Title: Pennsylvania vegetable growers' news, v. 6 Place of Publication: State College, Pa. Copyright Date: 1936 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg058.7 PENNSYLVANIA V3G3TABLII: GRO'AffiRS* N:S^VS Vol. VI 1936 ' , No. 1 publication of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Grov/ers* Association John M. Willson, Belle Vernon -------- president A. C Thompson, Morrisville -----.- Vice-president W. B» Mack, State College r - - - - Secretary-Treasurer • V . • . '; V ^ ^ i , ' ' , ^ The eleventh annua! meeting of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers^ Association was held in Room E of the Pennsylvania Farm Show Building, Harrisburg, on January 21 and 22, 1936. Among the more important transactions at the business session were the treas- urer' s/teport, v\toich showed receipts of $116.36 and expenditures of |48.75, leaving a balance of $68*61; the election of officers, in which the executive officers named above were regularly elected for ,1936; and the adoption of three resolutions, as follows: 1. Resolved that the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers* Asso- ciation express approval of the reporting of motor .truck receipts of fruits and" vegetables in the Philadelphia markets,, which has been initiated by the Federal and State Bureaus of Markets, and urge these agencies to continue this service. 2. Resolved thct the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Asso- ciation commend the cooperating agencies, including the Department of Agricultural. Econom,ic.s. of the Pennsylvania State College and Experiment Str.tlon, on the studies v^hich have been begun on. the mar- keting of fruits and vegetables in the Philadelphia area, and re- spectfully request the continuation and extension of these studies^ 3. Resolved that the Farm Show Commission be requested re- spectfully to install mist sprs^'-ers on the tables on v^ich the De- partment of Welfare Institutional displays are exhibited in the Farm Show Building* . . ' . A full and varied program was presented during the two-day educational meetings, including the talks which are presented here- with. Thought-provoking questions and lively discussions added greatly to the value of the program, but s^ace. and means do not permit including these discussions in this report. Not all of the talks are included in tit^is issue of th.e/News; others will be pre- sented in subsequent numbers • * * * Section I. Production Prpblems How Can I^Make a Prof it by Growing Vegetables H. D'. Brown, Ohio state Universitf • • ■ . Which vegetable can I grow with the greatest assurance of aeJcing a profit? This and the question indicated in the above title ^re asked naore frequently than all other questions relating ta- v^ib® table gardening. ll ' i ') > -2- -2- « a Ifee one answer v/hich indicates fully ninety per cent of the possibilities may be simply stated, i.e.^ do something that your competitors are unable to do or.^row a variety or a.yagetable that your competitors cannot grow or do not know about. To achieve this goal it is necessary to develop -intelligently the best of human and natural resoui'ces* ^The emphasis should be placed upon the word intelligently. Vegetable growers cannot sit back and get governmental checks for crops that they have not pro- duced. They are, however, engaged in a rapidly expanding industry in which they have hundreds of opportunities to excel. They are engaged in the most intensive branch of agriculture. They can grow one or all of some 'thirty vegetables. These vegetables are all attacked by one or more diseases and insects. New varieties are con- stantly being produced and new insect and disease control methods are constantly being perfected. The alert gardeners are the first to capitalize on these new productions and discoveries. It is obvious that the exact method of doing something that your competitor does not know how to do or cannot do will change each^ year. A new variety profitable in 1935 may be replaced by A better variety in 1936 or a new insecticide or fungicide may replace older ones at any time. A few pertinent examples will illustrate the Im- portance of utilizing up-to-date information in the vegetable gard- ening business. Choice of a Location ' ' ■ Strange as it may seem some recent information is extremely helpful in selecting a place of business* . ■ • • • Region A study of acreage trend's indicates an increase in market gardening and a decrease in truck gardening during periods of low prices. The opposite is true during periods lA^en yegetahles are bringing high prices. This fact is not generally known by gardeners although the reasons are obvious. The market gardener is located near to his market and does not have to pay large freight bills v-hich eat up much and meny times all of the possible profits of the truck gardener who is located at a considerable distance from market. soil fertility During the past two or three years, methods have been perfected for making soil analysis very quickly. It is now possible in a few minutes to analyze soil for all of the known essential fertilizing materials. It used to take days and vyieeks to ^ get the same information. No gardener should buy or rent a farm without knowing the state of fertility of every type of soil on the farm, in many instances agricultural workers in the local State Experiment station or sta:te university will make the tests and make reccmmendations free of charge. If we assume otherwise equal advan- tages it is certainly true that "the cheapest way to grow a crop is to grow it on land that will grow a good crop./*^ It often happens that it costs two or' three times the purchase 'price of the farm it- self in order to bring it to a state of fertility equal to that of a nearby farm which could be purchased* at the same price or at most, . only a few dollars 'more per^acre, Gai^de'nrers located on fertile soil? have a great advantage and those "located' on pobter soils h^ve an almost impossible handicap to overcome. -3- Water Supply Mr, Arthur L. Smith, a very successful gardener, made the following s^.atement to a class of vegetable gardening stu- dents this fall. ^'You know that we vegetable growers never -make any money during seasons of adequate rainfall." It has been known for many years that irrigation is one of the essentials for success in the vegetable gardening business. I^. Seabrook .of the seabrook Farms in New , Jersey is credited with the statement that irrigation inr ^ creases the yield and quality of vegetables at least 200 per cent.* , certainly irrigation' is a source, of great satisfaction to. gardeners who have irrigation, If acili ties during dry p'eriods and yet thousands of gardeners pay.no attention to' tb^ water-supply when they select their garden. TJiere are hundreds .of angles to. the irrigation problem. Tor instance, Mr. Arthur L. Smith and many other gardeners living east and south of Columbus, Ohio ,.' are Ibcated. overV an- underground river vAiich comes very near to the surface in many places in Ohio. Mr. smith secured an apparently inexhaustible supply' of water by sinking four lengths' of 48-inch concrete tile from the soil surface into this river (total depth about 18 feet) at a negligable cost. Other gardeners have other types of shallow wells which are equally effective. Columbus is noted for the two* large, dam's on the Scioto River frbiti "vyftiich the city wat6r supply is secured. Thfe.se dams on the Scioto Biyer supply eleven billion gallons of water annually, yet industries punip twice this amount from jbhe undergrbund river each year. •• At Wprthingtoh, .Ohio an eight-inch well forty feet deep ex- tending into an under ground, river ^ has a rated capacity of 1,000,000 gallons of water n^r ftay . , IJardeners located weat of Columbus must sink'we^ls to. a d^pth of abpM: E,t?0.feet tp gfel:'..^. adequate water supply. * It costs' these ga'rdefiers from 15 to' 30 dollars more per acre each year to water their vegetables than it does for the more fortun- ate gardeners: "who. are located over the underground river at an equal distance, from^ the same city. .Thi.s represents a difference in cost of operation equal to a' $300. per acre capital investment yet the assessed value of the land it: each section is* approximately the same. Gardeners in other sections of the country are even more fortunate. Mr. Neil, a celery growet near Venice, Ohio needs only to divert the course of a constantly flowing stream of water to irrigate his crops. Mr. Norman Beebe backs the water up in drainage ditches by means, of temporary or adjustable dams on his muck farms near Niles, Michigan. The water is allowed to flow away as soon as the area is sufficiently moist. Practically all of the muck in the Hardin county liiarsh in Ohio lies over an impervious calcareous subsoil which pro- vides an ideal condition for subirrigation on small and large tracts. A free supply of water. could be provided by dams in this area were it not for the law prohibiting the obstruction of the flow of v/ater in G watercourse (Section 6499). Large tracts of land are subirrigated near' sanford, Florida using water from artesian wells. It is highly essential that gardeners study carefully the possibility for an adequate water supply before ^selecting a location. There is a growing ;tei.ridenpy to produce vegetables in localities where condition for thefr jp^rpduction are especially favorable. Ai. ( ' '.S •I m m ' t r •: I! 'i : 1 ■! 1 \ ' \ i 1 1: ,A 1 I 1 \i I' f 11 p residue and waste material. . - , . •7- The condition that confronts us now is , that manure is so scarce and high in price. In consequence , we shell have to grow our humus, the more the better; let us rll grow 50^ more this year. About twelve acres of the garden spot that I am using for vegetables has grov;n vegetables for over forty years. Until four years ago this had manure added nearly every year. Now we are grow- ing green crops, plowing them in, and adding about half the amount of manure. : .A -^ '■^.fV AS soon as e crop is harvested and we are not using the ground for a second crop, that crop is cut off, soil disked, and as we use that soil year after year, we sow rye as it makes a nice growth in .the fall and starts out early in the spring. Again let me say, as soon as you harvest your crop you should sow something for humus, have protection for your soil during the winter and protect washing. In sowing this rye v/e used a disk drill. The surface soil contained plenty of waste material but this did not bother in the drilling. «. ,v*t. *-i. *A ii I 'might add here: after drilling the rye we sowed five pounds of radish seed on that same ground, using a clover* seed sower, then rolled it in; these were the nicest radishes we had all year. During the winter if you can add manure ' or refuse of some kiiid, it all helps to makehumus, vdiich makes the ground loose, so that it receives and'retaihs more water,.. .. • I^B^he spring -we letj thf ;? ye gr9w^a^^ ^s we can before pldwfiig, d^ on tl^ crop to foilowt After plowing we disc, \ add lime if needed, -he rrow/ it in, then ^ add the commercial fertilizer ^ that we think we need for that particuiar oyop to foiloWf- ' • . •■'••. In deciding what fertilizer to us:e^;we must look at the crop r it is to be used on, 'iV'a are most concerned about nltragen, phoa- phate and potash to bemadded. In adding the amount of fertilizer used per acre by twelve ^ or fourteen of the leading vegetables we find that they use two and bhe-half times as much nitrogen as phosphate, and about four times as much potash as phosphate^ • * • ■ . ■ In growing the real early vegetables^ this nitrogen must be added in an available fona, ai nitrate soda or sulphate of ammonia, something that acts quickly as at this time of year, being cool, ^nitrification has not stajrted to work. On later crops we can add nitrogen in other forms^jV' '• . ' In addition to the manure and green crop plowed under, we have been using 800 pounds of a .4-16*»10 per acre broadcast, worked ''Veil into ther soil with a harrow, then finishing up with a meeker hj^rrow, v:hich makes the. soil fine, level and solid, [ •, . ■ • • * ■ When adding available nitrogen to celery this fall about a week before we put Up the boards for blanching, we used nitrate of ^ soda. We think it worth while as it filled up the centers in fine M »' I ■•*•:, r„rv 4 • ■ I) < '' 'i \ '' r / -8- ' . •• • • shape, made it very crisp and tender. It seemed to bleach the samd as where hone had beeh applied. We shr 11 try the sane thing next year to compere the results. This mi?dit have some effect on the keeping quality which I do not know. • • • • 4 » »• m closing I want to say grow more h\amus.. * ' * • i* • • • • •. . . Qrov/lng Tomatoes for Market Harry W. Hopkins, Clarks Summit s ♦ " On. this subject of "Growing Tomatoes for. Market" , I might say thet during the last few years there has been, a greater difficulty in finding the market than in growing the tomatoes. • ■ First I may' remark and because I need the money away and all good road. I s twenty-foui: years, I have so the tomato season, I take a starting "about one o'clock i four o'clock. This ^ves me look over the market, and si I have all day to look .after To some; it may seem like a other bad habit you soon g that I grow tomatoes because I like to . ' My market is Scranton, twelve miles ell wholesale. In fact, for the last Id almost entirely Uo one firm. During load each week day night, at present) n the morning and getting back about time t3 unload, talk with the buyer, ze up things for the next day. This way the'farm which is quite an advantage, long day but it is like. smoking or any et used to it. This way may jio't be ideal, but our- selling costs are very low, AS we sell only the better gra'de ,. setting at least three different times and using several different varieties, we try to have first class tomatoes' over as long a season as possible. In fact, the latest tomatoes are frequently the most profitable and we usually have a market for some whether it happens to be good or bad. Some are us- ually sold. 