were omitted. These figures indicate that the sooty blotch fungus is incap- able of causing serious infection until the period following the 20-day spray, or about the middle of June, but that this disease may be a serious problem unless protection of fruit is maintained during July and August. It is of interest to note that sooty blotch causes very little spotting of the fruit — .007 to .4 per Lnm i/euA^ ^im SPRAY SCHEDULE iiSe CRASSElll SPRAT PRODUCTS •0'9\^ TO ghassiuis 9S YEAR OLD r ^Cefpnttition ^^. FOR nearly a century/'GRASSELLI GRADE" has signified the utmost in chemical quality and uniformity. With our extensive research facilities, we have pioneered in the develop- ment of many products that have helped to simplify the v/ork of the American orchardist. GRASSELLI Spray and Dust Materials are endorsed by many successful growers. Use Grasselli products in your spray schedule this year for best results. There's a Grasselli dealer near you. Wrjfe M% for Grasselli Growers' Guide and Spray Chart THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL COMPANY FOUNDED 1839 Incorporoled CIEVEIAND, OHIO 0^or Jylore EXTRA FANCY FRUIT Grasselli Grade Lx^ Standard 'Held HiiCfk for 95 '>o''« — 92 — — 93 — Table 3. Increase in Percentage of Apples Affected with Sooty Blotch over Completely sprayed by omitting Different Sprays Eastern and Central Pennsylvania Spray Omitted Delayed Dormant Pre-Pink Pink... Petal Fall 10 Day 20 Day 3rd Summer 4th Summer Percentage of Apples with Sooty Blotch 1929 0 0 0 0 1930 1 23 + 1931 0 + 0 3 4 + 29 7 1932 -h 0 0 0 -f 1933 + -h 2 1 7 1 12 Percentage of Apples with Sooty Blotch in Completely Sprayed .1 .01 .4 007 13 Legend +=Increase of less than one per cent. Blank=No spray recommended. cent in completely sprayed orchards. It has further been observed that sooty blotch is more severe in low lying orchards where poor air drainage occurs. In the case of Brooks spot the figures in Table 4 show that the fungus causing this disease is most capable of producing infec- tion if those sprays are omitted which protect the fruit in June (10- and 20-day sprays), and further, that some infection may occur as early as the petal fall, and as late as mid-July. Table 4. Increase in Percentage of Apples Affected with Brook's Spot over Completely Sprayed by Omitting Different Sprays Eastern and Central Pennsylvania Spray Omitted Delayed Dormant Pre-Pink Pink Petal Fall 10 Day 20 Day 3r(l Summer 4th Summer Percentage of Apples with Brooks' Spot 1929 0 0 0 0 1 9 1930 1 1 -h 1 3 44 -I-- 1931 4- 1 2 8 7 1 9 4- 1932 -f 0 1933 -f 1 1 () 2 + Percentage of Apples with Brook's Spot in Completely Sprayed .1 .2 .007 .13 Legend -f==Increase of less than one per cent. Blank=No spray recommended. — 94 — The figures in Table 5 show the total percentage of all diseases affecting apples in the completely sprayed orchards and in the orchards where each of the sprays was omitted. Table 5. Increase in Percentage of Diseased Apples over Completely Sprayed by Omitting Different Sprays Eastern and Central Pennsylvania Spray Omitted Percentage of Diseased Apples 1929 Delayed Dormant. Pre-Pink Pink Petal Fall 10 Day 20 Day 3rd Summer 4th Summer 4 24 0 3 7 12 1930 1931 11 22 2 4 6 79 0 7 6 25 19 1 45 9 1932 8 8 16 4 7 5 3 3 1933 13 5 14 12 36 5 17 Percentage of Diseased Apples in Completely Sprayed 4.4 9 2.3 2.2 2.8 Legend +=Increase of less than one per cent. Blank=No spray recommended. The aim of Spraying Information, a service conducted by The Pennsylvania State College, is to keep the total percentage of diseased apples below 5 per cent. It is believed that it a higher percentage of disease were tolerated there would occur such a build up in the amount of disease that severe outbreaks would occur each time a favorable year occurred. From Table 5 it is seen that in each of the five years the total amount of disease was below 5 per cent in completely sprayed orchards and that in 1929, the worst scab year, the total per- centage of disease was 4.4 per cent, or fairly close to the limit. With the limit of 5 per cent total disease, it is of interest to note that every time that a single spray was omitted during 1932 and 1933, the total amount of disease was more than 5 per cent, and that two sprays might have been omitted in 1931, three sprays in the drought year of 1930, and one spray in 1929, without increasing the total percentage of diseased apples over 5 per cent. For the five-year period, six of the 36 sprays might have conceivably been omitted, if disease control were the only objective. This is 83.3 per cent accuracy. Since it is impossible to foretell the duration of a rain or the number of rains between one spray and the next, it appears that the sprays have been called during the past five years almost as correctly as is humanly possible. It is also of interest to note that in case of one-half of the 36 individual sprays called during the past five years the omission of any one spray would have given a total percentage of disease in excess of 10 per cent. — 96 — \i .V >' 8 Q ■< s o O o H HH GO o o O H O w < GO o o o GO w p:; CO CO 0 O O < « W H O H t— I H Q PLI o < m o 55 o H •< (X) a> Ph 03 O (m'cooq O 3 . • • • • • CO CO ^ C^ a 00 OSCOCOb* ^i:' >^ >, >, 2 tj t^ -*-* C f3 c o o 5 S^^ ^ol c3 Oi xn ^ xn xn zD r CO >H ^ (m CO >. >> >i >. >i >, 0)CO-*^-*-s-^-»^-M-^ Ph «ir-(0) '^r-lO)0>00)0)0»S OSX o o c o o c;) i:i .. T ^ .1^ .^0>0»0»00) o O) o> a;cO a3*> o)*^' a^CCJZXiJS'^JZJi — - -- —. —•,»_. .^ ,^ .4J ,^ .4^ c3 fi flC^ c(N c<^^ c<>» 000 Tt^ 03 O) O) OS' 0)0 o 03 o; o 02 bO P C 03 sss 02 -«^ -fid QC CO TO c3 o3 rS "H ^ <=5 2^ 03 03 <^ C-^ O r*^ K*^ K*^ ^ K*^ ^ ^;?^^. ^ ^ :z; p3P5pq«P5PQ 0^ Oi 01 coco r^ t^l>COt^QOI> • • • 0 • 0 • • 0 • 0 • 03 • c3 • • • 03 ^^ 00000 P^ Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph P^ 1 • • 4 »H • • • u • • u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 iC bC bC bC bC bC bC O) O) o> 0) o> 0) 0 ^<: ■*^ -M -f^ -^ ■*^ 3 ^ 1 (T< :3 ^ :3 :3 j3 P p 3 -M -t^ -^ -4-' -^ -M c^ Cj 0 V V 0 CJ immmmmm ;-l ;-! U4 tH kl U •c b£ bC bC bC bC bC bCl 3 03 c3 03 03 03 03 «««<\ H pL^ PL| Ph Ph Ph PM •>* '^ ■^ •^ V* • •* u • •* • •* Ih J 0> o> O) 0 a> o> Oi a> 0^ a; 0^ O) 0 J -^ -M -M -M -M -M -^- >-' -M -fj -*-» -^ -f-' 3 fl fl c fl fi a G C C a a fl c i* 'r^ • »-» • -H •»H • fi^ • 1-4 •»H •f^ •1^ •^H • «H H (h »H u »H »H ^ u (h ^4 ^ b »^ (^ hPl^PhPhPh^P^PhPhP^PhPhPhP^I ; o> O) 0) 0) O) O) 0 01 O) Qi 0) O) O) 3 -w •^ -M -fi -t-> ■^ -M >-< -♦i^ -M -M -^- -fj 3 03 03 C3 C3 c« 03 C3 03 03 03 03 03 03 i -M -^ 4^ -fj -M -fj -^-' -M •^ -M -fj -M -f^ immmmuimmmmmzfi^jim J 00 CO rt^ -^ (N rH '* CO CO 000 Tt< 0 rt^-^COC^COCOXOSQOCa co^ o: »-H»-Hi— irHi-H»-Hi-Hi-Hi— (T-Hi-HrHi— lOl i I 03 03 03 -^ S ii S .ce O) O) o> 01 O3^^c3^o3o3o3o3^^ o> ;i O •gC-S'^ O) o> CS a O) O) O ,- 03 ^ %i CO 02 QQ ^ ^ ^ o V a o 02 03 JS-SQ>QjaJ0)a>0)O)o>O)0)o» iri rri '"^ T^ T^ '<-* '"^ '^^ "H '^H "^H '^H '^^ O) bC ___ ^^^^c3c^^o3^^^ b.^ Ld i_i K . V^ »-( M 1-1 IM «Ei o>oa)flj fe 9^ iJ9J^o5a2-^ara2'^t«t>CbCbCbCbCbCb£bCbCbCbC O) * g fl g^fi M« g g g gHHHWWWWWWWW 03 ^ H^W'S;^ ^ ^ ^ ^ o Oi O) o3GQ 03 ffi'^ffiffiWWP^mpdpQmpiP5P5P5P5P3 02 PQ o X X X X b ..is^jc^^iiJi^ O2a2a202O2CQO202O2COO2 00000000000 W ffiffiWaiH<;<:<:»00050»-tC.t>'t»t^t>.l>t^t^t^I> ^ X --8 O) o 0} w 02 O CO . bC O o3 02 05 o O) 02 CO bC O) O) ^ 02 o o) 03 -^ O) u o> 02 05 O O O"^ l> (N ^ -00 00 (M 00 (N CO 00 c3o3o3o3c3cS^^^o3 PhPhPhPhPhPhPh^PhPh^^ (4_l Cf.! C4-1 C|_| bHM «<-l «>1 «*H «4^ t*— 57" 00 0000000 o^ 00)0)OiO)0)0>0>0)oW :3:3;3:3:3j3:3s=J3j3 >j ,M -f^ +^ ^ ^ -^ ^ +^ ^ K. o3 333333 ;33 s 3 ^ Ph bCbCbCbCb£b£bCbCbC bC-;^ O. o» O) O) o O) O) Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 03 03 03 ^^^^^^^^^^^ a m p^HH^ O ^^ • HH • hH • 1— ( • hH • 1— 1 ^ a>^ a 4^ a -♦J a -M a -f^ a A^ a fn >H O) tH O) f-i O) t-i 0 U 0 t-i 0) P^ 03 Ph P^ 03 Ph p:5 03 Ph C3 Ph Pi Ph' 03 -J=l ^ r^ in ^ !rt ^ *r; -T 5r! O) Oi Q^ O O) >j o +^ ^ C^ 0^ CO O) 2? 