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I

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

GIVING SOME

ACCOUNT

OF THE

Prefent 'Undertakings ? Studies , and Labours

OF THE

INGENIOUS,

IN MANY

Confiderable Parts of the WORLD.

VOL. XXXIII. For the Years 172,4* 1725'.

LONDON:

Printed for W. and JcInnys, Printers to the Royal
Society , at the Weft End of St. Paul's. 172 6.

T O

Dr. RICHARD MEAD ,

VICE-PR ESI DENT of the

ROYAL SOCIETY,

And FELLOW of the

Royal College of Phyficians ,

This Thirty-Third Volume of

Bhilofophical Tranfa&ions

is Humbly Dedicated
B Y

His Moft Obliged, and

9

Moft Humble Servant y

James Jur'in, %S[Stav

*

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Numb. 381.

TRA NSACTIONS.

For the Months of January , and February , 1714.

— — "■ - -- - 1 — - - ■ ■ —

The C O N T E N T S.

‘ ‘ ' - v - ' , ... . ; {

I. Experiment a circa gradum caloris liquorum non -

nullorum ebullient turn injlituta . A Daniele
Gabr. Fahrenheit, 5^. S'. S.

. .•

II. Obferrrationes accurate capt<e> anno xvijc=xxiij

Lugduni Batavorum, Delphis Batavia, &
in pago Rhenoburgp. Circa mediam BARO-
METRI altitudinem , mediam THER-
MO M E T R I eleVationem. turn H Y-
GROMETRI Varietatem mediam , circa
copiam Pluvial, Nivis, Grandinifque , fi-

mul <6? circa copiam Acyix qu# exhalaYit , & al-
titudinem putealis Aquae in Puteo, unde nihil a-
qu& exbaujlum fuit toto anni decurfuy de Varia-
tion Horologii Portatilis jingulis menjibus , ut
certa bdtc experimenta fervire queant contempla-
toribus Hiftoriae Naturaiis, offert eadem harum
deliciarum ftudiofis Nicolaus Cruquius, Geome -
tra • • R. S. S.

.

• \ ■* . 4 ■

A

Vol. XXXIII.

A

III. M

III. An Account of a Dropfy in the left Ovary of a
Woman , aged 58. Cured by a large Inctfion
made in the Side of the Abdomen, by X>r. Ro -
bert Houftoun.

IV. Pr<eparatio Cdrulei Prufflaci ex Germania miffa
ad Johannem Woodward, M. D . Prof. Med .
GreJ 7;. <%. S. S.

V. ObferVations and Experiments upon the foregoing
(preparation. (By Mr. John Brown, Chymifl,
F.R.S.

VI. The (Remainder of the Bills of Mortality, See .
of the fever al Towns of Europe. Extracted
from the A&a Brellavienfia. By Dr. Spren-
gell, F. <R.S. - -■

VII. An Account of the DiffeElion of an Eye with a
Cataraff. By Mr. John Ranby, Surgeon.

' I. Expe-

' ‘ * * » X j

I. Experiment a circa gradum caloris liquor am non -
nullorum ebullientium injlituta . A Daniele
Gabr. Fahrenheit, 5^. 5. 5.

CUM elapfis abhinc circiter decern anms in Hifto-
rii Scientiarum Societatis Regiae Pariftenfis legif-
fem, quod celeberrimus Amontonius^ ope alicujusther-
mometri ab eo inventi, detexiifet, aquam fixo caloris
gradu ebullire^ ftatim magno accendebar defiderio,
thermometrum ejufmodi mihimet ipfi prsparare, ut
pulchrum hocce naturae phenomenon raihi oculis per-
luftrare liceret, 6c de veritate experiments convidus
elfem.

Quapropter thermometri ftruduram quidem tenta-
bam, fed ob habitudinis fufficientis in elaboratione illi-
us ddfedum, vana erant conamina, licet fspius iterata }
6c quoniam etiam alia negotia prohibebant thermometri
elaborationi magis infiftere, opportuniori repetitionem
illius dedicabam temporL Cum defedu virium atque
temporis ardor non languefcebat, aeque avidus enitn
experimenti exitum videndi manebam.Inmentem autem
mihi veniebant ea, quae folertiffimus ille rerum natu-
ralium fcrutator de redificatione barometrorum fcriple-
ratj obfervaverat enim altitudinem columns mercuri-
alis in barometro a vario temperamento mercurii ali-
quantulum (fatis fenlibiliter tamen) turbari. Ex his re-
bar, quod thermometron fortafle e mercurio confirui
polfet, cujus ftrudura non adeo difficilisforet, 6c cujus
tamen ope experimentum maxime a me deiideratum ex-
plorare liceret,

- Vo u XXXIII. B Praepa- ,

Praeparato ejufmodi thermometro (licet in multis ad-
huc imperfedo) voto tamen meo eventus refpondebat *,
magna enim animi voluptate rei veritatem contem-
plabar.

Tres jam erant anni elapli, in quibus opticis aliifque
incubuiffem laboribus, cum cupidus herein experi-
mentis explorare, an etiam alii liquores hxo ebullituri
effent gradu caloris. Exitus experimentorum fequenti
continetur tabula, cujus prima columna exhibet liquo-
res adhibitos ^ fecunda illorum gravitatem fpecihcam^
tertia gradum caloris, ad quern unufquifque liquor ebul-
liendo pertigir.

Liquores.

Gravitas fpecifka
Liquorum ad 48

Gradas

ebullitione

Gr. calidorum.

acquifiti.

Spiritus vel Al - \
cohol vim. \

8260

I76

Aqua Tluv'ta.

10000

21 2

Spiritus Nitri.

12935-

242

Lixivium cine- \
ris clavellati \

\ 15634

24O

OL Vitrioli

18775-

5-46

Gravitatem fpecificam cujufcunque liquoris addendatn
neceffe judicavi, ut fi aliorum experimenta jam infti-
tuta, vel adhuc inftituenda, a memoratis differrent, col-
ligi poflit, an e variatione gravitatis fpecihcae, vel ex aliis
differentia petenda ht cauhs. Experimenta praeterea
non eodem tempore funt fada, 5c inde etiam liquores va-
rio temperamenti vel caloris gradu erant aftedi, fed
quoniam illorum gravitas diverhmode <5c insqualiter
turbatur, calculo illorum gravitatem ad 48 gradum (qui
in thermometris rneis medium tenet locum inter termi-
num intenhflimi frigoris arte commixtione aquae, gla-
ciei, falifque Armoniaci, vel etiam maritimi,confedi, 6c

inter

( 3 )

inter terminum caloris, qui in fanguine hominisfani re-
peritur) revocavi.

Olea Volatilia aliquo gradu quidem incipiunt ebul-
lire, fed eorum calor ebulliendo Temper augetur. Cu-
jus rei caufa fortafle erit, quod nempe volatiliores par-
ticulas avolent, dum refinofe majori attra&ione pra>
ditae reliant.

Olea fixa autem tanto calore afficiuntur, ut Mercurius
in thermometro fimul cum iilis ebullire incipiat, Sc
inde eorum calor memorato modo vix certe explora-
ri poterit. Sed alium excogitavi modum, cujus in alia
fchedula coram Illuflri Societate Regia meminiiTe me
honorem habiturum elTe fpero.

Excepto Tpiritu vini Sc aqua, TortaiTe etiam gradus
cceterorum liquorum hie commemoratorum variabit,
precipue ft magna Tatis quantitate adhibeantur Sc Ion-
gius ebulliant.

B 2

II. Ob/er -

II. Obfervationes accurate captte, anno xvij" = xxiij Lugduni Ba-
tavorum, Delphis Bataviae, & in pago Rhenoburgo. Circa me-
dium BAROMETRI altitudinem , medium T H E R MO-
MET R I elevationem , turn ^HYGROMETRI varieta-
tem medium , circa copiam PLUVIAE, Roris, Nivis , Grandi
nifque, ft mid & circa copiam A QJJ JE quae exloalavit , £5? altitu-
dinem putealn A OU AE in PUT E O, unde nihil Aquae exhau-
Jhim fuit toto annidecarfii , de variatione Horologii Por
tat i lis Jingtilis menflbus , «/■ experiment a fervire

queunt contemplatoribiis Historic Naturalis, ojjert ea-
dem harum deliciarum jludiofo Nicolaus Cru^uius,
Geometru. R. S. S.

BARQMETRUM.

Hie pono cPcndus Ath-
mofphaerae incumben-
tis, in planum pedis
quadrati Rheneiandi-
cit cujus athmof. pon-
dus 1947 libras Am-
ftelcedamenfes pen-
det, quando $fu in
barometro altitudo eft
27 pell. 7 lin. pendet
2094 lb. Amft. quan-
do altitudo fuit in
barometro 29 poll. 8
lin. hsc enim fuit ma-
xima & minima 3“
in barometro obferva-
ta altitudo intra plu-
res jam annos.

lb.

Januar. - - 4051
Februar. - - - 4
Martio - - - 35
Aprili - - - / 4 6
Maio - - - 57

Junio - - - - 53
Julio - - 2044

Augufto - - 46

Septemb. - - 54

Oftobri - - - 5 5

Novemb. - - 53

Decemb. - - 55

Summa f7f
xx — -
Medium 2048

THERMOM.

Hie calorem
Atmofphae-
rx in loco
obfervationis
deftinavi ex
rarefeente
Aere ita ut
fumnaum
frigus obfer-
vatum fit u-
bi notabatur
gradus 1 ooo,
aqua pura
gelafceret
ad grad.
1070, ebul-
liret vero ad
grad. 1510.
erad.

- - io7<5

- - *5

- - 102

- - 109

- - 125

- - 140

- - I129

- - 141

- - 132

- - 121

- - 104.

‘ '

1 1 1 3

HYGROMETRIJM.

Menfuravi hie a-
quae copiam in
Athmofphaera in
loco obfervationis $
juxta accrefcens
decrefcenfve pon-
dus fpongiae ad bi-
lancem appenfie,
quam fpongiam
prius Muria Salis
Ammoniaci hu-
metftaveram.

pond.

- 81

• - 80

- 80

• -5o

- 57
57

- 58

• - 5o

- 5 1
- 71

- 77
• 79

- - - Szt

- 58

Quantitas a-
quae, quae to-
tius hujus
anni decur-
fu menfe
quolibet ex-
halaverat, in
Aere aperto,
& ventis per-
flato. Rhe-
noburgi.

lin.
- 7

14
53
35

58
57

■ 57

59

■ 24

15

15

12

- S'#?

toto anno.

28 pol. 1 1 lin.

Aquas Ccelo delapfe,
nimirum
Pluviae, Roris,
Nivis, Grandinifque
Altitudo ;

Cum cauta cura, ne
cxhalatione, aut alio
modo vel minimum
perierit.

2)elfhis.
tin. dec.

- - 17.9

• - - 25.1

» - 18.8

- -5*5

4. 2

- - 3,2

38 .6

- - 41 °9

- - 15.1

- - 8.2

- 30.7

- - 3 Q.6

Rhenoburgi
lin. dec.
- - 21.2

- - 23.8

- - 28.-

- - - 7.5

- - 2.7

- * - - 4.8

- - 28.-

- - - 40.2

- - I4.8

- - II.3

- - 29*7

- - - - 40. -

8

poll, zo (in toto anno) 21 poll.

Aquae altitu-
do putealis,
in puteo,
menfurata a
fummo ejus
margine, ad
aquae iuperfi-
ciem, in fine
cujufque
menfis. Fuit
vero putei
profunditas
ima ufque ad
fabulum fca-
turiens vel
currens,nihil-
que aquae inde
eduftumtoto
obfervationis
tempore.

fed.fol.

--5:4

- -

--5:7

- - 6 : 10

--8:i

- 9S3

--9:7

- - 9 : 7

- - 9 : 9

- - 9. r 8

--9:3

--8:2

- - 96 !

Med. 8 fed.

Obfervatio accelerati,
vel retardati Curfus, in
Horologio portatiii ac-
curatiffimo.

Ut pateat

quot minuta, in quo-
que Menfe, plura vel
pauciora, abiolverit.
Hie (~j~) augmenti,
(-—) decrementi nota
eft.

Ratio relata ad Solis
decurfum.

Minuta.

- + 151 Jan.

- 4“ 2.1 Febr,
■ 16S Mar.

120 Apr.
123 Maio.
130 Jun.
90 Jul.

- - 4* 133 Aug.

4- 24 Sept.

-- - 4* 19 oft.

. - — f- Nov.

. - — (- 252 Dec.

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p/an. peb. Mar. I Apr. Maii Jim. I Jtil. Aug. Sept .

III. An Account of a Dropfy in the left Ovary of a
Woman , aged 58. Cured by a large Incijton
made in the Side of the Abdomen, by Dr. Ro-
bert Houftoun.

AUGUST 1701. I was in the Country, with a
*** Patient, the Lady Anne Houftoun , Wife to Sir
John Houftoun, Baronet *, in the Shire of Renfrew ,
ten Miles from Glafgow , North Britain. This
charitable Lady prefs’d me with great Earneftnefs to
viflt a Tenant’s Wife, who lay bedridden, of an un-
common Difeafe, which no Phyftcian, or Surgeon,
who had feen her, could give any Name to, or ac-
count for. She inform’d me, the ablefl of that Coun-
try had forfaken her, and declared her incurable, fo
that I could lofe no Reputation by the Refult of my
Endeavours.

In order to oblige this worthy Lady, and in Com-
paflion to the Diflrefs of a poor Woman in fo deplorable
Condition, deferted and given over on all fides, I went,
determined to do every thing in my Power for her Re-
lief. She was in the 58th Year of her Age, her Name
was Margaret Millar .

She inform’d me that her Midwife, in her laft
lying-in, at 45 Years old, having violently pull’d away
the Burthen, (he was fo very fenfibly affeded by a Pain,
which then feiz’d her in the left Side, between the
Umbilicus and Groin, that fhe fcarce ever had been
free from it after, but that it had troubled her more, or
lefs, during 13 Years together*, that for two Years paft
flic had been extremely uneafy, her Belly grew very

large.

(9)

large, and a Difficulty of breathing increafed continu-
ally upon her ^ infomuch that for the laid fix Months,
flie had fcarce breath’d at all but with the utmoft Dif-
ficulty. That in all that Space of Time, having quite
loft her Appetite, (he had fcarce eat fo much as would
nourifh a fucking Child ^ and that for three Months to-
gether fhe had now been forc’d to lie conftantly on her
Back, not daring to move at all, to one fide or other.

This Tumour was grown to fo monftrous a Bulk,
that it engrofs’d the whole left Side, from the 'Umbili-
cus to the Tubes , and ftretch’d the Abdominal Mufcles,
to fo unequal a Degree, that I don’t remember ever to
have feen the like in the whole Courfe of my Pradice.
It drew towards a Point. Her being fo long confined to
lie continually on her Back, having grievoufly excori-
ated her, added much to her Sufferings, which, with
want of Reft and Appetite, had wafted her to Skin and
Bone, as the poor Woman herfelf expreffed it. Indeed fhe
needed not to have told me fo, my Eyes were too faith-
ful Witneffes of her low and wretched Condition.

Scarce able to fpeak out, fhe told me, that having
heard much of my Succefs, fhe had ftrong Hopes of
Relief, provided I would try at leaft, and do fome-
rhing in Pity to her Affliction.

I anfwer’d her that I was willing, but afraid, in her
low State, fhe would want Strength to undergo a large
Incifion:, that in order effectually to relieve her, I muft
be oblig’d to lay open a great Part of her Belly, and
remove the Caufe of all that Swelling : fhe feem’d not
frightened, but heard me without Diforder, and, as if
infpir’d with fudden Courage, prefs’d, and urg’d me to
the Operation.

I drew (I muft confefs) almoft all my Confidence
from her unexpected Resolution, fo that without lofs
of Time, 1 prepared what the Place would allow, and
Vol. XXXIII. C with

( '0 )

with an Impofthume Lancet, laid open about an Inch,
but finding nothing iffue, I enlarged it two Inches, and
even then nothing catne forth but a little thin yellowifh
Serum , fo 1 ventured to lay it open about two Inches
more : I was not a little ftartled, after fo large an A-
perture, to find only a glutinous Subftance bung up
this Orifice. All my Difficulty was to remove it } I
try’d my Probe, I endeavour’d with my Fingers, but
all was in vain it was fo flippery that it eluded every
Touch, and the ftrongeft hold I could take.

I wanted, in this place, almoft every thing neceffiary,
but bethought myfelf of a very odd Inftrument, yet as
good as the beft in its Confequence, becaufe it anfwer’d
the End propos’d. I took a ftrong Firr-Splinter, fuch
as the Poor in that Country ordinarily ufe to burn in-
Head of Candles j I wrapt about the End of this Splinter
fome loofe Lint, and thruft it into the Wound, and by
turning and winding it, I drew out above two Yards in
Length of a Subftance thicker than any Gellie, or ra-
ther like Glue that’s freffi made and hung out to dry •
the Breadth of it was above ten Inches ^ this was fol-
lowed by nine full Quarts of fuch Matter, as I have
met with in Steatomatous and Atheromatous Tumours,
with feveral Hydatides , of various Sizes, containing a
yellowifh Serum , the leaft of ’em bigger than an O-
range, with feveral large Pieces of Membranes, which
feem’d to be Parts of the diftended Ovary. Then I
fqueez’d out all I could, and ftitch’d up the Wound in
three Places, almoft equi-diftant: I was oblig’d to make
ufe of Lticatellus s Balfam, which was made by her
Lady for the Ufe of the Poor ^ with this Balfam I co-
vered a Pledget, the whole Length of the Wound, and
over that laid feveral Compreftes, dipp’d in warm
French Brandy, and becaufe I judg’d that the Parts
might have loft their Spring, by fo vaft and fo long a

Diftention

( II )

Diflention, I dipt in the fame Brandy a large Napkin
four times folded, and applied it over all the Dreflings,
and with a couple of flrong Towels, which were alfo
dipt, Ifwathed her round the Body, and then gave her
about four Ounces of the following Mixture, which I
had from her Lady.

Aq. Mentha ft fs. Aq. Cinnamomi fort, ft ifs.

Syr. 'Diacodii 3 vi. M.

The Cinnamon-Water was drawn off from Canary and
the bed; Cinnamon indeed it was the fi neft and mod
fragrant Cinnamon-Water I ever tailed j of this Mixture
I ordered her 2 or 5 Spoonfuls 4 times a Day.

Next Morning I found her in a breathing Sweat, and
(he informed me, with great Tokens of Joy, that
f ie hadnotflept fo much, nor found herfelf fo well re-
frefh’d, at any Time for three Months pall. I carefully
attended her once every Day, and as conflantly dreiled
her Wound in the fame Manner as above, for about
eight Days together \ I kept in the lower Part of the
Wound a fmall Tent, which difcharged fome Serolities
at every Dreffing for 4 or 5 Days. But Bulinefs calling
me elfewhere, I left her, having firft inllruded her two
Daughters (both Women, who carefully attended her)
how to drefs her Wound, and told ’em what Diet I
thought moll proper, enjoining ’em llridly to obferve
what I order’d.

Her chief Food was flrong Broth made of an old
Cock, in each Porringer of which was one Spoonful of
the Lady’s Cinnamon-Water } this was repeated 4 times
a day, and gave her new Lite and Spirits.

After three Weeks Abfence, I called at her Houfe,
and finding it fhut up, was a little furpriz’d, but had
not gone far before I was much more furprizea, when
I found her fitting wrapt up in Blankets, giving Dire-
dions to fome Labourers who were cutting down her
Corn. C 2 She

( V* )

She mended apace to the Admiration of every body
thereabouts, recovered furprizingly, and lived in perfed
Health from that time, which was in Auguft 1701,
till October 1714. when (lie died in ten Days Sicknefs.

That this Tumour, or rather Dropfy of the Ovari-
um, proceeded from the Midwife’s Rafhnefs in pulling
away the Placenta , not knowing how to feparate it
from the 'Uterus (kilfully, feems to me plain from
what the Woman herfelf told me, and what fell out af-
terwards.

The 'Placenta adhering fad to the 'Uterus , required
more Art to bring it away than (he was Midrefs of,
which probably induc’d her to ufe Violence } by which
(he forc’d down the Fundus 'Uteri ^ fo overdrain’d the
Ligaments, and all that’s appended to ’em ^ efpecially
the Ligamentum latum of the left Side and its Ovari-
um, which may be reafonably allow’d to have been
hurt in the Relaxation with the red. Hence the Ela-
dicity of thefe laded Parts was not only impair’d, but
the fmall Lymphaticks ruptur’d, fo that the extra vafa-
ted Lympha rufhing out, thicken’d, and not being able
to recirculate, dilated the injur’d Ovarium , and thus
increas’d the Tumour, and the Parts being already ex-
ceflively didended, and being no longer able to refid the
new Influx of frefh Secretions, ruptur’d alfo, and by
Degrees augmented to that huge and enormous Bulk.

Cyprianus in his Letter to Sir Thomas Millington ,
gives feveral Indances of the Mifchiefs committed by
Midwives, and other ignorant Perfons. When a Pla-
centa adheres, then (fays he) they tear all before ’em,
by pulling rudely, they force down the Fundus 'Ute-
ri, confequently do Violence to the Ovaria and other
Parts, whence follow Inflammations, &c.

For eft us\, /. z 8. Obf. 80. fays, that an over-bold
Midwife pulled out the Placenta too hadily, and that

the

( tj )

the Woman prefently fell into a Swoon, and died im-
mediately.

Frederick Ruyfch attributes the Caufe of a Fla-
centals adhering clofe, to a central Infertion of the Na-
vel-String into the Flacenta , in which Cafe it is hard
tofeparate:, a Train of difinal Accidents attend thofe
who, not knowing how to do it, venture to pull it a-
way by Force. Vide Obf Anat. 97.

TOionis and la Motte have made the fame Remark,
by the latter of which we are told of innumerable
Accidents, which he has known happen to Women in
hard Labour, by the Raflanefs and Ignorance of bold
Pretenders, who, without Rule, Precepts, Pra&ice, or
any fuitable I nffru&ions, venture to pra&ife Deliveries.

The afore fa id Ruyfch has a remarkable Inflance of
the EfFe&s of Violence in hard Labour : The Cafe is
curious. Vide Ohf Anat . 6 3 .

Mange t , in his The at rum Anat. tells us that in
all hard Labours, where the Flacenta flicks, the Li-
gaments fuffer more or lefs by a rafh and ignorant
Way of Pulling^ Examples of which fee in Flat crus’s
Obf lib. 3. Bartholin. Cent. z. Hijl. 91. Cent. 5. Hift.
19. Marchett. Anat. cap. 7. and others, of which
Blafus has given us an ample Lift in his Commenta-
ries on Vejlingius,

He likewife tells us, that the Ovaria grow to a
wonderful Bulk, and contain fuch a huge Quantity of
Liquor, that they become dropfical, whereof Skencki -
ns in his Obf has recorded many Examples, as hath
Riolan , and many others.

Munnicks in his Bibliothec. Anat . gives us the Hi-
ftory of a large Dropfy of the right Ovarium.

Mortgagni has told us, that he has often met with
large Veficles in the Ovaria , and, in morbid Bodies,
fometimes full of purulent Matter.

Sylvius

( H )

Sylvius, Ex lymph aticis l&fis tarn Vir ilium, quam
Muliebrium Tejliculorwn , &c. Hydrops particulars
excitari potejl .

Veflingius capj. 7. has often met with large Tu-
mours, from Obftru&ions in the Ovaria of Women.

Kef alius found in the right Ovarium, 9 or 10 Gian-
dales, like Goofe Eggs, with Matter not unlike the
Whites of Eggs, or rather thicker.

Gul. Ballon , paradig. vi. found an Impoflhume of the
Nature of a Steatoma, near the Colliirn Uteri } The Wo-
man had a large Tumour on her Side 16 Years, and had
only one Ovarium, which was fhown as a wonderful
thing.

At IVejhnvifter, about two Years ago, I opened the
Body of a Gentlewoman, about 60, whofc left Ova-
rium, of a great Bulk, weigh’d vi. ft. to which ad-
her’d feveral Hydatides like Pullets Eggs.

Hildan mentions an Hydropick Tumour of the right
Ovarium, of a prodigious bulk, fluff’d with Hair, vide
Gul. Fab. Hild. Cent. 5 Obf. 48. Greg. Horfi. Tom . 2.
L 4. Ob. 53.

Ruyfch Obf. Anat . 17. A Dropfie (fays he J of the
Ovarium, or (if you pleafe) of the Eggs, is an Affedlion,
or Difeafe, well enough known to others, but I am
afraid not fo well confider’d j x\uthors have agreed to
call it Jiydatis, with which name I fhall reft fatisfied,
provided we agree about the fubjeft of the Di-
flemper. I obferve this, moll frequently, if not al-
ways, to be the Eggs, but fo chang’d, and fometimes
fwell’d to fuch a Bulk, that I have often feen them
larger than a Child’s Head.

Brelincourt has given us a very full and exa 0: Ac-
count of a Dropfie of the left Ovarium, in a Lady of
35 Y ears. The Tumour, of an enormous Bulk, con-
tinu’d three Y ears. The Body of the Ovarium, with
all contain’d in it, weigh’d, 60 ft. It was nothing

but

( >5 )

but a number of little Globules, cluder’d together,
that differ’d in their Roundnefs, Form, Colour, and
Confidence, proceeding from little feminary Veficles
in a Cluder. Some had Water extremely clear and
liquid, others a yellowiffi Serum thin, others a glu-
tinous Matter } fome were as big as Pullets Eggs,
others bigger than one’s Fid.

Let thefe few, out of the many Indances which
I could produce from Authors of undoubted Repu-
tation, fuffice to prove, that the Ovaria, as well as
the Tuba Falloppiana , Ligaments, and Uterus itfelf,
are not free from Dropfies, &c, and that they pro-
ceed from Obdru&ions, often occafioned by rude and
violent dealing with Women in difficult Labours,
which generally bring on a train of difraal Symptoms,
that fooner or later, according to the Strength of
the Sufferer, after a miferable, painful, languilhing
Life, end in Death.

The manifed Succefs in this uncommon Cafe may
be of ufe, and may diew, that we ought not to dif-
pair too foon, in Didempers that are feemingly mod:
dangerous.

IV. Praparatio Cerulei Pruffiaci ex Germania miff a
ad Johannem Woodward, M. T>. Prof. Med .
Greff?. S. S.

£ ^T^Artari crudi & Nitri crudi Siccati ad Siiii. Pul-
JL verifentur minutiffime, <Sc commifceantur, de-
inde admoto igneo carbone detonentur, <Sc habebis
SalisTartari extemporanei Siiii. Dum adhuc calidum
ed hoc Sal,pulverifetur fubtiliflime, <Sc addantur fangui-
nis Bovini probe exficcati & fubtiliif. pulv. Biiii. Fhec,
a bene

• . ( l6 )

bene mixta, indantur crucibulo, ut tertia pars vacua
fit } impofito dein operculo igni committatur, & cir-
cumdetur crucibulum carbonibus, ut fenfim ardefcat,

5c materia fine pnepropera accenfione flammam conci-
piat & ignefcat. In hoc ignis gradu teneatur materia,
donee flamma & accenfio remittatj augeatur demum
ignis, ut valde candeat materia, & parum Hamms
e crucibulo amplius emineat. Remove demum ab igne
crucibulum, 5c materiam mortario ingeftam leviter
contere, 5c ad manus habeto aqu?e ferventiffimas plu-
vialis libras 4 ponderis civilis, cui materiam, adhuc
ferventem, immittas, <5cper femihorce fpatium coque;
decodum per linteum coletur, 5c materia remanens
nigra, aquas portioni denuo affufa, igni iterum appo-
natur, coquatur, 5c percoletur • id quod eoufque con-
tinuandum, donee falfedo 5c acrimonia omnis e ma-
teria fit elixiviata* 5c aqua redeat infipida. Humores
omnes in linteo <5c materia refiduos, fortiter exprime,

5c ubi lingula in unum colligeris,* igni iterum com-
mitte, 5c ad remanentiam 4 librarum evapora, 5c ul-
teriori ufui ferva, fub. No. 1.

#. Forro Vitrioli Anglici ad albedinem leviter
calcinati si. folvatur in Aqua; pluvial : svi. filtretur
per chartam 5c fignetur: No. 2.

R, Denique Aluminis crudi 5 viii. Solvatur in
libris 4. aquas ferventiflimje ad omnimodam Aluminis
confumptionem, hoc rite perado, adjunge folutionem
Vitrioli fub No. 2. affervatam’, qua; ex igne fervens
ingeratur ollas fatis magnas 5c amplse, 5c cum lixivio . ]
No. 1. feorfim bene fervefado, combinetur. Fiet ex
continenti raagna ebullitio, 5c apparebit color viridis
montani feu chryfocollas ^ efFundatur alternis vicibus,
durante ebullitione, ex uno vafe in aliud, qua ceftante,
quieti committe. I uin linteo infinuetur, ut aquofitas
trail feat, color vero in linteo remaneatj fi igitur ni-
hil humiditatis amplius diftillet, cum fpathula lignea

e linteo

e linteo in ollafn novaiti ftfinorem remove ^ fuperfuhde
poftea fpiritus falis comm. ^ii. vel siii. 6c ftatim
apparebit color casruleus puleherrimus: quas probe
mixta per nodem quiefcant, quo fado aquas pluvialis
raagna quantitas addatur, in gyrum moveatur fpa-
thula, 5c pofteaquam refedit materia, aqua decantetur,
5c recens aqua fuperfundatur, 5c eoufque labor rei-
teretur, donee omnis acrimonia fit defumpta, & aqua
infipida defluat ^ hoc pado prascipitatum tuum fumme
casruleum linteo expanfo ingere, ut aqua diftillet,
fenfimq^ color calore leni exficcetur ufui.

N. B. Calcinatio magni momenti eft in hoc opere,
mm color cyaneus 5c casruleus obfeurus ortum fuum
trahit a calcinatione levi, mediocri, 5c forti fanguinis
arefadi cumfale Tartari, 5c inde diverfitas coloris.

Lixivia ferventiflima uno eodcmque feftinatiflimo
adu funt confundenda.

f ... . . , . 1 ,

vJ- *■ :t |

— - — i — --■■■ i . ■ ■ * : — -- - - - -

*

V. ObferVations and Experiments upon the foregoing .
Preparation. [By Mr. John Brown, Chymifty

r

DR. Woodward having lately communicated a Pa-
per (which he receiv’d from another hand) to
this Society, containing a Procefs for making the
Fruffian Blue. I was willing to go thro' it exadly,
according to the Proportions there preferib’d- andob-
ferv’d that by a Calcination of 3 4 of Blood dry’d,
with 5 4 of Sal Tartar iy in two Hours time that
Part of the Operation was over, and. a black fpongy
Subftance remain’d in the Crucible weighing 54. a
Diftolution of which being made in boiling Water and
afterwards flkred, the Remainder, when dried, weigh’d'
Vol. XXXIII. D 9 Drachms,

( 1 8 )

9 Drachms, Avoir dup, the former having been weigh’d
by the fame kind of Weight.

The Lofs in the Dilfolution and Filtration of the Vi-
triol and Alum, is not worth taking Notice of, they
having both been very clean before they were dilfolv’d.
The Mixtures being made as prefcrib’d, with the Addi-
tion of the Spirit us Salts , the Produd was a very fine
Blue, which when well edulcorated by frequent Wafh-
ings, and after that thoroughly dried weigh’d 3i. or a
little more, and entirely anfwer’d the Chara&er the
Author gave of it.

Among the feveral Experiments that were made with
thefe Liquors, I mean the Lixivium with Blood, the
Solution of Vitriol, the Solution of Alum, and the
Spirit of Salt, tho* they always produced a Blue, yet
that Blue differ’d in Degrees of Colour, according to the
varied Proportions of the Vitriol and Alum, and the
Colours produc’d from thefe feveral Proportions were
each of them improv'd by the Addition of the Sp. Salts.

I fhall mention only two of the feveral I tried, in
one of which the Alum was entirely left out, and a
pale Blue produc’d } in the other, the Proportions of
Vitriol and Alum were equal, and a very deep Blue
was produc’d.

Thefe Differences in Colour, arifing from the feveral
Proportions of the Vitriol and Alum, are only men-
tion’d to confirm the Truth of the Author’s Prefcript, as
being the moft exad and beft- proportion’d to produce
the fineft Colour, of any I have try’d. The only Mis-
fortune he takes notice of, as attending his Prefcript, is
what may happen in the Calcination.

It would be curious to know what gave the firft Hint
for the Produ&ion of fo fine a Colour, from a Combi-
nation of fuch Materials } efpecially when we come to
confider, that the Blood has the greateft and principal

Share

( *9 )

Share in this fuprizing Change. I doubt not but Blood
of any kind, or Flelh of any kind, would produce the
fame Effeds, but have reafon to believe the latter would
not produce fo beautiful a Colour as the former. I
purpofely dry’d fome Beef freed from its Skin and Salt,
and purfued the fame Courfe as with the Blood j but
there was a fenlible Difference to be obferv’d during the
Calcination, and a very manifeft one in the Beauty of
the two Colours, when finifh’d.

To prove the Share the Blood has in this Change,
the following Experiments (fome of which I had the
Honour of fhewing before this Society) may be con-
vincive.

The Solution of Alum mix’d with that of the Vi-
triol produceth no Alteration of Colour : if to thefe you
add the Spiritus Salts, the Appearance is the fame y
but if to the whole you put the Lixivium with Blood,
there precipitates a Blue.

If you fubftitute, inftead of the Lixivium with
Blood, a Lixivium made with the fame Salt of Tartar
only, which then becomes an 01. Tart art \ and after the
Mixture of the Solution of Alum, with that of the
Vitriol, you pour on this 01. Tartari , there follows
indeed a Precipitation, but of no Colour ^ and if you
add the Spirit of Salt, it fo ftrongly attracts what is
precipitated, as to render the muddy Mixture perfectly
clear.