'before they get to the wholesalers. » • • jfiS for the poorer tomatoes--and sometimes too many ripen at once or they get so cheap as to be unprofitable--, we haul- only enougn to suT)ply the trade. We do not pick a lot of tomatoes and throw them on the market just for the sake of spving them. The last few years I have sold them to ah Italian, trucker. He yvould bring a gang of men and women and, in e couple' of days, scrape up six or seven hundred baskets. They don't.want them until- they, are dead ripe ^nce they ^ use them to iftake tomato paste. While I do not get much oiltof them, ' it' keeps the neighbors from saying that I pick only the best and leave •wie rest. , ■ . ' , I wish there was something unusual that I could tell you e tout growing* tomatoes but I'm afraid there isn»t. The older you grow,, tne less sure you are that you know it all. But there are some changes that we have made in the last dozen years th^at have helped us to rais our family somewhat as we would like to and also- to produce a qualiT^y jjyroduct as cheaply as possible. -9- First, we use only goo'd> smooth, fairly easily worked lend so that .pi:actically all the v-rk can be done by horses.. About all the haind work we do is to hoe them at the first cultivation, t used to hav6\ some early but stony land thrt raised fine tomatoes but required considerable hand work.* It was both expensive and utisatisfactory so I 'sold' the land and have never bee)i sorry. Men that can hoe are al- most a thihg^ of the past* • ' ' ' ' Of course, we all realize that good seed and the right va- rieties are important* I think, very few of us realize the adapta- bility of different varieties to certain types of soils and climate* JOT instance, John; Baer and Greater Baltimore do well under my con- dit^P^^ ^^* I have' never been very successful with the Marglobe. Styles In tomatoes, like in^^w6men*s clothes, change. When I first beg^n to grow tomatoes, I. raised mostly Truckers' Favorite, a purple variety, because our market wanted a purple tomato Just the same as they wanted a ^yvhite sweet corn. Both of them are now very difficult to sell. Then came Chalk's Jewel v/hich, being earlier than some of the older varieties, soon became popular. I grew Bonny Best for several years. They were nice but never very large. Then came the John Baer and, as most of yo\i know/ the Department of Agriculture does 'not recognize the Jewel or the John Baer as being distinct from the Bonny Best. About twenty years ago, I began using John Baer's and was so pleased with them the first year that I immediately began saving my own seed and have continued to since. I have never foutid anything to equal them as an early to medium e^irly tomato for our local market. For a later and also for the latest tomatoes, I use a variety which I got from a nei-^.hbor.' It had been- growii locally for several years under several different names. It appears to be a strain of Greater Baltimore about two week? later than the John Baer but of the Stone type. These two varieties fit in well for my trade. Although they are rather large sometimes, neither of them is bad about cracking in wet weather. My experience has been that a tomato that is slightly flattened is not so likely to crack :s a more nearly globe shaped one. Of course for a green wrap and for shipping, you need a tomato of the Marglobe type. I' have been looking for one that would be sat- isfactory under my conditions. The two chief faults have been too many small tomatoes and their danger of cracking. I tried two strains last year in a test plot that looked promising. Scarlet Dawn looked very good for an early Marglobe tsrpe. " • I. use nothing but heme grown plants started in a greenhouse and grown in boxes or flats. The earliest are given as much space as we think we can afford. The second early are usually grown^sixty- three to a box, and those set around June 20 are one hundred eight to a box. ' our rotation varies somewhat. Tomatoes usually follow cabbage but sometimes follow sweet corn. The latest are sometimes planted on sod ground, but we always try to have our- latest on about the least frosty place on the farm in order to have' them as late as possible. 1 1 ■tPiofH.-'t^^ I r • ■> fe I' ? \ " 1 -10- . • »• • I have tried, different distances for setting the plants: 4x4; 4x4i; 4^x4^; 3x5; 4x5; iT6..^ I have come^to the conclusion that 3x5*is very satisfactory for the Bonny Best type, and 4x5 for the later ones. But I usually set 3^x5 arid 4X&. ,If I had a very light soil or rather poor ground, perhaps I wdiild iftake them slightly narrower between the rows* I like to give theft, plenty of air and sunlight because I think there, is less .danger Of leaf spot or blight where they have plenty of space. They are also more convenient to " pick, especially in wet weather.. .-• I always used to use manure in the hills for tomatoes, using, at least twenty-five tons ot mine manure for that purpose each year.' But it got to h^ almost impossible to buy it since they use electric motors instead of mules in the mines now. It also made a lot of Work in a "very busy time. , For a number of years, I mixed my own fertilizer but for the la sf couple 'of ye'ars I have used a well-, known brand of ready mixed 'fertilizer, a 4-16-10, with very satis- factory results.. I put two fair sized handfuls to a plant, making a complete circle around it for. about a foot Just after the plants are set and just before the first cultivation: As I said before, nearly all the work of caring for them is done with horses. Under our present method of farming, weeds are not a serious factor but we are always careful not to cultivate when the plants are wet with rain or heavy dew, •; v •• • • i. •■..■■ : In picking we put up a good,, honest, attractive pack, being careful always to have as full a package' a.s possible. No one ever made anything by trying tO' g.et .ayray with a slack pack. We usually . use, a sixteen quart hamper 'typ© o^'^aslfet,* a!l though we sometimes use a twelve quart climax basket..,. The latter is not so popular in our market as they were because too many tried to fill them about two- thirds full and call them full baskets. •' * •. I have beeii asked how I save my own seedV Well, perhaps it ' isn»t Just according to Hoyle, but more like a busy trucker. I like to wait until the tomatoes are at their best* We usually have plenty at that time to select from. Then if ^I have time, I look for out- standing plants, sometimes I i^ind such plants when I am picking. I like to wait until I know just what a plant is going to do so I can see whether it has the vigor necessary to produce a heavy crop of the desired type of fruit and see whether it is free from disease and cracking. * If I have an unusually 'nic? crop, I try to save enough seed for several years. I always keep soirie in reserve for an emer- gency, for I had an experience v-'hich- taught me a lesson. One year an accident happened to my latest plants and I bought some seed from one of the oldest seed firm;^ In the United States. For less than one dollar, I got all .the fifty-seven varieties and lost several hun- dred dollars. ' '" . ' In saving the seed, I select well ripened tomatoes, cut them in half and scrape out the pulp and seeds. , I let the seeds stand in ^whatever Juice collects for a couple of days till all the pulp has separated from the seeds. The seeds may then be washed, spread thinly on .paper, and dried thoroughly in the sun. I usually keep the seeds in tin cans so that neither moisturenor mice can get at tnem I -11- The last thing I do in raising tomatoes is pull the vines « and burn them, in case there should be any disease. Then I try to» get some sleep. And when I get rested some, I coimence to study seed catalogues nnd dream of raising some toMc.toes like those you see in the pictures, " ! '- . ■ .'■■ " ■ , 'I . ♦ • •• 4 .1 f; .I'm i . Nineteen Years* Results with Fertilizers. -, ' » .•(.;-' . • « . ■ - • 1 ■ " A ,. Cover Crops, end Barnyard Manure W. B. Mack, state College, pa. •Fertilizer experiments on truck crops were begun in 1916 by Dr. C. Ei Kyers et the Pennsylvtnia State College, and have been in progress without interruption since that time. The eroeriment was laid out in four sections of about 1^ acres each, and a four-year rotation of cabbage^ potrtoes, tonstoes, and v/heat followed by clover and timothy was followed on each section. The sections were started in rotation,, so that each crop v/as «rovm every year on one of the sections, and all were grown during the course of four years on every section. I! [11 r r^ a -. '^ n •'^'^T r^'•V> Each of the four sections was divided into six series of 17 plots each. Every fourth plot was oripinally t)lanned as a check plot without fertilizer, but- yields rapidly decreased until no crop was produced on pertain unfertilized plots... In consequence, all check plots were uniformly fertilized until 1932, when different fertijLizer treatments in the row or hill were began on these plots. • , ' •• . ' ■'■ .% , i ♦ Sweet corn was introduced instead" of ' w^eat and sod in the " fourth year of the rotation, beginning in 1928. -Xi III « •■• 3» The treatments now include the following cbmperisons: 1. single plant food elements, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, in comprrison v:ith each other and with combinations of two elements. > « Combinations of two plant food elements, in comparison with each other and with coKpiete fertilizer. -■■ . ' . • . 3. Comparisons of different amounts of each plant food ele- ment, when applied in a complete fertilizer in vdlich the other two plant food elements remain constant in quantity* * 4. Comparisons of different amounts of barnyard manure, with and v/ithout additional commercial fertilizer. 5. Comparisons of rye and vetch cover crop with barnyard manure, each with commercial fertilizer. 6. Comparisons of different single plant food elanents, com- binations of two elements, end complete fertilizers broadcast, with J^aif as much apnlied in the row^^ ■%■ ' 1 \h I I I '•■> -12- Records have been mode of yield, earliness, quality of crop, and disease infection under the different treatments* Space will permit only a fev; suinmaries of total yields at this time. It might be stated, however, that high total yield has been found to be asso- ciated to some extent at least with high early yield and high quality, and that fertilizer .treatment had little influence, if any^ on the amount of disease or insect damage. Table I shows the yields of the different crops from plots receiving single elements,"^ combinations of two, and complete com- mercial fertilizer. . The anount o-f each element and the source were the same in each case: N represents 60 lb. of nitrogen per acre, from 367 lb.' nitr^.te of soda*} P represents 100 lb. of phosphoric acid per acre, from 625 lb. of 16^ superphosphate; K represents 80 lb. of v/ater- soluble potash, from 167 lb. of muriate of potash. All appli- cations were broadcast. Table I. Effects of plant Food Elements, Alone and in Combination • • • . • • yield per Acre sweet Corn Fertilizer N P K NP NK PK NPK It is a-oparent that phosphorus alone is the most important, but that each element in combination improves the yields of all crops, ' . Table II shows the eflects of variation in analysis of com- plete fertili7.er. The amount of each element varies from 50 to 150 per cent of the standard amounts stated above, the other two elements remaining unchanged. . - -13- Sweet Corn Tomatoes Potatoes Cabbage Doz. Tons 1.42 Tons • Bushels 94 Tons 792 • 6.2 • 3.1 867 1.67 • . 9.5 110 e.o 750 1.28 ■ • 6.0 90 4.0 1104 2.67 12,0 128 13.3 993 2.09 8.0 124 ' 7.0 973 2.36 12.4 167 11.6 1188 U . w 3 15.3 192 •14.9 s Table II. Effects of Different Analyses of Complete Fertilizer. •C'l «j» ■■'.'■' .' '-V'v^ V)-. • Yield " per AtJre • • * ;/ 3v/eet Corn. Tomatoes Potatoes,- C ebbage J Xioz.' Tons " Tons Bushiels" . • -vi58 Tpns .V.8^2 2.21 12.9 11.5 ..MOOO' :2.61 -,. 14.2 ■ '• 166 ': . . 13.6 -*^:1033 • .2.64 :• 13.7 • .171 13.2 •S- . ' 942 2'. 33 14. i; 177 ' 10.8 • 1092 2.87 14,8. 208 . 13.1 ,• 1150 • ,3.20 • 17.9 •212 14.3 * 1046 2. '7 8- k^ 14.5 187 ' V 12.6 . ,1025 2.72 ■ ? V 14.1 .. 191 11^41 \ . 1071 2.71 .;.. .: 13.7 -; ■ • . 146 i 13.0 • # 971 2.54 ,•,10.7 * . * 147 9 ; 4 1025 2.72 ■ ,• 14.1. • 191 11.4 1050 2.69 • :.:-;-«:. 14.8 *■■ . . 179 12,7 1000 2.55 • fi-1.5,8 : . 154 . • 13.8 Fertilizer iN-^PK'J- N *PK ■ l^T t PK 4 .