0^0 S .5 .2 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .S .s -^ .a Ph -S -c r^ -c -H -c ^ •- ^ •- r^ •- ^ -r -- C E C >. Jh tH jH > > j^ PhPhPh ti ^ Ui :3>H fifiSfififiPHpH.gPH raPn rPH rPH ^rPn j^Ph jPh jP^h ^r ^ i^ ^ ^ ^ i^ ^ i^ i^ -2 3 ^^ ^ - -2 5^^ ^-2 ^-2 ^^ ^^^ ^-2 ^ O3c3o3o3o3^^o3c3ca^ ^.^-M-^-M-*^-^-^"*^-^' ^^^g^^-^^-^^^^^^^^l mmmmmmmmm^^^fi cc CO (M O Q "^ "^ CO -^ CO O O QC ^02 m m m ^Ji m ^Ji t^ Tf CO C^ O '— ' O t^* 00 00 Oi i-HCSC 02 O) ^- bC o c O) -^- Ph = 03 O) CO O O -H ^ CO ^ h3 02 02 CO T^ ^ o> o> 0) S 02 02 02 CO CO c5 a5 flj O) Qj bC o3ceo3o3c8o3roOT^TO^o3o3 ^ -f^-* Q^^^^cS^Q^G^OO O) O) bc3 -^ o3 O 02 O) r^ O) GO O) 02 O) 02 O) Pi bCbCbCbCbCbCbCbCbCbCbC C3 - O >< Tl oT iJ b£ b£ o P5 02 P3 02 02 GO 02 o3 c3 c^ 03 CS fl fl fl O O > > > > > 03 "o O) 0) O) .b .b .£h -b c; o) P5P5«P5,3^ O _Q »H >H Jl »H Jh t^ fc^ M ^ t; 00000 o o 03 03 03 0) CJ O) O) ^^ ^ ^ --^ -H*^ --^ a a D. oul3 13 S S S S S 02 O) o o o o > > O O O O 03 o3 00000 00000 0000 flfl:^:^^^;^ c fi c c: 0202 :^ s o^ ^ O bC bC O) 03 O) CO o» 02 o> CO 0> O) ^•^ffddwwwwffi ffi K cj e3 ^ ^ 55 03 TO 03 • • ►-^ K^ ►-^ K^ « P5 02 02 o -♦-' 02 O) O 02 O) CO L» O) O 02 -^ 03 :=s 03 bC 02 bC bC bC b£ GO ^ ^ GO .2 S .22 v-* c3 O OB »-* L_l ^ lo^ _ t>.00 05 00 0000 X (N CO _0 ,.g ,Q -O 02 03 o bC bC b£ b£ CQ P5H «m«P3P3P3«PQP5«P5 . .jyj O2O2O2O2GOGOCQ0OCQCQ5S W ^S 00000000000 P5 P3 « P5 CO o> ' ' • 3 S S M « «2 02 02 00 .2 ^ ,^ ^ -5 -S -^ ^ O r^S '^N •^H '^H '(^ ^H X ^ X3 ^ -C3 ^ Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph O) 00000 ^ < < < < W ffi ffi K W O) 02 03 <^ a £ ffi P5 ffi .-; Tfi 05 ^ ui cB — 9 (4-1 0 • 0 12; 03 .2 :3 TJ a O) ;3 GO bC -«-) •»H c -c a 2 -fi Ph hH ^ <1 > •-] ;h cn OS ^, M ^ H PL| • 0 i O ;?; ■3 ^ O M H -< M u o {« CO >» <1 03 H^ -^ •< fi « 0 p ^ H m hJ P O HH H (4 O X H H <5 H C» H K H b O -*j 02 00 H 0) £ *H ^ hJ <1 P J?5 v: < Vt-I b£ 0 ,g 0:1 ■♦^ 0 01 c3 0) S 6 OS CO C0<^:OCpXC0.'-H Q 0: ■^J o -♦-' -^ c3 ti c c c d c 0000000 00 I o o o ^: O fee QJ 0^ -^ J*« ■*- -^ c3<; c3 03 o3 ^ o3 o3 o3 ^ o3 « o o « « « « 0000000 OS GO 00 OS OS K GC OS £ OS GC OS OD OS o o OS OS GC GO .CO • • MM O o oj a> o >i ^ -M g c W m GO O b£ f-i 3 .2 03 •4-' CC £ b£ "as u u K 10 G) flJ fl^ QJ G) 4) C -^ -*- -4^ >, r^» K*-» K^ ?*» r*-i r*-. 00 0000000000000 ^^^^^O3^o3^^o3^o2 •1^ •^^ •»-4 v^H '^4 c^N .^^ «^M c^M .fH v^^ .^H .^il 0000000000000 qqgo^goccgo^goosos^goos ^GOcoosaQGOGOcoososaSosGC >> >> >^ >J >> >J >. >> >i >i ^, >, >, pqpqpqpqpqpq-qfflpQpqpq^pq t>.f^TtiOOt^COCOCOCOOCO(N F-< CO o i-H o i>- ■ ~ - .. - '* -rt^ t>. 00 a> CO COO^COl^rtHC^iQOcO'^CD 10 CO O QO t- l> CO o o OQ o3 o3 O p O b »-i (h 000 X!-0^ wososoa) 0? o oj 't; rs r3 rs rs ^(-4^o;a3o3^x l^'J^j^ 2 £ 23 g g ^S^^ E fe E fe ^5 be be be '^ •> as «^ •> WWW ggiggg «fflpQHHHHHpH o bC a 3 o) a; 0) bC bC bC P o Qj s3p2Sooo |oo>^>^>^|>|^ .£ajaj'ei:^i:^1;^t^o3ceo3 -^ -H -^ ca Qj oj oj oj^^ C ti a; o fe ^ bC bC o oii-S^ xi£00 (X) (D O 0) bC bC bC bc a> a> ^ >i >> ^ ^ c )~' h M 9 9 '3;> "^ CO a> _rj _c C fl o a f^fefeffiffiWffiffifefefe -♦J -♦-' •K »«i «% » OS OS CO CO "^ "^ T3 t3 TJ "^ TJ "TJ s 3 :3 5 M OS OS • • . ^. • • O O O ^ ^ --i "-ti ►-i O <-s "Jh GO OS "m 'i!2 "u 'C 'C (h (h »N »i^ o3 ^ o3 o3 *S #«t VS » (^ U4 Sh tH O) O) o> a> -^ -♦^ -^- -fj OS OS OS OS o 0^ a> 01 cddd 03 03 GO CO 0) O hebc.2.2'^13 03 5QQ t^ 03 03 X kl »i4 GO OS t; 03 ^ •« "^ ^ '■'^ OS CO ^ ^ ' tT tT" ■ ^ S S 0) 0> k^ 2^ S « o ^ ^ B. OS OS O) CJ O)^ ^^ o3 o be Oi ?li' - .r-IS CO 00 r-*^ -4J 00 ;^ 00 OS 00 ^ c3 CS . .w J3 g g OJ o §EcS 55 o o fl C3 fi »r; 03 03 TOO •Si C3 C OPQPQ O) o o a; •> o o 2 P3P5 o ^^ c ^2 O *-» O) 01 03 O • * * fe fc OI P^' X d O ffi W oi od ;» be be OS GO O) o -Oj2 ? ^ ^ ^ 0? OS 00 -*£ ■♦5 '^^ "PH '5^ ^ »H hi O) gOUP5 oiHHd CJ o be c be tie 2 3 oj 5 c 50 CO 3 GO-C Z- »H CS >N fl O) 03 c8 03 3 ^xx S'bcg O) u u ^ »-' ^ CO X OS OS pp a; I be be be 5S be 3 bCbe " 3 be be u u be be be be be be (n t4 M Ui Ih (h „ p =j :3 3 3 p 3 be ^^ J2^X-0J2JDJ2J2J2J::J2J::^^J2J2 boQQOOSOSCOCOGOGOOOCOOSCOCOOScncOQO ^._03*-lhfHUll-l»H»>l»HfHM»-«(MChl»Hf-l»H 03 ."^ rt O J^ QJ03rtK5^^K!^^rt^rto3^KSOJrtc3 mPhPh^I^PhSSSP^PhSmSmSPhSPhDhSSS t*00050'-^»X050'-H(NCO'^»OCOt>»Q0050*-i(NCO SOQ^i-Hi— (1— 11— 11— (1— If- (1— (1— (C^(MC^C^C^(N(M(M(M(MC0C0COC0 0^00)00^00)00^0 o 000000000000000 — 10 — handicapped by the late arrival of members, ''many of whom were on the way two days because of unsatisfactory railroad connections/' On the whole, however, the policy of meeting in different parts of the State was justified by the results. Many of the present centers of commercial fruit growing in Pennsyl- vania are the result of these missionary journeys. The By-laws of the Fruit Growers' Society of F.astern Penn- sylvania provided that the annual meeting should be held in February. In 1863 the By-laws were amended to permit the annual meeting to be held in September. It was thought that this would be a more appropriate time, since some of the soft fruits — peaches, pears, plums and grapes — would be at their best then. September meetings were held in 1863 and 1864, but were so unsuccessful that in 1865 the Society returned to winter meetings. Summer tours of important fruit growing districts in Penn- sylvania and adjacent states, perhaps supplemented by a short speaking program, began to be prominent in the affairs of the Association about 1910, when the automobile came into common use. These helped to increase the membership. The summer tour to Erie County, in 1910, added 64 members to the roster. One of the most outstanding summer trips was that of 1920 through Adams, York, Lebanon and Berks counties; it was featured by the dedication of the beautiful limestone monument which marks the birthplace of the York Imperial apple, on Springwood Farms, the property of John C. Schmidt, two miles south of York. Programs of the Early Meetings For many years after the Society was organized, most of the members were not commercial fruit growers as we use the term today. They had only small orchards, as a side line to general farming. The problems that confronted these fruit growers were few and simple, as compared with today. Foremost was the problem of the judicious selection of varieties. Other problems, but far less important in the eyes of these pioneers, were pruning, and soil management. Very little fertilizing was done, except with animal manures, spraying and cold storage were unknown, grades and grading were wholly a personal matter, and marketing problems were simple, being confined, for the most part, to the development of markets in near-by towns. The one all-absorbing topic was, ''What are the best varieties to plant?'' In the first few annual meetings there were no set speeches. A "Committee to Prepare Business" was appointed by the Chairman to report, at the first session, a number of timely questions which were discussed extemporaneously from the floor. In 1865 the Society had four standing committees: Executive, General Fruit, Nomenclature, and Insects. In 1869 the Society abandoned the "Committee to Prepare Business" — n type of program, which often was quite desultory, and voted: * 'Essays shall be prepared by competent persons, one to be read at each session of the annual meeting, except the first, the remainder of said session to be devoted exclusively to dis- cussion on the subjects embraced therein." The long-winded, platitudinous dullness of many of the ''essays" is almost beyond belief, but the Society survived them. Article VI of the Constitution provided: "The Society may at any time, appoint Professors on Entomology, Botany, Horti- cultural Chemistry and Geology." This followed the long- established custom of The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. In most cases, these "Professors" were not trained specialists; this was before