Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v.12 Place of Publication: State College, Pa. Copyright Date: 1935 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg096.5 I k P4l Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION I«ued Quarterly at State CoUege. P». Sub«^ption Included in Annual Due. of $2.00 Entered « stamd7-W\"^v';ii ■.':■■■ wu ^o«f^ ''Ahead of the Parade in Orchard Spraying TAROCIDE // The most economical and effective Winter Wash for Aphis, Scale, Pear Psylla, Red Mite, Bud Moth and other insects. TAROCIDE has been giving satisfactory results for six years— the oldest and best known Tar Oil Spray in America. You take no chances on usin^ this tested and proven Tar Oil. Its results are always invigorating and positive. ,\*;vTcp "GRO-ALL" PRODUCTS USED FROM COAST TO COAST LARGEST GRINDERS OF COMMERCIAL SULPHUR— 300 MESH SUPERFINE SULPHUR IN THE BALTIMORE AREA "GRO-ALL" OIL EMULSION The leading Oil Spray for Scale control. Mixes readily with Lime Sulphur Solution, Bordeaux and Nicotine CENCO FLOWABLE EMULSION A reasonably priced, milk-white, free-flowing Emulsion containing Special Refined Petroleum Oil of proper viscosity ROTENONE DUST AND ROTENONE SPRAY ROTENONE DUSTS and SPRAYS are the safest to use on your vegetable crops. Eliminates the danger of arsenical residue. Contains no Lead, Ar- senic, Copper or Fluorine, yet is a positive control of most insects on truck crops such as cabbage worms, cucumber beetles, bean beetles, asparagus beetles, potato bugs, plant lice, etc., etc. Our ROTENONE DUSTS and SPRAYS have been outstanding in their effectiveness. COPPER ] ARSENICALS }A SPRAY OR DUST FOR EVERY PURPOSE SULPHUR J CENTRAL CHEMICAL CO., Inc. BALTIMORE, MARYLAND Pennsylvania Factories: GETTYSBURG MEYERSDALE SOMERSET MILTON PHILADELPHIA Other Factories: VIRGINIA WEST VIRGINIA NEW YERSEY Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION lna;£''-^Si ''Ahead of the Paraae in Orchard Sprayins TAROCIDE Kiving satisfactory results for six years-the oldest and best known Tar Oil Spray in America. You take no chances on using this tested and proven Tar Oil. Its results are always invigorating and positive. •*GRO-ALL" PRODUCTS USED FROM COAST TO COAST LARGEST GRINDERS OF COMMERCIAL SULPHUR— 300 MESH SUPERFINE SULPHUR IN THE BALTIMORE AREA "GRO-ALL" OIL EMULSION The leading Oil Spray for Scale control. Mixes readily with Lime Sulphur Solution, Bordeaux and Nicotine CENCO FLOWABLE EMULSION A reasonably priced, milk-white, free-flowing Emulsion containing Special Refined Petroleum Oil of proper viscosity ROTENONE DUST AND ROTENONE SPRAY ROTENONE DUSTS and SPRAYS are the safest to use on your vegetable crops. Eliminates the danger of arsenical residue. Contains no Lead, Ar- semc. Copper or Fluorine, yet is a positive control of most insects on truck crops such as cabbage worms, cucumber beetles, bean beetles, asparagus beetles, potato bugs, plant Uce, etc., etc. Our ROTENONE DUSTS and SPRAYS have been outstanding in their effectiveness. COPPER ARSENICALS A SPRAY OR DUST FOR EVERY PURPOSE SULPHUR CENTRAL CHEMICAL CO., Inc. BALTIMORE, MARYLAND Pennsylvania Factories: GETTYSBURG MEYERSDALE SOMERSET MILTON PHILADELPHIA Other Factories: VIRGINIA WEST VIRGINIA NEW YERSEY n Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION ...u.d Q.«t.rly .t SUU Coll.,., P.. Annu.l D«.., Includin, Sub.c,ip«on, S8.00 Entered as second-class mailer at ihe Posl Office at Slate Collese, Pa. Vol. XII State College, Pa., March, 1935 No.l • M • Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1935 ^ ? Seventy-sixth (Annual iMeeting Held in Harrisburg, Pa., January 23-24 19 3 5 State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1935 The seventy-sixth annual meeting was opened in Room B, Farm Show Building at Harrisburg, Wednesday morning, January 23, by President Reiter who called upon the Rev. H. B. King of the Paxtang Presbyterian Church to give the invocation. OFFICERS FOR 1935 President . . . H. F. Hershey, Hamburg Vice President R. Johnston Gillan, St. Thomas Secretary R. H. Sudds, State College t Treasurer C. B. Snyder, Ephrata Executive Committee: The above named officers and C. J. Tyson, Gardners; H. M. Anderson, New Park; J. Eric Linde, Orefield. STANDING COMMITTEES Legislation and Representatives on Agricultural Council: C. J. Tyson, Ch.; H. S. Nolt, Columbia; R. T. Criswell, Chambersburg, (Repre- sentative on Tax Committee). State Farm Show and Exhibition: John Ruef, State College, Ch.; R. J. Gillan, St. Thomas; Paul Thayer, Carlisle. Insect Pests: T. L. Guyton, Harrisburg, Ch.; H. N. Worthley, State College; H. E. Hodgkiss, State College. Plant Diseases: H. W. Thurston, State College, Ch.; R. S. Kirby, State College; K. W. Lauer, Harrisburg. Game Laws: J. A. Runk, Huntingdon, Ch.; Geo. Balthaser, Wernersville; R. H. Bell, Harrisburg. True-To-Name-Trees: F. N. Fagan, State College, Ch.; F. M. Trimble, Harrisburg; G. L. Baugher, Aspers. Inspection Fund: E. B. Mitchell, Harrisburg, Ch.; M. E. Knouse, Peach Glen; C. J. Tyson, Gardners. Representative from Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania to Eastern States Fruit Council at Washington: R. H. Sudds, State College. — 2 — .► ^ PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS F. G. REITER, Mars, Pa. It gives me great pleasure to greet you at this seventy-sixth anniversary meeting of our State Horticultural Association. I want to congratulate our Secretary on the program he has ^pre- pared and on the cut on the program, "The Spirit of 76. It has taken a lot of this spirit to come through the last few years. Business conditions, markets, drought, insects, and diseases have brought us a lot of anxious moments but still we are holding on A severe drought in the early part of this season dimimshed the prospects for a crop but helped the control of diseases, ihe government report of the lightest crop since 1921, and the second lightest on record, made conditions look good for better prices. Heavy rains during late summer and early fall developed our apples to large size giving us more of a crop than anticipated, which sold at fair prices. , j i The few peach growers favored with a crop were favored also with an especially good market. The peach crop was very light in many sections and as an old neighbor would say, The cellar shelves will be well cleared and ready for a crop next year I want to thank all the committees for their faithful work during this year and I especially want to comment on the splendid fruit show, a credit to any organization It is said that history repeats itself. Dr. F etcher m his "History of Fruit Growing in Pennsylvania," quoted statements of years ago that sounded like our depression years and so at our Annual Horticulture Week at State College Dr Weaver, in his analysis of the fruit situation, indicated better times ahead for the fruit grower. . I believe our Secretary's report will show an increase in membership and in finances during the past year, but let us not be satisfied with what we have accomphshed but strive tor a stronger organization and even a better show. -3- \ SECRETARY'S REPORT With this meeting, your Secretary completes five years of service to the Association. His efforts, he hopes, together with the aid of the other officers, have helped keep this organization on a strong foundation through the depression. As Mr. Snyder's report will show, we have the largest bank balance in many years with every outstanding bill paid in full. We have obligated ourselves to pay for a much more expensive program this year with many new speakers. This was done because complaints were made that you were having to hear the same State College speakers all too frequently. It is up to you to support the Association by securing more members to enable us to continue such programs in the future. Part of the compensation for the Secretary's position is the pleasure of associating with men such as our Presidents have been. President Reiter is the third President under whom your Secretary has served; they have been in order. Dr. J. S. Ritten- house, Mr. R. T. Criswell, and Mr. Francis G. Reiter. They have been a credit both to this Association and to themselves and it is to be hoped that Mr. Reiter's successor continues this unbroken line of outstanding gentlemen. Our membership last year at this time was 610; now we have 754 members, which is quite a decided gain. This is in part due to the affiliation of the Lackawanna County Horticultural Asso- ciation which brings us a large group of progressive growers, and in part to an improved financial condition of the growers. We have also more inducements to join than previously. So far as we know, the affiliation with the American Fruit Grower whereby we give a year's subscription with each mem- bership has been quite satisfactory. This will be continued this year. The editor, Mr. J. T. Bregger, welcomes any sugges- tions for improving his magazine. We have been giving a two-year membership credit for aP joining after July 1. This was intended as a means of inducing new members to join. However, there are certain individuals who have been regularly receiving two years' membership for one year's dues. The Executive Committee has decided to change this so that the dues paid in any one year pay only to the next annual meeting. This Association through a committee has been handling all the Pennsylvania State-Federal fruit inspection funds from the growers to lower the cost of the service, and to prevent any surplus at the end of the season from being lost forever to the growers in the State Treasury. Mr. E. B. Mitchell has been handling this work to the entire satisfaction of those using this service. Mr. M. E. Knouse and Mr. C. J. Tyson are also mem- bers of this committee which your Secretary unintentionally left out of the program. — 4 — Special Attention to Planters of Fruit Trees We are located in one of the Greatest Fruit Growing Counties in Southern Pennsylvania, Adams County. We pay special attention to the growing of Fruit Trees for planters. We never had a better growing season; no drouth to hold up growing. Write for Catalogue giving prices. Location 10 miles north of Gettysburg, Pa., on hard road, 35 miles southwest of Harrisburg, via Carlisle and Mt. Holly Springs. Nursery and Packing House on Railroad siding. Adams County Nursery and Fruit Farms H. G. Baugher, Proprietor, ASPERS P. O., PA. Telegraph, Shipping Address, Bendersville Station, Pa. Phone Call Biglerville, 42-R-12 5 — The financing of the Pennsylvania Quality fruit labels will be discontinued by this Association since our carry-over is all sold and we have had much of our capital frozen up in these labels several times in the past two years. This has been a real service to the growers but we are not able to do this any longer with our small cash capital. Any such future label orders will be between the buyer and the printer. What are your wishes concerning a summer meeting? Is there enough interest to arrange a trip in Pennsylvania or in another State, or wQl a summer meeting at State College be satisfactory? Your expression of opinion will be welcomed.* The Resolutions Committee will present a resolution on the death of F. H. Fassett, Meshoppen, President in 1918 and 1919, according to Dr. Fxetcher^s ^ ^History of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania.'^ Your Secretary attended two meetings in 1934 at the expense of the Association. The first one, last April, was the annual meeting of the Eastern States Apple Growers' Council. Various problems of interest to the eastern growers were discussed. A complete report of this meeting was given in the June News Letter. The Northeastern States Agricultural Conference, called in December by the Farm Bureaus of those states, met in New York. The report of the fruit division of the meeting calls for (1) Improved market reporting including a coverage of truck movement, (2) City terminal markets were recommended for some of the larger cities to help fruit handling in these larger places, (3) Improved chain store merchandising systems are sought for the benefit of all concerned, (4) County auctions are urged where practicable, (5) Regional fruit markets are sug- gested for some of the larger cities of 500,000 and more popula- tion, (6) Marketing agreements are recommended where they are desired by the growers and can be made effective, and (7) Research is recommended in greater amounts, especially on marketing problems, rather than on production problems. A shift of energies in this direction was thought highly desirable. The activities of the Association are increasing markedly every year, requiring a correspondingly greater amount of time. This means that the present Secretary has less and less time to devote to his other work at the College. But until some grower is both able and willing to take over the secretaryship, the present arrangement will probably have to be continued. The College has unofficially recognized this work as one of its legiti- mate functions so that there is no present difficulty regarding the use of College time in conducting Association affairs. Please feel free to write the Secretary at any time if you have suggestions for the good of the Association. '''A Summer meeting and trip is being planned. — 6 SECRETARY'S NOTES Any talks not pubUshed are due to inabihty to obtain the copv The Agricultural Library of The Pennsylvania State College would appreciate a January, 1933, issue of The American Fruit Grower. None can be secured from the oublisher. Will someone please donate his copy to the Library? It may be sent either to the Agricultural Li- brary, The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania, or to R. H. Sudds, State College. Your postage will be refunded and an acknowledgment made of your courtesy by personal letter and likewise in the June News Letter. TREASURER'S REPORT 1934i C. B. SNYDER, Ephrata, Pa. Receipts to date of meeting— * l 268 22 Expenditures*— ' _, . , . S 434.01 Cash on hand gQQ qq Bonds, bank certificates , ^ 234 01 Total assets ' We have audited the accounts of Mr. Snyder and found them to be correct. Signed: J. Gordon Fettbbman Thomas Jeffekbon F. W. Walker. Dr Anthony: We have the largest paid membership of any state Horti- cultoral Sty not receiving StatI or similar aid and we are the second or ?ffiare^st society in the United States. The advertisers have proven their Mth in our aS tion by continuing and even increasing their patrona^ aU during the depression. The Association has also paid oft a debt of $900 since 1914. I hope all of you reaUze the true worth of this Society to you. NOMINATING COMMITTEE REPORT Our tentative selection of officers for 1935 is as follows: President H. F. Hershey, Hamburg Vice President R. J- Gillan, St. Thomas Secretary R- H. Sudds, State College Treasurer C. B. Snyder, Ephrata Executive Committee.— The above officers and C. J. Tyson, Gardners; H. M. Anderson, New Park; J. Enc Linde, Orefield. Signed: F. S. Dickenshied Luther P. Creasy W. E. MUSSER. The above nominees were elected by acclamation as there were no nominations from the floor. •The full report i. omitted because of iU great length Mr. Snyder or the Secretary wiU answer any questions. , , , . , ^ ^„j;4.„,oo r»f tVi« TnnDection Fund Committee wMol^'hSed-e'nSrat tl 'SSS|orth|^^g|ag^e?^^n.pectio„. hy Mr. E. B- Mitchell. No salaries are paid any officer of the Association. --7 — ■ Game Laws Committee Report Mr. Runk stated that there was nothing to report at thi^ time but said that the game laws were tightening ^ and only male deer were to be killed now. He suggested that all those interested secure a copy of the report pubhshed by the btate Game Commission. True-to-Name Trees Committee Report Mr Fagan reported that no nursery school was held this past summer. The nurserymen were all very busy and the com- mittee felt they had been so faithful in other years that it would be inadvisable to have a school in 1934. The Pennsylvania nurserymen have been cooperating to the fullest extent, even trading labor in cuUing their blocks. They realize the respon- sibility which they have to the members of this Association and to other growers of fruit trees. We have no expert on cherries in this state and it is possible that such a man will be brought in to cull cherry blocks for the nurserymen. As in the past, the nurserymen will no doubt pay for this service themselves. Your committee has the full support of the nurserymen of Pennsyl- vania. They are culhng their blocks and trying to give buyers absolutely true-to-name trees. Inspection Fund Committee Report Mr. Mitchell reported that the growers are using more in- spectors today than ever before. The plan is to continue the work as last year and possibly expand if there is a demand for it . RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE 1. Whereas, since God in his Divine Ruhng has taken from our membership Past President F. H. Fassett, Meshoppen, be it resolved that a minute of respect to him be entered in our records, and that a message of condolence be sent to his bereaved wife. 2. Whereas, Dr. T. L. Guyton of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and D. M. James of the Bureau of Markets have rendered their customary service to this Association in connection with these meetings, be it resolved that a vote of thanks be extended to them. 3. Whereas, Mr. R. H. Bell, Director, Bureau of Plant In- dustry, and Mr. George A. Stuart, Director, Bureau of Markets, have always rendered sympathetic help and wise counsel in all possible ways to the Association and its members, be it resolved that this expression of appreciation be given to them. 4. Be it resolved that this Association thank the Farm Show Commission through its Director, Mr. J. H. Light, for their efforts to improve projection and other facilities in Room B and for furnishing such a courteous and efficient employee to make any required adjustments of that room. ♦See Executive Committee Resolution on this subject elsewhere in the Proceedings. — 8 — 0 OIL S P EVERY PURSE TAR-O-WASH and STRAITAR, Pratt's tar oil sprays, afford the safest, most economical and effective method of controlling green and rosy aphis, oyster shell and scurfy scale during the Winter and Spring months. The.r extensive use during the past severe season without the slightest hint of injury has proven them to be safe oil sprays. SPRA-CREAM is one of the prettiest 85% lubricating oil emulsions available today. It contains the highest grade materials, for scale and red mite kill, yet it costs no more than less effective materials. SCALECIDE is the old reliable dormant spray, never equalled, never ex- celled It is made in a different way and from different materials than any other dormant spray. It costs more and is worth more because it does more When you apply Scalecide you know you have done all that can be done at that particular time with any spray. More than this Scalecide actually invigorates the trees. SUMMER SCALECIDE is a safe and economical oil for foliage use. Made like Scalecide but from oils especially chosen for their safety on foliage. Costs less than any summer oil in general use. Combmes with nicotine, arsenate of lead and Sulfocide. It costs no more to use Pratt's safe oil sprays! B. G. PRATT COMPANY DEPARTMENT **D' 50 Church Street New York, N. Y. — 9 5. Resolved, that due to the continued large number of Ameri- can Foul Brood diseased colonies of bees, that we ask our Secre- tary to request the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and State Council of Agricultural Associations for their help m having allotted to apiary inspection service additional funds of sufficient amount to increase the number of Deputy Apiary Inspectors so as to completely cover all counties m the State this year, thus making a complete clean up, getting and keeping American Foul Brood in control. Bees are as much benefit to fruit growers as to the beekeepers. Estimated appropriation necessary— $25,000.00. , t i_. i. r. ^• 6. Whereas, the apple growers of Berks and Lehigh Counties are suffering increasingly severe losses from the ravages of apple cedar rust, and whereas the Pennsylvania Bureau of Plant Industry has no money for indemnification of the owners of destroyed red cedar trees, therefore, be it resolved that this Association request the Pennsylvania Legislature, through the Agricultural Council and through the representatives of the counties concerned to provide at least $10,000 for the indemnifi- cation of the owners through the Bureau of Plant Industry. Mr. Linde: I think this is a move in the right du-ection. I am sure that Berks County as well as Lehigh has been very seriously affected by cedar rust. We have made constant efforts to remove all red cedar trees on the farm and have asked the neighbors to do so. We have had some success but it means a lot of work. We have some neighbors who have not removed their ornamental red cedar trees. The State has had a fund to pay indemnification to the owners for the removal of such trees whether ornamental red cedar or apple trees. I think we should get before this Association a motion to push this work. 7. Whereas, the fruit judge at the 1935 farm show had too much work for one man to do, and whereas, it seems probable that the fruit exhibit will increase in size in normal seasons, therefore be it resolved that the Farm Show Commission be respectfully requested to furnish an additional fruit judge for the 1936 Farm Show. 8. Whereas, the experimental work in fruit growing at The Pennsylvania State College is not adequately fulfilling the needs of the orchard industry of the State, and whereas this deplorable situation has been brought about solely by a lack of proper financial support from the State, therefore, be it resolved that the Legislature be requested to appropriate $25,000 for research work at The Pennsylvania State College in the control of insects and diseases affecting fruits, with special reference to trying out the newer materials and methods. 9. Whereas, we the Fruit Growers of Berks County feel that the Extension Service in Pennsylvania does not meet the needs of the growers to the fullest extent, be it resolved that we pro- test the policy of the Extension Service in withholding infor- mation obtained from their experiments with branded spray materials used in this State. And whereas Lime Sulphur Solu- — 10 — tion. as recommended by our spray service, does not fully meet the requirements of the growers during the entire spray season; be it further resolved that we request the Director of Extension and the Director of Research to use their best efforts to find some other material that may more fully meet these reqmre- ments and to make pubhc the experimental or demonstrational results obtained by the use of the various branded materials now on the market. Resolutions 1 to 7 inclusive were passed without comment. Resolution 8 was tabled after nearly one hour of discussion. The discussion of No. 9 follows in brief: President Reiteb: I wish that some member from Berks County would discuss this. Mr Funk: I would like to say a few words on this resolution. I would like to make myself clear at the beginmng. I have no criticism against any of the workers in this State. I appreciate the ability of such men as Dr. Anthony, Mr. Fagan, Dr. Kirby and the rest as much as anybody. I know their ability and I do not want you to think for a minute that I have anything against any men at the College. I am not satisfied with the spray service and spray recommendations that we are gettmg here: I say that as a fruit grower and I know that there are a lot of men in this auditorium that will agree with me. I do not believe this is pure contrariness for I can point out men in this room— large fruit growers in this State-who are not satisfied. If that is the case, I believe there is some reason for it. I believe that our present recommendations here in Pennsylvania calls for a spray schedule of self-boiled hme-sulphur on peaches. I believe it calls for lime-sulphur, arsenate and nicotine for apples. Now that was the recommendation we had eight or ten years aeo I would like to know how anybody can spray 500 acres ot piach trees with self-boiled lime-sulphur. I have used hme- sulphur for a good many years and ten years ago I had good success but we did not have to spray all the time, nor so many trees. Today we start spraying and keep on spraying Has it been satisfactory to you fellows? It has not been satisfactory to me. Last year I got to the point of burning fohage on trees where I put it on. I changed to a proprietary material and 1 believe that change made me 10 cents more on each bushel of Stayman, for I sold my Staymans m the Philadelphia market at ten cents above the market price. I had better fohage than ever before Now I know that self-boiled lime sulphur was the recommen- dation from the College 10 or 12 years ago and also in other states; Virginia, New Jersey, New York have changed. Can you point out any state in the east still following that recom- mendation? No! Those states have changed and for a reason Maybe they are all wrong and we are right but again maybe they are right and we are wrong. I have attended quite a number of meetings outside of the state and frequently heard — 11 — men refer to Pennsylvania along lines of soil treatment, tree management, etc. but never about the spray recommendations in Pennsylvania— Yes, I did once but I will not repeat what this man said. I cannot see why this must be. New Jersey will tell you about wettable sulphurs, tar oils, etc. 1 have repeatedly tried to get information about these materials from Pennsylvania but without success. Why cannot we do it in Pennsylvania if in other states? I would hke to go to i^Y ^tation when a product has been used some time and say. What do you know about this? Is it good or is it not?'^ If a new product comes out, should I experiment with it or should they? Why must I go to Virginia to find out about tar oil or to New Jersey to find information on copper sprays. I quit spraying with hme- sulphur on peaches. I am not satisfied to use it on apples at the strength recommended. I do not want to be arbitrary but that is the way I feel about it. Mr. Griest: Is it your idea to find out personally about these things or to get the Extension Department to give it in letters? I know that they have a lot of that information but they can't give it to me. There has been a rumor going around that Penn State is not following its own recommendations. Is that true? Mr. Fagan: We have not used self-boiled Ume-sulphur for six or eight years. We have been using tar oil since it was first emulsified. Mr. Griest: I have no brief for one side or the other. I think we want to be fair. A lot of new things come out. I took the recommendations on one or two occasions of the Virginia Station. One of which was Calmosul— it ruined my spray pump. I have found all members of the Extension Service willing to unofficially give me information that I asked for. There are a great many people that as soon as they see a new brand tried out, even though it is not proven and not recommended, start using it and then say, ^*Yes you recommended it and it was no good.'^ I think we want to make ourselves clear. Do we want them to put in spray letters what they are experimenting with or what they think is best? Mr. Funk: Do you think they should give out one recom- mendation and use another? Mr. Griest: If they got out a spray letter for Centre County* and then used another for their orchard, I should say they were wrong but if they make a recommendation for Adams County it may not be the best recommendation for their own orchards where conditions are different. Mr. Runk: It is not a question of a recommendation for an individual County. It is whether the Experiment Station and the Extension Service are stepping out and giving us the infor- mation we need. In other words, if they have something which ♦There is no spray service in Centre County, for the College has practically the only com- mercial orchard. Timing of sprays is done by the station departments concerned,not by the Extension Spray Service. 12 — Bean Royal Armored Sprayers ^^So^«^yis^:JiMii/-± R\l»»» rft- ▲^if Armored Ailainst Every Enemy-Bean Royal Armored Sprayers— EvCTrenemy that has been cutting grower's profits, slowing up operations, wSgspm^y material, wearing out too soon and otherwise squandering hard earned dollars. u.„«.«»<, Alwavs a Leader in the Field-The Bean Armored Sprayer now becomes The marvel sprayer-your profit protector-with increased pressure and greater capacft^reconomy that you hardly believed possible, longer Me that makes one sprayer worth two common sprayers-everything that in- creases efficiency and lessens costs. „ . , Carries the Famous Royal Pump— All enclosed— has a leakless all steel SSc proofed agXtcorrosion-an'all steel sprayer throughout-with le^ oneratine weight shorter and narrower with lower center of gravity-and countless oThef taprovements that offer you the greatest sprayer value of a lifetime. ^ , . u:«„« A Sprayer You will be Proud to Own and Use-Surely a crowmngach^eve- mpnt for BEAN'S 50 years of spray pump leadership. The Royal Armorea ™er in addition to our standard Royal line offers the greatest comparative soraver vafue Our Royal standard line of machines is selhng this year at Ed price's because ^f greatly i-reased production caused by univ^^^^^ preference for the economical performance of Bean Royal sprayers. A sprayer for any size orchard from smallest to largest at prices you can afford. Get Catalog No. 300 Before Deciding on Any Sprayer JOHN BEAN MFG. CO. Division Food Machinery Corporation Hosmer St., Lansing, Mich. W. Julian St., San Jose, Calif. * ^ ARMORED AGAINST EVERY ENEMY — 13 — they have been using for six or ^gM years that is better than Ume-sulphur, why is it better? The College is l^^ed by lac^^ of funds The Director of Research says they have ^ojnnds Why could we not establish a fellowship for such a project^ We need information on this problem I was called into a meeting at State College and I was asked to state some of the problems of the growers. I stated that one of the greatest problems to growers in Pennsylvania was spray recommendations and spray residues. We want our Station to give us this infor- mation. We can either bring pressure to bear on the legislature or we can throw some money into the breach and do it our- selves We have read with interest what the clean fruit clubs of New England are doing. We have been sitting on our tails and not doing a thing and it is time we put ourselves on the "spot" as well as Professor Fagan. Dr. Fletcher: I wish to present the point of view of the Agricultural Experiment Station. There are two sections to this question; one of policy and one of finances. The Agricul- tural Experiment Station represents the interests of the farmers and fruit growers of this state, supported in part by your taxes to serve you. In this particular case it is a question whether the interests could be best served by the results of tests ot proprietary spray materials in which there is keen competition. Our recommendations would be quoted and used by manufac- turers. Many of these spray materials change in composition from year to year and the results of tests this year may not apply next. Therefore we are compelled to be ultra conservative. More adequate finances must be provided for research. What is the appropriation from the State of Pennsylvania to represent your interests? The Pennsylvania State College has $134,000 for agricultural research, New York $1,500,000. New Jersey $508,000, Ohio $651,000. A larger appropriation is needed in Pennsylvania and the problem hes with you. We will render an account when we are sure of the material tested. Mr. Runk: You see we receive less than one-tenth the appropriation that New York receives. We are to blame for this situation, not the Experiment Station. Professor Fagan: Some of you people may not reahze the full importance of what Dr. Fletcher has said. The Department's orchards are commercial and if they were not we would not be in existence. That is something to think about. Most of our budget has to be made up out of sales. We have been criticised for spraying off the tank. We had to do this to save man power. We built the storage and still have it to pay for and we will pay the entire cost of this storage out of sales from our fruit crops. In 1929 we did not get control of aphis with $390.00 worth of nicotine sulphate. Cold weather conditions in delayed dormant and pre-pink prevented our getting control. Is it any wonder then that I turned to tar-distillates, successful in England and AustraUa, when I could get them for $130? As 14 — long as we have to make the orchards pay to keep us going I expect we will be cutting corners wherever possible. Mr. Funk: I do not see how you can expect me to go on using the spray recommendations when I see you using something different and getting better results. Mr. Harvey: I am glad you brought up this subject and i am ashamed that Pennsylvania is contributing only one-tenth of what New York is. I would like to see our Legislature asked to give us an added appropriation. , , x i Dr. Fletcher: The poUcy of the College has been to ask the General Assembly for a general appropriation. At a meeting held at the college recently the President indicated that he would be favorable to the agricultural interests bringing in separate bills for specific appropriations such as the tobacco growers for tobacco wild-fire, potato growers for potato research, pf c Mr Runk: I would like this Association to go on record as favoring the asking of the Legislature for $25,000 for the next biennium for this research. Mr Linde: If we all use our influence I believe we can get this appropriation. What will be our policy on dissemination? I think the commercial orchards need more information than we are getting. Why do they not give us the information on oil emulsions? We have to go to oil companies for this infor- mation. Is there some poUtical influence that prevents them from giving us this?* DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Washington, D. C. January 24, 1935 Notice to Producers and Consumers of Apples and Pears: For many years the continued maintenance of the Nation's supplies of apples and pears has been dependent upon the use of insecticides sufficiently effective to control the destructive rav- ages of insect pests which, if unchecked, would soon ehminate these practically indispensable foods with consequent impover- ishment of the American dietary. , . ^i. In spite of continued efforts to develop a safe and at the same time effective substitute, lead arsenate is still essential to the production of these fruits. Until these efforts are successful, the employment of poisonous sprays on fruit must be followed by the adoption of precautions to guarantee reduction of the residue to the lowest possible figure. The overwhelming toxico- logical evidence against arsenic and lead imposes this obhgation on the producer for the proper protection of the consumer. The industry has demonstrated its ability to reduce the arsenic content to the world tolerance of 0.01 grain of arsenic ''^ee page 124. — 16 — trioxide per pound of fruit and this '^}^'^I^'l,''^\,^''^Z"^r effect The fluorine tolerance will remain at 0.01 grain per pound of fruit. The reduction of unavoidable lead residu^^^^^^ n noint involving complete elimination of the most remote hea^ir hazard continues to offer serious difficulties m spite of £'ti efforl The results of commercial cleanm^^^ oper ations on fruit before shipnient during the 1934 season Ji^^e demonstrated, however, that in general the 1934 tolerance o 0 019 grain of lead per pound has been successfully met without material damage t'o iL fruit, a^nd expectation of contmued progress downward is fully justified. To g^ant the requests emanating from some quarters in the industry for a relaxation Tthe lead restriction would be wholly incompatible with public afety. The Department will therefore i-t^f^e action unde thP Food and Drugs Act on apples and pears of the 19^5 sea- son's c?op containing lead in excess of 0.018 grain per pound of fruit. Current public apprehension about the safety of the fruit supply from the standpoint of spray residue is very properly based on the unquestioned danger of poisons such as lead and arsenic. Consumers are entitled to know, however, that the restrictions imposed for many years agamst the shipment ot fruit subjected to poisonous sprays have been so effective that unquestionably today most of the fruit offered the pubhc is entirely safe. The effects of lead and arsenic in the amounts which 'might be present on sprayed fruit are chronic rather than acute in character. The relatively few instances in which fruit entering interstate traffic containing excessive residue escapes seizure under the Food and Drugs Act wpuld^^^ ,^^ sufficient of themselves to rank as significant health hazards. While Federal control does not extend to local traffic within the borders of a State, some States are supplementing Federal measures and are effecting comparable protection of their own citizens. Many consumers desiring to make assurance of safety doubly sure have sought advice as to measures that may be taken in the home to cleanse fruits such as apples and pears. Commercial cleaning methods generally involve the use of dilute acid or alkali solutions to loosen or dissolve the residue foUowed by rinsing in water. Such vigorous measures are unnecessary in the kitchen where attention can be given to each individual fruit. The usual sanitary practice in the home of scrubbing with water is desirable under any circumstance. Peehng the fruit or perhaps better, removal of stem and blossom ends where the residue is most difficult to reach is an added measure of safety which may be recommended. Sincerely, Henry A. Wallace, Secretary. — 16 — CLYDE C. HESS H. W. POLHEMUS J. S. THOMPSON C. C. HESS- WATSON 286 Washington Street Corner Chambers Street NEW YORK Specializing in APPLES DOMESTIC and EXPORT Our new quarters afford us excellent facilities for handling truck shipments. ALL SHIPMENTS HAVE OUR PERSONAL ATTENTION — 17 FINAL STATEMENT State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania Barrel and Basket Label Sales— 1934 As of January 17, 1935 Expenditures Stock on hand— 22,400 Barrel labels carried over from 1933^_ ^ Ohio Valley Lithographing Co. Imprinting 20,000 Barrel labels.-... Ohio Valley Lithographing Co. Imprinting 2,400 Barrel labels.... Osborn Printing Co. Printing 56,750 Basket labels — $2.75 per M Osborn Printing Co. Imprinting 56,750 Basket labels — .50 per M Osborn Printing Co. Parcel post charges — 151.20 20.00 3.60 156.06 28.38 1.02 $ 360.26 RECEIPTS Cooperative Fruit Growers of Adams Co., Gettysburg, Pa. 20,000 Barrel labels imprinted ^ ^07'?^ 30,000 Basket labels imprinted , »' . 5U H. G. Baugher, Aspers, Pa. 4,000 Basket labels imprinted Jom 4,000 Basket labels imprinted t'^ 1,750 Basket labels imprinted 5.70 A. F. Gibboney, Belleville, Pa. 4,000 Basket labels imprinted ^^'5? Parcel post • ^^ Keystone Cooperative Grape Association, North East, Pa. 6,000 Basket labels imprinted ^^* rS Parcel post •5* % 317.72 Due from E. E. Wishard, Biglerville, Pa. 2,400 Barrel labels imprinted $ 19.80 7,000 Basket labels imprinted 22.75 42.55 $ 360.27 CHANGING HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES H. W. MILLER, Paw Paw, W. Va. Twenty-five years ago when most of the orchards now bearing were being planted, the main aim was a large acreage with very little thought given to soils, topographical location, and other conditions which have been very seriously brought to our con- sideration during the last ten years of difficult production. The soil and site being the very foundation of horticultural success, they should be considered first. A generation ago many orchards were planted on land which was considered too steep, too rough, or in soil too shallow to be used in agriculture. This method should be changed so that nothing but the best soils and locations be used for orchard purposes. — 18 An orchard is a permanent investment and in order to meet the growing competition we must be prepared to grow not more acres but more and better fruit on less acres. In order to do this the soil must be grown with the trees, as trees cannot be rotated Uke other agricultural crops. We must feed the soil with fertihzer and organic matter to enable it to produce maxi- mum results. This country is becoming older; many orchards are suffering very serious loss from erosion and bad horticul- tural practices. Not many years ago we were told that all that was necessary to make an orchard bear was to apply plenty of nitrogen, culti- vate well, and let the soil take care of itself. Eastern growers are now finding that drought, insects, and fungus diseases defeat the average grower about two years out of five. In order to overcome this we must not allow either the soil or the trees to become exhausted. As fruit is from 80 to 90 percent water it is absolutely necessary to keep the soil full of humus in order to retain a large part of the water which falls on the orchard during the whole year. The Experiment Stations are now finding that extremely acid soils may waste about half of the nitrogen appUed as well as lose much of the returns from complete fertilizers. Instead of continuing to work and fertiUze sour land, have the soil tested and apply lime enough to make it more nearly neutral depending on what crops are to be grown, then we will be able to get a good stand of leguminous plants which will make their own nitrogen out of the air and soil and at the same time prevent the fertile top soil from being washed away. According to the Bureau of Soil Erosion at Washington, it takes nature 2800 years to make the first seven inches of top soil, yet by bad management, man can exhaust this soil in one generation. The land is not an inexhaustible mine which can be worked forever without putting anything back ; also trees cannot be rotated like farm crops so we must follow the old adage, "Feed the land and the land will feed you. Nothing depletes an orchard so quickly as continuous cultivation with- out cover crops, as leaching and washing go on summer and winter. Keep the soil covered. The Pennsylvania 25-year experiment shows that cultivation every two or three years will do, if the land is kept covered with vegetable matter. The Virginia experiment station shows that limestone chips having no humus absorb only 10 per cent of their weight in water while a soil well supplied with humus absorbs 200 per cent of its weight in water. Water is one of the limiting factors in size and color of fruit. It is up to the grower to see that his soil is in condition to retain all the moisture possible. If the soil is not supplied with humus, supply it as soon as possible. This is one change absolutely needed if we are to raise good fruit and plenty of it. — 19 — Horticulture is no longer a sideline of farming but is a food manufacturing profession. As such we must change our oper- ations and adopt manufacturing practices in every possible way No orchard can be profitable when run at half capacity either in crop production or by raising a crop which is about half second grade fruit. In order to avoid either of the above con- ditions the tree must be kept in first class physical condition by spraying at the right time with the right materials, fertihzing, ^\Sning apples is another practice which must be adopted. The orchardist can raise all the good apples the tree can carry without the culls and save the cost of harvesting the cull crop, and at the same time prevent the tree from being too exhausted to bear in future years. Thinning rightly done gives, size, color, and finish. If it pays to thin corn, it will pay much better to thin fruit, and especially apples. • „ ..u Most eastern orchards are under-equipped especially with sprayers. This is shown by the fact that hardly any growers have enough spraying capacity to get over their OTchards before the insects and fungus diseases have started. Better have Zd per cent too much equipment than lose 25 per cent of the crop from being behind with the spray. If two sprayers cost too much buy a 10 barrel tank and use a truck to haul the material out to the sprayer. Experience has shown that a tank equipped with a rotary pump to load the sprayer in the field will help the spraying out as much as another sprayer at about one- quarter the cost of an extra machine. Above all see that the water supply is abundant and close at hand. Stationary spray systems especially need a large supply of water. In order to have only one operator do the mixing for stationary plants use a mechanical mixer. This can be attached to the pumping outfit and all the operator has to do is to pour in the chemicals and the machine will do the rest. Trees should carry their foliage about six or seven months of the year. Many orchards lost their foUage six weeks too soon this year. This is caused either by the tree being exhausted from lack of spraying thoroughly and early enough to hold the insects and diseases in check or from being improperly fed during the crop growing season. This is a very wasteful process as it robs the tree of its power to store carbohydrates and other plant foods just when it needs them most, and makes small, weak fruit buds for the next crop. Both scab and aphis are serious factors in destroying the foUage. Don't let them get there first if you want the fohage to function to the end of the season. Another change West Virginia experience has shown to be a great help in holding both fruit and leaves on until full maturity is that instead of applying five or ten pounds of nitrate of soda to the tree all at one time early in the spring, it is better to apply five or six pounds of a 4-16-4 fertilizer early in March, then use two pounds of nitrate in early spring, two pounds the 20 — first week in July and two the first week in September Yellow Transparent and other early varieties should have the second nitrate appUcation made about June 1. The purpose of this is to provide a continuous feeding of the tree during the whole crop growing period. This enables the foliage to function to the end of the growing season each year and we find it holds the fruit on the tree until the fullest color is attained. This is par- ticularly valuable for Rome Beauty, Stayman and Winesap. Another change which is absolutely necessary, is to eliminate unprofitable varieties such as Dutchess, Lowell, Summer Hagloe, Buckingham, and in most orchards. Black Twig. As an evi- dence of our faith in this change we have cut down about 2500 bearing trees in the last three years. Quit working either marginal land or varieties; get rid of them and put the work on paying soil and varieties, or you may have to sell the good part of the orchard to pay for the losses on the bad part. At harvest time the whole investment for the year is in the crop. Any bad management at this time may defeat the year s work. See that the fruit is picked without bruising. Have the pickers put their sacks down to the bottom of the barrel or box before emptying. See that they do not lie down on the apples while picking on the ladder. This is particularly good practice in picking Grimes Golden, Winter Banana, Stayman, and Delicious We pick by the ticket so that it is easy to find out you MAKE MORE MONEY with this New Low Cost-High Speed Press ROTARY CIDER STRAINER PRESSING RACKS HAMMER MILL PULPER CIDER CLOTHS TANKS GRAPE AND TOMATO CRUSHERS BOILERS APPLE BUTTER COOKERS CONVEYORS EVAPORATORS POMACE PICKERS Write for Cider Press Catalog A. B. Farquhar Co., Limited BOX yORK, PA. Make Big Profits by operating a Farquhar Cider & Wine Press. Built in sizes suitable for Roadside marketing — the individual Orchardist or Custom Pressing. Easily Operated. Exerts extreme heavy pressure and assures richer and better cider. Write for Catalog describing the com- plete Line of Far- quhar Cider and Wine Presses. FARQUHAR .mi — 21 — who is doing the bruising. If your grader has a drop of six inches for the fruit see that it is cut down to two inches This change can easily be made, and will pay many tunes for any pxtrfi. cost Use a brusher or wash the fruit. Do not put up dirty, dull- colored fruit and expect to sell for No. 1 prices for it can t be done any more. If packing for storage do not put in a handfu of shredded oiled paper instead of a half pound to the bushel and expect to get by without scalding. Apples should be packed as soon as picked and either sent to market or storage at once. A few days out of storage in hot weather will ripen apples as much as a month in cold storage. Growers must deUver to the buyer as nearly as possible the whole life of the apple. No dealer can afford to buy over-ripe fruit except for immediate consumption and he should know its condition when he buys it. The seller's and buyer s interests are the same in this matter and should be so recognized. As the foreign market is dwindUng we must pack our fruit largely for American markets. This means better color, better size, and better condition of the fruit. Growers must get out of the notion of packing just on the margin to get by the inspec- tor. As has been said by one of our largest advertisers in drugs, 'The priceless ingredient of every product is the honor and integrity of its maker.'' This is true in horticulture as in every other hne of business today. In order to put up a No. 1 pack we must begin right now to make a No. 1 crop of fruit, as nobody can put up a No. 1 pack out of a No. 2 crop of fruit. Growers should go into the open market and see what brands and packages are showing the best on arrival. Our sales manager toured the markets this season before we were shipping very heavily and found the crown cover and cushion pad were arriv- ing in the best condition; we immediately changed to that type of package with very satisfactory results. Some growers object to the crown cover, believing that it gives the buyer too good meas- ure. It is an old saying that ''No merchant ever lost by giving good measure but many have been ruined by short weighing the trade." Solomon said long ago "A false balance is an abomina- tion to the Lord, but a just weight is His deUght." If our pack is not honest, let us see to it that we do not have to learn again this truth which Solomon knew 3000 years ago. The pack a grower puts up is a reflection of his character and is soon known by the buying pubhc for just what it is worth. Benjamin FrankUn said "Honesty is the best pohcy," but no one likes a man who is honest for poUcy's sake, for it sounds too much like a poUtician. I very much prefer the line from the poet Pope which my father used to quote to us boys while working by his side in the orchard and field, "An honest man is the noblest work of God;" we can paraphrase this today and make it read, "An honest pack is the noblest work of a horti- culturist." The day was that the buyer sought the producer but this is changed and the grower must now seek the buyer and the market. A first class pack which is always the same will estab- lish confidence in the buyer and sell itself, while an irregular pack cannot long be sold to the same customer, even by the best salesman. Change to a good pack all the time, and we will give confidence to the trade and make money by the deal. In conclusion let me say that the successful growers who can change their practice fast enough to meet the difficulties before us and give the trade an honest product will survive this depres- sion and come out both morally and financially successful. Those who do not propose to change will likely have to hunt another business in the next decade. Question: When do you apply the nitrate to peaches? Mr. Miller: Apply nitrate to peaches four to six weeks before ripening. i . • j x-n Question: Do you suggest that we pack heavier and still not hurt the fruit? Mr. Miller: Fruit will not be injured if you use a crown cover; that is one that is bulged up in the center. If you go into the markets and storage houses you will find packs that looked good when they left the packing house but they have dropped or settled down considerably. Question: When do you make appUcations of nitrate? Mr. Miller: Usually in March, then in late June or early July and last in September, about the last week. Question: Does delayed picking of Stayman make them subject to cracking? , ., xi. Mr. Miller: I have picked them when there was three inches of snow and found beautiful, red apples on the trees. Question : Have you tried Cyanamid? Mr. Miller: Cyanamid is just as good but is slower than nitrate. It carries about 70 per cent lime. We have not been thinking much of lime. Liming is a good agricultural practice and also a good horticultural practice. ^ Question: Is the last application used by next year s crop.^ Mr. Miller: Yes. Trees are living organisms and they grow this year and store material for next year's crop. K you do not put in much this year you get little out next year. The Missouri Station has shown that nitrates migrate from the buds to the Question: How about the effect of late appUcations of nitrate on the growth of trees? Mr. Miller: Two pounds will not hurt the trees. It yo^ put on six or eight pounds it may start growth when they should be dormant. . i j j Question : Is it a help to put nitrate in narrow bands around trees ' Mr. Miller: We have taken up roots to see where they went for their supply. Twenty-five feet from the foot of the tree we would find that roots went straight down for moisture. — 22 — 23 — We instruct our men to sow nitrate outwards from the tree and never inwards. The soil and trees must work together and to give the trees the proper treatment it is best to put the tooa where the trees can get it. Question: Do you recommend three appUcations of Cyana- Mr. Miller: I think two would be better. Question: What do you think of Mcintosh? Mr. Miller: Mcintosh is out of its latitude in West Virginia. i CONSCIENCE AND CONTROL IN FRUIT GROWING E. STUART HUBBARD, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. This is a time in the development of society and industry when people are taking stock of values both of physical proper- ties and of business and social systems and ideals. There is no justice or fairness in the workings of our social or business orders to many who have, through lack of training or because of unfor- tunate influences strayed from the standards and ideals of hard work, personal responsibiUty, and respect for their fellow men. To those, however, who believe in and hold to these principles, which have been the foundation of our nation and the cause of the rise of our civilization, there is still rhyme and reason in humanity. God is in His heaven and all can be well with the world. In analyzing the fruit industry, it is well to remember that the- commercial production of fruit in this country is a very young and recently developed business. There are still living, men who saw the first large commercial orchards planted and fruit districts established. Before the development of refrigeration and rapid freight movement, fruit was mainly used during or shortly after, the harvest seasons and in the immediate vicinity where it grew. Apples, peaches, grapes, and pears in colonial times were used more for making cider, brandy and wine than for cooking or as fresh fruit. Cities were much smaller than now. The health value of fruits was less fully understood. Little more had been learned of scientific culture than was known to the Greeks and Romans 2,000 years ago. With the coming of rapid transportation under refrigeration, cold storage, modern advertising, dietary research, and the scientific study of fruit growing in state and nationally financed experiments, the demand for fruit grew apace, also the ability to produce and distribute it where and when it was desired. To these factors were added a rapidly growing population and a multiplying export trade, with all nations eager to buy the products of our virgin soil, mines and infant industries. The increase in production was rapid, but the wave of immigration — 24 — THE BEST ORGHARDISTS USE THE BEST FUNGICIDE Some sulphur spray materials protect against fungus attacks perfectly, but at the same time they damage or burn the foliage, reduce fruit set and mar or russet the finish ... A damaged leaf is a crippled leaf and crippled leaves cannot produce the necessary food to make a large crop of No. 1 apples or peaches. The fungicide you choose must do more than protect apples and peaches against scab and brown rot— it must also save your leaves from damage. Koppers Flotation Sulphur does both. Its ultra-micro- scopic fineness and freedom from caustic will protect without injury. Use it and assure yourself finer finish and more of the profitable No. 1 grade fruit. Sold in Paste and Wettable Powder Forms. KOPPERS PRODUCTS GO. 1247 Koppers Building Pittsburgh, Pa. Koppers K^\^. FLOTATION SULPHUR ^ KOPPERS PRODUCTS CO. 1247 Koppers Bldg., Pitt9burgh.Pa. Ptease send me, free, a copy of your new 1935 Field Data Book. Your Name Address I Have (give number) " .Tr«es — 26 — and the high birth rate of a young and busy nation continued to absorb the increased production with occasional adjustments by frost or local overexpansion. „„i. „f However, before the start of the world war the prospect of profit in so pleasant an occupation had caused such large plant- ings of most fruit trees that serious overproduction occurred in heavy crop years. Areas unfavorable for fruit growing, like some of the Plains States, were forced to pull out many orchards. In other sections plantings practically ceased. The war with its stimulus of higher values, better wages, and full employment brought undreamed of prices and profits as in all industries. Foreign nations were glad to buy our fruits with money which we loaned them. The nations of the old world sent commissions to study our methods and learn, if possible, the formulae whereby we were able to pay such high wages, maintained such human activity, and support such a high standard of living, i his is a monumental example of the old proverb, "Pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall. ' Even while the nations were envying our apparent prosperity, reactions were taking place. Immigration was halted. High living costs and an increase in urban dwellers cut the birth rate. Our population is rapidly approaching a fixed number. The unwilhng- ness or inability of our debtor nations to repay loans, newly erected trade barriers, and world-wide depression swiftly caused our potential markets to shrink and prices to drop to unpre- cedented low levels. At the same time the production of new kinds of fruits and new sources of supply have added active competition to existing orchards. It would seem that the time for wild speculation in the plant- ing of orchards is past. Such planting as may be made should be only after serious consideration of all relevant factors. Refrigeration is fully utiUzed, scientific methods have greatly increased the yield per tree. Modern packing, storing and shipping methods greatly lessen waste. Distance alone prevents local markets from being flooded with fruit from districts of excess production at ruinous prices. In this situation the grower who plants for the needs of his local market is in a better position to study the requirements of his market than the demands of more distant cities, which can draw from other sources, as well. So in 1935 we now find ourselves with a prospect before us of markets restricted by stable population, low wages and prices, trade barriers, competing fruits, and an insistent clamor from sections of our population for outside control of production and distribution, because we are unable, or unwilling, to keep our own house in economic order. What can we do about it? In . the first place, suppose we consider what would be the ideal in the orderly production and distribution of a fruit like the apple. From a national, economic standpoint the production of apples should provide employment for the greatest number of persons for as large a part of the year and with the greatest — 26 — return possible to the producer, and at the lowest possible cost to the consumer. The same is also true of distribution. Ihis is not the same ideal that has been held in the past by most economists and producers. In times of prosperity so frequent S the past, the insistent call from the cities for industria labor has drained the producing districts of so many workers that it has ofteS been necessary to use expensive machinery, because needed laborers could not be found. Immigration was encour- aged to provide workers needed for expanding production in all K of endeavor. The saving of labor was necessarily sought n all possible ways. The thought that produce should pass through the hands of sundry middlemen was abhorrent to pro- ducerf and economists as wasteful and therefore sinful This condition has changed. With large numbers of our populations, both rural and urban, clamoring for the chance to work while being fed at public expense, we have been forced to alter our ideals on the saving of man labor. Another ideal is to provide crops of such size and Quality as to satisf v the normal demand for apples and encourage a larger use of ThU without causing prices below the cost of production^ This would be difficult to control with exactness if the human element could be excluded, because weather conditions, shifting varietal and consumer demands, and export vagaries cannot be ISurately foreseen. It is, indeed, impossible to keep production fnUnewth economic requirements. When it is greatly increased withSir regard for the needs of the industry by such influences Ts large plantings (fostered by real estate, railroad bank or SherTromotion interests) and by the insatiable greed or ambi- tion of rugged individualists often encouraged at or least not dSouraged^by our state or national experts and financing agencies. r How then can we hope to prevent these recurring yeajs of overproduction and still produce adequate crops? It seems to me that the only hope lies in the awakemng m ourselves on a national scale, of the consciousness of our ■^««P«f^«^bih^^^^^ servants of a public need; second, as co-producers, with other huTans, who will prosper or suffer along -^^^^^^^^^^^^Z the extent to which we, as well as they, are willmg to cooperate to work for the good health of the industry and natj Wh^ the spirit of selfishness rules our endeavors, instead of the ideal of service and the recognition of the rights and feds of oth^ chaos is sure to result, bringing disappointment, disaster and discontent to all. The rule of conscience has always been the safeguard of man- kind. To be of greatest good to an industry or a Ration the character which speaks through conscience must be so finely developed by constant exposure to stimulative influences for ?he common good that it instinctively responds indir^^^^^^^^^ decisions of the political groups. Laxity or f difference of leaders in maintaining interest in the higher aims and motives ol tne — 27 — I I group so dulls the mass conscience that shameful ffil^/es follow where Sgnal success and proud achievements BbouM obtain The sense of honest service must guide the individual u cooperative efforts are to succeed. The ^-^^^'-^^J^'JZ cooperation among producer^ has resulted f .'