SOUTHAMPTON
UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

BOOK NUMBER

CLASS MARK

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THE

farmers’ guide;

OR,

Compendium of Useful Knowledge.

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THE

FARMERS’ GUIDE,

OR

Compendium of Useful Knowledge;

BEING A

Practical treatise on gtQricuIture,

FROM UPWARDS OF 40 TEARS ACTUAL EXPERIENCE.

To which are added,

REMARKS 'ON THE POOR RATES,

PLAN TO RELIEVE IRELAND.

By THO s * COSANS.

aernomt:

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR-,

BY T. HARVEY, AND PUBLISHED BY HIM AT NO. 22 ,
BLACKFRIARS ROAD,

And may be had of all Booksellers.

1823 .

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PREFACE.

IN offering the following pages to the
inspection of the Agriculturist, the Author
is aware that he will have to contend with
no inconsiderable difficulties, arising from
prejudice to the old system of Agriculture:
he, however, with confidence, submits to
the candour and discernment of Lahdown-
ers, and the practical Farmer, a plan,
which, if practised as laid down in this
publication, will, he is confident, greatly
enrich those who follow it
The history of Agriculture affords abund¬
ant illustration. Topics, such as these,
might be urged with irresistible force to
the mind ; but though these are the consi¬
derations upon which the Author rests his
claim to countenance and protection, he

PREFACE.

vi

persuades himself that he shall not appeal
in vain to the liberality of that part of the
community—the practical Farmer, whose
interest this publication more immediately
concerns, satisfied as he is that this work
will be found to contain information at
once interesting and exceedingly valuable.

In the following Treatise he has care¬
fully avoided the possibility of incurring
even the charge of plagarism, having con¬
fined himself solely to his own experience
and observations in the Science of Agricul¬
ture, being convinced that this course
will be found to be by far the best, for a
great part of the works published on this
important subject, (which have come under
his notice), are only calculated to mislead
the inexperienced cultivator. He has en¬
deavoured to set forth, in a concise but clear
manner, the best methods of conducting
extensive and small Farms, for the grow¬
ing of Wheat, and Fattening and Breeding

PREFACE.

vii

of Sheep, together with other valuable in¬
formation, which cannot fail to benefit the
community at large, more particularly those
engaged in Agriculture ; and whatever may
be the success of this publication, it claims
for its Author no higher merit than good¬
ness of intention; and the Author, in re¬
turn, claims for his Work the simple re¬
commendation of its utility. In the work is
most clearly shewn the means of making
Land profitable, by increasing the produce
of the cultivator considerably beyond the
common average ; — improved methods
of growing Wheat and keeping Sheep,
applicable to all sorts of soil, and which
has been adopted by the Author with com¬
plete success ; together with a great variety
of other valuable information on Agricul¬
ture.

Cultivators of land ought well to con¬
sider how much and how many depend on
their judgment for support. Many Far-

V1U

PREFACE.

mers have their doubts which method to
pursue to make the most of their Land ;
those might rely on the plans the Author
has recommended in this small publica¬
tion for ensuring lasting profits.

By keeping the extra number of Sheep
on the Land, as is recommended by the
Author, it not only enriches it, and causes
it to produce better crops, but will furnish
a large supply of food and rayment for the
increasing population.

THE

FARMERS’ GUIDE.

CHAPTER I.

Observations on the Author s new-invented Four-lain
' System.

THE Author, for many years, saw there was
a necessity to press and dress with Sheep, a fal¬
low for Wheat, to make the Land more close,
firm, and add strength to the Wheat plant, to
enable it to stand Frost and Thaws during Win¬
ter, to preserve a fine liealty plant to produce a
good Crop, and at the same time to cause a fal¬
low to pay its own expenses of Rent, Taxes, and
Tillage, which have been such a draw back out
of the Farmer’s profits.

The Author first tried Rape, which paid Rent
and Taxes, by fattening Sheep and Lambs for
Market; but could not get the Wheat to grow

10

well after, if sown the following Autumn. He
then considered there w anted a plant of quick¬
ness in growth, and fattening Sheep, such as
Rape; and knowing Wheat grow kind after
Trefoil that was thick sown, and by causing
more vegetable manure by the rotting of the
roots of the Trefoil and Sheep dressing, has
proved it the very thing wanted.

The feeding of Vetches on the Land for W T heat,
is a good preparation, and will help keep many
Sheep, but is more expensive in seeding the
Land, and does not allow time to make an early
Fallow that is kind for Wheat; and Sheep do
not improve half so well when eating Vetches
as when eating Trefoil, when sown as thick as
I have pointed out ; this will be more lasting,
and fatter feed, as there is time to make a
good Fallow before the Trefoil seed is sown, but
Vetches require to be sown when there is no
chance of killing Grass or Weeds.

For a fair trial, a few Lands were sown with
Trefoil seed in the middle of a field, where the
other part was Vetches ; all were fed off at the
same time with Sheep, and the field sown with

u

Wheat; but the Wheat was much better after
Trefoil than after the Vetches, and yielded full
one-fourth more. In pulling up the Wheat the
Author found the roots much stronger as far as
the Trefoil went, and the straw at harvest was
a fine healthy yellow colour, more so than the
Wheat after the Vetches.

Joseph Smith, Esq. had eleven sacks and
two bushels per acre, after Trefoil, sown as the
Author directed; and in the same field only
seven sacks per acre close alongside.

It happens in most Farms difficult to get suf¬
ficient Manure, and Turnips will not grow well
without, but Trefoil seed will grow on any soil
without manure, and it will cause any sort of
Grain to grow more kind by the rotting of these
vegetable roots, and the dressing left by the
Sheep.

12

CHAPTER II.

An Improved Method of Growing Wheat, and Fat¬
tening Sheep.

Prepare an early good fallow, (as if to sow
Turnips,) and in the month of April or May let
half a coat of manure be applied ; then sow from
20 to 25 lbs. of Trefoil seed, per statute acre ;
this will give two or three months excellent
Sheep feed before the time of sowing Wheat,
which is to be done on one plowing, and whilst
the ground is fresh ; the land should undergo
the number of times of harrowing as in a com¬
mon ley, to make it very close.

From the matting or great produce of the
Trefoil,and the treading of the Sheep, it will be
found the land will come up very close, which
is the thing desired, so that the alternate frosts
and thaws during winter may not affect the
plant so as to loosen it, and draw it out of the
ground, for when that is the case, a thin sample
and lessened produce will be the two certain
consequences.

The dressing left by the rotting of the Trefoil

13

roots, will amply make up the other half mis¬
sing, by which saving of manure the Farmer
will be enabled to apply it more liberally to his
Turnip crop.

The use of Trefoil is well known as a superior
Sheep feed, and being thus procured at a time
w hen feed is generally scarce, it will be found
extremely advantageous, since it will finish off
the late Lambs and Ewes for market, whereas a
bare fallow yields no such advantage.

This method also prevents Wheat becoming
thin on the Land, and it will be found less sub¬
ject to blight ; and from the compactness of the
soil, the red weed, and other annual seeds, will
be prevented from growing, neither will it be
so liable to the depredations of the slug or
wire-worm.

To roll early in the spring will also be of ser¬
vice in keeping the soil close to the roots ; this
being very material, ought to be attended to,
as the prosperity of the crop depends chiefly on
this circumstance.

All w et Lands should be well water-furrowed
when the Trefoil seed is sown, as by that means,

14

and the closing of the surface, a season for
Wheat is secured on any wet soil.

Should it prove inconvenient or impractica¬
ble to lay out the half dressing previous to
sowing the Trefoil seed, fair crops of Wheat
might be grown on most soils, owing to the
dressing left by the sheep, and the rotting of
the Trefoil roots.

The reader will collect from the following
statement the amount of profits that may arise
from one hundred acres of land, by adopting
the foregoing Two-lain system of cultivation.
Dr.

'To Rent of 100 Acres of
fair Land, according
to'the present times .. £100

If Tithe-free.

To Poor Rates, Church,

and Road Taxes. 30

To Tillage & Manuring.. 100
Trefoil and Turnip Seed 15

To Seed Wheat, for 60

Acres.1. 40

To Harvesting 50 Acres
of Wheat, Thrashing,
and Marketing, &c... 65

To SowingWheatish Tur¬
nips, Hoeing, &c ..... lo

To Interest of Capital

for Live & Dead Stock 30

Making Fences, and at¬
tending Stock thereon 10

£390

By Profits of the above
100 Acres, according
to the foregoing plan.. 285

£075

Cr.

By Produce of 60 Acres
of Wheat, 40 loads, at

£12. per load. £480

By Produce of 50 Acres
of Trefoil Feed, to fat¬
ten Sheep and Lambs,

at 50s. per acre. 125

By Produce of 50 Acres
of Wheatish Turnips,

for Spring feed__ 50

By Profits of Wheat
Straw in exchange for
Manure, or for Cattle 20

15

it may not be convenient to work all the Land
of a large Stock Farm on the foregoing plan,
or Two-lain system, a greater supply of winter
feed being required by some Farmers than by
others ; in that case, the author recommends
the following Four-lain system, viz. one-fourth
of the Land, Turnips; one fourth, Barley or
Oats; one-fourth. Seeds for feed, or Hay ; and
one fourth Wheat; and so on in succession, ex¬
cept the poor Land of the Farm, which should
help to assist the best: but when the best Land
assists the poor Land, the whole becomes poor
together.

Clover and Trefoil Seeds should be sown very
thick, as it is the rotting of the root under the
surface that not only supports the W r lieat plant,
but doubles the quantity of Sheep feed; and
dressing for the Wheat crop also prevents the
weeds growing.