the day of the agricultural college and experi- ment station. They received no pay; the appointment was honorary. It was expected that each Professor would prepare one "essay" a year for the edification of the. Society. The only Professors who seem to have taken their jobs seriously, and who made real contributions to the programs, were S. S. Rathvon, of Lancaster, Professor of Entomology; Thomas Meehan, of Philadelphia, Professor of Botany; and S. B. Heighes, of York, Professor of Horticultural Chemistry. The programs of the early meetings covered a much wider range of subjects than the present sessions. Now, practically all of the program is concerned with the production and market- ing of the apple and the peach; then, the grape, strawberry, raspberry, currant, quince, pear, plum and cherry received due consideration, also. It is true that we have proceeded far since 1859 in speciaUzed fruit production, yet the question may fairly be raised as to whether the Association is not restricting its usefulness unnecessarily by confining its attention almost wholly to these two dominant fruits. The other fruits represent a considerable and a steadily increasing interest in the State, and should be recognized more, possibly in the summer meetings. Variety discussions were the central feature of the programs until after 1890. How earnestly, even truculently, our pomo- logical forbears debated the respective merits of varieties! Each man had favorite sorts, and championed them against the favorites of other members. There was little recognition then of the influence of location and soil on variety adaptation. If a certain variety of pear did well in the orchard of E. Satterth- waite of Jenkintown, said Satterthwaite could see no valid reason why it should not be equally successful in the orchard of Tobias Martin, of Mercersburg, unless, of course, it was conceded that Mr. Martin was not as skillful a cultivator as Mr. Satterthwaite! So the debate waxed warm, and often personal, until it splintered the gavel of the presiding officer. Much time at the early meetings was devoted to the attempt to do the impossible; to secure agreement, by vote, on a recom- mended variety list for the State as a whole, in all counties. Saner counsels prevailed occasionally, as when Thomas Meehan, one of the great biologists of his day, poured oil on the troubled 12 waters, in 1866; "Instead of debating the question of varieties most of the time, which generally results in overturning the votes of previous years, according to the attendance of those who hold peculiar views on certain varieties, the discussion took a more practical form." It was many years, however, before the Society broke away from the pernicious habit of trying to settle questions of local horticultural practice by a majority vote of those who happened to be present at that particular annual meeting. At the 1863 meeting the question, "Should Pennsylvania orchards be con- tinuously cultivated?" was decided in the negative, by a vote of 16 to 3. Far more reasonable was the action taken by the Association in 1913, when a member moved "that this organiza- tion is in favor of clean culture of young trees until they are fifteen years of age"; to which another grower replied, "It seems to me that this is a matter of personal judgment, based on local climatic and soil conditions, and the circumstances of the grower, and not a subject that can be settled for all of us by a majority vote." This more open-minded point of view is one reason why the annual meetings of later years have been more free from the acrimonious debate that marred many of the meetings of a generation ago. Programs of Meetings in Recent Years After 1870 the report of the General Fruit Committee was one of the most valued features of the program. This was a sum- mary of the season^s experience as reported to the Chairman of the Committee by one grower in every county represented in the Association. It was a composite picture of the pomological year. The General Fruit Committee was discontinued in 1928. This, I believe, was a mistake. In spite of the modern agencies for gathering and disseminating information on crcJps, varieties, prices, and seasonal problems, there is no place where this infor- mation is available in such compact and useful form as it used to be in the report of the General Fruit Committee. I urge that this Committee be revived. Variety discussions held the center of the stage until about 1890, when cultural problems — pruning, fertilizing, soil man- agement, and spraying — gradually became the subjects of greatest interest to the members. Marketing discussions began to encroach on time formerly devoted to cultural discussions about 1910. We are still in the cultural period of evolution of the program, yet it is not difficult to forecast that the programs of the future will give ever-increasing attention to marketing problems. There has been a marked change in the type of speakers that appear on the program. In the early days there were no invited speakers; every fruit grower spoke as the spirit moved him. Then came the day of "essayists", nearly all of whom were practical fruit growers, but the essays were few in number and — 13 most of the time was devoted to discussion from the floor. The year 1887, when the Agricultural Experiment Stations were estabUshed, marked the beginning of a new era in the program. Thereafter, less and less was heard from fruit growers and more and more from professional men, specialists in various fields of agricultural science. It is evident that the Farmers' High School at Boalsburg, later The Pennsylvania Agricultural College, had not, up to that time, made much of an impression on Pennsylvania horti- culture in a service relationship, unless the tenure of one of its Presidents, James Calder, of Harrisburg, who also served as President of the Society for two years, may be considered a contribution. The first paper presented before the Association by a member of the Penn State faculty was by Professor W. O. Buckhout, in 1886, on 'The Adornment of Home Grounds." In 1887 he spoke again on 'The Relation of the Recently Organ- ized Experiment Stations to Horticulture.'' This was followed the next year by a paper on ''Horticulture at State College," by the recently appointed Horticulturist of the Experiment Station, George C. Butz. The position of the College in public esteem then may be gathered from the introdutory remarks of Professor Butz at this meeting: "I understand that an impression which existed some years ago in certain parts of the State, still lingers; this is, that through some mismanagement, no good has, as yet, proceeded from the institution." Such was The Pennsylvania State College only forty-five years ago. Buckhout and Butz were the forerunners of a radical change in program policy. A steadily increasing proportion of the speakers at the annual meetings were College, Experiment Station and Department of Agriculture workers, exponents of the application of the sciences to the solution of the problems of fruit growing. The voice of the fruit grower himself is heard on the floor of the convention less and less. This is evidenced by the following summary of representative annual meetings: Number of papers by fruit growers Number of papers by scientific workers. 