* iP ^ NK P^ NK ]|P<-NK 4k ♦■ NP ' E*-NP l^K*- NP 4N iP iK NPK l^Nl^Pl^K 2N 2p 2K several interesting! facts ^re broug&t out in this table * '• * One is the rather small effect of the different analyses on the yield of sweet corn, phosphorus had the greatest influence, but '• pe>tash had very little,, the least amount producing just as. good yields as larger amounts* Ano.ther interesting fact is. that in- . crer sing the phosphoric acid above the standard etnibunt (1^ P NK) produced the best yields of any commerQial fer.tilizej combination, even better than twice the standard amount of all thtee elements- (2N 2P 2K). . . ';''.' Additional. potrsh above the medium amount clid not improve yields in any case except in the number of ears of sweet com, and in this respect the difference is probably no greater than that v^hich one vould expect by pure chance* The influence of different- sources or carriers of the plant, food elements is shown in Table .III, In all cases, the amount of plant food Xs the aane as that specified above, and, except for the one specifie.d, the carriers are nitrate of soda, . superphosphate, and muriate of potash, ' ' « r ' i! 11 I'^l If. )i ^^- • X> i. \ '1} '■A ; I IM I , ! ! I i w I -14- Table III. Effect of Different Plant Food Carriers Fertilizer ' ' "' ' Sodium Nitrate + p, Ammonium sulfate ♦- p SodiQift-nitrate-f PK • Ammonium sulfate -/ PK DrieQ- {blood t PK Tankage t PK Calcium nitrate f-PK Cyanamid t PK Yield Per Acre ISwoet Corn Tomatoes lioz.' Tons • Tons ' '• Tritrogencarriers 1104 2. 67 998 2.54 1225 883 992 1000 1233 3,43 1157 3.34 3.36 2.27 2.46 2.48 12.0 11.4 .16.9 9.9 11.9 12.6 16.0 16.6 Potatoes Bushels 128 139 • % Phosphorus Carriers ' Supdrjihosphate t-NK 1208 3,26 ;> 16.8 Steetaed bone meal f NK 1192 2,91 • 15.5 Rock phosphate floats , '■». NK 1025 2.15 10,5 Muffate of potash f NP 1175 2«81 14.6 sulfate of potash tNP 1067 ?«74 14.3 t 149 149 ■'1^7 ■220 162 1^8 204 141 183 172 Cabbage Tons 13.3 11.8 14.5 • 10.6 ii;. 1 ' 11.. 8 13.4 14.1 11.8 9.5 11.3 iia It is evident that the "inorganic carriers of nitrogen, ex- cept ammonium sulfate, were better than the -organic carriers. In complete fertilizer, the other -inorganic carriers were better than ammonium sulfate, but nitrate of soda in combination with phosphoric acid only was little different .from ammonium sulfate in a similar combination,' ' .,^,-- '. .\''"l:\ '''''. ^'- -.:.::.:, .^^ \- .. " ' '" . •. . .. . ■ There' was ittile difference between superphosJ>hate and 'bone meal, and between muriate and'sulfate of j)6tash. .. - •; The coinparispns of laanure and cover crops are presented Iri Table IV. The plots receiving* 'manure alone also were cover cropped| but those receiving manure 'and fertilizer had no cover crops^ Table IV. Effects of Manure, Cover Crops, sjid Fertilizers. Fertilizer Treatment • sweet Dozens • Yield per Acre dorn tomatoes potatoes "tons " ' Tons Bushels i«*«*" 20 Tons manure 30 " ♦♦ 40 »♦ ^ 10 " . ^ t NPK Rye & vetch cover /' crop t NPK I* 1181' '1167. 1229 1067" 973 3;64 3.66 3,67 ^,95 2.50 20^4 22.2 22.1 17.8 13.4 250 270 250 200 165 Cdbbage Tons 14.9 16.2 16.9 14.1 12.9 The comparisons of broadcast and row treatments are presented in Table V. The row applications were made in two bands, one on each side of the row, for potatoes and sweet com. The fertilizer bands were about two inches from the seed, and about the same depth as the seed. For tomatoes, the row treatments were Applied in a circle about one foot in diameter around each hill, and the fertilizei ,,/• U -15- • ■ was mixed well vdth the soil as the t)lant was being set. in each year except 1935, in which the fertilizer was placed in a ring about 9 inches in diameter, about each plant, and about two inches deep. The medium applications caused no damage to stand of any crops, but the heavier applications reduced the germination of corn, and injured both corn aijd tomato plants. Cabbage and potatoes were not injured by any treatment. The row applications were always one-half of the corresponding broadcast treatments. Table 7,, Row vs. Broadcast Applications of Fertilizers Sweet Doz. Yield > Corn Tons 1.42 2.79 Per Acre Tomatoes Tons Potatoes Bushels 94 141 • • Cabbage Tons . 792 1088 6,2 9.6 3.1 10.2 867 927 1.67 2,08 9.5 a, 2 • 110 130 8,0 8,7 1104 1026 2,67 2.62 12. 0 10.6 128 145 13.3 11.3 993 1031: 2.09 .2.49 8,0' . 9.8 124 ■ 151 7.0 10.4 •" 973 .892 2V36 2,11 12.4 • 9.4 . 167 146 11,6 9.2 1188 1003 3.53 2.52 15.3 10.7 192 140 .. 14.9 11.4 * 1033 982 2»;84 2.25 13,7 10.3 • 171 151 13.2 11.6 1050 1052 • * 3.20 2i66 17.9 11.7 ."12 164 14.3 12.6 1071 1008 2,71 '2.42 13,7 10.8 146 160 13.0 11.2 1000 996' 2.55 2,64 15.8 11.2 154 158 13.8 12.3 Fertilizer Treatment N broadcast N in row p .broadcast P in row NP broadcast NP in row • NK broadcast- KK in row • • ' PK broadcast PK in row *' • . ...» NPK broadcast NPK in row liNt PK broadcast • isN t PK in row lip ♦ NK broadcast 1?P •■ NK in row ^|K+-NP broadcast ^sK ♦• NP in row 2n gp 2K broadcast 2N 2p 2K in row . VWien the broadcast applications were small, as with single wi^+\^°°^ elements, row applications of hr.lf t^e amount gave some- wnat better results; with heavy applications* however, the b roadcast applications were generally better, than half as much in the row, f«S^4*^®^f ^^® notable exc^ptions^ Double the standard complete fertilizer {2N 2P 2K) for example, produced more ears of com to the IcZ^* ^^^ veight was less than with half of this amount in the ow, -Hie yield of potatoes .was glreeter with the row aTDislications oatl ^^ ^^^ liK-fNP, than with the corresponding b roadcast appli- s ; I ripf m u -16- -17- W 1 I : ' 'i . ; I 1 It is hoped to publish results of fertilizer treatments on earliness and on quality of crops in the near future. Section II • Marketing. « Philadelphia Important Distribution point for Fruits and Vegetables A recent study of the Philadelphia fruit and vegetable mar- ket shov-s that more than 16 per cent of the sales at the railroad' terminals in October were made diredtly to out-of-tovm buyers, and that a -considerable portion of the produce sold on the Dock and Callowhill Street market© moved out of Philadelphia. Nearly one- third of the produce sold at th^e terminals went to buyers in Phila- delphia vdthout passing through either the Dock or the Callowhill Street merkets*^, v^hile approximately 40 per cent of tlie terminals sales were made to Dock SVeet dealers and 11 per cent to those on the CaH»foill Street market (Table- 1). The above figures cover both private and auction sales* and are based on sales records of dealers receiving 80 per cent of the fruit and vegetable unloads for October. • The study from ^/Axich the above figures are taken is one of the first ever made of the distribution .of fruits and vegetables from a latge terminal market and is a part of a general study of the Phila- delphia produce market which is being made by the United States De- : nartment of Agriculture end the State Colleges of New Jersey and Pennsylvania in cooperation with' the produce trade ^ The information on distribution which is being collected will show the total Volume of each commodity handled during 'each' season of the year in. each of the* v^ole sale; fruit and vegetable markets of Philadelphia as well as the distribution of sales by commodities from each market. . The complete study now' being undertaken includes a. consider- ation of many other features of the Philadelphia market, for fruits and vegetables. Buyers in Philadelphia and surrounding cities are noV/ being interviewed to find out (1) what proportion of their fruit and vegetable supplieis are bqught in Philadelphia, (2) where they are obtaining produce bought elsewhere, (3) what hours of sale they prefer, and (4) their suggestions for improving the conditions and practices in the Philadelphia mai'ket. Attention is also being given to such ' problems as waste, traffic conditions, selling hours, selling prac- tices and improved market infomation. During the past two years there have been no reports on the supplies of fruits and vegetables received by motor truck. Arrangements have Just been completed for obtaining this information during 1936. • This, together with the data on rail receipt^ which are being gathered i give gi complete picture of daily unloads in the Philadelphia market. Ahother phase of this study includes a survey of farmers in Pennsylvania and New Jersey who sell produce in the Philadelphia area. This work is now under way and early tabulations are not conclusive. The nature of this work, however, may be better understood by noting that records obtained from 49 fruit and vegetable growers in south- er.stern Pennsylvania indicate that approximately two-thirds of the produce sold by them is marketed through commission men (^abre 2'.) • About one- seventh of their sales are made to chain stores. Other channels include cQ0j)erative selling, roadside markets, independent s tores "and canneries. ' ., k> • «'f ' . . Considering only their Philadelphia business, these 49 • fnrmers sell nearly three-fourths pf .their produce on Dock Street and about one-Tifth brx Callowhill street (Table 3). The rer^einder moves direct to chain and independent stores or is delivered by the grower to the consuijier. Of course-, much of 'the produce sold by growers on Do6k and Cal^Lowhill Streets finally reaches Philadelphia consumers through retail stores. The completed study, it is expected, will show the extent of this business. Thus there will be developed a complete picture of the fruit end vegetable trade in the Philadelphia area# Growers made numerous criticismis of the marketing situation in 'the southeastern area of Pennsylvania, and likewise suggested improvements along certain lines. The sentiment prevailed quite generally that too much produce of inferior grade was being sent to market. The opinion expressed was that the use of the 5/8-bushel baske;t had a demoralizing -effect on the quality of produce offered in the markets. Of the 49r growers interviewed 21 reported that culls were sent to market frequently et the request of commission men. For the purpose of eliminating culls on the market some growers suggested t that a prohibitive commission charge should be placed on produce of, this kind. Much inconvenience and delay in unloading produce in Dock Street was experienced by^ m^ny of the grows rs. who reported loss of time ranging from a fevf minutes up to> seven hours. The congestion is generally greatest on Sunday night*. Those who reported little congestion stated they'h ad- learned by experience at v/hat hour to deliver in order to avoid traffic holdups. <^/';f while most of the^ growers interviewed knew their commission men 'personally (since the average distance from Philadelphia of persons interviewed was only 22 miles), only about a third of them had ever checked the financial ratingjof the commission men. With, the import- ance of the cbumission metlio^d of selling, judging from the large amount of produce handled in this way, it is obvious that growers may avoid loss in the sale of produce by obtaining every assurance poss- ible of the reliability of the agents who sell for them. * * * A majority of the f a^rmers favored selling produce to chain stores. It was frequently stated that chains were* satisfactory and reliable buyers, althou^ some growers held that chain stores unfavor- ably influence the market price because of the large volume they handle The extent to \*ich these 49 growers used secondhand packages is of interest to farmers. Nine producers use secondhand packages entirely, 11 very frequently, 2 for about half the produce sold, 9 for culls and off grade fruit only, 8 very seldom, and 10 growers never Use secondhand packages. Work under this project will be carried on during 1936. More producers will be intervie^ved and a survey ^dll be made of all branches of the trade engaged in handling fresh fruits' end vegetcbles. f w i. HX'"''"' !? W \i 1 / i'i f 'r -18- Table 1 - Distribution of Sales of Cerlot x t - — - r.rult and Vegetable Sales Made by 49 Tarmers in 5 Counties of 'Southeastern peraisy.lvania, Showing^^the proportion Moving Through Each Channel - 1935 '^' J( These results are preliminary and ydll bB changed by the J. inclusion* of the re.cords of additional farmers^ =^ .1 » 'm SCmm Commission, men Chain Stores .Cooperative - FOB Cash Buyers at farm Ii^Aadside markets Independent store s .Other . Tper* centy 69 13 8 4 3 2 :. 1 — All Commodities 1,510 T7 Cars unloaded on specie! sidings of chein stores not includea, *" the chain store was the original receiver. . 2/ It should be noted that a lar/,,er proportion of each commodity than is shown in this column c.oes out of tovm, for some of the produce going to the Dock and Callow^hill Street markets rnd some of that unloaded at the special ch*=^in store sidings is redistributed out s -9f Philadelphia. This final distribution will be shown later. ^^rZ/ 6;3.,i6 per cent of the apple unloads were T3Ut into cold storage, so -''7' the. distribution of sales^sho^ym applies only to the other 36.84 per cent which were actually sold. Includes .cabb8;e unloaded at the kraut factories. The s empale used fo: • these, produc ts was smaller than for the other products,, so there i$ som^e d,oubt as to the completeness of the - distribution figures -sho^n tie re. _/ Most of the juice grapes vvere sold to cash buyers coming in their own trucks to the cars at the juice grape yards. Distribution fi/:nres were not obtained for these* 7/ Includes all commodities (exceT)t bananas) for which distribution fi'y,ures are not sho\m#- : .. • " 0/ "!> :fe x^*^ .1^. Table 3 -' Fruit and Vegetable Sales: in Philadelphia by 49 Farmers, Showing the proportion Moving Through Each Outlet in the City - 1935 ^ • . - .v •■ : • .