Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v.14 Place of Publication: State College, Pa. Copyright Date: 1937 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg096.7 v..) r ^ \ Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PUBUSHED BY THE ASSOCIATION Issued Quarterly at Sute CoUcgc, ftu Sub^ription Included in Annual Dues of $2.00 Entered at tecond^au mdtter at the Pott Office at State College, Pa. Vol. XIV State College. Pa.. March. 1937 No. 1 K^C : ^H^'^-.^t.e (J_,i-^>y ~i I 9 3 V -■'ucjitfy-^ Proceedings of the Seventy-eighth Annual Meett Farm Show Building, Hdrrisburg, Pa. January 20 and 21, 1937 kaij/^S;i^;"VV^■■v:^-J^■a^A/feff>^^iKo^^r^ ^ .'h«. ^the^f ^ SSSLlS We also hereby request that such an Amendment be enacted by Legislature as soon as they can do so. (Approved) a + isj WHEREAS the 1935 session of the General Assemb^^^^^^ the purpose ^^S:^^^^^^"^^^^^ fn^Snt.LU s/hool '""tB^nET^Z^^'^ni. abounds in milk, fruits, and vegetables, ^""whereas it will benefit not only the producers and dealers in such products but also the children to use natural foods, ■Krr^nr rrTjTPT? TTTTnT? F hp it resolvcd bv the members ot the state HoStur^fSc^^ion'o'f PennTylvaniaf that any further appropr^- £s for the purpose of securing v^^^^^^^^ Z.T'StlTrZ^'iir^S., their natural form. (Approved) WHEREAS, Don M. James, Bureau of Markets, has fg^^^Jf^^^^^^J great 4l^^^^^^^ the Association for his services in connection with our ^^TTTFPFFORE be it resolved by the members of the State Horti- cuSSA^cfaSon of Pennsylvania, that we thank him on- m^^^^^^^^ his work and that we send Secretary French a copy of this resolution. (Approved) WHEREAS, Dr. Richard H. Sudds, for a period of seven years has served the association efficiently as secretary, ^„,,pi«tion BE IT RESOLVED that this association express smcere appreciation of hfs effofts and extend to him best wishes for success m his new field of endeavor at West Virginia University. (Approved) WHEREAS, the intolerable conditions in the f ^j^l^^^d^ ""^^*;^|/3' made it impossible to conduct our program in a satisfactory manner, ana, WHEREAS, the conditions are becoming worse each year, — 6 — : ■* ' ■:-■'*■ p" 3 ^ ^ ^ Arsenate of Lead . .... /J J/ifA ^befMd lead n ^ ^.^ i^ *.J i ¥^^^-' ■>%% .m: Containing as high percentage of killing in- gredients as is possible to incorporate in an approved commercial arsenate of lead, GRAS- SELLI assured you of a high percentage control of codling moth. When used with summer oils this product acts as both an insecticide and an ovicide. In addition, it goes into easy suspension in the spray rig and works well through long lines, thus eliminating costly delays due to sludge, clogged screens and nozzles and blocked lines. See your Grasselli dealer. NUREXFORM ARSENATE OF LEAD NuREXFORM is unusually effective in con- trolling codling moth and many other chewing insects. It is the ideal Arsenate of Lead for combining with Lime Sulphur, the natural reac- tion being reduced to a minimum. NuREXFORM remains in suspension. No settlings in the tank of your sprayer— no sedi- ment to be scraped off the bottom and thrown away. E. L DU PONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC GRASSELLI CHEMICALS DEPARTMENT Wilmington, Delaware 7 — THEREFORE be it resolved that the State Horticultural Associa- tion oT Pennsylvania transfer the place of its annual winter meeting to Hershey or another satisfactory place. (Rejected) Resolutions Committee, H. W. Skinner, Chairman. Legislative Committee (Including Representation on State Agricultural Council) ThP State Council has undergone some changes in organization and owTns to an error in the record!, this association has not been notified orrecent meetings. Many matters of importance to Agriculture have beerfosteTed S worked out by the Council over the years since its San z£^^ such matterrbeing: Rural tax^ti^n ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ endorsement of tax reform measures; extension o/ J^^al electrihcatio^ SSa^eoLw to our farm people; the support of State College m the SatSr^^^^^ in regard to agricultural research and extension U wafmov^ and carried, to continue the ^f P^/^entati^n «^^ the StatTnorticultural Association in the State Council of Agricultural ^Th^foUowW matters of legislative importance have been referred '"S^foTw^fri^^^^^ was presented by the Legislative Committee to the member! of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg on January 21, 1937, for approval or rejection. The resolut^on^^^^^^^^ and farmers of nearby states are exempted fronTstate tax on |asoline, kerosene and fuel oil used exclusively on the farm, and whereas, the payment of such tax adds greatly to the cost of producing crops, placing our growers under a serious handicap in competing with farmers in adjoining states, -Be It Resolved: that the State Horticultural Association of Penn- sylvania through its officers and members, exert every effort in favor of legislation which will exempt farmers from the effect of state taxe^ on gasoline, kerosene and fuel oil when used exclusively for farm Kropo^sed bill to require marking of all fruit with a specified grade, whether in open or closed packages, when sold, exposed for sale or transported within the state was explained and discussed It was voted to disapprove this bill on the grounds that it would affect too many ^'Sactlon'ofthe State Highways Patrol in arresting drivers of farm trucks when on the pubUc roads without inspection stickers and license plates was informally discussed. Since the meeting this matter has been followed up and two bills before the Legislature, exempting Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers/' also "tractors and trailers are being ^^The following communication offered by the Legislative Committee was signed by the officers of the Association and forwarded to the Sec- retary of Agriculture. — 8 — February 6, 1937. To Hon. J. Hansel French, Chairman State Farm Products Show Commission Harrisburg, Penna. Dear Mr. French: At the seventy-eighth Annual Meeting of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania, expression was given to some important matters which are transmitted herewith. L You are to be commended for many improvements in the set-up and conduct of the 1937 Show. Among these are better ventilation, some progress in dust control, eUmination of many clap-trap exhibitors and especially the changes in Fruit Show staging. 2. You are following a wise course in keeping education as the founda- tion of the Show. It is the one point on which our Show stands out above all others. To this end you need the stalwart support of the thirty or more associations meeting in Harrisburg during Show week. 3. Unfortunately, when the Farm Show building was built, ardor for a great show clouded the judgment of the builders and the plans over- looked adequate convention and committee rooms. Our association met again this year under crowded and most uncomfortable conditions. This was especially true Wednesday afternoon when the speakers on our program literally competed with those of the Holstein Breeders, to make themselves heard. 4. Our association is mindful of the serious difficulties under which the Show Management has operated in assigning meeting rooms. In a desire to reduce this strain as well as to meet our own needs, we most urgently recommend that foremost in your plans for new building, you keep the importance of holding the many agricultural organizations together in a strong group. To this end we recommend that the plans include at least four major convention rooms and a considerable number, suitable for smaller groups and committees. We further recommend that a study be made of the membership rolls past and present, of the various associations, together with their growth prospects. These suggestions are offered in the best of spirit and with a sincere desire to cooperate. Respectfully submitted, STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA R. J. GiLLAN, President J. U. RuEF, Secretary. Respectfully submitted, C. J. Tyson, Chairman. Game Committee The Game Committee has done little work during the past year except to check on the new legislation proposed by the Game Commission and to safeguard the laws now on the statutes to protect the fruit growers* and farmers' interests. It has registered an objection to the proposed — 9 — -TSff»?n5n?=»arr7Sf^T^-r-^^.^^7^ vf ryg^ f:y.^\ '■'■ivT>.z^''^ ■ . . ;-^ " ■s,*-r. .r' Official minimum temperatures for Lehigh County on October 7, 8, and? were nSi^uch belSw 32 degrees F, but th J -fi^^^^m^^^^^^^^^^^ each of these nights which brought down some of the leaves and causea a heavy drop of fruit on the 20th of October. On January 23, 1936 the temoerature in one of the larger orchards in the southern part of the county Sped from 37 degrels above to 6 degrees below zero. Apple $rP A tSorchlrd had considerable bud killing and some trunk bark StineSieflTontreJs lacking somewhat in vigor or standing in spots of Door soil GoWen DeUcious trees had much. trunk mj^ry under Snb'roken bark. Mcintosh exhibited both bud injury and t-nk bar^ snlittine Commercial sweet cherries had so much iruit Dua mjury tT&e wasTvery small crop. Peaches showed branch kilhng and some trunk splitting but had a fair crop in 193b. Across the road from this orchard, a block of IG-year-old apples had been overS^^ for many years until serious soil erosion had lowered \^vtIor Tt^^^^^ Here 200 to 300 Grimes, Stayman Winesap, and R^m7trees had the trunk bark split wide open. A youngex^^^^^^ vigorous block of Stayman Winesap, Baldwin, and Delicious showed ' Tw'rSs away from these orchards, a large peach orchard had been feSL^for : number of years with 1000 P-n^s ^^^^^^^^^ acre oer year. The trees were heavily pruned each year and some oi Sm^hld'^^ade as much as five feet of annual g^^wth' ^^.^^^^^^^^^^ of these peach trees showed excessive trunk cracking but had kiUing than in nearby peach orchards which had not been Pushed so hard iSry was least in those parts of the orchard which were least Se. Thil orchard was interplanted with seven and nin^^^^^^^^ apples. Less than a dozen of these showed any signs of injury and then only sUght trunk cracks. In two large orchards north and west of AUentown ^t elevations of about 600 feet, alfalfa and clover sods have ^^^\^'f,^f^^^^^ the soil is highly fertile. Less than one per cent of the trees showed either split trunk bark or dead areas under unbroken bark Injured trees were scattered among several varieties but the h^avi^^y^f^ J^^^ with Rome. Peach trees exhibited only a small amount of branch kilUng and produced a good crop in 1936. In general in Lehigh County, apple orchards of average or better than average vigor had little or no injury; those on the poorer soils or in wet areas showed the most injury. All through Berks County the roadside Mazzard seedUngs escaped with little damage; some of them had a full crop in the summer of 193b^ Some cherries had been killed or seriously injured by the two previous winters, 1933-34 and 1934-35. — 18 — Two large groups of orchards in the southern part of Berks County include over a thousand acres of apples and peaches ranging from recently nlanted to 18 years old. Elevations range from 400 to 1000 feet and the sites have excellent air and water drainage. These orchards have been well cared for, the soil is fertile and well supplied with organic matter from sod rotations. Although peach trees showed much twig mjury a very good peach crop was harvested in 1936. Between 200 and 300 aoDle trees show trunk bark cracking or shghtly sunken areas with dead cambium under them. Rome, Golden DeUcious, and Gravenstein showed the most injury. The owners thought that a southwestern exposure combined with shghtly poorer soil was responsible for this injury. No particular fertiUzer appUcation or cultural practice seemed to be associated with an increased amount of injury. A higher percentage of trunk injury on both apples and peaches was seen in an orchard along the Schuylkill River below Reading. Here excessive cultivation has resulted in heavy erosion and a low state of fertility in the orchard. Rome showed more injury than other varieties. Wet areas had more injured trees than those well drained. North of Reading much of the injury attributed by the growers to the winter of 1935-36 was found to have been caused by previous winters. Less than one per cent of several thousand trees examined showed in- juries due to the winter of 1935-36. Rome and Stayman Winesap both showed trunk and crotch injury. One block of Mcintosh which showed much injury from previous winters also showed some caused by the winter of 1935-36. Peach trees had from two-thirds to a full crop in 1936. The only factor which seemed to be associated with apple tree injury was low vigor which was usually due to poor soil. Halfway between Reading and Philadelphia on the Piedmont side of the last range of hills lies an area of local market orchards. This area is in a quarter circle centering on Philadelphia and running from New Jersey to the Maryland Une. The apple and peach orchards are usually small— from 5 to 25 acres— and are mostly in sod or weeds. In these orchards the winter of 1935-36 caused almost no injury. However, when apple trees 10 to 20 years old in full bearing had received late cultivation or excessive fertilization, dead areas under unbroken trunk bark were common, especially on Rome and Golden Delicious. The record in one orchard not far from the Schuylkill River near Norristown was especially interesting. The October frost had caused considerable defoliation and all varieties but Rome had dropped heavily around the 21st. These trees had always been rather heavily pruned and fertiUzed; in 1935 they received from 8 to 12 pounds of cyanamid early in March. At one time the orchard had been cultivated to a point where erosion was starting; since then it had been in clover sods, usually disced in the spring. Nearly all trees had a heavy crop in 1935. Eighteen- year-old Romes showed serious trunk injury from the winter of 1935-36 but some 12-year trees showed heavy injury from one of the two pre- vious years only. Likewise, some Stayman Winesap and Jonathan showed trunk injury from the winter of 1935-36 and in one block, lower branches on Stayman Winesap and Yorks were dying. Mcintosh, Grimes, and Baldwin showed little, if any, injury. — 19 — ■■^'^jT?^:r^ K^y^c^^yTlyW^-^^ • •.'^•.^•iT^^v'Kv?;^ Tt seems highly probable that the excessive injury to Rome in this oroLrd ^nd Seed in m of the state was due to the heavy crop and the fact thft th^frSt was not picked until November; it was the fast fruit to be harvested. However, in addition to this factor the orchard has been pushed harder by pruning, cultivation, and fertihza- tion than most of the orchards in the county. , , . . . . . j The perTorman^ of two nearby peach orchards is interesting In both orchards the trees ranged from 8 to 16 years old and were o the s^me varieties In the one, the orchard was cultivated throughout the eariv summS and seede to rye in October; in the other, cultivation was stoppeH^^^^^^^ a heavy growth of weeds covered the orchard through the winter. Where the late cultivation created conditions un- favorable for tree maturity two-thirds of the trees were killed or seriously in[ure^^^ Where the heavy weed growth was undisturbed, there was no killine of trees and a good crop was produced in I9db. r • . In all the southeastern section of Pennsylvania, the study of winter injury to fruit trees due to low temperature in 1935-36 was complicated by trunk injuries caused by low temperatures in the winter of 1934-35. Typically these injuries produced dead areas covered by unbroken bark and many growers failed to detect this until the dead bark began to come off in 1936, so that the damage was ^^tobuted erro^^^^ the winter of 1935-36. The low temperatures of 1934-35 came on Jan- uary S and February 7 when minimums of 15 to 18 degrees below zero throughout this section were from 9 to 12 degrees be ow those at State College and equaled or approached closely the record lows. , . . , ^ Very Uttle difference in injury from the past year was found in the Cumberland Valley as compared to the valleys to the ^^y^^east JV^^ though sweet cherries showed considerable damage from other winters, that of 1935-36 did not injure them enough to prevent many having a full crop the following summer. The smaller, 5 to 10 acre, apple orchards which are usually considerably neglected and in permanent sod, show almost no injury from the winter of 1935-36, though many lower branches are dying because of injury from other winters. On the other hand, in well-cared-for apple orchards, considerable injury seems to be asso- ciated with areas of poor soil which produced trees of low vigor. Also there has been much heavier killing in low areas of peach, cherry, and apple orchards. There are Ukewise a few cases of winter injury to apples where too high a scale of fertiUty delayed tree maturity. ^ , , , Injury to peaches in FrankUn County in the lower Cumberland Valley will run somewhat higher than with apples. In general all peaches had some branch and bud killing, yet the county had about two-thirds of a full crop of peaches in 1936. Many trees show trunk bark splitting but otherwise seem in fair condition. Trunk spUtting appeared to be more severe with vigorous peach trees while branch kilhng was greater with less vigorous trees. Winter Injury in the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia and Ohio There was considerable kilUng of apple trees in the northern pan- handle of West Virginia and in eastern Ohio. Throughout most ot this region the October freeze was as severe and the January drop was as — 20 — extreme as in any part of Pennsylvania. In most of the orchards here which were injured the factors responsible seemed to be those which delay tree maturity — heavy crop in 1935, late cultivation, heavy pruning, excessive fertilization or too low a plane of fertility and poor soil drain- age. Exposure to the west and northwest winds has also been a con- tributing factor in this region but apparently not in Pennsylvania. Summary of Conditions Which Caused Injury from the Low Temperatures of the Winter of 1935-36 The manifestations and the apparent causes of winter damage differed so from one area to another that, at first, the survey seemed only a collection of conflicting evidence, but as soon as it was realized that tree maturity was the one common factor the evidence became cumu- lative rather than conflicting. Hardly any of the injury from the winter of 1935-36 was due to excessively cold weather. Nearly all the orchards injured had been subjected to temperatures 10 to 20 degrees lower during one or both of the two previous winters. Apparently throughout most of the northeastern states and into the Ohio Valley, fruit trees went into the winter of 1935-36 poorly matured. There was a heavy crop in 1935. The unseasonable freeze in early October injured the leaves and checked the normal maturing process. The sudden drop on January 22, starting from above freezing and going down to 10 to 20 degrees below zero, was too severe for immature tissues. The higher the initial temperature, the more rapid the drop, the lower the minimum, the greater the exposure to heavy winds when these low temperatures were reached, the greater the injury. Tissues injured are those typically slow to reach maturity — the bases of the buds, the cambium of the inner portions of large crotches and of the lower trunk of most varieties, and the sapwood of the lower branches in Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening. Trees were injured both because they were too vigorous and because they were too low in vigor. Excess fertilization, heavy pruning, late cultivation, thin soil, spray injury, heavy bearing, all caused damage to trees in one place or another. In the case of Rome, late picking seems to have accentuated the injury and in a few orchards there was evidence that early pruning had caused damage. Time and amount of fertilizer applications seem to have influenced the degree of injury only when they have increased or decreased the maturity of the trees. Source of fertilizer does not appear to have been a factor in modifying tree injury. Suggestions. What can we do about it? Is injury from winter temperature something we must take when it comes or is it possible to mitigate such injuries by some modification of our cultural methods? Even in the areas of severest injury there were orchards which escaped with little or no loss; in all but two or three of the most severely in- jured orchards there were individual trees or even whole blocks which were uninjured while adjoining trees or blocks were killed. What caused such extreme variations? To answer this fully it would be necessary to study each variety and each block of trees and perhaps each — 21 — w^!^^ y','P^-'''^,ySf.^?i\ ~ 'STT TT^ .' "i^ ■; • ■.rvT/?^. individual tree; however, through all t^^^^^^^^^^^ certain common factors ff ^'"^^J *? ^.hfwaTs n wS cause winter No two winters are exactly i'^^, ^.^f i^mation we can from year to injury so -^^^^^.^^^^ to ^^^^^^^^ and [hus to Sr/conc usSns moTe SSn and 'of the widest application. Lack of maturity was the chief condition wWch made it gss.bl^^^^^^ --laSr^^umh^^^^^^^^ ^^»fi^e - factors which are more under man s control. M«t„ritv follows when there has been a vigorous growth early m vigorous enough. Fverv cultural operation influences maturity and examples are numer- SerSe what modification will aid in producmg hardier trees. Location. The chief cause of injury from low tempemture not cm^^^^ thi^ past winter but in all winters has been unwise location of t^e orchard Poor air or water drainage, thin dry soil, restricted root area ™^;«^ exposure to the cold winds, have only one method of control plant the orchard in some other place. Variety The state over, there was no hardy variety during the winter of^'l935-36, but in each locality certain varieties suffered more thTn others When any variety, even such a hardy one as Spy or Mc- intosh is taken out of the normal climatic range it is liable to have its formal Maturing pJocess upset. This is especially true when a variety is taken too far south of its best range. riiltivation Earlv seeding of the cover crop in the vigorous orchard aidst Moplng^^^^^^^^^ Stirring the soil for an early fall cover may delay maturity. , j u • Fertilizers. Trees in low vigor may be made more hardy by in- creating the fertilization or by using manure; ^^^^^^.-j^^J;^" ^^fXcS be made less hardy by these same apphcations. FerYhzers wh h early growth and which do not produce available nitrogen late in tne season are best to aid in maturity. Cropping. Excessive cropping delays maturity especially with trees of less than average vigor. Thinning the crop saved trees in 1933-34 and 1935-36 The longer the crop stays on the tree the later the tree develops maturity, wl must find ways of securing more regular crop- ping. — 22 — ,tm^^^^, > pMfUswUU DAVCO PRODUCTS SPRAYS DUSTS COSTS DOWN "QUALITY UP DAVCO PRODUCTS LEAD THE WAY TAR0CIDE....GR0-ALL83%0IL EMULSION POMO F00D...6RANULATED FERTILIZER THE 40 FACTORIES IN 12 STATES ESTABLISHED IN 1826 CENTRAL CHEMICAL DIVISION DAVISON CHEMICAL CORPORATION BALTIMORE, MD. — 23 — Soravinsi. Healthy leaves are necessary to mature a tree. Defolia- tionZrdiseales or spray injury has permitted wmter temperatures to kill many of our trees. . • . ^v. Pruning. In the winter of 1935-36 and in previous wmters there have been^a number of cases of heavy losses to trees pruned m the Sv winter when adjacent trees pruned later escaped undamaged Why this is so we do not know but it raises a question of the wisdom of beginning pruning as soon as the fruit is picked. FERTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ORCHARD SOILS FIRMAN E. BEAR, American Cyanamid Co., New York City When a man plants an orchard he should be thinking ahead for a pedod of\"out ?0 years. During that period ^^ere wiU ^ ^^^^^^^^ Hrv summers and summers of excessive rainfall. There will be autumns whe~s will have abundant opportunity to prepare for winter, and other autumns with sudden drops in temperature and very unseasonable weather There will be mild winters, and winters of extreniely low temDeratures and drying winds. There will be years in which winter LTonrdekyed and breaks suddenly into spring, and years in which the trees iillbJgin their spring growth and later be caught by frosts. And in due time, there will be the exceptional year— worse than any in the rpcords Among the important points to be considered in preparing the trees toliSet these abnormal conditions are: (1) the type of soil and the ay of the land; (2) the tree varieties and their rootstocks in relation to the soi and cLate; (3) the time and method of planting the trees and their care during their early period of growth; and (4) the management and fertilization of the orchard, once the trees have gotten under way. This paper deals with the last of these problems. I have carefully examined the experimental work reported by the horticulturists of the several agricultural experiment stations and have talked to hundreds of growers, including producers of apples, peaches, cherries, citrus, bananas, pecans, rubber, and a variety of other fruits nuts aAd other types of trees. As a result, I am impressed both by what we know and what we do not know about how to deal with orchard soils. .r» , • • 1 • +u The one well-established and experimentally-verified principle in the management and fertiUzation of orchards is that of supplying readily available nitrogen regularly to the trees. This nitrogen may be that released by cultivation of the soil. It may be that supplied by the growing of legumes and their incorporation into the soil It may be that applied in the form of manure or fertiUzer. Whatever its source, the effect of making nitrogen available to the trees is always the same^ Nitrogen always produces a marked increase in the diameter and iengtn of terminal growth; in the size and number of leaves; in the size and number of fruit buds; and in the size and set of fruit. If a nitrogen deficiency is allowed to develop, there will be a marked slowmg-down in the growth of the trees and a marked reduction in their fruittuiness. — 24 — If we do only one thing to the soil to make the trees more productive, that one thing should be to supply nitrogen every year. Before leaving this phase of the subject it may be well to consider the trends in the use of nitrogen fertilizers. One of these is toward sub- stituting nitrogen for cultivation. A second is that of changing from around-the-tree applications to broadcast applications. A third trend is toward applying the nitrogen in the fall (winter in the South) rather than in the spring. This last trend, that of applying nitrogen in the fall, is now receiving a great deal of attention. Experimental evidence covering periods of 12 to 15 years, and large scale trials by orchardists during the last 5 years, have shown that fall application has a number of advantages and o known disadvantages. Fall application aids in getting the trees off \ J a better start in the spring, and in taking advantage of the better supply of moisture in the soil at that season of the year; (2) in over- coming biennial-bearing habits; and (3) in bringing the tree and the fruit through to maturity at an earlier date. There is also evidence that fall application aids in protecting the trees against winter killing, and against injury from spring frosts. Applying the fertilizer in the fall has the further very practical advantage of getting the job out of the way of early-spring work. Probably 25 per cent of the nitrogen used on decid- uous fruits in the United States is now applied during the fall and winter months. A second well-established principle of orchard-soil management is that of supplying large amounts of organic material. This may be in the form of a winter cover crop ; a combination of summer and winter cover crops ; or a permanent sod, with or without the supplemental use of hauled-in mulching material. Of these several methods, the growing of a well- fertilized permanent sod of grasses and clovers is the surest way of maintaining an adequate supply of organic matter in the soil. This method has very important advantages. It is the most economical. It stops erosion, by far the most serious enemy of fertile soils. It avoids competition for water by deep-rooted weeds and cover crops, particu- larly alfalfa and sweet clover. Many of the best orchards with which I am familiar have been in permanent sod ever since the trees were well established. These orchards are largely apples, but include peaches, cherries, and citrus as well. Wherever grass can be made to grow satisfactorily, we believe the sod-cover system has every advantage and no serious disadvantages, particularly on rolling and hilly land. Proper treatment of this sod ordinarily consists in the use of more nitrogen; in clipping the grass and weeds with a mower, if required ; in occasionally breaking-up the sod with a disc or springtooth harrow; and in applying phosphate, or phosphate and potash, to bring in the white, red, or alsike clover (I^espedeza in the South). The phosphate and potash should be applied in advance of discing the soil so as to get them down where they will do the most good, not only for the sod and the clover, but for any possible benefit they may be to the tree as well. Grass sod is the great healing and regulating agent in orchards. In case of drouth, the grass, being shallow rooted, stops growth and the — 25 — i toDS die In case of excess moisture or over-feeding, the grass grows ve?v ripidly? thus offering effective competition for excess rnoisture and Inv excSs of available nitrogen. Only in case of nitrogen deficiency, and SfcuTarly when the trees are young, does the grass offer too serious comoet Sn This can easily be remedied by discmg-up the sod in yoSg orchards' or by using extra nitrogen in older orchards. Unfortunately many orchards are located on ^oils.that are too poor to srow Erass and clover. In other orchards, the origma fertility of the soiK been wasted by excessive cultivation accompanied by leaching Ind eSsion Tn still other orchards, the rows o temporary trees have nevefbeen cut out, the result being that the soil is shaded entirely too much and nJost co^er crops will not grow. And finally, the use of acid- formine niSogen fertiUzers, sulphur dusts, and sprays, has resulted in maSI man? orchard soils strongly acid. For these and similar reasons, K soKf r^any orchards are in no condition to grow their own orgamc material I? soL cases these conditions can be remedied by the use of Ume and mineral fertihzers. In other cases it becomes necessary to S-in orgTn"c material grown on some other area. The practice of haSing-in organic materials is growing quite rapidly. It merits con- sideration by all orchardists. At this Doint it may be well to consider the mineral needs of trees as distinct froTtheir need for nitrogen. It is safe to say that over 90 per S of the orchards of the United States receive no fertilizer treatment other than nitrogen. Those receiving phosphoric acid, potash, and other mineral fertiUzers are the exception rather than the rule. Fvamination of the experimental work with mineral fertiUzers is dis- aDDoSg In rnany cases the tests were carried out without adequate cEder^tion of the variations in the soil and the differences in the trees. The Dlots were not replicated sufficiently. The methods of apphcation were not sS as to be sure that any considerable amounts of phosphoric Icid 3 potash were deUvered to the roots of tbe trees. Phosphoric acid tn particular, does not move downward in the average soil to any apprec^abfe extent but is fixed by the soil at or near its point of contact with the soil. Considering all the evidence, it is my impression that no adequate cas^ has been made for mineral fertihzers on fruit trees except on sandy, graveUy and shaly soils. However, the mere fact that a soil is largely S or^stones is no assurance whatever that the trees growing on it Sn show any direct response to apphcations of mineral fertihzers. In flct as Recently shown in a report on fertilizing rubber trees, the evi- dence ndS^^^^ phosphoric^cid and potash are likejy to be mos effective in the earlier stages of growth of the trees and before their root y'^^^^^^ ^^11 established.