887 1000 1033 10 6 6 1 5 13 Far be it from me to question the value of the addresses by technical men reporting the rapidly accumulating body of knowledge resulting from scientific research. It is inevitable that fruit growers will have to depend on scientific research in the future even more than at present. But I do enter a plea for programs that will keep a reasonable balance between science and practice, so that the grower members will have ample opportunity to make their invaluable contribution of practical experience. There is a very real danger that the program may become top heavy with science, thereby losing much of the zest and personal interest that characterized the horticultural experience meetings of a generation ago. — 14 One of the deUghtful characteristics of fruit growers as a class is their willingness to share with other growers any profit- able experiences on the choice of varieties, cultural methods or marketing. There is no close corporation attitude among fruit growers; this is not true in all industries. The meetings of this Association always have been open to any person who is inter- ested, whether he has paid dues or not. For many years the By Laws provided, "The regular meetings of this Association shall be closed to all persons except paid up members of the Association, speakers, delegates from other horticultural societies, ladies, and the minor sons of members.'' This rule never was enforced. The Association avoided a pitfall in 1912, and again in 1921 and 1925, when it was proposed that the dues be in- creased to $5.00 a year, all non-members debarred from the meetings, a full-time Executive Secretary employed on salary, and that the Association should proceed to purchase supplies for its members, and ultimately to sell their fruit. Very vyisely, as it seems to me, it was decided to maintain the traditional policy of the Association as an educational agency only, and also to keep it democratic— to open the meetings to all, and not restrict them to a limited number of the larger growers, who could afford to pay a high membership fee. Exhibits Exhibits of fruit always have been a prominent feature of the program of the Association. At the first meeting held in Harrisburg, in September, 1863, there were 96 varieties of grapes on the exhibition tables. At the meeting of 1871, thirty- nine members exhibited 110 plates of apples. The Association was deeply chagrined that it was not invited to participate in the fruit exhibition of the Centennial Exposition, in 1876. Between 1885 and 1895 the display of ornamentals at the annual meetings surpassed the fruit exhibit. After 1910 the fruit exhibit greatly increased in size. By far the most ambitious exhibit of the Association was the Fruit Show held in connection with the Pittsburgh meeting, in 1912. This was not so much a competitive exhibit as a commercial display designed to increase the interest of the consuming public of the Pittsburgh district in Pennsylvania-grown fruit. Nearly 1000 bushel boxes, over 200 barrels and 2000 plates of apples were attractively displayed in Duquesne Garden from January 15 to 20th. Unfortunately, zero weather prevailed during the Show, and much of the fruit froze in the show room. The attendance was poor and memlx^Ts of the Association who had advanced $50 each to stage the Sliow never were reimbursed. The experiment was not repeated. At other times, as during the lean years from 1914 to 1917, prize-winning exhibitors had to content themselves with ribbons, instead of premiums. At the 1917 meeting the only money 15 available for paying premiums was $177 contributed for this purpose by members. With the organization of the Farm Products Show, in 1917, the fruit exhibits were established on a more secure basis, and attractive premiums offered in a great variety of classes. This was made possible, in part, by the generosity of exhibitors in turning over to the Show Commission, for sale, all fruit that won premiums and in contributing other fruit for sale during the Show. Keen competition developed for the premiums of $100, $75, and $50 awarded for the best displays by affiliated County Horticultural Societies. In 1922, seven counties strove for this honor. Recent years have wit- nessed a marked increase in exhibits of fruit in commercial packages. Now the fruit exhibit at the Farm Products Show often comprises over 400 plates, 50 bushel boxes, 125 bushel baskets and 15 barrels of apples, shown by over 100 exhibitors. Evidence of the growth of the fruit exhibit is found in the following reports of representative years: Plates Bushel boxes and baskets Barrels Number of Exhibitors 1871 110 98 15 63 184 38 421 560 400 437 388 64 81 164 24 12 13 39 1876 24 1880 12 1885 12 1889- 35 1894 14 1908 77 1910 84 1915 114 1923 126 1929 134 Achievements Wholly aside from the personal benefits that have accrued to thousands of members since 1859, this Association has an enviable record of concrete achievement for the benefit of the industry as a whole. Immediately after organizing, it took over from the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society the function of encouraging the introduction of promising seedling fruits, and fostered the exchange of trees and cions. The early reports, particularly from 1872 to 1885, described and illustrated many new varieties, especially those of Pennsylvania origin. The Association always has ])cen active in the support of legislative measures designed to advance the industry. In 1809 it approved the plan ''prepared by the managers of the Experimental Farm at West Grove, Chester County, to estab- lish a Pomological Garden, in which to plant and test the relative value of every variety of fruit for general and market purposes; 16 — and that the Legislature be requested to render aid in carrying our the undertaking." This ambitious plan never was con- summated. The Association staunchly supported the storm-tossed Farm- ers' High School during its darkest years. In 1871 it appointed a committee to secure the establishment of a State Department of Agriculture and helped bring this plan to fruition, in 1878. Twenty-five years later, in 1903, the Association sponsored an Act creating a Division of Horticulture in the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, and providing for the appointment of a Commissioner of Horticulture. This passed the General Assembly but was vetoed by the Governor. In 1883, four years before the Hatch bill establishing an Agricultural Experiment Station in each State was passed by Congress, this Association was chiefly responsible for the passsage of a bill by the General Assembly for the support of a State Experiment Station. This measure, however, was vetoed by the Governor. The Association endorsed and actively aided in the passage of the Hsitch Bill in 1887, and the Adams Bill in 1905. The Association was responsible for the passage of the first regulatory legislation in Pennsylvania in aid of fruit growing, the Peach Yellows Act of 1891. This was unsuccessful, because enforcement was left to the commissioners of each county; but out of it, under the spur of the San Jose Scale panic, came the effective Nursery Inspection Law of 1900. It sponsored the Pennsylvania Apple Grading and Packing Law in 1916 and has actively aided the State Bureau of Markets in promoting better grading and shipping point inspection. The Association is responsible for the more reasonable atti- tude on the part of sportsmen and the State Game Commission toward the problem of damage to fruit trees by deer. It has cooperated with adjacent State Horticultural Societies in secur- ing lower freight rates and the removal of unjustified trade restrictions, has conducted a campaign to advertise Pennsyl- vania fruit, and in a hundred other ways has given concrete evidence of its initiative and influence. This is a record of achievement of which we may be proud. The greatest achievement of all, however, cannot be measured. We think of this Association as representing simply the com- mercial interests of fruit growing. And yet, it reaches far deeper than the pocketbook. I like to think of the thousands of Penn- sylvania farm homes that have been blessed, and made more secure, through the use of the information gathered at the an- nual meetings. Vicariously, this Association has paid mortgages, sent sons and