- •. . ■ ^ ^ (These results are preliminarj'- and will be changed by the inclusion of the records of additional farmers.) /V (per cent) Dock Street Caliowhill Street Chain stores Independent stores House delivery 74 19 4 2 1 i . r ( » i! IV 4il 1^ II ■ -20- . • .^ some Pro-blems In the Conduct of Roadsid& Markets S H. De Vault, Head of Department of Agricultural . Economics, university of Maryland . : .. •B=«.«i«, MVfi> topes miar.ate f-rom home •.■with •the-ooml-iig of the war. svJrr'days;''Bers-fc'-ln^'t^ ,^ which grow abundantly in ^^«°f\°°^gy/^^elr crowded qSa^teS il lltKillll^'ll ?o thf ;ou^??f lA se?rcro? f loJSr s^^c ^piSg grounds. f?shii««?ouids;hathins beaches, health resorts, etc. The cool, shidv Irfverend the belutiful stretches of country road make their l^?eIl^to city folks. Just think how easy it is today to get into yoS automobile and travel a hundred to a ^^^^^^^^f .^^^H. f J^ade into the country and return home the same day. This has been maae Jossibll-^nSd-r'Sads-.nd^e coming of ^he automobile The automo- bile has not only revolutionized country life, but J^^^^|^^f ^^ the the complex of city life.. It has had a ^^^emendous influence i^^^® brLlHnff down of the barriers between country and city folKs. It nas been thf meISs of bringing city and ^S^^try folks closer together in a social as well as a business -way. Not only is the a^Jo^J^JJ;® ^^®^ ?or plSsS?e and recreation, but it is also a ^«^f °f„^^g^JXe farmers located o^i^^P^oyed highways to dispose of a conside^ ^^^^_ volume of farm produce right at the farm. Tne generax us« u mobile has brought the city consumer into the <^;^^^jy ^^/^^^^^g wfo SSmbers, thereby enlarging greatly the number o^ POJ^ible Wers wno p^s the farmer's gate. These tourists, °:j^ .^°^^^??^/Jf ^Srn Some intent upon fresh vegetables and. fruits and they often return nome with their cars laden with good things to eat. Farmer's roadside markets have ^f^iSlPpe-d rapidly in t^ last i<^ v^«rR The V have tjassed beyond the experimental Stage. T^e ftaJdf^Aich'ha^peSd to be sitLted in ^^^/;;?-^,i!,^roSdrsu??Srted exT)anded from the pioneer stage of a couple of rough ^^^^^Jff ^^ bv'two wooden horses, a crudely constructed sign and an umorexxa the^re permanent roadside markets of today which often ^ave a^P^^ buildings for shelter . rest rooms free taoles benches lacix^^^^^^^ for water, and many other things which the traveling puoxxo ap^; owing to the development of roadside markets since the many problems that have arisen in ^°^?^Slt2?al SonSiicTo? ?he conduct of markets, the Department of Agricultural Economics o^ University of Maryland made a study o^^^^ roadside markets ^^ only 100 of these markets however were owned and operated oyiai This was one of the first studies to be made of roadside markets in the'u^itefltates. Again in 1^34 another ^^udy of roadside maikets was made in Maryland, the approach ^^^ the sub ject being somewna different from the previous study. The study "^ade in 19^4 incxua l73 roadside markets located on the main ^^8^^'^?^^^^,*^?,^^^^' tSeir these 147 were farmer-owned, of rhich 91 sold Pjoj^^^^^j^^"^^?" vv'ith own f ai-ms; 24 were owned by non-farmers who sold i^^^°^f *^*^°^ "^^ . cno farmers; and 2 were cooperative farm women's markets.- I t ^ i^y X '^ i . vbf the 173 markets, 41 were of the pernanent type, '65 were" sOTii- permanent, and 69 v^^re clastjed as temporary. Sales at the permanent markets averaged |3,191 per year; at the semi -permanent markets, $1,697; and at the temporary markets, $230* Althougji the temporary markets constituted 40 per cent of the total and did only 6 per cent of the Volume of business, they play an important part in disposing of surplus products from the home garden. Surplus products from the home garden were sold -feit over 50 per cent of the temporary markets. These markets are operated by family labor and have little or no investment. The income from this source is a clear profit, as the produce sold would otherwisa have been a loss. The temporary type of r^arket also provides an outlet for the products of those fai-mers who hav§ a surplus "of fruits and veg:e tables at certain seasons. It is unprofitable to sell these products through the regular market- ing channels in such small quantities. These small quantities of seasonally produced proaucts can be sold at a profit through roadside markets. Sales at the temporary markets in Maryland ranged from $10 'to $£,000 for the season. *• J . . . ' . , ' T^veaty-four of the markets were non-farmer o^ed. The pier- manent non-farmer owned markets sell mainly gas, oil, and general merchandise, and the sale of farm products is a minor source of income. The sale of farm produce is the main source of income of non-farmers operating semi-permanent marketjS. v ' . ' A producer should start with a'Vatlfer simple type of market and expand it as the market becomes- successful. A yery popular and successful type of bulldin^^ is- one whit^h has a closed in back, good roof, and drop doors on th^-^rorit ahd sides. OJio doors, when partly lowered, make excellent tables for the display of various products. It should be borne inmind that quality, standardization of pack, combined with service influence the buying public more than a top- heavy investment in building end equipment. Advantages of Roadside Marketing There are many advantages to roadside marketing, only a few of which I shall mention here. In the first place, roadside marketing practically eliminates local hauling. Local hauling was entirely eliminated by the operators of 125 of the 147 farmer-owned markets studied. The consumer buys at the point of production and does his .own carting, thus saving the producer on expensive transportation charges to the city markets. :' in "the second place, the roadside market furnishes an outlet for certain products which may within a few hours become too ripe to stand shipping to the city markets. ' These products can be sold at the farm in small packages -for- immediate consumption. ■ • " • i • • Probably the greatest advantage of roadside marketing to the consumer is that she can buy fresh fruits and vegetables of natural color and flavor that have fully ripened in the field. By eliminating certain marketing costs such as transportation, commission, shrinkage and loss from decay, produce can be sold at the \ i dMi Hi if- 1 I 1 1, i -22- roadside for more than the city vholesale, but less than the retail price. This is of a financial advantage to both producers and con- sumers. Location of Markets one interesting thing revealed in our study is that the mar- kets on the most traveled roads do not always have the largest volume of sales, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, there is a direct rela- tionshiT) between the amount of travel and the sales at roadside mar- kets, whereas on the Western Shore there is no direct relationship between the amount of traffic end sales at roadside markets. J^^ road from Washington to Baltimore carries more traffic than any other road in the state end sales at roadside markets on this road were much smaller then the average for the State. This is probably due to the fact that, although this road "carriea the greatest amount of traffic: thfe number of potential roadside market customers is not as great as on many of the.less traveled roads... A large percentage of traffic oti this road is made up of trucks,, busies and out-of-state cars, only a small t»ercentage of the people in this group ^uy at roadside markets. On the less traveled. t,ownr to -town or cross-country roads, most of 'the traffic i.s mad« ti? of lo.oal passenger cars. It is the people iii local passenger .pars who do mdst of the buying &z roadside markets, ^'.. " .:,' •• -^ :- A roadside market should' not be located on the side of a hill. The motorist is not likely to stop- 'at a market located ^lidway of a steep grade, nor is he likely to stop going down grade. The valley between two hills is little better because motorists are traveling fast and do not want to lose the momentum they have attained. • A market should under no circumstances be located behind an embankment or other obstruction," as a motorist traveling at a moderate speed will pass the stand "iithout seeing it. A roadside market should not be located on or near the edge; of a narrow road. If adequate parking facilities are available, .; hov/ever. there is no objection to such a location. The best location f cfr- a roadside market is alo^S^^J®^®}^ stretch of road or at the apex of a slight .curve. A stand thus lo- cated can be seen at a long distance. This gives the motorist ample time to see the stand and to stop rith ease, Ample parking space' should be provided. A driveway 75 to 150 feet long ^^lth room for cars to pass one another, or a Parking lot T^rovide the best parking facilities. Either of these parking arrange ments v.lll draw cars from both sides of the. road. The presence of cars attracts business; this, is one reason that space is so import..n^. A shady t)arking ST)ace is preferable to a sunny one, .as many people like to remein in their cars while-making purchases. il 23- ' ; The pr.rkijig' space shbuld bfe covered ^>dth oil, grave;!, or some hard material , as* the; motorist dtsllkes to get. off the hard surfaced road. Some types' of; hard sui face. material help: to keep down the dust at market stands. Eiust v/111 ruin' the appearance* of : an o-therwlse good display of* hl^h quality products. ■ ' ^ ' ' '■ ^ / • • . ' l' ' rro;bably the best location for a market is on the righthand side" 6f the road approaching' th-e nesrest city, as most buy on th-e way home from a trip in the country^- Data from 80 market-s studied in li/Iichigan show that>. a. .market iLo.c.ated .pn,,the righthand side of the road did twice the volumie' -of business as one "located "on'the left-h"nd side of the road approachixlg .the. Aity ...... When tourists start homeward, they befc^in to look for supplies to take with them for home use; therefore, locations near tourist camps or resort cities are desirable and have the added advrntage of being able to 'sell to campers and resorters. Operators of markets located on the Eastern Shore reported that the bulk of their sales was to people going to the beach for the week-end. Most of the markets located near large cities reported that most of their sales were to people who had'beeri out in the country end were on their way home. .Some markets, hov^ver, reported that most of their sales were to people who vv^orked in the city and lived in the country. Most of their sales, were to people going home from work every day« M . »• Location, important as it is, is not th6 only factor contribu* ting to the succjai^s of.^a .roaAside. .piarKet^^.. ^eve mvist be some bait* Bees ge^dom light on a pane of plain glass, but if some sugar or honey i9,placfed on- th^ glass, ^^ the bees will be attracted. So it is v/ith rbadsiiie merchcndisihg. There' should b 6 some inducement to stop* t. :. duality of Products •"i ing, i higji to ge ble f Of ..th pric6 one f Based qu el i serve the i V: . One of the most important I Way's to succeed in roadside market- s'to' be able to get regular- customer s. The person, who sells quality produce and gives the customer © square deal is likely^ t repeat orders. A tabulation was made ot the factors responsi- or getting repeat orders mentioned by the operators of 110 markets jO 110 markets', 9& f^ave quDllty as- th6 chief" f factor; 25 mentioned ■; 20* salesmanship; 15 honesty; and 10-, fresh produce. More than actor' wf^s mentioned by m^ ny of the operators of roadside markets, on 169 replies, rbout 69 per cent of the operators mentioned ty as the most important factor. Another important factor ob- d v;as that the markets vAich sold good qiiialiV products averaged argest volume of- selesi • • * • ■ ..'*■•••'• ■ . ■ • ..... ' • • • • . . . • Prices Price is r.n important factor in the control of sales. Much attention needs to be devoted to prices, prices* vary widely at road- side Liar^cets from riore than the city retail price to less than the vholesT ie price; however, most of the market operators charge some- ^'hera between the wholesale price and the city retail price. For ex- rm'pie, 123 markets charged less than the city retfll price; 47 markets cher^ed the retail price; and* 3 charged more than the retail price. Prices charged v/lll depend upon the produce offered for sale. -Certain products, where the consumer appreciates fresh-ness ?.nd quality, may \ '• ' \\ i \' til I! ! I I? i' |i i i.i Ml f I ( . -24- ^^r^fl « reedv sale at higher than retail prices. In the long run, hiwever the ??ice should be somewhere between the city wholesale and rftailiricl. Since the consumer buys at the point of production and iSshifo^ transporting, it would seem reasonable, that some of the saving in^ansportation should be .shared with the consumer, operators of roadside markets should study ^5% ;?^°i^!^^? /??; dfty retail market prices. The, agencies used by roadside markets in Maryland to determine price are cis follows. J..= Agency Usad of Stands Wholesale market City retail market Chain stores . Daily paper Other stands What public will pay None Local stores Mcrk-up on cost Federal government daily reports Total 61 48 45 15 14 15 13 6 4 3 It is interesting to note that 13 markets charged what the consumer would pay, and 13 markets used, no agenpy at all in detemin- ing the price to charge. * • other important factors in the' success of ^oaJsi^%^^^°5vAr- dising are as follows: salesmanship, display. P^o'i^^J^J^J^'.?