^ Once the trees have gotten a good Sot-hold, fertiUzer need reduces itself to nitrogen. Quick chemical tests of the portions of the leaves of the trees, which anyone can make, are useful Lsa^^ one's mind in this regard. On the other hand, it ?s seldom that the^over crops (particularly the clovers, either alone or in sods) growing on such soils are not benefited by phosphoric acid, potash and lime. — 26 — Tudeing by what agronomists know about this problem, it would seem that if mineral fertilizers are to be satisfactorily delivered to the feeding roots of the trees in orchards growing on the heavier types of soil, it will be necessary either to use a mulch of organic material, thereby bring- ine some of the feeding roots of the trees to the surface where they can be fed- to plow the fertiUzer under, or disc it down deeply into the soil; or to make use of a soil augur or similar device for placing the fertilizer in'holes bored into the soil under the spread of the branches of the trees. I have little faith in the usefulness of any ordinary amount of phos- phoric acid and potash, if apphed on the surface of the average orchard soil insofar as any direct effect on the trees is concerned. I have a great deal of faith in the effectiveness of phosphoric acid and potash on the cover crops growing in the orchard, and possibly on the trees as well, if these fertiUzers are applied in Uberal amounts at the time the cover crop is planted, or if they are disced down into the soil, in the case of permanent sods. Certainly a handful of phosphate should be placed in the bottom of each hole when the trees are planted. In my yard is a large oak tree which is probably 100 years old. It stands firmly on a bed of granite rocks over which there is only a very light covering of soil— barely enough to grow grass. To build a house, it was necessary to blast out the solid rock where the basement was to be. More than enough rock was thus provided for the foundation and for the first story. On such a foundation this tree flourished for at least 90 years, before the house was built, without receiving any fertiUzer of any kind. Somehow this tree, in spite of its hazardous location, has secured from the air, the rocks, and a little soil formed from these rocks and from decaying leaves, aU the nitrogen and mineral elements it required to grow to its present size and to produce its annual crops of leaves and acorns. FertiUzation by surface appUcations during the last 10 years has been of great help to the tree but I see no evidence of the effective- ness of anything except the nitrogen contained in the fertUizer. My neighbor also has a large oak tree— almost a twin to mine- located on the same kind of rock, covered by about the same amount of soil. Last year he hired a tree specialist to care for his tree. The special- ist bored holes in the soil and loose rocks under the tree and put complete fertilizer down in these holes. This faU, my neighbor's oak tree was in better condition than mine. It held its leaves longer. Possibly the feeding roots of his tree found their way to the mineral elements and absorbed some of them as weU as the nitrogen. I mention these oak trees for the purpose of emphasizing the fact that fertilizing trees with nitrogen, and fertiUzing them with phosphoric acid and potash, present two fundamentally different problems as t<) time, method and frequency of application. Nitrogen, as soon as it becomes nitrate, is mobile in the soil. It moves readily either up or down, depending upon the direction of movement of the soil water. A surface application of nitrogen meets aU the requirements. On the other hand, phosphoric acid and potash are fixed by the soU near their point of contact with it. The phosphoric acid wiU not move downward a quarter of an inch. The surface inch of an acre of average clay loam — 27 — -'vjTTT'f'.^n ' r-^r-^^^]:;^!';^'^- y^-v,- "LfT'^^tTTfi? n"^- ' rj-'iT'r^j I^T^i'^V^V^ soil has the capacity to fix a ton of potash. This potash may be grad- ually released and carried down into the soil by rainwater. Neverthe- less if potash appUcations are made to the surface of the soil they will have to be quite heavy to be effective. Materials carrying phosphoric S and potash should be placed down in the soil where they are close to the roots. The only exception to this is in the case of the sandier types of soil through which some movement will occur before fixation ^^slmuSy, phosphoric acid and potash should be placed down in the soil, near the seed, at the time of sowing the cover crop They should be cultivated deeply into the soil in the case of sod orchards. They need be used only f roni time to time as the appearance of the cover crop, or sod, makes their need apparent. When applied, the rate of apphcation of phosphoric acid and potash should be generous, in order to more or less saturate the soil with them and with the hope of dehvering the surplus directly to the feeding roots of the trees. , . , ^ , ,• The excellent effects of hauled-in organic materials for mulching pur- poses may be due in part to their supplying considerable amounts of phosphoric acid and potash, particularly the latter, which are readily leached out of the dead plant material. The feeding roots directly under or in the mulch, are in condition to absorb these leached-out mineral elements and to make the best possible use of them. The use of nitro- gen and mineral fertiUzers has important possibilities in the production of more and better materials for hauUng-in purposes. Before concluding, I want to stress particularly the seriousness of the problem of acid soils. Soil acidity is a menace in many orchards. When a soil becomes too acid, the cover crops do not grow luxuriantly; organic materials (cover crops, or sods) do not rot readily; and phosphoric acid is locked up by the soil in a form that is relatively unavailable even to the cover crop. The prevention of an accumulation of acid in orchard soils is justified if for no other reason than its very favorable effect on the growth of cover crops, particularly clovers, and its usefulness in effectine their decomposition once they are incorporated into the soil. An acid soil prevents full utihzation of nitrogen, whether derived from cover crops or fertilizers. In many orchards, the use of lime would reduce the need for nitrogen, benefit the cover crops, and permit of longer life and greater fruitfulness of the trees. THE HAIL INSURANCE PROBLEM NORMAN W. WEBBER, Hartford Fire Insurance Co., Fellow sufferers,— I shall thus begin this talk due to the fact that 1936 caused hail losses of more than one-half a miUion dollars in the State of Pennsylvania alone. The insurance companies were also heavy losers, navine more than $63,000 in hail losses on tree fruit only. Farmers in the United States annually suffer more than $100,000,000 in hail damage, with a great many states receiving annually damage in excess of $1,000,- Let us now digress a bit and define the reason for these hail-storms which cause so much loss to a farmer's income. Scientists explain the cause of hail in the following manner: — 28 — Hail storms usually occur during severe electrical storms or during an extremely hot spell. The reason for hail storms forming at this par- ticular time lies in the fact that a rain cloud will descend upon a com- munity and will begin to precipitate drops of water toward the ground which will in turn be caught by strong convectioning currents which are uprising heat waves. This force carries small particles of water into the stratosphere where they come in contact with sub-zero temper- ature which immediately freezes them. They are then pulled toward the ground by gravity and once more if the conventioning currents are strong enough, they are drenched with water in the rain cloud and again pushed into the stratosphere, thus accumulating various sizes depending upon the strength of the conventioning currents. When they have reached a weight which will overcome the uprushing air currents they fall in a bombardment of ice to the earth. Scientists have advanced many theories as to why certain localities are more susceptible to hail damage than others, but United States meterologists say that few parts of the country are safe from heavy hail, and there is no way of knowing where it will strike next or how great the damage will be when it does occur. Hailstorms of varying degrees of severity have fallen in various locali- ties within the United States. One broke in 1927 in the State of Kansas where hail drifted to a height of from eight to fifteen feet. Naturally, any crop which was subjected to this punishment was a total loss. A loss similar to this occurred in the Township of Orrtanna in Adams County in 1936 when several farmers reported total crop losses. You can easily see that with farm crops suffering a damage of between $75,- 000,000 and $100,000,000 a year in hail losses that many farniers are forced to call upon various agencies for financial assistance. Hail losses in Adams and FrankHn Counties in 1936 cost the insurance companies in excess of $37,000 with hail losses for the entire State of Pennsylvania being in excess o $63,000 for peaches and apples alone. Nearly $130,000 has been paid fruit growers alone in the State of Pennsylvania for apple and peach losses during the last eleven years. Compare this loss to us with the probable losses sustained by farmers. A conservative estimate of hail losses in Pennsylvania to tree fruits would probably be $250,000 annually. This would mean that during the last eleven years hail has taken from the farmers an income of $3,000,000. It is not improbable that many of these losses were sustained by men who could not stand the financial losses caused by these hail storms and have, therefore, been forced to either neglect their orchards altogether or to partially neglect them and in some cases finally lose them altogether. There are two things a fruit grower should carefully consider in decid- ing whether or not he should carry Hail Insurance. First: He should consider his financial condition. If hail were to damage his crop severely, would he be forced to borrow the capital to run his farm and produce next yea;-'s crop?. I might also say that a great many growers who could financially survive a severe hailstorm carry Hail Insurance as a sound business-like proposition which will protect their present financial condition. — 29 — Sormal expenditures for my orchard and home? I* ^'^'^^''^Xe yoTr that the answers to these questions will m part help you solve your problem of Hail Insurance. Tn«t l««t wpek a fruit grower in Massachusetts was telling me about thfdStirhe goSt^ three years ago Jt -ms ^e owned^a^^^^^^^^ orchard but had a chance to purchase ^l^rge orchard n^^^^^^^^^ wh^« ^^^ did at a considerable expense. The first year ne opeicit orchard hail caused almost a comp ete loss ^^^^ tj;^\^f ^"iL^'ti'^ns As forced to mortgage his home farm in order to meet ^is obligations^ as he put it-"I am now carrying Hail Insurance but feeU^^e the farmer wh? waited until he had a horse stolen from his barn ^nd then locke^^^ the door." If this man had protected his investment the h^st year ne might have been today the sole owner of t^^^ «f J^^rd^ Each of you growers has a different problem to face and Y^^ ^an only solve your individual problem by analyzing the facts concernmg them. I might say here that the rates you gentlemen are paying for HaH In uSce are^romulgated on actual experience, wh^^^ "j^^^^^^^^^ premiums the companies receive for each County are placed agnsttne losses they have actually paid in the ^t^Pf ^^^ ^o'^fXirCountiS o^ This accurately determines the susceptibility of tbe^yanous Counties oi the State to hail damage. The fact that t™^*^lln $1 000 000 [n Pennsylvania fruit growers have purchased more than $2.000 000 in protection against damage by hail shows that there is a defimte neea for this protection in the state. Let us now proceed to insure a fruit farm which for ex^^^P^' consist of twenty acres of fruit in Adams County The fij^^^S^^^^^ consider in coming to a conclusion regardmg the advisability of^ ing hail insurance is the expense you wil go to ^^.^^^^^^^/,^^ JP^J *^^5 orchard each year. The cost of spraying, P^^^^g^J^l^^^;^^^^^^ otherwise giving your orchard the best of care will ^«,«f/PP™ $50.00 per acre to bring fruit through to maturity This ^^^J «^^^^^^^^ should be the least amount of insurance one should f ^^ ^^^/^"^^^^^^ fruit set so warrants such an amount of insurance Let us suppose tnai this twenty-acre fruit farm is made up entirely of J<>^5 apples a^^^ that an exceptionally fine set is in prospect, and you ^^ecide to insure it^ one hundred per cent to value. Your estimate of the crop ^^ or a MUU bushel yield. Early crop reports would indicate that fruit will bnng^^^^^ average price of $1.00 a bushel, a fair average «^ ^hich to base yo^ estimate Thus you will need a $6,000 hail policy or $300.00 ^^^^^ acre. The cost of such a policy in Frankhn County last J^^r would have been $360.00 or $6.00 for each $100.00 of insurance you buy^ Incidentally, the insurance companies set $300.00 as the m^^^w amount of insurance which can be placed on any one acre of l^uit. m)w suppose that hail comes rattUng down some hot afternoon durmg a severe electrical storm. The first question you ask yourself is, wnai shall I do about my insurance?'' — 30 — The first thing to do is to examine your orchard carefully and estimate in your own mind the extent of the damage and place this in the notice of loss which you receive with your insurance policy and forward to the insurance company by registered mail. The insurance company may in turn advise your good friend. Professor F. N. Fagan, that you have suffered damage and he will make an inspection of your orchard and later make an adjustment when the fruit reaches maturity. Here I might say that a great many fruit growers differ with the insurance companies in that they ask for an early adjustment when hail causes damage to their fruit. . j xu • j- ^ It is the experience of the insurance companies and their adjusters that hail marks on fruit will grow larger as the apples mature and if hail losses are adjusted later in the year, the fruit grower will get a much better and fairer adjustment than he would have gotten if the loss had been adjusted at the time of the damage, due to the fact that an adjuster will be able to know definitely the condition of the apples and to what extent they will keep after harvesting. When the adjuster finally arrives at your orchard to make the adjustment, he will go into the orchard and pick approximately one hundred apples from representative trees in various sections of the block insured. The number he counts will vary with the severity and uniformity of the hail storm. (The following example to be worked out on a blackboard). Let us now analyze one sample of the adjustment where the adjuster has picked one hundred apples from all sides of the tree and has dumped them in a pile ready to be graded. The Standard Tree Fruit Endorse- ment discloses the fact that for each apple that has been hit by hail and lowered one grade 35% damage shall be allowed. For apples which have been lowered two grades, a percentage of 70% of loss is allowed, and for apples which have been lowered three grades, to cider or evap- orator stock, 90% to 100% damage. In the fourth pile the apples which have received no damage from hail will be placed. Thus if the damage shows that 45 apples have been lowered one grade, 15 apples are lowered two grades, and 35 apples being graded as cider or evaporator stock, and five (5) apples have no damage on them at all, the result will be a loss of 61.25%. Thus, if this owner of the twenty acres of York had WHEN SHIPPING FRUIT THINK OF ALBERT C. ROEMHILD COMMISSION MERCHANT 122 Dock Street Philadelphia — 31 carried a $6,000 policy on his orchard he would have received from this hail storm a loss of $3,675, which with the amount of insurance carried should properly compensate him. , , . i i If there exist any questions which you would care to have answered, I shall appreciate your writing me in care of the Hartford Fire Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut, and I assure you that we will be glad to answer any questions you may send me. BERKS-LEHIGH MOUNTAIN FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION J. E. LINDE, Sec'y, Orefield, Pa. Following the meeting on March 17, 1936 and the subsequent organi- zation of the fruit growers of Berks and Lehigh Counties, the Berks- Lehigh Mountain Fruit Growers Association was molded into an organi- zation which has been profitable to its members. The organization is co-operative in nature. /. i u 4. • ^. + The organization has for its goal the promotion of the best interest of the fruit industry in the territory, the establishment of a reputa^on for high quality fruit, and the maintaining of a marketing bureau, ihe association collects beneficial information by its continuous contact with potential markets and makes such information available to its members for their personal use in marketing fruit to the best advantage without price fixing. The association is neither a buying or selling organization but essentially a service organization for its members for more etticient marketinsf. The membership in the association is entirely voluntary but is limited to the fruit growers of Berks and Lehigh counties and such additional fruit growers in nearby counties as may be accepted by a majority vote of the governing board. All members in good standing receive the same . information relative to the markets and agree to protect the entire membership by reporting to the association any firm or individual who has defaulted in payments or contracts since December 31, 1933. As previously stated, the association is not a buying or selhng organi- zation. Each member makes all decisions relative to the sale of his fruit. The annual membership fee is $10.00. The expenses of the association are met by assessments levied on each member in proportion to the- reported packed bushels sold wholesale. The assessments are based upon the grower's estimate prior to harvest and a report of whole- sale sales when the crop is harvested. When this data is received the board levies its permanent assessment and adjusts all accounts with its members. - The association members are desirous of building up a reputation lor Berks-Lehigh Mountain Fruit; consequently the association furnishes labels to be used upon containers of fruit grading U. S. No. 1 or better. Faihng to comply with the provisions of the constitution and by-laws is cited as a violation. Any member found guilty of such a violation can be removed by a two-thirds vote of the board of directors. The executive committee consisting of three members, the president being one, conducts the business of the association, such as employing — 32 — ;;TTvf?'!T'r7?:?^^ a manager, locating and maintaining a central office with the necessary facilities for proper and efficient operation. A definite schedule is maintained for the collection and dissemination of information to members, so that early in the day the night's market prices, clean up, and future demands may be available to the members. Later in the day information as to the distribution of the day's pick or pack is available. Initially the association was established for the purpose of promoting a more efficient marketing of early apples and peaches in the Berks- Lehigh territory. At the request of the groWers the apple deal is also being handled by the association. The association has been in operation about a year, but the service rendered the growers has been well worth the effort. Had the peach deal been unsatisfactory, there would have been little reason or demand on the part of the membership to insist upon continuing the service in order to market the main apple crop. A number of reasons could be cited as factors in the success of the organization, but undoubtedly the sincere team work of all the members and the capable manager who contacted the markets are paramount. The growers were fortunate in being able to secure the services of Mr. J. G. White with his years of inspection service work and market contacts. Mr. White's first assignment in the newly formed organiza- tion was that of covering the principal markets to which the producing area ships its fruit. The purpose of this assignment was to make con- tacts, obtain information on the reUability of dealers and the possibilities of various markets. Mr. White visited Washington, Baltimore, Phila- delphia, New York, Providence, Rochester, Boston, Buffalo, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and a number of smaller markets. The association has functioned smoothly and has been productive of excellent results, judging from the remarks of growers, many saying that they were more than pleased and that the small assessment to the association has been returned a hundred times over. AN FASTENER VISITS NORTHWESTERN ORCHARDS R. H. SUDDS, State College, Pa.* It is to be hoped that in reading my would-be facetious reference in the Program to Mr. Pagan's preferring to raise sheep rather than to face the problems of the fruit grower in the Northwest, you do not acquire the wrong impression,— that I am trying to belittle either party concerned. It is not in my power to add or detract either to Mr. Pagan s reputation nor to that of your Northwestern competitors who show so much heroic courage in the face of titanic obstacles. This summer I went to the Northwest to see for myself how things were; also I visited friends and former students now located there m the fruit industry. What I heard and saw made me marvel for there if anywhere in the history of fruit growing, men are putting up a mag- nificent fight against unfair odds. *Now of West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va. — 33 — Mv first stop was at Spokane, capital of the "Inland Empire of the Northwest The Spokane Valley was once a thriving apple district S Swever was^^^^^^^^ declining for several sufficient reasons, until the autumn a^ of 1935-36 made practically a clean sweep in Smfnating it The northern Idaho districts met an identical fate. ArLeKn Idaho, and Clarkston, Washington, about 100 miles south aXast of Sp^^^^ is an irrigated area of several thousand acres Tthe Snakf^^^^ here the fertile ^-f rV\rZ:%n^^^^^ cherries Dcaches, and a large assortment of truck crops Once this areTSs chTefl^^ but now this fruit is comparatively rare; the onlv Teason fo J its ^disappearance was that the apples cou d not be maLt^^^^^^^^^ advantage. On higher priced land in a semi-arid climate S as this unprofitable economic plants disappear quick y. To kill Zo2A^e% that has to be done is to -frain^-^^^^^^^ for a comparatively short time; the end is never in doubt nor long "^'Kas at Moscow, Idaho, the town where the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station is located, that I saw twenty-five year old eastern black walnuts and apple trees getting along so beautifully side by side that I was moved to comment in print on it later. Hereby I started a discussion which is not settled yet. -,• . • 4.„ r^y^c. WpnAtrhPP Now for the famous central Washington districts The Wenatchee and Okanogan districts produce over half of the entire ^pple crop of Washington State. Yakima, about 90 miles south ^^ .Wenatc^^^^^^^ next largest fruit district which is much more diversified than the former here are grown apples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, themes and a wide variety of vegetables. Some growers even ^^^\f Z^.uToi Wenatchee business conditions are a good barometer ^^ .