daughters to colU^ge, and provided comforts and conveniences in hundreds of homes. We come to these meetings from selfish motives, perhaps, merely seeking ways of adding to our store; yet back of this arc the homes represented herC; and the protection of the dear ones there. Thus the Association contributes to the more enduring values of life. 17 Faithful Stewards No organization could have lived for three quarters of a century unless it has served a useful purpose, and has attracted men who were willing to give themselves, without stint, to advance its interests. This Association has been particularly fortunate in the loyalty of its members. No other State Horti- cultural Society in the country can equal the record for con- tinuous faithful service of Secretaries Enos. B. Engle and W. P. Brinton, and Treasurer E. W. Thomas. It is difficult, if not impossible, to fairly evaluate the services of the men who have contributed to the advancement of the Association and to select from these a few who are most worthy of recognition. Here is the fallible judgment of one man: Thomas Meehan, of Philadelphia, Editor of Gardener's Month- ly for thirty years, from 1859 to 1889, was the outstanding figure in the Society during that period. He helped to organize it, gave it publicity and encouragement through the columns of Gardener^s Monthly, attended every annual meeting for thirty years, and contributed largely to the programs. He was a leader in early American horticulture, especially in its scientific aspects, and greatly increased the prestige of the organization. Josiah Hoopes of West Chester, was one of the founders of the Society, and its President for eight years. He was one of the best-posted horticulturists of his times, especially in the appli- cation of the science of botany and plant physiology to fruit growing. In 1870, twenty-four years before M. V. Waite of the U. S. Department of Agriculture reported his experiments on cross-pollination in orchards, Josiah Hoopes, examined the pollen of different varieties of apples and came to the conclusion that the chief cause of ''barren" trees was that they did not produce a sufficient quantity of viable pollen. He recommended cross-pollination of varieties, through mixed planting, a quarter- century before Waite. Enos. B. Engle, of Marietta, and later of Waynesboro, is justly entitled to the affectionate title of ''the grand old man" of this Association. He served as Secretary for 32 years, from 1874 until 1909, with the exception of 1896 to 1899. Who can measure the value of the stewardship of this faithful, efficient, unassuming man? He carried the Association through the most difficult period of its history, the great depression period of 1876 to 1904, when interest was slack, membership low, and discouragement rampant. At th(^ 1891 meeting, wiien the out- look seemed almost hopeless, Enos B. Engle thus addressed tlu^ Chair: "Mr. President, it has hvvn suggested that our Society disband, or merge with some (^ther organization, as the State Board of Agriculture. I say, never!" His courage saved the day. As Inspector of Nurseries for the Pennsylvania Depart- ment of Agriculture, as well as Secretary of this organization, he rendered a lasting service to Pennsylvania horticulture. — 18 — Gabriel Hiester, of Harrisburg, President of the Association from 1905 to 1912, will be remembered for his enthusiasm for horticulture and his devotion to the Association. His member- ship extended over a period of 40 years, from 1872 to 1912. He was a pioneer in spraying, putting into effective practice the recommendations of the newly organized Agricultural Experiment Station, in 1892, at a time when most growers were either hesitant to undertake the venture, or frankly skeptical. His confidence in the future of Pennsylvania horticulture re- mained steadfast, even during the black years of the San Jose Scale panic, and this confidence was contagious. Not the least of his services to Pennsylvania was his term of 12 years as a Trustee of The Pennsylvania State College. To these four men we do special honor, for their works and for their faith. Yet they are but a few of the many who have served well. Let us call to mind, for a moment, some of the other partiarchs of the Society: Hiram M. Engle, Marietta, charter member, nurseryman, nut culturist, of the same fine breed as Enos B. Engle. Rev. John Knox, Pittsburgh, charter member, the "Straw- berry King" of the '60's, one of the most successful growers of small fruits under intensive cultivation that this country has ever had. Tobias Martin, Mercersburg, whose pear orchard was the marvel of the State in the early 70\s. John Rutter, West Chester, outstanding cultivator of the peach, and author of a book on this fruit. Edwin Satterth waite, Jenkintown, one of the most successful pear growers in the East from 1865 to 1875. Joseph W. Thomas, King-of-Prussia, nurseryman. His en- thusiasm and loyalty were transmitted to 1^:. W. Thomas, who served as Treasurer of the Association for 25 years, from 1902 to 1928. W. P. Brinton, Christiana, who served as Corresponding Secretary for 38 years, from 1872 to 1910, when the office was discontinued — an unparalled record. S. B. Heighes, York, expert on varieties of fruit, and President for three years, who was appointed Pomologist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1894. Cyrus T. Fox, Reading, editor and publicist, who served the Association long and well, between 1888 and 1910, as Cliairman of the Legislative Committee and Chairman of the General Fruit Committee. Dr. J. H. Funk, Boyertown, connoisseur on varieties. Farmers Institute speaker, who did more to arouse interest in fmit growing in Pennsylvania than any other man of his tune. His Book, *' Pennsylvania Fruits," was the pomological bible of Pennsylvania for many years. — 19 — W. H. Moon, Morrisville, nurseryman, President from 1891 to 1897, during whose administration the Association greatly stnnulated the public interest in ornamentals. Howard A. Chase, Philadelphia, nurseryman. President from 1900 to 1905. Dr. John P. Stewart, Horticulturist of the Experiment Station, who gave authoritative counsel on cultural methods and the use of fertilizers, based on the results secured in experiment orchards in different parts of the State. These are but a few of the many who have made the Asso- ciation what it is today, and have passed on, their work finished, and well done. What shall we say of those others who are still with us, many of whom are gathered here tonight? Some future historian will evaluate their service, and accord to each a mead of praise. Great as have been the changes that have taken place in Pennsylvania horticulture during the life of this Association, it is certain that the next seventy-five years will witness still greater changes, more difficult problems, calling for even greater resourcefulness and courage. The service of this organization to Pennsylvania horticulture has but just begun. The span of a man's life is three score years and ten; but who will set a limit to the life and the ministry of this Association? We build today, and those who follow us will build tomorrow, on founda- tions laid by these men whose memories we honor tonight. For three quarters of a century this Association has stood for all that is best and most progressive in Pennsylvania horti- culture. So shall it be for years to come. We observe this diamond anniversary as a expression of our deep sense of obliga- tion to the founders of the Association, as a witness of our determination to carry on in our day and generation, and as evidence of our confidence in the future of the great industry that it represents. We join in the testimony of Josiah Hoopes at the twenty-fifth anniversary meeting, in 1884: ^'I recall the kindly faces and hearty greetings of fellow