The poor Land should be sown with Sainfoin,
if suitable, or Pasture, to enable it to bear Corn
after a few years rest, which will assist in keep¬
ing a flock of Sheep to help the best Land, be¬
sides saving considerable expence of Seed, Til-

16

lage, and Manure, and thereby prevent what is
generally termed, the Farmer sowing himself
out of doors.

The Four-lain system makes the labour and
tillage of the Land regular, and of less ex¬
pense, and is equally suitable for breeding
stock Sheep as for fattening Sheep; besides
which, the method of making Pasture of the
-poor Land to assist the best Land, by keeping
a larger quantity of stock Sheep to go to fold,
is so great an improvement for Wheat, that it
generally ensures to the Farmer a good crop.—
If the Farmer goes on without system, to fatten
for Wheat at the time he is preparing for Tur¬
nips,^ he is obliged to keep a number of Horses,
which will ultimately ruin him, if he is a renter.

The Four-lain system is eminently calculated
for improving and keeping up the strength of
the land, which is of the utmost importance, for
if land becomes poor or foul for want of proper
management, the occupier’s capital must neces¬
sarily decrease ; and it is submitted most con¬
fidently that this system, and the keeping a
proper quantity of sheep, will insure to the

17

farmer an adequate compensation for his labour
and expenditure.

Sheep may be kept with considerable advan¬
tage upon all lands, by adopting the Two-lain
system, or new plan, but not so profitably upon
the Four-lain system,particularly on wet lands,
because the former would be a summer feeding
to support immense quantities of sheep, so that
the Two-lain system is recommended on as much
of a farm as the occupier can make convenient,
and the Four-lain system on the other part, to
make land very profitable.

To increase manure is a sure method to makfe
land profitable. The Author, therefore, takes
leave to suggest the most proper method of ef¬
fecting that object :—Let the cultivator manure
his land for sheep feed, as for turnips and tre¬
foil, or other young seeds, and by so increasing
his sheep feed, he may be enabled to increase
his stock and flock of sheep, which would give
a considerable increase of suitable manure for
an increased quantity of corn, independant of
the advantages to be derived from an extra

18

quantity of sheep, which it is probable might
make a difference of the whole rent of the land
compared with the ancient system of dunging
for wheat, and not well providing for sheep.
Besides, this course will be attended with ano¬
ther advantage, viz. it will be found that the
wheat crop will be less subject to blight, for
it is observable, that nine years out of ten
where wheat is sown, and where there has been
a mixture of dung the preceding year, that spot
is almost sure to be blighted more or less, and
it is not unlikely that the other parts of the
close w'ill be thereby affected, wherefore the
Author conceives that dung (before it produces
sheep feed) will cause blight; for if a close was
to be manured all over the same as the spot the
dung mixed has been laid, the whole close
would most certainly be blighted the same.

Independent of these advantages, the Author
is confident, from his experience, that wheat
does not yield so well as where the manure has
been applied for sheep feed previous to the
lands being sown (with wheat.) Under these
circumstances the Author conceives it very un-

19

profitable to dung for wheat in general, and
that the method here recommended is eminently-
calculated to keep up the land in a high state
of cultivation and improvement, exclusive of
the profit from the sheep and corn ; yet the
Author recommends the folding of sheep for
wheat, where it is convenient for the poorest
soils to be made into sheep walks, as a method
most certain to ensure a good crop.

As a good crop of turnips is the feeder of
flocks, and the mother of grain, it is of the ut¬
most importance to the farmer, since they fur¬
nish a lasting supply of winter food for stock,
and produce manure for corn ; and as it but too
frequently happens that the farmer is disap¬
pointed in realizing a good crop of this valuable
produce, the Author here takes leave to suggest
what he conceives to be the best method of in¬
suring a good crop, viz. let the land be plowed
sufficiently often to make it free from grass and
weeds, and in a fine pulverized state, then
spread the manure, and plough it in not too
deep. Immediately afterwards sow the turnips ,
b 2

20

then harrow and roll, so as to make the land
very close ; this will cause young turnip plants
to grow so quick that their enemies, the flies,
being les& sheltered by rough clods* will not be
able to injure them. Much depends on good
seed being immediately sown after the plow,for
the plants to get the start of the flies.

Many farmers sow their turnips upon a mid¬
dling fallow ; but such a practice is productive
of the greatest evils, and only calculated to
yield at the best a middling crop, and in many
cases no crop at all. It is therefore much to be
lamented that such a practice should exist; and
its total abolition is strongly recommended ;
because after a middling fallow is made,
once more ploughing would perfect it, the
trouble and expence of which is comparatively
nothing, and the land would be thereby made
so free from grass and weeds, that a good crop
of turnips may reasonably be expected, and
which strengthen and support the land, and the
Author is perfectly convinced that the growth
of couch grass and weeds is thereby considera¬
bly prevented.

21

The reason why the Author recommends the
land being made so close, by well harrowing
and rolling after sowing the turnip seed, is, be¬
cause he has frequently known whole fields of
turnips fail where that has not been done, and
in spots or places, viz. round the hedge where
the land was made close by the turning of the
horses in working the land, the contrary has
been the cqse. This, therefore, is a convincing
proof of the necessity of making the land close
after sewing the turnip seed, and after a good
fallow, and well manuring, so as to insure a
good crop, the value of which exceeds all calcu¬
lation ; and, as a proof of this assertion, the
Author begs to advert to the circumstance of
a close in Hampshire that was sown with clover
seed, only one half of which was productive
and good, the other half of the close of clover
having entirely failed, and was altogether un¬
productive, although it was sown at the same
tinie as the other half, and with the same sort
of clover seed. This circumstance could not
be accounted for by the occupier, for the nature
of the soil appeared to be of one quality, but

22

not of a kind sort for turnips, which was proba¬
bly the reason why the close was not often sown
with turnips ; at length, after considerable en¬
quiry, it was discovered that exactly so far as
the clover was so exceedingly fine, a good crop
of turnips had been fed off with sheep on that
part of the close about six or seven years before,
since which time turnips had not been grown
there, nor had turnips been grown on the other
part of the close where the clover had so failed
within the recollection of the occupier ; Sweed
turnips is most earnestly recommended for need¬
ful March and April food, as there is no reliance
on other sorts standing a hard winter.

The principal art in Agriculture is to make
the land profitable, and at the same time to
keep it in an improving state for future crops ;
which object the foregoing methods are calcu¬
lated to effect.

Although the Four-lain system bears no pro¬
portion to the Two-lain system, yet it will be
found profitable to work a convenient part of
a farm on the Two-lain system, and the other
on the Four-lain system, as both together is
calculated to keep immense quantities of sheep

23

summer and winter, on nearly all sorts of soil:
each method ensures a crop every year, and at
the same time the land will be improving.
The tillage being so regular, causes good oppor¬
tunity to prepare the land for turnips, and as
to the method, there can be no doubt of its
being eminently calculated to improve the con¬
dition of poor land ; indeed the Author has
had the satisfaction of knowing poor land so
much improved by the Four-lain system as to
be esteemed good land ; the method being,
always to have one-fourth of the land in tur¬
nips, regularly to be eat on the land with
sheep ; then barley or oats’; then clover or
trefoil seeds for sheep feed ; next wheat ; then
turnips again, and so on in regular succession ;
except on kind soils, when I should what I call
steal a crop of pease from about one-fourth of
my turnip lain, and a crop of trefoil seeds
sown in the wheat the spring before, to be fed
off with sheep, from one-fourth of the turnip
lain, provided the peas and trefoil could be
off the land early enough to be sown with tur¬
nips for spring sheep feed. Feeding off the
trefoil will not only help keep many sheep,

24

but will learn much dressing to help make a
good crop of turnips for spring feeding, thus
getting a crop of peas and trefoil in half the
turnip-lain, will not fail to make the Four-lain
system exceedingly profitable.

I recommend the land to be well dressed for
peas, and sow them as early as the season and
soil will admit, and if cut a few days before the
general time of cutting, the goodness of the
fodder would make up a little deficiency of
crop, if near a good market; if drilled, it must
answer well to have the pods picked off for
market, to have a better chance of preparing
the land earlier for turnips. The well dung¬
ing in the winter for the pea-crop, will not
only cause the pea and turnip to grow better,
but much shorten the summer labour, which is
Very desirable, as a great deal of labour is re¬
quired when preparing for the turnip crop.

Some winter vetches, or a little rye, might
be sown as soon as the wheat crop is liar vested,
to help support the Farmer’s cultivating cattle,
provided it can be cleared off the land a little
before Midsummer, to allow time for the land
to be prepared for turnips, so as not to alter

25

the Four-lain system. It will be vain to at¬
tempt this very profitable method without there
is a sufficient strength of cattle to keep the
land well cultivated.

The very poor soils of a farm ought to be
thrown out of cultivation for corn, to help keep
stock, and to help support the best soil; if the
best soils help the poor soils, by sparing its ma¬
nure, and cultivating strength, it is an unpro¬
fitable plan.

The very poor soils of a farm otight to be
thrown out of cultivation for corn, to help
keep stock to help support the best soil; if the
best soils help the poor soils, by sparing its ma¬
nure and cultivating strength, it is an unprofit¬
able plan.