^^^^J^^^^^^^ the apple industry; it is truly a one crop town. Yakima, the larger city is not so subject to violent economic ups and downs. Conditions in the Yakima area did not reach quite the same rock bottom eyel as m Wenat- chee. Yakima also has developed the by-product outlet considerably. The men actually engaged in growing the fruit in central Washington are about sixty per cent college graduates, I was informed. They are generally alert, resourceful, and courageous individuals possessing un- usual inteUigence and tremendous capacity for taking terrific economic punishment which certainly has been meted out to them in large doses from 1931 to 1935, inclusive. Since my trip, every time I hear sonieone remark that Americans farmer are becoming soft and cannot take it, I turn back mentally to these fruit growers of the Northwest who can. Most of the orchards are in relatively small units of from 5 to 15 acres. The largest operation I saw,— a company orchard,— was about 940 acres, but not all of this was located at one place. The usual ranch, as it is called, consists of a small bungalow type house, a garage, and one or two other small buildings, one of them being the stationary spray plant. There usually is no land lying fallow and the orchard occupies every available foot of good land. At the exact hairUne where the irrigation quits, the semi-desert begins with its monotonous sagebrush and worthless wastes Most ot tne irrigation is by gravity, although it is necessary in the case of some — 34 — orchards on higher land to force water up a lift vertically equivalent to 300 feet The annual per acre cost of water alone varies from about 5 dollars in the case of some of the older irrigation developments, to more than 20 dollars in certain of the newer tracts. Sub-irrigation by water seeping from newer developments at higher levels has rendered some of the original land in the Yakima Valley unsuited for most crops because of its concentration of salts in the surface layers of the soil. Water is applied to the orchard soil at intervals of about two weeks, for from 4 to 6 applications per season. It is the lack of more water which would limit much additional expansion of this irrigated orchard industry even if other economic conditions made it desirable. The newer areas are farther and farther from the railheads, — another costly item to add to the overhead. Cultural methods seem to have changed considerably from the old days of clean cultivation. The object now, I was informed, is to give the orchards little or no cultivation. Many of the growers drag down the biennial sweet clover cover crop or alfalfa sods rather than mow them. Any plant that will grow in the dense ground shade to be found in many of the orchards is quite welcome, for organic matter is necessary even for such wonderfully fertile and remarkably uniform soils, they have discovered. Another reason why cultivation is to be avoided is that it means a reditching for irrigation,— just one more item of avoid- able expense. Nitrogen in some commercial form is the chief fertiUzer used, although thanks to the energetic activities of some of the fertiUzer dealers, the picture presented to the growers is terribly confused,— quite needlessly and purposely so, I felt. As with us, potash and phosphorus in moderate amounts give some measure of response in additional cover crop or sod growth. Propping of the apple trees is a universal practice and I counted many times more than 20 props under one apple tree. When the trees are often no farther apart than 27 feet, and when the numerous props are in place, a mature orchard looks very much like a very thick wood lot of fence posts when one squats down to peer along under the leafy canopy. No wheeled vehicle can get through under such conditions, which helps explain the stationary spray plants. Many of these central Washington growers have never seen apple scab and some do not even know what it is ; the hot and dry days of the growing seasons are not conducive to scab. But how they do favor the codUng moth! Those of you who believe you have too much difficulty in controlling worms should visualize what the Northwestern growers must face every year, with some seasons much worse than others. A codUng moth loss of about 10 per cent is expected during the usual season, and in some years half the fancy pack for the district may be lost just because of this single pest. Some growers may make only one slight mistake in attempting to outguess the worms, and as a result, the whole crop may be lost. And when a grower gives up the battle for any particular season and surrenders his orchard to the worms, his neighbors reaUze they too are in for it, because so often only the rancher knows — 35 — •:^;A \ V-; Y^'^^T^'^ i5^~. ■ where his orchard ends and the next one begins; the codling moth simply les not bother making any distinction between adjommg orchards, °%^o:iK&e^fpryfng practices amazed me most of all, for accord- ing to their standards, we in the East do not spray/tal, -we simply eo through the motions. On trees where we would apply between o ISd 10 gallons, I found the spraymen busily whitewashmg the trees wHh from 50 to 75 gallons per tree* at each application with abou 3 pounds S lead arsenate per 100 gallons. The term "whitewashing is SotX exaggeration you might think and it is used advisedly, for some of it was julf that iven to attempt to control the codling moth in he worst areas may require from 7 to 10 such pioson sprays! And the woS is that legend is not yet in sight, for heavier and heavier spraying Sbeing required annually, I was told. No wonder some of the Yakima ■ grower! have torn out their apples and set other fruits. Some of the mS appte areas likewise have abandoned apple growing for the same reason. n • j • This tremendous amount of lead arsenate applied annually is doing notable things to their soil, and to their cover crops and sods,-and even Se trefs in some instances. Many of the older orchards cannot grow a cover crop because of the concentration of arsenic i^ t^ie soil And when an old apple orchard is torn out to be replanted-often at the ripe old age of 25 years— the new trees have an unpleasant habit of failing to grow This is giving much concern to the experiment stations in Washington and Idaho with no good generally practical remedy thus far discovered. Again, since the apples are so heavily covered with residue, there is never any doubt whether or not washing will be necessary,-so nobody bothers to raise this question but rather assumes washmg as inevitable^ Chemists revealed that in some cases the lead arsenate coastings reached such figures that I could scarcely imagine such amounts adhering to the apple. Most of the apples are washed in tandem machines, farst in acid, then in a basic solution, or sometimes the process is reversed if necessary. At the American Fruit Growers' packing house at Wenatchee 4 or 5 combinations of washing solutions are kept set up m their battery When a certain lot of fruit is brought in the packing house boss attempts to learn from the grower just what combmations of lead arsenate, oil or kerosene, soap, and other chemicals Jjave been applied then he attempts to wash a sample by a method which he thinks will reduce the residue as gently as possible. The washed sample is rushed to a laboratory and the rest of the fruit is held for the chemist s report which is made in an hour or two; if favorable t}ie balance then goes through the solution used on the sample; if the lead is still too high, trials must be made with other combinations of solvents until something does work. But if it seems to require too much time during the rusn, *The runoff even with these heavy applications is nearly plain ^ater^^ "fvj^'^^d- lated" Spray is used which sticks to the surface of the fruit ^VJ^P^^^^^^^^ Jf ^^^^^ hesiveness of the 'Tlocs" and the amount of pressure with which they are applied. A coarse driving spray is used. — 36 — the whole lot is set aside to work on later at leisure. Once in a while, I heard, a given lot will not clean. Until one has seen the residue prob- lem as it exists in Washington, he does not know the importance of this The red mite which all of you know so well is likewise a standard pest on the coast. Another insect,— the two-spotted mite, really a spider,— which you can thank goodness you do not know — gives them some severe losses at times. Sulfur sprays are not used in summer except for the two-spotted mite, and summer oils are required on occasion for the red mite. I saw just as severe sulfur burns on fruit and foliage where it was used in Washington in the summer of 1936 as any of you had; where no sulfur sprays had been applied there was no burning at all. The timing of the sprays in both Yakima and Wenatchee was done by field men working for the insecticide companies. It was quite amusing to me to see the work you here expect to have done by Mr. Hodgkiss and Dr. Kirby and their men from State College, being carried on just as carefully and conservatively there by the commercial fraternity. These field men are real experts on general orcharding affairs as well as in their Hne and can spot codling moth eggs on the fruits at surprising distances; they have to be accurate and conservative or else the next lot of lead arsenate will likely be sold to the grower by a quick-witted competitor. The growers in the Northwest buy materials only for one spray at a time, not for the season in advance, and merely a dozen companies are fighting for the business. I could continue considerably longer on their spraying problems which were a revelation to me. Most of the total apple crop of Washington is shipped out, for the local markets so many of you are fortunate to have are seldom to be found in the Northwest. More than three-quarters of the total crop is Delicious, Winesap, Jonathan, and Rome. The future trend indicates a slight increase for Winesap and Rome, with a marked increase for Delicious. Jonathan will show a considerable decUne as it has been unsatisfactory for several major reasons. While reUable estimates place the number of acres of apples pulled last winter in Yakima alone at more than 1000, the production will not decrease proportionately, because the acreage was chiefly poorer orchards already out of the economic picture. The small number of varieties has created quite a polHnation problem, for as in the East, Winesap is a poor polUnizer. Delicious is an excellent pollinizer for the others and in turn may be polUnated by Rome and Jonathan. Many varieties which are good pollinizers are very difficult to sell. Bees are either rented from professional beekeepers or are secured as package bees from Oregon and California. Frosts are not a problem in Washington nor are cloudy dull days. The finish obtained is far ahead of what most of you in the East can equal. Yields are completely out of fine with those we expect normally. In order to stand a chance of being profitable, a Northwestern orchard must pack out consistently from 800 bushels an acre up, I was informed. — 37 — n^Kic ic nnf imnossible foF I saw one orchard owned by Mr. Roy D. SS/wenatSHhat had averaged 1165 packed boxes per acre per ^^iVThe^oUege, our heaviest yielding variety has probably been industry could exist in the Northwest. u- . <■ Beside the nefarious activities of the codUng moth, your chief protec- tion here iT the East is the freight rates. ^^ .^ rthe"SriweT Th: Northwest this was the chief cause of complaint of the growers, i ne Se of ot' dollar a hundred to the Mississippi River and to a fe^^^ east of that, is a tremendous barrier, for in order to move tneir irun, Jhey must ship most of it east by railroad and pay f If «tf d«"^^. The central Washington districts of Yakima and Wenatchee-Okano- ean alone expend several hundred thousand dollars per year in adver- tfshi J -probabfy several times what the whole East invests in the same manner ^ The East however, is showing some signs of casting off its Kargy and becoming slightly more awakened to its possibilities. I discussed the situation with many well-informed people in the North- west as to what is the future of that important apple growing section These persons were well agreed that the chief hope for the Northwest to make anvlarVe general profit lay in having a heavy crop during years whrthe East was^hght. In seasons when the Eastern crop was normal, Their profit would be confined chiefly to the Northwestern growers produdng apples most efficiently^ In years oJ.gl^t^V'^ot'lSUmS few of the western growers would make anything. From 1931 to l\)6^, ndusive only a few of the latter preferred group made money regularly and untU this'^eason. the condition of most of ^^e ^row^y^s was d^^^^^^^^ Most of the orchards were said to be mortgaged to the hilt and how long the owners can continue to lose money is a question nobody can answer^ The season of 1936-37 brought some degree of encouragement, a lew good seasons in succession will help set the Northwest back on its feet^ ieveral more bad ones hand running will likely do more to reduce the Northwestern apple industry than any plan of crop limitation and reduction planned by man. Most of you in Pennsylvania are lucky and I hope you begin to realize it soon if you do not already. However, do not rest on your oars in your plans to grow, market, and advertise better and better grades o Serior varieties. Your Northwestern competitors are still dangerou and with even a fractional opportunity, they will give you plenty ot the severest kind of competition; with anything like an even break, they will practically steal your show as many of you are now plodding along, indifferent to the changing apple world about you. All respect then, to the apple growers of the Pacific Northwest! Just to hear of their gallant fight against great odds is to adnaire them and to know them and their problems first-hand is merely to intensity one s admiration of their courage. — 38 — BASKETS CHARACTER Have you noticed on the streets in our receiving markets that baskets closely portray human nature? Many of them, beaten in their endeavor to perform their duty, have drooped shoulders, misshapen feet, broken backs and hairy, haggard faces. Other baskets portray real character in their straight shoulders, their excellent carriage and their clean-shaven, smooth appear- ance. These baskets stand out in front — not bent, not broken in the performance of their duty, they proudly display their protected contents and their name, ^'MARVIL U. S. No. 11.'' '*Marvil Products Protects Contents" MARVIL PACKAGE CO LAUREL, DELAWARE — 39 •■Hr'J •/^^, ORCHARD BEEKEEPING GEO. H. REA, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. There is no longer doubt as to the efficiency of honeybees as cross Domnating agents for fruit bloom and in fact their absolute necessiy has been Istablished for many orchards. In many fruit growing locali- Ues the wUd insect population is entirely inadequate to properly work the great number of fruit blossoms in the short period of time in which this is necessary. Apparently there has been a marked decrease in the wild fnsect Dopu ation in many sections in recent years, because of c ean "uHivSi Sf the sdland cleaning up of the wood lots where the solitary bees and other useful insects make their nests. Since it is not possible to orooagate the wild insects and have them in abundance m the orchards at the r ght time, we must turn our attention to the honeybee which has a high commercial value in the honey crops which it harvests and which cLn be reared in as large numbers as desired and placed in the orchards when needed. It is not the purpose of this article to attempt to induce all fruit growers to keep bees This would be foolish propaganda because there !re so many factors involved that the average fruit grower would only bse Sis investment if he should attempt to keep bees. The bees mt have certain attention at the right time and if this attention is not given at that time failure is likely to result. Since the business of the fruit grower is to care for his orchard and the fruit crops, a compara- tively minor detail like working over a ffew colonies of bees when there are big things to be done is likely to be neglected. Some Pfrsons are highly susceptible to bee sting poison and many are s^,"^^,^j^^^^^;^^^^^ bees that they cannot work with them. Such persons should not think of keeping bees. Most fruit growers prefer to rent colonies of bees from reliable bee- keepers who supply bees for pollination purposes ^« P^^V^^^Sthf^^^^^^ beekeeping business, or to purchase package bees from the South each sorine These phases of the beekeeping industry are growing and for a very large portion of the fruit growers will be the continuous sources of colonies of bees for their orchards. However, there are some fruit growers who derive a lot of pleasure out of keeping their own bees and prefer to do so rather than to depend on someone to supply the bees When needed. Orchard beekeeping has some advSges an^d^ome decided disadvantages. The chief advantages are that the bees are there when needed and at no greater cost than rented bees some honey is harvested for use by the family and sometimes tor sale,' and the beekeeper has a delightful avocation The disadvantages are that it is another detail to be looked after when the fruit grower may lose more than is gained if he stops to give the bees attention; bees left in the orchard are often poisoned by spray or dust; they sometimes are objectionable to members of the family or to the workmen and may sting animals if placed near the buildings, and in some seasons in some locations the bees may not gather sufficient honey to keep them over winter, and additional labor and expense is involved in feeding them. — 40 — Simple Beekeeping Methods Necessary The necessity for colonies very strong in field bees at fruit bloom time cannot be over-estimated. Since this is the main objective in orchard beekeeping the beekeeping practices of the whole year must focus en this one point. To acquire these maximum colonies, five main factors must be present for a period of at least eight weeks previous to the time of fruit bloom. These factors are a good sized cluster of young bees, a prolific queen, plenty of honey and pollen stores, plenty of room for stores and brood-rearing, and plenty of insulation. These things cannot be supplied at this time but must be provided at the time or previous to the time when the bees are packed up for winter in the previous October. Methods for accomphshing these things are not difficult but are seasonal and would be better taken one step at a time during the summer and fall. The use of the two-story Langstroth hive is urged so that the fullest egg laying capacity of good queen bees may be utilized. It is best to requeen the colonies each year so as to offset heavy losses which may occur from failing queens. In most localities if the bee- keeper supplies the queen and plenty of storage room for all of the honey which the bees may gather during the summer, leaves plenty of honey for the bees in the fall, and adequately insulates the hives before freezing weather occurs, the matter of a good cluster of bees and the satisfactory progress of the colony in the spring will normally occur. Securing and Using the Bees Fruit growers who wish to rent colonies should contact those who have bees to rent at an early date so that there will be no slip-up when the bees are needed. Weak colonies are useless and normal colonies should have at least six combs of brood and the rest of the combs well covered with bees at fruit bloom time in order to be called a good colony. Experimental work by several workers has proven the comparatively high value of strong colonies over weak colonies in their ability to fly and work on blossoms especially in low temperatures. Colonies should be moved into the orchard if possible a day or two before the first blossoms open so that they will be present every minute of the possible time when work may be done. This is especially true in sections of the country like western New York where much of the weather during fruit bloom may be cool and cloudy. In this region it is highly important that the bees be well distributed through the orchard rather than to be located in groups or in one apiary. In many seasons the bees never have weather favorable for flight farther away from the hives than two or three rows of trees during the entire period of fruit bloom. In sections where weather conditions are more favorable it may be possible to have good work done by the bees when they are placed in groups in or around the orchard. It is better to play on the safe side and have the bees well distributed throughout the orchard than to take chances on a poor set of apples by saving a Uttle labor in distributing the bees. Seasons vary greatly in the amount of cloudy and cool and windy weather and it is best to be prepared for the poorest bee flight conditions. Sunshine and fairly high temperatures are essential to long bee flights. — 41 — Package Bees Package bees should be ordered from the southern shippers several weeks ahead and they should arrive before fruit blossoms begin to open It is best however, not to have them arrive too far ahead of time. On arrival they should be installed in hives and fed according to instruc- tions, or if the packages are designed to be set out in the orchard they should be wrapped to insulate them and fed as instructed It is best to install packSe bees immediately on the stands out in the orchard where they are to remain for the period of fruit bloom at least When package bees are purchased for making a start in beekeeping the new hives Ihould be made ready sometime ahead and placed on tl^e proper locations so that there may be no delay when the bees arrive. FuU sheets of brood comb foundation should be used m all of the franies so as to insure the building of all worker combs which will be straight and easy to manage. It must be remembered that the new swarm of bees has no fully constructed combs nor a stored supply of honey on which to draw for their living and to build new combs. Th^y must depend upon nectar and pollen gathered from the flowers but because of bad weather con- SoL or because the flowers are not in proper condition to secrete nectar they may starve unless the beekeeper continues to feed them S they are well established and have a honey supply of their own stored in the combs. Feeding instructions always accompany package bees For this purpose a syrup of about one part water and one part granulated sugar is used. Three pound packages with queens are ""Thi Ct'en t hard winter on bees, especially if they were not well insulated against the cold. If colonies have died and one is sure that the combs are not infected with American foulbrood, it is an easy matter to restock these hives with package bees In case the hive contains a lot of dead bees and the combs are moldy, it is best to clean out the dead and scrape the hive generally clean of debris. The new swarm o bees will utiUze any partly sour honey that may be in the combs and it there is sufficient honey, feeding will not be necessary. Package bees are verv useful to unite to weak colonies in order to bring them up to good flight strength at fruit bloom time. This is a good time to replace failing queens or undesirable stock in the bees. Package bees with queens are ordered. On their arrival the queens in the colonies are found and killed. One extra and empty hive-body is P^/^nd for each colony. One comb containing some honey and brood is taken from the colony and placed in one side of the empty hive-body, a single sheet of newspaper is spread over the top of the combs in the hive and the empty hive containing the one comb is placed on top of the newspaper The caged queen is taken from the package, as the instructions should indi- cate, and the cage placed on the comb. The package is Jh^^. Pl^^^^^ dowk into the empty hive and the cover taken off, after which the hive cover is quickly placed over the hive. In a few days pieces of the news- naper will be thrown out of the hive entrance. After this occurs, the hive may be opened and the bees concentrated down into the lower hive. In case the colony is strong enough to occupy two hive bodies, the second one should be given at fruit bloom time. — 42 — Moving Bees and Where to Locate Them Beekeepers who move bees to the orchards frequently complain that thev suffer heavy losses because of queenless colonies and the loss of brood In some cases this has been so serious as to cause the loss of almost the entire honey crop from these colonies. Not all of the factors which bring about these losses are known but if proper precautions are taken the most of it is preventable. When strong colonies of bees are distributed for a long period of time, as in moving on a truck for several miles the activity within the brood-nest sends the temperature soaring and ample room for the expansion of the cluster and ventilation must be provided. No doubt but that much of the brood losses come from overheating. Moving at night or in cool weather is desirable and very often can be done. Even then ample screens should be provided for the tops and the bottoms of the hives. The frames should be fastened up so that they will not bounce around and kill many bees and perhaps the queens. In spite of these precautions many colonies are seriously damaged as far as future honey production is concerned. Moving the colonies a short distance, as from a central location near the buildings to be distributed through the orchard, presents another problem. After moving it is usually found that many of the field bees have returned to the original location where they die, unless a colony is left for them to enter. If two or three weak colonies are left behind to catch the returning field bees from a small apiary no serious loss of field bees will be experienced except that the colonies which were moved will not be strong in field bees for a few days. If bees are moved within their flight range, which may be one or two miles, most of the field bees will return to the original location. Bees usually should be moved more than two miles when possible. A good way would be to move them away from home a distance of about three miles and leave them there for about two weeks, after which they may be returned and distributed where wanted. Since this is not always convenient, it might be suggested that two fruit growers hving three or more miles apart swap bees for the time of fruit bloom. Some beekeepers report satisfactory results by catching the returning field bees in empty hives left on the original stands. After night they are carried out to the colonies in the orchard and united back to them by using newspaper. This is done by removing the cover from the colonies and placing single sheets of newspaper over the frames. The empty hives containing the bees and without bottoms are then placed over the newspapers. After the bees have taken time to cut through the paper they seem to forget the old location If at all possible, bees should be located where they will be well pro- tected from prevailing winds and at the same time have the full benefit of the sunshine. Bees in windy locations and especially if they are in the shade will lose a lot of time because it is too cold for them to fly while colonies in the sunshine and protected from wind will be working. This applies to bees temporarily located in the orchard as well as to permanent apiary locations. Rented bees should be removed from the orchard before the petal fall spray is applied, so as to prevent poisoning. Bees kept in the orchard during the entire year frequently collect poison. — 43 — .r- V, , ;\;.^- •i";.'.-V'7> ^..'.^ '^-'' Ts^^y^wT^- Y.-.»?!*<;^^T^ tr''J?.;.'l:.-5'»i^>ff,^^'^T5 I In some cases this results in the death of the colonies while in many cases only the field bees are lost and the colonies subsequently build up and become good colonies for the next spring. CONTROLLING SOIL EROSION AND WATER Rm^-OFF IN THE PENNSYLVANIA ORCHARD Bv J T. BREGGER, Project Manager, U. S. D. A. Soil Conservation Service, ' ' Waynesboro, Pennsylvania Until quite recently, we have worried little about erosion in the United States, largely because we have thought in terms of .f ologic erosion. Geologic erosion has helped to make much of the soil which man-made or accelerated erosion is now destroying Since America first settled, approximately fifty million acres of fertile land have been ruined by erosion, while fifty million acres more are a,lmost destroyed. Still another 125 million acres or a third of the total land under culti- vation have lost between 50 and 100 percent of their surface soil through sheet erosion, with an additional 100 million acres showing some erosion. Due to the fact that every square foot of sloping land in a humid climate is subject to erosion, it means that 95 percent of our orchard land needs protection of some kind. i . u • r „•„ +v,^ It is not so much a problem, of decreased acreage which is facing the U S fruit growers, but rather the fact that some of the best and most fertile land is being rendered unsuitable for further orchard use. Ihis is particularly true from the standpoint of the peach grower, as often the best peach land is located on slopes subject to severe erosion when not handled in the correct way. Northwestern fruit growers, partly because they can substitute irrigation for rainfall, are conserving their orchard soils much better than those in the East Although many orchards in the South are exposed to erosion all U months of the year and thereby have become badly damaged by gully erosion, soil and fertility losses in the North may in some cases be almost as great. Small gullies so common between the tree rows become failed with fertile soil in the process of cultivation and it is this soil which is washed out with the next heavy rain. Eventually the trees may even be left on small islands of soil, in some cases exposing tree roots or, at best leaving very little cover. Many tons of valuable soil may thus be lost from these orchards annually, not to mention the rainfall lost during the growing season when adequate soil moisture is needed by both tree ^^In Cdifornia, erosion has resulted in the ruin of orchard land valued at 300 to $1,000 per acre. While the value of the ordinary peach orchard site in the East is less, the destruction of such land by erosion demands immediate consideration. The rapidity of erosion in an orchard may be directly correlated with the type of soil management being practiced. In other words we may have, and we do have, the two extremes of erosion severity under orchard conditions. Under a permanent sod, the common ground cover in apple orchards of most eastern and western states, erosion has probably been little or — 44 — no greater than exists upon other grass or pasture land. The orchards of the Pacific Northwest, for instance, under a more or less permanent alfalfa sod, do not have an erosion problem. Even when the grass or sod in broken up each spring but allowed to grow up again immediately little or no physical loss of soil or fertility takes place. On the other hand, we may have our severest erosion under orchard conditions, and we find such a condition in the peach orchards of many sections of the country. This means, of course, that the entire top or fertile soil layer of an orchard may be completely lost during the lifetime of that orchard, ranging from 15 to 20 years. Erosion of such severity is too common and its importance or danger cannot be overstated It must be acknowledged that ordinarily we cannot avoid the easily eroded types of land in choosing peach orchard sites. In other words, peach trees require good water and air drainage, such as our hilly and sloping lands usually afford. The solution of the erosion problem hes therefore in the manner in which such land is handled rather than in choosing another type of soil and a different location. In general there are two ways in which rainfall may be prevented from causing erosion. The first of these is to prevent accumulation of large quantities of water in one place, while the second is to slow up the speed with which the water runs over the surface of the soil. In dealing with the correction of these two causes of water erosion, we usually speak of the mechanical and vegetative methods of erosion control. The prevention of water accumulation is largely an engineering prob- lem. While it may not always be possible to prevent water from coming into an orchard from the land which lies above it, there are methods which can be used to take care of this water before it enters the orchard. A so-called diversion ditch may be used to accomplish this. When it comes to handling the rainfall which falls on the orchard itself, unless the slope is too long, we become largely concerned with the necessity for slowing down the speed of the run-off. Whenever the accumulation does occur at any point, diversion of this excess water is also of importance. The speed with which water flows determines to a decided degree its soil-carrying power. If we consider a very important formula in hydrau- Ucs, we fii;id that under field conditions the transporting power of water varies approximately as the fifth power of its velocity. In other words, water moving at the rate of two miles per hour, will carry 32 times as much soil as it can carry at one mile per hour. How to slow up this flow of water, once our rainfall reaches the land, is the all important problem, and therein lies the need for the practical methods of modern erosion control. Unfortunately most of us have certain prejudices or traditions to ''unlearn," whenever we try to change a set of practices in regard to the culture of any given crop. The fruit grower, like the people in all other walks of life, has been handicapped by tradition. For example, he has been planting round hills on a square system. Although the best method for planting orchards on sloping land may be to follow the contour of the hills, few orchardists in the eastern states have seen it done that way, and consequently even the most progressive fruit growers — 45 — '^.V7J aCT?