members, many of whom have passed on, leaving only pleasant memories of good deeds as an encouragement to those who have followed them. The results of their labors in establishing this Society will remain, a lasting monument to them and to their love for horticulture.'' — 20 — STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA MEMBERSHIP LIST— 1933 Name Abraczinskas, Andrew Adams Co. Fruit Packing & Dist. Company Adams, J. F. Aiken, J. V. Allen, Howard G. Anderson, H. M. * Anderson, H. W. Anderson, Ralph W. App, Dr. Frank Ansbacher-Siegal Corp. *Anwyl, Harry L. Atkinson, R. E. ♦Atkinson, D. W. Atlantic Commission Co. Bain, J. M. Balmer, Clayton Balthaser, G. W. ♦Banzhaf, W. H. Barnard, C. P. Barr, I. C. Barr, Frank S. * Bar tram, Frank M. *Bartram, G. Maurice *Baugher, George L. *Baugher, H. G. Beach, F. H. Bear, Arthur Bear, Paul A. Bear, John W. Bear, Jacob R. Beatty, J. E. Beaverbrook Farm Beaverson, E. S. Beck, A. F. *Bell, R. H. Bender, L. J. Benn, Robert P. Benner, Roy Bikle, Philip M., Jr. Bikle, F. C. Bingham, A. H. Bingham, W. O. Birth, Elmer Bishop, William Black, H. M. ♦Blaine, Geo. W. Blanndina, Salyator ♦Blessing, David H. Boak, J. A. & Sons ♦Boles, McClellan T. Boltz, Mrs. Maude I. ♦Boltz, Peter R. Bountiful Ridge Nurseries Address Catawissa, R.D. 2 County Columbia Biglerville Dover, Delaware Portersville, R.D. 4 New Park New Park Stewartstown Fawn Grove Seabrook Farms, Bridge ton, N. J. 50 Union Ave., New York City Harrisburg Wrightstown Wrightstown Martinsburg, W. Va. King & Front Sts., Northumberland Adams Lawrence York York York York Dauphin Bucks Bucks Manheim, R.D. 1 Wernersville Muncy Kennett Square Greencastle, R.D. 2 Narvon Kennett Square West Chester Aspers Aspers Columbus, Ohio York, R.D. 10 Mount Wolf, R.D. 4 York, R.D. 10 York, R.D. 10 North Girard Brandywine Summitt York, R.D. 5 Perkasie, R.D. 1 Harrisburg Allen town, R.D. 4 Bangor, R.D. 5 Perkasie Chambersburg, R.D. Fayetteville, R.D. 1 St. Thomas 0 St. Thomas Fairmount Springs, R.D. 2 Doylcstown, R.D. Idamar, R.D. North East Pittaton, R.D. 4 N. Court St., Harrisburg New Castle, R.D. 4 Hanlin Station Sylvan Lake Farms, Summit Station ^ Schuylkill Lebanon Lebanon Princess Anne, Md. Snyder Lancaster Berks Lycoming Chester Franklin Lancaster Chester Chester Adams Adams York York York York Erie Chester York Bucks Dauphin Lehigh Northampton Bucks Franklin Franklin Franklin Franklin Luzerne Bucks Indiana Eric Luzerne Dauphin Lawrence Washington Life Members. Name Bovard & Baldwin Boyer, W. A. *Boyer, John F. Brace, Harold G. Bream, D. M. Co. *Breidenbaugh, H. L. Brereton, O'Hara D. Brereton, O'Hara D. Bricker, E. B. ♦Brinton, H. C. Brown, Bert C. Brown, Norman C. Brown, J. Turner lirown, Robert M. Brown, 11. W. Brown, S. A. Bru})aker, Daniel A. Bruner, W. W. Burkett, Peter B. Bucher, V. S. Burrill, Arthur W. California Spray-Chem. Corp. Carrell, Frank B. *Chase, Charles T. Chumard, Lewellyn Cherry, C. N. Clair, H. A. Clark, Kenneth Clark, B. M. Close, E. V. Coates, W. B. Coffroad, L. C. Columbia & Okanogan Nursery Co. *Cooper, C. A. Cope, F. R., Jr. Cornwall T^arms & Orchards Cox, J. \V. Crawford, J. B. Creasy, C. \\. Creasy, Luther P. Cressman, C. K. Crist, James D. Criswell, R. T. Croft, F. W. Crossman, P. S. *Crouse, E. A. Crowell, Samuel B. Crowell, A. & T. Cummings, J. W. *Cummings, .Joseph F. Curry, W. E. Cutler Mfg. Co. Daniels, Arthur * Davenport, Eugene Davis, E. N. G. Dayton Treesaver Co. DeLong, Cletus Y. Dennis, A. J. Detweiler, Ira K. Dickenshied, F. S. Dickey, Samuel Dickinson, B. M. Address 655 E. Washington St., New Castle County Lawrence Freel)urg Snyder Middleburg, R.D. 4 Snyder Dallas, R.D. 3 Luzerne Chambersburg Franklin Boyertown Berks St.' Thomas Franklin St. Thomas Franklin Lititz Lancaster Hanover York Marion Center, R.D. 3 Indiana liox 285, Waynesboro, R.D. Franklin New Park York Orefield Lehigh A Hen town. Box 570 Lehigh Schnecksville Lehigh Ephrata, R.D. 2 Lancaster Paxtonville Snyder Fogelsville Lehigh Reamstown Lancaster Orefield Lehigh 214 W. 14th St., New York City Neshaminv Bucks Bala * M ontgomery Ariel Waynes 910 Rvan St., New Castle Lawrence (HO Walnut St., Perkasic Bucks Northumberland Snyder Indiana Indiana Lawrenceville Tioga Gum Tree Chester New Holland, R. D. 2 Lancaster Wcnatchee, Washington 1000 Highland Ave., Corapolis Allegheny Dimock Susquehanna Lebanon Lawrence Franklin Columbia Columbia Berks FrankUn Franklin Erie Adams Delaware Chester Lawrence Northumberland Lawrence 404 East Mill St., Portland, Oregon Lake Ariel, R.D. 3 Wayne Plymouth Luzerne Newton Square Delawan^ Dayton, Ohio Mertztown, R.D. 2 Berks Zionsville, R.D. 1 Lehigh 30 N. 8th St., Lebanon Lebanon Zionsville, R.D. 1 Lehigh Oxford Chester 5634 Stanton Ave., Pittsl^urgh Allegheny Cornwall New Castle, R.D. 5 Fayetteville, R.D. 1 Cattiwissji, R.D. 1 Catawissa, R.D. 1 Barto, R.D. Walden, N. Y. 12 N. 2nd St., Chambersburg St. Thomas Girard Gettysburg Edgemont Avondale New Wilmington Sun bury New Castle, R.D. 1 Life Members. Name Diehl, Freeman *Dill, Robert Druck, Albert Duke, D. R. & B. F. ♦Dunlap, James M. ♦Dunlap, R. Bruce Duncan, Miss Eleanor C. Dye, H. W. Ebel, Clem H. Ebling, Aaron Edgerton, J. Russell Edminston, William Eisenhart, J. C. Elder, George K. ♦Eldon, Robert M. Enck, W. K. Englar, J. Walter Eshelman, Clyde Evans, W. H. Everhart, W. J. Evans, Roland Evans Brothers Fagan, F. N. Fahs, David Farley, A. J. ♦Fassett, F. H. Fawcett, K. I. Feeg, A. C. Feldman, Chas. S. Felty, G. O. B. Fenstermacher, P. S. Fetler, Joseph M. Fetterman, J. Gordon Fitch, Earle Findley, B. R. I^'isher, Fred Fisher, Isaac L. ♦Fletcher, S. W. Flinchbaugh, H. H. P lora Orchard Co. Forbes, R. M. Forry, S. E. Frankenfield, Asher ♦Freed, A. J. ♦Freed, W. A. Frey, H. E. Friday Brothers Frey, John L. r\ink, Sheldon Gackenbach, C. A. Gardenhour, G. \y. Garman, Albert S. ♦Garrahan, R. H. Garrett, Philip C. Gay, Arthur Gehr, Harvey J. Gibson, W. \\ Gibson, Ira E. Gillan, R. J. Gillan, C. F. Gillan, G. G. Glaze, Fred L. Address Fishertown North East Wrightsville, R.D. 2 60 West Queen St., Chambersburg Shippensburg, R.D. 2 Dept. of Welfare, Harnsburg 323 E. King St., Shippensburg Middleport, N. Y. Mars Reading, R.D. 2 Westtown New Wilmington, R.D. York, R.D. 1 Lewiston, Maine Aspers Biglerville New Windsor, Md. Washington Boro, R.D. 1 Plainsville ^ 219 Philadelphia St., ^ork Longwood Farms, Kennett Square . Meadowcraft Farm, Glen Mills State College York, R.D. 9 New Brunswick, N. J. Meshoppen Lafayette, Ind. Robesonia, R.D. 1 Cham))ersburg, R.D. (> Millersville Allentown, R.D. 3 Wexford, R.D. 1 Media 800 N. 11th St., Readmg Black Lick, Box 74, R.D. Wernersville Soudersburg State College Logan ville Wrightsville Erie, R.D. 1 Epharata, R.D. 1 Ontelaunee Orchards. Leesport Racine Racine York, R.D. 6 New Castle, R.D. 1 ,, ,. c/o C. K. Whitner Co., Readmg Bovertown Orefield, R.D. 1 Smithburg, Md. North Charles St., Manheim Kingston Malvern Dallas, R.D. 3 Waynesboro Yoe Blairsville, R.D. 1 St. Thomas St. Thomas St. Thomas Winchester, Va. County Bedford Erie York Franklin Cumberland Dauphin Ciunberland Allegheny Berks Chester 1 .awrence York Adams Adams Lancaster Luzerne York Chester Delaware Centre York Wvoming Berks Franklin Lancaster Lehigh Allegheny Deljiware Berks Indiana Berks Lancaster Centre York York Erie Lancaster Berks Beaver Beaver York Lawrence Berks Berks Lehigh Lancaster Luzerne Delaware Luzerne Franklin York Indiana Franklin Franklin Frankhn Franklin ♦ Life Members. Name jGlick, Jacob R. Glick, Jonas R. Goldsborough, E. L. Good, Harvey Goodling, G. A. Goshorn, Taylor L. Graybille, Floyd Gramm, H. V. Graybill, N. Charles Greenawalt, Rev. Geo. A. Greenbaum, Raymond *Griest, C. A. *Griest, Frederick E. Grim, W. S. Grimshaw, Harry Gross, H. S. Group, Foster C. Grove, W. E. ♦Grove, W. E. Gutelius, Ray D. Haagen, Rex Haas, William Haase, Alfred H. Haase, Herman