To convince the reader of the utility of this
method, the Author has subjoined a statement
of the receipts and disbursements for a fair
average produce of one hundred acres ; and as
in time of peace, £12. per load of 40 bushels,
Winchester measure, may be fairly considered
a fair average price for wheat, that being at the
rate of six shillings per bushel, the Author has
fixed that sum as a par price, and as a guide to

26

hit calculation, by which the reader will see the
probable amount of profit arising from 100 acres
of middling land, fixing a rent ef £\. per acre
statute measure, for arable, as far as the plough
and scythe go, which the Author conceives is a
full rent, and too much for most situations, un¬
less a good sheep walk, or piece of rough land,
is added into the bargain, (rent free), for a dairy
of cows, which ought always to be done to pro¬
tect the cultivator from the losses to which he is
liable by blight, together with loss of cattle,

and other casualties.

To Rent of 100 Acres of
Arable middling Land £100

If Tithe free.

Poor Rates, Church, and

Road Taxes . 25

Tillage, and Expences in

Manuring . 100

Seed Wheat. 25

Seed, Barley. 16

Small Seeds required .. 10

Harvesting 25 Acres of
Wheat, and 25 Acres
of Barley, together with
Thrashing, Carting, &

Marketing, &c. 66

Turnips, Hoeing twenty-

five Acres.. 6

Interest of Capital. 30

Making Fences, and At¬
tending the Stock
thereon... 13

£380

By 26 Acres of Wheat,
at. Thirty Bushels per
Acre,Winchester mea¬

sure, at 6s. per Bushel £225

By 25 Acres of Barley,
at 8 Sacks, or 32 Bush,
per Acre, Winchester
measure, at 3s. 6d. per

Bushel . 140

By 25 Acres of Clover,
or Trefoil, for Sheep
feed, or mowing, at

£3. per Acre. 75

By 25 Acres of Turnips 50

By other Sheep-feed,

Wheatish Turnips, &c. 20

By Profits from Fodder
and Pigs.. 20

£530

Deduct Amount of Ex¬
penditure . 380

Profit . £150

Pasture for Sheep.

29

CHAPTER III.

General Observations on Growing Wheat.

If wheat is sown after peas, or beans, it
should be on the best sort of close heavy soils,
made kind for wheat, by dragging and becking
it over, so as to get the land very clean, and
the surface of it in a fine dusty pulverized
state, by which means all the slugs will be
destroyed, as also the seed of the annual
weeds, which (being ploughed in), rots, and
cannot injure the crop *of wheat; and the
fine mould or soil so pulverized on the surface,
being ploughed in, will be then at the bottom,
(as the wheat is to be sown with once plough¬
ing,) and the small fibres of the wheat will
therefore root into the fine mould or pulverized
soil, at the bottom of the furrow, which is more
kind for it, and infinitely better than ploughing

30

two or three times after Peas or Beans for Wheat
crops, and a much better way to rid the land
from grass and weeds. Wherefore, the Author
conceives that with dragging and becking the
land over after Peas or Beans, may be done
nearly as cheap as the ploughing, and has no
doubt of its being double the service if becked
over in fine weather, which is certainly tlm
most proper season for it, to destroy slugs and
grass : and conceives the poor people would
gladly embrace such employment after the har¬
vest, that being a leisure time with them. This
would also, in some measure, help to ease the
Poor Rates, as men, women, and children
might use the beck to do.the needful work, and
thereby enable the farmer to manage his farm
with a less number of horses, which is of the
utmost importance to him : for if a Farmer
keeps only one horse too many, it is more than
probable that it will turn the scale against him
in a few years. If not convenient to have the
land becked over as recommended, let it be
ploughed shallow, and have plenty of harrow¬
ing and rolling in dry weathev, to make it in a

31

dusty state to destroy slugs, which so often com¬
mit such havoc.

The Author strongly recommends the fore¬
going observations to the reader’s serious consi¬
deration ; yet he earnestly recommends the Two-
lain system of cultivation to be adopted on as
much of the Farm as can be spared conveniently.
Cultivating with Trefoil, for fattening and fi¬
nishing Sheep and Lambs for market, and then
to sow the land with Wheat, so as always to
have one half Wheat, and the other half Tre¬
foil, in regular succession, is an excellent plan ;
but it would make the Farm more profitable if
only one-third part of the Farm was cultivated
on the Two-lain system, as detailed in the for¬
mer part of this treatise : because, as has before
been observed, it is the dressing and pressing of
the Sheep, and the rotting of the Trefoil roots,
which is so conducive to a good crop of W T heat.

Farmers ought to a’, oid a light fallow for
Wheat: for however well dunged a light fallow
may be for Wheat, yet the Farmer need not ex¬
pect a good crop of Wheat, because the frost
and thaw affect the plant, and draw it out of

32

the ground ; and light fallows encourage the
growth of the red poppy, and other annual
seed, which totally ruin the crop.

It is also advisable to avoid sowing Wheat af¬
ter Pease on light Barley soils, as the soil is in
that state naturally very unkind for Wheat, even
if dunged for it.

CHAPTER IV.

Instructions how a Farmer may be a Fields¬
man, and knoiv how to make Men and
Horses do their duty.

It will be found highly advantageous for a far¬
mer to keep his cultivating strength to work to¬
gether in the same field. It is known, from ex¬
perience, that ploughs and harrows go more
brisk, when together, so that three teams will
plough as much as four if separated in different
fields. On the success of crops, much depends

33

on well harrowing in all sorts of grain. When
all are working together, the Farmer's eye can
be over the needful work to see it performed
properly. If a Farmer only gets five acres per
week ploughed extra, by keeping all his strength
together, and sows all sorts of grain and seeds
the same hour the land is ploughed, it healds,
and is buried, and grows much better.—
It is impossible for a renter of land to meet
payment, if ploughs and harrows are deficient
in speed, to till the land properly.

When a Farmer begins farming, he ought to
be particular as to the kind of cattle he tills his
land with ; for if he has a dull heavy sort of
Cart Horses, it is most likely there will be half
an acre ploughing deficient per team per day,
making nearly 50 acres per month from four
teams; and if only 10 acres per month, it is
most likely to turn the scale against a renter.

The best sort of Horses used for cultivating
the land, is the half-bred sort, between a boney
blood-horse and a short-legged close cart mare.
Such breed of Horses, where two are able to
draw a plough, is not only a great saving of ex-

34

pense in the tillage of land, but it will cause
the Farmer’s work to be in a very forward state,
so as to enable him to provide an extra quantity
of Turnip for the keep of an extra quantity of
Sheep, and produce a large quantity of Corn,
and all owing to the speed of the ploughs and
harrows.

Many thousands of industrious families have
been ruined by the heavy rental of Land, espe¬
cially poor land ; I say especially poor land, be¬
cause Land Surveyors are not, in general, suffi¬
cient judges of the quality of poor land to say
what the fair rental of it should be to enable the
cultivator to procure a living for himself, and
not unfrequently, a large family. But the fault
lays with the Farmer in some measure ; he ought
to have sufficient judgment of his own to know
what the fair rental should be, for otherwise
it is ten to one but he ruins himself.

The high County Rates are very much against
the Farmer, in causing the poor tax to be more
burthensome.

If Insolvent Debtors in prison were to receive
their 3s. Qd . per week of those that send them

35

there, instead of receiving it from the county,
it would much lower Poor Rates, and prisons
would be less crowded. Industrious men are too
often taken from their families, and their spi¬
rits so lowered as to make them like drone bees.
Creditors ought not to be allowed to send their
debtor to prison, if the debt was fairly con¬
tracted, it being at the option of the creditor
whether he will trust or not ; they have their
extortioned views in giving credit, therefore
should take the risk to themselves without use¬
less imprisonment.

36

CHAPTER V.

-%

On Solving Corn at the proper Season of
the Year.

To keep the Wheat plants healthy, and less
subject to blight, and the propriety of sowing
lent Corn as early in the Spring as the weather
will admit.—From the Author's own experience
in England, Wheat should be sown or drilled,
on what is called cold backward land, between
the 29th of September and the 20th of October;
but on warm soils the most suitable time for
sowing or drilling Wheat is between the 20th
of October and the 10th of November, so that
the Wheat will be grown out of the ground three
or four inches, and be safe out of the bird’s
way. When wheat is sown earlier, it is more
subject to weeds; and what is called Winter
proud and Summer poor, is, when Wheat gets
very forward in the Winter by early sowing; a
a few cold days in the Spring will then change

38

Farmers in general are a month too late in
sowing their Spring corn, on the common aver¬
age, which they severely feel in a dry Spring
and dry Summer, by often getting less than half
a good crop ; but whether a kind Summer or
not, when sown late, it produces a poor middling
sample, and such Barley as a wise malster does
not like to purchase to pay duty, as duty can be
much better afforded on a good sample ; as some
further proof, when a spot is missed sowing in a
field, which is often the case, and sowed only
a few days after the other part of the field, I
have observed often, that it is not half so good
as that which was sown only ten or twelve days
before : by sowing Spring corn early, a few cold
days only affect the blade, which will recover ;
but if sown late, dry hot weather will affect the
root, so as to blight the farmer’s hopes of a good

crop.

CHAPTER VI.

A Preventive of Smut in Wheat.