-;;^'^; ' r^rf!r.f-»s^| ■^^^Z: '■«:^'W<'. still use the old square systen. As soon as t^^^ =TtfSoV?Lrrhai"on^^^^^^^ using bench terraces with permanent vegetative risers on slopes greater *'TheteS"s probably the outstanding example of mechanical ero^on control. In its application to orchard use terracmg may have variations, though the general principle remains the same ^ There is evidence that terraces were used by t^eJMayans and tn^ Pemvian Indians as long ago as the dawn of American hist^^^^^ system of terraces begun 4,000 years ago by the Igorotes of "^^f ° '^ ^^^^^^^ ^av pine Island has been improved and extended even to the P/esent day. ?-erraces of the bench type are used on the feeper lands of Germany China, and Japan and by the planters of Java and f umatra. i hey have been recognized as an accepted agricultural practice in the b^^^^^^ for more than 75 years, but only a few widely ««=f"^'^^i,^^pX?£vaTion to be found in the Northeast, up to the time the Soil Co'iserva^ion Service began putting on terracing demonstrations At least ^woo^ these older terrace systems, however were constructed for orchards^nd in both cases they have proven highly satisfactory. Terracing is easiest as applied in the establishment of "^^ orchards since th^^^^^^^^^ opportunity to make every tree row a terrace. Such terraces neeano^ be very large, as the water-holding capacity need only be great enough to hold the maximum rainfall which occurs on the average 20 or 25 foot interval between rows. After the accurate laying on* of the tree rows either on level terraces if the rows are short, or with a sl^g^t gradient (0.1 to 0.3 foot drop per 100 ft.) if the rows are long-an ordinary plow may be used to build the terrace high enough to fllow planting o the trees. As time goes on, the terraces are maintained by additional plowing toward their crest or "berm" or by the use of a home-made "\'n1ts^demonstration work on the Waynesboro, Pennsylvania, projec^^^ the S. C. S. has also used a method of terrace construction whereby every fourth or fifth row is terraced at the standard narrow^ °Tn thf,'wiv terrace size, serving in this capacity as a "master terrace. In this w^Y any abnormal thunder showers or cloudbursts are prevented from causing water run-off which might occasionally break through the smaller inter- vening terraces before they become fully estabhshed and settled, buch a terrace at the top of the slope would also serve to mtercept overflow water which might run into the orchard from the field above. A simply designed diversion terrace will in such cases save untold soil losses and prevent the formation of the guUiefe which are a constant source of inconvenience in the performance of all orchard practices, involving the use of heavy machinery. — 46 — BEAN PRODUCTS FOR ORCHARD AND CROPS The finest yet most reasonably priced equipment that money can buy for spraying, dusting, grading, cleaning, or w^hing. Equipment of the most modern design, built to render efficient money saving service. The Bean Royal Armored Sprayers have earned a reputation for greater efficiency and effectiveness— practically no troubles and long life that every grower desires in his sprayer. Bean Sprayers are built in a range of sizes from 6 to 60 gallons at pressure up to 800 pounds. Somewhere in this range of sizes is a sprayer that will exactly meet your needs and give you better service than you have ever had before— yet the price will be within the Umits of the investment you will make in a sprayer. We suggest that when you need a sprayer, grader or cleaning equipment that you consult us and get Uterature describing the latest equipment for this work. In doing so you will be pro- tecting any investment you may make. JOHN BEAN MFG. CO. Division Food Machinery Corporation. LANSING, MICHIGAN 47 — ^■•''y/^'^pT'^i^y'^' \V [f .^^-^^^^Tfr^J^f^: ■y^r sHw.^t^^/t*;!^.. {'. ^ •.:/ ' '■. >)•• :"' :" ■.;?:- X T^Pffular terracing machinery may be used in orchard terracing, but suclf'mtLi:/^^^^^^^^ limitations! r^'i-^^V W^^^^ already estabUshed. The original cost of such ^^j^^V^^/^ mieht be reduced by cooperative purchase and use by a arge number ot St growers so^^^^^^ together in an association for the pur- pose of marketing fruit or purchasing supplies. . The problem of terracing is naturally far different in the case ot orchards already planted as compared to those to be newl^^^^^^^^ The use of terraces in established orchards is being ^^f ,^> ^^^^^^^^^^ cases where soil losses have been severe. Such installation usually Sref the removal of a certain number of trees espec-^^^^^^^ the te^ races are large or put in with large machinery. On the other nana, n thev are small and close together it may not be necessary to remove a^v trees Though in such cases the terraces or furrows are more tem- poLTand muft be reconstructed annually. There is need for much experimental work in this kind of terracmg however before it can be determined definitely how much benefit will accrue to the remaining trees through the conservation of soil and water to offset the loss ot the trees removed and the expense of construction. Vegetative Control and Erosion The principle involved in vegetative control of ^^^^^^^ .^^^^^XpVus decreasing of the speed with which water travels, so as to reduce its eroZg power to the minimum and allow for a maximum penetration ^"^ThrTyplf^^^^ crops used in commercial orchard practice are variS, b'S may be divided into groups on the basis of their f^^^^^^^^^^ in controlUng the flow of run-off water and resisting soil losses^ On the one hand we find thick blue grass sod alniost perfect m ths respect At the opposite end of the list we have buckwheat showing little or no efficiency in erosion control. Fortunately for the apple g^owei his normal soil management program in most areas includes a Permanent sod or cover. This may involve cultivation for only a brief Penod in the late fall or early spring (sometimes only once every other jear) tor the purpose of correcting a sod-bound condition and in order that the benefits of nitrate and other fertilizers applied will be fully and quickly available to the trees. The alfalfa sod in the orchards of the Northwest serves the same purpose as the bluegrass or sweet clover orchard covers in the Northwest, and of the Korean lespedeza cover crop in the boutn- ^^Sod culture under Pennsylvania conditions is Umited almost entirely to apple orchards, although alternate rows or buffer strips ot a per- manent vegetative cover are sometimes used in peach orchards. 1^ or many years most of the commercial apple growers in this state have been practicing a system whereby a permanent sod cover is maintained throughout the period of the year when erosion can take place, thus conserving their soil resources to the maximum. In New Jersey and a few of the adjoining fruit areas, however, the apple orchard is cultivated much the same as a peach orchard, and under such conditions, especially — 48 — when orchards must also contend with sandy soils and torrential rains, it has been found difficult to secure adequate erosion coritrol through vegetative methods alone. As in the case of farm pasture, improved growth of sod in the orchard will result in better erosion control. The fruit grower should therefore apply sufficient lime and phosphorous, when these are lacking, to in- crease the growth and thickness of the cover crop and thereby effectively conserve soil. Leguminous cover crops particularly respond to such applications with excellent results. For some reason the idea is prevalent among fruit growers that peach orchards must be cultivated, frequently and continuously through- out the growing season of the tree and fruit. Such a practice has of course been largely responsible for the severe erosion found generally in these orchards. Furthermore it has been noted many times that non- cultivated orchard trees on good soil show more tree growth than culti- vated trees on eroded soils. The average peach grower objects to the early seeding of a cover crop because he believes such plants tie up too much nitrogen and compete too strongly with the trees for soil moisture. These difficulties, though usually magnified, may largely be overcome by following a slightly delayed planting of the cover crop after the early spring growth period when trees demand the most nitrogen, and later by mowing the cover crop during the dry summer period when there is not enough moisture for both trees and cover crop. This clipping of the cover crop will further aid erosion control, and result in greater water absorption by the mulching effect which it produces. Experiment at Pennsylvania State College have already shown that the cultivation period of a peach orchard planted on deep soil may be shortened to accomplish little more than a complete preparation of the ground in the early spring. Any competition of the trees and cover crops after that period may be settled in favor of the trees, not by culti- vation, but by mowing of the cover crop. The confinement of cultiva- tion to alternate rows is another method which demands further investi- gation, as occasionally this practice has been observed in orchards and little or no injurious effect on the tree or fruit crop has resulted. The use of cover crops for peach orchards presents no easy problem. A cover crop must be found which is not too deep-rooted and will make fairly rapid growth of a spreading nature in order to quickly cover the ground after it is sown. A crop which may be mowed in case of dry weather is preferable, though in most cases cover crop plants are so shallow rooted that the soil moisture which they require would be a negUgible loss to trees. Moreover crop plants suffer from dry weather sooner than trees and in some cases they conserve more moisture by preventing run-off than is utilized for growth. Cover crops which have been used in peach orchards during the past year in soil conservation demonstration work include millet (golden millet seem to be the preferable type), Sudan grass, crimson clover, rye, and hairy or winter vetch. In some cases millet or Sudan grass has been mixed with soybeans or cowpeas, which by themselves, like buckwheat, are poor cover crops for erosion control. — 49 — s Cover-crop management should take into consideration the growth periods of the fruit. Several State experiment stations have determined that the Elberta peach, for instance, has its first period of fruit enlarge- ment during about 50 days following the blooming period. During the w%0 to 35 davs very little growth or enlargement takes place. Then the second liriS of growth extends during the last 40 to 45 days before harvesSng. The cultivation period of the peach orchard needs therefore extend oijy to approximately the end of the first growth period it will not have made any appreciable growth by the end of this time. The SSly important competition from trees would be during the last period of fruit growth, at which time the mowing of the cover crop could be resorted to if dry weather prevailed. In the use of the cover crops noted two so-called cover crop systems may be employed. For the sake of simplicity, we have called these the He and double cover crop systems. In the case of the former, more commonly found in Pennsylvania, the millet or Sudan grass (with or without soybeans), or crimson clover which is sown in late spring or Sly summer is allowed to remain on the ground until the begmmng of the cultivation period the following spring. In the double cover crop system, recommended for instance in Mary- land, there are two seedings of cover crops each year. Under this plan, rye Uth or without vetch is planted in August or September, to be plowed or disked under the following spring when it is 15 to 20 inches hieh This allows a considerable amount of plowed-down vegetation to remain on the surface where it will help prevent erosion durmg the brief cultivation period which usually exists until some tune in June when a soybean crop (preferably with millet or Sudan grass) is planted and allowed to grow until late summer, when rye is again seeded. Where Korean lespedeza grows well, it makes an ideal erosion-resisting cover crop, if not allowed to compete with the orchard during periods of low moisture supply. Such a plant is also very good for use on steep slopes as a more or less permanent cover for every second, third or fourth row parallel to the contour of the hill. These so-called buffer strips may be moved each year to facilitate distribution of additional organic matter to the soil and at the same time aid in the control ot erosion. There are of course modifications of the above cover crop systems. Furthermore, there is a good auxiliary erosion-control rneasure which involves bringing in a certain amount of mulching material from outside the orchard. This may be hay or straw which, if applied property, will effectively slow up the flow of water and keep the soil from being washed away during the heavy rains. Spoiled alfalfa hay or strawy manure makes good mulch material because they add fertility and organic matter to the soil as well as prevent erosion. While the cost of the foregoing soil and water conservation program is negligible compared with its value, it not only makes possible increased fruit yields during the life of the orchard on which it is practiced, but will actually prolong the life of the orchard. Moreover, it will keep the land fertile for the next crop. — so- Many an orchard is short-lived simply because the soil is gone- rendered unfit for other crops until years of a building-up process makes it productive again. Soil conservation is far more economical than soil ^Water and soil conservation go hand in hand. During a dry season they may actually mean the difference between profit and loss. FRUIT GROWING IN EUROPE S. W. FLETCHER, State College, Pa. My horticultural observations in Europe were restricted to Great Britain and Ireland, northern France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, and Switzerland Any comparison of the fruit growing of Western Europe with that of Pennsylvania must take into consideration the i^arked difference in climate, which is due mainly to the influence of the Gull Stream. The climate is much more equable than that of Pennsylvania; the summers are cool and the winters are mild. Sunshine is at a pre- mium all the year. Although the British Isles are farther north than Newfoundland, they have a cUmate as moderate as that of coastal South CaroUna. The winters of southern England are almost frostless. Climate and Fruit. This difference in climate is reflected in the types of fruits grown. The summers are too cool for the peach; this fruit can be grown only when trained against the sunny exposures of walls or buildings which reflect heat. Sometimes peaches are grown in cold frames or in greenhouses. No wonder they cost 15 to 25 cents each. If European countries would allow American peaches to enter at a reasonable tariff, we could build up quite an export trade. The cool, humid summers are favorable for the culture of the pear, cherry and plum, which thrive here somewhat better than in eastern United States; but the apple, while widely grown, is distinctly inferior to our product. In this even-tempered climate the small fruits— espec- cially currants, gooseberries, red raspberries, and strawberries— attain a degree of excellence that we reach only in western Washington and Oregon where somewhat similar conditions prevail. The coolness and humidity have a marked effect on the color and flavor of fruit, especially of apples. Most European varieties are green or yellow ('^pippins'^ and ^^codUngs") or a dull, unattractive red, and quite tart. American varieties are much more brilliant in color, sweeter, and more richly flavored. A Pennsylvania Stayman so far surpasses an English Coxe's Orange Pippin, in appearance and quality, as to make the comparison invidious. European orchards are much smaller than ours. In Kent County, England, I saw several 50-acre apple orchards, but these are exceptional. The average is nearer five acres than fifty. Fruit growing is more inten- sive, and more personal than ours. With them, the individual tree is the unit; with us, the acre. American fruit growing is a business enter- prise; each orchard usually requires considerable capital and employs many men. European fruit growing is more likely to be a family enter- prise, limited in size by the labor capacity of the family. The whole family— father, mother, and children— work long hours in the orchard; — 61 — I Fn'Ti;^:" ■7;.ii,';,_v<>^;r;<|HJI^»«l> ': '■• • ", •/\' -c-tyi^^- mam they have an intimate knowledge of the history and capacities of each tree which our growers seldom acquire. i j.^j « KsV Planting. In European orchards the trees are planted very closX together as judged by American standards, partly because land t"::lVe!n^^^^^^ \n fhe ofder orchards the tops make -^^^^^^ con tinuous canopy through which the sunshme— if any— penetrates \Mth dXSy Sally thire are fillers of dwarf trees or ntercrops of small Sts vegetables or grains. I saw several remarkable combmations in Sgland^ 2^^^^ with dwarf apple fillers, between which werf cu;^^^^^^^ and beneath these f^e^^^^ tables and cut flowers. Obviously horse or tractor labor cannot be used much in such orchards; human labor is ^^^f ^P^^^^^^f^^mfn^^^ fruit growing still remains essentially an enterprise of human handi- cS; machinery, which characterizes American fruit growing, is absent ^^vaSL'^T^^^^^ is no end. Most of them are of limited adaptation. Every country or district has its own favorites, mostly local seedlings. Different city markets demand different varieties those to which they have become accustomed. Since distances are short and there is n^^ necessity for shipping fruit to distant markets, there ^^ ^o need to liniit the plantings to a few -standard sorts^ as we do. A ^ New England S^ would be impossible in old England. As local market fruit growing increases in America, we, too, will grow more varieties. Very few of the European varieties of apples, peaches, grapes, and the small fruits are known in America; but some of our "^ost popular pears, plums and cherries are European favorites, also; as Bartlett pear, Ger- man prune and Montmorency cherry. • i r -^ Nursery Trees. The European nurseryman is a commercial fruit grower, propagator and expert on varieties and root stocks, rather than a business man and employer of labor. There are no large blocks of one variety. The nursery is a hodge-podge, with different varieties in the same row, and trees trained in different ways, and worked on different stocks. Apple trees are not sold when one year old, but when tour to six years old. These old trees can be transplanted more successfully in this humid climate than would be possible here. In tact, large trees may be transplanted readily. I heard of an orchard of 3,000 apple trees in County Kent, England, which were transplanted in 1935, when fourteen years old, with a G-foot fall of roots, and bore a fair crop in 1936. This man made himself a bearing orchard in one season. Standard trees are headed in the nursery, not at two feet, but at six to eight feet. Each tree receives individual attention, buch trees sen for more than our growers would pay, sometimes for over a dollar eacn. These high headed apple trees are destined for the two story fruit grow- ing which has prevailed in Europe, especially in Great Britam, from time immemorial— apples above, grass or cultivated crops beneath, inis type of fruit growing is associated with general farming. In recent years, however, fruit growing in Europe has begun to pass into the hands of fruit specialists, as it has long since in America. A new type of commercial apple orchard is springing up all over Ureal Britain and in parts of the continent. This consists of trees on semi- — 62 — dwarfing rootstocks, planted about 18 feet apart each way. Such trees are headed at about one foot, trained to open centers. They are kept about 12 feet high, and are only a little larger than our peach trees. They are grafted on ''clonal" rootstocks, which may be readily propo- gated vegetatively, by layering, instead of on seedhngs, which is the common American practice. It is claimed that such trees are much more uniform in vigor, productiveness and disease resistance than those on seedling roots. Hatton, of the East Mailing Fruit Experiment Station, England, has isolated several types of apple root-stocks, of varying degrees of vigor, and adapted for use on different soils, and different varieties. The British have gone much farther than we have in the study of root systems and their relation to tree behavior. We bury the roots of our trees and forget about them. Some of Hatton's best rootstocks, and others developed by Dr. R. D. Anthony, are now under trial in Penn- sylvania. I am convinced that the drift in this co mtry, also, will be toward the use of smaller apple trees propogated on clonal rather than seedhng roots, not only because of greater uniformity of orchard per- formance but also because it is possible to prune, spray and harvest these smaller trees more cheaply and more efficiently than the giant trees that we now grow. There is little if any loss in yield per acre; these semi-standard apple trees, planted 18 feet apart, produce 8 to 10 bushels per tree. Sod Orchards. As might be expected in this humid and equable climate, most of the bearing orchards are in sod. The grass is either cut for hay or is pastured; rarely is it left as a mulch. This is especially true of the old-time two story fruit growing with high-headed trees. In Germany and Switzerland, apples, plums and cherries almost in- variably are in sod, or the orchard is cropped with grains. There the fruit trees seem to be incidental to the cropping; they are scattered irregularly over the land with many vacant areas, from which hay or crops are harvested. Many of the apple trees were grafted in place, as was the practice in the Colonial America. In many of the modern orchards on dwarfing rootstocks, sod rotations are practiced as in Pennsylvania, the sod being broken every five or six years and the land immediately reseeded. Annual cover crops are not used; they have found, as we have, that sod rotations are the most dependable sources of organic matter. The climate is very favorable to the accumulation of organic matter, hence the supply of nitrogen usually is adequate without adding it as a fertilizer. Potash, not nitrogen, usually is the limiting factor. AppUcations of phosphorus are rarely necessary. Dwarf Trained Trees. One of the unique features of European fruit growing, especially of France and Belgium, is the training of dwarf trees in the ''fruit garden'', as distinct from the orchard. To a French gardener, a fruit tree is plastic material, to be moulded into any form that may please his fancy. Practically all dessert fruit produced on the Continent is grown on dwarf trees trained against the sunny side of walls and buildings or on wires, like our grape-vines. The trees are made to assume innumerable geometrical designs — globes, pyramids, — 53 — A^J ■r^-K; .' ,^crf,;,:>^vj<^;,; f'^f/Tc'W-.^r-,, JJJg^^^ViJ^^^J^^ fans, vases, espalier, cordon, urnbrella, and oth g-ciful ^hape. 1 saw one pear tree tram^d to resemble ^ rooster ija^n ^^^^^^ is mainly for home use. but there are some co Near Lyons. France, I f \«^^f fl//"? ^^ from which a gross return One man can care for about one acre of ^'^f^^^^"" produce fruit of of $1,000 to $1,500 may be expected, ^warf trees produce ^^ ^^^^ great beauty ^^^^ high qua^vty but few of the'J^^ l for a very high price; f aches and pears lor ^oi American from them is used for cider. T ittle Soravinft. The most striking deficiency of European fruit grJiSS af—CnSe^^rgi^^^^^^^ a! =a\^x, f"e;yit^e:^^^^^^^ '£o^&TJVTenJi:.::n'^^^^^ vineyard sprayers; but onf looks in vain for an orchard power sprayer or even for a good hand Dump In fruit gardens, the back-breaking knapsack Pump still ?s L comm'on use. but usually' the fruits are .<^?