The very fame Effed will follow, if any Volatile
Alcalious Spirit is made ufe of as a precipitant, or any
Volatile Salts dilfolv’d in Water j nor can the Blood it
felf befappofed to communicate this Change from any
fuch Properties, the Heat of Fire it undergoes in the
Calcination, being fufficient to throw them off.

In the Calcination of the dry’d Blood and Salt of
Tartar it was obferv’d, that there was a Lois of juft

D 2 half.

( 1° )

half. It is difficult to determine exadly what Quan-
tity of either was loft by. this Calcination, but it will
eaftly be granted, that there was loft a, far larger Quan-
tity of the Blood, than of the Salt of Tartar^ and that is
obvious from an Experiment, by whieht when the Salt
of Tartar was calcined by itfelf, with the fame Degree
of Heat, it loft lefs than an i Part, whereas, when the
dry’d Blood was calcined by itfelf, it loft more than |.

The Blood, in Calcination with the Salt of Tartar,
communicates its tinging Quality to the Salt, or
that Quality is extracted from it by the Salt, and paftes
with it in its Diffolution in the boiling Water*

To prove this, fome dry’d Blood was calcin’d by it
felf, and a ftrong Deco&ion was made of it in Water,
and afterwards filtred : this, when mix’d with the for-
mer Solutions, produced little or no Alteration but on
the Addition of the Spirit us Suits , changed to an Am-
ber Colour, without any Precipitation.

When this Liquor was mix’d with the 01. Tdrtari ,
and poured to the former; Solutions, it caus’d a Precipi-
tation, but no Colour, anffith zSpiritus Salts , as in the
other Experiment, made the Liquor clear again, but
left this alfo of an Amber Colour.

The Change of Colour is not effeded in any of the
Materials, except in that of the Solution of Vitriol, fo
that the Alum fee ms only to be of ufe in fixing the
Colour, as it is often us’d by the "Dyers for that Pur-
pofe, and the Spiritus Salts gives it a deeper Dye. For
if the Lixivium with Blood be poured to the Solution
of Alum alone, there will fall a Sediment a little on
the Purple, to which if you add the Spiritus Salts , it
changes the Colour, and the Sediment is of a Brown.

So, much the fame changes will be produced, if you
pour the Spiritus Salts to the Lixivium , but not the
leaft Appearance of a Blue, whereas, as is beforemention’d,

when

( 21 )

when the Lixivium is poured to the Solution of Vi -
trioL> there immediately follows the Blue, which is {fill
heighten’d by the Addition of the Spiritus Salts.

It will not be improper to take notice, that as the
Author orders all the Liquors, except the Spiritus Sa-
lts, to be boiling hot when mix’d, fo it is certain the
Colour is thereby more immediately produc’d, and looks
more beautiful } but molt of the Experiments here men-
tion’d were made with the Liquors cold, and the Colours
came to their Beauty with a little walhing. In one of
the Experiments with the Liquors cold, after the Lixi-
vium with Blood had precipitated the Blue in the Mix-
ture of Alum and Vitriol, by pouring in a little more
of the Lixivium , the Blue all difappear’d, and an ugly
muddy Colour was left } but the Addition of the Spiri-
tus Salis foon difcharg’d that, and the Blue return’d.

Ir) calcining the Beef and Salt of Tartar, I found the
Matter left in the Crucible to weigh juft half of the
whole Mixture, as in that with the Blood} but after
the boiling it in Water, the Refiduum in the Filtre
when dry’d, was very near a third lefs in Proportion
than the other. From whence may be reafonably in-
ferr’d. That the Salt of Tartar holds a larger Share of
the Beef in the one Operation, than of the Blood in
the other.

Having in the former Part of this Account of the
<PruJJian Blue prov’d, by the Experiments there men-
tioned, that the Solution of Vitriol was the only Sub-
ject among thofe Ingredients, that the Lixivium of
Blood produc’d this Change of Colour in it} and having
fince conftder’d that the Vitriol made ufe of in this Pre-
paration, is no more than Iron dilfolv’d by a Liquor
running from the RjyriteSy when expos’d to the Wea-
ther, which is afterwards boil’d up and fliot into Cry-

ftals,

C ii )

ftals } it feem’d to follow as a natural Confequence, that
this Metal is the Subjed on which the Lixivium of
Blood produces the change * and this Thought gave oc-
cafion to the following Experiments on metallick Ba-
dies, in order to obferve if the fame Change of Colour
could be produc’d in any of them.

To a Solution of Silver in Aquafortis was pour’d
the Lixivium of Blood, which occafion’d a Coagulum
of a pure Flefh Colour. The Lixivium made with
Flefh produc’d a whitifh Coagulum , and the 01. Tar-
tars (which was continued to be us’d by way of corn-
par ifon with the other Lixivia') a much whiter. By
the Addition of the Spirit us Sal is to each of thefe, the
Bloom of the Flefh Colour was taken off in the firft,
but fuffer’d no other Change. In the fecond the Co-
agulum was a little ting’d with Blue} and in the third
the White was manifeflly improv’d. The bluifh Tinge
in the fecond of thefe Experiments cannot entirely be
afftgned as the Effed of the Lixivium with Flefh, be-
caufe Silver, when thus diffolv’d, whether precipitated
with Salt Water, or 01. Tartari , will, after it has flood
fomeTime, contrad a bluifh Tinge, and this from an
Alloy of Copper, from which it is not entirely freed.

The fame Liquors were made ufe of to precipitate
the Mercury in the Mercurius Sublimatus Corr. dif-
folv’d in Water } the Confequence of which was, that the
Lixivium with Blood produced a pure yellow } the
Lixivium with Flefh an Orange Colour} and the 01.
Tartari a dingy red. The addition of the Spiritus
Salis to thefe, made fome very odd Alterations *5 for the
firfl chang’d its yellow Colour for an Orange } the fe-
cond, its Orange for a Blue } and the third became
quite clear again without any Colour. The blue Co-
lour in the Mixture of the Lixivium with Flefh, and
Solution of Sublimate, may be accounted for from the
3. Vitriol

( n)

Vitriol in the Compofltion of the Sublimate ^ but it
will not be fo eafy to give a Reafon why the fame Co-
lour fhould not have been produced from the Lixivi-
um with Blood, and the fame Solution.

Copper, when dilfolv’d in Aquafortis , tinges the
Water of a green Colour:, and if to this you pour
the two Lixivia of Blood and Flelh, the Coagula are
much alike, viz. a white ting’d with greeny but when
you add the Sfiritus Salis , they both change and be-
come of a Colour not unlike the Copper itfelf before
it is diffolv’d in the Aquafortis. If the 01. Tart art
be pour’d to a Solution of the Copper, the Coagtilum is
a pale green, which Coagulum the S fir it us Salis dif-
folves, and leaves the Liquor clear, but green, as before
Precipitation.

Tin-Glafs (an imperfed Metal) dilfolv’d in Aqua-
fortis , and mix’d with the Lixivium of Blood made a
milky Coagulum , and by the Addition of the Sfiritus
Salis , after fome Time Handing, its upper Surface
chang’d to a light Blue. The Lixivium of Flefh and
the 01. Tartar't produc’d both white Coagula ,
which the Sfiritus Salis fcarcely alters.

Lead dilTolv’d in Spirit of Vinegar produceth much
the fame white Coagulum , when mix’d either with the
Lixivium of Blood, Flefh, or the 01. Tart art, nor
doth the Sfiritus Salis make any X\1 teration.

By all thefe Experiments it is pretty evident, that not
any of thefe metallick Bodies were affeded by the Li-
xivium of Blood, fo as to produce this fine Blue. The
two Metals untried are Gold and Tin, the latter of
which, when dilfolv’d inSpirit of Vinegar, has fo near a
Refemblance to Lead diffolv’d in the fame Menflruum,
that in all 'Probability the Experiments would anfwer
much alike in both. What may be expeded from Gold, I
am not yet fo well affured of, as I am from Iron, which

when

( *4 )

• • y jr*

Experiments that have been tried with the Solutions cf
Vitriol, and produce as fine a Colour:, nor can this be
owing to any Property in the Diffolvent itfelf, which,
tho’ drawn from the fame kind of Vitriol all along
made ufe in thefe Experiments, yet is fo alter’d by the
violent Fire in the Produ&ion of it, as not to anfwer
in any Trials to the Vitriol itfelf.

May we not therefore hence conclude, that Iron is
the Metal, that is the Subjeft of this beautiful Colour
produc’d by Means of the Lixivium with Blood >

tj

VI. The

!l

f

Jit rJ

ft » C
LX)

VI. The Remainder of the 'Bills of Mortality , See.
of the federal Towns of Europe. Extracted
from the Adta Breflavieniia. By Dr. Spren-
gell, F. 3^. S.

A Lift of thofe that were Born and Buried in Breflaw,
in the Year 1720, i. e. from the 25 tb of December
1719 to the 24 th ^December 1720.

Buried,

From the 2 5 th of De-

cemb. to the 3 ift,

• 40

In January,

160

February,

107

March

139

April

19 2

May

, i*8

June

‘ 120

July

131

Auguft

i8z

September

189

Odober

130

November

132

December, only till

the 24th,

127

1816

Chriftened .

Males - 564

Females 57 6

1120

Married 460 Pair
Among the Lead were

Married Men 385

Married Women 1 86
Widows Si Widowers 285
•Bachelors 113

Maidens 113

Children to ten f Boys 345

Years of Age 30®

Stilborn 5 £°J? 53

l Girls 30

1810

• 1 1 . • .

vol. xxxhi.

E

In

( 26 )

In the Year 1720. In Lig-
nitz were

Married 92 Pair.

Chriftened 283

Buried 366

Among which were 149
Children.

In Jauer.
Chriftened of Fro -
tejlants - - - - 100 Ch.
Buried 175

In Oels.

Chriftened 180
Buried 203

In Schweidnitz.
Married 2 1 8 Pair.

Chriftened 920
Buried 250

In Vienna.

From the ift of Jan. to the
3 1 ft of December.

Buried 6825 *

Chriftened 412 6

In Lobau.

Married 58 Pair.

Born 160

Buried 355

Amongft which were born
80 Boys and 80 Girls :
Buried 95 Men and 48

Women, befides 4 who
died in Childbed : 2 6 Ba-
chelors and 2 2 Maidens :
3 6 Boys and 42 Girls :
2$Chrifoms; 7Stilborn:
5 5 Widows & Widowers.
Likewife 51 Perfons be-
tween 60 and 70 Years of
Age: 29 between 70 and
80 : 7 betwixt 80 and 90 :
1 of 90, and 1 of 99.

In Drefden.

Married 3 68 Pair.

Born 1448

Among which were 719
Boys, and 641 Girls, le-
gitimate : Illegitimate

Boys 44 and Girls 44. ,
Buried 1 733

Amongft which were 255
married Men and 182
married Women, 189 Wi-
dowers and Widows: 88
young Men and 84 young
or (ingle Women: 883
Children, 461 Boys
and 422 Girls, amongft
which were Stillborn 72,
viz. 3 7 Boys <Se 3 5 Girls.

In John- George City.
Married 24 Pair.

Chriftened 148

( *7 )

i . e . 79 Boys and 69 Girls,
among which were 2 Stil-
born, and 10 Baftards.
Buried 243

viz. 37 married Men and
18 married Women : 5
Widowers and 37 Wi-
dows, 6 Bachelors, and
18 Maidens: 64 Boys, 58
Girls, &c.

0 * ,

In St. Annaberg.
Married 18 Pair.

Born 105

i. e . 63 Boys and 42 Girls,
among which were two
Pair of Twins, and 4 Ba-
ftards.

Buried 1 80

viz. 96 Men and 84 Wo-
men ; among which were
34 married Men and 18
married Women, 1 irr
Childbed 12 Widowers
and 28 Widows : 12 Ba-
chelors, and 17 Maidens :
38 Boys and 20 Girls,
among which was 1 dead
born.

In Schneeberg.
Married 12, Pair.

Born 89

As 44 Boys: 4? Girls 3 a-

mong which were4 Stil-
born, and 3 Baftards.
Buried 157

viz. 28 married Men, and
1 1 married Women : 1
Childbed Woman: 5 Wi-
dowers and 25* Widows:
9 Bachelors and 1 o Mai-
dens: 68 Children, viz.
49 Boys and 19 Girls.

In Leipfic.

Married 314 Pair.

Born 790 viz.

40 £ Boys and 385 Girls.
Buried 1264

Among which were 233
Men and 146 Women: 86
Bachelors, and 62 Mai-
dens: 233 Boys and 195
Girls : 9 Women in Child-
bed : 98 Chrifoms, i , e.
53 Boys and 45 Girls: 58
Stilborn, as 36 Boys and
22 Girls.

In Berlin.

Married 669 Pair.

Born 2276

Buried 2426

In Wifmar.
Chriftened 168

Buried 100

In Epperies.

Born 171

Buried 116 In

( 28 )

In Rawitz.

Born 134

and juft as many Males
as Females, except two
Pair of Twins.

Buried 95

among which were 1$
Childbed Women and
3 Stilborn.

In Dantzig.

Born 1862

Buried 1610

Married 442 Pair*

This is merely of the Ci-
ty, and not of- the Sub-
urbs of Dantzig •

A Lift of the fever al Cities and Towns of the Kingdom

of Prulfia.

In the Tear 1710.

In Angerberg -----
Balga - - - - - -

Bartenftein -

Barthen

Brandenburg - - - - -
Teutfcii-Euiau - * - -
Fiftiaufen ------

Gerdauen

Gilgenburg -----
Infterburg ------

Johannifburg

Labiau

Liebftadt

Lotzen

Luck

Marienwerder - - - -

Mummel -

Neydenburg -

Neuhaufen

Neuhoff -

' Chri-
fiened.

Pair

Marr.

Buried.

53 5

88

25*9

63 8

133

395

214

63

l88

337

66

246

936

213

576

100

*5

82

478

103

27O

489

98

20 6

225

56

137

2386

336

1398

378

68

188

616

92

273

440

• 73

343

256

45

148

364

6y

r74

769

H 5

641

953

168

448

5 12

104

437

243

62

i4r

28

6

10

In

( 1? )

yv . r

ChrU

ftened.

Pair

Marr.

Buried .

In Oletzko - -

68$

Ill

26l

Ortelfburg -----

476

82

330

Ofterode ------

784

92

300

Preufs Eulau - - - - -

479

1 12

282

Marck

7.0 5

130

478

• Holland - - - -

705

12 -5

557

Ragnit - - - - - - -

930

93

fit

Raftenburg

610

*SS

452

Rhein

482

89

193

Schacken

576

96

if 9

Schonberg - - ----- -

2 76

5*1

230

Seheften ------ -- -

35*4

62

181

Taxium . ^ --

876

15*7

441

Tilfit ------ -

1139

187

j 647

the City of Koningfberg - - -

1682

474

J1402

Of the Year 1711. In B R E S L A W.

Buried 1

From the 15th of Dec.

to the 3 ill, 1720.
January, 1721.
February
March
April
May
June

July

Auguit
September
October 1

November
December, till the
24th,

.38

123
129
161
117
149
132
86
103
125*

99

I2i

89

Chrijiened.

Males

Females

610

Total

11 9S

Total 1482

• - ....

Married 405 Pair.

Among the Dead iverey _ „
Married Men 302

— — Women 157

Widows <St Widowers 208
Bachelors 92

Maidens 82

Children to ten^Boys 324
Years of Age, ^ Girls 248

Stilborn ^ %

Total 1482

( 3° )

%

In Jauer .

Buried 114 Chriften’d 114,

. In Vienna .

Buried 6490 Chriften’d 4104

So that there died 2386 more than were chriftened.

Among the Dead were 43 Cafualties .

Befides 8 Perfons of 90 Years old.

1 * - - 91 .

2 * - *■ 92

3 m m — 99

3 - - - 94

3 - - - 96

1 - - - 98

4 - * - 99

2 - - - 100

1 - - - 105

In Drefden.

Buried 1850 Chriftened 1396 Married 404 Pair.

Among]} the Buried were.

Married Men

274

■ Women

206

Widowers

42

Widows

238

Bachelors

128

Maidens

93

Boys

479

Girls 400

c .1U SMales 50
Stllborn ^Females =8
Among the Baptiz'd were ,
Boys 701

Girls 690

Baftards^^

In

/

( Jl )

In L E I P Z I G.

Buried .

X r* ' r

■

Chry-

foms

Still-

born.

- — ~

— - —

Married Men.

Married Women.

Bachelors.

Maidens.

•

Girls.

'Childbed Women.

1 Males.

! Females.

Males.

Females.

a

s-

1

c»>

2

8?

a

Co

55

3

3

b

January

28

25

13

II

15

I4

I

I

A

,2!

3

20

134

Febr.

*7

12

15

9

16

IO

2

4

2

l7'

2

17

114

March

28

29

13

12

14

15

0

3

I3

3

17

138

April

31

24

9

1

10

*7

22

[

2

2

3

2

0

13

135

May

25

23

10

9

23

1 <5

3

6

•

5

I °

0

16

1 z6 :

June

28

1(5

17

4

15

13

2

\ 1

-3

6

fl

2

12

. 120 .

J“iy

7

IO

7

5

8

.2

2

1

4

f J

f

[3

74

Auguft

14

8

6

6

19

j

ri

3

v 2

3

3

2

9

86

Sept.

14

J4

1

2

13

18

2

4

i 1

i

7

81

O&ob.

17

10

4

7

14

20

6

7

2

! 7

|4

5

103

Nov.

12

13

3

6

20

1

3

7| 2

1°

1 1

85

Dec.

16

1 2

2

12

IS

17

TO

3

3

2

I

7

94

Summ.

237

196

100

93

l93

175

24

37

44

h3i

2 I

149

1300

Chriflened .

( 31 )

r

\

Chrtjlened .

Fe-

Pair

Male*

males

Total

marr.

Januar.

43

31

74

13

Feb.

3i

2 '3

5*4

30

March

34

31

67

I

April

3*

3&

7°

V< !i

' II

3 1

22

53

20

June

21

31

5*

24

July

37

2(5

63

21

Augufl

*7

38

17

Sept.

29

46

- 75

30

O&ob.

38

\ 7

33

~7I

20

Nov.

37

34

7i

5*2.

1

Decern .

27

20

47

I

Sum

387

373

760

268

So that in this Year there
died 1300. Born and
Chriftened 760. Hence
there are 540 fewer born
than died.

A mo fig the Dead were
218 from 60 to 69 Years

82 70 — 79 old.

16 80 — 88 .

2 90— 91

B elides 1 Bachelor of 60
and 2 of 61 , and 5
* Maidens of 60. 62. 66.
7c. and 73 Years old.

Among the Chriftened were

8 Pofthumous :

14 Twins :

63 Baftards:
and 2 Jews baptized.

la

J

( 33 )

In the March
Chriftened 16086 Anoongft which were 596 Baftards.
Married 4613 Pair.

Buried - - 13511

More bom 2575 than buried. _

Among the Buried were 28 Perfons of 90 Years old and
upwards, belides 3 of 100, _ 1 of 101, i of 102,
2 of 104, 2 of 107, and 1 of 112 Years.

In the whole- Royal VruJJla .

Born 75275. Buried 580-17.- That there are more
Born 17258 than Buried.

Next follows the Special Lijl of the Kingdom of Pruffia.

In Anger berg - -
Balga -
Bartenftein - w
Bahrten - -
Brandenburg
Dutch-Elau
Fifhaufen - -
Gerdauen - -

Gilgenburg - -
Infterburg - - -

Johannifburg -
Labiau f - - -

Liebftadt - -
Lotzen - - -
Lyck - - * •

Marienwerder -
Mummel - -
Neydenburg - -

Neuhaufen -
Neuhoff - - «■

Vol. XXXIII.

m

J . * - i L •

Chri-

ftened.

518

60S

278

Pair

Marr.

IO4

Buried.

1 282
i 381
218

IOO

63

mm

3 57

64

! 208

•m •

944

222

69s

-

103

20

78

- -

498

• 112

300

-

- 490

75

219

-

no

37

76

113 5

359

889

-

463

76

r74

S6 9

92

2 77

431

94

247

68

l80

*i«l ’

352.

96

l83

* • » «

765

162

400

ft * aft

914

*93

522

S4S

121

326

*

234

*59

138

F

34

10

C

40

►letzko

C 34 )

• I- V

rs ( ~ v »

Chri -
ftened.

Pair

Marr.

Buried.

Oletzko

631

103

OrteKburg

497

92,

282

Ofterode ------

369

I44

183

Preufs Eylau

5*03

113

418

Holland - - - -

605*

l66

376

. Marck

657

134

33*

Rangnit

791

95

336

Raftenburg

738

165

5*37

Rhein -------

4 1 <5

108

211

Schacken

s 14

87

32 6

Schonberg ------

61

*47

Seheften -

330

So

*33

Taxium

870

x59

5*08

Tilfit

i8y

784

the Cities of Koningiberg -

1*677

414

1776

Total jlo668 1 4313, | 12406

In Rathbon .

Chriflened Males-- - 150
Females - - 120

Total 250

Amongft which were 3 Pair of Twins, viz, 2 Boys
and 4 Girls. Belides 6 Baftards, u e . 3 Boys and
3 Girls.

Buried 2 20. viz. Married Men 41. Married Wo-
men 43. Young Men n." 'Young Women 15.
Children no. i. <?. 67 Boys and 43 Girls. A-
mongft which. Widows 23.' Lying- inn Women 2.
Stilborn 2. Married 6 7 Pair.

Buried.
Married Men
... .. Women.
Bachelors
Maidens
Boys
Girls
Stilborn
In the Suburbs

In Nurnburg.

ChrijleneH.

2,34 Males

z$y Females

5 41
543

Total 1084

48
73

191 21 more borrl than died,

18 amongft the Chriftened

10 were 16 Pair of Twins.

Total 1063

In Copenhagen.

Born 2630 Buried 2247*

In Amjlerdam.

The following Lift contains 7 Tears, viz. from 1715
J to 1721.

Anno 1715 died 7633 Ferfons.

— 1 6

— 17

— 18

— 19

— 20

— 21

r 1 '

7073

7451

8644
972 6
78x0

7-32

i ?"

In Epperies.

Born 214. Buried 142,

j

In Dantzick,

Born 1833. Buried 1437. Married 477 Pair-

■C -

F 2

VH. An

1 _

t

• ( & ')

v ' '

* • - * 1 1

VII. An Account of the Diffe&ion of an Eye with a
Cataraff. By Mr. John' Ranby, Surgeon .

CEpt. 21. 1723. 1 was confulted by one William Sol -
/<2r.r, aged Fifty, who complain’d of a Decay in his
Sight j upon examining his Eyes, I found two Cata-
racts, that in his right Eye almoft ripe, the other juft
forming. There being no other obvious Method of re-
lieving him, I propos’d the Operation, but firft advis’d
him to confult fome others of the Profeflion, and accor-
dingly he advis’d with my ingenious Friend Mr. Tan-
ner, who, upon viewing his Eyes, declar’d them both
Cataracts, but that neither of them was as yet ft for the
Operation. In the mean time the, poor Man fell ill of
a Fever, and died the 2d 0 {March. I procur’d the
Right Eye, in which the Cataract was- moft confirm’d,
in order to make an exad Bijfedion of it : In examining
it, I found the Aqueous and Vitreous Humours in their
natural State, but the Cryftalline Humor was opake
and of a foul Pearl Colour, and more folid Subftance
than in its natural State.,. The generally receiv’d Opi-
nion, that a Catarad -is a Film, growing behind, or
fometimes before the Pupil* made us examine botli
Chambers of the Aqueous.. JHfui^our, with the utmoft
Exadnefs, but all to no Purpofe, for the Aqueous Hu-
mour had its natural.' Tranfparoncy, nor could we ob-
ferve any thing preternatural either on the Iris or CV-
vea , except too great a Contraction of the Pupil. This ‘
very much ftrengthens Opinion of Maitrejan, Brif-
fe\ Heifter , and Valfalvai who have feyeraUy aflerted,
that a Catarad is only an Opacity of the Cryftalline
HumhMf, and that it naturally proceeds from a Serous

Acid,

(5 7 )

Acid, which fo far aftringes and corrodes its Subftance,
as to deftroy its Tranfparency. This, Maitrejan con-
firms by an Experiment of immerging the Cryftalline
Humour in a Compofition of three Parts Water and one
of Aquafortis, by which he tells us it may be render’d
hard and opake but in this Point I cannot help fiding
with the learned Dr. ' Pitcairn , who has fufficiently
proved, that there is nofuch Serous Acidity in an animal
Body. To me nothing feems more eafy than to deduce this
Opacity of the Cryftalline Humour from an Inflamma-
tion in the Blood, or an increas’d Momentum in the Fluids,
with which it is fupply’d : for in that Cafe grofler Particles,
inconfiftent with the Tranfparency, may be impell’d in-
to the Lymphatick Vdfels of which it is compos’d:, and
that there is an Inflammation is fufficiently demonftra-
ted from hence ^ firft, the Patient feels often a pungent
Pain in the Eye, which as it is generally the forerunner
of a Catarad, fo it certainly indicates an Inflammation of
the Part. Secondly, Thofe Macula , which appear as
it were fwimming in the Air, plainly prove that there are
opake Particles already enter’d the Lymphatick Veflels,
which compofe the Vitreous Humour.

Thirdly, the Iris , whofe Colour arifes from the
Blood Veflels, as it changes from a lighter to a darker
Colour, fhews the Violence of the Inflammation, and is
therefore efteem’d a Symptom of the worft Confequencec

FINIS .

L 0 N D 0 N : Printed for W. and J. Inn Y s>.
Printers to the Royal Society, at the Weji End of
St, Paul’r Churchyard,

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v • rNuiiu*. 302-

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

For the Months of March and Aprils 1724.

The C O N T E N T S.

-

L ObferVations upon the Comet , that appear’d in
the Months of O&ober, November, and De-
cember, 1725. By the (Reverend Mr. Brad-
ley, M A. (prof. Ajiron. Oxon. F. R. S.

II. Extract of a Letter from the Right Honourable
the Lord Paifley, F. R. S. to Mr. George
Graham, F R. S. With fome curious Figures
of the fame Comet.

III. ObferVatio ejufdem Comet# ab Illuftriffimo Do-
mino Francifco Bianchini habit a Albani Men-
fe O&obri, 1723. ab eodem Ulyfipponem
mijfa P. Joanni Baptiftx Carbone Soc.J ESU.
CommunicaVit Ifaacus Samuda, M.D. Col. Med.
Loud. L. S. R. S~

IV. ObferVations about Wafps, and the Difference
of their Sexes. By the Reverend Mr. Derham,
F. R . 5. Prebendary of Windior.

Vox, XXXIII. G

v.

€ jF

V. §bfi^ldimes dud r moves , Liter is Viri T)oc-

tijjimi Johannis Huxham, M2), id Jacobum
jurin, (2^S. Seer.

r\ a’ / * 'r* ,--y< z'" \ j, r } y ^ ^ y- •«

y irl f 1 f | > a y Ly /.. \J

VI. *Pdvt of a Letter from Mr. Thomas Robie,

Thyfician in New- Engl and, to the tffeVereni
Mr. Derham, K 2^. 5. Concerning the Ejfetts
of Inoculation The Eclipje of the Sun in No-
vember 1^22 j And the Venom of Spiders.

. ' r »■ r x • ■ . *. »

VII- OhJ erVations made in Italy of a Lunar Eclipfe ,

which happened the 8 th of Sept. 1718. £x-

tr ailed from the Giornale di Literati of Ve-
nice.

VIII- Experiment a & ObferVationes de Congelatione
■iaqud in Vacuo falid a D. G. Fahrenheit,

I. Objer-

I. Obfervations upon the Comet , that appear'd in
the Months of October, November, and De-
cember, 1723. By the (Reverend Mr. Brad-
ley, M. A . Brof. Aftron . Oxon. F. 5.

THE (mall Comet which was feen in thefe Parts
of Europe , in the Months of October, Novem-
ber, and 'December , 1723. was firft obferved in En-
gland by Dr. Halley , on O6tob. 9. between 7 and 8 of
the Clock in the Evening} it appearing then to the na-
ked Eye not much unlike a Star of the third Magni-
tude. Looking at it through a Telefcope, he faw
fome final 1 Telefcopical Stars near it, whofe Situation
he noted together with the Comet’s, in order to fee
which way it tended. About 9 he again viewed the
Comet, and found it confiderably moved from its for-
mer Station, having now palled a ftnall Star, which at
the time of the firft Obfervation was on the other fide
of it. Comparing the two Situations of the Comet to-
gether, he perceived that its apparent Motion at that
time was about 8 or 9 Minutes in an Hour, in a Di-
rection towards Sagitta } and that the Comet parted
very near, if it did. not wholly eclipfe the foremen-
tioned Email Star, whofe place he afterwards found to
be in & 70 22' 15" with 50 A N. Latitude. From
the Situation of the Comet at the time of the firft Ob-
fervation, lie judged that it was in Conjunction with
the Star at 8 h. equal Time. Note that the equal,
and not the apparent, Time, is likewife made ufe of in
all the following Obfervations.

The next Day he was pleafed to communicate to me
the Subftance of what he had obferved, whereby! was
Vol. XXXill. H enabled,

(4 O'

enabled, the Night following, to fee the Comet at
Wanfted . The Clouds hindered me from obferving
it in the manner that I had defigned ^ but I had Time
enough to meafure its Didance (with a Micrometer in
a Telefcope of 7 Foot) from a Star in Aquarius , marked
g by It oyer. At 6 b. 2if the obferved Diftance between
this Star and the Comet was i° 13/ 53", and a great
Circle palling through the Star and Comet, made an
Angle with the Vertical Circle of 6o° ?. The Comet
was more foutherly and wefterly than the Star. By
this Obfervation the Comet preceded the Star in Right
Afcenfion i° 3 ' being 39' more foutherly- fo
that the Comet’s Right Afcenfion was 307° 6> 40// and
its Declination 1 1° 8/ 15" S.

The Place of g here alfumed is according to the Bri-
tish Catalogue, as are alfo the Places of the other Stars
hereafter mentioned from which the Comet was obfer-
ved. The Right Afcenlions and Declinations, which
are here fet down, of feveral fmall Stars that are not in
that Catalogue, were determined by obferving the Dif-
ferences of Right Afcenfion and Declination between
thofe fmall Stars and others that were in the Catalogue,
and had nearly the fame Declinations.

The fame Evening, at 7 h. 3 ' a fmall Star that was
more eaflerly than the Comet, and had about the fame
Declination with it, was diftant from it 3 5' 40". About
the fame time another fmall Star that had nearly the
fame Right Afcenfion with the Comet, but was more
foutherly, was diftant from it 39 ' 58^. The Places of
thefe two Stars I have not yet obferved.

The next Night proved cloudy, fo that I could not
fee the Comet again till October 12. when (the Air be-
ing very ferene and clear) we had an Opportunity of
comparing it with two or three fmall Stars that were
near it } my Uncle, the Reverend Mr. Pound , aflifting
” * in

(45)

in this and molt of the following Nights Obfervations.

At 7 h. 22 f a final 1 Star, who fe Right Afcenlion was
found 304° 40' 23^ and its Declination 70 8; 22ff S.
preceded the Comet in Right Afcenlion 2 6f 21 ff being
10' 42// more Northerly. Hence the Comet’s Right Af-
cenlion was 305 0 ^44^ and its Declination 70 19 '4^ ST.

At 8 b. 50 / the Comet was in the fame Parallel of
Declination with another fmall Star, whofe Right Af-
cenlion was found 3050 9 / 5 6n and its Declination 70
13' 20" S. and preceded the faidStar 6 / 20^ in Right
Afcenlion. Hence the Right Afcenlion of the Comet
was 305o3/36// and its Declination 7° I3'2c/'S.
Thefe Obfervations were made with a Telefcope of 1 5
Footfurnilhed with a Micrometer, as were alfo allthofe
of the following Nights.

The next Night, OBober 13. 6h. 5 S' the Comet
followed a fmall Star, \r io/7 in Right Afcenlion,
being more Northerly than the Star ij,45',,« The
Clouds did not permit us to obferve the Place of this
Star ^ but its Right Afcenlion mult be about 3040 22 1
and its Declination 6° io; S.

OBober 14. the Comet was near two Stars which
are the 66th and 67 th of Aqnila and Antinom in the
Britifi Catalogue, and at 8 h. 57^ it followed the fouth-
ermotl of them 20f 3 ytf in Right Afcenlion, being
2 9 1 more foutherly. Hence the Comet’s Right Afcen-
lion was 303°49/ ic^ and its Declination 40 43^54^ S.

OBober 15. 6 h 35' the Comet preceded the norther-
moll of the (aid Stars 23' 6" in Right Afcenlion, being
more foutherly than the Star 4' 1 5". Hence the Right
Afcenlion of the Comet was 303 0 24' 40". Its Decli-
nation 30 51' 3" S.

OBober 21. 6h, 22* a fmall Star, whofe Right A-
fcenlion was found 301 0 yf 17^, and its Declination
o° nf 50 ft S. preceded the Comet 41^ 6U in Right

H 2 Afcenlion,

. ( 44 ) , ;

Afcenfion, being 5/ 50^ more foutherly. Hence the
Comet’s Right Afcenfion was 301° 48/ 23-^ and its De-
clination c° 6 f on S.

October 22. 6 h. 24' a fmall Star, whofe Right A-
fcsnfion was found 301 0 39^ 47^ and its Declination
o° 32' 43^ N. followed the Comet t a Minute in
Right Afcenfion, being i%f 43" more northerly.
Hence the Comet’s Right Afcenfion, was 301 0 39'
17" and its Declination c° 19' o" N.

OBober 24, *8 h. 2f a fmall Star whofe Right Afcen-
fion was found 301° 24' 57" and its Declination
i° 9/22// N. preceded the Comet o1 37" in’ Right
Afcenlion, being 5; 12^ more Northerly. Hence the
Comet’s Right Afcenfion was 301 0 25' 34/7 : and its
Declination i° 4' io/; N.

