CC "< I Q.CONKLIM,- l^\\ Commonwealth of Pennsylvania DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. II.— JUNE. 1914. Pennsylvania Trees I. S. ILLICK, A. B.. F. E., ,, Professor of Dendrology and Forest Management, \i" ^ Pennsylvania State Forest Academy. ISSUED BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY. HARRISBUEG, PA.: WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE PRINTER 19U .-■•^ PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY ROBERT S. CONKLIN, Commissioner of Forestry. IRVIN C. WILLIAMS, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry. STATE FORESTRY RESERVATION COMMISSION. ROBERT S. CONKLIN, President. SIMON B. ELLIOTT J. LINN HARRIS FRANK L. HARVEY WM. P. STEVENSON. (3) (4) ti:- LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Hon. Robert S. Conkliu, Commissioner of Forestry. Dear Sir: In compliance witli your re])ly became a question of great importance. A gen- eral survey of the field showed that we were consuming wood faster than we wei'e producing it. This unbalanced economic condition due to the unregulated condition of our forest gave birth to the sub- ject of forestry. Man's attitude towards the forest showed that he was a disturbing agent. Without him the forest of Pennsylvania would have remained practically undisturbed, indefinitely. Hence it might follow that the forest thrives best where there are no people, and consequently no forestry. Further, one often hears the state- ment: Formerly we had no forestry and plenty of wood; now we have forestry but no wood. This statement does not prove that for- estry is to be blamed for a deficiency in our wood supply, but it does prove that forestry is the child of necessity. This child of nec- essity, which is at present just in its formative period, could never have been born if we had not been compelled to see that our timber resources were rapidly decreasing. The word forestry to many may be new. The most enlightened may have a rather vague conception of its exact scope. It is often identified with the planting of individual trees, landscape work, and tree surgery. Forestry should be regarded as the rational treatment of our woodlands for tlieir products. The kind of treatment de- pends largely upon the desire of the owner. The ownership may be private or there may be a public owner, as a municipality, a state, or a nation. The desire of the owner may be to supply wood ma- terial, to retain or establish a protective cover, to furnish recreation groimds, or to maintain a game cover. The forests which are man- aged for the purpose of producing a supply of woody material are known as production forests or supply forests, while those which - ',- .; ;» "^ ■ jwpr ~ : - 9^ ■ \ \ J Fip. 5. DENSE STAND OF NORWAY SPRUCE, GERMANY. The kind of forests we hope to develop. Norwiiy Spruoe is a valuable and a beautiful tree. lis- li CAUEFULLY MANAGED Ft)RK.ST Attractive, sanitary, Mroductive, and organized. Good roads ramify through all its parts. Fig. 7. roREST ACADEMY STUDENTS IDKXTIFYIXC TREES IN WINTER Fig. 8. FOREST ACADEMY STIDK.NTS STUDYING; THE GROWTH OF TREES IN A PLANTATION Fig. y. FOREST ACADEMY STUDENTS ESTIMATING TIMBER. 17 are retained or often established as a protective cover are known as protection forests. Protection forests aim to prevent calamities like destructive floods, excessive erosion, sand shifts, and snow shifts. Forests managed primarily to enhance the beauty of the forests and to furnish recreation grounds for the public may be known as park forests. Park forests should always be accessible to the public. Such outing grounds will not only be a meaus of preventing many of our diseases but also help to restore to health those who are already afflicted. Forests managed by the owner primarily to en- joy sport are known as luxury forests. Forestry aims to have man improve upon nature's ways of doing things. Nature grew forests upon areas regardless of the fitness of these areas to other more protitable pursuits. Both the thin, rel- atively sterile soils of the mountains and the deep, fertile soils of the valleys were covered with forests. The latter are far more valuable for the production of food material than for the production of wood material. Foresti-y aims to develop forests on forest soU. It does not attempt to encroach on agricultural soil but aims first to classify the land into ploughland and woodland; and then to treat the woodland areas so that they will yield the largest quantity of high class wood material in the shortest time at the least expense of time and money and to give to mankind as many other natural blessings as possible. The economic point of view should always be kept paramount. The forester's forest should supply more fully the pres- ent and prospective human wants than they can be supplied by de- pending upon nature's uncertain and unregulated performances. FORESTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA. Forestry had an early beginning in Pennsylvania. As early as 1G81 William Penn in his Charter of Eights stated that "In clearing the ground care should be taken to leave one acre of trees for every five acres cleared; especially to preserve the oak and mulberries for sUk and shipping." From this time on at irregular intervals acts were passed by the legislature protecting the woodlands from theft and firing; but no real, constructive work in forestry was done until the latter part of the 19th century. In 1855 F. Andre Michaux left a legacy of $14,000 to the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia which became available in 1870 for forestry instruction. In 1877 Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Professor of Botany at the University of Pennsylvania, was appointed Michaux lecturer on Forestry, in which capacity he served until 1891. At this time it was difficult to interest the public in forestry and, as a consequence, at first, the lectures delivered by Dr. Eothrock were 2 18 not well attended. The interest in forestry, however, grew gradually and cumulatively. In June, 1SS6, the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was founded. It has always been and is still one of the best and most constructive organizations of its kind in America. In 1888 Governor Beaver appointed a Commission on Forestry, which was the first commission of its kind in this State. It presented a report to the legislature in 1889. The reports which this and the subsequent commission pre- sented to the legislature, together with the data obtained from the tenth census (1880), helped to stimulate interest in forestry on the part of both legislators and the public. In 1895 the Division of Forestry was created in the Department of Agriculture and Dr. J. T. Kothrock was appointed Commissioner of Forestry. He served in this capacity untU June 1, 1904, when he resigned. Hon. Robert S. Conklin, the present incumbent, succeeded him as Commissioner of Forestry. Under the direction of these able men the forestry work has progressed to such an extent in less than two decades, that Pennsylvania to-day stands in the front rank with reference to the development of its woodland arehs. Many constructive acts pertain- ing to forestry have been passed by the legislature, some of which have served as models for other states. In 1901 the Division of Forestry was raised to a Department of Forestry. In 1903, by a special act of the legislature, the State Forest Acad- emy, at Mont Alto, was established. Mont Alto is a small village in Franklin county, sixty miles southwest of Harrisburg on the Cumber- land Valley Railroad. The ground occupied by the school buildings is a part of a State forest which affords an excellent opportunity for practical instruction and an accessible field for experimentation equalled by few if any forestry schools. Recently one of the leading forestry educators connected with an American University, a Ger- man by birth, in a public address said, "The Pennsylvania State Forest Academy has the best location and working field of any forestry school in the world." This school aims to train young men in prac- tical forestry so that they will be able to manage the State forests. Sixty-four men have been graduated, and most of whom are still in the service of the State. In addition to these foresters ninety-two rangers are also employed. A printed announcement of the school is available for free distribution and will be sent upon request. The State authorized the purchase of woodland areas in 1897 for the purpose of establishing State forests. To date (July 1, 1914) 998,773 acres have been acquired, located in 26 counties, at a total cost of ^2,273,647.4:0, or an average of ?2.27 per acre. This area is now being developed. Over 5,000 miles of roads, lanes and trails have been built, opened, or repaired. One hundred ninety-five miles of telephone lines have been built and numerous fire observation 19 towers have been constructed. The Department of Forestry aims to disseminate l^uowledge concerning forestry to the public, to protect carefully all State forests, to assist in the protection of private areas, and make accessible for management and utilization all State forests as rapidly as appropriations by the legislature will permit. Many large areas in various parts of the State are devoid of any valuable tree growth. Most of these areas are capable of developing useful forests. In order to have them developed it is necessary that such areas be stocked with valuable trees. It must be done by planting. About 6,000 acres have already been planted to trees in this State, which required a total of 11,970,.500 seedlings. In order to produce these seedlings and to insure a future supply 4 large forest nurseries and 22 small ones have been established. Many other benefits are de- rived from Ihe forests. They serve as recreation grounds to the public who seek their midst to regain or maintain health. Carefully managed forests regulate stream flow and are also the sources from which cities and towns obtain an excellent supply of unpolluted water. They furnish local labor, and, through permits, suitable camp sites to campers, hunters, and fishermen. The sale of material from the State forests has already yielded over $84,000, eighty per cent, of which will be set aside for "The Slate School Fund of Penn- sylvania." THE STRUCTURE OF THE FOREST. Every region and, often, even eveiy small locality has its peculiar kind of foi'est. The composition of the forests along streams, on slopes, and upon mountain tops usually shows great differences. The climatic factors and physiographic features of ^ region influence the composition of the forest very much. The more varied the factors of the habitat are, the more varied the composition of the forest usu- ally is. Fpon the same mountain slope one can often find three and sometimes more zones of trees. Each zone is composed of different species or groups of species, which groups vary not only in composi- tion, but also in form, density, and thriftiness. The forester seldom considers trees raised in isolated positions, but rather concerns himself with trees raised in masses or stands. Such masses of trees, irrespective of their kind, size, density, form, number, or value are known as woodlands. Woodlands may be com- posed of a single species or of two or more species. If one species composes ninety per cent, or more of the total stand it is known as a pure stand and if the stand is composed of two or more species none of which forms ninety per cent, of the total stand it is known as a mixed stand. Woodlands are rarely quite pure. A slight ad- mixture of some species is usually present. The forests of Pennsyl- 20 vania are decidedly mixed in their composition. The conifers are found oftener in pure stands than the broad-leaved species. Since the forests of this State are composed largely of hardwood species it is rather unusual to find pure stands. Occasionally one may find small pure stands of such species as Pitch Pine, White Pine, or Red Cedar and rathei* extensive ones of Chestnut. About 125 species of trees are native to the State of Pennsylvania but not more than 25 species are of sufficient importance to deserve to be developed in our future forests. A large proportion of our native trees is found as undergrowth. They form dense and some- times almost impenetrable thickets. This dense and complex struc- ture of our upderwood aids considerably in increasing the number of participants in our forests. Dense and tall undergrowth tends to protect the soil from erosion, to con-serve the fertility of the soil, and to afford shelter to birds which prey upon the insect enemies of the forest; but it may also impede the utilization of forest pro- ducts and make the tending of the forest more difficult. The tendency of forestry is to eliminate the undesirable species. We should eliminate cautiously since the despised species of to-day may be prized to-morrow. If tliis process of elimination is devel- oped on an intensive scale, it means a reduction in the number of species and, in extreme cases, leaves only one species, i. e. a pure stand. Tliis is especially true where a forester aims to establish a stand by artificial seeding or planting. He is apt to choose a species, which he thinks will give the highest returns. If he selects the proper species and it is not injured during its development he may possibly obtain satisfactory results. Before establishing stands one should consider the subjoined advantages of pure and mixed stands. The principal advantages of pure stands are: — 1. Pure stands are easier and cheaper to establish. 2. Pure stands are easier to tend and manage. The principal advantages of mixed stands are: — 1. Mixed stands utilize the available plant food in the soil and air more fully. Close utilization of the factors of the habitat and keen competition by every forest tree upon its neighbor are requisites for optimum quantity and quality production. 2. The forester can meet the demands of the market better with a few species than with one species. 3. A larger number of trees per unit of area is usually found in a mixed stand than in a pure stand. i. j\Iany species are less subject to damage by wind, frost, fire, fungi, and insects, in mixture than when grown pure. 5. Trees usually develop a better form if mixed properly than if grown pure. 6. Mixed stands are more attractive than pure stands. - i > i 3 z ^^JTi^V ■y. > ~ i'i .r?iS«5; 21 A great many pure stands may be seen in the forests of Germany. Some of them were established over 100 years ago and are now ready to be cut. After more than a century of experience in planting, the German foresters are abandoning the policy of establishing pure .stands and are advocating mixed forests. Mixed forests may con- sist of a mixture by single trees or of a mixture by groups. The mix- ture may be temporary or permanent, even-aged or uneven-aged. We should aim to improve the composition of our forests by re- ducing the percentage of inferior species and increasing that of the more valuable ones. The present cover types which consist of many despised, some neutral, and a few prized species, should be transformed into the future management types which will be charac- terized by a simpler but superior composition. THE ESTABLISHMENT OP THE FOREST. As rapidly as the mature forests on absolute forest soil are re- moved they sould be succeeded by young forests. These new forests which follow in tlie wake of those removed may be established by one or by a combination of the following methods: — (1) Natural, where nature, aided to a limited extent by man, sows seeds and produces sprouts. (2) Artificial, where man sows the seeds or plants the seedlings. The former is usually spoken of as natural regeneration and the latter as artificial regeneration. In both methods nature does most of the work; but man helps nature more in the artificial method than in the natural method. Nature working through many centuries produced the original forest. We cannot wait for nature to produce another original forest on our forest soils. It will take too long. We may assist nature and attempt even to improve upon its way of doing things; but we must be careful that we do not de- viate too far from its methods for fear of being i)unished. In the case of artificial regeneration it is necessary to collect seeds from desirable trees. These collected .seeds may be sown imme- diately or stored. If stored, they must be protected from such ani- mals as mice, squirrels, and birds, and from drought. The seeds may be placed between layers of sand to prevent drying out. Those seeds which are sown immediately may be sown directly upon the area where they are expected to germinate and establish themselves or they may be sown in beds in a nursery where they in time develop into seedlings. Direct sowing may be in the form of broadcasting, where the seeds are scattered rather uniformly over the area or spot l)lanting, and where only isolated or scattered spots, often regularly spaced, are sown with seeds. The nurseries in which the seeds are sown may be permanent and located in the open, or temporary and located in the forest under the 22 shelter of trees. The nursery is divided into a great number of beds which are usually about twenty-five feet long and four feet wide. The seeds may be sown in these beds in spring or fall, either by sowing them broadcast or in rills. Here the seeds germinate and after an incubation period of usually less than a month, but occa- sionally extending over a year, they appear above the ground. The germination can sometimes be stimulated by soaking the seeds in water before planting. These young tender plants like children suc- cumb very readily to adverse conditions. Consequently they must receive careful treatment and adequate protection while they remain in the nursery. They must receive protection from the intense sun, excessive moisture, drought, weeds, fungi, and animals. The plants which develop from the sown seed may remain for one, two, or three years in the nursery. Those plants which remain for more than one year may be kept in the same place where the seeds which produced them were sown. If too dense they must be lifted and planted in another place where they will have more room. This process of lift- ing the seedlings and planting them again is known as transplanting, and the resulting plants are transplants. Transplanting usually produces better plants because they are stockier and better prepared for the shock they will receive when planted in the forest. Species like While Pine, Red Pine, and Norway Spruce are usually left in the nursery for two or three years and then transplanted while other species like Ash, Walnut, and Oak are left in the nursery only one year. The seedlings planted in the forest are usually raised in nurseries but occasionally tliey may be taken from the forest floor where na- ture often produces them abundantly. The cost of raising plants in the nurseries varies with the species, cost and quality of the seeds, and the length of time left in the nursery, but is usually from about $2.50 to $4.00 per thousand. The source, method of collection, pre- paration, and storage of the seeds have a marked influence on the quality of the resulting plants. The plants, taken from the nursery or lifted in the forest, are u.sually planted in the forest about 4x4 or 5 X 5 feet apart. This requires from about 1,700 to 2,725 trees per acre. The total cost of planting an acre of cleared land to forest trees, including cost of plants, is about $12. In individual cases the cost may exceed this figure and again it may be lower. This ar- tificial method of regeneration is generally used where forests have been clear-cut or where openings are to be reforested. It is also used for underplanting where a better humus covering is desirable. In Europe, especially in Germany, this method was u.sed extensively during the last century as may be seen in the many even-aged forests found there at the present time. During the last decade a reaction has been setting in, based on scientific investigations. Many of the Fig. 1.). DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE PINE SEEDS. Seedlings taken fn.m nursery May, 1914, after growth had started. From left to right: Four si»cds : six seedlings from fall-sown seeds showing 3 stages of development directly after breaking through the ground : two 1-year old seed- lings; two 2-ye.ir old seedlings. Fig 14. STUDENTS PLANTING TREES. From 1,200 to 2,7oO trees are planted per acre. A crew of 20 men can plant 20,000 trees per day if conditions are favorable. Fig. 15. NATURAL REGENERATION OF THE FOREST. Norway Spruce before seeding cutting. Opening the leaf-canopy stimulates seed production . Fig. 16. NATURAL REGENERATION OF THE FOREST. Norway Spruce after seeding cutting. Regeneration following regulated seed pro- duction. i If; i; -NAiLUAi. la.t.l.AlA;.'. 1 i...\ wl 1111, lwUi-..-,i, Large Oiik seed tree with its oflfspriug. ^^:fl ty Jig. 18. XATUKAL REGENERATION OF THE FOREST. An opening being filled by a dense growth of White Pine. Tulip, and Hemlock seed- lings, from seed scattered by bordering large trees Fig. 19. PLAXTATIUN UF WIIITE I'l.XE. Six years O-d from seed, about 2,000 trees, 2-3 feet high, per acre. Ki?. 20. PLANTATION OF WHITE PINE. ICIcvcn years olr! from seed, about 2, .500 trees, 5-12 tVct high, per acre. 23 forests which were established artificially are now reaching maturity. Disadvantages of this method are becoming more evident and the foresters are gradually substituting the natural method for the ar- tificial. The natural regeneration of forests may take place in two ways: (1) By coppice and (2) by seed. By coppice is meant the shoots which spring up from the stump when the tree is cut (Figs. 23, 24, 69, 79) and the suckers which spring up from the roots. Coppicing is a rather important method of reproduction in Pennsylvania since some of our most valuable species, like Chestnut, Ash, and Oak re- produce readily by this method. Natural seed regeneration leaves most of (he work to nature. Man attempts to hasten it somewhat by regulated cutting in the stand and by wounding the soil so that the seeds will find a favorable mineral soil upon which to germinate. The trees which produce the seeds may be scattered singly, or occur in groups, in strips, or in opened stands. These trees are known as seed trees or mother trees. Some form of natural regeneration must be u.sed in protection forests, is advisable for game and park forest.s, and applicable to the forests which are managed for the production of wood. In some cases it is advisable to begin with natural regeneration and tlien fill in artificially all places which are not stocked with trees. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST. The raising of some farm crops and the raising of a wood crop have many points in common. A farmer after planting his field to corn in spring does not leave it to nature to develop and mature, but he cultivates it and sometimes even cuts out undesirable sjirouts called .suckers, knowing that careful tending will result in a larger yield. Likewise the forester is not satisfied in establishing a forest but he also aims to develop or tend it so that it will yield a large and val- uable crop. The method of developing a forest depends upon the nature of the forest and the desire of the owner. The forest may have been es- tablished by nature and even partly developed by it or it may have been established by man. The forests established and developed by nature without the aid of man are usually in a rather unsanitary, unattractive, unproductive, and unregulated condition. Under such conditions it is necessary for man to transform these into forests which are clean, attractive, productive, and which show evidence of proper regulation on every hand. The forests which man establishes usually start out with 2,000 to 20.000 or even 50,000 seedlings to the acre, depending upon the method of establishment. If artificial methods of regeneration are used about 2,500 seedlings per acre are 24 required but where natural regeneration is used one may find 20,000 or even 100,000 seedlings per acre. If we go into a mature forest stand and count the trees per acre we will find probably 150, or some- times 250, and occasionally 100 ; hence, we must conclude that a large proportion of the trees which start out cannot survive. Two ques- tions suggest themselves: What happens with the large number of trees which cannot mature? Why is it necessary to plant so many when only a small number can mature? If one inspects a plantation of trees a few years after it was established he wUl be able to note a difference among the trees. Some are thrifty, which is shown by their rapid growth, others are average, while still others show no signs of growth whatever or may have died. If one returns ten years later this condition is still more pronounced. By this time they will have grown to such dimensions that their branches are beginning to interlace. A struggle has started between them. There is no longer sufiicient sjjace for all of them. They must battle with each other for light and food. Some will conquer and be known as domin- ant trees, while others will just about hold their own and be known as intermediate trees, while still others will be conquered and be known as suppressed or dead trees. This struggle for existence is found in all places where trees grow in the form of a forest, and re- sults in the elimination of the weaker specimens. At the same time it gives such drastic discipline to the dominant ones that they will produce a much higher grade of wood. Trees grown in dense stands are usually free from lateral branches for a consider- able distance from the ground and as a consequence the logs cut from them will be relatively free from knots; while trees grown in open stands or in open situations bear crowns which often reach almost to the ground and produce numerous knots. Such trees as the latter, consequently, yield an inferior grade of wood. In developing forests the owner or forester in charge should aim to maintain a proper number of trees per acre and to treat them so that they will not only yield a large quantity but also a good quality of wood. He should not aim to differ from nature's ways of doing things but improve on them. In order to improve the for- est it is necessary that the forester carry on certain operations in the immature stand which aim to improve the composition of the stand and the form of the individual trees. He should also aim to increase the rate of growth of the individual trees and as a result increase the yield in volume and value of the final product. The principal operations which one must carry out in order to realize the above objects are: Cleanings, Liberation Cuttings, Thinnings, Damage Cuttings, Pruning, Weeding, and Underplanting. Cleanings are cutting operations in young rather even-aged stands which remove undesirable trees with little prospective value, and S'2 - n ' ~ n — -^s^^r^i^^^^iiii-^' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\« 9^f Jr amV^^!^ ai^:--'^^^^^^*^^ ^^^^^^^^^I^^^B ^^WWmH^^W^^w^^ ^^fe^^^-- ^^^^K^S^^^^^fe^5?^^^- H^^Hfb v\ i^>\^^>^m^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^v^ Fig 23. THINNED CHESTNl T STAND. About 35 years old. Approximately 280 trees over 4 inches in diameter, breast high, still standing. Eight ccirds of wood per acre were removed. Pig 24. THINNED CHESTNUT STAND. About 22 years old. Average diameter of trees 5.5 inches. Approximately 650 trees per acre present. Over 90 per cent. Chestnut. Fig. 2.5. WHITE I'lNK SIANK l;i.liiivl. .v.si. i,l lil.N., I'lUM.N' Fig. 26. SAME STAND AS FIG. 2o, 10 YEARS AFTER PRUNING. Fig. 27. OIL PIPE LINK A« A FIKK AND SUBDIVISION LINE. A base from which to tight fires. An excellent subdivision line. Fig. 28. Cv ^:^'"'"^ ^.-^A^ K m ^^Km^ *^ ^:C ^1 ^^ ^ W^' t '•• "^^: ^' ^■P^iSJ^' : ■ ^•v.MV. ',»/ i i-. Bb •- ^ :^. Kig. 32. WHITE (_IAK AXD I'lXIO lAiGS ATTACKED P.Y FUNGI. The White Oak logs in foreground attacked by 3 different species of fungi. Cut fibout 8 months before photographing. The value has depreciated with exposure nud fungous attack. Fig. 3.3 PRESIDENT JAMES BUCHANAN'S BIRTHPLAii: Buchanan State Forest, Stony Batter, near Mercersburg, Franklin County, midal rough stone monument. Norway Spruce in the foreground. Pyra- 27 lings and saplings which would have produced the forest of the fu- ture. In the years 1907, 1908 and 1909, 2,455 fires occurred in the State of Pennsylvania, and burned over 484,987 acres. The esti- mated amount of damage was almost $1,000,000. It is also esti- mated that the average annual direct loss from forest fires within Pennsylvania is $500,000. Three kinds of forest fires are usually recognized: Surface fires, which burn the surface layer of leaves, grass, twigs, and some trees; Ground fires, which burn through soils with abundant vegetable ma- terial; and Croicn fires, which burn through the crowns of trees. Many fires can be prevented by educating the people concerning the real value and significance of the forests. Vigilant patrol dur- ing the danger season, the construction of fire-towers, telephone lines, roads, fire-lanes, compartment lines, and the proper disposal of com- bustible material, help to minimize the fire danger. The damage which man does in the forest is very noticeable to his fellowman, while that done by other agents often goes unnoticed. Due to the development of our biological sciences in the recent past we are beginning to appreciate the extent of the damage done by such agents as insects and fungi. The organic agencies which damage the forest are plants or ani- mals. The principal types of plants which do damage to the forest or to the products of the forest are parasitic flowering plants, as the mistletoe, and fungi which cause the decay of wood. The extent of damage which fungi do to trees as well as construction timber is usually underrated. They may be found upon living or dead trees, stumps, logs, railroad ties, and construction timber in bridges, houses and barns (Figs. 29-32). The Chestnut Bark Disease is an example of a parasitic fungous disease which attacks the Chestnut tree, doing enormous damage. Many diflerent kinds of animals do damage to the forest. Domes- tic animals, as cattle, sheep, goats, and hogs, and wild vertebrates, as deer, rabbits, squirrels, mice, and beavers, are among the most im- ^portant damaging agents. Next to fire, insects are the most destructive enemies of the forest. They may infest young seedlings in the nursery, the fruit or seeds, the twigs, the cambial bark, and the wood. They also do consider- able damage by attacking the leaves. Complete defoliation is not uncommon. The damage from inorganic agents may be in the form of wind- fall, wind-break, snow-break, excessive cold, excessive heat, shifting- sands, erosion, floods, and noxious gases. Proper protective measures can sometimes be carried out success- fully by the individual, but in other cases the co-operation of the nation, state, or municipality may be required. Organizations or 28 establishments for carrying out protective measures are also re- quired where large areas are to be protected. On July 1, 1914, there were employed in Pennsylvania 56 Foresters and 91 Forest Rangers to look after the 998,773 acres of forest land which the State owns. Most of the foresters employed by the State received their training at the State Forest Academy. By developing the forest fire organiza- tion in Pennsylvania, forest fires will be rare events, as in the man- aged forests of Europe, and if they do break out will cause relatively little damage. THE VALUE OF FORESTS. Prior to the time that the conquest of Constantinople closed the route to the Orient, the Atlantic was regarded the world's back door. Columbus, a mere sea captain, to his own surprise, discovered a land which, as the old voyagers related, no one approached without appreciating the beauty of the forest. Those old voyagers appreciated the beauty of the forests but not their prospective value. The forests at first had a negative value. They were something which must be conquered. Their removal was necessarj' for the establishment of homes and the opening of agricultural lands. Thousands of acres of the best forests were simply burned to get rid of them. They were obstacles in the way of development. Gradually as our forest acreage decreased, as our population in- creased, and as the demand for wood goods multiplied, the forests be- came not only objects of interest and beauty, but also of value. After four centuries of rapid development we are just beginning to comprehend the real importance of our forests. They supply us with wood which is the most indispensable and universally used product of nature. Wood as a necessity or a luxury is used in our various activities from the cradle to the coffin. Many of our houses are built, finished, and heated with wood. Most of the paper upon which we write and upon which our books are printed is made of wood. The forests supply us not only with wood but with many minor products like maple sugar, tanning materials, naval stores, charcoal, wood alcohol, etc. Artificial silk and even whole suits of clothing have been made from wood. In addition, the forests furnish leaves for stable litter, pasturage for cattle, pannage for swine, and great quantities of nuts which are iised as food by man. Pasturage was formerly carried on more extensively than at present. It may be a legitimate industry if it pays knd if it is so directed that the young seedlings in the forest, which will produce our future forests, are not eaten or injured. As a rule, grazing should not be permitted in 29 young forests where the shoots are still tender and readily eaten by animals, nor where the grazing animals may tramp out the seed- lings. The original forest may be regarded a great reservoir of wealth filled by nature working through many centuries, and exploited by man either for its products or to establish in its place a more neces- sary industry. The present forest on the other hand may be rep- resented by a much smaller reservoir only partly filled, and with material which is inferior not only to that found in the original forest but also far inferior to that which we hope to develop in the future forest. The present forest if properly managed, which im- plies improvement, is capable of producing continuously a large quantity of major and minor forest products representing an enor- mous value. In addition to the usual monetary value of forests we should also consider their value as soil formers, soil fixers, soil im- provers, preventers of floods, sanitary agent.s, suppliers of natural blessings, and beautifiers of the earth. THE VALUE OF TREES. Trees are among the commonest and most conspicuous objects of nature. They vary considerably depending upon their kind, their environment, and the artificial treatment which they may have re- ceived during their development. The trees which surrounded the simple home of the early pioneer differed very much from those which adorn the grounds of some of our wealthy citizens today, showing that nature, unaided by man produces trees in the forests which differ considerably from those which man has planted and cared for. Environment is a very potent factor which not only in- fluences the general appearance of a tree but also the structural parts which compo.se it. Trees as members of the forest stand have been considered in the preceding chapter. The subjoined material treats of trees used for purposes other than forestry. • Trees are not only valuable for their products, as wood, resin, fruit, and litter, but in addition have an aesthetic and a protective value. Although tree-planting for shade and ornament has been practiced assiduously in past generations, yet the value of such plant- ing and the care which such trees require and should receive has not been fully appreciated until lately. Today individual trees or small groups of them are planted rather extensively about homes, along streets, in parks and public squares, for their shade and shelter. They are also used about the home to screen objectionable objects, to direct and restrict the views along general lines, to frame the home picture and to give the surroundings the expression of comfort and homeliness. 30 The establishment and care of shade and ornamental trees is en- tirely different from the care of forest trees. Knowledge concern- ing the life-history of trees in general is, however, a prerequisite for the proper treatment of both classes of trees, but the art by which this knowledge is applied is entirely different. The forester grows trees to harvest and at harvest time he aims to obtain from them as much and as high grade wood as possible. The tree warden grows trees to preserve. He aims to develop a tree with as desirable an appearance as po.ssible and to i-etain it as long as the vitality of the tree will permit. Thousands of dollars are spent annually by shade and park com- missions in developing the aesthetic side of our cities, towns, and many of our rural districts. The commissions or individuals who have this in charge, aim, by beautifying the environments, not only to improve the health and eflSciency of the citizens, but also to raise their moral standard and hence increase their social worth. DECIDUOUS AND E\^RGREEN TREES. AU trees native to the State of Pennsylvania, when in a healthy condition, bear green foliage in summer. In autumn many of the green leaves change to brilliant colors, yellow, scarlet, deep red, or purple, and gradually fall to the ground. The species of trees whose leaves lose their green color and fall in autumn are known as deciduous trees. Most of the trees native to the State of Pennsyl- vania are deciduous. The deciduous trees are also known as hard- woods or broad-leaf trees. The Oaks, Maples, Birches, and Chest- nut are common examples of this group. Many of the representa- tives in this group yield valuable products and furnish interesting objects of study on account of their variation in form. In winter the deciduous trees are far more conspicuous tlian in summer since the dense leaf canopy is absent. This affords an opportunity to study the trees with special reference to their form, branching, and bark. These characters are among the most helpful in distinguish- ing our common trees, especially since they are at hand at all sea- sons of the year. The leaves of a few deciduous species like the Beech and some of the Oaks die in autumn but often persist through the winter. Some species, however, do not shed all of their leaves in fall. Such trees are known as evergreen trees. The evergreen habit is char- acteristic for most trees commonly known as conifers. Most of the conifers have needle-shaped leaves which persist for two or more years. The Larch, native to this State, and the introduced Bald Cy- press are, however, two species which shed all their leaves in fall and during the winter appear like dead conifers. The persistence of the i 31 foliage of most of the conifers enriches the winter scenery and af- fords shelter for birds and other animals. Many conifers are highly prized for ornamental purposes and some yield valuable commer- cial products. The Pines, Spruces, Firs, Cedars, and Hemlocks are the commonest examples of this group. In addition to the conifers a few broad-leaf species, such as Rhododendron, Mountain Laurel, and American Holly, are evergreen. A transition from the evergreen to the deciduous habit may be found in the Deciduous Holly and the Laurel Magnolia which are deciduous in the northern and evergreen in the southern states. The deciduous trees are commonest in the eastern part of North America while the evergreen are commonest in the western part. The former are usually found in mixed stands, while the latter often occur in extensive pure stands. The hardwood species usually occur on rather fertile soils while the conifers may thrive on more sterile ones. Both the deciduous and the evergreen habits have their ad- vantages. The shedding of the leaves in fall is a protective adapta- tion since it reduces transpiration, danger from snow-break, and damage from noxious gases. The evergreen trees have the advantage of lower summer transpiration and are ready at any season of the year for constructive activity. They are also less subject to damage by frost during the growing season. The advent of forestry may change the structure and distribution of our forests. The present tendency seems to be gradually and cumulatively in favor of the conifers. THE AGE OF TREES. Some trees reach great size and enormous age while others re- main small and die young. The size and age which a tree attains depend upon the inherent tendency of the species and the factors of the environment. Some species which naturally grow tall and be- come old may remain small under unnatural and unfavorable growth conditions. Other species never become large and old even under the most favorable growth conditions since it is inborn in them to remain small. A definite age limit cannot be fixed for each species but for general convenience we may classify our common trees as short-lived or long-lived. Of the trees native to the State of Pennsylvania the Oaks, Chestnut, Buttonwood, Tulip Tree, White Pine, and Hemlock may be regarded as long-lived trees, and the Pop- lars, Willows, most Birches, and some Cherries as short-lived. Some of the White Oaks found in the original forest of Pennsylvania showed an age of approximately 500 years. Some of the trees of this State reach a great age and enormous size, still none approach such 32 trees as the Big Cypress Tree of Tule found in tbe state of Oaxaca, Mexico, or the Sequoia of California. It is not always easy to tell the age of a tree or that of an even- aged stand of trees. Planting records are often very valuable in determining their exact age. The best means of finding out the exact age of a tree i.s to ask the owner who kept a record when the tree was planted. This method may be used for some ornamental trees and for forest stands which were artificially established. De- tailed records should be kept of all forest stands whether established artificially or naturally. The determination of the age of trees in the original forest or in an unregulated forest is a more difficult task. The age of a young tree like that of a child is more readily determined than that of an old tree. The best test for telling the age of a tree, if planting records are wanting, is to count the an- nual rings on a crosssection of the stem near to the ground and adding to this number, as many years as it took the tree to grow to that height. (Plate I, two lower series of drawings, and Plate XI, 1, 3). Each ring usually represents the growth of one year. A sec- ond test will apply to such species as ^Tiite Pine, which develop their lateral branches in di.stinct and rather regular whorls. (Plate I, upper right figure, and Fig. 19). Each whorl normally represents a year's growth. If tlie branches have fallen off one can often find the scars of the branches on the stem. (See Frontispiece and Figs. 25 and 26). The age of young trees or small branches can also be determined by counting the rings of terminal bud-scale scars (Plate I, upper left figure). The portion of the branchlet from the end down to the first ring of bud-scale scars represents the last season's growth while that between the first and second rings represents the next to the last season's growth and so on. To tell the age of trees may sometimes be difficult but it is usually fascinating. After you have been successful in determining the age of a few trees, you may find yourself questiouiug the age of others as you walk or drive by them. A careful study of their growth will often indicate the successes and failures which they met during their development, since a relatively narrow ring often indicates a struggle, while a wide ring often indicates favorable growth conditions. THE FORM AND STRUCTURE OF TREES. 1. FoEM : By form is meant the general appearance of a tree. One can study the form of deciduous or broad-leaved trees best in winter when they are devoid of their foliage. After one is familiar with the general form of dift'erent trees it is possible to distinguish the different species even at a great distance. The form, together with ' Grohf/f) of /9/4 -A Groiv//^ o/./9ii GroiY//p o/ /9/2.v\ -_y ^yearJ j year^ T yeerrj /year 2 yearj 3 yearj a year j PLATE I. THE AGE OF TREES. 6 year's Fig. 34. OPEN GROWN PINES. White on left, Yellow on right. Both trunks exiurrent and developed in same envir- oument. Difference of form is due to inherent qualities. One tapers, with per- sistent lateral branches; the other with little taper and few branches. ■ ^% ^ jl^ •■•; . - -^ w^i ^ ^ ^^ ff/^v ■• ^*^Si Wm S K 1 •4'^^*'3^s L^'- T* H^O^^^ am F^^ § J^^£' "" "1 ■ 3»'^i= Kv^Tjfe^ V^l^ 1^ ^^^^^ !"•» iSsi^r "r" .•,ic^,-.^-^^i(& W'-«.J^nn^J W^\m ^^^^^jir «i^ "^'wSr vfJgMfei^l^^ ■" -Sl^^^k i \ iwyf jk r^^ ra ^^Klf/?^k- *r :S#Sm:^ .--jl^fTT k' ^} Mfi mW ■' ^-^fl J^3 ,^^Kf^>L "*fvV -^^^^ oS^^^^^i Mm iv iFvft^ 1^ iTi ^ ■^^uP^t^^f T^a^^J^S^ W^ ^ ^^3j^ii ^H '**'^-^S:^\2?S3KbS^?' * fjT'Jfl #^ ^Cf^ vf ^ J^f^^'^^^oS^ -/ vT ■ i twvJ 5^ Tv). '" V V "''*? ^'^. -^ . ^"— -i-^-A'- 1 1 1 ^^^^^jyri£^ Fig 35. OPEN GROWN AMERICAN ELM. Its trunk branches near the base and then repeatedly subdivides, known as a deliquescent trunk. Such a trunk is 1 4 :-j Fig. 36. FOK.M ui' lo.mi;ai:dy POPLAR. iii; WILLOW. " * ■^ ^c ^'"^^S W^^^^, ^ ^^ m Hha Fig. 38. F PIXi: Fig. 43. F(')RM OF A TABLE MOUN- TAIN PINE. It developed in a closed stand. Diameter 22 inches. 33 the color and figure of the bark, is a character by which many of our trees ,may be accurately distinguished. The form of trees varies with the species, the environment, and the sylvicultural treatment. Some trees attain an enormous size and great age while others never become large or old. The Sequoias of California, also known as Redwoods and Big Trees, and the Cypress trees of Mexico have representatives which are regarded the largest and oldest in exist- ence. A section of a Big Tree now in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City shows that the tree when cut was 1,341 years old. It was 90 feet in circumference at the base, over 350 feet in height, and estimated by lumbermen to contain 400,000 board feet of lumber. Probably the largest Cypress tree in the world stands in a churchyard about five miles from tte City of Oaxaca in Mexico. This tree has a circumference, according to recent meas- urements, of 154 feet 2 inches, 6 feet above the ground. It is about 125 feet high and, according to various estimators, can scarcely be less than 4,000 years old, and may possibly be over 5,000 years. Specimens of this size and age have never been found in the State of Pennsylvania. Some of our native trees, the Chestnut, White Oak, Red Oak, Tulip Tree, Hemlock, and White Pine have, however, at- tained great size. A few large specimens which were cut in recent years, showed by count of their annual rings that they bad started life before Columbus discovered America. In Forest Leaves, Vol. TX, No. 10, Dr. J. T. Rothrock describes a White Oak standing near Kutztown, Berks county. It was 31 feet in circumference at the level of the ground and had a spread of branches of 104 feet and an estimated height of almost 74 feet. This tree was probably the largest of this species in Penn.sylvania. Larger specimens of Chest- nut have been found in this State. The largest Chestnut tree on record had a diameter of 17 feet. It was found near Waynesville, North Carolina. Other species like the Scrub Oak (Fig. 4), Gray Birch (Figs. 64 and 69), and Scrub Pine never become large. Some species may remain small in one region and yet become large in another. The Chinquapin which reaches its northern limit in Penn- sylvania seldom exceeds a height of 10 feet in this State while it reaches a height of 50 feet in southern Arkansas. The character of the stem, to a large extent, determines the form of the tree. The main axis of a tree usually grows erect. The lateral branches vaiy according to the species and the position of neighbor- ing branches. In some species like the Weeping Willow (Fig. 37) they are drooping, in others like the Black Gum and Pin Oak (Fig. 38) they are horizontal, while those of the Lombardy Poplar are ascending (Fig. 36). If the terminal .shoot is removed or killed a lateral branch in time may take its place. Sometimes two lateral 34 branches strive for the leadership but they are such close competitors that neither can win out. The result is a ''stag-headed" tree. Again a dormant bud may be stimulated into activity with the result that no lateral branch obtains the leadership. After studying these growth forms, one is inclined to think that the terminal shoot pre- vents the erect growth of the lateral branches. Environment bas a marked influence. The form of a tree growing on an exposed mountain top differs very much from one growing on sheltered bottomland. An open grown tree has a form entirely dif- ferent from one grown in dense forest stand. The form of open grown specimens varies with the species. Two different species of Pine shown in Fig. 34 grew side by side in the same environment and still developed entirely different crowns. Open grown trees usually branch near the ground and have a broad, deep, symmetrical crown, while trees grown in dense forest stand usually branch far- ther from the ground and have a long clean trunk with a shallow and often irregular and unsymmetrical crown. Trees grown in a dense stand may not be so attractive as those grown in the open but they yield a much higher grade of wood, since the lateral branches which produce many of the knots in lumber are removed early in the life history of' the tree. The density of the forest stand should be so regulated that on every acre of soU not only the greatest quantity but also the best quality of wood is produced. Two kinds of branching are usually recognized, the excurrent or upright and the deliquescent or spreading. When the main trunk is continuous and extends upward to the tip without dividing it is known as excurrent, and when the main trunk is not continuous but divides and subdivides into more or less equal parts it is known as deliquescent. Most of our evergreen species have the excurrent type of branching, while most of our deciduous trees have the deliques- cent type. A few of the latter, as the Pin Oak, Tulip Tree, and But- tonwood, often show an excurrent or upright tendency in the form of their trunk, especially when young. 2. Baek : If we examine the growing point of a seedling we will find that there is very little difference among the parts composing it. Soon, as a result of growth, various kinds of tissue will be formed. At the end of its first growing season we can differentiate roots, stem, and leaves. The stem is still further distinguished into pith, wood, and bark (Plate XI, 1.) Nature seems to know that the vital elements in the stem need protection. This protection is given by the bark. Bark is that portion of the stem which lies outside of the cam- bium layer. It consists of an outer and an inner part. The former is commonly known as the outer or dry bark and functions primarily I'ig. 44. WHITE I'l.Vi;. Trunk 25 inches in diameter. Via. 4... KKl) I'l.NK. Trunk 20 inches in diumeter. Fig. 4(j PITCH I'lNE. Trunk 22 inchre in dinnieter. lig. 47. Yi:i.LU\\ I'l.Ni;. Trunk 29 inches in diameter. Fig. 48. JERSEY OK SCRUB PINE. Trunks 7 and U inches in diameter. Fig. 49. AMERICAN LARCH. Trunk 18 inches in diameter. Fig. 50. BALSAM FIR. Trunk 16 inches in diameter. Fig. 51. BLACK SPRUCE. Trunk 14 inches in diameter. Fig. 52. RED CEDAR. Trunk 24 iuclies in diameter. Fig. 53. HEMLOCK. Trunk 22 inches in diameter. Fig. 54. A.MKKKAN HOP HORN- BEAM. Trunk 18 inches in diameter. Fig. .55. Trunk i; RED MULBERRY, inches in diameter. Fig. 56. KEDBUD. Tniuk S iuflics in diameti'i'. Fig. 57. BUTTONWOOD. Trunk 18 inches in diameter. Fig. 58. SWEET BUCKKYi: Trnnls .T2 inches in dinnieter Fig. 59. HONEY LOCUST. Trunk 30 inches in diameter. i-ig. GO. KHl) MAPLK. TniiiU 8 inches in dinniotcr lig. 01. RED MAPI.H. Tiiiiik 30 inches in (iinniotci' ri^. (C. SLGAU MAl'l.E. Ti-unlc 32 inches in dianieler. Fig. (53. STRIPED MAPLE. Trunk 4 inches in di.imeter. Fig. 6i. GRAY BIRCH. Trunk 4-9 inthos in diameter. Fig. 65. RIVER BIRCH. Trunks 6 inches in diameter ,M t r ^^. 1 M^^^B^ Fig. 66. SLIPPERY ELM. Trunk 26 inches in diameter. Fig. 67. SASSAFR.\S. Trunk 26 inches in diameter. /rl riS. (iS. YELLOW lUUCH. Trunk 8 inches in diameter. i'\g. fin. (;kav r.iucH Trunk 4 inches in diameter. Fig. 7U. BLACK LIUCU (Yuuiig.) Trunk 7 inches in diameter. Fig. 7L BLACK KIRCH (Old.) Trunk 27 inches in diameter. V\-^. 72. RED OAK. Truiilc 4(1 iuclii'S in dimncter. Fig. 73. WHITE OAK Tniuk 30 inches in diunu'tci'. Fig. 74. P.I.ACK OAK Triiul; 42 inches in diameter. I'ij; 7.^ ROCK OAK. i'tiink 34 inches in diameter. Fig. 7li. PIX OAK. Tnmk 15 inches in diameter Fig. 77. SWAMP WHrrE OAK. Tnmk 32 inches in diameter. Fig. 7S. SCARI.KT OAK Trunk 14 inches in diameter Fig. 79. BASSWOOD. Trnnks S-14 inches in diameter. EMg. 80. BUTTERNUT. Trunk 20 inches in diameter. Fig. 81. BLACK WALNUT. Ti-nnli 24 inches in diametei-. Fig. 82 CHESTNUT. 'riiMik 02 iiiclics in di;iineter. Fig 83. BLACK LOCUST. Trunk 18 inches in diameter Fig. 84. XL I. IP TKKK. Tiuuk 21 inclies in diainetrr. Truuk 26 inches in diameter. f-9| ■1 '■'i^'S^ K ^■^ 1 %ir*'^^^^^^l t BBj -#5." W'^ ■ ■ p Sfe^-^- '^M0^ ^m Iv ,^^' Ii*..»AfeA V\-A. so. WlilTK ASM. Tnitik "U inclics in diinietiT Fig SV BLACK ASn. Trniik 22 inches in diamotcr. I lig. 88. SHAG-BARK HICKORY, 'rniiik 26 iuches in diameter. Fig. 89. PIGXUT HICKDUY Trunk 22 iiiflio.s In <]i:ini li r 1 &w. 'v^^ \ 1 mm^ .i^^^H ^^^^^E((^ ' "^ -^ ^^^^1 ^^^^- •^ ■ ^^^Hffv*^'' dl aft 3 Fig. 90. MOCKICR XUT HICKORY. Trunk 18 inches in diameter. Fig. 91. BITTER XUT HICKORY. Trunk 24 inches in diameter. Fig. 92. HEKfTT. Trunk .'!0 inches in (liiimcter. FiR. !«. AMF.KICAX HORMIEAM. Trunk fi inclics in diaractcp. Fig. y4. 11()N1-;V LdCUST. Trunk 10 inches in dininctcr I'i^'. Hf), I.AUCIC-TOOTHFL) ASl'I^XS Ti links Jti and l"* inches i;i diaini'tor Fig. 96. WILD BLACK CHERRY. Trunk 6 inches in diameter. IMg. 97. WILD BLACK CHLURV. Trunk 18 inches in diameter. Fig. 98. DOMESTIC CHERRY. Trunks 12 and 14 inches in diameter Fig. 99. TREE OF HEAVEN. Trunk 12 inches in diameter. ■^ ^3. Fig. 100. BLACK GUM. Trunk 22 inches in diameter. Fig. 101. PERSIMMON. Trunk 12 inches in diameter. Fig inj HACKBFKKV. Trunk 8 inches in diameter. iig. ll«. FLDWEKING DlKjWUUD. Trunk 6 inches in diameter. I 35 as a protective covering while the latter is known as the inner or living bark and helps to convey the food which was manufactured in the leaves to various parts of the stem. Thickness of the bark is often determined by the rapidity with which it peels off. Its thickness, together with its larger number of dead, air-containing cells, makes it a very effective protective covering; but the chief protective feature of bark is the formation of corky layers. The chief function of the protective covering in plants is the preventiou of excessive transpiration. The regular cork formations in tie bark help very much in controlling transpiration. Cork is one of the most valuable elements of tlie bark. Its structure is complex and vari- able. Cork is impermeable to air and water, a poor conductor of heat, and a preventer of penetration by parasites. Local out-growths of cork like the wings of the Sweet Gum and Hackberry are prob- ably of no value to the plants producing them. In some species the bark is not fully "ripened" at the end of the growing season, con- sequently the subjacent tissues do not have the necessary protection and frequently die back during the winter. The color of the bark varies in different species, in different situations, in different parts of the same species, and with the age of the trees. Young bark is usually green, but it soon loses this color due to the formation of cork and other substances. A few species like Sassafras retain their green color for a relatively long time due to deferred or late cork formation. Gray, brown, and black are the prevailing bark colors while red and white are also common. Color of the bark is very helpful in distinguishing many of our common trees. All the species of Birch native to Pennsylvania may be distinguished from each other by the color of their bark together with a few other bark char- acteristics. The bark on some of the older trunks becomes rough and then the characteristic color of the species may be present only on the branches and young stems. The outer bark may be uniform, mottled, or variegated in color. The interior and exterior parts of 'the bark may differ in color. Black Oak bark is yellow within and black without, while Hemlock is reddish within and brown to black without. The bark of the Buttonwood is peculiar since it is dark brown without and green, yellow, or white within. The inner bark often becomes very conspicuous due to the complete peeling off of the outer bark. Young branches and stems are usually smooth since the bark ex- pands sufficiently to accommodate the increased diameter growth of the interior. Later, in most species, the bark begins to crack, since the growth of the interior is too rapid for the expansion of the bark. In a few species like Beech, Blue Beech, and Balsam Fir the bark remains thin and smooth throughout life. Other species like Basswood and Pin Oak remain smooth for a long time but be- 36 come furrowed later, while mauy other species become rough early in life. The manner in which the bark cracks open or peels off af- fords a ready means of identification for many of our trees. The exfoliation of the bark is rather constant for each species. In some species like the Yellow Birch and Paper Birch it peels off in thin film-like papery layers. In the Shag-bark Hickory it is shaggy; in many species like the Pines and Spruces it is scaly; while in others like the White Cedar it is shreddy. Many species have furrowed bark. The furrows run usually in a longitudinal direction but may run transversely. The furrows or fissures separate ridges. These vary with the species. The fis.sures may be short or long, close or distant, narrow or ^ide, longitudinal, transverse, or diagonal. The ridges may be pointed or broad, high or low, smooth or scaly. The bark may be broken up into small square or rectangular blocks as in the Black Gum. This form of bark is often spoken of as "alli- gator bark." See Figures 44-103 for bark of most of our important native trees. The bark may be of considerable technical value. Hemlock and some species of Oak and Spruce have bark which is rich in tannin. The bark of these species is used extensively in the leather industry. The bark of a European .species of Oak is highly prized on account of the large quantity of cork which it produces. The inner bark of some species yields dyeing material while that of others is used in the manufacture of fibre cloth. Formerly the bark of the Paper Birch was used in the construction of canoes. 3. Twigs: Twigs are the terminal parts of branches. The term twig usually refers to that portion of the terminal part of the branch which grew in the last season. Those portions of the branch which began their growth a few seasons ago are usually spoken of as older twigs or bi'anchlets. The twigs have their origin in the vegetative buds which may be located on the terminal end of tlie twig of the previous season's growth or along its .side. If they emerge from terminal buds they become leaders, and if from lateral buds they will develop into lateral branches. The lateral branches maj- be alternate, op- posite, or whorled (Plate II). The method of branching is very help- ful in distinguishing our common trees. The lateral branches of most of them alternate with each other, while a fair number are opposite and a few whorled. The terminal twig elongates rapidly while the lateral ones usually remain shorter and occasionally are compressed to a stub or spur. When the vegetative buds burst open in spring young twigs, which are often covered with developing leaves, emerge from them. These twigs are, at first, usually delicate, greenish in color, and PLATE II. 14— 15^ )6 TYPES OF TWIGS AND PITH. 1. Tulip Tree (alternatt- l>rancliiuj;(. -. Catalpa (whorle*] brancbinf:) . 3, Whitf Ash (opposite branching). I- 'iray L'.irch (slender and warty). ."'. Staj:hiirn Snmach (hairy), 6. Klderl>erry (lenticels prominent). 7. Black Cberry (lentirels transversely € gated). 8. Chestnut (lenticels small and numerous). Drawings are about one-half natural size. 9. Black Uuiii (N-iiti'HU few and inconspicnons). 10. Black Walnut (rliaml)ered pith). 11. Sumach i large pith). 12. Sassafras (medium-sized pitb). 13. Oak (star-sha|.t-d pith). 14. Black Alder ttriancular pith). 15. Common Locust I angular pith). 16. Elm (circular pith(. 17. Birch (semicircular or irregular pith). PLATE III. TYPES OF BUDS. 1. Sugar Maple (oppoi^ite). 2. Chestnut ( alternate). 3. Butternut (superposed), lied Maple (accessory). Striped Maple (stalked). Striped Maple (valvate). Red Oak (scaly). Buttonwood (sub-petiolar) . Beech (solitary terminal). Black Oak lclu-;tt-red and hairy terniiual). Basswood (axillary and pseudo-terminal). American Elm, showing (1) leaf Imds and (f) flower buds. Papaw (naked flower- and leaf-buds). Common Locust (imbedded). Trembling Aspen (sharp-pointed). Drawings are about one-half natural size. i. 9. 10. 11. VZ. 13. 14. 15. 