-^lfj^^,^^^^ZS^^ soon after setting. This gives them a ^^''y/^f ^^^f,^'^towever have Some of the modern commercial orchards of England, however, nave statirarv spra^systems equal in efficiency to any in America. There is no room i7these closely planted orchards for portable sprayers^ The Di^s are laid on top of the ground with hose connections every SeeTfoSr rows. A pressure of 600 pounds is maintained with six leads of hose The men push a short two-nozzle rod up through the canoDV of leaves, which is about ten feet above the ground. Four to "x ap^plltJons ; Teason give protection against the ^ -^nrcoS which are scab, red spider, downy mildew, 'caterpillar and cod ng moth It made me feel quite at home to hear the growers say. Codling Sh is increasing." They use liquid lime-sulphur, arsenate of lead and nicotine sulphate, chiefly. A Leisurely Harvest. The harvest season is not as hectic a time as ouVs w"are obliged to rush from day break to night fall, for our fruit Sns quickly and deteriorates readily. The cool climate of western ESrSpe^makel the fruit ripen slowly.; the growers can take their time m picking and marketing. Refrigeration is not needed, for fruit is not shipped long distances. Cold storage, also, is seldom used, common '* TKac?ageTare quite different from ours and are of all sizes, shapes and mateSs-they are not standardized by law. Most of the baskets — 54 — IT GIVES MORE NITROGEN FOR THE MONEY -;7Wec«« MTROCEN GUMANTUO '^ssing THE AMERICAN NITRATE OF SODA IMtat HOPEWEU-VIRGINIA hr THE BARRm COMPANY and TRUCK mRATE SODA ericQ ARCADIAN THE AMERICAN NITRATE OF SODA THF RARRFTT PAMPANY >*<^P*^®"' V*- * New York, N.Y. • Raleigh. N.C. Columbia, N. C. • Atlanta, Va. • Jackson, Miss. — 56 — %tr of'^SmiUs'sdJ witCr-the aid of middlemen Every city, to^ntnd vm^ge has a public market, where Producers and^yer. meet. The European fruit grower is a salesman as well as a producer. there is little incentive to spray to secure Perfect fruit. It was so m America until about seventy-five years ago. J° ^u^' «i«^^ JJ^ "^^^^ by-product, as with us, but a main product-a the crop ';«aybe pressed for juice. Other fruit by-products, especially jams preserves, and marmalades, are used much more freely than in ff'^^^-J^^ZtZiU less canned and dried fruits than we do; here would be an excellent outlet for American fruits— if the tariff walls were lowered. Mountain Vineyards. The most unique feature of European fruit erS other than the dwarf trained trees, is the grape. European vinrvards are quite different from those of Pennsylvama; they more nearW resemble the vineyards of California. In France and Germany EiUe usually LTshort, thick trunk, about twelve inches high and she fo ten"nches^hick; it is 'self-supporting; there are no wire trellises^ From the top of this trunk spring three to five very short canes. Each of these bear three or four shoots on which grapes are produced Grapes are planted three or four feet apart and the canes are tied up to stakes Some of the vines are centuries old, gnarled with age, and hoary with mo^s The yields per acre are tremendous and the quality is good but most of the fruit is pressed for wine. Moselle The vineyards which clothe the steep gorges of the ^ -^»ne and MoseUe rivers in Germany are the ultimate in spectacular and laborious fruit growing Slopes It an angle of forty-five decrees, or more are terraced !nd planted. Narrow shelves are cut in the face of t^? cliff and covered with soil brought up from the lower slopes on the broad backs of German peasant , men and women. Some of these terraces are mere POckets of soil holding only 15 to 20 vines. The surface of the soil is covered with fragments of rock to prevent erosion, absorb heat and conserve moisture^ The labor of many generations has been expended in terracing these cliffs. Contrasts with America. An American is impressed with the industry and thrift of European fruit growers They work long hours for a very moderate recompense, and live frugally. American fruit growers, as a class, are more prodigal. We also take bigger risks. Some day America may be forced to practice the economies of Europe. The taxes of the European fruit grower are far heavier than ours We are fortunate in not having as large a non-productive population to support — armies, navies, royalty, and aristocracy. — 56 — In Europe, fruit growing is a personal relation between the grower and his trees; he is a husbandman and a craftsman. In America, fruit growing is a business as well as an art; success depends fully as much on shrewdness in buying and seUing, and in handling labor, as on cultural My observation was that European fruit growers are not happy and contented as their American brethren. How could they be, when they live in constant dread of ''the next war,'' which always seems to be imminent? More than 10,000,000 young men were killed in the last tragic struggle; most of them came from farm homes. Europe is im- poverished today by the loss of her young manhood. She should have our sympathy, and our moral support to help prevent another great war, for every war falls heavily on the farmer, both in blood and mone- tary loss. Export Outlook. There would be a market for large quantities of American apples, peaches and canned fruits in Europe if trade relations were normal. I found little encouragement, however, for the hope that better international relations will soon restore the export trade we have lost, and open up new markets. America is rather cordially disliked in Europe. They think we are selfish. They point to our restrictive immigration laws, our quarantine acts which debar the importation of European nursery stock, our high tariff walls which shut out many European products that previously had access to our markets. But Europe is tarred with the same stick. The intense economic nationalism which has sprung up since the great war, as evidenced by embargoes, quotas, tariffs, import Ucense taxes, compensation exports, and other restrictions, have raised the greatest barriers to foreign trade in history. Our apple exports have dropped from 24,000,000 bushels in 1926 to about 10,000,000 bushels. Yet the American apple industry was built on the prospect of a reasonable foreign trade. Land in apple trees cannot be put into another crop quickly, as it can with wheat. Great Britain, hitherto our chief export outlet for apples, now has preferential trade agreements with her Dominions. The slogans ''Buy British'' and "Buy Empire" are being highly publicized, and carry great weight. I saw some very indifferent apples from Australia in London labeled "British to the Core." So it appears that unless positive steps are taken by the United States, under the Reciprocity Trade Agreement Act, to open the channels of trade that now are clogged by barriers of all kinds, we may expect a constantly dwindUng export outlet for our apples. We can only hope that the recent proposals of President Roosevelt to discuss reciprocal trade relations and stabilization of currency with certain European powers may point the way to better days. SOME IMPORTANT FRUIT INSECTS OF 1936 H. E. HODGKISS, State College, Pa. A survey of insect conditions on fruit trees indicates that the year has been notable in that unexpected situations predominated among insect pests. The Periodical Cicada, Brood X, emerged according to — 57 — schedule but there ».s no oAer W'j'^-^'SS'oM^c'f r^ JSr ir tStKe e'JteTw SafL-rather than ..a.e-wide °'^Thp"'periodical Cicada occurred chiefly in the counties east of the AlSheryTlltel^ ^Individuals or isolated colonies were located , few western counties but the heavy i°ff t^* «^. ^f s„!ierset Countv counties extended westward as far as ^^^^ mcludmg Some^^^^^ County^ Throughout the entire area apple or other fruit \^^^|/^f^/^;S damaged. Many apple growers claimed that ^^e losses were greater than in 1919 Young and old trees were cut badly. However, tnose wWch were not of bearing age suffered the most severely. It was not uncommon to observe that entire young plantings were wiped out In a number of orchards the fruits on cut branches sometimes were EriveS" Some fruit growers claimed that the cutting of ta^ branches resulted in a greater sizing of apples back of the cut ends, rnntrnl nractices were limited to protecting young trees. <^heese- clo^h^'ir^^^^^^^ in most instates The^^^^^^^^^^ ^ entire tree above the lowest branches or the tips of terminals were lett Scover^^^^^ In Cumberland County a fruit grower used cornstalks^ He sS these up and into the branches. The protection was given to SL th^were^S to 8 years old and was very satisfactory except where The enTof tw'gs or small limbs extended beyond the protection^ The apple curculio was destructive to apple ^^f ^^^^^^^^^^^ Ppnnsvlvania This is long snouted and closely related to the species fhat aS c^^^^^^ as nut curculios. It occurs chiefly in orchards wholly or "^ by woods or where individual hickory walnut or thorn trees are growing rather plose to the orchard. The rnXcurcuho can not be controlled by the usual schedule spraymg with lead ariS^^ on account of its breeding habit. The eggs are inserted into ?ounnewVformed apples. The grubs hatch from the eggs and remafn iKrap^^^ until the new beetle has matured. Many of the Xted fru£ d'rSp to the ground. Those ^^-\^^-^-ZS^^^^^ become knobbed and deep narrow openings occur at points ot original £ry The new brood of beetles often commence to emerge early m July There is some feeding by these adults on maturmg .appl?^ but the insects seek winter protection rather early and remam m hibernation until the following spring. u ^ • There has been a definite widespread increase in the number of in- fested orchards during the past five years. If this condition is a cri- Sion f or evit^^^^ tL problem it is full time to f amilianze f -it g- wer^^ with the special suppression practices that are required Any fruit grower who\as had occasion to fight this pest knows that it can come back strong despite all the efforts that have been expended on control A complete%leanup and destruction of all early drop ^PPl^s, the removal of brush in adjacent fence rows, or wild growth m nearby fields the removal and destruction before the end of June of all ^pples on the trees that show evidences of curculio injury and ^he thorough and complete coverage of foUage and young fruits between P^^f^/.f ^ ^^^^ end of July with the lead arsenate-powdered milk combination spray, — 58 — or the usual insecticide-fungicide combination when the spray applica- tions coincide with the regular spraying schedule are necessary practices. In order to have a coverage on the young apples a special spray may be required between the petal fall and first cover sprays. Another beetle that was destructive over a rather wide area is com- monly named the rose beetle. This is not the well-known yellow colored rose chafer. The rose beetle is about the same shape and smaller than the two-spotted ladybird beetle. Its color is a uniform briUiant green. The beetle is not easily recognized at first but if the adults are not seen the pecuUar marks left in the wounds or young apples place the miscreant easily. The cuts in the apples appear as if made by mice which have left characteristic tooth marks. The beetles commence feeding on the fruits within a short time after the apples are set and continue until the fruits are quite sizable. The apples may become malformed and in heaUng the cut surface is covered with thickened corky tissue. This layer cracks as the apple sizes. In some varieties of apples the corky covering breaks off leaving a smooth, russeted surface on the injured area of the malformed apple. Apples even slightly injured are not suitable for the commercial apple pack. Our information on the life history, habits and control of this insect is somewhat meager. The field observations have indicated that the beetles emerge early and prefer to feed on apples that are not protected with a coating of lead arsenate. They have been observed to eat through the surface where a lead arsenate coating was not complete. It would appear as if the best control practice is to cover the young apples with a lead arsenate-spreader combination spray in between the petal fall spray and the first cover spray and to maintain a coverage of lead arsenate until the beetles have disappeared from the trees. The rose beetle is so capable of causing extensive damage that growers having trouble with the insect should aim to keep it in subjection. A discussion of apple pests would not be complete if the acarina or mites were omitted. The European red spider has become a perennial invader of our orchards. While it occurs on stone fruits as well as the pome fruits we are particularly concerned with the damage to apple trees. This has become more evident as growers have become accustomed to use newer sprays or to a reduction in the dilution of Ume sulphur that has been recommended in order to avoid burning of the foliage. The aim of the initial control practice is to destroy the eggs. A spraying oil is the most satisfactory insecticide. Combinations of creosote oils and oil emulsions have not worked out as well as the oil sprays applied uncombined. Spraying oils with lime sulphur solution used as delayed dormant sprays are of doubtful utility. A few growers have applied summer spraying oils on trees in full foUage with disastrous results. Yet it is probable that the solution of the red spider problem is to apply a summer spraying oil as a supplement to the regular dormant spraying oil which is applied against the eggs. The reason for the apparent contradiction in statements is not diffi- cult to explain. It is not easy to arrange for a program of spraying pre- ceding the application of a summer oil spray that will permit the sum- — 59 — ryf^vv^-rfr'^Ty "'"•-'"> •-''">>■" — ^■'•r^^ir-i- '=^ :■>» ■\-f'*'>'^^fzJ;'' 'fif^.^Jrf^y~-'trr^' 'r^;} i^\\ '■' . • S'', f-''C tner oil to be used with a reasonable degree of safeness to the fohage K is recoeSed that improper dilutions of summer spraymg oils will cluse severe foliage and fruit burning in the presence of the usual cover- age of^me sulphur solution. Where foliage burmng has occurred the ofl has b^en u^ed within a short interval of time after lime sulphur sprays have been discontinued. Last year the excessive breeding of the mites resulted in a severe bronzinrof apple foUagp throughout the southeastern counties In orTr to demonstrate that summer oil sprays could be used with a reason- Se freedom from burning, comparisons were made in a Chester County Sid in which a summer oil was applied at intervals of 2, 3 4 5 and 6 weeks after t^^ lime sulphur was omitted. The oil was diluted at the Tte of 5 quarts in 100 gallons of spray at each application. The com- nar's?ns Xi^^^^^^^^ Severe burning of the foliage occurred on Crand Stayman apple trees where the oil was used two weeks after fheTme sulph^^^^^ applied. A small amount of fohage injury showed where the o^^ was used three weeks after lime sulphur. Where the oil Tpray was put on four, five and six weeks after the lime sulphur was dis- continued no injury was noticeable. Two comparisons of copper sprays were included in the test Where a 2-6-100 Bordeaux mixture was mixed with the oil and applied three weeks after Ume sulphur fohage injury occurred. In another block of Stavmarappks a copper spray was applied 10 days after lime sulphur S^ts waS^ one week by a spray of summer oil. No fohage injury occurred. The red spider control was satisfactory and the discolored foliage appeared to regain its vigor. The trees matured a good crop of apples. The Peach leaf mite, Phyllocoptes cornutus Banks is often named the silver leaf mite on account of the deep lead coloration of leaves that are infested by the acarids. The mites are spindle shaped crelturer^^ 1- 125 of an inch in leng h. Unlike niany Sr eriophyids this species does not cause any noticeable proturber- ances on the leaf surfaces. The ultimate deep leaden color of the fohage comes on so gradually that few fruit growers recogmze that the normal coloration has changed. The condition was recognized in 1919 when it was observed through- out the southeastern peach growing counties. Since then i have seen the mites and their work each year. The mite infestation has never beL so small that the silver tone has been absent from the foliage. This winter peach buds are alive with the hibernating enophyids. The plant mites hibernate under bud scales and cail be controlled by spring applications of either lime sulphur or a spraying oil made just before ereen begins to show in the buds. It may become advisable to dSroy these pelts. In any case the condition is one that is well worth a thorough investigation. Fruit growers who have banded apple trees as a supplementary practice in fighting heavy codUng moth infestations have inquired from time to time if there was any need for continuing the practice once ttie infestation was under control. In order to obtain some information on the relative merits of the scraping and banding operations some data taken in Adams County orchards were arranged according to infestation and banding records. These trees were of large size and most of the trunks were from 35 to 38 inches in circumference. In one block the trunks had a girth of 45 inches. The regular spraying program was applied completely in each orchard. In orchard Number 1, which had been scraped and banded for one year, 10 trees were examined and 1,412 larvae were taken from beneath the bands. There were 1,315 dead caterpillars and 97 live ones. Orchard Number 2 was unscraped and had been banded only one year. Here more living larvae were found beneath the loose bark above and below the bands than there were under the bands. On five trees only 124 caterpillars were collected beneath the bands, of which 112 were dead. A comparison of orchard Number 1 scraped and banded for one year with a second orchard which had been scraped and banded for two years showed large reductions in codUng moth population by the supplementary practice. In the first case 1,412 larvae were taken under 10 bands. In the second block 353 caterpillars were collected from five bands. A third orchard scraped and banded during 1934, 1935 and 1936 had only 41 worms under five bands. Of 1,806 caterpillars collected 1,600 were dead. The value of a definite program combining scraping, insecticidal bands and a complete schedule of spraying is indicated by the following four year comparisons of conditions in an Adams County orchard before and after scraping and banding. Table 1. Scraping and Banding Apple Trees in Adams County Year Condition No. of Sprays Per Cent of Wormy Apples 1933 1934 1935 1936 Not scra-ped or banded Scraped and treated bands Scraped and treated bands Scraped and treated bands 5 7 7 7 36.0 8.0 6.0 1.4 In Cumberland County an orchard record shows that there was a very small reduction in worminess of fruit during two years when no scraping and banding was done, but there was a decided improvement after the trees were scraped and banded. Table 2. Scraping and Banding Apple Trees in Cumberland County Ye9,r Condition No. of Sprays 1933 1934 1935 1936 Not scraped or banded Scraped and treated bands Scraped and treated bands Scraped and treated bands 9 9 9 9 Per Cent of Wormy Apples 44.2 36.8 5.0 .5 Another example is of three orchards in FrankUn County where a similar plan has been in operation since 1933. — 60 — — 61 — Table 3. Supplements for Sprays in Codling Moth Control Franklin County Year Per Cent Codling Moth Condition Cover ^ ^^ ^ 1 XT Sprays Orch. No. Orch. No. Orch. No. No. 1 2 3 1933 1934 1935 1936 Unscraped burlap bands Scraped and treated bands Scraped and treated bands Scraped and treated bands 6 52.3 7 14.8 7 6.2 7 2.4 18.6 13.6 3.9 .0 15.4 6.5 1.3 .4 It would appear from these data that in heavily mfested orchards the additional cost of the supplementary practice is sufficiently covered by the higher value of the crops as well as the usefulness in reducing the codlini moth population. It should be continued for several years, ^Vh? San Jose scale and the apple maggot deserve more than passing consideration. With the regulations prescribed against these insects by countries importing apples extra efforts are required to prevent even minor infestations on fruits. This is of particular importance in counties where the export trade has not factored to any extent up to the last two or three years. There is more need now than ever for fruit growers to use the July cover spray as a preventive of maggot infestation. In those orchards where the San Jose scale is a menace orchardists would do well to avoid the hurry and confusion that results when the orchards are entirely sprayed during the delayed dormant period and not to become involved in using untried materials. Suitable substitutes have not vet been discovered for the standard spray materials on apple trees despite all the arguments that are used to promote unsafe and unsound recommendations. . , . , „i„„„:„_ A word about the use of insecticides, spraying machinery and cleaning the fruits. There has been a tendency to use machinery and tools that are not sufficient for the job. Spraying for insects must be done thor- oughly. Not one scale insect or egg should be missed. Leaf or bud coverage even at the expense of minor injury must be complete and drenching. Misty sprays have no room in our scheme. You can not drive the spray well enough through the foUage with any type of nozzle yet devised. It is a generally accepted fact that under surface coverage of the foliage must be accomphshed and this means inside work. Ihe tops must be drenched from both the outside and the inside. The tools bv which this can be accomphshed are of value only as they serve the purpose of the individual. The ultimate object is to get the job done in a way that will give a complete coverage of foUage and fruits in the shortest time possible with the outfit available. If the outfits are not able to carry the load the answer to control is to discard these machines for those which will do the job. There is this one standard of com- parison. The machine or part used must be able to do the job in a minimum of time; it must not do just a job pleasing to the eye; the job must be done correctly. By correctly I mean the most economical way to get complete control of the insect infestation and not necessarily the way that is most pleasing because the superficial contrasts are the most striking. — 62 — that Feeds the Tree and limes the Soil j^ Mi M. TiTifc.. ♦^ mill » Li. '^tk >U w ■ir\ -.W Aero GRANULAR ▼ 21% NITROGEN CORRECTS ACIDITY caused by sulphur sprays and decaying oiqanic matter I'ANAM!^^ '- mmxto m¥'*^ Ask for Leaflet F-142 - - - • which tells you more about this NON - LEACHING. HIGH - NITROGEN. HIGH -LIME. GRANULAR FERTILIZER, and how to use it in growing * ■ • - ^ bigger yields of better - quality fruit AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY Producers of Granular Fertilizers 'Aero* Cyanamid—'Ammo-Phos-* — 32% 'Aero* Super Phosphate Harrisburg, Pa. New York, N. Y. *Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. and Principal Foreign Countries Feeds the Tree Evenly Throughout Growing Season — 63 — ■ /":• ^T»> • I -r y^r^^'.y^t? Table 3. Supplements for Sprays in Codling Moth Control Franklin County Per Cent Codling Moth Year Condition Cover — , ^T rA 1. XT Spravs Orch. No. Orch. No. Orch. No. No: 1 2 3 1933 1934 1935 193() Unscraped burlap bands Scraped and treated bands Scraped and treated bands Scraped and treated bands 6 7 7 7 52.3 14.8 6.2 2.4 18.6 13.6 3.9 .0 15 4 6.5 1.3 .4 It would appear from these data that in heavily infested orchards tlie additional cost of the supplementary practice is sufficiently covered by he higher value of the crops as well as the usefulness in reducmg the codling moth population. It should be continued for several years, ^Mli^e^San Jose scale and the apple maggot deserve more than passing consideration. With the regulations prescribed against these inserts by countries importing apples extra efforts are required to prevent even minor infestations on fruits. This is of particular importance in counties where the export trade has not factored to any extent up to the last Two or three years. There is more need now than ever for fruit growers to use the July cover spray as a preventive of maggot i^^^^.^^^^^^' ^^V those orchards where the San Jose scale is a menace ^^^^ardists would do well to avoid the hurry and confusion that results when the orchaid. are entirely sprayed during the delayed dormant period and not to become involved in using untried materials. Suitable substitutes have not vet been discovered for the standard spray materials on apple trecb despite all the arguments that are used to promote unsafe and unsound recommendations. . , «i^.,r.jr..r A word about the use of insecticides, spraying machinery and cleaning the fruits. There has been a tendency to use machmery and tools that are not sufficient for the job. Spraying for insects must be done thor- oughly. Not one scale insect or egg should be missed. Leaf or bud coverage even at the expense of minor injury must be complete and drenching. Misty sprays have no room in our scheme. You can not drive the spray well enough through the foUage with any type of nozzle yet devised. It is a generally accepted fact that under surface coverage of the foliage must be accomplished and this means inside work. Ihe tops must be drenched from both the outside and the inside. The tools bv which this can be accomplished are of value only as they serve the purpose of the individual. The ultimate object is to get the job done in a way that will give a complete coverage of fohage and fruits in the shortest time possible with the outfit available. If the outfits are not able to carry the load the answer to control is to discard these machines for those which will do the job. There is this one standard of com- parison. The machine or part used must be able to do the job in a minimum of time; it must not do just a job pleasing to the eye; the joD must be done correctly. By correctly I mean the most economical way to get complete control of the insect infestation and not necessarily the way that is most pleasing because the superficial contrasts are the most striking. — 62 — that Feeds the Tree and Limes the Soil ■iii.i^ii .1111 "^-■*i^"**-F^W x^ ^i iiil? ■ ■wW' ""'iU.-, Aero GRANULAR .a^'^^ 21a, NITROGEN CORRECTS ACIDITY caused by sulphur sprays and decaying organic matter mmvto m «*«•*■ Ask for Leaflet F-142 • - - - which tells you more about this NON - LEACHING. HIGH - NITROGEN. HIGH -LIME. GRANULAR FERTILIZER, and how to use it in growing - • ■ - ^ bigger yields of better ■ quality fruit. AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY Producers of Granular Fertilizers 'Aero' Cyanamid—'Ammo-Phos'*—32% 'Aero* Super Phosphate Harrisburg, Pa. New York, N. Y. 'Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. and Principal Foreign Countries Feeds the Tree Evenly Throughout Growing Season 63 — • : 'rf}jvpFfi^x!if^TS^^ Another matter that is of essential importance to ^^U fjf g™^ the need for removing excess spray residues from apples as they are beinc orepared fOTmaricet. During the period that the strict imposition SeSe specifications of lead and arsenic was'^^^^^^^^^^ the Drincioal export counties there was little fear from the small grower hatTeSTppTes would be checked on -cou-t of excess i-esidues^ W^h these specifications affecting the smaller 9rchardist as well as th^^ one there is need for the grower to watch more closely the resiaue con SnsTn the fmits. A^ple washing does not ^^qmre a Vjensive outfit for the man who has a few apples nor even a ™fn who has a large annual crop. These conditions can be met and ^^houW be met ^^^^^^^^ purpose of the fruit growing industry to maintain the high quality ot Pennsylvania grown apples for which it has obtained a justly deserved reputation. RESEARCH WORK WITH APPLE INSECTS IN 1936 H. N. WORTHLEY, State College, Pa. Today I propose to review briefly the results obtained by the Agrw culturaTExperiment Station during the past season m fudies dealing with apple insects. The investigations have included materials for use Zi the dormant and delayed dormant sprays the better use of insect^ cides, chemically treated bands, and traps f«;,^««dling 7*h contr^^^^ and a preUminary study of the rose leaf-beetle, Nodonota puncticollis Say. Dormant and Delayed Dormant Sprays As shown in Figure 1, the experiments of 1936 revealed again that the dormant application 'of coal tar oil emulsion gives superior resulte in the control of apple aphids. The commercial ^"^"l^^o^^.^Jich contain 37 per cent tar oil and 46 per cent lubricating oil are used at the rate of 6.5 gallons per hundred. Thus diluted, the spray mixture contains 2.4 per cent tar oil (for rosy aphis) and 3.0 per cent lubricating oil (for San Jose scale). Tar oil alone is known to be of low value against winter eggs of the European red mite. Because of small populations of th^ plit in the test blocks, our experiments to date have failed to show whether or not there is enough lubricating oil in the above mixture to give satisfactory mite control. In 1936 the "silver bud" application of 3 per cent lubricating oil plus 0.5 per cent cresylic acid (treatment 2) gave results nearly equal to tne tar oil. In our tests this mixture has done no damage to the trees, but reports from other States tell of severe injury to the opening buds and it is evident that this combination cannot be recommended 1 his is unfortunate, for it costs about 80 cents less per hundred gallons than treatment 1 and $1.00 less than the "standard" delayed dormant mix- ture of lime sulphur, lead arsenate, and nicotine sulphate (treatment ^j. This latter treatment has given variable results in aphid control. How- ever, the mixture constitutes a single early season spray, and tor tms reason it is still useful except where red mite is a problem or where — 64 — plantings are too large to be sprayed completely during the delayed dormant period. The delayed dormant application of lubricating oil emulsion and sum- mer strength lime sulphur (treatment 4) is about $1.10 per hundred gallons cheaper than treatment 3, and it has been included in the studies for that reason. It has given consistently poorer results in aphis control FIGUT^L 1 TEH CENT f\PPLE Buns INFESTEU WITH APHIDS FOLLOWING SPRAY TREATHE/^T 1355 - t var/et/es at Bi•»•* *'WJ» » ■* ^ i-^f », (5JJ53J^ -IS'Uy (55 'J? 'iSj '^i '5? '^ IS % ;^__3^__^J^ X 2 3 UQSMMI WMEWn WMES WmM WMES WBBIHI Tar oil M Vo Tktrokom o}/ 3 H Lime s<^'pfiF-' *'^'^^«7'T^'v^'5^ '•;• ■ 'i '^^?y^^:^'*ytf^'-^i'^^^^^^ than the other mixtures investigated. This result was very eyiden^^ the fruit in 1933, which was the last year of heavy rosy aphis attack. Growers using this mixture during the past two or three years when rosy aphis damage has been slight, have been satisfied with f f 1^^. The experimental evidence, however, points to the possibility of disappoint- ment if this spray mixture is used in a bad aphis year. Table 1. Codling Moth Control, Heacock Orchard Biglerville, Pa. 1936 Treatment (Am*ts per 100 gals.) Var. 1. L. arsen. 3 lbs., fish oil 1 qt. May 26, June 9, June 22. Flot. sul. 5 lbs.* Black Leaf 40 Ji pint, BS Fixator 5 lbs., July 18, July 29 2. L. arsen. 3 lbs., fish oil 1 qt. May 26. Flot. sul. 5 lbs.* Black Leaf 155-X 5 lbs., June 9, June 22, July 18, July 29. 3. L. arsen. 3 lbs., fish oil 1 qt. May 26, June 9, June 22. Flot. suJ. 5 lbs.* Black Leaf 155-X 5 lbs., June 9, June 22, July 18, July 29. 4. L. arsen. 3 lbs., fish oil 1 qt. May 26. 1 qt. May 26. Flot. sul. 5 lbs.* Black Leaf 155-Z 8 lbs., June 9, June 22, July 18, July 29. 5. L. arsen. 3 lbs., fish oil 1 qt. May 26. Coposil 2 lbs.* Black Leaf 155-0 3 lbs., June 9 Black Leaf 155-0 1.5 lbs., Orthol-K RM 2 qts. June 22, July 18, July 29. 6. Check- No treatment Least significant difference G R G R G R G R G R G R G R Dropped and picked fruit Clean % Wms.per 100 Apples 84.0 94.7 76.2 90.0 75.3 91.6 75.3 93.7 74.6 93.2 45.0 83.9 5.0 6.0 *Fungicides applied only on May 26 and June 9. — 66 — 7.6 2.0 24.0 8.5 20.5 4.5 19.2 6.1 26.2 5.5 84.3 21.6 7.4 4.4 Spray burn % 13.0 8.2 12.7 2.3 18.2 3.3 9.2 2.2 52.2 2.1 12.6 3.6 Gr.