October 29, 8 h, a1 fmall Star whofe Right A-*
fcenfion was found 301° 6f' 20/; and its Declination
q° 51' cv N. preceded the Comet one Minute in
Right Afcenfion, being 23^ 40" more Northerly.
Hence the Comet's Right Afcenfion was- 501° 7' 20"
and its Declination 2Q 27' 20'' Nt ' '

OBober 30, 6 h. 20'. The fame Star had exa&ly
the fame Right Afcenfion with the Comet, being 11'
33" more Northerly. Hence the Comet’s Right A*
fcenfion was 301 0 6' 20" and its Declination 20
39' 27" N.

'November 5, 5 53' a fmall Star whofe Right A-

fcenfion was found 300° 35' co" and its Declina-
tion 3° 45' 3 o'' N. preceded the Comet 33' o" in
Right Afcenfion, being 2' 8" more Southerly. Hence
the. Comet’s Right Afcenfion was 301 0 o'' and its

Declination 3° 47' 38" N.

November 8, 7 /:>. 6' a bright Star (placed^ by He -
?Wh/j in Rofiro Jiquilx, but not inferted in the Britijh
Catalogue) whole Right Afcenfion at this time was

c found.

' ( 41 )

found 302° 21' 30" and its Declination 40 28^40''
N. followed the Comet i5 7' 40'' in Right Afcenfion,
being 13' 3" more Northerly. Hence the Comeths
Right Afcenfion was 301° 13' 50'' and its Decima-
tion^ 40 1 5' 37" N.

November 14, 6 h* 2 c/ a Star, whofe Right Afcen-
fion was found 30 1 0 27' 10" and its Declination 4°
59' 40" N. preceded the Comet 5' 35" in Right A-
fcenfion, being 5'’ 50" more Southerly. Hence the
Comet’s Right Afcenfion was 301° 32' 45T and its
Declination 50 5' 30^ N.

This was the la ft Time that I obferved the Plate of
the. Comet ’till after the Full Moon .-, my Affairs cal-
ling me to Oxford, where I had no Convenience
for making fucfi Obfervations.

Dr. Halley and Mr* Graham continued to obferve
the Comet ’til l November 20 j and according to both
their Obfervations that Evening, at 7 b. 45' the Co-
met followed @ in Collo JquiU 6° 33/ 5 5" in Right
Afcenfion, being about 4' mote Northerly than the*
Star, Hence the Comet’s1 Right Afcenfion was 301-°
5.9' 5q// and its Declination 50 48' 55" N.

The Light of the Moon daily increafing, prevented
them from making, any more Obfervations, the Co-
met being by this time grown fo faint, as to become
in a manner imperceptible while the Moon (hone
bright. And the faint Appearance which it made
before the Moon obftru&ed the Sight of it* gave lit-
tle Hopes of its- being to be feen again alter the
Full Moon, Notwithstanding which on De^nber 3.
(being then near Cirencejler in Glvcefterjlrire) I was.
tempted by the Serenity of the Evening* and the
Ufe of a very good Telefcope of 10 Foot,- to look
for it again before the Moon rofe yand I found it
among To me final! Telefcopical Stars : but it appear’d

( 4*5 )

fo faint and dull, as made it doubtful, whether what
I took for the Comet might not be a fmall Star with a
little Hazinefs about it. But this Doubt was cleared
two Nights after } when I perceived that the Comet was
moved from its former Situation, towards a bright Te-
lefcopical Star, from which 1 afterwards took its Diffe-
rence of Right Afcenfion and Declination, upon my
Return to Wanfied , on Dec, 7. This Star’s Right Afcen-
fion was then found 303 0 39' 20" and its Declination
70 32' 30" N. And Decemb, 7. 6 h, 45' the Comet fol-
lowed it 3' 15" in Right Afcenfion, being 14' more
Northerly than the Star. Hence the Comet’s Right
Afcenflbn was 303° 42' 35" and its Declination 7^
46' 30" N. : . r v

This was the lafb Night that I faw the Comet, tho*

I belive I might have continued to have obferved it,
had notan interrupted Succefiion of cloudy Evenings
prevented fo long, that it became uncertain where to
look for it.

The forementioned Obfervations are the Principal
of all that were made at Wa?ified } and moft of them
being taken from Stars which are not in the Britifi
Catalogue, whofe Places therefore are here deter-
mined, only by comparing them with fome that were -
it cannot be fuppofed that the Comet’s Places deduced
from them are altogether exad. For which Reafon I
have all along fet down, not only the Place of the
Comet and Star where it was known, but alfo the
Particulars of the Obfervation, that if any here-
after (hould be willing to examine the Trad of this
Comet more nicely, they may know where to find
the Stars from which it was obferved. The Places of
the Stars here fet down are abundantly fufficient for
that Purpofe, as will appear from the following Ta-
ble, which contains the Longitudes and Latitudes of

the*

( 4 7 )

the Comet deduced from the foregoing Obfervations,
together with the Places of the Comet calculated from
the Theory' of Gravity, for the Times of. Obfervation
on the feveral Days therein mentioned, as alfo the
Differences between the Obferved and Computed
Places. Thofe Differences not exceeding one Mi-
nute, (hew that the Obfervations are not only confo-
nant to each other, but that the Places of the Stars
are likewifenear the Truth, fince the Comets Places
deduced from them are found all along to agree fuf-
ficiently near with the Theory of Gravity ^ the Truth
of which having long fince been eftablifhed by its
great xAuthor Sir Jfaac Newton , and my worthy Col-
legue Dr. Halley , needs not the Confirmation of fo
fhort a Series of Obfervations as was made of this
Comet. But fhort as it is, I prefume ’twill be no eafy
Matter to account for the Obfervations with the fame
Degree of Exa&nefs any other way, than by that
Theory, according to which the following Compu-
tations are made.

1723.

Temp. /Equat.

Comet. Long.
Obfervat.

Lat. Bor.
Obferv.

Comet.Long

Comput.

Lat. Bor.
Comput.

Differ.

Long.

Differ

Latit.

D.

H

/

0

/

//

0

/

//

0

1

u

0

1

u

ti

OElob- 9

8

5

2S 7

22

15

5

0

0

«v 7

21

2 6

5

2

47

+

49

—

47

IO

6

21

6

41

12

7

44

13

6

41

42

7

43

18

30

+

55

12

7

22

5

39

58

11

55

0

5

40

1 9

11

54

55

—

2 1.

+

5

14

8

57

4

59

49

14

43

50

5

0

37

14

44

1

—

48

-

11

15

6

35

4

47

4i

M

40

5i

4

47

45

15

40

55

•—

4

4

21

6

22

4

2

32

*9

4i

49

4

21

*9

42

+

11

—

14

22

6

24

3

59

2

20

8

12

3

59

10

20

8

*7

8

T

5

24

8

2

3

55

2 9

20

55

18

3

55

1 1

20

55

9

+

18

+

9

29

8

56

3

5*

17

22

20

27

3

5<5

42

22

20

10

—

*5

+

17

90

6

20

3

58

9

22

3*

28

3

58

17

22

32

12

+

8

+

1 6

Nov. 5

5

53

4

1 6

30

23

38

33

4

1 6

23

23

38

7

7

+

2 6

. 8

7

6

4

2 9

3<5

24

4

30

4

29

54

24

4

40

—

18

10

• 14

6

20

5

2

1 6

24

48

4(5

5

2

5i

24

48

i<5

—

35

30

20

7

45

5

42

20

*5

24

45

5

43

13

2 5

2 5

17

— —

53

—

32

Dec. 7

6

45

S? 8

4

13

2 6

54

18

^ 8

3

55

2d"

53

42

'~b

18

+

36

In

( 48 )

In order to determine the Orbit of this Comet, I
fuppofed it to defcribe a Parabola agreeable to what
is delivered in the third Book of Sir Ifaae Newton's
Princip, Math . and then I found the Inclination of
the Plains of the Orbit and Ecliptick 490 59'. The
Place of the Afcending Node y 140 1 6!. The Place
of the Perihelion « 120 52' 2o;/. The Diflance of
the Per-ihelion from the Node 28° 36' 20r/. The
Logarithm of the Perihelion diflance 9.999414. The
Logarithm of the Diurnal Motion 9.96 1007. The
Ti me of the Comets being in its Perihelion, Sept . 16 •
i6h ic' equal Time. In its Orbit thus fituated, the
Motion of the Comet was Retrograde or contrary
to the Order of the Signs.

From thefe Elements, by the Help of Dr. Halleys
general Table for Comets (to which they are adapted)
1 computed the Places in the forgoing Table j which
agreeing with the obferv’d Places as near as the Ob-
servations themfelves agree with one another, fhew
that it would be a vain Attempt to pretend to deter-
mine the true Ellipfe in which this Comet moves,
or its Periodical Revolution, from fo fmall a Part of
its Orbit as that was, which it defcribed between the
firfl and laft of the forgoing Obfervations j this there-
fore muff be left to Poflerity, efpecially fince it is
certain, that this Comet is not one of thofe of which
Obfervations have hitherto been tranfmitted to us,
fufficient to determine the Situation of their Orbits.

The Nucleus of this Comet was very little, for it
appear'd but of a fmall Diameter when I firfl faw it,
although it was then above three times nearer to the
Earth, than the Sun is at its mean Diflance. Its Tail
was then hardly difcernable with the naked Eye, but
through a Telefcope one might perceive a faint
Light extending itfelf above a Degree from the Body.

* I have

( 49 )

I have not yet heard that this Comet was feen be-
fore GBober 6. although it was in a proper Situation
to have been obferved in the Morning, mod part of
September, efpecially from the 1 ime it was in its Pe-
rihelion, hill near the End of that Month. For about
that Time it eroded the Milky-way between the Malt
of the Ship and the Head of the great Dog, palling
between the bright Stars in the Body and Tail of
the great Dog, towards the Head of the Dove,
were it was about September 29. being by that time
got fo far towards the South-Pole, as not to rife
above our Horizon. From thence it palfed under
the Tail of Xiphias within about 15° of the South
Pole of the Ecliptick \ and moving on between the
Head of Hydrus and the bright Star in Eridanus cal-
led Acarnar , it went by the Stars in the Body and
Neck of the Crane about Otlober 5. when it came
again above our Horizon. From hence palling under
the Tail of the Southern Filh, and between the Stars
in the Shoulder of Capricorn , it eroded the Ecliptick,
OHober 8. in about 8° * of Aquarius . From thence
it moved on by the Hands of Aquarius and Antinous
towards the Head of the Eagle, according to its Courfe
before deferibed.

The Comet was in Oppofition to the Sun OElob. 1.
when it had near 740 Southern Latitude, and alter’d
its Longitude two Signs in a Day. About Otfober 3.
it wasin its Perigoeon, or neared; Didance to the Earth,
being then almod ten times nearer to it than the
Sun 'is at its mean Didance \ and its apparent Motion
was then about 2c0 in a Day, and when I lad faw
it, ’twas above twice as far off as the Sun.

j

Vol. XXXIII.

I

If. Ex-

( 5° )

II. ExtraEl of a Letter from the tffight Honourable
the Lord Paifley, K % S. to Mr. George
Graham, F. L(. S. With fome curious Figures
of the fame Comet.

HI S Lordlhip being at Witham in EJfex, where
he had the Advantage of a very clear Sky,
firlt difcover’d this Comet on Friday the i ith of Otfob,
laft about 7 in the Evening } it then appeared not
much unlike a Star of between the 4th and 5th Mag-
nitudes, but a Hazinefs round the Head, and fome
Light ftreaming from it on that Side that was oppo-
lite to the Sun, induced him immediately to look
upon it as a fmall Comet \ which his Obfervation
the next Evening abundantly fatisfy’d him of. His
Lordlhip was very particular in the Notice he took
of its Appearance, and was pleafed to communicate
the three curious annexed Figures [Fig. 1, 2, 3.] of it,
reprefenting it on three feveral Nights, viz. the nth,
13th and 15th of the fame Month j fome time after
which the Tail became fo inconliderable as hardly
to deferve any farther Defcription } as will be readily
judged from the Decreafe of it between the nth and
15th Days of the Month. The Tail was vilible on
the nth to near a Degrees Difhmce from the Body,
as his Lordlhip found' by comparing it with fome
known Dihances in the Heavens j it was of a dusky
Light not unlike a Cloud growing darker and darker to-
wards its Extremity, as is exprefs’d in the firffc Figure,
where, as well as in the two following, the white
Speck in the Head is intended to exprefs the Bright-

nefs

v

( 5* )

nefs of a fmall Star ^ from the Comparifon of which
with the Tail the Brightnefs of the latter may in
forae fort be colle&ed : The Tail appear’d fharper, and
not fo much fpread in the two following Obferva-
tions, and in the laft did not exceed one third Part
of the firft Length j it was then of a much darker
Colour, which made the Difference between that and
the Head more obfervable, the Head yet appearing
fufficiently bright. For fome following Nights his
Lordlhip’s Obfervations were interrupted by cloudy
Weather, after which the Comet was fo far diminilh’d,
as only to be known by its Motion, its Appearance
being no ways diftinguiftiable from that of a fmall
nebulofe Star.

III. ObferVatio ejufdem Comet a ah llluftrijjlmo Do-
mino Francifco Bianchini habit a Albani Men-
fe O&obri, 1725. <&* ah eodem Ulyjipponem
miff a P. Joanni Baptiftae Carbone Soc.J ESU.
CommuuicaYit Ifaacus Samuda, M. D. Col Med .
Lond. L. S. 3^. S.

DIE 17 OElobris, poftquam Jovialium Comitum
fitum obfervaifem forte in Conftellationem Ca -
pricorni oculos conieci j oumque aftra lingula percur*
rerem, in quamdam veluti nebulofam ftellam incidi,
casteris fane grandiorem, quam tamen ibidem loci
numquam antea obfervaram. Rei novitate perfcru-
taturus, eo Telefcopium direxi, ftatimque Cometen
elTe deprehendi j liquidem tenuiffimas nebula globus
apparuit, ejufque in medio veluti lucidus nucleolus.
Idem quoque nudis oculis difcernere licuit } dt pra>

1 2 ter

( )

ter nebulam, feu Comets atmofphasram, brevetn quo^
que caudain, quas ad orientem vergebat, eratque hu-
jufmodi. [_ Fig. 4. ]

Ne me igitur ea occafio prasteriret, confuetas circa
ilium obfervationes inftitui, ut ejus Longitudinem,
Latitudinem, propriumque motum deprehenderem.

Et quidem prima node, die nempe 17. fupradi&a,
tranfiit per Meridianum (qui pene cum Romano coin-
cide) circa horam feptimam 44' poffc Merid. ejufque
diftantia a Zenith, 69° 29'.-

Hora P. n' %o" diftantia Cometas a Fomahant A -
quarii , intercepta efb, 20° 33' 6c hora P. 17' 30'^
diftabat a Stella (3 in humero dextero Aquavit , 210
8'. Proindeque verfabatur Cometes in n° 54/. Aqua *
rii , cum Latitudine Auftrali ab Ecliptica n° 10'
circiter.

Die 21. erat adeo proximus Stellas e in Lino fupra
manum finiftram A quart j, quam ipfa e eft proxima
Stelbe fx minori in eodem Lino, conftituebatque Co-
metes cum utraque Stella g, ^ redam Lineam,.fic
\_Fig, 7.3 Ex hac igitur obfervatione, £c ex Afcen-
fionis re&as nec non declinationis differentia inter
Cometen, 6c fupradi&am Stellam g quam diligen-
tiftime obfervavi, infertur locus Cometas fuifte in
6° 45r. Aquavit cum Latitudine Boreali ab Eclipt..
8° 5/.

Hinc etiam infertur' qualis Comets motus proprius-
fuerit, 6c- quale iter *, per planum fcilicet circuit
maxitni fecantis Eclipticam in gradu 9 Aquavit ; 6c con-
ftituentis cum eadem Ecliptica angulum 80 griduum
circiter.

Reliquis diebus eadem fern per proportion e moveba-
mr,.magifque in dies elongari a terra vifus eft.

Parah*

( 5$ )

Parallaxinrr riullam fenfibilem, etfi pluries inten
taverim, deprehendere potuij proindeque maxima
ejus diftantia a terra credenda eft.

Ha&enus Illuftrifiimus Dominus Francifcus Bian -
chini in Mathematicis Scientiis apprime eruditus,<3t in
obfervando, quoad noverim, accuratiffimus. EjuS
obfervatio a noft'ra, mea fcilicet, ac Prioris Dominici
CapaJJi vix in uno aut alterominuto quoad latitudinem
difcrepavit, casterum omnino conformis. Quapropter
nec illam hie arbitror apponendam.

IV. Obj creations about Wafps, and the Difference
of their Sexes. Dy the (Reverend Mr. Derhair?,
F. Ff 5. Fn bendary of Wind for.

IN the Beginning of July laft 1723. having fre-
quent occafion to be on the Top of our Collegiate
Chapel in Windfor Cajlle , J ohferved many JVafps fly^
ing about it, and particularly frequenting a Covering
of Deal Boards, and thePiecesof l imber lying on the
Leads. I took notice that moftof thefe Wafps were
of a larger fort than ufual, and thought they came
thither to gnaw the Wood, and to carry it away in
Mouthfuls to build their Nefts ^ the Artifice of which
I have taken notice of in my Phyf.Theol. particular-
ly b. 4. ch. 11. note 2 1. and chap. 13. not, 12. But
having caught fome of them, and amongft the reft a
large Qneen-Wafp (which fort of Wafp, by the by,
never engages in any Labours of the Colony) I be-
gan to be more ftricl in my Obfervations, and on Ju-
ly 6, I obferved a Clufter of only three Wafps clofely
embracing each other j one of which was a large Fe-
male

✓

( 54 )

male Wafp , the other two of a letter fort. This more
excited my Curiofity. And foon after, I found 8 or
io Wafps clofely hanging together, and divers other
fuch like Parcels. In the midft of all which was
conftantly a Queen-Wafp, and only onej the reft
being always of a different Sort from either the
Queen or the common Wafps ^ which gave me a Su-
fpicion of their being Male and Female. And there-
fore examining another Company of them with grea-
ter Stri&nefs, I found the Qiieen-Wafp , in coitu ,
with one of the other Wafps, fo clofely joined Tail
to Tail, that it was fome Time before they were
parted.

After this I caught all the Wafps I could, on the
top of our Chapel, but could not fee one of the com-
mon labouring Wafps among them *, but all were for
the moft part Male Wafps , with now and then a
Queen , or Female , among them, and (he generally
in coitu .

And now from this Hiftory of my Obfervation, it
• appears. That there are three forts of Wafps j The
Queens , or Females ^ the Kings , or Males ^ and the
common Labouring-Wafps j each of them very di-
ftinft.

The Queen , or Female-Wafp (by many called the
King-Wafp) is much longer in the Body, and larger
than any other Wafp.

The Male Wafps are letter than the Queens , but as
much longer and larger than the common W afps^s the
Queen is longer and larger than thefe. Thefe Males 4
alfo have no Stings, which the Queens and common
Wafps all have. And thefe are thofe which Moufet
faith Authors call and take to be Females ,

although he is of another Opinion, imagining all
Wafps to have Stings ^ upon his examining a Wafp’s

Neft

( 55 )

Neft, at Ham , Anno 1587. in which he found no
Wafps without a Sting, But I wonder how that cu-
rious Enquirer miffed of thefe fting-lefs Male Wafps.
Surely he was too hafty in his Examination, and not
being aware of the difference, he thought the Males
(which are but few in number to the labouring
Wafps ) were the fame and had Stings as well as the reft $
or elfe he made his Enquiry at a Time when perhaps
the Males had deferted the Neft, which probably they
• may do, as the Male or Drone-Bees are forced to do :
or elfe the Year 1587, (in which Moufet made his
Obfervation) might produce fewer Wafps , at leaft fewer
Male Wafps, than this laft Summer of 1723. did, in
which I made my Obfervation , which was obferved to
have a greater abundance of Wafp-Nefts than hath been
known in many Years. And in all the Nefts that I
fearched into, 1 conftantly found Male Wafps , either
many or ftvr. according to the Size of the Neft, and
Number of Wafps therein* And the Part of the Neft
where thefe Males are bred, or at leaft where I found
them moft to refide, was chiefly the two uppermoft
Cells, or Partings, between the Combs, but one.

But to return to the Diftindion of our Male Wafps.-
Another thing by which they may be known from
other Wafps, is their Antenna , or Horns *. which are
longer and larger than either thofe of the Queen , or
common Wafps ^ and with them they feem, in run-
ning, to feel more than the others do.

But the grand and chief Difference, are the Parts of
Generation of thefe Male Wafps , quite different from
other Wafps, Which I diffeded with all Care, and
ftiallgive a Defcription of, as well as I can, without
Figures, which I could not get drawn, partly for
want of a Defigner, and partly from my Removals
between WinJfor and Upminjler. in which Time the

* Parts*

( 56 ) I

, Parts are fo dried up, or eaten with Mites, that they
cannot be drawn ’till the Return of VV afp time.

For the Difcovery of thefe Parts, if the Alvus be
preiled, an Horny or Shelllike Part will be thruft
out, of a fliining black Colour, which con fids of two
Parts like Shells, fomewhat refembling the Cajlagnets
ufed in Dancing \ at the extreme Part of each of
which grows an Hock, fomewhat like thofe of the
Earwig’s Tail, but much Idler j in the Middle, be-
tween thefe Hooks, appear three Parts , the mid-
diemolt of which is a fluff brown Tube , very curioully
made, , with the Fore-part like a Spoon or Lad e, and
the other End (within the Body) is neatly branched
and braced to each Side within the two Shells I fpake
of. A little above which Branching, is a (pu^ct-nov or
Swelling , like that of a Dog’s Fizzle, and perhaps
ferves for the fame Ufe, if this i ube is (as i ima-
gine it is) the Penis of the Wafp.

On each Side this Penis , lies a RifF Part (in Num-
ber two) branched at the Top with fomewhat like
TIairs, giving them the Refemblance of Brujhes . At
the Bottom of which are two curious black Cells , with
an Opening on one Side like that of the Concha Veneris ,
with fmall whitidi Hairs growing on one Edge thereof.
What the Ufe of thefe two BruAi-like Members may
be, I know not, unlefs it be to flrengthen and fup-
port, or dired the Penis in coitu , or provoke therein.

Behind all thefe Parts, which l have defcribed,
more within the Body lies a long contorted white
Vejfel ^ which at firft 1. took to be the real Penis t pe-
netrating the Ladle-like Tube I fpake of. But upon
farther Examination, I rather take it to be the Sper-
matick Vejfel .

As to the Ufe of the two little Hooks I mention’d
at the End of the el)ropygium , or Shells , I take them

( 57 )

to be, to catch hold of the Female's Podex , and to
direCt and afiift the Penetration of the Penh in
coitu •

As for the Parts of Generation in the Queen , or
Female-Wafps , nothing was to be feen fo remarkable
as in the Male • but thofe Parts are very like what
we fee in the common Labouring-Waffs : Indeed, with
the moft accurate Obfervations I could make with my
Microfcopes, I could not perceive any Difference at
all. For which Reafon I fuppofe it is that moft of the
Writers upon Wafps and Bees , have been very con-
fufed and wavering about the Sexes of thefe two
Tribes of InfeCts. It would be endlefs to cite the
Authors and their Opinions, efpecially concerning
the Bee-Tribe . I think Swammerdam (^) (who as he
was one of the firft that rejected Equivocal Genera-
tion, fo was one of the moft judicious Writers of In-
fers) that his Opinion, I fay, is the moft juft, vise.
iThat of Bees , there are three Sorts, viz . i. Rex,
ant verius Regina, fiquidem fequioris fexiis efi . 2. Fu-
ci, qni Mafculi proprie fnnt. 3. Apes Operaris,
quartan Sexum dijlinguere non pojfumus , cum in Us
nec Mafculas nec Feeminas partes obfervemns : qua
perbelle dijlinguntur in Fucis fen Regibus, & Reginis,
qua tralatitio err ore Reges folent faint ari. In Reginis
certe invenimus Ovarium a pud incomp arabilem ilium
Anatomwn Joh. van Horne,

As for what is related by Arijlotle , Pliny, Virgil ,
or any other ancient Authors, or by our more nu-
merous Moderns, concerning the Production of Wafps
out of Horfes , or Bees out of Oxen ox young Bullocks *
as alfo of their Polity , their Emperours , Kings , Dukes ,
and common SubjeBs , their exact difeipline and fuflicey
Vol. XXXIiJ. K their

(a) Swam. Hift. Infeft. />. 91.

( 5» )

Their Arid Temperance^ and other Virtues, with a
great deal more of fuch like Stuff : This is fo very
whimlical, that it is not worth while to take any farther
Notice of it: But there is a Story ferioully told by
Monfetj (b') that deferves our Oblervation, viz. That
in the Year 1582, being on the highefi Ridges of' the
Cartmel-Hills, (Ifuppofe in Lancafhire ) he faw among
the Rocks two Species of Wafps defperately fighting s
That they differed only in Magnitude * that the larger
trufied to their Strength \ and the leffer to their Num-
bers, there being fix of the leffer engaged againfi only
one of the larger fize , and that the Battle was not in
the Air , but among the Grafs , and lafied for fome
Hours in the hot eft Sun , not bemg at an end in two or
three Hours fpace. The Caufe of this Engagement
Moufet thinks was, that the great Wafps are wont to
rob the leffer of their Honey and Young, or do them
fome other fuch like Mifchief j and the leffer being
very revengeful, and naturally full of Courage, did
outbrave even Mars himfelf in affaulting their Ene-
my. But this Engagement I take to be fuch another,
as that which I have given the Hiftory of, namely
one under the Condud of Venus , not of Mars.

And as there is no Doubt to be made of its being
fuch, and that the Engagement feen by Moufet was
on the highefi Tops of Cartmel Qn fummis Cart melt
montium jugis ) as that I faw was on the very Top of
our Chapel , it may deferve Obfervation, whether
the Wafps ever copulate in lower Places, obvious to
Diilurbance, and every one’s Eye, or only on fuch
Eminencies where they can be more out of Sight,
and confequently in greater Safety: And if at any
time they fhould be found in Copulation, they may

all

(t) Moufet Theat. Infect. 1. i. c. 8.

( 59)

all with Safety be feized with the naked Hand, pro-
vided it can be fecured again# the Queen~Wafpy
which is the only one in the Company that is pro-
vided. with a Sting.

For a Clofe of thefe Obfervations about the Sexes
of Wafps, I (hall take Notice of Moufefs Experiment,
("which 1 try'd) viz, If you take a Wafp by the Feety
and fuffer her to buz\ that th'ofe. Wafps y which have-
no Stings , will fly to hery but not any that have Stings .
Which fomey he faith, nfe as an Argument to prove
that fome Wafps are Males ; fome Females, This Ex-
periment I was minded to try with a Quee?i-Wafpy
more efpecially, not knowing but that Wafps , parti-
cularly the Males , might be as fond of their Queens ,
as the Bees are of theirs, who will not forfake them,
but will live and die with them. But I did not find
it to fucceed fo among the Wafps • For although I
put fome Quee?i-Wafpsy and others alfo, near the En-
trance of fome large Wafp-Nefls , yet I did not fee
any Flock near them, only now and then one of the
common Wafps, for a little while, to fee their Fellow
confined. But indeed the Queen-Wafps which I con-
fined were weak, and did not buz long; as alfo the
time of Copulation was probably pafl, it being Ait -
gujl i2, when I try’d the Experiment.

* . ir*5- c ; >n i .a rut* ‘t
si?£ . oiip.iHU r.tnaT.
:i ;/i ii:jj Ifiio

•f.’jcifi r8rj::;r>
i IWztua io in if/[

; o’hani in jpliv ii voq

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K 2 V. Oh

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. ro n in.

i i t

4

J

( 6a )

» w ** > ♦ f "

f *»;* s • I . . > , ,

- 1 - I .tyol * ». ' s : * • * *

V. ObferVationes du& rarioresy ex Literis Viri Doc -
tiffimi Johann is Huxham, MS. ^Jacobum
Jurin, (2^. S. Seer.

, ' J ' l \ ' . 4 ■ # I

0 B S E R VAT. I.

. :

Ingens Omentum.

VEterani cu jufdam Militis uxor dolore colico 5c vo-
mitu diu laboraverat, quibus fupervenit ventris tu-
mor durus, qui auctus indies magnam in molemexcrevit..
Jam evomuntur omnia, bibs atra, iincera, tandem 5c
ipfas foeces alvinae. Dolor veroperfepe immanis in iini-
ftro prasfertim hypochodtio, fotus, cathartica, ene-
mata, anodyna, plurima Pharmacopoeio Collins a d-
hibentur } incallum omnia y permanet dolor, increflit
ufque tumor, digitorum preifui haud magis cedens
quam ft lignum fuilfet. Ex.hocce tumore plura quail
tubera enata funt, quorum unum alterumve caput
puerile, alia pugnum virilem, magnitudine sequabant:
eminebat autem . maximum in iiniftro hypochondrio,
ubi graviiiimum perfenfit dolorem, ita ut faepius ex-
clamaverit fe voltuffe tumorem ibidem loci fore per-
foifum. Increfcente tumore fafta eft valde dyfpnoica.
Tanta tamque atrocia per menfes fere 14 perpeffa fu-
erat mulier, cum tandem grata venit morborum re-
quies, mors,

Mihi enarravit cafum Pharmacopola, rogavit infu-
per ut vifeera incifo abdomine infpicerem, quod cum
alio medico feci perlubens.

. ■— U V ' » i ~ X \

Nudato

( 6r )

Nudato cadavere tnontofum obfervavimus ventrem^
reliquum vero corpus fumma macie confedum. Sedo
abdomine in confpedum fe dedit ingens quad febi
mafia (nifi quod colore fuit minus alba) totum ven-
tris cavum adimplens, ita ut nec ventriculus, nec je-
cur, neque inteftina apparerent ulla j ad ha fe rat enim
omentum hoc enorme peritonao pluribus in locis, in
utroque prafertim hypochondrio, ubi 6c Jatior Sc fir-
mior fuit coharentia. Sedo autem in modum crucis
peritonao, 62. ab omento feparato, confpeximus ilium
in pelvim fere detrufum, omentum etiam toti jocino-
ris cavo annexum, ventriculuin.hac mole opprefium,
uti 6c duodenum, colon 6c jejunum : cum adipofo re-
num involucro (finifiro pracipue) connexum 6c quad
confufum fuit y adeo ut colon, altius paulo quam in
redum delink, febo hocce concretofuit penitusinvo-
lutum, hinc faecibus praclufum iter, hinc ilia lachry-
ma, hinc dolores illi faviflimi, quibus ante mortem
excruciata fuerat mulier ; 6c ut hie obiter notem, per
plures dies ante mortem nec fua fponte nec vel clyf-
matibus acerrimis irritata alvus foeces dejecerat ullas.

His lufiratis ingens feparavimus omentum a jecore,
ventriculo, fchirrofo pancreate, inteftinis, tandem 6c
a mefenterio, 6c ab interna peritonai lamina reni-
bus inflrata. Splen fuit hac malfa quodam modo de-
merfus, contradior 6c quad coriaceus. Hunc quafi
febi montem exemi denique 6c per famulum noftrum
domum mifi : erat autem animus omentum hoc mor-
bidum accuratius- perfpiciendi, cumjam enim advef-
perafeeret defuit opportunitas.

Pendebat omentum hocce ft xvi \ Avoird. nec ta-
men abftulimus unam faltem alteramve libra m parti-
bus adharentem. Pondus hercle maximum ! Si con-
fideremus ex obefiore homine omentum vix libras
pendere tres, majus certe inveni antehac nun quam,

quanquam

( 6i )

quanquam <$t fecui 6c diffeda' vidi plurima hominum
cadavera. Fateor equidem longe majus a Gregorio
Horjiio in fuis obfervat. memoratum futile, majus
etiam in Ephemerid. German . ann. x. veruntamen
hoc quoque noftrutn monftris annumerari merito
debet.

Hujus 6c in extima parte, nec non in interiore
fubflantia, plura obfervavi vafa fanguinea, eaque cer-
te maxime dilatata, quorum aliqua penna anfcrina
majora, aliqua vero quad in aneurifmatibusterminan-
tia. Ex horum aneurifmatum (fi ita dicam,) maximo
uncias circiter fex nigricantis fanguinis extraxi cum
quibufdam grumis albidioribus j anne adipis particuhe
a venis epiploicis abforptas atque morbo congelatse >

Ex plurimis lobis conflari mihi videbatur mafia
hsecce, fibi invicem arde hsrentibus j aliquos tamen
feparavi, quorum pauci pomo minori fuere magnitu-
dine ?equales, forma haud abfimiles, Media hujus pars,
camera durior, cultro haud facile cedebat.

In ifthoc cadavere fequentia etiam fuere obfervatu
digniora. Inferior hepatis pars in fchirrum abierat.
Ex vefica fellea plures exemi calculos, carbonem fof-
(ilem colore referentes, friabiles, aquam innatantes,
quos biiem haud improprie nominares fplendidam 5
his quippe quum inerant plurimas particulas micantes,
haud dubio falinse.

Mefenterii glandular fuere fchirrofse, imo quon-
dam in fubftantiam pene lapideam induratse. Intefli-
na tenua fuere inflammata, colon cum coeco fere to-
tum gangrena correptum, etiam proceffus ipfe vermi-
cular is. -

Ren uterque fuit fanus fatis : dexter autem emifit
ureteres duos : cum vero renem diffecuifTem, percepi
facile, quid eifet in caufa, cur ureter hie fuit duplex.
Renis enim pelvis fepto quodam fuit divifa, digitum

tranfverfum

( *1 )

tranfverfum cralTo, ejufdem perfe&e fubflantiae cum
reliquo renis parenchymate.

Hie fuit ren quail duplex, cui duplex pelvis, ure-
terque duplex.

Erant in imo abdomine feri fuberuenti librs quail
dua?.