^^^y^J^JJ^e ^ successes mainlv. I believe, because the spirit of service nas E Tacking at'^some point. Often ^e Prroters have^^^^^^^ their own interests first, regardless of those of the members whom thev were supposed to serve. At the same time tne Toop" ators h"ve released themselves from the responsibiht^^^^^ rendering the public the type of service which they, as indi viduals would give. The result has too often been a publi^ Ssappo'inZent 'because of poor service or f-ducers poorly pad because of excessive overhead or low returns, due to unwise '"coSSTteT^ met the conventional cooperative set-up AU that Is necessary for successful cooperative produc- ionLd marketing is the desire on the P^^t of Produf ers to work in harmony in serving the public most efficiently and rffectively. Where this desire exists, the selection of honest capable and trusted leaders or agents, be they local dea ers or biyers!'commission merchants, jobbers, cooperative associations or fellow growers, is essential to success. A thorough knowledge of production problems, economical purchase of supplies, timely use of local labor and equipment, and sympathetic financiers who have faith in businesslike production, can be best secured if neigbors will work together, in harmony, with mutual respect for and trust in each other and confidence in their agent s honesty and ability. Merchandising in a f^arby market, through a proven expert in his Une, can develop the best possible outlet; if the consumers' needs are studied and served faithfully. It is absolutely essential that men of innate honesty and reUability be placed in responsible positions. No matter how capable and smart a man may seem, if he is willing to be tricky or dishonest in little things, even for his employer, he is sure to lack the guiding conscience that will keep him from injuring his employer in some way— in reputation if not materially. A principal is held responsible for his agent s acts and is judged by his actions. To use or patronize dishonest or disreputable employees or agents is to condone their acts and pay a premium to their type of character. It is far better to encourage and train honest representatives, if those of known worth are un- available. This should not often be necessary if care is taken in selecting from available material those most worthy of trust. Lack of understanding of markets, condition or grades of fruit or timeUness of shipments often result in less of confidence between shipper and receiver. As in all professions and trades there are commission merchants and brokers who are funda- mentally honest and conscientious, as well as those whose con- sciences are dulled or not developed to the degree required of one who is entrusted with the property of others. Producers — 28 — should become personally acquainted, if possible, with their agents and work in close understanding and agreement with S Too often poor results occur because the shipper does not understand how to grade and pack for the market he is Ssing or because he is so stingy or naturally crooked that he "thl^matsoTsgusTthe thoughtless distributor that he fails to do his utmost to show the packer in a diplomatic way how to improve his pack and make it acceptable to the retailer. The national and state grading laws, made necessary because of the lack of conscience and understanding in some growers and ship- oers hav? made it seem less profitable to overface and use a stovepiprin packing than to pack within the letter of the law. Thire Tre still many who try to "chisel" wherever possible, as, for [nstance, the grower who insisted that since the law per- mitted a tolerance of 10 per cent, his packers must Put in as uelvly as possible one small or defective apple to each nme '""onrof ■ the great problems of these changing times is the steady use of labor. Good judgment as well as .consideration for the workers in one's community makes advisable on the farm and in the neighborhood a planned economy which will gtvT steady employment to required labor under as good work- ing and living conditions as possible. Poorly paid seasonal help QUALITY TREES & PLANTS Fruit and Ornamental Landscape Design and Planting a Specialty Catalog free Root*$ Nurseries, Inc MANHEIM, LANCASTER COUNTY, PA. — 29 — p is liable to be inefficient and unavailable at the times when most needed. If has often been the practice in the past for a man with other vocational interests to decide to make a If g^P^^.^^^^^^^ but one variety of a fruit which he ideahzes as the best money maker. Such a crop requires a large nuniber of workers for^^ short period during the harvest time. The careful, efficient handling of fruit with such necessarily untramed helpers is often impossible. And what of the workers the rest of^ the year? Where shall they live? What can they do? In the past this has not been considered a responsibility of the fruit grower. In the . future it must be his concern, either individually or as a tax payer. The efficient management of his business adventure requires it; his political interest forces it upon his attention even if his conscience fails to fan his human sympathies into the flame of personal effort to help provide steady work, wherever possible, for his neighbors. A farm or neighborhood cold storage may make possible the harvesting of a crop with fewer workers and permit of lairly steady employment of the best local help for some months in packing fruit for marketing when needed. The trucks and drivers can be more fully utiUzed and local markets better served than when all the desirable fruit is packed at once and shipped away. This has become a period of specialization in fruit growing, particularly in districts far from the markets where the fruit must be sold. It would seem that such districts must either diversify production so as to prolong labor peaks and work with or create local industries which will employ fruit workers when not needed for production or harvesting, or else give way to communities which will solve this problem more economically and humanely. There is no greater social influence for the welfare, content- ment and economic usefulness of citizens than the possession of a permanent hpme, thus preventing the dread of enforced wandering in search of an uncertain living. The farm tenant house, which was often deserted during past periods of urban, industrial activity, is again becoming of great economic im- portance. With good roads and the general use of autos, a modest, though comfortable home on the farm for the more desirable workers may well help pay wages and provide ready assistance when needed. It may also shield them from the influence of discontented radicals. Side Unes may be developed to keep help busy between seasons of main crop activity, even though their net profit be small. Cutting wood for use in stove or furnace may tide a man or two over a slack period. The fuel cost may be a bit higher than if coal or oil were used and it may — 30 — be a trifle more trouble. But it may keep a good man on your place and help relieve unemployment taxes. There are many jobs that can be done as cheaply by man labor at present wages as by machine, if the cost of the machine is considered. Mixing concrete, sowing fertiUzer, mowing lawns, ditching, and other work, when men are available, can be cheaply and efficiently done if properly planned and supervised and if the mental attitude is shifted from the urge to keep men employed as few days as possible to the wish that they be profitably occupied as much of the time as wise management permits. If producers are to keep the control of their industry in their own hands they must work with and through representative organizations such as the International Apple Shippers' Asso- ciation, the Farm Bureau, the Grange, and other assembhes of interested individuals. The smug state of indifferent inertia is preventing the help and support of many who depend upon the efforts and support of a few conscientious fellows for the promotion and defense of the best interests of their business. It takes both money and encouragement to provide able, honest men to fight our battles against the strangling barriers of taritts, quotas, quarantines and currencies which are drastically cur- tailing our exports. We must depend upon the untiring vigilance of such agents (who thoroughly understand the actual workings of our industry and who keep up to date the pertinent statistics) to forestall unwise and harmful legislation and to advise, truthfully and sanely, our political representatives. In these days of experi- mental groping for ways to stabilize production, rationahze distribution, and maintain the freedom of individual effort, many tempting plans are developed by men of able mmds and earnest and often unselfish interest in the human problems. Seldom have such men a sufficiently full knowledge of all the conditions affecting the actual conduct of business operations. We must provide and adequately support agencies for the sate- guarding of our interests. We must take personal interest in the maintenance of high business and ethical standards in these agencies. New conditions confront us. We must change our point of view in many things, adjust ourselves to present con- ditions and unite our interests to meet them intelhgentiy. If we can rouse ourselves from the spiritual stupor into which our nation has been lulled by unprecedented prosperity, luxury, and too much relief from self-help and persoixal responsibility, we may be able to call our souls our own and be proud ot them. If we prefer to let someone else work things out for us, we must not complain if we find that others have involved us in untried social enterprises formulated without due consideration ot the knowledge and experience which we should be best able to furnish. — 31 ~ FINANCING THE SEASON'S OPERATIONS J. H. KARNS, Manager. East Central Fruit Growers' Production Credit Association, Chambersburg, Fa. The Act of March 2, 1933, was passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature to give its citizens the right to take advantage ot the Act of Congress passed July 21, 1932, estabhshing regional agricultural credit corporations, by executing chattel mortgages in accordance therewith. At this time I wish to pay my tribute to our law makers for their sympathetic consideration of the farmer and fruit grower in passing laws which will enable them to carry on after the trying times of the past few years Under the Farm Credit Administration System, the Produc- tion Credit Corporation was set up in 1933 in Baltimore, Mary- land, to organize and supervise local Production Credit Asso- ciations of the Second Land Bank District which comprises the states of Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, and Porto Rico. Its duty is to organize and supervise local Farmer Production Credit Associations, and make available to them the privilege of dis- counting their sound loans with the Federal Intermediate Credit Bank. In the organizing of the local association it was thought best to have but one Fruit Growers Association on account of the accompanying hazards, such as, frost, hail, storms, etc., and should any one locality be effected the loss could be dis- tributed over a wider territory. , t^ ^ In accordance with this thought, the East Central truit Growers Production Credit Association was organized December 27, 1933, to make loans to the fruit growers of the Second Land Bank District. As I am famiUar with only the operation of the Fruit Growers Association, I will discuss only that part of the Production Credit. The East Central Fruit Growers Production Credit Associa- tion was organized with five directors in charge, one from each state; they are charged with the operation of the Association under the supervision of the Production Credit Corporation. Certain rules and regulations are given them under which they must operate, but the general policy is left to them. The duty of the Association is to loan money to fruit growers for Pro- duction purposes. One of the requirements is that all loans must be reasonably sound as in no other way can they expect to be a permanent organization. The Production Credit Associations are cooper- ative organizations set up entirely for the benefit of the farmers and fruit growers and all profits above expenses accrue to the members. It is set up as a permanent organization and will continue so long as we fruit growers show our willingness to cooperate and enough business ability to operate the Association successfully. It should be gratifying to any fruit grower to know there is an organization from which he can obtain credit to produce his — 32 — I NITRDCEN i AERO' CYANAMID 22% NITROGEN 70% HYDRATED LIME 1ke It FEEDS the Tree and LIMES the Soil *AERO* CYANAMID A non-leaching form of nitrogen #. ^ \ May be applitd in fall, winter (in Southern Suies), or early spring, as one prefers Feeds the tree throughout growing teaton Produces dark green leaves and holds them on until tall (On sandy and shaly soils the supplemental use of potash is recommended) Keeps the soil sweet and healthy Destroys acids resulting from use of sprtyi and cover crops Produces good terminal growth and fruit buds Gives bigger yields of better-quality fruit Write for Leaflet X-SO?, ''Fertilizing Fruit with GranuUr 'Aero' Cyanamid** AMERICAN dYANAMID COMPANY Manufacturers of 'Aero* Cyanamid and *AmmO'Pho^ 30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA 779 VIRGINIA AVE.. N. R. NEW YORK - . N.Y. ATLANTA - • - OA. — 33 member. By satisfactory statement I do not mean he snau not owe any debts or mortgages on his farm but it is tMty of the Board of Directors to analyze all financial statememt, fnd to deJermine if the applicant can operate hxsfem^ orchard ' VhTe must always be sufficient equipment to P^^^^^^^^^^^ his farm or orchard and the eqmpment offered must be tree oi ""^'St^ertihe Act of March 2, 1933 comes in by allowing a Ih^ tel m^^^^^^^^^ to be taken on P-Perty where th^ are discounted with the Federa Internaediate Crf it Ban^^^ We are advised, in taking chattel mortgages that we shaU consider them as secondary collateral only, and that the pros peSv^cr^ shall be sufficient to liquidate the ^o^^,j;^'^^^^ vear as the East Central Fruit Growers or the Federal Inter- mediate Credit Bank does not want to sell any chattels only as ?last rLo^^^^ If the prospective crop can not pay out the amount LS for and the financial statement is satisfactory, the loan should be cut down so that the crop will repay the loan, as the purpose o^^^^^^ association is to help growers produce their crop Snlv The money cannot be advanced through this Association for any other purpose. If money is needed for longer periods, there are other governmental agencies to which one may apply. How do you go about getting a loan? Secure an apphcation blank from your county agent, or, if he does not have one, Se to the office of the East Central F^^^^ Growers Production Credit Association of Hagerstown, Maryland. Fill out the blank and be sure to answer all questions fully. Some of you who received the blanks last year no doubt found some questions difficult to answer. This may be true, for last year's blank was made up without any previous experi- ence Since then, we have had the benefit of one year s oper- ation, and a new apphcation blank, now at the printers, has been prepared which is considerably shorter with a simple budget blank attached. In setting up the Plan of Production Credit, one of the govern- ment requirements is that the moneys shall be advanced only as the crop progresses and as needed to take care of the crop. The moneys are allotted, therefore, each month as needed. You will find enumerated on the budget sheet all the items which are necessary for the proper expense to operate an orchard and each item should be listed in the month required. If for instance, you wish to apply the dormant spray in March, figure what it will cost to apply this spray and enter the amount in the March column, as well as any other expense in March. — 34 — When you are assured of a crop, if you wish to buy enough arsenate of lead for the entire season, place its cost in that month column and so on. You need not separate your lead arsenate costs into months if you do not want to, as all the members of the Board of Directors have orchards and conse- quently they will understand what these various items mean. This plan gives the grower an opportunity to buy his material on a cash basis which should enable him to save considerable from buying on credit throughout the year. As your crop progresses, you, of course, will want to buy baskets and other containers to properly market your crop. If for instance you have peaches, you will probably want to buy baskets in July or August. Therefore, enter this item in those months as well as all labor required to harvest the crop and so on throughout the season. When you have filled out the application, mail it to the East Central Fruit Growers Production Credit Association at Hagerstown, Maryland, where it will be placed before the Loan Committee. Under the rules of the Farm Credit Administra- tion, we are required to have competent inspectors whose duty it is to inspect all collateral offered, list same and secure necessary information. A charge is made for inspection. When the loan is approved by the Loan Committee, the necessary papers are prepared and after they have been properly executed the asso- ciation can then disburse the money asked for or allotted from time to time as the crop progresses. I would urge all borrowers to go over their budgets to see that they estimate their crops carefully, and ask for enough money in the first application to fully take care of the crop even to harvesting, for the reason, that if you find you did not ask for enough advances in the first apphcation and wish to make a sejcond apphcation, we are required to ask for the same papers to be made over again which causes additional expense and delay. Also, it is necessary to make inspections of the orchards from time to time and furnish the association with written reports of the progress of the crop, as advances are allotted from month to month on the report of the Inspectors. If for any unforseen reason the crop should be damaged by frost, hail, or wind, the advances would be reduced, as it is the purpose of the Association to help the grower reduce his obliga- tions and not get him deeper in debt by advancing more money than his crop justifies. After all papers are properly executed, we are now ready to start paying out the money. If for instance you have asked for $500.00 in the first advance, we are required to deduct $25.00 or $5.00 on each hundred dollars loaned for Class B Stock. The money for Class B stock is sent to the Production Credit Corporation at Baltimore which invests this money in Government Bonds. Of course the Association receives the income from these bonds, as well as the income from all Class A stock of our Association which is owned by the Production — 36 — Credit Corporation and is i^^e^ted in Governme^^^^^ At thp nresent time, this amount is $150,000.00 ana wnn x-ne $30 OOO.SoT noT£ve in Class B fock makes our investments from which we derive income about $180,000.uu. The present rate of interest to the grower is 5 per cent and so longTthe money market remains the same we will be able to continue to loan money at this rate. For the benefit of those who do not know ^ow the Federal Intermediate Credit Bank operates as *« ^heir supply of funds T tliink vou should know they borrow all their funds by oHering he' rSeSurS to the pubfic for 3 to 6 -o^t^s maturity a. thev reauire funds. These debentures are offered generally about the 15th of each month. Banks, Insurance Companies :X\hers throughout the United States bid on these debe^^^^^^^^^^ and as the Federal Intermediate Credit Bank has never de faulted on their payments, they are sought as short term invest ments Therefo?e, you can see there is no government money Kaned to the members. We hope some day this association S be able to estabUsh such a credit standing as the Federal Tntermediate Credit Bank and we can do so by making sound loans and all members cooperating. As the crops are moved the members are required to pay off their loans, and interest is charged from the day the money is advanced till the day it is returned, so that the sooner the loan is paid off, the quicker the interest stops. Under the rules, all notes become due and payable on Novem- ber 15, at which time the crops should be sold or placed in storage. If the crop is sold, the notes should be paid off. If not sold but placed in storage, the notes can be renewed payable on demand, by furnishing the Association with satisfactory evidence that the apples are in Storage, in which case the loan can be paid off as the apples are removed from storage. For the information of those who are members of our Asso- ciation and those who might become members, the following is the Financial Statement of our Association for the first year s operation : Total Operating Revenue Total Operating Expense Profit on operation . . Loss on Inspection . . $ 14,765.00 9,675.00 5,090.00 701.00 Total Profit » 4,389.00 It might also interest you to know that the Association loaned a total of $680,467.00 to 151 members. This divided into states is as follows: — 36 — NuflEXFORM RtMAIN^ S PENSION M: -^ BO T TO ABOVE is an authentic photo- r\ graph of comparative test tubes that shows you the supe- rior suspension qualities of NuREXFORM. The first tubes con- tain four of the better known lead arsenates on the market; the last tube (at the right) con- tains NuREXFORM. In jUSt twO minutes, the first four tubes showed rapid settling — but none in the last tube. Then two hours later this photo was taken; with NuREXFORM sf'ill In perfect suspension —but the others settled at the bottom in a mass, leaving the water prac- tically clear and useless as a spray. NuREXFORM spreads evenly over foliage and fruit— leaves no gaps where chewing insects may attack. Also saves you time and trouble — NuREXFORM won't clog screens or nozzles. Tryitthisyear— ask your dealer. THi GRASSElLi CHEMIC I H C O ft 1» O 8 A t e D CfclVeiANO OHIO t^< ^ vT-7?^^ / c:UtA^ytt^tf rf- jL^rtri^ — 37 — ft , . . $ 223,219.00 Pennsylvania ^ 213 497.47 Virginia . 142,513.70 West Virginia 71712.07 Maryland 29 525.00 Delaware . [ . $ 680,467.24 Of this amount, $439,938.39 was repaid at t^e close of the year^ The balance outstanding in most cases ^^ ''^P'^^^f ^*f„c and it is desirable to wash as soon as picked. SOME .^croKS -- -- ---™'' ™*^ « A f T«ivprHitv Aiiricultural Experiment L^uKcm GKms^■?^^^^l;SSSi"^^'"■ ■T^, .ailu« of a ''ige Per^nt'je o^ Wos^jnn^^^^^^^^ ^^»t (ruit presents a problem °« '^JfJ^'^es in orchards where ffSon"*'anTva*a'' iSmpatibilities are not hmrUn, factors. friiif«5 that remain on the trees .hr?J™tt=^?;u^e""S;nr?rr under normal c„n- ^ri S iTSXr rS'tS ^.7raS^-^^"»! blossoms. During the 'l^''\^Z^'^ fhily the "June Drop" partially developed fruits occurs FmaUy.t ^^.^^^ ^^ ^ Eliminates the remamder of the^f^r^^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^ ^ , before maturity. The extern oi ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^1 Sbt oTCos= Srrl tree. 'pdUnation, weather r^Sont tree vigor nutrition, -d - -• The fertiUzation o^ t^^^^piTro^SnTor ^^^^ bees to pollen is necessary, and ^^P^^ P;°Lible varieties is an essen- Lure Pollr*^"'^.'^^/^ Se Wow£^^ vroyi^on, the n^T,niHaSevCl hazarX^^ afe not well understood^ orchardist still faces several pollinated and fertihzed The ability o^ ajpur^^ ^^^^ de^Inis^upon a very delicate blossom and, later, ts ""i^ " concerned. Some factors in- balance within the Pl'^^J ^^'^fdequate an*^ continuous supply volved in this balance a^e. an adequate a ^^^f ^^ture in of moisture, ample food J^servesactive^^^^^^ ^^^ adjoining leaves, and "♦'J^^^^^Xchanges in these f actors-by turbance of this balance t^^^"^^^ measurement-may ^^^^^^^^^^^-^^iX'^s the most im- po^t Jr^iSerrg &^^arbatTwithin the tree — 60 — and young fruit, that enables the spurs to set a satisfactory ^^ Weather conditions are frequently responsible for a poor set of fruit; but, even under adverse weather conditions, some orchards will mature good crops when nearby orchards, just as favorablv situated and with equal facilities for polhnation, will drop most of their blossoms and fruits. There are not many aspects of the weather that the orchardist can control, but he can aid his trees to successfully withstand some of the hardships of adverse weather. ' ,,,.,, u a Winter injury and late spring frosts not only kill many buds, but may so injure spurs with Uve buds that their blossoms do not set fruit. Cold, rainy weather may prevent good polhnation and that kind of weather following polUnation may so disturb the normal activities of the tree as to cause a heavy fall of poUinated fruits. Frequently, cold, rainy weather following bloom is more important than frosts during the bloom. Warm, dry seasons are usually followed by a good bloom and a good set of fruit. Fruits set better in the inter-mountain valleys, with their sunshine, than on the Pacific coast, where the springs are apt to be damp and foggy. The cold, rainy spring of 1933 prevented blossom bud formation in many Indiana orchards and reduced the percentage of blossoming spurs that set fruit in 1934. Any weather condition that weakens a tree, such as severe drouth or low winter temperatures, may reduce the per- centage of blossoming spurs that will set fruit. - t -. Moisture has been listed as one of the prime factors in truit setting. Few of us reaUze that lack of moisture in the spring of the year can be a limiting factor. In most seasons, the soils are wet and even on hot days the evaporation does not seem excessive. However, there are several ways by which the flow of moisture to the embryo fruit may be halted for periods ot varying lengths. High temperatures or strong winds, or both, may cause the loss of moisture from the leaves faster than the roots can supply it. This is particularly true where the root system is inadequate, whether due to injury or to poor soils. In shallow soils, the roots may not explore a sufficiently large volume of soil to maintain a continuous supply of moisture, in heavy soils, root systems are apt to be less well branched than in more friable soils. Poor drainage may cause the death ot the roots below a high water table, thus reducing moisture absorbing roots to take care of sudden increased demands Winter injury may be responsible for the slowing of the now ot moisture through the vessels of the tree. It is well known that the leaves successfully compete with the fruit for moisture, so that any shortage, even for a very short period, will attect the fruit first. It is easy, then to believe that, in case of high tem- peratures or drying atmospheres, the stream of water may be reversed for a period long enough to disturb dehcate balances within the spur and cause the fruit to drop. A well-distributed healthy root system, in well drained and deep soils, will maintain — 61 — the moisture supply to the advantage of ^^e getting jr^^^^^^ And, fortunately; such a soil and root system will mamtam the vigor that also aids in fruit set. • +1,^ .rinir^if^r Food stored, and in process of manufacture, in the vicimty of the developing fruit also play an iniportant part m Preventing fruit shedding. Just what the right balance may be, we do not know, but there is ample evidence that the supply must be on a high level. This is particularly true of sugars, starches, and nitrogenous compounds. It is well known that ringing a branch just before the blossoming season will increase the percentage of blossoming spurs that will set fruit. It is as well known that such a practice will increase the sugars and starches above the ring. In like manner, most orchardists are famihar with the increase of fruit set following spring apphcations of mtrogen carrying fertiUzers. Ringing and nitrogen apphcations may increase the set on different portions of the same tree It is also probable that where a large supply of these materials exists within the ti^ee, neither would increase the set of fruit. I hat ringing and nitrogen do increase the food supply, and usually the set, is an indication of the high level of nutrition needed to insure a set of fruit. , , . ^ 1 i • There is further evidence that lack of food supply is a prime cause of fruit shedding, in the failure of heavy initial sets to remain on the trees through the *^June Drop.