Haberman, Mrs. T. C. Hackenburg, Chas. Hacker, A. L. Haddock, John C. Hafer, Roy Haines, R. B., 3rd ♦Hall, L. C. Harbison, C. F. Harshman, John W., Jr. Hartman, Scott W. ♦Hartman, L. E. Hassinger, H. C. Hausman, Geo. B. ♦Haverstick, Paul E. Hayes, S. B. Hayman, Guy li. Heacock, O. J. Heinz, Henry Heisey, S. A. Herr, C. H. TIcrrick, R, S. Horshey, C. Maurice ♦Hershey, H. F. Hertzler, Jacol) Hess, C. C. Hess, Ray B. Hess, Paul Ci. Hetrick, A. W. Higgins, W. A. Hile, Anthony Hileman, W. Carl ♦Hill, William D. Hinnershitz, C. Walter Hobson, William Hoffman, H. L. Hoit, Perry Holtzapple, T'rank P. ♦Hoopes, Wilmer W. Hootman, H. D. Address County Lancaster, R.D. 1 Lancaster Lancaster, R.D. 5 Lancaster Shepherdstown, W. Va. Lancaster, R.D. 8 Lancaster Loganville York Quincy, Box 47 Franklin Richfield Snyder St. Thomas, R.D. 1 Franklin New Windsor, Md. Boyertown Berks Allen town State Hospital, Allentown Lehigh Guernsey Adams Flora Dale Adams Red Lion York North Girard Erie York, R.D. 10 York Gardners Adams 120 N. 6th St., Chambersburg Franklin York Springs Adams Millmont Union Clymer Indiana Coplay, R.D. 1 Lehigh Narrowsburg, N. Y. Wayne Narrowsburg, N. Y., R.D. 1 Wayne Baden Beaver Mt. Pleasant Mills Snyder 451 Hamilton St., Allentown Lehigh Wilkes-Barre Luzerne Fayetteville, R.D. 1 Franklin 156 School Lane, German town Philadelphia Erie North Girard New Castle, R.D. 1 Lawrence Smithburg, Md., R.D. 1 Palm Berks Cly York Beavertown Snyder Coopersburg, R.D. 2 Lehigh Farm Bureau, Lancaster Lancaster Enon Valley, R.D. 1 Lawrence Northbrook Chester Biglerville Adams Narrowburg, N. Y. Wayne Greencastle, R.D. 4 Franklin Lancaster, R.D. 2 Lancaster Des Moines, Iowa Paradise, R.D. I Lancaster Hamburg Berks Lancaster, R.D. 3 Lancaster 290 Washington St., New York City Mt. Alto, R.D. 1 Franklin Waynesboro, R.D. 2 Franklin Beavertown Snyder Dallas, R. D. Luzerne Curwensville Clearfield New Castle, R.D. 3 Lawrence North East Erie 1255 Button wood St. Berks Avondale Chester Butler, Star Route Butler Indiana, R.D. 7 Indiana Selinsgrove West Chester Snyder Chester East Lansing, Mich. ♦ Life Members. Name Horn, W. H. Home, David Hood, T. C. ♦Horst, J. Morris Hostetler, Abram Howard, P. H. Hostetter, J. E., Dr. Huber, Edwin B. ♦Huev, S. R. Hunt, N. M. Hutchinson, J. D. Huyett, Irwin B. Hutchison, T. G. Mrs. Hykes, Edward Imswiler, John S. Ingham, M. M. Irey, Allen M. James, D. M. Janes, J. T. Jayne, Allen Jefferson, Thomas H. Johnston, Rolland G. Johnston, J. H. . Johnston, M. E. Johnston, R. S. ♦Johnston, Mrs. F. C. Karns, J. H. Kauffman, C. E. Kauffman, C. B. Kauffman, A. L. Kauffman, J. B. ♦Keller, Paul J. Kelso, James Kendig, Dr. J. D. Kerchner, Harvey T. ♦Kessler, Geo. W. Ketner, Jacob B. King, M. G. King, H. L. Kister, U. G. Kleppinger, B. M. Knappenberger, Thomas Kock, C. H. ♦Koehler, Paul us E. Kraybill, S. S. Krebs, H. B. Kuhns, Oscar H. Kuhns, Victor Kyle, Wm. M. Landis, H. D. ♦Landis, D. M. Latshaw, J. E. Lau, L. E. Lau, R. E. Lau, Rev. I. M. Lau, L. B. Laub, H. H., Jr. Laudenslager, John l^audenslager, Martion Lay, W. G. Lehman, G. E. Ijehman, Sylvester Leibhart, S. H. Lemmon, D. R. Address Chambersburg, R.D. 10 York, R.D. 3 Saltsburg, R.D. 1 Lebanon, R.D. 3 Johnstown, R.D. 3 Dover, R.D. 1 Gap, R.D. 1 232 S. Main St., Chamt^ersburg New Castle, R.D. 3 New Castle, R.D. 3 Rear 84 Scott St., Wilkes-Barre Reading, R.D. 1 New Wilmington York, R.D. 5 West Chester New Castle, R.D. 5 Boyertown Harrisburg, Bureau of Markets North Girard West Auburn Wycombe Hereford New Wilmington, R.D. 1 Connoquenessing New Wilmington, R.D. 1 Dallas Chambersburg Manchester, R.D. 1 Bird-in-Hand Ronks, R.D. 1 York, R.D. 7 Tyrone Enon Valley Saluga Lenhartsville Tyrone Wernersville Mt. Wolf, R.D. 1 New Castle, R.D. 1 Etters Coopersburg, R.D. 2 Zionsville McKeansburg 826 Washington Ave., Monaca Mt. Joy Mcrcersburg Allentown, R.D. 3 Allentown, R.D. 2 Zionsville Girard 1 Lancaster Marion East Berlin, R.D. 2 York 715 Manor St., York East Berlin, R.D. 2 Lewistown Orefield, R.D. 1 Orefield, R.D. 1 North Girard Wrightsville, R.D. 2 York, R.D. 9 Wrightsville, R.D. 1 North Girard County Franklin York Indiana Lebanon Cambria York I^ancaster Franklin Lawrence Lawrence Luzerne Berks Lawrence York Chester Lawrence Berks Dauphin Erie Susquehanna Bucks Berks Lawrence Allegheny Lawrence Luzerne Franklin York Lancaster Lancaster York Blair Lawrence Lancaster Berks Blair Berks York Lawrence York Lehigh Lehigh Schuylkill Beaver Lancaster Franklin Lehigh Lehigh Lehigh Erie Lancaster Franklin York York York York Mifflin I^ehigh Lehigh Erie York York York Erie * Life Members. Name Lengle, Paul H. *Leonard, F. E. Lepole, Walter Lesher, H. V. Lewis, S. V. Lewis, Norman Lightner, E. S. Linde, J. Eric Linville, Arthur S. Long, D. Edward Longenecker, H. G. *Loop, A. I. Loose, H. H. *Lord, John Loucks, Walter Lucas Kil-Tone Co. McClenathan, J. J. ♦McClellan, J. B. McCormick, C. M. ♦McCormick, James McDonald, R. C. ♦McFarland, J. Horace McGinnis, C. R. *McGeorge, Mrs. K. L. McHenry, Clarence Mcllvaine, J. S. *McKee, J. M. ♦MacNeal, W. H. McPherson Brothers McPherson, Rov P. McWhorter, O. T. Maderia, Ambrose ♦MafTet, Miss M. A. Marsh, H. V. Marshall, Thomas ♦Martin, J. O. Mattern, Jos. C. Mattes, Paul Matthews, W. H. Mauger, Maurice Maurer, D. Edward * Mayer, Guy S. Mecartney, J. L. Meeder, J. V. *Meehan, S. Mend el son Mesta Brothers Miles, H. C. C. Miller, Frank M. Miller, John W. Miller, Harvey *Miller, Amos Miller, W. C. Miller, Carroll R. Miller, David Miller, C. Clayton Minnich, C. S. Mitchell, E. B. Mitterling, John T. Mohr, Frank J. Mohring, F. G. Morhman, Dick *Moon, Henry T. Moore, M. A. Morse, Carl ♦ Life Members. Address Pine Grove Carlisle, R.D. 1 Akron Northumberland, R.D. 1 Wyoming, R.D. 1 Pittston, R.D. 1 York, R.D. 11 Orefield Media, R.D. 2 1^'ayetteville Mt. Joy North iOast Mengcs Mills Wyoming, R.D. I ♦ York Vineland, N. J. North Girard Canonsl)urg New Castle, Knox Ave. Harrisburg Shippensburg Harrisburg Reading Orrtanna Indiana Fayetteville Harrisl)urg Parkersburg Bridgeton LeRoy, N. Y. Cor vail is, Oregon Sinking Springs 204 S. Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre Seven Valleys, R.D. 2 New Hope Mercersburg 310 Newry St., Hollidaysburg Emaus, R.D. 1 Salem, Ohio Boyertown, R.D. 2 Selinsgrove Willow Street, R.D. 1 S ate College North Girard Newton Square Finleyville, R.D. 1 Milford, Conn. 42 W. Main St., Waynesboro Ephrata, R.D. 2 Loganville Hanover, R.D. 4 Catawissa, R.D. 1 Martinsburg, W. Va. 2221 Chew St., Allentown Marion Leesport, R.D. 1 Harrisburg, R.D. 3 Mount Pleasant Mills Fogelsville North Girard Narrowsburg, N. Y. Morrisville Lititz New Wilmington County Schuylkill Cumberland Lancaster Northumberland T^uzerne Luzerne York Lehigh Delaware Franklin Lancaster Erie York Luzerne York Erie Washington Lawrence Dauphin Cumberland Dauphin Berks Adams Indiana Franklin Dauphin Chester York Berks Luzerne York Bucks Franklin Blair Lehigh Berks Snyder Lancaster Centre Erie Chester Washington Franklin Lancaster York York Columbia Lehigh Franklin Berks Dauphin Snyder Lehigh Erie Wayne Bucks Lancaster Lawrence \ i/ Name Mt. Breeze Orchard Co. Moyer, J. Calvin Moyer, Lee Musser, C. B. Murdock, T. Murray, E. A. Musselman, I. Z. Musser, W. E. *Myers, Levi M. Myers, Paul M. Nagel, G. R. National Sulphur Co., Inc. Neiman, Otto Nelson, Corbett D. Newman, H. W. Newton, E. M. Nibert, Wm. Nicodemus, Ed. Niles, Ben E. Nissley, D. H. Nolt, Harrison S. Noss, J. A. Nowell, Mary B. Otts, Wm. Ober, Dr. H: K. ♦O'Connor, Haldeman Offutt, N. A. Omwake Brothers *Page, C; M. ♦Pannebaker, Wm. M. Parker, H. B. Capt. Parrish, E. R. Paschal, John Passmore, S. S. Passmore, Norman S. Patterson, James W. Paxson, Samuel L. Pedrick & Roemhild Pennock, Geo. S. Pherson, J. L. Philp, George Poff, Curvin Poor, D. W. Powers, R. A. Prather, E. M. *Pratt, B. G. Raine, Tom W. ♦Rankin, C. C. Rapp, Ira