Malum hoc immedicabile penitus vifum ell, nili
quis morbi principiis obflitilTet.

0 B S E R V A T. II.

Saliva Color infolitus.

T^Ominus Fox , quadragenarius, gracilis, biliofus,
per menfem unum alterumve elanguerat, naufea,
idero 6c doloribus colicis vexatus: tandem ex epoto
largiter vino pomaceo vehementiffimo colices paro-
xyfmo correptus me confulit, Vomitabat omnia, u-
rina? parum reddebat coloris lixivii, quas fedimenti plu-
rimum deponebat fubviridis.

Ego ftatim illi potionem ex Ipecac, emeticam propi-
nari jubeo, infufo dein C. Bened. affatim haufto plu-
rima vifeofa, biliofa, rejecit: turn enemate Terebinth,
inje&o alvus bis terve refpondit. Ex fumpta mihura
anodyna vomitus 6t tormina comprimuntur j jam de
languore fummo 6c abdominis diflentione conqueflio *
pauio etiam poll recrudefcit dolor. Bolum prasfcriplj
ex Jalap. 3j. Calomelan. gr.viij. Spec. Diambr. gr. vj.
Laud, foiid. gr.j. Syrup, de Sp. Cerv. q. f. quam pri-
mum fumend. cum Tin ft. facr. 3ij. Hinc omnia pa-
cata.poft horas 12 ter fundit alvus perliquida, Biliofa.
Ex fumpto dein hauftu anodyno nox tranqujlla. Ma-
ne de dolore 6c faucium tumore queribundus cralfa,
fubfufea, expuebat^ mox abunde effluit faliva colore
viridillima, bili porracese quam limillima, nili quod
tenuior. Perduravit fluxus hie faliva viridis horas

1

( <4 )

quafi 40, quo tempore fputavit quantum vix caperent
fextariiduo: ad fiavedinem dein vergebat color fluoris
eoufque dum ad inftar folutionis Gut.Gambas evafit:
quantitas autemau&a potius quam diminuta.

Perftitit 6c hicce color per horas etiam quadraginta,
dein fenfim pellucida facta eft faliva; atque fubito, uti
oborta eft, evanuit penitus falivatio.

Intra biennii fpatium bisterve in icterum inciderat
ante hujus morbi accefiionem. Decern abhinc annis
maxima falivatio fponte erumpens hunc ipfum homi-
nem in fummum vitas difcrimen intulerat^ falvus au-
tem evaftt ope doctilllmi expertiflimique Medici,
D. D. Fyne. Tunc vero temporis ne vel 5 ii hilum fum-
pferat, nec ulio modo fuerat colGrata faliva.

In hac hiftoria obfervatu haud indigna quaedam oc-
currunt. Salivatio oempe fponte exufcitans, vel ex
tantilloforfan Calomel, excitata. Calomel autem pro-
be paratum novi, quippe qui plurimas ejufdemet do-
fes, quarum aliquas ad fcrupul. integrum, exhiberi
julferam, ne vel minimo fequente falivationis figno.

Occurrit porro, quantum ego faltem fcio, lalivae
inauditus color. Saliva viridi ita penitus tin&i erant
dentes 6C fauces quafi asrugine obdufti fuifient : per-
manfit dentium color viridis quatuordecim poft diebus
quam convaluit.

Notandum prasterea fiuxum hunc falivas fuifte cri-
ticum, quo judicatus eft 6c i&erus 6c colicus morbus ^
ab inceptante enim falivatione ne vel minimus dolor
ventris, 6c color cutis fubviridis fenfim evanuit, uri-
nam etiam reddidit copiofius j fed fubnigram. Ille ve-
ro, qui ante hunc fiuxum valde languidus fuit 6c
jam quafi moribundus maximum falivas evacuationem

ivffpws pepi-

Serum Ictericorum tinclum effe bile omnibus no-
tumeft: nec alicui forfitan videatur magis mirandum

ferum

r

( rfj )

ferum flavum pode per glandulas falivare3 excernt
quam per ferofa cutis vafcula, quod tamen idero la-
borantibus contigide faspius obfervavimus, adnooto
prius epifpadico: de urina biliofa nil dicam. Unde
vero color falivas viridis haud ita facile didu. Hu-
jus opinor ego caufam procatarticam ede pomacei vini
potationem.

Bili d mifcueris acidum color oritur viridis. Hinc
torminofae infantum dejediones virides, lade in ven-
triculo acefcente. Hinc porracea bilis. Ponamus
jam acidum pomaceum a venis ladeis vel <3c amefarai-
cis forfan, abforptum, feroque fanguinis biiiofo per-
mixtum : quid eveniret inde ? Credo equidem flavi fe-
ri coloris in viridem permutatio. Profiteor hercle,
acida qusecumque a vi corporis vitaliin alcalinam na-
turam mutantur, etiam ipfum vitrioli acidum : langue-
fcentibus autem viribus, concodione laefa, lympha ef-
foeta fada, fada <3c inerte bile, queis adde fanguinem
tardius circulantem, acida parum fubada, nec in pri-
tnis viis, nec in ipfo fanguine, acidam exuunt na tu-
ram. Hoc tedantur acidi debilium fudores, aciduf-
que in ore fapor a febribus inflammatoriis convalef-
centium, quibus ad reftinguendam febrem largius fu-
erat exhibitus acidus potus. S?epius certe memini me
vinum pomaceum largiter potdfTe brevique urinam ip-
(idimum potus odorem fpirantem reddidide. Cur^-
bam nuperrirae mulierem fumma hasmorrhagia, du-
rante diu, correptam, cui inter cetera plurimum fue-
rat exhibitum Elix. Vitriol. Mynfich. cedavit tandem
hasmorrhagia, debilis autem inde reddita mulier inci-
dit in leves fpafmos, artuumque dolores, ventris tor-
mina diarrhoea comitante, plures excrevit alvus deje-
diones virididimas, dercoris vaccini dmillimas, talef-
que per plures dies, quanquam Rhabarb. fuerat ter
exhibitum ad expurgandas acidi particulas, intedinis
• Vol. XXXII/. L adhaerentes

. (66 ) ; ; .

adhaerentes. Hie fal acidus fanguini immiftus, poft
dies plures iterum e fanguine per inteftina rejedus eft,
vi vitas nullo fere modo fubadus.

Microfcopio olim obfervavit Leemvenhoehus , quod
chyli Tales acidi a bile retundantur 6c comminuantur,
quum vero in jecore fubfiftat obftruda bills, integris
viribus vafa ladea permeat acidum. In segrotoautem
noftro bilem obftrudam fuiffe, patuit inde, quod al-
vus fuerat compreffior, 6c foeces ante voniitum medi-
-camento commotum reddidit albidas.

Hypothecs fortaffe noftra illuftretur magis, fi per-,
pendamus unde oriatur virginum color her-

beus (ut cum Plauto loquar). His enim frudus ira-
maturi, acetum atque id genus alia, fummas funt cu-
pidis3 vitiatis autem concoctionis organis, parum im~
mutata fanguini mifeentur, bilemque 6c fanguinem
obruunt acido. Hinc glandulas obftruda, hinc facies
ex viridi pallida, tumor hinc hydropicusj atque quod
non levis eft momenti jecur fchirrofum ex chlorofi pra?-
mortuarum faspe inventum fuit viride. Jam paucis
reftat dicendum unde colori falivas viridi fucceftit co-
lor flavus, quod inde fadum arbitror, quia poft aci-
dum a fanguine partim ablegatum, partim 6c a motu
fanguinis, ob cardiaca exhibita, audo deftrudum, fu-
perfuit folum fuperftuabilis fanguine expellenda, quod
6c brevi feceftit, referatis bilis poris, 6c per patulos
falivae dudus mirandum in modum excreta.

j /■

VI. Part

I

( &7 )

a t • V r i in * ,

*% * . • • . * -*'t * ; » ; ;V ;.r 7* *% '

IP»*I ,1.^.!.),. ■ !.»■ 1 ■— ^W»l" *

• r » r • f . f 1 f r V ' '

„ s . . . . . j * . * - «. -.vi. . ■ j 1 v t • i r 4. » ■ v

\ - • 4 r . • 1 ^ • *• >

VI. CPtfrt of a Letter from Mr. Thomas Robie,
(pbyjician in New-En gland, to the (Reverend
Mr. Derham, F. R. S. Concerning the Ejfe&s
of Inoculation 5 The Eclipfe of the Sun in No-
vember 17225 And the Venom of Spiders.

Salem , Tuefday Jane 4.
1723.

WE don’t as yet fee any ill EfFeds of Inoculation,
but the Inoculated are as yet as well, and fome
of them a great deal better than ever *, as for the ill
Confequences that have been in England , I can’t tell
what they may arife from, but I can hardly think
they are the genuine EfFeds of Inoculation, but may
arife from fome previous Difpofition to fuch Diftem-
pers as you mention, or for want of due Evacuations
after Inoculation, and too foon healing the Places of
Inciiion j but I dare not pretend to fay any more, and
fo leave it to the Opinion of better Judges 5 but only
allure you 1 don’t know, as yet of any fuch ill EfFeds
in this Country.

As to the great Eclipfe of the Sun in November
lad, I will give you my Observations thereof, when I
have told you, that at Yale College, in Connecticut
Colony, I have an Account that their Obfervers fup-
pofed it to be but about 8 Digits, when by my Calcu-
lation for Cambridge , it was to have been above 11.
Tale College lies about Sf or io; Weft from Camb ,
in Lat. about 41°! North. I never calculated it for
that place; but I did for London , and it agrees to about

L 2 7' or

c

C 68 )

yf or 8' with your Obfervations, and pretty exadlas
to the Digits. The Gentleman that writes me word
of this, tells me he calculated it and could make it
fcarce 7 dig . cclipfed, and that it palled off from Ame-
rica into the Sea, a great deal more fouthward than I
made it, for by my Calculation it was to be central
at Cape Cod , and fo to pafs over to the Illes of Cape
de Verd . But taking him to be very much miftaken,
I proceed to give you my Obfervations, as far as I
was able to make them j and I think they were well
and truly made.

Jim h .
Uov.27. 1722. 1 7

(

27

7 .j

y.

dm

3

4

b.

8

9

9

i

55

co

19

//

15

1 6
45

5 9 25 45

9 25 45

morn. I faw the Sun rife
Eclipfed, on its fupreme
Vertex to the South, about
4 Dig. tho* fome on the
Top of the new College
faw it 2' or 3/ before. The
Sun’s true riling this Morn,
was 7 h. 30', hence the
Refradtion is about 6 ' and
fo I have often obferved
it. From this time, till
about 8 hm 30' or40/l faw
no more of the Sun, but
then I judge it was eclips’d
6 dig. or more.

The Sun was eclipfed
4 \ Dig. neareft.

4 D’g- :•

A little Spot in the Sun
emerged.

I faw the Moon go ofF
the Sun.

Mr. Danforth in a Room
juft by me faw the Shadow

go

. '(<9)

go ofF the Paper aboat 30°
from its lower Vertex to
h . / the Eafl.

9 25 20 Mr. Appleton faw the

Shadow go off the Paper
fix’d to the College Brafs
Quadrant at his Houfe. *
Mr. Owen Harris 3 an in-
genious Schoolmafter in
Boflon , fays he obferved
* the End at about 26' p, 9.

* f . j ) ; j 4 l * . | 4 y \ » i 2 ■ * \

By the fecond Obfervation the Sun’s Diameter was
to the Moon’s As 1000 to 972 ^ by the third, As
1000 to 975. At Boflon the Eclipfe was obferved,
allowing for its Diftance, as 1 obferved it at the Col-
lege. And at Barnflable , on Cape Cod , there was
but a little left of the Sun, and nearer the Head of
the Cape there was a Ring of Light quite round the
Moon.

The Telefcope I made my Obfervations by is 24
Feet long. The Telefcope that Mr. Danfort h ufed,
thro* which the Rays were tranfmitted, was 8 Feet,
and the Brafs Quadrant the very fame Dr. Halley
ufed at St, Helena . If I have been guilty of any Mi-
flake pardon me, and if, with eafe, you could tell
me where the Shadow would pafs ofF America , I
fhould be glad, for I made it to be about Cape Cod .
Taking its Latitude to be 40° North, or 40° io* and
Eafl from the College 10^ or 15^ I forget which.

J (hall now give you an Account of a remarkable
Accident relating to the Venom of Spiders. Sept. 13.
1722 one Hat • Ware of Needham was bit by a
fmall Spider, which lie could not give an exad De-
fcription of, crufhing it to Pieces between his Stock-

4 ing

( 7° )

ing and Leg ^ the Account he gave is this ; viz, That
getting up early in the Morning, and putting on his
Stocking he prefently felt foraething bite his left Leg
a little above his Ancle, about 1 an Hour after he felt
a Pain in that Leg, and about I an hour from his firfl
perceiving Pain in his Leg, he felt a Pain in his
Groin, and at the fame Time a creeping Pain in the
Calf of his left Leg j and about one Hour after it got
into the Small of his Back, and then round him, and
in his Stomach, and in his right Thigh, and after-
wards Numbnefs in his Head^ the Pains were not
conftant and fixed, but erratick and very acute. His
Puife was very low and heavy. He came to Catnb.
to a Phyfician there, and I was alfo defired to go and
Tee him, which 1 did, and he gave me this Account.

Sept, 14. In the Morning the Man abovefaid came
to fee me, and was much better tho’ he had but little
Sleep in the Night. The Means the Do&or ufed
were only Sp , Cor, Cerv, & Sal Vol, Corn . Cerv* with
Vinam Viperin, and Onions or Garlick externally ap-
plied to the Place where the Wound was. Thefe
things railed his Puife, and fo, I fuppofe, aflifted Na-
ture to throw ofF the Venom.

L -

VII. Obfer -

iv ’ ' . 1- "V\ H' • - ' *

1 .

((7* )

■» »

V\ \ ^

■ 0 111 - ,, , L

'

VII. ObJ creations made in Italy of a Lunar Eclipfe ,
which happened the 8 th of Sept. iyi8. Ex-
tracted from the Giornale di Literati of Ve-
nice.

h/~^Bfervations made by Signor Giovanni Poleni
V^/ and Giovambatifta Morgagni, at Padua, in
the Houfe of Signor Pietro Bembo, Noble ofVc nice.

V • *,♦- %r ’ r- .. . | ,rr > f .

t . , „ • . ' . • . - »

Tempus Apparens
port Meridiem.

Sub initium Eclipfis nubes lunam ob-
H. * it texere.

6 54 25 Umbra appellit ad partem or tivam maris

humorum y diftat ab Ariftarcho dia-
metro ejufdem maculas, parique inter-
vallo a Keplero.

755 -Appellit umbra ad Copernicum.

12 5 6 Umbra appellit ad Tychonem.

18 10 Appellit ad Platonem.

22 31 Tegit Manilium totum.

30 55 Tegere incipit partem ortivam maris

ne&aris.

41 .53 Appellit fecundam partem ortivam fupe-

riorem ad mare Crifium.

4 6 58 Penumbra extremum difci attingif.

49 4 Vix quidqam immerfionisfupereft.

Toto integrae immerfionis tempore lur>a
videri potuit commixta colore quodam
obfcuro Sc fubrubro. Principio poll
immerfionem lunag pars orientem ver-
Cus erat obfcurior.

j

Obfcurior

( 71 )

H. i n . '

8 33 3 Obfcurior erat lume par* prope difci

medium : minus obfcuraserant circum-
quaque partes difci extremas.

9 3° 49 Stellula quaxlam, nudis oculis inconfpi-

cua,vix decern fecundis diflare videba-
tur a lunas difco e regione Lansbergii .
32 9 Penumbra fit clara in difci extrema par-

te ortiva.

36 4 Initium emerfionis ex ortiva plaga.

40 39 Grimaldus jam emerfit ab umbra a qua

diflat fui ipfius minori fpatio.

44 38 Stellulag ante vifas a luna occultatio : ta-
men incerta.

49 34 GafTendus emergit.

50 49 Mare humorum extra umbram totum.
10 co 3 Copernici emerfio.

5 55 Plato emergere incipit.

14 41 Eudoxus exit.

19 12 Menelai emerfio.

27 7 Mare ne&aris totum emerfit.

3 6 28 Umbra dividit mare crifium bifariamfe-

cundum ipfius majorem diametrum.
39 12 Incipit umbra fieri tantillum rarior.

41 2 Vifus efl effe umbra* finis,

42 57 Et finis penumbra*.

' f » ' *

II. Observations made in the Palace of the Iflituto
delle Scienze, at Bologna ^ by Signor Geminiano
Rondelli, Giufeppe-Antonio Nadio, and Giulio-
C^fare Parifi.

Temp, ver. p. m.

H . , 1 1 Initium eclipfis non efl obfervatum.

6 51 3 6 Mare humorum ad umbram.

56 22 Capuanus ad umbram.

Mare

( 73 )

H. / u

6 5 6 37 Mare humorara totum in umbra,
717 Bullialdus ad umbram.

2 52 Bullialdus totus fub umbra.

3 37 Copernicus totus fub umbra.

11 22 Tycho ad umbram.

12 52 Totus Tycho fub umbra.

15 37 Plato ad umbram.

1 6 27 Totus Plato fub umbra.

19 22 Manilius ad umbram.

19 52 Mare ferenitatis.

23 57 Mare tranquillitatis.

35 8 MefTalla ad umbram.

3 6 8 Totus MelTalla fub umbra.

3 6 38 Mare foecunditatis ad umbram.

37 23 Promontorium fomni.

3 9 23 Cleomedes ad umbram.

39 53 Marecrifium.

44 8 Mare foecunditatis totum.

44 43 Mare crifium totum.

47 1 8 Totalis obfcuratio lunae, juxta D. Na-

dii ceftimationem.

47 53 Totalis obfcuratio, juxta D. Farifnun .

9 33 40 Initium emerfionis lunae.

3 6 35 Grimaldus totus extra umbram.

40 54 GalikEus extra umbram.

42 34 Sidus quoddam a luna tegitur in eodem

proxime verticali cum centro lunae.
47 50 Mare humorum extra umbram.

52 10 Bullialdus extra umbram.

54 25 Centrum Tychonis extra umbram.

55 12 Tycho totus extra umbram.

58 4 6 Mare nubium extra umbram.

10 4 2 Plato ad umbrae terminum.

5 33 Totus Plato extra umbram.

Vol. XXXIII. M

In Tula

(7 4 > '

•ft / //

10 1 7 12 Infula finus medii extra umbram;

23 47 Meifalla ad terminum umbras 3 fimulto-

tum mare ferenitatis extra umbram.
27 $8 Mare tranquillitatis extra umbram.

30 12 Cleomedes extra umbram.

32 8 Mare crifium umbras terminum attingit.

34 7 Mare foecunditatis totum extra umbram.

3 6 19 Mare crifium totum extra umbram.

37 3 6 Finis eclipfis.

III. Obfervations made in the Suburbs of Bologna fouth-
xoards : by Signori Euftachio and Gabbrielo Man-
fredi.

H. , „

6 31 48 Nunc primum luna e collibus afiurgere

incipit, penumbra atmofphers jam in-
fe&a.

42 13 Initium vers eclipfis, quantum judicare

patiebaturfubdubius umbra? terminus.
Paulo pofl: nubecularum atque arbo-
rum objedu luns tegebatur.

52 48 Umbra per Ariftarchum 6C Keplerum

protenditur, atque una mare humo-
rum tangere videtur.

7 2 23 Umbra per medium Bullialdi, fimul tan-

gens Copernicum.

4 2 Umbra per medium Copern ici.

5 4 Totus Copernicus latet.

7 58 Umbra Pitatum attingit.

10 54 Attingit Tychonem.

12 19 Medium Tychonis latet.

13 9 Torus Tycho latet.

15 34 Umbra ad Platonem.

16 7 Ad medium Platonis.

Totus

H. ,
7 16
20
20
2$
24
27

29

30

31

32
35
37
39
42

44

47

8 $8
9 27

29

33

35

35

S6

( 75 )

//

54 Totus Plato latet,

9 Manilius tegitur.

34 Umbra tangit mare ferenitatis.

44 Menelaus tegitur.

3 6 Dionyfius tegitur.

34 Plinius tegitur.

49 Umbra ad Catharinam,TheophiIum, Cy-

rillum.

36 Umbra tangit Fracaflorium.

44 Medium Fracoftorii tegitur.

34 Promontorium acutum umbram fubit.

15 Promontorium fomni latet.

57 Taruntius latet.

39 Umbra tangit mare crifium.

1 6 Umbra per medium mare crifium.

5 Totum mare crifium in umbra conditur.

50 Totalis immerfio lunas in umbram.

Toto tempore eclipfis luna clari/fi-
lne in fudo fpe&abarur, colore ru-
befcenti, ea parte denfiori, qua al-
tius in umbram immergebatur.

50 Hoc tempore, <3c deinceps aliquot mi-
nutis, omni ex parte asque obfcura ap-
parebat lun« facies, ut facile confla-
ret earn prope umbr?e centrum verfari.
50 E regione Grimaldi, qua parte emerfio
imminebat, infignis fulgor fpectari
coeperat.

20 Dubitari coeptum de emerfionis initio.

20 Proculdubio emerfio jam inceperat.

2 1 Grimaldus ab umbra fe fubducere incipit.

55 Centrum Grimaldi emergit, torus Ricci-

olus jam deteclus erat.

2 6 Totus Grimaldus exit ab umbra.

M 2 Gali-

( 7& )

H.

9

39

41

42

43
45
47
5 2

53

54

55

55

56

57

io o

4

5

*3

16

1 6

28 Gaiilaeus exit.

22 Umbra tangit mare humorum.

31 Stcllula quae diu prope iimbum lunae in-
feriorem (qui telefcopio fuperior ap-
parebat) morata fuerat, nuncdemum
fub iunam conditur, circa pkgam
Tychonis, adhuc eclipfi laborantem.
Alice Stellulas Junam fubiturae vide-
bantur, fed poftquam unus vel alter
digitus lunaris faciei illuflrari coepit,
prae fulgore omnes evanefcebant.

53 Umbra per medium mare humorum.

41 Ariftarclius emergit.

23 Keplerus emergit,.

6 Emergit Bullialdus.

31 Tycho detegi incipit.

9 Medium Tychonis detegitur.

1 Totus Tycho dete&us: quo tempore
nondum ftellula e luna fe fubduxerat..

2 1 Copernicus emergere incipit.

6 Medium Copernici emergit.

15 Totus Copernicus.

1 Stellula qua; paulo antea fub luna deli-
tuerat, jam fpeclabatur a lunae limbo
nonnihil diftans, ut appareret earn ante
4 vel 5 minuta temporis emerfiiTe. Ver.-
fabatur autem e regione partis ob-
fcurae inferioris limbi lunae, neque
longe ab umbrae termino.

5 1- Umbra per medium Platonis,.

3 6 Totus Plato detegitur.

6 Manilius emergit.

31 Dionyfius emergit.

41 Menelaus emergit.

Fraca-

( 77 )

H. i li

10 20 31 Fracaftorius totus jam emerferat.

23 51 Snellius&Furneriustotaliteremergunt.

24 5 Promontorium acutum detegitur,

25 n Meffalla totus apparet.

31 11 Proclus emergit.

31 51 Mare crifium emergere incipit.

34 3 Medium mare crifium emergit.

3 6 7 Totum mare crifium extra umbram.

38 51 Circa hoc tempus umbra vera lunam de-

ferere videtur,. penumbra adhuc ad
multum temporis perdurante..

Tn the Ephemerides publiflied in the Year 1715*
from M. Cajfini's Tables for the Ufe of the IJiituto
Bologtiefe delle Science, the Beginning of thefe E-
clipfes was marked at 6h. 41',. the total Immerfion at
7 b. 4 6', the Beginning, of the Emerfion at yh, 33',
the End at 10 h. 38', which Times fcarcely differ one
or two Minutes from the Times obferved.

IV. Obfervations made by the Marquis Antonio Ghi-
filieri, at Bologna, on the Obfervatory in his own
Ho ufe.

H. , „

6 40 23 Initium eclipfis dubium.

51 23, Mare humorum ad umbram.

55 46 Capuanus ad umbram.

7 1 13 Bullialdus ad umbram.

28 14 Mare neclaris totum fub umbra.

32 30 Promontorium acutum ad umbram.

3 6 45 Promontorium fomni ad umbram.

38 45 Mare crifium ad umbram.

4 6 37 Totalis immerfio lunas.

9 33 50 Initium emerfionis.

Grimaldus

( 78 )

35 39 Grimaldus totus extra umbram*

54 17 Tycho totus extra umbram.

15 6 Plinius totus extra umbram.

32 39 Mare crifium emergere incipit;

37 42 Finis eclipfis.

VIII. Experimenta & ObferVationes de Congelatione
aqutf in Vacuo faff# a D. G. Fahrenheit,
R. S. S.

INter plurima admiranda Naturse Phenomena aqua-
rum congelationem non minoris momenti elfe Tem-
per judicavi j hinc fepe experiundi cupidus fui, qui-
nam effe&us frigoris futuri ellent, ft aqua in fpatio ab
aere vacuo clauderetur. Et quoniam dies fecundus,
tertius & quartus Martii, (Styli V.) Anm 1721.
ejufmodi experimentis favebat, hinc fequentes obfer-
vationes 5c experimenta a me funt fate.

Antequam autem experimentorum recenfionem ag-
grediar, necelfe erit, ut paucis quaedam de thermome-
tris, quae a me conftruuntur, eorumque fcahe divifio-
ne, ut & de methodo evacuandi, qua ufus fum, men-
tionem faciam. Duo potiilimum genera thermome-
trorum a me conficiuntur, quorum unum fpiritu vini
8Calterum argento vivo eft repletum: Longitudo eo-
rum varia eft, pro ufu, cui infervire debent: Omnia
autem in eo conveniunt, quod in omnibus fcalae gra-
dibus concordent, interque limites fixos variationes
fuas abfolvant. Thermoinetrorum fcala, quae meteo-
rologicis obfervationibus folummodo inferviunt, infra
a Zcm) incipit 5c 96to gradu finitur. Hujus fcalae di-
vifio tribus nititur terminis fixis, qui arte fequenti

a modo

R

9

10

( 79 )

modo parari poifunt *, primus illorum in infima parte
vel initio fcalas reperitur, 6c commixtione glaciei,
aquas, 6c falis Annoniaci vel etiam maritimi acquiri-
tur huic mixturas ft thermometron imponitur, fiui-
dum ejus ufque ad gradum, qui zero notatur, defcen-
dit. Melius autem hyeme, quam aeftate hoc experi-
mentum fuccedit. Secundus terminus obtinetur, ft
aqua 6t glacies abfque memoratis falibus commifcen-
tur, impofito thermometro huic mixturas, fiuidum
ejus tricefimum fecundum occupat gradum, 6c terminus
initii congelationis a me vocatur j aquas enira ftagnan-
tes tenuifiima jam glacie obducuntur, quando hyeme
liquor thermometri hunce gradum attingit. Termi-
nus tertius in nonagefimo fexto gradu reperitur j 6c
fpiritus ufque ad hunc gradum dilatatur, dum thermo-
metrum in ore vel fub axillis hominis in ftatu fano vi-
ventis tam diu tenetur donee perfe&iffime calorem cor-
poris acquifivit. Sivero calor hominis febri vel alio
morbo fervente laborantis inveftiganduseft, aliother-
mometro utendum, cujus feala ufque ad 128 vel 132
gradum prolongata eft. An autem hi gradus ferven-
tiftimo calori alicujus febris fufficiant nondum exper-
tus fum, vix tamen credendum, quodcujufdam febris
fervor gradus memoratos excedere debeat. Ther-
mometrorum feala, quorum ope ebullientium liquo-
rura gradus caloris inveftigatur, etiam a zero inci*
pit 6c 60c continet gradus, hoc enim circiter gradu
Mercurius ipfe (quo thermometron refletum eft) in-
cipit ebullire.

Ut autem quoque thermometra ab omnibus muta-
tionibus caloris celeriter afficiantur, loco globulorum
cylindris vitreis funt prasdita, eo enim modo ob ma-
joris fuperficiei quantitatem citius a variatione caloris
penetrantur.

Poftquam

( 8° )

Poftquam brevitcr mentionem fecide conftrudione
thermometrorum meorum, adhuc defcribendus erit
modus evacuandi, quo in experiments initio memo-
ratis ufus fum. Globulus vitreus (Fig. 6.) Atubulo
BG duorum vel trium pollicum longo in extremitate
C attenuato prasditus fupra ignem calefit, quo fado
tubuli extreraitas aquas immergitur, <Sctam diu in aqua
relinquitur donee refrigefadione aeris in globulo
eontenti, guttulis aliquibus aquas fit repletus, deinde
iterum fupra flammam latiorem Jampadis cujurdam,
vel fupra prunas ope forcipis parvas tenetur, donee
aqua in globo contenta incipit ebullire, 6c vapor aquse
impetu inftar jEolipilas erumpit: Hasc ebullitio aqus
aliquantulum continuatur, quo facto globulus ab igne
removetur, <SC extremitati ejus flamma candelas appro-
pinquatur. Refrigerefcente globulo vapor ab igne
rarefactus etiam fuccefiive condenfatur, vaporumque
egrelTus paulatim diminuitur, qui poftquam plene cef-
favit, in ipfo etiam momento extremitas tubuli colli-
quefeit, globulufque hermetice figillatus 5c ab aere
evacuatus redditur. An vero hoc modo probe ab aere
evacuatus fit, experire potefl, fi nempe extremitas
tubuli fub Mercurio diffringitur, totus enim globulus
Mercurio replebitur, fi diffradio caute fine introitu
aeris externi fuerit perada. DifFradio extremitatis
etiam fub aqua perfici poteft, fed licet fumma cura
peragatur, globus tamen non tarn perfede aqua re-
plebitur •, dum enim aqua globum evacuatum in-
trat, aer, qui femper in aliqua quantitate aquas com-
mixtus eft, ab ilia in minutiffimis bullulis feparatur,
qux poftquam coiverunt fub fpeciebullulas majoris in
globulo apparent. Eodem modo globus ab aere eva-
cuari poteft, fi tertia, dimidia vel major pars globi
aqua repleta defideratur j defiderata enim quantitate
aquas prius impletur Sc deinde poll ebullitionem aqua;

hermetice

( 8i )

liermetice clauditur. His explicatis ad recenffonem
experimentorum pervenio.

Globulum vitreum, cuju3 diameter unicirciter pol-
lici asquabat, memorato modo ab aere evacuatum, 6c
aqua pluviatili fere ad dimidiam partem repietum, die
fecundo Martii Anni 1721, frigoris rigori exponebam.
Aeris temperies in thermometro appoftto quindecimo
gradu notabatur. Elapfo horas fpatio, aquam adhuc
fluidam in giobulo reperiebam, cujus rei caufam efle
arbitrabar, quod nempe aqua nondum bene a frigore
eflet penetrata, ut autem dubii omnis tolleretur fcru-
pulus, globum per totam no&em aeri expofitum re-
linquebam. Sequenti die tertio Martii ad horain
matutinam quintam aquam adhuc fluidam in veniebatn
5c liquor thermometri eundem adhuc notabat gradum
cujus improvifi phoenomeni caufam aeris abfentis at-
tribuebam. Ut autem hujus conjedurs veritas mihi
innotefceret, diffringebam tubuli extremitatem, ut fpa-
tium vacuum globuli iterum aere repleretur, quofado
tota aqus mafla celerrime tenuiflimis glaciei lameiiis •
permifcebatur. Placebat mihi autem antequam expe-
rimenti repetitio fieret, alio experimento explorare, an
has lamells glaciales aquas innaturas eflent, quapropter
globum diffringebam partemque aliquam glaciei aquse
vitreo poculo contents injiciebam, 6c illamaqus inna-
tare confpiciebam.

Dum autem forte oculos admodum brevi temporis
intervallo in alium quendam direxeram locum, afpi-
ciendo iterum poculum, totam aquam glacialibus la-
mellis permixtam cernebam, manente tamen adhuc
in interflitiis kmellarum plurima aquas parte fluida.
Thermometron huic mixturas impofirum, trigefimum
fecundum notabat gradum. Attentiori autem antmo
6c oculo hsc phoenomena contemplari cupidus, expe-
rimentum duobus aliis globulis repetere refolvebam :

Vol. XXXIIJ. N. poftquam

CU )

poftquam igitur priori modo praeparati erant, illos per
boras fpatium aeri externo exponebam, liquor autem
thermometri interea jam vigeftmum attigerat gradum.
Ehpfahora aquam in ambobusglobulis adhuc fluidam
inveniebam, poftquam aurem fpatium vacuum globuli
aere iterum repletum erat, citiflime etiam aqua(ut in
priori experimento) lamellis glacialibuspermifcebatur,
illarum que generatio tarn fubitanea erat ut.vix oculis
alfequi poterat. E: quoniam lamellarum generatio,
quas in poculo vitreo erat fada, obfervationi mex ef-
fugerat, bine adhuc maxime curiofus eram, iJIarum
generationem paulo attentius contemplari. Priuf-
quam autem globulorum alterum diffringebam, aquam
memorato poculo contentam a lamellis glacialibus fe-
parabam quo fado globulum diffringebam, glaciem in
globo generatam aqus injiciebam. Glacies injeda
quidem aqus innatabat, fed lamellarum generatio
in poculo fruftra a me expedabatur. Ob negotiorum
quorundam neceftitatem, experimentorum continua-
tionem advenienti dedicabam nodi. Quas poftquam,
advenerat iterum hora undecima tres globulos fasvien-
ti gelu exponebam. Horum duo ad dimidiam circiter
partem, iterum aqua erant repleti, manente refidua
parte globulorum vacua, in tertio vero folummodo-
quarta circiter pars globuli erat vacua. Aeris tempe-
ries in thermometro appoftto vegeftmo fexto notabatur
gradu. Hora quarta matutina eundem ftatum teinpe-
rieiaeri adeffe thermometro deprehendebam, <3c aquam
in duobus g!obulis, qui tantum pro dimidia parte aqua
modo eram repleti adhuc fiuidam inveniebam : in ter-
tio autem aqua congelata, atque globus diftfadus erat.
Glacies minutiflimis fed admodum paucis- permixta
erat.bullnlis, pelluciditafque ejus maxime perturbata
apparebat <3c confufae chryftaliizationi alicujus falis ft-
millima erat. Hu jus experimepti contrarium fuccef-

a, fum

( 8} )

fum invifibili cuidam filfurag attribuebam, qu& aer ex-
ttrnus introitum invenerat atque ita congelationem
aquag procreaverat.