-lb. at harvest Pb As208 .041 .019 020 .005 .010 .004 .014 .015 008 .008 .003 .001 .007 .007 .003 .001 .012 .007 .004 .002 Insecticides for Codling Moth Control Table 1 gives schedules and materials used, and results obtained, of a heavily infested block of Grimes Golden and a lightly infested block of Rome Beauty in the orchard of O. J. Heacock at Biglerville in Adams County. The tests involved ''fixed nicotine" substitutes for lead arsenate, several iforms of which are being developed by the Tobacco By-Products and Chemical Corporation. In 1935 one of these materials, used with summer oil emulsion in 5 cover sprays following 3 cover sprays of lead arsenate, gave results in worm control nearly equal to lead arsenate in 5 cover sprays. See Pa. Agr. Exp. Station Bulletin 324. In 1936 all materials were tested in a schedule of 5 cover sprays only to investigate the possibility that control might be obtained without extra applications. On July 14 fruit counts showed the treatments to be about equally effective, with the exception of treatment 3 which already showed poor results. By harvest time, however, as shown in Table 1, worm control was best in treatment 1, where 3 sprays of lead arsenate plus fish oil were followed by 2 sprays of nicotine sulphate plus BS Fixator. This last named material is a dry mixture of bentonite clay with substances that cause it to wet and disperse in the spray tank. A chemical union of the nicotine and bentonite takes place, and the resulting product has both larvicidal and ovicidal properties. It is quite apparent that the 3 sprays of lead arsenate in treatment 1 produced a poison coating that retained its effectiveness longer than the coatings produced by the various experimental nicotines used in treat- ments 2, 4, and 5. In treatment 3, where additional benefit was sought by adding nicotine to lead arsenate in the second and third cover sprays, the lead arsenate appeared to do little good. Apparently the wetting agent in the nicotine formula caused too much run-off, so that the protective coating produced, while nearly adequate on the lightly in- fested Rome Beauty, was insufficient on the more heavily infested Grimes Golden. A second series of spraying tests was conducted in a heavily infested block of Jonathan in the orchard of E. H. Sachs at Biglerville. The results are given in Table 2. Fruit counts on July 13 showed only slight differences in worminess in treatments 1 to 3, where lead arsenate was employed with different stickers. In plot 4 Spreadol (which, like Nopco, is a neutral potash fish oil soap) was supposed to wet the elemental sulphur employed in the first two cover sprays as the fungicide. This it largely failed to do, and the resulting spray mixture gave poor coverage, so that by July 13 this treatment already showed poor results. The fish oil soaps proved to be quite inferior to raw menhaden fish oil as stickers for lead arsenate. Compare treatments 1, 2 and 3 in Table 2. As in former years the fish oil, which may be added to lead arsenate except when Ume sulphur must be used, greatly aided the retention of poison on the fruit and increased the degree of control without producing residues difficult to remove at harvest. The results with treatments 5 to 8 are omitted from Table 2. In these plots various forms of nicotine were tested, with and without copper fungicides and oil sprays. The final results were inferior to those with — 67 — ;' , .>.;:.v.'p^?.""':v /■'^j::^, xvi^:^pYy^^^' '^.:■::^^fT"?^"l'* ?j''?-5>^ ; ;':f^yi>i^:^'y:y^r-^ .tv-.-.. rt^\ v-fis^ ■>>-) ■ ~ treatment 1, and revealed nothing of present practical ^f^^i^ codling moth control. They did show, however, that lime must be added o coDoer fungicides on tender skinned varieties like Jonathan to avoid copper russf t. This fact has a bearing on codling rnoth control or lime reduces the effectiveness of lead arsenate and also of the fixed mcotine compounds. Table 2. Codling Moth Control, Sachs Orchard Biglerville, Pa., 1936 Materials 1. L. araen. — lbs. Flot. Bul. — lbs Fish oil — pts. . Spray Dates Amt. per 100 gals. May 26 June 20 June 10 July 2 July 29 2. L. arsen — lbs.. Flot. sul. — lbs. Spreadol — pts. 3. L. arsen. — lbs. . Flot sul. — lbs. Nopco — pts. . . 4. L. arsen. — lbs. 325 — mesh sul Spreadol — pts. 9. Phenothiaz. — lbs. Flot. sul — lbs Wheat flour— lbs. 10. Phenothiaz — lbs. Flot. sul. — lbs. . . Spreadol — pts. . . Least significant diff. Unsprayed checks . . . 3.0 6,0 1.0 3.0 5,0 1.0 3.0 5.0 1.0 3.0 6.0 1.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 10 3.0 • • • 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 4.0 4 0 4 0 1.0 Clean % Dropped and picked fruit Wms. per 100 Apples 84.0 76.6 77.0 6.5 Spray Injured fruit % 6.4 leaves % 13.3 5.1 14 4 75.4 70.3 13.7 67.8 Gr.-lb. at harvest Pb As203 67.1 .041 .022 .020 .013 5.3 6.2 69.5 .025 .012 72.3 29.8 73.3 4.7 50 1 5.0 29.6 6.0 63.3 7.4 11.6 .018 3.6 I ■ 10.9 2.5 13.9 .004 .003 tr .003 tr Nopco omitted in 5th cover. A new organic insecticide, Phenothiazine, was tested in all cover sprays in treatments 9 and 10. The material is practically non-poisonous to higher animals, but in laboratory tests and field experiments in the Pacific northwest it has proved to be very toxic to codling moth larvae. Under eastern climatic conditions, however, it gave poor control in 1936 wherever it was tried. As may be seen in Table 2 it gave very poor control but far less foUage injury than lead arsenate. It is to be hoped that the chemists can do something to improve this product. The spray injury figures given in table 2 will be discussed later in this program by Dr. H. W. Thurston. It may be mentioned here, however, that this block of trees suffered heavily in 1936 from the egg-laying activities of Brood X of the Periodical Cicada. Unsprayed trees showed over 10 per cent injured foliage due to the extensive riddling of twigs by the female cicadas, and this weakening of the trees is thought to have increased the amount of spray injury. The experiments of 1936 show that lead arsenate with fish oil in all cover sprays, followed by fruit washing, remains the most satisfactory and economical method of reducing large populations of the codling moth under conditions in south-central Pennsylvania. If washing can- not be practised, the use of lead arsenate should be abandoned after the first cover spray on early and mid-season varieties, and after the second cover spray on late varieties. To protect the crop under these conditions subsequent first brood sprays of nicotine should be spaced at intervals not greater than 10 days, and second brood sprays should be applied whenever fresh worm entries are seen. For Pennsylvania conditions, where residues of sulphur may interfere with the application of summer oil emulsions, nicotine sulphate ^ pint with BS Fixator 5 pounds per hundred gallons seems to offer the most promise of any of the substitutes for lead arsenate. Chemically Treated Bands Methods for the home preparation of chemically treated bands were published in Pa. Agr. Exp. Station Bulletin 330. There it was stated that under Pennsylvania conditions cold dipped bands should contain 6.5 pounds of chemical coating per 250-foot roll of 2-inch band. To produce this weight in one dipping process it was recommended that the bands should not be completely immersed in the dipping mixture, but dipped to ^ width from each side. Additional tests were made in 1936 to check this point. Table 3 gives the results, which not only support this statement but show that when bands must be re-dipped a wasteful amount of the chemical mixture may remain in the bands. Tests with Bait and Light to Trap Codling Moths Many of you are familiar with the use of bait traps to estimate codling moth abundance and help in the timing of spray applications. No. 6 in Table 4 gives the catches with this type of trap in 1936. In the experi- mental setup two of these traps were compared with two each of 5 other Table 3. Tests on Two Inch Band, Bream Orchard BiglerviUe, Pa., 1936 Dipped in Chemical Moth %Control % Control Cod-Ban 1.5 lbs. load per emerg. (x-y) 100 of Gasoline 1 pint 250 ft. % X larvae Complete immersion - for 30 seconds. Treated once 5.1 lbs. 1.3 91.7 56.8 Treated twice 13.7 lbs. 0.0 100.0 72.7 Dipped to Ji width • from each side. Treated once 7.6 lbs. 0.12 98.8 71.9 Treated twice 15.6 lbs. 0.19 98.4 89.6 — 68 — — 69 — '•;«ff--'v; ■ ;^- ■:kZXf^'yr'-(y^^y^;i:^_'f^^;'h;:^^^- types that employed bait, li«W. »' > «<>"*™'M''°„°^^^^^ InTtKey^r erreri?:o"eA™i;a i° .Te ne.? .,=^e each day during the season. Table 4. Tests of Codling Moth Traps State College, Pa., 1936 Type of trap Catch of codling moths Per cent ot June 6-Sept. 9, 1936 ^'^^''^^?}?l Total Female % Female Females (666) 212 1. Electracide ... "- ; Vi" i; Tor 2 Trapping shade pamted black -- i^o 3. Trapping shade pamted black only on top and bottom .-^. ^"^ 4. Trapping shade not pamted i^" 5 12'' diam. bait pan with molasses- water 1-10, under reflector _ oo«5 5 6" diam. bait pail with molasses- water 1-10, not lighted ^/ Grand Total 1^^^ 96 89 44.8 44.9 14.3 13.4 86 41 28.1 34.2 12.9 6.1 310 46.8 46.5 45 666 78.9 42.8 6.8 100.0 All but No. 6 lighted by 75-watt inside frosted Mazda lamp. ThP irlPa. that a large proportion of the moths might be trapped out of thev show some progress m that direction. !^o. 5 in iaoie *> wm^u v Drised a T2-inch cake tin containing bait suspended beneath a 75-watt Eufb in a metal reflector caught 7 times more femae «;f hs rocut ng 1- u •+ ^^i^ f^r, ft^ anrl ovpr 3 tiHics Hiore than the eiecirocuuii^ ZtoWo""!) 'xLe eJten^t ^fttsTuperSty over the latter is not clear, however for many electrocuted moths are burned beyond recogn tion^ A a tinsmitTmlde these traps for $1.50 apiece, while the electro u^ type (Folmer Electracide Corporation, Rochestrer, N. Y.) costs at least $15 00 The* trapping shade (Nos. 2, 3, 4) was f P-\^,^f/ g^^^^^^^ norforated to allow the entrance of insects. It is "^^^^^^^^^^^F®^,."; pertorated to auow Q^eensburg, Pa., and in quantity production x^wm probably Xt $ .00 or less. Darkened so that light was emitted on7y hW entrance slots (No. 2) it caught almost as many female 3ng moths as were recovered from the electrocuting trap and rela tively feTother insects. These globes will soon be manufactured m^^^^ a metal base, and means of increasing their effectiveness will be sought by placing Stra^^ this base to be slowly evolved through the slots. — 70 — Their use will have certain advantages over traps containing bait or unshaded light. Fewer beneficial insects will be destroyed, and less frequent inspection will be necessary. With all these devices, however, further perfection through small-scale testing should precede the study of orchard installations for codling moth control. The Rose Leaf-Beetle This is a small, rather stout insect, about ^/e inch long, that belongs to the leaf-beetle family Chrysomelidae. It may be readily recognized by its shining, metallic bronze-green color. For a number of years this beetle has attracted attention as an apple pest in Adams County and some other localities in the State. It makes shallow excavations by chewing through the skin of the fruits, and this damage occurs from late May until about July 1. Most of the injured apples drop. In 1936 the Experiment Station found it possible to assign Mr. Merrill Wood to this problem, and the following statements are based largely on his report of preliminary investigations. This beetle has been known since 1826, but it was first noted to be injurious in 1868, when it was caught feeding on plums. Since then it has been found in the adult stage on a wide range of food plants, in- cluding the tree fruits, brambles, grapes, strawberries, roses (wild and cultivated), peony, red clover, corn, alder, locust, willow, sumac, dog- wood, and Japanese chestnut. The larvae are doubtless root-feeders, but they have not yet been reared, and their host plants are still unknown. In 1936 fruit counts were made in 74 blocks of trees in 47 Adams County orchards, and infestations were found in scattered blocks from the Maryland line to Cumberland County. The amount of damage was extremely variable, and in the worst infested orchard it ran from 1 per cent to 54 per cent injured fruit in different blocks of trees. The notes taken indicate that damage is more severe on the outside lower branches than in the tops of the trees, and that fruit inside the lower foliage walls is the least injured. There was no correlation between beetle abundance and the presence in the vicinity of suspected breeding plants such as rose, red clover, and sweet clover. Infestations were generally worse in uncultivated, weedy orchards (a fact reported by J. R. Stear in 1920) and in orchards either unsprayed or poorly protected than in blocks where it was evident that spraying had been thorough. Feeding was well distributed over the surface of unsprayed apples, but on sprayed apples was concentrated on those portions of the surface that retained the least spray material. Injury was most common in "doubles'* or clusters of unthinned fruit. In the laboratory Dr. S. W. Frost confined beetles with sprayed and unsprayed apples in bottles, and the results suggested that a good coat- ing of lead arsenate will either kill or repel the beetles. In the field the beetles were first seen on apple on May 25. They were most abundant during the first two weeks of June, and disappeared from apple during the first week in July. They were found on the blossoms of red clover — 71 — hA^'vr-;>:-;^:vi<^^fr:^7^^>vr*7- ' ,'.:>'-7.-.T'«iF»»'^:-; Sat eKiS ois-'dVringi'laLr feeding period on herbaceous ■""Che, study of this bee«e is P^»-^;,,f S„Tt««rn°aS'„'S spraying, »«i"»"> °«™™"f ,i%'Sfe S^" feed. For the present Z £fs„°iesM S»^ ^^ ~Sta^15L^^.1 S^y'iTL'Sdr.aTatrinlriT.versp»y. and to nraintain this coverage during June. \ s SPRAY MATERIALS IN RELATION TO SPRAY INJURY* H. W. THURSTON, JR., State College, Pa. Tt i. obvious to all of us that the ideal fungicide for the spraying of It IS obvious ^o^" "' " „„ph a fungicide should be toxic to patho- ^PP-'^f-fn^aJd at the sie ^toe nonTnlurious to the apple tree^ These "^[HESFail S^HHi" c |'sSr\t=d with you today. n„r two creat groups of fungicides, the sulphurs and the coppers, a'finSSe kills he S[irea of a parasitic fungus is the same as that by :SeS''£™tohet|».e^^^^^^^^^^ * :rX^ e"'l'st J,™lt rhe°4fore, a^alance^^^^^^^^^^^ efficLcv on the one hand, and spray injury on the other. Thus it Mien 'appTars^Sat a gain in either "I *«» ""er. " "«''■»'"'""=<' ">' " comsponding loss on the other side of the balance. . - *A talk based on this data was also delivered to the Maryland Fruit Growers Asso- ciation on Jan. 6, 1937. --72 — control of the experimenter. Before reporting on the detailed results of some of these tests as they have been conducted in Pennsylvania, perhaps I should emphasize the complicated nature of what we call spray injury. Sulphur sprays frequently cause a fruit russet. This may be aggra- vated early in the season by late spring freezes and unseasonable cold weather. It may also be aggravated by hot weather later in the season, as was the case this past year. Foliage injury appears as brown dead spots, as yellow leaves and as early defoliation. Copper may also cause a fruit russet and foliage injury, usually rather distinct from sulphur injury. Injury from lead arsenate or calcium arsenate adds a further complicating factor. In any test of materials it is desirable to separate these various factors as far as possible. The aim of field tests should be to furnish a detailed analysis of the behavior of the better fungicides — to learn just what can be expected from each one in the way of disease control, to learn what type and how much injury may be expected and under what conditions this injury is most likely to appear. It is only from such an analysis that we will be able to synthesize, or put together again, a more ideal spray schedule. Such a schedule, as I see it, does not necessarily use one fungicide throughout the season but may call for two or three different fungicides at different times, depending upon the season. The ideal schedule is no longer a fixed and definite thing, no longer the same for everyone or the same for all varieties of apples, or even the same in successive years. I have no such ideal schedule to propose. I have only the results from some field tests which I hope make some contribution to the type of analysis I have mentioned, and in that way perhaps contribute also to a firmer foundation for the future. Chart No. 1. This chart shows fruit injury on the same tree, in the same orchard, sprayed with same sprays in two successive years. It provides a good example of the combined effect of seasonal conditions and sulphur sprays in producing fruit russet on a variety susceptible to this type of injury. In 1935 the injury was the result of the combina- tion of sulphur with a late spring cold snajp. Of the three sulphur plots comparable at this time (pre pink and pink) the one receiving dilute liquid lime sulphur (Plot No. 2) was the only one that significantly reduced the injury. That this injury was not due to the cold weather alone is shown by the lack of such injury on the unsprayed check trees. That the injury was not appreciably increased by the later sprays is indicated by the very small difference between Plot 1 and those plots which received mild or substitute materials in the later applications. 1936, however, tells a different story. In this year the fruit russet was brought about by sulphur in combination with the unusual July heat. Plots 6, 7, and 8 which received.no sulphur after petal fall, escaped this injury almost entirely, while Plot No. 4 which received flotation sulphur in the petal fall and cover sprays is significantly the best of the sulphur plots. The season of 1936 was especially favorable in bringing out and emphasizing the difference between sulphur sprays with regard to injury. — 73 — 6T fiiV M M'STAJE C0LLE6E~/«6 Trgd.tmgnt of Plots I. Lime Sulphur Staix^ard 3 .. .. I -100 -f <^» Catalytic Pre- Bloom *f. LS-St4n Treat men t of Plots I. Lime Sulphur Standard 5¥0 5i7 ^1 X 3. S. 1. Pre- Bloom LS- Standard /-7S / - /oo^fJf*Cata|ytic Pr»-flioom + fttal Fall L S. - Standard ptetai Fail f 3 Covers Flotation 5''-/oo DryLS. ^"-100 f. Check- HoSpnLy 3 Cover Sprays Bordeaux X'(>-/oo V^op Phos.,8^ime,i^*'B«ntonltc j*Copo$i|,3*Lim€ hlo Spro/ 1136 Fruit Russet Srilpharf July Heat rt.f 0 o o.ft /i f s f- i 3 7 / a. ^ 7ffec¥3a.^/ , Chart No. 2 i-. n r> Comparison of fruit and foliage injury on Stayman Winesap, State College, Fa. 1936. Figures at top of columns represent percent of injury. Figures at base of columns are plot numbers corresponding to spray treatments as indicated. Chart No. 3. Presents a second experiment conducted in a com- mercial orchard in Adams County, Penna. and involves a comparison between 10 different forms or combinations of sulphur and an unsprayed check. The figures represent averages of 12 repUcates for each treat- ment. Both sets of data were secured by counting fruit and leaves on the trees during August, 200 fruits and 25 terminals per tree were counted. Since the crop was a light one, the fruit counts represent almost the entire crop. As in the experiment at State College, it will be observed that the differences between these materials were brought out very nicely in the case of fruit injury, but were not nearly so pro- nounced on the foliage. The foliage injury was high on all the plots, running to 17.4% on the unsprayed check. This leaf mjury to the check trees was due largely to the attacks of cicada and was emphasized by the hot weather, which doubtless in part explains the high per- centage of foliage injury on all the plots. These figures indicate more average grower. This was wougni recommended to the sulphur in a l^^^^^^ ™"^£r,Le fK^^ of making clear any differ- growers by our Spraying bervice lor t ^ rpj^j.^^ schedules ences in the relative safety of he k^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^,^^^ ^^^ were followed. The farst "sing uqu ^^.^^ ^ ^^^^ various milder ^'^Iphu^V/^j *J^^^^^^^^^ sulphur throughout dilute hquid li"^^f^lfe^°f'o strengths of liquid lime sulphur were the season. In the t^ird, two strengins h ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^^ used throughout t^e season In the farst gro^^^^^ ^ magnetic flotation sulphur and sulcoloid ^S Ve &Les were slight and sulphur for use as cover sprays though tne ^ ^^^ ^^^ .^ CeS^utTSely tiAuS^mf suFpL 1-100 fortified with STAYMAN&BLACK"r\VIG''5ACH50RCHARD 1936 Treatmeht of Plots 5EFORE BLOOM H AFTER Blf>Ort 1 Uhe Solphuo i-4a i. Lime SulPMOo 1-50 MAGNEnc. - S-100 FljOrATION.... 5^100 &ui.coi.oio...-i. «• •• t- Catalytic 4*ioo g , " - * rLOTATlON ii'loo ,Q . " .< ♦ Sulcoloio 5-100 c A a to Chart No. 3 jt.iv Comparison of fruit and foliage injury to a mixed block of Stayman and Black Twig. Sachs Orchard, Adams Co., Pa. 193b. . i r.« Figures at top of columns represent percent of ™; J^^^^^^^^^^ are plot numbers corresponding to treatments as mdicated. All plots received cover sprays containing fungicide. — 76 — either flotation sulphur or magnetic sulphur was definitely more m- iurious than the same strength of liquid fortified with either catalytic sulphur or Sulcoloid. Flotation sulphur used in this way was decidedly the worst of the four. In the third group (Plots 1 and 5) the dilute liquid Ume sulphur was, of course, safer than the standard strength. Of the three safest sulphurs as measured by fruit injury, two also appear among the three safest as measured by foliage injury. If the story so far appears to place standard Uquid lime sulphur in the most unfavorable position with regard to the amount of injury pro- duced, it should be kept in mind that the disease control factor has not here been evaluated. JOA/a™/V- S^CHS ORCHARD \?56 ^-t l^Artmxtm!^ «. VoTIt/ /. IS^ SCorers 2. M M 2 • m f5 t* M S. (»" 2 Coy^rj L It •* 7. $t •* 8. m f* 9. M/i^ /o- It />«r//" injury 7 to I ¥ 3 2. y MM I /O'' F/ot. Ski, H - 8* Cof>. f>kos to' f'iot Juf, io 9 a T c s ^ ' ^ V Chart No. 4 Comparison of fruit and foliage injury on Jonathan, Sachs Orchard, Adams Co., Pa. 1936. . !_ r 1 Figures at top of columns represent percent of injury. Figures at base ot columns are plot numbers corresponding to treatments as indicated. Chart No. 4. These data on spray injury were secured from some plots laid out primarily for the purpose of testing materials and schedules designed for codling moth control. They are of interest here because of the Ught they throw on the effect of lead arsenate in compUcating the — 77 — I general picture of 'spray injury. The figures Jown in the f-yhree Charts were all taken ■;«"; -P^;;^ ^ealon^^^^ or amount arsenate were equal on all plots 1°^^ t'^?^^!^^''"rf. „„„ trees were sprayed Srltul^S'? raSi?S w£b, .nd.ec. *«„„ U, as much foliage injury as Plots 5, 6, ^'.f which receivea ^^ 6 pounds of lead. Correspondmgly Plots Jj^^ 1" wji e ^^^^ ^^ich lead in the cover sprays show less than J^^^^^'^^.JX fungicide used was received 6 pound. Companng Hot 5jwh -^^^^ J^/,,, ,, lead, but '^^""J^p^e^ITiXX'e^^^ that the use of sulphur increased the amount of foliage mjury. ,^ In t^jg The fruit injury was negligible except on the copper p^^^^^^^ ^^^^ experiment both Coposil and copper phosphate were useawii lii^e as a softener, thejime having been omitt^^^^^^^^^^ lead arsenate because it is known to mterf ere with tne.best results irom and second, to find out just how mjurious these t J f^^^^^^^^^ W might be, when used without lime At the "^te^ oi app ^. the copper phosphate actually «o°tain^f, '^^„SgThe greater the Coposil so it is not surprising to find it P'^oa"<'V^,f^^^fvr. _i„ts jg not of injury. The difference in fruit injury among the other plots believed to be significant^ ____——————= ►<.\r. /i KAYSO, Spray Spreader and Adhesive, is an ^^ essential aid in producing clean fruit: retards ty£l\£(r^\ harmful chemical reactions in the tank, thereby WKKmJI^J making the spray safer to apply. It is especially ^^s,»t^.Ui»*i^ valuable with Lime Sulphur and A-senate of L^d * as it retards the formation of the objectionable black sludge, but can be used with all standard sprays or combinations. KAYSO can now be used at the rate of M pound to each hundred gallons of liquid spray. * 'Spreads the Spray and Makes it Stay" Send for literature and name of nearest dealer. GOLDEN STATE SALES CORPORATION 99 Hudson Street New York, N. Y. 5CAB COIYfROL v. 5ULPHUR IMJURY 3rAYMAN-y^«IA/T05H "•'* If3f-I<}3G Sulphur Rwbsct on Stayman /93<» V} (A Scab Corxifol on l.,5. itand All Spr».y& AH bpra.ys AKSP'-g-yS Fht PFitjCo^xirS Chart No. 5 Percentages at tops of columns indicate percent of fruit scabby, Mcintosh 1935, or russet, Stayman 1936. Chart No. 5. In this chart an attempt is made to picture for you the behavior of four sulphur spray schedules as tested for a two year period on two different varieties of apples. Here we attempt to balance fungicidal efficiency, as measured by scab control on a scab susceptible variety (Mcintosh) in a bad scab year (1935) with injury produced by the same spray schedule on a variety susceptible to sulphur russet (Stayman) in a year (1936) when such injury was pronounced. It will be noticed that, in general, as the injury has been reduced the amount of uncontrolled scab has been increased. The one exception is a com- bination of 1-100 liquid Ume sulphur fortified with so-called catalytic sulphur and used throughout the season. Needless to say we consider this a most promising material and if it continues to prove worthy m other seasons and in the hands of other experimenters it will no doubt find its place. This sort of comparison also shows one of the reasons why the uniform spray program has lost considerable of its uniformity in recent years. It is definitely possible to use a safer form of spray on varieties that are very susceptible to sulphur injury provided only that they are not at the same time extremely susceptible to scab. — 78 — — 79 — ^?rl^ ■"-'^^'^Ssfl 'T^WxTw^ 'r*\^V ■■'^' -?*^Tii>"3 'SCABCONTROL v. COPPfR INJURY M^IAITOiH FRUIT Early Sprays nrou^h Petal Fall standard LiiU'd Lim« Solfhur jy.o^- Sca.b 3 Cover 5prayi /. Bordeaux _S.-(,-l00 .Hfd.Lim* 3 -'00 3. Copper Phos. ¥- /oo Hyd. Ljmo. Bcotonit« y- 100 Copptr Roaat on Ffoit— 1136 Borclc«.«/J( ]o./7% Cftpobil Copp*r Phosphate Chart No. 6 Percentages at top of columns indicate percent scab for 1935 and russet for 1936. Chart No. 6. Spray schedules designed to give a .'"a'^i™^"; ^^^^'^he control in the early sprays and a maximum of safety from injury in tne cover sprays have led to an increasing use of Bordeaux cover sprays. In Pennsylvania we have not generally recommended Bordeaux cover sprays but we are interested quite definitely in the Possibilities of find- ing Jcopper spray as effective as Bordeaux and less productive of copper injury. This chart shows two years' results with three of these copper sprays used as cover sprays, following standard hq^^dime sulphur through petal fall. The figures are from the variety Mcintosh which is not particularly susceptible to copper russet but they K^^/ «o°l;^!,^^ of what may be expected in the way of scab control. Had the copper russet been measured on a variety like Ben Davis our mjury figures would doubtless have been much higher, but presumably the three materials would have maintained the same relation to each other. Bordeaux could doubtless have been made to give better control, but when, as here, it is used weak enough to avoid excessive injury the control is not satisfactory. Coposil used as recommended by the manu- facturer evidently does not contain sufficient copper either to control — 80 — scab satisfactorily or to produce injury. Copper phosphate has definitely reduced copper injury when combined with Bentonite and lime and has stood up well from the point of view of scab control. From the figures presented it becomes evident that each one of the principal ingredients of the common spray mixtures is apt to produce «erious injury. Such injury cannot at present be entirely avoided if the purpose of spraying is to be accomplished. It is evident that a careful adjustment of spray schedules to varieties and to the mam disease and insect problems in any orchard must be made in such a manner as to take into account both control and injury. In many cases excessive injury can perhaps be avoided without too great a sacrifice in control. THE RELATION BETWEEN SPRAYING METHODS AND APPLE DISEASE CONTROL R. S. KIRBY, State College, Pa. The reason for the differences in disease control obtained by growers has been a question and a study for some time. Spraying information has given uniform timing and materials to the grower with successful control as well as to the grower who has had poor control of scab. Brook s spot, and sooty blotch. Spraying methods then must be the factor causing the difference in control. This study is a continuation of the one started three years ago and first reported on in 1935. To date, over 450 orchards have been visited and the percentage of diseased apples determined for the lower outside part of the trees, the lower inside part of the trees, and the tops ot the trees. The study has been limited to orchards where the total percentage of diseased fruit on the lower outside part of the trees was five per cent or less. The figure five per cent was taken since that is the upper limit of the aim of spraying information. The lower outside part of the tree was selected as the criterion since the apples on this part of the tree are closest to the person applying the sprays and therefore should obtain the best coverage of spray. When the apples on the lower outside part of the tree have five per cent or less of disease, it indicates that the timing and spray material were such as to hold the total disease within the spraying objective. Differences in the amount of disease in the lower inside and top of the tree can be largely attributed to spray meth- ods. In practice this procedure slightly favored the poorer spraying methods. Severe scab infection on the inside and tops of the trees tends to spread to the apples on the lower outside and raise the total disease above the five per cent limit. In making the counts, average-sized and average-pruned trees were selected in each orchard. Most of these trees were from 15 to 25 years old and from 17 to 24 feet high, and had a limb spread of 2 to 7 feet greater than the tree height. — 81 — ^^W-^^ll'TS yjj'^^f^;.