It is often seen, that a twentieth part of the
wheat ears are more or less filled with smut
bags, instead of wheat ; and this is not the
whole loss that a farmer sustains, the miller
requiring abatement of a fourth or fifth. The
following is recommended as a sure remedy .—
Provide good clean seed wheat, and to every
four bushels allow a full bucket of black dungy
water, so as to make it very wet, mixed with a
little salt or salt water, or brine, to prevent its
being smokey, which is so unpleasant to the
seedsman : then add a sufficiency of the fresh
slacked lime to dry up the moisture : then turn
itoften to get the lime in every wheat corn; after
it has remained twelve hours in the heap, it will

40

be fit for sowing, without the least fear of haying
smutty , wheat. It still remains a doubt with
many farmers, whether it is the lime or brine
that is the preventative, but the following will
prove that lime is the remedy. A vessel arrived
at Chichester many years ago, laden with wheat,
which was soaked with salt water : it was pur¬
chased by. Farmers to seed the land : several
sowed it without liming, and others with lime :
those that used lime growed clean wheat, and
the others who sowed it in the state they bought
it, had bad crops of smutty wheat. I often
sowed a little dry wheat to finish a field, but
have observed it will not grow so free from
smut as the other.

41

CHAPTER VII.

To Have a Profitable, Quick, and Good
Return, with small Expence.

In cultivating two or three hundred acres of
land, the farmer will do well to sow twenty or
thirty acres with rape seed, the latter end of
May ; and if the land is well prepared, it may
be stocked in about six weeks after it is sown,
which will fat and finish for Market great quan¬
tities of sheep* and lambs, till near Michaelmas,
then owing to having been fed with sheep, as
pasture, so as not to injure the rape stems, it
will better stand the Winter, if the land is not
too wet, and in the following Spring to make
the sowing of rape very profitable, should let it
run for seed. A fair crop of rape seed is about
forty bushels per acre, and the price in general
something more than wheat, when purchased
bv the oil manufacturers of London. The pro-

fits, also, are much greater than from a wheat
crop, because there is neither seed or tillage to
be reckoned against a crop of rape seed, that
being well paid for the first Summer in fatting
of sheep.

Farmers will find it profitable to have a field
of rape for summer feeding, being very kind to
fat sheep and lambs. Experience has taught,
that it is not profitable to sow wheat directly
after the rape is fed off with sheep, because the
roots are not sufficiently decayed. But land
sown with wheat in the next Autumn after the
rape being saved for seed, is in a good and pro¬
per state to grow a good crop of wheat, because
every clod is filled with the rape roots, decayed
and rotten, which is the great support to the
wheat plants, but particularly so in close heavy
soils, as it opens the pores similar to chalking
the land, and is a good substitute for chalk or
lime. It may be profitable for the farmer to
give such land a change from corn throughout
his farm by degrees.

In Russia, and parts in Germany, and Prus¬
sian Poland, that send so much rape seed to the

43

Dutch and London Markets, they find saving of
rape for seed, in the way here stated, a good
and profitable preparation for wheat.

If a farmer happens to have any weak, uip:
sound, or broken-mouthed sheep, or even
slightly touched with the rot, rape is the best
thing to make them saleable to butchers.

When the Author was about 20 years old, he
was sent for to be bailiff over seven hundred
acres of land, at Bedhampton, in Hampshire,
where the flock was very subject to the goggles,
and sixty of them died a few weeks before,
and was continually faltering, being poor stock
sheep. He sowed twenty-six acres of rape, after
preparing a good fallow, and dunged it well :
the rape grew so fast, that in one month after
he had finished the field, he began to turn in
the unsound sheep ; they thrived wonderfully
fast, so that in a short time the said twenty-six
acres of rape finished for Market about four
hundred ; it caused the whole of the unsound
flock to be sold off on very profitable terms, in¬
deed far more than sufficient topurchase a sound
flock ; but although there was so much dressing

44

left in the land by feeding such a large quantity
of sheep, the wheat sown the following Autumn
was very short all over the field, which contained
three different sorts of soil. This proves that
and is not kind for wheat close after rape being
fed off: had it been saved for seed the following
Spring, the seed would have been worth double
the wheat crop, and saved the wheat seed and
tillage expence, over and above the preparation
for a good crop of wheat; saving rape for seed
gives much employ to the poor just before
harvest.

CHAPTER VIII

On the propriety of saving Seed at parti¬
cular times when good prospects offer to
make profit.

When sainfoin is clean, and has a fine healthy
bloom, and the weather fair and rather dry, a
great crop of seed might be expected, worth
from £ 7 . to .£10. per acre ; it should be cut ra¬
ther green to save waste of seed, and it causes

45

the haulm to be fair horse hay, and produces a
quantity of good chaff for working-horses, al¬
together making great profits of poor soils.—
Some farmers have it mowed for hay, even when
there is a good prospect of-seed; but they might
as well mow a crop of corn for hay ; such losses
are often very great for want of judgment. The
saving of sainfoin seed refreshes the roots, so as
to produce a better crop next year ; when this
is considered, the seed is all clear profit, or near¬
ly so.

Many large and small fields of trefoil, in fine
healthy bloom, and very great prospects for a
good crop of seed, have been destroyed by mow¬
ing it for hay : whereas, had the farmer stopped
only eight or ten days, he might have had an
immense quantity of seed, and the fodder near¬
ly as serviceable for cattle as hay, sometimes
better, when the hay is damaged by the rains.
Frequently from £5, to <£10. per acre is lost in
this way for want of knowing better.

If a farmer gets good turnips, the fodder of
both sainfoin and trefoin seed might be used as
a substitute for hay, without injuring a flock of

46

sheep, and he have the value of the seeds in his
pocket, nearly all clear, so that saving clover,
trefoil, and other seeds, is very profitable at
times.

It sometimes happens, that when turnip and
rape seed are first thrashed, there is much trou¬
ble in preventing them from heating; and they
are obliged to remain a considerable time on
the barn floor before they are fit to be put in
sacks for market; the proper preventive for
this is, when the seed first appears fit forthrash-
ing, not to have it thrashed till it has remained
four, five, or six days longer, for it to be proper¬
ly preserved by the sun ; then it will thrash
well, and keep safe in sacks many years, if re¬
quired without trouble and risk.

Much benefit will also be derived by feeding
the young wheat close with a flock of sheep, as
soon as the land is sufficient dry, in the month
of March, so as to eat it down about two or
three days at a time. When the land is likely
to be made rusty by the feeding, then let the
land be well rolled, and made close, filling up
all the crevices, and destroying all the slugs, &c.

47

which very much encourages the wheat plant,
and the crop is also made less subject to the
blight.

It is much better to feed the wheat close in two
or three days than permit the sheep to remain
nibbling it fora longer period, as wheat ought
not to be eat when getting the least stalky since
that is the part which produces the ear, which
once injured will be altogether unproductive.

CHAP. IX.

Profitable method o f converting Rough
Land into Tillage.

When any rough land is meant for tillage, the
most profitable method to have a good and quick
return, is first to trench it up about 12 inches
deep with a spade in narrow ridges ; after pare-
ing and laying all grass and rubbish at the bot¬
tom of the trench to rot, put a light quantity of
dung in the trenches, and plant potatoes. It

48

might be well to trench early in the Winter, for
the frost to properly pulverize it; this may be
done, fit for planting, at about 3d per rod, and a
good crop procured, and much employment
given thereby to the labouring poor.

CHAPTER X.

The method of converting Arable Land into
Pasture.

This is an important branch of agriculture
and desirable in many cases.. The Author
therefore suggests what he conceives is the
best method of effecting that object, and as a
proof of its superiority over other methods the
Author begs here to state, that on the 16th of
November, 1801, a medal was voted to him by
the Agricultural Society in testimony of their
approval of the plan.—-Make an early and good
fallow by the latter end of May, then sow to a
statute acre 41bs. of dutch clover, 21bs of cow

49

grass seed, 2Ibs of rib grass seed, commonly cal¬
led lambs tongue, with 31bs of rape seed; add a
bushel of percy grass seed ; at the expiration of
six weeks after sowing it should be stocked with
sheep, not pitched off, but fed like pasture which
will fat the sheep well if not over-stocked to de¬
stroy the rape plants, for the feeding of the rape
the following spring so improves the new pas¬
ture that it is stire to become good. If it is re¬
quired to make it nearly equal to good old pas¬
ture without much loss of time, it should be plant¬
ed with the turf off good old pasture, chopped
about 2 inches square, and planted 9 or 10
inches apart, when the ground is moist and well
rolled in, which will make good pasture of fair
land in a short time, taken especial care to let
the seeds be sown as before mentioned, as the
land will otherwise become foul in the vacant
parts. In all cases of wet land, the Author
recommends the farmer to be particularly care¬
ful that no stagnant or improper quantities of
water remain on the land, as that would mate¬
rially injure the growth of the herbage.

50

CHAPTER XI.

An excellent method of preserving a Crop
of Wheat from the destruction of the
Slug, Grub, Wire-worm, Sfc.

Many thousands of acres of wheat have been
destroyed by the slugs after a mild Winter and
wet Summer, which greatly encourage the in¬
crease of those destructive vermin, which eat and
poison the young wheat ; therefore to destroy
them, (when the farmer has failed in the means
used to prevent their breed), ought to be the
farmer’s first care.

The wheat that is most subject to slugs, is
that which is sown on a clover lay, and after
pqas or beans. An experienced farmer ought to
know what state his land is in, and whether it
be affected with slugs or not; and if in a sluggy
state, he ought to allow nearly a bushel more
se^d wheat per acre. To destroy the slugs, let
the farmer apply fresh slacked lime in a floury

51

state over the land early on a line mild morning,
that being the time when they are all on the
surface, feeding on the young wheat plants,
which will entirely destroy all the slugs where-
ever it falls ; yet it is necessary afterwards to
inspect the young wheat early on a fine mild
morning, as it frequently happens, that after
mild winters there comes a fresh lot of slugs
from the eggs which were deposited under the
surface of the land ; and should that be the case,
the like remedy must be repeated, so as to save
the crop of wheat, which is a remedy the Au¬
thor has applied with the most complete success.