^^^^; tisinc sanitation, appearance of market, and planning production to meet mAr?e? requirements.' The markets which were good in all of these factors averaged considerably larger sales. Much could be done to improve the salesmanship of peopl® ^ operating roadside markets. An alert and courteous salesman will make ??iends!^v4iereas a slow-moving , disinterested salesman will drive customers away. people prefer to buy from those operators who are 'leSt and accomodltinl. A salesmen should ^nowjomething about the T^roducts he is selling-he should know- the Jif^^^J^°^,^?^!^J^^e^'' eating and cooking apple. Likewise he ^^ould know the difference^ between varieties of products end the grades or qualities ol proau products sold at roadside markets should be displayed, ad- vertised r.Sd sold in a dignified manner P^o-^f ^^^^^J^^f ^J,f ,lu?y, .nd orderly manner will impress the customer as ^^ing of good quaii y. vhereas a. hit and miss arrangenient of the products will J^tract from ihe apt)earance of otherwise good quality products. An attractive r IsiDlay will catch the eye of ■ the traveling public. A well-landscap_ Dot'with no^v beds and green shrubbery .furnishes an «^Jf IJJ^J.^f ^nd .round for a good display. Such a setting appeals JP^^Jj^^^^Jf iJ*/ iiduces him t5 stop. People often stop, to see the flowers and then purchase farm products, - ^ r& h » » 'i -2 5- It is important that products be displayed in rather large volume. The motorist usually associates quality with quantity and is more likely to stop where the produce Is displayed in large volume, because the volume indicates to him that the produce has not been picked Qyer;:n>.;^ - . .' >•- ■ f •..■•'. Ma^kei« apecializin^S 'in fruits and vegetables should also carrv a wide variety B;f pro ducts *• The r customer usually wishes to purchasembre than otfe product. A large number of products will also improve thei beauty of a display. ■f '''•■(>ui':stu'dy' In Maryland indicated that vegetables were sold at more markets than any other class of products. Jruijs and poultry Drodvc ts were also handled by most of the markets. • Miscellaneous products such as honey, elder, soft drinks, and sandwiches were sold at 85 per cent of the markets. Also home-baked pastries^ home cured maats,- and heme' made ice dream are gaining in importance. Advertising *£. Advertising's just as essfentlal to the success of ^oadjlde marketing as it i& to any .other merchandising business. A few dollars s?ent in effective adyertising wiU usually be I'oturned many: times through increased; sales, , •' / , •, , . ,- ..;"'• There are various means of advertising-, such as well con- structed .signs, registers in vdiich visitors can >rite their ^ames ■ and addressee, personal name cards, ahd: t?r,ade Tiiarks for use on the Sationery and SontalnerffV^'AliL. Af ^^.t^ if P^^P^^^L''™!?/,^^ be effective, probably tlie -most effective e,nd commonly ^sed medium_ of advertising is by means of bill boards iOi- signs. A market should have a Same o? trade mark, and this should be woven into aU of the : edv^rtising material. A tr'ad<» mark or name will ^i^J^'^J^Ji'^^^iSg locating and identifying a market. The operator of one market puts. kis trade mark on every egg that he sells. ' -: .^. " ■•- There is no means 6f advertising, hbWever, that is more ef- febtive than the selling df hi^ quality products. Th^^ if .^^^ °i^. the best advertisements tea^b. a market can have. Many markets^eport • that their ^« St adverti^ei-s^-cre their satisfied customers. iv^'^':. Of' the markets studied in Maryiand. 'J^.S 'did no advertisin|, 99 '\i"^ed signs, 12, nome cb-dW 10' advertised thfsugh local newspaper, 'iB through direct maill^iaists end 6 by means of labels. The appearance or the roadside-market has a lesser effect on sales than many othei* factors. There is 'a possibility that.the ex- pensive looking markets KAve, more of ^/^i t.Fi^;;, ^PPJ^^^ J^^^S?„ Causing the con sumef td feel tiiat she is fu?t ^getting ffesh .farm pro- dS^s. people v*io buy at roadside markets, are concerned, mostly a^out whether or not the produce ws grown on the operator's farm. The most successful mrkets are more concerned abo.ut other factors ^^^^.^J. f ^- p.lay, quality of products, . and.. srJ.esnanshipth£m they are about the appearance ;6f the market, v J* I > i i r * c^ V ; ! I": \Y 1(1 i !•' T • *• • • ». ■ '••••'A « ' •» -26- »« ■>'«7 I V ; j?;iannltig ' Jprofduc t ion Hi"! »«« '*<^-'>« 4fl»^|»-'*'W ofits at roadside martens* Suo.Qe9si'y6' P^^^^^f ^iJitv °___...^-^ ivt ««^v«+. uHt.h n contlriuSus supply of fresh • ; '•»•' ••*■ % »• il i'l I sales and^p?i?ttrar^dsidrm^r£9€s. Su^J^.^ftt^' iif^^^Sf "^Ish^"^^' !«i.v^f~^wlil provide the market with a continubus supply of IJesh ^^^H^h.'^^^ivS^SStrtf the sTjrinK. sunmier and fall months. Many fcltv whole^le^arket. By carefully planning, a P^oJiJ^^ij^ P^°- grl^ teS Se^rkeSoSt in the farm whiQh will ^^J^^ P°f J^J^i^^tiS^" turinr of various- prodtwts.^s they are needed. ther2 eliminating the necessity for outside buying, • . i..---.. , ..... . •; • ■V'our 8tudy:show»:^ha?i.the farmer-6;med markets Jepejd.u^^^ nearhy p?o4ucer,s\nd t^e'cli^ r^^eU.,t^r,]?^^l7, 1/4. Pf the products ■that they,. sell;.; ■;;;;^-;-^:-.:r,j^^_^ ,..;- :;:; ^-^^^y-.;. ..•;.,,.,._....,- -..- :. Bistead of sellln^^' thi-6u^ 'th^ir ■<^vfe P^i^^^Jit^^^^Jo^jJative operated roadside, markeltstmftpy farm We? have organized coop^^^^ ?Lm women's markets,^. J^?f ^^^^^^''Sf^LS^merirc^ with one of these is operatedf :.by .a groMp ff ^^*°\,!^^i°^_i"-„^ Jve other the Extension Service of th6 Universit-yvQt JJaryl^d a^^^^^^^fg^^re three are op* r^ ted by. an. a 9sp elation of ^J^J ^J?®^* „^?. c -located in the sutourbaiv, areas norths 9.t . of Washington, D. C. JSSi^^ioSf ?oSil!' rni?%SSrr-?2,trr|4 on tL ra™ or ooo..d end prepared by the f a^^rs' wives are sold. ... Owner.hif-in.th^i^ markets.'is,ua>^jly and each member Ws a commission, on ^Jf .^f ^^.^ ^J^^J J oSen ?Sree days expenses of the orgard-^ation^. Tbe. marke,^$ are usmlly a^ek during the l"um?r.:.e».d' t^ 'days a. we.ek J^^^S.^^® hi? ?« Ported th^gh some mi^abere ^m^'-S^-^^^^i^ "^IZ o?^other that she has sold as m^y ias; flf ty .cake,s, and a small amount oi o farm products in one day. '• • ' .• .r ,"•»:.•.'• - .. ^ " P t>fi -27- t The farm women •s market is a recent venture that has proved successful and has unlimited possihilities* A report by the Bureau of Home Economics in the United States Department of Agriculture , yearbook for 1933 states that there had been 479 of these markets organized in the United States previous* to and during 1931, with a membership of 34,687 farm women. •{. • .9^ \. ;: VOlimie of 'Sales ■*' ^ a,iA o^i n or b if! b aol^ i v /^^' • Sales git roadside mai^kets-v^i^r widely About 60 per cent of the 'market s.; gtudied . in Mar yland aver aged'le ss- thaii |1 , 000 in sale s ; the 9e were mainly: temporary markets that remained opfeh for*bnl5^'a ,• sho^t .period .of time* *Th isales at* tlie permanent markets averaged much/larger./,and'.:at Bome of the eitremely- large markets ranged from $10:, 000, to $125,. OQO annually. While' thoefe markets with sales ranging between .|ip^ OOP .and $20,000 constitute^ only 3*2 per cent of the total, tljey 4idl .aboi4t. 27 per cent of the total volume of business^ Only 17 per cent of /^he markets averaged cITdcvs' $2,SQ0 in sales, yet they did .aver threa-fowths of the total volume of business* In the majority of case g th^ sales on Sunday are almost e'c^ual to "the total sales • during the- remainder of the week, A maximum of from |400 to $600 on a Sunday has been reached by selling peaches or apples alone. Fruit growers may dispose of their entire crop of apples or peaches through their roadside market often'within a few day's'' time. Many stands make a specialty of honey and often are successful in selling such a pro- duct that is not ren;dtly obtainable in the city markets. Markets : specializing in. this, way have-'the adv^tage thiat the produq^ts cgin be offered for sale in rather large vplvme. There are certain evils attending roadside merchandising which must be guarded against and overcome. Roadside markets must be kept decent rnd straight and in the hr.nds of the producers, .They must never be '^citif ied'^,- They muiSt be maintained as places where products fresh from the farm con be offered to the public at reasonable prices. Nothing could do more harm than to offer products f.rom the city mar- ket as strictly fresh farm products. Eggs .fresh, fro 91 the nest are. good sellers at the markets:;^ l)Ut an -attempt to^ offer storage eggs as strictly fresh and at high prices would q^uickly, draw, trade laway^from the market,. A roadside market iiS not a place ^^ei^^ farmers or non- farmers can obtain high p'riees for poor quality 2^64^^ ts. The non-farmer owned markets usually depend upon the city wholesale markets for -la large p'erdent age of their products. The practice of selling products from the city wholesale market has been condemned by some as unethical. The selling of limited quantities of city mar)cet produce is often a good business practice. Home-grown 'products supplemented with a certain amount of foteign products enable many producers to expand their business; but city products should not be represented as home grown. The operation of b roadside market by someone other than a farmer is not condemned provided good quality produce is sold and the standaMi^ established by other markets are not lovi'ered. Non-farmer operated markets often provide outlets for a large volume of produce of neighboring farmers. In certain localities 'V» i i \ i II II ; I # ♦ ►• r ♦ ■ ► .*«►■♦«••■ 1, • « iUA. -28- 1-^ i r,. ; r there are careless and transient operators who ^^y °^®aP P^Sj^J^g^^^ the citv and sell them as home grown. These operators f\''lly'll' ni^?ers"^nd lell only a few dlys and are not concerned about repeat orders and market standards. ' •. ^Ihe resentment of ^unfair and fraudulent practices^has been butspoken in other- states as ..well as in Maryland. ^J^^^^^J?* ^^^^- 'Vislon and contrdl ha^ beeiv, advocated, and i^/^^^ J*^^®! ^^.^^t^tes ■■'■ Sspection, licensing and r«rgulati6n. a^« 5«iJS *?^i!*- ,?* ^^^^ *?- Viflve- organized roadside marketillg associations that sell ojly »P .^^ ^^^errodrcl/ A3 yet no |tat. J|gulatory meas^^^^ '^■t^^m^^ ^B^W^^^^Sth. fo1-on- sellers, ; r.. ••; ■ t- " . .,.?.•.•■•' V 4 A. ■»■ •V ft- , cone lu sions and/Re ccomendat ions • ■ ^i'^R^^side m&kets ^should ^^f ^ f J??,^??!^^^^.^'^^- °^^ '''' ■..edge.of the. highway with adequate. psgrking facilities. ;^^ . ., •' -■ ' ' • :g.i A roadside mat'ket should' di.splay a }?JS^/?i|j?f ^^f^fJege! as well as a' large rariety pf produce, especially of fruits and vege t&bies. • •. V- v^ ■■■ '^ ' •.- : ■. . • •. ;■ • '■ :•. , ■•• •■ • ■,■ V ■ . .. ■ • •• ..;•*. ' 3. Prices sho\ild -be reasonable, 4, salesmen at roddsid* markets should be efficient, pleasant clean and neatly dressed. .,._. . ■;•,?.•" • 5 iiie feriirersshoultl use' some means of effective advertising ■ such as signs, direct mall;, labels and trade giorks- ■• "^. ■ B The farmer should plan' his production program so as to hovt . ■'-- Aplenty o?"fresh p^lSoftS-su^pIy the market demands ■ during most of ' the summer and fall oanths.- . .' • . • ' . 7. The marlcet should h eve s^iltahle buildings with oonvenlenoes for the public. • • \ " ^ 8. Roadsl de markets should sell en honest paok"of^full weight, count or measure end *>»■ Products Should be graded lJto^|:j\°J 'J.^ious grades end packed in contcinets of .dirrerent sia«s _w aeiands of customers. •-- • . • 9. The farmer should endeavor Vo seir as much as possible of the produce from his owA f arc or from -nearby fai^s. W -29- 10. A farmer should start v;ith a small type of stand iarid expand it as increased sales warrant the need of larger buildings and more equipment. ,^ 11. people vdio are now selling only a surplus from 'the home garden should expand their production if there is a possibility of making greater sales, 12. The excellent work started by the Maryland Farmers'' Road- side Market Association should be continued and expanded. . * The Limitations of cooperative Efforts H. p. Brown - Ohio State University .. i - , For years I had visions of great advantages that might come to growefS- that were willing and able to cooperate with earh other for the mutual advantage of all. It seemed that the savings in labor ?lone would justify cooperative efforts. If the hundreds of gardeners thet sold their produce in large cities could only delegate their celling job to a few well trained men it seemed logical to conclude that each of the hundreds of gar-deners would have more time to grow ve«etables, a task generally conceded to be better suited to them. The gardeners and their families would be relieved in a large measure ef- staying up half.. the night with their produce, a practice that has always seemed wasteful. Moreover, .it would appear that a few trained nen could do a better job of selling the produce than hundreds of un- trained producers, i.e., if there is anything to the thought sales- manship depends in part on personality. If the produce were sold by one rather than hundreds of agencies it would seem that there would be. less chance for buyers to beat down prices by true or false state- ments 'concerning price quotations of competitors. Furthermore, one selling agency should be better able to regu- late the supply of vegetables by shipping out surpluses, by eliminating low grades, and finding new markets. • ■ _ cooperative agencies, it seems, should also serve their mem- bers in ffi'ny other ways. They should be able to buy supplies more cheaply, secure insurance more cheaply, disseminate cultural informa- tion and accomplish more in the way of advertising, in fact, coop- eratives should theoretically accomplish all of the objectives enu- merated by Dr. J. W. Lloyd in 1919: 1. Reduce the cost of marketing t. 2* lap'rove the distribution of the product, 3^ Increase the demand for the product, 4. Standardize the product, '5, Protect the indlvldjaal grower. Unfortunately, these advantages are seldom realized. As I saw cooperatives fail time after time my faith began to weaken. It seemed that the promoters got all tlie profit leaving the growers worse off than they were before. As 1 studied these failures as an unbiased III III lit i 1 n. J- i It i# r l« -30- observer several reasons for failure were evident. These are listed t)elow in the order of their importanoe as I see them. 1. Expecting too nuch from cooperative' efforts. »' '• • 2. suspicious and independent nature of cooperators. Lack of grading system.