37 often hairy. As they develop during the season they become firmer and often lose their green color and their hairs. The direction of the new growth is variable. In many species it takes at first a drooping direction and later, as its elements become firmer, it as- sumes a horizontal or ascending position. The new growth of the Pines is conspicuous in that it grows in an erect direction at first and later becomes horizontal or drooping. The taste, smell, and color of the twigs are helpful in distinguish- ing some of our common species. The twigs of some species as the Black Birch, Spice Bush, Sassafras, and Wild Cherry have a char- acteristic taste and smell. The color of the twigs may be green as in the Sassafras, red as in the Basswood and Red Maple, or brown as in the Sugar Jfaple. Many other different colors and combina- tions of color aid materially in distinguishing our trees. Some twigs are rough while others are rather smooth. They may be roughened by hairs, lenticels, raised leaf-scars, bud-scale scars, warty or resinous exudations, corky projections, or decurrent projections of the bark. If we examine a young twig just after it has emerged from the bud we will find that it is usually green in color. At the end of the first season's growth a thick bark has usually developed which is no longer green on the surface, but, by cutting a cross section of a twig, one will often find that the inner bark is still green. This green tissue develops chlorophyll and manu- factures food just as does the green tissue of the leaves. As the bark increases in thickness the chloroi)hyll decreases, eventually dis- appearing entirely from the stem. In order that this green tissue in the bark may function it is necessary that gases be exchanged through the bark. Special structural modifications on the bark known as lenticels (Figs. 96 and 98) make possible this exchange of gases just as the stomata on the leaf-surfaces allow and even regu- late the exchange of the gases of the leaf. The lenticels are very numerous and conspicuous on some species, while on others they are rare and inconspicuous. They are raised on some species like the Elder, while on others they are even with the bark. Their color varies. They may be white, gray, pinkish, yel- low, brown, or black. In outline they are usually circular or slightly elongated. In the Cherries and Bii-ches they are confluent, a char- acteristic which results in the horizontally elongated lines of lenti- cels (Figs. 96 and 98) so common on their trunks. The duration of the lenticels varies with the species and its en- vironment. As a rule the more rapidly bark is formed the shorter is the duration of the lenticels. On some species it is difficult to find lenticels on any but the last seasbn's growth while on others they may persist for some years. The exfoliation of the bark causes their 38 disappearance. On a few species like the Birches, Cherries, and Honey Locust they persist for many years. The distribution of lenticels has not yet been systematized. They are distributed rather uniformly over the newer growth but are ir- regularly spaced. In some species they seem to be somewhat clus- tered just below the nodes and in others like Honey Locust they are more numerous on the lower side of horizontal branches. The pith usually occupies the central portion of twigs, branchlets, and roots. It is composed of thin-walled cells which are loosely ag- gregated. It seldom increases in size after the first year. The pith of a tree 100 years old is usually not wider than that in a year old twig of the same species. It becomes functionless early in the life of a tree. The pith of conifers is rather uniform in outline, structure, and color, but in the broad-leaved species it is very variable. In most species it is small in proportion to the size of the twigs, but in a tew species like Sumach, Elder, Sassafras, Ailanthus, and Kentucky Coffee-tree it is relatively large. The outline in cross section may be 5-angled or star-shaped as in the Oaks, Chestnut, and Aspens, 3-angled as in Alder and some Birches, angular as in Common Locust, circular as in Elm, and ovoid as in Basswood. As a rule the pith is continuous, but in a few species like Black Walnut, Butternut, and Hackberry it is chambered. A few species like Catalpa have continuous pith except at the nodes where it is sometimes chambered. A less distinct separation of the pith is found in Black Gum, Papaw, Tulip Tree, and the Magnolias where plates of .stone cells occur. The color of the pith may be white as in the Sugar Maple, pinkish as in Red Maple, brown as in Striped Maple, Mountain Maple, Sumachs, and Walnuts, red as in Kentucky Coflfee-tree, or greenish as in Shad Bush. 4. Buds: In temperate and colder climates the growing season extends over a part of the year only. During the warmer part of the year vegeta- tion is active, but as soon as the weather becomes cooler, many an- nual plants die while others make special preparation for the win- ter. One of the preparations is the formation of buds. They are formed in most trees and shrubs of cold and arid climates. If we examine a twig from one of our common trees in the month of July we can usually find buds starting to develop in the axils of the leaves. They continue to develop until they have reached a certain size, and then remain in an inactive condition for a few months in winter, only to become active again when favorable growth condi- tions return in spring. A year usually includes a period of rest alternating with a period of activity. Buds may be divided into 39 two classes, active and resting. Active buds are growing or develop- ing buds, such as one finds in late summer prior to the period of rest and early in spring when tlie resting buds have been awakened from their winter's slumbers. The resting buds are commonly known as tointer buds (Plate ITT). Buds are protected growing points. The degree of protection given to the growing points varies with the species. A few of our trees and shrubs have buds which are nearly or quite destitute of a scaly covering. These are know as naked buds. The protection usually consi.sts of scales which may be supplemented by hairy out- growths, resin, gums, or air spaces. Tliese are known as scaly buds. The buds may be covered by numerous overlapping scales, known as imbricated bud-scales, or they may be covered by simply one or two visible .scales which do not overlap. The buds of the Willows and Bultonwood are covered by a single visible bud-scale, while the buds of such .species as the Striped Jfaple and the Black Alder have only two visible bud-scales whose margins simply meet and do not overlap. The latter are known as valvate buds. The buds may also receive protection from the enlarged bases of the stalk of leaves which often persist far into winter. The buds covered by the en- larged base of the leaf-stalk are known as subpetiolar buds. The buds of some of our common trees are very inconspicuous. It is often difficult to locate them when sunken so deeply into the bark that only the tip is visible. The size of the buds is not indicative of the size of the flowers or leaves wliich they will produce the fol- lowing .season. Many of tlie trees wliich bear small and inconspicuous buds produce large and conspicuous flowers and leaves. The prin- cipal functions of the jjrotcctive covering of buds are the prevention of tlie loss of water from the tender parts within and the protec- tion of their delicate interior from mechanical- injury. Some add that the protection also minimizes the damaging efTect of sudden temperature changes. The position of buds is of considerable value in distinguishing many of our trees and shrubs. They may occur at the end of the twigs or along their sides. The former are known as terminal buds and the latter as lateral buds. The terminal buds may be solitary as on the Beech or clustered as on the Oaks. On most of our trees and shrubs the lateral buds appear just above the origins of leaf- stalks and are known as axillary buds. They may occur in pairs, one on one side of the twig and the other exactly opposite, or singly forming a spiral around the twig. The former are known as opposite buds and the latter as alternate buds. The axillary buds may occur solitarj- or in groups, either one above the other, or side by side. If they occur one above the other they are known as super- posed buds and if they occur side by side they are known as accessory 40 itids. Sometimes axillary buds remain inactive for a long period of time without losing tlieir vitality. Such are known as dormant luds. During their dormant period they remain on the surface of the trunk by the elongation of their connection with their point of origin. A superabundance of food, excessive light, or the death of a great number of terminally located buds, may stimulate them into activity again. A great number of these buds are often found along the stem of such .species as Chestnut and Rock Oak. They develop into short branches which are known as "water sprouts." Some buds are produced at rather unusual points, and in irregular positions along the stem, and are called adventitious buds. They also form ''wirter sprouts." One finds a wide variation in the size and form of the buds which our common trees produce. Some are long and slender; others are short and stout. Some of them are round in cross-section; others are angular. Some are sharp-pointed; others are blunt-pointed. The buds also vary in the manner of their insertion on the twigs. Some are inserted directly on the twig; others are separated from the twig by a stalk, and still others may be almost entirely covered by the twig. The former are called sessile iuds, the next stalked buds, and the latter imbedded buds. The kind of buds which a tree produces is of considerable import- ance, especially where fruit trees are considered. Three principal kinds of buds may be distinguished: — leaf buds, also known as vege- tative buds, the contents of which will develop into stem and leaves; mixed buds, the contents of which consist of leaves and flowers in their formative stage; and floicer buds, also known as propagative buds, which contain the elements of flowers only. How can one find out what kind of buds are at hand? The buds may be cut open by means of a .sharp knife and their contents studied with the aid of a magnifying glass. One may also take a twig and place it in a jar of water in a warm room and in about a week the buds will have expanded far enough to reveal the nature of their contents. The twig with its buds may also be left on the trees and its development observed in .spring when nature opens them. With all this varia- tion in the position, insertion, form, structure, and kind of buds we still find here, as in all nature, law and order. 5. Leaves: The shoot of a seed plant consists of stem and leaves. The leave of our common trees are excellent distinguishing characters by which the species may be recognized. They are variable in form. This variation, as well as the work they do, is little appreciated by the crowds which annually seek their shade and shelter. This chapter PLATE IV. TYPES OF LEAVES. 1. Black Cherry (simple). 2. CommoD Locust (componml). 3. Chestnut (alternate arrangement). 4. Sugar Maple ioi)rM>!5ite arrangement). 5. White Pine (5-cIustered). 6. Pitch Pine (3-elustered). 7. Jersey or S Pine (2-rlusteretl). 8. Larch (many clustered). 9. Larch ( many clustered at base ; solitary on leading shoots). Drawings are about one-lialf natural size. 10. Red Spruce (4-sided). 11. Balsam Fir lUat and sessile). 12. Hemlock (flat and stalked). J3. Red Cedar (scale-like needles). 14. Arbor Vitae (scale-like needles). 15. Arbor Vitae (section enlarged showing glanda on leaves). 16. Red Cedar (awl-sliaped needles). Lfyv fTa?Mj Br/j//e pointed Sn/ire Denfafe Cao/^e/z-Jerra/e \5erra/e^ /nc/^ec/ PLATE V. TYPES OF LEAVES. Loiietr 41 aims to give a general description of leaves and a brief outline of their work. A typical foliage leaf consists of three parts: (1), the Hade or flattened portion (lamina); (2), the leaf-stalk (petiole); and (3), the leaf-appendages (stipules). Two kinds of leaves are usually recognized: — simple and com- pound (Plate TV). Simple leaves have blades which are more or less united into one piece, while in compound leaves each leaf is composed of a number of smaller leaflets. Compound leaves may have all the leaflets originate from one point as in the Buckeyes (Plates CXII, CXIII), or scattered along the main petiole as in the Common Locust (Plate XCVII). Each primary division of a compound leaf may again be compounded as in the Kcutuclcy Coffee-tree (Plate XCIV). Such a leaf is known as a doubly compound leaf. The arrangement of the leaves on the twigs and branches of our common trees may be alternate, opposite, or tchotied (Plate IV). When the arrangement is alternate, the individual leaves are located singly at a node: when opposite, two leaves occur opposite each other at a node; and when whorled, more than two leaves occur at a node and are distributed regularly around the twig. In a few species as the Birches, the leaves of tlie lateral spurs appear to be opposite, but upon do.ser examination they are found to be alternate. The leaves of the trees native to this State may be classified as follows: (1), Trees with needle-shaped leaves, known as conifers or evergreens, and (2), trees with broad leaves known as hardwoods or deciduous trees. The needle-shaped trees show a wide variation in the form and distribution of their needles. They may occur singly, in fascicles of 2, 3, or 5, or in clusters on lateral spurs; they may also be stalked or .sessile, scale-like or awl-shaped, and flat, semi-circular, triangular, or four-sided in cross-section. The broad- leaved trees have an even wider variation in form. This may be in part due to the greater number of representatives belonging to this order. A few of the commonest leaf forms are shown on Plate V. Other intermediate forms are commonly found among our trees. The size of the leaves varies as much as their form. They may be small, scale-like, or awl-shaped as in the Arbor Vitae and Common Juniper respectively, or large and tropical-like as in the Magnolias and Papaw. The point, or apex, of leaves varies with the .species and the gen- eral leaf-form. The commonest kinds of points recognized are shown on Plate V. The bases of leaves are also often characteristic and of consider- able value in distinguishing .species, since difl'erent species may have the same general form but difl'erent bases. The commonest kinds of bases recognized are shown on Plate V. Intermediate forms may 42 readily be found, since leaves taken from the same tree or branch often show a wide variation. The margins of leaves are often more variable than their apexes and bases. The kinds most commonly recognized are shown on Plate V. The figures represent the margins of simple leaves, but the margins of the leaflets of compound leaves follow the same ter- minology. Most of the leaves of our common forest trees contain a rather complicated system of fibrovascular bundles. These fibro-vascular bundles, known as veins, form the framework of the leaves. Sur- rounding and betn^een these veins is found a green pulpy mass, the spongy parenchj'ma. The whole body of the leaf is covered by a protective covering known as the epidermis, the thickness of which varies with the species of tree and the climate. One can find variations in the petiole and stipules of leaves as well as in tlie blade. The petiole may be absent, short, or long. When the petiole is absent the leaf-blade is se$sile. It may also be enlarged at the base, circular, heart-shaped, flat, or triangular in outline. The enlarged base may be hollow or clasping. The stipules are usually not very conspicuous. In many species they persist for a short time only and then fall off. The main function of the stipules is protection, but a special modification of the stipules is seen in the Common Locust (Plate XCVII), where the thorns are modified stip- ules and function as mechanical protectors. Leaves are the most industrious organs of a plant. They work day and night from early spring until autumn. The four chief func- tions of leaves are: (1) Photosynthesis; (2) Respiration; (3) Transpiration, and (4) Assimilation. Photosynthesis is the process by which the leaf manufactiires starch or sugar from carbon dioxide and water with tlie aid of 'the energy of light. That green plants require light for their growth and development is shown by the man- ner in which the axis and their leaves adjust themselves so as to re- ceive the greatest amount of light. By respiration in plants is meant the process by which oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide and water are given off. It is primarily a process of oxidation and re- sembles in general the process of respiration as found in man and higher aniDials. In order to facilitate this exchange of gases the plants are supplied with openings on the leaf surfaces, especially on the lower surface, and on the bark. The openings on the leaf sur- faces are known as stomata and those on the bark as lenticels. Each slit-like opening on the leaf is surrounded by two guard cells which are somewhat complicated in structure and verv' sensitive to changes in temperature and water supply. They function primarily as breathing pores and as outlets for the water vapor given off during the process of transpiration. Their number varies, but it has been i / ' '^^' \Q^ 19 PLATE VI. TYPES OF LEAF-SCARS AND BUNDLE-SCARS. I. Tulip 'Jri-e. 2 Catalpa. 3. Americiiti lldiiihoilin 4. Sassafras. .T. Persitninon. fi. Maple. 7. Poplar. S. Red Mulberry. 9. Buttouwood. 0. Chestnut. 1. Walnut. Basswood. Birch. Bo.\ Elder. Papaw. Hursf Cluslniil. Dwarf .Siiiii;l
  • . Striped Maple la diuopins pistillate raceme), 6. Red Maple (staniinate fascicles), x 5. 7. Red Mai>le (pistillate fasci.-les). x i. 5. Basswood (a druujiing cvme). x f.. 9. Fl.iWerinj; Dofc-wonil (a 'dense cluster), x ». 10. White Ash la staminatc |ianicle), x 5. 11. White .-Vsh la i>istilhite i.anicle). x 4. 12. Khododendron (a single flou-er), x i. 13. Wild HIack Cherry {a raceme), x k." 14. Buttiinwood (a head), x S. P /" w yjS^ #^ T 1. «■■ 2. W i. \' a. 'I - ■«, ■; 7. (-. 15 PLATE IX. TYPES OF FRUIT. I ( ti 1(3 1 oral f(iz«< «, H'v'\AfTj ak . K«d <'>ak , X I. .-». X i. Mjr>. I i. t/or). X I. :,'. X t X J. IT. K*-'} Mai^if^rj 'aD agjp-«sat«: fmit). X i. 46 which the stamens are lacking is known as a pistillate flower. Some- times the staminate and pistillate flowers are not only found on dif- ferent parts of the same tree but on entirely difl'erent trees. The chief role of flowers is poUination. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil. When pollen is transferred from the anthers to the stigma of tlic same flower it is known as close-pollination, and when pollen is trans ferred from the anthers of a flower of one plant to the pistil of a flower of another it is known as cross-pollination. Wind and in- sects are the chief agents which carry the pollen in the case of cross- pollination. The flowers of the Tulip Tree, Papaw, and Cherries, are examples in which dose-pollination can take place, while the flowers of the Willows and Poplars are good examples in which cross-polli- nation takes place. When the staminate and pistillate flowers are on the same plants e. g. Oaks, American Hop Hornbeam, Beech, Chestnut, Hickories, and Walnuts, the plants are known as monoecious and when they are on different plants as in the Willows, Poplars, and occasionally .some Maples, they are known as dioecious. Flowers vary not only in the size, form, shape of their pails, and color, but also in their arrangement. In a few cases the flowers of trees like the Tulip Tree and I'apaw are borne singly and known as solitary flotcers. The flowers may also be arranged in clusters like that of the Lily of the Valley or the Wild Black Cherry (Plate VIII, 13). Such an inflorescence is known as a raceme. A raceme may be compact as in the Wild Black Cherry; or loose as in the Common Locust (Plate VIII, 3) and the Striped Maple (Plate VIII, 4-5). When the flower cluster is den.se and the flowers sessile, or nearly so, it is known as a spike. Spikes may be 2-5-flowered as in the I»istillate flowers of the Hickory (Plate VII, 8), or densely flowered as in the staminate flowers of the Mulberry (Plate VII, 18). A very short and dense spike is known as a head (Plate VIII, 14). A .spike is sometimes short, flexible, and rather scaly as in the Willows, Poplars, and rather long as in the staminate flowers of the Oaks, Hickories, Birches, and Alders (Plate VII, 7, 9 and 15). Such a spike is known as an anient or catkin. Other types of inflorescence are the umbels (Plate LXXXVII), panicles (Plate VIII, 10-11), and corymis. The time at which the flowers appear and their duration varies with the species. The Alders, Hazlenut, and some Maples produce their flowers early in spring before the leaves are out. Others pro- duce them with the leaves, while still others produce them after the leaves?. The Witch-hazel produces its flowers late in fall. It is the last of our trees to blossom. 46 8. Fruit: Sometime after pollination the egg cell or ovule is fertilized, and as a result of fertilizatiou, the ovule, together with the surround- ing ovary, enlarges. The enlarged ovules, together with inclosing ovary, form what is termed the fruit. The fruit may in addition comprise modifications of other organs intimately connected with the ovary. Seeds are products of the flower and are usually regarded as reproductive organs, but in reality they are the result of reproduc- tion. Their chief work is the dissemination and the protection of the offspring of reproduction. They are usually covered by hard and impermeable coats which protect the young plant contained within from tlie many dangers with which it is beset. Nature tries to guard against these dangers by developing suitable protective cover- ings for each species. Nature, however, is not always satisfied by simply developing a thick and impermeable coat, but in addition it develops an internal tissue which is compact and contains little water. If a seed possess these essentials it is well protected against most of the destructive agencies to which it is exposed. The chief dangers to which seeds are subject are premature germination, loss of vitality, and destruction by animals. Each seed usually has a suitable covering which regulates the germination in spring. This regulation is necessary so as not to allow the tender plant to emerge before the external growth conditions are favorable for its develop- ment. An embryo within a thin coated seed would often be stimu- lated by a few warm days in spring with the consequence that the resulting tender plants would be killed by later frost. Nature acts as a guardian and places a thick coat around such embryos, and as a result they are not stimulated until later when frost danger is past. Food is stored in various plant organs such as roots, stem, and branches, and is usually most abundant and conspicuous in the seeds. It occurs in various forms and may often differ in composi- tion. Food stored in the seed is very valuable because it supplies nourishment to the small and tender plants before they have de- veloped the roots with which they draw nourishment from the soil and supply water to the leaves where starch and sugar are manu- factured. Primitive man obtained considerable food from the seeds of trees, and present man derives certain foods for himself and his animals from some of our common trees. The food value of seeds varies with the species. Some species like the Willows contain very little food, while others like the Chestnut are rich in food. The time at which the fruit matures varies with the species. Wil- lows, Poplars, and Elms mature tlieir fruits in spring; others, like PLATE X. TYPES OF FRUIT. Osage Orange (a c<»rai>fnind drnpe). .\ L. Hai^-kberry (a drupe) . x h. American Elm (one-seeded samara), s i. Tulip Tree (a light brown <-one <*omiK>sed of many carpels). Papaw fa flesby or pulpy fruit), x I. Sugar Maple (paired samara), s *. Wild Bla-'k Cherry (a drupe), x h. I'asswood fa nut-like drupe), x *. Sweet Gum ) multicapsular head) . x I. Pei->iiramon fa juicy berry), x *. White Ash (samaras), x I. Tliittonwood (a head*, x *. fjr--^^~IiM'n Vvl5 '.V.-'AVfl WltlV JtV PLATE XI. THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD. 1. Cross section uf six-year uld stem of White Piue sbowing (b) bark, (vt cambium, (ar) annual ring, (p) pitb, and (rp) numerous small circular rpsin passages, natural size. 2. A resin passage with bounding epithelial cells, enlarginl. 3. N^n-porous wood of White Pine showing (spw) spring wood, (sw) summer wood, (ar) annual riug, and (rp) resin passage, s 3. 4. King-porous wood of Chestnut, x 2. 5. Iting-porous wooranehes lu'iivy- tipped Rhus typhina and R. glabra in Anacardiaceae 1S3 TABULATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Families, Genera, etc. Gynmospermae. Faro. I. Pinaceae. Gen. 1. Pious, Gen. 2. I^rix Gen. 3. Picea Gen. 4. Abies Gen. 5. Tsuga, Gen. 6. Chamaecyparis, Gen. 7. Thuya Gen. S. Juniperus, Angiospermae, Fam. n. Salicaceae. Gen. 9. Salix Gen. 10. Populus Fam. III. Juglandaceae Gen. 11. Juglans, Gen. 12. Carya. Fam. IV, Betulaceae. Gen. 13. Corylus Gen. 14. Ostrya Gen. 15. Carpinus, — Gen. 16. Betula. Gen. 17. Alnus Fam. V. Fagacoae. Gen. IS. Fagus Gen. 19. Castanea. ... Gen. 20. Quercus 70 34 10 3 19 8 25 10 S 4 6 3 4 2 40 16 175 100 27 19 15 5 15 15 7 3 4 a 12 1 25 15 25r 10 5 1 5 3 30O 55 4 (15)' 4 2 5 (1) 1 (1) 1 1 5 1 (1) 1 16 66 J : Species. Pennsylvania. e: Families, Genera, etc. a < ■a" c o 3 1 .3 o 2 CJ > 2 -3 e a Fam. VI. tJrticaceae. Gen. 21. Ulmus, Gen. 22. Celtis Gen. 23. Madura Gen. 24. Morus, Fam. VII. Magnoliaceae. Gen. 25. Magnolia Gen. 26. Liriodendron, Fam. VIII. Anonaceae. Gen. 27. Asimina, Fam. IX. Lanraceae. Gen. 2S. Sassafra-^ Fam. X. Hamamelidaceae. Gen. 29. Hamaimlis Gen. 30. Liquidambar, Fam. SI. Platanaceae. Gen. 31. Platanus Fam. XII. Rosaceae. Gen. 32. Pyrus Gen. 33. Amelancbier, Gen. 34. Crataegus, Gen. 35. Prunus, Fam. XIII. Leguminosae. Gen. 3t>. Gymnocladus, Gen. 37. Cercis Gen. 3S. Gleditsia Gen. 39. Robinia Fam. XIV. Simaruhaceoe. Gen. 40. Ailantbus Fam. XV. Anacardiaceae. Gen. 41. Rhus Fam. XVI. Aqnifoliaceae. Gen. 42. Ilex, Fam. XVII. Aceraceae. Gen. 43. Acer, Fam. XVIII. Sapindaceae. Gen. 44. Aesculus Fam. XIX. Tiliaceae. Gen. 45. Tilia Fam. XX. Araliaceae. Gen. 46. Aralia Fam. XXI. Cornaceae. Gen. 47. Cornus Gen. 4S. Nyssa, Fam. XXII. Ericaceae. Gen. 49. Rhododendron, .. . Gen. 50. Kalmia Gen. 51. Osydendrum, Fam. XXIII. Ebenaceae. Gen. 52. Diospyros, Fam. XXIV. Oleaceae. Gen. 53. Frasinus Gen. 54. Chionanthus Fam. XXy. Bignoniaceae. Gen. 5d. Catalpa Fam. XXVI. Caprifoliaceae. Gen. 56. Viburnum Total. 15 i 60 1 10 6 9 1 3 25 1 8 1 8 8 2 1 3 3 1 1 7 3 40 30 700 90 10 23 60 43 2 7 U 7 1 3 3 7 7 1 120 16 275 22 70 13 IS 7 20 8 30 IS 40 7 15 S 100 6 1 10 6 1 160 a 40 2 16 1 7 2 100 20 2,819 j 661 (4) (3) (14) (10) 3(3) 2(3) 6 2 2 1 (3) 2(6) 1 1 1(2) 1 3(2) 1 2(8) 113 (76)* *The numbers giveu in parenthesis refer to species native to Pennsylvania but not described and rarely mentioned in tliis publication. 67 THE PINE FAMILY— PINACEAE. There is general agreement that the Pine and Yew families com- prise the two divergent branches of the conifers which differ from each other in morphological characters and geographical distribu- tion. The conifers comprise 34 genera and about 300 species, of which number 8 genera with 71 species belong to the Yew family (Taxaceae) and 26 genera with 226 species to the Pine family (Pinaceael. Tiie representatives of these two families are found mainly in temperate regions, botli northern where the genus Pinus predominates, and southern where the genus Podocarpus predomi- nates. The geograi)hical distribution of these two families is pecu- liar since the genera of the northern temperate region are not found in the southern and tho.se of the southern are not found in the northern, excepting the two genera (Heyderia and Podocarpus) which cross the tropics. Geological records together with the sim- plicity of floral structure show us that the members of this family are amongst the oldest living representatives of the ancient arbores- cent type of vegetation. Morphological evidence seems to point to the belief that the Yew family contains representatives of the most primitive form of conifers and that the genus Pinus in the Pine family contains the most highly specialized forms. The sole repre.sentative in Pennsylvania of the family Taxaceae is the Ameri- can Yew or Ground Hemlock (Taxus canadensis, Marsh.) It is a small evergreen .shrub seldom exceeding 5 feet in height. The Pine family is of especial economic value on account of the many commercial products which are obtained from it and the wide range of silvicultural characteristics which its members possess. The annual wood production of the members of this family in the United States far surpasses that of the members of any other fam- ily. The wood differs markedly from that of the broad-leaved trees in its greater uniformity, smaller porosity, and less conspicuous medullary rays. Some members of this family yield large quantities of resin, tar, turpentine, and pitch. The fruit of some species is often of considerable importance as food, and the bark of many species is used in the process of tanning. The members of the Pine family have awl-shaped, scale-shaped, or needle-.shaped entire leaves, which are usually persistent. The American Larch is the only coniferous species native to Pennsylva- 68 uia which is without foliage in winter. The subjoined key gives the characteristics of the genera commonly found in Pennsvlvania: KEY TO THE GENERA. Page. 1. Fruit a dry cone with winged seeds 2 1. Fruit a flesby, round, dark-colored lierry with bony seeds, Juniperus ST 2. Leaves linear to needle-shaped, not closely overlapping; cone-scales numerous; buds scaly • 3 2. Leaves scale-like, closely overlapping; cone-scales few; buds not scaly 7 3. Leaves in bundles of two or more except on young seedlings and on terminal twigs of Larix, * 3. Leaves solitary, 5 4. Leaves persistent, 2-5 in each bundle ' Pinus 6S 4. Leaves deciduous, more than 5 in each cluster, Larix 77 5. Leaves flattened, whitish on lower surface 6 5. Leaves 4-angled, needle shaped Picea 78 6. Leaves with leaf-like stalks, about 2/5 of an inch long; twigs rough; cones small with persisteut scales Tsuga 83 6. Leaves without leaf-stalks, usually 4/5 of iin inch or more in length; twigs smooth; cones large with deciduous scales, Abies S4 7. Leaves le-ss than I of an inch long; twigs rattier .-slenrtcr. not prominently flattened; cones globular with shield-shaped scales which do not overlap Chamaecyparis 85 7 Leaves i of an inch or more in length; twigs rathijr prominently flattened; cones elongated with 8 12 overlapping scales Thuja 8S THE PINES— PTXUS (Tourn.) L. This genus comprises more species than any other belonging to the Pine family. About 70 species are known in the world, 34 of which are found in North America and 6 in Pennsylvania. Of the ?,i species in North America, 13 are found in the eastern part and 21 in the western part. Besides the native Pines a number of exotic species have been iilanted extensively for ornamental, and locally for forestry purposes. The commonest exotic species are Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris. L.") and Austrian Pine (Pinus Laricio var. austriaca, End].). The Pines are adapted to a wide range of climate and soil. Cer- tain species may be found bordering streams and lakes or close to the ocean front while others are confined to mountain tops where they ascend to the timber line. This adaptability makes some of the species of considerable economic value even though they may I)rocluce no wood of commercial importance. They can lie u.sed for afforesting mountain slopes where protection forests are to be formed and maintained, and to reclaim sand barrens. The Pines are generally trees, rarely shrubs, and of considerable commercial importance on account of the excellent quality and large quantity of major and minor forest products which 'they yield. Sev- eral species of Pine have always been foremost in the estimation of 69 lumbermen and the public since tlie American Forefsts began to be exploited. Until recently more pine lumber has been produced an- mially in the I'nited States than all other kinds of lumber com- bined. The lumber-producing pine trees have played a very impor- tant role in our economic and industrial development. The Pines are distinguished commercially into two classes, Soft Pines and Hard Pines. Tn the T^nited States there are 12 species of Soft Pine, and 22 species of Hard Pine. Tlie Wliite Pine is the sole eastern representative of the Soft Pines, wliile the Hard Pines have 12 repre- sentatives in the eastern and southern T'nited States. Tlie Pines have three kinds of leaves: seed, primary, and secondary leaves. The primary leaves soon disappear and are seldom seen ex- cept on seedlings. The secondary leaves occur singly or in clusters of 2 to 5 and often have a persi. in a sheath, slender, with 1 fibro-vascular bundle P. Strobus 70 Leaves fewer than 5 in a sheatb, usually stent, with 2 fibro-vascuUii' l)unilles, 2 Leaves 3 in a sheath, P. rigida 71 Leaves 2 in a sheath 3 Leaves 5-6 inches long: cones subterminal, scales unarmed. P. riesinosa 72 Leaves less than 5 inches loug: cones lateral, scales armed with spines or prickles. .4 Cones 2S-31 inches long, armed with stout spines: leaves very sharp-pointed and stiff P. pungens 73 Cones 3 inches or less in length, armed with prickles; leaves slender to slightly stiff, .5 leaves slender, straight, occasionally 3 in a sheath, 4 inches long or less, P. echinata 74 Leaves stout, twisted. li-3A incites long 6 Twigs smooth, greenish-purple to grayish-brown: cones at right angles to branch P. virginiana 75 Twigs rough, dull grayish-yellow; cones pointing backward; bark of upper third of trunk reddish; European species P. sylvestris 76 70 WHITE PINE. Pinus Strobus, Linnaeus. FORM — At present seldom exceedinisr 3 ft. in diameter and 125 ft. in height, usnally 50-90 ft. high and 1* to 3 ft. in diameter. When grown in dense stands (Figs. 1 and 10) the trees are tall, straight, free from lateral branches for a considerable distance from the ground, have little stem-taper t-.nd shallow crowns. When grown in the open (Fig. 34, specimen on left), it has much stem-taper, is relatlvley low, often forked, covered with persistent lateral branches almost to the ground which make it attractive oraamentally but of low commercial value. BABK — On young branches, thin, smooth, greenish-brown; lat^ scaly and darker. On old trees thick, dark gray, and divided by long and shallow fissures into broad longitudinal ridges (See Pig. 44.) TWIGS — Slender, flexible, at first hairy, slightly roughened by raised leaf-scars. New growth at first light green and erect. During first winter light brown in color, less erect in position, very resinous if punctured. BUDS — In terminal cluster, ovate-oblong, sharp-pointed, with numerous brown, long-pointed and overlapping scales. Apical bud J-1 of an inch long. Lateral buds about J of an inch long. LEAVES — Light green when young and bluJsh-green. soft, fiesible. 2i-5 inches long when mature: persist usually until end of second season, occur in clusters of five, are triangular In cross-section, contain one fibro- vascular bundle, have finely serrate edges and are surrounded at the base by a deciduous sheath. FLOWERS — Appear about May. Stnmlnate flowers clustered at base of new growth of season, yellow, oval, about i of an inch long. Pistillate flowers solitary or in small groups, lateral along new growth, pinkish-purple, cylindrical, about 1 of an inch long. FRITIT — A cone maturing in two seasons, 5-10 inches long, drooping, stalked, slightly curved, and covered with thin unarmed scales without thickened apex. Seeds are winged, i of an inch long, dark brown in color on both sides and mottled with black spots. WOOD — Non-porous; resinous, soft, straight-grained, easily worked, light brown except sapwood which may be almost white. Weighs 24.04 lbs. per cubic foot. Formerly used for a wider range of purposes than any other native species and adapted for practically all uses except where strength, hardness, flexibility and durability in contact with soil are required. DISTINGinSHING CHARACTERISTICS — The White Pine Is the only species of Pine native to eastern North America which has soft, flexible, bluish-green needles in clusters of five. The lateral branches, usually 3-7 in a whorl, are arranged in distinct horizontal layers. The cones are 5-10 inches long, long-stalked, and their cone-scales are thin, flat, and unarmed. RANGE — Newfoundland to Manitoba on the north, south through northern states to Penn- sylvania and along the Allegheny Mountains to Georgia, and southwest to Iowa. DISTRIBTTTION IN PENNSTLVANIA — Common in the mountainous portion of the State. Originally formed heavy stands especially in the central and northern parts of the State. Some- time pure but usually mixed with other species. Found sparingly in the southwestern and south- eastern parts. Rarely found at present in valleys like the Cumberland, Lancaster, Chester, lower Lehigh, and lower Delaware. HABITAT — Prefers a fertile, moist, well-drained soil, but will grow well on dry sandy, soils and gravelly slopes. Common on banks of streams, river flats, in hollows and ravines, but rarely found in swamps. Any habitat in its natural range will be favorable to its develop- ment except swamps and ridges exposed to severe winds. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — White Pine is one of the most important timber trees of the United States. It is indigenous to America but was introduced into England by Lord Wey- mouth in 1705 and shortly afterwards into Germany where it is no longer regarded an exotic species but a naturalized member of the German forest. This species can be recommended for forestry purposes, because it may be regenerated successfully both naturally and artificially as shown by the numerous and extended German experiments. It adapts itself to a great variety of soil conditions , is a rapid grower, is very attractive ornamentally . and will thrive in pure oc mixed stands; bnt the latter are best on account of less danger from disease, better natural pruning, and earlier financial returns from thinnings. PLATE XII. WHITE PINE. 1. Braiiclj with urcclles and terminal cluster of buds, x A. -i. A duster of five needles, x J. 3. Tip of needle witb sharply serrate margin, enlarged. 4. itranch with staminate dowers, x 1. 5. Branch with (a) pistillate llowers on new growth (b) one-year old cone on last season's growth, X J. 6. Branch with an open and a closed cone, x J. (. Lower side of a cone scale, x &. 8. Upper side of a cone scale with two winged seeds, x f.. 9. A winged seed, x J. 10. A seed, natural size. 11. Section of seed with embryo, natural size. 12. A seedling, x I. PLATE XIII. PITCH PINE. if buds, X J. 1. Branch with needles and terminal clust^ 2. A cluster of three needles, s i. 3. Tip of a needle with serrate margin, enlarged. 4. Branch with needles and a closed cone, x I. 5. An open cone, s h. 6. Lower side of a cone scale, x I. 7. Upper side of a cone scale with two winged seeds S. A winged seed, natural size. 9. A seed, natural size. X i. 71 PITCH PINE. Pinus rigida, Miller. FOHH— Usually attains a height of 40-50 ft. and a diameter of 1-2 ft. and seldom exceeds 70- 80 tl. in height and 3* ft. in diameter. Trunk rather tapering except in occasional pure and closed stands. Open grown trees have an Irregular wide pyramidal crown. Branches numerous, irregular, gnarled, often drooping, and covered by small plate-like scales and numerous persistent cones. Crown is often so irregular and scraggy in appearance that it becomes picturesque. BASK— On young branches green and smooth soon becoming yellowish, later grayish-brown and roughened by persistent bases of the bud-scales. On young trunks roughened with red- dish-brown scales, with age becoming rougher through deep furrows and flat ridges which separate into thin reddish-brown scales. The scales sometimes appear black, whence the name Nigger Pine. See Pig. 46. TWIGS — Stout, brittle, smooth, brown and very rough on account of persistent elevated and decnrrent bases upon which the leaf-clusters rested. BUDS — Ovate, sharp-pointed, often resinous, }-J of an Inch long, covered with imbricated. loose, brown, and shining scales. LEAVES — In sheathed clusters of 3. stout, rigid, dull-pointed, closely and sharply toothed, at first light green, later yellowlsh-grccn. 2i-5 Inches long, with stomaU on all sides, and contain 2 fibro-vascular bundles and 3-7 resin-ducts. FLOWEES — Appear In April or May. Stamlnate flowers clustered at base of new growth of season, are cylindrical, yellow, i of an inch long, and produce an enormous amount of pollen. Pistillate flowers solitary or clustered, lateral on new growth, at first green, later tinged with red. FRUIT — A cone maturing in 2 seasons, 14-3} Inches long, sessile or short-stalked, ovate, occurs solitary or whorled, often stands at rlglit angles to the branch, and persists for 10 or more" years. Cone scales thickened at apex, armed with short rigid recurved prickles. Seeds winged, dull or glossy black, sometimes mottled with gray or red dots. WOOD — Non-porous; resinous, light, brittle, coarse-grained, rather durable, brownish-red with abundant lighter sapwood. Weighs 32. lu lbs. per cubic foot. Used for railroad ties, charcoal, mine props, fuel, sometimes for construction timber and lumber. DISTINGUISHING CHAKACTERISTICS— "^he Pitch Pine, also known as Jack Pine and .Vigger Pine, is the only native Pine of Pennsylvania with leaves in sheathed clusters of 3. The Yellow Pine may occasionally have the needles in clusters of 3, but usually 2. Pitch Pine has a very irregular and scraggy appearance due to the dead and gnarled branches which are often covered with clusters of persistent cones. The bark is thick and irregularly fissured with in- tervening flat ridges which separate into thin reddish-brown somelinies black scales. Trunks are often fire scarred. Such trunks are frequently covered with dense mats or clusters of leaves and short branches. EANGE — New Brunswick to Lake Ontario on the north, south to Virginia and along moun- tains to Georgia, and west to western New York, Kentucky and Tennessee. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found in practically all parts of the State. Occurs in excellent pure stands at the base of the South Mountains In Franklin county, and In Pika county. In many regions it occurs only as a scattered tree mixed with hardwoods. HABITAT — Common on dry burned-over areas, sterile plains, gravelly slopes, rocky cliffs, and sometimes found in swamps. In the glaciated area it is common on rocky glacial soil. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— From a commercial point of view this species is not so important as the White Pine or the Red Pine, but it is graduUy growing in importance since new uses are found for the wood and prices of other woods are rising. Silviculturally it is valuable on account of its adapatability to poor soil and its Are resisting qualities. These qualities recommend it for reforesting neglected or fire endangered lands on mountain slopes as well as low sandy areas. It may not be the species ultimately desired upon the area, but may act as a shelter during the establishment of a stand of a more valuable species. 72 RED PINE. Pinus resinosa, Aiton. FORM — Usually from 50-75 ft. in height i\itU a diameter of 2-3 ft. but reaching a maximum height of 140 ft. with a diameter of 4i ft. In closed stands trunk is straight, tall, slightly- tapering, and free from lateral branches for a considerable distance from the base while in open stands the lateral branches extend nearly to the base and the trunk Is often branched and strongly-tapered. Crown usually broad, irregular, pyramidal, with dark green foliage tufted at the ends of the branches. See Fig. 42. BARK — Reddish-brown, J-IJ inches thick, divided by shallow furrows into broad flat ridges which peel oft in thin scales. See Fig. 45. TWIGS — Stout, slightly roughened by persistent bases of bud-scales; at first yellowish-brown, later reddish-brown. BUDS — Ovoid, pointed, i-3 of an inch long. Bud-scales brown, thin, loose, and fringed on the margin. LEAVES — In sheathed clusters of 2, 4-C inches long, dark green, rather slender and flexible, sharp, persisting for 3-5 years. FLOWERS — Appear in May. Staminate flowers about 4 of an inch long, occur in dense clusters at base of growth of season, have dark purple anthers. Pistillate flowers subterminal, 2 to 3 in a whorl, short-stalked, scarlet. FRUIT — A cone about 2 inches long, nearly sessile, light brown, ovate-conical when closed and somewhat spherical when open, persisting until the following year. Cone-scales chestnut- brown with ends slightly thickened and transversely ridged but not armed with spines or prickles. WOOD — Non-porous; resinous, hard, pale red, with thin light sap wood, and very conspicuous medullary rays. Weighs 30.25 lbs per cubic foot. Green wood is very heavy and will sink. Used for heavy construction, piles, masts, in general for nearly all other purposes for which White Pine is used. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Red Pine, also known as Norway Pine, is es- sentially a northern tree and is the only native Pine of Pennsylvania with needles 4-6 inches long, sheathed in clusters of 2. Its cones are about 2 inches long, subterminal, and bear scales which are not armed with spines or prickles. The needles are borne in tnfts at the ends of branches. RANGE — Distinctly a northern tree occurring from Nova Scotia and Quebec on the north to Pennsylvania on the south, and west to Minnesota. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found only in the northern part of the State. Its southern limit in the central part of the State is about at Williamsport. In the eastern and western parts it does not come so far south as in the central part. HABITAT — Usually found on dry gravelly ridges, mountain-tops, and dry sandy plains. Rare on flat lands with wet clay soil. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Red Pine is a valuable timber tree usually mixed with other species of trees but occassionally found in dense pure stands in Minnesota. This tree Is remarkably well adapted to natural seed regeneration since it produces a great quantity of light, large -winged seeds which are readily disseminated by the wind and does not shed an its seeds at the same time. It readily adapts itself to variable conditions, is attractive ornamentally, and should be regenerated naturally where seed trees are at hand and arti- ficially upon such areas where other more valuable trees will not grow. PLATE XIV. RED PINE. 1. Branch witb nendles any its coarse and massive cones armed with very stout curved spines. The cones appear usually in whorls of 3, 5, 7 or more and persist for many years. The stout, twisted, and very sharp-pointed needles are also characteristic. RANGE — From Pennsylvania and New Jersey along the mountains to North Carolina and north- ern Georgia. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA- Sparse to abundant upon the mountains in the south- central part of the State and extends northeast on the mountains to Schuylkill county. It is primarily a southern species which occurs in pure stands on the mountains in Franklin county. Common on some mountains in Fulton. Blair, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Perry, and Union coun- ties. Small outposts of it are also reported from Lancaster and York counties. Occasionally found at the HABITAT — Commonly found on dry. rocky, and gravelly slopes. base of the mountains on somewhat moist clayey soil. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The lumber obtained from this tree is of little commercial Importance on account of its small size and the numerous knots which it contains. It is a very aggressive species and is adapted for the regeneration of worn-out fields as well as to pro- tect rocky slopes and prominences from erosion. It occasionall.v reaches a size which will yield lumber. Trees 20 inches in diameter and with a clear length of 25 feet are not uncommon locally in the southern part of the State. 74 YELLOW PINE. Pinus echinata, Miller. FORM — Attains height of 80-100 ft., ocrasionally 120 ft. and diameter of 2-S ft., occasionally 4 ft. Crown shallow, wide, pyramidal or rounded. Trnnk clean, tall, and slightly tapering. Lateral branches relatively light, very brittle, intolerant of shade, and consequently drop off very early producing the clean, tall, and stately trunk. See Figs. 11 and 34. BASK — On young branches at first pale green and smooth, later reddish-brown and scaly. On old trees dark brown tinged with cinnamon-red, often 3-1 inch thick, broken by distinct fis- sures into Irregular, often rectangular plates which peel off very readily into numerous thin filmy scales. See Fig. 47. TWIGS — Stout, brittle, slightly rough, at first often covered with glaacous bloom, later be- coming reddish-brown. BTJDS^Ovoid, dull-pointed, covered with sharp-pointed dark brown scales. LEAVES — Usually in clusters of 2 sometimes 3 or even 4, slender, fiexible, faintly toothed, abruptly pointed, dark bluish-green, 3-5 inches long, surrounded by persistent sheath, and per- sistiog for 2-5 years. FLOWERS — .Appear in April or May. Staminate fiowers clustered at base of new growth of season, nearly sessile, pale purple. Pistillate flowers rarely solitary, but usually 2-4 in a whorl Just below end of new growth, borne on stout erect stems, and pale rose colored. FRUIT — A cone maturing in 2 seasons. One year old cones short-stalked, oval, about 1/6-i of an inch long. Mature cones short-stalked or sessile, conic when closed and ovoid when open. li-2 inches long, often persisting for 2 or more years. Cone-scales have slightly enlarged ends terminated by weak or deciduous prickles. Seeds small, triangular, 3/16 of an inch long, J of an inch wide, pale brown mottled with black spots. WOOD — Non-porous: resinous, hard, strong, with distinct spring and summer wood, yellow- ish or dark brown. Weighs 38.04 lbs. per coble foot. It furnishes the most desirable of the yellow pine lumber of commerce and is largely manufactured into lumber used for general construction and carpentry. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Yellow Pine, also known as Short-leaf Pine, is rarely found in the northern part of Pennsylvania which will prevent confusing it with the Red Pine native only to the northern part of the State. It can be distinguished from the other species of Pine found growing with it in this State by its rather slender flexible leaves in sheathed clusters of 2, sometimes 3 or 4. its conic cones with scales terminated by weak or deciduous prickles, its brittle branchlets, and its clean, stately, slightly-tapering trunk, the bark of which is marked off by deep furrows into irregular or rectangular plates which peel off very readily into numerous thin film-like scales. RANGE — Southeastern New York and northern Pennsylvania to Florida, westward to Illinois, Kansas and southeastern Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — This is essentially a southern species but extends into Pennsylvania. It is usually mixed with hardwoods. Large specimens of it are found In the Benjamin George tract (Fig. 11) near Mont Alto, Franklin county. It is also reported on the Cook tract in Jefferson and Forest counties, and in Fulton, Lancaster, Perry, Lycoming, and Union counties. HABITAT — Common on poor, sandy, or clayey soil. It is a tree of the plains and foothills. Reaches its optimum development on the uplands and undulating plains west of the Mississippi. In the east it is usually mixed with hardwoods. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — Next to the Long-leaf Pine this species is the most im- portant of the Southern Pines. It is destined to play a very important role in future forest management in the regions where the conditions of growth are favorable, on account of its economic and commercial value. This species, on account of the ease with which it regenerates naturally, requires little assistance from the hands of the forester. It can be planted upon favorable situations anywhere in Pennsylvania. I PLATE XVI. YELLOW PINE. 1. Branch with ueetUfs ami terminal cluster of buds, x J 2. A cluster of two needles, x J. 3. Tip of needle with serrate margin, enlarged. 4. Branch with needles and an open cone, x i. 5. Upper side of a cone scale with two winged seeds, x |. 6. Lower side of a cone scale, x I. 7. A winged seed, natural size. 8. A seed, slightlj enlarged. PLATE XVII. JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE. 1. Braocb with needles and terminal cluster of buds, X J. 2. A cluster of two needles, s * 3. Tip of a needle with serrate margin, en- larged. 4. Branch with needle and closed cones, i i- 5. I-ower side of a cone scale, x J. U. Upper side of a cone. scale with two winged seeds, x h 7. A winged seed, natural size. S. A seed, natural size. 75 JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE. Pinus virginiana, Miller. FORK — Usually attains a height of 30-40 ft. with s diameter of 18 inches, but reaches larger dimensions, especially in Indiana. Trunk usually short since the long horizontal or pendulous branches cover it almost to the base. Young trees have a pyramidal form while older trees develop a rather flat-topped conic form. BARE — On the trunlc ii of an inch thick, dark reddish-brown, shallowly Assured into small flat plates separating into thin fllm-IIke scales. Smoother than that of our other native Pines. See Fig. 48. TWIGS— Slender, tough, flexible, rather smooth, at first greenish-purple and covered with a glaucous bloom, later light grayish -brown. BTJDS — Ovate, sharp-pointed, ii of an inch long, covered with overlapping, sharp-pointed, brown scales. LEAVES^In clusters of 2 with persistent sheath, l*-3 inches long, twisted, bright green, rather stout, fragrant, sharply thick-pointed, finely toothed, divergent al)ove the sheath, and closely dispersed on twigs. FLOWERS — Appear In April or May. Staminate flowers crowded at base of growth of season, i of an iuch long, oblong, with yellow.'Sh-brown anthers. Pistillate flowers appear near the middle of the season's growth and are long-stalked, sub-globose, solitary, or few in a whorl. FRUIT — A cone, 2-3 inches long, usually sessile, sometimes slightly curved, conical when closed and ovoid when open, seldom persisting for more than 3 or 4 years. Cone-scales thin, nearly flat, thickened af apex, and terminated with a prickle. Seeds rounded, J of an inch long, i of an Inch wide, and pale brown. WOOD — Non-porous; slightly resinous, light, soft, brittle, pale orange, with very light sap* wood. Weighs 33.09 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fuel, and to some extent for railroad ties and lumber. DISTINGiriSHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Jersey or Scrub Pine can be distinguished by its short, twisted, and diverRent needles distributed In pairs along the smooth, purple, and tough brancblcts. The cones are small, with thin rather flat scales and provided with slender prickles. The divergent and twisted needles closely dispersed on the twigs give rather a dis- heveled appearance to them, and permits one to distinguish this tree at a distance since the light of the background is diffused through it so evenly. The bark is smoother than in the other native species of Pine. RANGE — Southeastern New York and Pennsylvania, south to Georgia and Alabama, west to Indiana and Kentucky. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally throughout the southern part of the State. It is primarily a southern species and extends as far north as Allegheny county in the western part, Clinton and Lycoming counties in the central part, and Northampton county in the eastern part. In Franklin county it is usually found at the base of the mountains, seldom ascending the mountains or extending Into the valley. HABITAT — Common on light sandy or poor rocky soil. It is common on the sand barrens of New Jersey, and on exhausted farm land and cut-over areas. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — It is not of much importance as a timber tree on ac- count of its small size. While it is of little commercial importance still it is of considerable economic value as a reforester of worn-out and neglected lands. For ornamental purposes it has been used very little, other species being preferred. 76 SCOTCH PINE. Pinus sylvestris, Linnaeus. FORM — Usually 70 ft. high with a diameter of H-Z ft. but may attain a height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 3-5 ft. In the United States it is usually planted in the open and consequently it has a short, clean, often branched trunk bearing numerous, more or less drooping lateral branches. Trees in closed stands produce straight and clean trunks with little taper and a short compact crown. At a distance it resembles the Pitch Pine. BARK — On the trunk scaly and peels ofC in flakes from the ridges which are separated ^ long sTiallow fissures. Lower part of the trunk is rough while the upper is rather smooth and distinctly reddish in color. Outside bark on the lower trunk is grayish-brown while the inner is reddish-brown. TWIGS — Fairly stout, brittle, dark yelluwish-gray. smooth, not glossy. BUDS^O\ate, blunt-pointed, brown, often somewhat resinous. LEAVES — In sheathed clusters of 2, 15-3J inches long, bluish-green^ or dark green, stout. twisted, semi-circular in cross-section and containing 2 fibro-vascular bundles. FLOWERS — Appear in April or May. Stamlnate flowers clustered on the lower half of this season's growtli. ovate, scarcely 2/5 of an inch long. Pistillate flowers appear singly or in 2s just below the terminal buds of this season's growth, are ovoid and short-stalked. FRUIT — A cone l*-2* inches long, short-stalked, conic-oblong, solitary or in 2s usually pointing backward and grayish or reddish in color. WOOD — Xon-porous; resinous, light,' reddish-brown with thick light yellowish or reddish sap- wood. Used for general construction, lumber, railroad ties, hop-poles, grape vine poles and fuel. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Scotch Pine, a native of Europe, may be dis- tinguished from the other Pines of Pennsylvania by the reddish appearance of the upper part of the trunk and adjoining branches, the bluish-green leaves 11-3} inches lone, and the backward- pointing cones. It has rougher twigs than the Jersey or Scrub Pine, shorter needles than the Red Pine, stouter needles than the Yellow Pine, and blunter-pointed needles than the Table Mountain Pine. RANGE — Not native to America. Abroad it extends over the greater part of Europe and part of western Asia. In the United States it can be planted over a large area in the northeastern states, the lake states, and some of the prairie states. Planted for ornamental purposes In many parts of this State and by the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry in numerous plantations. HABITAT — This species is indifferent to soil requirements, water, heat of summer, and cold of winter. It will grow on all classes of soil, even dry. sterile sand. The rate of growth depends more on the physical structure than the chemical composition of the soil. It pre- fers deep well drained sandy loam. It is very intolerant of shade. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Scotch Pine i*; a very important tree in Its native and adopted European home. It plays a prominent role in the forest structure of parts of Ger- many, such as the sandy plains along the Rhine and the large sandy areas of northern and eastern Prussia. Excellent forests of this species can be seen in Germany, but it is not necessary to introduce it into the United States extensively for forestry purposes since we have superior native species It grows very rapidly in youth, but later more slowly. PLATE XVIII. SCOTCH PINE. 1. A brancb with needles and buds, x J. 2. A cluster of two needles, x J. S. Cross-sectioD of two needles, enlarged. 4. Branch with needles; i, immature cone; m. mature cone 5. A clo.s;ed cone, x i. 6. A cone scale wilb two winged seeds, enlarged. 7. A winged seed, enlarged. 8. A seod. enlarged. 9. A seedling, natural size. 10. A small portion of a branch with two pistillate flowers. X i. X i. 11. A branch with a cluster of staminate flowers at the base of tbe new growth, x J. 12 PLATE XIX. AMERICAN LARCH. 1. Branch with developing leaves and flowers. I i- 2, Branch with needles (clustered and solitary) and fruit, x i. S. A cone scale with two winged seeds, enlarged. 4. A winged seed, enlarged. 5. A seed, enlarged. 6. A seedling, enlarged. 7. Terminal portion of a winter branch, natural size. S. Section of a winter branch, enlarged. 9. A winter branch with lateral spurs, x i. 10. A cone of European Larch (Larls deoidoa). I I. U. Leaf of European Larch, x i. 12. Cross-section of leaf of Euro|)ean Larch, en- larged. AMERICAN LARCH. Larix laricina, (Du Roi) Koch. GEinTS DESCHIPTION — This s»"nu:; ^-omprises about 10 species found ia the cooler portion of the n^>rtht>rn hemisphere and oocasionally *-xtends beyond the Arctic Circle. Of the 10 known species 3 are found in North America. 2 in the western part and 1. a transcontinental species. The latter i^ found in Pennsylvania. The Larches all shed their leaves every fall and the following sprite put out new ones. This deciduous habit S'^es the trees an appearance in winter of dead conifers. A single foreign species fcnown as the European Larch iLarii decidua Mill.), is planted ex- tensively for ornamental purr>oses and lately to a limited extent for forestry purposes. It is a very rapid grower and will thrive on drier and less fertile soil than our native eastern species. It should not be planted pure but mixed with other species. FORK — A medium-sizeil tree usually attaining a height of 30-*X> ft. with a diameter of 1-2J ft., but many r«ach a height of llO ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Shrubby towanis the uorthern limits of its range Trunfe straight, continuous, aud bearing rather straight, slender, and sUshily ascending branches which form in the open a narrow pyramidal crown. BARK— Od main trunk rather close but roughened by small, thin, roundish, reddish brown s^ul.s. On the smaller branches it is smooth, thin, bluish-gray. See Fig. 49. TWIGS — At first covered with a bloom, slender, smooth, later becoming dull brown, covered with numerous, short, stoat, spur-like lateral branches. BTTDS— Occur at end of spar-like lateral branches and along last season's growth: small. aK>ut *J ." t>r au inch long, slobose. smooth, shining, and dark red in color. LEAVES — Linear, triangular in cross-section. Ml inches long, rounded above, keeled below, and deciduous. They occur either singly along terminal shoots or clustered in fascicles on short spur-like lateral branches. I^AF-SCARS — Distinctly dev-urrent. very small, triangular in outliue. and contain a single bundle scar. FLOWERS — Appear about May with the leaves. Staminate flowers sessile, sub-globose, yel- low, and borne on one or two year old branches. Pistillate flowers short-stalked, oblong, reddish. and lK»rne on lateral branches of previous year, FRUIT— A cone, ovoid. light brown with blunt apex. J-J of an inch long, consisting of about 20 scales which are largest near the middle aud smaller towards the base aud apex. Seeds winged, about i of an inch long and mature In one year, WOOD — Non-porous: somewhat resinous, very heavy, hard, strong, very durable in contact with the soil : heartwotHl bright red : sapwood uarnjw and white. Weighs SS.S6 lbs. per cubic foot. I'sed fpr fcuce posts, tcicirraph poles, railroad ties, and in ship bulldiug. DISTINGTHSHING CHARACTERISTICS— The American I-arch. also known as Tamarack. Hack- ma tack, and lUtick Larch, ts the only native deciduous conifer of Pennsylvania. In winter it is without leaves and presents the appearance of a dead tree. The leading branches with their spur like lateral branches bearing tufts of linear leaves in summer and small reddish buds in winter, are charaotertlstic. It bears little resemblance to any of our native conifers but does resenible the European Larch il.arix decidua Mill.) which may be distinguished by Its larger cones, stouter and yellower twigs, and longer and more abundant leaves, RANGE — Newfoundland south to Pennsylvania, west to Minnesota aud the Rocky Mountains, thnMigh British Columbia to .