To sow the land immediately after plowing,
viz. on the same day, instead of delaying it for
three or four days, is a great preventive, be¬
cause the principal part of the slugs are then at
the bottom of the farrow ; and when the land
is well harrowed they cannot all get up to the
surface to destroy the young wheat plants, and
they will not attempt to injure the root.

The Author has frequently experienced the;,
beneficial effects of this system, and the con¬
trary when the sowing has been delayed for a

52

few days after ploughing : wherefore he strongly
recommends sowing immediately after plowing;
and the more so, because, in general, all sorts of
corn get healed over with mould much better
than it does when sown upon a stale grit; and
as lime is manure to the land, the farmer ought
not to fear this expence to save his crop.

Where a farmer suspects that his crops are like¬
ly to be injured or destroyed by the slug, grub,
or wire-worm, he should strew fresh-slacked
lime over his land early on a fine mild morning,
before the land is ploughed for wheat, that being
the time when those destructive animals are on
the surface of the land, and may be destroyed
by this means; and even if the experiment
should fail, which is not very likely, yet the
lime thus strewed over the land would not. be
lost, for it would in all events assist the growth
of the wheat; wherefore the Author conceives
this a good plan, and has no doubt that in some
cases it may make a difference to the farmer of a
whole crop of wheat on some parts of his farm ;
the keeping a -good flock of sheep on a farm to
feed close is a great preventive.

53

CHAPTER XII.

On the propriety of cultivating with Oxen.

To cultivate the land with young growing
oxen is great service to the farmer, and it can¬
not be too generally in use as they do not re¬
quire to be corn-fed like horses ; and this is not
the only advantage the farmer will derive dur¬
ing the time the young oxen is labouring ; they
will be improving in their growth,and the labour
will make them much more kind for grazing,and
thereby supply the market with the best sort of
beef, which must benefit the country much more
than cultivating with horses, which are kept
at considerable expence, and are daily becoming
of less value, from hard work, and ultimately of
no value at all. It is a fact which cannot be too
generally known, that oxen labour much better
in harness similar to that used for horses, than in
the yoke, and therefore the Author has thought

p 2

54

proper simply to notice the circumstance in
this work, and recommends the adoption of that
plan as the best. Although the Agricultural So¬
cieties have held out certain encouragements to
farmers to promote the use of oxen in tilling
land, yet those inducements have been found too
inconsiderable for effecting so desirable an ob¬
ject; the Author,therefore,strongly recommends
to those excellent Societies the propriety of hold¬
ing out to the farmers greater encouragements,
as an inducement to them to use oxen in tilling
their land, which would be of essential service to
the country, and prevent the want of good
beef amongst the poorest of his Majesty’s sub¬
jects, as in times past has been too often the

ease.

S5

CHAPTER XIII.

Observations on Stock Ewes .

In all cases where the ewe and lambs are not
intended for fattening, the Author recommends
farmers so to manage their stock ewes that they
shall drop their lambs about the beginning of
April, not only because the ewe will by that
means winter much better, but with much less
food ; and this will enable the farmer to keep a
much larger stock of ewes on the same quantity
of land, and of course breed more lambs, and it
is certain the loss will not be by far so great as
it generally is when they have their fall in the
more severe part of the winter ; also when the
lambs fall so near the spring, they seldom meet
with any check in their growth, and therefore
they are sure to be as good a size by Michaelmas
as the lambs that were a month or two older.

Gentlemen may convince themselves of the pro-

56

priety of adopting this course with their stock,
for if they will only notice those ewes which hap¬
pen to be later than the general flock, they will
observe more wool on their backs, while the re¬
verse will be but too apparent in the ewes that
have lambed early, for they will be poor in a
general way, so that farmers, by keeping the
best sort of ewes, and by adopting this course,
will find it more profitable to them than any
other course they can pursue, as when a farmer
enters on a stock, from where a flock of sheep is
required to breed from, much depends on the
sort, size, and growth. I recommend as small and
close made as its possible to breed them ; they
should be short-legged, with a short thick neck,
and well woolled, such small and hardy sort,
winters so well that there might be a double
quantity kept on the land more than the larger
sorts of sheep; particularly where feed is rather
short ; they will fat in about half the time of a
larger sort, and much more saleable and profit¬
able, as two sheep that weigh lOOlbs, will sell for
five or six shillings more than one of that weight;
in fact the small close sort will live, where that

57

large sort will starve, and two small close sheep
can be wintered with less expence than one of
double the weight.

Its humane and profitable to be a good sheep-
master. The Author has pointed out methods
to get immense quantities of sheep-feedfor Sum¬
mer and Winter; yet there is something wanted
to make the sheep more comfortable during the
most severe part of the winter, which is to have
a dry, warm lay field, or pasture, not having been
fed after Michaelmas, to put sheep in when the
most severe weather sets in, to prevent them
getting poor; less hay would be wanted, sheep
would do much better, having a fine fresh pas¬
ture ; it might often prevent a farmer giving his
ewes turnips before lambing, which ought to be
avoided, as I have known a flock of ewes kept on
turnips before they had lambed, which caused
the lamb to be much larger than the natural size,
which caused about one out of ten to die, owing
to the hard time in lambing, and many could
not lamb at all; owing to feeding on turnips,
which filled the ewes with water ; and its a cruel
plan to put over large rams to small ewes. As I

58

have said before, it is much more profitable to
get into a closer sort of sheep ; they fat sooner
and sell for more, and Winter better than a great
hollow sheep, and two for one might be kept.
—Wet, and cold weather, much injures sheep ;
and where they have had an opportunity to get
under cover in rough weather, they have
wintered much better for having dry lodg¬
ings, so that there is no doubt, but could there
be a moveable hovel or range for sheltering
sh^ep in the most severe part of the winter,
placed in the reserved pasture, which might be
moved to any part of the field by horses, the same
as a sledge, many thousand sheep would be
saved from the inclemency of the weather, and
considerably more than the expence of such
erection annually saved to the farmer. By using
cheap timber, and tarred canvas for covering
hovel, 1000 sheep may be sheltered for about
<£50; even the extra wool would far more than
pay the expence for being so sheltered.

59

CHAPTER XIV.

On the propriety of Taxing Timber.

As all lands are liable to be taxed for the
relief of the necessitous poor, in proportion to
the profits of the produce, and as by omitting
to tax those lands that are covered with timber
and plantations, the greatest burthen of sup¬
porting the poor is thrown upon the occupiers
of the cultivated lands, and as timber and
plantations are very profitable to the grower
thereof, the Author is of opinion that it would
only be fair and equitable if the assessors of
every parish were enabled, by the Legislature, to
impose a reasonable and fair tax or assessment
upon growing timber and plantations, in pro¬
portion to their growing profits, by which the
Poor’s Rate would be considerably reduced,
and Agriculture would be greatly relieved, par¬
ticularly in the wilds of Sussex, and other tim-

60

ber countries, where this heavy, burthen is most
severely felt, in consequence of so large a propor¬
tion of the land being there appropriated to
the growth of timber, whi<j:h, where it shades
th e farmer’s corn as it does in that county, is
extremely injurious to him, the Author there¬
fore strongly recommends these observations to
the consideration of enlightened persons, con¬
ceiving, as he does, that timber ought to be
assessed to the Poor Kates, in order that the
owners of that particular property may bear
their proportion of the heavy expence of sup¬
porting the poor, particularly as they are the
most able to sustain the burthen : besides the
Author is of opinion, that, in many cases, land
is planted with young trees expressly to avoid
the payment of the Poor Rates, which increases
the demand of Poor Rates, materially against
the farmer : and as the Author has had consi¬
derable experience in the growing of timber, he
conceives that it may be of some service to his
readers if his observations on the growth and
value of that article were known to them, and
with that view the Author here begs to remark

61

that in situations where good growing oak plants
are well sheltered, and allowed proper room to
get a good head, without which they cannot
come to perfection, so as to get a good body,
they will pay two shillings per year from the
time of their being worth one shilling, or in
other words, the profits on an average of forty
years will amount to about two shillings per
year on each oak tree ; for it has been ascertained
most satisfactorily that a fine great oak plant
of half a foot (which the Author makes no
doubt is not worth more than a shilling) will
in a period of 20 years measure six feet of tim¬
ber, which, in other 20 years, will, if very kind,
measure upwards of 20 feet, and that with lop,
top, and bark, would be worth £4. at least, in
most situations ; and it is not very improbable
that ash, elm, and bark, would be equally as
profitable as the oak, or nearly so, although the
bark is of no value, because their growth is so
much quicker, wherefore the Author is of opi¬
nion that this description of property ought to
be assessed to the Poor Rates, about half his
statement on the average of fair timber trees^

62

because my remarks are from the best sort of
growing plants, which if done would materially
relieve the farmer, where Poor Rates are so
very high, owing to land being so filled with
timber.