- ' .^,^ ' ...^ underestimating the costs, and lack of an adequate of "bookkeeping. Excessive Expectations 3. 4, system cooperatives cannot and should not be expected to solve all of your finiicial worries. At best they cannot Se^°^l^J^.!;°^^,®J^£^^*i^^ than the most successful of growers who also market ^J^^^. J?"^ P^jJ^f ' Re^mber also that cooperatives must eventually, compete vdth coopera- tives in their own and other industries. If .the theoretical adyan- tages of cooperative effbrts could be debunked it is ^^^^^ ^jf ^^ f,^^ the total actual value that would accrue to individual members could be placed at approximately 10^ of his total possible i^^J^^- „^J^J;^, frequently stated that 90fo of the growrs problems involves cultural, nSt marketing, problems. This is a pretty s*^o^g/*^:J^°^j;,i° J^!^ of the recently expected benefits from the A. A. A. and other activ- ities. It is my contention, however ,- that these ac^i^i^i^s prove rather than disprove the statement. It would be extremely difficult to Srove tSat A- A. A. activities have paid a J^^if ^f^f^J^^^^ farmers to say nothing of the general public. Tobe permanently sS^essful anV enterprise mus,t be mutually advantageous to Duy^asd seller aiik^ Certrinly tKTA. A. A. has paid no^'dividends to tTie Hiillbfr^owers of this Nation if we exempt the possible smell profits that may have cone to Western ^nd southern growers that mar- keted their produce under marketing agreements, A few examples will illustrate the importance_^of cultural practices. Assume if you please a potato grower in Indiana. In the first place he has a chance of getting a yield of Possibly 250 bush els per acre of potatoes if he uses good seed but^only 40 to 50 bushels if he happens, to g^t poor.seed ^nd grows the ?;°P ^^^^^^^^er same manner. It is just as easy for a well in^o^^^.i^^^^^^^^i^f^f to get good seed .as it is for a member of a cooperative. Obviously, tSele if a chance of getting a profit from ^he 250 bushel crop but none whatever from a 40 to 50 bushel crop. This ^^^^lllll^J" ,l%l^''^ from actual experimental results in Indiana. J^^^J^^tlff w«^ tt S greater than indicated because 90f« of -the 250 bushel yield was U.S. No. 1 potatoes but .less than' 50^ of -Ijhe 40 to 50 J^f t^ y^l^J /^^J^y n. S. No. 1 grade. Assume again, that the. grower had f^f^}^^^^ ^PJ^^ the r-tato foliage.. Instead of getting a 250 bushel yield from good oeed •:he yield woul-d probably have been less than 100 ^^s he Is per acre, suppose again that tJie,.gi:ov.,er had Called to condition the soil nroDorly oi- had planted cut sied .t^at rotted in J^f.^soil because the /•low^r did not know how to tr^at th.^ se.ed so that it would Jeai pro lorty. The result m-'.ht have be.^n; a,..greatly reduced yield in either fr.stance. Many other factors :inv6lVing cultural practices might ais influence the yield and possible profits. Drought , floods , frosts, exc3Soive heat, insect or disease^ pests might destroy the crop. so I! I „, . • ; ; »• r-; . ■ •.'. ■■ - i "•4 • , .♦ ■ -31- The question of cuslity alone is extremely important. One example stands out in ny'miiid. About 15 years p.p,o I took a trip through southern Indi-na. Durinr this trip I found peaches offered for sale at 75^ per bushel with no buyers. These peaches were small peaches from unsprayed trees where the fruits had not been thinned. The peaches were consequently very small. It is doubtful if the grower received enough to pay for growing the crop. No amount of salesmanship could dispose of this crop. About 75 miles away another crower had a crop of beautiful peaches of the serae variety. Each peach was about five times as large as the peaches on the first farm although the yields per acre in the two instances. were estimated to be about the same. The large peaches were made possible by several improved cultural practices the most important of which was the sim- ple expediency of thinnine;. The grower that had the lerger peaches was getting |2.50 per bushel end the entire crop was sold to buyers that came to the orchard. These two instances will suffice to Illustrate the relative importance of production techniques. The Importance of these tech- niques does not, however, detract from the necessity of trying to Aet an added 10^ profit from better marketing practices that might accrue from cooperative efforts. A 10?5 added profit during any T)erlod is decidedly worth while. The important thing is to ayoia overestimating the profits that are possible through cooperative efforts. . . It Is of course evident that the dividing line between the objectives of cooTjerative and individual efforts is not always so clearly defined as implied in the preceedln- examples. In fact co- operatives should- make it their isusiness to see that the latest and best knowledge concerning cultural practices should reach their mem- bers. This does not i iDly thet marketing experts should also t)e T)rocluction exnerts. It merely means that mar5;«ting agencies should have a sympathetic attitude tcmrd proeuction problems, recognize outstanding difficulties, and encourage the study of cultural pro- blems and the dissemination of information pertaining thereto. The des'ree to v.tilch such Information Is used depends upon the intellect of^'the individual end UT>on his natural end acquired resources, i.e. the extent of his productive efforts, suspiciousness fnd Independence of Gooperators "The basis for th capital. The individual! to the success of C'^opera the brink of destruction and turn to cooperative e the growers to have confi is assured it is easy foi market a portion of their channels. Such pr.ctices e cooperative organization Is men" not sm of American farmers is a great barrier tive efforts. Their investments must be on before they will subject this individualism fforts. Even then it takes a long time for dence in each other. Until this confidence competing agencies -to induce merribers to produce outside of the regular cooperative eventually ruin the oooperetlve. \\ J ' il M r •% •i * I U • -32- Grading; Essential purchasers of ell caniiodlties insist on Imowing something of the quality of the T)r'^e.uct w^-• ch they ore buying. This involves stendardized grades'. 'Without such standards the seller cannot, de- scribe "the product viiich he ht:s for sale and the buyer does not know v:hrt he is getting. Cooperatives cannot .succeed without an •accurate system of grading. This fact is not generally understood by gardeners ... some authorities even go so far as to state that the elimina- tion of poor grade vegetables would solve the marketine problem. This is of course not true/ It rai^ht help for a year - or two but the acre- age would soon increase until there was more than enou;h :0f the iirst grade products to meet all cleannds. Under the present system there are many examples of the f'olly of inadequate grading. The grade is, however, important to the indi- vidual as well as to the cooperative. It is essential, however, not to- expect too much from grading vegetables; It may be a necessary tool for the success of coopera- tives and yet graded vep.etebles might fail to bring a profitable premium. R. B. Corbett of Rhode island has made a recent study of the value of grading from the individual gardeners standpoint. So?ie of his conclusions are.' of , interest; in this connection. He concludes: 1. "The su^-ierior grpding practiced in tl:^ese experinients yielded a return above costs- in. some instance^., -but in general was not -profitable." ■'. ' *■• 2.- "The chances for a r)rofit from rigid grading seemed less with such low-priced products as bunched beets and bunched carrots than with products such as tonatoes and peppers." * * . • ' 3. "Prob.ebly no sin^-.le factor had a greater bearing on the profits from rrlgid grading t);&n did the condition of the crop itself. An excellently-grown croD with few culls required little extra labor to gT-ade a high standard, but more important still was the small percentage of the crop which had to oe sold at low prices as seconds and culls.'-' - ' /' "This is exc'ellent nroof of the accuracy of my estimation of the relative imDortence. of cultui'pl prrctices. ■, "• ' •- ... * • ■ » . ,' ' /; ■' ..:. underestiriating the' Cost .* ' ■ , * ■ • It is more .difficult to .mana«;e a cooperative than an i^di- vidua" entert)rise.;^ Exact costs must be known at all times, ihis i^i \oi/ef detailed bookkeeping,. Rebates must not be allowed. All mem- ce-.. ruust be trected alike. This all costs money- end the overhead \ P..:. eat up all the 75rofits if the management is poor. Jl this h-^r^cns the members v..iii desert the organization and be justliiea ^'•onuFe the only puiTose for the coooeretive is to make the business .Aor^ profitable for the individual mer..bers^ It -33t The bookkeeping system must be adequate from the start. It is probably the rule rather than the exception that cooperatives are started with very little conception of bookkeeping methods. Imagine the chagrin and disillusion of the members of a cooperative when they learn that their c .')Operative manager has money to prorate but does not knov/ how much to pay each member. ■ V,; • ... . section III. Varieties k m-m^m Tomato and Sweet Com Trials in York County G* G. Weber, County Agent, York County MMMMlIM I iill|«■•■' •••'••-M ^i Forty tomato and sweet- corn variety demonstrations were con- ducted by York County growers to determine the most suitable varie- ties for this county. The growers who conducted tomato variety demon- strations were asked to check the varieties as to seasqn, yield, and shape, with the following results - r ■ If ■ I Ml n -. II II in BMI I II - I ■ mm f.1 »» ■ »».- • .J|»w«^^«lii i i. I iim » • «.••.,.•.■:-#■ ^ ^ - • y . •• Variety Penn Grothens Marglobe Prichard Rutgers Bonny Break Rich- No. Growers Reporting—- State Red Globe Best ♦ Day meat .^ 12 I (V" -. ■■*>■ !*•» m*m»tMmmv »iii myiMm ■m^mittmHtt'^mm ■ I !■ ■ IWI ««.<■ 11 »^-iiL «i.i^»fcft wi«niri' 'in jt -ii-rlt^-J^*. » •• • • • • « 4. Prichard Grothens) Red Globe) <■ iitmm »»— ^ Bonny Best Rutgers * ' Break 'Day Marglobe Three growers selected this variety as their first choice; one glave it* second plac'e. Two grower's selected this variety as their first choice; one, second place; three, third place; and one fourth place, .v»^..^«^-.^*^«..^^^ -.»»--,.-- — -• Two growers selected this variety as their first choice. -One grower selected this variety' as his first choice; • two gave it third place. One grower selected this variety as his first choice. Six growers selected this variety for second choice; one, third place; and one, fourth place. 1 1!^ Ui .'I •I |! iM ; \ penn State Rlohmeat^ •34- one grower selected this variety for second choice; two, third place; three, fourth place; and one, one grow r selected this variety for fifth choice. Henry Hoffman, Bridgeville, Reports the following results. 12 Dlants each variety - Seed sown March 6 set in field May 21st. Harvesting Dates ^^^^ ^^^ ^\^ ^^f T' f' ?ield " (Yield, in ..pounds) J' , . • V. "^ "T ^ penn State 6 10 8 I 10 • 8 37 Grothens Red Globe 1 4 e .g H gf 74 Bonny Best ^__^ ^ ^ * , , .j-^ — ■ G. Ev Wilson, Wiiklnsburg, report's the ^ollowlne results.; 20 plants each variety - Seed sov^tj I'er. 10 - Seedlings tr:nst,lpnted April 10 (potted) - Plcnts set in field May POth. four by five feet , ; TnT^ " -Jllrst picking date [ "TuIyTT" Aug. 2 » *■ pena. State. . arothens Red Globe *■-♦' MakM 5-1/2 lbs j~*-vV :^- 7- 1/4 lb a. 0 *.• \ » .^illam Abers.'miiocir,' reports the ^olljy'l^e J^^^^^^' 20 plants each variety - Seed sown March 19th set ^n field May 17th - five ^y five feet Manure but no commercial fertilizer "IV '^^^ V I ^ • *t ^■iy AUS. Aug. iu|. A^:lu-s: S^Pt. sept. Total ^al aa %n pn .12* .15 .85 .35 H>3. ^ Hrrve sting Dates Price per pk« flfOO » ?eni Statr'"''%.50 15.5 11.25 49.0.S4.5.4.0.5.50 S.90 133.25 |2.99 rifitr'"- ■ -sofa .oilUr (»an poor^■i2^&^^^ ^ ' (rotten (rotten , (siaelKPoor li^B^y^^-^a.^S 11.0 5.50 45.25 47.75 6.25 4.50 19.75 143.75 totten( rotten eld m nounds °l^rS?^.ri- 1.0 9.75 13.25 46.502e.O 5.50 10.25 48.0 160.45 ^ nirur/'^- <^ (A^^y uJ: 1 V°^ir?iiii£!_l_ ^ {dry rot (rotten(rotten (smalKgr.ell . y^exa^xn Pounas^^^^ ^^^^ ^.50 27.^0 39.0 i7.50 4.00 16.25 120.25 ^ price rec'd. .09 .47 .rS .39 '^^'^I'ltZ.