\taska. It Is one of our few transcontinental species, DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally In moist location^ In Carbon. Centre, Clinton, Craw»ford. Lackawanna. Lycoming. Monroe, Pike, Potter. Tioga and Warren counties. HABITAT — Fres and on the margin of swamps and streams. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Red Spruce is one of the most important species which supply the wood used in the manufacture of paper pulp. Where natural regeneration is pos- sible this species deser\ es to be developed, especially in places too wet for other species to grow. In this State, the Bear Meadows in Centre county and the lake regions of Pike and, Monroe counties, with their adjoining swamps, give excellent conditions for the natural develop- ment of this species. I f^- i PLATE XX. RED SPRUCE. 1. Brapoh with pistillate tlnwers, s \. 2. Branch with staminate flowers, s J. 3. Branch with needles and cones, x X. 4. A cone scale with two winged seeds, x \. 5. A winged seed, natural size. 6. \ seed, enlarged. 7. Terminal portion of a twig with buds and without needles, natural size. S. A seedling, natural size. a <^i w- PLATE XXI. BLACK SPRUCE. 1 Braneb nitb pistillate flowers, x *. ;'. Brancb with staininate flowers, x I. 3. Branch with needles and coned, x i. I. A cone-scale with two winged seeds, s i. 5. A wing:ed seed, natural size. 6. A seed, enlarged. 7. Terminal portion of a twig with buns and without ueedles, enlarged. 8. A seedling, natural size. 81 BLACK SPRUCE. Picea mariana, (Miller) BSP. FOKM— A small tree usually attaining a heiglit of 20-30 ft. with a diameter of 1 ft., but maj- reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Trnnk straight, continuous, very taper- ing, bearing irrigular, rather short, horizontal branches, often with ascending tips which give the tree a very narrow, irregular, conic form. BAEK — Up to * of an Inch in thiclsness and roughened by irregular, thin, close, grayish- brown scales. See Fig. 51. TWIGS — Rough, stout, brown to yellowish-brown, covered with pale to blaclc hairs. BUDS— Ovoid, sharp-pointed, i\ of an inch long, covered with overlapping, sharp-pointed, reddisli-brown scales. LEAVES — About }i of an Inch long, 4-slded, bluish-green, rounded at apei, straight or slightly curved, without real leaf-bases, but resting on decurrent projections of bark linown as sterigmata. LEAF-SCAES — See "Leaf Scars" under Kcd Spruce. FLOWERS — Appear about May. Staminate and pistillate Sowers occur on same plant but often on different parts of it. Staminate sub-globose, almost sessile, i of an inch long, reddish in color. Pistillate oblong, cylindrical, i of an inch long. FRUIT — A cone about li inches long, short-ovoid, short-stallied. maturing at the end of the first season; core-scales rounded, dull grayish-brown with Jagged margin. WOOD — .\on-porous: with resin passages present; light, soft, not strong, pale yellowish- white In color. Weighs 32.86 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in the manufacture of paper pulp and ooeasiooally in lumber. DISTINGUISHING CHAHACTEEISTICS — See "Distinguishing Characteristics" under Bed Spruce page SO. RANGE — It is a transcontinental species extending from Labrador to Alaska and south to Pennsylvania and Wisiconsin. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Frequents swamps, rather common along lakes and in swamps of Monroe and Pike counties and in Bear Meadows, Centre and Huntingdon counties. Also reported in Cambria, Clinton, Lackawanna, Lycoming and Mifflin counties. HABITAT — The Black Spruce, also known as Swamp Spruce, usually frequents cold, poorly drained swamps throughout its range. It sometimes ascends well drained hillsides, but is usually stunted in such situations. It makes its best growth on moist alluvial soils and is very tolerant of shade. IMPOETANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Black Spruce is of little commercial importance In Pennsylvania and should be ironsidered for forestry purposes in extremely swampy locations only, where other more valuable species will not grow. It cannot be recommended for orna- mental planting since other species of Spruce far surpass it for this purpose. 82 NORWAY SPRUCE. Picea Abies, (Linnaeus) Karsten. FORM — A large tree usually attaining a height oiT 50-80 ft. with a diameter of 2 ft., but may reach a height of 125 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Trunk straight, continuous, slightly tapering, and sometimes free from lateral branches for a considerable distance from the base. Crown less acutely pyramidal than that of our native species. BARK — On old trunks roughened with large, rather thick reddish-brown scales: on younger trunks the scales are thinner and closer. Used in tanneries in Europe, but only slightly charged with tannin. TWIGS — Slender, rather pendulous, iight reddish-brown and roughened by projecting leaf- bases. BUDS — Ovate to conical, smooth, pointed, covered by overlapping, sharp-pointed, light brown scales. LEAVES — About J-1 inch long, sharp-pointed. 4-sided, dark green, without real leaf-stalks, but resting on decunent projections of bark known as steriguata. LEAF-SCARS — See "Leaf-Scars" under Red Spruce. FLOWERS — Appear about May when pollination takes place. Fertilization takes place In June. FRUIT — A cone about -l-T inches long, cylindrical-oblong, pendant, almost sessile, maturing at the end of the first season; cone-scales thin, stiff, rather broad reddish-brown witi finely toothed margin. WOOD — Non-porous; resin passages present; straight-grained, strong, not durable in con- tact with the soil, medium in hardness, works easily, heart wood yellowish- white with thin white sapwood. Weighs 30 lbs. per cubic foot. Used In the manufacture of paper pulp, general construction, interior finish, basket making and for masts and oars on small vessels. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Norway Spruce, also known as the European Spruce, can readily be distinguished by its large cones, which are from 4-7 inches long, and by the long, pendulous branchlets terminating the lateral branches. The sharp-pointed, bluish- green, 4-sided needles will also aid in distinguishing it from some of the other closely related species. RANGE — Its native home is in middle and northern Europe. It forms a very important part of the forest structure of Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Russia. Planted extensively in the United States for ornamental purposes from Maine south to Washington and west to Kansas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — It is found throughout the State as an ornamental tree, and planted rather extensively for forestry purposes by the State Department of Forestry. HABITAT — In Europe it grows in valleys and ui)on the mountain slopes. It prefers rather lich moist soils, in this respect somewhat resembling the White Pine. It cannot endure very dry, very sterile, or extremely rich vegetable soil. It is rather tolerant of shade and some- what susceptible to late frosts. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Norway Spruce is a foreigner In our forest flora, but before long it will be regarded a naturalized member of our forest structure. It will be an extremely valuable addition to the list of species of forestal significance. To the present time it has been planted mostly for ornamental purposes and for wind breaks, but in the future it will also be planted extensively as a forest tree. It grows rapidly and is rather hardy and free from organic enemies and produces valuable wood. A noted European authority on forestry has said: "Spruce is the best paying forest species in the world." It should be planted as a seedling and preferably mixed with such species as White Pine. European Larch, Douglas Fir, Red Oak. White Ash, and Tulip Tree. It is also possible that it could be grown at a profit for Christmas tree purposes. PLATE XXII. NORWAY SPRUCE. 1. Branch with staminate flowers, x J. 2. Branch with pistillate flowers, x i. 3. A needle, natural size. 4. Cross section of a needle, enlarged. 5. Branch with needles removed ihowing winter buds. X 3. 6. Branch with needles and a cone, x h. 7. A cone scale with two winged seeds, natural size. 8. A winged seed, enlarged. 9. A seed, enlarged. l(r. A seedling shedding a seed coat, natural size. 11. A seedling, natural size. PLATE XXIII. HEMLOCK. 1. Branch with needles and staminate flowers, x S. 2. Branch with needles and pistillate flowers, x h. 3. Branch with needles and mature cones, x J. 4. A cone scale with two winged seeds, natural size. 5. A winged seed, natural size. 6. A seed, enlarged. 7. Leafless branoli with huds, enlarged. S. A seedling, natural size. 83 HEMLOCK. Tsuga canadensis, (Linnaeus) Carriere. GENUS DESCRIPTION— This genus comprises 8 species in the world. 4 of which are native to North Americi and 1 to Pennsylvania. Of the 4 species native to North America, 2 are found in the eastern and 2 in the western part. The 2 eastern species are the Carolina Hem- lock (Tsuga caroliniaoa Engelm.) found only in the mountains from Virginia to Georgia, and the species described below. The Hemlocks are trees of the northern hemisphere, found in North America and Asia, but absent in Europe, The eastern species in particular are slow growers and difficult to transplant. A well known student of forestry has said, "Hemlock trees are lilte the Indians, they will not stand civilization." FORM— A large tree usually attaining a height of 60 80 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft., but may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 4 ft. In the open its crown is dense, conic, and high with limbs extending almost to the ground. In dense stands it has a bole, clean from lateral branches for a considerable distance from the ground and with little taper. BARE — Grayish -brown to reddish -brown, rich in tannin, becoming 4/5 of an inch tiiick on old trunks and roughened by long fissures separating rather broad ridges which are covered with close scales. Innner bark is cinnamon-red. See Fig. 53. TWIGS — Slender, rough on account of decurrent projections of bark upon which the leaves rest, at first somewhat hairy and yellowish-brown, later smooth grayish-brown tinged with purple, BUDS — Alternate, ovate, 1/16 of an inch long, blunt-pointed, reddisb-browB\ not glossy. LEAVES — Linear, flat, about J of an inch long, rounded or notched at apex, dark green and shining above, pale green and dull below with a white line on each side of midrib. The leaves persist for about 3 years and are Jqlnted to short, persistent, woody stalks. They are some- what spirally arranged around the twig but appear two-ranked. LEAF-SCARS — Small, round, raised on decurrent projections of bark. FLOWERS — Appear about April or May. Staminate and pistillate flowers separate, but usually borne on the same branch. Staminate small, globose, yellow, about i of an inch long. Pistillate oblong and pale green. FRUIT — A small, short-stalked cose maturing at the end of the first season, about 2 of an inch long, usually persisting during first winter. WOOD — Non-porous; without resin passages; light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained not durable, liable to splinter, difficult to work, light brown with lighter sapwood. Weighs 2G,42 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for construction, coarse lumber, and especially for frame work and weather-boarding of buildings, paper pulp, and laths. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Hemlock, also known as Hemlock Spruce and Spruce Pine, can be distinguished by Its flat linear needles with two longitudinal white streaks 0[i the lower surface; the needles are Jointed to short persistent woody stalks known as sterig- mata and a|ip'"!ar two-ranked, but in addition to the two conspicuous lateral rows there is a rather inconspicuous row of small needles on top of the twig extending in the same direction as the twig. The lateral twigs occur rather irregularly along the main branches and diverge from the latter at an angle of usually less than 75''. The cones are about i of an inch long, and often persist thniugh one winter. The inner bark is cinnamon-red. RANGE — Nova Scotia south to Pennsylvania and along the mountains to Alabama, and west to Minnesota. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Rather commonly distributed in moist situations through- out the mountainous regions of the State. Most common in the central and northern parts. Scattered in local groups in the southeastern and southwestern parts. HABITAT — Usually found in moist locations like northern slopes of rocky ridges, banks of streams, ponds and lakes, swamps, river gorges, and mountain slopes. It prefers a dense forest structure since It Is shade loving and not very wind-firm. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This tree yields not only lumber but also bark rich in tannic acid and a volatile oil to which a medicinal value was attached. The Inferior wood which it produces coupled with its i^low growth and the difficulty with which it is established by planting will tend to decrease its prevalence in our forest structure, especially shace more valu- able and more rapid growing species like Pine and Spruce will thrive on the same area. Wher- ever it can be regenerated naturally without sacrificing more valuable species it should be retained In the forest structure. It is one of the most attractive if not the most attractive of our conifer- ous evergreens. 84 BALSAM FIR. Abies balsamea, (Linnaeus) Miller. GENUS DESCRIPTION — The Firs comprise about 25 species, of which number 10 species are native to f^orth America and 1 to PenDsylvania. They are usually found in cold and temperate regions. Eight species are found in western North America, while only 2 species are native east of the foot hills of the Rocky Mountains, 1 of which is native to Pennsylvania. The other eastern species not native to Pennsylvania, Abies Fraseri (Pursh.) Poir, is found only in the Appalachian Mountains from Virginia to North Carolina and Teunessee. FORM — A medium-sized tree attaining a height of 30-50 ft., but may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Usually a low spreading shrub in high altitudes and high latitudes. Crown slender, symmetrical when young, and sharp-pointed, deeper and often broader in older specimens. BARE — On old trees reddish-brown and somewhat roughened by irregular scales. On young trees smooth, thin, close, grayish-brown, and marked by projecting resin blisters. See Fig. 50. TWIGS — Sleuder, at first hairy and yellowish-green, later smooth, and grayish -brown, usually arranged opposite one another. BUDS — Clnstered at end of terminal twiKs. ovate to spherical, about 1/6 of an inch long, covered with very glossy, varnished, orange-green scales. LEAVES — Apparently 2-ranked as in the Hemlock, linear, flattenod. J of an inch long, usually blont at apex, stalkless, dark green and shining above, pale- with light dots below, very fragrant upon drying. FLOWERS — .Vppear abont May or June. Stamtnate and pistillate flowers separate but usually found on different parts of snn.e branch. Stnminate cylindrical, yellow, i of an inch long. Pis- tillate oblong-cylindrical, purple, 1 inch long. FRUIT — An erect, oblong-cylindrical, dark purple cone, 2-4 inches long, with broad round deciduous scales which fall off and leave the bare central axis. Cones mature at the end of first season. Seeds about i of an inch long, winged, and borne on cone-scales. WOOD — Non-porous; without resin passages; with no distinct heartwood, light, soft, pale brown, not strong noi- durable. Weighs 23.80 lbs. per cubic foot. Used with Spruce for paper pulp, crates, packing boxes, and occassionally for lumber. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Balsam Fir, also known as Fir. Balsam, and Blister Pine, is distingruished from the other native conifers of Pennsylvania by its smooth gray- ish-brown bark covered with projecting blisters, its oblong-cylindrical erect cones with deciduous scales, and by its rather flattened, apparently 2-ranked leaves which are stalkless and leave a circular flat scar upon falling. The leaves of the Balsam Fir somewhat resemble those of the Hemlock, but they are not jointed to a woody stalk while those of the latter species are jointed to short persistent stalks known as stcrigmata. RANGE — Labrador west to Alberta, south to Pennsylvania and Minnesota and along the moun- tains to Virginia. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Confined almost entirely to the swamps and lake re- gions of Centre, Pike, Monroe, Lycoming. Tioga, and Sullivan counties. It is also reported from a few other local outposts. HABITAT — Usually inhabits swamps or their borders. In the north found commonly in low swampy bogs but in the south usually found on the mountain tops and sloj)es. Generally occurs in mixture but may occur locally in almost pure stands. Spruce and Hemlock are its common associates. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This tree is of little commercial importance in this State on account of its limited distribution and the small size which it attains. It is difficult to re- generate artificially since the seeds have a low germinating percentage, and the subsequent estab- lishment is also difficult. This species should be regenerated naturally upon such areas where other more valuable species will not grow. The Balsam Fir is commonly used as a Christmas tree and it is possible that "in the future it may pay to raise it for this purpose. mmWm. ■%^y PLATE XXIV. BALSAM FIR. 1. Branch with Dcc-tllos anil staminate flowers, x J J. Branch with necillcs and pistillate flowers, x \. 3. Bi'anch with needles, three cones and one cone axis from whicli the scales have fallen x }, 4. A cone scale with two winged seeds, natural size. 5. A wmged seed, slightly enlarged. 6. A seed, enlarged. 7. LetDess brau.-L with buds, slightlv enlarged. 8. A seedling, x i. PLATE XXV. WHITE CEDAR. 1. A flowering branch, x ^. 2. A branch with needles and fruit. 3. A cone, slightly enlarged. 4. A winged seed, slightly enlarged. 5. A seedling, natural size. 6. Portion of branch, enlarged. X 4. 85 WHITE CEDAR. Chamaecyparis thyoides, (Linnaeus) BSP. GENUS DESCRIPTION — This genas comprises about 6 species in the world, of which number 3 art- native to North America. Of the 3 species native to North America 2 are foand in the western part, while only 1 is found in the eastern part. The latter is native to a small portion of Penn- sylvania. The Cedars are not very well kno^vn as forest trees, but are planted extensively in this country and ihroad for ornamental purposes. The lumberman is just beginning to appreciate the value of the wood which is obtained from the western species. FORM — A small tree usually attaining a heipht of 30-50 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft., but may reach a height of 90 ft. with a diameter of 4 ft Trunk straight, continuous, tapering, and bears sltnder horizon^aUy spreading branches which form a narrow, pointed, conical crown. BARK — Hatber thin, reddish-brown, somewhat furrowed, peels off into long, fibrous, film-like scales. TWIGS — Rather slender, somewhat flattened, at first bluish-green, later after the leaves have fallen they become roundish and reddish-brown. The terminal twigs are often arranged in fan- like clusters. BtTDS — Very small and inconspicuous, usually covered by the closely overlapping scale-like leaves. LEAVES — Small, ovate, sharp-pointed, bluish-green, closely overlapping, scale-like, 4-ranked but presenting a compressed appearancf*. Often spreading and awl-shaped on vigorous shoots. A roiispiiuoijs tmt rather small glandular dot is often found on the back. LEAF-SCARS — Not present because leaves persist for 4 or more years; then die and dry up upon the branches. FLOWERS — .\ppcar in Miircli or April. Stamina te flowers oblong, about I of an inch long, with 10 12 stamens on sirn-ltl-shapt-d filaments. Pistillate (Inwors globular, about 1/10 of an inch in diameter, with about six shield-shaped scales each usually bearing 2 ovules. FRUIT — A small globose cone which is rather common but inconspicuous, about J of an inch in diameter and maturing at the end of the first season. Scales of cone shield-shaped and joined to axis of cone by stalk. Outer face of scale Is marked by a slight projection. Each fertile scale bears 1 or 2 fertile winged seeds. WOOD — Non-porous; light, soft, not strong, very durable, slightly fragrant, light brown tinL'td with red; sapwood pale. Weighs 20.70 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in cooperage and boat building, for fen. A fruiting branch, s *. 6. A seed with hairs, enlarged. 7. A winter twig, x i. S. Section of a winter twig with bud and leaf-scar, enlarged. 9. A leafy branch, x J. PLATE XXIX. SHINING WILLOW. 1. A staminate flowering branch, x J. 2. A staminate flower, slightly enlarged. 3. A pistillate flowering branch, x i. 4. A pistillate flower, slightly enlarged. .^. Section of a fruiting branch, s i. 6. A branch with mature leaves, x ). 91 SHINING WILLOW. Salix lucida, Muhlenberg. FOHM — A Rbrub or small tree sometimes reaching a belght of 25 ft. with a diameter of 8 Inches. TruiiK short, bt^'aring rather ascondlng hrnnrhes which form a rather symmetrical and broad crown. BARK — Smooth, thin, bitter, brown to reddish-brown. TWIGS — ShlDlns, yellowish-brown, later dark brown. BITDS — Alternate, smooth, ovate, pointed, about i of an inch long, covered by a single yel- lowi,sh-brown scale. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, broadly lanceolate to ovate, long-pointed at apex, tapering or rounded at base, finely toothed on margin, smooth and shining above, paler below. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, somewhat raised, lunate, with 3 consptcuons bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Appear in catkins alwut April before the leaves have unfolded. Staminate and pistillate (lowers occur on separate trees. The staminate have five stamens, and are arranged In dense flowered catkins about 1 to H inches long. The pistillate are arranged In slender catkins from lJ-2 inches long. FRUIT— A narrowly -ovoid, smooth, dull, evidently -stalked, straw-colored to pale brown or greenish capsule which is evidently -rounded at the base. ' WOOD — Same as that of other Willows. See description under Black Willow, page 90. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Shining Willow, also known as Glossy Willow, may be distinguished by Its shining leaves which are lanceolate to ovate in outline, and by its glandular pelioles and i^tipulcs. The shining brownish or yellowish twigs are also characteristic. The capsules are smooth and the staminate flowers usually have 5 stamens. RANGE — N'?wfoundland to Mnnltoba, south to Pennsylvania, west to Kentucky and Nebraska. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Locally throughout the State except In the southern part. HABITAT — Prefers wet habitats. Common along streams, on islands, and In wet semi-boggy situations. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Shining Willow Is a very common shrub or small tree In wet situations throughout this State. The wood is of no commercial Importance. The tree often acts as a soil binder upon areas whore erosion Is to be feared. It Is also one of the most attractive of our small Willows, both in its natural haunts and artificial environments. 92 GLAUCOUS WILLOW. Salix discolor, Muhlenberg. FOKH — A sbrab or small tree usually from G-15 feet high but may reach a height of 25 ft. with a diameter of 8 inches. Trunk short and bearing stout ascending branches which form a round-topped crown. BARK — Thin, smooth, occasionally scaly, reddish-brown. TWIGS — At first hairy, later smooth, stout, reddish -purple to dark green, rather flexible. BUDS — Alternate, closely appressed, flattened, pointed, about i-* of an inch long, covered by a solitary shining reddish-purple scale. Flower-buds much larger than leaf-buds. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, sharp-pointed at apei, rounded at base, coarsely toothed on margin, glaucous or white beneath, green and smooth alwve. Petioles and stipules lot glandular. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, somewhat raised, lunate, contain 3 bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Appear in March on iwigs of previous season's growth before the leaves unfold. Staminate and pisttillate flowers occur on separate trees; catkins densely flowered, with brown- tipped bracts. FRiriT — A large, hairy, long-beaked, light brown capsule. WOOD — Same as that of otlicr Willows. See description under Black Willow, page 90. DISTINGinSHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Glaucous Willow, also known as Pussy Willow, may be distinguished by its laaeeolate to elliptic leaves which are smooth and bright green above and glaucous beneath. The blossoms are thick, about half as wide as long. Capsules are pube- scent. The Gcales of the blossoms are clothed with long shining hairs. RANGE — Nova Scotia and Manitoba, south to Delaware and Missouri. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Locally throughout the State. Rather common along the main streams and their tributaries. HABITAT — Prefers wet habitats such as one finds along streams, on the border of lakes, in swamps and semi-boggy situatioDS. Occasionally on moist hillsides. Planted specimens often grow on rather dry situations. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Glaucous Willow produces wood which is of no special commercial importance. The main value of the tree lies in its attractive blossoms which appear early in spring befoi'e the leaves have unfolded. It also possesses a rather handsome form and attractive bark. 4 I PLATE XXX. GLAUCOUS WILLOW. 1. A staminate llowtring branch, x i. 2. A staminate llowfr. slightly enlarged. 3. A pistillate flowering branch, x J. 4. Sectiim of a fruiting branch. \ k. 5. A pistillate flower, slightly enlarged, fi. A branch with mature leaves, x J. 7. A winter twig, x h. S. Section of a twiL' with a bud ami leaf-scar, enlarged. ^4'^:.:^-'^ PLATE XXXI. BEAKED WILLOW. 3. A staminate flowering braiich. s I. 2. A staminate flower, sligbtlir enlargeil. 3. A pUtiilate flowering branch, x i. 4. Sectioii of a fruitins; branch, s J. 5. A pistillate flower, slightly enlaijged. 6. A branch with mature leaves", s i. 7. A winter twig, x s. S. Section of a twis vr'nh a Itud and leaf-scar, enlarged. 93 BEAKED WILLOW. Sails rostrata, Richards. FORK— ehnb or Boall tre«. ra.-el/ eiceedlc« 20 fc Is beiebt. naallT «-10 ft. b^sli ud 3-t iiKli>^ ia dJamctor. Tnmk (bort, oftra mcliiMd and cwlxtcd. Crown broad ud roondtovpcd. BA£K — On tmsk tbls. raootb, Moetiaa •baOawlT aanired. mnliT aealr, Mttcr, nddiib. jraT.-h. or oUre-sreen. TWIGS — At fint bairr, later oweth. Heater, pnpUah to brown, wtik vtuitcUnc kaf-orsn aad few l*!ficlcel«. BUDS — Alternate, othns, aamnr. bfantt-potated, abont i of aa iaek looc. eorcrcd br a gfacle Uebt ebestnst-brcwn wale. IXATZ8— Alternate. simpU, elUptie to oUmc, laacMiate. ibact-valated to afearv.poiaterl at a[«i, wedee.«baped or rooBded at base, igatliistr tootfeei ar estire •• winln. tfnil creea and nnootb oa appe.- svfaee, pale ft.teu and proataentiy reiaed and katrr •■ lower larfaee, 1-3 iubea lone, and }-l bMk wtde. IXAF^CASS— AltefMte. tnnate. aonewbat elerated. with S IXOWfRS Appear atMvt April or Mar before or dartas tbe ^tfoidiae of tbe learea. PfatSIate irA >ta3:.:uire lowers oeear on diCereat tree*. Tbe Raoitaate bave 2 Maaena witb aoacb Oiaaieiita aad ere arrtased ia erect *ad teraiaal rat^lna abavt 1 iaeh laae. Tbe pictlllate bare hairr and erldeattT-nalked OTariea and are aimneed ia calkina iboiit 2-4 inebea lane. TRVn — A canowlj-OTald, bairr, erfdeailj-beaked and -"'**■' capaole. WOOD — Diffoe-penoa; wltb retr iaeanaplenova aKdnOarr nra. BtaOar ta tke wood at otber w.ijoTf. S WiBaw, IU7 b« iisxlBfmSmiftd br iti elUptle to oMone-Iaaeeaiate lean* whSek are Tm'tr ymmltnUy Twined ud balfT •■ lower (orfaee. Tbe pnhmi'al, mdesttr-atalked and beaked i ipaalu are abo cjta-aeteristie Tbe bracts of tbe rafbtaa are yellow wbOe tboae of tbe glamlj' selatcd Glaeaowi WUtow are reddiA-brown. SABTGE — man tbe raBer of tbe Maefcenxi? BtT«r witbfa tbe Arrtie Circle and tbe vaDer of tbe St. Lawrence to Alaska, aoatb to PeaBST-traaia, and west to ^*fc'ff*— >*f and Uabo^ One of Ifte most w-Id'?>T dirtrft>«it^ sp»^ei of waimr. and iiai (b« i a parti «C tbe EASITAT— Prefers Boiit or wet sHnittoiia b«t wfn grow on dir blDsides. ''— —— fa awaapa aad alone tbe bcrdns of striim la Canaita often pradneea twisted stenv wbieb t»e^ afeaaat bBpenetzable tfeiekets. mPOSTASCE OF TEE SPECIES— TUs speeies is of ao cmnaneceEal aad of Btae uriiiaMli laipotlaace m PenasrlruLi. Ti-t Is tts aovtbem Badt. It tesains oaall and is not abandant. Like Boat at tbe Willows, tt grows in wet atlnaUuna and win aid te HaOims tbe saB. tbns 94 THE ASPENS AND COTTONWOODS— POPULUS (Tourn.) L. This genus comprises about 27 species native to the north temper- iite and arctic zones, of which number 19 are native to North America and i to Pennsylvania. The trees belonging to this genus have many common names, as Aspens, Cottonwoods, Poplars, or Popples. Although some of them are called Poplar, still they are in no way related to the well-known Yellow Poplar or Tulip Tree which belongs to the Magnolia family. The leaves of some of the representatives become very conspicuous on account of their trembling or quaking habit. This fluttering of the leaves, even when only a slight breeze is at hand, is due to their laterally compressed leaf-stalks. The buds of a few species are evi- dently resinous and often pungent. Possibly no group of trees, ex- cept the Willows, is so well equipped to disseminate its seeds. The seeds are very light, produced in great abundance, and furnished with a dense covering of long white hairs which aid in their dispersal. The wood of the members of this genus is just beginning to be of commercial importance. It was formerly despised but is now used for various purposes, especially for paper pulp. These trees have some valuable merits in that th£y grow very fast, often on situations where other species refuse to grow, especially in wet places, and may easily be reproduced by cuttings, sprouts, or seeds. In addition to the 4 species described and contained in the sub- joined key, a few other species are rather common throughout the State especially as orftajnental trees. The White or Silver-leaf Poplar (Populus alba L.) is a native of Europe and Asia but very common as an ornamental tree. It can be distinguished by its lobed leaves, covered by a dense white persistent wool on the lower surface, and by its twigs, usually covered with white cottony felt which rubs off easily. The Lombardy Poplar (Populus nigra var. italica Du Roi) is frequently cultivated in this State. It can best be distin- guished by its form (Fig. 36). The lateral branches are almost erect forming a high but narrow crown^ The leaves have flattened petioles, are finely toothed, smooth, and sharp-pointed. The Balm of Gilead (Populus candicans Ait), sometimes regarded a variety of the Balsam Poplar, is occasionally found as a cultivated tree and frequently escapes cultivation. It can be recognized by large resi- nous buds, reddish-brown twigs, and its ovate leaves with round or channeled petioles and heart-shaped base. The leaves of the closely related Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) do not have a cor- date base. 95 SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES. 1. Leaves with round or channeled petioles; twigs with orange colored pith, ^*^°' 1. Leaves with flattened petioles; twigs with white pith .^! . .'!°*!°'.^^."2 '^ 2. Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly acuminate; stigma-lobes expanded in all direc- tlons _ J 1* -J 2. Leav^es broadly ovate to nearly roun(i;'nsualVy'acuVe "at ■apeiV'stigma-lobes \h°M- ^' 3 3. Leaves finely serrate on margin; bark greenish-white P. tremuloides 96 3. Leaves coarsely dentate on margin; bark yellowish-gray to black, P. g-randidentata 97 WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES. 1. Terminal buds } to 3 of an Inch long, decidedly resinous; lateral branches with a tend- ency 10 bi'cnme vertical p ^eltoidcs 1. Terminal buds about 1 of an inch long, devoid of rcsinor'onVy'slVehtiy' resinous; lateral branches without the vertical tendency .... "'>.'"^ 2. Twigs with orange-colored pith ' p i,„,„„„i,„ii. „„ Twigs with white Dith. ..... ^' >'«'"''l"'ylla 98 .3 2. Twigs with white pith, 3. Buds smooth, glossy, conical, sharp-polnted ; often incurved and closely appressed bari! greeniirh-white t. * . -j o r,„ 1 1 ■ ,, ^' tremuloides 96 3. Buds downy, dull, ovate, blunt-pointed, straight, divergent; bark ycllowlsbgrnv to black — jj . ,' P. grandidentata 97 96 AMERICAN ASPEN. Populus tremuloides, Michaux. FORK — A small tree usually 30-40 ft. bigh but may reach a height of 80 ft. with a diameter of 20 inches. In Pennsylvania usually very small. Trunk continuous, tapering, bearing slender, brittle, and rather ascending lateral branches. Crown high, narrow, rather round-topped. BARK — Ou old trunks thick, deeply fissured and black; on upper portion of trunk and young stems yellowish-green to white, with dark blotches below the branches. Usually whiter at bigh altitude. TWIGS — Rather slender, reddish-brown, glossy, smooth, round, sometimes covered with a scaly bloom; marked by reddish-yellow lenticels; roughened by leaf-scars; pith white and 5-angled. BUDS — Alternate, narrowly conical, sharp-pointed, smooth, shiny, usually appressed, often incurved; covered by 6-7 reddish-brown, smooth, shiny, bud -scales; basal scale of lateral buds outside. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovate to nearly round, cordate to truncate at base, acute at apex, finely serrate on margin, lJ-2 inches long, thin, dark green and shiny above, pale green below. Leaf-stalks laterally flattened. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, large, conspicuous, lunate, with a cork -like surface; bundle -scars 3, simple or compounded. Stipule-scars linear, blackish, rather distinct. FLOWERS— Appear about April. Stamina te and pistillate flowers occur on different trees. Staminate aments drooping. 1J-2S inches long, bearing many closely packed individual flowers with 6-12 staai»*us. Pistillate aments drooping, 15-2J inches long; when mature 4 inches long, bearing relatively few individual flowers with thick stigraas divided into thread-like lobes. FRUIT — An oblong -conical capsule, 2-valved, light green, borne on a drooping stalk about 4 inches long. Seeds light brown, surrounded by a mat of long, soft, white hairs. WOOD — Diffuse-porous; medullary rays very fine and indistinct; pores very minute, invisible without a leus. Fine in texture, light brown to white in color, neither strong nor durable. Weighs 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for paper pulp, boxes, jelly buckets, lard pails, spice kegs, wooden dishi;5, DISTINGUISKING CHARACTERISTICS — The American Aspen, also known as Quaking Aspen, Trembling Asptn, Small-toothed Aspen, Popple. Poplar, and Aspen, may be distinguished by the round or ovate leaves which have a finely serrate margin and are short-pointed. The petioles of the leaves are decidedly flattened which causes them to tremble or flutter in response to even a light breeze, whence the name Trembling Aspen. The alternate, sharp-pointed, conical, often incurved, closely appressed. shiny buds are also characteristic. The buds of the closely related Largt'-loothed Aspen are stouter, not so sharp-pointed, usually divergent, and covered with a flour-like, crusty, pale, woolly substance. Tbe twiss are reddish and usually smooth while those of the Large-toothed Aspen are yellowish-brown often pale-downy or pale-scaly. The lateral branches ar3 more ascending and the bark is lighter in color than that of the Large-toothed Aspen. The bark is yellowish-green to white often marked with dark blotches. RANGE — A transcontinental species extending from Newfoundland to the Hudson Bay region and Alaska, south to Pennsylvania and along the mountains to Kentucky, west to the Rocky Mountains, Mexico, and California. The widest range of any species of tree in North America. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Found locally throughout the State. Most common in the mountainous part. HABITAT — Found upon practically all soil conditions except swamps. Prefers dry situations. Common in abandoned fields, on cut-over areas and burns. Frequently mixed with Scrub Oak which shades out in time. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The American Aspen is of no commercial importance in Pennsylvania. It remains too small and is too local in its distribution. Nest to Spruce and Hemlock it is the principal pulpw-jod of the country. It is also beginning to be used for lumber. The wood is white and turns well. Ordinarily it is a poor competitor in the forest but it does overcome the Scrub Oak upon burnt-over areas by shading it out. It is also valuable as a tempoiary shelter species for other valuable trees. // PLATE XXXII. AMERICAN ASPEN. A stamioate flowering branub, x J, A staminate flower, enlarged. A pistillate flowering branch, x i. A pistillate flower, enlarged. Section of a fruiting brancb, x \. G. A seed with Iiairs, enlarged. 7. A brancb witb mature leaves, i i. 8. A winter twig, x J. 9. Section of a twig with a bud and scar, enlarged. PLATE XXXIII. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN. 1. A staminate flowering braucb, s |. 2. A stamiuate flower, enlarged. 3. A pistillate flowering branch, s |. 4. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 5. A fruiting catkin with capsules, x J. 6. A seed with hairs, enlarged. 7. A branch with mature foliage, x *. S. A winter twig, x h. 9. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. 97 LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN. Populus grandidentata, Michaux. FORM — Usually ft small tree 30-40 ft. hiph but may reach a beigbt of 70 ft. with a diameter of 2 feet. More frequent and larger In this State than the Ameriean Aspen. Trunk continuous and tapering. Crown often irregular, due to the absence of branches which hare been broken off on account of tbeii brittleness. Branches Ubually less ascending than those of the American Aspen. BAKK — N'e.ir the base of old trunks black, very rough, thick, hard, does not heal over branch wounds rapidly. Large smooth surfaces found on fiat ridges between fissures. Smaller branches simiti*' to those uC the American Aspen but with a more pronounced yellow color. See Fig. 95. TWIGS — Rather stout, reddish to yellowish-brown, round, often covered with a coating of pale, woolly, crusty down which occasionally peels off in small flakes. BUDS — Alt(Tnate, ovate to conical, pointed, dusty, dull, usually divergent, covered by 6-7 light chestout-biown scales which are often coated with a dusty flour-like mat of a pale, woolly substance. Basa' scale of lateral buds on outside. LEAVES— Alternate, simple, broadly-ovate, wedge-shaped to cordate at base, acute to acuminate at apex, coarsely dentate on margin, 3-4 inches long, dark green above, pale green below. Leafstalks laterally flattened. LEAF-SCARS — Same as leaf-scars of American Aspen, page 96. Stipule-scars are less distinct. FLOWERS — See "Flowers" under American Aspen, page 90. FRUIT — An araent bearing scattered, light, green, 2-valved capsules which contain minute dark brown seeds surrounded by a mat of long white hairs. WOOD — Same as American Aspen, rage 96. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The T^rge-toothed Aspen, also known as Popple and Poplar, may be distinguished by its coarsely wavy-toothed leaves, larger than those of the American Aspen which it closely resembles. See "Distinguishing Characteristics" under the latter. It does not have the resinous buds, nor the ridged bark on the twigs, nor the deltoid leaves so characteristic of the Cottonwood. The bark Is often covered with oyster-shell-like bodies whicn are the armored portion of the oyster-shell scale. Many small trees are killed by this scale. RANGE — Vova Scotia and Ontario south to Pennsylvania, along mountains to North Carolina and west to Minnesota DISTRIBUTIOK IN PENNSYLVANIA — Rather common throughout the State especially on lumbered and turnt-over areas, in abandoned fields, and on charcoal hearths. Usually found in mixture, but occasionally in small pure stands. HABITAT — Prefers rather- rich moist soil, but is also found on dry gravelly soil. Usually large on moist situations and smaller, often scrubby, on very dry situations. Frequent asso- ciates are Birch, Bird Cherry. Shad Bush, and Scrub Oak. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Large-toothed Aspen is of no commercial Importance In this State. It is of value in our lumbered areas because it covers the soil rapidly, acts as a soil-conserver. and often as a soil-improver. It may also act as a temporary shelter for more valuable species while they are young and establishing themselves. It also aids In shading out our most aggressive forest wejpd— Scrub Oak. 98 DOWNY POPLAR. Populus heterophylla, Linnaeus. FORM — In the iiovth usually a small tree from 30-o0 ft. high; in the south may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Crown high,- rather broad and round-topp wered; the pistillate, in drooping aments '2h-Zi inches long and sparsely flowered. FRUIT — A drooping anient bearing dark green, 3-4-valveinL' Icavi's and (s) Tlirt-c si litniy catkins «.f staiuinate flowers and (p) a spike witli three pistillate flowers, x S. 2. A staininale flower, slightly enlarged. 3. A pistillate flower, slightly enlarged. 4. A branch with a mature leaf and fruit, x *. 5. A winter twig, x i. 6. Longitudinal section of twig showing chambered pith, enlarged. 7. Section of twig showing superposed and gaping buds, and leaf-scars with 3 clusters of bundle- sears and notched upper surface, slightly enlarged. S. A nut with husk removed, s I. 9. Terminal seclii/n uf winter twig showing leaf-scar and terminal bud with bud-scales, slightly . enlarged. 103 BLACK WALNUT. Juglans nigra, Linnaeus. FORM— A larKe tree, usually attninin? a height of SO 100 ft. with a dianifter of 2-3 ft., but may reach a height of 150 ft. with a diameter of 6-8 feet. Trunk usually straight, clean, slightly tapering, bearing a round-topped crown. BARK — Semi-filirous, thick, rough, longitudinally and occasionally diagonally fissured. Outer bark dark brown to grayish-black. Inner bark light, but -turns yellow upon exposure. See Fig. 81. TWIGS — At first hairy, later Bmooth, orange-brown to dark brown, stout, covered with rather inconspicuous, somewhate raised lentlcels; pith light brown, chambered. BTTDS^Alternnte, covered with thick, pubescent scales. Terminal buds usually less than i of an inch long, flattened, ovate, blunt-poiuted. Lateral buds usually less than 1/6 of an inch long, obtuse at apex, often superposed, LEAVES — Alternate, compound with 13-23 leaflets. Leaflets 3-4 Inches long, oblique at base, acute at apex, g?rratc on margin, almost sessile and arranged opposite or alternate to each other. LEAF-SCAKS — Alternate, largo, 3 lobed, often heart-shaped, raised; upper margin notched In which an axillary bud Is often located. Bundle-scars grouped In three clusters, arranged In a U-shaped line. FLOWEaS — Appear in May when the leaves are about half developed. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers separate, but occnr on same tree and usually on same branch. Stamlnate arranged in unbranched catkins. Pistillate produced In 2-5-flowered spikes. FRUIT — A sculptured nut with a fleshy Indehiscent covering. Nut round, very rougli, 12 Inches in diameter, occurs solitary, in pairs, sometimes in 3s; contains an edible somewhat oily kernel. WOOD — Diffuse-porous with a ring-porous tendency; medullary rays Inconspicuous; rich dark brown, very durable, hard, strong, splits easily, takes glue well. Weighs 38.11 lbs. per cubic foot. Used In furniture, interior finishings, musical instruments, automobiles, sewing machines, fire-arms. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Black Walnut, also known as Walnut, some- what resembles the Butternut or White Walnut but bears little resemblance to other trees. It may bo dlstingui-shed from the Eutternut by Its light brown chambered pith, shorter and less flattened terminal buds, darker bark, larger size, more globose nut, notched upper margins of leaf-scars, and the absence of a hairy fringe above the leaf-scar. RANGE — New England and New York to Minnesota, and south to Florida. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Local throughout the State in rich bottomlands and on fertile hi'Isides. HABITAT — Prefer-^ rich moist soil. Requires plenty of light and deep soil since it Is evidently tap-rooted. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Black Walnut is one of the most valuable timber trees native to this State. It rtarhes a large size. Is attractive ornamentally, and produces wood valuable for its color, figure, and the fine polish which it takes. The nuts are highly prized. Forp.st grown trees rarely produce much fruit. Open grown trees produce abundant fruit and often highly figured wood. 104 THE HICKORIES— CAETA, Nuttall. The Hickories and the Walnuts belong to the same family. AH species of Hickory, so far as known, are native to the part of North America lying east of the Rocky Mountains. Geological records in- form us that the ancient forests of hickory extended into Greenland and Europe. None of the fossil species .shows evidence of living after the ice age. This suggests the presumption that the hickory forests were completely destroyed by sheets of ice advancing from the North towards the South. These sheets covered a large part of Europe and North America. Today no native species of Hickory are found in Europe, showing that they were completely exterminated during the ice age. In North America the ice covered only a portion of the range of hickory. Hickory is found loday not only in the non- glaciated region of North America but in addition it has regained some of the lost territory. The northern limit of Hickory is, how- ever, still about 1,000 miles .south of its northern limit in the ancient flora of Greenland. The range of some of the more important species of Hickory has been extended by man. The Hickories have alternate, compound and odd-pinnate leaves. The leaf-scars are large and conspicuous. The flowers are unisex- ual. The staminate or male f pollen-bearing) flowers are produced in long slender, drooping aments. The aments are usuaDy in 3s, united near the base of twig into a common stalk which is attached to the twig at the base of the new growth. The pistillate or female flowers which develop into the fruit occur at the end of the season's twigs in spike-like clusters of 2-fi. The fruit resulting from the development of the pistillate flowers matures in one season. The nuts are ovoid to cylindrical and covered with a husk which is 4-valved. In most species the husk splits open at least to the middle when it becomes dry but in a few species it separates very little. The Hickories are amongst our most important timber trees. They are not important because they produce a large quantity of wood but because they produce a special quality of wood used for special purposes for which no substitutes have been found. The wood is unsurpassed for such uses where strength combined with lightness is desired. It is largely used for handles and in the manufacture of our best carriages, especially in the construction of the wheels. Not all of the species, however, produce valuable wood. The wood of the Bitter Nut Hickory is relatively of little value. The nuts of a few species are edible. The.se nuts were used for food and for oil by the Indians and at the present time they are used extensively 105 for food. The most valuable and edible nuts are obtained from the Shag-bark Hickory (Carya ovata). This genus comprises about 10 species found in eastern North America and 1 species in Mexico. Six species are native to this State. One species, the small-fruited Hickory (Carya microcarpa, Nutt. ), sometimes considered a variety of the Pignut Hickory, is found locally in the State but not described in this publication. In addi- tion to our native specie.s the Pecan Hickory (Carya illinoensis) is planted extensively for ornamental purposes and for the sweet nuts which it prodtfces. SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES. Page. 1. Leaflets 7-H, small, lancpolate, usually curved C. cordiformis 110 1. Leaflets 3-7, larger, broader than lanceolate, rarely curved 2 2. Husk of fruit splits tardily into 4 valves; valves of fruit thin and rather friable at maturity; twigs smooth, relatively slender, cherry colored to gray C. glabra lOD 2, Husk of fruit splits promptly into 4 valves; valves of fruit thick and hard at maturity; twigs often hairy towards tip, rather stout, buff, gray, or brownish 3 3. Bark closo, rough but not shaggy on old trunks; twigs relatively stout; foliage scurfy or pubescent C. alba lOS 3. Bark shaggy separating into Ion,; plates on old trunks; tvfigs not so stout; foliage smooth or sometimes downy beneath ^ 4. Leaflets usually 7; nuts dull white or yellowish and pointed at both ends, C. laciniosa 107 4. Leaflets nsually 5; nuts white, rounded or notched at the Imse, C. ovata 10€ WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES. 1. Buds yelicw with 4-6 budscales valvate in pairs; lateral buds often evidently- stalked; terminal buds elongated and flattened C. cordiformis HO 1. Buds not yellow, truly scaly: bud-scales 10 or more usually overlapping, except outer ones on lateral buds vhich may form a closed sac but in time split from the top; inner scales hairy, 2 2. Buds small; terminal buds \/'^ to 2/5 of an incli long, their outer scales glnndulnr dotted: twigs smooth, relatively slender, cherry-colored to gray; husk of fruit thin, not freely splitting to base, with thin-shelled nut C. glabra 109 2. Buds large; terminal I'uds 2/5 to 3/.1 of an inch long, their outer scales almost glandless; twigs often hairy towards tip, rather stout, buff, gray, or brownish; husk of fruit thick, freely splitting to base 8 3. Twigs relstively stout; bark rough and close, not shaggy; nnt brownish, thick- shelled, with small kernel; terminal buds broadly-ovate with their outer scales early deciduous C. alba 108 3. Twigs not so stout; bark shaggy: nut w-hite, dull-white, or yellowish with large kernel: terminal buds elongate-ovate with their outer scales tardily deciduous 4 4. Nuts dull white or yellowish and pointed at both ends C. laciniosa 107 4. Nuts white, rounded or notched at the base C. ovata 106 106 SHELL-BARK HICKORY. Carya ovata, (Miller) K. Koch. FOBH — A large tree usually reaching a height of 50-75 ft. with a diameter of 2 ft. but may reach a height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 3-4 feet. Trunk straight, slender, in dense stands free from branches for the greater part of its length; in open grown trees short, with an oblong-cylindrical high crown. BARK — On old trunks shaggy, light gray, 2/5-1 inch thick, peeling off in rough strips or plates which are usually loose at both ends and fastened in the middle. On young trnnks emooth and light gray. See Fig. SS. TWIGS — Intermediate in thickness between the Mocker Nut and the Pignut Hickory, usually slightly dowuy, sometimes smooth anl glossy; roddish-brown to grayish, covered with numerous conspicuous and longitudinally -elongated lenticels; pith angular. BUDS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked. Terminal bud broadly ovate, blunt-pointed. 2/5-4/5 of an inch long, usrally covered by about 10 bud-scales. The 3-4 outer scales dark brown, broadly triaDgular, sharp-pointed, often hairy espeiially along margin, sometimes smooth, and often with the apex terminating in a long rigid point. Inner scales increase in size in spring, are tardily deciduous, yellowish-green or reddish, densely downy on outer surface and smooth within. LEAVES — AlUrnate, compound, with 5-7 leaflets, 8-14 Inches long. Leaflets differ in size; basal pair small, relatively short and widest near the base; upper pair obovate and larger than basal pair; terminal large and o'^ofate. Leaflets serrate on margin, acute at apex, tapering or rounded at base, usually smooth but sometimes hairy on lower Borface. LEAE-SCARS — Altornate, more than 2-ranked, large, conspicuous, somewhat raised, heart- shaped or 3-lob?d or inversely-triangular or sometimes elliptical, containing numerous con- spicuouj bundle-scars which are distributed irregularly or grouped in 3 clusters or arranged In a curved line. FLOWERS — .\ppear about May when leaves are almost fully developed. Staminate and pistil- late flowers occur separately. Staminate hairy and arranged in aments which are clustered In 3s and 4-5 inches long. Pistillate nisty-woolly arranged in 2-5 large spikes. FRUIT — Globular or depressed at apex, 1-2 inches long, with a thick husk which splits into four pieces completel.^ to the base. Nut white, oblong, somewhat flattened, ridged, barely tipped with a point, with thin shell and large swe-2t kernel. WOOD — Ring-porous: pores of summer wood rather large, isolated, rather evenly distributed, not in groups or lines; medullary rays rather abundant but inconspicuous; conspicuous lines of wood parenc'jyroa present. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, elastic, cl(5se-grained, usually straight-grained, not durable in contact with soil. Heartwood light brown or reddish with white sapwood. Weighs from 50 to 52 lbs. per cubic foot. Used chiefly for handles and light vehicles. Valuable for fuel and smoking meat. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Shell-bark Hickory, also known as Shag-bark Hickory, can be distinguished from the Bitter Nut Hickory by means of its larger many-scaled buds which are not flattened nor yellow, and by its bark which is shaggy, while that of the latter .is close and rough. The bark of the Pignut Hickory, Is also close and rough. The Pignut Hickory has scaly buds but they are much smaller than those of the Shell-bark Hickory. The fruit of both the Pignut Hickory and Bitter Nut Hickory is smaller and has a thin tardily or non-splitting husk and a small bitter kernel, and their leaves a-e smoother and their leaflets narrower than those of the Shell-bark Hickories. The Mocker Nut Hickory has stouter twigs, scurfier pubescent foliage. closer and rougher bark, and browner nuts with a small kernel. For distinguishing characteristics between Carya ovata and Carya laciniosa, see page 107. RANGE — Quebec west to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Most common in the southeastern and southwestern parts of the Slate. Rare in the mountainous parts, except locally in the valleys. Rather abundant lo- cally east of the Allegheny mountains especially in the fertile valleys and along the rich foothills. Reported rather abundant locally in the northern part. HABITAT — Prefers rich moist soil and plenty of light. Common in the valley and in moist hillside woods. Also common along streams, and on the border of swamps. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — ^This is a very impprtant species on account of the valuable wood and nuts which it produces. It is not very common in the State as a whole, but where it does occur it should be protected and regenerated as much as possible. Seeds should be planted rather than seedlings because Ibe latter are sensitive to transplanting on account of their long taproot. PLATE XXXVIII. SHELL-BARK HICKORY. 1. A flDwering bran(.-h. s J. 2. A branch with fruit and a mature leaf, s h 3. .\ nut with part of husU removed, x i. 4. A nut, s h 5. Crojs-section of a nut showing kciuel, x *. 6. A winter twig, x i. 7. Terminal part of a winter twig, natural size. 8. Section of a winter twig showing a lateral bml and loaf-scnr, enlarged. PLATE XXXIX. BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY. 1. A flowering branch, x i. 2. A branch with fruit and a mature leaf, x S. 3. A nut. X i. 4. Cross-section of a nut, s i. 5. A winter twig, x i. ,. , ^, , , 6. Terminal part of a winter twig, slightly enlarged. 7. A leaf-soar with bundle-scars, slightl.T enlarged. 107 BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY. Carya iaciniosa, (Michaux f.) Loudon. FORM — In general it is the same as the Shell-bark (Carya ovati) except that It does not attain so large a diameter. When grown in a dense forest its trunk is very long, clean, and slightly tapering. BARK — Same as Shell-bavk Hickory (Carya ovata) or probably somewhat less shaggy. TWIGS — Stout, usually a little velvety or tomentose, buff to nearly orange in color, covered with numerous rather inconspicuous longitudiually-elongated lenticels; pith angular. BUDS — Similar to those of the shell-bark (Carya ovata) except that they are a little larger and have loss keeled and more hairy outer scales. LEAVES — Alternate, compound, with 7-9 leaflets, 10 T2 inches long. Leaflets differ in size; basal pair smallest, about A size of the terminal; the upper pair broadest between the middle and the apex. Leaflets sharp-pointed at apex, serrate ou margin, tapering or rounded at base, thick, firm, dark green and smooth above, pale green to brownish and hairy below. Leafstalks grooved, stout, smooth or hairy, thickened at base, often persist for a long time. LEAF-SCARS — Alte-mate. more than 2-rankcd, large, conspicuous, somewhat raised, heart-shaped or 3-lobed or inversely triangular or sometimes elliptical, containing numerous conspicuous bundle- scars which are distributed irregularly, grouped In 3 clusters or arranged in a curved line. FLOWERS — Similar to those of Shell-bark Hickory (Carya ovata). See page 100. FRUIT — Ovoid or broadly-oblong, 4-ribbed above the middle, covered with very thick busk whiih splits readily to the base. Nut dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly pointed at both ends, containing a sweet, light brown and deeply lobed kernel. WOOD — Similar to that of the Shell-bark (Carya ovata). see page IOC. Lumbermen do not and manufacturers cannot distinguish between the wood of the two species. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Big Shell-bark Hickory, also known as Shag-bark Hickory and King Nut, is most closely related to the Shell-bark Hickory (Carya ovata). It can best be distinguished by its dull white or yellowish nuts which are usually strongly pointed at both ends, while those of the latter are white and barely tipped with a point and often rounded or notchfU at tin- baie. The leallets of this spfcies number 7-0 to a leaf and are more downy on the lower surface than in Carya ovata which has only 5-7 leaflets to each leaf. Tor distinguishing char- acteristics between this species and other Hickories see "Distinguishing Characteristics" under Carya ovata, page 100. RANGE — Central New York and Pennsylvania west to Iowa and Nebraska and south to Ten- nessee and Arkansas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common in the southeastern part of the State. Most common east of the Allegheny mountains. Rare in the mountainous region except locally In the fertile valley between the mountains. Locally present in the western part. Probably most com- mon in Northampton, IJucks and Montgomery counties. HABITAT — Prefers wet, rich soil. Often found on situations which are temporarily flooded in spring. Frequent in rich bottomlands and on fertile hillsides. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This is a very important species on account of the valuable wood and nuts wlii.h it produces. It is not very common in the State as a whole, but where it does occur it should be protected and regenerated as much as possible. Seeds should be planted rather than seedlings because the latter are sensitive to transplanting on account of their long taproot. 108 MOCKER NUT HICKORY. Carya alba, (Linnaeus) K. Koch. FORU — A large tree usually 50-75 ft. high with a diameter of about 2 ft. but may reach a height of 90 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Crown narrow oblong to broad round-topped. Trunk often swollen at ba.se, in dense stands straight, clean, with little taper and free from branches for one- half of its height. BARK— Dark or light gray, l-'i of an inch thick, close, not shaggy nor smooth, roughened by irregular furrows which separate broad, Hat, close, more or less scaly and rounded ridges. See Fig. 90. TWIGS — Compared with the other Hickories very stout, usually decidedly downy, reddieh-brown, covered with numerous pale and longitudinally-elongated lenticels; pith angular. BUDS — Altcrnale. more tlian 2-rftiiked. Terminal bud very large, ovate. 2/5-4/5 of an inch long, densely hairy, usually bUmt-polnted, covered with overlapping scales, the outer pair of which drops off in autumn and exposes the inner yellowish-gray silky scales. Lateral buds reddish- brown and do not split open very early. LEAVES — Alternate, compound with 7-9 leaflets, 8-12 inches long. leaflets lanceolate-obovate, sharp-pointed at apex, toothed on margin, rounded or tapering at base, very fragrant, often downy on lower surface. Leaf-stalks hairy, flattened, grooved, and enlarged at base. Upper pair of leaflets largest with greatest width between the middle and the apex; lower pair often oblong- lanceolate. LEAF-SCARS — Similar to those of Shell-bark Hickory (Carya ovata). FLOWERS — Appear about May when the leaves are half developed. Staminate and pistillate flowers separate. Staminatf borne in slender catkins 4-5 inches long, which are clustered In 3s en a common stalk. Pistillate borne in 2-5-flowercd pale hairy spikes. FRTTIT — Globular or ovoid. 1J-2J inches long, with a very thick or hard husk which splits to 'the middle or base. Nut globular, brownish, not evidently-flattened but 4-ridged towards apex, with a very thick shell and comparatively small and sweet kernel. WOOD — Similar to that of the Shell-bark Hickory (Carya ovata). See description page 100. Has a somewhat wider sapwood which is very white in color whence its specific name — alba. Heartwood dark brown. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Mocker Nut Hickory, also known as the Big Bud Hickory and the White-heart Hickory, can be distinguished from the two species of Shell- bark Hickory by its bark, which is rough and close and does not sbag ofT. its stouter twigs, Its scurfy pubescent foliage and its globular fruit which contains a globular brownish thick- shelled nut with a relatively small kernel. The buds are somewhat larger than those of the Shell- bark Hickories and thicker than the Pignut and Bitter Nut. The kernel of the latter two species is bitterer and their leaflets are narrower and smoother. RANGE — Massachusetts and Ontario, west to Nebraska, and south to Florida and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found most commonly In the rich valleys in the east- ern and southern parts of the State with local outposts in the central part. Also found in the hardwood forest region in the western part. HABITAT — Prefers rich, moist woods. Requires considerable moisture and sunlight. Does not thrive in shaded situations. Found mainly in valleys and in fertile situations at the bottom of slopes. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species produces as valuable a wood as any of the Hickories. Some think that the wood is better than that produced by our other native Hickories because of the large amount of white sapwood. It is difficult to transplant on account of its long taproot, hence it is advisable to plant the seeds rather than seedlings. Every effort which one puts forth in developing and perpetuating this species in our forests, especially In the farmer's woodlot. Is justified. The fruit is large but the kernel is small and as a consequence It has no special market value. PLATE XL. MOCKER NUT HICKORY. 1. Branch with immature leaves and flowers, s J. 2. Branch with a mature leaf and fruit, x i. 3. A nut with husk removed, x i. 4. Longitudinal section of a nut, x i. 5. A winter branchlet, k S. 6. A winter branchlet, slightly enlarged. 7. Section of winter branch, enlarged. S. Section of winter branch, enlarged. PLATE XLI. PIGNUT HICKORY. 1. Bi'ancli with immature leaves and flowers, x i. 2. Branch with mature leaves and fruit with husk partly removed. 3 A nut with husk removed, s i. 4. Cross-section uf a nut, x i. 5. A winter brancfl, x J. 6. Terminal section of a winter branch, enlarged. 7. A leaf -scar with bundle-scars, enlarged. X J. 109 PIGNUT HICKORY. Carya glabra, (Miller) Spach. FORM — A falr-slzod trt-e usually f.O (10 ft. in height with a diameter of 2-3 ft., but may reach a hfistit of 00 ft. with a diameter of 3-4 ft. Tninlv slendrr, slljjbtly-taporing. ofttii i.l.-;ui and long. Crown oblong in shape, rather narrow, sometimes high, formed by short, spreading branches, tho lower ones often drooping. BARK — Rarely peels off or exfoliates, is close, dark gray, shollowly-flssured, narrowly ridged, tough, i-3 of an inch thick. Resembles the bark of the White Ash. See Fig. S9. TWIGS — Rather slender, usually smooth, at first yellowish-green, later reddish-brown, covered with numerous pale longitudinally-elongated k-nticels, roughened by leaf-scars and bud-scale scare; pith angular. BUDS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, rcddlsh-brown to gray, oval, blunt-pointed. Terminal hud 3-5 of an inch long, larger than the laterals. AU buds covered with reddish-brown, smooth, sharp-pointed, somewhat keeled outer scales and pale-silky Inner scales. Outer scales often drop off during winter. LEAVES — Alternate, compound, with 0-7 leaflets. 8-12 inches long. Leaflets oblong to obovate- laiiceolnte. sharp-pointed at apex, finely toothed on margin, tapering or oldiquely rounded at base, ibiek. smooth, dark green above, paler below. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, heart-shaped or oblong or inversely triangular or 3-lobed, contain- ing numerous prominent bundle-scars irregularly scattered or arranged In a curved line or in 3 clusters. FLOWERS — Appear about May whep leaves are about half developed. Staminate and pistillate l!n\M-rs tji-eur st-paralely. Stamlnnte in jimeiits aliout 35 inches long and clustered in 3s on a common stalk. Pistillate In 2-5-Ilowered ^itikcs on the new growth. FRUIT — Matuies about October, variable In shape and size, pear-shaped or spherical to oliovoid, 1-2 inches long, tapering at the base, reddlsh-browu, sometimes pubescent. LIusk may remain closed or split oi)en from apex towards the middle or occasiouuliy along the entire length. Nut oLilong to oval, with thick bony shell coatairung a kernel which Is at first sweet, later bitter. WOOD — Similar to that of the other Hickories of the State, except the Bitter Nut Hickory. See description of wood page lOG. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS—The Pignut or Broom Hictory, also known as the Bitter Nut Hickory, can be distinguished by Its smooth and rather slender twigs which bear small oval reddi.sh-bro\vn buds covered with scales, the outer hair of which is smooth or glandular dotted and often falls utf before spring, thus exposing the inner velvety scales. Its buds are not yellow like those of the Bitter Nut Hicku.-y and smaller than those of the other species of our native Hicicories. The pear-shaped to ovoid fruit, with a thick bony-shelled nut Is characteristic. The bark Is close and does not exfoliate like that of the Shag-bark Hickory. The leaves, with 5 7 usually smooth and oblong to oborate-lanceolate leaflets, are distinctive. RANGE — Maine and Ontario west to Minnesota and Nebraska, and south to Florida and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common in the southeastern and southwestern parts. Also found locally elsewhere. More common in the mountainous portion of the State than any other Hickory. HABITAT — Most common on dry ridges and hillsides. Rarer in swampy situations. Commonly scattered amidst our Oaks and Chestnut. Prefers plenty of sunlight. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Pignut Hickory produces a very valuable wood, espe- cially for the farmer. The fruit is not <-dible. It should be grown in the farmer's woodlot and In our larger forests in mistu:-e with othor species. The seedlings are ditficult to transplant on account of their long taproots, which are rather sensitive. In attempting to grow this species, one should pliint the nuts and not the seedlings. The great value of its wood justifies every effort that one can put forth in growing it. 0. l-u%^Jf BITTER NUT HICKORY. Carya cordiformis, (Wangenheim) K. Koch. FORM — A rather large tree usually 50-75 fr. high with a diameter of 1-2 ft. but may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 2J-3 feet. Trunk long, clean, with little taper. Crown round-topped, broadest near top, rather shallow in forest grown spet-imens. Lateral branches stout and ascending, often with semi-pendulous branclilets. BAKK — Light gray, rather thin, roughenej by shallow fissures and narrow ridges; tight- fitting and does not peel off or shag off in loos- scales like the Shag-bark Hickory. See Fig. 91. TWIGS — Sltnder, smooth, glossy, often yellow-glandular and hairy towards apex, grayish or orange brown or reddish, roughened with numerous pnlc and lon^itudinally-olongated Icnticels; pith brown, angular. BUDS — Alternate, covered by 4 yellowish, glandular dotted scales occurring in valvate pairs. Termical bud evidently-elongated, flattened, blunt-pointed. lateral buds usually superposed; the lowest or axillary one usually small and sharp-pointed; the upper one larger, evidently- stalked and angular. LEAVES — Alternate, compound, with 7-11 leaflets. C-10 inches long. Leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, lateral ones sessile, shsrp-pointed at apex, finely toothed on margin, obliquely tapering or heart-shaped at base; when mature dark yellowish-green above, paler below. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, large, conspicuous, raised, heart-shaped, triangular to elliptical, lighter than twigs, containing numerous bundle-scars arranged in 3 groups or in a single curved line or occasionally scattered irregularly over whole scar. FLOWERS — Appear about May when leave? are half -developed. Staminate and pistillate flowers separate. Staminate green and arranged in triple-clustered amenls about 3-4 inches long. Pistillate, and small clusters on the new giowth about i of an inch long, somewhat angled and scurfy-hairy. FRUIT — Matures about October; spherical to obovate about 2-li inches long. Husk thin, yellowish glandular-dotted, splits open to about the middle into four valves; before splitting appears 4-wiuged from apex to about the middle. Nut thin-shelled, at least as broad as long, smooth, short-pointed, with reddish-brown anil very bitter kernel. WOOD — Wood of this species resembles the wood of the other Hickories, described on page 106, only it is somewhat lighter, not quite so strong, of somewhat less fuel value, more brittle, less stiff, and yields mor-^ ash wlu'ii burned. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Bitter Nut Hickory, also known as Swamp Hickory and Bitter Hickory, can be distinguished by its lanceolate leaflets which are pube- scent beneath, and smaller than those of any other native Hickory. It is the only native species which has yellow buds with 4-fi bud-scales arranged in valvate p^irs. Its terminal buds are flattened and elongated while the lateral buds are evidently -stalked and superposed. The nut is globular, short-pointed, thin-walled, containing a bitter kernel, and is covered by a thin husk which in time splits open from the apex to about the middle. The bark is rough, but does not scale off. which characteristic it has in common with the Pignut and the Mocker Nut. RANGE — Quebec to Minnesota and Nebraska and sooth to Florida and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Local throughout the southeastern and southern parts. Also reported from the central and northern parts. Nowhere common. Usually solitary and scattered. HABITAT — Prefers low. wet, and fertile situations such as border of streams and farmers' woodlots located in rich agricultural regions. Often found, however, far up the slopes of moun- tains. It ascends to the top of the South Mountains in Pennsylvania. Not very tolerant of shade. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— This species produces valuable wood but its fruit is not edible. It jrrows best on rich moist toil such as one usually finds in a farmer's woodlot. It endures transplanting better and grows more rapidly than any other of our Hickories. This valuable wood is becoming rare. A future supply should be insured by developing this tree In mixture with others in the farmer's woodlot and in fertile portions of larger forests. It Is not gregarious but prefers to grow as a single specimen in mixture with other species. PLATE XLII. BITTER NUT HICKORY. 1. Hriin-^Ii with iminotiire It-aves and Howers. x h- 2. fJratRli witli a mature leaf and fruit, x h. 3. A fruit witli husk partly oijeiied, x I. i. A nut with busk rc-movod, x h. 5. Longitudinal section of nut, x J. 6. A winter branch, x h. 7. Seoti'iTi of winter branch showing superposed buds, slightly enlarged. 8. Section of winter branch showing superriosed buds and leaf-scar, slightly enlarged. 9. A leaf-sear witb bundle-scars, enlarged. Ill THE BIRCH FAMILY— BETULACEAE. The Birch family comprises 6 genera with about 75 species of trees and shrubs which are confined to the colder part of the northern hemisphere. Of this number 5 genera with about 30 species are native to North America and 5 genera with 11 species to Pennsylva- nia. All the members of this family, even though they may belong to different genera, have many morphological features in common. The leaves are simple, alternate, borne singly or in pairs on the branches but never opposite each other. The staminate and pistillate flow- ers are separate, but are borne on different parts of the same tree and usually on different parts of the same branCh. The staminate flowers are long, usually in drooping aments, or in spike-like or knob- like araents and may be with or without a perianth. The fruits are small, one-celled, usually subtended by a large bract which in the most important genera develops into a cone-like structure called a strobile. Various products of high commercial importance are produced by this family. The wood of the Birches is used extensively for furni- ture, flooring, interior finishing and has a very high fuel value. The fruit of the Hazelnuts is prized as food. The wood of some of the Alders is especially adapted to the manufacture of gunpowaer and charcoal. The bark of the Black Bircji yields a volatile oil of consid- erable importance. The technical value of the products from the members of this family are becoming more important every year. The wood of some of the species which was despised formerly, is now considered of high value in some particular industries, on account of the new u.ses to which it is being put. The science of Xylology, which is merely in its formative period, will do much in advancing the position of the wood of species at present despised or at least not fully known. The subjoined key will aid in distinguishing the genera of this family. KEY TO THE GENERA. Page. 1. Staminate flowers solitary on each bract; pistillate flowers with a iicriantli; fruit not a strobile ; 2 1. Staminate flowers 2 to sereral on each bract; pistillate flowers wlthont a perianth; fruit :i St '.-obile 4 2, Shrubs: twigs covered with stiff red hairs standlDg out at right angles; nuts large covered by leaf-like involucre CoryluB 122 2. Trees: Twigs not covered with stift red hairs; nuts small and subtended by a large bract 3 8. Bark close, smooth and fluted; nut subtended by a flat 3-lohed bract, terminal lobe serrate on one side Carpinus 120 8. Bark thin covered by loose ribbon-like narrow brown scales; nut subtended by a closed bract arranged in hop-like clusters Ostrya 119 4. Shrub with close, somewhat fluted bark; wood yellowish upon exposure; buds stalked, obtuse at apex, covered with l,wo exposed valvate scales; fruit woody and persistent Alnus 121 4, Small to large trees with loose bark u'^ually peeling off into thin film-like layers; buds not stalked, acute at apex, covered with 3 or more overlapping scales; fruit membranous and deciduous Betula 112 112 THE BIRCHES— BETULA, Tournefort (L.) This genus comprises about 35 known species of which number 25 are trees and the others shrubs. Of the known species about 15 are native to North America and 5 to Pennsylvania. The members of this genus are without exception called Birches. In most of them the bark of the trees when young is smooth and peels off into film-like paperj- layers which vary in color according to the species from chalky white to reddish-brown. A few species have, however, a close and smooth bark which does not peel off into thin film-like papery layers. The wood is dense and hard, does not show the annual rings very clearly, is of high fuel value and usually reddish-brown in "color, sometimes pos.sessing a highly prized curly or wavy figure. The twigs of the season produce only one leaf at a point, while the twigs of the previous season produce two leaves from the lateral buds situate on the short spur-like branches. The leaves are simple, always alternate, occur singly or in pairs but never op- posite. The flowers appear before or with the developing leaves. The staminate flowers appear clustered in long tassel-like bodies hanging down from the end of the twigs and are known as aments. The pis- tillate flowers appear below the staminate and are nearly erect, rather small and slender. The fruit is a cone-like structure known as a strobile consisting of a central axis to which numerous scales are attached. The scales are .thin, 3-lobed, and bear the small flat nuts with their wings. The nuts are very light and easily scattered by the wind for considerable distances from the mother or seed trees. The commercial products derived from some of the members of this genus are rather important and valuable. The species found in the eastern part of North America yield products of more value than those found in the western part. Most of the species found in the western part of North America are too small, oi' infrequent in the form of stands, to be commercially important for general or even domestic use. Some of the species found in the eastern part of North America are also small shrubs but others reach the size of large tim- ber trees which yield not only excellent wood but also valuable oils, flavors, and bark. The subjoined key will aid in distinguishing the species of Birch found in Pennsylvania. Separate summer and winter keys were not developed since the following key is based primarily upon bark char- acteristics which are present at all seasons of the year. 113 KEY TO THE SPECIES. Page. 1. Bark usuaUy separating into thin film-Jike papery layers 2 1. Bark close, not separating into tbin film-like papery layers 4 2. Outer bark white in color B. alba var. papyriifera 114 2. Outer bark not white in color 3 3, Oater bark yellow in color; strobiles usually sessile; leaves usually rounded at base, B. latea 115 3. Outer bark roddish -brown, close, inner bark tinged with red; strobiles * slender- stalked; leaves usually wedge-shaped at base, B. nigra 116 4. Bark chalky white covered with black triangular spots below insertion of lateral branches; small tree, often in clumps; leaves long-acuminate B. populifolla 117 4. Bark dark reddish brcwn; large tree, usually occurs singly; leaves ovate with acute apex; twigs and inner bark with wiiilergreen-like taste, B. lenta 118 U4 PAPER BIRCH. Betiila alba var. papyrifera, (Marshall) Spach. FORM — A large tree u-sually attaining a height of 50-75 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft., bat may reach a height of SO ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. Trunk in open grown trees short and covered nearly to the base with lateral, often ascending branches; in close stands branchless below and bearing a narrow open bead. BABK — On trunk and older branches chalky to creamy white and peeling off in thin film- like layers which are tinged with yellow and covered with horizontally-elongated lenticels. On older trunks rough and often fissured into irregular thick scales. TWIGS — Rather stout, somewhat viscid, decidedly hairy, at first greenish, later becoming smooth, reddish -brown, and after several years, bright white, like the trunk, covered with pale, horizontally-elongated, orange -colored lenticels. BTTDS — Alternate, ovate, sharp-pointed, divergent, about J of an inch long, dark chestnut- brown in color, covered by a few overlapping bud-scales with downy margins. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovate, 2-3 inchfs long, li-2 inches wide, rather firm in texture; upper surface dark green, under surface light green; narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply toothed on the margin and sharp-poinled at the apex. LEAE-SCARS— See ' I*af-Scars" under Black Birch, page 118. FL0V7EES — Appear in April or May before the leaves. The staminate are arranged in anients, which occur in groups of 2-3 and are about 3 to 1* inches long, becoming 3i-4 inches long in spring. The pistillate bav:: light green lanceolate scales and brigbt red styles, and are arranged in clusters about 1-li inches long. FRTTIT — A cylindrical, short-stalked strobile about 14 inches long. Scales long, with thick lateral lobes and a rather long terminal lobe. Seeds small and winged. Wings wider than the nut. WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays small and incouspicuous; light, strong, hard, light brown tloged with red, with rather thick, light sapwood. Weighs 37.11 lbs. per cubic foot. Used exten- sively for spools, shoe lasts, pegs, fuel, and in the manufacture of paper pulp. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Paper Birch, also known as Canoe Birch and White Birch, may readily be distinguished from all the other species of Birch in Pennsyl- vania except the Gray Birch, by its characteristic white bark, which is never renewed when once removed. The European White Birch, which is introduced extensively for ornamental pur- poses, also has a white bark. To distinguish it from the Gray Birch see "'Distinguishing Characteristics" under Gray Birch. RANGE — From Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan, Colorado, and Washington. This is one of the few transcontinental species. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Found only in the northern part of the State. Com- mon but scattered in Tioga and adjoining counties. • HABITAT — Usually found on rich wooded slopes and on the borders of lakes, swamps, and streams; also scattered through the forests of other hardwoods and occasionally through coniferous forests. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species is commercially of little importance In Pennsylvania on account of its limited distribution. It is not of sufficient importance to justify its artificial proragation, but wherever it occurs naturally it should be protected so as to insure an abundant future growth. The wood is sufficiently prized to justify its conservative utilization, and also its protection, where nature produces it gratuitously. PLATE XLIIL PAPER BIRCH. h Flowering braiiLh with immature leaves, (s) staminate Bowers, (p) pistillate flowers, s *. ^. Kram-Ii witli mature leaves, fruiting strobiles, and partly developed staminate aments. x I. 3. A wiuyeU seed, enlarged. 4, A strobile seale. enlarged. o. A winter branch with S partly developed terminal staminate aments, x *. b. boot ion of a lateral winter spur-brancli, enlarged. 7. Section of a terminal winter branch, enlarged. PLATE XLIV. YELLOW BIRCH. 1 Pl,.\viTin" liiancli ivith (s) staminate flowers, and Ip) pistillate flowers, x J. 2! BrniK-li with mature- leaves and four fruiting strobiles, x J. 3. A winged seed, enlarged. 4. A strobile scale, enlarged. . . . ^ . . 1 5 Winter branch witli partly developed terminal staminate aments, X t. 6 Section of a lateral winter twig, enlarged. 7. Section of a terminal winter twig, enlarged. 116 YELLOW BIRCH. Betula lutea, Michaux. FORM — A large tree usually attainins a height of GO-SO ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft.. hut may reach a maximum height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3-4i feet. Trunk in the open usually short, branching near the base; its long slender branches forming a wide open rather hemispherical crown, in close stands often rather free from lateral branches. BARK — Close aod furrowed or peeling off In thin yellow film -like papery scales. Varies with the age and location of the tree. On young truulis and branches rather close, shining, yellow but soon forming a ragged fringe, later peeling off into thin, yellow, film-like, papery layers. On old trunks it finally becomes rcddi»b-brown and roughened with fissures. The ragged bark is fften pulled off and used by campers to start fires in wet weather. See Fig. 68. TWIGS — At first green and hairy, later biown and smooth, finally dull silvery-gray. Terminal twigs loug and slender; lateral short .^nd stout; usually covered with elongated horizontal lenticels which in time unite to form a long horizontal line. BUSS — Similar to those of the Black Birch, but sometimes slightly more downy. See page lis. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, occur singly or in pairs but never opposite. 3 4 inches long. ovate, wedge-shaped or heart-shaped at base, doubly serrate on margin, acute at apex, dull green above, yellowish -green below. LEAF-SCABS — Similar to those of the Black Birch in particular, and all of the other Birches in gene.-al. FLOWEHS — Appear about April before tlie leaves. Staminate and pistillate separate, but usually on the same branch. Staminate are formed in the fall, remaining over winter as amenta about 3 of an Inch long which elongate to about 3 inches in spring. PistiUate about 8 of an inch long, with acute scales which are light red and hairy above, and green below. FRUIT — An erect, usually very short-stalke-l strobile, about 1-li inches long, ovate in out- line, consisting of numerous 3-lobed scales fastened to a central axis and bearing small winged nuts with rather narrow wings. "WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays indistinct; heavy, hard, strong, compact, not durable when in coutact with the' soil. Heart-wood light brown, tinged with red; sap-wood pale in color. Weighs 40.84 pounds per cubic foot. Used fo* furnitare, flooring, interior finish, boxes, certain veneeis and fuel. DISTnTGUISHTNG CHAR ACTEEISTICS— The YeUow Birch, also known as Silver and Gray Birch, can readily bu dittiu^uished from the other Birches of Pcunsylvania by its yellow bark which peels off into thin, film-like, papery scales. Its method of peeling the bark resembles that of the Paper Birch and the Bed Birch, but it does not have the white color of the former nor the reddish to greenish-lirown color of the latter. The loose, fillti-Uke. papery scales of the Red Birch are smaller than those of the Yellow Birch and the strobiles of the former are slender-stalked while those of the latter are usually sessile or very short-stalked. RANGE — Newfoundland, south to Pennsylvania, and along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee, west to Minnesota. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally throughout the State but most common in the Alle2;henies. HABITAT — Common on moist rich uplands, borders of streams, and in swamps. IMPORTANCE OF TEE SPECIES — The Yellow Birch is one of the largest deciduous trees of northeastern America. Until recently the value of its wood was not fully appreciated, but today it holds a fair position on the lumber market and in the future it will no doubt attain a still better position. It has been classed as one of the most artistic, reliable, and versatile of tJie hardwoods of this country. With all its good qualities, it has superior associates and consequently cannot be recommended for forestry purposes except on the farmer's woodlot whe.v fuel is especially desired and in such other places where it comes up naturally and ofier more desired species will not grow to advantage. 116 RED BIRCH. Betula nigra, Linnaeus. FORM — A medium-sj^ed tree usually attaining a height of 30-50 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft., but may reach a height of 100 ft. wita a diameter of 5 feet. Trunk usually short and divided near the base into a few slighUy diverging limbs. Crown rather narrow, oblong, and irregular. BAKE — Varies with the age of the tree and its location on the trunk. On lower part of old trucks dark reddish -bvown and roughened by fissures which separate irregular scales. On younger trunks and upper portion of older ones peels off Into thin, film-like, papery scales which are reddish-brown to greeuish-brown in color and persist for a few years during which time they form a ragged fringe and expose the light red and close bark underneath. See Fig. 65. TWIGS — Slender, at first hairy and greenish, later smooth, reddish -brown, covered by pale horizontally-elongated lenticels. BUDS — Alternate, ovate, sharp-pointed, shining, smooth or slightly hairy, covered wit4 usually 3-7' chestnut-b:'^:>wn orerlapping scales. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, broadly cvate, lJ-3 inches long, wedge-shaped at base, acute at apex. doubly-serr>ite ou margin, deep gteon above, pale yellowish-green below. LEAF-SCARS — .Similar to those of the* Black Birch. See page US. FLOWERS — Appear about April before the leaves. Stamina te and pistillate separate, but usually on the same bir.nch. Stamina te formed in the fall, remaining over winter as aments about i of an inch long, usually in clusters of three, which elongate to about 2-3 inches the following spring. Pistillate about i of an inch long, developing in spring from buds situate below the staminate dowers. FRXnT — An erect, slender-stalked, pubescent, cylindrical strobile, 1-lJ inches long, consisting of nuroorous 3-lobed pub<'scent scales fastened to central axis and bearing small, hairy, winged nuts. Tej-m:nal lobe of the scales is larger than the laterals. WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays Indistinct; light, soft, strong, with liglit-brown heartwood and pale thin ?apwood. Weighs 35.91 pounds ptr cubic foot. Used in the manufactore of furniture, slack ■cooperag'*, fruit and veg .arable baskets, wooden ware, and turnery. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Red Birch, also known as the River Birch, can be recognized by its reddish brown to tinnamon-red bark which peels off into film-like papery scales. The layers are smaller and less ra^Lred than those of the Yellow Birch which has a decidedly yellow )r silvery yellow colored bark. The Black Birch has a closer bark which does not peel off and the other species of Pennsylvania have a white bark. The River Birch is usually found along streams or in other wet locations which may also aid in dis- tinguishing it. RANGE — Massachusetts south to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found throughout the State along the banks of the principal rivers and their chief tributaries. HABITAT — Prefers the banks of strea>Ds. lakes, pools, and swamps. Occasionally found upon drier locations. It is called River Birch because it is usually found along the banks of rivers or other locations having similar moisture conditions. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Red Birch is of little commercial importance in Pennsyl- vania as a lumber species on account of the relatively small size which it attains, the softness of itb wood, and the absence of figure and attractive color in the wood as well as its limited distribution. It is esreiitially a ?outhem species reaching its optimum development in North Carolina and adjoining states. "While it is of little commercial importance it may be of economic importance in such situations where moistuie-loving trees are required to bind soil, as along streams, or where it is desirable to establish stands in extremely swampy locations. It is attract- ive as an ornamental tree. PLATE XLV. RED BIRCH. 1. Flowering branch with (s) staminate flowers, (p) [jistiilate flowers, x i. 2. Branch with mature leaves and two fruiting strobiles, s i. 3. A winged seed, enlarged. 4. A strobile scale, enlarged. 5. A winter branch with three partly developed terminal staminate aments, s i. 6. Section of a winter branch, enlarged. PLATE XLVI. GRAY BIRCH. 1- Flowering branch with immature leaves (s) staminate flowers, (p) pistillate flowers, x ft. 2. Branch with mature leaves and fruiting strobiles, x i. 3. A winged seed, enlarged. 4. A strobile scale, enlarged. 5. A winter branch with a partly developed terminal staminate ament, s J. 6. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. 117 GRAY BIRCH. Betula populifolia, Marshall. FORM — A small tr-e usually ot.rurr:ii^ m slumps and attaining a height of 20-30 ft. with a diameter of 9 inches, but may reach a height of 45 ft. and a diameter of 18 inches. Trunk slender, often imlined, coutinnous, and t-ovi-red with ascending lateral branches with dioupiii;: ends which form a narrow pyra>uidal, rather open, and pointed crown. BARE — Dull white, close, smooth, not peeling off into thin film-like layers but covered with triangular black splits below the insertion of the lateral branches. On old trunks black and roughened with fissures. Inner bark orange-yellow. See Figs. 64 and G!>. TWIGS — Slender, gretnish to brown, roughened by warty exudations and by raised, pale, and boiizontally-elongated lenticels; later smooth and dull white. BUDS — Alternate, 2-ranked, ovate, 1/5 of an inch long, sharp-pointed, divergent, covered with 3-4 visible smooth, slightly resinous, brown bud-scales with downy margins. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, triangular, o\ate, 2J-3 inches long, li-2 inches .wide, wedge- shaped at base, decidedly serrate on margin, with long-toothed apex and long, slender potioles whicli cause the leaves to quiver when stimulated by a slight breeze only. LEAF-SCARS — See "Leaf-Scars" under Black Birch, page 118. FLOWERS — Appear about April before the leaves. Stamina to in solitary or occasionally paired amonts which are about IJ-U Inches long and I of an inch wide during the winter, but develop in sprin- to a length of 2-4 inches. Pistillate cylindrical, slender, about } of an inch long and stalked. FRUIT — A slender, c.vlicdrlcal, stalked strobile about 3 of an inch long and obtuse at the apex. Scales small and downy; their lateral lobes broad and recurving, while the terminal one is rather straignt and narrow. Seeds small, oval, and winged. Wings broader than the seed. WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays Inconspicuous; light, soft, not strong, not duraltle; heartwood light brown: sapwood light. Weiglis 35.90 pounds per cubic foot. Used for fuel, and in the manufacture of paper pulp, spools, shoe pegs, and hoops for barrels. DISTLNGXriSHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Gray Birch, also known as Oldfield. White, Poverty, or Poplar Birch, can be distinguished from all the other Birches of Pennsylvania, except the native Paper Birch, and the commonly introduced European White Birch, by its white bark which is never renewed when once removed. The bark is close, dull white, and marked with black triangular blotches just below the insertion of the lateral branches, and does not peel off in thin paper-like layers like that of the Birch. The Gray Birch is usually a small tree with a rather continuous trunk and frequently occurs in clumps. The twigs of the Gray Birch are also rougher than the Paper Birch and its leaves are long- acuminate, while those of the Paper Birch are ovate. RAKGE — Nova Scotia south to Delaware and southern Pennsylvania, west to the southern shores of Lake Ontario. DISTRIBUTION IN PFNNSYLVANIA— Locally in the mountainous portion. Common in Monroe, Schuylkill and Pike counties. Abundant along streams in northern part of the State. A few specimens found on top of South Mountains in Franklin county near Mason and Dixon line. HABIT AT^Usu ally occurs on moist soil along streams, ponds, and lakes; also grows on hillsides and occasionally on rocky mountain tops. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species is of little commercial value on account of the small size which It attains due to its short life. The existing stands should, however, be conservatively utilized. It cannot be recommended for forest planting, but is an extremely attractive tree for ornamental purposes. 118 BLACK BIRCH. Betula lenta, Linnaeus. , FOBM — This tree usually attains a height of 50-60 ft. with a diameter of 1-3 ft., bat may teach a height of 80 ft. with a diametei of 5 feet. Trunk rather continuous, sometimes BubdiTided, bearing long, slender, lateral branches which are ascending on young trees forming a narrow conical crown, or often pendulous on old specimens forming a wide spreading crown. BARE — On old trunks (Fig. 71) distinctly black, broken into largo, thick, irregular plates which are smooth on the surface; on younger parts of the trees (Fig. 70) smooth, shining, very close fitting, reddish-brown, with sweet wintergreen taste and covered witii horizontally - elongated lenticels. ' TWIGS — During the first summer light green and hairy, later becoming reddish-brown, smooth, shining, with pronounced wintergreen-like flavor. Terminal twigs slender and elongated, while lateral spurs are numerous, stout, and short. BUDS-^Alternate, about i of an inch long* conical, sharp-pointed, shining, covered with reddish-brown overlapping scales with downy margins. Three bud-scales usually visible on buds of terminal shoot and fiom 5-8 on lateral spur shoots. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovate, usually heart-shaped at base, serrate on magrin. long- pointed at apes, dark green above, pale green below, 2)1-5 inches long, li-3 inches wide. LEAF-SCABS — Alternate, small, semi-oval in outline, containing 3 rather small, equidistant bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Appear abont April before the leaves. Staminate formed in fall, remaining over winter as aments abont S of an inch long, in clusters of usually three, which elongate to about 3 or 4 inches the following spring. Pistillate atwut *-i of an inch long, slender, and pale green. FRUIT — A strobile al-out l*-2 inches long, sessile, smooth, erect, with smooth 3-lobed scales and small winged nutlets. lx)bes of the scales are abont equal in length but the terminal is narrower and sharper-pointed. WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays indistinct; heavy, strong, hard, dark brown, with thin yellowish sapwood. Weighs 47.47 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for furniture, often in imitatioD of Mahogany, and for interior finish; also substituted for Cherry and occasionally for Hickory. Trees cut in spring at about the time the buds open, bleed more than any other species, but the sap contains less saccharine material than that of the Maples. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The F.laek Birch, also known as Sweet Birch, and Cherry Birch, can be distinguished from all the other species of Birch in Pennsylvania by its close, blackish, cherry-like bark which does not peel off Into film-like layers. It clc^ely resembles the Yellow Birch but the latter has yellow bark which peels off into thin film- like layers. The twigs have a distinctly wintergreen-like flavor which is absent in the other species. The scales of the fruit of the Black Birch are smooth about equally lobed while those of the Yellow Birch are hairy and irregularly lobed. RANGE — Xewfoundlanl to Florida, west to Ontario, Illinois and Tennessee. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common throughout the State, and locally frequent. HABITAT — Usually found in rich soil and on dry slopes but also common on rocky mountain slopes and tops. Common on the rocky ridgcs ol the South Mountains in Pennsylvania. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Birches, next to the Hickories, furnish the best fuel wood of all the native species of Pennsylvania. The wood of Black Birch ranks high as a fuel wood and is becoming more important in the manufacture of furniture, especially as a substitute for Mahogany and Cherry. This tree also yields an oil sold as a substitute for wintergreen. While th's species has ma*jy good qualities still it is a slow grower and when quite young is subject to the attack of fungi, which materially decrease the technical value of the wood. It is not of suificient importance to be regenerated artificially but should be developed where it appears naturally. This species occurs naturally upon extremely rocky ridges and may be a very desirable ■;pecics in establishing protection forests upon steep mountain slopes and rocky mountain tops. PLATE XLVII. BLACK BIRCH. 1. Flowering brainb with (s) staminate flnwers. i p) pistillatt* Hovvcir 2. Brancn with mature leaves aud three fruitiog strobiles, x h- 3. A winged seed, enlarged. 4. A strobile scale, enlarj:ed, 5. Winter branch with partly developed terminal staminate nments. i J. 8. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. N J PLATE XLVIII. AMERICAN HOP HORNBEAM. 1. Flowei-iug branch with irumature leaves, (s) stamioate flowers, (p) pistillate flowers, x i. 2. Branch with mature leaves and hop-like fruit clusters, x J. S. A s€eil with inclosing membrane, slightly enlarged. 4. A seed with part of inclosing membrane rpuioved, slightly enlarged. 5. A winter branch with partly developed t.-rthiual staminate aments, x i. 6. Seetion of wmter twig, enlarged. 119 AMERICAN HOP HORNBEAM. Ostrya virginiana, (Miller) K. Koch. GENUS DESCRIPTION — This genus comprises about 4 species which are widely distributed in the nortbiTn bemisphtre. Two species are native to America and 2 to the eastern hemisphere. One of the American sfocies is more liDoited in its distribution than any other known tree, being found only in tlic Grand Canon of the Colorado River in Arizona while the other American species is rather widely distributed over the eastern part of the country.. FORM— Usually attains a height of 20-30 ft. with a diameter of li ft., but may reach a height of GO ft. with a dlametwr of 2 feet. Crown high, open, and very broad, formed by widely spreading often drooping branches with ascending branchlets, BARK — Grayish-brown, thin, roughened by loose flattish scales which are loose at the ends. See Fig. 54. TWIGS — Slender, tough, dark reddish-brown, zigzag, at first hairy and green, later smooth, lustrous, dark brown BUDS — Alternate, axJllary ; terminal bud absent; ovate, J of an inch long, sharp-pointed, distinctly divergent, sliglitly pubescent, smooth, gummy, covered by about 8 visible, longi- tudinally-striated, 4-rAnkcd scales which increase In size from the base towards the apex. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovate-oblong, acute at apex, doubly-serrate on margin, rounded or heart-shaped or wedge-shaped at base, 3-5 inches long; dull yellowish-green above, paler green below. LEAF-SCAHS — Alternate, small, flattened. 2-ranked, with usually 3 small bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Appear about April with the leaves. Stamlnate aments appear about midsummer usually in about 3s at the end of the twigs and persist during the winter; tbey are stiff, hairy, about h of an ir.ch long, becoming about 2 inches long in spring and covered with reddish-brown scales. Pititillate flowers appear In erect aments, each one Inclosed In a hairy bladder-like bract. FRUIT — A small Hat nutlet, inclosed Jn an Inflated bladder-like bract which is covered at the base with long hairs irritating to the skin. Bracts arranged in hop-like, pendant clusters which fall during winter and l^ave the persisting naked stalk. WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays Indistinct; strong, hard, durable, light brown to white. Weighs about 51 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts, tool handles, and mallets. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The American Hop Hornbeam, also known as Irouwoo^, T.'vir\V'>od. and l>t«'rwoo.I. run readily he reeoiciii^ed by its thin grayish-brown bark which peels off Into narrow flat scales often loose at both ends and only attached in the middle. The hop like clusters of sac like fruit are also peculiar, which usually fall before winter but the stalks to which thoy arc attached often persist. In winter the very slender interlacing branches, the staminate catkins usually occurring In 3s at the end of the twigs, the small 2-ranked leaf- scars with 3 bundle sea rt, and tlr,> small reddish -brown buds with 4-ranked scales are charac- teristic. The autumnal color of th'- leaves is yellow while that of the closely related American nombeam is brilliant orange to deep scarlet. The hardness of the wood is also distinctive. The wood is about o'O per cent, stronger than White Oak. RANGE — Cape Breton Islands to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas. DISTRIBUTION TN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally throughout the State but nowhere abundant. Usually mjxed with other species. Rarely conspicuous in the composition of the forest. HABITAT— Prefers dry gravelly slopes and ridges, occasionally moist situations. Usually seeks cool and shaded situations, and is never found in pure stands or groups, but occurs singly in mixture, often as an undergrowth of Oak, Maple, Chestnut, and other forest species common to its range. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The American Hop Hornbeam produces a valuable wood and grows rapidly, hut Its solitary habits as well as its silvicultural characteristics and the relatively small size which it attains, do not recommend it for forestry purposes. It is well adapted for planting in lawns and parks. 120 AMERICAN HORNBEAM. Carpinus caroliniana, Walter. GENUS DESCRIPTION — This genus comprises about 12 species which are confined to the northern hemisphere. Only 1 species is found in America. A few of the other species are native to Europe, while most are found in northern and central Asia. rORM — A small tree or shrub usually attaining a height of 10-30 ft, with a diameter of 8-12 inches, but may reach a height of 40 ft. with a diameter of 2 feet. Trunk usually short, fluted, and bearing a wide- spreading usually round-topped crown with tough ascending branches often pendulous towards the end. BARK — Vertically corrugated, smooth, thin, close-fitting, bluish-gray tinged with brown. See Fig. 93. TWIGS — Slender, v.t first silky, hhiry, and green, later smooth, shining, reddish to orange; covered with scattered pale lenticels. BUDS — Alternate, axillary : terminal bud absent: ovate, pointed, i of an inch long, reddish- brown, covered with 8-12 visible 4-rank'2d bud -scales. Bud -scales increase in size from the base towards the apex, are longitudinally-striate and often ciUate on margins. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovate-oblong, acute at apex, doubly -serrate on margin, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, 2-4 Inches long, deep green above, paler below. LEAF-SCARS — Altercate, small, elevated, elliptical, with generally 3 inconspicuous bundle- scars. FLOWERS — Appear about April with the leaves. Staminate start to develop in fall and remain over winter in the form of buds v'bich resemble the leaf-buds, only are larger. When fully developed they are drooping aments abcut Ih inches long. Pistillate appear as aments, about § of an inch long, with bright scarlet styles. FRUIT — A small corrugated nnt about } of an inch long inclosed by a leaf-like, 3-lobed bract which is usually serrate only on one margin of middle lobe. WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays conspicuous and broad along short radii; heavy, hard, strong. light brown with broad sapwood. Weighs about 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fuel, tool handles, and levers. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The American Hornbeam, also known as the Blue Beech. Irouwood, and \\'ater Beech, may be distinguished by its vertical, corrugated, bluish-gray, smooth bark. The leaf like 3-!obed bract with its corrugated nut is also characteristic. The staminate catkins remain in the bud during the winter, while those of the American Hop Horn- beam are developed in aotumn. It resembles the American Beech, but can readily be distinguished from it by its corrugated bark and the absence of the long, slender, conical, and sharp- pointed buds so characteristic of the Beech. The buds are usually downy at the ape.^ while those of the American Hop Hornbeam are smooth and slightly gummy within. The autumnal color of the leaves is brilliant orange to deep scarlet. RANGE — Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSTLVANXA — Found locally throughout the State. Sometimes rather abundant and conspicuou-^ in wet habitats. Common in Franklin, Adams, Northampton, Fulton, Centre, Huntingdon. Tioga, and Union counties. HABITAT — Usually found in swamps and on the border of streams, whence its name Water Beech. In Pennsylvania it is found in ihe valleys, along streams, in swamps, and in similar habitats on the mountain flats and on moist fertile mountain slopes. IHPORTAKCE OF THE SPECIES — ^This species on account of its small size, slow growth, and preference for wet locations is of little commercial importance. It cannot be recommended for for- estry purposes but '.s attractive as an ornamental tree on account of its fluted bark, peculiar branching, and the beautiful orange and scarlet autumnal coloration of its foliage. PLATE XLIX. AMERICAN HORNBEAM. 1. Flowering branch with inimaturo leaves, (s) staminate flowers, (p) pistillate flowers, x i. 2. Branch with mature leaves and fruit, x h. ?'. A nut with subtending bract, slightly enlarged. 4. Nut with bract removed, enlarged. 5. A winter branchlet, x J. 6. Section of winter twig, enlarged. PLATE L. SMOOTH ALDER. (s) staminate catkins, i. ■\Vmter branch showing buds, A mature steminate catkin. : Mature pistillate catkins, s i, Branch with leaves and tniit, x i. Branch with mature fruit strobiles, x i. A strobile scale with seeds, slightly enlarged. A winge' stand at Tight angles to the twigs; gray to russet-brown In color. BTTDS — Alternate, ovate to globular, reddish -brown, somewhat hairy, covered with about S-6 scales with haiiy and slightly glandular margins. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovate, obtuse or heart-shaped at base, acute at apex, serrate on margin, smooth on uprci surface and slightly hairy on lower surface. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, semicircular to globular, raised, with scattered bundle-scars usually 5-10 in number. FLOWERS — Appear in April or May before the leaves. Staminate occur In catkins which usually appear before the leaves at the fud of the twigs of the previous season's growth and are from 3-4 inches Ion?. Pistillate small, develop from short scaly buds, with long, slender, projecting, crimson stigmas. FRUIT — A pale brown ovoid nut about i of an inch long, slightly flattened, somewhat roughened at base where the involucre Is attached. Involucre consists of two leafy bractlets which are distinct In the Common Hazelnut and united into a tubular beak in the Beaked Hazelnut. Ripens in July and August. Kernel sweet and edible. DISTINGtriSHINO CHARACTERISTICS— The Hazelnut, also known as American Hazel and Filbert, can l)e rfcognized by its char.Tcteristic fruit, which consists of a nut with a leafy involucre of 2 distinct bracts. The closely related Beriked Hazelnut fCorylus roptrata, Ait.) has its bracts unit'-d and much prolonged into a narrow tubular beak. The young twigs are coveted with numerous somewhat glandular pinkish hairs. The staminate 0owers, occurring in catkins which develop somewhat in autumn and then remain dormant over winter, are characteristic. The partially developed staminate aments are often abnormal and twisted due to the attack of some organic agent. RANGE — Maine and Ontario, south to Florida and Kansas. The Beaked Hazelnut ranges from Quebec to British Columbia, south to Georgia and Missouri. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Both species are found locally throughout the State. HABITAT — Both species frequent the border of woodlands, hillsides, thickets, and loose stone fences. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — These shrubs do not produce any wood of commercial importance, but yield valuable and iireatly prized nuts. The nuts are common on our merkcts. Both species are very attractive aud planted extensively for ornamental purposes. i. PLATE LI. HAZELNUT. 1. Brancli with (s) staminate flowers, and (p) pistillate flowers. 1*. Itrancli witli leavps ami fruit, x i. 3. Winter branch with flense emer of hairs showing (s) staminate catliins. x J. 4. Leaf scar with bundle scars, enlarged. r., Fnii* fi Beaked Hazelnut K'orylus rostrata). x h PLATE LII. BEECH. 1. Branch with staminate and pistillate fiowers and inunaHiiu h-aves. x *. 2. A staminate finwer, enlarged. 3. A pistillate flcwer. enlarged. 4. A branch with mature leaves and three fruits, x 4 5. A seed, natural size. ■ , . , i 6. A winter branrh with long, slender, and sharp pointed buds x i. . . , , , ^.,. .^ ^i ...ni. 7. Terminal section of a winter branch with long, slender, and sharp (wmte^l Im.I c*.xerf*l «ilii many overlapping scales, slightly enlarged. 123 BEECH. Fagus grandifolia, Ehrhart. FOBM — Large tree nsoally attaining a lieight of 50 cM It. with a diameter of 2 3 ft., but may reach a height of 125 ft. with a .llameler of 4i feet. Forest grown trees tall, slender, free fiom lateral branclie? for a considerable distance from the base, with a rather compact shallow crown. Open grown trees short-tronked, covered with many lateral branches which arc often drooping below and erect above, forming a dense, deep, symmetrical crown. EAKK — Very close, smooth, light gray, mottled with dark spots. It invites the cutting of initials and other ootline carvings. See Fig. 92. TWIGS — Slender, da:lc yellow to gray, at first hairy, later smooth, zigzag, covered with yellowish lenticels, and marked by Dod-scale scars. BUDS Alternate; terminal bud present; five times as long as wide, slender, sharp pointed. conical, usually smooth, covered by 10-20 reddish-brown bud-scales with hairy margins. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovate, 3-4 inches long, still leathery, with tapering apex and sharp-toctbed margin: light green above, yellowish-green below. LEAF-SCASS — Raited, crescent-shaped to elliptical with a few scattered bundle-scairs. Sti'uli- scars narrow, almost encircling twig; one end of each stlpDle-scar Is raised above the othei end. FLOWEES— Appear abSG heads; uuts triangular; buds long, slender, sbarp- rointed, conical, 5 times as long as wideT Fagus 125 1. Staminate amems elongated, slender: nuts not triangular; buds shorter, stout, dull-i^ointed, not 5 times as long as wide 2 2. Staminate ament-< erect or ascending; nuts enclosed in a prickly bur; buds covered witli a few ovejl.irping scales, terminal ones absent Castanea 12r, 2. StTvminate aments drooping; nuts seated in an open scaly cup; buds covered with many pverlaoDing scales and clustered at the terminal end of twig, Quercus 138 125 BEKCH— FAGUS, (Tourn.) L. This genus comprises trees witli a close, smooth and grayish bark, a light horizontal spray, simple straight-veined leaves, liard and dif- fuse-porous wood and long, slender, conical, sharp-pointed buds. The members of this genus are limited to the northern hemisphere with only 1 native representative in xVmerica and 4 in the eastern hemis- phere. One of the latter is widely distributed in Europe and south- western Asia. It is the Beech which figures in ancient literature and is now known as the European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). This species is now planted extensively for ornamental purposes in America, especially 3 varieties of it, with purple leaves, cut leaves, and pendant branches respectively. The wood of the European Beech is u.sed extensively in France and Germany for lumber and fuel and the nuts are used to feed swine. The nuts also yield a valuable oil. The other species of the eastern hemisphere are found in east- ern Asia. The description of the sole native American representa- tive, found on page 123, will suflice for the genus. CHESTNUT— CASTANEA, (Tourn.) Hill. This genus comprises 5 species of trees and shrubs with furrowed bark, round branchlets without terminal buds, ring-{)orous wood which is rich in tannin and durable in contact with the soil. The leaves are simple, alternate, stiff, sharp-toothed, and straight-veined. The members of tliis genus blossom in summer and mature their fruit the same autumn at about the time when the first frost ap- pears. The fruit consists of a large spiny bur in which 1-5 nuts are borne. The nuts are highly prized as food. Three .species of Chest- nuts are cultivated in this country for their fruit, the American, the European, and the Japanese. The Chestnuts are confined to the northern hemisphere, both eastern and western. No representatives of this genus are at present found in the western part of North America, but records show that tlie Chestnut was at one time indi- genous to this region. Three species are native in eastern North America, 2 of which attain tree-size, while 1 (Castanea alnifolia, Nutt.) seldom' exceeds 3 ft. in height and is found in the south Atlantic states. The subjoined key will aid in identifying the two soecies native to Pennsylvania. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Page. 1. Large trees; leaves oblone-lanceolalo, siuooth and green on both sides; nuts 1-5. usually 2-3, in a bur; buds i of an inch long covered by smooth chestnut-brown scales C. dentata 126 1. Small trees or shiubs, leaves oblong, whitish downy beneath; nuts rounded, usually one in a bur; buds i of an inch long, covered by scurfy red scales C. pumila 127 126 CHESTNUT. CasUnea dentata, (Marshall) Borkhausen. FORM — A large tree UEually attaining a height of GO-80 ft. with a diameter of 3-4 It., but may ri-ach a height of over 100 ft. witn a diameter of 10 feet. A tree with a diameter of 17 ft. bas been recorded frorii Francis Cove, western North Carolina. Open grown trees have .''hort trunks with dtxp. widespreading crovt-ns. Trees in close stands tall, with little stem taper and few laterr.l branches. 3AJLK — On old trunks fibrous, deeply fissured; fissures separate somewhat oblique ridges which are covered w:i'i dark brown scales. On young trunks and older branches much smoother. See Fig, 82. TWIGS— Stout, smootii. greenish to brown, round or angular, swollen at the nodes; covered v.-jth numerous small, white, raised lenticels. Pith star-shaped. BUDS— Alternate, axillary; terminal bud absent; ovoid, i of an Inch long, sharp to blunt-pointed; covered by 2-3 dark chestnut-brown scales. LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, sharp-pointed at apex, toothed on margin, smooth on both lowt r and upper sides. LEAF-SCARS — Semicval in outline; raised from twig; with numerous, rather Inconspicuous, scutteied, occasionally clustered bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Appear in June or July. Staminnte in crowded clusters along ament; pistillate appear at base of upper aments as globular involucres. FRUIT — Matures in September or October. A bur covered with numerous, prickly spines and containing 1-5, usually 2-3 nuts. ■WOOD — ^Distinctly rin^-porous; with indistinct medullary rays; quite strong in young trees, rather weak in olde:* ones; yellowish-brown, very durable, splits easily, rich in tannic acid. Weighs 28.07 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for railroad ties, telegraph poles, fence posts, rails, cheap furniture, and tannic acid. DISTINGUISHING CKARACTEEIBTICS— The Chestnut can readily be distinguished from aU other trees except the Chinquapin by its characteristic fruit. See "Distinguishing Characteristics," under Chinquapin, page 127. For Genus Description and Key to Species, see page 125. RANGE — Maine to Michigan, south to Delaware and along the mountains to Alabama, Mis- sissippi, and Arkansa**. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Very common in the eastern, southern and central parts and locally in other parts. It is the most common tree of Pennsylvania. HABITAT — Grows almost on any kind of soil, from bottom lands to mountain tops, but does not love limestone or extremely wet soil. In the North it is common on glacial drift but in the South it remains close to mountains and reaches its best development in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species, which reproduces itself best by sprout, but also by seed and stedling, is one of the most important commercial species in this State. It bar. shown itself to be the surest of all our trees to reproduce a stand fully from sprout. It grows fast and is ustt' for many purposes in small as well as large sizes, and thus can be managed in short rotation, which insures a certain profit on the investment. A Chestnut forest managed for tl'e purpose of producing telegraph poles should be .run on rotations of about 55 years. On pjor soil it may be necessary to increase the length of the rotation. Good tendance reduces tlic length of the rotation while the absence of it will not only increase the length but also result in an inferior grade of wood. The great variety of uses to which the wcod of this species is put will drain the existing forest to an enormous extent. There is urgent need to reproduce, develop, and improve our existing stands and also to guard against such destructive organic enemies ns the Chestnut Bark 'disease (Endothia gyrosa var. parasitica) commonly known as the Chestnut Blight. I PLATE LIII. CHESTNUT. 1. Eranr-li with staminatc ami pistillatt* flowers and mature leaves, s *. 2. A ^^tanli^ate flower, enlarged. 3. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 4. A branch witii a cluster of closed and ni)eu burs, x i. 5. A nut, X I. 6. A winter lirancb, x J. 7. A section of winter branch, enlarged. PLATE LIV. CHINQUAPIN. 1. A flowering Inaucli with leaves, x i. 2. A fruiting braiic-b with mature Iravi-s, x i 3. A nut. X i. 4. A winter branch, x i. 5. A section of winter branch, enlargeil. 127 CHINQUAPIN. Castanea pumila, (Linnaeus) Miller. FORM — A small tree or sbrub usually attaining a height of 20-30 ft., but may reach a height of 50 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. In Pennsylvania seldom exceeds 20 ft. in height and often 1& only 3-5 ft. in height. This is the northern limit of its distribution. Trank usually short and crown rOLi^disL. BABE — May attain a thickness of one inch, usually fissured and broken into light reddish- brown loose plate-tike scales. On branches and young trunks rather smooth, dark grayish-brown. TWIGS — Slender, at first pale woolly, later pubescent, floally smoother, reddish-brown to dark brown; covered with numerous lenticelu. BTJDS — Alternate, axillary; terminal bnd absent; ovoid, blunt-pointed, about J of an inch long; ccvered with scurfy red scales. LEAVES — Alternati, simple, oblong, thick, firm, straight-veined, sharp-pointed at apex, sharply toothed on margin, yellowish-green and smooth on upper surface, pale green and whitish-downy beneath. LEAF-SCARS — Semi oval, somewhat raised; with scattered, occasionally clustered, rather inconspicuous bundle-scars. FLOWERS — .\ppear in May or June la more or less spreading aments. Staniinate occur In crowded clusters along ameot; pistillate at base of upper aments in ovoid, prickly Involucres. FRUIT — Matures in September or October. A bar covered with numerous stiff spines and containing usually X, seldom 2, ovoid bright brown and sweet nuts with a morb or less hairy apex. WOOD — Ring-porous; with Indistinct medullary rays; hard, strong, brown, durable, rich In tannic acid; splifs easily. Weighs about 28 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts, rails, and railroad ties. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Chinquapin is a little brother of the Chestnut whirL one may see by comparing their characteristic fruit. It can be distinguished from the Chestnut by its smaller size, its whitish down on lower surface of leaf-blades, Its smaller scurfy red buds, and smaller burs containing usually 1 nut. RANGE — New Jersev and Pennsylvania to Florida, Missouri, and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Locally in a few counties in the southern part of the State. Known to occur in the counties cf Franklin, Adams, York, Lancaster, and Chester. HABITAT— Usually found on dry. sandy -slopes, rather fertile hillsides, and margins of ponda and streams. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — It is of no commercial importance In this State on account of its small size and its limited distribution. It is very attractive as an ornamental shrub and yields delicious nuts. 128 THE OAKS— QUERCUS, (Tourn.) L. This genus, which consists almost entirely of trees, comprises about 300 species in the world. The Oaks are world famous on account of their wide distribution, physical sturdiness, great strength, and the high commercial value of their wood. Most of them attain a great age and are aggressive competitors in the constant struggle which is going on in the forest. They can be reproduced by sprouts or by seed, naturally or artificially. Their modesty recommends them from a silvicultural ix)iut of view since they will grow in habi- tats which are moist or dry, sterile or fertile, cold, temperate or tropical, at low altitudes or at high altitudes up to the timber line. They prefer the temperate climate. Economically this genus is one of the most important among the trees. Its wood is used extensively and is especially adapted for high grade work. The bark is rich in tannin, while that of a few European species is used for cork. The galls which are caused by insect stings are also often rich in tannin. The nuts are used in some places as food for man and swine, and occasionally when roasted form a substitute for coffee. The leaves are alternate, simple, and usually slied in autumn. A division of the Oaks known as the Evergreen or Live Oaks, sheds the leaves at the end of the second or third season. The flowers, stamiuate and pistillate, appear on different parts of the same tree and often on different parts of the same branch. The staminate or male flowers are shiall and arranged singly on a long slender and drooping anient which emerges from the buds on the twigs of the previous year's growth. The pistillate or female flowers are small, inconspicuous, urn-like bodies which appear singly or in groups from the base of the developing leaves of the season. The flowers are fertilized by the wind and develop into a nut-like fruit known as an acorn. The fruit is distinctive in having a scaly, often bristly cup separated from the thin-shelled nut which it partly or almost wholly encloses. In autumn the nuts may fall to the ground while tlie cups persist on the tree, or the nut and cup may fall together. The acorns may germinate immediately after falling to the ground, but usually they remain dormant until the following spring. The seed-leaves of the nut remain in the shell and furnish nourishment to the developing seedling. A long tap root is characteristic of an oak seedling. This makes them difficult to transplant in a nursery or to plant in the place where they are to develop into large trees. A large part of the first two seasons' growth of many of our Oaks is concentrated mostly in the development of a root system. The 1 129 acorns are heavy and disseminated mainly by water, mammals, birds, and gravity on slopes. The fruit of some Oaks matures in one season, while others require two seasons. At the end of the first season the latter appear as immature acorns. The mature fruit of the annual fruiting Oaks is attached to the growth of the season, while that of the biennial fruiting Oaks is attached to last season's growth. Dur- ing the winter .season, immature acorns of the biennial fruiting Oaks are found on the growth of the previous season. The Oaks of Penn- sylvania may be classified in two groups: A. Acorns mature in one season: leaves witli rounded lobes, not bristle-pointed: shell of nut usually smooth inside: kernel usually sweet; bark pale often scaly — WHITE OAKS. ANNUAL OAXS. LEPIDOBALAUUS. B. Acorns mature in two seasons; leaves nr their lobes bristle pointed: shell or nut usually pubescent inside: bark dark usually furrowed— BLACK OAKS, BrENNIAL OAKS, EKYTHROBALANUS. The subjoined list shows the respective groups to which the sev- eral Oaks of Pennsylvania belong. WTiIte Oak group: 1. White Oak Qnercus albil 2. Swamp Oak Quercus blcolor. 3. Post Oak Quercus stellata. 4. Chestnut Oak, Quercna Prlnns. B. Yellow Oak (Quercus Muhlenbergil. 6. Bur Oak (Juercus niacrocarpa. 7. Chinquapin Oak Quercus prlnoldes. Black Oak group; 8. Black Oak, Quercus velutina. 9. Red Oak Quercus rul)ra. 10. Scarlet Oak Quercus cocciuea. 11. Pin Oak Quercus palustris. 12. Spanish Oak, Quercus falcata. 13. Scrub Oak Quercus lliclfoUa. 14. Black Jack Oak Quercus marilandlca. 15. Laurel Oak, Quercus Imbricarla. 16. Willow Oak, Quercus phellos. Of the 300 species of Oaks which are known, about 55 species are native to North America, and 16 species to the State of Pennsylva- nia. Of the 16 .species native to Pennsylvania, 7 belong to the White Oak group and 9 to the Black Oak group. The centre of distribu- tion of this genus is in the mountains of Central America and Mexico. A few species are found in Europe. The subjoined keys will identify the species native to Pennsylvania. 130 KEY TO THE SPECIES BASED PRIMARILY ON FRUIT AND BUDS. Page. 1. Accrcs maturing at end of second season on last season's growth; immature acorns may be present in winter; shell of nut hairy inside; scales on acorn-cup usually broad and thin, 2 1. Acorns maturing at end of first season on growth of season; immature acorns never present in winter; shell of nut not hairy inside; scales of acorn-cup more or less knobby 10 2. Buds large; terminal ones vsnally over one-fifth of an inch long, 3 2. Buds smaller; term:nal ones one-fifth of an inch or less in length, 7 3. Buds coated with rusty brown hairs prominently angled, 4 3. Buds not coated with rusty brown hairs; not prominently angled, 5 4. Inner bark yellow; buds i-* of an inch long; aeorn-cup top-shaped to hemispheric. Q. velutina 142 4. Inner bark not yellow; buds ^ of an inch long or less; acom-cnp hemispheric Q. marilandica 145 5. Budr, sharp-pointed 6 5. Buds blunt-pointed, the widest part, at or just below middle; eyidently woolly above middle Q. coccinea. 141 6. Acorn-cups saucer-shaped; buds glabrous except sometimes slightly hairy near apex; bark fissured witJi intervening broad smooth ridges; branches straight, ....ft. rubra 139 6. Acorn-cups hemispheric; buds light brown and hairy; bark shallowly fissured, with scaly ridges. br;jrching zigzag, Q. falcata 143 7. Twigs during fifst winter dull, finally hairy ; shrubs, Q. ilicifolia 144 7. Twigs smooth and shining during first winter; trees, 8 8. Pin-like projectioos op lateral branches numerous, standing almost at right angles to branch; trunk continuous; acorn-cup saucer-shaped, Q. palustris 140 8. Pin-like projections not present ; trunk divided 9 9. Acorn-cups saucci shaped; buds dark brown; twigs stouter Q, phellos 147 9. Acorn-cups hemispheric; buds light brown and angular; twigs slender, ..ft. imbricaria 146 10. Buds narrow, conical, sharp-i.ointed, i ot a« inch or more in length, 11 10. Buds obtuse, short, usually about i of an inch long, 13 11. Buds pubescent, usually sharp- pointed, lateral buds generally appressed; bark on older twigs with corky ridges; acorn-cups fringed, ft. macrocarpa 134 11. Buds smooth, lateral buds divergent; twigs without corky ridges; acorn-cups not fringed 12 12. Acorns sessile; twigs slender and hairy to smooth ft. Muhelnbergii ]3fi 12. Acorns evidently stalked; twigs stouter and smooth ft. Prinus 137 13. Bark on brancblets peeling into long, dark, layer-like scales; acorns long stalked, ft.bioolor 135 13. Bark on branchl?ts not peeling ofE into long, dark, layer-like scales 14 14. Twigs usually coated with yellowish-brown wool; buds about as long as broad, ft, stellata 133 14. Twigs smooth, 15 16. Twigs slender; shrub or small tree; buds about as long as broad; acorn-cup encloses i of nut ft. prlnoides 138 15. Twigs stout; large tree; buds longer than broad; acorn-cup encloses 1 of nut,. .ft. alba 132 131 KEY TO THE SPECIES BASED PRIMARILY ON LEAVES AND FRUIT. Page. 1. Leaf blades or their lobes bristle-tipped; aeorDs CDaturing at end of the second season: nuts often pubescent within, 2 1. Leaf-bladts or their lobes or teeth witJiout bristle tips; acorns maturing at end of the fir>>t season; nuts often glabrous within, 10 2. Leaf-blades entire; rarely lobed or tootlied except on vigorous coppice shoots, 3 2. Leaf-blades pinnatifid, plnnately-lobed or dilated at apex, 4 5. Lower surface of leaf -blades glabrous Q. phellos 147 3. Lower surface of leaf-blades pubescent, Q. imbricaria 146 4. Leaf blades pinnatifid or pinna telylobed 5 4. Leaf-blades dilated at apex; ol>ovate brown tomentose on lower surface. Q. marilandica 145 6. Leaf -blades green on both upppr and lower surfaces 6 6. I^af -blades pubescent on lower surface, 8 6. Lobes of leaf-blades alwut ern, x J. 4. An acorn cup, x i. 5. Terminal section of winter twig, x i. . „ , -i 6. Section of winter twig showing buds, lenticets, and leaf-scars with bundle-scarp, enlarged. PLATE LX. CHESTNUT OAK. 1. FJoweriiig I'l-arch with immature leaves, (s) starainate blossoms, tp) pistillate blossoms, x 1. 2. Uiauch with mature leaves and mature acorns, s h 3. An acoru cup. x J. 4. An acorn, x 5. 5. A winter twig showins buds, lenticels. leaf-scars, fluted bark, and pentangular pith, x I. *}. Section of a winter twig, enlai^ed. 7. Cross section of a twig showing pentangular pith, wood with c-onspiouous mec«cent margins. I.EATE& — Alternate, simple oral to oborate in outline. 5-9 inches toog. 4-6 inches wide. 7-d-lobed, with sinoses extending half-way to the midrib and separating ascending lobes with entire margin or few bristle- pointed te^th. Matxire leaves firm, dull green, with yellowish to reddish midrib above and pale with a yellowish midrib t>elow. LEAF- SCARS— See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 132. FLOWXRS— Appear about M^y when leaves are about I dereloped. Staminate borne In alender. hairy aments 4-5 Inches long, with greenish 4-5-k>bed calyx and 4-5 stamens terminated by yellow anthers. Pistillate borne on short stalks: Involncral scales bnadlj orate, blsnt, pubescent: calyx lobes nharp-polnted: style spreading recurred, light gre«B- FRUTT — .\n acorn, maturing at the end of second season, solitary or paired, short-stalked. Hat ovoid. }-l} Inches long, flat at base, narrowed at apex. Cvp velvety inside, broad, shallow, covering only base of nut. with closely imbricated, sometimes hairy, reddish-brown scales. Immature acorns usually divergent from twig, witb basal scales reachii^ abo«t ] of the way op. and appearing as if arranged In 3 rows. 'WOOD — Ring-porons; with ciHisplcQOos medollary rays; heavy, strong, hard, dose-grained, light reddish -brown, with thin lighter colored sapwcod. Tsed tor furniture, cooperage, con- struction, interior finish of houses, and railroad ties. Weighs 41.25 lbs. per cub:c foot. The wood of this species as well as that of the Black Oak aod Scarlet Oak is relatively poor but is cominjr more into use daii.v. The despised species of to-day may be priaed to-morrow. DISTINGT7ISHIK0 CHARACTERISTICS — The Red Oak may 1>e recognised by its flat-topped ridges of the bark, its straight clean branches, its large dull green leaves witb red midribs and ascending lobes with entire or few hristle-l<^eth, its light reddish inner tark. its glabrous. sharp- pointed, ligbt brown buds which are often constricted at the base, and its large acorns with broad and shallow cups. RAHGE — Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Kansas, soath to Florida and Texas. Planted extensively in Europe for ornamental and forestry purposes. DISTRIBXTTIOK IN PEXNSTLVANIA— Found ibroughoot the State. At its c^timnm in the CumberUnd Vsllo.v and adjoining lower slopes. Barer in the northern than in other parts. HABITAT— Prefers jwrous sandy or gravelly clay soil. It will not grow in wet soOs and b also intolerant of shade, except when young. nCPORTAilCE OF THE SPECIES— The Red Oak is the n:v>st rapid growing species of aU the Oak*. In one year it has g:\nvn to the height of 19 inches, in 10 years IS feet, 30 years S^^ feet, .V) years :*0 5T feet. It deserves to be planted and regenerated naturally on an CKtenslve scale. In a sir^le small nursery the reensylvania Department of Forestry in 1911 vmlsed o^er 200,000 seedlings of this spec.es. In Germany it has at present a wider dlstri- botlon than any other .\merloan hardwood species. It is very attractive ozsamentally oa account of Its smooth bark, straight branches, and the form and antnmnal eoluatloB of its 140 PIN OAK. Quercus palustris, Muench. FOBM — A medium -sized tree usually attaining a height of 50-60 ft. with a diameter of 2 ft., but may reach a maximum height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. Trunk straight, usually clean, continuous, and bears a symmetrical conic crown. The lower lateral branches are short and drooping, the middle horizontal, and the upper ascending. The form of the tree is characteristic. See Figs 38 and 39. BARK — On old trunks relatively smooth but slightly roughened by shallow fissures separating low ridges which are covered by small close scales. On young trunks shining, very smooth, light brown to reddish. See Fig. 76. TWIGS — Slender, tough, lustrous, at first hairy, later smooth, dark red to grayish -brown, covered with pale and Inconspicuous lentlcels. BUDS — Alternate, smooth, i or an Inch long, small, ovoid, sharp-pointed, covered with light brown scales which may sometimes be slightly balry on the margin. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, 4-6 Inches long, 2-4 Inches wide, ovate in outline, 5-9-lobed; lobes bristle-pointed, separated by broad deep and round-based sinuses. When full grown dark shining green above, pale green and smooth below, often with small tufts of hairs In the leaf axis. LEAF-SCARS — See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 132. FLOWERS — Appear about .May when leaves are abont i developed. Staminate flowers in slender and hairy aments from 2-3 inches long. Pistillate short-stalked and terminated by spreading bright red styles. FRUIT — An acorn, maturing at the end of the second season, solitary or In pairs. Nut globose, light brown, often striped, atwut } of an Inch long. Cup tbln. saucer-shaped, shallow, i of an inch across, encloses only about 2/5 of nut, covered with thin closely overlapping scales. Kernel bitter and pale yellow. WOOD — Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, checks and warps badly during seasoning. Weighs 43.24 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for cheap construction, cheap cooperage, railroad tics, and occasionally for interior finish. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Pin Oak, also known as the Swamp Oak and Water Oak, when young and especially when open grown, can readily be recognized by Its characteristic form. Its trunk is continuous, relatively smooth, and covered by many slender and rather short lateral branches which are drooping below, erect above, and horizontal In the middle. It frequents moist locations and bears small acorns with shallow cups. The branchlets are often beset with short, stiff lateral shoots which give it Its common name. The buds are small, smooth, sharp-pointed, and light brown In color. RANGE — From Massachusetts to Michigan and Missouri, south to Virginia, Tennessee, and Oklahoma. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common In the eastern and southern parts. Occa- sional in the mountainous parts. Sparse in the western part. HABITAT — It occurs In rich moist soil of river bottomlands, along streams, on border of swamps, and even thrives In fertile soil on the slopes and summits of the Allegheny mountains. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species does not rank high from a commercial point of view even among the Black Oak group of which It Is a member. It Is singularly beautiful for ornamental purposes. It deserves to be planted extensively as a shade, park, or avenue tree on account of Its rapid growth. Its beautiful form, and autumnal foliage, and the ease with which It Is transplanted. Its commercial value, however, does not recommend It for extensive planting for forestry purposes. PLATE LXIII. PIN OAK. 1. Flowering brmicl) with imtiiature It-iives, (s) staiiiitmte blossoms, (p) pistillate blossoms, (i) immature acorns, x h. «. Branch witli niature leaves, immature ami mature acorns, s i. 3. An acorn cup, x i. 4. An acorn, s *. 5. "Winter twig witli immature acorns, buds, and ono ijiri-liKe bramhlet, x J. 6. Winter branch with two pin-IiUe branrhlets, x I. 7. Section of a winter branch, enlarged. PLATE LXIV. SCARLET OAK. 1. Flowering branch witli immature leaves, (s) staniinate Mossonis. (p) pistillate blossoms, (i) immature aeorns, s *. 2. Branch with mature leaves, immature and mature acorns, x :. 3. An acorn, x J. 4. Ad acorn cup. x h. 5. Terminal section of a winter twig, x |. 6. Section of a winter twig showing lenticels. leaf-scars with bundle-scars, and two slightly angular buds covered with numerous over-lapping scales. enlargout other superior species will grow in the same place and consequently it cannot be recommended for forestry purposes. It is, however, one of the most attractive ornamental oaks and deserves to be planted extensively for such purposes. %■ PLATE LXIX. LAUREL OAK. 1. Flowering branoU with immature leasees, (s) staojioate blossoms, (p) i)it>ti)late l'lossi;rns fij immature acorns, x i. 2. Branch with mature leaves, immature aort mature acorns, x J. 3. An acorn cup, x J. 4. An acorn, x h. B. WintfT twig with buds, lenticel.-., pentangular pith, and itnmatiiri- iirorn-!. " h 6. Spi-tiun of \vinter twig, enlarged. Il i PLATE LXX. WILLOW OAK. 1. Flowfring bram-U with immature leaves, (s) staininate blossoms, (p) pistillate blossoms, (i) irnmatuie auorus. x J. 2. Branch with mature leaves, immature and mature acorns, x ). 3. An acorn cup, x J. 4. An acorn, s i. o. Wiuier twig with buds, lentlcels, and im- mature acorns, x J. tj. Section of winter twig, enlarged. 7. Cross section of twig showing pentangular pith, wood with conspicuous meduUazT rays, and bark, enlarged. 147 WILLOW OAK. Quercus phellos, Linnaeus. FORM — This tree usually attains a height of 50-GO ft. with a diameter of li-2 ft., but may reach a height of SO ft. with a diameter of 4 feet. Crown usually narrow, rather open, pyramidal and round-topped. BARK — Reddish-brown, i-il of an inch thick, ehallowly fissured and scaly. TWIGS — Rather stout, smooth and shining during first winter, reddish-brown to dark brown. BUDS — Alternate, ovate, about i of an inch long, strongly angled, sharp-pointed, covered by loosely overlapping dark brown scales which are slightly serrated on the margin. LEAVES — Alternate, narrowly elliptic, sometimes lanceolate, narrowed at apex and base, 2-5 inches long, i-1 inch wide, entire or with slightly wavy margins; terminated by a sharp bristle-pointed apex. LEAF-SCARS — See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 132. FLOWERS — Appear about May when leaves are J developed. Staminate flowers slender, hairy, yellowish, 2-3 inches long. Pistillate flowers borne on smooth slender stalks. FRUIT — An acorn, maturing at the end of the second season, usually solitary, sessile or nearly BO. Nut hemispheric, l Inch in diameter, pale yellow-brown, sometimes striate. Cup saucer- shaped, covers only a small portion of the base of the nut and is covered with close, thin, hairy, reddish-brown scales. Kernel is very bitter and yellowish in color. WOOD — Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; strong, coarse-grained, rather soft and light brown. Weighs 46.56 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fuel and to a limited extent for general construction and felloes in wagon wheels. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Willow Oak, also known as the Peach Oak, Water Oak, Swamp Oak. and Pin Oak, may readily be distinguished from all the other oaks of Peonsjivania except the Laurel Oak by its characteristic leaf, which resembles the leaf of a willow rather than the typical oak leaf. The Laurel Oak is the only other oak which bears a leaf that shows any resemblance, but its leaf is longer and broader, more obtuse- pointed, and hairy beneath. The cups of the acorns of this species are flatter and the acorns smaller than those of the Laurel Oak. The buds of this species are dark chestnut-brown in color, while those of the Laurel Oak are light brown and not angular. RANGE — From New York to Florida, westward to Kentucky, Missouri, and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found only in the southeastern part of the State. Reported fiom Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Lancaster, and Philadelphia counties. HABITAT — Usually found on wet sandy soil, and occurs frequently along swamps and streams, but occasionally is found on higher areas where It may reach a fair size. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species is so limited in its natural distribution in this State and its wood is of so little commercial importance that it cannot be considered of forestal value. It should not be planted for forestry purposes but deserves to be planted ornamentally, especially in parks and along avenues. It hybridizes with several species of other Oaks, especially the Red Oak, and these hybrids are often very attractive ornamentally. 148 THE NETTLE FAMILY— URTICACEAE. This family contains a great number of representatives, the ma- jority of which are tropicaL It contains trees, shrubs, and many other small plant forms. The trees and shrubs alone comprise over 3,000 species and are found in the temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. They grow usually at relatively low altitudes fre- quenting wet and swampy as well as dry and arid habitats. Several representatives of this family are important timber trees while others are of less commercial importance. Occasionally they may form pure stands but usually are mixed with other species. This family also contains representatives which are attractive orna- mentally and used for hedges. The leaves are simple, alternate, and usually deciduous. The fruit matures in one season, in some species in spring shortly after the blossoms while in others in fall. The seeds may germinate the same season or lie dormant over winter and germinate the following spring. The fruit of some genera is edible. It is very variable in form and structure. The subjoined key based primarily on fruit will aid in distinguishing the genera of this family native to Penn- sylvania : KEY TO THE GENERA. Page. 1. Frnit a berry; pith chambered Celtia 1S2 1. Frnlt not a berry, pith not chambered 2 2. Frnlt dry, a samara, winged all around; flowers mostly polygamous, sap not milky Ulmus 148 2. Fruit not dry, an acheue, not winged; flowers unisexual; sap milky 3 8. Fruit elongated, edible: leaves dentate 3-nerTed; branches unarmed; both staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes Uorus 154 3. Fruit round, not edible; leaves entire; branches armed; staminate flowers in racemes, pistillate in heads Macluia 153 149 THE ELMS— ULMUS (Tourn.) Linnaeus. The members of this genus are usually trees, rarely shrubs. About 15 species are known of which number 6 species are native to North America and 2 to the State of Pennsylvania. The leaves are simple, alternate, two-ranked, straight-veined, and unequal-based. The flowers may appear before or after the leaves. The 2 species native to this State produce their flowers early in spring before the leaves. The fruit of the native species ripens in spring shortly after the flowers have matured. It consists of a flat seed surrounded by a thin papery wing. The trees yield valuable wood and .some of them also produce a tough inner bark which is used for food, in medicine, and manu- factured into ropes and coarse cloth. The Elms are not only val- uable commercially but also attractive ornamentally. The native American Elm and the introduced English Elm (Ulmus campestris L.) are not only beautiful in summer when covered with a dense foliage but also in winter when the little twigs and branches, and the massive trunk and limbs stand out against the sky. The sub- joined key will aid in distinguishing the two native species of Elm and the commonly introduced English Elm: SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES. Page. 1. Leaves smooth above or nearly so; fruit ovate or oval, cillate on margin; flowers on Blender drooping stalks U. americana 151 1. Leaves very rough above; fruit circular, not dilate; flowers nearly sessile 2 2. Small to medium-sized native tree; Inner bark mucilaginous; branchlets and pedicels downy; fruit densely brown-hairy over seed U. fulva 150 2. Large introduced tree; Inner barli not mucilaginons; branchlets and pedicels smooth; fruit smooth throughout U- campestris 149 WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES. 1. Bud-scales densely brown-hairy; Inner bark mucilaginous; twigs grayish and rough, TJ. fulva 150 1. Bud-scales not densely brown-hairy; inner bark not mucilaginous; twigs not grayish nor rough * 2. Buds chestnut-brown; bud-scales with darker margin; bark ridged; twigs without corky ridges; form of the tree decidedly deliquescent U.americana 151 2. Buds smoky-brown to almost black; bud-scales rather uniform in color; bark rather firm often roughened into oblong blocks; form of tree intermediate with an excur- rent tendency ''J- oampestria 149 SLIPPERY ELM. Ulmus fulva, Michaux. FORM — A small lo a medium-sized tiee usually attaining a beiglit of 40-60 ft. with a diametei- of ]-2> ft., but may reach a maximum height of 80 ft. with a diameter of 2i feet. Crown broad and flat-topped. Limbs stout and ascending. BAKE— Thick, rough, longitudinally fissured, dark brown, tinged with red within. Inner hark fragrant, mucilagincus and slippery, whence its common name. See Fig. 66. TWIGS — Rather stout, dlfflcnltt to break on account of flexible b.irk, at first hairy and greenish, later smoother and grayish-brown, roughened by raised lenticels and raised leaf, scars. BUDS — Alternate; terminal bud absent: orate, about i of an Inch long, dark chestnut-brown, covered with about 12 overlapping bud-scales coated with rusty brown hairs. Flower-buds stout and located along side of twig while leaf-buds are relatively slender and located towards end of twig. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, 0-7 inches long, oval to obovate, thick, dark green, rough on both sides, rounded and oblique at base, acute at apes, doubly toothed on margin. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, oval, raised, lighter than twig, contain usually 3 rather small and inconspicuous bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Appear before the leaves from lateral propagative Ijuds. The smaller vegetative buds located near the end of the twigs open later. Flowers are perfect and clustered on short stalks. FRUIT — A short-stalked samara i-i of an Inch broad, consisting of a flat seed surrounded by a wing and maturing in spring a few weeks after the flowers have matured. The fruit Is hairy only over the seed. WOOD — Ring-porous; with rather indistinct medullary rays; pores of the summer wood arranged in tangentially concentric bands: pores of spring wood form a broad band of 3 or more rows. Wood Is heavy, hard, strong, dark brown to red. coarse-textured, easy to split, very durable in contact with the soil. Weighs 45.35 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for posts, railway ties, slack cooperage, agricultural implements. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Slippery F,lm, also known as the Red Elm and Moose Elm, can be distinguished from the other Elms of Pennsylvania by its fragrant and mucilaginous inner bark and its dark chestnut-brown buds covered with rusty brown pube- scence. It is a smaller tree than either the American or the English Elm. The leaves are rough in both directions while those of the American Elm are rough only In one direction. The bark is not so rough nor the buds so dark colored as those of the English Elm. Its lateral branches arc rather straight while those of the American Elm are drooping. RANGE — Valley of the St. Lawrence, south to Florida, and west to North Dakota and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Scattered locally throughout the State. Generally absent in the mountainous region. Most common in the valleys. Does not form pore stands. HABITAT — It is commonly found on low rich soil, along streams, and on hillsides. In the southern pert of Pennsylvania common on limestone outcrops. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— This tree does not attain a large size nor grow In habitats where other more valuable species will not grow, consequently it cannot be recom- mended for extensive planting for forestry purposes. It may be recommended for limited planting hi wet places, especially on the border of streams and on limestone outcrops. PLATE LXXI. SLIPPERY ELM. 1. A floworing branch, x i. 2. A flower, enlarged. 3. Erancb with mature leaves, x *. 4. Branch with mature fruit and expanding leaf-buds, s. I. 5. Winter twig with (f) flower buds, and (1) leaf buds, x J. 6. Set-tion of a winter twig with a densely pubescent bud, enlarged. 7. A leaf-sear with bundle-scars, enlarged. PLATE LXXII. AMERICAN ELM. 1. Flowering branch with leaf buds, x J. 2. A flower, enlarged. 3 Branch with mature fruit, immature leaves and an eipanding bud. .x J. 4. Branch with mature leaves, x J. 5. Winter twig with (f) flower buds, and (1) leaf buds, x ». b. A leaf-scar with bundle-scars, enlarged. 7. Section ot a winter twig with a slightly pubescent bud, enlarged. 151 AMERICAN ELM. Ulmus americana, Linnaeus. FORM — A large tree nsnally attaining a height ol 80-100 ft. with a diameter of 2-4 ft.. but may reach a height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 8-11 feet. A tree in Jefferson county, Pennsylvania, reached a height of 140 ft. and had a crown spread of 76 feet. It cut almost 0,000 board feet of lumber. The form is very variable. The most common Isinds which are recognized are "Vase Form," "Umbrella Form," "Oak Form," and "Feathered Form." Some trunits are tall and straight terminated "by a shallow but broad crown composed of very gracefully drooping lateral branches. In open grown trees, the trunk often divides near the ground. The form may resemble the spray of a fountain. See Fig. 35. BAEK — Rather thick, grayish whence Its name Gray Elm, rougher by long and irregular furrows separating rather broad, flat ridges which are usually firm but occasionally flaky or corky. Cross-section of bark often shows alternating white and brown layers. TWIGS — Slender, at first greenish and pubescent, later smooth and reddish-brown, roughened by ieaf-scars and pale, inconspicuous, scattered lentlcels. Base of twigs marked with persistent ring-like bud-scale scars. BUBS— .Alternate; terminal bud absent; ovate, sharp-pointed, slightly flattened, reddish- brown, usually smooth, rarely slightly hairy, covered with about 6-10 overlapping reddish- brown scales with darker margin. Leaf-buds are smaller than the flower-buds and located toward end of twig. Flower-buds are larger and located along side of twig. Buds are usually located above one end of leaf-scar. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovate, 4-6 inches long, thick, rough, unequally based, acute at ape\, doubly-toothed on margin. Primary veins run straight from midrib to points of the teeth. LEAF-SCARS Alternate. 2-ranked, elevated, semi-circular, with corky surface, marked with three oqnldlslant bundle-scars which may be componnded and are usually sunken. FLOWERS — Appear before the leaves from lateral propagaOve buds. Flowers occur In 3-4- flowered clusters on drooping stalks about 1 Inch long. They are perfect with greenish calyx, reddish anthers, and light green styles. FRTJIT An oval samara, about i of an inch long, borne on a slender stalk; consists of a flat seed surrounded by a wing which is terminally deeply notched and ciliated on margin. Matures early in spring shortly after flowers. WOOD— Somewhat similar to Slippery Elm, page 150, but differs slightly. Weighs 40.54 lbs. per cubic foot, is lighter in color than Slippery Elm. and has its pores In spring wood in a narrow hand of usually less than 3 rows. Its wood has a wider range of usefulness. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The American Elm, also known as White Elm, Gray Elm, and Water Elm, can readily be recognized by its leaves which are smooth on th« upper surface, and by the oval fruit with ciliate margin. The flowers occur on slender droopinj stalks. The buds are only slightly pubescent and covered with the chestnut-brown scales. The form and method of branching are very distinctive. Also see "Distinguishing Charactej istics" nnder Slippery Elm. RANGE— Few trees have so large a range. It extends from Newfoundland across Canada to the Rocky Mountains a distance of almost 3,000 miles and south to Florida and Texas, a distance of 1,200 miles. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally throughout the State. Most commop In the well watered portions. Less frequent in the mountainous parts. HABITAT— Prefers rich moist bottomlands. Is commonly found along streams, bordering lakes and ponds, and In rich aUuvial soil. Usually mixed with other hardwoods. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The American Elm Is the most valuable of all the Elms on account of its wide distribution, large size, valuable wood, and magniflcent form. Mlchaux called It "the most magniflcent vegetable of the temperate zone." It has not been planted much for forestry purposes but deserves to be planted, especially on rich soil which may be too wet for agriculture. It must he planted close in order to prevent the development of lateral branches. 152 HACKBERRY. Celtis occidentalis, Linnaeus. GENUS DESCRIPTION — The genus Celtis comprises about 60 species, of which number about 9 are native to North America and 1 to Pennsylvania. Representatives of this genus are found in temperate and tropical regions of both the eastern and western hemispheres. Another species l^nowu as Rough-leaved Hackberry (Celtis crassifolla, Lamarck) is also reported from 3 counties in this State. The leaves of the latter are very rough and tbe fruit is subglobose. FOEU — Usually a small tree 20-35 ft. in height, but single specimens with a height of SC ft. and a diameter of 30 inches have been reported for this State. In the South it becomes largror. Trunk usually short. Crown rather wide-spreading and round-topped. Witches' brooms are frequently found upon it. BABK — Grayish-brown, sometimes as smooth as Beech bark, others have very rough bark due to harsh, warty projections. Younger branches are dark brown to reddish-brown in color. Sec Fig. 102. TWIGS — Slender, somewhat shiny, occasionally slightly downy, brownish, covered by scattered raised and often longitudinally-elongated lenticels; contain chambered white pith. BUDS — Alternate, 2-ranked, small, often malformed and swollen, J of an inch long, ovate, sharp-pointed, appressed, covered with 3-4 visible and closely overlapping bud-scales. Bud- scales sometimes longitudinally-striated and dark margined. Swollen buds caused by Insects. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovate, 2-4 inches long, acute at apex, obliquely rounded at base, serrate on margin, entire near base, rough on upper surface, with prominent primary veins. Petioles slender, slightly hairy and grooved. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate. 2-ranked. small, semi-oval, at or almost at right angles to twig on projections of twig, with 3-3 bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Appear about May. Three kinds, stamlnate, pistillate, and perfect, may be found. They are greenish and borne on slender drooping stalks. FRUIT — A berry-like, dark purple, globular drupe about }-} of an Inch in diameter, tipped with persistent style and borne on a slender stalk. Matures about September and often persists into winter. WOOD — Ring-porous ; rays very distinct ; pores in summer wood arranged In tangentially wavy binds: heavy, not strong, coarse-grained, yellowish. Weighs 45.51 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fencing, crates, hoses, slack cooperage, hoe handles, agricultural implements. Resembles Ash. Most mills sell it as Ash. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Hackberry. also known as Sugarberry, Nettle- tree. Hoop Ash, and Hack- tree, can be distinguished by its chambered pith, berry-like fruit, warty or coiky bark and disfigured twigs and buds. Abnormally swollen twigs are due to stings of gall insects. Witches' brooms are also common and very distinctive. The leaves resemble those of the Elms only are sharper pointed. RANGE — Its range covers about 2,000,000 square miles in the United States, extending over the major part of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Occasional throughout the State. Nowhere abundant. Sometimes only a single tree Is known in a locality. Large specimens are found in North- ampton and Montgomery counties. HABITAT — Prefers rich moist soil, but also grows on gravelly uplands. Does not form pure stands, but usually occurs solitary. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Hackberry Is of little commercial importance In this State since it is a rare tree and seldom reaches a large size. Only a few large trees have been recorded In this State. It cannot be recommended as a timber tree, neither has it any specially attractive ornamental qualities. Its continuity Is Insured because the birds carry the seed far and wide. PLATE LXXIII. HACKBERRY. 1. Brancli with immature leaves, staminate and pistillate flowers, x i. 2. A staminate flower, enlarged. 3. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 4. A branch with mature leaves and mature fruit, x J. 5. A winter twig, x i. 6. Section of a winter twig showing chambered pith, enlarged. 7. A leaf-scar with bundle-scars, enlarged. PLATE LXXIV. OSAGE ORANGE. 1. Branch with immature leaves and heads of stamiuate flowers, s J. 2. .\ staminate flower, enlarged. 3. Branch with a head of pistillate flowers, x J. 4. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 5. Branch with mature leaves and a single mature fruit, s i. 6. A winter twig with three thorns, s J. 7. Section of a winter twin showine lentioels. buds, and leaf-scars with bundle-scars, enlarged. i 153 OSAGE ORANGE. Madura pomifera, (Raf.) Schneider. GEinrS DESCRIPTIOII— The species described on this page Is the sole representatlTe of this genas. FOBM — A fimall or mediumslzed tree nsBaHy attaining a height of 20-40 ft. with a diameter of 12 Inches but reaches a height of 50-60 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 feet. Trunk nsually short, stent, often covered with deoKe growth of spronts. Crown ronnd-topped, rather open, often Irregular. Branches In Interior of crown often coTered with stiff, spiny, and Interlarriag branchlets. BA&K — On older tmnka rough, dark gray, about 1-1 Inch thick, longitudinally and sometimes diagonally furrowed, with prominent ridges which scale off Into thin close-dtting scales. On branch^s It is thinner, pale brown tinged with yellow. Branches are Often armed with straight axillary spines and contain yellow pith. TWIGS — Alternate, rather stout, at first greenish and slightly pubescent, later yellowish- brown, contain yellow pith, marked by pale yellow lentlcels. Younger branches are often armed with stoat, straight, axillary spines and stout, spur-like, lateral branchlets. BUDS — Alternate; terminal bud absent; equal sized, broad, circular, with 5-7 small chestnut- brown scales. LEAVES— Alternate, simple, about 4 Inches long and 2J Inches wide, orate in outline, wedge-shaped at base, acute at apex, entire on margin, dark green above, pale green below. LEAE-SCAE3— Alternate: located on twig enlargement at nodes; small to medium-sized, broadly triangular to elliptical, contain usually 1 or 3 bundle-scars, sometimes more. FLOWEBS — Appear about Jane when leaves are almost fully developed. Stamlnate flowers arranged lu racemes on long slender drooping stalks; pistillate in dense heads with short stalks. Ovarj is terminated by a long, slender, hairy style. FBtriT — Pale green, orange-like in appearance. 4-5 inches In diameter, composed of many small drupes which are closely grown together. When punctured exudes a milky Juice which tarns black npot exposure. WOOD — Ring-porous: rays rather Inconspicuous; golden-yellow in color, streaked vertically with red snipes; heavy, very hard and strong, very durable. Weighs 48.21 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence post*, wagon felloes and rims, bridge piling. Insulator pins, police clubs, rustic chairs, and tobacco pipes. DISTIHG U IKRIKG CHABACTEKISTICS — The Osage Orange, also known as Eowwood, Osage Apple- tree. Yellow-wood, and Hedge- tree, can be distinguished by its large orange- like green fruit. The twigs are armed with stout straight axillary spines, contain a milky Juice and thick orange-colored pith and are covered with a light brown bark sometimes tinged with orange. The leaves are alternate, simple, and entire. Wood is very hard and orange to brown in color with light yellow sapwood. RANGE — Oklahoma south to Dallas. Texas. Also reported from Arkansas. To date it has been planted In possibly every State In the Union. DISTRXBimOH IK PEKHSTLVASTIA — Introduced in practically every part of the State as a hedge or ornamental tree. HABITAT — It Is less exacting in soil than moat of our trees, but when It has the privilege It chooses the best- In its natural range it thrives best on the black fertile flats, and rarely occurs on sandy solL Occasionally found in swamps. Originally found in small pure stands. nCPOSTAIfCE OF THE SPECIES — The Osage Orange is not native to PennsylTanla but has been planted extensively for hedge and ornamental purposes. No wood Is more valuable for fence poets. We have other trees which are more attractive as a hedge and the thorns which the tree bears are also objectionable when it is used as a hedge. It Is dlfftcult to eliminate it from an area where It has established Itself. 154 RED MULBERRY. Moms rubra, Linnaeus. GENUS DESCHIPTION — The genus Morus comprises about 10 species of which nnmber 3 are native to North America and 1 to Pennsylvania. Its representatives occur as trees or shrubs in eastern North America, Central America, South America, and Europe but are most abundant io Asia. The White Mulberry (Morus alba L.), a native of Asia, has been planted extensivsly in this State. FOBU — Usually attains a height of 35-50 ft. with a diameter 12-18 Inches but may reach a height of 70 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. Largest in Ohio and Mississippi valleys. Trunk usually short, subdividing near the ground. Crown usually broad, round-topped, and dense. BABK — Begins to roughen about third year by splitting longitudinally or diagonally. On older trunks rather thin, dark grayish-brown, peels off in long narrow flakes which somewhat resemble the flakes of Catalpa. See Fig. 55. TWIGS — Stout, smooth, glossy or occasionally dull, slightly zigzag, greenish-brown tinged with red, enlarged at nodes to bear buds and leaves, covered with few scattered Inconspicuous lenticels. roughened at base of season's growth by ring-like bud-scale scars. A milky Juice is excreted from twigs if they are cut or punctured. BUDS — Alternate; terminal bud absent; ovate, round in cross-section, sharp-pointed, about 2/5 of an inch long, slightly divergent and laterally inclined, covered by 3-9 exposed bud-scales which are 2-ranked, greenish-brown to greenish-red with darker margin. Buds are located on twig enlargements. A bud is often found at end of twig; It is not a terminal bud but an axillary one sometimes called a pseudo-terminal bud which means a false terminal bud. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovate, 3-5 Inches long, often cordate at base, serrate on margin, acute at apex, usually with 3 primary veins, except in lobed forms where more may be present. Usually not lobed but occasionally glove-form. 3-lobed or 5-lobed. Leaves are slightly rough on upper surface. LEAF-SCABS — .■\lternate. 2-ranked, raised on twig enlargements, hollow or concave, almost circular, with raised bundle-scars arranged in an ellipse or distributed irregularly over leaf -scar. FLOWEES — Appear May or June. Staminate flowers occur in narrow spikes about 2 Inches long originating in axils of prospective or developing leaves on short hairy green stalks. Pistillate flowers occur in dense spikes about 1 inch long. Occasionally the staminate and pistillate are slightly mixed on a spike. FEUIT — Appears about July. Compound or aggregate, about 1 inch long, composed of many small drupes, at first green, later red, finally dark purple. Juicy, sweet and edible. WOOD — Ring-porous; pores in summer wood small In groups of 3-6; rays usually quite distinct; orange yellow to yellowlsb-brown, with thin nearly white sapwood; soft, not strong, durable in contact with soil. Weighs 3G.75 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts, scythe snaths, cooperage, boat building. DISTINGUISHING CHABACTEBISTICS — The Red Mulberry, also known as simply Mulberry and sometimes Black Mulberry, can be distinguished by Its large alternate 2-ranked greenish- brown buds with darker colored bud-scale margins, by its 3-veined leaves which have their veins sunken on upper surface, and are usually rough on the upper surface. The milky Juice of the twigs and its peculiar flowers and fruit are distinctive. The leaves are occasionally lobed. In winter the elevated and hollowed leaf-scars with bundle-scars arranged in an ellipse are characteristic. B.ANGE — Massachusetts to Florida, west to Kansas and Nebraska. DISTEIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Local and sparse in the eastern and southern parts, occasional in the central part and rare in mountainous parts. HABITAT — Prefers rich moist soil. Most common in valleys and on foothills. Usnally mixed with othci* hardwoods. IMPOBTANCE OF TECE SPECIES — The Red Mulberry does not produce wood of any special commercial importance because It Is nowhere abundant and does not reach a large size. 1% Is used for fence posts because it is durable in contact with the soil. The wood resembles Black Walnut when polished, only is somewhat lighter. It produces a pleasing effect when made np into furniture, it cannot be strongly recommended for forestry purposes but it Is an excellent ornamental tree and also furnishes food for birds. PLATE LXXV. RED MULBERRY. 1. Branch with immature U-avt-s ami four stamiiiate tlower spikes, 2. Braneli with immature leaves and throe pistillate (lower spikes, 3. Branch with mature leaves and mature fruit, x i. 4. A winter twig, x |. 5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. R. A leaf-scar with bundle-scars, enlarged. 155 THE MAGNOLIA FAMILY— MAGNOLIACEAE. The Magnolia family comprises about 10 genera with about 85 species of trees and shrubs, which are widely distributed in temper- ate and tropical regions. The flora of North America embraces 4 genera, 2 of which comprise only shurbs while the other 2 contain some of our well-known and important timber trees. The 2 arbores- cent genera. Magnolia and Liriodendron, include about 9 species in North America. Both genera are represented in the flora of Penn- sylvania, the former with 3 species and the latter with 1 species. Page. KEY TO THE GENERA. Leaves not lobed: fruit a cone of flesby coherent follicles; buds ovate to conical, sharp-pointed, hairy at least within; leaf-scars lunate to oval usually with 3, sonjetlmes many, bundle-scars Magnolia Leaves 41obed or G-lclied; fiuit a spindle-shaped cone of dry carpels; buds flattened, oblong, blunt-pointed, siuootb both on outside and inside; leaf-scars circular or sometimes slightly llattenod at top with many scattered buudle-scars, Liriodendron THE MAGNOLIAS— MAGNOLIA, Linnaeus. The Magnolias are among the most beautiful trees native to the State of Pennsylvania. All the Magnolias have the appearance of tropical trees and in fact most of them do not venture far beyond warm latitudes. Their large, entire-margined, pinnately veined leaves and their large, solitary- and conspicuous flowers are largely responsible for their tropical appearance. This genus derived its name from Pierre Magnol, a French botanist, who was sometime Professor of Botany in Montpellier and died in 1715. It embraces about 25 species of trees and shrubs 3 of which are native to Penn- sylvania. The members of this genus are natives of eastern North America, southern Mexico, the West Indies, and eastern and central Asia. StJMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES. Page. 1. Leaves crowded at the end of the flowering branches in an umbrella-Ulie circle, and 12-24 inches long M. tripetala 158 1. Leaves scattered along the branches, and 3-12 inches long, 2 2. Large tree; leaves 4-12 inches long and deciduous; flowers green to yellow; follicles rounded ^- acuminata 157 2. Small tree or shrnb; leaves 3-6 Inches long, glaucous on under side, often persistent; flowers white; follicles tapering or tipped with styles M. virginiana 156 WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES. 1. Bnda 1-2 Inches long and smooth on outside; leaf-scars large; twigs stout, M. tripetala 158 1. Buds less than 1 inch long, silky to almost smooth on outside; leaf-scars smaU; twigs Blender * 2, Large tree; leaves declduons; twigs brown; bark farrowed and flaky; buds blunt- pointed, densely downy ' "• acuminata 157 2. Small tree or shrub; leaves may persist; twigs green; bark smooth; buds green, pointed, hairy to smootlj ^' virginiana 156 156 LAUREL MAGNOLIA. Magnolia virginiana, Linnaeus. FOBM — Usually a small tree or shrub seldom exceeding a height of 25 ft. but in the soath, particulail.v in Florida, may attain a height of 75 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. In Pennsyl- vania rather small. Trunk usually short, often much swollen at the base. BABK — Ou old trunks thin, gray, smooth to scaly; on young stems light gray to white and smooth. TWIGS — Green, round, bitter, relatively slender, downy, later reddish-brown, roughened by broadly crescent-shaped leaf-sears. Pith has a tendency to become chambered. BUDS — Alternate, bright green, 2/5-3/5 of an Inch long, circular in cross-section, pointed, decidedly hairy, covered by successive pairs of stipules. Each pair of stipular scales envelopes the leaf just above it. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, oval to broadly lanceolate, 3-6 inches long, obtuse at apex, tapering at base, entire on margin, glaucous beneath. Fall off in autumn in the North but persist in the South. Persist until spring in Franklin county. Pennsylvania. LEAF-SCARS — Alternnte, scattered along twig, narrow, oval to crescent-shaped, with Its bondle-scais arranged in a broad U-shaped line. FLOWERS — Appear the latter part of May in this State. Complete, solitary, globular, white, calyx and corolla of same color, about 2 inches long, and very fragrant. FRTJIT — Matures about October. Cone-like, fleshy to dry. scarlet, oval, about 2 Inches long, 9omposed of coherent follicles. Seeds are red, shiny, druoe-like and suspended at maturity by a thin long cord. WOOD — Similar to that of the Cucumber Tree, page 157, except that its rays are higher and more crowded on tlic cross-section than those of the Cucumber Tree. Produces wood of com- mercial size only in the South. Weighs 31.38 lbs. per cubic foot. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Laurel Magnolia, also known as Small Mag- nolia, or Sweet Bay. can be distinguished by its leaves which are scattered along the branches. 3-6 inches long, oval, obtuse, and glaucous beneath. The leaves of both the other native species are larger. The flowers are globular and white while those of the Cucumber Tree are slender-bell-shaped and greenish tinged with yellow, and those of the Umbrella Tree are only slightly scented. The leaf-buds are silky while thftse of the Umbrella Tree are smooth or slightly hairy. Its small size will also aid in distinguishing It. The "Distribution in rennsylvimia" of the three native species will also aid In identifying them. RANGE — Eastern Massachusetts, south to Florida, extending west to Caledonia near Cham- bersburg, Pennsylvania, central North Carolina and through the Gulf States to Texas and southern Arkansas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found only in the southeastern part of the State, Recorded from every county southeast of a lino drawn through Northampton, Lehigh. Lebanon, Cumberland and Franklin counties. Its western limit is at Caledonia near Chambersburg in Franklin county. HABITAT — Prefers swamps and wet places. Found along creeks or In bottomlands adjoining creeks, lakes, or ponds. Often a low shrub under .moisture-seeking trees like Red Maple, Yellow Birch, Black Gura, Wbite Oak, Hemlock, White Pine, and Tulip Tree. Its associates often are Rhododendron and Mountain Laurfel. IMPORTANCE OF SPECIES — This species is of no commercial importance in Pennsylvania because of its small size, limited distribution, slow growth, and inferior wood. It is extremely attractive and may be classified among our most beautiful native shrubs. It is well adapted for ornamental planting, only it grows rather slowly. PLATE LXXVI. LAUREL MAGNOLIA. 1. A dowering branch witb mature and developing leaves, s i. 2. A fruiting branch with a jHjrtion of the leaves removed, s i. 3. A seed, natural size. 4. A winter twig, x i. 5. Section of a winter twig showing a leaf -scar with bundle-scars, natural size. PLATE LXXVII. CUCUMBER TREE. 1, A flowering branch with mature and develop- ing leaves, x h. 2, Branch with a cone-like fruit, seeds banging by threads, and a mature leaf, x i. 3, A carpel just starting to open, showing two seeds on the inside, natural size. 4. A see<3, enlarged. 5. A winter twig, x J. 6. Section of a winter twig showing a bud and a leaf-scar with bundle-scars, enlarged. 157 CUCUMBER TREE. Magnolia acuminata, Linnaeus. FOEU — A large tree, which may attain a height of 90 ft. with a diameter of 3-4 feet. The form of the forest grown tree la distinct from the open grown. Open grown specimens have a pyramidal crown with limbs originating all along the trunk from near the base to the narrow top. Lateral branches are wide-spreading and rather horizontal near the base, ascending and short at the top. Forest grown specimens have straight, slightly tapering, rather smooth trunks which are free from branches often for 50 ft. from the ground. BARE — Grayish-brown to brown, with long furrows separating long, rather loose, scaly ridges. See Fig. 85. TWIGS— Usnally elendcr, round* usually smooth but sometimes slightly hairy, shiny, bitter* covered with a few oiange-colored inconspicuous lentlcels, and contain white pltb which may show a tendency to become chambered. BUDS — Alternate, circular In cross-section, densely covered with thick, pale, silky hairs, terminal buds about 2/5-4/5 of an inch long and oblong; lateral buds i-i of an inch long, blunt- pointed, nearly surrounded by leaf -scars. Buds are covered with valvate scales, the outer ones falling in spring, the inner ones developing into stipules. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovate to oblong, thin, 4-12 Inches long, pointed at apex, tapering or rounded at base, entire on margin, green and slightly downy beneath, with prominent midrib and primary veins ou lower surface. Fall in response to first heavy frost in autumn. LEAF-SCASS — Alternate, scattered along the twigs, narrow, crescent to broadly U-shaped, with Its bundle-scars arranged in a U-shaped line. Bundle-scars numb«' about 6-8. FLOWERS — Appear from April to June. They are upright, solitary, complete, slender-bell- shaped, greenish tluged with yellow, about 3 Inches long. FRUIT — Matures about October. A red, cone-like or cucumber-like, cylindrical mass about 2-2i Inclits long, composed of numerous coherent follicles. Seeds scarlet, drupe-like, and sus- pended at maturity by long, slender white threads. WOOD — PIfCuse-porous; rays distinct and rather uniform in width; light, soft, brittle, straight-grained, durable, does not warp when seasoning, light yellowish-brown to reddish- brown; sapwood Is thin and yellowish-white. Weighs about 20 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for Interior finish, furniture, pump stoeka, as a substitute for Yellow Poplar, and for the same uses as White Pine. It is not so strong but more durable than the latter. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Cucumber Tree can be distinguished by Its leaves which are thin, oblong, pointed and green beneath. The leaves are larger than those of the Laurel Magnolia and smaller than those of the Umbrella Tree. The corolla is greenish tinged with yellow and the foUieles of the cone-like fruit are rounded while the other two native species have white flowers and tapering follicles. It attains a much larger size and has sharper-pointed buds than the Laurel Magnolia and is considerably larger than the Umbrella Tree but has smaller and more downy buds. The bark is thicker and deeper ridged than either cf the other species. The twigs are brown while those of the Laurel Magnolia are bright green. RANGE Western New York and southern Ontario south through West Virginia to Georgia, west to Illinois and Arkansas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Found locally across the State from north to south in the mountainous region and on their eastern and western slopes. Recorded as far east as Lancaster county and as far west as Forest and Allegheny counties. Some specimens nearly 6 ft. In diameter have been recorded from the northwestern part of the State. HABITAT Usually found 'a rich woods close to streams, also inhabits slopes. In West Virginia and in this State it grows well on tlie soils of the carboniferous formation. It is light-de,- mandlng. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species Is the most Important of the Magnolias native to the United States. The wood is similar to that of Yellow Poplar. In addition to producing valuable wood it grows rapidly and is rather free from the attack of destructive agents. The value ot the wood alone will justify reasonable efTorta in attempting to propagate It. It IS also attractive ornamentally on account of Its large loaves and symmetrical crown. 158 UMBRELLA TREE. Magnolia tripetala, Linnaeus. rORH — A small tree sometimes attaining the height of 45 ft. with a diameter of 16 inches. Trunk short and slender, bearing a broad round-topped crown. Lateral branches stout and spreading, often turned up towards the end. BASS — Smooth, thick, light gray, roughened by small irregularly scattered projections. TWIGS — Stoat, smooth, shining, at first greenish, later reddish to greenish-brown; bitter, swollen at the base of each year's growth, covered with a few conspicuous lenticels; contain targe, white, pink-dotted pith. BTTDS — Alternate; covered with valvate scales in pairs, each successive pair encloses a leaf; terminal and lateral buds differ much; terminal up to 2 inches in length, narrow, conical, long- pointed, often curved towards the apes, smooth or glaucous, purple, with small dots; lateral small, often barely risible, conical, divergent. IXAVES — Alternate, simple, obovate-tanceolate, 12-24 inches long, thin-pointed at apex, tapering at base, entire on margin; smooth when old; petioles 1-1} inches Icoig. LEAF-SCAHS — Alternate, often clustered at swellings along the branch, large, conspicuous, oval, somewhat raised, contain numerous irregularly scattered bundle-scars. Stipulate-scara conspicuous, encircle twig, and originate from the side of the leaf-scar. FLOWZKS — Appear about May. Upright, solitary, complete, surrounded by a spray of leaves. white, slightly and unpleasantly odorous. 4-6 inches long. Sepals fall away early. FEUIT — Matures about October. An oblong rose-colored, cone-lite mass about 2-4 Inches long composed of many coherent follicles which split open and lit>erate red flattish seeds. The fruit is very beautiful in autumn. WOOD — In general resembles that of the Cucumber Tree, page 157. It is not used for commercial purposes, because it is rare, small in size, light, weak, and brittle. Weighs 27.96 lbs. per cubic foot. DISTINGTriSHING CHABACTERISTrCS — The Umbrella Tree, also known as Elkwood. is native only to a limited portion of the State in the Susquehanna River valley in the counties of York and Lancaster. It has larger leaf-scars, stouter twigs, larger fruit, larger and smoother bods, and larger leaves than the two other native species of Magnolia. Its leaves are crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-Uke cluster while those of the other two species are scattered along the branches. It is larger in size than the Laurel Mag- nolia but smaller than the Cucumber Tree. BANGE — Southern Pennsylvania south to Georgia, west to Kentucky, Arkansas, and northern Mississippi. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Recorded only in the extreme southern part of the State in Lancaster and York counties along the Susquehanna River. HABITAT — Usually found In swamps, along streams, or in ravines. It is tolerant of shade and usually occurs solitary; sometimes mixed with other hardwoods. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This tree is of no commercial importance in Pennsylvania on account of its lim.ted distribution, its local and solitary occurrence, and the inferior wood which it produces. It is attractive and, hence, may be recommended for lawn and park plant- ing, but it cannot be recommended for forestry purposes. i i i ^- t PLATE LXXVIII. UMBRELLA TREE. 2: Bra"cli"witb''a'singl4 flower and the bases of five leaves ai-rangcd in an umbrella-like circle, i i. 3. A carpel split open showing seeds, natural size. 4. A seed, enlarged. 5. Branch with a terminal cone-like fruit, i i. 6. A winter twig, s J. 7. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. PLATE LXXIX. TULIP TREE. 1. A flowering branch with inatiiif anil developing leaves, s i. 2. Branch with a eone-Iik*' fruit. \ h- 3. A single carpel, natural size. •1 Portion of a carpel showing seeds, natural size, 5. A seed, enlarged. <). Side view of a seed, enlarged. 7. A winter twig, x J S. A terminal bud just opening, x J. 9. A twig showing developing leaves, x *. 159 TULIP TREE. Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linnaeus. GEinrS DESCKIPTION — This genns has nnmerons fossil representatives, but only one other living species, a native of China (Liriodendron chinensis, Sarg.) is linown. FORM A large and interesting tree often attaining a height of 50-70 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft. and sometimes reaching a height of 200 ft. with a diameter of 10-11 feet. Prof. Goyot recorded a tree in Francis Cove, western North Carolina, Isnown as the "Gnyot or Granny Poplar," which has a diameter of 10 ft. and was free from lateral branches for more than IW ft. from the base. Trunk tall, straight, very slightly tapering, free from hiteral branches for a considerable distance from the base. Crown in young trees pyramidal, in older trees rather shallow, broad, and spreading. See Fig. 41. BASK — When young smooth, bitter, ashy-gray. On trunks brown, thick, distinctly marked with long ani regular furrows and ridges. At a distance it resembles the bark of the White Ash but lacks the characteristic diamond-shaped fissures of the latter. See Fig. 84. TWIGS During the first summer green, smooth, rather slender, often branching, marked with indistinct lenticels, encircled by a iialr of stipules at each node. During first winter reddish- brown, smooth, shiny, marked by conspicuous pale lenticels, elevated leaf-scars and stipular rings encircling the twigs which often persist for many years. BUDS^Alternate, large, smooth, flattened, oblong, blunt-pointed, reddish-brown mottled with white dots and covered with glaucous bloom. Lateral buds rather divergent, smaller than the terminal, sometimes superposed. liud-scales smooth, white-dotted, spoon-shaped, valvate in pairs forming a distinct ridge where they meet. Each pair of stipular scales Incloses in succession a reflesed. folded, stalked leaf with Its 2 stipular scales. SUpular scales enlarge when the bud opens to a length of 2 inches and width of 1 Inch. Each succeeding leaf Is reflexed in the op- posite direction of the preceding one. LEAVES Alternate, simple, broadly ovale in outline, truncate at apex, with 2 apical and 2 4 basal lobes, bright green above, paler below. Petioles slender, 5-0 Inches long. LEAF-SCAHS^Alternatc, elevated, conspicuous, large, orbicular. Bundle scars small, nnmerons, scattered uniformly over the leaf-ecar. FLOWEES Appear after the leaves; large, lJ-2 inches deep, cup-shaped, greenish-yellow, with 3 refieved sepals and (i converging petals. FRUIT Matures iu September or October; a light brown, oblong, pointed cone 2i-3 inches long, i of an inch wide, consisting of carpels 1-11 inches long in the base of which the seeds are contained. WOOD — Diftnse-porous; with small inconspicuous medullary rays; soft, not strong, light, not durable iu ground, easily worked, light yellowish or brownish heartwood with thin white sapwood. Weighs 26.30 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in construction, interior finish, furniture especially iu veneering, shingles, wooden-ware and automobile bodies. Its uses are somewhat similar to White Fine. DISTINGUISHING CHABACTERISIICS — The Tulip Tree also known as Yellow Poptar, White- wood, 'iulip Poplar and sometimes Popple, can readily be recognized in summer by its straight clean fistuied bole, its characteristic leaves with truncate apel and large stipules. The leaf can- not be confused with that of any other species since it appears from a distance to have its apex cut ofl at right angles to the midrib. In spring the flower Is also distinctive. In winter the large clean trunks with their peculiar Assures in the bark together with the fruit which often persists, are characteristic. At close range the buds with the sUpule-scara encircling the twigs will always enable one to recognise this species without faU. The rather large pith often divided by partitions of stone cells is peculiar. HANGF — Botanical range from Rhode Island to Michigan and Missouri, south to Florida and Arkansas. Commercial range not so wide. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Most common along streams or moist locations in the eastern and southern parts of the State. Also found locally in western part. It does not appear in pure stands, but some excellent stands almost approaching pure stands are found in Frank- lin, .\dams, and Northampton counties. HABITAT — It prefers deep, rather rich, and moist soil. Common along streams, on islands, upon semi-swampy areas, and at the base of mountain slopes. Sometimes found on the tops of mountains especially where small streams and springs are prevalent. Usually occurs as scattered individuals mixed with other hardwoods and sometimes White Pine and Hemlock. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Tulip Tree Is one of the most valuable and de- sirable timber trees of Pennsylvania. Its wood belongs In the first rank with White Pine. It is rather difficult to propagate artiflcully on account of the low fertility of the seeds and Its sensitiveness to transplanting. Attempts have been made to propagate it by means of cuttings but without success. Natural seed regeneration of this species can be carried on with success and should be advocated and developed in preference to the artificial. This spe- cies Is also free from Insect and fungal diseases and most desirable as a shade, lawn, and avenne tree. 160 COMMON PAPAW. Asimina triloba, Dunal. FAMILY AND GEKTTS DESCRIPTION— The Custard Apple familr, Anonaceae, comprises abont 46 genera with 600 species confined mostly to the tropics. Only a few species are found in temperate regions. This family produces little that is of real economic importance. Only 2 genera, Asimina and Anona, are represented by tree species In the United States. The genns Asimina does not have representatives outside of North America, where about 8 species are known to occur. The sole representative of this family native to this State Is the species de- scribed on this page. FORM — A small tree usually 10-40 ft. in height with a diameter up to 12 Inches. Trunk short and slender. Crown rather broad, high, and formed by straight rather spreading lateral branches. BARK — Thin, close, sometimes slightly fissured, dark brown, often covered with scattered white blotches. TWIGS — Round, olive-brown, enlarged at the nodes, rather slender, at first often somewhat hairy towards apei; later smooth, covered with a few fine lenticels which Income evident dur- ing f^econd year; pith small and white. EDDS — Alternate, 2-rflnked or sometimes 3-ranked, brown, naked, hairy. Terminal, lateral leaf and flower buds d:ffer in size and form. Terminal bud is much longer than the others and evidently flattened. Lateral leafbnds about J of an inch long, closely appressed to twig and located in notch on upper surface of leaf -scars. Flower-buds are lateral along the twig, spherical in outline, about 1/6 of an Inch in diameter, very hairy and dark brown; do not stand quite parallel to twig. LEAVES — Alternate, i^imple, obo rate-lanceolate, 4-12 inches long, thin, pointed at apex, tapering at base, entire on margin, when mature dark green above and paler below. In au- tumn they torn rusty yellow. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, located on enlarged projections of the twig, inclined at about an angle of 35 degrees to the twig, broadly U-shaped, almost surround bud, somewhat lighter than the twig, contain usually 5 bundle-scars which are often compounded. A ridge extends across the leaf-scar from the bud to the base of the scar. FLOWERS — Appear about April or May with the leaves but are usually located below them along the twigs. They occur solitary and axillary; are perfect, at first green, later reddish- purple, 1-1* inches wide, and borne on stout hairy stalks. FRUIT — Suggests a stubby banana. Is cylindrical, rounded, or occasionally blunt-pointed at the ends, 3-5 inches long, at flrst green, later dark-brown, pulpy, edible, contains many dark- brown, shiny, flattened seeds which are scattered throughont the flesh. WOOD — Ring-porous with a diOTuse-porous tendency; rays very numerous and distinct; heart- wood brownish; sapwood yellowish; weak, soft, weighs about 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Not used commercially. DISTINGinSHING CHARACTERISTICS — ^The Common Papaw can be recognized best in au- tumn by its unique fruit which Is very suggestive of a stubby banana. In spring the greenish- brown to reddish -purple flowers which occur solitary along the twigs and measure 1-lS inches across are also characteristic. The large, tropical-like, alternate leaves will also aid in recog- nizing it. In winter the long, slender, somewhat flattened, naked, brownish, terminal buds and the spherical flower-buds along the side of the twigs and the U-shaped leaf-scars which almost surround the buds and usually contains 5 bundle-scars, will enable one to disting^iish it. The fact that it occurs only in about the southern third of the State may also help in distinguish- ing it. RANGE — ■^^'estem New York and west central New Jersey south to Florida and west to Michigan, Kansas, and Texas. DISTRIBUTION LN PENNSYLVANIA — Locally found in small groups in practically every county of ti-o State south of a line drawn from Pittsburgh through Harrisburg and Reading to Doylestown in Bucks county. Not common anywhere but well known on account of its peculiar fruit. Usually found below altitude of 1,000 feet but in the South Mountains In Adams and Franklin counties found at 1,200 feet. HABITAT — Prefers rich moist situations. Usually found In river valleys near streams but oc- casionally pscends low fertile slopes. It may form dense thickets but in this State usually occurs solitary or in rather open groups. Occurs with other species in the understory of the forest, and is very tolerant of shade. niPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species is of no commercial Importance as a forest tree anywhere in its rouge. The fruit which it produces is of more value than Its wood. It never reaches a large size, and in addition is local and limited In its distribution. It Is, how- ever, a very attractive tree on account of its somewhat drooping tropical leaves, handsome flowers, and peculiar fralt. PLATE LXXX. COMMON PAPAW. 1. A mature leaf, x h- 2. A rtowering branch witb immature leaves, s h. 3. A fruiting branch, x J. 4. Section of a fniit showing seeds, x h. 5. A seed, natural size. G. A winter twig, x J. 7. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. PLATE LXXXI. SASSAFRAS. 1. An ovate, entire leaf, x i. 2. A glove-form leaf, x i. 3. A 3-lolied leaf, x J. 4. A Ilowt liu^ Iiraiu'li with 5. A fertil _' tl< wer, enlarged, 6. A sti-iile tiowcr. eiilargeil. 7. A fruiting brancb, x J. a. A winter twig, x *. 9. Section of a winter twig, innnature leaves. X i. 161 SASSAFRAS. Sassafras variifolium, (Salisbury) Kuntze. FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION — The Laurel family, Laoraceae, comprises about 40 genera with between 000 and 1,000 species which are confined mostly to the tropics. Six genera are found in North America, 4 of which reach tree-size. Two genera. Sassafras and Benzoin, are native to Pennsylvania. The species described on this page is the sole representa- tive in North America of the genus Sassafras, but another species is recorded from China. The sole repitsentatives in this State of the genus Benzoin is the Spice Bush (Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees.) The Spiee Bush can readily be distinguished by its small size, its aromatic and epicy twigs, its simple, entire, alternate leaves, its clusters of yellow flowers which appear before the loaves, and its scarlet fruit. FOEH — Usually reaches a height of 40 50 ft. with a diameter of 1-3 ft., but in the South may reach a height of 100 ft. witli a diameter of 2-4 feet. Trunk usually stout, short, bearing a crown with more or less contorted branches, down u^^ually flat-toi)ped or rounded, the terminal part rather dense, the lower part very open. Branches are extremely brittle. See Fig. ^0. BAB K— Roughened with shallow Assures frequently as early as the third year, hence a young tree oft?u appears old. On older trunks r.'^ddlsh-brown. deeply fissured, and flat ridged. Ridges resemble small blocks, or Ys, or Vs, and separate into thin appressed scales. Shallow, hori- zontal, and ring-like fissures sometimes almost encircle trunk. See Fig. 67. TWIGS — Usually slender except in sprouts, rather brittle, yellowish-green or sometimes red- dish, somewhat hairy, often smooth and glossy, aromatic, brittle, fall off young, covered with few- ienticels, contain large white pith. Inner bark of twigs la very mucilaginous upon being chewed. Sprouts branch freely and seedlings more sparingly. BUDS — Alternate; terminal bud present, large 1/3-3/5 of an inch long, ovate, sharp-pointed, covered with a few rather loose-fitting, slightly hairy green bod-scales with thickened veins. A few, usually 3, rather thick, loose, short, narrow scales surround terminal bud. Lateral buds are smaller, gaping, and somewhat divergent. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovale, 4-G inches long, a:ute at apex, wedge-shaped at base, entire or 2-51obod, usually smooth and dark green above and paler below. Entire, 2 lobefl, 3-lobed, and 5-lobcd ones may be found on same branch. LFAF-SCAHS — Alterncte, small, raised, semi-elliptlcal or concave, with a single, confluent, linear bundle scar. FLOWERS — Appear about May with the leaves. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers are separate. T)iey are greenish-yellow and ananged in loose drooping racemes. FRTTIT — A dark blue, shiny drupe borne on a bright red, club-shaped, fleshy stem terminated by an enlaigpd calyx i;'. which the drupe rests. Falls rather early, rarely persistent. WOOD — Ring-porous; with indistinct medullary rays; soft, very brittle, durable in contact with soil, aromatic, dull-orange brown, with thin light sapwood. Weighs 31.42 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for posts, rails, furniture, interior finishings. Often sold as Ash and Chestnut. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — ^The Sassafras, also known as Saxifrax, and Sassafrac. can be distinguished at any time of the year by its very smooth glossy bark of the twigs which is decidedly mucilaginous and aromatic. The leaves which may be entire, or 2-5-lobed and the single bundle-t^car in the leaf -scars are also characteristic. The fruit, the rough and distinctivelj fissured bark, and the brittle lateral branches are peculiar to this speciee. Once recognized it is hard to confute it with another species. RANGE — Massachusetts to Florida and west to Michigan, Kansas, and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Rather common in the eastern, southern, and western parts of the State. Rart-r in the central and northern or mountainous parts. HABITAT — Very common along fence rows, in abandoned fields, and on abandoned charcoal hearths. Prefers rich sandy loam. Rather tolerant of shade and water. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Sassafras is of little commercial importance in this State on ptcount of its limited distribution and the small size which it reaches. It is a rather picturesque trae, especially in winter. The fruit furnishes a Taluable food for birds while the wood, bark, and especially the roots, yield an aromatic oil extensively used to flavor medicine and candy, and to perfume soaps. 11 162 WITCH-HAZEL. Hamamelis virginiana, Linnaeus. FAMILT AND GE^TUS DESCRIPTION— The Witcb-hazel family. HamameUdaceae, contains obout 16 geuera with CO species of which number only 2 genera have tree representatives in North America. The 2 genera are Hamamelis and Liquidambar. Each genns is represented by a single sr<'cie>j, both native to Pennsylvania. The genus Hamamelis comprises 3 species, 2 of which are found :i eastern Asia and 1 described here. FORM — A smsll tree or shrub sometimes reaching a height of 25 ft. with a diameter of 14 inches, but usually smaller. Trunk short, bears numerous spreading, crooked branches which form a broad open bead. BABK — About 1/5 of an inch thick, light brown, somewhat mottled with light blotches: when young smocta, later scaly. Inner bark reddish-purple in color. Used for medicine, extract, and gargies. TWIGS — Zigs.ag, light brown. scurfy espi-cially near the end, white lonticels. with small light green pith, sometimes smooth and shiny. rather slender, often downy or covered "with a few, scattered. BUDS — Alternate, 2-rnuked* flattish, sometimes curved or falcate, covered with scale-like undeveloped leaves bearing dense brown hairs. Terminal buds usually sickle-shaped, about i-i of an inch long. Lateral buds few and very small. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, oval, 4-ti inches long, rounded or sometimes acute at apex, oblique at base, deutate on margin, dark green above, paler beneath; midrib and primary veins prominent. LEAF-SCAKS — Alternate, 2-ranked, semi-circular in outline with a raised margin, and contain 3 single or often compound bundle-scars which are lighter in color than the dark brown surface of the leaf-sc.ir. JLOWEKS^Appear in October and November. Bright yellow, perfect, occur in small axillary clusters, surrounded by a scale like 3-leaved involucre. Buds which produce the flowers occur in clusters of 3 on short stalks, are spherical in form, and start to develop about August in the axils of the leaves. FRUIT — Ripens in October and November at the same time that the blossoms appear. It results from blossoms of the previous year, consists of a yellowish-brown woody pod with two cells in which shiny black seeds are produced. The woody pods burst open when ripe, and propel the seed for 5 or more feet. WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays not very distinct; little difference between spring and summer wood; hard, close-grained, light brown. Weighs 42.5 lbs. per cubic foot. Not used com- mercially. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Witch-hazel can be distinguished in winter by its sickle-shaptd, brown, terminal buds, its yellowish-brown fruit in the form of a woody pod with two cells, its persis-tent remnants of the flowers on stalks and its white blotched or mottled light brown bark. In late autumn the flowers with strap-like yellow petals are characteristic. The alternate oval leaves with straight veins and oblique bases are also distinctive. It usually frequents moist rocky locations. RANGE — Neva Scotia and Ontario, south to Florida, and west to Minnesota and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— No doubt found in every county of the State. Reported and observed in more than one-half of the counties, located in every part of the State. This is the most common and widely distributed small tree or shrub in Pennsylvania. HABITAT — Usually found in moist rocky situations. Common along streams, in swamps, and on the borders of ponds and lakes. Occasionally ascends slopes to rather dry locations. Tolerant of shjde, hence often found in the understory of the forest. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species is of no commercial importance because it remains too small and produces inferior wood. No records are available which show that a single board foot has ever been on the market. It is. however, a very interesting small tree because it holds a unique position in that it blossoms late in autumn when many other trees have shed their leaves and are prepared for winter. It may be protected in situations where it does not interfere with the growth or utilization of more valuable species. No special efforts are necessary to insure an abundant future supply. PLATE LXXXII. WITCH-HAZEL. 1. A flowering and fruiting branch, s J. 2. Longitudinal section of a tiower, enlarged. 3. A fruit, natural size. 4. A branch witb mature leaves, x J. 5. A winter twig, natural size. 6. Section of a winter branch, enlarged. PLATE LXXXIII. SWEET GUM. 1. A flowering branch showing immature leaves, i ^. A winter twig, s i. (s) staminate flowers, (p) pistillate flowers, 5. Section of a winter twig, eDlarged. X i. 6. Section of a branch with corky projections, 2. A branch with mature leaves, x i. x i. 3. A spherical fruit, x i. I 163 SWEET GUM. Liquidambar Stryaciflua, Linnaeus. GENUS DESCRIPTION — This genus comprises 3 species, 2 of which are found in Asia and 1 in North Amorita. Thf latter is native to a small portion of southeastern Pennsylvania. A few fossil forms ure also known. The generic name, Liquida'mbar, is a mongrel, the fore part of which is of Latin origin and means liquid and the latter part of Arabic origin and means amber In allusion to the fragrant juice of the tree. FOHM — A large forest tree usually from 50-75 ft. high with a diameter of 2-3 ft., but may reach a heignt of 150 ft. with a diameter of 4-5 feet. In the forest the trunk is tall, clean, slightly tapering, and bears a narrow head. In open grown trees the trunk is short, bearing rather regular spreading branches which form a symmetrical and rather conical crown. BARK — On old trunks grayish-brown, 1-li inches thick, deeply furrowed separating broad scaly ridges. On younger trunks thinner and dark gray. TWIGS — Uather stout, obscurely angular, at flrst rusty hairy, later smooth, light brown to dark reddish-brown, roughened by raised leaf-scars and scattered, dark, raised lenticels and after the second season often by corky-wluged projections of the bark. Pith rather large, angular, a nd very light brown. BUDS — AUernate, more than 2-rauked, ovate to conical, blunt-pointed to sharp-pointed, glossy, rich reddish-brown, fratrrant when crushed, covered with about 6 visible ovate scales which have a short-pointed apex, downy margin, and a rounded back. Lateral buds are sometimes accessory. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, star-shaped, 3-5 inches long, broader than long; base at right angles to stalk or slightly heart-shaped; margin serrate, with 5-7 sharp-pointed divisions; when mature bright green ind shiny above, paler below. Leaf-stalks long and round. LEAF-SCARS^Alternate, more than 2- ranked, raised, slightly inclined to twig, crescent- shaped or broadly heart-shaped, with a dark surface, containing 3 circular bundle-scars which -ire white on the perii>!iery and dark in the center. FLOWERS — Appear about April when leaves are partly developed. Staminate flowers green, borne in teimlnal racemes, 2-3 inches long, covered with rusty hairs. Pistillate flowers green, occur in headi* borne on long stalks originating in the axils of leaves. FRUIT — A long-stalked spherical head made up of many capsules which have a spiny appear- ance, about 1-li inches in diameter . persists far into winter. Individual capsules often filled with sawdust-like material which consists of abortive seeds. WOOD — Diffuse-porou^i; rays distinct; rather heavy, hard, with interlocked grain, somewhat difficult to work, reddish-browu with dark streaks, sapwood wide and white. Weighs 36.83 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for boxes, crate?, furniture, interior finish, and extensively as a substi- tute for Circassian Walnut. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Sweet Gum, also known as Bilsted, Red Gum, and Liiiuiuambnr, can be reco^'ui/.ed by its fruit which is in the form of a spine-like h&ad suspended on a long sUuder stalk. The fruit often persists far into winter. The corky-winged projections on the bark of the branchlets are also characteristic. The Bur Oak, a native species, and the Cork Elm, an introduced species, also have this characteristic. The star-shaped leaves, reddish-brown twigs, and leaf -scars with their bundle-scars are distinctive. It is native only to the extreme southeastern part of the State, but rather commonly planted in other parts. RANGE — Southern Connecticut south to Florida and west to Ohio, Missouri, and Texas, and southward to Guatemala. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Found only in the extreme southeastern part of the State. Reported from Bucks, Philadelphia, and Delaware counties. HABITAT — It prefers deep rich soil such as will produce White Oak, Hickory, and Yellow Poplar. Does not tolerate shade, hence almost invariably found in the open or in even-aged stands. On account of its intolerance one seldom finds it as regeneration on the forest floor. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — ^This species attains a large size and produces fairly valuable wood but it usually requires soil adapted to agriculture or which will grow more valuable trees such as White Oak. White Ash, Hickory, and Yellow Poplar. It hardly pays to propagate this species artificially in thi? State and it is too limited in its distribution to regenerate it by natural means. It is a very attractive ornamental tree. 164 THE ROSE FAMILY— ROSACEAE. This is one of the largest families of plants. It comprises about 100 genera with about 1,500 species, many representatives of which are native to North America. The flora of Pennsylvania comprises about 30 genera -with more than 100 species. The members of this family comprise trees, shrubs, and herbs. They have a world-wide distribution. A few of the trees are impor- tant on account of the timber which they produce while many are important on account of the valuable fruit which they yield. Most of our common and well known fruit trees belong to this family. Many of its shrubs are common and most attractive. The leaves of the representatives of this family are simple or com- pound and always alternate, never opposite. The flowers are per- fect, showy, and open in spring or early summer. Many species have very fragrant and attractive flowers. The fruit matures in one sea- son and is variable in form and structure. It may be in the form of achenes, follicles, pomes, or drupes. Some species like the Cherries, Plums, and Peaches have fruits which are edible and well known. Their pulp is usually juicy, sweet or bitter, sometimes astringent, and covers a hard-shelled round or flat seed. On account of the palatable nature of most of the fruits they are readily eaten by man, birds, and wild animals. The seeds are not injured by passing through the alimentary canal of animals and hence may be thus widely dispersed. The wood in many .species is valuable but in our flora all but one species remain too small to be of any commercial value. Of the large number of genera and species found in Pennsylvania only 9 species belonging to 4 different genera are described below. In addition to these a few other genera have well-known representa- tives. The Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius, (L.) Maxim.), is a common shrub throughout the State along rocky banks of streams. It is the only representative of its genus in Pennsylvania. The Strawberries belonging to the genus Fragaria have a few common representatives. The Raspberries. Blackberries, and Dewberries, be- longing to the genus Rnhus, have about 20 species native to this State. The Wild Roses, belonging to the genus Rosa, have at least 7 species native to the State. In addition to these there are many herbaceous species. KEY TO THE GENERA. Page. 1. Unbranched thorns piesent on twigs, sitnate at the nodes Cratae^s 170 1. Thoras not present on twigs 2 2. Fruit a drape; pistil one; twig with characteristic taste and odor, asaally covered with horizontally -elongated lenticels, Pnmus 165 2. Fruit a pome; pistils more than one usually 3-5; twigs with a different character- istic taste, without horizontally-elongated lenticels 3 3. Cavities of the ovary same number as the styles; bads not narrow-conical and not greenish-3 cllow, Pyrus 172 3. Cavities of the ovary becoming twice the number of the styles; bads narrow-conical and greenish-yellow Amelanchier 174 1 165 THE PLUMS AND CHERRIES— PRUNUS , (Tourn.) Linnaeus. This genus comprises about 90 species well distributed over the north temperate zone and locally in the tropics. A large number of the representatives are found in North America. Seven species are native to Pennsylvania and 4 foreign species have been extensively naturalized. Only 4 of the native species are described on the fol- lowing pages. The other native species are Porter's Plum (Prunus alleghaniensis), Appalachian Cherry (Prunus cuneata), and the Sand Cherry (Prunus pumila). Among the introduced species which have been cultivated exten- sively are the Domestic or Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium), the Sour Cherry (Prunus Cerasus), the Perfumed Cherry (Prunus Mahaleb), and the Peach (Prunus Persica). The latter was introduced from Asia and the others from Europe. SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES. 1. Flowers in racemeH terminating leafy branches, hence appearing after the leaves 2 1. Flowers in umbels developing from lateral buds before or with the leaves 3 Page. 2. Leaves thicliish, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate with short incurved stout teeth: inner bark aromatic P. serotina 166 2. Leaves rather thin, oval to obovate, short-pointed, very sharply serrate with some- what spreading slender teeth; inner bark with a rank disagreeble odor, P. virginiana 167 3. Flowers small; fruit small, borne in clusters: branches not thorny or armed, P. pennsylvanica 168 3i Flowers large; fruit large borne singly; branches often thorny or armed, P. americaaa 169 WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES. 1. Terminal bnds absent P. americana 169 1. Terminal buds present, 2 , 2. Buds clustered at the tips of the twigs; twigs rather slender usually less than 1/16 of an Inch In th.d-.ness P. pennsylvanica 168 2. Buds rarely clust-?refl and if clustered only on stubby lateral spurs; twigs relatively stout, usually over 1/16 of an inch in thickness 3 3. Medium to large tree; bark on old trunks black and rough; buds relatively small with liniformly-colcred scales sharp-pointed at apes, P. serotina 166 3. Small tree to shrub; bark on old trunks brown and rather smooth; buds relatively large with grayish-margined scales rounded at the apex P. virginiana 167 166 WILD BLACK CHERRY. Prunus serotina, Ehrhart. FOEM— TJsnallj- reacLps a height of 50 75 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft., but may attain a height of 110 ft. witli a diameter of 5 feet. In forest grown specimens the trnnk is usually long, clean, and with little taper, while in open grown specimens it is usually short. Crown rather irregularly-oblong, BARE — On young tn;nks (Fig. 90) rather smooth, glossy, reddish-brown, marked with conspicuous white hori7ontally-elongated lenticels; peels oft in thin fllm-like layers, and exposes greenish inner bark. On old trunks (Fig. 97) blackish, roughened by thick irregular plates with projecting edges. TWIGS — Smooth, rather slender, reddish-brown, marked with numerous, pale, round lenticels which In time becom'- horizontally-elongated: pith white or light brown. Often covered with a thin, fllm-like, grayish coating which rubs off readily. Inner bark has a characteristic bitter taste and a rather pleasant odor. BUSS — Alternate, about 1/81/6 of an inch long, ovate, usually sharp-pointed, smooth, glossy, reddish-brown, covered by about 4 visible ovate bud-scales which are sometimes coated with a smoky or grayish film-like skin. l.ateral bud." usually divergent but sometimes appressed, flattened, and larger than the terminal. LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oblong or lanceolate-oblong. 2.5 inches long, tapering or rounded at base, tapor-pointed at apex, serrate on margin with short Incurved teeth, rather thick and shiny above, paler beneath. IiEAF-SCAES — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, raised on projections of the twig, semi- elliptical tendency in outline, with 3 bundle-scars. FLOWEHS — Appear in May or June: white, perfect, about } of an inch across, borne in elongated drooping racemes 3-4 Inches long. FEUIT — A purplish black juicy drupe, 5-J of an inch in diameter, arranged in rather open drooping clusters; seed stony. Matures In summer. WOOD — Diffuse-porous: rays very distinct: heartwnod reddish-brown: sapwood narrow and yellowish: moderately heavy, hard and strong, fine-grained, does not warp or split in seasoning. Young wocd is very durable. Its value is due to color and lustre and not to figure. Weighs 36.28 lbs. per cubic foot. Used principally in fnmlturc and finish; also used for tools like spirit levels, implements, patterns, cores, and for high class panels. DISTIJfGinSHING CKAHACTEKISTICS— The Wild Black Cherry, also known as Wild Cherry. Knci Cherry, Black Cherry, and Cabinet Cherry, may be distinguished from our other native species by it.? larger size and hy the rough, dark, scaly bark which is found on the older trunks. For furth.^r distinguishing characteristics sec Choke Cherry, page 107, and Fire Cherry, page 168. The Introduced Domestic Cherry (Prunus avium) can be distinguished from this one by its stouter often grayish tivigs. its smoother and shinv hark (Fig. 98) with conspicuous long and high lenticels and its clustered buds at the tips of" stubby, lateral, spur- like branches. The fruit of the Domestic Cherry is larger than that of our native cherries and the leaves have rocnded teeth often with glands and are frequently slightly pubescent on the lower side. RANGE — Xova Scotia south to Florida, westivard to South Dakota. Kansas, and Texas. DISTEIBBTION IN PtNUSYLVAlflA— Found throughout the State. Bather common but nowhere very abundint. Usually occurs solitary in mixture with other species. HABITAT— Thrives best on rich alluvial soil and fertile slopes. It will grow on dry and often rather sterile slcpes. On account of its long tap-root it requires loose deep soil. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— This is a very important timber tree. Its wood is valuable especially for furnifjre and interior finish. Nowhere in Its range has It ever been very abundant and on account of Its prized wood it has been cut extensively. As a consequence it is now becom- ing rare, iu fact marching towards extinction. It deserves to be planted extensively and to be protected carefully where it is found growing naturally. PLATE LXXXIV. WILD BLACK CHERRY. 1. Section of a flowering branch, x *. 2. A fruiting branch, x J. 3. Section of a fruit, enlarged. 4. A winter twig, natural size. 5. Section ot a winter twig, enlarged. PLATE LXXXV. CHOKE CHERRY. 1. A tlnweriag luanch. x i. 2. A fruiting branch, x h. 3. Section of a fruit, enlarged. 4. A winter twig, natural size. 5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. 167 CHOKE CHERRY. Prunus virginiana, Linnaeus. FORM — A small tree rarely exceeding 25 ft. in belght with a diameter of 8 inches. It reaches its largest size in the southern part of its geographical range. BARK — On young trunks smooth, shiny, brownish, peels off easily in thin film-like layers and t'xro-^es the green inner bark. On older trunks about 2/5 of an inch thick, dark grayish, slightly rough-'ned by shallow fissures. Inner layers of the bark have a very disagreeable odor. TWIGS — Rather stout, usually smooth, light brown to reddish-brown, covered with numerons, conspicuous, dull yellowish lenticels which are not evidently horizontally-elongated; pith white. Bruised twigs "have a disagreeable odor. BUDS — Alternate, about 1/G of an inch long, conical to ovate, smooth, sharp-pointed, brownish, covered with abcut (J-8 visible and closely overlapping scales. Lateral buds are often rather divergent and larger than the terminal. LEAVES — .Alternate, simple, oval, oblong or obovate. 2-4 Inches long, tapering or rounded at base, abruptly pointed at apex, sharply serrate on margin with slender teeth, rather thin, bright green above, paler below. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, somewhat raised on projections of twigs with a tendci;cy to become elliptical in outline. Bundle-scars 3 In number. FLOWERS — Appear about May when the leaves are fully developed. They are perfect, white, ii of an inch across, arranged in many-flowered drooping racemes, 3-6 inches long. FRiriT— A red to lark crimson juicy drupe, about i of an inch in diameter, arranged In rather open drooping clusters. Seed smooth and stony. Fruit Is harsh and astringent. WOOD — Similar to that of the Wild Black Cherry, only heavier and of no commercial im- portance. Not found on the market. Weighs 43.32 lbs. per cubic foot. DISTrNGUISHTNG CHARACTERISTICS— The Choke Cherry can be distinguished from the Wild Black Cherry l)y its smaller size, smoother and browner outer bark and an inner bark with a mere disagreeable odor, as well as by its thinner and sharper serrate leaves with somewhat spreading slender teeth. The leaves of the Wild Black Cherry are thicker and moder- ately serrate with somewhat spreading slender teeth. The buds of the Wild Black Cherry are smaller and have rather uniformly -colored scales with a sharp apes while the buds of this species have grayish-margined scales with a rounded apex. This tree can be distinguished from the Fire Cherry by the absence of clustered terminal buds, by its stouter twigs, and by its flowers which are borne in a raceme while those of the Fire Cherry are borne in umbels. It can be distinguished from both the Wild Black Cherry and the Fire Cherry by its buff- colored lenticels which do not elongate horizontally. RANGE — Newfoundland to Manitoba, southward to Georgia and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Locally throughout the State but nowhere abundant. Most common In the mountainous and southeastern parts. HABITAT — Frtquently fouud in thickets, in open woo' PLATE LXXXVI. FIRE CHERRY. 1. A flowering branch, k i. 2. A fruiting branch with mature leaves, x i. 3. Section of a fruit, enlarged. 4 A winter twig, natural size. 5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. PLATE LXXXVII. WILD PLUM. 1. A flowering branch, x \. 2. A fruiting lir;ini-li. x '. 3. Section of a fmit, natural size. 4. A winter twig, x \. 5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. 169 WILD PLUM. Prunus americana, Marshall. FOBU A small tree from 9-30 ft. high with a iiameter of 6-12 inches. Trunk short, bearing many wide-spreading, often drooping branches foiniing a deep and rather broad crown. BAEK At first with a smooth grayish-brown birk, later becoming rough like the Wild Cherry by breaking up Into thin dark brown plates. TWIGS — Bather stoat, at first hairy and light green, later smooth and reddish-brown, covered with a few rODCdish Ituticels. Twigs often bear numerous spurUke spines. BUDS^Alternate; terminal one absent; about J of an inch' long, broadly conical, sharp- pointed, brown, covered with numerous triangular scales which are pale and hairy along the margin. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, lJ-4 Inches long, narrowly obovate. taper-pointed at apes, usually rounded at base, sharply and doubly serrate on margin, firm, dark green, and rough ibove, paler and hairy below. LEAF-SCAiS — Alternate, more than 2 ranked, broadly crescent shaped, with 3 conspicuous bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Appear about May when the leaves are i developed. They are perfect, white, 1 Inch across, occur on slender smooth stalks arranged in 2-5-flowered umbels. FHTriT Matures In late summer or early autumn. It is a snbglobose drupe becoming red at full maturity, about 1 Inch In diameter, with a thick tough skin and a flattened oval stone. WOOD— Diffuse-porous; hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, reddish-brown, shiny, with thin sapwood. Weighs about 46 lbs. per cuttle foot. DISTINGTnSHING CHARACTEEISTICS — The Wild Plum also known as the Wild Yellow Plum and Red Plum, can be distinguished from the other members of this genus here described by the abtenee of a teiminal bud. by the characteristic bitter aromatic taste of the twigs and by its red globose fruit about 1 inch in diameter, covered with a thick tough skin and containing a smooth oval flattened stone. Another species of Plum known as Porter's Plum or Sloe (Prunus nlleghanieusis). is native to this State. It is distinguished by its purple fruit which is usually covered with a bloom, rarely over i of an inch in diameter and seldom spiny. RANGE New York soutli to Florida, westward to Montana, Colorado, and Texas. DISTRIBTTTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Found locally throughout the State. Most common In the southeastern and southern parts, present but rarer in other parts. HABITAT Prefers rather moist rich soil. Common along banks of streams and borders of woods. IMPORTANCE OF IKE SPECIES — This small tree is of no commercial importance on account of the limber which it produces, but it forms an excellent stock upon which to graft the Domestic Plum. It responds very readily to the attention which a gardener may give to It. The fruit U used for preserves and Jellies. It is attractive ornamentally on account of its fine form, beautiful foliage, and profusion of attractive flowers. 17Q COCKSPUR THORN. Crataegus Crus-galli, Linnaeus. GEKtrS DESCEIPTION— The gonns Cratacgns has the center of its distrlbation In eastern North Ampr>a. It re.iclies its best develorment in the great limestone formations rather common in this part of America. Prior to 1900 fewer than 75 species were known in the world of which niimbfr iibont 30 were native to North America. At the present time about 700 species of trees and shrubs belonging to this genns 'have been described. In the SJate of New Yo-li alone 21P species have been described. Porter in his Flora of Pennsylvania published In 1903 records 16 species as native to this State. Only 2 species are described in this bulletin because they are practically of no commercial importance and very difficult to identify. FORM — A small tree sometimes reaching, a height of 25 ft. with a diameter of 10 12 inches. Tmnk short, bearing stout and spreading branches which form a broad and rather flat crown. BABK — Grajish to reddish-brown, sometimes roughened by small scales. TWIGS— Smooth, rather slender, at flrst greenish, later light brown to gray, usually bearing straight or slightly curved and unbranched chestnut-brown thorns about 3 inches long. BUBS Alternate, i of an inch long, often almost spherical, very blnnt-polnted; terminal bnd usuplly present and about the same slie as the laterals. I.ateral aeces.sory buds are often found at the base of a tliorn. Bods are covered with numerous, thick, blunt-pointed, cbestnot- brown scales. lEAVXS Alternate, simple, obovate to elliptical, 1-3 inches long, long-tapering at base, rounded or short-pointed at apei, sharply serrate on margin except towards base; smooth, thick, and shiny on the upper surface when full grown. Petioles short and broad. LEAF-SCAES — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, small, crescent-shaped, containing 3 bundle- scars. FLOWEES — .Appear oboni Jnne when leaves arc fully developed. They arc perfect, white, about 5 of an inch across and arranged in smooth corymbs. FBTJIT Ripens alx>nt September but persists into winter. A globose or pear-like pome, about 2/5 of an inch long, greenish or dull red, with persistent calyx lobes at apex, containing small nutlets which are rounded at the ends and 2-3 grooved on the back. WOOD DitTuse-porous; rays very Inconspicuous; growth rings variable In width and wavy; heavy, hard, reddish-brown, close-grained. Weighs about 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts and fuel. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— Tl'.c Cinkspiir Thorn. sniii-tlnins nNo known :s Newcastle Thorn, Thorn Apple. Thorn. Hawthorn, and Haw, can best be recognized by its long, usually unbranched chestnut brown thorns, its small nearly spherical buds, its obovate to elliptical leaves with short and Battened petoles. its flowers which are arranged in corymbs, and its bright, scarlet, arple-like frnit which often persists far Into winter. RANGE — Sontbern Canada southward through Connecticut and Virginia to northern Georgia, westward to Michigan, Missouri, and Alabama. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSTIVANIA— Common in the eastern and southern parts of the State. Local in the other parts. HABITAT — Common on sandy and gravelly soil. Most frequent on the foothills. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species Is of no commercial importance as a forest tree. It is, however, an attractive small tree which has been planted rather extensively for ornamental purposes. II is very variable in its form, leaves, flowers, and fruit. It has been planted as a hedge and in some cases has proved equal to the general requirements. The thorns were formerly used to close woolen sacks In carding mills. .« k I y...-1-fv Si iU - PLATE LXXXVIII. COCKSPUR THORN. 1 A tlr.wering hrancli, x I. I. LongitiKlinal section of a flower, natural size. 3. A fruiting lirancli. x \. 4. Seotiou of a fruit, s \. 5. A winter twig, natural size. 6. Section of a brancli slinwinff tliorus with buds at their bases, enlarged. PLATE LXXXIX. SCARLET HAWTHORN. 1. A Uuweiins branch, x i. 1'. I.oiifxituilinal section of a flo\v<_'r, natural size. 2. A fhiitini; branch, s I. i. Section of a fruit, s h. a. A wintor twig with a thorn, x J. 6. Serti.'u 111" a winter twig showing a thorn and a bud bv its base, slightly enlarged. 171 SCARLET HAWTHORN. Crataegus coccinea, Linnaeus. rORM — A small tree rarely exceeding a hGlj,'ht of 20 _ f t. with a diameter of 10 inches. Trunk short, stout, bearing rather crooked spreading branches which form a broad and flat crown. BABK — Itather thin, light brown to ashy-gray, in time roui;hened by shallow fissures sepa- rating small RCflles. » TWIGS — Stiff, round in cross-section, at first greenish, later reddish, brownish or grayish, j: lossy, arnu-d with slender usually straiglit, brown, glossy spines about 2 inches long. BUDS — Alternate, about i of an inch loug, often almost spherical, very blunt-pointed, covered witU numerous, thick, blunt-pointed, chestnut-brown scales. Terminal bud usually present and about same size as laterals. Lateral accessory buds are often found at the base of a thorn. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, broadly ovate, 1-5 inches long, rough-pubescent, tapering, round-^d or truncate at base, often slightly 5-9-lobed or deeply cut and finely serrate on margin, pointed at apex. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, small, crescent-shaped, containing 3 bundle- scars. FLOWERS — Appear about June when leaves are almost fully developed. They are perfect, wUitc. '1 inch across, with disagre<_'able odor, arranged in few-llowered corymbs and borne or, hairy and slender stalks. FRUIT — Ripens in September or October and is arranged in small umbels, A subglobose to ellipsoidal pome, yellowish-greea, later dark reddish-brown, pubescent, about 2/5 of an inch thick, crowned with calyx lobes; containing usually 3-4 nutlets. WOOD — Similar to that of the Cockspur Thorn, page 170, only heavier and more valuable, Vsed for canes, napkin rings, engraving blocks, rulers. The wood is of a high quality, taking a Hne polish but the troe is small and scarce. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Scarlet Hawthorn, also known as White Thorn, Scarlet Fruited Thorn, Thorn, Thorn Apple, and Hawthoin, can be distinguishel by its broadly ovate leaves and reddish -brown globose fruit, both of which are pubescent. The leaves are 5-9-lobed or deeply cut and finely serrate. The small nearly spherical chestnut-brown buds and the slender usually straight thorns on the branches will aid in distinguishing it from most of our native species of trees. It is next to impossible to distinguish all the species of the genus Crataegus from each other. RANGE — Eaetern Massachusetts and Vermont, southward through New York and Pennsylvania to Norta Cnrollna. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSTLVANIA— Found throughout the State. Not so abundant in the northern and southwestern parts as elsewhere. HABITAT — Usually found in rocky woods and old pastures with sandy or gravelly soil. Rather common along fences, IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species is of no commercial importance in the forest. It is. however, attrartive on account of its flowers, autumnal color of its foliage, and the color of its persistent fruit. 172 AMERICAN CRAB APPLE. Pyrus coronaria, Linnaeus. GENirS DESCRIPTION — This genns embraces about 40 species of small trees and shniba which inhabit the north temperate zone. About 10 species are native to North America and G to Pennsjlvania. No important timber trees are members of this genus but some of our important fruit trees like the Apples and Pears belong here. Both our Common Pear and Common Apple have been introduced from Europe. Some authors make a distinct genus, Malus. for the Apples and another one, Sorbus, for the Mountain Ashes. Both are included under Pyru." in this publication. FOKM — A imflll tr3e which may attain a height of 25 ft. with a diameter of 14 inches. Trunk usually short and bearing rather* slender, spreading, and crooked branches which form a rather broad round- topped crown. BABK — Up to i of PU inch thick, reddish-brown, roughened by longitudinal furrows which separate low ridges often covered with scales. TWIGS Rather stout, at first white-woolly, later smooth, reddish -brown, after first year bearing stubby spurs or sometimes sharp spines. BUDS — Alternate, about i-} of an inch long, bright red. blunt-pointed or on vigorous terminal shoots sharp-pointed and carved, covered with 4-8 visible scales. LEAVES Alternate, simple, ovate or elliptical. 3-4 inches long, usually rounded at base, sharp-pointed at apex, sharply serrate on margin, usually smooth, dark green above, pale green below. Stipules long, falling early. XEAF-SCARS — Alternate, raised on projection of twigs, crescent-shaped; with usually 3 conspicuous bundle-scars. FLOWERS Appear in May or June when the leaves are almost fully developed. Perfect, fragrant, rcsy-white, about U-2 inches across, arranged in umbel-like cymes. The fiowers as a whole resemble those of the Common Apple. FSiriT Ripens about October. Pome or apple like, borne on long slender stalks, depressed- globose, l-li inches ip diameter, crowned with persistent caly^ lobes and filaments, yellowish- green, fragrant. The flesh is clear and heavily charged with bitter malic acid. Seeds chestnut- brown and shiny. WOOD Diffuse-porous; rays not distinct; hard, heavy, light reddish-brown. Weighs about 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for carving, engraving, tool handles, and some turned articles. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The American Crab Apple closely resembles our cultivated apple only the leaves of the former are smoother, the flowers more brilliant red, and the fruit smaller and very bitter. The fruit often persists far into winter and does not rot readily. It can be distinguished from the ^'losely related Narrow leaved Crab Apple (Pyrus angustifolia. Ait.) by Its persistent calyx-lobes vn the fruit, and by its ovate leaf-blades while those of the latter are usually lanceolate. RANGE — Ontario south through South Carolina to Alabama, west to Michigan, Missouri, and northern Louisiana. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common in the southwestern part of the State. Local outposts reported from the central and western parts of the State. Peter Ealm, a pupil of Linnaeus, who travele-1 ia America in 1753, reported this species "plentiful in Pennsylvania." HABITAT — Usoally found in thickets and open woods where rich moist soil is present. Probably occurs most frequently on little hill-tops near streams and ponds. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species is of no commercial importance as a forest tree. It rarely exceeds 25 ft. in height. The fruit Is used for Jellies and for cider. It Is a most attractive ornamental tiet: on account of its thowy and fragrant flowers produced In great profusion. PLATE XC. AMERICAN CRAB APPLE. 1. A iluwerinf? branch, x i. 2. Li»n«ituy its alternate couipouud leaves with 13-17 sessile leaflets which are conspicuously toothed. The flat-topped cymei of white flowers measuring about 3-4 finches across, and the bright red fruit about the size of a pea and arranged in flat-topped clusters are characteristic. The stout g.-ayisL t" reddish-brown twig with conspicuous pale lenticels and the purplish-red, sharp pointed, somewhat gummy and usually smooth alternate buds are also characteristic. RANGE— Xcwfound'.r.nd westward to Manitoba and Iowa, southward in the mountains to North Carolina. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Limited to the mountainous region of the State. A line drawn from the western part of Tioga county south to Somerset county and thence north- east to Monroe county will include the general distribution of this species. HABITAT— Prefers moisl or rocky hillsides. Often found on the border of streams and locally common on rocky hillsides. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species is of no commercial importance. It rarely exceeds a height of £0-lr- ft. with a diameter -if 12-15 inches, it is rather attractive and de- sen-es to be planted for ornamental purposes. Its attractive ornamental features are its form, broad cyme-like clusters of white flowers, and its bright red clusters of fruit which ripen in autumn. 174 SHAD BUSH. Amelanchier canadensis, (Linnaeus) Mendicus. GENUS DESCRIPTION — The genus Amelanchier comprises about 30 species of small trees and shrubs found mainly iu the temperate portion of the northern hemisphere. About 23 species are found in North Am*?rica, 6 of which attain tree-size. Four species are native to Pennsylvania, only 1 of which attains tree-size. FORM A small tree usually 10-25 ft. in height with a rtiamt-tor of G-12 inHu-s I'Ut may ri-iu-h a height of 40 ft. with a diameter of 20 inches. Trunk usually straight, slender, with little taptr, hearing a shallow, and narrow rrown appenriiig vt-ry dense on account of ai»und;tnt titi'- sprays of branchlets. BARK — Rather smooth on young and old specinaeos. On older specimens there Is a tendency to roughen through shallow, longitudinal, som^'ziraes diagonal fissures which are rather dark and separate broad, lighter, and smooth ridges becoming scaly near the base. TWIGS Slender, somewhat zigzag, bright green to purplish-brown, smooth or often overlaid with a grayish film-like coating which peels off; covered with a few, pale, scattered lenticels; pith small, greenish, angular. BUDS — Alternate, usually 2-ranked, slender, conical, J i of an inch long. 3-4 times as long as broad, sharp-poiuti'd, greenish-brown often I'nged with purple, sometimes smooth often hairy towards apex a:\d along bud-scalos. Terminal buds longer than lateral which are usually appiessed close to twig, sometimes rem-iining verj- small. Bud-scales largest near base, often 3-nerved, darker and finely hairy along margin. LEAVES — Alternat-^. simple, ovate to ovate-oblong, 3-4 Inches long sharp-pointed at apex, round or heart-shaped at base, finely and sharply serrate on margin, at first finely hairy, later smooth, dark gretu above, paler below. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, usually 2-ranked, small, inconspicuous, rather linear with projection at bundle-SCO rs which are large and 3 in number. FLOWERS — Appear about April when leaves are just starting to develop; large, white, per- fect, stalked, arranged in drooping racemes 3-5 inches long, FRUIT Matures In June or July. Berry-like in racemes, reddish-purple, with a bloom when fully ripe, about i of an inch in diameter, sweet, and containing small seeds. WOOD — DJIfuse-porous; rays numerous, indistiaot, dark brown often touched with red; heavy, hard, strong, checks and warps easily-, very susceptible to high polish. Weighs 48.85 lbs. per cubic foot. Usee: to a liuiitt-d extent, mainly in rurnery. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Shad Bash, also known as Service Berry, June Berry, and Sarvice, can reiidily be distinguished in winter by its smooth grayish often black- streaked bark and its lung, slender, conical, sharp-pointed, greenish -brown to purplish buds which are often finely hairy towards tlie apex and along the margin of the scales. The buds, in form and to some extent in size resemble the Beech but the buds of tha Beech are usually larger, clear reddish-brown in color and have from 10-20 scales arranged in 4 rows. The twigs of the Beech are shiniug reddish-brown while those of the Shad Bush are usually bright green to grayish or purplish-brown. The stipule scars are absent on the Shad Bush while they nearl(|r encircle the twig of the Bee'^h. The large white flowers arranged in drooping racemes 3-5 inches long are also characteristic. The leaves and the fruit will aid in distinguishing it in summer. RANGE — Newfoundland and Ontario, southward to Florida, westward to Kansas and Louisiana. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Found in every portion of the State. Most abundant among the mountain ranges. HABITAT — Oceurs solitary or occasionally in clumps. Prefers open situations and moist soil, but also grows on sandy rather sterile soil. Common along the border of forests, banks of streams, forest roads, and cliffs. Small specimens common in the understory of our hardwood forests. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species is of littie commercial importance because its wood is rarely used. It will always be a minor species not on account of the inferiority of its wood but on acco.mt of its small size and limited and scattered distribution. The wood is actually stronger and stiffer than White Oak. Its conspicuous white flowers in early spring before the leaves are out justify its retention in the forest, especially where it does not inter- fere with the growth of other more valuable trees. The berries are excellent food for birds, beasts, and man. ^^^\ PLATE XCII. SHAD BUSH. 1. A flowering branch, x }. 2. Longitudinal section of a flower, enlarged. 3. A fruiting branch with mature leaves, s i. 4. Section of a fruit, enlarged. 5. A winter twig, natural size. 6. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. PLATE XCIII. BUTTONWOOD. 1. A flowering branch, x i. 2. A head of flowers with most of the' flowers removed, s 4. 3. A staminate flower, enlarged. 4. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 5. A fruiting branch with mature leaves, s J. 6. An aebene, enlarged. 7. A winter twig with two heads of fruit, s I. S. Section of a twig showing a subpetiolar bud, i i. 9. Section of a twig showing a stipule, natural size. 10. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. 175 BUTTONWOOD. Platanus occidentalis, Linnaeus. FAMILY AND GENITS DESCRIPTION— Xlie I'lane Tree family, Platanaceae, comprises only 1 genus, ri:itaDus, with about 7 siiecies, 3 vi •.vUich are native to the United States and 1 to Pi'iiu^ylvaDia. In addition to the 1 species native to tUis State, the Old World Plane Tree (Platanus orientalia L.) is very comiuouly planted as a shade tree in the eastern states. FORM — fsiially attains a hoipht of 7ii-]2r> ft., but may rfac-h a h.ML'Iit of 1-10-170 ft. with a diameter of 30-11 feet. It is the most massive of the deciduous trees of North America. Trunk Ui^ually branches near the base Into beavy sub-trunks, Vihich subdivide and form a very deep, wide-spreading, rather open, and Irregular crown. ^ BARK — On old trunkn rather thick, rigid, roughened by st.sUow Assures separating broad lidges which peel off mtc thin dark brown scales. On youug trcnks and upper parts of old ones it peels oCC spontaneously into large thin plates exposing a whitish, yellowish, or a greenish inner bark. This mottled inner bark is characteristic, but rarely found near the ground. See Fig. 57. TWIGS — Rather stout, zigzag, at flrst green and pubescent, later brownish to gray and iimoolli, decurrently ridged, enlarged at the nodes, marked by numerous, small, pale lenticels, fni.irt.led by stipule-scars. Pith wide and white. BUDS — Alternate; terminal bud absent; sub-petlolar, surrotisdcd by base of leaf -stalk or leaf- j-<;in^, i-l of an inch long, conical, dull-pointed, very divergent from section of branch above rrid slightly from section below, covered with 3 scales, the outer one of which is sanooth, shining, reddish-brown, the middle green and gumoy. and the Inner pubescent. LEAVES — -AUernate. simido, broadly ovate, 3-5-Iobed, toothed on margin, 4-10 inches across, bright green above, jtale green and white woolly below. Petioles about 2 inches long, round, with enhirged hollow bases. Stipnles 1* inches long, conspicuous, encircling twig. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-raiiked, unequal in width, have a wavy outer margin, nearly »-ncircle the buds at enlarged nodes of branches, fcrni an angle of about GO degrees with the section of branch belo-.r, contain 5-10 bundle-scars which are arranged in a curved line and <.f<.-ur singly or in gioJips. FLOWERS — Appear m dense heads with the leaves in May. Staminate and pistillate flower heads occur on different stalks. Staminate are nsillary and dark red; pistillate terminal, greenish and often tinged with red. FRUIT — Matures in October. Occurs solitary o;- rarely in 2s in brown heads about 1 inch in diameter suppendea from a slender stalk. Heads often persist far into winter and are 'oiiipn'.ed of n^uny hairy aclienos at;out rj of an Inch -long. ■WOOD — Uiffuse-porous; rays conspicuously broad; pores minute; hard, difficult to split, reddish-brow r with light to (yellowish eapwood. Weighs 35.39 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in the manufacture of furniture, interior furnishing, crates, tobacco boxes, and charcoal. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Buttonwood, also known as Buttonball, Syca- more, and Plane Tree, can readily be distinguished in summer by its massive form, its whitish, yellowish, or greenish bark of the upper branches which at times are covered with large, thin, dark brown scales of outer bark. The large lea\es with their enlarged hollow- based peticlcT and the flowers in the form of noads, are abo characteristic. In winter the massive form and whitewa.-^hed appearance jf ihe upper branches is distinctive. The smooth, reddish, subpetlolar buds covered by a single exposed scale and surrounded by a leaf-scar with 510 btndle-scars will prevent one from confusing it with any other of our native species. The persistent fruit ^vbich usually occurs solitary is readily distinguished from the oriental species which bears it's fruit in clusters of 2-4. RANGE — Maine and Oiitarlo south to Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common along streams, especially in the eastern, south^jrn, and central parts of the State. HABITAT Prefers mcisl, fertile soil, but will grow in rather dry soil. Best development in the moist valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The wood of this speci«>s is annuaiy becoming of more comiiierelnl importance and hence it should be idanted at least to a limited extent. It may be grown from cuttings or from seed. It is planted sparingly for ornamental purposes but the Oriental Sycamore seems to be preferred Fince it is more attractive and less subject to fungous diseases. 