Quoniam autem magno adhuc flagrabar deliderio,
lamellarum generationem in poculo vitreo attente con-
templari, idcirco vas vitreum e cubiculo in lllam af-
ferebam cameram ubi hagc experimenta fiebant, dum
autem fcalas paucas, quag ad illam ducebant cameram,
afcendere volebam, deficiebam fcalam aliquam pede
bene attingere, quo facto aqua vitro contenta ruditer
commovebatur, atque eo ipfo momento tota ejus maf-
fa plurimis permixta apparebat glacialibus lamellis.
Hoc autem cafu infortuito edocebar, glaciem in aqua
fatis frigida agitatione produci polfe j curiofus inde
cram experimento explorare, an congelatio aquag etiam
in fpatio vacuo agitatione futura diet. Poftquam igi-
tur globulum aliquantum agitaveram, magna animi vo-
luptate eundemphoenomenieventum cernebam, fimul-
que judicii errorem agnofcebam, quod nempeabfentiag
aeris fluiditatem aqu$ attribuiflem. Interea e thermo-
metro agnofcebam, gelu multum languefcere, liquor
enimjam vigelimum odavum afcendiderat gradum,cito
igitur manu diffolvebam glaciem, globulumque unum
iterum aeri exponebam (erat autem alter cafu infortui-
to difFradus). Relido globo per dimidium circiter
hone fpatium, gelu adhuc magis remittere obferva-
bam, thermometri enim liquor jam ad gradum trige-
fimum fecund urn pervenerat. Et quoniam verebar,
neremiilione frigoris experimentrrepetitio vana futu-
ra diet, (i diutius globulus aeri relinqueretur expo-
fltus : hinc ipfo tempore, agitatione globuli aquse con-
gelationem procreare tentabam j fed licet fortitcr agi-
taretur, non minima tamen congelationis apparebant
indicia. Cum verohoc modo omnis congelationis fpes
evanuerat, adhuc experiri volebam, an congelatio fuc-

N 2 celfura

( 84 >

ceflura diet, fi fpatium vacuum globuli iterum aere
repleretur. Diffrada igitur extremitate tubuli, mi-
nutifiimas glaciei fpiculas per totam aqu# madam dif-
fufas generabantur, quas circumrotatione aquas fuper-
ficiem petebant, amoeniffimumque fpedaculum refle-
dione luininis ab earum politis fuperficiebus praebe-
bant. Quoniam autem hujus hyemis gelu hoc die fi-
niebatur ft cum illo experimentorum continuationi fi-
nis imponebatur, quam vero tempori opportuniori
aliis excogitatis experimentis inftituere mihi propone-
bam. Hyems anni 1722. ita mitis in Hollandia erat,
ut per totum hyemem vix aquas ftagnantes glacie ali-
qua obducebantur. Et licet hyems initio anni 1723.
multo feverior erat, attamen negotiorum copia, alio-
rumque experimentorum major neceffitas continua-
tionem eorum prohibebant. Cogitationes aliquas de
horum phoenomenon caufis quidem apponerem, fedob
experimentorum, infufficientem copiam ilias relinquo,
..fufficietque mihi experimenta ft obfervationes memo*
ratas recenfuide, an forfan viri perfpicacifiimo inge-
nio praediti, ilias contemplationibus fuis dignari vel-
lent.

F I HI S. '

%

LONDON : V Tinted for W. and J. I n N y s,
Printers to the Royal Society, at the Weft End of
St. J&qiV ChiyNujard.

E R R A TA.

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PAG.. 46. lin. 17. read uninterrupted
Pag.. 60. lin* 1 1 . read hypochondrio*

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Numb.. 3 8 }

PHILOSOPHICAL

y ' f i

TRANSACTIONS.

For the Months of May and June, 1724.

* 1 i

The CONTENTS.

I. Tart of a Letter from the Tgrerend Mr. Wa(Ter
(ftettor of Aynho in Northamptonfhire, to>
Dr. Mead, concerning the difference in the Height
of a Human Body, between Morning and Night..

II. Some D-marks upon the Obferyation mentioned i-

in the foregoing Letter. By Mr. William.
Beckett, Surgeon , F. S .

III. A Catalogue of Fifty Hants from Chelfea Gar-
den, prejented to the Tpyal Society for the Tear-
1723, by the Company of Apothecaries of
London, purjuant to the Direction of Sir Hans
Sloane, Bart. Trefident of the College of Thy-

IV. An Account of Ob / creations made of the Vari-
ation of the Horizontal Needle at London, in
the latter Tart of the Tear 1722, and beginning
of 1725. By Mr. George Graham, Watch-
maker, F.

V. Somj

V. Some ObferVations upon Dr. Eaton 9s Styptic
<By Dr. Sprengell, <%. S. S. Coll. Med ,

Lie.

VI. Materiarum quar undam GraVitates Specific <ey di-
Verjis temporibus ad Varios Jcopos explorattf a D. G.

Fahrenheit, S.S.

VII. Some Conjiderations about the Caufe of the Uni-
Verfal Deluge, laid before the (fioyal Society , on
the nth of December, 1694. Dy Mr. Ed-
mond Halley, (Z£. S. S.

VIII. Some farther Thoughts upon the fame SubjeB^
delivered on the \9th0f the fame Month. By the
fame.

I. Obfer-

( 87 )

I. Tart of a Letter from the Tgverend Mr. Wafle,

( T^eftor of Aynho in Northarnptonfihire, to
Dr. Mead, concerning the difference in the Height
of a Human Tody , between Morning and Night .

I Have obferv’d feveral Soldiers difcharged for being
a little under the Standard, and having experienced
the difference of a Man’s Height in the Morning and
at Night, I mentioned it to an Officer, and thereby
kept Tome Perfons from being turn’d out of the Ser-
vice. Since , that Time I have meafured Sir H. A .... ,

Mr. C , and a great many fedentary People,

and Day-Labourers, of all Ages and Shapes, and find
that Difference to be near an Inch. I try’d my felf,
w henfitting, and found it in like manner ; particu-
larly, Augujl z i . 17x3. Weather warm, no Wind, at
Eleven in the Morning I fat down, and fixed an Iron
Pin fo as to touch it, and that but barely. After that,
I fatigued my felf for half an Hour with a Garden-
Roller, and the Confequence was, that at 12 Ho. 30
Min. I could not reach theNail fitting, by about 5Tenths
of an Inch, or the Breadth of one of the Rods of
Hunt's Sliding-Rule. At 2 the fame Day I wanted
near fix Tenths of an Inch. On the 21ft, at 6 Ho. 30
Min. in the Morning, I touched the Nail fully ; and af-
ter the above-mentioned Exercife for only a Quarter
of an Hour, at 7 Ho. 14 Min. I fell fhort almofl as
much as before. On the 27th, having fat up late with
fome Friends, I was faint, and felt my felf heavy upon
the Ground, and without any Spring, and at 9 that
Morning I did not reach the Nail, though I had us’d no
Vol. XXXIII. P Exercife.

/

( 88 )

Excrcife. I rid out, but could not reach it that Day*
On the 28th I rid about four Miles ; and whereas at 6
that Morning I reached the Nail, I had loft 6 tenths of
an Inch by 8. September 19th I came from Oxford
a little tired, and next Morning at 8 I wanted half an
Inch. If I Study clofely, though I never ftir from my
Writing-Desk, yet in ^ or 6 Hours I lofe near an Inch.
All the Difference I find between Labourers and fe-
dentary People is, that the former are longer in lofing
their Morning Height, and fink rather lefs in the whole
than the latter. I cannot perceive, that when the
Height is loft, it can be regained by any Reft that Day,
or by the Ufe of the cold Bath.

I have not informed my felf fo well about Horfes ;
my Mare comes Seven this Grafs, is ftrong, fhort
back'd, and well legg’d. I meafured her before and af-
ter riding 20 Miles, April 30th, and could not per-
ceive the leaft Difference in her Height.

The Alteration in the human Stature, I imagine,,
proceeds from the yielding of the Cartilages between
the Vertebra , to the Weight of the Body in an ere<ft
Pofture.

Aynho, May 16, 1724.

This curious Obfervation has been confirmed by fe-
deral Members of the Royal Society , and other s^ who
have purpofely tried the Experiment.

II. Some

( )

II. Some Remarks upon the Obferyation mentioned
in the foregoing Letter. By Mr. William
Beckett, Surgeon , F. S.

TH E remarkable Difference in the Stature of hu-
man Bodies, in the Space of a few Hours time,
taken Notice of in the Reverend Mr. fVaJfe' s Letter,
read before the Society this Day Sevennight, I have
fince found to be Fa6t, by feveral Experiments made
with the greateff exa&mefs I have been capable of.
Only this I have farther obferved, that in thofe Per-
ions who have been young, the Alteration has been
more confiderable than in thofe that have been aged.
The Trials equally fucceeding in a fitting as in a
Handing Pofture, will naturally lead us to believe, that
it muff neceffarily be from the Trunk of the Body, or
lome of its Parts, that this remarkable Alteration is
brought about. Now every Body knows, that the
Standard of a Perfon’s Stature has been always look-
ed upon to be determined by the whole Compages of
the Bones, adjufted by the Divine Architect according
to the ftridheft Rules of Geometry.

But there is fomething fo wonderful in the Stru&ure
and Diipofition of the Spine, that nothing but fuch a
peculiar Contrivance could fo curiouffy have fitted it for
the relpe&ive Ufes and Purpoles it was ordained for.
The thicknefs and fhortnefs of the Bones, with the
intervening Cartilages, affifted by the bony Proceffes,
difpofe it to a Motion peculiar to it felf. Whereas had
the Bones been of any confiderable length, upon bend-
ing the Body, the Articulations muff have made a large
Angle upon their inmoft Edges, and the fpinal Mar-

P 2 row

( 9° )

row have been continually liable to be injured ; or
had the Cartilages been entirely wanting, it would
have been as ufelefs as if it were but one Bone, where-
by we being rendered uncapable of bending the Trunk
of the Body, it mud have always remained in an eredt
Podure. But by the prefent Difpofition of its Parts,
’tis not only abfolutely fecured againd any fuch In-
conveniencies, but, although fo fmall a Pillar as it is,
is capable of fuppoiting, without Hazard, fuch pro-
digious Weights, as we are not wanting in our Ac-
counts of.

Another Particular, which befpeaks the utmod Wif-
dom and Defign in the Contrivance of this Parr, is the
remarkable Difference there is in the thicknefs of the
Cartilages, placed betwixt the Bones of the Spine ; the
Vertebr~a of the Bread requiring but little Motion,
the Cartilages are there but thin, in companion of
thofe of the Loins, which being very thick, the low-
ed more efpecially, the Motion is there vadly greater ;
and the Cartilages being abundantly thicker before
than behind, this is the Reafon that we bend our
Bodies fo much more forward than backward. And
by this admirable Method of difpofing of the thicker
Parts of the Cartilages forward, it is, that in all vio-
lent Exercifes, the Parts contained in the Belly and
Bread are in a great meafure fecured from any Da-
mages they might have been liable to, became by the
pliablenefs and eladicity of thefe Cartilages, they
break the violent Shocks the Vifcera mud otherwiie
have necedarily fudain’d upon fuch Occafions.

From what I have here remarked, in relation to
thefe peculiar Properties of the Cartilages placed be-
tween the Bones of the Spine, we may reafonably fup-
pofe them to be certain compreffible, dilatable, ela-
dick Bodies, which like other Bodies, endued with

the

( 9 1 )

the fame Qualities, will naturally yield to any incum-
bent Weight, which is fufficient to force the Particles
of Matter of which they confid, into a more drift
and clofe Union, and that when this compredive
Power is removed, they will of themfelves recover
that State they enjoyed before they were obli-
ged to give Way to that PrdTure. Now I am
here particularly to obferve, that the lowed of all the
Cartilages of the Loins, is the thicked, and fo confe-
quently that it contains a greater Quantity of Matter
than any of the red ; by which means it becomes more
difpofed to have its thicknefs diminifhed, and that all
of them gradually become thinner, even to the top of
the Spine. Now all fuperiour Bodies, if they come to
an immediate Contaft, preffing upon their inferiour, it
mud necedarily follow, that the whole Weight of the
Body, except the lower Limbs, mud prefs upon and
be fudained by the lowed Vertebra and their Carti-
lages ; but thefe Cartilages, as has been obferved, be-
ing much thicker in this Part than the other, and the
incumbent Weight bearing harder upon them, they
mud be unavoidably comprefs’d more than the other ;
and fo, confequently, when this Weight is removed,
their Expanfion, from their natural Eladicity, will be
greater alio.

This being the natural State and Difpofition of thefe
Parts, during the whole fpace of Time weareufually
employed about our necedary Avocations till we dii-
pofe our lelves to Red, the Cartilages of the Spine
will, by their compredible and yielding Properties, be-
come more clofe and compaft from the perpendicular
Preffure they fudain, and fo confequently the Spine,
the only fupport of the Trunk ofthe Body, will become
diorter. But when this fuperiour Weight ffiall be entire-
ly removed, by placing the Body in a horizontal Po-

dure,

( 9* )

flute, as it always is when we are in Bed, the comprefs’d
Cartilages will, by their natural elaftick Power, begin
gradually to enlarge themfelves, till they recover the
lame expanded State they enjoyed before they were
forced to give Way, and yield to the incumbent Pref-
fure ; and fo confequently it will produce a confidera-
ble Alteration in a Perfon’s Stature, agreeable to the
determined Times mentioned in the preceding Letter.
For if we only confider, that the before-mentioned
compreftive Power will leften the thicknefs of all the
Cartilages, in proportion to the Quantity of Matter
they contain ; and that there are ufually reckoned about
twenty four in Number, it will be no difficult Matter
for us to apprehend, that their natural Expanfion be-
ing recovered by our cuftomary Repofe, the Aggregate
of the whole of the Expanfions may amount to
about an Inch. Now if the Alteration be fo con-
fiderable as this, occafioned only by the bare incum-
bent Weight of the fuperiour Parts of the Body, with-
out any additional Force applied to comprefs the Car-
tilages yet clofer, how much more may we reafonably
imagine it would be, were the Experiment tried on
fuch Perfons, whofe ufual Employment it is to carry
heavy Burthens. I have only this one Particular far-
ther to obferve upon this Head, which is, that this
Alteration is not to be expected to be the fame in aged
Perfons as in thofe that are younger, becaufe the Car-
tilages, as we advance in Years, gradually grow har-
der and harder, till many of them arrive to the foli-
dity of a Bone; that is, by Degrees they lofe their
Spring or expanfive Power, and at length continue in
a comprefs’d State of Reft. And this is without doubt
one principal Caufe, why old People not only feem to
have loft lomewhat of their former Height, but are
actually fhorter.

III. A

( 9? )

III. A Catalogue of Fifty plant's from Chelfea Gar-
den, prefented to the (Royal Society for the Tear
1723, b &e Company of Apothecaries of
London, purfuant to the Direction of Sir Hans
Sloane, (Bart . ! Trejident of the College of Thy-
ficians .

5 1. A Butilon Carolinianum , ref tans. Alee a foliis ,
A gilvo flore .

52. Ambrofia ? maritima, Artemifia foliis inodor is,

elatior. H. L. Bar.

53- Alyjfon Veronica folio. T. Inft. 217

Bur fa Baft or is major loculo oblongo. C. B. prod.

54. feregrinus , Cifti folio non crenato, flore

magno, luteo. Pluk. Phyt. T. 16. f. 2.

5'5'. After mont anus, Salicis glabro folio. C. B. 266

56. Bidens Indie a, Hieracii folio , ri///? alato.

T. Inft. 461.

5 *7. Blitum monoffer mum, Indicum , aculeatum ,

Breyn. prod.- 18.

58. Blitum quod ■ Amaranthus Gracus, fylveftris,
anguftifolius . T. Cor. 17.

5"9. Calcitrafoides fumila, fufina , tenuifolia , calyce
ttirbinato . D. Vaiilant. Ad. Ac. Par.

60. Ca ffta decaf hylla, Orobi Bannonici foliis mucro-
natis.

6 1. Cataria major Vulgaris. T. Inft. 201.

62. anguftifolia minor. Ib.

63. qua Nefeta Bannonica 7najor & elatior.

H. Ox. 3. 417.

64. —Hif

( 94 )

64. Cataria Hifpanica , Betonicce folio angujliori ,
fore albo. T. Inft. 202.

65*, — — Lufitanica , ere 51 a, Bet onto a folio , tube -
radio e. T. Inft.

66. Horminum Spicatum, Lavendula

flore & odore. Boccon. rar. 48.

67. . Orient alis, Teucrij folio , Lavendulte odo -

rtf, Verticillis fiorum crajfijjimis. T. Cor. 13.

68. Qhryfanthemum tenuifolium , flore bullato aureo.

. Barrel. Ic. 45’o.

69. flore luteo , aphyllo minore. Barrel. Icon.

45‘2'

70. Cirfium humile , ramofum,foliis integris.

71. Helianthemum Anglicum , vulgar i flmile, flore
fl e llato .

72 amp liore folio, flore rofeo. D. Sherard.

73 - — — Halimi folio, anguftiore, acuto . An Ciflus

Halimi folio , 2. Cluf Hift. 71.

74. Hieracium Byrenaicum Blattaria folio ,

hirfutum . Schol. Bot\

75 Caftorei odore noflras. Hieracium Cichorei ,

vel potius Stabes folio , hirfutum. Raij Car.

Cantab.

76. Lychnis Or. longifolia , nervo fa, flore purpura-

fcente. T. Cor. 24.

77. Malva Sinenfs, annua , ereffa fore minimo. Kit -
faitfe ditia.

78.

79-

80.

81.

• Lufitanica , annua , flore parvo ftriato.

— Sylveflris, foliis finuatis minor ibus, flof-

culis minimis, Anglic a. Boerh. Ind. 2. 268.

~^Or. ere 51 a, major , flore vix confpicuo „

D. Sherard.

Ere5lior, flore magno, fuave rubente .

T. Cor. 2.
82. Malva

( 95 )

%z. Malva Syriac a, ElaHaur taunal ditta. Malva
Creticay annua , altijjlma , jlore parvo^ ad alas
umbellato. T, Cor. Ib.

8 Mimofa Jamaicenfls Zation. Hift. 149.

84. Rhagadio his alter. Casfalp. 51 1.

85-. * Lamp fan a foliis. T. Cor. 36.

86. Salvia Or. Abfmthium redolens, foliis p inn at is ,

fore carneo , elatior. D. Sherard.

87. Scabiofa annua, Centauroides fiftulofa. H. Cath.

88. AltiJJima , annua , foliis Agrimonice nonnihil

fimilibus H. L. B. 539.

89. St achy s Cretica. C. B. 236.

90. foliis fub verticillis latioribus , acumina-

tis , fore major e.

91. St achy s major Germanic a. C. B. 236.

92,. Folio obfcure virente , fore ferrugineo.

H. Ox. 3. 382.

93. Salvia folio , fore luteo . D. Juflieu.

94. * Elatior fore flavefcente punttato.

95*. Vicia , Grace a majori Germanic a flmilis, per
omnia minor Anglica .

96. Vicia fup in a i latijfmo folio , non ferrato . T. Infl.

W-

97. — — Serrato. Ib.

98. Sylveftris , incana , major , & pracox , Fariflen-

fls , fuave rubente . T. Inft. 397.

99. Sylvatica maxima. Phyt. Britan. 129.

■* Multiflora maxima. Raij. Syn. 189.

100. Multiflora , Caflubica, frutefeens. Lent is

fill qua. Breyn. Prod. 52.

Vol. XXXIII.

a

IV. yfe

( ?<5 )

IV, An Account of ObJerVations made of the Vari-
ation of the Horizontal Needle at London, in
the latter Tart of the Year \ 722, and beginning
of 1723. By Mr. George Graham, Watch-
maker , F S.

TH E Figure of the three Needles, with which the
Experiments were made, was prifmatick ; their
Lengths were nearly iz,z Inches; their Ends, which
pointed to the Divifions, being filed to an Edge,
which made a fine Line perpendicular to the Horizon.
The Caps of two were of Chryftal, the other of
Glafs ; they were well pohfhed on the Infide, in that
Part which touched the Pin they moved upon. The
Box was Brafs, and of a Breadth fufficient to admit of
zo° on each Side the middle Line, and covered with
a piece of ground Glafs. The circular Arches at the
Ends were raifed fo much above the Bottom of the
Box, as to have their upper Surfaces, upon which the
Divifions were cut, lie in the fame Plane with the
Needle, and at fuch a Diftance from each other, that
the Needle might play freely between them. A few
of the Degrees at the North End were divided into
fix equal Parts, each Divifion being ic/. It was eafy,
by the help of a Convex Glafs, to determine the
pointing of the Needle to lefs than a Quarter of thefe
Divifions, or to about 2 7 of a Degree. The Pin, upon
which the Needle moved, was of Steel hardned, and
ground to a fine Point ; and by a Spring placed in the
Box, the Needle might be railed from off the Point,
and let down again at Pleafure, without removing the

1 Glals,

( 97 )

Glafs, or diflurbing the Box. By this means both the
fharpnefs of the Point, and polifh of the Cap were
better preferved from injury, when there was occafi-
on to move the Box. A lixiall piece of Brafs was
made to Bide upon that End of the Needle which
pointed to the South, for readily bringing it to an ho-
rizontal Pofttion ; for according tothe different ftrength
•of the Touch, the North End of the Needle will dip
more or lefs. The bottom Plate of Brafs was a little
broader and longer than the Box, and its Edges made
Lines exactly parallel to the middle Line of the Divi-
fions ; and for the greater fecurity of placing the Box
in a right Situation, there was a Brafs Ruler of thirty
Inches long, having its Edges even and parallel, ex-
cept part of that Edge which was applied to the Side
of the Box which was a little filed away on the Mid-
dle, that the Side of the Box near its Ends only might
touch the Ruler. By this Contrivance the two Points
of Contact were as far afunder as the length of the
Box would admit of, and the other Edge of the Ruler
making a longer Line than the Side of the Box, af^
forded a better Direction forgiving it the fame Situ-
ation.

For determining the Quantity of the Variation, I
got a Meridian Line ftretched upon the top of the
Houfc, between the Rails of the Leads, which were
above fifteen Foot alunder, and the Line was a little
more than thirty-nine Inches above the Leads. As
this Line was faftned to two Pieces of Brafs that were
fixed in the Rails, and was above fifteen Foot long,
no fenfible Error could arife in putting it up at any
Time. The Compafs-Box was placed upon a Wooden
Stool, wTith three Feet, that had nothing of Iron about
it, and its Top fet level by a Plumb-R^ile. But find-

Q z ing

( p8 )

»

ingthatin the open Air the Wind gave iome Diftur-
bance, I put up another Line, after the fame manner,
in a Room two pair of Stairs high ; this Line was a-
bout the lame length with the other, and thirty-nine
Inches above the Floor. Some time after I put up a
third Line, of the fame Length, in the Room over
this. By the Method madeule of in fixing thele Lines
, they could .not differ above i' of a Degree from the
Meridian, or from one another. Before I had made
any Trials, I imagined no other Difference would a-
riie than what might be occafioned by the FriCHon of
the Needle upon the Point it was to move upon, and
having found that confiderable in all the Needles that I
had taken notice of, I took more than ordinary Care to
provide againft it, and fucceedcd beyond my Expecta-
tion. For I havefeveral times obferved all the three
Needles return fo exactly to the fame Place, that I
could not perceive the leaf! Difference ; as likevvife all
three to agree very nearly about the fame Time, when
they have been placed in the lame Box immediately
one af er another, the Box remaining unmoved. The
firft Needle I made, was a little above three tenths of
an Inch broad, about ,c6 in thicknefs, and weighed a-
bout an Ounce Troy, the Cap of Chryftal. After
lome Trials with this Needle, it was made narrower,
not to exceed half a tenth of an Inch, and it then
weighed five Peny Weight and five Grains. The le-
cond Needle was at firll: about three tenths of an Inch
broad, and ,04 thick, the Cap of Glafs ; and after fe-
veral Trials, it was made lo much narrower, that its
Breadth was a little lels than itsThicknels,and it weigh-
ed two Peny Weight and five Grains. The third
was nearly of the fame Dimenfions with the lecond,
and weighed two Peny Weight and three Grains.

When

( 99 )

When the two firfi Needles were made narrower, care
was taken that the Files made ufe of for filing the
North Ends, touched not the South Ends ; and after
they were made lighter, I tried them both, before they
were frefli touched upon the Stone, and found no fen-
fible Difference in their Direction. The reafon of ma-
king the two firfi Needles fo heavy, was to try whe-
ther they would return more conflantly to the lame
Situation than lighter ones. But notwithflanding each
of them would lettle verv exa&lv in the fame Place,
for a great Number of Trials made immediately one
after another, yet I found them at different Times to
differ confiderably from their former Directions.

This occafioned my making them narrower, fearing
their Breadth had been fome way concerned in this Ir-
regularity. But after the Alteration, I found the fame
thing happened, though I could find nothing of it to
proceed from any Fri&ion upon the Point. This
made me prefer the lighter Needles, as lefs apt to in-
juie the Point they moved upon, and as ex a Cl in re-
turning to the fame Situation. After many Trials, I
found all the Needles I made ufe of, would not only
vary in their DireClion upon different Days, but fre-
quently at different times of the fame Day ; and this
Difference would fomeiimes amount to upwards of
half a Degree in the fame Day, fometimes in a few
Hours. And this Alteration I obferved, whether the
Needles were drawn afide immediately before the Ob-
fervation, or fuffered to remain undiflurbed. For I
have left the Box Handing for feveral Days together,
without ever diflurbing the Needle, only have taken
notice what it pointed at, and the Time of the Day,
and I could fometimes perceive in a few Minutes a ve-
ry ftnfible Alteration. But whether it flood near its

greatefl

( 100 )

greated or lead Variation, or whether I drew the Needle
to one Side with a Key a few Degrees or a greater Num-
ber, it would condantly return to the fame Place it
flood at immediately before. Sometimes I have taken
the Needle out of the Box, and put it in again, and
this I have repeated fcveral times in the fpace of an
Hour. At other times I have taken down the Box
from off the Stool, and put it up again, but have found
no Alteration in its Direction ; lo that I found it of
no Confequetice, whether the Needle was drawn afide
or let alone, the ihaking of the Floor by walking up-
on it, or the trembling of the Houle by the Coaches
in the Street, was ludicient to overcome the fmall
Fri&ion upon the Point. When 1 made the Obferva-
tions, I was very careful to have no Keys, nor Iron a-
bout me, that could affed: the Needle.

The Box was placed in the Room above the Diftance
of fix Foot from the neared Wall, and above thirteen
Foot from the Grate* in the Chimney, and no Iron
could at any time be brought near it without my
Knowledge. Yet, after all, I am not fatisfied that it
was out of the reach of Iron, and that the Variation
jhewn by it is the true Quantity ; but i am very fure
there was no Change of Circumdances in the Room
that could affe<d it, for if there were any fuch Materi-
als in the Wall, or Floor, their Didances and Situati-
ons continued the fame. But for a farther Confirma-
tion of this Irregularity, I put one of the Needles into
a Wooden Box, with a few Degrees divided as the o-
ther, and placed it at the fame Meridian Line, at the
Didance of three Foot and a half from the other, and
found both Needles neaily agreed in their Alterations.
The Needles were all touched by that excellent Load-
done prefented to the Society by the Right Hoiltmra-

ble

( 1 01 )

ble the Lord Taijley . It may not be improper to take
Notice, that the Needles were not touched upon the
naked Stone, but with its Armour on, generally upon
that Part of the Capping nearelt the Poles ; but I
could not find a Difference in the Dire&ion, by touch-
ing upon another Part. I may add, that when I have
obferved the1 Needle increafing, or decreafing in its
Variation, I have very frequently, with a Key, drawn
it the contrary Way leveral Degrees, and then, by let-
ting it return very gently, till it has been within a
Degree, or lefs, of the Place it flood at immediately
before, I have there flopt it for fome time, by hold-
ing the Key at a proper Diflance ; and withdrawing
my Hand gradually, have tried to make it (land fhorc
of its former Place, but could never lucceed. By this
Method, and feveral others made ufe of, I am well al-
lured thefe Changes in the Direction are owing to
fome other Caufe than the Fri&ion of the Needle up-
on the Pin ; but what that Caufe is I cannot lay, for
it feems to depend neither upon Heat nor Cold, a dry
or moill Air, clear or cloudy, windy or calm Wea-
ther, nor the Height of the Barometer. The only
thing that has any appearance of Regularity, is, that
the Variation has been generally great ell, for the fame
Day, between the Hours of Twelve and Four in the
Afternoon, and the ieall about fix or feven in the
Evening.

March

( 102 )
March 8. 1722.

This Day a piece of Brafs was fixed to a Wooden
Box, and a few Degrees were divided into io' each, as
in the Brafs Box, to try if both Needles would be a-
like afFe&ed in the feveral Alterations. This Wooden
Box was placed at the fame Meridian Line, and about
the Diflance of 3 1 Feet from the other.

Brafs Box. Needle 2= 5.

-

Needle

9

h.

Vr\

11

March 8. 14°= 3o,~-

3 =oo/

14°= *■*'+

14 = 20

3 = 1 5

14 = 20

14= 15 +

4 = 00

M

4^

II

*-1

O

14 = 20

4=i 5

14= 15

14= 25 ■

5" — oo

I4 = 20

*4 = ’5*

5 = 30

O

II

M

14= 1 5

5 = 45

14 =: IO

14 = 00

5 = 57

14 —

•14-

6 = 8

13 = 55

13 = 50

13 = 40

14 = 20

6 = 38

M

4*-

II

H

+

*4 +

6 = 48

14 = 00

14 = 00

6 = 54

14 —

14= 5

7= 5

r4 +

14 = 10

7=15

14= 5

*4 +

12 = co

14 +

0

March

( l0J )

Brafs Box. Needle z=f.

Needle

5=5-

March 9. 14°= 10'

9^= 30'

14°= io'

14 = IO -j-

10 =00.

14 — IO

0

H

II

M

N

O

II

'■'t

14 = IO

14 = IO +

10 =30

14 = IO -f.

14 = 15-

II =00

14 =15 —

14 =00

8=15*

14 =00

14 = oc

M

M

II

-

O

14 =00

March 10. 140 = 10' +

io1] = oo'

II

w

i4 —1^

II =00

14 = IO +

14 = 1 5

0

0

II

M

14 = IO -f*

x4 — +

1Z =4S

14 =10 -j-

r4 =if +

1 =00

14 = 10 +

14 =15- +

1 — 30

14 = IO +

*4 = +

1 = 45"

14 — IO -j-

r4 — +

2 =00

14 = 10 -f“

14 =15-

3 =30

14 = IO

*4 = if +

4 =00

14 = IO +

14 = if —

5—30

14 = IO —

14 = IO

6 = 00

14= 5

14 = OO

6 ~ 1 f

14 — OO'

I4 —

6 = 30

14 —

14 +

7 =30

14 +

H = 5

7 =45

r4 -f.

14 -f-

IX =00

*4 +

Vol. XXXIII.

R

March

(

)

■T,~r.r/T

1

* r x r

March 30.

T;- » r * r*r.

■ c. 1 •. iki

The Needle 2=5' which was in the BrafsBoX) was
this Day put into the Wooden Box* and a new Needle
put into the Brals Box, Weight z= 3 .

» No remarkable Change happened to either Needle
ill Abril the ^th. : 1 c 1 4

till April the 5th.

oi -= KI ! >1 =r

0

<»

i r

■ - i r

— ■»-

Needle z=3 in the Brals Box.

April 5.

-f- 01 = : 7 j
= --T i

-i- r r

a T

1.

-

" !

140— s'

14 = xo

“1

0 11 = 00'
-I = 30

= 10 — 4 = 3

*4 * •

13 =yo 4-

13 = *? +

14

14 =00
I4 +

8 — if

8 =37

9 =45*
10 =27

10 =4f

11 = 00 1

Needle

Z-S-

14°+

14 = f

r4 +

14 —

13 = 4f

J3 =4f +
13 = 5*0

13 = ff

14 = 00

,

- • :i_ “ T 7 zzz 7 . — v ***

1 *• 1 l r 1 t — 4* *.

The firft Column Ihews the Variation of the Needle
in the Brafs Box. The third the Variation of that in the
Wooden Box. The fecond Column Ihews the Time,
by the Clock, when the Obfervations were made.

April if. 1713.

.r 'ftAA

I4<

3= 30' —

9

h = oo/

14

= 30 —

10

= 00

14

— 30

11

= 30

14

=30 + -

12

= 30

14

— 30 +

1

= 30

14

= 30

3

= 30

14

= 30

4

= 10

14

= 30 —

5

= 30

14

= 20

6

= 18

14

+-

7

= 8

14

— 00

7

= fo

14

= 00

8

— If

14

= iy +

8

— 20

r4

— l5 +

8

-=40

14

= if +

12

= If

14

= 00

1 2

= 27

14

— 00

1 2

= 32

14

==00

12

14

= 00

1 2

= 43

Wind at S

;.w

V *

~ d , # 1

April 1 6.

c: „ ■.

= f1
fl

r4°:

= 30'—

9h

= 3°'

I4 :

= 30

11

= OO

I4 :

= 30

12.