It is clear to the Author those few Agricul¬
tural pages will be complained of by many far¬
mers, and land owners, that are vain enough to
think that farmers’ produce is too plentiful
without methods to make food and ray men t
more so ; and many very learned men, that have
not learned common sense enough to know whe¬
ther good crops are a blessing or not, although
the lives of millions depend on it. It is certain,
cheap food and rayment must best suit all ranks,
eVen the farmers, if they are obliged to sell
wheat at <£10 per load, if they grow one-third
more corn by keeping a full stock of sheep, as
my plans direct, rents and poor tax, will lower
in proportion to the price of bread ; if food and
rayment gets cheaper, the owner of land might
keep up his dignity at an expence in proportion
to the lowering of rent: this is a convincing proof
that the high price of corn has not benefited

63

the farmer in general, as the present havoc
which exists with the great body of farmers, is
owing to the very high prices corn fetched d.ur-
ing the war, Which caused rents, poor rates, &e.
to rise. If rent, poor rates and other taxes, get
low,and food andrayment the same, it would be
a great blessing, for all should live and let live,
which is the Author’s humble design ; artificial
means to keep up high prices would be reversed,
as high prices lessen the consumption, by send¬
ing hard-working men to bed without supper.
When wheat was from 6 to <£8 per load, the
poor was not a burthen, but the reverse; most
labouring men then had a slice of land to till,
or keep a cow ; it should be so now, to lower
Poor Rates. ’ Land-owners and Surveyors should
fix no more rent on land than a farmer is able
to pay, and save the interest of the value of his
stock thereon, because a farmer should live by
his labour and skill, and save at least the inter¬
est of his stock to provide for his family, as is
the case on many farms. Farmers borrow mo¬
ney to help stock their land, so that in fixing
the rents of land, if there is not a fair allowance

64

made for a farmer whereby be might save the
interest of the money he has borrowed to stock
the farm he occupies, the scale must turn against
him.

CHAPTER XV.

A collection of excellent receipts for the
cure or relief of the various complaints incident
to sheep,may not be unacceptable to many of my
readers, it being of the utmost importance to
a farmer to know how to treat his sheep when
labouring under the disorders to which they
are liable ; the Author therefore subjoins a col¬
lection which in his judgment are the best and
most likely to preserve the farmer’s stock when
labouring under any of the disorders here point¬
ed out,and which he has no doubt will be found
of great service.

65

To restore the Eive after a hard time in
Lambing.

Take of powdered rhubarb, half a drachm—
powdered opium, 4 grains—powdered ipeca¬
cuanha^ grains—aromatic confection,! drachm
—spirits of anniseed, 1 ounce. Mix, and repeat
the dose in 2 hours if necessary. The above is
for one dose.

To Restore a Lamb when first Lambed .

It frequently happens that lambs are in a
very weak and, apparently, dying state, when
just come from the ewe ; when that is the case,
mix a tea-spoonful of rum with a little sugar
to make it milder, and give it; this is a certain
restorative, for it warms their lungs, and sets
them in natural motion, and the lamb will be¬
come quite restored.

To Cure the Ewe of a Mortified Udder.
After shearing time, the udder of the ewe
will often become black, and in a mortified
state, and in general the hedgehog is blamed for

66

it, but this is a mistaken notion ; for it proceeds
from severe cold,which may be cured by apply¬
ing the following:—

Take soft soap and Hollands gin, of each a
sufficient quantity to be worked into an ointment
or lather, and let this be applied pretty liber¬
ally, with a gentle hand, to the part affected,
twice a day, and let the corrupted milk be
milked out several times a day ; this will be
found an almost never-failing remedy. The
Author has known it succeed, when the udder
has been black, swelled, and mortified, from
the belly to the breast. It is almost needless
to add, that the same remedy will answer
where the complaint is discovered to exist be¬
fore mortification ensues, and therefore the soon¬
er applied the better.

In rubbing, the ointment or lather will be¬
come thick, it will then be necessary to add
a little more gin.

To cure the Scab in Sheep.

1 ake a handful of long-cut tobacco, a hand¬
ful of green broom, a quarter of a pound of

67

white hellebore root, pulverized, and about
three pounds of tar; let these be boiled in four
gallons of salt brine, over a slow fire, till the
strength is extracted ; apply a portion of this to
the parts affected with the ends of your fingers,
rubbing it well in; it is a certain cure on the
first application, but it will be proper to exa¬
mine the parts over again on a future day, least
any spots should have been missed.

Remarks on the Management of Sheep, to

prevent their being injured by the Fly.

To prevent the fly injuring sheep, in hot
weather, during the summer season, they
should be kept very clean about their tails;
if they could get at a dusty bank, they would
rub and dust themselves frequently, so that
their coats would be kept dry and clean ; by
this means the fly would be prevented from
depositing its seed, and the breed of maggots
would be thereby prevented; This plan has
been adopted by the Aftthor, much to his satis-

68

faction, who has frequently observed them
dusting their coats, when they have been tor¬
mented with the fly, and as it is in their nature
to seek a dusty place so rub themselves, when
they can get to a sandy bank, prevents the fly
depositing their seed, he recommends their
being put into fallows during the heat of the
day, that being a time when they are not much
inclined to feed ; or if this cannot be continually
done, and no dusty banks on the land, then he
recommends a few deep furrows being ploughed
in the feeding arable field, or a mixture of
dusty mould might be carted to the close for
them to rub themselves in, and placed in ridges
like deep ridge ploughing, which is by far the
best way to lay, which would after serve for
the bottom of a dung mixture, as it might save
loosing their dress in hedges and ditches, where
they are often drove by the fly*

To prevent the rotting of Sheep.

It is well known that wet land will rot sheep,
and it sometimes happens that graziers and
others cannot avoid feeding them on it f but
when that is the case, the Author recommends
good hay to be given to the sheep in racks as of¬
ten as they want it, which is a sure preventive,
if eaten freely every day, against the rot; where
the sheep are likely to remain on the land for
yearly breeding, this will be too dangerous an
experiment, for from the length of time they
may be affected with the disorder; and until the
land be made dry, and the dangerous places well
chalked, a farmer would not exercise a sound
judgment if he continued a flock of sheep on
that sort of land, even if he supplied them well
with hay.

A good Mixture after Lambing, to be used
externally.

Take Barbadoes tar, 4 ounces—spirits of
wine, 1 ounce—spirits of turpentine, 1 ounce—
oil of vitriol, 1 drachm. Mix.

70

CHAPTER XVI.

Remarks on the Poor Rates, 8fC.

To protect the Agricultural interest from the
pressure of the Poor Rates, has long occupied
the attention of the most able men in all part§
the kingdom; it has not escaped the notice of the
Author, who (unable to assert that he has con¬
ceived the proper mode of effecting so import¬
ant an object), is nevertheless vain enough to
hope, that considerable advantages may be de¬
rived by the community from a publication of
his views on this interesting subject; and as it
is by no means unconnected with the several
other matters contained in this work, the Au¬
thor conceives that they may properly be em¬
bodied with it; in doing which, he respect¬
fully submits the following propositions for

71

their consideration, confident that a generous
public will give him credit for his good inten¬
tion, however impracticable or objectionable the
scheme may appear.

The Author, in the first place, considers the
present period a very favourable time for pur¬
chasing land at a cheap rate, since the Poor
Rates and Tithe amount so near its value ; and
supposing it could be purchased at <£15. per
acre throughout every parish, upon an average,
the Author conceives, that if 20 acres (that being
taken as the average quantity requisite for every
parish), was apportioned out to the industrious
poor, which would, at the above rate, amount
to £300. and being made exempt from Tithe
and Poor Rates, the poor would by these means
be enabled to grow potatoes, and keep a few
pigs to supply them with meat, and their garden
with manure for the succeeding crops, which,
together with the proceeds of their daily labour,
(it being intended that they should cultivate
the land thus bestowed upon them after hours
of business), would materially assist them, and
thereby considerably reduce the Poor Rates,

72

and prove of essential service to the Agricul¬
tural interest.

In the county of Southampton, where the
Author occupied a farm, it has been usual (in
eases where poor persons have become charge¬
able to their parish,) for the inhabitants to hold
a vestry meeting to consider upon the most eli¬
gible plan of providing for them : and upon
those occasions it was generally resolved by the
meeting, to apply to the Lord of the Manor for
a grant of a small portion of land from the
waste, upon which the pauper has been fixed
by the Overseers of the parish, by building a
small hut or room, with oven and chimney, at a
trifling expense ; the families have then culti¬
vated those lands after their daily labour, and
even by moonlight, the beneficial effects of
which soon became manifest, and the Author is
therefore of opinion, that if this course was
generally adopted, it would materially benefit
the community at large.

The next consideration is, with what funds
can this object be attained ; and with reference
to that subject the Author is of opinion that the

73

Legislature might impose a moderate Property
Tax to attach upon all capitalists who have
funded property, as well as others, and to con¬
tinue in force so long only as it might be found
necessary for the purchase of needful land, ex¬
clusively for the use of the poor as above men¬
tioned ; and in parishes where land cannot be
provided for the poor in this way, a proportion
of the tax might be invested in the name of the
Churchwardens and Overseers of those Parishes,
in the Government Funds, for their use, the in¬
terest whereof should be applied solely towards
the relief of their own poor ; by which means
an equal and lasting benefit would arise to the
community in general.

Should the foregoing proposition appear im¬
practicable, the Author would strongly recom¬
mend the adoption of the following means of
relieving the landowner, the farmer, and the
poor, viz. there are various narrow slips of land
near the hedges in every estate, which are wholly
unprofitable to the farmers for growing of corn;
and if they would permit their labouring men
to till these slips of land for their own use, after

74

they had finished their daily labour, whereby
they, would be enabled to provide themselves
and families with potatoes, it would consider¬
ably assist them through life, which would no
doubt diminish the Poor Rates, and they would
also go to their labour with more strength and
cheerfulness, because they would be stimulated
to exertion by the bounty of their employers :
which the Author conceives ought to be thus
extended to them; for it is the interest of the
farmer to assist the labourers, and pay them that
attention that he would to his own flock of
sheep; and if the farmer would give his labourer
the carriage of a load of sea weed, which is to
be got on all the shores at certain periods, and
would be practicable in all cases where the land
is within the distance of ten miles from the
shore, it would benefit him much, since that is
excellent manure for a crop of potatoes ; and
by applying it lightly in the trench, on the
plants, before they are covered with the soil, it
would produce a double crop, and improve the
land for future crops.