-frfp.T\iii:r ■??';■.« ,v'./^.,A. Percentage of Diseased Apples Occurring in Different Parts of Sprayed Apple Trees. FEET 20 ^^ M ^\ ^^^J]/SCAB 6.6 c5\ y! BROOKS 3 ^ , ^ ) SOOTY 9 >-/ 7 10 1 > 7.8 t / ■ % / SCAB 2. 1 SCAB >y 1 0^ / / BROOKS .7 BROOK s\ .2^-, ^ I / SOOTY 1 .8 4 .9 SOOTY \ 3 ) 1 5 ^7 O- ^ 349 Figure 2 SPRAYING WITH ONE SINGLE NOZZLE GUN. FROM GROUND- OUTSIDE -INSIDE & UP THROUGH FROM GROUND -OUTSIDE- INSIDE FROM GROUND- OUTSIDE ONLY FROM SPRAYER TANK, SPRAYING WITH SINGLE AND MULTIPLE NOZZLE GUNS. Percentage and Total Number of Disease Infections per 100 Apples Occurring in Different Parts of Unsprayed Trees. 1934-1936. FROM- TANK- MULTIPLE GUN. GROUND- SINGLE GUN -INSIDE FROM -TANK -MULTIPLE GUN. GROUND -MULTIPLE GUN- INSIDE FROM -TANK -SINGLE GUN. GROUND- SINGLE GUN- INSIDE FROM- TANK- MULTIPLE GUN. GROUND- MULTIPLE GUN -OUTSIDE. --82 — — 83 — 5i SPRAYING WITH MULTIPLE NOZZLE GUN. FROM GROUND- OUTSIDE- INSIDE FROM SPRAYER TANK. Figure 1 gives the percentage of scab, Brook's spot, and sooty blotch occurring in the 349 sprayed orchards checked where there was hve per cent or less disease on the lower outside. The occurrence of disease is also given for the various parts of trees for 18 unsprayed orchards. In the 349 sprayed orchards, the total disease on the lower outside was 1 5 per cent of which scab was 1 per cent and Brook's spot and sooty blotch one-half per cent. On the lower inside parts of the tree there occurred 4.9 per cent total disease or over three times as many diseased apples. In the tops of the trees there occurred 7.8 per cent diseased apples, or over 5 times as many diseased apples as occurred on the lower outside parts of the trees. The question then arises as to the cause ot three times disease increase on the inside of the trees and hve times in the tops of the trees. If most diseased apples come from the tops ot the trees, is this due to the spraying method or to the natural occurrence of more disease on the tops of trees? This question is answered by the records of disease in unsprayed trees. In unsprayed trees there is less scab. Brook's spot, and sooty blotch in the tops then in either the inside or outside lower parts ot the trees. The amount of each of the three important apple diseases is greatest in the lower inside part of the tree. The counts in unsprayed apple trees show that apple diseases, on the average, cause from 1.^ infections per apple to 1.9 infections per apple and that spraying must take into account that diseases are the most severe on the lower inside part of the trees. The counts in the average sprayed tree compared with unsprayed indicates that spraying has not met the situation in the • — 84—- tops of the trees since the spraying has allowed an increase of five times more disease in the tops than in the lower outside when there should have been a decrease in the top as indicated by the unsprayed trees. These comparisons also indicate that more attention should be given to disease control in the lower inside parts of the trees since disease is normally most severe there. Figure 2 gives the total percentage of disease occurring in the three different parts of the trees with 11 different spraying methods. Spraying with Single Nozzle Guns A single nozzle spray gun was employed in the first four methods. In the first method are the results from 103 orchards where the man applying the spray went inside the trees and sprayed the underside of the lower branches, made a special effort to spray up through the inside of the tree so as to thoroughly cover the underside of the top branches, and then sprayed the outside. The orchards following this method had one per cent disease on the lower outside and two per cent on apples on the inside and top of the tree. This method gave an average of 1.3 per cent total disease which was the lowest of any spraying method. The method also gave the highest percentage of orchards having five per cent or less total disease. Only two orchards out of the 103 sprayed with this method had over five per cent average disease. The second method is similar to the first with the exception that a special effort was not made to spray up through the inside of the tree to cover the top branches. The 22 orchards found following this method had 12 per cent or six times as much disease on the tops as method one where a special effort was made to spray the tops of the trees from the inside. There was a one per cent increase in disease on the inside of the trees over method one, but the same amount of disease occurred on the lower outside part of the trees with both methods. In the third method, all of the spray was applied by a worker walking around the outside of the tree. In the fourth method, the spray was applied by a worker who rode on the sprayer tank. Both the third and fourth methods show that without inside spraying, the percentage of disease on the lower inside parts of the tree will be 7 to 14 times greater than with inside spraying and that there is a decided increase in the amount of disease in the top and lower outside parts of the trees. Spraying from the tank places the operator nearer the top of the tree than ground spraying and made a decrease in the amount of disease in the tops of the trees. The results obtained by the growers following the first four methods show that a single nozzle gun is only effective when the operator uses it in such a way as to obtain complete coverage. Inside spraying seemed to be the most important factor in reducing disease in the lower inside parts of the trees and spraying up through the inside was the only method by which disease could be held below five per cent in the tops of the trees. Spraying with One Multiple Gun Three methods of spraying with a multiple gun were employed by growers. — 85 — .:fcl.i<^'-'^f^-:z^[-'' Tn the first method the operator went under the trees and sprayed the ini as thoroughly as Possible; then caine out and spr^^^^^^ part of the trees. The six growers using thi^™J*^«ifh*;'°/„^s'"bS h^^^ Lntrol of disease on the lower outside and ins de of tjl?^ trees but had li„hi ner cent of disease in the tops of their trees, i he average per centage of dSease in this method was 3.7 per cent which indicates hat S method even with its tendency toward meffectiveness in the tops of trees should be considered as successful. In the second spray method with a multiple "^^f .^""' ^^^f K| was accomohshed by the operator walking around the outside oi the Trees Sresults of the six growers using this method were veiy similar fothosJobtaTed by the growers usmg a «-g^«.-;-^\f J^^U ^Z^ manner. There was three per cent disease on the lower outside with a five to eight times increase of disease on the mside and 7 to 12 times increase of disease over the lower outside in the top. The multiple nozzle gun however, seemed to penetrate somewhat better than the Sngt as?ts use resulted in a reduction of over 33 per cent of the total disease in the tree over the single nozzle gun. In the third method with a multiple nozzle gun used from the sprayer tank there was an average of 14.3 total disease with the disease reaching 23 per cent Tn the top of the tree. The multiple nozzle gun as used from ?Knk by nine growers was approximately 33 per cent more effective than the single nozzle gun used by seven growers from the tank. Growers spraying with a multiple nozzle gun have not obtained as good disease control as with single nozzle guns when spraying from the Iround inside and outside. Growers have obtained better average disease control with multiple than with single guns when spraying only from the outside of the trees. Spraying with Two Guns, Multiple or Single Nozzle, and Various Combinations A number of growers having larger orchards are using two guns per tree to speed up the spraying operation. The control of disease in the different parts of trees using four of these methods are given m Figure 2 In each of these methods, one operator is using a spray gun from the sprayer tank and a second operator is spraying from the ground. In the first combination gun method a multiple nozzle gun was used from the tank and a single nozzle gun was used by an oP^rator on the ground who went inside the tree and sprayed thoroughly, ine ii growers who used this method had an average of 2 per cent diseased apples on the lower outside of the trees and 3 per cent in the lower inside and top. This method like the first with a single nozzle gun gave the nearest approach to the normal distribution of disease in trees, i tie method gave an average of 2.8 per cent total disease in the entire tree^ The second' combination method had an operator spraying from the tank with a single nozzle gun and another operator spraying trom tne ground inside with a single nozzle gun. The nine growers who used this method had the second lowest average disease control {2.6 per cenDj for their entire trees. The third and fourth combination methods haa one operator spraying from the tank with a multiple gun and a second operator from the ground with a multiple gun. In the third method the operator sprayed inside while in the fourth method the spraying was only from the outside. Where the spraying was from the ground inside and tank outside the average percentage of disease in the trees was 6 per cent, as compared to 11.6 per cent average disease where the ground man stayed outside the trees. The four combination methods show that either a single or multiple gun may be used on the tank without causing an appreciable difference in disease control. Furthermore, that inside spraying with a single nozzle gun is the only method whereby the average total disease is held below five per cent. Chance of Growers to Have Good Control of Disease With Each Method The charts giving the percentage of disease in trees sprayed by various methods fail to show the chance a grower has with each method to get Figure 3 Percentages of Growers Having Good, Fair, and Poor Control of Apple Dis- eases WITH Different Methods of Spraying 1934-1936 Spraying Method Percentage of Growers Having Each Degree of Disease Control Good 5% or less disease Fair 5.1 to 10 per cent disease Poor Over 10.1 per cent disease Single Nozzle Gun Ground — Outside — Inside — Up Through. 98 64 2 23 0 Ground — Outside — Inside 13 Ground — Total — Outside — Inside Ground — Outside 92 19 14 89 6 5 14 11 2 76 Tank 72 Tank and Ground — Inside 0 Multiple Nozzle Gun Ground — Outside — Inside.^ 67 33 11 67 43 17 0 22 14 0 16 Ground — Outside 67 Tank 67 Tank and Ground — Inside 29 Tank and Ground — Outside 57 Multiple Gun on Tank and Single Gun on Ground — Inside 64 18 18 a crop of apples with five per cent or less disease. Smaller and especially open type trees can be more thoroughly sprayed from the outside, also growers vary in their ability to use different types of spray guns. Multi- — 86 — — 87 — ^l' •« pie nozzle guns have likely been penalized somewhat in this summary due to the irowers not using them on adequate equipment Figure 3 dves the percentage of growers having good fair, and poor Iigure ? gij^s ine P''^'' , „ ^ , spraying methods. The most signifi- SSuLrf trcompar sof ^^^^^^^^^ of growers having successful controf when sp5a?1ng from inside and outside or only from outside of the freer Where inside spraying was employed approximately 74 per pent of the growers had good control of disease and only 15 per cent cent ot tne growei^ s outside the trees only 24 per eel TtL growers had'S^L^^^^^^^^ anJ67.8 per cent had POor control Of he iutsfde Vying that applied from the tank only h^^d the lowes nercentaee of growers having good control or 12.5 per cent ^utsiae ground spraying had 26 per cint of orchards with good contro , and tank fnd grouKufside spraying had 43 per cent of growers having disease control. SUMMARY OF REMARKS BEFORE PENNSYLVANIA ^^^ STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY CARROLL R. MILLER, Secretary-Manager Appalachian Apples, Inc. Martinsburg, W. Va. Appalachian Apples began work July 1st, after several months of organiz^^^^^^ among officials and leading growers of the horticultural Sti's of the four states of this Apple Belt-Penns^vama^^ M^^^^^^^^^ Virginia and West Virginia. It was orgamzed as ^%~^^^^^^^^^^ decline in apple consumption by Americans over past fifteen years plus cSment of our export markets, resulting in chrome over-supply of existing demands for apples. A A. is governed by the four state horticultural societies. Each society has three members on the Board of Directors This places control and management of A. A. squarely in thejiands o the growers them- selves. Pennsylvania's directors are: H. M. Weigel, Sheldon W. Funk and H. W. Skinner. The fee basis is one-half cent a bushel on Utility and above apples actually sold the growers from orchards. Growers statement of the number of bushels sold is the final basis for settlement. This is a -gentleman's organization." First half payments due November 15th, second half payments before February 15th. A total of 540 growers signed up with A. A. this Spring and Summer. Their early estimates of their crops called for 5,150,000 bushels. Utility or above. This means, including fruit below Utility, that over six million bushels are grown by A. A. members. Total commercial apple production for the four states for this year was twelve million bushels. So A. A. has over 50 percent of the tonnage of the four states back ot it; — not a bad record for the first year, at all. Pennsylvania has 186 members, estimated crop 1,350,000 bushels. Virginia has 237 members, estimated crop 1,800,000 bushels. West Virginia has 68 members, estimated crop 1,507,000 bushels. Maryland has 49 members, estimated crop 506,000 bushels. This 4-state total of 5,150,000 bushels at Yi cent per bushel would — 88 — yield a maximum of $26,000 Gross. The Board of Directors played safe- allowed for chances, crop failures, uncollectibles, etc.; and set the year's budget at $19,000. Determination was made, and has been held to, not to exceed that until money is safely in hand; to pay as we go. Total paid in to date, from all four states:— $13,565, reports Treasurer Malcolm M. Brown. Pennsylvania paid in to date $4,301; Virginia $3,201; Maryland $1,261; and West Virginia $4,648; Allied Industries, $125. A. A. needs the balance of the money at once;— cannot proceed with the program until we have additional funds. We need the full $6,000 more to carry the balance of the year's program, in the minimum. Have all bills paid, including the big bills for the printed, lithographed and die-cut grocery-store display materials: three million A. A. master- labels: of which 2\i milUon were used this fall. We have paid out $11,957; have a balance (as of Jan. 6) of $1,608. This is -ear-marked" for the Baltimore, Md., ''test city" campaign we are now arranging there. The campaign opens Jan. 22, continuing through February 5th; with complete newspaper and radio advertising backing up the intensive work of organizing the grocers of the city. We have lined up 1,800 grocery stores in Baltimore to aid in this. Of these 1,800, at least 525 of the largest will aid by using their own advertising space to boost apples and will arrange apple displays in their own stores, in addition to using our display materials. The A. & P. stores (250); the American Stores (200) and the Sanitary Stores (75); will carry this complete assistance:— displays, their advertising, and our display materials. Many of the 1200 other stores will also. Baltimore is the first city in which a complete ''test" campaign has been made. Late arrival of funds from growers delayed this work. We could not proceed until we knew the money was coming in, for certain. The small budget this year ($19,000) has kept us from using many methods of advertising and sales promotion which we know are very valuable — have proven their value with other fruits. We have not been financially able to do any health work among children and schools; nor among physicians; little or no direct advertising; few food shows; a number of such things had to be foregone, regretfully. Decision of Board of Directors was to center our efforts on "Grocer Service;" because of value of this work and because it can be carried on with limited funds. One man can work at this, in field as large as he can cover; or five men can work a field five times as large. We have one grocer-service man, James A. Higgs; should have more. Higgs has "worked" Louisville, Ky.; Cincinnati, Ohio; Charleston, W. Va.; and is now working Pittsburgh, Pa. He will return to Baltimore to wind-up details of the campaign there; and the week of Feb. 25, Higgs and Secre- tary Miller, who together worked Baltimore for the campaign, expect to go to Philadelphia, to put on an organization campaign among the grocers there. But they will not be able to use the complete program. Not enough money seems available now to use newspaper and radio backing, except what we can persuade the bigger stores and chains who — 89 — use these themselves to give us. Newspaper and radio coverage m Philadelphia would cost something over $3 000. Unless paynients come ^n a hurry, that amount will not be in hand and we will have to do Ihe best we ckn without it. The newspaper and radio assistance is very valuable and desirable in this work. Rut much good can be done without it. By organizing the grocers, we can stir thern to put additional eiTort into selling apples to their Customers The grocer is "key man" in food distribution. He can dtherfncrease apple sales by displaying and "pushing" apples; or he can cut down apple sales by putting them in out-of-the-way p aces in h^ sSre an^ pushing something else. So he is a valuable man to work with. We furnish the display materials to those grocers asking for it. We supply it in ''store sets'^; each set rolled or packed, and including;— 1 ''lauehing apple" window streamer, lithographed in 4 colors 2* ''laughing apple" window or store interior posters, lithographed. 50 rotogravure folders, containing recipes and apple inforniation, to be placed on the store counters; customers helping themselves. 2 Price cards, to fit over apple basket or display bin. ^ 2 Grocer newspaperettes "The Appalachian Apple Basket, for store manager and staff. This piece emphasizes two things we hope to get across to the grocer;— the nice profit in handhng apples; and the ease with which apple displays can be built, m store win- dows or interiors. These sets cost us about 26 cents each. They are given to grocers without any cost. But only to grocers we are satisfied will make good use of them The grocers really approve of this hne of display materials. Thev tell us it is "Good Stuff"; attracts customers interest in apples. Grocers are glad in most cases to receive it and in many cases go to some length to stage apple displays to go along while they are using it. We ordered a million of the rotogravure folders; 80,000 of the ;'laughing apple" streamers; 50,000 recipe books; the supply of which is almost exhausted now and will have to be re-ordered, with improvements. So far we have placed (or are placing) this display material in 8,760 grocery stores, principally in the cities and adjoining areas of Louisville, Cincinnati, Charleston, W. Va., Baltimore. Within a few days we should have several thousand sets in Pittsburgh stores, as Higgs is working there now among the grocers. We "work" these cities as fast as we can. We expect to work Philadelphia shortly; several smaller Southern cities; and a couple more Northeastern cities, before the apple selling season stops, about April 1st. In these 8,760 grocery stores into which we have reached, we have placed 517,000 pieces of apple advertising material; principally the rotogravure folder, of course, as fifty of these go into each store. We have already used 380,000 of these; will have practically the entire million placed before we finish work this season. Then we have put out 106,000 of these Variety leaflets; for Staymen Yorks, Romes and the different varieties; telUng something of the best — 90 — use of that variety; giving some receipes, etc. They go on top of the basket face; just under the Ud; one or two or more to a basket. The growers pay most of the cost of these. We furnish them at $1.50 per thousand leaflets ; and they can be printed with your own orchard name at a slight added cost. They are effective— get into the consumer's hands; for we have received many calls for the recipe book mentioned in the leaflet. We have been very fortunate with our publicity work this far. Four of the biggest dailies of the Central East have given us full pages of apple pictures in their Sunday rotogravure sections ;— the Pittsburgh Press, Baltimore Sun, Washington Star and Washington Post. A number of important magazines have given us full feature articles on apples, with pictures; and we have a whole file of newspaper and magazine articles of "smaller size. This is most valuable advertising. Advertising men call it "tradition building." And it is the most effective way to combat the spray residue fear and propaganda. It builds up soUd confidence and liking for the Apple Industry. We owe these news- papers and magazines a real debt of gratitude for their fine cooperation in this. We have been busy also with a lot of lesser things ;— National Apple Week, when we had special display windows in Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and Washington; with The Apple Fair at Martinsburg; with a Pitts- burgh cooking school; at International Apple Association Convention; at the Pennsylvania Farm Show; with Kiwanis Clubs and other organi- zations: building up a file of apple photographs, and files of health and nutrition work in apples. We have gotten out letters to practically all the better apple buyers and handlers of the United States; and to many in Europe, teUing about A. A. As a result, we have our display materials in England, Holland, Palestine, in small quantities, of course, as well as in the U. S. And we have attended to the correspondence from our 540 members. If any one thinks keeping up with correspondence from an organization of 540 members is a Ught job, let them try it once. We have distributed 234 miUion A. A. Master-labels to our members. This is a brief, sketchy report of our activities the first six months of our lie. Apple sales promotion is new work. It has to be learned by trial and experience. Other fruits and vegetables have their promotion work; and their methods in part are adaptable to apples; but not as a whole. Apples are a separate product, and must be promoted in their own way. We are learning rapidly. As to results; — we are not claiming any, definitely, this first six months, for A. A. alone. But we do say that, working in conjunction with the four other regional apple advertising organizations ;— namely Washing- ton State Apples, Inc., and Pacific Northwest Fruits, Inc., each with $150,000 to spend; and with New York-New England Apple Institute, the National Apple Institute— And Appalachian Apples— that the American public has been reminded of apples many, many more tinies than ever before; and that apples are moving into consumption easily and at much higher prices than for several years past;which is the goal of this promotion work. 91 — 1936 MEMBERS STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION Name Abraczinskas, Andrew Acme Veneer Package Co. Adam, J. N. Adams Co. Fruit Pack. & Dist. Co. Aiken, J. V. Allen, S. Guy Allen, W. F. Co. Allen, Howard G. & Sons Allison, H. W. Estate American Cyanamid Co. American Lime & Stone Co. Ammon, John Anderson, Ralph W. ♦Anderson, H. W. Anderson, H. M. Anthony, R. D. ♦Anwyll, Harry L. Aspers, D. C. ♦Atkinson, D. W. Atkinson, R. E. Backus, H. E. Bailey, M. V. Bain, J. M. Baldesberger, W. P. Balmer, Clayton G. Balthaser, G. W. ♦Banzhaf, W. H. Barnard, C. P. Baron, W. E. Barr, I. C. Barton, Edwin W. ♦Bartram, Frank M. ♦Bartram, G. Maurice ♦Baugher, George L. ♦Baugher, H. G. Bean, John Mfg. Co. Bear, John W. Bear, Paul A. Bear, Jacob R. Bear, Arthur Beaverbrook Farm Beaverson, Bertha Beck, A. F. Beck, John A. Beers, T. S. Bell, R. H. Bender, L. J. Benn, Robert P. Benner, Roy Beplew, Geo. Bethany Orphans Home Bikle, Philip M. Jr. Bikle, F. C. Bingham, W. O. * Life Members. Address Catawissa, R. D. 2 Orchard Park, N. Y. West Chester, R. 5 County Columbia Chester Biglerville Portersville, R. 4 New Park Salisbury, Md. New Park Shippensburg 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York Bellefonte New Wilmington Fawn Grove Stewartstown New Park State College Harrisburg Aspers Wrightstown Wrightstown North East Pennington, N. J. King & Front St., Northumberland Bridgeville, R. D. 2 Manheim, R. 1 Wernersville Muncy Kennett Square McKean Greencastle, R. 2 Shrine Orchard, Finksburg, Md. Kennett Square West Chester Aspers Aspers Lansing, Mich. York, R. D. 10 Mount Wolf, R. D. 4 York, R. D. 10 York, R. D. 10 Brandywine Summit York, R. 7 Perkasie, R. 1 New Columbia, R. 1 Blairsville, Box 235 Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg Allentown, R. 4 Bangor, R. 5 Perkasie Dallas, R. D. 3 Womelsdorff Chambersburg, R. 6 Fayetteville, R. 1 St. Thomas Adams Butler York York Franklin Centre Lawrence York York York Centre Dauphin Adams Bucks Bucks Erie Snyder Allegheny Lancaster Berks Lycoming Chester Erie Franklin Chester Chester Adams Adams York York York York Chester-Delaware York Bucks Union Indiana Dauphin Lehigh Northampton Bucks liUzerne Berks Franklin Franklin Franklin Name Bingham, A. H. Black, H. M. Blaine, George W. ♦Blessing, David H. Blevins, Lee Boak, J. A. & Sons Bohleyer, Weller ♦Boles, McClellan Bolinger, Geo. H. ♦Boltz, Peter R. Borland, J. &. Bountiful Ridge Nurseries Bovard & Baldwin Boyer, W. A. Boyer, Jay Boyer, Ira C. ♦Boyer, John F. Brace, Harold G. Bream, D. M. Co. Bream, John Brehm, G. W. ♦Breidenbaugh, H. L. Bricker, Dr. E. B. Breidenbaugh, Herbert Brindle, Geo. R. Brinton, H. C. Brossman, Morse Brown, Bert C. Brown, H. W. Brown, Robt. M. Brown, M. G. Brown, J. Turner Brown, Norman C. Brown, C. Earl Brown, Sam A. Brubaker, Daniel A. Brubaker, Levi H. Bruner, W. W. Bucher, F. S. Buffalo Valley Fruit Farms Burrill, Arthur W. Carpenter, G. S. L. Central Chemical Co. Chapin, Irvin ♦Chase, Charles T. Chumard, Llewellyn Clark, A. L. Clemson, Leonard G. Christman, William Coffroad, L. C. Conrad, Hamer Coon, Sam Cooper, C. A. Cornwall Farms & Orchards Cosklo, Andrew Cowan, W. H. Cox, J. W. Craighead, E. M. Crawford Bros. Creasy, Luther P. ♦ Life Members. — 92 — Address St. Thomas Idamar, R. D. NOTth East Newville, R. 1 Stewartstown New Castle, R. 4 Troy HanUn Station New Castle Lebanon Indiana, R. 7 Princess Anne, Md. 655 E. Washington St., New Castle Selinsgrove Mt. Pleasant Mills Middleburg, R. 3 Middleburg, R. 4 Dallas, R. D. 3 Chambersburg Orrtanna Favetteville, R. 1 Boyertown Lititz Martinsburg Chambersburg, R. 1. Hanover Ephrata, R. 4 Marion Center, R. D. 3 Allentown, Box 576 McDonald Fawn Grove New Park Waynesboro, R. D. Box 285 Chambersburg Painesville, Ohio, P. O. Box 143 Ephrata, R. 2 Lancaster, R. 1 Paxtonville Reamstown Mifflinburg Lorane Hancock, Md. Baltimore, Md. Shickshinny, R. 3 Bala Ariel Olyphant, R. D. Halifax Indiana, R. D. New Holland, R. 2 Indiana Clarks Summit 1000 Highland Ave., Coraopolis Cornwall Carbondale, R. D. Martinsburg, R. D. 2 New Castle, R. D. 5 2742 N. 2nd St., Harrisburg Fayetteville, R. D. 1 Catawissa, R. D. 1 93 — County Franklin Indiana Erie Cumberland York Lawrence Bradford Washington Lawrence Lebanon Indiana Lawrence Snyder Snyder Snyder Snyder Luzerne Franklin Adams Franklin Berks Lancaster Blair Franklin York Lancaster Indiana Lehigh Allegheny York York Franklin Franklin Lancaster Lancaster Snyder Lancaster Union Berks Luzerne Montgomery Wayne Lackawanna Dauphin Indiana Lancaster Indiana Lackawanna Allegheny Lebanon Lackawanna Blair Lawrence Adams Franklin Columbia M^ Name Cressman, C. K. Crist, James D. Criswell, R. T. Grossman, P. S. Grouse, E. A. Crowell, Samuel B. Crowell, A. & T. ♦Cummings, Joseph F. Cutler, Joseph S. Daugherty, r. H. ♦Davenport, Eugene Davidson, N. H. Davis, E. N. G. Deemer, A. F. DeLong, Gletus Y. Dennis, A. J. Dennis Brokerage Go. Dibble, Samuel E. Dietterle, Andrew Dickenshied, F. S. Dickey, Samuel ♦Dickinson, B. M. Difenderfer, Geo. Diehl, J. M. Diehl, Ed. B. ♦Dill, Robert Ditzler, Paul Diven, W. G. Dixon, Chas. Dixon, William Dow Chemical Go. Druck, Albert Duke, D. R. & B. F. Dunlap, Ed. ♦Dunlap, James M. ♦Dunlap, R. Bruce Ebling, Aaron Edgerton, J. Russell Edminston, William Edwards, Harold Elder, George K. ♦Eldon, Robert M. Enck, Warren Erb Bros. Eshleman, John E. Etter, Frank L. & E. G. Evans, Roland ♦Evans, W. H. Everhart, W. J. Estes, Mrs. W. J. Jr. Fagan, F. N. Fahs, Day id G. Fairhope Farm Fairman, Francis Feldman, Chas. S. Felty, G. O. B. Fenstermacher, P. S. Fetterman, J. Gordon Fetters, Clark ♦ Life Members. Address Barto, R. D. Walden, N. Y. 12 N. 2nd St., Chambersburg Girard Gettysburg Edgemont Avondale Sunbury Dunmore Upper Strasburg Plymouth Chambersburg Newton Square Marion Center, R. D. Mertztown, R. D. 2 Zionsville, R. 1 ^ ^^ ^ _. 