— 00

14 :

= 3,o +

4

= 10

I4 =

= 30 +

1

= 40

I4 =

= 30

2 :

— 45

R 2

!< 1 1 °J )

.14°= 30'

14 = $0 --

M = f?

14 =20

*4;= if

14 = 10

fu = 00'

14 = IO

, *> r - I

14 _ 5-

l4 = OO

4_

.

ft-.

6 "= 00
6 =20
6 ~ o
6 = 3f
o — 40

A = 47
%F '== 49

6 S#

7 = IO
*

>7 — 2.0

1 ~ T!C

I4 =rOO

»4 +

!? “ J "Soon? = 3

14 = 10 7 =45'

14 = if 8 =00

14 =If + • . 8 =20
14 = 20 — 8 = 30

J4 = 2f + , 9 =00

14 == if 12 == 12

12 == 21

— ■? f = 4.1

14 =2fl

■ • ii

Day warm, cloudy in the
Morning, Evening clear.

c

— « — . —

t*

v 1
r 1

-—-u

c -f

r <

April 19.

1 4° — 3q/ — 3^

I4 = 30 — 9 = 00
14 = 30 —

14 = 30 —

*4 = 3° ■

14 =30

I4 =r 20
I4 = 2f
I4 — 2f -|-

1

2

3

4
f

5
5

= 30
= 00
= 30
= 00
= 00
= 38

5=45'

14==

(

140=30'— _

<P = GOr

14 == v° —

6 =45

14 = %s

7 =00

14 = 2.0 — 8 = oo

14 = 20 9 =°°

I4 =20 -|- 10 =00

14 =2,5 11 =00

14=25* 11 =15*

Day warm, Wind at Eaft,
fome Thunder in the
Afternoon.

May 2.

14° = 2/ 9h=3o'

14 =30 + 10 =30

14 =35 — 11 =30

14 =35* -f- 1 =00

14 =35 + 1 = 5*

14 =40 + 2 =30

14 =20 - 3 =30

14 = ZS 3 =45
14 = 30 — 4 = 00

*4 = *5 + 6 =4?

I4 =20 7 =00

14 =30 — • 7 =35

14 =20 -(- 12 = 50

Day cold, Wind at Eaft.

10<S )

May 3.

14° = io'

14 =15

*4 =15 +

14 = 15- -j-

14 = 10 —

14 = 10

14 = 10

14 = to —

14 = 5-

14 +

14 =00

14 +

14 +

14 +

14 +

9h= 30'

11 = 10

12 =40
2 =20

5 =20

6 = 5

6 = 45*

7=5

7 =15
7 =30

7 =42

8 =00

9 =38

10 =15*

11 =00

Day cold, Wind Eafterly.

May 4.

i4Q= 5'

$><>=15/

14 = 5

9 =30

14 = 10 -f-

1 = 35

14 = 10 +

3 =17

14 = 10 -j-

3 =40

14 = 10

4 =55

14 = 10

6 =00

14=

(

I4°=00'

14 + I =00

Windy at Eaft.

May 5.

i4°=io'-{- 9 = 30'

14 = 1 5 10 = 45

107 )

14°= i$f

I2h

— 30'

14 =20

I

= 57

14 = 20

2

= 45

14 =20

3

= 25

I

0

II

^t*

M

4

= 35

I4 =15 +

5

= 30

14 =15 +

6

= 10

14 = J5 —

12

= 7

Day dear, Wind at Eaft*

Allthcfe Obfervations are of the lighted: of the
three Needles, the Compafs Box remaining unmoved
the whole time. From February 6. 1712. to the
10th of May following, I made above a thoufand
Oblervations in the fame Place ; and the greateft Va-
riation Weftward, was i4°=457, and the lead

1 3°=5o7. It was leldom lefs than 140, or greater than

i4°= 3 5'*

V. Some

( io8 )

’Z ' ' — 1 ■ v ^ ** > T

■ — - -- - ■ -

• - ‘ c , r_.r I 7-

V. Some ObferVations upon Dr. Eaton’* Styptic
By Dr. Sprcngell, 5. Coll . Medl Lond.

Lie . • —

. *% r *• r >rr . *

■4 . ‘ »

TH dE Method of caring frefh Wounds in a few
Days, without Suppuration, where neither
Nerves, large Veffels, Bones, or any of the Vifcera
were concerned, has been long ago obferved. Furman^
a famous Surgeon of Brejlaw , in his Chirurgia Curi-
ofa , tells us of a Mountebank, who gave himfelf thir-
teen Wounds, by Incifion, in the upper Part of his
Left Arm, and thereupon applied his Noftrum , and
with the help of a good Roller, was cured in two
Days Time. Next he mentions a martial Sty ptick,
which flopped bleeding incomparably, and healed freih
Wounds (as he fays) in two Days time, elpecially if
the Patient took withall a few Drops inwardly. This
has like wife been mentioned by Blegny near thirty
Years ago.

When I came into France , I found that many little
Trials were made there alio, with a Sty ptick Ball
mixed with French Brandy, by (hiking a Cock thro’
the Head, opening the Crural-Artery of a Dog, or
chopping off a Dog’s Leg, &c. But I found that it
did not amount to any thing of Confequence ; yet I
have Rill a Ball, made above twenty Years ago, of Fi-
lings of Iron, and an equal Quantity of Tartar, mix’d
well with French Brandy upon a Marble. This, with
fomc Alteration, was afterwards publifhed by the fa-
mous Helvetius , Phyficianto Lewis XIV. of France ,
in a Book called, Recueil des Methodes pour la Gueri-
fbn des diver fes Maladies , which was reprinted in

Holland

( >°? )

Holland in the Year 1710. This Preparation was
then ibid by Tierre Rottermond , Apothecary at the
Hague in Holland.

The Recipe for his Medicinal Ball I have tranflated,
and is as follows :

Take four Pounds of the Filings of Steel, and eight
Pounds of Tartar, well powdered; mix theie well
together, and put them in a new Earthen Pot, and
pour thereupon as much French Brandy as will make
it into a Poultefs. Let this Band fermenting in a Cel-
lar for four Days, and ftir it between whiles. Then
put it in Bain- Mar , and diftili it S. A . with a mode-
rate Fire, to draw off the Brandy. When you find
that nothing but the Phlegm comes over, then take
it from the Fire, and take out the Mais, (lamp it very
fine, that not the leaft Lump may remain ; then mix
it again as before with a fufficient Quantity of Bran-
dy, and put it in the Cellar to ferment, as before, and
then diftili it a fecond Time. This Operation may
be reiterated feven or eight times* but the laft Time
mix your. Mafs well upon a Marble, and form it into
two Ounce-Balls. One of thefe Balls is deeped in a
Pint of good French Brandy, a little warmed, and
hung only in it by a Wire, till the Brandy has received
the Colour of the Ball. But if you are in hafte, then
grate a lufticient Quantity of the Ball in lome Brandy, .
ftir it well, and you may ule it that very Inftant.

No doubt but the Author thought by often grind-
ing, fermenting, and diddling this Mafs, to commi--
nute and lubtilize its Particles,, lb as to make it more
fit to contradt the Fibres and Vcfiels of a Wound, ,
and to prevent Stagnations of the Fluids, both within
and without, upon Contufions ; but the Succeis d d
did not anfvver, and therefore it was laid afide. Nei-
ther did Helvetius ever recommend it as an Univerfal

Styptick,,

( no )

Styptick, aftringenr, or confolidating Medicine, but
meerly infrelh Wounds, and that only for afirftDref-
fing, and where People lived at a Diftance, and could
not get immediate Afliflance from a Surgeon. Befides,
he makes feveral Exceptions where it Ihould not be
uled ; and, in general, advifes it where Chalybeat Me-
dicines may be made ufe of according to Experi-
ence.

But lad Year a Balfamick Styptick was publilhedby
one Dr. Eaton , good to flop all manner of Bleeding
without or within, and that without any manner of
Exceptions. This made me defirous to fee it, and as it
happened that foon after I had an Opportunity to ex-
amine it : I found prefently that this was the fame old
Medicine, which was got hither alfo, after other
Countries had difearded it. But I negledfed it at that
Time, as not worth my notice, till I law lately a Trea-
tife of Confumptions, publifhed by Sir Richard Black-
more , Kt. giving Dr. Eaton's Styptick the greateft
Encomium , that ever was given to any Invention what-
foever. For, fays he, E>r. Eaton\r Balfamick Styp-
tick bids fair for the Credit of a certain Remedy in
flopping of Blood outwardly or inwardly , where the
Crafis of the Blood is not entirely ruined ; and will
be of more Service to Mankind , than all the Difco -
verier made by Galenical Compounders of Drugs , and
Syftematical Methodifls.

Finding this Remedy recommended in fo extra-
ordinary a manner, by fo eminent a Phyfician,
I began now to think, that poflibly I might have
been miftaken, and therefore defired Mr. Win-
terbottom , an Apothecary in Bow-Lane , imme-
diately to prepare the Recipe , as deferibed by Helve-
tins. When this was ready, I fent for a Bottle of Dr.
Eaton's Styptick, and tryed them both with Galls, be-

i fore

( II 1 )

fore feveral Gentlemen ; the Tindture was the lame,
a deep Purple. I then precipitated the Contents with
old Hock, and found the precipitated Matter to be the
fame in both. Not contented with my own Enquiry,
I fent feveral fmall Quantities to others, and went my
felf to Mr. Godfrey , a famous Chymifl in Covent-
Garden. They all told me, that there was no Diffe-
rence betwixt them. I tryed feveral ways to find out
its Balfamick Quality, from whence it has its Name,
but found none. Then, I confefs, it furprized me,
that a Man who had a mind to vend a thing as a Secret,
had not done fo much as to alter it either in Taffe,
Smell, or Colour ; and yet this might very well have
been done, without robbing it of its Virtue in the
lead.

My next Bufinefs was to try thefe two upon the
Crural- Artery, paving got a good middle-fiz’d Dog,
Mr. Ranby , Surgeon, laid the Artery bare, and open’d
it with a Lancet the length Way of the Artery, for
near half an Inch. The old Trick ufed to be, to cut
the Artery crofs ways, and then there was no neceffi-
ty of a Styptick at all, nor indeed here neither. But
at firft Helvetius his Tincture was applied, and flopped
the Bleeding ; then we opened the Artery again, and
tryed Dr. Eaton's , with the fame Succefs. I then had
the Artery opened in the other Thigh, and tryed it
only with French Brandy, which, 1 found, did as
well as the other two. I opened the Artery again,,
and had difiolved in French Brandy a little Sal Mart is
and Saccharum Saturni , and applied that, and it an-
fvvered in the fame manner. This made me immedi-
ately conjecture, that there was but little Virtue fu
either of them, but only that the Brandy, by its great
Heat, did meerly contract the Fibres of the Artery,
which, no doubt, might be a little affifled by theC/i^-

V o l. XXXIII. S lybs ;

lybs ; but this could not be much. I then reflected
upon the fmallnefs of the Cruiai Artery in a Dog, and
that it was no more to be compared to the Crural Ar-
tery of a Man, than a Cock’s-Head to a Man’s Head,
and that a little Pledget of Lint might (top the Blood
without more to do, as well as the Temporal Artery
when opened with a Lancet, which vve did, and the
Pledget of Lint Bopped it. We then untied the Dog,
and lent him going, who ran dire&ly Home to the
Grown Tavern in B loom f bury , from whence we had
taken him. The MiBrefs of the Houle tore off the
Pledgets, and had the Dog well walh’d with Butter
and Beer warmed, lhe not knowing what had been
done to him, upon which the Dog fell a Bleeding a-
gain,. though not much, and the Blood Bopp’d of it
Iclf : Mr. Ranby and I Taw the Dog in the Evening
very well, but he ran away at the Sight of us. Thus
far as to its outward Ufe, and I could wilh it were as'
harmlefs within. If only, according to Helvetius, it'
had been ordered to be taken inwardly, in frelh
Wounds and Contufions, a Body might have let it
pafs ; but when, without Exception, Dr. Eaton recom-
mended it, as alfo even Sir Richard , in all inward Bleed-
ings, I then thought it high Time to make fome Anim-
adverfions upon it. For Sir Richard himlelf fays,
in his Treatile of Confumptions, /. 99 and 101, That
in Spitting of Blood there is an Orgalin, or Bimulating-
Ferment: What is this but a Feverilh Indifpofition ?
And is there any Hemorrhage without ? Now, if fo,
will not Brandy and Chalybeats heighten this ? Which
by their Heat and Stimuli brace and irritate the Fibres,
and accelerate the Blood’s Motion. And will not their
the Blood take up more Room, and prels harder againB'
the Sides of the Veffels, and whatfoever oppolcs it?

Is »

( M3 )

Is not this the Way to make an Orgafrn, and caufe an
Hemorrhage ?

Dr. Eaton tells us himfelf in his Book, p. 57, That
it did very much over- heat a Gentlewoman, and that
her Bleeding Bill continued after the taking of it, and
file might have perifhed if a Surgeon had not given
her a cooling and aftringent Apozeme. And but juft
before, p. 47, he complains of a Phyfician, that was
not willing that his Patient fhould take it, who had a
He&ick Fever upon her, becaufe he was afraid that
it was too hot.

Since the former Tryals, on the 10th of June laft,
I defired Mr. Ranby , Surgeon, to open the Carotide
Artery of a Dog, thinking that this Artery might give
me more Satisfaction than’ the Crural Arteries had
done, to try the Styptick Quality of Helve tins and
Eaton's Tinctures. Having laid bare the Jugular
Vein, divided, and tied it, that its Bleeding might not
hinder us from finding the Carotide Artery, we were
obliged to cut fome of the Mufcles through iikewife,
till, with fome Difficulty, we found the Artery ; which
being opened with a Lancet, the Blood fpouting
forth, I applied to it Helve this's Tincture, upon
which the Blood flopp’d. I took it off in lefs than a
Minute, and made it bleed again, but it bled but little,
and then I applied Dr. Eaton's Styptick ; we fill’d up
the Wound with Lint, and ftitched up the Cutis , then
untied the Dog and let him run down Stairs, where®
after fome Time, I faw him again, and found he had
bled a good deal, and was ftill bleeding. I was very
well fatisfied that, the Artery being fo very fmall, he
would not bleed to Death, and if he had had nothing
but Lint upon it, it would have done as well. It muft
be obferved, that the Carotide Arteries are largeft in
Proportion in Human Bodies, and that this Ar-

S 2 tery

( i >4 )

tery of the Dog was but a fmali matter bigger
than the Crural Arteries of the former Dog. This
iliews, that the Styptick Quality of thefe Tind’ures is
very inconfiderable ; and that Helvetius's Tindhire is
rather better than. Dr. Eaton's, if there is any Diffe-
rence at all ; though that, I believe, was owing to the
Brandy, for my Brandy was ftronger than Dr. Eaton's.

I enquired for the Dog the next Morning, and found
him alive and well, only hanging his Head on one
Side, which proceeded from the Mufcles being cut
through.

vi. Mater iarum quarundam gravitates Specific#, di-
verfis tempopbus ad Carlos Jcopos explorat a a 2). G •

Fahrenheit, 5^. S. S.

A

Urum

Mercurius •

Plumbum •

Argentum

Cuprum Suecicum
Idem Japonenfe
Ferrum

19081

13575*
11350
10481
- 8834
■ 8799
7817

Stannum provincite India: Orientialis vulgo dicta; Ma-

lacca

— — 7364

Stannum Anglicanum -■ ■ —

— • — 1 73i3

Marcafita alba -

— — - 9830

Regulus Antimonii —

Aurichalcum - — ■ -

— — 8411

Cryftallus de rupe —

2669

Pyrites homogeneus —

— 25-84

Cenis

( 1*5 )

Cinis clavellatuS fordibus, faleq; neutro quodam (quod
fere Temper magis vel minus in cinere illo reperi-

tur) depurgatus
Sal illud neutrum
Sal maritimum —

Nitrum —

Alumen

Saccharum albiflimum
Oleum Vitrioli

3 1 12
2642
2125
2150
1738
i6o6'£
1877-; *

V/ivwixi * / / z

Lixivium cineris clavellati fale quantum fieri potuit

- - *

imprsegnatum
Idem alio tempore prasparatum —

Aqua fortis melioris notae —

Spiritus nitri — -

Aqua pluviatilis - —

Oleum Raparum —

Alcohol vini * —

Idem magis dephlegmatum.

1563 *
157 if*

I4°9 *

1293;*
1000 *

— 913

- 826
825*

Experimenta variis funt fa<fta modis. Corpora enim
fixa, ut vulgo fieri folet, prius bilancis accuratioris ope
in aere & deinde in aqua pluviatili funt pondcrata. Sa-
lium pondus, prius in aere, St tunc in liquore idoneo
quodam eft exploratum, & deinde calculo ad gravita-
tern aquae comparatum. Liquorum gravitates, inter-
dum Araeometro quodam fingulari (cujus defcriptio-
nem alio tempore dabo) aliquando autem vafibus hie
delineatis funt indagatae.

Globus

( ll<? )

Globus Vitreus concavus A (Fig. i.) ad Lampadis
flammam fatis magnus conflcitur, duobus tubulis vi-
treis fibi oppofitis B & B praeditus. Tubulorum ex-
tremitates funt apertse, attenuate, & aliquantifper in-
curvatae, ne liquor effluere pollic. Globulus prasterea
in inferiori loco aliquantulum eft applanatus, ut eo
commodius bilanci imponi poftit.

leones inflrumentorum qu<e infervierunt ad fac'tenda
experiment a de gravitate fpecificd liquor am*

Ampulla A ( Fig. 2.) e tenuiffimo vitro ad lampadis
flammam paratur, collo fatis largo praedita, cujus aper-
tura operculo B, intus concavo tam accurate, quam
fieri poteft, clauditur.

i Ope

( i '7 )

Ope hujus ampullae, etiam falium gravitates fpecifi-
cae explorari poflimt, & quidem hoc modo. Ampul-
la prius iiquore quodam idoneo (in quo ncmpe lal, cm
jus sravitas exploranda eft, non folvitur) impletur, SC
poftquam liquoris innotuit pondus,' liquor eftunditur,
atque vas probe exficcatur. Hoc fadto.fale fere totum
vas impletur, & lalis pondus inquiritur ; hoc noto, m-
terftitia falis Iiquore replentur, ponderifq; increment
tum a Iiquore addito quxritur. Si hocce mcremen-
tum ponderis a pondere toto liquoris iubtrahitur, rell-
duum exprimet gravitatem liquoris a fale deturbati.

Sal neutrum cineris clavellati in fpiritu nitri nullam
facit ebullitionem. Mercurium in fpiritu nitri lolutum
albo colore prxcipitat. Carbombus fuperimpofitum,
crepitu in minores partes dilrumpitur SC difpergitur.

Nitrum in tigillo fupra ignem fine liquefadum, ut
eo modo ab omni humiditate depurgaretur, fpatiaque
nonnulla aere alias plena nitro iplo replerentur.

Gravitates liquorura, quae afteriico notatae iunt, aa
sradum quadragefimum odavum meorum thermome-
r-orum calculo iunt revocatx, & nonnullorum jam in
experimentis de gradu ebullitionis liquorum quorundam

fa&a eft mentio. .

Modus fimpliciftimus ad inveftigandam gravitatis

differentiam,quae a diverfo temperamento flmdorumon-
ginem fuam trahit, eft, ut prius Iiquore minus cahdo
(cuius tamen gradus ope Thermometri notus eiie de-
bet 1 vas aliquod replcatur, & ponderetur, deinde il-
lud vas iterum calidiori Iiquore impleatur, & ut prius
ponderetur. Si in hoc fecundo expenmento gradus ca-
loris iterum eft notatus, habebitur differentia gravitatis
liquoris, a calore inter hos gradus effeda, qux demde
ope calculi facile unicuique gradui attnbui potelt.

* phil. Tranf. No. 381,

Exp erimentaa

C 118)

Expcrimenta in aere funt fada : addenda ergo erit
unicmq; numero gravitas aeris, ut habeatur materia-
rum gravitas in vacuo. Eft autem aeris gravitas fpe-
ciiica ad illam aquas, fere ut 1 ad 1000, utpote Philoso-
phic naturalis cultoribus abunde patet.

"V II* Some Confide) ations about the Caufe of the uni -
yerfal Deluge, laid bef ore the (Royal Society , on
the nth of December 1694. Dy Dr. Ed-
mond Halley, (R. S. S.

TH E Account we have of the univerfal Delude is
no where fo exprels as in the Holy Scriptures ;
and the exadf Circumflances as to point of Time, do
ihew that fome Records had been kept thereof more
particularly than is wont in thofe things derived
from remote Tradition, wherein the Hiftorical Minu-
tia are loft by length of Time. But the fame feem
much too imperfect to be the Refult of a full Revela-
tion from the Author of this dreadful Execution up-
on Mankind, who would have fpoke more amply as
to the Manner thereof, had He thought fit to lay open
the Secrets of Nature to the fucceeding Race of Men ;
and I doubt not but to all that confider the 7th Chap-
ter of Genefis impartially, it will pals for the Remains
of a much fuller Account of the Flood left by the Pa-
triarchs to their Pofterity, and derived from the Re-
velation of bioah and his Sons. It muff be granted,
that there are fome Difficulties as to the Conftru&ion
of the Ark, the Reception and Agreement of the
Animals among themfelves, and Prefervation of it in
lo imxnenfe and boundlefs an Ocean, during that IVind

which

( i *9 )

which God fent to dry the Waters away, efpecially
when it firft came on Ground : But it muft alfb be al-
lowed, that length of Time may have added, as well
as taken away many notable Circumflances, as in moft
other Cafes of the Story of remote Times and A£H-

ons.

This we may, however, be fully allured of, that
fuch a Deluge has been • and by the many Signs of
marine Bodies found far from and above the Sea, ’tis
evident, that thofe Parts have been once under Water:
or, either that the Sea has rifen to them, or they have
been raifed from the Sea ; to explicate either of which
is a Matter of no fmall Difficulty, nor does the facred
Scripture afford any Light thereto. All that it fays
to help us is, that all the Fountains of the great Deep,
rDTCDinn, were burff, or broken up ; that the
Windows, or Cataracts of Heaven were opened, and
that it rained inceflantly forty Days and Nights. Now
the Rain of forty Days and Nights will be found to be
a very fmall Part of the Caufe of fuch a Deluge; for
fuppofing it to rain all over the Globe as much in each
Day, as it is now found to do in one of the rainielt
Counties of England in the whole \ ear, viz>. about
forty Inches of Water per T)iem, forty fuch Days
could cover the whole Earth with but about twen-
ty two Fathom Water, which would only drown the
low Lands next the Sea, but the much greater Part
would efcape. What is meant by the Fountains of
the Abyffe being broken up, and the opening of the
Windows of Heaven, feems not fo eafy to be under-
flood, but is intended to indicate the Modus of the
Deluge, which was, according to the Alofaic Ehilo -
Jophy^ from the letting in of the Waters above the
Firmament, mentioned Gene [is i. 7. by the Windows
Vol. XXXIII. T of

( no )

of Heaven ; and the rifing up out of the Ground of
the Waters under the Earth, fpoken of in the fecond
Commandment : Or, (if you will underftand that

by the nsn CD inn is meant the great Ocean) by the
overflowing of the Sea, rifing upon the Land, which
is exprefs’d by the breaking up of the Fountains of
the great Deep. So that we may realonably con-
clude, that by the one of thofe ExprefTions is meant
an extraordinary fall of Waters from the Heavens, not
as Rain, but in one great Body ; as if the Firmament,
fuppofed by Mofes to fuftain a Snpra-aerial Sea , had
been broken in, and at the fame Time the Ocean did
flow in upon the Land, fo as to cover all with
Water.

By an extraordinary Encreafe of the Waters this
could not be effected, for that at this Time there is
not Water fufficient of itfelf to cover any more of
the Earth than now it doth ; and to fuppofe a Crea-
tion and Annihilation of Water on purpole to deftroy
the Earth, is by much the moft difficult Hypothecs
that can be thought of to effect it. A change of the
Center of Gravity , about which Center the Sea is
formed, feemed not an improbable Conjecture, till it
appeared that this Center of Gravity was the neceffa-
ry Refult of the Materials of which our Globe con-
Ms, and not alterable whilft the Parts thereof remain-
ed in the fame Pofition : And befides this Suppofition
could not drown the whole Globe, but only that Part
thereof towards which the Center of Gravity was
tranflated, leaving the other Hemifphere all dry.

I fliall fay nothing of Dr. Burnet' s Hypothefis, nor
of the many Infufficiencies thereof, as jarring as much
with the Phyfical Principles of Nature, as with the
Holy Scriptures, which he has undertaken to recon-
cile-

C in )

cile. Dr. Hook's Solution of this Problem, as he has
not fully difcovered himlelf, I cannot undertake to
judge of ; but his Compreffion of a Shell of Earth
into a prolate Spheroide , thereby prefiing out the Wa-
ters of an Abyfs under the Earth, may very well ac-
count for drowning two extream oppofite Zones of
the Globe ; but the middle Zone, being by much the
greater Part of the Earth’s Surface, mu ft by this means
be raifed higher from the Center, and confequently
arife more out of the Water than before ; andbefides,
fuch a Suppofition cannot well be accounted for from
Phyfical Caufes, but require a preternatural digitus
*!Dei9 both to comprels, and afterwards reftore the
Figure of the Globe.

But the Almighty generally making ufe of Natural
Means to bring about his Will, I thought it not amifs
to give this Honourable Society an Account of fome
Thoughts that occurr’d to me on this Subjedf ; where-
in, if I err, I ihall find my felf in very good Company.

In Num* 190. of thefe Tranladlions, I have pro-
pofed the cafual Choc of a Comet , or other transient
Body, as an Expedient to change inftantly the Poles
and Diurnal Rotation of the Globe; at that Time on-
ly aiming to ihew how the Axis of the Earth being
chang’d, would occafion the Sea to recede from thole
Parts towards which the Poles did approach, and to
encreale upon and overflow thofe Parts wherefrom the
Poles were departed ; but at that Time 1 did not con-
fider the great Agitation fuch a Choc mud neceflarily
occafion in the Sea, fufficient to anfwer for all thole
ftrange Appearances of heaping vail Quantities of
Earth and high Cliffs upon Beds of Shells, which
once were the Bottom of the Sea; and raifing up Moun-
tains where none were before, mixing the Elements into

T 2 luch

( III )

fuch a Heap as the Poets defcribe the old Chaos ; for
fuch a Choc impelling the folid Parts would occafion
the Waters, and all fluid Subfiances that were uncon-
fined, as the Sea is, with one Impetus to run violent-
ly towards that Part of the Globe where the Blow was
received ; and that with Force fufficient to rake with
it the whole Bottom of the Ocean, and to carry it
upon the Land ; heaping up into Mountains .thofe
earthy Parts it had born away with it, in thofe Places
where the oppofne Waves balance each other, mif-
cens ima fummis , which may account for thofe long
continued Ridges of Mountains. And again, the Re-
coil of this Heap of Waters would return towards the
oppofite Parts of the Earth, with aJefler Impetus than
the firfl, and fo reciprocating many times, would at
lafl come to fettle in fuch a Manner as we now obferve
in the Structure of the fuperficial Parts of the Globe.

In this Cafe it will be much more difficult to lhew
how Noah and the Animals fhould be prelerved, than
that all things in which was the Breath of Life, fhould
hereby be deflroyed. Such a Choc would alfo occafi-
on a differing Length of the Day and Y ear, and change
the Axis of the Globe, according to the Obliquity of
the Incidence of the Stroak, and the Dire&ion there-
of, in relation to the former Axis. That fome fuch
thing has happened, may be guefs’d, for that the Earth
feems as if it were new made out of the Ruins of an
old World, wherein appear fuch Animal Bodies as
were before the Deluge, but by their own Nature and
Defences from the Weather, have endured ever fince,
either petrified, or elie entire i njiatu natural i. Such
a Choc may have occafioned that vafl Deprelfion of the
Cafpian Sea , and other great Lakes in the World ; and
Jtis not unlikely, but that extream Cold felt in the
, North

( 12} )

North-Well of America , about Hudfon’s-Bay , may
be occafvoned by thofe Parts of the World having
once been much more Northerly, or nearer the Pole
than now they are; whereby there are immenie
Quantities of Ice yet unthaw’d in thofe Parts, which
chill the Air to that degree, that the Sun’s warmth
feems hardly to be felt there, and of which the Poet
might juflly fay, Frigus iners illic habitat j> at torque

tremorque — - Ac Jejuna fames.

If this Speculation feem worthy to be cultivated, 1
fhall not be wanting farther to infill on the Confequences
thereof, and to fhew how it may render a probable
Account of the llrange Cataftrophe we may be lure
has at leafl once happened to the Earth.

VIII. Some farther Thoughts upon the fame SuhjeEl,
delivered on the i pth of the fame Month. <By
the fame.

IH A V E been advifed fince the lalt Day, by a Per-
fon whole Judgment I have great Reafon to reipedf,
that what I then advanced, ought rather to be under-
flood of thofe Changes which might have happen’d to
the Earth in Times before the Creation, and which
might poifibly have reduc’d a former World to a
Chaos, out of whofe Ruins the prefent might be
formed, than of the Deluge whereby Mankind was in
a manner extinguiihed about 4000 Years fince; that
being much more gradually brought to pais, and with
fome Circumftances that this Hypothefis cannot admit
of, which abler Pens, perhaps, may account for :
What I have advanced, I defire may be taken for no

more

( 124 )

more than the Contemplation of the EffeCls of fuel
a Choc as might poffibly, and not improbably, hav<
befallen this Lump of Earth and Water inTimes where
of we have no manner of Tradition, as being befor<
the firft Production of Man, and therefore not know-
able but by Revelation, or elfe apofteriori by Induction
from a convenient Number of Experiments or Obfer-
vations, arguing fuch an Agitation once, or ofrner, to
have befallen the Materials of this Globe. And per-
haps, in due Periods of Time, fuch a Cataftrophe may
not be unneceftary for the well-being of the future
World; to bury deep from the Surface thofe Parts,
which by length of time are indurated into Itony Sub-
fiances, and become unapt for vegetable Production,
by which all Animals are either immediately or medi-
ately fuftained : the ponderous Matter in fuch a Mix-
ture fubfiding firft, and the lighter and finer Mould
remaining for the latter Settling, to invert the exterior
Surface of the New World. This may, perhaps, be
thought hard, to dertroy the whole Race for the Bene-
fit of thofe that are to fucceed. But if we confider
Death fimply,and how that the Life of each Individual
is but of a very fmall Duration, it will be found that
as to thofe that die, it is indifferent whether they die
in a Peftilence out of 100000 per Ann. or ordinarily out
of 2.5000 in this great City, the Peftilence only appear-
ing terrible to thofe that furvive to contemplate the
Danger they have cfcaped. Befides, as Seneca has it.

Vita eft avidus quifquis non vult

Mundo fecum pereunte mori.

N. B.

( **? >

N.B. The foregoing Tapers having been read be-
fore the Society thirty Tears fince, were then depo-
sed by their Author in their Archives, and. not pub-
lijhed ; he being fen fib le that he might have adven-
tured ultra crepidam ; and apprehenjive leaf by fiome
unguar dedExprejfiion he might incur the Cenjure of the
Sacred Order. Nor had they now been printed , but
at the T>efire of a late Committee of the Society , who
were pleafed to think, them not unworthy the Trefis .

Here the Reader is defired to obferve , that Mr.
William Whifton\r Book , entituled , A New Theory of
the Earth, was not pub lijhed till about a 7 ear and a
half after the T)ate hereof and was riot prefented be-
fore June 2,4, 1696. to the Royal Society.

.

FINIS.

erratum.

Pag. 1 1 8. lin. 2 5, 26. read Relation.

Ad V ERTISEMENT.

ALL Perfons concern’d in the Practice of Inocu-
lating the Small Tox, are defil’d to fend to
Dr ,Jurin, Secretary to the Royal Society, any time
before the End of February next, an Account of the
Name and Age of every Perfon inoculated, by them,
from the Beginning to the End of the prefent Year, the
Place where it was done, the Manner of the Operation,
the Days of Sickening and of the Eruption, what Sort
of Small- Pox was produc’d, and the Event.

Where the true Small-Pox was not produced by Ino-
culation, it will be of ufe to take particular Notice,
whether the Patient had any other kind of Eruption,
what Symptoms preceded, or attended it, whether the
Incifions inflam’d and run, and for what Time their run-
ning continued.

In cafe of any Perfon’s dying after Inoculation, either
in the Courfe of the Small-Pox, or after they are gone
off, it is defir’d that a particular Relation of the Cafe
may be fent, atteffed, if it be judged neceifary, by the
nearefl Relations of the Party deceafed, or by other
credible Perfons, that were Witnefles to the Fad.

Such Gentlemen as have not already fent in their Ac-
counts for the preceding Year, .are now requelled to
communicate them.

Lincoln' s-lnn Fields ,

Decemb.y^ 1724.

LONDON : Printed for W. and J. Innys,
Printers to the Royal Society, at the Weft End of
St, Paul\r Churchyard.

I

Numb. 384,

TRANSACTIONS.

For the Months of July, Augujl and September. 1714.

•The CONTENTS.

I. An Account of fome new Experiments, relating to
the different, and fometimes contrary Motion of
the Sap in Plants and Trees , made by Thomas .
Fairchild, Gardener at Hoxton.

. t * » \ - t > \ 7 , , * r * * f* « . * %

III An Account of an extraordinary Cure by Sweat-
ing in Hot Turf ; with a Pefcription of the In-
dian Hot-Houfes 5 by the Honourable Paul
Dudley, Ef p, !'• R* S.