^^ Excessive com- petition between blossoming spurs for Umited moisture and food suppUes results in the dropping of a very high percentage of pollinated fruits. When conditions are favorable for polli- nation and fruit setting, too many developing fruits may remain on the trees after the initial set. In such cases, it is not unusual for nearly all of these fruits to be so poorly nourished that less fruits remain on the tree after the "June Drop'' than in cases of smaller numbers of blossoming spurs per tree volume. It is certain that the percentage of blossoming spurs to set fruit falls as the number of such spurs increases per tree volume. Thinning the spurs, the buds, or the flowers has repeatedly increased the numbers of fruits harvested. An illustration of this was reported last month at Pittsburgh. Where 80 per cent of pear blossoms were removed in Oregon, the set of fruit was doubled. Thinning flowers by pruning probably has similar effects, as well as affecting the set in other ways. Pruning older trees during the winter or early spring will often materially increase the set, where blossoming spurs are numerous. Recognizing these facts, and with a heavy bloom in prospect, growers interest themselves in finding an economical method of removing just enough flowers to insure a good crop, and per- chance aid in good flower bud formation. Various compounds have been tried with varying degrees of success. If the desire is to remove all the blossoms, it can be done, but with more or less damage to the trees. In Indiana such methods were not needed in 1933, when scab and cold, wet weather eliminated so large a percentage of the blossoms and small fruits that there was not sufficient left for a crop. Where the present season's crop is the main consideration, many growers feel that it is safer to depend upon more expensive thinning methods after the initial drop is past, rather than to risk the loss of too large a percentage of the flowers and fruits. Insects and diseases, particularly apple scab, cause a loss of fruit far beyond that usually recognized. In bad scab years the disease attacks the small stem of the apple, causing the flower or fruit to drop. It also attacks the leaves, reducing the surface and this, in turn, reduces set. Ample protection against apple scab is an essential to hold the fruit on the tree during its form- ative stage. Foliage of good vigor is good insurance of a good set of fruit. This is particularly true of the spur leaves — those eight, ten, or twelve leaves among and just below the flowers and on the same spur. Any damage to this foliage will reduce the percentage of fruit set. Workers in several states have shown that the set is reduced in almost direct proportion to the percentage of foliage removed. Reduction of spur leaf area as late as two weeks after petal fall, in Indiana, reduced the set of fruit in all instances. Haller and Magness have shown that fruit may draw upon foliage at relatively great distances for its nourishment, and may attain as good size as that with foliage in close prox- imity. This fact can not be questioned for the fruit already set; but, for the small embyro, the balance is much more delicate and the foliage close by plays a very important role during a short period after pollination. Good foliage, vigorously func- tioning on the spur, is a prime factor in determining the number of fruits still on the tree at harvest time. To provide such foliage, a vigorous tree must be protected against insect and disease damage, by the use of spray materials and machinery that will not damage the leaves. Button, in Michigan, points out that lime sulfur sprays under high pressures and on over-sprayed trees injures the foliage and reduces the set. In Indiana, in 1931, lime sulfur on Grimes Golden trees reduced the set from 18 per cent of the blossoming spurs on check trees to 6 per cent on sprayed trees. In Wash- ington, it was found that oil in sprays following lime sulfur greatly reduced the set unless sufficient time intervened. Where lime sulfur was used in the pre-blossom and calyx sprays, fol- lowed by oil sprays eighteen days later, the set was reduced by 50 per cent of all the fruits. The current vigor of the tree is our best index of its ability to set a good crop of fruit under any given set of conditions. Young trees might be considered to be an exception to this statement, for they usually appear to be vigorous, and they do not set as well as do older trees. Because the older trees carry more blossoming spurs proportionate to their volume, we would expect them to set less fruit, if age was not a factor in over- coming the effects of a high total bloom. Therefore, the apparent vigor of the young tree may be an unbalanced vigor, because — 62 — — 63 some food item is not being supplied in sufficient quantity. It is with this class of trees that early ringing will show its greatest influence. It may be that the demand, in growth extension, for the carbohydrates, sugars, and starches, is so great that there is little left to set the fruit. On older, healthy, and vigorous trees with heavy twig and spur growth, we expect to have to thin excessively in seasons of abundant blossoming. That fact also emphasizes the import- ance of tree vigor. This condition is built into the trees over a long period of time and by numerous conditions and orchard practices. , , , ^i. • ^ Your own Experiment Station has clearly shown the import- ance of soil and soil management in developing tree vigor. Comparisons recently made in New York have also called atten- tion to the importance of soil depth and drainage. Drainage, to carry away excess moisture in wet seasons and thereby preserve a good root system, is all important. Vigor of trees is dependent upon a constant supply of moisture above the wilting percentage, or that amount of water in the soil readily available to the tree, for normal growth. In regions subject to drouth, or on soil types of low moisture holding capacity, the incorporation of organic matter and such tillage practices as will help to absorb and retain rainfall will promote vigor and a better set of fruit. However, cultivation may result in severe damage to trees through erosion, as well as through the burning-out of organic matter. In examining some southern Indiana trees that seemed to have dropped an unusual percentage of their flowers in 1934, it was found that these trees were standing on ridges or mounds formed by the erosion of the soil between the trees, due to past cultivation. Such trees, with exposed root systems, do not find sufficient moisture and nutrients in the available soil to keep up the needed supply at fruit setting time. Their vigor is weakened. It needs no emphasis to reaUze the need for fertility to main- tain vigor. Orchard covers, manures, and fertiUzers all affect f ertiUty . Aside from the effect upon set from the spring appli- cations of nitrogen, there is, after a few years as important an effect from the increased vigor of the tree. That these fertiUzers may be applied at other times than the spring and produce as good effect is doubtless true, but we do not know so much about it. Morris and Luce reported that in Washington fertilizers apphed in August increased the percentage of fruit to set the next year, and greatly increased the vigor of the trees. Nitro- genous fertilizers should be appUed sufficiently early to insure their availability to the spurs at fruit setting time. The moisture supply must be adequate to insure availabiUty. One of our best measures of tree vigor and probable fruit set is found in the fruit spurs. Strong spurs are more apt to retain their fruits than are those that are classified as weak. Spurs of large diameter, of satisfactory length growth, which — 64 — indicate ample food reserves and ability to apply new foods, will often set fruits in seasons of adverse weather conditions. Vigorous spurs will retain fruits with few seeds when weaker spurs will drop fruits with many more seeds. Several workers have shown a positive correlation between seed count, percentage of fruit set, and fruit size. Certain kinds of apples, however, are exceptions. The failure to remove filler trees before they overcrowd pro- vides conditions of shortage of moisture and nutrients, as well as light, which reduces the vigor of trees and reduces the set. In summary, we find that the factors involved are much the same as those involved in the production of vigorous trees, and emphasize orchard practices now in general use. Fruits set best on trees growing on deep, well drained soils of medium texture. Here excellent root systems are developed. Moisture is readily absorbed by such soils, through proper soil management. Soil nutrients, particularly nitrogen, either in tree reserve or from early spring application, are essential. These conditions produce vigorous growth, with well developed spurs of good length and diameter, capable of storing ample food reserves for fruit setting, when the demands are extreme. Such spurs also produce excellent spur foliage which is capable of maintaining a con- tinuous supply of newly manufactured food. Spur foliage must be protected against pests with sprays that will produce the Cherry Trees on Mazzard Roots ONE OF OUR SPECIALTIES At Our Nursery you can see a large assortment of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Evergreens, Flowering Shrubs, Etc. We Invite You to visit us and make your personal selection from the nursery row. Catalog with Prices Furnished Upon Request ENTERPRISE NURSERIES Geo. E. Stein & Son WRIGHTSVILLE, PA., R. D. 1 (Nursery located one-half mile north of East Prospect, Pa.) — 65 least possible injury. Young filler trees may be ringed on trunk or branch to insure the set. Competition between the blossom- ing spurs on heavily loaded trees may be reduced by prumng or early thinning of the blossoms or fruits. ^ Viaorons trees nrooerly protected against insects and dis- easIs^iS seT?^^^^^^^^^ /rojs under all but the most extrem^^^ weather conditions; and will set, in ^^^^y^^^^^ThT^Z favorably situated and weaker trees and orchards fail to set. Question: Does lime sulphur russet fruit if put on too early? What varieties are best pollinizers for Jonathan r Dr. Greene: I would not attempt to answer this question for Pennsylvania. Golden DeUcious and Dehcious are good for Jonathan with us. Question: Is Jonathan a satisfactory poUinizer for Rome? Dr. Greene: Yes, ordinarily. Some varieties will produce pollen under some sets of conditions and others will not. 1 have seen good pollen in Iowa from Winesap. What is a good poU- inizer for one section is not always the same for all sections. Question: What has been the history of the Gallia Beauty in your section in regard to size and color as compared with old Rome? Dr. Greene: My own impression is that in size it is not quite as good as old Rome but its color is better. Question : Do you find it necessary to put bees in the orchard during blooming season? Dr. Greene: Yes and no. Many people are hiring bees for an orchard but if wild bees are present it is not necessary to plant honey bees. Question: Is there a difference between tree type of Rome and Gallia Beauty? Mr. Miller: Not much in our section (West Virginia). Question: Is it as vigorous as Rome? Mr. Miller: No. Question: Does it hurt this variety of tree to thin up into June? Dr. Greene: I would not like to see you thin spurs but to trim a Uttle would not hurt the trees. Mr. Miller: We thinned in 1933 and 1934 and increased the crop in 1934. You will under some thinning conditions reduce the crop but you do get better size. Question: Is there any danger of pruning too much and throwing trees into new growth? Mr. Miller: I think not. There is a chance for an argument; some people think we do too much pruning of old trees. — 66 SPRAY RESIDUE REMOVAL IN PENNSYLVANIA DONALD E. H. FREAR, State College, Pa. The problem of spray residue removal has become important in Pennsylvania during the past few years only, because up to that time codling moth control did not require the use of fre- quent heavy applications of arsenical sprays. Within the past few years, however, the rapid increase of the codling moth has often necessitated the use of seven or eight cover sprays. Such an intensive spray program has had the natural con- sequence of building up a high deposit of both arsenic and lead upon the surface of the apples, and since Federal and State tolerance limits for these elements have been set for food prod- ucts, some means for reducing the amount of the spray residue had to be devised if the fruit and its by-products were to be marketed legally. Other states have been earlier confronted with this problem, because of peculiar local conditions favoring several codling moth infestations, so that their experiences in the matter of residue removal are of great value in determining the lines of attack in Pennsylvania. However, these practices developed elsewhere are of value only insofar as they can be applied to Pennsylvania conditions. In cooperation with the department of zoology and entomology the department of agricultural and biological chemistry accord- ingly began in the autumn of 1934 a series of experiments to determine the best procedures for the removal of spray residues under Pennsylvania conditions. The work was done at Arendts- ville, near the center of the Adams-Franklin fruit belt; this location was chosen because of the availability of suitable laboratory space in the branch laboratory of the department of zoology and entomology, and because of the availability of a number commercial orchards from which, through the cooper- ation of the owners and managers, samples were available for analyses and washing tests. While the results apply strictly only to the 1934 conditions in this district, they furnish a valuable guide for apple washing in Pennsylvania. Results of Experiments In order to cover all the work, summary statements will be made on each of the points studied. Type of Washers. — The work conducted included a com- parison of the flotation type of washer, specifically the homemade model designed by Mr. A. W. Clyde, State College, and a commercial underbrush machine, representative of this type of washer. The underbrush machine, in which the apples are subjected to brushing while being washed with a spray of wash solution, — 67 was more effective in removing spray ^^^^due^^^^^^^^ rn«ohine The flotation machine, however, removed the residues STrly as well, and should be entirely satisfactory for a grower S a reSly light residue problem and a limited amount of "" Type of Washing Solution.-Three general types of washing soluSL were tested for their efficiency - removm^^^^^^^^ residues- dilute hydrochloric acid, sodium silicate, and a mixture TsodJum c^^^^^^ and soap. Of th^se ^-e only t^^^^^^^^ solutions of hydrochloric acid were effective. The amount ot ?3ue Removed varied directly with the strength of the hydro- chloric aciTbut equal removal of lead and arsemc was secured with a solution containing from 1.5 to 2.0 per cent by weight ^'SfutK^^^^^^^ washes, such as sodium silicate, may be of value when heavy appUcations of oil are made ^o thejru^^^ Usefulness of Wetting Agents and Salt.-Two of the most widely advertised brands of wetting agentsi were tested to determine if the use of such materials increased the amount ^f lead and arsenic removed by hydrochloric acid s<>l^^/^f ;^^^^^^^ increase in the removal of lead was apparent from the use ot these wetting agents; only a very small increase was ap^^^^^^^ in the effectiveness of the arsenic removal. Four other wetting agents2 were tested in a less extensive way and none ot tnese were found to add to the effectiveness of residual removal. The use of salt, often recommended as a fortifying agent witn hydrochloric acid solutions, proved to be of little or no value in increasing the efficiency of the removal of either arsenic or lead The Use of Heated Wash Solutions.— Heating the wash solutions to approximately 100 degrees Fahrenheit was found effective in increasing the ease of removal of spray residues A solution of hydrochloric acid containing 1 per cent by weight heated to 100 degrees was as effective in removing both lead and arsenic as a 2 per cent solution at 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Tem- peratures above 100 degrees F. are to be avoided because of possible injury to the fruit. , ^, . ^ mi_ Effect of Variety on Ease of Cleaning.— There was appar- ently considerable difference between varieties of apples as regards ease of cleaning. Stayman Winesap cleaned most readily, followed in order by Grimes, Jonathan, and York; the most difficult varieties to clean are Albemarle Pippin (Yellow Newton) and Hubbardston, the latter proving by extended trials to be extremely difficult to clean. Effect of Washing on Keeping Quality.- While the time between the washing tests and the writing of this paper has not been great enough to allow any extended investigation of the effect of the washing on the keeping quality of the fruit, certain facts appear certain. The use of insufficient rinse water after acid washing is extremely dangerous, since it leads to calyx-end injury in storage. Contrary to the general opinion this injury may not be due to the acid itself, but to soluble arsenic set free by the acid, and is similar to calyx-end spray burn sometimes found in the field. One of the wetting agents* used apparently tended to cause injury in storage, but the results are not yet complete enough to justify any conclusion on this point. ^ Summary and Recommendations It is difficult to make generalizations, but the following is a conservative statement of recommended practices if the toler- ances for 1935 remain at substantially the same level as 1934 (arsenic 0.010 grain per pound; lead 0.019 grain per pound). If possible through the proper timing of cover sprays, the residue level at harvest should be kept below 0.040 grain per pound for lead and 0.020 grain per pound for arsenic. In most varieties this residue will be brought below the tolerance by cold 1.5 per cent hydrochloric acid in a flotation washer. If a higher amount of residue is unavoidable, or in the case of certain varieties such as Hubbardston, if it is known that the waxy nature of the fruit makes residue removal difficult, a 1.5 per cent hydrochloric acid solution should be used, heated to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. This should take care of a lead residue up to approximately .075 grain per pound if used in a flotation washer, or higher if used in a brush washer. All of these recommendations are based on the use of lead arsenate alone or with stickers, but will not apply if any considerable amount of oil is used in the cover sprays. OLD FACTS OR NEW FANCIES H. E. HODGKISS, State College, Pa. The development of orchard insect suppression practices within our memory has been so rapid that we often forget the good things that have come to us in past years. Many of us however are prone to hark back to the good old days when insects accord- ing to reports were not so bothersome. Unfortunately perhaps those good old days are but fond memories. Yet during that period most if not all of the fundamentals we use today were in process of development. More recently the most insistent demands on entomologists have been for something new. And in many instances where these requests were met the results have not been as satisfactory as it appeared they might have been. At the present time we are again taking stock of the situation and there appears to me to be a swing back to a more conservative viewpoint. There has been and is an idea prevalent that perhaps our insect control iAlSker(Uquid), Aresket (solid). W-77. Aresklene. These are experimental products only. — 68 — ♦Aresket. — 69 — recommendations may need revision in the ligji^ ^^ !^«J?,JS*t knowledge in fruit insect control P^-^^f ..oTaVS or T^ has prompted me to choose the subject Old I'acts or incw ^tr^n^^.^1^1^ pa^t is somewhat clouded by the tremLrus developments in Jnsect 00-^011-°-^,°^^ In retrospect my time has been only too short. If we connne oSr dTscuSon entirely to insect control f/^^^tj^J^^^^^^^^^^ to the insects themselves perhaps we can travel a long distance in a short time. The underlying things that have withstood the marks of timTare proper timing, correct materials, and thorough- ness The principal changes have been in materials advocated ?or the different uses. Many of these have become of proven worJh some gave much promise and ultimately were discarded wSle otE came to be considered as effective for one or more Durposes These latter materials are looked upon as having f2 chief value as special rather than general purpose msecti- cides Among them n^ay be mentioned nicotine sulphate, spray- S oils tar oil combinations, calcium arsenate, fluorine com- pound? and a host of other chemicals that have been used in ^m" p^ogr'eTs has been made in machinery to lighten the labor part of thi suppression job. It is a far cry from the hand pump to the central spray plant. Many years elapsed between Ce improvements yet during the period, gas pressure sprayers air pressure sprayers and other atomizer type machines have all '1roSht?erm3 nozzle to the spray gun and to the multiple nozzle was another extended period. Yet a multiple type nozzle was discarded when the single nozzle spray gun was manufac- tured. There has been a growth period in the development of each and every tool and every insecticide and even in the develop- ment of the understanding of the critical periods during which apple insects are best controlled. Perhaps I can illustrate the subject best by citing the develop- ments in codUng moth control as they have taken place in your own orchards. Methods that we now mention as supplements to codling moth spraying practices were in vogue before my time. No doubt many in this audience can recall the first use of tree scraping and banding as initial rather than secondary control practices for the apple worm or as we now refer to it, more correctly, the codhng moth. Bands of burlap were advocated in those early years to trap the worms when they sought shelter for hibernation. They are used today, although the procedure is somewhat different. The self-kiUing band, or treated band is the most recent improvement and its value has already been proven. In between, there were numerous types suggested only to be discarded on account of inefficiency. . . , . The chief use we made of codling moth bands in the last decade was as a means of catching larvae in the autumn so that they could be collected in the spring. These larvae were bred • Fruit growing profits are not determined by how many apples you grow but rather by how many extra fancy you harvest. It's the clean, sound, full color apples that are moved at premium prices. Extra Fancy gets the call— and the growers who harvest Extra Fancy next fall reap the "extra profits." The dependable GRASSELLI Spray and Dust Materials properly applied mean quality fruit. Use GRASSELLI Spray Products in your spray schedule this year for best results and more "Extra Fancy." Write us for Grasselli Growers* Guide and Spray Chart. THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO., Inc. Subsidiary of JS. I. DuPont de Nemours & Companv,Ine. Founded 1839 Cleveland, O. GRASSELLI GRADE Arsenate of Lead Bordeaux Mixture Calcium Arsenate Coposil Dry Lime Sulphur Dutox Kleen.O-Cil Kleenup (Dormant Oil) Kleenup— 'TarOil Emulsion and Many Koppers Flotation Sulphur Lime Sulphur Solution Loro— A new contact insecticide Manganar Orthol-K (Summer Oil) P. A.C. Formaldehyde Dust Sulphate of Nicotine Sulphur Others Grasselli PRO' Grasselli Grade 70 — — 71 — for the purpose of forecasting the timing periods of codl^^^^ moth cover sprays. The larvae were reared in vials or in cor- ^gated paper strips placed in jars. The nioth emergence mdx cated flight%eriods. This method was ^^^^ ^^ served the purpose for the times a newer method of using pails containing sweetened water was developed ^^^^J. has been found to be most accurate as an indicator of moth flight feeveral app^e growers on their own initiative have in the last few years hung bait pails in their orchards as a means of ascertaimng the maxfmum periods of codling moth emergence. We were able last year to place a series of stations m s^^^V'^T .tl^ fliS purpose of ascertaining the differences m periods of moth flight for the entire State. Three orchardists in Franklm County and one in Lehigh placed traps in their orchards on their own imtia- tive. Subsequently they offered the records to us for timing purposes. The department of zoology and entomology of the Experiment Station permitted free use of their records m Adams County On account of these records being taken in the three counties, I did not consider a duphcation necessary so that no attempt was made to place bait pails in the area where we had this cooperation. Flight records were taken in 15 orchards so located that for the first there is a true picture of the flight activities of codhng moth in Pennsylvania. This was a cooper- ative venture and I wish to take this opportunity to express our appreciation for the courtesy the orchardists extended to us. Without this assistance the work could not have been accom- ^ A study of graphs prepared from the daily observations indi- cated that there were no wide fluctuations in periods of peak flights Comparisons with spraying information dates also shows that the apples were protected during the critical periods. More complete stoppage of stings on apples could perhaps have been prevented by a closer spacing of sprays in the heavily infested orchards. In fact that was brought out in orchards where six or seven cover sprays were used by orchardists instead of the four covers ordinarily suggested. , ^ , , , Lead arsenate has been in use on apples for three decades. Some of you will recall the old home made preparation but with the commercial development of a standard product that earlier form was quickly superceded. Lead arsenate was originally sold as a paste with all its attended weaknesses. The dry powdered material has been a very welcome substitute. Improvements in texture, suspension in water and compounding with spreaders or stickers have been further attempts at perfecting the product. Other arsenical compounds have come and in turn have been discarded for apple insect control either on account of ineffec- tiveness against codling moth or fohage injury, or both. Lead arsenate is today the safest and most efficient arsenical insecti- cide that can be used on apples. My first official contact with fruit growers was at the meeting of the Western New York Horticultural Society in 1905. At — 72 that time I had no understanding of growers^ problems or their difficulties in arriving at the solution of them. One point was brought out at that meeting that made a lasting impression. It was thoroughness in the application of spray materials. There have been improvements in materials, methods, and timing as the years rolled along. But there has been no sub- stitute for proper methods of application. If insecticides are put on thoroughly control is certain. When little attention is given to coverage the results are uncertain. This has been pointed out to you on numerous occasions, but there is no better illustration than the record of codling moth in five orchards where in 1933 the percentages of fruit damage from codling moth ranged from 40 to 86 per cent. This year owing to the thorough- ness and timeliness of making the applications the infestations were reduced to either 0.1 per cent, 4.7 per cent, 14.8 per cent, 21 per cent or 64 per cent. The state- wide survey in 53 counties showed that in 171 orchards completely sprayed there were 2.5 per cent of the apples stung or wormy while the average damage in 132 poorly or partly sprayed was 16.8 per cent from codling moth alone. The placement of tolerances for residual arsenic and lead that remain on apples at harvest and the removal of excess amounts of these chemicals is one of the new phases of control operations that at the present time is of importance to apple growers. Means by which tolerance limitations could be over- come have received attention through the use of reduced dosages of lead arsenate, lowering the dosage of the poison in the last cover spray, substituting calcium arsenate for lead arsenate and restricting spraying to a minimum number of cover sprays. The net result of these efforts was a continued increase in the infestation so that in 1934 we reverted to the older practice and started on a program to clean up the codling moth. It was expected that fruit so treated would need to be washed at harvest and that program was suggested. At harvest 155 samples of apples were collected in 53 counties. The analyses for arsenic showed that 111 samples were below the tolerance, 7 equaled the tolerance and 37 or 23.9 per cent of them were above the tolerance. Residual lead was below the tolerance on 101 samples, equal to the tolerance on 3, and above the tolerance on 51 samples or 32.9 per cent of the number analyzed. Brushing and washing practices were used by a number of orchardists to remove excess residues. A comparison of the two practices is given in Table 1 which indicates that of the two methods the brushes were the least dependable. The relation of method of application to residual poisons on fruits was interesting in that it showed a wide range in percent- ages of fruit damage between good and poor control practices but the differences in averages of both residual arsenic and lead were unimportant. Studies on insecticides designed to replace arsenate of lead are — 73 — progressing slowly. Much of the work has been with substitutes to take the place of the lead arsenate in late summer sprays Agafn we see'^at close range the developmental stages Some of the materials have not proven out and to date Perhaps the summer oil-nicotine combination is the best for our use. How- JvS before it can be recommended adjustments m spraying Table 1.— Effects of Cleaning on the Residual Arsenic and Lead on Apples Type of Cleaning Apparatus 1 Residue Analyses Orch. No. Before Cleaning After Cleaning Differences Ars. Lead Ars. Lead Ars. Lead 1 2 3 4 Brush Brush Brush Washer .007 .004 .006 .015 .024 .009 .014 .035 .006 .005 .003 .007 .027 .013 .008 .013 .001 + .001 .003 .008 + .003 + .004 .006 .012 practice must be made. Its use following closely after lime sulphur is a subject for additional study so that we can be certain of its safeness to foUage if used following the regular heavy schedule of lime sulphur sprays. The selection of an insect control program is not easy. Last year the use of powdered milk in late season sprays appeared to increase the difficulty of residue removal and the program will be modified somewhat in this respect. The outbreak of red spider in orchards where tar oil combination sprays were applied during the dormant period indicates a change in this respect. San Jose scale developed rather abundantly and care must be taken to keep it within bounds. Curculio is too large a factor in the eastern counties to be over looked. Apple maggot m a number of counties complicates the late season program. With these old problems again confronting us should we not again take stock of the proven things and those which have caught our fancy for the moment? Extensive apple growers have demonstrated to their own satisfaction that codling nioth can be controlled. You know how to get control of red spider, San Jose scale and curculio. Have there been any newer methods devised to give the same protection? In my opinion, no. Yet the door is open and sooner than we now expect our ideas on codUng moth control and the suppression of other insects may undergo radical changes. Nevertheless there are three parts of the program that never will be revised. These are proper timing of sprays, the use of correct materials, and thoroughness in the application of insecticides. Together they form the basis on which all insect control practices are erected. These factors — 74— must be satisfied whether our ideas of insect suppression are termed old or whether they can be designated as being new. Recommendations for 1935 It is suggested that on account of the weakened condition of trees subjected to extreme sub-zero temperatures during the winter of 1933-34 and to the extended drought period of the past few years attention should be given to these factors in order that additional harm will not result from appUcations of insec- ticides made during the dormant period of the trees. The failure of tar oil-petroleum oil combinations to prevent excessive infestations of the European red mite, or red spider as it is often named; the increase in San Jose scale; and the diffi- culty some growers appear to have in controlling the rosy aphis have raised doubts in the minds of apple growers as to the selection of insecticides for these purposes. In those counties where freezing injury was most serious or there is a probability of injury having been done by freezing or drought it will be advisable to use the lime sulphur-nicotine- lead combination in the delayed dormant period. Some of these orchardists will need to use a petroleum spray- ing oil for red mite. Many of them may prefer a tar-oil for rosy aphis eggs. They should not attempt to combine the two in one application but decide which insect is the most serious in their orchard and then spray either for aphis eggs or for red mite eggs with one or the other of the materials. Owners of large acreages of trees who may be unable on account of under-equipment to complete the delayed dormant spraying for rosy aphis before the leaves of the fruit buds expand can extend the time during which this work can be completed by using a dormant tar-oil, a semi-dormant cresyllic acid-oil emulsion, and finish with the delayed dormant lime sulphur- nicotine spray. It must be remembered that the materials other than the lime sulphur-nicotine do not replace the delayed dor- mant applications in the spray program. Substitutes for lead arsenate in the control of codling moth where used have been more costly, less effective, and have presented residue removal difficulties that appear to raise a question as to their practicability. Powdered or liquid skim milk also increase the residue problem and for that reason it appears that they should not be included in the late summer sprays. The spraying information letters should be read closely as these will contain variations from the standard practice as indicated by codling moth or other insect conditions within the several counties. 