204 Franklin St., New York City Shelocta, R. 1 New Wilmington, R. 1 , Zionsville Oxford ^.11. 5634 Stanton Ave., Pittsburgh 741 Walnut St., Allentown 49 N. Jonathan St., Hagerstown, Md St. Thomas North East Gardners, R. 1 Livermore, R. D. 2 St. Thomas St. Thomas Midland, Mich. Wrightsville, R. 2 60 W. Queen St., Chambersburg Blairsville Shippensburg, R. D. 2 Dept. of Walfare, Harrisburg Reading, R. D. 2 Westtown New Wilmington, R. D. Clarks Summit Lewiston, Maine Aspers Biglerville 305 E. Front St., Lititz Florin Chambersburg, R. 3 Longwood Farms, Kennett Square Plainsville 219 E. Philadelphia St., York Blue Hill Farm, R. 4, Bethlehem State College York, R. D. 9 Glen Mills Creekside, R. D. 1 Chambersburg, R. 6 Millersville Allentown, R. 3 Media Gardners — 94 — County Berks Franklin Erie Adams Delaware Chester Northumberland Lancaster Franklin Luzerne Franklin Chester-Delaware Indiana Berks Lehigh Indiana Lawrence Lehigh Chester-Delaware Allegheny Lehigh Franklin Erie Adams Indiana Franklin Franklin York Franklin Indiana Dauphin Berks Chester Lawrence Lackawanna Adams Adams Lancaster Lancaster Franklin Chester-Delaware Luzerne York Centre York Chester-Delaware Indiana Franklin I^ncaster Lehigh Delaware Adams Name Flick, Earle Fidler, W. B. Fisher, Fred Fisher, Isaac L. Fisher, Isaac ♦Fletcher, S. W. Flinchbaugh, J. J. Flinchbaugh, H. H. Flora Orchard Co. Fogelsanger, Crist Fogelsanger, W. H. FoUmer, Harold W. Forry, S. E. Frants, S. P. ♦Freed, A. J. ♦Freed, W. A. Frey, Harry E. Friend Manufacturing Co., L. H. Keller Frost, S. W. Fry, John L. Funk, Sheldon Gackenbach, C. A. Gantert, Theo. Garber, Henry F. Gardenhour. G. W. Garman, Albert S. ♦Garrahan, R. H. Garrettson, Robert Garrettson, Donald Gates, Galen Gaul, Frank Gay, Arthur Gehr, Harvey J. Gear hart, C. S. Geiger, Clinton Geiger, Samuel Gelwix, John M. Gerhard, C. S. Getz, Kenneth Gibson, C. V. Gibson, Ira E. Gibson, W. F. Gillan, James Gillan, R. J. Gillan, C. F. GiUan, G. G. Glaze, Fred L. Glick, Isaac S. Glick, Jonas R. Goldman Package Mfg. Co. Good, Harvey Goodling, G. A. Goshorn, Taylor L. Gramm, H. V. Graybill, C. W. Graybill, Floyd Graybill, J. H. Grebinger, Herbert Greenawald, Rev. Geo. A. ♦Griest, C. A. * * Life Members. Address SOON, nth St., Reading Aspers Wernersville Soudersburg Gordonville State College Loganville Loganville Wrightsville Shippensburg 210 N. Prince St., Shippensburg Sleinsgrove Ephrata, R. D. 1 Trucksville, R. D. Racine Racine York, R. 6 Bendersville Arendtsville c-o C. K. Whitner & Co., Reading Boyertown Orefield, R. 1 152 N. Front St., Reading Mt. Joy, R. 3 Smithburg, Md. N. Charles St., Manheim Kingston Aspers Aspers, R. 2 Shippensburg Host Dallas, R. D. 3 Waynesboro Blairsville, R. D. Neffs Schenecksville Chambersburg BlairsviUe, R. 2 North Girard Conoquenessing Blairsville, R. 1 Yoe St. Thomas St. Thomas St. Thomas St. Thomas Winchester, Va. Lancaster, R. 1 Gap, R. D. 2 Glassboro, N. J. Lancaster, R. 8 Loganville Quincy, Box 47 St. Thomas, R. 1 Middleburg, R. 4 Richfield Manheim, R. 1 224 Prince St., Millersville Boyertown Guernsey — 95 County Berks Adams Berks Lancaster Lancaster Centre York York York Franklin Franklin Snyder Lancaster Luzerne Beaver Beaver York Adams Adams Berks Berks Lehigh Berks Lancaster Lancaster Luzerne Adams Adams Cumberland Berks Luzerne Franklin Indiana Lehigh Lehigh Franklin Indiana Erie Butler Indiana York Franklin Franklin Franklin Franklin Franklin Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster York Franklin Franklin Snyder Snyder Lancaster Lancaster Berks Adams ■;'^'X ) ■■■'■'>'^^i^T-; " ■'•^■r»"'y .i 4 Name ♦Griest, Frederick E. Grimshaw, Harry Gross, H. S. Grove, H. R. Grove, W. E. *Grove, W. E. Guy ton, T. L. Haas, William Haase, Alfred H. Haase, Herman Haberman, Mrs. T. C. Hackenburg, Chas. Hackman, Willis ♦Haddock, John C. Haden, Chesley A. Hafer, Harry D. Hafer, John A. Hafer, Quigley Hafer, Roy Haines, Robert B. 3rd Hales, P. H. ♦Hall, L. C. Hamilton, R. W. Harbison, Wm. Hardie Mfg. Co. Harner, M. C. Harrisburg Stencil Works Hart, H. V. Hartmann, Ernest Hartman, Scott W. ♦Hartman, L. E. Hartman, M. T. Hartzok, J. W. Harvey, H. R. Hossinger, H. C. Hausman, George B. ♦Haverstick, Paul E. Hawkins, E. B. Hayes, S. B. Hayman, Guy L. Heacock, O. J. Heaps, T. Jerome Hege, H. P. Heinz, Henry Heisey, S. A. Hernstead, Walter Henry, A. Y. Herhold, J. C. Herr, C. H. Herr, J. Z. Hershey, H. S. ♦Hershey, H. F. Hertzler, Jacob Hess, C. C. Hess, Clayton Hess, Paul G. Hess, Ray B. Hess, F. M. Hess, R. C. ♦ Life Members. Address Flora Dale North Girard York, R. D. 10 York Springs 120 N. 6th St., Chambersburg York Springs . ^ „ , c-o Sherwin-Williams Co., Bound Coplay, R. D. 1 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Narrowsburg, N. Y. R. D. 1 Baden Mt. Pleasant Mills Denver Wilkes-Barre Croze t, Va. Fayetteville, R. 1 Chambersburg, R. 5 Chambersburg Fayetteville, R. 1 Hereford, Box 56 Orrtanna North Girard Home, R. D. New Castle, R. 1 20 E. North St., Hagerstown, Md Middleburg 4 N. 5th St., Harrisburg Hagerstown, Md. Biglerville Palm Cly Gettysburg Marion Foxburg Beavertown Coopersburg, R. 2 Lancaster, R. 3 Delta Enon Valley, R. 1 Northbrook Biglerville Street, Md. Fayetteville, R. 1 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Greencastle, R. 4 Honesdale Barto, R. D. North Girard Lancaster, R. D. 2 Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown East Petersburg Hamburg Lancaster, R. D. 3 286 Washington St., New York Elizabethtown, R. 3 Waynesboro, R. 2 Mt. Alto, R. D. 1 Waynesboro, 601 Main St. Waynesboro, R. 2 County Adams Erie York Adams Franklin Adams Brook, N. J.- Lehigh Wayne Wayne Beaver Snyder Lancaster Luzerne Franklin Franklin FrankUn Franklin Philadelphia Adams Erie Indiana Lawrence Shnyder Adams Montgomery York Adams Franklin Clarion Snyder Lehigh Lancaster York Lawrence Chester Adams York Franklin Wayne Franklin Wayne Berks Erie Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster Berks Lancaster Lancaster Franklin Franklin Franklin Franklin Name Hess, T. S. Hetrick, A. W. Hicks, Wm. Higgins, W. A. Hilbish, W. D. Hildebrandt, John A. Hildebrant, John E. Hileman, W. Carl ♦Hill, William D. Hines, Zenas Hinnershitz, C. Walter Hirshberger, L. & Co., Inc. Hobson, William Hoehler, H. G. Hoffman, H. L. Hoge, L. Clark Hood, T. C. ♦Hoopes, Wilmer W. Hoover, Wm. Horn, W. H. Horner, J. M. ♦Horst, J. Morris ♦Hostetler, Abram Hostetter, C. N. Hostetter, G. W. Hostetter, Dr. J. E. Houser, Jacob R. Howard, P. H. Howatt, Mrs. Maude Huber, Herman Huber, Edwin B. ♦Huey, S.' R. Hutchison,. Mrs. T. G. Hutchison, J. D. Hykes, E. S. Ingham, M. M. Imswiler, John S. Irey, Allen M. Irvin, W. M. Irwin, W. E. Irvin, Wm. F. James, D. M. Jayne, Allen Johnson, John Johnson Orchards Johnston, R. S. Johnston, Roland G. Johnston, M. E. ♦Johnston, Mrs. F. C. Jones, W. R. Karns, J. H. Kauffman, A. L. Kauffman, J. B. Kauffman, C. E. Keim, Milton W. ♦Keller, Paul J. Kellow, Geo. H. Kendig, Dr. J. S. Kerchner, Harvey T. *Kessler, Geo. W. * Life Members. Address Wapwallopen, Box 27 Beavertown Honesdale Dallas, R. D. Painesville, Ohio Dallas, R. D. 2 Dallas, R. D. 2 New Castle, R. D. 3 North East Clymer, R. D. 2 1255 Button wood St., Reading 286 Greenwich St., New York Avondale Universal Gypsum & Lime Co., New Butler, Star Route Leesburg, Va. Saltsburg, R. 1 West Chester Blacklick, R. D. Box 116 Chambersburg, R. 10 250 Conway St., Carlisle Lebanon, R. 3 Johnstown, R. D. 3 Washington Boro Gap, R. 5 Gap, R. 1 Lampeter Dover, R. 1 Coopersburg, R. 2 Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1 232 S. Main St., Chambersburg New Castle, R. R. 3 New Wilmington Rear 84 Scott St., Wilkes-Barre York, R. D. 5 New Castle, R. 5 West Chester Boyertown Marion Center Flora Dale Orrtanna, R. 2 Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg Skinners Eddy New Wilmington Mooresville, Ind. New Wilmington, R. D. 1 Hereford Conoquenessing Dallas Chambersburg, R. 2 Chambersburg Bird-in-Hand York, R. D. 7 Manchester, R. 1 Boyertown, R. 2 Alder Run Orchards, Tyrone Scranton, R. 1 Salunga Lenhartsville Tyrone County Luzerne Snyder Wayne Luzerne Luzerne Luzerne . Lawrence Erie Indiana Berks Chester-Delaware York Butler Indiana Chester-Delaware Indiana Franklin Cumberland Lebanon Cambria Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster York Lehigh Wayne Franklin Lawrence Lawrence Luzerne York Lawrence Chester-Delaware Berks Indiana Adams Adams Dauphin Susquehanna Lawrence Lawrence Berks Butler Luzerne Franklin Franklin Lancaster York York Berks Adams Lackawanna Ijancaster Berks Blair — 96 — — 97 — " • -it > i V!. 'r^*' y, ■■'^ -t *<• V'. - V ''TVT; f -...■:;t-i/.i •. .''■'!! v>;^: ;';■,■ :v:V.V' i Name Kibler, T. F. King, L. G. *Kister, U. G. Kelin, Jack Kleppinger, B. M. Knappenberger, Thos. Knotts, Ralph Knouse, M. E. ♦Koehler, Paulus E. Krebs, H. B. Krick, Charles E. Kuhn, C. E. Kuhns, Victor Kyle, B. Wm. Landis, D. M. Landseidel, Clarence Lapp, John F. Latshaw, J. E. Lau, R. E. Lau, L. E. Lau, Rev. L M. Laudenslager, Martin IxBoutillier, Chas. Lehman, Geo. Lehman, S. S. Lehman, Sulvester Liebhart, Samuel H. Leiberknecht, M. L. Lengle, Paul H. ♦Leonard, F. E. Lepole, Walter Leslie, Lee C. Lewis, S. V. Lewis, Nelson H. Lightner, E. S. Linde, J. Eric Linville, Arthur S. Lippy, John D. Livmgood, Mrs. Stella Livingston, C. C. Long, J. C. Long, D. Edward Longenecker, Howard G. *Loop, A. I. Loop, H. S. Loose, H. H. ♦Lord, John Loucks, Walter Lucabaugh, J. W. Lusk, Fred F. McClelland, J. B. McClung, Lewis McClure Bros. McClure, Frank McConnell, D. R. McCormick, C. M. ♦McCormick, James McDonald, R. C. McDonald, John Y. McElliott, Roy ♦ Life Members. Address North Girard Mt. Wolf, R. D. 1 Etters ' „, ., , , , . 404 New Market St., Philadelphia Coopersburg, R. 2 Zionsville, R. D. 1 Orefield Peach Glenn 826 Washington Ave., Monaca Mercersburg Reamstown Cashtown AUentown, R. 2 Zionsville Lancaster, R. 7 Clarks Summit, R. 2 Ronks, R. 1 Marion York East Berlin, R. D. 2 715 Manor St., York Orefield, R. D. 1 Wayne Hellam, R. 1 Girard York, R. D. 9 Wrightsville, R. 1 Mt. Wolf, R. 1 Pine Grove Carlisle, R. 1 Akron , , . 2732 N. 45th St., Philadelphia • Wyoming, R. D. 1 Pittston, R. 1 York, R. D. 11 Orefield, R. 1 Media, R. 2 Gettysburg Robesonia New Oxford 340 E. Liberty St., Lancaster Favetteville 127 E. Main St., Manheim North East North East Menges Mills Wyoming, R. 1 York Hanover, R. 6 New Wilmington Canonsburg 429 E. Sheridan Ave., New Castle Quarryville New Castle, R. D. 5 New Wilmington Knox Ave., New Castle Harrisburg Shippensburg, R. 3 Charles Town, W. Va. Home County Erie York York Lancaster Lehigh Lehigh Lehigh Adams Beaver FrankUn Lancaster Adams Lehigh Lehigh Lancaster Lackawanna Lancaster Franklin York York York Lehigh Chester-Delaware York Erie York York Adams Schuylkill Cumberland Lancaster Philadelphia Luzerne Luzerne York Lehigh Delaware Adams Berks Adams Lancaster Franklin Lancaster Erie Erie York Luzerne York Adams Lawrence' Washington Lawrence Lancaster Lawrence Lawrence Lawr^ce Dauphin Cumberland Indiana Name ♦McFarland, J. Horace McFarland, Rev. K. W. McGinnis, C. R. ♦McGeOrge, Mrs. Katherine L. McHenry, Clarence Mcllvaine, J. S. *McKee, J. M. McKeehan, James McKibben, E. S. ♦MacNeal, William H. McNitt Fruit Farm McPherson Bros. Marshall, Thomas Martin, C. S. Marvil Package Co. Mack, J. S. Martin, Abner Matthews, W. H. Mattern, Jos. C. Mattes, Paul Maurer, D. Edward Mauger, Maurice Mayer, L. E. *Mayer, Guy S. Mechling, Edward A. Meeder, J. V. ♦Meehan, S. Mendelson Meister, Kenneth G. Mellinger, Jacob D. Mellar, Wm. Merring, Guy Metzler, Harry R. Miller, Harvey Miller, Clement R. Miller, Marvin ♦Miller, Amos Miller, Frank M. Miller, C. Clayton Miller, Crist Miller, John W. Mcnnich, C. S. Mitterling, John T. Mohring, F. H. Mohr, Frank J. Mohrman, Dick *Moon, Henry T. Moore, M. A. Moorehead, Douglass Morse, Carl Mt. Breeze Orchard Co. Mowery, Harold F. Mowery, L. O. Mowery, N. E. Moyer, Lee Moyer, J. Calvin Moyer, B. J. Murtoff, C. J. Musselman, C. H. Co. Murray, Edward A. * Life Members. Address Harrisburg New Wilmington 523 Oley St., Reading Orrtanna Indiana Fayetteville Dept. of Agriculture, Harrisburg Honesdale Fayetteville Parkesburg Milroy Bridgeton Buckmanville Edenville Laurel, Delaware Homer City Elizabethtown, R. D. Box 313, Salem, Ohio 310 Newry St., Hollidaysburg Emaus R. 1 Selinsgrove Boyertown, R. 2 Boyertown Willow Street, R. 1 Moorestown, N. J. North Girard Newtown Square Chambersburg, R. 6 Lancaster, R. 8 Wayne Cortez Paradise Logan ville Orefield Clarks Summit, R. 1 Hanover, R. 4 42 W. Main St., Waynesboro Marion Marion Ephrata, R. 2 Reading, R. D. 2 Mt. Pleasant Mills Girard Fogelsville Narrowsburg, N. Y. Morrisville Lititz North East New Wilmington Fayetteville, R. 1 307 W. Main St., Mechanicsburg Newville Mechanicsburg Freeburg Middleburg, R. 4 Middleburg Gardners Biglerville Punxsutawney, R. D. County Dauphin Lawrence Berks Adams Indiana Franklin Dauphin Wayne Franklin Chester Mifflin York Bucks Franklin Indiana Lancaster Blair Lehigh Snyder Berks Berks Lancaster Erie Chester Franklin Lancaster Chester-Delaware Wayne Lancaster York Lehigh Lackawanna York Franklin Franklin Franklin Lancaster Berks Snyder Erie Lehigh Wayne Bucks Lancaster Erie Lawrence Franklin Franklin Cumberland Cumberland Snyder Snyder Snyder Adams Adams Indiana — 98 — — 99 — Name Musser, Irvin W. Musser, C. B. Musser, W. E. ♦Myers, Levi M. Myer, Reuben Nash, Duane H. Neely, P. A. Neiman, Otto Newman, H. W. Newman, H. M. Newton, E. M. Newton, O. A. & Son Co. Nibert, Wm. Nichol, Harry Nicodemus, Ed. Nitchman, C. H. Nocilla, Paul Nolt, Harrison S. Noss J. A. Ober, Dr. H. K. ♦O'Conner, Haldeman Omwake, J. Edward Oyler, Geo. Oyler, H. J. Oyler, William *Page, C. M. ♦Pannebaker, William M, Panovec, Victor Parker, Capt. H. B. Parker, R. C. Paschal, John Passmore, S. S. Passmore, Norman S. Patterson, James W. Paxson, Samuel L. Peiffer, Walter Pennock, Geo. S. Pennypacker Company Pepper, J. O. Peters, A. D. Peters, Curtis Peters, Jos. E. Pherson, J. L. Poff, Leroy Pollock, G. B. Poor, D. W. Porter, John J. ♦Pratt, B. G. Quigley, Ford F. Raffensberger, Chas. Raffensberger, H. B. ♦Rankin, Chas. C. Rapp, Dr. Ira M. Reich ard, Chas. W. Reist, Allen E. Reist, Clarence J. Reist, Henry G. Renfrew, R. N. Reno, J. H. ♦ Life Members. Address County Mount Joy Mt. Wolf, R. 1 New Bethlehem, R. 3 Bowmandale, R. 1 Lititz, R. 5 Haddonfield, N. J. Mercersburg, R. 1 Dover, R. D. 3 New Castle, R. D. 4 Fayetteville New Wilmington, R. 1 Bridgeville, Del. Indiana, R. D. Indiana, R. D. Waynesboro Aspers 14 Hillside Ave., Plymouth Columbia New Castle, R. 5 College Ave., Elizabethtown 13 N. Front St., Harrisburg Greencastle McKnightstown Gettysburg, R. D. Arendtsville Etters Virgilina, Va. Easton, R. D. 2 261 Newbury St., Boston, Mass. 333 Morris Ave., Rockville Centre, N Kennett Square Mendanhall Glen Mills, R. D. 1 Apollo Doylestown, R. D. Chambersburg 165 W. Essex Ave., Lansdowne Emaus State College Scotland Biglerville Fayetteville Volant, R. D. Hummelstown, R. D. Wyoming, R. 3 Narrowsburg, N. Y. 1199 The Terrace, Hagrsetown, Md. 50 Church Street, New York Chagrin Falls, Ohio Biglerville Arendtsville The Kelinworth, Alden Park, Germantown, Philadelphia 235 N. 6th St., Reading Waynesboro Palmyra, R. 2 Landisville 1166 Avon Rd., Schenectady, N. Y. Fayetteville Elwood City, R. 1 100 Lancaster York Clarion York Lancaster Franklin York Lawrence Franklin Lawrence Indiana Indiana Franklin Adams Luzerne Lancaster Lawrence Lancaster Dauphin Franklin Adams Adams Adams York Halifax Northampton Y. Chester Chester-Delaware Delaware Indiana Bucks Franklin Chester-Delaware Lehigh Centre Franklin Adams Franklin Lawrence Dauphin Luzerne Wayne Adams Adams Berks Franklin Lebanon Lancaster Franklin Lawrence Name Reynolds, Milo Rhine, H. L. Rice, Daniel Richards, Frank E. Richardson, W. T. & Son Rick, Chas. M. Rick, John M. *Rick, John Riley, J. W. & Sons Riley, Vernon *Rinehart, E. S. Rinn, J. Cloid Ritter, Arthur Ritter, Astor Ritter, Elias Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S. Rittenhouse, S. B. Roberts, Byron T. ♦Roberts, Horace Robinson, Walter D. Roemhild, Albert C. ♦Rhode, William Rohlfing, F. F. Rohrer, Geo. H. Root, J. W. Rose, C. S. Rowe, J. C. Rozelle, H. E. Rubiscsek, Andrew Ruhl, Dr. H. F. *Runk, J. A. Ruth, Chas. Rutt, B. T. Rutter, Mrs. W. M. Sachs, Edward H. Sahli, Elmer Salsgiver, Andrew Sampson, A. S. Sanville, F. *Satterthwaite, Frederick G. Schantz, H. A. Schieferstein, William Schoelkopf, Carl Scholl, W. J. Schosley, H. B. Schreiber, Harry F. Schriver, Geo. Schantz, L. M. Schuldt, J. Carlton Schule, E. J. Schultz, Chester K. Seachman, George E. Seaman, George *Searle, Alonza T. Seibert, Earl Seitz, John B. *Settlemeyer, C. T. *Shank, H. L. Shattuck, J. H. * Life Members. Address County Factory ville, R. 2 Lackawanna McClure Snyder Elliottsburg Perry Clarks Summit, R. 2 Lackawanna Whiteford, Md. York 431 Windsor St., Reading Berks Ellwood City, R. 1 Lawrence West Leesport, R. 1 Berks New Castle Lawrence Fairfield Adams Mercersburg Franklin Indiana Indiana Allentown, R. 3 Lehigh AUentown, R. 3 Lehigh Selinsgrove Snyder Lorane Berks Lorane Berks Moorestown, N. J. Moorestown, N. J. Elliottsburg, Box 14 Perry 122 Dock St., Philadelphia Johnstown Cambria Myerstown, R. 1 Dauphin Dryville Berks Manheim, R. D. 1 Lancaster Lititz Lancaster Chambersburg, R. 6 Franklin Pittston, R. D. Luzerne 594 N. Main St., Wilkes-Barre Luzerne Manheim, Box 236 Lancaster Huntingdon Huntingdon 422 Ridge St., Emaus Lehigh Hummelstown, R. 2 Dauphin New Holland, R. 2 Lancaster Biglerville Adams Gibsonia Allegheny Indians, R. 7 Indiana New Wilmington Lawrence Westtown, Box 25 Chester Yardley Bucks 538 Hamilton St., Allentown Lehigh Leesport Berks Wernersville, R. 3 Berks Barto Berks 2nd Natl. Bank Bldg., Wilkes-Barre Luzerne Zionsville Lehigh Bendersville Adams Orefield, R. D. 1 Lehigh Elizabethtown Lancaster Hotel Washington, Chambersburg Franklin Barto Berks Windsor, R. D. 1 York Honesdale Wayne Honesdale Wayne Volant Lawrence Rohrerstown T>ancaster Wilmore, R. D. Cambria Lancaster, R. 7 Lancaster Erie, R. D. 6 Erie — 101 m V .:;:g"^iiif':i^:i^^^ ■■'■ ..■-.,: .>;l'. <',i- ' •■ .:,■■^L,■^--, i.i '.v ■■.V-...' : - ;■'.;:.; '«hI I Name Shatzer, P. R- Shaw, R. C. Shearer, Walter J. Shearer, James W. Sheble, Earl Shenk, D. W. Showers, Lloyd Sidler, Anton ♦Snavely, H. H. Snyder, Fry & Rick Snyder, Geo. Snyder, T. S. Snyder, C. B. Snyder, Robert Snyder, Simon R. Snyder, Elmer R. Snyder, Fred Spencer, Glenn Siegfried, A. H. Simpson, J. A. Skinner, H. W. Slade, J. E. Slade, Martm Slaybaugh, Glen Smedley, S. L. Jr. ♦Smedley, Samuel L. fer. Smith, W. A. Smith, Leonard R. Smith, PhiUp S. Smith, A. Woodward Smith, Wm. H. Smith, Wm. M. Smith, Clemon Smith, B. E. Smith, Roland M. Smith, S. A. Smith, James E. Smith, Mervin W. Smith, Lawrence Smith, G. C. Snavely, The Misses Smith, G. E. Spessard, H. W. Spigelmyer, J. Martin Spigelmyer, S. W. Stahle, Carl Stauffer, T. H. Stauffer, Wallace ♦Stear, J. R. Stein, Geo. E. & Son Stitt, L. P. Stockdale, H. C. Stoke, H. W. Stoneroad, S. A. Stonebraker, H. W. Stoner, Harry S. Stoudt, Mrs. Lilhe K. Stover, Jacob E. ♦Strasbaugh, E. F. ♦ Life Members. Address 1307 Scotland Ave., Chambersburg Stewartstown Vinemont Vinemont Hamburg, R. 2 Lancaster, R. D. 7 Bethel York, R. D. 9 Willow Street Reading, R. D. 2 Dallas, R. 3 Brodbecks Ephrata, R. 1 Pittston, R. 2 Ephrata, R. 1 Florin Avonmore, R. D. 1 Dalton, R. 3 SeUnsgrove Indiana, R. D. 5 Chambersburg 2303 Allen St., AUentown Gettysburg Gettysburg, R. 5 Newtown Square Newtown Square Trucksville, Box 36 Garden St., Mt. Holly, N. J. Laughlintown Blairsville, R. D. 144 Front St., Catasauqua Orefield, R. D. 1 Nescopeck, R. 1 Pittston, R. 1 Marion Center, R. 2 Yoe _ Bethlehem, R. 4 Factory ville, R. 2 Box 222, South River, N. J. North East Lebanon, R D. 5 Bethlehem, R. D. 4 Chambersburg McClure, R. 1 McClure Manchester, R. 1 Lititz, R. D. 1 Quaker town, R. D. 3 395 Leonard Ave., Washington Wrightsville, R. D. 1 Blairsville, R. D. 2 Ravenna, Ohio 2226 Upland St., Chester New Providence Indiana, R. D. 7 Orrtanna Hamburg, R. 1 York, R. D. 2 Orrtanna County Franklin York Berks Berks Berks Lancaster Berks York Lancaster Berks Luzerne York Lancaster Luzerne Lancaster Lancaster Indiana Lackawanna Snyder Indiana Franklin Lehigh Adams Adams Delaware Delaware Luzerne Westmoreland Indiana Lehigh Lehigh Luzerne Luzerne Indiana York Lehigh Lackawanna Erie Lebanon Lehigh Franklin Snyder Snyder York Lititz Lehigh Westmoreland York Indiana Franklin Lancaster Indiana Adams Berks York Adams Name Straub, W. D. Strawser, A. A. Strickler, D. A. Strong, T. M. Strong, T. C. Stufflit, Fred Stuntz, H. E. Surface, Dr. H. A. SutUff, Dana ♦Swank, Luke H. Swartz, D. H. Swartz, Emma Syling, E. S. Tarbert, D. F. Tate, S. C. Taughinbaugh, G. E. ♦Taylor, Ralph S. ♦Thomas, Charles L. ♦Thomas, Edwin W. Thomford, C. F. B. Tobacco By-Products & Chemical Corporation Trefethren, Winthrop N. Treichler, Raymond Trexler, T. A. Trimble, Edw. Trostle, Earl Turrell, Elmore *Tyler, W. D. *Tyson, Chester J. ♦Tyson, Edwin C. ♦Tyson, William C. Tyson, Fred Veety, Wm. Vogel, E. H. Wagner, Charles E. Wagner, Harvey Wagonhurst, Mrs. Harry Walker, S. B. Walker, William Walter, William ♦Walton, Robert J. Way, D. H. Weaver, J. B. Weaver, R. A. ♦Weaver, Abram Weaver, Wm. S. Weber, Nelson ♦Weigel, H. M. ♦Weimer, E. A. Weinberger, J. H. Wells, Thomas D. Welshans, D. D. Welshans, M. O. . Welty, S. N. Wenger, C. P. Wernig, Chas. M. Wertsch, Edwin *Wertz, D. Maurice Westrick, F. A. * Life Members. Address Middleburg, R. 4 Mt. Pleasant Mills Coudersport Blairsville, R. D. 1 1204 W. 27th St., Erie Fogelsville Girard SeUnsgrove Shickshinny, R. D. Swank Hardware Co., Johnstown Clymer, R. D. 1 Spring Grove New Castle, R. 7 Dallastown, R. 1 Erie, R. D. 6 Gettysburg, R. 10 West Chester, R. D. King of Prussia King of Prussia Kennett Square Louisville, Ky. Elizabeth Farms, Lititz Coplay, R. D. 1 Northumberland, R. D. 2 Indiana, R. D. Biglerville Noxen Dante, Va. Gardners Flora Dale Flora Dale Gardners Clarks Summit Lancaster, Box 35 McClure 232 Main St., Emaus Bechtelsville, R. D. Coplay New Castle, R. 1 Biglerville Hummelstown Port Matilda Terre Hill Fayette ville, R. 1 Scalp Level Macungie Orefield Biglerville Lebanon Zionsville 615 Vine St., Scranton Jersey Shore, R. D. 3 Jersey Shore, R. D. 3 Hallam, R. 1 402 S. State St., Ephrata York, R. D. 2 Stevens, R. 2 Waynesboro Patton, R. 2 County Snyder Snyder Adams Indiana Erie Lehigh Erie Snyder Luzerne Cambria Indiana York Lawrence York Erie Adams Chester Montgomery Montgomery Chester-Delaware Lancaster Lehigh Northumberland Indiana Adams Wyoming Adams Adams Adams Adams Lackawanna Lancaster Snyder Lehigh Berks Lehigh Lawrence Adams Dauphin Centre Lancaster Franklin Somerset Lehigh Lehigh Adams Lebanon Lehigh Lackwanna Lycoming Lycoming York Lancaster York Lancaster Franklin Cambria — 102 — — 103 — te ;■■- II Name ♦Whisler, Edgar White, Corry White, J. W. Widders, J. B. Wieland, Carl Wierman, Clayton Wiggins, A. W. Williams, D. T. Williams, Luther S. Wilson, David Wilson, H. W. Co. Wiltshire, Clarence Winner, G. B. Winter, M. L. . Wise, Harvey ♦Wister, John C. ♦Witherow, R. T. Whitman, John Wolf, D. E. Wolfe, Charles D. Wolfe, Joseph Wolfe, Walter Wolff, F. B. Wolfinger, Don L. Wolgemuth, Abner M. Woodward, N. H. Worley's Nursery Worthington, Harvey C. Worthington, H. R. Wotring, Oscar A. Yarshik, Karl Yoat, A. J. Yoder, Ira L. Yerger, C. R. Yohe, Jay W. Young, Miles Young, R. C. *Young, L. G. Zarfoss, J. W. Ziegler, E. Calvin Ziegler, J. A. C. Zook, Amos F. Zook, I. F. * Life Members. Address County Etters, R. 1 York Dallas, R. 3 Luzerne Indiana Indiana Lancaster, R. D. 3 Lancaster 113 Parkwood St., Williamsport Lycoming Bendersville Adams Clarks Summit, R. D. Lackawanna Romney, W. Va. Indiana, R. D. 1 Indiana Bridgeton York 950 University Ave., New York McKeesport, R. D. 1 Allegheny American Cyanamid Co., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, N. Y. 1 Hellam, R. D. 1 York Commodore, R. D. Indiana Germantown Philadelphia Punxsutawney Jefferson 434 Windsor St., Reading Berks Dallas, R. D. 2 Luzerne U. B. Quincy Orphanage, Quincy FrankUn Allentown, R. D. 1 Lehigh Dallas, R. D. 2 Luzerne Lima Chester-Delaware Chambersburg, R. 1 Franklin Mt. Joy, R. D. 1 Lancaster Mendenhall Delaware York Springs, R. D. 1 West (Jhester, R. D. 2 Adams Chester West Chester Chester-Delaware Orefield Lehigh Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1 Wayne Punxsutawney, R. D. 3 Jefferson Middleburg Snyder Apollo, R. D. 3 Armstrong Fayetteville Franklin Narrowsburg, N. Y. Wayne Chambersburg Franklin North East Erie Elizabethtown Lancaster 529 W. Market St. York York, R. D. 8 York Lancaster, R. D. 5 Lancaster Curryville Blair TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Officers 2 Secretary's Report ^ Treasurer's Report ^ Report of Committees ^ Winter Injury in Pennsylvania Orchards in 1935-36, R. D. Anthony H Fertilization and Management of Orchard Soil —Firman E. Bear 24 The Hail Insurance Problem — Norman W. Webber 28 Berks-Lehigh Mountain Fruit Growers Association — J. E. Linde. . . 32 An Fastener Visits Northwestern Orchards — R. H. Sudds 33 Orchard Beekeeping — Geo. H. Rea 40 ControUing Soil Erosion and Water Run-Off in the Pennsylvania Orchard— J. T. Bregger 44 Fruit Growing in Europe— S. W. Fletcher 51 Some Important Fruit Insects of 1936— H. E. Hodgkiss 57 Research Work with Apple Insects in 1936— H. N. Worthley 64 Spray Materials in Relation to Spray Injury— H. W. Thurston, Jr. . 72 The Relation Between Spraying Methods and Apple Disease Control— R. S. Kirby 81 Summary of Remarks before Pennsylvania State Horticultural Society— Carroll R. Miller 88 Membership List for 1936 ^2 104 — LIST OF ADVERTISERS PAGE American Cyanamid Company ^^ Barrett Company ^^ Bean Manufacturing Co 47 Bountiful Ridge Nurseries Inside Front Cover Davidson Chemical Corporation • 23 Du Pont De Nemours and Co., Inc ^ Golden State Sales Corporation -^8 Marvil Package Co •. ^^ B. G. Pratt Company R^^r Cover Roemhild, Albert C ^^ Warner Company ^^ Waynesboro Nurseries, Inc Inside Rear Cover — 105 — YORKING HAD EXCELLENT COLOR AS EARLY AS AUGUST, 2l8t WHEN YORK WAS STILL GREEN Having seen YORKING on the tree near packing time and desiring to compare YORKING with York in August, before York begins coloring, Prof: Teske, Extension Horticulturist for Virginia, on August 21st, paid the original YORKING tree a visit and reports as follows: "The apples on the Sporting branch at that time showed a splendid color as compared with only a faint striping of the apples on the other parts of the tree. I believe that this would be a distinct advantage. The branch carried a splendid load of fruit and a considerable percent of the apples on the branch carried anywhere from 50 to 100 percent color on the date that I visited the tree." YORKING is not only replacing York but many of the other old varieties lacking in color. So far this season our YORKING sales have doubled any other variety. Let YORKING be in your next order. BEWARE of the so-called "Just as Good Red Yorks*' for none are yet known. OTHER POPULAR RED SPORTS NEW RED DELICIOUS NEW RED STAYMAN NEW RED JONATHAN NEW RED ROME We offer trees in each of the above varieties in both one and two year. We also offer most of the standard conmiercial varieties — being able to take care of your requirements in almost any variety, size and quantity. PEACH We offer Peach in various sizes and quantities in the following assortment of varieties: ALTON BELLE OF GEORGIA CARMAN CHAMPION EARLY CRAWFORD EARLY ELBERTA EARLY ROSE ELBERTA GOLDEN JUBILEE GREENSBORO HALE HEATH HILEY INDIAN KRUMMELS LATE CRAWFORD MIKADO RED BIRD ROCHESTER SALWAY SHIPPER'S LATE RED SOUTH HAVEN STUMP VALIANT Our Peach trees and service will please you; Send us your Planting List for quotations while we have a large stock from which to m^e a selection. Way nesboro WAYNESBORO lurseries, I VIRGINIA nc. B.G.PRflTT Make Lime Sulfur AND MORE EFFEaiVE WITH SPRAY CATALIZER SPREADER - STICKER - FLOCCULATOR This is the new sulfur spreader which has become such a sensation in the fruit growing world. Pratt's Spray Catalizer should be used whenever lime sulfur or Sulfocide is used as a foliage spray. Pratt's Spray Cataalizer catalyzes or controls thepolysulphides, reduchig spray injury to a mhiimum. It prevents the formation of the black sludge (lead sulphide) which reduces the fungicidal action of the sulfur and releases water soluble arsenic, which is responsible for so much russeting of fruit and burning of foliage. Pratt's Spray Catalizer partially flocculates lead arsenate for greater buildup and sticking quality of the poison on the fruit and foliage, with least run-off. Pratt's Spray Catalizer costs no more than casein lime spreaders, but contahis 60% of superfine sulfur, which increases to that extent the fungicidal property of the spray. It does not deteriorate witn age so is always fresh. Use 2 pounds only of the Spray Catalizer to 100 gallons. No lime is necessary or desirable. Full descriptive literature on request. B. G. Pratt Company ««rfc»» Dept. "D 60 CHURCH STREET NEW YORK, N. Y.