176 THE PULSE FAMILY— LEGUMINOSAE. This is a very large family and contains many well-known trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. It comprises about 460 genera with 7,350 species of which number more than 100 genera with about 1,400 species are native to North America. The flora of Pennsylvania com- prises about 32 genera with approximately 90 species but only 4 spe- cies belonging to 4 different genera can be classified as trees. Some authors separate the members of this family into 3 distinct families known as: (ll The Mimosa family, Mimosaceae, (2) The Senna fam- ily, Caesalpiniaceae, and (3) The Pea family, Fabaceae. Many domestic and foreign plants which belong to this family are of considerable economic importance. Some of our native ti-ees pro- duce very heavy, hard, and strong wood. They possess additional merits in that they grow rapidly and are well adapted to artificial propagation. Some of them, in particular the Common Locust, are subject to the attack of destructive insects and fungi. Some of the shrub members of this family are among the most attractive that one can find for ornamental planting. The herbaceous members com- prise some of the commonest and most valuable food and forage plants of the world, such as the peas, beans, clover, and the common peanut. Among the valuable products which some of the foreign members of this family produce one can mention Senna and Log- wood. Senna is prized on account of its laxative properties and is derived from the leaves of a few African species of Cassia. Log- wood, the most important of vegetable dyes, is derived from the heartwood of the trunk and roots of a tree growing in the West Indies and Central America. Indigo, one of our important and widely used dyes, is also obtained from a member of this family. The well-known Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica L.) so common in our greenhouses and a mere weed in the tropics is one of the most widely known and interesting representatives of this family. In addition they comprise a great number of plants which are important on account of the medi- cinal properties derived from them. Probably one of the greatest values which we can attach to some of the members of this family |s the means which they have at their command for restoring nitrogen to barren land. If one examines the roots of clover, alfalfa, soy bean, or the Common Locust he may find little swellings or enlarge- ments upon them known as root tubercles. These swellings are caused by bacteria which Jjossess the power of taking free nitrogen from the air and by means of complicated chemical changes passing it to members of this family. As a result these plants can be grown upon soils very deficient in nitrates. In addition they will return sufficient nitrogen to the soil so that companion or subsequent crops will thrive which would have barely existed without the nitrogen. The Common Locust often thrives on old abandoned mud-dams found 177 about ore mines while other more aggressive species fail even to es- tablish themselves. The members of this family are distinctly characterized by their fruit which matures in one season and usually resembles ordinary garden beans or peas. The fruit of some of the trees found in the western part of North America varies more or less from the typical bean-like fruit pod. The flowers of our native trees may be irregular in form, i. e. pea-like or bean-like, as in the Common Locust and Red- bud, or regular in form as in the Honey Locust and Kentucky Coffee Tree. The two native tree-species with irregular flowers have also perfect flowers, i. e. flowers with both the male (pollen producing) and female (seed producing) organs in the same flower while the other two native tree-species have regular but imperfect flowers, i. e. flowers with one sex so suppressed that only the other sex remains in each flower. Whenever the male and female flowers, also known as staminate and pistillate flowers respectively, occur separately, they may be found on the same branch, or on the same tree, or on different trees. The leaves of nearly all the tree members of this family are alternate and compound, but a few such as our native Eedbud have simple leaves. Some species as our Common Locust are normally only once compound, others as the Honey Locust may be once or twice compound, while still others, as the Kentucky Coffee Tree, may be normally tw^ce compound. SUMMER KEY TO THE GENERA. Page. 1. T-eaves simple; Lwipj slender and unarmed Ceroia 180 1. Leaves compound; tnigs stout or armed with spines or thorns 2 2. Twigs T€ry stout and clumsy but not armed with spines or thorns; fruit-pods woody; leaves twice compound, from 1-3 ft. long Gymnocladus 178 2, Twigs relatively slender and armed w-ith i^pines or thorns; fruit-pods leathery; leaves usaally cnce or sometimes twice compound, rarely over 1 ft. long 3 3. Flowers greenish, regular or nearly so, imperfect, in axillary spikes; leaves once or twice compound, even-pinnate; twigs, branches, and often trunks with long hranchei! thorns Gleditsia 179 3. Flowers whitish, irregular, perfect in drooping racemes; leaves usually once com- pound, odd-pinnate; twigs often with two short spines at nodes, Robioia 181 WINTER KEY TO THE GENERA. 1. Twigs, branches, and trunks usually armed with spines or thorns 2 1. Twigs, branches, and trunks without spines or thorns 3 2. Twigs and branches armed with a pair of spines not exceeding i of an inch in length at each node; fruit-pods 2-4 inches long. I of an inch broad; bark reddish- brown, even on .voung trunks deeply furrowed, Robinia 181 2. Twigs, branches, and often trunks usually ermed with thorns which occur singly, arc often branched and usually much exceed J of an inch in length; fruit-pods 10-18 inches long, 1-lJ inches wide; bark ,i;rayish-brown to black, not furrowed, often covered with conspicuous oblong lenticels Gleditsia 179 3. Twigs stout, clumsy, blunt-pointed, with large conspicuou-i bundle-scars and large pink to brown pith; fruit-pods thick, woody, stubby, certain fleshy pulp and large seeds: buds silky-pubescent, depressed, uppermost one surrounded by incurved hairy ring of baik Gymnooladus 178 3. Twigs slender, not clumsy nor blunt-pointed, with inconspicuous bundle-scars and pith with reddi.sh longitudinal streaks; frnit-pods very thin, leathery, without fleshy pulp, aoJ contain small seeds; Duds smooth, not depressed, often somewhat flattened and oppressed .....Cerois 180 12 178 KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. Gymnocladus dioica, (Linnaeus) Koch. GENUS DESCRIPTION — This genus comprises only 2 species, one Gymnocladus chinensis a Dative of southern ClJina, and the other described here. The generic name Giymnocladus is of Greek origin and mLMiis "naked branch" refei-ring to the stout clumsy branches which are devoid of foliage for about G months of the year. FORM — A medium-sized tree usually 40-80 ft. in height with a diameter of 1-2 ft. bat may I each a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. Trunk usually short, soon subdividing into 2 or S secondary nearly parallel stems. Crown narrow obovate, composed of very stout brancblets. BARK — Of medium tiickness, dark gray to dark brown, roughened by shallow fissures separat- ing low ridges covere-J with thin recurved scales. TWIGS — Very stout, blunt-pointed, greenish-brown, often coated with a whitish crusty film, occasionally covered with fine hairs, and marked with large conspicuous lenticels usually most numerouiS on the second year's growth. Pith large, pink to brown in color. BUDS— Alternate; terminal bud absent; small, downy, imbedded in twig so that it scarcely projects beyond surface, surrounded by Incurved hairy ring of bark, superposed. The upper- most bud is the largest; the lowest is small and located in the depression at top of leaf-scar. LEAVES — Alternate, twice compound. 1-3 ft. long, iJ-2 ft. broad, with 7-13 foliate pinnae; 1-2 basal pairs of pinnae are reduced to entire leaflets. Pinnae htjve 3-7 pairs of leaflets. Leaflets ovate, 2-2J inches loc;j, wedge-shaped to rounded at base, sharp-pointed at apex, entire to wavy on mar^'in. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, conspicuous, raised on projections of twigs, broadly heart-shaped, paler in color than surrounding twig; contain 3-5 large, raised bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Appear about June. Regular, polygamus, or dioecious by abortion. Staminate flowers greenish- white and arranged in a raceme-like corymb about 3-4 inches long. Pistillate flowers greenish -white and arranged in terminal racemes C-8 inches long. FRUIT — A broad, flat, thick, stubby, reddish-brown pod, 4-10 inches long, 1-2 inches broad, sometimes covered with a grajyisb bloom. Pods often persist far into winter and remain closed. Seeds dark brown, flat, 6 9 to a pod, over h of an inch across, surrounded by a somewhat sticky sweet pulp. WOOD — King-porous; petes in spring wood large, in late wood small; rays distinct but not conspicuoi-s; heavy, not hard, strong, coarse-gained, light brcwn to reddish-brown, durable in contact with soil; takes a fine polish. Weighs about 43 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts, fence rails, and occasionally in construction. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Kentucky Coflfee-tree, also known as Mahogany, Coffee Nut, and Nicker Tiee, can be distinguished by its large twice compound leaves, its stout, clumsy, unarmed branches marked with large leaf -scars and containing pink to br9wn pitli, and by its thick, stubby, and woody fruit-pods. The superposed, depressed, silky buds, the uppermost of which is surrounded b»y an incurved hairy ring of bark, are also character- istic. In general it ret^embles the Ailanthus "mt it can be distinguished from it especially by its curious bark, its characteristic fruit, and the parallelism of its primary branches. RANGE — Central New York south to Tennessee and westward to Minnesota and Indian Territory. It is absent from many localities within this range. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Planted extensively as an ornamental tree but usually known under the name cf Mahogany. Franklin county is the only part of the State where it Is reported as a native tree. HABITAT — Rich woods and bottomlands. Always occurs solitary, never In clusters or stands. Often only a single tree known in a localitor. When planted it will grow practically anywhere in the State. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This tree is of no commercial importfinoe, especially in this State where it is very rare. It is regarded rather attractive as an ornamental tree and is planted extensively in this State. It loses its leaves earl/ in autumn and develops them late In spring. PLATE XCIV. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. 1. Staminate flowers, x i. 2. Pistillate flowers, s *. 3. Portion of a doubly compouud leaf, x i 4. Fruit pods with ixjrtinn of one pod removed showing two seeds, s i. 5. Section of a winter twig showing superposed and inconspicuous buds, lenticels, pith, aud leaf- sears with bundle-scars, x i- 6. Section of a winter twig, slightl.v enlnrg.'d. PLATE XCV. HONEY LOCUST. 1. Flowering branch with mature leaves, s J. 2. Section of a branch with fruiting pods and a branched thorn, x S. 3. A winter twi^r with thorns, x *. 4. A branched tborn. x i. 5. A leaf-scar, enlarged. 179 HONEY LOCUST. Gleditsia triacanthos, Linnaeus. GENtJS DESCEIPTION — This genus comprises about 11 species of trees which are usually armed on the branches and trunk with simple or branched thorns. They are distributed in the temperate part of Asia and eastern North America, Fossil representatives of this genus have been reported from Europe. Three species are native to eastern North America, one inhabiting Texas, one the southe/n and south-central United States, and one described here. The generic name is In commemoration of the German botanist, John Gottlieb Gleditsch. FORM — A medium-si7.ed tree usually from 40-50 ft. high with a diameter of 1-2 ft. bat may reach a height of 140 "ft. with a diameter of 4-6 feet. Trunk usually short but when grown in very close stands may be rather clean and long. Crown broad, obovate, round-topped, high on account of lateral drooping branches. BARK On ycunir trunks smooth covered with uian.v, very conspicuou-j, raised, ol'long lenticels; on old trunks grayish-brown to almost black, ^sometimes smooth but usually roughened by a few fissures and thick, firm, broad ridges with projecting edges. Bark on trunks is often covered with many thorns. See Figs. 59 and 94. TWIGS — Rather stout, zigzag, smooth, glossy, with enlarged nodes; greeulsh-red to brown, covered with few, small, scattered lenticels which become larger in time; pith thick and white. Twigs frequently bear tliorns which are often branched and contain reddish-brown pith. BUDS — Alternate: terminal bud absent; small, usually 3-5 at a node, placed one above another; upper ones scaly and vlfible, lowest one not scaly, nor visible except as a dot. Some buds are slow in del eloping. LEAVES — Alternate, singly or doubly compound, 7-8 inches long. Petioles flattened, grooved above, enlarged at base. When singly compound with lS-28 leaflets; when doubly compound with 8-li pinnae and each with usually 18-20 leaflets. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong, 11-2 inches long, rounded at the tare and apei, somewhat serrate on margins. LEAF-SCARS — AUern.Tte, 2-ranked or more than 2-ranked, U-shaped; varj^lng in width; broadest aliout the 3 bundle-scars and narrower between. FLOWERS — .\ppcar alout May or June. Polygamus, small, greenish. Staminate flowers arranged in short hairy racemes with short stalks. Pistillate flowers in few-flowered, rather elongated and solitary racemea. FRUIT A more or less twisted, flat, and reddish-brown pod, 10-18 inches long, containing nian.v Hat, oval, brownish seeds. The pods are thin, do not split open, often persist into winter, and occasionally are produced In large ntunbers. WOOD — Ring-porous; rays conspicuous on account of their brilliancy; hard, strong, heavy, durable in contact with the soil; heartwood bright reddish-brown with thin pale sapwood. Weighs about 42 lbs. per cubic foot. Used mainly for fence posts and rails, hubs of wheels, and general construction. In time its use will be extended and it may be grown for timber. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Honey Locust, also known as the Sweet Locust, Tliorn Tree, Three thorned Acacia, and Honey Shucks, can be distinguished by its large branched thorns located above the leaf-scars. A thoruless variety is, however, known. The once-com- pound or simetimes twice-compound evenly-pinnate and alternate leaves together with the leathery fruit pod from 10-18 inches long and the grayish-brown to black bark often covered with conspicuous oblong lenticels are also characteristic. A longitudinal section of a twig just above the origin of a leal or a leaf sear will usually show five separated and superposed buds, the upper scaly and eiternally visible, the lowest not scaly and hidden beneath the bark. RANGE — Ontario through Pennsylvania to Florida, westward to Kansas and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — I'ound as a native or planted tree in all parts of the State. Its original distribution in this State was limited almost entirely to the region west of the Allegheny Mountains, except a few local outposts east of them. At present it is common as a planted tree in the entire eastern portion of the State and in many places has escaped cultivation. HABITAT It develops best in rich soil along moist river bottoms but will grow in any fertile soil which is not too wet. It demands plenty of light. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This tree is of little commercial importance as a timber tree in Pennsylvania because it is l.mited in its distribution. Most of the existing trees of this State are open grown and not forest grown, therefore, too knotty to be of any commercial value. If properly planted it will produce excellent wood. It grows rapidly, is free from Insect and fungal enemies, has an attractive form, and bears graceful foliage. The leaves come out late in spring ind, hence, it is not of much value for shade. 180 REDBUD. Cercis canadensis, Linnaeus. GENTTS DESCBIPTIOK — Tbis genus comprises 7 species of small trees and shrubs found in parts of Asia. Europe and North America. Three species are native to North America, 1 inhabiting California, 1 Mexico and Texas, and 1 eastern United States. The latter is native to Pennsylvania and described here. Tbey are prized mainly on account of their ornamental value due to their bright rose-colored, pea-like flowers which cover the branches with a profuse and brilliant flame of color in early spring before the leaves come out. FORM — A small tree usually about 15-20 ft. high with a diameter of 6 inches but may reach a height of 50 ft. with a diameter of 18 inches. Trunk short bearing rather upright branches which form a shallow and broad crown. BARK — Thin, shallowy fissured separating ridges which peel off into numerous scales, reddish- brown to veiy dark brown. See Fig. 5C. TWIGS— Slender, smooth, light brown, becoming grayish-brown, covered with numerous very small lenticels, containing pith which sometimes has reddish longitudinal streaks. BUDS — Alternate; terminal one absent; small, | of an inch long, blunt-pointed, dark purplish- red. sph-*rical or somewhat flattened when appressed. Sometimes superposed with upper one usually the larger, or clustered at the base of a lateral branch, covered with 2-3 visible scales with hairy margin. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, rounded < nerved, cordute at basa, pointed at apex, r heart-shaped. 3-5 inches long, conspicuously 5-7 entire on margin. LEAF-SCARS — Alternnte, 2-ranked, inversely triangular to heart-shaped, somewhat raised, containing 3 conspicuous bundle-scars. Short spreading ridges often originate at outer margin of the leaf-scars and extend down the stem for a short distance. FLOWERS — Appear in March or April before the leaves or sometimes when the leaves are just appearing. Resemble the sweet pea in form; perfect and brilliant red, borne usually in clusters of 4-8, oft^u developing from buds located at the base of lateral branches as well as from buds located along the branches. FRtriT — A small, rose-colored to light brown, short-stalked pod. 2J-3 Inches long, about i of an inch wide, containiug about 6 broadly ovate, flattened, light-brown seeds. Pods may persist until early winter and are often produced in enormous quantities. WOOD — Ridg-porous; heavy, hard, not strong, rich dark reddish-brown with light sapwood. Weighs 39.65 lbs. per cubic foot. Not found on the market. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Redbud, also known as the Judas Tree, can be distinguished by its simple alternate and heart-shaped leave?. Its slender unarmed and light brown twigs with reddish-streaked pith, its small, thin, leathery fruit-pods, and its perfect, pea-like, brilliant red blossoms which occur in clusters of 4-8, appearing in early spring before the leaves i-nd developing from a cluster of buds located at the base of a lateral branch as well as from buds located along the twigs. This is the only tree native to this State which develops a cluster of purplish flower buds on a branch just below the origin of a lateral twig. RANGE — Ontario through New Jersey to Florida, westward to Minnesota and Arkansas. DISTRIBUTION IN FENNSYLVANIA — Not known to occur In the northern or eastern parts of the State. Reporteil from the southeastern, southern, central and western parts. Common In the Schuylkill and Ferkioraen Valleys and along parts of the Susquehanna River Valley, especially northwest aud southeast of Harrisburg. Common about Gettysburg, and south of Chambtrsburg in the Cumberland Valley. Occurs in a dense pure stand covering about one acre southwest of Gettysburg. HABITAT — Prefers rich moist soils. Common in abandoned flelds, cut-over and open wood- lands. Also found n the understory of the forest. Endures shade but prefers plenty of light. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This tree is of no commercial Importance as a forest tree but where a tall shru'o or a small tree is desired for ornamental planting hardly a more attractive one could be found. It has a pleasing form at all seasons of the year, an exceptionally beautiful and abundant bloom in spring before the leaves comp out, and In addition, grows rapidly. It is cultivated extensively in Europe as an ornamental tree. PLATE XCVI. REDBUD. 1. A flowering branch, x A 2. A single flower, s *. 3. A single stamen, enlaiL'cil. ■*. A single pistil, enlarged. n. A \tisti\ with tbe ovary sectioned so as to show the ovules. enl.TrgccI. C. A frniting branch, x j. 7. An opened pnd showing the seeds, x i. 8. A winter twig, x J. 9. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. , , , , ^ 10 Portion of a winter twig showing location and arrangement of buds, enlarged. PLATE XCVII. COMMON LOCUST. 1. A flowering braneb, x J. 2. A fruiting branch, x J. 3. A winter twig, x i. 4. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. 5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. 181 COMMON LOCUST. Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, Linnaeus. GENUS DEECEIPTION — This genus comprises 7 species of tiees and shrubs native only to North America bat some are planted extensively in Europe. Three of the 7 species reach tree- s)7.e while the others remain shrubs. The generic name is in commemoration of the French botanist Jean Kobln and his son Vespasien. FORM — A medium-sized tree usually 30-45 ft. high with a diameter of 1-lJ ft. but may reach a height of 75 ft. with a diameter of 2-2J feet. Forest grown specimens are often straight, clean, «ntl free fit-ra branchea for 3 of height of tree. Open grown specimens usually branch low. Crown usually narrow, oblong, anl open. BARK — On both young and old trunks rough, reddisb-brown, deeply furrowed, with high rntlM-r rou.nded ridges which do not peel ofT in scales; sometimes 1-li inches in thickness. See Fig 63. TWIGS — Rather stout, brittle, more or less zigzag, round to angular in cross-section, sometimes ridged, greenish to reddish-brown; often bearing two spines at a node, covered with a few pale lentlcels; pith white and often angular. BUDS — Alternate; terminal one absent; small, 3-4 superposed. Imbedded in twig under leaf- scar in a rusty somewhat hairy cavity. Their position is hardly visible in winter but becomes evident in spring when growth starts. LEAVES^Alternate. compound, 8-14 Inches long; petioles slender, grooved on top, and swollen at the base. Leaflets odd in number and stalked, ovate to oblong, 7-9 In number. 1-2 Inches long, usually rounded at apex and base, entire on margin. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, rather large and conspicuous, irregular in out- line, covering the buds; often located between two prickles which are developed and hardened stipules; contain 3 bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Appear about May after the leaves or occasionally before the leaves, resembling the blossom of a pea. Perfect, cream-white, about an inch t cross, fragrant, borne on slender stalks about I of an inch long, arranged in loose drooping racemes 4-5 inches long. FRUIT A small, dark brown, and thin pod, 2-4 Inches long and i of an Inch wide; usually con- taining from 4-8 small dark brown mottled seeds. The pods often persist far Into winter. WOOD Ringporous; rays quite distinct especially on radial section; heavy, very hard and strong, very durable In contact with the soil, yellowish-brown to cherry-red or reddish-brown with thin greenish or yellowish sapwood. Weighs about 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Used extensively in former time for ship building, and at present for posts. In turnery, for tree nails, insulator pins and fuel. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Common Locust, also known as the Black Locust. Yellow Locust. White Locust, Locust, and Acacia, may be distinguished by its droop- ing racemes of white Irregular flowers, its odd-pinnate compound leaves, its twigs with two short spines at a node, its 2-4 inches long leathery fruit pod and Its deeply furrowed reddish- brown bark The leaf-scars located between the two spines when present and covering 3-4 rusty downy superposed buds are also charactertlstic. The characteristic coloration of the foliage of this tree when attacked by the Locust Leaf Miner and the characteristic swelling of the branches when attacked bv the Locust Borer aid in recognizing it. The presence of the fruiting body of the Locust Rot (Femes rimosus) so common In southern Pamsylvanla, is a sure means of Identifying the tree. RANGE— Mountains of Pennsylvania, south to Georgia, westward to Iowa and Kansas. Naturalized over an extensive area in America and widely planted in Europe. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Originally it was found only in the central and south- . ern portions of the Ailegheny Mountains in this State. At present It is found aU over the State as an ornamental tree or in fence rows and in many places it has escaped into the forest and abandoned fields. HABITAT-Grows vigorously on moist fertile soil, especially on rich bottomlands and along mountain streams. Also grows on rother rocky and sterile mountain slopes. Frequent on abandoned charcoal hearths and mud-dams found near ore mines. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The real importance of this tree is somewhat In doubt. It produces excellent wood and grows rapidly In some '»»"«'«•». ^J"''"^ 7"%" "'?'"* trom enemies. Two Insects, known as Locust Borer and Locust Leaf Miner and a fungus known as the Locust Rot (Fomes rimosus), are doing enormous damage to this tree locaUy In "glons ,^ere th^e enemies are wanting and where suitable soil and cUmate are at hand it may ti^ advisable to plant this tree especially when posts, poles, or ties are desired. It has very attractive flowers wMcb may appear before, with, or after the leaves. 182 THE CASHEW FAMILY— ANACAEDIACEAE. This family contains a large number of small trees and shrubs and a few woody climbers widely distributed over the world, but most abundant in the tropics. Many of the rejjresentatives of this family are noted for their acrid, resinous, or milky juice which makes them of considerable value in medicine, tanning, and the manufac- ture of varnishes and resins. About 50 genera with 500 species belong to this family. North America has few representatives. Only .3 genera with tree repre- sentatives are embraced in its flora. The genus Rhus is the only one native to northeastern America. It has representatives in Pennsyl- vania. THE SUMACHS— RHUS , Linnaeus. The Sumachs comprise a large number of trees and shrubs which are widely distributed. About 120 species are known of which num- ber about 16 species are native to North America and 6 to Pennsylva- nia. Most of the species of this genus are found in South Africa. All have large pithy twigs and a milky, sometimes poisonous, sticky juice. The leaves of all are alternate. One species alone is ever- green and one other has simple leaves. All others are deciduous and have compound leaves. Three of the 6 species native to Pennsylvania reach tree-size. The others are mere shrubs. The Poison I\-y or Poison Oak (Rhus Toxi- codendron L.) is very abundant along fences and by roadsides. Its stem often trails along the ground and sends up short branChlets which bear the compound leaves with 3 leaflets. The leaves are poisonous to the touch. The Smooth Sumach (Rhus glabra L.) is a low-growing and spreading shrub sometimes becoming a small tree. It has glabrous branchlets which are more or less glaucous. It has compound leaves with 11-31 leaflets. It is very common in abandoned fields and seems to thrive on sandy soil. The Fragrant Sumach (Rhus canadensis Marsh.) reaches a height of 2-6 ft. It has compound leaves with 3 leaflets which are aromatic when crushed. The Smoke-Tree (Rhus Cotinus L.) is one of the commonest plants of our gardens and lawns. It is an introduced species com- ing from Europe and warm-temperate Asia. Locally it has escaped cultivation. I 183 SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES. Page. 1. Leaf-petioles winged; leaHets with entire margins except near apcl, ..K. copaUina 186 1. Leaf petioles not winged; leaflets either with entire or serrate margins 2 2. Leaflets 7-13, with entire margins S. Vernix 184 2. Leaflets 11-31, with serrate margins 3 S. Leaflets glaucous bcueath: twigs smooth; shrubs E. glabra 183 3. Leaflets not glaucous beneath; twigs densely hairy; small trees E. typhina 185 WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES. 1. Terminal bud present; fruit white, smooth, in loose, drooping, grape-like clusters frequents swamps; leaf-scars broad, do not encircle buds; juice poisonous K. Vemix 184 1. Terminal bud absent; fruit red, hairy. In •jompact erect clusters; frequents dry soils; leaf-scars encircle or almost encircle buds; juice not poisonous, 2 2. Twigs stout, with watery Juice; leaf-scars broadly crescent-shaped E. copallina 186 2, Twigs very stout, with milky juice; leaf scars narrower 3 8. Twigs densely hairy E. typhina 185 3. Twigs smooth E. glabra 182 184 POISON SUMACH. Rhus Vernix, Linnaeus, FORM — A shrub to small tree, usually 5-10 ft. high but may reach a height of 20 ft, with a diameter of 8 inches. Usually branches near ground. Crown wide, deep, and usually rounded. BABK — Smooth, somewhat streaked, thin, light to dark gray, roughened with horizontally* elongated lentlcels. TWIGS — Stout, orange-brown, later light gray, smooth, often' glossy, covered with numerous raised lenticels, contain yellowish -brown pith; if punctured or cut, exude watery Juice which turns yellow upon exposure. BtTDS — Alternate; terminal bud present and larger than lateral ones; purplish, conical, acnte, about 1/5-3/5 of an Inch long, covered with a few scales which are downy on back and margin. LEAVES — Alternate, ccmponnd, 7-14 inches long, with wingless petiole, and with 7-13 leaflets, obovate, 3 4 inches long, acute at apex, wedge-shaped at l)ase, entire-margined, dark green and shiny above, pale below. LEAF-SCABS — Alternate, large, broad, conspicnoos, do not encircle buds, upper margin straight or nearly so, contain numerous bundle-scars which are scattered or arranged in a curved line. FLOWERS — Appear about June or July. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne oo different plants. The small yellowish-green flowers are arranged In long, drooping, rather narrow panicles. FRUIT — A small, spherical, glossy. Ivory-white to yellowish-white dmpe arranged In loose, drooping, grape-like clusters. It Is about 1/5 of an inch In diameter, slightly compressed and often persists far into winter. Ripens about September. Pistillate trees alone bear fruit. WOOD — Ring-porous; brittle, soft, coarse-grained, light yellow in color. Weighs 27.31 lbs. per cubic foot. DISTINGTTISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Poison Sumach, also known as Poison Oak, Poison Dogwood, Poison Elder, and Swamp Sumach, can be recognized In winter by Its alternate buds with the terminal bud present, its broad leaf-scars which do not encircle the bud and its smooth and rather stout branchlets. Thf white berry-like fruit arranged in drooping clusters often per- sists far into winter. The leaves are compound, without winged petioles and have from 7-13 shiny leaflets with entire margin which turn to a brilliant scarlet or orange In autumn. This species is usually found in swamps. RANGE — Ontario, south to Florida, west to Minnesota and Louisiana. DISTRIBf TION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Occasional and local In the eastern, southern and central parts. Rarer in other parts. HABITAT — Prefers low grounds and swamps. Occasionally found on moist slopes. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — ^This shrub or small tree is one of our most poisonous plants. The wood which it produces is of no commercial importance. Some people are entirely immune to its poisonous principles, while others are affected by it upon handling it while a few need only to walk by it. It is claimed all traces of the poison can be removed by washing the parts thoroughly with a saturated alcoholic solution of acetate of lead immediately or a few hours after the contact. Pure alcohol Is also valuable as a wash if applied shortly after contact. PLATE XCVIII. POISON SUMACH. 1. Branch with iminatiirf aud mature leaves, and a staniiuate flower panicle, x i. 2. A pistillate flower panicle, x i. 3. A sectinn of n branch with two drooping clusters of fruit, s *. 4. A singli' fruit, enlarged. 5. A winter twig, x i. 6. An axillary hud and a leaf-scar with bundle-scars, enlarged. PLATE XCIX. STAGHORN SUMACH. 1. Branch with a flower panicle anU mature leaves, x -i. 2. A staminate flowei, enlarged. 3. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 4. An erect cone-like fruit cluster, s J. 5. A single hair.v fruit, enlarged. 6. A hairy winter twig, x i. 7. A bud almost surrounded by a leaf -scar with bundle-scars, enlarged. 8. A leaf-scar, enlarged. 185 STAGHORN SUMACH, Rhus typhina, Linnaeus. FORM — A shrub or small tree usually reaching a height of 10-20 ft. but may reach tt height of 40 ft. with a diameter of 15 inches. Trunk usually short, bearing a broad flat-topped crown. Ijiteral branches are decidedly ascending. BASK — On old trunks rough, dark brown, soraetimcs scaly; on younger trunks and branches smooth, thin, somewhat papery, covered witJi numerous lenticels which later develop into rough dots. Rich In tannin. TWIGS — Covered for -3 years with brown to black velvety pubescence, later smooth, stout, lumsy; If cut or punctured exude ■ milky Juice, which turns black upon exposure. Twigs are often frozen back In winter, covered with conspicuous orange-colored lenticels, and contain a large yellowish-brown pith. BUDS — Alternate: terminal bud absent; conical, spherical obtuse, covered with dense rusty halre. LEAVES — Alternate, compound, 16-24 Inches long, with stout wingless petiole and 11 31 leaflets. I.eaflets oblong. 2-5 Inches long, nearly sessile, acute at apex, serrate on margin, rounded or heart-shaped at base; when mature smooth, dark green above, and pale beneath. LEAF-SCAES— Alternate, nearly encircle bud, large, conspicuous, U-shaped, contain scattered bundle scars sometimes grouped In 3s. FLOWERS^Appear In May or June. Occur In dense yellowish-green panicles. Stamlnate panicles are about 8 12 inches long and 5-0 Inches broad. Pistillate panicles are only 5-8 Inches long but more compact. FRUIT — Arranged in compact, erect, cone-like, red clusters which are 5-8 Inches long, 3-3 inches broad and persist far Into winter. Only plants bearing pistillate flowers produce fruit. The single fruit Is a spherical drupe covered with red hairs and contains a small hard seed. Sumachs with red fruit are not poisonous. WOOD Ring-porous: brittle, soft, orange-colored, streaked with green, rather satiny to touch. Sapwood broad and white. Weighs 27.ir> lbs. per cubic foot. Used for manufacture of Eplles. cups, napkin rings, and balls for darning stockings. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Staghorn Sumach, also known as Velvet Sumach, fan be distinguirhe,! from all our native Sumachs by its velvety pubescent twigs. The Smooth Sumach (Rhus glabra L.) is nsnally smaller and has its twig covered with a bloom, but not with pubescence. The Dwarf Sumach (Rhus copalllna* has winged petioles and a watery Juice while the Staghorn Sumach has no winged leaf-p'tioles but has a milky Juice. The Poison Sumach has a terminal bud. white drooping trnit, entire leaf margins, leaf-scars which do not encircle buds, and fre 2 1. Leaves pinnately compound '. A. Kegundo 197 2. Leaf petioles with acnd milky sap A. platanoidIM 198 2. Leat petioles wilbout acrid milky sap 3 3. Flowers in terminal racemes, 4 3. Flowers in lateral clusters, appearing before or with the leaves 6 4. Flowers appear with the leaves A. Fseudo-platanus 198 4. Flowers appear after the leaves 5 5. Flowers in erect racemes; leaves coarsely serrate and usually 3-lobed, — A. spicatum 193 6. Flowers in drooping racemes; leaves finely serrate, 3-lobed at apex, at first brown pubescent beneath A. pennsylvanicum 192 6. Flowers opening before the leaves., the drooping fruit ripening in spring or early arummer ^ 7 6. Flowers opening with the leaves, drooping fruit ripening in summer or early autumn, A. saccharum 194 7. Flowers with petals; leaves bright green above, pale green nearly glabrous beneath 3-5-lobed; fruit keys incurved A. rubrum 196 7. Flowers without petals; leaves green iibove whitish or silvery beneath, deeply 5-lobed; fruit keys divergent A. saccharinum 195 WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES. 1. Buds stalked with few exposed scales 2 1. Buds sessile or nearly so, with U or more exposed scales, 4 2. Buds evidently-stalked; bark streaked longitudinally with white lines, A. pennsylvanicum ' 192 2. Buds short-stalked; bark not streaked longitudinally with white lines 3 3. Buds small, 1/5 of an inch long including stalk; twigs reddish-brown to dingy gray; pith brown A. spicatum 193 3. Buds large, ovoid, the terminal one acute the lateral obtuse and closely appressed; twigs greenish-purple and glaucous; pith light A. Negundo 197 4. Buds with 8-lG exposed scales, brown, scute, non-collateral, leaf-scars nearly encircle stem A, saccharum 194 4. Buds with 6-8 exposed scales, red or green, obtuse 5 6 Terminal buds small, generally less than 1/S of an inch long; terminal and lateral buds of same size: collnternl buds present, 6 B. Terminal buds large, generally over 1/5 of an inch long; terminal buds larger than lateral; collateral buds absent 7 6, Twigs red and Instrous: bark rough but not flaking in large pieces, A. rubrum 196 6. Twigs bright chestnut-brown; bark fallmg away in thin large flakes. A. saccharinum 193 7. Buds red; leaf-scars encircle stem; lenticels scattered; lateral buds appressed: bark black, fissured, not scaly A. platanoides 198 7. Buds green; leaf-scars do not encircle stem; lenticels numerous; lateral buds pro- jecting; bark brownish and scaly A. Pseudo-platanus 198 192 STRIPED MAPLE. Acer pennsylvanicum, Linnaeus. FORM — Usually from 10-25 ft. in height with a diameter of about 6-12 inches, but may attain a height of 40 feet. Trunk usually bhort dividing into slender and straight branches which form a deep and broad crown. BABK — Thin, rather smooth, greenish or reddish-brown, conspicuously marked \fith longi- tudinal white streaks; later becomes rougher, darker, and less streaked. See Fig. 63. TWIGS — Smooth, stout, at first greenish, later red, with very few inconsplcuoDs lenticels, and brown pith. Season's growth marked by 2 or sometimes 3 dark lines encircling the twig, formed by fallen outer bud scales. White longitudinal streaks appear the second season. BTTDS — Opposite, evidently-stalked, large, about 2/5 of an inch long excluding stalk, tapering but blunt-pointed, red, glossy, angular, covered by a single pair of red, smooth, val- vate scales enclosing a few pairs of smaller and lighter scales. Outer scales are smooth on surface with cUiate mat gins while the inner scales are hairy as shown in opposite plate. i Terminal buds are large while lateral buds are smaller and closely appressed. 5 LEAVES — Opposite, simple, goose-foot-like, 3-lobed at apex, finely serrate on margin, rounded at base, rusty -pubescent below. Petioles long, grooved, witb enlarged bases. LEAF-SCAES — Opposite, broadly U-shaped, nearly encircle stem; adjacent edges form rather [ blunt teeth which are separated by a ridge. Bundle-scars usually 3, often subdivided into 5-8. V FLOWERS — Appear in May or June after the leaves are full grown In drooping terminal racemes. Staminate and pistillate flowers occur on same plant but In different clusters. FRUIT — Matures in September in drooping racemes; wings of the keys, thin, very divergent, about 2 of an inch long, marked on one side of seed with a depression. WOOD — Diffuse-porous; soft, close-grained, light brown with wide zone of sapwood. Seldom used commercially. Weighs 33.02 lbs. per cubic foot. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Striped Maple, also known as Moosewood and Whistlewood, can be readily distinguished at all seasons of the year by the light longitudinal streaks on the branches and trunk. They often appear the second year and persist for many years on the trunk. In winter the large, evidently-stalked, valvate, and red buds together with the smooth branches and brown pith are characteristic. In summer the drooping raceme of flowers and the goose-foot-like leaves with their finely serrate margins and rusty pubescence on the lower surface are distinctive. RANGE — From Nova Scotia west to Minnesota, south especially along the mountains to Georgia. * DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Rather common locally in the mountainous parts of the State especially on shaded slopes and in deep ravines. Very common in Mifflin, Centre, Blair, and Huntingdon counties. HABITAT — It prefers moist, cool, shaded, often rocky mountain slopes. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The wood is of practically no commercial value. The chief value of the tree is its attractive ornamental qualities both as an individual tree and as a component of the understory of the forest structure. PLATE CIV. STRIPED MAPLE. 1. Branch with droojiing raceme of stamiaatt.- fl.'wers, x I. -. Branch with drooping raceme of pistillate flowers, x *. 3. Branch with mature leaves and drooping raceme of fruit, s J. A. A maple key with exposed seeds, x I. ■>. Section of winter branch showing striped bark, buds, and leaf-sears, s *. 6, Terminal section of winter twig showing evidently stalked buds with outer pair of bud scales separated, exposing the pubescent inner scales, natural size. '. Section of winter twig showing opposite and stalked buds, and leaf-scars with bundle-scars, x J PLATE CV. MOUNTAIN MAPLE. 1. Brunch with mature leaves and two erect racemes of flowers, x i. 2 Branch with a mature leaf and a raceme of fruit. X i- , . , 3. A maple key with exposed seeds, x J. 4. A seed, slightly enlarged. .^. "Winter twig with stalked buds, k'nticels and leaf-scars with bundle-scars, x i. G. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. 193 MOUNTAIN MAPLE. Acer spicatum, Lambert. FOBU — A shrub or small tree sometimes Attaining height of 35 ft. with a diameter of 11 inches. Usually a sUmb growing in clumps on rocky soil. Trunk usually slioit and bears rather straight, slender and upright branches. BARK — Thin, rather smooth, brown or grayish-brown mottled with dingy-gray blotches. TWIGS — Slightly hairj, at flrst reddish-puiple on exposed side and yellowish-green on shaded side, later bright red and then changing to grayish-brown, covered with few scattered lenticels; contain brown pith, and are encircled by 2 or 3 dark rings formed by the sears of fallen bud-scales. BUBS — Opposite, short-stulked, rather small, about \ of an inch long including stalk; terminal bud larger ans. Jind <.an b.- distinguished from most species of Mai h- ly its stalked, few scaled winter buds, erect raceme of flowers, hairy-purplish to greenish twigs, and simple, 3-5 lobed coarsely serrate leaves. It differs from the closely related Striped Maple In the .ibsence of light-striped bark and brown pubescence on the lower sides of the leaves, and in the presence of pubescence on the branches, and smaller often gaping lunls. RANGE — Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Michigan, Pennsylvania, and along the mountains to Georgia. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Found locally in all parts of the State. Rather com- mon in the mountainous parts. HABITAT — It prefers moist rocky hillsides. Commonly found bordering ravines. It de- mands the shade of other species. Very thrifty on the moist slopes and tops of the southern Appalachian Mountains. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — It is of practically no commercial importance as a timber tree, but is valuable as a soil protector on rock slopes where a protection forest is desirable. This species is planted very extensively for ornamoDtal purposes. 13 194 SUGAR MAPLE. Acer saccharum, Marshall. FOHM — A large timber tree attaining a masimnm height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 5 feet. Open grown trees have sl:ort trunks bearing stout, rather erect tranches which form a spreading, egg-shaped, often round- topped crown. Trees in closed stands have long, straight, clean trunks bearing shallow, round crowns with large limbs. BABK — On branches and yoong trunks .smooth and light brown; on older trunks brown, deeply channelled into long irregular plates or flakes which often loosen vertically along the side. See Fig. 62. TWIGS — Slender, smooth, reddish-brown to orange-brown, covered with numerous pale lenti- cels. BTTDS— Opposite, brown, sharp-pointed, conical, hairy at apes: terminal bud about twice as long as appressed lateral ones; covered by overlapping scales, with from 8-16 of them exposed. LEAVES — Opposite, simpl*, usnally Slobed, with a sparsely toothed margin and round- based sinuses, cordate at base, thin In texture, 3-5 incbes long and greater in width. Mature leaves are bright green above and pale green below. LEAF-SCARS — Opposite. V-shaped to U-sbaped, nearly encircling stem. Bundle-scars usually 3, in a Innate line. FLOWERS — Appear in April and May with the leaves, in drooping corymbs both from the terminal mixed buds and the lateral propagatlve bnds. The staminate and pistillate occur in different clusters. FRUTT — Matures about Septcml>er; clustered, borne on drooping stalks; wings of the keys about }1 inch long, parallel, or slightly divergent. WOOD — Diffuse-porous; heavy, hard, -'lose-grained. with fine surfiuc light brown to reddish. Used for interior finish, furniture, shoe lasts, railroad ties. Abnormal modifications of the structure of the wood known as Curly Maple and Bird's Eye Maple are rather common and especially prized in cabinet making. Weighs 43.0S lbs. per cubic foot DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Sugar Maple, also known as Hard Maple and Rock Maple, can be distinguished in summer from the other Maples by its large, simple leaves which are thin in texture and have ilieir lobes coarsely toothed. The flowers appear with the leaves while those of the Red Maple end the Silver Maple appear before, and those of the Mountain Maple and the Striped Ma!)le after the leaves. The fruit clusters of the Sugar Maple arc usually developed from terminal buds while those of the Red Maple and Silver Maple are developed from lateral buds. The fruit of the Sugar Maple does not mature until September and may often persist into the winter while the fruit of the Red Maple and Pilver Maple matures in early summer and gcrminat^'s at once aftor falling upon tho around. In winter the Sugar Maple can be recognized by Its conical, sharp-pointed, brown buds wUh from 8-16 exposed and overlapping scales, and by the slender brown twigs marked with pale lenticels. The rough furrowed trunk Is also characteristic of older trees. RANGE — Newfound land to Manitoba , south to Florida and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common, especially in the northern and eastern parts of the State. It is possibly,' next to Chestnut, the commonest tree in this State. HABITAT — It flourishes best on well drained rich soil, but will thrive even when the soil is not rich. It Is common on low ridges at the base of mountains, and along slopes. It reaches its best development in central New England, New York, northern Pennsylvania, and the Lake States. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Sugar Maple is a valuable timber tree. Its im- portance is being realized more as its wood finds new uses. The process of timber impregna- tion has raised the value of the wood of this species. It is not only valuable as a timber tree but produces annually a large quantity of maple sugar and maple syrup, and in addition Is one of our most attractive ornamental trees. t I PLATE CVI. SUGAR MAPLE. 1. Braucb with immature leaves and staminate blossoms, s J. 2. Staminate flower with calyx, enlarged. 3. Longitudinal section of staminate flower, en- larged. 4. Brancli with immature leaves and pistillate blossoms, X *. 5. Pistillate flower with calyx, enlarged. G. Longitudinal section of flower with both a pistil and stamens, enlarged. 7. Branch with mature leaves and cluster of fruit, X I. S. A maple key with exposed seeds, s *. 9. Winter twig showing lenticels. leaf -scars, bud-scale scars, and sharp-pointed opposite buds, X i. PLATE CVII. SILVER MAPLE. 1. Flowering branch, x J. 2. Braoch with mature leaves and mature fruit, X i. 3. A wing of a maple key with exposed seed, X i. 4. A seed, enlarged. 5. End view of a seed, enlarged. 6. A winter twig showing buds, lentieels. leaf- scars, bud-seale scars and bundle-scars, s h- 195 SILVER MAPLE, Acer saccharinum, Linnaeus. FORM— Usually a tree abont 50-60 ft. in h^nght but may attain a maximum height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 4i feet. Trunk short and divides into lateral branches which again freely subdivide and form a broad head. Lateral branches have pronounced droop, and distinct upward curve at the end. BABK — On branches and young trunks smoorh and gray; on old trunks brown with a some what furrowi'd surface separating into thin flakes which are fastened at the center and loose at both ends. TWIGS — Somewhat slender, glossy, at first green, later bright cbestnat-brown, covered with numerous light lenticels. BUDS — <»ppop:te, rod, obtuse-pointed, sessilo or short-stalked; flower buds stout, spherical, accessory, covered with overlnpping scales, 0 3 of which maj be exposed. Margin of scales ciliated and often light in color. LEAVES — Opposite, simple, 5-lobed, coarsi-ly toothed; bright green on upper surface and silvery -white on lower; with deep round-bas*?d sinuses. LEAF-SCARS — Opposite. U-sheped to V-shaped, not encircling stem. Bundle-scars 3, in a lunate line. FLOWERS — Appear In March or April before the leaves are out, In dense, sessile, axillary cluj;t1imiiii and when fruitiii;;. In J[y this State it does not reach a sufficient size to be of commercial importance. It should be maintained in our forest on account of Its beauty and its value as a soil improver, since It is very tolerant and will grow readily in the understory of the forest. PLATE CXVI. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. 1. A flowcrin;^ hraufti. with tliit-*.- clusters nf Ilowers, each surioimdeU by a showy 4-hracted white involucre, X i. 2. A sin^lt' flower, enlarged. 3. A fruiting branch with mature leaves, x I. 1. A winter twig with two terminal spherical flower buds, s S. 5. Terminal section of a winter twig showing leaf-scars and leaf-buds, enlarged. PLATE CXVII. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD. 1. A flowering branch, s %. 2. A fruiting branch, x s. 3. A winter twig, natural size. 4. Terminal section of a winter twig, enlarged. 205 ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD. Cornus alternifolia, Linnaeus. FORM — A small tree osiially about 10*20 ft. high but may reach a height of 30 ft. with a diameter of 8 inches. Trunk is short. Crown broad, deep, flat-topped, and dense. BARK — Rather thin; on younger stems rjreeiiish streaked with white, and smooth; on older stems reddish-brown end roughened by shallow longitudinal fissures which are sometimes joined transversely. TWIGS — Alternate, rather slender and flexible, smooth, often glossy, at first reddish- green, later dark green and often striped with white; bitter to the taste and emitting an offen- sive smell if punctured; marked with lunate leaf -scars and scattered lenticels. BUDS — Alternate, rarely opposite, oval, sharp-pointed, covered with a few, usually 2-3, chest- nut-brown scales. Outer scales are often separated towards apex. LEAVES — Alternate, sometimes opposite, simple, frequently clustered at end of branches, 3-5 inches long. 2-3 inches wide, ovate, acuminate nt apex, wedge-shaped at base, entire or wavy on margin, bright green above, usually almost white downy below. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, sometimes oppo::iite, situate on extensions of the twigs, with their surfaces often at right angles to twigs; iu outline resemble the moon in first quarter and containing 3 bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Appear about April. Cream-colored, perfect, borne in many-flowered terminal cymes. FRUIT — A dark blue spherical drupe, i of an inch in diameter, tipped with remnants of the stylo, borne in cymes. Ripens in October. WOOD — About the same as the flowering dogwood, but no uses of it are reported. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Alternato-leaved Dogwood, also known as Blue Dogwood, Purple Dogwood, Green Osier, and Pigeon-berry, may be distinguished by its alternate branching, reddish-green to dark green twigs, cream-colored flowers and dark blue fruit arranged in cymes. It does not have the alligator bark of the Flowering Dogwood and usually frequents moister habitats. RANGE — Nova Scotia to Alabama, and westward to Minnesota. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Throughout the State. Common in the-portions which are well watered. HABITAT — Prefers moist well drained soil. Most common along streams and other bodies of water and border of woodlands. Very tolennt of shade. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Alternate-leaved Dogwood is of little commercial importance. It is very pretty and may be of value as a soil-conserver and improver. 206 BLACK GUM. Nyssa sylvatica, Alarshall. GENUS DESCHIPTION — Tlie genus Nyssa Js rather limited in its distribution being confined to the eastern United States and southern Asia. It comprises 7 species in the world 5 of which are native to North America and 1 to Pennsylvania. All the representatives produce wood which is very tough on account of its twisted and routorted grain. FOKM — Usually a medium-sized tree with a Leight of 15-40 ft., but may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 5 feet. Trunk straight and rather continuous. Many lateral branches are horizontal: some of the lower are drooping and the upper ascending. Old trees often have a low Hat crown but have their middle and lower trunk covered with small horizontal branches. BAB.K — Grayish, smooth to scaly on young trunks; reddish-brown to grayish-black, very rough and scaly on older trunks. Forms what is known as alligator bark on very old trunks characterized by quadrangular and hexagonal blocks. See Fig. 100. TWIGS — Smooth, with few lenticels, grayish to reddish-brown; pith rather large, white, separated by layers of stone cells which )Day be seen with magnifying glass. BUDS — Alternate, ovate, reddish -brown, i of an inch long, usually smooth, covered by 3-5 visible, ovate, closely overlapping scales, lateral buds sometimes superposed, smaller than terminal one. Buds originate close to leaf-i^car and occasionally protrude into it. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, oval, 2-5 inches long, acute at apes, wedge-shaped at base, entire and slightly thickened on margin, dark green and shiny above, often hairy below, turning to a gorgeous red in fall. LEAF-SCABS — Alternate, conspicuous, rather large, broadly crescent -shaped, with three single or 3 groups of bundle scars, which are conspicuous on accoont of size; brownish in color, contrasting with lighter surface of the leaf-scar. FLOWERS — Appear in May or June. Borne on long slender somewhat downy stalks. Sta- minate and pistillate flowers separate. ^laminate occur in dense many-flowered heads; pistillate in open few-flowered clusters. FRUIT — A small, dark blue, fleshy berry or drupe, ovoid, s of an inch long, 1-3 in a cluster, often with a few remnants of undeveloped pistillate flowers at base. Borne on long stalks. Ripens in Octobei. WOOD — DlfEuse-porous; rays Indistinct; growth-rings usually indistinct; pores numerous, small, uniform in size and distribution; wood cross-grained, tough to split, difficult to work, not hard, moderately strong and stiff, not duraDle, light yellow. Weighs 3G.01 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for hubs of wheels, boies, ironing boards, rolling pins, chopping bowls, excelsior, broom handles, baskets, and berry crates. DISTINGUISHIlfG CHARACTERISTICS — The Black Gum, also known as Sour Gum. Tupelo, and Peiperi.jg'-, can b*- distinguished by its alligator bark when old, grayish to reddish-brown smooth clear twigs when young which are marked with couspicuous leaf -scars with three bundle-scars. The buds diverge very much from the twigs and may be superjosed. Lateral branches on young trees often take a horizontal position. The separation of the pith by stone cells, the gorgeous red color of the autumnal foliage, and the bluish berries also aid in recognizing it. RANGE — Maine to Tampa Bay, Florida; west to southern Ontario and Michigan, southward to Texas. DISTRIBUTION IK PENNSYLVANIA — Very common in the eastern, central, and southern parts, local in westorn part, rarer in northern part. Beaches large size in swamps of Adams and Franklin counties. HABITAT — Found in variable habitats. Very common on burnt-over areas, on dry mountain slopes, abandoned flelds. abandoned charcoal hearths; but reaches its best development along sf-eams and in low wet situations. While it has preferences it is not a chooser of habitats. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Black Gum has been despised since the early farmers tried to split it for fence rails. It is slowly gaining favor, but is not of sufficient importance to be recommended for forest planting. Its autumnal foliage is beautiful and in winter the form of ycung trees is very attractive. PLATE CXVIII. BLACK GUM. 1. A pistillate flowering branch, x l. 2. A staminate flowering branch, x J. 3. A fruiting branch with mature leaves, x J. 4. A winter twig, natural size. 5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. ^ PLATE CXIX. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. 1. Flowering branch with (i) immature leaves, (m) mature leaves, and with open and closed blossoms. X i. 3. Branch with mature leaves and mature fruit, s I. 2. A fruit, enlarged. 207 MOUNTAIN LAUREL. Kalmia latifolia, Linnaeus. FAMn-y AND GENUS DESCBIPTION— The Ucath family. Ericaceae, embraces species which are amongst our best known and most popular shrubs. The Huckleberries, Blueberries, Cran- berries, Azaleas, Kalmias. and Rhododendrons are some of the commonest representatives. \ery few representatives ate of any special economic value on account of the wood which they produce. Some are important on account of their aesthetic value, while others yield valuable food or are used In medicine. This family comprises about 90 genera with more than 1.400 species, of which number about 40 genera are found in the United States. 7 of which have tree reptetentatives. The Uora of Penns.vlvania comprises 27 genera with about 43 species. Since most of them are shrubs only 3 species i irpresenting 3 genera are described here. The genera here described are Kalmia, Khododendron, and Oiydendtum. The genus Kalmia comprises 5 or 0 species in .North America and Cuba. The species described on tliis page is the only one ivhich reaches tree-size. Two other sUrub species. Sheep Laurel (Kalmia angustifoUa L.) and Swamp Laurel (Kalmia polifolia Wang.), are also native to this State. The genus is named after Peter Kalm, a Swedish naturalist, who traveled in North America during the middle of the ISth century. FORM— In Pennsylvania usually a shrub 510 ft. In height with a stout stem which is usually forked, often inclined and bearing divergent branches which form a round compact head. In the South it reaches, a height of 30-40 ft. V'th » diameter of 20 inches. EABK — Very thin, reddish-biown, furrowed, peels off into long, narrow, thin scales ex- posing cinnamon-red Inner bark. TWIGS — At first leddish-green covered with uscld hairs, later becoming decidedly green, and Bnall.v bro>vn. liather smooth except where roughened by leaf-scars .ind bud scale scars. BUDS — Alternate, ovate, sharp-pointed, greenish in color. Leaf-buds are formed early and appear below the clustered flower-buds. Flower-buds are covered by numerous, downy and over- lapping green scales which arc coated with glandular hairs and enlarge with the developing shoot in spring. LEAVES — Alternate, sometimes paired, simple, oblong. wedge-shaped at base, entire- margined, acute at apex sometimes tipped with bristle point, 3-4 Inches long, about 5 of an inch wide. Mature leaves are thick, leathery, dark green, glossy above, yellowish-green below, and persist for two seasons, LEAF-SCABS— Large, imbedded in twig, witii a cluster of bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Emerge from flower buds which begin to expand in early spring and open about May or June. Flowers are borne on red or groea scurfy stalks and arranged in dense many- flowered corymbs which have a diameter of about 4 inches. Calyx is divided into Ave parts. Corolla is white to rose-colored and viscid pubescent. FRUIT — Matures about September. It is a ciany-seeded woody capsule, roundish in outline but slightly flve-lobed and covered with Tiscid hairs. Both style and calyx persist. Each capsule produces many seeds. WOOD — Diffuse^porous ; heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle. Heartwood redddsh-brown, sapwood lighter colored. Weighs 44.02 lbs. per cubic foot. Where it grows to a fair size it is an excellent wood for fuel. It is also used in manufacture of tool handles, penholders, bucket handles, turnery, and tobacco pipes. About 85,000 lbs. of this wood are produced auuually in North Carolina foi pipes. DISTINGUISHING CHAEACTEBISTICS — The Mountain Laurel, also known as Kalmia and Calico-Bush, is one of our few broad-leaved species whose leaves persist over winter. It can be distinguished from all other species native to this State by its thick leathery leaves which are 3-4 inches long, persistent, decidedly flossy on upper surface and yellowish-green on lower surface. The Great Laurel or Rhododendron is also evergreen but its leaves and buds are much larger than those of the Mountain Laurel. The leaves of the Mountain Laurel are shorter, nai rower, and sharpci -pointed than tnose of the Khododendron. RANGE — New Brunswick south generally along the mountains to Florida, west to Arkansas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Th.-jughont the State. Most common in the moun- tainous parts, where it often forms almost impenetrable thickets. HABITAT — Common along margins of swamps and as an understory in deciduous (forests. Also found on hillsides and hilltops. Very common on rocky and round hilltops. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Mountain Laurel remains too small in this State to be of commercial importance on account of the wood which it produces. Next to Khodo- dendron, it is the most attractive native shrub found in our flora. It is a favorite with lovers of the woods who admire not only its blossoms, brt also its leaves and its habit of growth. 208 GREAT LAUREL. Rhododendron maximum, Linnaeus. GENTIS DESCRIPTION — The name Rbododculron is of Greek origin aod means Rose tree. It conipris's about 100 species of shrubs and a fow small trees in the northern hemisphere. About 10 species are native to North America and 1 to Pennsjlvaoia. FORM — A shnib or small bnshy tree. In this State nsnally a shrub from ."5 12 ft. in height, but in the mountains of the South it maj- reach a height of 35 feet. Stems often twisted, bearing contorted branches which form an irregular round head. BARK — Thin, reddish-brown, at first close, Inter peeling off into thin scales. TWIGS — At first grenn and eoated with rusty pubescence but become smooth during first winter, and gradually turn to bright red-brown. BUDS — Alternate; leaf-buds and flower-buds distinct. Leaf-buds usually axillary sometimes terminal, dark green, cone-shaped, form in midsummer. Flower-buds usually terminal, cone- shape, 1-li inches long, covered by numerous, overlapping, green bracts. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, persistent, .clustered at apex of branches, ovate to oblong, acute at apex, rounded to wedge-shaped at l)ase. entire on margin, 4-11 inches long, li-2J Inches wide, thick, leathery, smooth and dark green on upper surface, whitish on lower surface. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, slightly raised, ronspicuous, rounded at base, slightly depressed at top, with several bundle-scars arranged In a U-shaped line. FLOWERS — Appear about June after the now leaves are fully developed, are arrnnged in nmbel-like clu;^ters about 4-5 inches In diameter and borne on glaiiduHr pedicels. Imlividual flowers are perfect, pale rose to white In color; upper petals marked by yellowish -green dots. FRUIT — A dark reddish-brown capsule about 5 of an inch long, which persists until the following season. Capsules split open lengthwise liberating oblong flattened seeds. Surrounded at the base by persistent calyx and terminatod by persistent linear style. WOOD — r>iffuse-porous; hard, strong, brittle, light brown with lighter sapwood. Weighs 3?.1'8 lbs. per cubic fcot. Of little commercial use but occasionally tnanufactured into tool handles and engraving blocks. Ex^-ellent for fuel where It reaches a fair size. DISTrNGUlSHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Great Laurel, also known as Rhododendron and Rose Bay, can be distinguished from all other species of trees native to Pennsylvania by its large, persistent. le.Tthery. simple leaves which are clustered towards the end of the brnnehes and alternate ir their arrangement. Its shrubby form and its preference for mnist h.ibitnts also aid in distinguishing it. The conical flower-buds, which are usually terminal and often over an inch long, are also characteristic. The twigs are evidently marked by the bud-scale scars. RANGE — Nova Scotia anc Lake Erie on the north, south along Georgia. DISTRIBITTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found throughout the State. part. Abundant thro,ighout the mountainous parts. the mountains to northern Rare in the southeastern HABITAT — In the North frequents a cold swampy situation. In the South it ascends the mountains to 3,000 feet but remains along the banks of streams. Tolerates most soils except limestone. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — ^The Rhododendron does not reach a large enough size in Pennsylvania to produc-i wood of commercial importance. In the South It often becomes a tree. It is the most attractive shrub in our flora, and will thrive in a variety of situations but prefers moist locations and flees from soils which contain lime. PLATE CXX. GREAT LAUREL. 1. Branch with mature and immature leaves, and a cluster of open flowers, i i. 2. A fruiting branch with a large terminal bud. x i. 3. Cross-section of a fruit capsule showing five cells, natural size. \ w PLATE CXXI. SOUR-WOOD. 1. A flowering branch with long one-sided racemes of flowers clustered in an open panicle, x i. 2. A few racemes of fruit, x i. 3. Cross-section of a capsule showing five cells filled with seeds, slightlv enlarged. 4. A winter twig, enlarged. 5. Section of a winter twiy:, enlarged. 209 SOUR-WOOD. Oxydendrum arboreum, (Linnaeus) De Candolle. GENUS DESCRIPTION— The Sour-wood is tlie sole representative of the genns Oxj-acndrum The' w.inl l)>jdfndrum iiR-ans acid tree, in allusion to the acid foliage. FORM— A medium-Bized tree which may reach a height of 50-60 ft. with a diameter of 20 inches, but usually is about K ft. !n height with a diameter of 8 inches. Trunk usually straight, tall] slender, and bears a narrow round-topped cro\vn. BARK — Rather thick, roughened by fissures which separate rounded ridges covered with tliick scales. On old trunks grayish often Tinged with red; on young branches reddish-brown. TWIGS — Rather slender, at first yellowish-green, laier orange-colored and reddish-brown. Marked with numerous, oblong, elevated lenticels. BUSS — Alternate, axillary; teiminal buds absent; small, partly imbedded in the bark, acute at apes, covered with several opposite dark red scales. LEAVES — Vlternate. slini-.le, oblong, stalked, acute at apex, wedge-shaped at base, serrate on margin, very smooth, 5-7 inches long, li-2J inches wide. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, elevated, nearly triangular, with a single compounded bundle-scar. FLOWERS — Appear about July. White, perfect, with cylindrical corolla, and borne in racemes often 6-S Inches long. FRUIT — A 5-sidea, r,-Talved capsule terminated by a persistent style. Matures in September only .1 month or six weeks after the flowers. Capsules often persist in clusters. WOOD — Diffuse-porous; hard, heavy, compact, reddish-brown with lighter sapwood. Medullary rays are numerous but narrow. Weighs 46. 4S lbs. per cubic foot. Used locally for runners of the .\ppalachian tanbark sleds, and for tool handles. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Sour-wood, also known as Sorrel-tree and Sour Gum, can be distinguished in summer by its white bell-shaped flowers which are arranged in racemes resembling the lilyof-the-valley. The alternate bitter leaves which resemble the peach leaf are also characteristic. The bark on older trees resembles that of the Black Gum. The winter buds, which art dark red, alternate, very small, often partly inbedded by bark, are also characteristic. RANGE — Pennsylvania and Indiana south to Florida and western Louisiana. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSTLVANIA — Found only sparsely in the southeastern part of the State. HABITAT — Usually freonents well-drained soils. Commonly found on hillsides, seldom along streams. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Sour-wood is native only to a very small portion of southern Pennsylvania. It.- small size and limited distribution in this State prevent it from being recommended for forej-trj purposes. It is. however, an attractive ornamental tree on account jt its form, late flowering, beautiful and attractive autumnal foliage. 14 210 COMMON PERSIMMON. Diospyros virginiana, Linnaeus. FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION — Tbe Ebony family, Ebenaceae, is widt'iy distributed iu the tropics, and ouly a few representatives are found in tlie temperate regions. It comprises about 6 genera with more than 250 species. The most important genus is Diospyros which has 2 representatives in the flora of the United States and 1 in Pennsylvania. This genus comprises about 160 species found mcf lly in the tropics. Members of this genus produce some of the ebony of commerce, and valuable foods in China and Japan. The species described below is the sole representative of this genus in eastern North America. One other species is found In the southern and western parts of Texas. FORM— A small tree usually from 25 to 50 ft. in height with a diameter of less than 12 inches, but may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 2 feet. Trunk usually short and slender. Crown high and broad-topped. It often spreads by roots migrating under the ground, forming dense thickets. BARK On old trunks thick, hard, dark gray to dark brown or black, cinnamon-red at the bottom of the fissures; separates into thick squarish blocks which peel off into thin scales. See Fig. 101. TWIGS Slender, bittsr, astringent, grayish to reddish-brown becoming darker In second year, usually pale pubescent, covered with a few scattered orange-colored lenticels, and contain large pith or pith chamber. BUDS — Alternate, broadly ovate, closely pressed against twig, J of an inch long, sharp- pointed, covered by 2 dark brown glossy scales; terminal bud absent. LEAVES — Alternate, simple, oval, acute at apex, entire on margin, wedge-shaped to heart- shaped at base. 4-6 inches long, thick, dark green and shiny above, often hairy below. Leaf- stalks are i-1 inch long, and contain 1 fibro-vascular bundle. LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, elevated, flattened, contain 1 prominent bundle-scar which is trans- VGrsGly-elongated, or several becoming conlluent. Staminate and pistillate flowers occur Pistillate solitary, and borne on short FLOWERS — White, appearing about May or June, separate. Staminate arranged in 2-3flowcred cymes. stalks. FRUIT — A Juicy, spherical, orange -colored, often red-cheeked berry with remnants of style persisting and seated in enlarged green calyx. Often very astringent. Sometimes edible be- fore frost appears. Contains from 1-8 seeds, usually 4-6. WOOD — Diffuse-porous; heavy, hard, compact, susceptible to a high polish, strong; heart- wood is brown to black but usually forms late; sapwood Is wide, yellowish and often streaked with black. Weighs about 49 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for shuttles, gold heads, billiard cues. mallets, parquei; flooring, brush backs, veneer. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Persimmon, also known as Date plum and Pos- sum wood, can be distinguished in summer by its alternate, simple, entire-margined, deep green leaves with only 1 tibro-vascular bundle in the leaf-stalk and the rough bark which is often broken up into quadrangular blocks and is evidently cinnamon-red at the base of the fissures. In autumn the fruit is characteristic. In winter the rough bark with cinnamon-red color at the bottom of the fissure, the semi-orbicular leaf-scars with only 1 bundle-scar, the broadly ovate buds with 2 dark brown scales, the reddish-brown slightly pubescent twigs with relatively large pith or pith cavity, and the persistent remnants of flowers are distinctive. RANGE — Connecticut to Florida, westward to Iowa and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common in the eastern and southern parts of the State. Abundant on Gettysburg battlefield. Local in southwestern part of the State. Absent in the higher mountainous parts. HABITAT Prefers a light, somewhat sandy well-drained soil. Tolerates rich bottomlands especially in the South. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Persimmon is too small in size and too limited In dis- tribution in this State to be of commercial importance from the point of view of wood produc- tion. It is essentially a southern tree. The tree has an attractive form, beautiful clean foliage, and an exceptionally attractive bark. It rarely exceeds 40 feet in height with a diameter of 12 inches in this State. PLATE CXXII. COMMON PERSIMMON. 1. A branch with pistillate flowers, x J. 2. A branch with stamiuate flowers, x h 3. A fruiting branch with mature leaves, x i 4. A winter twig, natural size. 5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. PLATE CXXIII. CATALPA. 1. A panicle ot flowers, x i. 2. A uraueti with two drooping cigar-like fruits, the one split open slicwing the seeds, i i. 3. A winged seed, x I. 4. A winter twig, s h. See Plate II. 211 CATALPA. Catalpa bignonioides, Walter. FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— This tree belongs to the Bignonia family. Bignoni- aceae, which comprises about 1'jO genera with 1,500 species. Most of the representatives of this family occur in the tropics; only a few are found in the temperate zone. They occur as trees, phrubs, woody climbers, or rarely herbs. North America has only 6 genera with 8 species In Its flora and Pennsylvania 3 genera with 3 species. The genus Catalpa is the only one which has tree representatives occuring rather frequently in this State. This genus comprises about 7 species in the world, of which number 2 are native to North America. No representative of this genus is native to Pennsylvania but 1 species has been naturalized so extensively in every part of the State, that a description of it in this publication was considered desirable. FORU — Usually 25-40 ft. high but may reach a height of 60 ft., with a diameter of 3 feet. Trunk usually short, crooked, often angular, and unattractive. Crown high, broad, and rather symmetrical In appearance in ^mmer, due to the dense foliage. BARK — Light brown, rather thin, shallowly -ridged, scaly, bitter. TWIGS — Stout, smooth, or slightly downy, yellowish-brown, usually frozen back, covered with numerous large lenticels, roughened by leaf scars. Pith large, white sometimes chambered at the nodes. See Plate II, 2. BUDS — Terminal bud usually absent. Lateral buds small, almost inbedded in barli, usually less than i of an inch long, covered with 5-C visible, small, brown bud-scales. LEAVES — Opposite or whoiled i. e.. more than two at a node, simple. 6-10 inches long, 4-5 inches bioad, ovate, heart-shaped at base, acute at apes, entire or wavy on margin. Fall simultaneously after first heavy frost. LEAF-SCARS — Opposite or 3 at a node, large, conspicuous, with projecting margin, elliptical iu outliuo, with conspicuous bundle-scars usually arranged in an ellipse. FLOWERS — Appear in June or July. Perfect, arranged In many-flowered crowded panicles from S-10 inches long. Corolla Is conspicuously spotted on inner surface. FRUIT — A long, cylindrical, bean-like capsule which often persists far into winter and con- tains many flattened winged seeds. Wings surround seeds and are fringed at ends. Tree is sometimes called Indian Bean on account of fruit. WOOD— Ring-porous; distinct demarcation between heartwood and sapwood; odor somewhat like kerosene; light, soft, coarse-grained; durable in contact with soil, light brown, and has a satiny surface. Weighs about 26 lbs. per cubic foot. Used mainly for cross-ties, posts and poles. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Eastern Catalpa, also known as Catalpa, Indian Beau, and Cigar Tree, can be distinguished in summer by its leaves which are opposite or whorled and its large panicles of flowers. The cigar-like or bean-like fruit is chaiacteristic in autumn and winter. In winter it can be distinguished by its large elliptical leaf -scars which are opposite or whorled and have their bundle-scars arranged in an ellipse. The pith is sometimes chambered at the nodes. The Eastern Catalpa closely resembles the Western Catalpa but has slendecer and thinner walled fruit, larger flower-clusters, more distinct markings on inner surface of corolla, and more blunt-pointed leaves. The Western Catalpa Is more frost hardy than the Eastern Catalpa. RANGE — Original range was limited to parts of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida. At present found in all parts of the country east of the Rocky Mountains and as far North as New England. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Planted for ornamental purposes in many parts of the State and has escaped cultivation in practically every part of the State. Individual specimens or small groups of trees are common in the forest near settlements. HABITAT Prefers moist and fertile situations, is most common along streams and river banks, but also found in drier places. Prefers shaded to open situations. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — ^Two species of Catalpa are commonly recognized, the Eastern Catalpa and the Western or Hardy Catalpa. Both have been widely advertised. The Western species is hardier against frost and produces a straighter and cleaner trunk. Neither of the 2 species should be planted for forestry purposes in this State. Both species produce beauti- ful flowers and foliage and attractive fruit. 212 THE OLIVE FAMILY— OLEACEAE. The Olive family comprises representatives which are widely dis- tributed in temperate and tropical regions, but are commonest in the northern portion of both hemispheres. A great variety of trees and shrubs is embraced by this family, some of which are valuable timber trees, while others are valuable for ornamental purposes or for the food which they yield. The most important is the Olive Tree (Olea Europaea, L.), whose fruit and the oil derived from it are used almost universally as food. The Olive Tree was cultivated in ancient times in Syria and Palestine; later it was introduced into the Mediterranean region, where one can find large orchards of it at the present time; and within the past few decades it has been intro- duced on a large scale into the southwestern part of the United States. A few specimens are also growing at the present time near Mont Alto, Pennsylvania. The Ashes which are among our most valuable timber trees, the Forsythias and Lilacs which are among our most attractive and jiopular shrubs, and the Privets, which are used so extensively as hedge plants, are also members of this family. The Olive family comprises about 21 genera with 500 species of trees, shrubs, and a few herbs. The flora of North America contains 5 genera with about 20 species, while that of Pennsylvania contains 4 genera with 9 species. Only 2 of the i genera native to Pennsyl- \ ania have tree representatives. KEY TO THE GENERA. Page. 1. Leaves comiJOund: fruit a dry samara; flowers without a corolla; winter buds with 3-4 pairs of scales / Fraxinus 213 1. Leaves simple; fruit a fleshy berry; flowers with a corolla; winter buds with more tlian 4 pairs of scales, Chionanthus 217 THE ASHES— FRAXINUS, (Tourn.) L. The Ashes with one or two exceptions are trees, which occupy a variety of situations but prefer rich, moist soil. Some species taay also be found occasionally in swamps or along streams, while others frequent dry and poor uplands. The trees are usually straight, have little stem taper, and often attain large dimensions. They are, lo- cally, rather abundant and yield wood which is straight-grained, strong, and elastic. The wood of all the eastern .species except that of the Black Ash, is sold as White Ash. This classification is legi- timate since there is little difference for practical purposes. They are also valuable as shade trees. Our native species and the intro- duced European species (Fraxinus excelsior, L.) are planted rather extensively in parks and lawns. The trunk and leaves of Fraxinus ornus, L., a species of southern Europe and Asia Minor, yield the manna of commerce. The Ashes may be regenerated by natural and artificial methods. The natural regeneration may be accomplished by means of regulated 213 cutting of the mature trees accompanied by the establishment of a young growth from the seed scattered by the seed trees which remain, or by means of coppicing. Coppicing is a practical method of regen- eration especially on rich, moist soils and where very large sizes are not required. The artificial regeneration may be accomplished by sowing seeds, or what is still better, by collecting the seeds, planting them in the nursery, and after a year's growth in the nur- sery, lifting them and planting them out upon the area where they are to remain and produce a timber crop. The leaves of the Ashes are opposite and compound. The leaf- lets occur in 2s opposite each other along the principal leaf-stalk with a single leaflet at the end, hence the total number of leaflets is always odd. The twigs are stout and occur in pairs opposite each other along the main axis. The branchlets are usually flattened at the nodes. The flowei-s are produced in dense clusters and usually appear in spring before the leaves have made their appearance. The fruit, known as a samara, matures in fall and occurs in clusters. The individual seed is winged at one end. This wing aids in the dis- persal of the seed by the wind, which is the most important disper- sing agent ; but water may also scatter a large quantitj' of the seeds, especially of such species which are commonest near streams or where flood waters occur. The Ashes are distributed throughout the north temperate zone and comprise about 40 known species, of Avhich number 16 occur in North America and 4 in Pennsylvania. Three species are common in this State, while another species known as the Biltmore Ash (Fraxinus Biltmoreana, Beadle), is found locally only over a limited region in the southern part of the State. A variety of the Bed Ash known as the Green Ash (Fraxinus penn.sylvanica var. lanceolata) is also found locally in the southern part of the State. SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES. Page. 1. Leaves with sessile leaflets; seed surroniided by wing; barli scaly, not farrowed with diamond-shaped fissures F, nigra 215 1. Leaves with stalked leaflets: seed iiartly surrounded by wing; barlj furrowed with diamond-shaped fissures, 2 2. Leaves and twigs smooth or nearly so; seed usually winged only at apex F. americana 214 2. Leaves and twigs vehety pubescent; seed winged usually at apex and sides, F. pennsylvanica 216 WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES. 1. Buds usually black and acute at apex; bark scaly, not furrowed with diamond- shaped fissures; tall and slender F. nigra 215 1. Buds rusty to 'l.irlc brown, usually obtuse at apex; bark furrowed with diamond- shaped fissures; tall but stout g 2. Twigs smooth or nearly so; leaf-scars evidently indented on upper margin F. anv&ricana 214 2. Twigs velvety pubescent; leaf-scars not evidently Indented on upper surface F. pennsylvanica 216 214 WHITE ASH. Fraxinus americana, Linnaeus. FOKM — Usually reaches a height of 70-80 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft., but may attain a height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 5-6 ft. Trunk usually tall, massive, clear from branches for a considerable distance from the ground when grown in the forest, bearing a narrow, some- what pyramidal crown. When open grown the crown is decidedly round-topped and often extends almost to the ground. In forest grown trees trunk often continuous and dividing into a number of spreading branches. BAKE — Grayish-brown, rather thick upon older trunks, decidedly divided by diamond-shaped fissures into rather flattened ridges which arc covered by thin, close-fitting scales. Longitudinal ridges often transversely-fissured so that the primary fissures are connected. See Fig. 86. TWIGS — Opposite, stout, usually smooth, sometimes covered with a slight bloom, decidedly flattened at the nodes. During the first winter grayish -brown in color, and decidedly lustrous; covered by scattered, large, pale lenticels. BTTDS — Opposite, ovate, blunt-pointed, usually dark brown, occasionally almost black. Term- inal bud larger than laterals, covered by 2-3 pairs of visible scales which occur opposite each other. Scales on the terminal buds may be somewhat sharp-pointed, while those on the lateral buds are usually obtuse. Two lateral buds are usually found at base of terminal bud causing a terminal enlargement of twig. LEAVES — Opposite, compound, about 10 inches long with 5-9 leafl<^ts. I>eaflets 3-5 inches long, about IJ inches broad, evidently-stalked, slightly serrate on margin, acute at apex, wedge-shaped to rounded at base. When full grown usually smooth and dark green above and pale below. A few bairs are sometimes found along the TCins on the lower surface. LEAF-SCABS — Opposite, semicircular in outline, notched on the upper margin, raised, con- spicuous; bundle-scars small, numerous, arranged in a curved line. FLOWERS — Appear about May before the leaves. The staminate and pistillate on different trees. Staminate occur In dense reddish-purple clusters: pistillate In rather open panicles. FRTTIT — A samara borne In dense drooping panicles about 7 Inches long. Panicles often persist far into winter. Individual samara 1-2 Inches long, consists of a seed bearing portion and a winged portion. Seed portion round in cross-section, terminated by the wing which aids in the dispersal of the seed. Since some trees bear staminate flowers only, seeds are never found upon them. Trees bearing pistillate flowers alone produce seeds. WOOD — Ring-porous; very heavy and strong, odorless and tasteless, tough, elastic, and brown, with thick and much lighter colored sap wood. Pores in spring wood large, usually 3-10 rows wide. Pores in summer wood Isolated or in groups of 2-3, and usually joined by wood paren- chyma. Weighs 40.77 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, wagon building, furniture. Interior finishing of houses, and for tool handles. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The White Ash. also known as the Canadian Ash, can be distinguished from the Black Ash by its leaves, which have stalked leaflets, while the leaflets of the Black Ash arc sessile. The buds of the White Ash are usually obtuse and brown in color, while those of the Black Asb are usually acute and black in color. The bark of the White Ash is usually furrowed and has diamond-shaped fissures between the ridges, while the bark of the Black Ash is scaly, often corky and not furrowed. It can be distinguished from the Red Ash by its smooth leaves and twigs. Those of the Red Ash are usually velvety-pubescent. The leaf -scars of the White Ash are usually evidently-indented in the upper margin, while those of the Red Asb are not. The seeds of the White Ash have wings which are fastened only to the apex of the seed, while in the Red Ash they are fastened to the apes and often extend down along the sides, and in the Black Ash the wing usually surrounds the seed. RANGE — Nova Scotia to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Generally distributed throughout the State. Common in the eastern, southern, and western parts. Sparse in the mountainous parts, except in moist valleys and rich bottomlands. HABITAT — Prefers fertile, moist soils; very common in rich, moist woods and along streams, lakes, and other bodies of water. Occasionally found on rather dry hillsides. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The White Ash is one of the most important timber trees of Pennsylvania on account of the large size which it attains, its general distribution through- out the State, its rapid growth, as well as its immunity from the attack of fungous diseases and insects. Nature did not produce it in pure stands, hence in developing our future forests we should aim to follow nature and plant White Ash in mixture with some other desirable species. White Ash and White Pine will undoubtedly prove to be a valuable mixture. L^d^ PLATE CXXIV. WHITE ASH. 1. A branch with a cluster of staminate flowers and imiiialuie leaves, x J. 2. A panicle of pistillate flowers, x iS. 3. A mature oompouud leaf, x \. i. A cluster of fruit, x i. 5. A winter twig, x J. 6. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. PLATE CXXV. BLACK ASH. 1. lirauL'li with stamiuntt; Huwers. x i. 2. A pankle of pistillate flowers, x h 3. A mature compound leaf, x h. 4. A cluster of fruit, x i. 5. A winter twig, s J. 6. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. 215 BLACK ASH. Fraxinus nigra, Marshall. FORM— A medium-sized tree which usually attains a height of 60-80 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft., but may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 2S feet. It usually has a rather tall, slender trunk often free from branches for a considerable distance from the ground bearing a narrow and shallow crown formed by numerous rather upright branches. Usually found in the forest, where the slender form prevails, but occasionally may be found in the open, where its form resembles that of the White Ash. BABK — Thin, grayish, shallowly and irregularly fissured; ridges between the fissures decidedly scaly and somewhat corky. By rubbing the bark it breaks up into a very fine powder. See Fig. 87. TWIGS — Rather stout, at first somewhat hairy, but soon becoming quite smooth. Resemble those of the White Ash but lighter in color, and not so smooth and glossy. BUDS — Opposite; terminal bud present, ovate, sharp-pointed, black, covered with 1-2 pairs of visible bud-scales, usually at some distance from nearest lateral buds; lateral buds usually almost as broad as long, often obtuse at aptx, closely oppressed to twigs. LEAVES — Opposite, compound, about 14 inches long, with 7-11 sessile leaflets. Leaflets are all sessile except the terminal one. 3-5 inches long, about li inches wide, acute at the apex, serrate on the margin, wedge-shaped at the base, dark green and smooth above, paler below. I-EAF-SCARS — Opposite, large, conspicuous, crescent-shaped, upper margin usually straight or convex; bundle-scars numerous arranged in a curved line, sometimes Joined so as to form a compound scar. FLOWERS — Appear about May before the leaves. Staminate and pistillate borne on the same or different trees; the staminate in dense, dark purplish clusters; the pistillate in rather open panicles. FRtriT — A samara which resembles the fruit of the White and Red Ashes, but differs in that the wing is broader, decidedly notched at the apex, and completely surrounds the somewhat flattened seed bearing portion. WOOD — Ring- porous: heavy, smooth, soft, not strong, rather coarse grained, somewhat dur- ahh'. Heartwood dark brown with white sapwood; marked difference between spring and sum- mer wood; annual layers of the wood easily separated. Pores in spring wood in a broad zone often comprising one-half of the ring. Pores in summer wood large, few, scattered. Weighs 39.37 lbs. r*"!" cubic foot. Used in the manufacture of baskets, hoops, chair bottoms, and the inteilor flnishing of houses. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Black Ash, also known as Hoop, Swamp, Basket, and Brown Ash, can readily be distinguished from all the other spec;es of Ash in Pennsylvania In summer by its opposite and compound leaves with sessile leaflets. The leaflets of all other species of Ashes are evidently-stalked. In winter it can be recognized by its black and acute buds, its scaly, non-fissured bark, and its tall and slender form. In autumn by its fruit with a flattish body which passes insensibly into the wing. RANGE — Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Yirginia and Arkansas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Generally distributed over the State. Common In the eastern, southern, central and western parts. Rare in mountainous portion except In moist valleys. HABITAT — Prefers swampy habitats, in this respect differing very much from the other species of Ash native to the State. Flourishes best in the cooler portions of its range. Seldom thrives on dry ground. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — This species has probably never been grown for forestry purposes. It may be so recommended where natural reproduction may be depended upon and in such locations where other more valuable trees will not grow. Few better species grow in its chosen home and consequently it may be one which we will plaat in the future in extremely wet locations together with others such as Spruce, Fir, and Larch. 216 RED ASH. Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Marshall. FORM — Tree of middle or large size, osuallj- attaining a height of 30-60 ft. with a diameter of 1-3 ft., but may reach a height of 70 ft. with a diameter of 5 feet: Trunk similar to that of White Ash. but smaller and bearing numerous upright branches which form a rather irregular and compact crown. BARK — Grayish-brown, roughened by numerous fissures separating prominent ridges which in time become scaly. Fissures usually diamond-shaped. Ridges often subdivided by transverse secondary Assures. TWIGS — Similar to those of the White Ash but not so stout and covered with a dense velvety pubescence, or sometimes almost smooth. See "Twigs'* under White Ash, page 214. BUDS — Opposite; terminal bud present: ovate, brown, covered by brownish scales, 2 pairs of which are usually visible. Scales of the lateral buds usually have an obtuse apex while those of the terminal buds have a more acute apex. See "Buds" under White Ash, page 214. LEAVES — Opposite, compound, about 11 Inches long, with 5-9 stalked leaflets. Leaflets from 3-5 inches long, 1-lJ inches wide, ovate, acute at apex, slightly toothed on margin, wedge- shaped at base. At first coated on the lower surface with white tomontum, later becoming yellowish-green above, and decidedly velvety-pubescent beneath. LEAF-SCARS — Opposite: semicircular In outline, conspicuous, slightly notched on the upper margin; liunjlc-scars numerous, usually small, and arranged in a curved line. Sometimes a number of bundle-scars unite to form a compound bundle-scar. FLOWERS — .\ppear about May before or with the leaves. Staminate and pistillate are usually borne on different trees. Staminate occur in dense purplish-red clusters: pistillate In open greenish-red panicles. FRUIT — A samara, borne in open panicles which often persist far into winter. The individual samara varies in length from 1-2 Inches, and consists of a seed bearing portion and a winged portion. Fruit resembles that of the White A.ih, but has the winged portion attached not only to the apes of the seed but also along the sides, while the White Ash has the wing attached at the apex only. WOOD — Ring-porous: heavy, hard, rather strong, light brown, with rather wide and light colored sapwood. Pores in the spring and summer wood are similar to those of the White Ash, but the lines of pores In the summer wood are longer than in the White Ash. Weighs 44.85 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for the same purposes as the White Ash, but is somewhat in- ferior to it from a commercial i>oint of view. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Red Ash can be distinguished at any season of the year from tlie other species of Ash native to Pennsylvania by Its velvety-pubescent twigs and petioles. In addition it can he distinguished from the White .\sh by Its fruit, the wings of which are attached to the apex and the sides of the seeds, while those of the White Ash arc at- tached at the apex only. The leaUets of tlie Red Ash are decidedly stalked while those of the Black Ash are sessile. The buds of the Red Ash are brown in color and usually obtuse, while tliose of the Black Ash are black in color and usually acute. The bark of the Red Ash is prominently-Assured while that of the Black Ash is not Assured but decidedly scaly and presents somewhat of a corky appearance. RANGE — Vermont west to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Found in the eastern and southern parts of the State. Not known lo occur in other parts. HABITAT — Prefers rich soil in valleys; also found in swampy lowlands and along the margins of streams, lakes, and ponds; occasionally found upon ratlier dry hillsides. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Red Ash in many respects resembles the White Ash, but it is of less economic importance since it does not attain so large a size as the White Ash, its wood is not quite so valuable, and it requires a somewhat moister soil. The White Ash will grow in all places where the Red Ash thrives, and consequently the White Ash ahonld be favored. It is sometimes planted for ornamental purposes but the White Ash is generally regarded more attractive and just as free from the attacks of insects and fungi. The only place where the Red Ash could be recommended for planting for forestry purposes would be in such situations where it is too wet for the White Ash to thrive. PLATE CXXVI. RED ASH. 1. liranoli with staminate flowers, s h- 2. A panicle of pistillate tlowers, s 3. A mature compovind leaf, x I. 4. A cluster of fruit, x h 5. A winter twig, x i. 6. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. PLATE CXXVII. FRINGE-TREE. 1. A flowering branch with immature leaves, x I 2. A fruiting branch with mature leaves, x J. 3. A winter twig, x I. 4. Section of a winter twig, natural size. 217 FRINGE-TREE. Chionanthus virginica, Linnaeus. GENUS DESCRIPTION— The genus to which the Fringe-tree belongs has only one other rep- resentative. Both species are cultivated primarily for ornamental purposes. The generic name of these trees, Chionanthus, refers to the white flowers which resemble snow. FOKM— A slender, small-sized tree nsnaUy attaining a height of 20 ft. with a diameter of 0 8 inches, but may reach a height of 40 ft. with a diameter of 12 inches. Trunk usually short, bearing numerous, stout, and ascending branches which form a rather deep, narrow crown. BABK — On main trunk rather thin, scaly, reddish-brown; on branches light brown to orange, and smooth. TWIGS — Rather stout, light brown tinged with green, somewhat angled, slightly hairy. Marked by large, conspicuous and elevated leaf-scars and dark colored lenticels. BITDS — Opposite, ovoid, sharp-pointed, about i of an inch long, covered with about 5 pairs of scales which Increase in length from the outer surface and ciliated on the margin. LEAVES — Simple, opposite, thickish, ovate, 4-8 inches long, 1-4 inches wide, wedge-shaped at base, entire on margin, acute at apex, dark green above, pale and smooth below except along the veins. LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, raised, semicircular in outline, upper side of margin partly surrounds bud; bundle-scars solitary, large, located on cushions. FLOWEHS — Appear In May or June when leaves are just developing. Borne in drooping panicles about 46 inches long: perfect, white, and slightly fragrant. The appearance of the snow white flowers resembles fringe, hence the common name Fringe-tree. FRUIT — A berry, borne In loose clusters. Dark blue in color, about 1-3 of an Inch long, and surrouu.Jed at the base by a persistent calyx. Stalks bearing the fruit may bear leaf like bracts. Skin of fruit usually thick and stones usually thin. WOOD — Light brown In color, with rather wide and lighter colored sapwood; heavy, hard, close-grained. Weighs about 40 lbs. per ctJbic foot. It is put to no special commercial use's. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Fringe-tree, also known as Old Man's Beard, White Fringe, American Fringe. Flowering Ash, and Snow Flower tree, is native to only a few counties in the southern part of the State. This limited distribution, together with its small size and its simple, opposite, entire-margined and thick leaves will enable one to dis- tinguish it quite readily during the summer. The white fringe-like panicles of flowers will also assist during a limited portion of early summer. In winter, the opposite, rather stout branches bearing sharp-pointed, opposite buds covered with more than 4 pairs of scales, are also charac- teristic. The berry. like fruit combined witb the opposite branching will distinguish this tree from practically all others found in the State. RANGE — Southern New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. It is essentially a southern species. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— This tree is found locally in about 6 counties in the southeastern part of the State. It is nowhere abundant, nor does it attain any large dimensions. HABITAT — Usually found in rich, moist soil; also frequents banks of streams, lakes and swamps. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Fringe-tree is planted extensively for ornamental pariioses as far north as Massachusetts. Its beautiful flowers and its attractive form recommend it for planting in lawns and parks. The main objectionable feature is the fact that it retains its foliage for a relatively short period during the summer, since the leaves are late to appear and early to disappear. The poor quality and small size of the wood which it produces, to- gether with its limited distribution and selective situations, do not recommend it for forestry purposes. It can readily be grafted upon our common species of Ashes. This enables one to develop it upon situations somewhat dry for the tree itself. 218 SWEET VIBURNUM. Viburnum Lentago, Linnaeus. FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION — The Honeysackla family. Caprifoliaceae, Is rather widely distributed in temperate regions. It comprises about 10 genera with 275 species of shrubs, trees, vines, and a few perennial herbs. Abont 8 genera are native to North America and 7 to Pennsylvania. The 7 genera native to this State comprise about 31 species, most of which are shrubs. The principal native genera are: The Elderberries (Sambucus), the Viburnums (Viburnum), the Bush Honeysuckles (Diervilla), the Honeysuckles (Lonicera) and the Snowberries (Symphoricarpos). Since most of the representatives of these genera are shrubs only a few have beesi discussed in this publication. A description of the others may be found in Gray's New Manual of Botany, or Porter's Flora of Pennsylvania. The Elders, belonging to the genus Sambucus, are among our best known shrubs. The Common Elderberry (Sambflcus canadensis L.) is probably the best known. The flowers are conspicuous and sometimes used in making wine. The fruit Is eaten and also made into wine, pies, and jellies. The Honeysuckles (Lonicera) are very common in our gardens and parks as ornamental shrubs and vines. They comprise about 100 species of which number at least 10 species are native to Pennsylvania. The Viburnums (Viburnum) also comprise alwut 100 species of which number about 20 species are native to North America and 11 to Pennsylvania. Alt of our species are usually shrubs, rarely small trees. The two species described on the following pages are occasionally found as small trees. FORM — A shrub or small tree usually attaining a height of 10-15 ft., but may reach a height of 30 ft. with a diameter of 10 inches. Trunk usually short, bearing a round-topped crown formed by slender and usually drooping branches. BARK — Disagreeable in odor, reddish, roughened in older specimens by division and subdivision into thick plates which are scaly on the surface. TWIGS — At flrst greenish and covered with rusty hairs, later reddish to orange and rather smooth. StrDS — opposite, long, slender, scurfy, reddish-brown, covered by two rather rough scales. Lateral buds are usually leaf-buds and closely appressed to twigs. Terminal buds are often flower buds with a marked swelling at the base, and about 3 of an inch long. LEAVES — Opposite, simple, ovate, about 2i inches long, sharp-pointed, narrowed or rounded at base, closely and very sharply serrate on margin, bright green, smooth on both upper and lower surfaces. Veins conspicuously connected by veinlets. Petioles often winged and grooved. LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, wide, broadly U-shaped, not encircling twigs, and usually with 3 bundle-scars. FLOWERS — Small, perfect, white, appearing in May or June in dense, many-flowered, sessile. terminal cymes which are usually 3-5 inches broad. FRUIT — A black or dark blue fleshy, sweet, rather juicy drupe, containing a flat oval stone, and grouped into small clusters borne on slender, reddish, and often drooping stalks. WOOD — Diflfuse-porous: heavy, hard, dense, yellowish-brown, with very disagreeable and per sistent odor. Weighs 45.51 lbs. per cubic foot. Not important commercially. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Sweet Viburnum, also known as Sheepberry, Nannybery, and Wild Raisin, resembles the Black Haw more closely than any other of our native Viburnums. It can be distinguished from the latter by its leaf -blades with acuminate apexes, its long-pointed buds, and its winged petioles. The Black Haw has leaf -blades with obtuse or merely acute apexes, short -pointed buds, and no winged leaf -petioles. The small lateral branches of the Black Haw are often stiff and stand out almost at right angles to the main axis, while those of the Sweet Viburnum are flexible and more erect. RANGE — Quebec to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Indiana and Missouri. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common in the eastern, southern, and central parts of the State; local in the western part, and less frequent in the northern part. HABITAT — Usually foand along or near banks of streams and borders of lakes located in or near wooded areas. , IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Sweet Viburnum has no commercial value, so far as wood production is concerned. Its form, flowers, fruit, and foliage make it one of the most attractive of our small ornamental trees. PLATE CXXVIII. SWEET VIBURNUM. 1. A twig showing the opening of a terminal bud. s I. 2. A braudilet with leaves and two cymes of flowers, x *. 3. A branchlet with leaves and two clusters of fruit, x i. 4. A winter twig with lateral leaf -buds and terminal flower buds, natural size. 5. A leaf-scar with three Imndle-scars, enlarged. PLATE CXXIX. BLACK HAW. 1. A branclilet with leaves and two cymes of flowers, x h. 2. A branchlet with leaves and two clusters of fruit, x J. 3. A winter twig with a larg:e terminal flower bud and three leaf-buds. Two leaf-buds are op- |iosite, and located alxiut the middle of the twig, while the third is at the base and to the right of the terminal flower bud, natural size. 219 BLACK HAW. Viburnum prunifolium, Linnaeus. FORM — A shrub or small tree usually attaining a height of 15 ft., but may reach a height of 35 ft. with a diameter of 10-12 inches. Truuli short, often crooked, bearing a rather broad and round- topped crown formed by stiff lateral branches. BAKK — About 2/5 of an inch thick, reddish -brown, rough, broken into thick plate-like scales. TWIGS — At first reddish and smooth, then green, and later, during first winter, spine-like, gray tinged with red, and often covered with thin film-like bloom. Usually marked with orange-colored lenticels. BUDS — Opposite, i-i of an inch long, covered with 2 rusty pubescent scales which enlarge into leaf-like bodies in spring wbeu growth begins. Axillary buds i of an inch long, flattened, closely appressed to twig. Flower buds swollen near base. LEAVES — Opposite, simple, oval. 1-3 inches long, obtuse or slightly pointed at apex, usually wedge-shaped at base, finely serrate on margin, sometimes leathery when old, dark green above and pale green below; petioles usually round, rarely winged. LEAF-SCARS — See '*Leaf-S(fars" under Sweet Viburnum. FLOWERS — Small, perfect, white, appearing about May in dense, many-flowered, sessile, and terminal cymes which are 3-4 Inches broad. FRUIT — Fleshy, dark blue drupe which is persistent, sweet and rather juicy; contains a flat oval stone; grouped in few-fruited clusters borne on reddish stalks. WOOD — See "Wood" under Sweet Viburnum. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Black Haw, also known as Sweet Haw, Sheep- berry. Stag-bush, and Nanny-lUMiy, closely resembles the Sweet Viburnum. See "Distinguishing Characteristics" under Sweet Viburnum. The Black Haw and the Sweet Viburnum may further be distinguished from the Maple-leaved Viburnum (Viburnum acerifoliura) by the palmate vena- tion of the leaf blade and the small gaping buds of the latter, and from the Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum) by the coarsely dentate leaves, the small gaping buds, and the evidently- stalked flower clusters of the latter. RANGE — Connecticut, south to Georgia, and west to Arkansas. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common in the eastern and southern parts of the State, and local to sparse in the other parts. HABITAT — Prefers dry rocky hillsides. Sometimes found in rather moist locations. Fre- quent along fences and roadsides where seeds may have been dropped by birds. Often forms almost impenetrable thickets along fences, especially when coppiced. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — It is of no commercial importance as a wood-produi^ing tree, but for ornamental purposes deserves to be planted extensively. The bark of the roots is valuable medicinally. 220 GLOSSARY. Abortion. Imperfect development or non-derelopment of an organ. Abortive. That which is brought forth prematurely; coming to naught before it is completed. Achenc. A small, hard, dry. 1-celled. 1-seeded fruit which does not open by valves. Acrid. Sharp or biting to the taste. Acitminatc. Decidedly tapering at the end. Acute. Tapering at the end. Aesthetic. Pertaining to the beautiful. Afforesting. Turning ground into forest after being without a forest for a considerable length of time. Allmial. Relating to the deposits of sand, clay, or gravel made by river action. Alternate. Not opposite to each other, but scattered singly along the axis. Ament. A peculiar, scaly, nnisesual spike. Anther. The enlarged terminal part of a stamen which bears the pollen. Apex. The tip or end of a bud or leaf. I. e. the part opposite the base. ApicaJ. Pertaining to the tip. end, or apex. Appresscd. Lying tight or close against. , Arborescent. Tree-like in appearance, size, and growth. AromatiC' Fragrant; with 8 pleasing odor. Astrinffent. Contracting ; drawing together ; binding. AtH. The upiter angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem. Axillary. Situate in an axil. Axis. The central line of an organ ; a stem. Bark. The outer covering of a trunk or branch. Baaah Pertaining to or situated at base. Tinry. A fruit which is fleshy or pnlpy throughout. Bisexual. Having both stamens and pistils, i. e. male and female organs. Bloom. A powdery or somewhat waxy suKmposed of more than one carpel and splitting open at maturity. Carpel. A simple pistil or one member of a compound pistil. Catkin. Au ament or spike of unisexual flowers. Ckambci'cd. Said of the pith when interrupt'art. or leaflet of a pinnate leaf. Pinnate. With leaflets on both sides of a stalk. Pistil. The central part of the flower containing the prospective seed. Pistillate. Bearing pistils but no stamens. Pith. The soft central part of a twig. Pod. Any dry and dehiscent fruit. Pollen. The dust-like substance found in the anthers of a flower. Pollination. The piocess of bringing the pollen nf the male flower in contact with the stJ^ina of the female flower. Polygamous. With both perfect and imperfect, staminate or pistillate, flowers. Pome. A fleshy fruit with a core, such as the apple. Prickle, A sharp-pointed, needle-like outgrowth. Profligate. Wasteful, extravagant. Propaijativc. Said of buds containing reproductive organs. PseudO: A prefix meaning false, not true. Pubescent. Hairy. Pungent. Ending in a sharp point: acrid. Pyramidal. Shaped like a pyramid with the broadest part near the base. Raceme, A simple inflorescence of flowers borne on pedicels of equal length and arranged on a ctmmon. elongated axis. Rap. See Medullarj/ ray, Reftexcd. Abruptly turned backward or downward. Reforestation. The process of putting a forest growth upon an area which had its forest growth removed recently. Regular. Said of flowers which are uniform in shape or structure. Resin-ducts. A passage for the conduction of resin found in the leaves and wood of the Pines. , Ring-porous. Said of wood which has pores of unequal size, the larger ones being found In the spring wood and the smaller in the summer wood. Rugose. Wrinkled. Rugosities, Projections, wrinkles, knobs. Saccharine, Pertaining to or having the qualities of sugar. Samara. An indeliiscent winged fruit. Sapwood, The recently formed, usually light wood, lying outside of the heartwood. Bcaleit. The small, modified leaves which protects the growing-point of a bud or the part of a cone which bears the seeds. The small flakes into which the outer bark of a tree divides. Scurfy. Covered with small bran-like scales. Sepal, One of the parts of the calyx. Serrate. Having sharp teeth pointing forward. Sessile. Seated ; without a stalk. Sheath. A tubular envelope or covering. Shrub. A low woody growth which usually branches near the base. Silky. ^Covwed with soft, straight, fine hairs. Simple, Consisting of one part, not compound. Sinus. The cleft or opening between two lobes. Species. A group of like individuals as Red Oak, White Oak, etc. Spike. An enlongated axis bearing sessile flowers. 223 Bpile. A small peg or wooden pin. Sometimes synonymous with pile. Spine. A sharp woody outgrowth. titamen. The part of a flower which bears the pollen. Staminate. Said of flowers which bear only stamens. Sometimes spoken of as male. Sterigmata. The projections from twigs bearing leaves. Sterile, Barren ; unproductive. Stigma. The end ot a pistil through which pollination takes place. Stipule. A leaf-appendage at the base of the leaf-stalk. Stipule-scar. The scar left by the fall of the stipule. Stoma. An opening in the epidermis of a leaf communicating with the internal air cavities. Striate. Marked with fine elongated ridges or lines. Striations. Long narrow lines or ridges. Strobile. A fruit marked by overlapping scales as in the Pine, Birches, etc. Style. The pin-like portion of the pistil bearing the stigma. Sub-. A prefix meaning under or nearly. Sucker. A shoot arising from an underground bud. Superposed. Said of buds when they are arranged one above the other. Symmetrical. Regular as to the number of parts. Having the same number of parts in each circle. Terminal. Pertaining to buds located at the end of twigs. Thorn. A stiff, woody, sharp- pointed projection. Tolerant. Applied to trees which endure certain factors, particularly shade. Tomcntiim. A dense layer of hairs. Tomcntose, Densely pubescent ; hairy. Truncate. Ending abruptly. a3 if cut off at the end. Tubercle, A small tuber or tuber-like body. Tufted. Growing in clusters. Umbel. A flower-cluster with all the pedicels arising from the same point. Vnisexital. Consisting of one sex only, either staminate or pistillate. Valvate. Said of buds in which the scales merely meet without overlapping. Vegetative. Said of buds which do not contain reproductive organs, reins. Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in leaves or other organs. Versatile, Used for many purposes. Viscid. Glutinous ; sticky. Whorl. A group of three or more similar organs, as leaves or buds, arranged about the same place of attachment. Whorlcd, Borne in a whorl. Xylology. The science which treats of the form and structure of wood. (224) INDEX. Page. Abies balsamea , 84 Abies Fraseri, 84 Acacia, 181 Three-thomed , 1 79 Acer, 190 Negundo, 197 pennsylvanieum , 192 platanoides, 198 Pseudo-platanus 198 rubrum, 55, 56, 196 saccharinum 195 saccharum 61, 194 spicatum , 193 Aceraceae, 190 Aesculiis: glabra, ; 200 octandra, 201 Hippocastanum , 200 Ailanthus, 38, 187 glandulosa 187 Alder, 38, 47, 48 Black 39, 121 Smooth, 121 Alders, 45 Alnus rugosa, 121 Alternate-loaved Dogwood , 205 Amelanchier canadensis, 174 Anacardiaceae, 182 Angelica Tree, 199 Anonaceae, 160 Apple, American Crab, 172 Aralia spinosa, 199 Arbor Vitae, 41, 86 Arrow-wood, .*...'. 219 Ash, 22, 23, 47, 212 Basket, 215 Bilttnore, 213 Blacb, .i........... 215 Brown, ^ .- 215 Canadian , 214 Green, 213 Hoop, 215 Mountain, 48, 173 Page. Red 216 White, 214 Ash-Ieayed Maple, 197 Asimina trUoba , 160 Aspen, 38, 94 American , 96 Large-toothed, 97 Quaking, 96 Small-toothed 96 Trembling, 96 Balm of Gilead 94 Balsam, 84 Basswood, 35, 38, 44, 48, 202 White, 203 Beaked Hazelnut, 122 Beaked WiUow, . 93 Bear Oak, 144 Bebb's WiUow, 93 Beech, 30, 35, 39, 45, 49, 123, 125 American, 1215 Blue, 120 European, 125 Water, 120 Beech family, 124 Bee-tree, 202 Benzoin aestivale, 161 Betula, 112 alba var. papyrifera, 114 lenta, 118 lutea, 115 nigra, 116 populifolia, 117 Big Tree of Tule, 32 Big Trees, 33 Bignoniaceaq, 211 Bignonia family, 211 BUsted, 163 Birch: Black, lis Oanoe, 114 Cherry, 118 Gray, 115, 117 Oldfield 117 15 (225) 226 Page. Paper, 36, 57, 114 Poplar, 11 Poverty, 11 Ked, 116 River, 57, 116 Silver, 115 Sweet, 118 . YeUow, 115 Birch family, Ill Birches, 30,31,38,44,45,47,48,112 Bladder Nut, 49 Bow-wood 153 Box Elder, 197 Boxwood 204 Buckeye: Big, 201 Fetid, 57, 200 Ohio, 200 Stinking, 200 Sweet, 57, 201 Yellow, 201 Buckeyes, 41 Butternut, 38, 102 ButtonbaU, 175 Buttonwood 31,34,33,39,47,175 Calico-bush, 207 Canoe Birch 114 Caprifoliaceae, 218 Carolina Poplar, 99 Carpinus caroliniana , 120 Carya, IW alba, 108 cordiformis, HO glabra, 109 illinoensis , 105 laciniosa, 107 microcarpa , 105 ovata, • 106 Cashew family 182 Castanea, 125 alnifolia, : 125 dentata , • . : . 126 pumila, .;i I 127 Catalpa, ...iiiii:,... .. . ..38, 211 bignonioides, :riiiiiii;.!...ii 211 Eastern, ,.,..ii.it.:,:iiiiiii 211 Western, ...; .'.'.....i. 211 Cedar: Coast White, -.;. 85 Red, 20, 57, 87 White, 36, 57, 85 Page. Celtis: crassifolia, 152 oceidentalis, 152 Corcis canadensis, 180 Cbamaecyparis thyoides, 85 Cherry: Appalachian , 165 Bird, 168 Black 166 Cabinet 166 Choke, 167 Domestic, 165 Fire, 168 Perfumed, 165 Pin, 168 Rum, 166 Sand 165 Sour 165 Sweet, 165 Wild 166 Wild Blnok 45, 166 Wild Red, 168 Chestnut, 20,23,27,30,31,33,38,40, 45,46,47,57,125,126 Chinquapin, 33, 127 Chionanthus virginica, 217 Cigar Tree, 211 Coffee Nut, 178 Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 178 I'lilorado Blue Spruce 79 I'Drnaceae, 204 Cornel, Flowering 2(M Cornus: alternifolla, 205 florida, 204 Corylus: americana, 122 rostrata, 122 Cotton Tree, 99 Cottonwood, 94, 99 Black, 98 River, 98 Swamp, !......./.;. 98 Crab Apple, American, ...;..iii.'. 172 Crack WiUow, i..i... 89 Crataegus: cocciuea, ..i..i.iiriiiuiriiii 171 Crus-galli, .i..iii:iiiiiiiilli! 170 Cucumber Tree, ...;<..;!;<): iidii. 157 Custard Apple family, ..ii;:;ii;:i 160 Cypress, Bald i'.: 30 227 Page. Date-plum, 210 Deerwood, 119 Diospyros virginiana, 210 Dogwood, 44, 204 Alternate-leaved 205 Blue, 205 Flowering, 204 Purple, 205 Ebenaceae, 210 Ebony family, 210 Elder, 38 Elderberry , Common, 218 Elkwood, 158 Elm 38 AmerioBn , 151 English, 149 6»ay 151 Moose, 150 Red, 150 Slippery , 150 Water 151 White, 151 Elms 46, 47, 149 Ericaceae, 207 Evergreen Oaks 128 Fagaceae, 124 Fagus: ynmdilolU 123 Rylratlca, 125 FUbert 122 Fir, Balsam 35, 84 Fire Cherry, 168 Firs. 31, 55 Fraxinus, 212 americana 55, 214 Biltmoreana 213 excelsior, 212 nigra, 215 omus, 212 pennsylvanica var. lanceolata, 213 pennsylvanica, 216 Fringe Tree, 217 Gleditsia triacanthos 179 Great Laurel, 208 Gum: Black, : 33,36,38,206 Red, 163 Sour, 206, 209 Sweet, 35, 163 Gymnodadus dioica, 178 Hackb^ry , 35,38,47,152 Hackmatack , 77 Hack-tree 152 Page. Hamamelidaceae, 162 Hamamelis virginiana, 162 Haven-wood, 187 Haw, 170 Black, 219 Sweet, 219 Hawthorn 170, 171 Scarlet, 171 Hazelnut, 45 American, 122 Beaked, 122 Common , 47 Heath family 207 Hedge-tree 153 Hemlock, 31,33,35,36,50,51,57,83 Carolina, 83 Ground, 67 Spruce, 83 Hercules' Clnb, 199 Hickory: Big Bod, 108 Big SheU-bark, 107 Bitter, 110 Bitter Nut, 110 Brocta, 109 Mocker Nut 108 Pecan 105 Pignut, 109 Shag-bark 36, 106, 107 Shell-bark, 106 Small-*ruited, 105 Swamp, 110 White-heart 108 Holly: American, 31, 188 Deciduous, 31 European 188 Large-leaved 18J Mountain, 189 White, 188 Honey Locust, 2S, 179 Honey Shucks, 179 Honeysuckle family, 218 Hop Hornbeam, American, ..44,45,49,119 Hornbeam, American, 120 Horse-chestnut, 200 Ilex: aguifolitmi, 188 monticola , 189 opaca, 1S8 verticillatn 189 Indian Bean, 211 Ironwood, 119, 120 228 Page. Judas Tree, 180 Juglans, 101 cinerea, 102 nigra, 103 regia, 101 Juglandaceae, 100 June Berry, 174 Juniper: Common, 41,87 Dwarf, . . . Red, Juniperus: communis, virgin iana. 87 87 87 Kalmia latifolia , 207 Kentucky Coffee-tree, 38,41,178 Inarch, 30, 50, 55 American, 67, 77 Black, 77 European 77 Larii: laricina, 77 decidua , 77 Lauraceae, igi Laurel: Ureat, 208 Mountain, 31, 207 L.nurel family , 161 Laurel Magnolia, 31, 57, 156 Leguminosae, 176 Leverwood , 119 Lime-tree, 202 Linden, 202 White, 203 Linden family, 202 Liquidambar, 163 styraciflua, 163 Liriodendron Tulipif era , 159 Live Oaks, 128 Locust: Black, 181 Common, 41,42,45,48,181 Honey, 38, 179 Sweet, 179 White, 131 Tellow, Igl Lombardy Poplar, 33, 94 Lynn 202 Madura pomifera, I53 Magnolia, 38,41,44,57,155 acuminata, I57 r-aurel, 31,57,156 Small, 156 1 Page. tripetala, 158 virginiana , 57, 156 Maguoliaeeae, 155 Magnolia family, 155 Mahogany, 173 Maple: Ash-leaved , 197 Hard 194 Mountain, 38,57,193 Norway 198 Red, 38,56,57,196 River, 195 Rock, 194 Silver, 195 Soft, 195, 196 Striped, 38,39,45,192 Sugar, 38,60,61,194 Swamp, 196 Sycamore, 198 White, 195,196 Maple famOy 190 Michaux Basswood , 202 Moosewood , 192 Morus: alba, 154 rubra, IM Mulberry, 45, 47 Black, 154 Red, 154 White, 154 Nannyberry, 218, 219 Nettle family, 47, 148 Nettle-tree, 152 Nicker Tree, 178 Ninebark, 164 Nyssa sylvatica, 206 Oak: Barren 145 Bear, 56, 144 Black, 35, 142 Black Jack 145 Bur 134 Chestnut, 137 Chinquapin, 136, 138 Dwarf Chiuqua pin , 138 Ground , .• 144 Iron, 133 Jack, 145, 146 Laurel, 146 Mossy-cup, 134 Over-cup, 134 Peach, 147 Pin, 33,34,35,140,147 229 Page. Post 133 Red 33,56,139 Rock, 40, 137 Scarlet, 141 Scrub, 33,56,144 Scrub Chestnut 138 Shingle 146 Spanish, 143 Swamp, 140, 147 S«;amp White, 135 Water, 140,146,147 White 33,57,132 WUlow, 147 Tellow, 136, 142 Oilnut, 102 Old Man's Beard, 217 Olea Europaea , .212 Oleaceae, 212 Olive famUy, 212 Olive Tree, 212 Usage Apple-tree, 153 Osage Orange, 47, 153 Osier, Green, 205 Ostrya virginiaua, 119 Oxydendrum arboreum, 209 Papaw, 38,41,45,47,160 Paradise Tree, 187 Peach, 165 I'epperidge, 206 Persimmon, 50, 210 Physocarpus opulifolius, 164 Picea, 78 Abies, 79, 82 mariana, 81 pungens, 79 rubra , 80 Pigeon-berry , 205 Pinaceae, 55, 67 Pine: Austrian 68 Jack , 55, 71 Jersey or Scrub, 33,57,75 Nigger, 55, 71 Norway, 72 Pitch, 20,55,71 Poverty, 73 Red, 22,55,57,72 Scotch, 68, 76 Pine: Short-leaf, 74 Table Mountain 57, 73 White, 20,22,31,32,33,48,55,70 TeUow, 57, 74 Page. Pine family, 55, 67 Pinus: echinata , 74 laricio var. austriaca, 68 pungens, 73 resinosa, 55, 72 rigida, 55, 71 Strobus, 55, 70 sylvestris, 68, 76 virginiana, 75 Plane Tree, 175 Plane Tree family, 175 Platanaceae, 175 Platanus: occidentalis 175 orientalis, 175 Plum: Porter's, 165, 169 Red, 169 WUd, 169 Wild YeUow, 169 Poison: Dogwood , 184 Elder, 184 Ivy, 182 Oak, 182,184 Sumach , 184 Poplar, 94,96,97 Balsam , 94 Birch 117 Carolina, 99 Downy, 98 Lombardy, 33, 94 Silver-leaf, 94 Swamp, 98 White, 94 Yellow, 159 Popple, 96,97,159 Populus, 94 alba, 94 balsamifera 94 candicans, 94 deltoides, 99 grandidentata 97 heterophyUa , 98 nigra var. italica, 94 tremuloides, 96 Prunus, 165 alleghaniensis, 165 americana 169 avium, 165 Cerasus, 165 cuneata , 165 230 Page. Mahaleb, 165 pennss'lvanica , 168 Persica, 165 pumila, 165 serotina, 166 virginiana, 167 Pulse famBy, 47, 176 Pussy Willow, 92 Pyrus: americana, 173 coronaria, 172 Quaking Aspen, 96 Quassia family, 187 Quercus, 128 alba 55, 132 bicolor, 135 coccinea , 141 f alcata , 143 ilicifolia, 56, 144 imbricaria , 146 macrocarpa, 134 marylandica, 145 MuUenbergii, 136 nana, 56 palustris, 140 pheUos, 147 prinoides, 138 Prinus, 137 pumUa, 56 rubra 56, 139 stellata, 133 velutina 142 Redbud, 180 Rhododendron, 31, 208 maximum , 208 Rhus: canadensis, 182 copallina , 186 Cotinus, 182 glabra , 182 Toxicodendron , 182 typhina, 185 Vernix, 184 Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, 181 Rosaceae, 164 Rose Bay, 208 Rose family, 164 Salicaceae, 88 Salix, 89 babylonica , 89 discolor, 92 fragilis, 89 lucida , 91 Page . nigra 90 rostrata , •. 93 Sambucus canadensis, 218 Sapindaceae, 200 Sarvice, 174 Sassafrac, 161 Sassafras, 38,50,161 variifolium , 161 Savin, 87 Saxifrax, 161 Sequoia, 32, 33 Service Berry, 174 Shad Bush, ' 38,48,174 Sheepberry , 218,219 Simarubaceae, 187 Slippery Elm, 150 Smoke Tree, 182 Soapberry family, 200 Sorrel Tree, 209 Sour Gum, 206,209 Sour-wood, 209 Spanish Oak, 143 Spice Bush, 161 Spruce, 31,36,50,55,78 Black, 81 Colorado Blue, 79 European, 82 Norway, 22,79,82 Pine, 80, 83 Red, 80 Stag-bush, 219 Sugarberry, 152 Sumach, 38, 48 Dwarf, 186 Fragrant, 182 Mountain, 186 Poison, 184 Smooth, 182,185 Staghorn , 185 Swamp, 184 Velvet, 185 Sycamore, 175 Tamarack, 77 Taxaceae, 67 Taxus canadensis 67 Thorn Apple 170 Newcastle, 170 Scarlet, 171 Tree 179 Thuja occidentalis, 86 231 Page. Tilia: americana 202 hcterophylla, 203 ilichauxii, 202 Tiliaceac, 202 Tree of Heaven , 187 Tsuga : canadensis, 83 caroliniana, 83 Tulip Poplar, 159 Tulip Tree, 31,33,34,38,44,45,159 Tupelo, 206 Ulmus, 149 americana , 151 campestris, 149 fulva, 150 Umbrella Tree, 158 Urticaeeae, 148 Viburnum: dentatum 219 Lentago, 218 Maple-leaved , 219 prunifolium, 219 Sweet, 218 Page. Walnut, 22,38,44,45,101,103 Black, 38,43,103 English, 101 White, 102 Walnut family, 100 Whistle-wood, 192 Whitewood, 159,202 Willow, 31,45,46,47,89 Beaked, 93 Bebb's, 93 Black, 90 Crack, 89 Glaucous, 92 Glossy, 91 Oak, 147 Pussy, 92 Shining, 91 Weeping, 33, '89 Willow family, 88 Winterberry, 189 Witch-hazel, 45,48,162 Yellow-wood , 153 Yew, American, 67 (232) PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY r.O-p.2 BioMed. Illick, Joseph Simon Pennsylvania trees