- * ouellty good (mA.ny(mtny (mf4y good good good • (dry rot(rotten{rot^en f \Xr .«,««. - ' *. % -35- -rA .t: r' V'ariety Sweet Corn Variety demon strat lone Henry Hoffman, Bridgeville, reports the following results. Corn planted Mry 1st. Marketable ears from 100 feet row. pulling Dates Aug. 1 Aug^ 7 Aug, 14 . Total Maroross 39-111^58415 Top Cross Spanish Gold 'Vhlpoross 7-2 E.S. Ex. ^Afhipdros's .2.6 W. & S. 10 ears 16 ears . 26 14 ^ 18 ♦» .26 6 ^ 10 ears • 16 Q ^ 2« " 37 Whip cro a s'^ Spanish Gold top cross was most uniform of the early. ^ ♦'^Whlncross 2.6 was by far the best of the late." Vard et HarTy T. Maglll , Tarentum, R. D. ?, reports the following. Corn planted May 20th. Marketable ears. ;y _ pulllnc Dstes Aug. 6 Aug> 9 Aug. 13 Total Spanlsn Ciold Top cross 39 F.C.L. 92 ears 65 ears 96 ears ^ST" '.Vhlpple Top Cross 7.2 E.S. Ex. 37 " 52 »' 90 •• 179 price per dozen - .25 .25 ,14 ■ ■ » • ■ sweet Corn Varieties end the Improvement of Sweet Corn Seed Hal Kills - D. Landreth Seed Co., Bristol, pa. Again I must apologize for being absent from your meetings, but it seems tht. t my bosses feel that I em the only one who can ride the rough roads, and swim the Spring, flooded fields of Louisiana and Mississippi. Mr. Huffington has kindly consented to take my place (not in the wilds of the South v/hich would be too much to ask of anyone) but he has agreed to read this paper. for me. Due to the reappearance of Stewarts* Wilt disease in the last fevv' years, the whole program of sweet corn improvement and breeding has been upset. Meny fine varieties end strains had to be temporarily discarded because the disease was so severe that only a few could survive. Unfortunately, the earliest golden varieties seemed to be most susceptible to Stewarts' Wilt.. This led to the adoption and use of the later, but more resistant varieties, such as Golden Cross Bantam of vdiich there are navi sold many tons of seed.- , But the growers and canners kept clamoring for earlier re- sistant varieties. Then follov.'ed the wild scramble by breeders and seedsmen to procuce these. This led to the production of so many top crosses and so-called new varieties, particularly of the gulden types, that the growers and canners (and 1 niust admit, many of the seedsmen) are absolutely lost in the maze of names, (no pun or maizeV. ) A brief explanation of the terms hybrid, inbred hybrid and top cross might be of some Interest here. A hybrid in the sense used by breeders ??nd seedsnen Is eny variety which is created by crossing two distinct varieties. An example of a hybrid then would be our Bloomsdale Golden, formerly called Kills' (Jolden Sunrise . This golden hybrid v;as created by crossing in 1925 Golden Bantam with Long Island Beauty, a white variety. Bloomsdale Golden is now an established yrjj lety but is nevertheless, a hybrid. t r m S;!. 5q- M ►^ \ r of sweet corn. An ^^^^f ^^^^^^^ J^/^^fdone bv ?lrcing paper bags e. nui-ioer of years, ^e If pollinating is^^ J« collectins the rjollen over the eer shoots ^f^^^^^if^.^^ ,^^i^%ee^^^!'ed ear shoots, and pouring in. tassel ba^,s ^rp:: J^ff;^^^^ J^^"^^'e.,J«%;hen^lhey come out inside the this pollen on the ^^^^l ^J . f,°f.p^,i^i^riSg eA saving of the best bags. After ^/®, .y®^^^ "iv-^ strains is somewhat reduced. The self ed ears, the vi; or of the strains ^^ J however, is very height of the f^-^l^^^^T''Spn? the lars becomes ?ery unifom. and the uniform, the size end shape ^f the ears Dec om.s ^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ undesirable cher.acters have ^I^^.^^^^^^^^^J^f [ g J^oduced by crossing hybrid v.'ould be Golden Cross BBntaia. This is PJ^^^^^^ J^^i^i scale, piraue inbred No. 39 by Purdue inoreo No^ ^1. On a ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ this seed is produced by Pl&^^^^^^t-' °^®-^°!^,°%train Purdue No. 39. NO. .51. ff -|-P4»2,*,r?o.1 £1 Svla'befo?e ^Sy shed any The tassels from th« i;®^-'^^® rov s k- tovts . thus crossing the siivrs of the ears of the ^^.^- ^^^^^J^.^lJ^T^Q^Jie rows in the field, 'dentin ■ one mrle row for eve.-^ to 4 laic xe ro/ _ „ _. _v.. of course rerioved before shedding \. The tassels oyfj.-f^;/^ to. cross ^oild be Bloonsdale Golden Top a-ny pollen. An example 01 a v produced by crossing cross also callea Suncross^p r^T.^ivtrt vprietv. with Purdue Inbred Sloomsdale Golden, the open-pollmated vaiiety, v.i r Strain Wo. 39» . -. J.' A 4.V-+- ■cr.r lo-^fi nanv of these 9;olden top ^ It has oeen preaicted th^t ^f/ l^i^.^^^^^re earlier than Golden •* crosses will ^%^^f • PtJe ?-t of th'se to^ crosses are: Spanish ^ HSrT;^Cr;;s,'ri.fle^Uio • ?.P^O.os^ The question which uost-of !f^^^jjf Jf ^.^^e f ..--•ti" is- "Hov- ion-- vill the populirity ^of these tn-r-'l.P^ rcssL l.st,_,m.t .«.i;oecone^.t Jh« if clJ^ef'se d^Eerpec-rs seedsmen are now inbred hybrids Stev;?rts' "Jilt outbreak a number rna tines brou,^,ht of /.^ars P.^o?" Xeepin-.. up v.,z:. "^"^/Vrj'' f' sc^^nptikl occupation, but rcoa-- by M0v.e-s and canners fancies is a ^ '^f ■.^^I'T; ^Zq ^ ^ Ro^A/ever. tei to the m-ocuction of meny ^^^^^rchss ana heert echeo. Ro ^^_ th.,.K doin- th:s sort of ^' ctk ^ ^^^J'^'^'^.^^^^^Ation beinS pU'.hrent mak.s the Job worth '"l^^-^^' ^^^.^"^^J^J^talogs and some ne^ rr-i-,::ca^ly nil. There ^^%s"--^^f r^J-^Jt'/t^em ! fref of charge. to'iatc-booklets for tl^oso vho core .0 ha . e tnem ci.e.se ar.ev^^.... again as ^^^^J^^^-^ '^Itl of y.a.s a,07<' ^^eepin, up .It. ^the chan.ing^.oods i^li 1% . -57. ..•• A few Outstanding 1936 All America Veaeteble Selections > , f ' ' ■ \ • ' . ^,^, Hal Kills - D.. Landreth Seed Co., - Bristol, Pe, AS one of the IS judges on The Seed Trede Association Council for All-Arierica Ve^,etahle Selections, I thought it might be of interest to vegetrble growers and c^nners to mention a few of the vegetrble varieties which were outstanding in our trials at Bristol in 1935. .r ™._... ^ 1. Spinach - Dark Green ^loomsdale - Selection J. . This was pronounced a verjr fine spinach by several experts such as ;• Thompson of Ki;ng ^arrns, Becker of Becker Farms, Dr. Magruder of the • U. S. Departnifent of Agriculture, Rob son of Rob son i>eed ^arms, and 'Others. It is of the Bloomsdale Savoy type but of a darker green color and does not bolt to seed so quickly as most strains of this variety. 2. Beet - Half Lonf' - Eerly ^em. This was outstanding because of, its extreme uniformity of shape and dark red internal e61or'. The quality was excellent. ,• ' • - ^ • • 3*. parsley - Paramount. For those market gardeners who ^ cater to a. fancy trade, this is en excellent dwarf strain of very fine;m6s3 curled parsley. It is extremely unifona and finely curled. 4. Kohlrabi - Triumph of Prague. This is a very early, uniform strain of the forcing type of white kohlrabi to be used where the market is extremely critical. 5* Tomato, Penn State. This is an early, self -topping vrriety created by Dr. Myers. We feel that this will take the place of Earlicna ^'here this variety' is grown. The penn State produces smoother fruits which are deeper end more solid than those produced . -by. Eerliana. • -* --- • 6. Radish - Comet •strain of Globe radish v:as •strains had become pithy. Scarlet Globe • Long Keeping. This developed to remain^ solid after other 7. Pea • Confidence. This is a fine dwarf dark green foliage type, v:ith the pods darker green than Gradus and Worlds Record, but about the same size and shape. It is prolific. 8. Spinach - Enkhuizen Monstrous. This has an enormous dark green plant of the Nolel type. However, it is darker green than Nobel, is more savoyed, is a bigger plant and is very unifonn. It can ue used where the smooth-leaf types are preferred. 9. Field Corn - lower: 1th Hybrid Dent. The outstanding feature of this rempfckable field corn was its resistance to v/ind storms. While all other varieties and strains of corn were blown dovn during a 1 te summer storra, lowealth remained standing although the. stalks measured 10 ft* in height. The eers are about 10 inches long and very uniform. It is eoout as early es ordinary Golden Dent types • — - -38- si ii<«i^ fi f t ii There were 73 samples of ves^etrbles to. be judged;;f o^. All America Selection. Those rientioned above Were the best at Bristol. I?? tSose w?o wSSid like to try out these n^w ^^^^ll^^^^-'.^t^t'll be obtained fro.a nost 'of the rolieble seedsmen although the crops v/ere short in meny oases. ' .' .;:...:.. •;. ■ » Celery far Lancaster Markets Ajaos Funk, Killersville , Pa. For Xancastex markets preen celery of the Fordhook-Emperor Fouser tv?e is prawn' almost exclusively.- '.Vhet tho coiisumer wants ^n'ou? SkeVif a hi, h%u.l it y celery ^-'Vin. stems t^f ^-J -^-^^ round instekd of flattened, es the^stems of many °J^J^%ff tj^he's blrnched tyrjes of celery. These stems should be about six mcnes to tSefirS joint and the second branch should be about as short as possible. TJiese ore rather rigid standards end, I must say, they are not met in mrny cases. However, in order to come nearer to these c-tandards we have set up under the supervision of I-^r. J. M. Huffing ^on somi str-in demonstrrtions of the Fordhook-Snperor-Houser types o? oele??. We comprrea ^2, strains ond the ones most nearly meeting Surmar>:et. requirements ^'ere su'.r,lied by Ferry-Morse, Buist. and Scheil. - ' ' . .. .; • • • • • celery Variety Demonstrr tions .in Lancaster County - 1935 Mos Funk, Millersville - Dry soil ^Adt.h no irrigatioti nor mulch, plants set 'the second week, in Au/iust. . _^— ^^'^^.^ Name ' "source UnifoiTaity Height stems P^bs crown Remarks Emperor llA Ferry-Horse Uniform Short Br. base Large O.K. » special Forbes .Variable Med. - - Lod. -O.K. Unn.c^P.r BUist TTr,ifnm. Short " "Wide [ Oj^ Martin Mylan, Willow Street - Tr-aspla.nted late in July in good soil u'ith irrigation - " liA ^ ST^eci rl Forbes ft Ferry-Morse Uniform ff »t ff tt TToo^rurf Eurr)ee '. fciv, Pulst Vari£^bl6 Lr^i briar slrTa. Uniforir. I.andreth F^.ir puist R..ther short Woodruff off ty:^J 6'' Thick Med. Full Short M. " " " Broad ^^Br> TecT !.-3d. Broad Spreading Short-heav; Good Houser ft It It TV ft . Broad Deep Large -♦»-coerse rit>£ hei^t from rather tall to short Thick Broira G- snail rroov lied. jp-iTlY good Me but hetvy. Sim. to Forbes ^Emperor S^. red. Ileo-. Crcod type ^'T3ll_Sm^iL. F^l^L. ^*''Ci-br_.__lon^ iHro'oS ( Jp^'gey) Forces Fair "T^^^TT Med. Deep Deep "S^cciS'llgnt Hibby-Good^ -39- $\% C. L. Keener, Manheim, H. ? - plants set on Aug* 10 in gravelly shale, exceptionally dry soil. Irrigated. Heavily manured but no fertiliJ'er applied. Mulched ^^Ith tobacco ribs. Weights are of typical plants, untrimmed. Name Source Height Ribs Heart Remarks Weight Emperor Ferry-Morse Med.T. lied. Emperor llA '' •* Short Full Emp. Special Forbes ^ Broad Full :^ordhook Woodfuff 15eep w Burpee ---Very small here »♦ Buist Short Rib by ft Good 1 lb. 1 oz. 1 lb. 8 oz. 1 I1^>lg oz> 9 ozT Houser n ft ft 11 Good Scheil — -Average type Lagomarslna k'ed. Med. Ilarge Good Landreth Buist Woodruff Scheil oz. oz. Short Ribby w Med. »» Wide ft tt (Set July 10 on very fertile soil. Variable in height and i al (Cal.lfi.S.g.?!x. Tail Hed. Small TIT. 2 lb. 4 1 lb. 4 1 lb. 5 oz. 1 lb. 15 oz. 2 lb. 2 oz. 1 lb. ir oz. 3 lb. 12 oz. ribs. Pascal (Cal.)fi.S.g.?!x. Tail EeK: Small 1 ID. "^bz. '• (Jersey) Forbes Short Broad Full 1 lb. 9 oz, (^^vvashborad*^ ribbing) . -0-0-0-0- If your dues for 1936 have not been paid, please forward $1.00 to the Secretary-Treasurer, if you v/ish to receive subsequent issues of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers ♦ News, I*. 1 -'. --^ — /• ni. f ; ,« i / .. H •. ♦ • *■•■■»*/ • . ■ ft .». ' :|.i'i 1 I V ■ at «l»li«-|- r" *• n~T • '" — t m • , •/ 4) y . .. . • • » . . « Ik-* t 1 ' \ r '.. -» '»'*( *^' 4 i .... . I ••• ••* - ^ ,, it > . »• . I t^ » A - . " • .■^ III I t. ••..A ,* \ ■ . I PEF^^SYLVANIA VEGETABLE GROWERS' NEWS Vol. VT 1936 No. 3 ^Publication of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association John M. Will son, Belle Vernon -------- President A. C. Thompson, Morrisville ------ Vice-President W, B. Mack, State College -.---- Secretary- Treasurer summer Field Day at State College. Thursday, August 20th, has been chosen as the date of the :?irst Summer Field Day of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Asso- ciation. The day will be spent in inspecting vegetable breeding experiments, variety trials, fertilizer tests, culture methods, and greenhouse crops of the Department of Horticulture, State College, Pa. Opportunity will be provided for inspection of experime ntal work in other phases of agriculture, if requests are made. Excellent picnic grounds are located on the campus as well as near the town of state College, and offer visitors the facilities for combining pleasure with business. Call your neighbors or your County Agent and find if others are planning to make a trip, and if so, join to make a pleasant and profitable outing. • New Developments in Vegetable Growing Market gardeners and truck farmers, seedsmen, equipment and machinery manufacturers, and experiment station workers are con- tinually discovering and devising new methods, tools, and materials by which vegetable grov/ers may produce crops more economically or more efficiently. News of these discoveries are spread by farm papers, by advertising matter, and by experiment station reports, circulars, and bulletins. The practical man has scarcely time to read all of the information relating to improvements in methods and materials, but he cannot afford to miss many of the discoveries which different agencies are making. One prominent New Jersey grower has discovered that ordinary kraft or wrapping paper is very satisfactory for celery blanching on a commercial scale. He mounts 90-lb, rolls of paper of the proper width on reels carried by a cultivator tractor, and also provides a carrier on the tractor for the large wire staples used to hold the paper in place. After the celery is harvested, the paper is either disked into the soil or is burned. The annual cost of the paper is greater than that of the special reenforced celery blanching papers, which may be used for several years if they are carefully hen died and stored; the expense of rolling up the special paper, drying, and storing it is such that the total cost is about the same with kraft paper used once, or special blanching paper used as long as it holds out. 1^ •-« *k: •1^^ ijr— « I P ■! 