M., Dr. Reichard, Chas. W. Reist, H. G. Reist, C. J. Reiter, F. G. Rhine, H. L. Rice, Daniel Richardson, W. F. Rick, Charles M. Rick, John M. Rick, John Riley, Raymond G. Ritter, Elias ♦Rinehart, R. S. * Life Members. Address Fayetteville, R.D. 1 Middleburg, R.D. 4 Freeburg Mt. Wolf, R.D. 1 Malvern Punxsutawney Orrtanna New Bethlehem, R.D. 3 Siddonsburg Lancaster, R.D. 8 Ellwood City, R.D. 1 420 Lexington Ave., New York City Dover, R.D. 3 711 Eversham Ave., Baltimore, Md. County Franklin Snyder Snyder York Chester Indiana Adams Clarion York Lancaster Lawrence York New Castle, R.D. 4 New Wilmington, R.D. 1 Indiana, R.D. Waynesboro Henderson, Ky. 142 E. Chestnut St., Lancaster Columbia New Castle, R.D. 3 Langhome Hanover, R.D. 3 College Ave., Elizabethtown 13 N. Front St., Harrisburg Volant Greencastle Etters Virgilina, Va*. Boston, Mass. Dallas, R.D. 1 Kennett Square Mendenhall Glen Mills, R.D. 1 Apollo Lumberville 122 Dock St., Philadelphia 165 W. Essex Ave., Lansdowne Volant 1700 McFarland Rd., Pittsburgh York, R.D. 5 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Hartwood Farm, Sharpsburg Knoxville, Tenn. 50 Church St., New York City Fairview The Kenilworth, Alden Park, Germantown, Philadelphia 235 N. 6th St., Reading Waynesboro 1166 Avon Rd., Schenectady, N. Y Mt. Joy Mars McClure New Bloomfield Whiteford, Md. 431 Windsor St., Reading Ellwood City, R.D. 1 Reading North Girard Selinsgrove Mercersburg Franklin Lawrence Lawrence Indiana Franklin Lancaster Lancaster Ijawrence Bucks York I^ancaster Dauphin I^awrence Franklin York Luzerne Chester Chester Delware Indiana Bucks Philadelphia Delaware Lawrence Allgeheny York Wayne Allegheny Erie Philadelphia Berks Franklin Lancaster Allegheny Snyder Perry York Berks I^awrence Berks Erie Snyder Franklin Name Address County Rinn, J. Cloid Indiana Indiana Ritter, Astor Allentowu, R.D. 3 Lehigh Berks Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S. Lorane Rittenhouse, S. B. Lorane Berks Roberts, J. Earle 220 Dock St., Philadelphia Philadelphia ♦Roberts, Horace Moorestown, N. J. *Rhode, William Johnstown Cambria Rohrer, Geo. H. Dryville Berks Root, J. W. Manheim, R.D. 1 Lancaster Roth, Edwin Fogelsville Lehigh Royer, John Akron Ijancaster Rozelle, H. E. Pittston, R.D. Luzerne Ruef, J. U. State College Centre Ruhl, Dr. H. F. Manheim Lancaster ♦Riink, J. A. Huntingdon Huntingdon Russell, N. W. Erie, R.D. 6 Erie Rutter, Walter W. New Holland, R.D. 2 Lancaster Saeger, Oscar J. Estate Lehighton Lehigh Salsgiver, Andrew Indiana, R.D. 7 Indiana Satterthwaite, Lewis P. Newtown Bucks *Satterthwaite, Frederick Yardley Bucks Schantz, H. A. 538 Hamilton St., Allen town Lehigh Schantz, Horace 1736 Hamilton St., Allen town Lehigh Schantz, L. M. Orefield, R.D. 1 Lehigh Schieferstein, William Leesport Berks Schmidt, William Berwick, R.D. 2 Columbia Scholl, W. J. Barto Berks Schoonover, W. E. Dallas, R.D. 3 Luzerne Schreiber, H. E. Zionsville Lehigh Schrope, John Hegins Schuylkill Schuldt, J. Carlton Elizabethtown Lancaster Shultz, Chester K. Barto Berks Seachman, Geo. E. Red Lion, R.D. 1 York Seaman, George Honesdale Wayne *Searle, AJonza T. Honesdale Wayne Seitz, John B. Rohrerstown Lancaster ♦Settlemeyer, C. T. Wilmore, R. D. Canibria Shaffer, Harvey E. Dover, R.D. 5 York Shaffer Bros. Gravity Wayne Shaffer, Harry Penn Run Indiana *Shank, H. A. Lancaster, R.D. 7 Lancaster Sharp, Raymond D. Manheim, R.D. 4 Lancaster Sharpe, Walter K. 167 Lincoln Way East, Chambersburg Franklin Shattuck, J. H. Erie, R.D. 6 Erie Shaw, R. C. Stewartstown York Sheadle, Misses Adele ' Tobacco By-Products Chemical Corp. lilack Leaf 40 05 Titus N\u-s(My Co. -I'ruit trees 77 Pedrick & Roemhild Conunis.^ion merchant s '^3 Pioneer Paper Stock Co. -Oiled shredded pai)er ^^7 X. \'. Potash ExiK)rt My, Inc.-Potash ^-^ Niagara Si)rayer & Chemical Co., Inc.- Dust and spray materials 73 Adams County Nursery and Fruit Farms lYuit and ornamental trees 41 General Chemical Co. Spray and dust mat(Tials, etc 45 Fred C. St rype -Sunset shredded oiled paper, oiled wraps SI Bart let t Mfg. Co. -Bart let t pruning tools ^^^ Boot's Nurseries, Inc. Fruit trees, i)lan is, (Mc 87 A. B. I'^miuhar Co., Ltd. Cider presses «'^7 Enterprise Nurseries -Fruit and ornamental trees 89 G. "Mose" Parkins -Baskets, corrugated caps, liners 89 Trexler I'^arms All kinds of orchard supplies and equipment .... 91 (irasselli Chemical Co. Sirniy and dust materials 93 Koppers Products Co. -Koppers Flotation Sulphur 97 Bountiful Ridge Nurseries - Fruit trees, ornamental and small fruit plants inside front cover Central Chemical Co. "A spray and dust for every purpose" Outside back cover B. G. Pratt Co.- Oil, oil and tar, tar emulsion sprays . . Inside back cover THESE FIRMS HELP MAKE THESE PRO- CEEDINGS POSSIBLE; PATRONIZE THEM! FOR THIRTY YEARS THE ONE DEPENDABLE OIL SPRAY— NEVER EQUALED, NEVER EXCELLED SCALECIDE THE COMPLETE DORMANT SPRAY Scalecide has a winder range of usefulness than any spray ever made. As a Delayed Dormant Spray Scalecide does all that can ^ done at that particular time with any spray or combmation of sprays. Kills scale, aphis, red mite, etc., and invigorates the trees. As a Tree Paint kills as high as 84% of the over-wintering codling moth without injury to the trees. For Root Troubles prevents and tends to heal collar rot. Kills wooly aphis on the roots. For Peach Borers kills as high a percentage as you can get from worming without the danger from Paradichlorbenzine to young or old trees. SUMMER SCALECIDE combined 1-100 with Sulfocide 1-200 is the ideal pink and prepink spray for apples. Kills aphis red naite red bug and any soft bodied insect it hits. Also is first protection for scab at less than the cost of nicotine alone. Summer Scalecide acts as a spreader and activator for nicotine. For Codh^ Moth and other summer applications. New York Experiment Station found it consistently one of the best of a long list of activators and certainly the cheapest. Unexcelled as a spreader with bordeaux or arsenate. One of the most economical summer oils. PRATT'S OIL EMULSIONS Priced so low that it will hardly pay to make at home. Pratt's **83"— a highly refined 83% lubricating oil emulsion, having special properties for high scale control and safety. The equal of any oil emulsion sold in competition with bcalecide. Tar-o-wash— a tar oil emulsion for aphis eggsjn winter Contains lubricating oil for scale and red mite control— 50% tar, 66% lubri- cating oil. oKOr 4. Straitar— a straight tar oil emulsion for aphis eggs-785% tar. Used alone or combined with oil emulsion for a complete winter wash. Write Department *'D" for complete details and prices on the products which interest you the most. B. G. Pratt Company 50 CHURCH STREET -*• « *m m *m NEW YORK "AHEAD of the PARADE'' in Orchard Spraying isas a^ "TAROCIDE" (old name Tarolene) The most dependable dormant Spray for Aphis, Scale, Pear Psylla, Red Mite, Bud Moth and other insects. The oldest and best known Tar Oil Spray in America. "PRECIPTO" "PRECIPTO" — the most revolutionary Summer Spray ever offered to fruit growers. Just as "TAROCIDE" (formerly called Tarolene) revolutionized dormant spraying, "PRECIPTO" is revolutionizing Summer Spraying. "PRECIPTO'' makes it possible for you to use the old reliable and best fungicide — Lime Sulphur Solution — on Peaches, Cherries, Apples, Plums and many other plants without danger of scalding. ••GRO-ALL" OIL EMULSION— 83% The leading Oil Spray for Scale control. Mixes readily with Lime Sulphur, Bordeaux, and Nicotine. CENCO OIL EMULSION— 66^% A reasonably priced, milk-white, free-flowing Emulsion containing 66V3% highly refined Petroleum Oil of proper viscosity. LARGEST GRINDERS OF SUPERFINE AND COMMERCIAL SULPHUR IN BALTIMORE AREA A SPRAY AND DUST FOR EVERY PURPOSE Manufactured Only by Central Chemical Co., Inc. BALTIMORE, MARYLAND MILTON, PENNA. Nearby Factories: GETTYSBURG, PENNA,