75 FIRST STEPS IN ORCHARD SOIL FERTILITY RECOVERY R. D. ANTHONY, State College, Pa. Apple tree planting in Pennsylvania reached the peak about 1915 and then dropped rapidly during the next ten years. In 1920 there were more trees of non bearing age in Adams Uounty than there were bearing trees and in the entire state there were less than three bearing trees to each young tree. In other words, up to the present time cultural problems m general have been those of young orchards; now, with a large group of orchards which are 20 or more years old, we have to consider the problems of mature trees and in some respects we find these problems are quite different. While the ground was not too heavily shaded and while there was yet soil unoccupied by tree roots, cover crop or sod growth was heavy enough to maintain a fair supply of humus in the soil. Where there was a considerable quantity of fairly fertile soil into which new roots could push vigorously each year, tree growth and yield was satisfactory even with treatments which under more rigorous conditions proved to be undesirable. When shading and root crowding became such serious factors that satisfactory soil covers could not be main- tained and the humus supply in the soil began to drop down, then tree growth and yield also began to slow up. The close planting which was common 20 years ago has resulted in the soil being completely occupied by roots just so much quicker and has accentuated problems of soil depletion. Using Sod to Build Soil Fertility. It is fortunate that the oldest Experiment Orchard at State College was planted several years ahead of the peak of orchard planting in the state. Be- cause this orchard is well started on its second quarter century we are having an opportunity to study here some of the problenis of maturity before they have become acute in a large area in the state. i. . ^ j One of the most serious of these problems of maturity and one which also may be more acute with old age is that of main- taining a sufficient supply of organic matter in the apple orchard soil to sustain a desirable tree growth and yield. The history of certain blocks in the Experiment Orchard throws much hght on several of the problems connected with the organic matter supply in the soil. This report is a brief presentation of the story of these blocks. When this orchard was planted in 1908 one series of 16 blocks of a dozen trees each was placed under annual cultivation with non-legume cover crops. Every fourth block received no ferti- Uzer as a check, the other blocks were given different fertiUzer treatments. Plot 1, a check, was on a slope and suffered some erosion. Plot 7, also a check, was in a low area where the soil was more fertile than in the rest of the orchard. Plot 12, which received a complete fertilizer since 1912, was at the top of a — 76 — i 2_ •o (A* O <0 Strictly Commission Prompt Returns Truck or Carload Good Outlet ■ 'fify >■ PEDRICK & ROEMHILD Fruit and Produce Commission Merchants 122 DOCK ST. LOMBARD 1000 PHILADELPHIA 77 slight ridge where the soil was thin. Plot 13, another check, was on tWs same ridge and similar to Plot 12, but on the average the soil was probably better than in Plot 1 though mf ^ POor^r than in Plot 7. Table 1 gives the yields of these Plots thr^ 1927 and is an expression of their relative fertility at that time. Table 1. Yield Through 1927 of Trees Planted in 1908 Plot 1 Check Plot 7 Check Plot 12 NPK Plot 13 Check Pounds per tree 2200 3154 3178 2742 In the summer of 1928, when these trees were in their 21st year, Plots 13-16 were seeded to a blue grass sod and all tree squares were given 10 pounds of nitrate of soda. At that time no change was made in the other blocks in the series. Before this change. Plot 13 had been decreasing rapidly m lertility; the cover crops were seriously injured by dry weather and the soil was becoming thin and hard; branch growth was short and the leaf color indicated that there was very Uttle nitrogen avail- able in the soil. The change in this plot with the establishing of a heavily nitrated sod was most remarkable. The leaf color became a healthy deep green; branch growth increased rapidly; and the yield began to pick up. . . ^^ n j. i • In the fall of 1930 the sod was plowed and the first week in June, 1931, a cover crop of millet was seeded in all the original 16 plots. This year also Plot 13 received the usual 10 pounds of nitrate of soda to the tree square. Table 2 gives the green weight of this cover reduced to an acre basis. Table 2. Green Weights of 1931 Cover Crop Pounds per acre Plot 1 Check Plot 7 Check Plot 12 NPK Plot 13 Sod plus N 2580 3795 12363 7342 Whereas in 1927 Plot 13 had been below Plot 7 ih fertility as indicated by yield and was faUing back rapidly, it now had nearly twice as much cover crop as Plot 7 and was beginning to catch up with Plot 12 which had been heavily fertiUzed since 1912. j . r x- The blue grass sod was re-established in 1932 and the ferti- Uzer continued. In the spring of 1933 and again in 1934 this sod was checked by harrowing but this did not prevent a heavy growth of blue grass developing each summer. Each year these trees have shown gains in leaf color, tree growth and yield until now to the eye they are the equal of the adjoining Plot 12. Table 3, however, shows that while 13 had passed Plot 7 which for many years was the best plot in the orchard, it has not yet — 78 — equaled the cultivated trees which received a complete fertilizer since 1912. The yields in 1934 emphasized this statement. The trees in the fertilized sod last year averaged slightly over 10 bushels, the adjoining trees under cultivation with annual ferti- lization averaged a bushel more, while those in Plot 7 bore less than five bushels. Thus a plot which had become so unpro- ductive from years of cultivation with deficient cover crops that the trees were a liability instead of an asset, in seven years under a fertilized sod rotation had become moderately profitable. We should not lose sight of the fact that the soil management cost no more with the profitable than with the unprofitable system. Table 3. Yield and Branch Growth Plot 1 Check Plot 7 Check Plot 12 NPK Plot 13 Sod plus N Total Yield 1928-34 Total Branch Growth lbs. per tree 1929-33 inches 1953* 17.7 2549 20.3 3339 27.5 2605 23.7 Effect of Sod Residues on Holding Rainfall In the fall of 1929 a 10-year sod was broken in a block of 90 trees then 22 years old. The series of fertilizer tests described above adjoined this sod block. The first week in June, 1930, the sod block and the fertilizer blocks were seeded to millet. The most successful treatment in the fertilizer series was that where nitrogen and phosphate were applied together. This was the treatment in Plot 2. Directly across a driveway from Plot 2 in the sod block were two rows, one of which had received five pounds of nitrate of soda per tree square for 10 years while the other had never received any fertilizer. When these rows were plowed the fertilizer row had a heavy blue grass sod, the unfertilized row a rather thin, mixed sod but with a fair amount of volunteer clover. During 1930, there was a moisture deficiency of about 15 inches. By mid-August nearly all the millet in Plot 2 of the fertilizer series was killed, especially in the higher portion where the spd was thin. In the sod block where nitrogen had been used regularly the millet was over 30 inches tall and in healthy condition. More surprising than this, in the row where the unfertilized sod had been turned under, the millet was nearly as tall and as vigorous as where the fertilized sod had been plowed. In other words, turning under a very ordinary sod made it possible for the soil to hold such a large part of the winter rains and snows that a sufficient moisture reservoir was erected to grow a heavy cover; while 21 years of fertilized cover crops did not prevent the soil from puddling to such an extent that much ^This treatment was changed in the spring of 1934 but the change did not materially affect the yield of that year. 79 of the rain and melting snows washed down the shght slope and the plot suffered seriously from drought. Table 4 shows the , weight of cover crops in these various plots. Two records are given for Plot 2, one at the top of the slope where the soil is thin, the other at the bottom where the soil is deep and moisture conditions most favorable. Table 4. Sod Residues Hold Rainfall to Grow Cover Crops Green Weights of 1930 Cover Crop lbs. per acre Plot 2 Annual cultivation plus NP— shallow soil 1^^^ Annual cultivation plus NP — deep soil 4^76 Following 10 years of sod with 5 lbs. nitrate of soda each year '^"*^ Following 10 years of sod— no fertilizer 6558 Green Manures In these two cases we have examples of the beneficial results from turning sod residues into the soil, particularly when those sods have been increased by proper fertiUzation. But there are many orchards where this is not feasible either because the shade from too closely planted trees prevents a desirable sod growth or because the fertiUty of the soil has become so low that the use of fertilizers alone will not enable a sod to make a satisfac- tory growth. What should be done in such cases? Agam let us turn to the Experiment Orchard at State College. At the end of 1933 when this orchard had completed 26 years of growth, most of those plots which had received annual culti- vation with non-legume cover crops without nitrogen fertihza- tion were in a seriously depleted condition. In fact trees were beginning to die from what could only be described as starva- tion. In some of these areas sheet erosion had become so serious that little was left of the surface soil. It seemed hopeless to attempt to build up such a soil by the use of fertiUzers and cover crops in time to save the trees. Of course, a heavy appli- cation of barnyard manure would be the usual treatment for such spots on the farm. However, few fruit growers have manure or can secure it readily so some other solution seemed necessary. It was decided to grow the equivalent of a cover crop outside the orchard, to cut it early enough so that it would have a fairly high nitrogen content, to bring it into the orchard while still fresh and to disc it into the ground. This, of course, would have to be done in early summer. It was also decided to compare such a treatment with a winter application of manure. Early in 1934 fresh barnyard manure was spread at the rate of five tons to the acre on Plots 1 and 4, both checks, in the ferti- lizer series, and on another block of considerably larger area which also had received annual cultivation, a non-legume cover crop and no fertilizer for 26 years and which was in poorer condition than either Plots 1 or 4. Early in June a mixture of sweet clover and alfalfa growing in a field near the orchard was cut and immediately spread over Plot 5 and 6 of the old ferti- lizer series at the rate of five tons of green cover per acre. These last two plots had been fertilized regularly with phosphorus and potash but had become less productive than the checks on either side. In early spring all the tree squares in Plots 1, 4, 5 and 6 receive five pounds of nitrate of soda, five pounds of super- phosphate and one pound of muriate of potash. As soon as the clover and alfalfa was spread, all these blocks were thoroughly disced and seeded to a mixed cover crop containing several clovers and other legumes and millet. Plot 2 which had received nitrate and phosphate since the trees were planted and Plot 7, the check in a very fertile area, were left unchanged but were seeded with the same cover crop. Table 5. Effect on Cover Crop Growth of Adding Barnyard Manure AND Green Manure to a Depleted Soil All blocks under annual cultivation since 1908; non legume covers 1908-33; mixed covers 1934. Weight in pounds of Green Cover per Acre Total 1929-33 1934 Treatment 1908-33 1934 Plot 2 NP NP 34346 Plot 3 NK NPK 38361 Plot 4 Nothing Barnyard manure —NPK 12846 Plot 5 \PK Clover— NPK 13446 Plot 6 / Plot? Nothing Nothing 19062 10212 7166 12566 12906 6092 In a very short time it was apparent that both the barnyard manure and the green manure were having a profound effect on the cover crop and the tree growth. By the end of the sum- mer the plots receiving these treatments had the heaviest cover crop that they had produced in many years if not the heaviest since the orchard was planted. Table 5 shows the weight of the cover in the various plots. Plot 2 which received nitrate of soda and super phosphate and Plot 7, a check, were con- tinued through 1934 without change so the cover crop growth here as compared to the total cover crop growth for the previous five years is a good index of the effect of the 1934 season on cover crop growth. The past season has been a little better than average. In Plot 3 where nitrogen and potash had been used since the orchard was planted and where phosphorus was added in 1934 the relation of the 1934 cover to the cover crops of the previous five years was about the same as in Plot 2. In the plots where barnyard manure was used the 1934 cover was as heavy as the total of all the cover crops for the previous five years and turning under the green sweet clover and alfalfa 80 — 81 was just as effective as using barnyard ^nanure The effect on tree growth was as extreme and as surprising as on the cover crop Trees which had made almost no growth for years, last summer had dark green leaves and made a heavy growth of sprouts along the bare branches as well as good terminal growth Another year or two of these treatments promise to bring the^e trees back into profitable production*. Question: Will straw do as well as green manure/ Db Anthony: The minute you bring something in from outside you start a rotting process We brought i^^ g^-eeii J^^^^ high in nitrogen. That material was spread and rotted very rapidly making a tie-up with the nitrogen of the soil. If we had brought in straw we would have checked the trees that year more than no treatment. It would have taken mtrogen out of the soil the first year and the trees would have had to wait until the second year for any benefit from the material brought in. If you do use outside material bring in enough nitrogen to rot this without taking nitrogen from the soil. Question: Is chicken manure as good as barnyard manure r Br. Anthony: This should be used only in moderation. Chicken manure mixed with straw would be fine. -MECHlflNG'S- If Aphis have ever hurt your crop, and you want to play safe, spray with SCALE OIL. Will control Red Mite and Scale at the same time. Stabilized Oil Emulsion will combine with Bordeaux or Lime Sulphur for Scab control. i THE FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION AND THE FRUIT GROWER F. B. BOMBERGER, President, Baltimore Bank for Cooperatives, Baltimore, Md. In the twenty months since its inception, the Farm Credit Administration has met emergency credit needs of American farmers by making loans at an average of over five million dollars ($5,000,000.00) a day for every day in the year; while at the same time it has created a thoroughly coordinated system of farm credit that is adapted to the requirements of American agriculture, that is cooperative in character and operation, that will ultimately be controlled by the farmers who borrow under it, and that will be financed from funds derived from the invest- ing pubUc and not by subsidies from the pubUc treasury. This was the message deUvered by Doctor F. B. Bomberger, President of the Baltimore Bank for Cooperatives, in his address before the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association at its 76th anniversary meeting, held in the Farm Show Building at 2:00 o^clock P. M., on January 23rd, 1935, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The system is truly cooperative, he said, and all of its features have been developed with the object in view of putting into the hands of the farmer the financing of his credit requirements to help the farmer to help himself. ♦In an off-the-floor discussion, several Luzerne County growers cornered the secretary and argued that from their own observations, many of these, trees would not continue to perk up, but would presently go into a permanent slump Time will tell; ^e are all open- minded in searching for the facts. Bear in mind the fact that this talk concerns the first steps only. The new non-poisonous dust for vegetables SULFOROTE Rotenone-Sulphur Dusting Mixture There is no danger of having your cabbage seized and destroyed if the worms are killed with this non-poisonous material. MCCHLIIND BROS- CHCMICAI! CO' CAMOENv H'M" Est. 1869 — 82 — 83 i,> The credit system of the Uruted States has not ^ways^^een adapted to the requirements of agriculture 1 ne sy devised to meet the needs of «"i""^f ?f^„^°ess o^^^^^^^^ on a agriculture developed mto a definite bus^^^^^^^^^^ the need commercial, and in some '^^f^'^^fS.rtrSerlTni^^^^^ of for a credit system especially ^^aP^ed to tje requ agriculture became very great. The 30-bO »" aay ^ ^ ^^ admirably adapted for indusg and «^^^^^ 1 to the needs of agnculture Jh g^^^ ^ ^^^1 United States, DurDOse of the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks was to fe dSunt notes of farmers placed in the commercial banks and to make direct loans to cooperative associations The continued decline of agricultural P^^^^^ji^^^j^-J^A^^^^ in 1920 led to various laws intended to provide ^ehef f^^^^^^^^ rnlture From time to time the Congress of the United States Enacted iS providing for ^eed and feed loans for the re he of farmers suffering from droughts, flj^^d^;,.^^^- ,^^^J^^^^^^^^^ Agricultural Marketing Act was passed, setting up the ^^ederai Ffrm Sard, to make loans to cooperative associations and to Ponduct stabiUzation operations in cotton and gram. In 1932 SSrRegiona^^^^^^ Credit Cooperations were provided tv Sr the Administration of the Reconstruction Finance ^TrSsS^'therefore, there were five separate credit agencies opemting under the authority of the Government, each main- Ene fts own pohcy with resulting duphcation conflict of polSs, wast^of time: effort and money. The establishment of the Farm Credit Administration under the provisions of the Farm C^dit Act of 1933, was to coordinate the operation of all ofXse various credit activities and to make the credit facilities of the Government more nearly adequate to the needs of ag^^^^ culture The Farm Credit Administration is thus only about 20 months of age. It was estabhshed by the first Executive Order Sned by President Roosevelt, which became effective May 27th 1933. In the period that has elapsed a purely amazing amoint of credit work has been done by the agencies of the ''TS"S«i"'ij' wlmam I. Myers. Governor o, th. Farm Credit Administration, before the Agricultural Commission of t^he Amtri^an Bankers Association in October, 19^^^^^^^^ the statement that ^^we have received to ^a^^^^^^^^^^ tions for mortgage loans aggregatmg $3,800,000,000.00. Ihis — 84 — number is something more than J^ of all the farms in the United States, perhaps 34 o^ the farmers that have mortgages. We have closed during this same period in round numbers 515,000 mortgage loans for $1,320,000,000.00 in addition to the loans closed we have approved 160,000 applications for just under $500,- 000,000.00.^' During this same period there was being set up a system of Production Credit Associations and Regional Banks for Cooperatives, one of each being estabhshed in each of the Federal Land Bank Districts. The result was that in 1934 a larger volume of credit was extended to American farmers on a cooperative basis than ever before in the history of the country. The amount of money loaned by the Farm Credit Administra- tion averaged over $5,000,000.00 a day for every day in the year. The system established under the Farm Credit Administration provides in each of the 12 Federal Land Bank Districts for a Federal Land Bank, a Federal Intermediate Credit Bank, a Production Credit Corporation and a Bank for Cooperatives. All of these are coordinated under a General Agent and adminis- tratively responsible to the Farm Credit Administration in Washington, which is administered by a Governor and two Deputy Governors and four appropriate Divisions responsible for the administration of each of the different agencies. The Production Credit Corporations provide for the financing of production credit associations, which lend money to farmers for production purposes, the farmers' notes, together with ade- quate collateral, being taken in return for such credit. These notes are re-discounted with the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks of the respective Land Bank Districts. The Banks for Cooperatives make loans to cooperative associations of pro- ducers of agricultural commodities for the purpose of processing and marketing such commodities and for processing, handling and distribution of farm supplies. A review of the system thus briefly outlined indicates, first of all, that it is designed to meet the credit requirements of agri- culture. There are appropriate institutions to provide credit for short term production operations, through Production Credit Associations; for the financing of intermediate credit require- ments extending from six months to three years through Inter- mediate Credit Banks; to finance and purchase and equipment of the farm by long time loans negotiated through the Federal Land Banks, and to provide operating capital for cooperative associations of farmers who desire to market their commodities and purchase their supplies in a collective way. The next feature of significance in connection with the credit system functioning under the Farm Credit Administration is the fact that it is practically a cooperative system. The National Farm Loan Association, through which the farmer receives his loan from the Federal Land Bank, is a cooperative organization, the individual farmer being required to invest 5% of his loan in the stock of the Association. The Production Credit Asso- ciations are likewise cooperative, there being a similiar require- — 85 — at 7e :SoSaSs aSd the n'otes taken by the P-du J- ^^^^^ Associations from individual farmers The f ^J^ ^^^^^^^^^ atives, as their name imphes, are hmited ^^ ^^7 °PF^^^^^^ making loans to cooperatives only, and the Associations are Squirfd to take stock in the Banks m proportion to the volume of their respective loans. , , ,. > j j„. The cooperative feature of the credit system established under the Farm Credit Administration is emphasized by the fact Ihat the management and control of its credit agencies are lodged in T hands of the farmers who borrow f rom thern ThfNaik.nal Farm Loan Associations and the Production Credit Associations consist of farmers who are borrowers; they elect fheJ own officers, employ their own loan committees and in generairconduct the affairs of these organizations without con- trol from any outside source. The same is true of the Cooper- ate Associations who borrow through the Jleg jal Ban^^^^ for Cooperatives. Three members of the boards of Directors who control the credit agencies m the sevejal Land Bank Dis^ Sets are elected directly by the members of the National Farm Loan Associations, the Production Credit Associations, and the borrowers from the Banks for Cooperatives. Another feature worthy of consideration is that, while all of these credit institutions in one way or another have been pro- vided with initial capital by the Federal Government the loans made by them are not from Government funds. The Federal Land Banks receive funds from the investing public by selling bonds secured by the mortgages taken as security for the loans made to individual farmers through the Farm Loan Associations. The funds received by the Production Credit Associations through rediscounting the notes of its members in the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks are obtained by the sale to the general pubUc of debentures of the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks. As has already been stated, each borrower from the Federal Land Bank, or from the Production Credit Corporation or from a Regional Bank for Cooperatives, must invest 5% of his loan in the stock of these respective organizations. It is evident, therefore, that ultimately these credit institutions operating under the Farm Credit Administration should be operated on a cooperative basis, upon capital secured from the investing pubhc, and should gradually feel less and less the need for the emergency support which the Government has felt necessary to extend to them during the depression that has prevailed since 1933. The system will thus become farmer-owned and farmer-controlled and will be adapted in every respect to the requirements of American agriculture. — 86 — GABRIEL HIESTER AWARD Number of Exhibitors in County Exhibit: 50 Points Possible Lancaster 17 34 points Franklin 25 50 points Adams 17 34 points Chester 7 14 points Number of Exhibits: 50 Points Possible Lancaster 91 35 Franklin 121 47 Adams 60 Cheister 129 50 Totals: Franklin 97(1) Lancaster 69(2) Chester 64(3) State Horticultural Association Gup. Best Bushel in the Show (Stayman) — C. P. Barnard, Kennett Square, Chester County. APPLE EXHIBIT LIST— 1935 CLASS 67 — For best exhibit of one box each of standard commercial varieties: Variety Exhibitor Baldwin Baldwin DeUcious Delicious Delicious Grimes Grimes Mcintosh Mcintosh N. Spy Paragon Rome Rome Rome Smokehouse Smokehouse Smokehouse Stark Stark Stark Stayman Stayman Stayman Ira A. Hottenstein Allen Jayne C. B. Snyder Guy L. Hayman Ira Hottenstein H. R. Worthingto^ Guy L. Hayman Geo. Goodling Allen Jayne Ira Hottenstein H. R. Worthin^ton Walter D. Robmson Guy L. Hayman Geo. A. Goodling H. R. Worthington C. B. Snyder Geo. A. Goodling H. R. Worthington D. A. Brubaker Geo. A. Goodling H. R. Worthington C. B. Snyder Guy L. Hajrman Address Lehighton RD 3 West Auburn Ephrata Northbrook Lehighton RD 3 West Chester Northbrook Logan ville West Auburn Lehighton RD 3 West Chester EUiottsburg Northbrook Loganville West Chester Ephrata Loganville West Chester Ephrata Loganville West Chester Ephrata Northbrook County Place Carbon 2 Susquehanna 1 Lancaster 3 Chester 1 Carbon 2 Chester 1 Chester 2 York 1 Susquehanna 2 Carbon 1 Chester 1 Perry 3 Chester 2 York 1 Chester 2 Lancaster 3 York 1 Chester 8 Lancaster 2 York 1 Chester 3 Lancaster 2 Chester 1 CLASS 68— For best single box, any variety not mentioned in Class 67: H. R. Worthington West Chester Chester 2 Geo. Goodling Loganville York 3 Allen Jayne West Auburn Susquehanna 1 -For best Bushel, Standard Commercial Varieties. Trexler Farm AUentown Lehigh 2 Ira Hottenstein Lehighton Carbon 3 Allen Jayne West Auburn Susquehanna 1 Nero Opalescent Wagner CLASS 69- Baldwin Baldwin Baldwin — 87 — Variety Exhibitor Address Gano Cortland Cortland Delicious Delicious Grimes Grimes Grimes G. Del. G. Del. G. Del. Jonathan Jonathan Jonathan Mcintosh Mcintosh Mcintosh N. Spy Paragon Paragon R. I. Green. R. I. Green. Rome Rome Rome Smokehouse Smokehouse Smokehouse Stark Stark Stark Stayman Stayman Stayman Winesap Winesap Winesap Wagener York York Guy L. Hayman W. E. Bates Masonic Homes H. S. Nolt Guy L Hayman H. R. Worthington Guy L. Hayman Geo. Goodling Treesdale Farm John Lucabaugh Stewart Lucabaugh Treesdale Farm Guy L. Hayman Stony Ridge Orchards Geo. Goodling Allen Jayne Shaffer Bros. Shaffer Bros. H. R. Worthington Trexler Farm D. L. Wagner Shaffer Bros. Trexler Farms Guy L. Hayman Hershey Estate H. R. Worthington S. L. Smedley, Jr. Geo. Goodling H. W. Worthington Geo. Goodling Hershey Estate H. R. Worthington Trexler Farms C. P. Barnard H. R. Worthington S. L. Smedley, Jr. R. C. McDonald Allen Jayne H. R. Worthington D. L. Wagner Northbrook Stevensville Elizabethtown Columbia Northbrook West Chester Northbrook Logan ville Mars Hanover Hanover Mars Northbrook Dryville Loganville West Auburn Gravity Gravity West Chester AUentown Easton Gravity AUentown Northbrook Hershey West Chester Newtown Square Loganville West Chester Loganville Hershey West Chester AUentown Kennett Square West Chester Newtown Square Shippensburg West Auburn West Chester Easton County Place Chester 1 Bradford 2 Lancaster 3 Lancaster 1 Chester 2 Chester 3 Chester 2 York 1 Allegheny 1 Adams 2 Adams 3 Allegheny 1 Chester 3 Berks 2 York 1 Susquehanna 2 Wayne 3 Wayne 1 Chester 1 Lehigh 2 Northampton 1 Wayne 2 Lehigh 1 Chester 3 Dauphin 2 Chester 1 Delaware 3 York 2 Chester 1 York 3 Dauphin 2 Chester 2 Lehigh 3 Chester 1 Chester 2 Delaware 3 Franklin 1 Susquehanna 1 Chester 1 Northampton 2 CLASS 70— For the best exhibit of one bushel basket, variety not mentioned 69: Vandivere C. B. Snyder Ephrata Lancaster 1 4^ McCoun Shaffer Bros. Gravity Wayne 2 Linde Trexler Farms AUentown Lehigh 8 GLASS 71— For best plate of 5 Specimens of Standard Commercial varieties: Baldwin Trexler Farms AUentown Ivehigh 2 Baldwin Ira Hottenstein Lehighton Carbon 1 Baldwin John Derr Catawissa Columbia 3 Ben Davis Chas. Dixon St. Thomas FrankUn 1 Ben Davis W. 0. Bingham St. Thomas Franklin 3 — 88 — GROW SMALL FRUITS FOR GREATER PROFITS Every farmer realizes the merits of diversified farming. Every fruit grower knows the value of small fruits as a source of income before he starts picking his apples and peaches. A planting of small fruits often means the difference between a profit or a loss in your farming operations. The farmers of Pennsylvania have every natural advantage for the production of this type of fruit and should take advantage of their favorable location. We have some very good Raspberry, Blackberry, and Straw- berry plants to offer the planters this spring including the more recent and better varieties introduced. Special Quotation Made on Large Lots We offer a complete line of all classes of fruits and ornamentals including the famous Golden Jubilee Peach and Blaxtayman and Richared Delicious Apples. Write for free catalogue and submit your lists for special quotations. BOUNTIFUL RIDGE NURSERIES Princess Anne, Md. The Home of Dependable Nursery Stock — 89 — Variety Exhibitor Address Ben Davis Gano Gano Gano Cortland Cortland Cortland Delicious Delicious Delicious G. Del. G. Del. G. Del. Grimes Grimes Grimes Jonathan Jonathan Jonathan Mcintosh Mcintosh Mcintosh N. Spy N. Spy N. Spy Paragon Paragon Paragon R. I. Green. R. I. Green. R. I. Green. Rome Rome Rome Smokehouse Smokehouse Smokehouse Stark Stark Stark Stayman Stayman Stayman Winesap Winesap Winesap Wagener Wagener Wagener W. Banana W. Banana W. Banana York, York York Billie Dixon A. H. Bingham Chas. Dixon C. F. Gillan Treesdale Farm Shaffer Bros. John Derr Masonic Homes Guy L. Hayman John T. Mitterling B. M. Kleppinger Stewart Lucabaugh Treesdale Farms W. O. Bingham Geo. Goodling A. L. Kauffman Trexler Farms Treesdale Farms W. O. Bingham P. R. Seifert Trexler Farms Allen Jayne Treesdale Farms Dr. J. S. Kendig Shaffer Bros. H. R. Worthington Chas. Dixon W. O. Bingham P. R. Seifert Wm. H. Schwartz Shaffer Bros. Trexler Farms R. C. McDonald Billie Dixon Treesdale Farms Daniel Rice & Son Geo. Goodling H. R. Worthington Trexler Farms Daniel Brubaker Guy L. Hay man C. P. Barnard Richard Barnard R. C. McDonald McDonald Orc'rd Co. D. M. Wertz Wm. H. Schwartz Allen Jayne John Derr C. B. Snyder Guy L. Hayman Ira Hottenstein Ira Hottenstein Taylor Goshorn Owen Morgentahl St. Thomas Franklin St. Thomas Franklin St. Thomas Franklin St. Thomas Franklin Mars Allegheny Gravity Wayne Catawissa Columbia Elizabethtown Lancaster Northbrook Chester Mt. Pleasant Mills Snyder Zionsville Lehigh Hanover Adams Mars Allegheny St. Thomas Franklin Logan ville York Bird-in-Hand Lancaster AUentown Lehigh Mars AUegheny St. Thomas Franklin Nazareth Northampton AUentown Lehigh West Auburn Susquehanna Mars Allegheny Sahinga Lancaster Gravity West Chester Wayne Chester St. Thomas Franklin St. Thomas Franklin Nazareth Northampton Hegina Schuylkill Gravity Wayne AUentown Lehigh Shippensburg Franklin St. Thomas FrankUn Mars Allegheny ElUotsburg Perry Loganville York West Chester Chester AUentown Lehigh Ephrata Lancaster Northbrook Chester Kennett Square Chester Kennett Square Chester Shippensburg Franklin Shippensburg Franklin Waynesboro Franklin Hegins SchuylkiU West Auburn Susquehanna Catawissa Columbia Ephrata Lancaster Northbrook Chester Lehighton Carbon Lehighton Carbon Quincy Franklin Quincy FrankUn County Place 2 1 2 3 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 3 2 I 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 CLASS 72 — For the best plate of 5 specimens of each of following varieties: BeUeflower P. R. Seifert Nazareth Fallawater Kleppinger Orchards ZionsvUle FaUawater A. E. Reist Palmyra Northampton 2 Lehigh 3 Lebanon 1 — 90 — Variety Exhibitor Address County iPiace FaUawater FaU Pippin Fameuse Hubbardston Hubbardston Hubbardston Nero N.W.Green. N.W.Green. N.W.Green. Oliver Opalescent Opalescent Opalescent Paradise S. Paradise S. Paradise S. Rambo Rambo Rambo Sutton Sutton