1 he introduction and use of machinery

75

amongst farmers has operated much against the
poor, since it has caused a general want of em¬
ployment for them, and thereby encreased the
Poor Rates, which has also been, and yet is, se¬
verely felt by the agriculturist ; the Author,
therefore, as a source of employment for the
labouring poor, recommends the draining and
ditching of wet, arable, meadow, pasture, and
coppice land, by which means the arable pro¬
duce would be double the meadow, and the pas¬
ture the same ; and the growth of timber and
underwood would be much improved, inde¬
pendent of the advantage to be derived by pre¬
venting thousands of sheep being affected with
the rot, to the great injury of his Majesty’s sub¬
jects.

Also persons possessing chalk pits might give
employment to the poor, by the Author’s proved
new invention, by pulverizing the chalk into
floury particles, which, being spread on the
land, even in quantities of only a few bushels
to the acre, will make rough coarse sour mea¬
dow and pasture very sweet and valuable feed¬
ing, and will materially improve iriost arable

76

land, and insure a quicker return, besides being
a great saving of carriage, which will of course
be effected, since a much less quantity will an¬
swer the purpose in a pulverised floury state
than would be necessary in the lump, particu¬
larly on meadow and pasture, whereas when
laid on in its usual state, it gets like a shell
under the surface of the grass, and greatly pre¬
vents the growth of herbage. And as another
source of employment for the labouring poor,
the Author recommends the second hoeing of
turnips which will give much employment, at
about two shillings and sixpence per acre, which
is likely to make the turnip crop worth one
pound more per acre, at least, over and above
making land so very clean and rich for future
good crops of corn.

And the cultivation of all rough or useless
lands which are to be found in various parts of
his Majesty’s dominions, and which the Author
is of opinion might be converted into excellent
arable, meadow, and pasture land, by the la¬
bouring poor, at a trifling expence : also im¬
mense quantities of grazing land, might be ob-

77

tamed, by employing the poor in embarkments
to prevent the overflowing of the sea, which
would considerably reduce the Poor Rates, and
add to the wealth of the Country, and greatly
benefit the community at large, for the better
state of cultivation the land is in, the greater
the prpfit and advantage to the community, for
it is clear that if the poor of every parish were
well employed, an extra hundred loads of
wheat might be grown in many parishes every
year, whereby the purchasing of foreign corn
would be rendered unnecessary, which the Au¬
thor thinks is a measure of great importance,and
ought to be studiously avoided, for by purchas¬
ing foreign corn,we employ the foreign labourer,
and that too at a time when our own labouring-
poor are wandering about the country half
starved for want of employment, which would
not be the case if the circulating medium was
kept at home, and not sent out of the Country
in the purchase of foreign corn.

It will no doubt be said, that many parishes
have not money to furnish the needful employ¬
ment, as it all goes for rent, tithes, and taxes,

78

and that until those complaints are altered.
Agriculture cannot be relieved ; wherefore the
cultivator should take care to rent land in pro¬
portion to the value of the produce, so as to pay
tithes, rent, taxes, and other expences, to do
which, the land ought to make four rents at
least, by which he would be enabled to meet all
his payments, and obtain a fair living for him¬
self and family, and to save a per centage for the
interest of the capital employed therein ; hence
a farmer ought to be very circumspect and nice
in his calculation, allowinga fair average price
for a fair average crop, not forgetting the losses
he may sustain by blight, loss of cattle, &c. &c.
that so often blasts the farmer’s hopes.

As another source of employment for the poor,
the Author suggests the propriety of employing
men, women, and children, to beck over fal¬
lows as deep as the plough would go, which
may be done in fine weather to great advantage,
since the expence will not exceed th at of plough¬
ing, and do twice the service in cleansing and
pulverising the land ready for a crop of turnips,
besides giving employment previous to the

79

hay-making season, and rendering it unne¬
cessary to employ a number of horses for tillage,
which would otherwise lje necessary. Poor must
be fed from the land if not employed. Also some
coppice land may give more employment to the
poor, and profit to the owner ; for after cutting
the underwood of ten or twelve years growth,
the land is so free from grass, that by becking
it lightly between stems or storts, the land
would produce one good crop of potatoes, being
manured from time to time by the rotting of
the dead wood and leaves, unless the land hap¬
pens to have been too much shaded by timber
trees ; and if planted by careful workmen, the
first shoot of the underwood and young timber
plants will be benefitted by it, and it is not un¬
likely that the crop of potatoes would leave
more profit than the first teh or twelve years
growth of the underwood, independent of the
employment thus given to the poor. The Au¬
thor is also of opinion, that landlords ought
strenuously to assist their tenants in improving
their estates, not only because it would enable

80

the tenant to meet his rent when it became due*
but also reduce the Poor Rates, by giving em¬
ployment, and by preventing the necessity of
their becoming so heavily chargeable to the
parish ; and if parishes would unanimously
agree to apportion out from their respective
farms an acre of land from every 100 acres, (or
more, if necessary) for the use of the poo?,
to be cultivated by them, free from Rent, Taxes,
or Tithes, there can be no doubt but this would
considerably relieve the farmer from the op¬
pression of the Poor’s Rates, because the poor
would, by this means, be enabled to provide
for themselves a sufficient quantity of potatoes
and other vegetables ; and it is surely more ex¬
pedient and profitable to find employment for
the poor in this way, than to pay them in mo¬
ney : for they then work for what they receive,
and improve the land at the same time. One
acre out of a hundred will not be missed, or
even one out of ten, for the use of the poor, as
it is not the quantity of land fills barns so-
much as the goodness of crops. If the cultivator
will farm his land as these few pages direct, a

81

good slice of a farm to the poor would not be
missed : as a proof, I surveyed a farm of 600
acres, which was but middlingly farmed. I suc¬
ceeded in getting the farmer to let off 300 acres
of it, and to keep more sheep, and to well pro¬
vide for his flock, which caused him to grow
more corn on 300 acres than he before grew on
the 600. It can be clearly proved, that the
extra profit in sheep, and the expences and rent,
saved the farmer from being ruined. It might
be relied on, it would be much better to part
with land to the poor, than to give them cash.

82

CHAPTER XVII.

To Relieve Ireland.

The difficulties and distress in which Ireland?
has so very recently heen involved, is entirely
attributable to the want of full employment for
the poor, which the Author is clearly of opinion,
might have been furnished to them in great
abundance, by cultivating the neglected soils of
that country, which, it is conceived, might be
improved, in many parts, to treble its present
value; and if that employment had been fur¬
nished to them, it is more than probable, that
those violent outrages which have disgraced
that Country, would never have transpired, nor
the Country half so much involved in want, mi¬
sery, and distress.

The Author of these sheets recently visited
Ireland, and during his stay there he made va¬
rious observations, amongst the most important

S3

of which, he discovered various tracts of land,
at present of no value to any person for want of
cultivation, and which the Author conceives
might be converted into excellent land forfai¬
ting sheep and cattle, if properly drained ; and
as all money expended in effecting this object
would benefit the Country, by improving the
land, and finding employment for the poor, as
well as circulating money, the thing so much
wanted, it is much to be lamented that so many
acres of land should remain uncultivated.

A short time ago the Author offered his Ma¬
jesty’s Govennent ,£1000 per year for a por^
tion of land in Ireland, (which at present is
mere useless mud,) upon condition that they
would advance him <£10,000 for the needful
embankment to prevent the tide overflowing,
so as to enable him to cultivate the same, upon
security they should approve ; but it was not
convenient for Government to part with public
money for that purpose, although the Author
conceives they would have benefitted their

84

Country by acceding to. the proposition. Af¬
terwards the Author offered to compleat the
embankment of the land at his own expence
and risk, provided a lease was to be granted him
for the term of 99 years, subject to such a quit
rent as Government should think proper, to
which he received no reply. If the offer had
been acceeded to, considerable employment
would have been furnished to poor distressed
persons of that Country, by turning 2000 acres
of useless mud, as the natives call it, into good
land, which would have added to the wealth of
the Country in no trifling degree, because the
land would have been rendered good by the
Author’s superior method of embankment: and
as a proof of his superior skill in that art, he
here begs to add, that a gold medal was
voted to him by the Agricultural Society, for
the embankment of a large track of land at
Bosham, near Chichester, in the County of
Sussex, which had been unsuccessfully attempt¬
ed by very skilful Engineers, during a period
of seven years previous thereto ; and which the
Author completed in seven months, although

85

20 feet deep, at low water, and a very rapid
tide. The quantity of land thus obtained was
about 400 acres, which before was useless mud,
by the flowing of the tide, and is now the best
sort of grazing land. This circumstance the
Author conceives is a sufficient testimony of the
utility of his system of embankment; and
should any Nobleman or' Gentleman (having
tracks of land in a similar situation), be desirous
of effecting a work of that description, further
information may be had upon application to the
Author, by whom the embankment just allud¬
ed to was completed; and if necessary, the
Author would have no objection to undertake,
or to furnish Noblemen or Gentlemen with the
necessary instructions to stop a rapid current, as
there might be immense tracts of land obtained
round England, and particularly Ireland, by
employing the Poor to make the needful em¬
bankments to prevent the over-flowing of the
tide.

Improving the barren waste of Ireland would
give full employment to thousands; would

86

cause the needful circulation of money, and
cause Agriculture to improve from its present
feeble state; and let man live by the sweat of
his brow, to prevent so much idle wandering
and plundering.