* - C* ■ 0 ry flfy / liiW V’* ts

III. An Attempt to account for the riftng and falling

of the Water of fome Ponds near the Sea, or eb-
bing and flowing Ph’ers 5 where the Water is low-
eji in the Pond , at the Time of high Ji ater tn the
Sea or pifer-, and the Water is highejl in the
Pond, at the Time of low Water in the Sea or pi-
1W. As alfo for the mcreafmg or decreafmg of
the Water of fuch Pools and proofs as are highejl
in the dry Seafons, and loweft in the rainy Seajons :
With an Experiment to illuflrate the Solution of
the Phenomena. ‘By the peVerendJ. T. De-

faffuliers, L • L- ©• and p. S. $■ V
B IV;- No-

IV. Nobilijjhni Viri AT) AMI LEY EL (Per.
Codeg. Metallic t AJf efforts NA<I(<l(ATlO ac-
curatade CAD AVE%E HUM A NO in
fodma Cupnmontana ante duos annos reperto. Ex -
Jibs Literariis SuecU. Ann. iy12. Trimeft. L

V. Ar*ometri noYi defcriptio & ufus a D. G. Fah-

renheit, !^. 5. V

VI. A Letter from Mr. John Bonnet, Surgeon
Fowye in Cornwall, to Claudius Amyand,

bJT 5 Serjeant-Surgeon to his Majefty, B.K.S.
concerning the preternatural StruBure of the Pu-
denda in a Woman , defcrib’d m Phil. Tranfa<5t.
N° 379.

VII. Cafus rariffimus. Vifus objeBorum partialis , com-

municante Domino Abrahamo Vater <Prnf
Med. Wittemb. % S.S. f’

*

VIII. Sect to Oculorum duorum CataraBd affeBorum.

hpijlola Domini Samuelem

Molyneux Armigerum, Serenifimo Dr'mdpi
Wallia za Secretis, S. S.

IX. An Account of a Doo{ entituled, Dominici Bot-
tom, de immaniTrinacriae Terra: Motu, Idea
Hiftorico-Phyfica, in qua non folumTellu-
ris concuffiones tranfa&at recenfentur, fed no-
viflirrra Anni 1717. Melfanat 1718. 8°. <By
J. G. Scheuchzer, M. D. % S. S. Coll. M. L.

t » 17 )

~ 1

(

l . I ■■

rj f v \ r rA V r\V * \ in*’.
Li- ' .ii .. i wA v\\ i \r-

‘ i

r no

rbirlw 5; r-7

I.' Account of fome new Experiments , relating to
the different ^ and fometmes contrary Motion of
the Sap in (plants and Trees , made by Thomas
Fairchild, Gardener at Hoxton. : J

v V ’M - \ ... • • : ,fr{ • ; r, ' '

IH A D the Honour, fome Years ago, to {hew fome
Experiments before the Royal Society , and they
were pleafed to allow the Experiments to be new: and
ufeful ‘ which encouraged me ro try further, and bring
more Experiments, in order to fhew the Courfe of the
Sap • which I find, by Experience, will be fo ufeful,
that I can make barren Trees fruitful, and decaying
Trees healthful, and render the Syftem of Gardening
and Planting more ufeful to the- PubJick. T: ; ‘

The firft Plant I fhewed was the Laureola , grafted
upon the Mezereon , and the Evergreen Oak of Virgi-
nia upon the common Englijh Oak\ both which hold
their Leaves all the Winter, and are in good State- and
flourifhing, though grafted on Plants that drop their
Leaves in Winter j which plainly proves that the Juices
rife upwards, in Winter, in thofe Plants that drop their
Leaves, otherwife the Evergreens that are grafted on
them would foon perifh.

I believe by grafting the Variety of foreign Oaks on
the Englijh , we might make the Timber more firm
and lafting, than it is in its own Nature, when raifed
from foreign Acorns i For as the Crab- Stock maketh
die Wood of the Apple-Tree mote' firm and lafting than
that on the Apple-Stockyand the Peaches and Almonds,
budded on Plums, are more lafting than thofe on Peadi-
Stocks *, fo by the contrary Rule, all firm Timber,
Vol. XXXIII. U grafted

( 128 )

grafted on fpungy Stocks, would be made worfe than
it would be on its own Bottom, For Example, If
that which is called the Englijh Elm , fhould be graft-
ed on that which is called the 'Dutch , it would partake
of abundance of the fpungy Juices of the Stock, where-
by the Timber would become unfit for the Purpofes it
is now ufed for.

The hrlf Experiment, I have to offer to your Ob'fer-
vation at prefent, is made on the New England Cedar ,
or rather Juniper, grafted on the Virginia j and what
is remarkable in it, is. That the Branch, which is graft-
ed, is left feveral inches below the Grafting, which Part
continues growing as well as the upper Part above the
Grafting.

The fecond Plant is the Viburnum , with the Top
planted in the Ground, which is become Roots } and
the Roots turned up, which are become Branches. But
whether the fame Veffels, which fed the Branches, have
changed their Courfe, or whether the Juices go up and
down in the fame Veffels, I fhall leave to better
Judgments j but I find the Plant in as good State of
growing, as it was in its natural State.

The third Experiment is made on a Pear-Tree,
which I enarched upon two Pear-Stocks, in March
172 1-2. which is now in a good flourifhing State,
with a Branch in Bloffom, and receiveth no- Nourifh-
ment but by the two enarched Branches, the Root be-
ing out of the Ground ^ and tho* it was done above two
Years ago, it is now (hooting Suckers out of the Root,
which proveth that the Branches are as ufeful to fup-
port the Roots, as the Roots the Branches ^ and it is
therefore no Wonder that fo many Trees mifcarry in
Planting, when there, are no Branches left on the
Head.

( *29 )

The fourth Experiment is made on 'the Cedar of
Lib anus , grafted on the Laryx, which drops its Leaves
in the Winter-, yet maintains the Cedar in as flourifh-
ing Condition, as if it had been on a Tree that held the
Leaves all the Winter and the Part of the Graft, left
below the Grafting, is in as good Health a^ the Part
above the Grafting. o ? r ,T

II. An Account of an extraordinary Cure by Sweat-
ing in Hot Turf $ with a Vefcriptwn of the In-
dian Hot-Houfes 5 by the Honourable Paul

Dudley, Effo F. K. S.

_

IN the Year 1 704. Teter Coffin, Efq^ of Exeter in
New England, being then feventy four Years of
Age, had taken a great Surfeit, as ’twas thought, by
drinking cold Water, in a very hot Day, and when he
had heated himfelf in the Woods. This Surfeit fettled
principally in his right Side, but gave him a racking
Pain all over his Body, and particularly depriv’d him
of the Ufe of his right Arm : In this Condition ne kept
his Houfe and Bed for nine Weeks, and his Recovery,
confidering his Age, was defpaired of *, when a Son of
his, from whom I had the Relation, making a \ iiit to
his Father, propofed the Sweating of him m Turff .
The Father readily agreed to it, having ufed many
Medicines, from other Phylicians, without any Effect.
Immediately Orders were given to cut a large Oven full
of Turff ; the Pieces might be to eighteen Inches fquare.
The Turff it felf was of Englijb Grafs, and only the
Swerd, or Top of the Earth, with the Grafs* Befoie
the Turff was put into the Oven, the Dodor rubb’d

r U 2 ' f the

( l}0 )

the grafly Side of the TurfF, with fome Spirit, or Oyl,
and then doubled the Grafs-fide^ together, and fo fet
them in. When they were well baked, which was in
about two Hours, he took them out, and made a Bed
of them upon the Floor, (the Place for the Head raifed)}
as foon as that was done, he ordered his Father to be
taken out of his Bed without his Shirt, but wrapp’d up
ill a Sheet, and laid upon the hot TurfF, and then pro-
ceeded ter cover him over with the reft of the TurfF,
more efpecially on his Side, where the Seat of his Pain
was, but they da id none on his Brea ft or Head} then
they cover’d him with Blankets to keep the Heat in:
While the Father was in this Bath, the Son gave him
warm Cordials, to prevent fainting, which he Was in great
Danger of} after he had lain thus about- three Quarters
of an Hour, which was as long as he could bear it, he
was put naked into the Bed very well warm’d, where,
in a few Minutes, he fell afleep, and fweat to that De-
gree, that it run, thro’ his Pillow and Bed, upon the
Floor. After about two Hours Sleep they dry’d him,
and put him on warm Cloaths, and the old Gentleman
found himfelf much eafed and refreflaed : This was in
the Morning^ and before Night, he walked about the
Houfe comfortably, his Pain being in a manner all gone;
the next Day the Dodor repeated his Cordials, and the
fourth Day he fweat his Father a fecond Time, in the
fame manner as above ; and the next, viz. the fifth
Day, he went abroad about his Bufinefs, and lived
eleven Years afterwards in perfed Health, and free from
Pain. The Dodor tells me, great Care inuft be taken
that the Patient do not lie too long in the TurfF, and
that even a Quarter oF ah Hour may be fufficient for
fome Perfons } and when e’er the Patient begins to fetch
his Breath (hort, or faint, he muff be put to Bed im-
mediately, and the Phyfician, or Operator, muft by ho

means

( «J* ) .

means omit his Cordials. I fhould have been glad to
have made this Account'yet more perfect, by acquaint-
ing you, what the Specifick was the Do&or put upon
the TurfF, before he fet them into the Oven, but I
could not pofiibly prevail upon him to tell me. As to
the Matter of Fad, or Story of curing the old Gentle-
man, in this new and wonderful Manner, it was fam’d
throughout the Country in the Day of it •, but the Par-
ticulars I lately had an Opportunity of having from the
Son, who fo happily made the Experiment.

Houfes, to fweat in, were common among the Ab-
origines, when the Englijh firfl came into New Eng-
land, tho* now but little ufed. A Gentleman of the
Illand of Nantucket , where the Indians fometimes
pradife it, even at this Day, or very lately, gives me
the following Relation.

The Cave was ufually four Foot high, and to eight
Foot Diameter ^ the Roof fupported with Sticks or
Boards, covered with Earth, and they dug it in the
Side of a Hill, and, as near as could be, to feme River,
Pond, or Place of Water : The Entrance into this Cave
wasfmall, and the Door (when any Perfon was fweating)
was covered with a Blanket or Skm ^ near the Cave they
make a good large Fire, and heat a Parcel of Stones, to
the Quantity of five hundred Weight, and roll them in
red-hot, piling them up in the middle of the Cave ^
when this is done, the Indians go in naked, and fet
round the heated Stones as many as pleafe ; as foon as
they begin to grow faint, which may be in a Quarter of
an Hour, they come out, and plunge themfelves all
over in the Water for a Minute or two, and then in
again, as long as they can well bear it, and fo in the
Water a fecond Time, and then drefs themfelves. This
has been ufed with Succefs for Colds, Surfeits, Sciati-
ca’s, and Pains fixed in the Limbs j and even the Eng-

( )

UJh have many times found Relief by it. I don’t un-
derhand, but that it may be pradis’d at any r Time of
the I ear, without Hazard or Inconvenience. The In-
dians often ufed it before, and after long Journies,
Hunting or Voyages, to (Lengthen and refrefh them-
felves.

III. An Attempt to account for the rijing and falling
of the Water of fome Ponds near the Sea, or eb-
bing and flowing fivers 5 where the Water is low-
eft in the Pond, at the Time of high Water in the
Sea or Pfizer-, and the Water is higheft in the
Pond, at the . Time of low Water in the Sea or (Ri-
ver. As alfo for the increafing or decreafing of
the Water of fuch Pools and Prooks as are higheft
in the dry Seafons , and loweft in the rainy Seafons:
With an Experiment to illufirate the Solution of
the Phenomena. Py the (Reverend J. T. De-
laguliers, L. L . 0. and R. S. S.

HEro Alexandrinus, and other Hydraulick Wri-
ters, have defcrib’d a Cup (call’d a Tantalus ,
from its Effed) which will hold any Liquor very well,
when it is not till’d above a certain Height mark’d in the
Cup ^ but if it be fill’d higher, not only the Liquor
above the Mark will run out, but the whole Liquor
that was in the Cup. This is perform’d by a Syphon
in the Cup, which is fometimes conceal’d to make the
Effed the more lurprifing.

The

( Ml )

The Cup, AB (Fig. i.) has a vifible Syphon CED
in it ^ the Cup, (Fig. x.) has the fame, conceal’d by the
Figure of a Man, to reprefent Tantalus in the Fable j
and the Cup of Fig . 3. has its Syphon more conceal’d,
as it is carried up into the Handle. Any of thefe Cups
will hold Water very well, provided they are not fill’d
up above the Line F G ^ for then not only the Liquor
that is above F G will run out, but all the Liquor in
the Cup as low as D, the Orifice of the fhort Leg of
the Syphon.

E XT E RI ME NT. Fig. 4.

r’ f i „ * t * *

In the. Veffel abed is plac’d an open wooden Bo x
ABCD fill’d with Water as high as the Line LM.
Another Box or Plug EFGH made tight, and contain-
ing Weights to fink it, is made to let down into the
Water between the Partition I K and the End A B of
the Box above mention’d *, but when it is not to prefs
the Water up to I O, (as it does when let down) it is
drawn out of the Water by the Weight w, which pulls
it up by the Bar i k fatten’d to a Leaver moving round

the Center l. .

When, by means of the Plug, the Water in the Space
AB K I is pufh’d up to I O, by patting under K j it runs
out thro’ the Spout PCX (whofe Pattage is gaged by a
little Sluce P/) and falls into the Veilel RS made of
an oblong Figure like a Fifh-Pond, and having a Syphon
at S, fo as to make it a Tantalus , or in the Nature of

the Cups above mentioned.

Let the Weight m. puli, up the Plug EFG H, and',
the Water, having fill’d R S, will run down below the
Orifice P to M.

The Tantalus R S, beginning to run out as foom as
full, will for the Reafons above given, continue to run

Mil

( M4 )

till it is all emptied* and as it difcharges it felf into
another Tantalus T V (whofe Syphon is at V) ^ this
laft Tantalus will alfo, when full, begin to run out,
and its Water go down to x Y o.

If the Plug be let down gradually, as foon as the
W ater begins to run out of the lad Tantalus TV, (and
the firft Tantalus R S be cover’d fo as to be conceal’d
from Sight) it will appear to the Lookers on, That
the Cavity TV, reprefenting a Pond near an ebbing
and flowing River (as I am credibly inform’d there
is fuch an one at Greenhive in Kent , between Lo?idon
and Grave fend) always rifes, whilft tire Water at N O
(or the Tide) falls to LM; and always finks whilft
the Water at LM (or the Tide) rifes to OL. ' T
t - nr ' *: . W i " ‘ .

EXPERIMENT II.

Let the Water in the Box A BCD not be made ufe
of } only the Veil'd Z be fill’d every half Hour: It
will empty it felf in the Space of a Quarter of an Hour,
falling like Rain, and dropping alfo thro’ the Leaden
Platform ef into the hidden Tantalus RS, which will
not begin to run till this artificial Rain is over :• Then in
a Quarter of an Hour more, the Tantalus R S will have
emptied it felf into the viiible Tantalus T V, which
will be filling all the Time .after Z has done running •
(or in the dry Seafon) Hildas foon as T V is full, it will
begin to run out thro* its Syphon V, at the End of the
half Hour, when the Vdfel Z or Sieve runs again , that
is, at the Return of the rainy Seafon.

This laft Experiment may eafily be applied to thofe
Ponds, or thofe Brooks; that are high irt dry Weafther,
and low in wet Weather of which Kind,' I am told-,
there is a Brook at Lambonrn in Berk/hire.

( M5 )

If it be obje&ed, that fuch Ponds are fall for fome
time, which a Tantalus cannot be, becaufe it begins
to run out as foon as full j that may be eafily folv’d,
by fu'ppofing the hidden Tantalus , (or intermediate Ca-
vity between the River and Pond) to contain more Wa-
ter than the vifible one, provided it does not contain fo
much as not to be emptied, before the Return of the
Tide.

The fame Solution will ferve for wet and dry Sea-
fons, only fuppofing the Cavities larger.

If it be asked, where the Water of the vifible Tanta-
lus, near a River, can run j it may be anfwer’d, that all
this may happen, tho’ the fecond, or lowed Tantalus
fhou’d have its Bottom higher than low Water-Mark
in the River. And for the Syphons, which are of a
particular Make in the Cup ; tho’ fuch be not fuppos’d
in the Earth, yet any long PaiTage, rifing in the Middle,
will anfwer the End. . See Fig. f. where ABCD re-
prefents the Channel of a River, AD high Water-Mark,
and GH low Water-Mark ; ZI a Palfage from the Ri-
ver to the Cavity IKLMN, or firft, or hidden Tan -
talus ^ L M Q, the Syphon of the firft Tantalus , run-
ning into the fecond Tantalus , or vilible Pond O QJl P,
which by its Syphon R S V runs out into low Grounds
that may be above the low Water-Mark G H j and the
Bottom KLof the firft Tantalus may be above the
Top of the laft, whofe Level is the Line W W.

A B C D Y O QJR. P V H is the Se&ion of the Surface
of the Earth.

Vol. XXXIII.

X

IV. FobiliJJmi

( M 6 )

IV. Nobiliffimi Firi AT) AMI LEU EL %.
College Metallici A (Jeff oris NA^^ATIO ac-
curata de C AT> AVE^JE HUM A NO in
fodina Cuprbnontana ante duos annos reperto. Ex
Attis Liter arils Suecue. Ann. 1722. Trimeft. 1.

ANimalcula quaevis, infeda, pifces, cochleas 6C con-
chylia, frudus quofcunque, arbores, femina, 6c
herbas in lapides abire, 6c in faxeam mutari duritiem,
experientia quotidiana, 6c innumere res, lapidea rigi-
ditate afpere, tam intra Svioniam, quam apud exteros
paflim obviae teftantur. Hec petrificatio, f. folidum in
lapidem transformatio, originem ducit a tenuiflimo ha-
litu calcario, aut alio cake gravido nainerali vapore,
qui fe fumi inftar in animalium quorumvis 6c vegetabi-
lium poros ingerit, fedem ibi figit, ac vi fubfalfe duri-
tiei lapidefcere cunda cogit. Neque enim aliunde ar-
cefcenda eft caufa, cur plerasque tam indigene quam pe-
regrine fic dide petrificationes, in montibus inprimis
calcariis, aut etiam terra, calcarius ubi lapis efFoditur,
in confpedutn prodeant, 6c ex iis eruantur : qua de re
tam quas in Germania 6c Helvetia, quam Anglia 6c Ita-
lia, lucem videre Lithographorum fcripta, evolvi con-
fulique merentur.

Veram hancce, & folidam mutationem imitatur alia,
fed rudior & imperfedior, 6c que mutationem mentia-
tur, petrificationis fpecies, incruftatio dida, quam efri-
cit faxea in fubtilem vifcum foluta fubftantia, qui occur*
rentium corporum fuperficiei tenacius ubi adhaelit, lapi-
deam iis cruftam paulatim induit ; haud fecus ac fruges
varia^ femina, corticefque condiri, faccharoque, induci
folent. Cujus generis in Bohemia, Germania, Anglia,
I aliifque

( >37 )

aliifque regionibus non pauca occurrunt, fed inferiore
tamen loco, quam vera petrificata, cenfenda.

Porro varia etiam falium genera, alumen puta, fal
culinare, <St vitriolum, fimili donata virtute deprelien-
duntur. Haec corpora quidem non in folidum conver-
tunt lapidem, falfitudine tamen fua, & conftringendi vi,
obvia quaevis ita condenfant <Sc indurant, ut nativa pofita
mollitie, in iapideam duritatem deriedant.

Vitrioli autem, inter omnia falium genera, vaporem.
proclivem maxime Sc idoneum efte ad duritiem rebus
quibufcunque hoc modo conciliandam, alia ut praetere-
am, varia probant hominum membra, manus, pedefque,
quae fodina Fahlunenfium cuprea, in aqua vitriolo foeta,
fubinde occurrentia pradaet confpicienda qusque vigore
ac inlita facuitate vitrioli adeo induruille patet, ut pu-
tredinis nefcia corruptionem omnem morentur.

Illuftre inprimis hujus veritatis documentum dedit in
laudata modo Fahlunenliutn fodina repertum haud ita
pridem humanum cadaver, ante 50 circiter annos infe-
lici ruina obrutum ibi contumulatumque: fed quod eru-
tum integrum, ac live carnem, live cutem refpicias, mu*
tationis omnis expers comparuit, praeterquam quod cor-
neam contraxilfet duritatem.

De incorrupto hocce cadavere Novellis Hafnienlium
Literariis * narratiunculam ante aliquod tempus infer-
tarn vidimus, quae tamen quum circumltantias nonnul-
las omittat, nonnulla rurfus tradat, quae cum rei veri-
tate minus congruant, hinc rem non ingratam fadurum
me fpero, li poll lullratum rite cadaver. Sc coliedas fide
dignasloci incolarum relationes, fadi hiftoriam fequen-
t£m in modum cum eruditis communicavero, fchemaque
adjunxero, quod non fodinae minus faciem, quam op-
prefli ruina horn inis habit um adumbret.

'* Extrait des nonvellcs dll mois de Seprembi'e 1710. p. 107.

X 2 Anm

( i}8 )

Anni I7i9.menfe Decembri, cum Wrediani putei cu^
niculus (Wred -Schachtz Stollen , vid. Lit. I, Fig. 6.) ia
cum, qui ( M dr ds kins- Schachtz, korgeftaden , Lir. D.)
vocatur, agendus ducendufque edet, in puteo eodem
(. Mdrdskins Schachtet ) 82. orgyias profundo, loco
quern Lit. L. defignat, in rupis ipiius confinio, fub
' aqua 5i 5 orgyiarum ruina, defundi hominis corpus in
confpedum venit. Utrumque crus, cutn brachio dex-
tro & capite, avulfa petra moles contuderat : facies ve*
ro, corpufque reliquum cum vede, integra plane 8c in-
tada cernebantur y habitufque totus viri, collaria fafcia 2
ora extrema, dnidra manus ope, os obturantis, is erat,
quern Lit. K. exhibet ac demondrat. Crumenl, quam
gerebat, pyxis ex orichalco oblonga, pyxide vero tabaci
condebatur frudulum, utroque illafo 8c integro j dudi-
tium autemferrum, quoad pyxidem annedi operculum
volvique folet, aqua tinda edaci vitriolo tot urn abfum-
ferat. Caro hominis cutifque, afpera licet 8c dura pal*
pantibus viderentur, non tamen lapidis ea erat durities,
fed cornea aut ungulina, etiam fpecie, fuppar, quippe
qua cultro cederet fcindique podet.

Pod extradum tumulo, fodinaque corpus, diligenti
examinatione qualitum ed, ecquis elfet, qui agnofcere
podet defundum, aut quando periidet, fc-ire? cum Mag-
nus Johannis , metallicus in Korfgarden , probe ilium
a fe de facie, quippe qua iineamenta omnia illibata
fervet, agnofci, idque coram confedu Metallico, profit
teretur \ fubjungens etiam nomen, vocatum eum ajebat
Matthiam Ifraelis> alias, ob proceriorem paulo datu-
ram, Matthiam Magnum feu Procerum, qui in Boda
Swerdfioends paroecia pago editus, operam Jon<e ‘Petti
in ‘Dijkarebacken localler, Succurrit porro Matthiam
hunc Ifraelis , podquam anno 1670, 8c tempore qui-
dem autumnali, folus capfula vedus defcendidet in fo-
dinam, defideratum, dubioque procul ruina fuffocatum

2 fuide.

< «J9 )

fuifie. Didis fidem fecere idem affirmantes Ericas
Michaelis Prastor Metallicus, <3c Ericus Tetri Reftia-
rius. His accedebat vetula, quacum vivus adhuc Mat-
thias fponfalia contraxerat, quse, veteris 6c jam revivi-
fcentis amoris jure, exanime corpus fibi concedendum,
aut terras faltem mandandum poftulabat. Aderant 6c
alii plures, ilium qui agnofcerent, 6c narrationis hujus
veritatem confirmarent.

Quadraginta novem adeo annorum fpatio, ab anno
videlicet 1670. ad annum 1719. fub terra delituerat
Matthias hicce ‘Procerus , e qua in lucem protra&um,
in perpetuam rei memoriam, vetus asdes fodinas publica
excepit: in qua hodieque integer, 6c tarn quod ad vefti-
mentum 6c lintea, quam carnem, cutem, capillum, 6c
ungues, incorruptus, foetorifque omnis expers, oculis
intuentium fiftitur^ folo aqua; vitriolo abundantis mi-
nilterio exliccatus, 6c contra putredinis vim munitus.

Ex fideli hac certaque, quantum quidem ex loci ip-
(ius incolis hauriri potuit, notitia haudquaquam petri--
bcatutn cadaver hoc, aut in lapidem mutatum, fed a-
quas tantum vitriolo fcatentis beneficio induratum eife
liquet. Quid quod vitrioli naturas 6c ingenio magis
nil, quam ejufmodi petrificandi vis repugnat: quippe
quod nil unquam in faxum convertat ^ tenuiffimi vero
vaporis vegeto motu omnia perrumpaf, ftringat, ac a pu-~
tredine interituque tueatur.

V. Araometri

( M° )

■ " ’ - 1 '

V. Arctometri noYt defcriptio & ufus a 25. G. Fah-
renheit, 2^. S. S'.

NOTUM eft liquorum gravitates lpecificas, duo-
bus potiflimum modis, inveftigari poife, librarum
nempe, vel Arasometrorum ope. Ambo nonnullis diffi-
cuitatibus funt obnoxii, ^quominus exade faepe experi-
menta fieri poflint. Dimcultas prioris modi in eo pras-
cipue verfatur, quod cum librae accuratifllme elaboratae
adhiberi debeant, earum vero tenor, in quibufdatn fo-
lummodo pundis confiftat, ea temporis tradu, vel etiam
alio modo, facillime depraventur, eoque modo experi-
menta non e&, qua par eft, accuratione perfici poflint.
Aneometra autem accuratiora, quorum ftrudura huc-
ufque innotuir, hoc praecipue laborant incqmmodo,
quod uno eodemque inftrumento non omnium liquorum
gravitates explorari poflint, ita ut mutatis liquoribus, eti-
am aliud Ara3ometron adhibere oporteat.His conftderatis,
ufumque Arsometri perpendens, difficultates memoratas
ftrudura fequentis inftrumenti tolli polfe animadverti.

Globulo, A, Fig. 7. fatis magno,(quo major Globulus
eo melior) tubi fibi oppofiti CD & E F anneduntur, tu-
bulo graciilimo E Frecentaculum G additur, mediumque
tubuli pundo a minutiflimo, fatis tamen vifibili, deno-
tatur. Extremitas altera tubuli C D globulo B prtedita
eft, qui receptaculi loco ponderi inferiori (quo nempe
inftrumentum aggravatur) infervit. Diftantia globuli B. a
centre globi A triplo major lit, quam diftantia recepta-
culi G ab eodem centro. Inftrumento ita prsparato,
globulus B tant& mercurii quantitate repletur, ut ft
At^ometron liquori leviflimo, exempli gratia, fpiritui

vini

( >4' )

vini bene dephlegmato, vel fpiritui Terebinthinas im-
mergatur, illud in liquore fere ufque ad pundum a
defcendat *, quo fado, tubulus prope E hermetice figil-
latur, Sc inftrumentum bilance accuratiori ponderatur^
eritque pondus inftrumenti etiam ipfifftmum liquoris ab
inftrumento deturbati pondus, utpote fatis hydroftatices
peritis notum eft. Si autem graviores inveftigandi funt
liquores, exempli gratia, aqua, lixivia, vel fpiritus acidi,
corum gravitatis differentia invenitur, dum nempe in-
ftrumentum in receptaculo G tanto pondere oneratur, ut
illud iterum ad pundum a fubfidat. Hoc pondere gravi-
tati inftrumenti addito, illorum liquorum gravitates fpe-
citicEe (fi pondera fint minutiflima) fatis exade habe-

buntur: , Sc fic de casteris. r

Dixi quod inftrumentum in memoratis fpiritibus lere
ad pundum a fubfidere debeat ^ melius enira erit, ut:
non perfede liquor illud pundum attingat, & ut diffe-
rentia parva ponderibus minutiflimis adjuvetur : hoc
cnim modo, fi forfan adhuc liquores leviorts darentur,
vel etiam fi liquorum memoratorum gravitas a calore fpe-
cifice levio r redderetur* adhuc inftrumento explorari
poterunt, quod alias non fuccederet, fi illud perfede ad
pundum a in nominatis fpiritibus fubfideret.

Dum autem experimenta hunt, cavendum eft, ne fu-.
perficies, tarn inftrumenti, quam liquorum aliqua pm-
guedine, vel aliis particulis heterogeneis fint imbutaej ali-
ter enim experimenta nunquam fatis accurate peragentur-
ut optime Vir acutiflimi ingenii, hujufque lnclytifli-
mse Societatis Membrum, inter diiferendum de hoc:
y-«n--niY>Fntr» monuif.

VI. A Letters

( H2 )

VI* A Letter from Mr. John Bonnet, Surgeon
at Fowye in Cornwall, to Claudius Amyand,
Ef<fo Serjeant-Surgeon to his Majefty, F. R.S.
concerning the preternatural Structure of the Pu-
denda in a Woman , dejcribd in Phil. Tranfa<5t.

N° 3 79 -

AS there appears to be fome Difference in the Ac-
counts of the remarkable Strudure of the Euden -
da, <Scc. of the Woman of Lanteglafs , near Fowye ,
publifh’d in the FhilofofihicalTranfaffions N° 379.
I take the Liberty of giving you a particular Ac-
count of what I obferv’d, with refped to this Matter.
This I am the rather embolden’d to do, as I repeatedly
obferv’d the wonderful Strudure of the Parts, before
the Birth approach’d, and before I was oblig’d to make
the Incilion.

This Woman was about 23 Years old when fhe was
married, and fome time after conceiv’d. As fhe was
confcious of the preternatural Strudure of the Parts,
and her Mother apprehenfive of the Danger that wou’d
attend the Delivery under fuch unhappy Circum fiances j
they apply ’d to me about the 7th Month, in order to
engage my A (lift a nee.

On viewing the Abdomen , I made the following Ob-
fervations ^ There was no Sign of the Umbilicus j but
about three Inches lower, than that is regularly plac’d in
Perfons naturally form’d, there was a fpongy, ffelhyEx-
tuberance, nearly of the Shape and Bignefs of an Hen-
Egg; Not, as is faid in Mr. O ... ds Account, compos’d
of many Lobules invelop’d by diftind Membranes,

* but

/

/

I

but

X HI >

but entirely refembling that luxuriant Flefh which is
thrown forth in ill-digefted Wounds, and is therefore
commonly call’d proud Flefh. This was exceeding
tender, and on it (he cou’d not bear the lead Touch.
On the lower Part of this Excrefence, I perceiv’d two
fmall Orifices, the one diftant from the other about an
Inch. Thro’ thefe the Urine drops continually, nor is {he
able to retain it ■, but by violent Efforts can make it
{pout out near a Foot. What is faid in Mr. O.... s
Account of its being render’d multis rivulis , is cer-
tainly erroneous : The two Orifices, by which it is in
deed' difcharg’d, being now very evident, and will

eafily admit a fmall Probe.

About i Inch below this Protuberance, was a tranf-
verfe Orifice, much refembling the Arms of a Cock.
Through this the Menjirua regularly flow’d : By this
fhe was impregnated. ’Fwas with fome Difficulty I
thruft my Finger into this Orifice, in order to reach
the Os Tinea, which, however, I could by no means
feel, it lay fo deep ^ but I plainly felt a thick tranfverfe
Membrane feparating this Paflage from an Orifice, which
is fituated about two Inches below that already deferib’d.
This lower Orifice feem’d to be fituated, exactly where
the Symphyfis of the Of a ‘Pubis is, in Women regu-
larly form’d, (omewhat above the Place where the na-
tural Hiatus fhou’d have been. I cou d but juft enter
the Tip of my Finger into this. There were a few
Hairs fcatter’d up and down irregularly about this Ori-
fice. The Anus terminated as ufual, with a Sphincter,
about two Inches below this lower Orifice, much more
forward than ufual.

So that the upper Orifice, which may be properly
call’d the Orifice of the Vagina, was about ^ Inch be-
low the umbilical Excrefcence : The lower oblong Ori-
fice for another Paflage to the Womb) was about two
Vo l. XXXIII. Y Inches

( 1 44 j

Inches below that of the Vagina : Contrary to what
is faid in Mr. O . . . . *s Account, who makes the fupe-
rior Orifice to be near four Inches below the Excre-
fcence, and the lower Orifice four Inches from the fu-
perior^ and then fays, the Anus, which he (rightly
enough) makes to ufurp the Place of the Foffa magna
in Women naturally conformed, was five or fix Inches
below this. According to this Proportion, the Woman
mud be really gigantick whereas (lie is a fhort, little
Woman: But however, Worthy Sir, you may depend
upon the Account and Meafure 1 have given j nor do
Mr. O . . . . ’s Cuts any way reprefent the Cafe.

This Woman had no Os, or OJfa Tubis ^ indeed,
there was an Apophyfis jutting out from the lower Part
of each Os Ilium, but they were far from being join’d,
as ufual, by Synchon drofis,

July 1 8. 1722. I was fent for late at Night. I
found the Woman with true Travail-Pains upon her.
The Throws were exceflive violent, and the continued
Agony had almofl quite exhaufled the poor Woman’s
Spirits } but the Orifice of the Vagina was no way fen-
fibly dilated, tho’ the Anus, thro’ the Violence of the
Throws, open’d extremely wide. In vain were all En-
deavours to relieve her, by thrufling up the Child, and
putting the Mother in a proper Poffure. Vain were
her own Throws and Agonies. Convulsions now had
feiz’d her, and Nature feem’d to have deny’d a longer
Life to the Mother, or an Entrance into it to the Child.

I was in the utmofl Perplexity what to do under
thefe Circum (lances. On the one Hand I confider’d,.
that if there was not a PafTage made for the Child, and
that by Incifion, both Mother and Child muft fpeedily
perifh. On the other Pland I forefaw the Danger and
Hazard of an Incifion, and the unavoidable Cenfure of
having kill’d the Woman, if fhe fhould die under the

2 . Operation.

f *45 ) ...