1,^ I I' 1 1 (1 ... • • Growrs in Massachusetts are devoting l^^f* »„"^?f|rif ch' staked o^treUlsea tomatoes^eachje« they use varieties *1 Sers-o/^s;^X/eSu|!|?Sj fr^^^^^^^^^ re??^rt?;rg: ndtSS^^^a^^^^^^ twine is stretched. , rrtv,*. -nifint*? are erowii in about the same vj&j as they would he npopeeo-rv to "Drevent Denaing or DreaKiiig. ncavj ^ _,,n^v>^o 1111^17, . and'^many grower s use s traw^or s Y,f7 Ji'St'LtlTllre ' Yields as great as forty tons of high-quality frait to the acre have been reported. • .■ lo ■ ■ --- — . . 1 ■ ■ The Connecticut Agricultural ^jperinent Station New Haven. n^r,r, tn T^nnetin 380 announces a method of growing vegetaoxe and easier transplanting of^ seedlings to o^^^^^}^^^- .^J^^^J? ?Q recommended which should he washed several times with water hiatid to JeS degrees Fahrenheit, until the ^^f ^/!?^^f ^^^Ich are P??er washing. The washed sand is placed i^jl!,?Sjj5^,%^^ited about two or^ two and one-half i^f^%f ^5, and properly treated seeds are planted in drills one -fourth inch deep and are coverea vdth sand. • ' The sand is watered with three pints of clear water containing one ounce of Saltpeter (potassium nitrate) to each ten square feet of flat surface, iVhen seedlings are shifted to transplant J^^ts, they _ a re re- moved from the sand without injury to the «>ots. by placing the flat In a vessel containing water 'sufficiently deep just to coyer the surfaclof the sand il the seedling flats This loosens the sand, end the seedlings can be lifted very readily. . ; Plant protectors, consisting of glassine . ^^^xed paper, and .. similar materials shaped into a small hood for each ^Jll^^J/Jf ^^' were found to increase the speed of germination and the rate oi growth of cantaloupes, as measured ^y ^% ^^^^^tft^i sa! S the matter per plant. Experiments described in Bulletin 324 of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville Arkansas, ^owed thtt daily maximum and minimum temperatures were increased by the protectors, as compered with temperatures in the oP^n air, but that maximum temperatures on sunny days were increased most. ¥^y ra -3- to have^?r'anspor?el T,l JeTcenl '0?^.'' ^Sji^^^-al economists New York, New Jersey, ConSlcticut u l^ P^^^uce from 2085 farms in supplying 248,098 t?As o? ?ruUs ^n^M^^^^J?*^^' ^^^ Pennsylvania, market in 1934. Forty-one Serce^ J f^^^^^^*° ^^^ New York City of priced orf%it'rand\%e\°abIer?n'?.'\T^ °^^^^ ^^ reduction ana vegetables m the New York City markets. containffin p%L':?io'L\°e\??ef t^The'f/^f^^^ '' information truck gardeners, a /^reat nuJhi^J^^J the interests of market and asking, or the chaPgfs ?or ttei^ .?5 Pamphlets are free for the contained is worth many tLesThf n/r^^^^^^ * ^he information n.ckel Which is all ?SIt 'S^?equ?rerto°bn'ng ??!'-°^"' °^ '^' followinriist J^efven^of'^BublfLT-''" ^'^° ^^" interested, the These subjects are^not nSLssari^v tS'J'.^^i *^® subjects stated, publications, but a reautlt^^ i^ ^^^ titles of the respective will bring the right ones tlJ^^t P^^^P^l^^^ by the numbers I^ven tural Research arf te?Snical ?n i?*^ ^1°"" *^^ ^°^^^^1 °f Agriful- tical information wMch In? .rower L^'*^''',^^* ^^^ ^^^taiS prac- a.cceptable by the SuTDerintenlSrof^ ^^^^l' (Stamps are not Office.) "^ Perintendent of Documents, Government PFIiTting IRREGULAR PAGINATION 1 1 * t\ ■ ! Hi NEW AVAILABT,F: PUBLICATTOMK om VF.mTABT.T;; GARDlP.MTwa Culture Methods Asparagus cutting season. 111. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.40i.i934. Urbana la. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 339. 1935. lies Beans, lima, bearing habits Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. ' Bull. 535. 1934. cucumber harvesting. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Spec. Bull. 259. 1935. East Lansing. ^y 7jj» Greenhouse heating. U. s. D. A. Cir. 554- 1932. Washington, D. C. . Irrigation. Pa-. Agr. Ext. Ser. Leaflet 37. 1935. la. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.*308. 1934. Ames Plant .rowing. San. culture jf^ seedlings. ^^Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. Plant protectors: Ark. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 324. 1936. Fayetteville. Rotations, ft. I. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 243. 1934- Kingston. Tomato pollination. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 175. 1935. Ithaca. Tomato staking. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 580. 1934- Ithaca. . Vegetable Crops Celery growing. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull: 407. 1934- Ft. Collins. Collard growing. La. Agr. Exp,. Sta: Bull. '258. 1934- Baton Rouge. Garlic growing. Cal. Agr. Ext. Ser. Cir. 34. 1934- Berkeley. Herbs. Minn. Agr. Ext. Ser Cir. 54. 1936. University Farm, St. Paul. N. Y. Agr. Exp. St?'.. Cir. 157. 1935^ Geneva. Onion growing. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 318. 1935. Amherst. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 305. 1935. Bozeman. Peas, market,. Ccl. Agr. Ext. Ser. Cir. 85. 1935. Berkeley. Root crops.- Pa. Agr. Ext. Ser. Cir. 166. 1936. Spinach production. N. Y. Agr. Ext. Bull. 282. 1934. Ithaca. Weeds. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 635. 1935. Ithaca Handling and Stnrrpp Beans, green snap. Md. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 3B3, 1935. College Park Peas, market. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 599. 1934- Ithaca. Vegetable storage. N. Y. Agr Exp. Sta. Bull. 602. 1934- Ithaca • U. S. D. A. Cir. 278. 1933. Washington • l • «■ Vegetable GradliiK and Marketing Buying guide for consumers. U.- S. D. A. Misc. Publ. 167. 1933. Washington, D. C. Grading and packing,. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 205- 1935. Storrs. Grade'- specifications and standards. U. S. D. A.Bur. Agr. Econ, Cir. ^ No. 8. 1935. Washington, D. C. The Grading of Canning Crops in Pennsylvania. Mimeo Rpt. Mar. 10, 1934. Bureau of Markets, H3.n* i s Idut s • ■ Official Grades for Fruits and Vegetables in Pennsylvania. 1934. Bureau of Markets, Harrlsburg. Tomatoes, canning, grades. N. J. State Dept. of Agr. Cir. 231. 1933. Trenton. • ' Vegetable marketing, auctions. N. J. State Dept. of Agr. Cir. 261. 1936. Trenton. Vegetable marketing, motor truck. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Spec. Bull. 227. 1932. ,- _ N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Dept. Agr. Econ., Farm Economics. No. 22, pp. 2246-2248, 2251-2252, 1935; No. 93, pp. 2279-2232, 1936. Ithaca. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 585- 1934- Ithaca. Vegetable marketing, roadside. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 521. 1933. V/ooster . ■ Vegetable Fertilizers - • ' ■ Acid-neutral fertilizers. Va. Truck Exp. Sta. Bull. 90. 1936. Norfolk Barnyard manure. 111. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 421. 1935. VS^|^^^.„^,,.-„ ^ R. I. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 251. 1935. Kingston Fertilizer placement. N. ^. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 231. 1935; B\ill. 659. 1936. Geneva. A survey on planting and fertilizing of vegetable crops. Mimeo Report, National . Fertilizer Association, 1935. (Edited by H. H. Zimmerley) H. R. Smalley, Secretary, Washing- ton, D. C. Beet fertilization. R. I. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 242. 1934. Kingston. Cabbage fertilization. Va. Truck Exp. Sta. Bull. 88. 1935. Norfolk. Celery fertilizers, borax. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Press Bu3.1. 478. 1935. Gainesville. • •'''* Celery fertilizers on muck. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bimo. Bull. 178, pp. 13-18. 1936. Wooster. Peas, canning, fertilizers. Jour. Agr. Research. Vol. 4^, No. 8, po. 703-736, 1934. Govt. Printing Office, : Washington, D. C. (5^) vSweet corn fertilizers. 111. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 417. 1935. Urbana. Tomato fertilizers. Va» Truck Exp. Sta. Bull. 80. 1933. Norfolk. •JTomatoes, greenhouse, fertilizers. R. I. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 252. 1935. Kingston. ^ I 1^ Chemical Composition. Nutritive Prope^'tles. and Quality of Vegetables Iodine content. Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 229. 1935. Stillv^ater Ga. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 190. 1935. Experiment. Pea quality, canning. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 233. 1935. . Geneva, ?^^* i^^* Research Vol. 49, No. 9, pp. 799-814. >^^;i* 5^^J- Printing Office, Washington, • . D. C. (5^) Lettuce, vitamins. Jour. Agr. Research." Vol.. 51, po. IO4I-IO46. I935. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (5^) Mushrooms Effect of carbon dioxide on mushrooms. Jour". Agr. Research Vol. 48 No. 7, pp. 587-601; Vol. 47, No. 8, pp. 599- 608. 1933. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. c. (5^ each) Vegetable Varieties General tests. Pa. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 313. 1935; Journal Articles No. 7.^1, 722, 727, 728, 729, 1936. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta.. Cir. 94, 1933. New Haven. ?-;r7 'nofr* S^*- ■^'^^- 279, 1934; Ext. Bull. 317, 1935; Ext. Bull. 343, 1936. Ithaca. Cabbage varieties. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Spec. Bull. 249. 193/. East Lansing. Pepper varieties. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir, 107. 1935. New Haven. Pumpkin and squash varieties: for canning. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 402. 1935. Lafayette. Spinach varieties. . Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bimo. Bull. 176, pp. 171-172. 1935. Wooster. Squash varieties. N. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 258. 1932. Fargo. Sweot corn varieties. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul.l. 361, 193/; Bull. 376. 1935; Cir. 112, 1936. New Haven. ^^-L-^';^^^' Tomato variotles. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 207, 1934. Lafayette. J-11. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 448. 1936. Urbana. Vegetable Insects and Insecticides General insecticide information. Entoma. C. c. Hamilton, Secretary, Amer. Assn. Econ. Entomologists, New Brunswick. N. J. 101 pp., 50^ ' Derris (rotenone). Mich Agr. Ext. Bull. I64. 1936. East Lansing. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. Clrc. 273, 1933. New Brunswick. Pyrethrum. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 40I. 1933. Ft. Collins. Pea aphis. Jour 1\ Agr. Research Vol. 5I, No. 7, pp. 613-619. I935. Govt. Printing Office, V'ashington, D.C. (5ct) Md. Agr. Ext. Ser. Cir. II4. 1936. College Park • « *■-"» •*> ( ,i' > *i Vegetable iH ssases and FurifTicides » • ■ General. Pa. Agfl Ext. Ser. Cir. 173. 1936. ■ ' Fungicides, effects on transpiration and growth. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. tungicxaes, ^.^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ pp^ 206-209, 1935; lo5,PP. ■ U7-151, 1933; 170, op. 175-186. 1934; 1"1> pp. 198-203. 1934. Wposter. ooil sterilisation, electric. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 636. 1935. ■ Ithaca. . • Be".n diseases, mosaic. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 656, 1935. Geneva. ^^pan diseases, rust. Joiir, Agr. Research, Vol. 50, No-,?, PP. 737-759. ■^-'^ ' . ^^^^^ qq^^^ Printing Off ice, Washmjston, D. 0. (5.;) Cabbage diseases, club root.. Jour. Asr. Research, Vol. fr^l°'l'.^l, 749-759, 1934 (5^); Vol. 51, ^10. 2, po. i5;5-ic.v. 1935. (5^) Cabbage diseases, yellows. Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. 47, No. 9, PP- ^ 639-661. 1933. ". Carrot diseases, bacterial bli-ht. .Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 493-510. 1934 (5^) Celery diseases, yellows. Ohio Agr. Fxp. Sta. Bimo. Bull. 168, pp. 109-115. 1934. Wooster. Mushroom diseases. Jour. Agr. Research. Vol. 46, No.. 12, pp.lOc9-1098. 1933. (5^) Peas, canning, seed treatment. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 660. 1936. Geneva . Pea diseases, general-. U.S. D. A. Farmers' Bull. 1735. 1934. Wash- ington, D. C. Spinach, seed treatment. N. Y. Agr. Exp. ^ta. Bull. ^66. 1933. Ithaca. • Va, Truck Exp. Sta. xiull. 87. 19^?. iMorxOiK. Sweet corn wilt. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 96.. 1934- Nei7 Haven. Tomato, greenhouse, blotchy ripening. Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. 52, pj. 217-224. 1936. (5v) Tomato diseases, leaf mold. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 539- 1934. Wooster. iff '? ' ^l {\* ^-'^c '•■I » ? I i'\ b- t 1 I ■A