Sutton King King King Mann Wealthy Wealthy Wealthy P. R. Seifert C. B. Snyder John Derr Daniel Rice & Son R. J. GiUan G. G. GUlan H. R. Worthington P. R. Seifert R. C. McDonald W. O. Bingham Masonic Homes Geo. Goodling A. E. Reist Geo. Lincoln C. B. Snyder R. J. GiUan C. F. GiUan J. W. Bruckhart C. B. Snyder Wm. Lott J. N. Hainley Daniel Brubaker John Derr J. N. Hainley D. L. Wagner John Derr John Derr C. B. Snyder Shaffer Bros. Wm. Lott Baldwin Baldwin Baldwin Ben Davis Ben Davis Cortland DeUcious Delicious Delicious Grimes Grimes Grimes G. Delicious G. Delicious G. DeUcious Gano Gano Gano Jonathan Jonathan Jonathan Rome Rome Rome R.I. Green. R.I. Green. Smokehouse Smokehouse Smokehouse Trexler Farms Ira Hottenstein Allen Jayne L. F. Graver W. O. Bingham Shaffer Bros. Kleppinger Orchards Guy L. Hayman C. P. Barnard Guy L. Hayman D. L. Wagner Trexler Farms John Lucabaugh Stewart Lucabaugh A. L. Kauffman W. O. Bingham G. G. GiUan B. E. Benner Treesdale Farms Guy L. Hayman B. E. Benner Trexler Farms Guy L. Hayman Ira Hottenstein Mcintosh Farms Shaffer Bros. Allen Jayne Geo. Goodling S. L. Smedley, Jr. Nazareth Northampton 2 Ephrata Lancaster 1 Catawissa Columbia 1 ElUotsburg Perry 3 St. Thomas FrankUn 2 St. Thomas Franklin 1 West Chester Chester 1 Nazareth Northampton 2 Shippensburg FrankUn 1 St. Thomas Franklin 3 EUzabethtown Lancaster 1 LoganvUle York 1 Palmyra Lebanon 2 Clarks Summit Lackawanna 3 Ephrata Lancaster 1 St. Thomas Franklin 2 St. Thomas Franklin 3 Lititz Lancaster 2 Ephrata Lancaster 1 Gardners Adams 3 Ephrata Lancaster 2 Ephrata Lancaster 3 Catawissa Columbia 1 Ephrata Lancaster 3 Easton Northampton 2 Catawissa Columbia 1 Catawissa Columbia 1 Ephrata Lancaster 2 Gravity Wayne 3 Gardners Adams 1 f each variety mentioned in Class 69: AUentown Lehigh 1 Lehighton Carbon 3 West Auburn Susquehanna 2 Lehighton Carbon 2 St. Thomas Franklin 1 Gravity Wayne 1 Zionsville Lehigh 2 Northbrook Chester 1 Kennett Square Chester 3 Northbrook Chester 3 Easton Northampton 2 AUentown Lehigh 1 Hanover Adams 1 Hanover Adams 3 Bird-in-Hand Lancaster 2 St. Thomas Franklin 2 St. Thomas Franklin 3 Iron Springs Adams 1 Mars AUegheny 1 Northbrook Chester 2 Iron Springs Adams 3 AUentown Lehigh 3 Northbrook Chester 2 Lehighton Carbon 1 Stroudsburg Monroe 2 Gravity Wayne 1 West Auburn Susquehanna 1 Loganville York 2 Newtown Square Delaware 3 — 91 — Variety Stark Stark Stark Stayman Stayman Stayman Winesap Winesap Winesap Wagener Wagener Wagener Mcintosh Mcintosh Mcintosh N. Spy N. Spy N. Spy Paragon Paragon Paragon York York York Exhibitor P. R. Seifert Trexler Farms Daniel Brubaker C. B. Snyder Guy L. Hayman Samuel Eckert McDonald Orchards H. R. Worthington Trexler Farms Allen Jayne John Derr A. E. Reist Allen Jayne Shaffer Bros. Wm. Lott Treesdale Farms Ira Hottenstein Shaffer Bros. H. R. Worthington R. J. Gillan W. O. Bingham H. R. Worthington Elmer R. Snyder C. F. Gillan Address Nazareth AUentown Ephrata Ephrata Northbrook Fleetwood Shippensburg West Chester AUentown West Auburn Catawissa Palmyra West Auburn Gravity Gardners Mars Lehighton Gravity West Chester St. Thomas St. Thomas West Chester Florin St. Thomas County Place Northampton Lehigh Lancaster 1 3 2 Lancaster 1 Chester 3 Berks 2 Franklin 2 > Chester 3 Lehigh Susquehanna Columbia 1 2 1 Lebanon 3 Susquehanna Wayne Adams 1 2 3 Allegheny Carbon 1 3 Wayne Chester 2 3 Franklin 2 Franklin 1 Chester 1 Lancaster 2 Franklin 3 CLASS 74— Best 16 apples, any variety not mentioned in Class 69: Arkansas Dr. J. S. Kendig McCoun Shaffer Bros. Oliver Masonic Homes Salunga Gravity Elizabethtown Lancaster 1 Wayne 2 Lancaster 1 Consign Your Apples to JACK KLEIN COMMISSION MERCHANT 404 New Market Street Philadelphia/ Pa. Telephone: Market 3871 or CLASS 75— For best tray of each variety mentioned in Class 69: Baldwin Ira Hottenstein Lehighton Carbon 2 Baldwin Allen Jayne West Auburn Susquehanna 1 Delicious Guy L. Hayman Northbrook Chester 3 Delicious S. L. Smedley, Jr. Newtown Square Delaware 2 Delicious A. L. Kauffman Bird-in-Hand Lancaster 1 Grimes C. B. Snyder Ephrata Lancaster 1 Grimes Guy L. Hayman Northbrook Chester 3 Grimes S. L. Smedley, Jr. Newtown Square Delaware 2 G. Delicious John Lucabaugh Hanover Adams 1 G. Delicious Stewart Lucabaugh Hanover Adams 2 G. Delicious A. L. Kauffman Bird-in-Hand Lancaster 3 Gano Guy L. Hayman Northbrook Chester 1 Jonathan C. B. Snyder Ephrata Lancaster 1 Prompt Returns Efficient Service ruci Consignments Solicited 92 — 93 Variety Exhibitor Jonathan Jonathan Mcintosh Mcintosh Mcintosh N. Spy N. Spy N. Spy Paragon Paragon Paragon R.l. Green. Rome Rome Rome Smokehouse Smokehouse Smokehouse Stark Stark Stark Stayman Stayman Stayman Wagener Wagener Winesap Winesap Winesap York Guy L. Hayman S. L. Smedley, Jr. Allen Jayne Shaffer Bros. Wm. Lott Ira Hottenstein Shaffer Bros. John Derr H. R. Worthington R. J. Gillan Elmer Snyder Shaffer Bros. H. R. Worthington Elmer Snyder Guy L. Hayman Allen Jayne C. B. Snyder Geo. Goodling Ira Hottenstein Daniel Brubaker Geo. Goodling C. B. Snyder Guy L. Hayman C. P. Barnard Allen Jayne John Derr H. R. Worthington Ira Hottenstein S. L. Smedley, Jr. H. R. Worthington Address Northbrook Newtown Square West Auburn Gravity Gardners Lehighton Gravity Catawissa West Chester St. Thomas Florin Gravity West Chester Ephrata Northbrook West Auburn Ephrata Loganville Lehighton Ephrata Loganville Ephrata Northbrook Kennett Square West Auburn Catawissa West Chester Lehighton Newtown Square West Chester County Place Chester 3 Delaware 2 Susquehanna 1 Wayne 3 Adams 2 Carbon 3 Wayne 2 Columbia 1 Chester 2 Franklin 1 Lancaster 3 Wayne 1 Chester 2 Lancaster 3 Chester 1 Susquehanna 1 Lancaster 2 York 3 Carbon 3 Lancaster 1 York 2 Lancaster 3 Chester 2 Chester 1 Susquehanna 1 Columbia 2 Chester 2 Carbon 1 Delaware 3 Chester 1 Variety Exhibitor CLASS 76~For the best tray and variety not mentioned in Class 69: McCoun Shaffer Bros. Nero H. R. Worthington Sut. Beauty John Derr Rambo J. W. Bruckhart Rambo Geo. Goodling Willow Twig Walter D. Robmson Vandivere C. B. Snyder Wealthy Shaffer Bros. W. Banana Guy L. Hayman Opalescent Geo. Goodling Gravity West Chester Catawissa Lititz Loganville EUiotsburg Ephrata Gravity Northbrook Loganville CLASS 77— Commercial Barrel Exhibit: Gano Gano Winesap Gano York York York Delicious Delicious Delicious Stayman Stayman Stayman Baldwin Baldwin Baldwin Ontelaunee Orchards Fred Glaze J. W. Thomas R. T. Criswell J. W. Thomas D. M. Wertz C. J. Tyson C. J. Tyson Fred C. Tyson Geo. Goodling C J. Tyson Donald Tyson Geo. Goodling Fred Glaze C. J. Tyson Fred C. Tyson Leesport Bowmansdale Dauphin Chambersburg Dauphin Waynesboro Gardners Gardners Gardners Loganville Gardners Gardners Loganville Bowmansdale Gardners Gardners Wayne Chester Columbia Lancaster York Perry Lancaster Wayne Chester York Berks Cumberland Dauphin Franklin Dauphin Franklin Adams Adams Adams York Adams Adams York Cumberland Adams Adams 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 8 1 2 2 1 3 Ben Davis Ben Davis Stark Stark Stark Stark Rome Rome Rome Paragon Paragon Paragon CLASS 78 Baldwin Baldwin Baldwin Ben Davis Ben Davis Ben Davis Gano Gano Gano Gano Delicious Delicious Delicious Delicious Delicious Paragon Paragon Paragon Paragon Paragon W. E. Grove C. J. Tyson Donald Tyson Fred Glaze Fred C. Tyson Geo. Goodling Fred C. Tyson Donald C. Tyson Geo. Goodling E. B. Mitchell J. W. Thomas C. J. Tyson Address York Springs Gardners Gardners Bowmansdale Gardners Loganville Gardners Gardners Loganville Harrisburg Dauphin Gardners Commercial Bushel Exhibit: Fred Glaze C. J. Tyson Fred C. Tyson W. E. Grove R. T. Criswell W. H. Horn C. F. Gillan Bowmansdale P. Co. B. E. Benner R. C. McDonald Geo. Goodling Bowmansdale Gardners Gardners Chambersburg Chambersburg Chambersburg St. Thomas Bowmansdale Iron Springs Shippensburg Loganville Upton Lorane S. A. Heisey Lorane Orchards Ontelaunee Orchards Leesport Norman S. Passmore Glen Mills E. B. Mitchell J. W. Thomas Elmer R. Snyder G. G. Gillan Meyer MilHng Co. Willow Twig Trexler Farms N. Spy N. Spy Mcintosh Nero Nero Rome Rome Rome Rome Rome Stark Stark Stark Stark Stark Stayman Stayman Stayman Stayman Stayman York York York York York Meyer Milling Co. J. Morris Horst G. G. Gillan R. J. Gillan H. R. Worthington N. H. Davidson C. F. Gillan Harrisburg Dauphin Florin St. Thomas Lebanon AUentown Lebanon Lebanon St. Thomas St. Thomas West Chester Chambersburg St. Thomas West Chester H. R. Worthington Ontelaunee Orchards Leesport Snyder, Fry and Rick Reading Loganville Lebanon Quincy Biglerville Gardners West Chester Geo. Goodling J. Morris Horst Taylor Goshorn Rice Products Co. Donald C. Tyson H. R. Wor.hington Ontelaunee Orchards Leesport J. W. Thomas Dauphin S. L. Smedley, Jr. Trexler Farms N. H. Davidson W. E. Grove R. J. Gillan C. J. Tyson Donald C. Tyson Smokehouse H. R. Worthington Smokehouse Bowmansdale P. Co. Winesap Lorane Orchards — 94 — Newtown Square AUentown Chambersburg Chambersburg St. Thomas Gardners Gardners West Chester Bowmansdale Lorane -95 — County Place Adams 1 Adams 3 Adams 2 Cumberland 1 Adams 2 York 3 Adams 1 Adams 2 York 3 Dauphin 2 Dauphin 1 Adams 3 Cumberland 1 Adams 2 Adams 3 Franklin 2 Franklin 1 Franklin 3 Franklin 3 Cumberland 2 Adams 1 Franklin 4 York 4 Franklin 2 Berks 1 Berks 3 Delaware 5 Dauphin 4 Dauphin 2 Lancaster 3 Franklin 1 Lebanon 5 Lehigh 1 Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Franklin 1 Franklin 1 Chester 2 Franklin - 1 Franklin 2 Chester 5 Berks 3 Berks 4 York 2 Lebanon 1 Franklin 3 Adams 4 Adams 5 Chester 3 Berks 2 Dauphin 1 Delaware 4 Lehigh 5 FrankUn 1 Franklin 5 Franklin 2 Adams 4 Adams 3 Chester 2 Cumberland 1 Berks 3 I Variety Winesap Winesap Winesap Winesap Exhibitor J. W. Thomas R. T. Criswell R. C. McDonald R. J. Gillan Address Dauphin Chambersburg Shippensburg St. Thomas County Dauphin Franklin Franklin Franklin Place 4 5 2 1 COUNTY ASSOCIATION EXHIBIT First Prize — Franklin County Second Prize— Snyder County Third Prize— Chester County Fourth Prize — Lancaster County Fifth Prize— Lehigh County Sixth Prize— Delaware County. CODLING MOTH RESEARCH IN 19341 H N WORTHLEY, Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station, and L. C. MARSTON, Jr., University of Tennessee, Summer Assistant. Spraying Experiments— Adams County This work was enlarged in 1934. Complete records of codling moth injury to drop and picked fruit were taken on 92 trees. In all tests the theory was to reduce the necessity for heavy second brood spraying by maintaining complete coverage durmg attack by the first brood of larvae, and by scrapmg and banding the trees with chemically treated bands. Moth catches in bait pails were used to time the spray apphcations. The success of this effort in comparison with former years is shown in iable 1, which presents figures from plots sprayed each year with lead arsenate and hme sulphur. Table 1. -Trend of Codling Moth Population and Damage, Adams County, Pennsylvania, 1931-19^4 Year No. Cov. Spr. Lead Arsen. Total lbs. Apples per Tree Injured per cent Worms per Tree Resic Grs. pe lues jr Lb. Variety Pb AS2O3 Grimes Grimes _ Grimes Grimes.- 1931 1932 1933 1934 4 5 3 6 12 14 6 18 719 2359 695 2510 93.4 32.9 94.3 28.0 751 243 1092 144 .005 .030 .017 .025 .002 .014 Rome 1932 1933 5 3 8 15 7 24 3101 840 2380 15.7 80.5 25.8 132 589 .011 f\f\Cf .006 .002 .036 Rome Rome 1934 39 .096 iPublication authorized by the Director of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station February 11, 1935, as Technical Paper No. 681. — 96 — The intensive spraying of 1934, together with the heavy crop, resulted in a marked reduction in the percentage of injured fruit. More significant, however, is the fact that in 1934 the actual number of worms produced was cut to 13 per cent of the 1933 figure in the Grimes, and to 7 per cent in the Rome. Thus the chances for adequate codhng moth control in 1935 are much brighter than they were at the beginning of 1934. Increasing the Effectiveness of Lead Arsenate. Six differ- ent spray mixtures containing lead arsenate at 3 pounds per 100 gallons plus various added materials were tested in the Grimes Golden block of the Heacock orchard at Biglerville. As in the Jonathan and Rome Beauty blocks to be discussed later, the treatments were so arranged as to smooth out errors due to location of the trees and variations in the load of fruit, and to allow a close estimate of the true significance of the differences observed. The comparisons involved six cover sprays, applied on the following dates; May 23 and 31, June 11 and 21, July 3 and 18. All spraying was done with a single nozzle spray gun from the ground alone, at a pressure of 400 pounds per square inch, and each tree was sprayed completely, from beneath as well as from the outside, before moving to the next. Table 2 presents the results of the spraying experiments on Grimes Golden. The ingredients of each spray mixture are given at the left of the table. Where a given ingredient was not included in all sprays the numbers of the applications in which it was used are given in parenthesis. At the bottom of the table is indicated the least difference between any two of the treatments that can be attributed clearly to the effect of the treatments themselves. The first column of figures gives the average per cent of injured fruit — all drop and picked apples included — for the six trees receiving each treatment. The least codling moth injury occurred where fish oil was added to all sprays. The addition of fish oil also gave best results in preventing actual entry and development of worms in the fruit, as shown in column 2. There is little doubt, therefore, that treatment 3 gave superior codling moth control, though from the standpoint of total injury and of worminess the figures for *^least significant difference" indicate that treatment 2 was a close second. The remaining treatments gave definitely poorer results. In treatments 4 and 5 the inclusion of 2 pounds of skim milk powder per hundred gallons of spray gave good coverage. Analyses made for lead and arsenic following the fifth cover spray, however, indicated that the runoff in these treatments was excessive, and resulted in the deposition of less lead arsenate than in treatment 1, where no sticker was employed. The further addition of contact poisons in the first and fourth cover sprays was without benefit, so far as codling moth control was concerned. — 97 'u Sorav iniury was of considerable importance in the Grimes Golden^lock7which had not fully recovered from the effecte of drought, and much russeted fruit was present ^^ f^ th^J'^^^J: mpnts Fieures in the third column of Table Z give pne pei Sages of fmit in the different treatments exhibiting any noticeable degree of roughness or "russeting" o^Je finish In ?he Ssence of unsprayed trees it was impossible ^ ^11 how much of this iniury actually was caused by the spray treai ments aoplied but the differences indicated as sigmficant may moDerlv be attributed to differences in treatment Treatment ?ro2inine no sticker, gave the least russeting, and treatments I'S 5 c'Sng skim milk powder, were definitely the worst in this respect. Table 2.— Codling Moth Control Adams Co. 1934 Heacock Orchard— Grimes Latin Square— 6 Treatments 6 cover sprays Lead arsenate, 3 lbs. per 100 gals. plus Fruit counts— drops and picked— 6 trees 1. Lime sulphur, 2 gals (1-3) 1 gal (6) 2. Lime sulphur as in 1. Hydrated lime, 0.5 lb* Injured % Wormy % 28.0 27.1 3. Flotation sulphur, 6 lbs (1-3) (6) Fish oil, 1 quart Spray- burned % Residues Grains per lb. Pb 4.8 3.6 45.6 19.9 4. Lime sulphur as in 1. Lethane 410—8.5 fl. oz. (1) (4) Skim milk powder, 2 lbs. 1.7 51.8 .030 .049 A82O 3 .014 .019 38.1 3.7 49.5 5. Lime sulphur as in 1. Black leaf 40—1 pint (1) (4) Skim milk powder— 2 lbs Hydrated lime, 0.5 lb (6) 67.1 .083 35.5 6. Lime sulphur as in 1. Pine tar soap — 1 pint 5.5 066 .033 ,026 61.6 .059 27.6 Least significant difference 8.0 6.3 2.8 50.6 .021 11.6 .038 .014 ♦Latimer Dry lead arsenate, a brand ^^^^t^^T^nr^'"' ""^ """^ ^" *''**™'"* ^* ^ ^'^''^ containing no modifier was used In all other treatments. In columns 4 and 5 of Table 2 are recorded the amounts of lead and arsenic found on fruits taken from the lower branches of treeVin each treatment at picking time. Treatment 3 which gave superior codUng moth control, retained by far the most — 98 — residue. Treatment 2, which gave second best control, retained less residue than treatments 4 and 5. Comparing treatments 4 and 5 it appears that the addition of hydrated lime in the last cover spray to treatment 5 increased the weathering away of both lead and arsenic. Residues in all but treatments 3 and 4 were brought below tolerance by washing with cold 1% HCl for 1 minute in a flotation washer. Cold 2 per cent acid brought arsenic below tolerance in these treatments, and brought lead Table 3 — Codling Moth Control Adams Co. 1934 Heacock Orchard — Rome Beauty Randomized blocks — Five replicates Fruit count — drops and picked — 5 trees • 8 cover sprays Amounts per 100 gals. Injured % Wormy % Spray- burned % Residues Grains per lb. Pb AS2O3 7. Lead arsenate, 3 lbs Skim milk powder, 2 lbs Lime sulphur, 2 gals (1-2), 2 qts (3-4), 1 gal (6) Black leaf 40, 1 pint (4) Hydrated lime, 0.5 lb (8) 25.8 1.2 14.2 .096 .036 8. Black leaf 40, 1 pint Kolofog, 6 lbs Sulphur ammonium soap 2 lbs, 1 lb (7-8) 16.0 8.6 2.4 .005 .001 9. Black leaf 155, 5 lbs Flotation sulphur, 5 lbs, (1-3) (6) Fish oil, 1 pint (7-8) 18.0 11.0 4.0 .003 .002 10. First three cover sprays Calcium arsenate, 3 lbs Sulfocide, 2 qts Summer Scalecide, 1 gal Last five cover sprays Black leaf 40, 1 pint Summer Scalecide, 1 gal (4-6), 3 qts (7-8) Sulfocide, 2 qts (6) 29.2 15.0 30.0 .003 .002 11. First two cover sprays Lead arsenate, 3 lbs Ortho Dry Spreader, 0.51b Coposil, 1.5 lbs Last six cover sprays Black leaf 40, M pint Orthol-K medium, 1 gal Ortho Dry Spreader, 0.51b Coposil, 1.5 lbs (3) (6) 11.8 5.2 16.2 .015 .007 Least sigmficant difference 7.4 3.6 13.3 — 99 — »• ; 4 fruit successfully. - 4r«pnate Five different study of Substitutes for L«af ,^?fkTinblocks of Rome combination treatments were ^PP^^^^Jr^^^^f^^^^^ In this Beauty and Jonathan trees in t^e H^^^J^ on the following experiment eight cover sprays were appied on ^^^ da?es: May 24 June 1 13 -^ ^2 ^^^^0^ as explained rehedTs^li^S ^^^f^V^ aim here was to discover, ^^^ POf^'S^^inate in codling moth vigor and '" »'J' ™'; '" „t o! treatments. For this reason ^^'S^areny^^.o?eranr^=L1l^^^^^^^ in Tables 3 and 4. Table 4.— Codling Moth Control Adams Co. 1934 Heacock Orchard— Jonathan Latin Square— 5 treatments Fruit ( counts— drops and i Dicked— 5 trees 8 cover sprays See Table 3 for Treatments Injured % Wormy % 4.0 Spray- burned % Residues Grains per lb Pb AS2O3 7. 42.0 55.6 .140 .060 8. 39.0 27.6 12.8 .001 trace 9. 37.0 28.8 29.8 .004 .001 10. 44.0 20.2 54.4 .001 .002 11. 20.0 11.4 57.8 .014 .008 Least significant difference 14.6 14.2 14.2 Marvil Packing Company LAUREL, DEL. TELEPHONES 6 & 7 We take pleasure in announcing the results of our Guessing Contest at the Farm Show. Number of Baskets Shown in Picture 7500 First Prize— John R. Fidler, Biglerville 7500 Second Prize — Chas. E. King, Harrisburg .... 7501 Third Prize— J. H. Jones, Newport 7552 Honorable Mention — Geo. A. Goodling, Loganville 7601 . Prizes in the form of better returns on fruit in the market are available to those who pack in good containers. We can furnish the good containers when you are ready. — 100 — — 101 A glance at the first column of figuresin Tabl s 3 and 4 ^w^ that treatment 11 which f"?P"f„f5„\^°JXceTt1fe cleanest arsenate followed by six of «'1;°»«£^'.?'°S ^Si^ com- total crop. In the Rome beauty bio J the faxed mc^„ pounds employed JJ^rhlav;^nfeTtJd^Sh:n^'4k results worse, but m the more neaviiy pj^couragine;. Lead arsenate horn one »ason to ""•"^Jl'ScS tad^nate throughout ZirZ ;UT?^trn o?t\rnSl3f on n the ^T* 1 iK^^raTin iLeTwtco'^ersUys r Sent? totefp rrSlis di«y K ^^^ese f -ges were of any benefit, they were made too late for tms to oe ^Xrafiniury, ^ recorded in the third column of Tables 3 and 4 took different forms in the different treatments. In treat- ' += 7 8 «Tul 9 it showed rough and russeted areas on the Sin of IheCtf of tSe typToften referred to as-sulphur injury. n"l{ment"l6 U took'^&e form of r-ly^/^d -^^AT^^s a black, sunken ring in the calyx ba^^"- /^„S of the finTsh! a «li£rht but widespread granulatmg or dulling ot tne nnisii, fvS "Soplr infury" which was little noticed during the SSvt.ravs becoming more pronounced as the season advanced As iSS'the gTdl^f fnSt the type of injury in treatment fb Jas riolt serilus, followed by that in treatment 7. Spray iniuTin treatment 11 was less serious, and was of a mild form n treatments 8 and 9. The percentages show that treatment 8 was deSlv superior to all others from the standpoint of Trav Wing in Jonathan, though not significantly better than ??eatment Tfn Rome. Records of foUage injury were not taken, but the leaves in treatments 8 and 9 remained in better con- dition than^ the other treatments. Records of the June drop tS in the Jonathan block showed that treatment 10, m addi- ttn^oVvM-P arsenic injury both to fruit and fohage, caused an excestrXd^g i^^^^^^^^ This effect was lacking in other treatments. — 102 — The residues of lead and arsenic remaining on the fruit at harvest are of interest. In treatment 7, where 8 cover sprays, each containing 3 poiinds of lead arsenate and 2 pounds of skim milk powder per hundred gallons, ending on August 3 were used, residues were extremely high. The lead retained was not removed below tolerance by any of the washing treatments tried, though it is possible that a lengthened exposure to heated 2 per cent HCl migth have accomplished this result. The analyses of fruit from treatments 8 and 9 illustrate the amounts of lead and arsenic that may be found on fruit that received no lead arsenate later than the petal-fall application. In both these treatments, however, the amounts found were well within established tolerances. It is evident that the employment of summer oil following calcium arsenate in treatment 10 inter- fered little with the weathering away of arsenic. This was without doubt a contributing factor to the high percentage of worminess in this treatment. In treatment 11 it appears that the necessity for fruit washing was avoided by using lead arsenate in the first two cover sprays only, but that the later use of summer oil acted to stick the lead arsenate to the fruit. A third application of lead arsenate, if followed by oil, would doubtless have brought residues above the tolerance. Discussion of Results. Certain conclusions seem justified from examination of the results here reported. Lead arsenate remains the most effective material for codling moth control. Its use in more than 6 cover sprays, however, may produce residues very difficult to remove from some varieties of apples. The high degree of protection against worm entry afforded by complete coverage with lead arsenate during periods of aftack may be definitely increased by the addition of choice light pressed menhaden fish oil at the rate of 1 quart per 100 gallons of spray. Due to the unpleasant nature of the mixture resulting when lime sulphur is employed, fish oil should be used with flotation sulphur or no fungicide. Definite reduction in the amount of stinging with slight increase in worminess may be obtained by using lead arsenate in the early cover sprays followed by summer oil emulsions plus nicotine sulphate in later applications^. This combination treatment has produced the highest percentage of clean fruit, but it will complicate the residue removal problem if more than 3 cover sprays contain lead arsenate. Because applications of mineral oil should not follow sulphur sprays within three weeks, and because copper fungicides have not been adjusted to apple disease control requirements under Pennsylvania conditions, the use of oil-nicotine should be avoided where disease problems exist. Heavy and continued application of lead arsenate is attended by considerable danger of injury to the foliage and fruit of apple, particularly if used in combination with fungicides or on ^Support for these conclusions is contained in previous studies reported by the author in Pa. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 285, March, 1933, and Pa. State Hort. Ass'n News, Vol. XI No. 1, March, 1034. — 103 — ii trees of less than normal vigor J^f -.jSntitou?^^^^^^ contributing to this ^'^J.'i'-y'XlnL are Sntly needed. of insecticidal or fungicidal efciency, are "JgJ° ^ ^^ and its 1934. SUPPLEMENTARY CONTROL MEASURES Chemically Treated f «d- ^Sav'ortg ^h?^^^^^^^^^^ spraying blocks were banded Cond^^^^^^^ favor g g ^^^^^^ of worms were best on ^be comParativeiy^^^^ , j ^^ans, Rome Beauty trees, next best ."^ *^^ '^.^^f JJ^es ^here wounds and least f avorab e on the Grimes Golden tre^^ w^J among the upper branches had been shown Previously ^^^^_ large numbers of ^^ or^ot^miES b? ^^^^ ^here the block, and 53 per cent '° '^?,,'^^'"S„™d t„ .minimum on trees STaXt rp^p^^d t^baiS'iJ'strengthened by thi, observation. , mmMmk 1th emergence. It is best, therefore, to delay placing the bands until mid-June. Both hot-dipped and -Id-^^Kh^^^^^^^^^^ irrntSrimVoper trtSent haTcrogged\oo many of the but in others imprope trouble appeared IrCe Tei caused by th corrugated strawboard employed, which was too Ught and flimsy, with shallow, crowded corruga- Ti^T Trade soecifications of the proper material are as fol- C singtface^d Sinch jute facing, .009 inch straw corruga- tions, 4 corrugations per inch. In treating bands it is important that freedom from clogging be obtained w^hout sacrifice in weight of the chemical coating DC opviineu ^^^^^^ ^.^^j^gj. yanable, but ??£^ec^rdf takerf Trom the work of the past three years show an upward trend in effectiveness with increase m weight. These records are given in Table 5. — 104 — A NEW SERVICE Now You Can Buy SELF EMULSIFYING SPRifiY Direct from our Branches and Warehouses in Your Vicinity PENNSYLVANIA BRANCHES AND WAREHOUSES Allentown Beaver Chambersburg Altoona Blawnox Exeter Ardmore Brownsville Greensburg Harrisburg — Derry St. and Oberlin Road Johnstown Lewistown McKeesport Lancaster Malvern Pen Argyl Lansdale Marcus Hook Reading Philadelphia— 1608 Walnut Street Pittsburgh— 1400 Chamber of Commerce Building Tamaqua WiUiamsport York BRANCHES AND WAREHOUSES ADJACENT TO PENNSYLVANIA Cumberland, Md. Frederick, Md. Johnson City, N. Y. Trenton, N. J. Wheeling, W. Va. Youngstown, Ohio. SUNOCO SPRAY— emulsifies readily, controls Scale and Red Mite, is safe and effective, TEN YEARS OF PROVEN VALUE SUN OIL COMPANY 1608 WALNUT STREET PHILADELPHIA MAKERS OF BLUE SUNOCO MOTOR FUEL — 105 — Table 5.-CHBMICAL Wp..»ht and Effectiveness-of Codlino Moth Bands I Bands Dipped Ck)ld-Dipped Once Once Chemical per 250-ft. roll lbs. Twice.-. Twice— Twice.-. 5.0 6.6 7.9 8.2 8.9 Summer moth emergence % Hot-Dipped Chemical per 250-ft. roll lbs. 4.1 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 Summer moth emergence % 5.3 7.1 11.7 12.8 14.4 3.0 1.8 2.3 0.5 0.2 Thev suggest that hot-dipped bands require a somewhat helvier coaUng than cold-dipped bands, and that the atter shouM contain\bout 8 pounds of the ehemicak ^^^^ 25^^ rol fn rPflph maximum effectiveness. In our tests this weigtit nas best been ob^^^^^ without undue clogging of tunnels by the following procedure: 1 Agitate the commercial mixture of oil and beta- naphthol in gasoline thoroughly both before and durmg im- "^TZSlvlheA band flat side down into the mixture to one-half its width, lift out, turn over, and dip to one- half Its width from the opposite side. Lift and dram until it stops dripping, turn over and place on narrow supports to dry for about an hour. , 3 Repeat the process given under 2 and allow one week for the gasoUne to evaporate and the bands to harden before they are placed on trees or wrapped in oiled paper for storage or shipment. Prices for manufactured bands did not exceed the cost of home treatment in 1934, and it is felt that few growers will be interested in making bands if quality is maintamed m the com- mercial product. ^ . r ji- Traooinji of Adult Moths. Increases in the catch of codling moths in bait pails containing 1 part cooking molasses to 10 nflr+<5 water were sought by various means. The addition ot rfc-^a^etTo^^^^^^ t?ap, al used by Dr. S, W. Frost m^^^^^^^^^ of Oriental fruit moth control, and the placing of baffles at right angles above the rims of the traps, gave increased catches These results will be useful in trapping to indicate moth flight periods in lightly-infested orchards, but the catches were still too low to indicate marked reduction of orchard populations. In preliminary tests traps equipped with 75 watt inside frosted Mazda lamps caught far more moths than the bait paiis. In one series of trials the expensive electrocuting type of trap light was the most effective, while in another series a simple light with reflector suspended above a water surface trapped the most moths. Such a device might be useful during spring — 106 — moth emergence in an infested packing shed, but its applica- tion to population reduction in the orchard needs further study. SUMMARY Spraying experiments in 1934 showed that lead arsenate remains the best material for use in reducing large populations of codUng moth, that its efficiency is increased by the addition of fish oil, and that its use in 6 or more cover sprays may lead to difficulty in residue removal and excessive injury to fohage and fruit. The cleanest crop, i.e., showing the least ''worms" and ''stings,'' were produced by 2 cover sprays containing lead arsenate followed by oil-nicotine in later apphcations, without exceeding residue tolerances. Fixed nicotine compounds gave too much wormy fruit, but were encouraging from the stand- point of "stinging'' and spray injury. Certain precautions are indicated in the use of fish oil and oil-nicotine. Tests of chemically-treated bands revealed weak spots in the processes of some manufacturers who apparently entered this field in 1934. It appears that cold-dipped bands should contain about 8 pounds of the betanaphthol-oil mixture per 250-foot roU for maximum effectiveness. A method for obtaining this weight without undue clogging of tunnels is given. In preUminary tests light traps caught more moths than bait pails. Their possible use in heavily infested packing sheds is indicated. DORMANT AND DL '^.D DORMANT SPRAYS FOR APHIDS AND RED-SPIDERS S. W. FROST, The Pennsylvania State College The following notes are based on experiments conducted during the spring of 1934 and the figures should be taken as indicative rather than conclusive. Two insects have been considered — aphids and red-spiders. Although aphid eggs were abundant during the winter and spring of 1933-1934, certain conditions had checked the deposi- tion of rosy aphid eggs and favored the deposition of grain aphid eggs during the fall of 1933, with the result that the season of 1934 was characterized by an abundance of grain aphids and a scarcity of rosy aphids. The figures in Table 1 clearly indicate that the rosy aphid was not a problem in 1934. The counts in the experimental blocks were made chiefly on the grain aphid. The figures in Table 2, taken from seven counties in Pennsyl- vania, show the mortaUty of aphid and red-spider eggs during the winter of 1933-34. It will be noted that a rather large per- centage of eggs were killed by severe conditions during the winter. In computing the figures in Table 7, which are based — 107 — ! Table 1 —Comparative Abundance of Apple Aphids, Adams County, Pa. Spring of 1934 Orchard Number aphids counted No. la No. lb No. 2.. No. 3.. 389 787 967 935 Per cent grain aphids 94.3 Per cent green aphids Per cent rosy aphids 5.3 99.3 100.0 80.3 19.9 .4 .7 on the counts of living and dead eggs, allowance has been made for the reduction in actual percentage of Uving eggs at the time the counts were made. Table 2.