Such gentle means of employing the distress¬
ed people on the neglected land, would remove
that dark cloud that has been so long hovering
over Ireland. The want of doing the needful
work in Ireland, much injures this Country, by
such immense numbers of Irishmen coming to
England; which causes labour to be more scarce
for our own people, who are compelled to seek
Parish relief; the fact is, there is no money in
circulation with the Irish farmers, to give need¬
ful employment to improve their lands; neither
will there be, except Government takes the work
in hand in good earnest. What a great blessing
it would be, if there was as much spirit in Go¬
vernment to improve the barren waste in Ireland
as we have known in following up war expedi¬
tions, from whence cash never returns. Twenty
shillings paid for labour, if it could be traced,
might be a temporary relief in its journey of

87

circulation to a hundred families in as many
days, over and above the great increase of food
and rayment, from their labour.

The absentees little think how much they
injure their Country, by drawing and prevent¬
ing the circulating of cash, particularly when
spent in France. Full employment would pre¬
vent that gloomy, dejected, despairing, plun¬
dering habit, which preys on man. In the pre¬
sent dearth of employment, thousands must
beg, steal, plunder, or starve, for a humane
man, full of compassion, will plunder for his
half-starving children, which the laws cannot
prevent, without giving him the needful em¬
ployment.

88

CHAPTER XII.

Hints to Farmers on the Titheing System.

The present method of collecting and claim*
ing Tithes by the clergy, is severely felt by the
Agriculturist; and a modification of that sys¬
tem ougnt to be effected, as it would materially
relieve the farmers from the heavy burthens
with which they are oppressed. Tithes were ori¬
ginally intended merely to maintain the clergy,
which at that time might require a tenth part
of the farmer’s produce, and as the tithes have
hitherto been continually multiplying by means
of the increased produce of the earth, as not
only to afford them the means of a comfort*
able maintenance, but absolutely to enrich
them beyond calculation, it is to be hoped
under existing circumstances, will assent to a
considerable reduction of their ithes.

The Author is of opinion, that a twentieth
instead of a tenth part of the farmer’s produce
is as much as the Farmer can now afford to sa¬
crifice to the clergy, and certainly as much as
they ought reasonably to expect in the present
distressed state of Agriculture.

At all events, some modification must take
place, or the farmer will fall into the labouring
ranks, and increase Poor Rates to the full
amount of the value of land, and the clergy
sustain considerably greater losses than by giv¬
ing up a portion of their tithes.

At the Norfolk Quarter Sessions, held at Nor¬
wich, on the 17th day of April, 1822, the Court
came to an important decision on the Poor
laws, upon an appeal by the Rev. Dr. Bulwar,
Rector of Canston, against Poor Rates for that
Parish.

The Doctor had been rated at <£550 for his
tithes, against which he appealed, on the ground
that it exceeded a fourth of the assessment upon
the titheable property in the Parish, which he
contended was the proportion at which tithes

90

should be assessed to the Poor Rates ; the Court
dismissed the appeal, being unanimously of
opinion, that there was no rule in law for fixing
a proportional assessment on tithes compared
with land, and that the principle was, to assess
all real property according to the productive
value or property which it yielded.

This determination is important, as it recog¬
nizes a principle, the general application of
which, at the present time, will necessarily be
attended with the most serious consequences, as
well to the farmer as the clergy, upon the latter
of whom the chief burthen of providing for, and
supporting the poor, will now, as in times past,
be thrown, wherefore it seems the assessment of
land, (according to this principle,) ought to be
merely nominal ; and that tithes should be as¬
sessed at their full amount, it being notorious
that no profit whatever is at present realized
from land in general, and that what the land¬
lord receives in the name of rent, is in fact no¬
thing less than a payment out of the farmer’s
capital, while tithes, (being taken clear of
taxes, and all other expences attending the rais¬
ing of the crop,) are all profit.

91

This decision ait the Sessions just alluded to,
has excited considerable sensation in Norfolk ;
and the farmers, in many places, have already
insisted upon a reduction of their assessments,
and of rating the clergy to the full amount of
their tithes, as well in cases where they are com¬
pounded for, as where they are taken in kind ;
and it is not at all improbable, that farmers
in general will adopt this course, in order to
relieve themselves from the burthens which are,
in the Author’s opinion, too intolerable for
them to bear.

The principle of Law acted upon at the Ses¬
sions, was also acknowledged as good Law in
the Court of King’s Bench a short time ago,
where Mr. Justice Holroyd expressly declared,
that a rate on land is, in effect, a rate on the
profits of land : for where there are no profits
of land, there is no beneficial occupation, (vide
vol. 4 Burns Justice, page 77, Chetwynd’s Edi¬
tion J

The practice of taking tithe, milk, lambs,
wool, pigs, and poultry, is a subject deserving
the most serious consideration of the clergy,

92

who ought, in the judgment of the Author,
most cheerfully to abandon their right thereto,
under existing circumstances, because those are
things which are bred from hay, straw, corn and
turnips, articles that have once paid the tithe ;
and it is the Author’s opinion, that turnips
should not pay tithe, because they are grown
at considerable expence, and from manure that
have paid tithe, by tithing straw with corn, and
fed on the land to manure it, so as to produce a
good crop of corn, in which the clergy are ma¬
terially interested. Farmers ought strenuously
to urge these arguments before compounding
for their tithes, from which, no doubt, much
good may be done.

It is a hard case, that our English farmers
should cultivate at the loss of a tenth part of
his crop, when the Scotch farmers are free from
being so oppressed. There is no doubt but the
tenth of the crop was instituted to mend English
morals, and support the poor ; but now it is
; clearly discovered, that compelling the fanner
to pay the tenth part of his crop, is the reverse
from mending of morals, and supporting the

93

poor, as proof of which the Scotchmen, that
pay no tithes, their morals are much better than
the English, on the common average. When
a farmer is deprived of the profit of his labour,
by taking a tenth part of his crop, he is debarred
from the power of giving sufficient employment
and fair wages to the laboring poor, so that the
tithing system neither supports the poor, nor
mends morals, but is such a great check on Ag¬
riculture, that it materially lessens the produce
of England, and it is to be hoped that there
may be an alteration to support well our clergy
for the good of our church, without the tilehing
system, which breeds so much discontent and
distress ; in the Author’s view, he cannot com¬
prehend that the tithing is any good for our
everlasting concerns, as was evidently meant
when the Tithe Laws were first enacted. To
conclude, I eaenestly recommend it to Govern¬
ment to revise the Tythe Laws, so that they
may be made less burthensomeand less vexatious
to the Agriculturist.

INDEX.

FACE

Preface - -- -- ---4

Chap. I. — Observations on the Author’s new-invented

Four-lain System - - - - 9

Chap. II.—An approved Method of Growing Wheat,

and Fattening Sheep - - » - 12

Chap. III. ■ — General Observations on Growing

Wheat - - - 29

Chap. IV. — Instructions how a Farmer may be a
Fieldsman, and know how to make Men and
Horses do their duty - - - 32

Chap. V.—On Sowing Corn at the proper Season of

the Year - - - - - - 36

Chap. VI. — A Preventive of Smut in Wheat - 39
Chap. VII.—To have a profitable, quick, and good

return, with small expense - - - 41

Chap. VIII.—On the propriety of saving Seed at
particular times when good prospects offer
to make profit - - - _ r 44

Chap. IX. —Profitable method of converting Rough

Land into Tillage - - - 47

Chap. X. —Method of converting Arable Land into

Pasture - - - - - 48

95

PAGE

Chap. XL—An excellent method of preserving a
Crop of Wheat from the destruction of the
Slug, Grub, Wire Worm, &c. - - 60

Chap. XII.—On the propriety of Cultivating with

Oxen - - - - - - 53

Chap. XIII.—Observations on Stock Ewes - - 55

Chap. XIV.—On the propriety of Taxing Timber - 59
Chap. XV.—A Collection of Receipts - - 64

To restore the Ewe after a hard time in
Lambing - - - - - 65

To restore a Lamb when first Lambed ibid.
To cure the Ewe of a Mortified Udder ibid.
To cure the Scab in Sheep - - 66

Remarks on the Management of Sheep,
to prevent their being injured by the

Fly.67

To prevent the Rotting of Sheep - 69
A good mixture after Lambing, to be
used externally - ibid.

Chap. XVI.—Remarks on the Poor Rates, &c. - 70

Chap, XVII.—To Relieve Ireland - - - 82

Chap. XVIII.—Hints to Fanners on the Tithing Sys¬
tem. - - - - 88

1 HE Author begs leave to offer his experienced
services as Land and Timber Surveyor, on terms of
fixing of Rents of Land, such as will enable a good
Farmer to pay his Rent as it becomes due ; such
valuation of Land or Timber would be delivered to
any Landowner on very liberal Terms , by address¬
ing to the Author, Thomas Cosens, inclosed to
Mr. Richmond, Land, Tithe, and Timber Survey¬
or, at Mr. Harvey's, Printer , 22, Blachfriars
Road, (the person authorised to sell this publica¬
tion), which will be immediately attended to.—It
is requested all Letters be post-paid.

ERRATA,

Page 13, line 1, for missing, read dressing.

- 16, line 13, for fatten, read fallow.

■ i .i 24, line 1, for learn, read leave.

-- 46, line 24, for rusty, read dusty.

-57, line 3, for ouble, read double,

- 61, line 18, for bark, read beech.

-- 66, line 22, for handful, read pound.

.7

ziil

SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

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