— Winter Mortality of Aphid and Red-spider Eggs*— 1933-34. Insect Red-spider_ Number samples Per cent mortality Max. Aphids. 17 25 39 64 Min. 9 25 Average 29 42 *Data furniBhed by H. N. Worthley, State College, Pa. The predacious insects developed later in the season to con- siderable proportions and cleaned up a large part of the aphid population. On April 23, a count showed syrphus fly larvae present on 1.5 per cent of the buds in certain orchards. These increased in numbers as the season advanced. With a winter mortality of 42 per cent, with rosy aphids only 5 5 per cent of the total population and with predacious insects abundant, httle credit can be given to any spray material applied during the spring of 1934, unless careful counts were made. At best, it was a poor season to obtain figures on aphid control. Aphid counts were made between April 9 and 26; red-spider counts between May 7 and 28. Three commercial orchards were selected for conducting tests with various dormant and delayed dormant oil sprays. These materials were dupUcated, as far as possible, in the three orchards. The methods of treatment varied considerably, as is evident from table 3. These apphcations were made by fruit growers and show considerable lack of uniformity as to the amount of material applied per tree, the pressure used, and the manner in which the spraying was done. Orchard number 1 received sufficient spray material to give satisfactory results. Orchard number 2 probably received enough spray material but orchard number 3 was certainly undersprayed. There are other con- ditions involved such as temperature, see Table 4. The results in Tables 5 and 6 show how fruit growers can fall down by not applying sufficient spray materials. Table 3. — Analysis of Spray Treatments, Adams County, 1934 Orchard Variety Pres- sure lbs. Gals, per tree Method Date of dormant spray Date of D. dormant No. 1 Maiden Blush. No. 2 York Imperial No. 3 Black Twig 400 400 300 7.8 4.7 to 6.6 2.7 to 2.9 1 man on ground 1 man on tower spray with wind 1 man on ground 1 man on tower spray with wind 1 man on ground both sides of tree sprayed at the same time. March 29 April 2 March 22 March 30 April 2 March 29 April 10 April 17 April 17 April 18 April 17 Rome Stayman Table 4. — Temperatures at the Time of the Dormant Applications Date of applications Temperatures between 8 A. M. and 5 P. M. Minimum temperature on evening following applications March 22. March 29 40-60° F 25-67° F 32-65° F 25-67° F 15° F 26° F March 30 33° F April 2 40° F Table 5. — Dormant Oil Sprays Applied to Apple^ March 22 to April 2, 1934, Adams County, Pa. iStock emul. 2Dilu- tion Gals, per tree Red-{ Spider Aphids f Treatment Number eggs counted % kill Number buds ex- amined % buds in- fested Tar oil 36-44 36-44 50-33 50-33 50-33 50-33 50-33 60- 0 60- 0 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4.7 2.9 7.8 4.5 4.5 2.7 2.9 4.7 2.7 1697 6415 5329 5066 3884 3757 2760 1285 5464 3447 4280 48.2 51.7 82.1 62.4 54.6 55.2 66.3 37.8 61.2 16 7 7.8 350 1430 1614 222 254 1690 1340 258 1500 2275 199 1367 8 2 Tar oil 15 3 Tar oil. 5 8 Tar oil 10 3 Tar oil Tar oil 13.7 30 2 Tar oil 42 5 Tar oil 5 4 Tar oil 17 3 Check Check. 77.1 82 9 Check 85.6 *The first figure represents the per cent creosote oil, the second figure the per cent lubri- cating oil in the tar oil emulsion. 'In gallons of oil per 100 gallons of diluted spray. 'The variety and treatment can be determined by comparing the number of gallons of spray applied as indicated in Table 3, — 108 — 109 ■ 4 If I Discrepancies indicated in Table 5 can be accounted for in part, by the difficulties experienced in finding suitable days tor the application of dormant oil sprays. Temperatures were barely above freezing at the time of the dormant apphcations and the thermometer often fell rapidly after the sprays were appUed, and in some cases freezing occurred in less than ten hours after the apphcations. Under these conditions, oil sprays of course are not effective. Table 6 —Delayed Dormant Sprays Applied to Apple* April 10-18, 1934, Adams County, Pennsylvania Treatment iStock emul. Lub. oil Lub. oil Lub. oil Lub. oil L. sulphur Lub. oil L. sulphur Lub. oil L. sulphur Lub. oil L. sulphur Nic. sulphate. L. sulphur Nic. sulphate. L. sulphur Lethane L. sulphur Lethane L. sulphur Check Check Check. 2DUu. tion 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 3 3J^ 3H 3 3 3 3 3H 3 3^ 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Gals, per tree Red-spider No. eggs count- ed 2.9 6.6 7.4 6.6 3.1 6.6 2.9 6.6 2.9 5444 5392 5399 4842 4413 6020 3547 % kill Aphids No. buds ex- amined 78.1 85.3 86.6 85.0 90.9 85.2 51.5 1230 356 % buds in- fested 3447 4280 16.7 7.8 1218 390 1214 3960 1257 2275 199 1367 15.1 .0 % kill 4.7 1.1 .4 .0 8.1 77.1 82.9 85.6 65.8 100.0 73.9 97.4 93.4 100.0 40.1 iThe percentage of lubricating oil in the emulsion. 'Gallons of oil and Hme sulphur, pints of nicotine and lethane. „«ii^„. ^f »The variety and treatment can be determined by comparing the number of gaUons of spray applied as indicated in Table 3. The following abbreviated Table shows the percentages of creosote and lubricating oils in spray mixtures made from stock emulsions of varying amounts of these oils. Remembering that 2.4 per cent actual tar oil (creosote oil) is necessary to kill rosy aphids and that 3 per cent actual lubricating oil is necessary to kill red-spider eggs, it is very evident that a 40-43 stock emulsion, diluted 7 gallons to 100, or a 36-44 stock emulsion, at the same dilution, is required to kill r-^d-spiders and aphids, with one application, with an excess of creosote oil in each case. A 37-46 stock emulsion, diluted 6.5 gallons to 100, gives 2.4 per cent creosote oil and 2.99 per cent lubricating oil. FRUIT TREES We still offer a good assortment of fruits including the New Double Red Sport varieties of Apple. Make your selection from the following list and let us book you now for immediate or later delivery. Albemarle Pippin Ben Davis Bonum Delicious Grimes Golden Jonathan N. W. Greening Rome Beauty Stayman Williams Red Winesap Yellow Transparent York Imperial New Solid Red Delicious Lowry New Red Rome 4 New Solid Red Stayman Blackjon Peach trees are equally as scarce but we can still furnish the following varieties: Mayflower Hale Red Bird Late Crawford Alton Brackett Carman Shippers Late Red Golden Jubilee Stimip Hiley Salway Slappy Krummel's October Belle of Georgia Heath Elberta Elberta can be supplied only in the two smaller sizes and in connection with other varieties. Send us your complete Want List for quotations. You will find our prices reasonable and stock of the highest quality. Titus Nursery Company Waynesboro, Virginia — no — — Ill — Table 7.— Results of Tests with Seven Commercial Brands* of Tar Distillate Sprays on Aphids and Red-spiders Per cent oils in stock emulsions Dilution 83- 0 85- 0 50-33 50-33 37-46 37-46 36-44 Check 3- 100 3- 100 5- 100 5- 100 6^-100 6H-100 7- 100 Aphid counts No. eggs counted 353 166 293 250 160 319 286 375 Per cent control 1 Red spider counts No. eggs counted 75.0 77.5 91.2 90.0 100.0 72.5 71.2 .0 490 335 525 514 813 400 545 389 Per cent control^ 73.7 45.8 93.9 84.7 93.9 91.2 89.9 .0 *Data furnished by H. N. Worthley, State College, Pa. iFigured from formula (^^) 100-% control, where X alive in treatment. % alive in check, +y-% Table 8.— Dilution Table for Tar Oil Emulsions Stock* emulsion Per cent C— L 50—33- 49—34.. 48—35. 47—36- 46—37- 45—38. 44—39- 43—40- 42—41. 41—42. 40—43. 37—46. Per cent actual oil in spray solution 17% water and inert materials Dilution 5-100 C— L 50—30. 36—44. 2.50—1.65 2.45—1.70 2.40—1.75 2.35—1.80 2.30—1.85 2.25—1.90 2.20—1.95 2.15—2.00 2.10—2.05 2.05—2.10 2.00—2.15 1.85—2.30 Dilution 6-100 C— L 3.00—1.98 2.94—2.04 2.88—2.10 2.82—2.16 2.76—2.22 2.70—2.28 2.64—2.34 2.58—2.40 2.52—2.46 2.46—2.52 2.40—2.58 2.22—2.76 Dilution 7-100 C— L 3.50—2.31 3.43—2.38 3.36—2.45 3.29—2.52 3.22—2.59 3.15—2.66 3.08—2.73 3 . 01—2 . 80 2.94—2.87 2.87—2.94 2.80—3.01 2.59—3.22 20% water and inert materials 2 50—1.50 I 3.00—1.80 I 3.50—2.10 1.80—2.20 I 2.16—2.64 I 2.52-3.08 *C — Per cent creosote oil. L — Per cent lubricating oil. Recommendations for the application of tar oil emulsions generally read thus— select a quiet balmy day when the tem- perature is 45° F or higher. Rainy days and Sundays must of course be avoided. This allows a short period during any year and it left an especially short period during 1934 for the appli- cation of such sprays. A summary of available days for the application of dormant oils is shown in Table 9. The number of days between March 15 and April 10 with average temperatures of 45° F. or higher are Usted. Deductions are made for Sundays and rainy days. 112 — Records show that there are rarely a sufficient number of con- secutive days preceding March 15 with temperatures above 45° F suitable for the application of dormant oils. Therefore the period from March 15 to April 10, must be accepted as the proper time for the spring application of dormant oils. When prolonged periods of temperatures higher than 45° F occur during the middle of March, then the time for the delayed dormant appUcation comes earlier in April and the dormant period is much shortened. A study of these conditions (Table 9) with no allowance for strong winds or wet ground to prevent the fruit grower from getting into the orchard, shows that 1919 was the only year during the past ten when there was ample time for the spring appUcation of dormant oils. Table 9. — Calculation of Period for Application of Dormant Oils — Based on Period Between March 15 and April 10. State College, Pa. Year Days with average temp. 45° or higher Days with \i inch or more of precipitation Number of* Sundays Actual spraying days 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 10 7 8 9 19 8 4 9 10 14 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 3 4 4 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 2 2 Average 9 5 6 6 13 6 3 6 6 8 6.8 ♦Rainy Sundays excluded. Safe Days for Application of Dormant Oils 1934^ Adams County, Pa. 26 * * * * * 27 * * * * * * * March 28 29 * * * * * * 30 2 t 3 4 t April 5 6 t t 7 * * 8 9 t t 1 Variety 31 10 No. of safe days Smoke House ♦ 3 Maiden Blush * 5 Yellow Trans * 6 Stayman.._ * 7 Rome * 8 Wealthy * 8 York Imperial >«e 8 ♦Rainy days. fSundays. JEnd of dormant period for variety indicated, are Indud^ m this t^aW '^^^**^^*'' °^ *^° ^ "^ ^^*^®^ between the hours 8 A. M. and 6. P. M. — 113 — Remarks on Dormant Applications (1) It is more difficult to kill aphids in the dormant stage because the eggs at this time are covered with a hard shell and they are scattered over the trees, often in deep crevices m the (2) Safe days for the application of dormant sprays in the spring-that is when temperatures are 45° F or higher-are very limited during most years and rarely sufficient tor satis- factory coverage, nn r U'A (3) Tar distillate sprays give a high percentage of kill of aphids when properly appUed. The spray must contain at least 2.4 per cent actual creosote oil, and must be applied at the rate ot 8 or preferably 10 gallons to average 15 year old trees. (4) If the tar distillate spray contains 3 per cent actual lubricating oil, a high percentage of red-spider eggs will appar- ently be killed. Many commercial brands of tar oils do not contain sufficient lubricating oil to kill red-spiders. Remarks on Delayed Dormant Applications (1) Aphid3 are more susceptible to oil sprays in the delayed dormant period. By this time they have hatched and are easier to reach because they are congregated on the tips of the buds. Lubricating oil emulsions must, of course be used at this time. Tar oils cannot be applied at the time of the delayed dormant. (2) The period for the application of the delayed dormant spray is somewhat limited, but on the whole, more extended than the dormant, and the temperatures are usually above 45° F. (3) The figures presented in this paper and elsewhere by the writer, indicate that 3 per cent actual lubricating oil will kill the unhatched eggs of the red-spider as well as the aphids which have hatched at this time. Lime sulphur at the rate of 3 gallons to one hundred can be added as a fungicide to lubricating oil emulsions. This apparently increases the ovicidal value of the spray. ALTERNATE BEARING AND ITS RELATION TO ORCHARD CULTURE F. N. FAGAN, State College, Pa. The subject ''alternate bearing of the apple'' has been a topic for many discussions at fruit growers' meetings in past years. It has been the subject of much investigation in State and Federal Experiment Stations in the United States as well as in foreign countries. In reading through the literature in horticulture we will find many pubhshed papers on alternate bearing. Many of these n papers treat on pruning and its relation, thinning and its rela- tion, application of manures or fertiUzers and their relation to alternate bearing. After viewing the various suggested causes and suggested remedies for alternate bearing, I think most fruit growers would agree with the following statement: It is likely that no one orchard operation will overcome alternate bearing and all orchard operations together could not overcome the effect of a weather condition that might throw trees into a state of alternate bearing. In The Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station apple orchard, now 26 years old, the yield records for 20 years— 1914-34 are interesting. The soil treatments such as fertilizers, manure, culture and cover crops are the various factors in different blocks of trees. The other treatments such as pruning, spraying, thinning, and harvesting, have been held as constant as possible. A study of the following condensed report of five blocks of trees and seven groups of trees (groups 6 to 12 inclusive) shows that food and soil treatments have caused an average range of total yield per tree in 20 years of from 61.62 bushels in the lowest yielding block to 117.35 bushels in the highest group. Block 1 is the lowest yielding block. This block of 45 trees received clean cultivation, no fertiUzers, no manure, and no cover crops, during the first eleven years of its growth. The THE WEED HOG TKe WEED HOG Is used by leading fruit growers throughout the country J^^aA > -^-^-//)I because its initial cost is less and because it carries r tr^ MARK^'^g^IS^i^^^r-s through the heavy duty, hard orchard tillage job better than any other orchard cultivator. Three extension sizes for wide coverage. One Hor- ticulturist has said >-' 'No other orchard tool even costing ten times as much as the ^sjhjhj\J HOG can be used to obtain such a wide variety of tillage." PERFECT ORCHARD CULTIVATOR "We have been using the WEED HOG to break up tough, stubborn ™T^T?m^^^.r???^^J^?- ^^^^ ^^ *^is sod had not been broken for THIRTY YEARS.'* The WEED HOG is distributed by the EUREKA MOWER CO., Utica, JM. Y. whose District Representatives for Pennsylvania are S. E. McCune, New Waterford, Ohio and Duane H. Nash, Haddonfield, N. J. Ask for our Bulletin No. 7. t^ ii zr^ % Manufactured by THE BABCOCK MFG. CO. Leonardsville, New York — 114 — — 116 h' ii ' soil was depleted of organic material during this period of 11 years and we have not been able to bring this soil back into a Sod condition. We have been giving it the best possible treat- ment since 1919, except applying manure or other orgamc materia All but nine trees in this block have received five or Sn poun^^^^^ nitrate of soda each year for the past fifteen years. In the following condensed report the three trees .^^di^.^^fd ^^^ Row 3-Trees B, C, and D are three of the trees in this b ock that have received five pounds of nitrate of ^o^^ /^^/ ^f f^^^ years. The alternate bearing condition is reponsible for the low total yields for in a number of -on years'^ these trees have equaled the yields of trees in the highest yielding group which his yielded an average of 117.35 bushels for the 20 years Ths hieh vielding group, No. 8, is made up of 96 trees. Of this number 72 of these have always received added food as follows: Nitrogen; nitrogen and phosphate; nitrogen P^^sphate and potash; and manure. Since 1928 the added food has been applied to all 96 trees and a good short sod rotation has been maintained. I have picked for study and comparison with j^o^ 3— trees B, C, and D, the highest yielding tree and its adjacent York in any of the blocks or groups-Row 29-tree K and its adjacent York. This Row 29 is in a block where only two Yorks are planted per row while Row 3 is in a block where three Yorks are planted per row. t^ . t m A study of the 20-year yield record of trees K and L wiU show that many of these high total records are due to the yields these trees had during their ^off years.'' Orchard Planted 1908— Fruit yield records are reported for the 20 years from 1914 to 1934 inclusive. The varieties are York, Stayman and Baldwin in equal numbers in each block. The Ume requirement is maintained. Project 331 : Block No. 1—45 trees— average tree yield in the 20 years— 61 62 bu. Clean culture 1908-1919, no covers seeded, no added food A blue grass sod short rotation was started in 1^1^ using some phosphate for the benefit of the grass, thirty- six of these trees have had five or ten pounds of nitrate of soda each year since 1919; nine have had no nitrogen. Some phos- phate has been used for the benefit of the grass. -^ , ^ u Block No. 2—45 trees— average yield in 20 years— 70.12 bu. 1908-1934 sod mulch type, grass cut and P^^^ed around trees 1908-1919; 1919-1934 grass cut and not raked. 1919-1934 hve or ten pounds of nitrate of soda used per tree with some phos- phate for the benefit of the grass. Nine trees have had no added nitrogen. • , , • on qq n7 Kn Block No. 3—45 trees- average yield in 20 years— 8*5.07 bu. Clean culture with mixed legume and non legume covers. No added food. 1908-1920 covers seeded after August 15; 1920- 1929, covers seeded earUer until 1929 when seedings were made June 1. Covers have been rye and vetch; oats and field peas; millet and soy beans; oats and cow peas; millet, clovers and soy beans. Block No. 4—27 trees— average yield 107.22 bu. Tillage- intercrops and cover crops after intercrop each year — 1908- 1919. Complete fertilizers used each year for intercrop 1908- 1919; complete fertiUzers used each year since 1919 plus a mixed cover crops each year seeded since 1929 June 1. Block No. 5 — 72 trees — average yield 101.69 bu. Treatment of 72 trees 1908-1928: Tillage and intercrop as in Block 4— 18 trees; tillage and manure and mixed cover crops — 27 trees. Treatment of 72 trees since 1928: Grass sod estabUshed. Has been of short rotation with one millet cover crop grown. Since 1931 grass sod disced or worked with ''weed hog'' type harrow each late fall or early spring. There are eight rows of nine trees each; since 1928 all trees have had ten pounds of nitrate of soda but every other row has had ten pounds of phosphate (16%) to each tree square. Project 332: Group No. 6—48 trees — average 93.05 bu. Check blocks — no added food. Covers always non legume — rye, oats, millets, buckwheat. 1908-1929 covers seeded last half of summer, since 1929 covers seeded June 1. Group No. 7—24 trees— average 81.48 bu. No added nitro- gen but phosphate and potash, 1908-1934. Covers same as in Group 6. Group No. 8—96 trees— average 117.35 bu. Added food as complete NPK or N and P; 12 trees had manure 1908-1928. Of the 96 trees, 24 were check trees 1908-1928. Since 1928 a short sod rotation has been used on 48 of the 96 trees. All covers used were non legume. Since 1928 all trees have received NPK or N and P. Group No. 9—12 trees— average 103.23 bu. Nitrogen alone; non legume covers used. Group No. 10—24 trees— average 86.03 bu. Nitrate and potash; non legume covers. Group No. 11 — 72 trees — average 105.04. Legume covers, no added nitrogen. Phosphate was used twice in 26 years for benefit of the cover. Group No. 12 — 48 trees — average 80.43. Non legume covers. No added nitrogen. Phosphate was used twice in 26 years for benefit of the covers. — 116 — 117 ■■■':^ .■CiV Individual Yields of Certain York Trees, TURE, Pennsylvania State College from Row 3 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 Project 331 In Pounds B C 3.00 "5.00 "42.'ob 168.00 21.00 396.00 22.00 352.00 33.00 66.00 198.00 242.00 66.00 15.00 6.00 210.00 252.00 137.00 836.00 540.06 0.00 72.00 308.00 154.00 231.00 D 2.00 2.00 "5.66 84.00 5.00 550.00 176.66 66.00 6.00 88'. 00 99.00 44.00 Row 29 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 Department of Horticul- 1914 TCT 1934, Inclusive Project 332 In Pounds K L 1.00 40.00 8.00 83.00 126.66 840.00 576.00 529.00 132.00 979.00 880.00 748.00 297.00 391.00 913.00 8.00 6.00 21.00 "63.66 672.00 273.00 606.00 99.00 782.00 737.00 594.00 319.00 182.00 638.00 Total 1614.00 2761.00 1127.00 lbs. Total 1931 1932 1933 1934 36.68 16.00 25.66 62.75 8.00 .87 26.75 25.61 bu. 8.75 .06 25.00 1931 1932 1933 1934 6543.00 5000.00 lbs. 148.71 113.63 bu. 5.25 6.50 19.50 12.00 22.00 19.25 30.00 21.25 G. Total 77 .68 98 . 37 59 . 42 bu. Grand Total 225 .46 172 . 63 bu. DISEASE CONTROL AS INFLUENCED BY SPRAY METHODS R. S. KIRBY, State College, Pa. Each year the question is again and again asked, why do certain growers continually have almost perfect disease control on all their apples while other growers applying the same fungi- cide sprays, at the same time have parts and even all of their trees with apples having mediocre to poor control of scab, sooty blotch and Brooks spot? The answer has seemingly been thoroughness of coverage. If the thoroughness of coverage is the remedy, what does the successful grower do in spraying that his more unfortunate neighbor fails or neglects to do? In an effort to find the answers to these important questions, 150 orchards were visited during the summer and fall of 1934 and the percentage of diseased apples determined in the different parts of the unsprayed and sprayed trees. Unsprayed trees were first studied to find if any one or all diseases are more severe in certain parts of these trees. In figure 1, the average percentage of the occurrence of each of the three most important diseases is given for the outside bottom. — 118 inside or center of the tree, up to ten feet and the top of the tree. From this chart, it is seen that scab is a disease that is severe in all parts of trees, but that it is most severe on apples growing in the inside center, and least severe on the lower outside. Brooks spot is observed to be a disease that is far more serious on the apples growing on the lower parts of a tree than those growing in the top and to be most severe on the apples growing on the lower inside part of a tree. Sooty blotch is found to be severe in all parts of an apple tree, but to be most severe on the apples growing on the inside center and least severe on apples in the top of a tree. Figure 1 Occurence of the Percentage of Apples Infested with Dififerent Diseases in the Different Parts of Unsprayed Apple Trees The total of the percentages of scab. Brooks spot and sooty blotch indicates that apples growing on the inside center of a tree have a greater Ukelihood of being diseased than those on the outside lower branches and a still greater chance than growing in the tops of the trees. These variations in the amount of disease in various parts of apple trees is probably due to differ- ences in air movements which determine the length of time that it takes wet foliage to dry. The longer the period of wet foliage, the greater the chance of infection. These figures on the occurrence of disease in the various parts of unsprayed trees indicates that it is important to spray all parts thoroughly, but that the foliage and apples growing on the inside should have a little extra attention to offset the more favorable conditions for disease development in that part. If spraying was equally efficient in. all parts of a tree, we may assume that the same relationship exists as in the unsprayed trees. Therefore, if five per cent disease is found on the apples on the outside lower branches we can expect approximately five and one-half per cent on the apples from the lower inside and four and one-half per cent on the apples in the top of the tree. — 119 — p*j«:V;3V;^^T^>^;J»f;^(iS^ ^mf^^SWrf? The slower drying of the foUage on the inside of the tree seems to increase the difference to a small extent. In order to find any relationship that may exist between the spraying method and the occurrence of disease in different parts of trees, it seemed fairest to include a 1 orchards where the use of any number of sprays or the use of any spray materia had held the total percentage of diseased apples on the outside lower branches to five per cent or less. The figure five per cent or less was taken since that is the aim of spraying information The outside lower branches were selected as the criterion, since they are usually closest to the person applying the spray and in nearly all orchards, the most thoroughly sprayed part of the In making the counts, average sized and averaged pruned trees of that orchard were taken. Most of the counts were made on trees from 12 to 25 years old and from 17 to 24 feet h gh having a Umb spread of 2 to 7 feet greater than the height of the trees. Figure 2 gives the total average percentage of disease occur- ring in the three different parts of the tree in eleven different spray methods. Spraying With One Single Nozzle Gun In the first four methods a single nozzle spray gun was used. The first method included orchards where the sprayer went under the tree and sprayed the underside of lower branches and made a special effort to spray up through the center to thoroughly cover the underside of the top branches, then spraying the outside. Thirty-one orchards following this method had an average of one per cent diseased apples on the lower outside of the trees, two per cent in the inside and top. The slight increase that occurred on the apples in the lower inside and top when growers used this method is near normal for sprayed trees because of the slower drying in these parts of the tree. Ninety-four per cent of the thirty-one growers using this method had an average of less than five per cent total disease. Even on large thick trees this method gave good control in all parts of the trees. In the second method with a single nozzle gun, the spraying was done in the same way as the first method with the exception that a special effort was not made to spray through the center of the tree to cover the underside of the top branches. The orchards following this method had an average of two per cent diseased apples on the outside of the trees, four per cent on the inside lower part and 18 per cent in top. The importance of making a special effort to spray up through the center of the tree to cover the underside of the top branches is definitely shown. — 120 — SPRAYING WITH ONE SINGLE NOZZLE GUN FROM GROUN0= OUTSIDE- INSIDE- UP THROUGH FROM GROUND' OUTSIDE ONLY FROM GROUND- OUTSIDE - INSIDE FROM SPRAYER TANK SPRAYING WITH ONE MULTIPLE NOZZLE GUN FROM GROUND OUTSIDE -INSIDE FROM GROUND OUTSIDE FROM SPRAYER TANK SPRAYING ONE SIDE OF A TREE AT A TIME WITH ONE GUN ON THE TANK AND THE SECOND GUN FROM THE GROUND FROM TANK MULTIPLE NOZZLE GUN FROM GROUND SINGLE NOZZLE GUN - INSIDE • UP THROUGH FROM TANK SINGLE NOZZLE GUN FROM GROUND MULTIPLE NOZZLE GUN FROM TANK AND GROUND MULTIPLE NOZZLE GUNS FROM GROUND INSIDE FROM GROUND OUTSIDE Figure 2 — 121 — The third and fourth methods where the spraying was all from the ground or tank from the outside of the tree, shows the definite need for inside and up through the center spraymg. Spraying with one single nozzle spray gun is effective only when used in a manner to get complete coverage With small or very open trees successful control may be obtained with less inside spraying. The only growers in this survey having an average o^^^^^^ five percent total disease were those using the fifst method, from ground-outside-inside, and up through. Spraying With One Multiple Nozzle Gun Spraying with one multiple nozzle gun was carried on in three different ways. The first method included orchards where the sprayer went under the trees and sprayed the inside as thoroughly as possib^^^ then sprayed the outside. The orchards followmg this method had an average of two per cent total disease outside and inside and ten per cent in the top of the tree. Only fifty per cent of the growers using this method had an average of less than tive per cent total disease. The second method with one multiple nozzle gun the spray- ing was done from the ground on the outside of the trees, ihis method, like the single nozzle gun spraying irom the outside only was ineffective. There was an average of five per cent disease on the outside, 24 per cent on the lower inside and 60 per cent in the top. The third method with one multiple nozzle gun the spraying was done from a sprayer tank. This angle of spraying was appar- ently better than that where the spraying was done from outside only on the ground. The 25 percentage of disease in the tops of the trees must be considered poor control. Spraying with one multiple nozzle gun did not give growers as effective control as spraying with single nozzle guns. Some growers feel that it is easier and faster to spray their apples with multiple nozzle guns. When growers get larger spraying equipment to properly handle multiple nozzle guns and are able to use them more effectively, they may give better control. The results in the present check up show that growers using multiple nozzle guns should put forth greater effort to get better coverage in the tops of the tree. Spraying With 2 Guns, Multiple or Single Nozzle and Combinations of Both In some of the larger orchards where bigger sprayers are used, growers are using two guns on each tree to speed up the spraying operation. Four ways or combinations of this type of spraying are given. — 122 — The first method has a multiple nozzle gun spraying from the tank and a single nozzle gun used to spray both the inside and spraying up through the inside of the tree to cover the under- side of the top branches. The orchards following this method had an average of two per cent diseased apples on the outside of the lower part of the tree, four per cent on the inside and three per cent in the top. With this method growers apparently obtained good coverage in all parts of the tree, preventing disease from becoming severe in any part of the tree. Sixty-six per cent of the growers in this check up who used this method had an average of less than five per cent total disease. The second method wherein the position of the guns was reversed and the ground sprayer with the multiple gun did not regularly go under the tree. The total average percentage of disease was two per cent on the outside, 28 per cent on the inside, and 36 per cent in the top. This again indicates the need of thorough inside and up through spraying. The third method where one multiple nozzle gun sprays from the tank and one sprays from the ground inside. The results are similar to those obtained with one multiple gun spraying from the ground outside and inside and give an average of 22 per cent diseased apples in the top of the tree. The fourth method which differs from the third in that the gun on the ground does not go inside the tree. Trees sprayed in this manner show poor control in the lower center (17 per cent disease) and top of the tree which had 16 per cent diseased apples. Summary The outstanding fact in the entire check up is that spraying inside and up through the tree is the only method that regularly gives satisfactory disease control in all parts of a mature apple tree. Single nozzle guns used to cover all parts of the tree gives the grower better control than do multiple nozzled guns as used in Pennsylvania in 1934. Growers spraying their trees from both the inside and outside have less spray burn of the mechanical type than those who do all their spraying from the outside. — 123 — ''m:/c REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURAL COUNCIL AND LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE C. J. TYSON, Gardners The annual meeting of the Agricultural Council was better attended than usual by delegates meeting du™|,. *^e Fa"^^ Show Rural Electrification, Study of the Tax Situation in Pennsylvania and a Report on the Financial Needs of State Siege andthe Other Agricultural Agencies, with recommen- dations were the chief items of business. A bill has been prepared hcensing and bonding commission merchants doing business in Pennsylvama Senator John fe. Rice of Adams JrankUn County District will sponsor this bill A bill proposing compulsory grade marks, changes of grade marks and other things as applying to fruits and vegetables, whether in open or closed packages, was referred to your com- mittee for recommendations. Because of substantial differences ™ opinions as to the merits of the bill and because it did not seenT likely that funds for enforcement would be available, it was decided best to continue study of this measure for at least another year. SECRETARY'S NOTE: Since the Annual meeting of the Association, The Pennsyl- vania State College has taken the following action: '4 Hereafter the spray program in the College orchards will be determined each season by the Departments of Zoology and Entomology and Botany after conference with the Department of Horticulture, and the recommendations of these two depart- ments will be followed expUcitly by the Department of Horti- ''2 That in order to meet so far as is now practicable with our present budgetary limitations the request of the State Horticultural Association that more attention be given to experiments with spray materials, the 10-acre block of Staynian and Mcintosh in the ^^Student Orchard'^ will be used for this purpose in the seasons of 1935 and 1936. The primary object of these tests will be to secure definite experimental evidence on the major points now at issue, particularly as to the prac- ticabiUty of using milder fungicides in the summer sprays and of dispensing with nicotine through the use of oil sprays. The Department of Horticulture will continue to care for this block of trees in all respect other than spraying, to supply the neces- sary spray materials and to harvest and sell the fruit after the experimental records have been made. The Departments of Zoology and Entomology and Botany will apply the sprays using their own equipment and labor and record the results of the tests. — 124 — TREE BANDING PAYS PROFITS READ WHAT U. S. AUTHORITIES SAY: »P"w, "-Dr. B- ** ,„e to avoid BAND YOUR TREES To Kill Codling Moth Worms — Cut Wormy Fruit Losses 75 per cent PenuByJvaj' Economic ^P"'^' Ath of the band ^sj^^^nt o« -Thcv/^dthoi the aP^^i with Virginia- Tree banding pays! A single band has killed as many as 1300 worms. Yet this protection costs only a few cents per tree. American Cyanamid & Chemical Corporation does not make tree bands. But we supply Aero Brand Beta Naphthol and Cod-Ban to reputable tree-band manufacturers in every apple section. FREE. Send your name and address for free leaflet giving complete instructions for preparing trees for banding and name of nearest tree-band manufacturer. American Cyanamid & Chemical Corp. INSECTICIDE DEPARTMENT 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N. Y. (Trad* Mork) FOR COLD DIP TREE BANDS FOR HOT DIP TREE BANDS 125 — ■s-'-yr-wt "3 The sum of $200 is added to the budget of the Depart- ment of Botany to be used for conducting tests with fungicides in some part of the State other than State College, preferably in association with the tests of insecticides which are being made in Adams County. This provision is made for the current fiscal year only, which closes June 30, 1935." — 126 — . j-t J' " , >•• FOR SPRAYING and DUSTING ''BELL-MINE" Rotary Kiln Pulverized Lime SHIPPED IN AIR-TIGHT STEEL BARRELS WITH FRICTION LIDS. Use this Lime in any formula where either ''quick Hme" or ''stone lime" is specified. Sales Offices Pittsburgh, Pa. Bellefonte, Pa. ell^Min mduCl Sales Offices Philadelphia, Pa. New York City, N. Y ''BELL-MINE" High Calcium Hydrated Lime Shipped in 50-lb. Multi-Wall Tight Paper Bags. Use this Lime in any formula where "hydrated lime" is specified. Free booklet "Spraying and Dusting for Orchard and Farm" sent on request. CAIjC] ABATED ITSHi '>."Bf!l*Mi'i "3 The sum of $200 is added to the budget of the Depart- ment of Botany to be used for conducting tests with fungicides in some part of the State other than State College, preferably in association with the tests of insecticides which are being made in Adams County. This provision is made for the current fiscal year only, which closes June 30, 1935." FOR SPRAYING and DUSTING ''BELL-MINE" Rotary Kiln Pulverized Lime SHIPPED IN AIR-TIGHT STEEL BARRELS WITH FRICTION LIDS. Use this Lime in any formula where either ''quick Hme" or "stone Hme" is specified. Sales Offices Pittsburgh, Pa. Bellefonte, Pa. Sales Offices Philadelphia. Pa. New York City, N. Y. *'BELL-MINE" High Calcium Hydrated Lime Shipped in 50-lb. Multi-Wall Tight Paper Bags. Use this Lime in any formula where ''hydrated lime" is specified. Free booklet "Spraying and Dusting for Orchard and Farm" sent on request. AMERICAN LIME and STONE CO, BELLEFONTE, PA. — 126 — — 127 r ii- .'• Whereas fruit and vegetable growing is one of the major industries of Pennsylvania, totaUing, fresh and canned over $50,000,000 annually, constituting one of the largest employee of agricultural labor and whereas the Federal-State inspection of fruits and vegetables at the farms, orchards, storage houses, SannSg plants Ind in the markets is of greatest importance to the industry as well as to the consuming Pf l^«'"rd ^^ereas the responsibility for carrying out this work is placed by law in the State Bureau of Markets. Therefore be it resolved that the Legislature be urged to support this work undiminished and to take care of the steadily increasing demand for standard grades and honest packing. STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OE PENNSYLVANIA Membership List— 1934 Name Able, H. D. Abraczinskas, Andrew Acme Veneer Pkg. Co. Adams, J. N. Adams, J. F. Adams Co. Fruit Packing & Dist. Co. Ahrens, Forest Allen, H. G. Allison, W. L. Allison, C. K. American Lime & Stone Co. American Cyanamid Co. Anderson, Ralph W. Anderson, H. M. Anderson, H, W. Angier Corp. Ansbacher-Siegel Corp. Anthony, R. D. *Anwyll, Harry L. App, Dr. Frank Apple, Frank ♦Atkinson, D. W. Backus, H. E. Bacon, John Co. Bain, J. M. Baldesberger, W. P. Balmer, Clayton Balthaser, G. W. ♦Banzhaf, W. H. Barnard, C. P. Baron, W. E. Barr, James J. Barr, I. C. Bartol, Edwin W. *Bartram, Frank M. *Bartram, G. Maurice *Baugher, G. L. ♦Baugher, H. G. Beach, F. H. Beam, D. L. Bear, John W. Bear, Paul A. Bear, Jacob R. Beaverbrook Farm Beaverson, E. S. Beisecker, Carl ♦Bell, R. H. Bender, L. J. Benn, R. P. Berlew, George *Bikle, Philip, Jr. * Life Members. Address Wrightsville, R. 1 Catawissa, R. 2 Orchard Park, N. Y. West Chester, R. 5 Peninsula Hort. Soc, Dover, Del. County York Columbia Chester Adams Erie York Allegheny Allegheny Centre York York York Centre Dauphin Lancaster Bucks Erie Biglerville North East New Park Tarentum, R. D. Pittsburgh City Home Hospital, Pittsburgh Bellefonte 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City Fawn Grove New Park Stewartstown Framingham, Mass. 50 Union Square, New York City State College Harrisburg Seabrook Farms, Bridgeton, N. J. Bird-in-Hand Wrightstown North East Gasport, N. Y. King & Front Sts., Northumberland Snyder Bridgeville, R. 2 Allegheny Manheim, R. 1 Lancaster Wemersville Berks Muncy Lycoming Kennett Square Chester McKean Erie Narvon Lancaster Greencastle, R. 2 Franklin The Shrine Orchards, Finksburg, Md. Kennett Square Chester West Chester Chester Aspers Adams Aspers Adams Ohio State Hort. Society, Columbus, Ohio Waymart Wayne York, R. 10 York Mount Wolf, R. 4 York York, R. 10 York Brandywine Summitt Chester York, R. 5 York Clarks Sunmiit Lackawanna Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg Dauphin Allentown, R. 4 Lehigh Bangor, R. 5 Northampton Dallas, R. 3 Luzerne Chambersburg, R. 6 Franklin 128 — — 129 — Name Bikle, F. C. Bingham, A. H. Bingham, W. O. Birch, H. E. Birth, Elmer Bishop, WilUam Black, H. M. Black, M. C. Black, Carl ♦Blaine, Geo. W. Blanndina, Salvator ♦Blessing, David H. Boak, J. A. & Sons Bock, Walter N. ♦Boles, McC. T. ♦Boltz, Peter Bonear, Homer Bovard & Baldwin ♦Boyer, John F. Boyer, Jay Boyer, W. A. Brace, Harold G. Bream, D. M. Co. Bream, Clarence Bream, John ♦Breidenbaugh, H. L. Brenneman, John S. Bricker, Dr. E. B. ♦Brinton, H. C. Brossman, Morse Brown, Norman C. Brown, J. E. Brown, Bert C. Brown, Robert L. Brown, Robt. M. Brown, J. Turner Brown, H. W. Brown, S. A. Bruner, W. W. Brubaker, Daniel A. Bucher, F. S. Buffalo Valley Fruit Farms Bunting, Marshall Burr, Milton Burrill, Arthur W. Caughey, E.. P. Chapin, Irvin ♦Chase, Chas. T. Cherry, C. N. Chumard, Lewellyn Clair, H. A. Clarion Development Co. Clark, Kenneth Clark, A. L. Clemson, Leonard Coble, ValUe Cochran, John E. Coffroad, L. C. Columbia & Okanogan Nur. Conover, C. M. ♦ Life Members. Address Fayetteville, R. 1- St. Thomas St. Thomas North East, R. 4 Fairmount Springs, R. 2 Doylestbwn, R. D. Idamar, R. D. Allison Park Gardners, R. D. North East Pittston, R. D. 4 N. Court St., Harrisburg New Castle, R. 4 Crafton, R. 8 Hanlin Station Lebanon Honesdale 655 E. Washington St., New Castle Middleburg, R. 4 Mt. Pleasant Mills Freeburg Dallas, R. 3 Chambersburg Cashtown Orrtanna Boyertown Lancaster, R. 7 Lititz Hanover Ephrata, R. 4 Waynesboro, Box 285, R. D. McDonald Marion Center, R. 3. Bridgton Schnecksville New Park AUentown, Box 576 Schnecksville Paxtonville Ephrata, R. 2 Reamstown Mifflinburg Honesdale Bardane, W. Va. Trexler Orchards, Orefield Erie, R. 2 Shickshinny, R. 3 Bala 910 Ryan St., New Castle Ariel 610 Walnut St., Perkasie Clarion Northumberland Olyphant, R. D. Hahfax Cherry Tree, R. D. Ephrata, R. 1 New Holland, R. 2 Co. Wenatchee, Wash. Aspers County Franklin Franklin Franklin Erie Ijuzeme Bucks Indiana Allegheny Adams Erie Luzerne Dauphin Lawrence Allegheny Washington Lebanon Wayne Lawrence Snyder Snyder Snyder Luzerne Franklin Adams Adams Berks Lancaster Lancaster York Lancaster Franklin Washington Indiana York Lehigh York Lehigh Lehigh Snyder Lancaster Lancaster Union Wayne Lehigh Erie Columbia Montgomery Lawrence Wayne Bucks Clarion Snyder Lackawanna Dauphin Indiana Lancaster Lancaster Adams Name Conrad, Homer Contributing Member, c/o S. R. Snyder, Contributing Member, c/o S. R. Snyder Cook, J. Wilbur Coon, B. J. Coon, Sam ♦Cooper, C. A. Cope, F. R., Jr. Cornwall Farms & Orchards Cox, J. W. Crawford, J. B. Creasy, C. W. Creasy, Luther P. Cressman, C. K. Crist, James D. Criswell, R. T. Grossman, P. S. ♦Grouse, E. A. Grouse, Iram D. Grouthamel, R. M. Crowell, S. B. Growell, A. & T. Gulp, George ♦Gummings, Joseph F. Cutler, Joseph S. ♦Davenport, Eugene Davidson, N. H. Davis, E. N. G. Dayton Tree Saver Co. Deatrick, Chas. E. DeLong, Cletus Y. Dennis, A. J. Derbyshire, W. H. Detweiler, Ira K. Dickenshied, F. S. ♦Dickinson, B. M. ♦Dill, Robert Dixon, Chas. Dorsheimer, Wm. B. Druck, Albert Duke, D. R. & B. F. Duncan, Miss Eleanor C. ♦Dunlap, James M. *Dunlap, R. Bruce Dye, H. W. EbUng, Aaron Eckman, I. W. Edgerton, J. Russell Eisenhart, J. C. • *Eldon, Robert Enck, Warren Englemen, E. Y. Eshelman, Clyde ♦Evans, W. H. Evans, Roland Evans, Brothers Everhart, W. J. *Life Members. Address 563 Main St., Indiana Ephrata County Indiana Lancaster Ephrata Lancaster Flora Dale Adams Wyoming, R. 3 Luzerne Ransom Lackawanna 1000 Highland Ave., Coraopolis Allegheny Dimock Susquehanna Cornwall New Castle, R. 5. Fayetteville, R. 1 Catawissa, R. 1 Catawissa, R. 1 Barto, R. D. Walden, N. Y. 12 N. Second St., Chambersburg Girard Gettysburg Stevens, R. 2 Perkasie Edgemont Avondale Biglerville, R. 2 Sunbury Dunmore Plymouth Chambersburg Newtown Square Dayton, Ohio Biglerville Mertztown, R. 2 Zionsville, R. 1 Fairfield 36 N. 8th St., Lebanon Zionsville 5634 Stanton Ave., Pittsburgh North East St. Thomas Clarks Summit, R. 3 WrightsviUe, R. 2 60 W. Queen St., Chambersburg Franklin 323 E. King St., Shippensburg Cumberland Lebanon Lawrence Franklin Columbia Columbia Berks Franklin Erie Adams Lancaster Bucks Delaware Chester Adams Northumberland Lancaster Luzerne Franklin Delaware Adams Berks Lehigh Adams Lebanon Lehigh Allegheny Erie Franklin Lackawanna York Shippensburg, R. 2 Dept. of Welfare, Harrisburg, Pa. Middleport, N. Y. Reading, .R. 2 Sunbury, R. 2 Westtown York, R. 1 Aspers Biglerville Noxen Washington Boro, R. 1 Plainsville Longwood Farms, Kennett Square Clarks Summit 219 E. Philadelphia St., York Cumberland Dauphin Berks Northumberland Chester York Adams Adams Wyoming Lancaster Luzerne Chester Lackawanna York — 130 — — 131 tSwft'-"'-' > . ; '^'i^-''^-'^^'^" ''■■/■- f-'-'ArV^'f ■-.■■' V:':' Name Fagan, F. N. Farley, A. J. Farr, N. C. ♦Fassett, F. H. Fawcett, K. I. Fayocavitz, Stanley Feeg, A. C. Felty, G. O. B. Fenstermacher, P. S. Fetterman, J. Gordon Fick, Earle Fidler, W. B. Fisher, Fred Fisher, Isaac L. Flack, M. Raymond *Fletcher, S. W. Flinchbaugh, J. J. Flinchbaugh, H. H. Flora Orchard Co. FoUmer, Harold W. Forbes, R. M. Forry, S. E. Frankenfield, Asher Frantz, S. P. Frederick, Raymond *Freed, A. J. *Freed, W. A. * Funk, Sheldon Frey, Harry E. Frey, John L. Friday Brothers Frost, S. W. Fullerton, A. H. & Son Gackenbach, C. A. Gantert, Theo. Garber, Henny F. Gardenhour, G. W. *Garrahan, R. H. Garrettston, Robert Garrettston, Lloyd W. Garrettston, Donald Garman, Albert S. Gay, Arthur Gay Murray Co., Inc. Gehr, Harvey J. Geiger, Clinter George, Thos. K. Gibson, Ira E. Gibson, W. F. Gillan, G. G. Gillan, C. F. Gillan, R. J. Glass, Leonard R. Glass Brothers Glick, Jonas R.. Goldsborough, E. L. Good, James, Inc. Good, Harvey Good, Omar * Life Members. Address County State College Centre New Jersey State Hort. Soc, New Brunswick, N. J. North East „^ ^P^ Meshoppen ^ Wyommg Indiana Hort. Society, Lafayette, Indiana Ransom Lackawanna Robesonia, R. 1 Millersville Allentown, R. 3 Media 800 N. 11th St., Reading Aspers Wernersville Soudersburg West Chester, R. 5 State College I_x)ganville Loganville Wrightsville Selinsgrove Erie, R. 1 Ephrata, R. 1 Ontelaunee Orchards, Leesport Trucksville, R. D. Moscow Racine Racine Boyertown York, R. 6 c/o C. K. Whitner Co., Reading New Castle, R. 1 Arendtsville Edinburg Orefield, R. 1 152 N. Front St., Reading Mt. Joy, R. 3 Smithburg, Md. Kingston Flora Dale Biglerville Aspers North Charles St., Manheim Dallas, R. 3 Tunkhannock Waynesboro Neflfs Homer City Blairsville, R. Yoe St. Thomas St. Thomas St. Thomas Oakdale, R. 1 Bulger, R. 1 Gap, R. 2 Shepherdstown, W. Va. 2111 E. Susquehanna Ave., Philadelphia Lancaster, R. 8 Strasburg Berks Lancaster Lehigh Delaware Berks Adams Berks Lancaster Chester Centre York York York Snyder Erie Lancaster Berks Luzerne Lackawanna Beaver Beaver Berks York Berks Lawrence Adams Lawrence Lehigh Berks Lancaster Luzerne Adams Adams Adams Lancaster Luzerne Wyoming Franklin Lehigh Indiana Indiana York Franklin Franklin Franklin Allegheny Allegheny Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster — 132 Name Goodling, G. A. Graybill, N. Charles Graybill, Floyd Greenawalt, Rev. Geo. A. Greenbaum, Raymond ♦Griest, C. A. *Griest, Frederick Grimshaw, Harry Group, Foster C. Grove, W. E. ♦Grove, W. E. Guyton, T. L. Haas, William Haase, Alfred H. Haase, Herman Haberman, Mrs. T. C. Hackenburg, Chas. Hacker, A. L. ♦Haddock, John C. Hafer, Roy Haines, Robert B. 3rd Halderman, E. N. Hall, John ♦Hall, L. C. Haring, Grover C. Harshman, John Hartman, Ernest Hartman, Scott ♦Hartman, L. E. Hartman, M. T. Hartzell, Floyd R. Harvey, H. R. Hassinger, H. C. Haudenshield, Crist L. Hausman, Geo. B. ♦Haverstick, Paul E. Hawkins, E. B. Hayman, Guy L. Heacock, O. J. Heilman, Albert Heinz, Henry Heisey, S. A. Herhold, J. C. Herr, J. Z. Herrick, R. S. Hershey, C. Maurice ♦Hershey, H. F. Hess, Ray Hess, C. C. Hess, Paul G. Hetrick, A. W. Hicks, Wm. Higgins, W. A. Hildebrandt, Jno. A. Hile, Anthony Hileman, W. Carl *Hill, Wmiam D. *Life Members. Address Loganville New Windsor, Md. Richfield Boyertown Allentown State Hospital, Allentown Guernsey Flora Dale North Girard Crardners 120 N. 6th St., Chambersburg York Springs Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg Coplay, R. Narrowsburg, N. Y. Narrowsburg, R. 1, N. Y. Baden Mt. Pleasant Mills 451 Hamilton St., Allentown Wilkes-Barre Fayetteville, R. 1 156 W. School Lane Germantown County York Snyder Berks Lehigh Adams Adams Erie Adams Franklin Adams Dauphin Lehigh Wayne Wayne Beaver Snyder Lehigh Luzerne Franklin Doylestown Orrtanna North Girard Etters Smithsburg, Md., R. 1 Biglerville Palm Cly Gettysburg Sharpsburg Foxburg Beavertown Mt. Oliver, R. 6, Pittsburgh Coopersburg, R. 2 642 Woolworth Bldg., Lancaster Delta Northbrook Biglerville Cleona Narrowsburg, N. Y. Greencastle, R. 4 North Girard Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown ^^^^^ Iowa State Hort. Soc, Des Moines, Iowa Paradise, R. 1 Lancaster Hamburg Berks Mt. Alto, R. 1 Franklin 286 Washington St., New York City Mt. Alto, R. 1 Franklin Beavertown Snyder Honesdale Wayne Dallas, R. D. Luzerne Dallas, R. 2 Luzerne Curwensville Clearfield New Castle,. R. 3 Lawrence North East Erie Philadelphia Bucks Adams Erie York Franklin Adams Berks York Adams Allegheny Clarion Snyder Allegheny Lehigh Lancaster York Chester Adams Lebanon Wayrie Franklin Erie Lancaster — 133-- Name Hinnershitz, C. Walter Hockman, Willis Hoehler, H. G. Hoffman, D. M. Hoffman, Robert Hoffman, H. L. Hoffman, Calvin Hogue, Robert Holtzapple, Frank P. Homer, raul W. Hodd, T. C. ♦Hoopes, Wilmer W. Hootman, H. D. Hoover, Wm. Horn, Alfred Horn, W. H. *Horst, J. Morris ♦Hostetler, Abram Hostetter, Dr. J. E. Howard, P. H. Howatt, Mrs. Maude Huber, Edwin B. *Huey, S. R. Hutchison, Mrs. T. G. Hutchison, J. D. Hutt, Warren Hykes, E. S. Ingham, M. M. Irey, Allen M. Jacobs, D. C. Jacoby, Eric James, D. M. Jayne, Allen Jefferson, Thomas H. Jermyn, E. B. Johnston, R. S. Johnston, J. H. Johnston, Rolland G. Johnston, M. E. ♦Johnston, F. C. Jones, Wm. June, L. T. Kaiser, Frank A. Kalo Company Kauffman, A. L. Karns, J. H. Kauffman, E. F. Kauffman, C. B. Kauffman, J. B. Keim, Milton W. Keller, Adam ♦KeUer, Paul J. Kellow, Geo. H. Kelso, James Kendig, Dr. J. S. Kerchner, Harvey T. ♦Kessler, George W. Kibler, T. F. Kindred, C. F. Kintner, G. H. ♦ Life Members. Address 1255 Buttonwood St., Reading Denver York Biglerville Arendtsville Butler, Star Route Aspers, R. 2 North East Selinsgrove North East, R. 6 Saltsburg, R. 1 West Chester Michigan State Hort. Soc, East Lansing, Mich. Blacklick, R. D. York, R. 3 Chambersburg, R. 10 Lebanon, R. 3 Johnstown, R. 3 Gap, R. 1 Dover, R. 1 Coopersburg, R. 2 232 S. Main St., Chambersburg New Castle, R. 3 New Wilmington Rear 84 Scott St., Wilkes-Barre Boyertown, R. D. York, R. 5 New Castle, R. 5 Boyertown Arendtsville Clarks Summit, R. 2 County Berks Lancaster York Adams Adams Butler Adams Erie Snyder Erie Indiana Chester Indiana York Franklin Lebanon Cambria Lancaster York Lehigh Franklin Lawrence Lawrence Luzerne Berks York Lawrence Berks Adams ^^^^ ^^ Lackawanna Bureau oT Markets, Harrisburg Dauphin West Auburn Susquehanna Wycombe ^ , Bucks Clarks Summit Lackawanna New Wilmington, R. 1 Lawrence New Wilmington, R. 1 Lawrence Hereford ^„ Berks Connoquenessing Allegheny Dallas ^ . Luzerne 6500 Lancaster Ave., Philadelphia Dalton, R. D. Lackawanna 1031 Capouse St., Scranton Lackawanna Quincy, 111. Bird-in-Hand Chambersburg York, R. 7 Bird-in-Hand York, R. 7 Boyertown, R. 2 Clarks Summit Alder Run Orchards, Tyrone Scranton, R. 1 Enon Valley Salunga Lenhartsville Tyrone North Girard Ivyland Mehoopany Lancaster FrankUn York Lancaster York Berks Lackawanna Blair Lackawanna Lawrence Lancaster Berks Blair Erie Bucks Wyoming 134 — ■■;".'?;y,-_-^:^^;!j?»' ,> ,,,^:^r'i ' Name Killian, Lewis E. ♦Kister, U. G. Klein, Jack Kleppinger, B. M. Knappenberger, Thomas Knouse, M. E. Knox, H. C. Koch, C. H. ♦Koehler, Paulus E. Koser, G. W. KraybiU, S. S. Krebs, H. B. Kreidweis, John Kuhns, Victor Kuntz, Parker L. Kyle, Wm. B. Lacoe, John F. Ladd, M. S. Landis, H. D. Landseidel, L. A. Lapp, John F. Latshaw, J. E. Lau, L. B. Lau, Rev. I. M. Lau, L. E. Laub, H. H., Jr. Laudenslager, Martin Lehman, R. M. Lehman, S. S. Lehman, G. E. Lehman, Sylvester Leibhart, Samuel H. Lemmon, D. R. Lengle, Paul H. ♦Leonard, F. E. Lepole, Walter Lesher, H. V. Lewis, Nelson H. Lewis, Russell Lewis, S. V. Linde, J. Eric Linville, Arthur S. Long, D. Edward Longenecker, Howard G. *Loop, A. I. Loop, H. S. Loose, H. H. *Lord, John Lott, R. C. Lott, William M. ♦McLelland, J. B. McClung, Lewis McClure, Frank McCormick, C. M. *McCormick, James McCreary, R. S. McDonald, R. C. McFadden, E. C. *McFarland, J. Horace McGinnis, C. R. McHenry, Clarence *McKee, J. M. * Life Members. Address County Kirkwood Lancaster Etters York 404 New Market St., Philadelphia Lancaster Coopersburg, R. 2 Zionsville Peach Glen 2002 W. 21st St., Erie McKeansburg 826 Washington Ave., Monaca Biglerville Mt. Joy Mercersburg Bridgeville AUentown, R. 2. Gardners, R. D. Zionsville Clarks Summit, R. 2 Waverly Girard Ransom Ronks, R. 1 Marion East Berlin, R. 2 715 Manor St., York East Berlin, R. 2 77 Chestnut St., Lewistown Orefield, R. 1 Mt. Wolf, R. 1 Girard Wrightsville, R. 2 York, R. 9 Wrightsville, R. 1 North Girard Pine Grove Carlisle, R. 1 Akron Northumberland, R. 1 Pittston, R. 1 Pittston, R. 1 Wyoming, R. 1 Orefield, R. 1 Media, R. 2 Fayette ville 127 E. Main St., Manheim North East North East Menges Mills Wyoming, R. 1 Gettysburg Gardners Canonsburg 429 Sheridan Ave., New Castle New Castle, R. 5 New Castle, Knox Ave. Harrisburg Erie, R. 2 Shippensburg _ 74 W. Washington St., Hagerstown, Md. Harrisburg , Dauphin Reading, 623 Oley St. Berks Indiana Indiana Dept. of Agr., Harrisburg Dauphin — 135 — Lehigh Lehigh Adams Erie Schuylkill Beaver Adams Lancaster Franklin Allegheny Lehigh Adams Lehigh Lackawanna Lackawanna Erie Lackawanna Lancaster Franklin York York York Mifflin Lehigh York Erie York York York Erie Schuylkill Cumberland Lancaster Northumberland Luzerne Luzerne Luzerne Lehigh Delaware Franklin Lancaster Erie Erie York Luzerne Adams Adams Washington Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Dauphin Erie Cumberland ^jr;i;r.??v/f:y»:'';i-». Hi. Name McKinney, D. L. ♦MacNeal, William H. McPherson, Roy P. McWhorter, O. T. Mack, J. S. MacVeagh, W. F. Marvil Package Co. Mason, J. A. Mattern, Jos. C. Mattes, Paul Matthews, W. H. Maurer, D. Edward M auger, Maurice ♦Mayer, Guy S. Mecartney, J. L. Mechling, Edward A. Meeder, J. V. ♦Meehan, S. Mendelson Mesta Brothers Meyer, Allen J. Miles, H. C. C. Miller, Frank M. Miller, H. W. Miller, John W. Miller, Harvey H. Miller, A. B. Miller, Edward W. Miller, L. P. Miller, Blaine Miller, Harvey ♦Miller, Amos Miller, W. C. Miller, J. L. Miller, Carroll R. Miller, Marvin Miller, C. M. Miller, C. Clayton Miller, Clement R. Minnich, C. S. Mitchell, W. T. & Son MitterUng, John T. Mohr, Frank J. Mohring, F. G. Montgomery, L. M. ♦Moon, Henry T. Moore, M. A. Morse, Carl Moss, Harvey Mt. Olivet Fruit Co. Mowery, N. E. Moyer, B. J. Moyer, J. Calvin Moyer, Lee Murdock, T. Murray, Edward A. Murtoff, J. C. Musselman, I. Z. Musselman, Glenn . Musselman, C. H. Co. Musser, C. B. * Life Members. Address County Lake Ariel, R. 3 ^^^^^ Parkesburg Onester New York State Hort. Soc, LeRoy, N. Y. Ore. State Hort. Soc, Corvallis, Ore Indiana Lycoming Indiana, R. 4 Muncy, R. 3 Laurel, Del. North Girard 310 Newry St., Hollidaysburg Emaus, R. 1 Box 313, Salem, Ohio Selinsgrove Boyertown, R. 2 Willow Street, R. 1 State College Moorestown, N. J. North Girard Newtown Square Finleyville, R. 1 Annville Connecticut Pom. Soc, Milford, Conn. 42 W. Main St., Waynesboro Franklm Paw Paw, W. Va. Ephrata, R. 2 Loganville Ransom Romney, W. Va. Paw Paw, W. Va. Indiana, R. 4 Loganville Hanover, R. 4 Catawissa, R. 1 York, R. 9 West Virginia Hort. Soc, Martinsburg, W. Va. Clarks Summit, R. 1 Erie Blair Lehigh Lawrence Snyder Berks Lancaster Centre Erie Chester Washington Lebanon Lancaster York Lackawanna Indiana York York Columbia York Newville Marion Orefield Leesport, R. 1 Beverly, Ohio Mt. Pleasant Mills Fogelsville North Girard Farm School Morrisville Lititz New Wilmington Dallas, R. 4 New Windsor, Md. Mechanicsburg Middleburg Middleburg, R. 4 Freeburg Malvern Punxsutawney Gardners Orrtanna Orrtanna Biglerville Mt. Wolf, R. 1 Lackawanna Cumberland Franklin Lehigh Berks Snyder Lehigh Erie Bucks Bucks Lancaster Lawrence Luzerne Cumberland Snyder Snyder Snyder Chester Indiana Adams Adams Adams Adams York Name Musser, W. E. Myers, George Myers, Paul M. ♦Myers, Levi M. Nagel, George R. Nash, Duane H. National Sulphur Co., Inc. Neiman, Otto Newman, H. W. Newton, E. M. Nibert, William Nichols, Oliver T. Nicodemus, Ed. Niles, Ben E. Nissley, D. H. Nolt, Melvin O. Nolt, Harrison S. Northup, H. J. Norton, Carlos E. Ober, Dr. H. K. ♦O'Conner, Haldeman Omwake Brothers Orton Brothers Oyler, H. J. Oyler, George Oyler, William ♦Page, C. M. ♦Pannebaker, Wm. M. Parker, Capt. H. B. Parks, Milson Parthemer, J. C. Paschal, John Passmore, S. S. Passmore, Norman S. Patterson, James W. Paxson, Samuel L. Paxson, Edw. M. Pedrick & Roemhild Pennock, George S. Peters, Curtis Peters, John B. Pherson, J. L. Phillips, M. D. Philp, George Pollock, G. B. Poor, D. W. Powers, R. A. Prather, E. M. *Pratt, B. G. Raffensberger, Luther Raffensberger, H. B. Raine, Tom W. Rankin, P. L. D. *Rankin, Chas. C. Rapp, Dr. Ira M. Rebennack, John Reichard, Chas. W. Reinhold, E. C. Reist, Clarence J. Reist, Henry G. * Life Members. Address County Clarion Adams Lancaster York Lawrence New Bethlehem, R. 3 Aspers, R. 2 Lancaster, R. 8 Bowmansdale, R. 1 EUwood City, R. 1 Haddonfield, N. J. 420 Lexington Ave., New York City Dover, R. 3 York New Castle, R. 4 Lawrence New Wilmington, R. 1 Lawrence Indiana, R. D. Indiana Dowmngtown Chester Waynesboro Franklin Kentucky State Hort. Soc, Henderson, Ky. Lancaster, 142 E. Chestnut St. Lancaster Lancaster, R. 7 Columbia Dal ton Sewickley College Ave., Elizabeth town 13 N. Front St., Harrisburg Greencastle North East Gettysburg, R. D. M cKnightsto wn Arendtsville Etters Virgilina, Va. 261 Newbury St., Boston, Mass. Canonsburg, R. 3 Lewisberry Kennett Square Mendenhall Glen Mills, R. 1 Apollo Lumberville Lumberville 122 Dock St., Philadelphia 165 W. Essex Ave., Lansdowne Biglerville Gardners Volant North East Lancaster Lancaster Lackawanna Allegheny Lancaster Dauphin Franklin Erie Adams Adams Adams York Allegheny York Chester Chester Delaware Indiana Bucks Bucks Delaware Adams Adams Lawrence Erie 1700 McFarland Rd., South Hills Branch Pittsburgh Wyoming, R. 3 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Sharpsburg, R. 2 Tenn. Hort. Soc, Nashville, Tenn. 50 Church St., New York City Arendtsville Arendtsville Fairview 99 Hudson St., New York City The Kenilworth, Alden Park, Germantown 235 N. 6th St: Reading Dallas, R. 2 Luzerne Waynesboro Franklin Elizabeth, R. 1 . Allegheny Landisville Lancaster 1166 Avon Rd., Schenectady, N. Y. Allegheny Luzerne Wayne Allegheny Adams Adams Erie — 136 — — 137 — Name Reiter, Raymond F. Reiter, F. G. Reynolds, Milo Rhine, H. L. Rice, A. E. Rice, J. S. Rice, Daniel Richards, Frank E. Richardson, W. T. & Son Rick, John M. Rick, Charles M. *Rick, John Riley, Raymond G. ♦Rinehart, E. S. Rinn, J. Cloid Ritter, EUas Ritter, Astor Ritter, Arthur Rittenhouse, S. B. Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S. Roberts, John W. Roberts, J. Earle Roberts, Preston T. Roberts, Byron ♦Roberts, Horace ♦Rohde, William Rohlfing, F. F. Rohrer, Geo. H. Romig Brothers Root, J. W. Rose, C. S. Rosensteel, L. C. Roth, T. M. Rozelle, H. E. Ruef, John U. Ruhl, Dr. H. F. *Runk, John A. Russel, N. W. Rutter, Walter W. Sachs, Edward H. Salsgiver, Andrew Satterthwaite, Lewis P. *Satterthwaite, F. G. Sceiford, P. G. Schantz, H. A. Schantz, L. M. Schieferstein, WilHam Schmidt, William Schoelkopf, Carl Scholl, W. J. Schoonover, W. E. Schreiber, Harry F. Schriver, Geo. Schrope, John Schuldt, J. Carlton Shultz, Chester K. Seachman, George E. Seaman, George *Searle, Alonza T. Seitz, John B. * Life Members. Address Mars Mars Factoryville, R. 2 McClure Biglerville Biglerville Elliottsburg Ransom Whiteford, Md. EUwood City 431 Windsor St., Readmg c/o C. K. Whitner Co., Readmg North Girard Mercersburg Indiana Selinsgrove AUentown, R. 3 AUentown, R. 3 Lorane Lorane Cranesville 220 Dock St., Philadelphia Moorestown, N. J. Moorestown, N. J. Moorestown, N. J. Johnstown Myerstown, R. 1 Dryville Downingtown Manheim, R. 1 Lititz Edri Clarks Summit, R. 3 Pittston, R. D. State College Manheim, Box 236 Huntingdon Erie, R. 6 New Holland, R. D. 2 Biglerville Indiana, R. 7 Newtown Yardley North East 638 Hamilton St., AUentown Orefield, R. 1 Leesport Berwick, R. 2 Wernersville, R. 3 Barto Dallas, R. 3 Zionsville Bendersville Hegins Elizabethtown Barto Red Lion, R. 1 Honesdale Honesdale Rohrerstown County Allegheny Allegheny Lackawanna Snyder Adams Adams Perry Lackawanna York Lawrence Berks Berks Erie Franklin Indiana Snyder Lehigh Lehigh Berks Berks Erie Cambria Dauphin Berks Chester Lancaster Lancaster Indiana Lackawanna Luzerne Centre Lancaster Huntingdon Erie Lancaster Adams Indiana Bucks Bucks Erie Lehigh Lehigh Berks Columbia Berks Berks Luzerne Lehigh Adams Schuylkill Lancaster Berks York Wayne Wayne Lancaster Name ♦Settlemeyer, C. T. Shaffer, Harry Shaffer Brothers Shaffner, Harvey E. ♦Shank, H. L. Shattuck, J. H. Shaw, R. C. Sheadle, Misses Adele and Lydia Shearer, Walter J. Sheble, Earl Sheely, A. D. Shenk, D. W. Showers, Lloyd Shenot, Edward Shenot, C. P. Sidler, Anton Siegfried, A. H. Simmons, S. L. Simpson, J. A. Skinner, H. W. Slade, J. E. Slade, Martin Smedley, S. L., Jr. ♦Smedley, Samuel L., Sr. Smith, Leonard R. Smith, Philip S. Smith, Roland M. Smith, A. Woodward Smith, W. G. Smith, G. C. Smith, Wm. M. Smith, S. A. Smith, G. E. Snavely, Misses ♦Suavely, H. H. Snyder, Fred Snyder, Fry and Rick Snyder, T. S. Snyder, Simon Snyder, C. B. Snyder, Elmer R. Snyder, C. E. Soergel, Alfred Spangenberg, M. T. Spatz, Chames M. Spencer, Glenn Spencer, R. T. Spiegelmyer, S. H. Sprankle, Kemp Stahle, Carl Stark Brothers Nurseries Starry, Norman D. Stauffer, T. H. Stauffer, Wallace ♦Stear, J. R. Stein, Henry Stein, Geo. E. and Son Stephens, A. Woodward Stitzer, C. E. Stock, Guy * Life Members. Address Wilmore, R. D. Penn Run Ariel Dover, R. 3 Lancaster, R. 7 Erie, R. 6 Stewartstown Jersey Shore, R. 4 Vinemont Hamburg, R. 2 Arendtsville Lancaster, R. 7 Bethel Wexford Wexford York, R. 9 Selinsgrove Pittsburgh, R. 6 Indiana, R. 5 Chambersburg 25 N. 14th St., AUentown Biglerville Newtown Square Newtown Square Garden St., Mt. Holly, N. J. Laughlintown Marion Center, R. 2 Blairsville, R. 1 Trucksville, Box 36 Fairview Orefield, R. 1 Yoe Bethlehem, R. 4 Lebanon, R. 5 Willow Street Avonmore, R. 1 Reading, R. 2 Brodbecks Ephrata, R. 1 Ephrata, R. 1 Florin Valley View Wexford Waymart Stony Creek Mills Dalton, R. 3 Shanesville McClure Punxsutawney, R. 1 Manchester, R. 1 Louisiana, Mo. York Springs Lititz, R. 1 Quakertown, R. 3 Ligonier Woodville Wrightsville, R. 1 Mooresburg . 221 E. Chestnut St., Mifflinburg Bendersville County Cambria Indiana Wayne York Lancaster Erie York Lycoming Berks Berks Adams Lancaster Berks Allegheny Allegheny York Snyder Allegheny Indiana Franklin Lehigh Adams Delaware Delaware Westmoreland Indiana Indiana Luzerne Erie Lehigh York Lehigh liCbanon Lancaster Indiana Berks York Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster Schuylkill Allegheny Wayne Berks Lackawanna Berks Snyder Indiana York Adams Lancaster Lehigh Westmoreland Allegheny York Montour Union Adams 138 — 139 — m0::-^''^:M^' tW^i^^^ ; ■.,\'rHV^A.^^.;;::«i;.i^";-r'-^r:(}J.^r;-^^i :;t^'^^v:■•^■'i:'/^'^,.;^:r:^^^^'';^■v;^■.:^v^^^^■.'^^^ .' ^;:^™r':;v^;,f ■■■ " -^■ , *: 'ly, ii- .■'.