Operation. At laft Humanity fo far prevail’d with me,
as to try a doubtful Method of preferving Life, rather
than none.

I told her Mother, and the other Perfons in the
Room, that Death was inevitable, without making the
Paffages wider by Incifion, and fo attempting a Deli*
very , withal apprizing them of the Uncertainty of the
Event of the Operation. When they few her (as they
thought) juft expiring, they deliver’d her into my
Hands, to do with her what I thought fit.

I immediately thruft my Scalpel into the inferior ob-
long Orifice, and diredly cut into the Orifice of the
Vagina • fo brought them into one : Then prefently with
my ScifTors, foipp’d the tranfverfe hlembrane. This
being done, I eafily introduced my Hand, felt the
Head of the Child, and with my Finger thruft into
its Mouth, drew forth a Female Infant, living and well
form’d, to my own Surprize and Admiration of all.
Thus was this Gordian Knot, at laft, happily cut, that
cou’d not be unty’d.

Ever fince Ihe was deliver’d, in the Manner recited,
fhe hath fuffer’d a Trolapfus uteri, , upon the leaft
{landing or walking. I propos’d to remedy this by a
Suture, as is pradis’d in the Cafe of the Vulva break-
in0- into the Anus ^ but (lie wou d by no means admit
of it: So that file almoft continually labours under a
procidentia uteri , and the Body of the Womb and
Vagina are fo corroded by the Acrimony of the Urine,
that there are four or five Ulcers form’d upon them. Be-
fides this Inconvenience, feme of the thinner Parts of the
Excrement aredifeharg’d at the Bottom of this largeClefr,
and by introducing my Finger at the Bottom of the Cleft,
I can eafily thruft the Top of it thro’ the Anus : which
is an Argument that there cou’d not be 5 or 6 Inches
between the oblong Orifice and the Anus , as is alien-

Y 2 ed

( 14 6 )

ed by Mr. 0.*.#., the Diftance being fcarce above
two Inches.

Towey, June 23;

F IGU^A^UM EXFLAN ATIO.

F I G V R A O&ava. .

A. Epigaftriijin.

• B. Regio umbilicalis.

C. Hypogaftrium.

D. Regio pubis.

EE. Spongiofa offa.

F F. Meatus urinarii, a partu fatis vifu faciles.

G. Orificiuin tranfverfale.

H. Oblongum orificiuin.

II. Cicatrices duas, ex Urinae, ut videtur, acrimonia4 .

K. Anus, pauluium anterius locatus.

F 1 G V R A Nona.

P P. FifTura magna quatuor pollices oblonga. .

L. Procidentia uteri.

M. Os Tincae.

( *47 5'

VII. Cafus rarijjimus. Fifus objeBorum partialis, com-
vmnicante Domino Abrahamo Yater, (Pro/.
Med. Wittemb. % S.S. ,

FOcmina mediae a&tatis, anno fuperiori, a retro-pulfa;

per balneum, 6c fubfecutam refrigerationem. Co-
ryza, unica node incidit in cataradam nigram, feu gut-
tam ferenam : nam mane e fomno experreda, ufu ocu-
lorutn orbatam fe fentit, nullo extrinfecus in oculis vi-
tio apparente. Pod ufurpata vero medicamenta varia
laxantia fanguinem purificantia, interpodtis fimul
vedcatoriis, una cum decenti Diaeta, vifus fendm rediit,
ita tamen ut notatu dignae vifus viciflitudines, ac dngu-
laria in eo phenomena occurrerent. Primum enim
omnes ip(i obvios homines, capite quad truncates vidit,
folo corpore abfq-, capite in oculos incurrente. Succeffu
temporis, ceflante liac obfervatione, objeda quidem tota,
fed quad per nebulam aut per rete vidit, hoc cef-
fante, maculas tamen <Sc flocculos oculis obverfari per-
cepit. Tandem affedus hie in vifum partialem, quo
hoc ipfo tempore adhuc laborat, degeneravit. Nunc
enim, utroque oculo aperto, 6c verfus objedum diredo,
illud quidem totum confpicit : alterutro vero eorum
claufo, pars objedi, macula aut nebula rotunda teda,
videtur, quae macula tanto major apparet, quo longius
oculus ab objedo removetur. Prout autem oculus dve
dexter, ’ dve dnifter, occluditur, Temper quidem media
objedorum pars, at diverfa, obfeuratur. Ita d, exempli
gratia, has tres voces in charta feriptas (Ego fum cceca)
intueatur oculo dniftro tantum, pupilla verfus mediam
vocem Sum direda, hasc in vifum non incurrit, fed

tantum

( «4* )

tantum duse voces Ego — — coeca confpiciuntur. Pa-
pilla vero verfus vocern .Ego direda, liic evanefcit, ita

ut tantum Sum coeca videat. Quod (i e contrario

oculum finiftrum claudat, & oculo dextro infpiciat ob-
jedum, tunc medium quidetn pariter obfcuratur, ita
tamen, ut tantum pars quarta vifum fugiat, tribus par-
tibus clare confpedis. Ita li, exempli gratia, oculo huic
objiciat has quatuor voces, in charta fcriptas ,(Ego opto
ejfe fana) tunc pupilla ad medium direda, omnes vo-
ces videt, praster vocem opto , quse macula itidem ro-
tunda obfcuratur, Sc videt asgra ita tantum. Ego —
ejfe fana . Qjioniam ergo ex hoc cafu apparet, macu-
iam illam rptundam, qua pars objedi obfcuratur, elfe
fixam quidem, fed pro varia pupillas diredione locum
mutare, dubium videtur, utrum vitium in humore
cryftallino, an in tunica retina hasreat > In tunica qui-
dem cornea nulla obfcuritas aut macula patet. Majoris
vero momenti, ac explicatu difficilius videtur antecedens
phenomenon, ubi asgra totum hominis corpus, excepto
tantum capite, confpexit. Quamobrem hunc cafum
Illuftriffimae Societati Regali exponendum elTe duxi,
quoniam hie viam mihi parare videtur, ut raulta
utilia ad vifum illuftrandum ex eo deduci queant.
Dabam Wittembergas Saxonum D* XX. Marto
MDCCXXIV.

VIII. Seffio

( H9 )

VIH. SeSfto Ocuhrum duorum CataraSia affeBornm .
Epiftola Domini ad Samuelem

Molyneux Armigerutn, Seremjfinio Qrincipi
Walliae a Secretis , (^. S. S.

JOhannes Wright , fenex milefque emeritus, fuffufi-
one feu Catarad& utriufque oculi laborans, vifu
landem oranino privatus eft. Curas fe commifit Domi-
ni Cay wood, Oculiftas cDublinienfis, qui acu pundcria
oculum utrumque perforavit ad Cryftallinum e fede fua
deprimendum. Operatione verb in oculo dextro minus
feliciter fuccedente, finiftri ufum folummodo recupera-
vit. Paucis menfibus poft operationem peradam, in
hofpitium regale militum emeritorum prope T>ubli -
ilium receptuseft, ubi per annos odo vel novem manlit,
6c, per totum iftud tempus, vifus aciem fatis acutam ha-
buit, adeo per urbem folus ambularet,6c fodalium facies
diftinguere poftet. Mortuus eft tandem y 0 die Aprilis
1722. fuffocatus per cafei morfulum hasrentem in gula,
quam adeo ardam habuit, ut eundem mortis aditum
paucis abhinc annis bis aegre evaferit. Oculi ejus, e era-
nio exemptfmifll funt per Nofocomii Chirurgum ad D.
Thom am Molyneux Medicine Dodorem, Collegii
Med. Regalis in Hibernia Socium,6c in Academia *Dub-
Unienfi Medicine Profefforem. In xdibus ejus cultro
Anatomico aperti funt, per Oculiftam fupradidum, me-
que, ut interelfem operation!, accerferedignatuseft. In
oculo finiftro (cujus aciem recuperatam faille fupra
notavimus) fublati cornea cum portione tunicas fclero-
ticse, ne vel minimum invenimus rudimentum pelliculas

in aqueo humore fluduantis, aut limbo iridis adnata,
1 ficut

( >5® )

ficut fe obfervafTe fcribit Wolhoufius . Quod vero multo
magis mirandum eft, null* prorfus reliquiae invent*
funt hutnoris Cryftallini, cujus. opacitati morbum ad-
fcribit Doctor Brtjfeus, Humor Vitreus, quoad fitum
& conftftentiam, nihil praeternaturale oculis noftris ex-
hibuit; tunica choroidea 8c retina fufci coloris erant
tarn intus quam extra. In oculo dextro eadem omnia
obfervavimus ^ nullum nempe pelliculae aut Cryftallini
rudimentum occurrebat. Tunica cornea rugofa erat <5c
ftaccida, quod aqueus humor per punduram extravafatus,
numquam renovatus fitradeoque iftiusoculi ufum ami-
fit penitus. Cryftallini vero defedum quod attinet,
res eft prorfus inaudita, neque ab ullo Anatomico, quan-
tum fcio, defuifte obfervatus eft, vel le viter fufpedus.
Militem hunc Cryftallinum habuilfe in utroque oculo
ante operationem, nullus dubito • cum vero acu a fede
fua detrufus eft, ligamentis ciliaribus valifque, quibus
nutrimentum haufit, penitus difruptis, eum fenfim
contabuiife credo, tandemque in auras diffipatum fuiffe,
Summopere vellem hanc rem experimento faspius ite-
rato confirmatam efte : fufpicor enim idem femper eve-
nire ftato tempore poft depreftum Cryftallinum.

Hoc certo conftat ex hac hiftoria, hominem nempe
abfque Cryftallino videre polfe, contra opinionem W ol-
houfii Oculiftae Tarifienfis, e&que amplius confirmatur
fententia D. Dodoris Brijfei de Catarada, quern con-
fulas quaefo fuper hac re*

: " • - ... - • ' - < ■ •

IX. An

. :*j Tillin'

I a eihni

1 JEfC >

il

( 1 5 1 )

IX. An Account of a Book^ intituled, Dominici
Bottom, de immani Trinacriae Terr# Motu
Idea Hiftorico-Phyfica, in qua non folum
Telluris concuffiones tranfa&ae recenfentur,
fed noviffimx Anni 17 17. Meffana: 1 7 t
8°. ©7 J. G.Scheuchzer, M. T>. % S . 5. Coll.
M L. Lie.

THIS Treatife contains an accurate hiftorical Ac-
count of the feveral violent Earth-quakes, which
happen’d in the Kingdom of Sicily, in the Years 1693,
1694, and 1717. inter fpers’d with fome philofophical
Digreflions concerning the Caufes and Effeds of Earth-
quakes in general. I (hall fomething enlarge upon the
former, as being the more material, as well as the
more curious Part of the Book 3 avoiding, however,
with all poflible Care, a tedious and unnecelfary Repe-
tition of what hath been already mention’d in ano-
ther Account of thofe two dreadful Succuflions, which
happen’d the 9th and 10th of January, 1693. written
by Vincent ins Bonajutus , a Sicilian Nobleman. This
Account was communicated to the Royal Society by
the late learned Marcellus Malpighius , and is inferred

in the Bhiloji Tranfatf . N° 207. p. 2.

The Summer Seafon, in 1692. was exceedingly hot
and tempeftuous, with frequent Thunders, Lightnings
and Rains. About the middle of September fell fuch
profufe Showers, that all the Rivers and Torrents in-
created to fuch a Degree, as to overflow their Banks in
feveral Places, and cover large Pieces of Ground with
Water. This, join’d to the continual blowing of South-
VoL.XXXilf. Z erlv

( IJl )

erly Winds, during the Autumn, put the Inhabitants
under great Apprehenfion of future Mifchiefs. And
indeed, the difaftrous Fate, which befel Sicily about
the Beginning of 1693, too manifeftly prov’d, that this
ominous Fear was no way groundlefs. For on Friday*
the 9th of January, about the 5th Hour (according to
the Italian Way of counting) after a warm, ferene
and calm Day, the Earth began trembling all of a hid-
den, chiefly about Catania , and in fome neighbouring
Places, for the Time required to fay the Lord’s Prayero
This firft Shake was accompany’*!, as generally happens
in Earthquakes, by a hollow, thundering Noife, and
and fucceeded by another fmall Trembling, obferv’d
only by fome few People on Saturday, early in the
Morning.. Thefe two Suceufiions, though violent e-
no ugh, were but a Prelude of the third, which hap-
pen’d the nth: of the fame Month, by 4. of the Clock
in the Afternoon, of which the Apprehenfion was fo
much the greater, becaufe all the 10th and nth, be-
tween the firft and third Shake, the Air was more than
ufual dark and cloudy* This laft was ftupendous beyond
human Imagination, and it would be a Task too difficult
for even the ableft Pen, to defcribe all its dreadful Ef-
fects 3 the violent tolling and dancing of the Earth 3 the
hollow, thundering Noife threatening the whole Ifland
with its entire Diffolution 3 the fiery Eruption of the
burning Adtna throwing out a prodigious Quantity of
Flames, Stones and Afhes • the Terror and Confufion
of the diffracted Inhabitants running up and down the
Streets, uncertain where to provide for their Safe-
ty, or how to efcape the Fury of all the raging Ele-
ments,. which feemed to have confpired their Ruin,.
There was fcarce one Place all over the Kingdom left
without fome particular Misfortune, Catania , Syracn-
fa, Agojia , Mefflna , Koto, Ragufa, Leontini , lb la-.

Chiarumont s,

( 1 53 )

Chiarumonte , Carleontino , Caltagirone , Soffiino,
Francofonte , BonteLlo , Militello , Occhiali , Aydono ,
Mot tea M a (call, were all, if not entirely dedroy’d,
at lead miferably (batter’d, many Churches and (lately
Buildings, up and down the Country, violently thrown
down, and above 60000 Inhabitants buried under the
Ruins, of which about 16000 perifhed only at Cz-
tania.

In many Places the Earth gap’d prodigioufly. Such
an Opening was obferved near MeJJina , in the very
Bottom of the Sea *, another near a Village call’d
d’Aceto , 250 Paces long, and near 8 Palms broad;
another at Caltanifeta , near the Jefuits-College, 2000
Paces long and a Palms broad } another, at the Top
of a Hill near Leontini , full wide enough to hold a
Man ; another upon the Road between Catania and Le~
ontini , which fwallow’d upfome Mule-keepers, then, to
their great Misfortune, happening to travel that way, a-
long with their Mules and whole Baggage, that not the
lead Foot-dep of them remain’d. Silently to pafs over
a great many more, but ol lefs Conlideration.

Out of all thefe Openings fprung forth a great Quan-
tity of Water, which drown’d the neighbouring Places.
This Water was in fome Places hot, with a drong ful-
phureous Smell, which laded, even after the Earth-
quakes were over, and induc’d fome of the Inhabitants,
not without Succefs, to makeufe of it in curing of Ul-
cers, and other cutaneous Difeafes, for which chiefly
a hot Well near Lazaretto became very famous. Out
of fome of thefe Gapings of the Earth iflued a thick
Stench and Smoke, very troublefome to ail the Neigh-
bourhood. This happen’d, amongd other Places, upon
a Mountain called S . Theodor , as alfonear Mena. Near
Agofta it was preceded by a fulphureous red Flame.

tx

Juft

O

( >54 )

Juft at the Time of the fecond Shock, the Sea retir’d
from the Land all along the Coafts, leaving its Bottom
drv’d up for a confiderable Diftance, and within few
Minutes return’d again with great Fury, and overflow’d
the Shores. By this Accident the Maltefi Gallies,
lying at Anchor in the Harbour of Agofta , were in dan-
ger of being loft } for the Sea funk down all of a fudden,
fo that they came to fit almoft upon the Ground, and im-
mediately after bubbled and fwell’d up again with fo
great an Emotion, that they run the Hazard of having ■
their Cables broke, and being driven away.

And it feemed that the Earth itfelf was in fome Places
confiderably lower’d,and the Tops of the Mountains de-
prefs’d. Of this they had a remarkable Inftance at Bar
ternione. The Hills, between this City and the Shore,
hinder’d it from having any View of the Sea, which
lince the Earthquake difcovers itfelf towards the Eaft
very plainly.

In other Places the Earth a&uilly funk down, and
inftead of it appear’d great Lakes, fome of which were
large enough to become navigable. By the breaking
forth of fuch a Lake between Noto and Syracufa , a
large Piece of Ground was tranfported for about 5 'o
Paces, where it now (lands as form, as if it had always
flood there.

The Loofening and Fall of two great Rocks between
ferula and Cajfero is already fufficiently deferib’d in
the abovementioned Account of Signor Bonajuti : Such
Loofenings and throwing down of great Rocks happen’d
every where up and down in the Country, to the great
Terror of the neighbouring People. The lame was alio
obferv’d, according to Kircher , and feveral other Au-
thors, in fome Earthquakes in the Kingdom of Naples .
Two very high Rocks near Ibla, with all the Trees
growing thereon, were by the Violence of the Fall,

( '55 )

quite inverted, that the Top came to hand upon the
Ground.

About two Miles off from the City of Mena , lies a
Lake full of a bituminous, fulphureous and combuftible
Matter, formerly famous under the Title of Lacus
Talicorum . Upon this Lake there was obferv’d, the
very Day of the Earthquake, about a Quarter of an Hour
before the fecond Shock, a great red Flame, like a fiery
Column of above three Yards perpendicular Height,
which, during the Earthquake itfelf, on a fudden dif-
appear’d.

At dgofta, the Misfortune was fo much the greater,
becaufe, befides all the dreadful Effefts of theEarthquake
itfelf, the Powder-Magazine, in the Caftle, by fome
ill Accident, and perhaps by the violent Fall over one
another of the Stones of fome ruined Buildings (or by
the breaking out offomefubterraneous Flame) unluckily
took Fire, by which the whole Caftle was blown up
with fucli a Fury, that fome of the Stones were car-
ry^ as far as the Ifiand Thapfus, which is near 8 Ita-
lian Miles diftant from Agofta. By this Accident pe-
rifh’d 1840 Inhabitants.

There remains ftill one thing worth obferving, and
that is the very Rife and Progrefs of this terrible Sue-
cuflion. It arofe in the South, and proceeded from
thence towards the North. For it was firft obferved
in the Ifiand of Malta then in the Southern Parts of
Sicily • and laft, always with fome Difference as to the
Time, ’in the Northern Parts of the fame Kingdom.
But the Shakes were lefs violent, the more it approach’d
to the North. For the reft’, it extended itfelf to far,
that not only the Ifiand of Slalta , but ado Calabtia,
and fome Parts in the Kingdom of Naples, participated of

its F ury.

Nor

( 15<S )

Nor was this the End of all the Miferies which befel
this noble Kingdom : for the Earth continued trembling
for feveral Months after, during the whole Year of 1693.
In the remaining Part of January , and from that Time
to the Beginning of the Summer, the Shakes came ftrong
and thick, with hollow terrible Noifes, and frequent
Eruptions of ALtna. The moll conliderable were ob-
ferv’d February the 15 th in the Morning j March
the 1 ft 3 March the 1 8th, by one of the Clock 3 May
the 10th May the z6t h in the Morning. Towards
the End of the Summer,the Shakes were obferv’d to lofe
a great deal of their Force, and Atna to throw out
Flames and Afhes in lefs Quantity, when on the 4th
of September ^ this ignivomous Mountain, having been
fome Days before very quiet, trembled and crack’d all
of a fudden, with fo loud and thundering a Noife, as if
fome Thoufands of Guns were fir’d all at once. This
was fucceedelby a new Opening, about ioco Paces di-
ftant from the old Mouth, out of which immediately
iffu’d a thick Stench and Smoke, follow’d by a great
Flame. The fame Mountain open’d itfelf in two othev
Places, with the like Noife, and Eruption of Smoke
and Fire, the z$th of September ^ 1693, and the iff of
Aprils 1694. Since that Time the Shakes became vi-
fibly weaker and weaker, and at laffc entirely wafted.

As to the Earthquake which happen’d^r/7 the iid,
1717. early in the Morning, and of which the Author
hath given a flaort Account by way of Appendix j J
fhall not infift upon its Effect, being much the fame with
the former, though far inferior as to the Degree of Vio-
lence.

Thus far, what I could gather out of this Treatife,
relating to the Hiltory of the Sicilian Earthquakes in
1 69 3 and 1 7 1 7. 1 proceed now, with all poflible Brevity,
to run over the feveral Obfervations, which oure\uthor

maketh

-( '57 )

maketh about the Caufes and Effects of Earthquakes in
general: He obferveth,

That fuch Countries as abound much with Foffil-
coals, as England. , fome Parts of Germany , and even
Sicily itfelf, are more fubjeft to Tremblings of the
Earth, than any other.

That peftilential and other Difeafes, which frequently
follow great Earthquakes, are rather to be afcrib’d to
noxious and infefted mineral Effluvia , which upon
fuch an Occafion iffue out of the- Earth through the
feveral Openings, than to the Putrefaction of dead Bo-
dies, which per idl’d in the Earthquake, and were bu-
ried under the Ruins of deffroy’d Buildings.

That amongft the Minerals hidden in the Entrails of
the Earth fome are combuftible, fome not j that of the
combuftible Ones, as Sulphur, Bitumen, Alum, Vi-
triol, Salt-Petre, &c. fome take Fire quicker than o-
thers ^ that others, as Coals, are with greater Diffi-
culty to be inflamed, but keep the Fire fo much the
longer ; that the Fleat and fulphureous Smell of the
Waters, which broke lirft through the Openings of the
Earth,probably depends upon the Mixture and Fermen-
tation of fome of thefe Minerals.

That Baccius , Kircher , and others, which draw the
Origin of the abovementioned fulphureous Lake near
Mena , and of feveral others in other Places from tne
fubterraneous Cavities of the Mountain jEtna^ are much
in the wrong, there being not the lead Neceility of its
being derived fo far, fwce the Country every where a-
bounds with combuftible Minerals, which rather feem
to entertain and nourifh the fiery Eruptions of JEtna,

than to be occafton’d by them.

That the Sea’s retiring from the Shore, and finking
down, is the lefs to be wonder’d at, fince there are many

Examples in Hiftories of whole. Towns and Elands (wal-
low’d

< ij8 )■

low’d up by it. This Misfortune befel, according to
Pliny , Tyndarida , formerly a famous City in Sicily.

That m all probability Sicily itfelf, which, by the
Teftimojffi'es of ‘Diodorus Siculus , Strabo 5 <Pomj>o»
nius Mela , ‘Plinius , So linns, Juftinus' Seneca , and
feveral others, both antient and modern Authors, appears
to have been formerly annex’d to the Continent of Italy ,
by a fmall Neck of Land between the Cape of Mejfina
and the lower Farts of Calabria , was feparated from it
bv foine violent Succuflion of the Earth.

" That the ignivomous /Etna, far from being the Caufe,
as Come imagine, of the Earthquakes, which fo often
defolate the Kingdom of Sicily , feetns rather to have
been created by the allwife Providence, in order to fe«
cure this Itland by its fiery Eruptions from more fre-
quent Misfortunes.

That contrary to what Jriftotle and fome others
afiert, folid and rocky Places receive infinitely more
Damage by Earthquakes, than loofe, fandy Grounds.
This appears by the Ruins of Catania , Leontini, A-
gofta, Syracufa, and Noto, which were all built upon
a folid (tony Ground, whereas Meffina, though every
where undermin’d by fubterranean Cavities, was abun-
dantly lefs fhaken.

The remaining Part of the Book is employ’d about ex-
amining the Opinions of all the antient and modern
Philofophers about the Caufes of Earthquakes, and efta-
biifhing the Author’s own, which is, that the Earth is
lhakenby the Violence of fub terraneous Fires, occafion’d
by the Fermentation of the combuftible Minerals hid in
its Entrails, and that the Effects of the Earthquakes may
in all Regards be compar’d to the Effects of Mines. By
the way, he.obferveth, that the Caufes of Thunder,
Lightning and Winds may be deriv’d from the fame
Principle.

FINIS .

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Numb. 385.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

p^TS^onths of Ottoler, November , and December, 1724.

~ : The CONTENTS.

I An Account of the Scarabaeus Galeatus Pulfator,

' or the Death Watch, by Mr. Hugh Stackhoufe.
Communicated hy John Harwood, L. L. V.

S R- S.

II. ObferVations of the Eclipfes of the firft Satellite
of Jupiter, communicated by his Excellency Wil-
liam Burnet, Effa Governor of New York,

F. Ri S-

III. A New Contrivance for taking Levels , by the Re-
Ver end John. Theophilus Defaguliers, L. L.V.

R.S.S. . , n -J 2

IV. Intejlinnm Rarturiens , feu Cajus oppido rarus de

cranio & cofiis Foetus per anum ejeElis, defcnptus
d Johanne Lindeftolpe, M 2). Reg. Col-
leg. Medic. Stockholmenjis Affeffore. Ex A this
Liter ariis Sued <* , An. 1 7 1 ] • Trimefir. 1 .

Y ObferVatio circa Lumen Boreale d. 20. Sept.
1 ' An. 1717- ProPe Upkl* ®er E- J* Burman.

Ex Addis Liter. Sued* An. 1/14. Trimefir* 3.
yi. Barometri novi defcriptio , a D. G. Fahren-
heit, R^ S. S.

VII. Obferyatio Lunaris Eclipfis habit a Ulyffipone
in Dalatio Degio Die i. Novembris 1724- A
DD. Joanne Baptifta Carbone, 3c Dominico
CapaiTo, Soc. Jeju. Communicante Excellentijji-
mo Domino j Dw de Galvaon, Commendatore
Villas Meam Sc France, Equ. Ord. Chrift.
Legato Sereniff. Bpg. Portugall. ad Sercmjf.
<%egem Magn. Britan. »S. Of S.

VIII. Meridianorum Ulyffiponenfis, Parifienfis eT*
Londinenfis differentia , ex Uteris Clarijjimi Do -
Bijfimique Viri , D^Verend. Datr. Johannis Ba-
ptift«£ Carbone Soc.Jef. ad Ilaacum Sequeyra
Samuda M. D . Loll. Med. Lond. Lie. S. S .

IX. An Excretory Du ft from the Glandula Re-
' nalis. Extrafted from the Giornale di Lite-
rati of Venice, for the Lear 1719.

X. Of the. Currents at the Streighs Mouth. By
Capt. - - - - Communicated by Dr. Hud fon.

XI. Ambergris found in Whales. Communi-
cated by Dr. Boylftono/ Bofton wNew-Eng-

1 land.

XII. Obferyations onfome of theDlantsin New- Eng-

land, with remarkable Inflances of theNature and
Dower of Vegetation . In a Letter to the Dub -

;li[her from the Honourable Paul Dudley, Ef<fo

c 1 59 y

I. An Account of the Scarabxus Galeatus Pulfator,
or the Dcach Watch, by Mr. Hugh Stackhoufe.
Communicated by John Harwood, L. L> D*

4{. S. S.

AS I flood thoughtful in my Study, on the 16th of
May , 1724, 1 happen’d to hear, what is commonly
call’d the Death Watch, very near, as I thought, to
the Place where I then flood : This brought into my
Mind, what l had formerly read in the Thilofifhical
Transactions, for the Month of October , 1698, of the
Scarabaus Galeatus Tuljator , found, and defcrib’d,
by Mr. Benjamin Allen . While I was thinking upon
the Account there given, I fancied I heard the Beatings
fomewhat flrongerthan before, which encourag’d me to
fearch after it I thereupon removed my Station to an-
other Part of the Room, and foon difcover’d, that l
had pafs’d the Place where the Beatings were ; upon
which, I concluded, that it lay fomewhere betwixt my
two Stations ^ I therefore remov’d, and placed myfelf
about the middle Diftance where, though the Beatings
Aid not repeat fo frequently as before, yet when they
did, I found I was flill nearer ’em. While I flood in
this Place, I fancied ’twas over my Head, toward the
Ceiling of the Room upon this, I got upon a Chair,
that had a Sedge Bottom, and flood to the Wall juft be-
fore me but flanding there for fome time, I could
hear no Beatings at all. I then flept down from the
Chair, and after I had flood flill for fome time, the
V o l. XXXI I. A Beatings

( t£o )

Beatings began again • this made me conje&ure, that
they might be about the Chair, and that my ftanding
*ipon it might prevent them. Upon inclining my
Head down toward the Chair, I found I was ftill nearer
and nearer to the Sound, and, at laft, placing my Ear
clofe to the Sedge Bottom of the Chair, I difcover’d that
it was ftill further towards the Ground : Upon that, I
turn’d the Chair’s Bottom upwards, but heard no Beat-
ings for a considerable time after ^ at length, they be-
gan again, and, as I caff a diligent Eye over the Bottom
of the Chair, I happen’d, at laft, to hit luckily upon the
Place where the Infeft was beating j fo that itdifcover’d
itfelf to me by its own Pulfations. I was very much
pleas’d with the Difcovery, and not only flood viewing
it beat for fome time, but alfo afterwards call’d up o-
thers to fee it beat, which they did, and that, not with-
out Admiration. The Manner of its Beating was
thus.

It lifted up itfelf upon its hinder Legs, and fome-
what extending, or rather inclining its Neck, beat down
its Face upon the Sedge, with great Force and Agility ;
the Sedge, upon which I found it, was bared of its out-
ward Coat, for about the Length of half an Inch • the
Infeft flood upon the inward bulbous Part, and beat
upon the outward Coat, as if it had been working it
off as it went j the Impreflions of its Strokes were very
vifible, the Coat of the Sedge being deprefs’d, where it
had beaten, for about the Compafs of a filver Penny *
whether it beat for Exercife, or Food fake, 1 cannot
certainly fay ^ but very probably it might be for the
latter ; and I am rather inclin’d to think fo, becaufe
there were more than one fuch Places upon the Sedge,
where it had been at work, and where, ’tis likely, k
might have been a Sojourner for forae Days.

A

(1(50

As to what the ingenious Mr. 'Derham of ‘Vptnia*
fter has obferv’d, that the Beatings are a fort of Prelude
for Copulation, I could not difcover that this Beetle had
any other of the fame Species near it and therefore I
am inclin’d to think, that it beat for the Preparation
of its Food, at this time, at lead, whatfoever it might
do at other times,for Pleafure. The Defcription Mr. Al-
len gives of the Infed, as referr’d to above, forafmuch
as 1 can find by this (which I took from the Chair
where I found it, into a Box) is very true: ’Tis about
a Quarter of an Inch in length, of a dark,, dirty Colour,
having a broad Galea^ or Helmet, over its Head ^ un-
der which, when quiet, it draws up its Head ; fo that
this Galea is, when this Infed refts, a very notable
and providential Defence againft fuch Falls, as are fre-
quent in rotten and decay’d Places, in which, it fhould
feem, this Infed is very much converfant* The fecond
Day ’after I took it, I open’d the Box wherein it was,
and fet it in the Sun : The Infed was foon very brisk,
and crept backwards and forwards along the . Pieces of
Sedge, and rotten Wood, that I had put with it into the
Box, till at length getting to the. End of one of the Pie-
ces, i^ immediately ftruck out its Wings, and was juil
goiiw to take its Farewell } but having the Lid of the
Box ready in my Hand, I (haded it over, and it foon
drew in its Wings, and was very quiet. I could not
before perceive, though I had the Ufe of a tolerable
trood Glafs, any the leaft Sign of a FiiTure upon its
Back : and, for that Reafon, did greatly queftion, whe-
ther it had any Wings or not, till I fet it, as above, in
the Sun. The Head of the Infed appears to be of a
very fine Contexture, as it is feen, when it creeps about,
and ftretcheth it forward } but when ’tis drawn up un-
der its Galea, it feems to be cover’d with a Membrane
thick fet with fine Hairs*

It

( 1 6i )

It lived with me about a Fortnight, but I could never
perceive that it beat, after it was confin’d in the Box.

—

II. ObferVations of the Eclipfes of the firjl Satellite
of Jupiter, communicated by bis Excellency Wil-
liam Burnet, Efcfo Governor of New York,
F. <%. S.

Thefe Obfervations were made in the Fort of New-
Torky for determining the Longitude of that Place
feytis, .

William Burnet y Cadwallader Colden^
James Alexander , and calculated by
Cadwallader Golden.

The Latitude of the Fort, was formerly determin’d
to be 40 0 4c/.

Auguft the 9th, 1725.

TI M E of Emerfion at London , ac-
cording to Mr. Bound's Tables, H. \ n
reduced to apparent Time - 16 09 2p

Time as it was feen at New Tork - n 10 43

Difference of Meridians

4 58 42

I negleffed to write down the Altitudes which were
taken of the Sun, for corre&ing the Clock.

Auguft

( K?3 )

Auguft the 25 th.

Altitude of the Sun’s Upper Limb.

O / n

Sun’s Declin. r/LQ ?0 00

6° 13 30

sifnl Dedin. f46 2 4 00

6° 33' {47 50 00

Time by the Clock, Time by Calcular.

H. / n H. ' "
10 17 52 10 17 28

10 33 10 10 3i 8

9 57 40 9 56 25;

so 8 22 10 6 57

H r rr-

Time of Emerfion by Mr. Tound’s Tables 14 31 25

Equation of Time to be added - 00 01 22

Time obferv’d bytheClock
The fame correded *

The Difference of Meridians

14 31 47
09 35 14

c 9 34 *4

04 58 33

This Hook.uponas the mofl diiTincT: and beft Obfer-
vation...

‘

September the 10th.

Sun’s Declin*
49 '

Sept, 17 th
Sun’s Declin.

i° *+'

i

I’s Upper Limb,

Time by the Ciock.

Time by Calculate

O

/

H. ' "

//.

/ "

33

21

09 01 CO

09

00 16

34

06-

09 06 or

09

°4 49

17

17

04 21 40

04

2 x 44

if

if

04 33 05

04

31 47

"* rp •

1 im e

( )

Time of Emerfion by the Clock Septern- H. r ft
ber ioth - - - 08 oo io

T ime of Emerfion by Mr. Tottnd' s T ables 12 yo 36
Equation of Time to be added - 00 06 5*4

Corre&ed Time at New Tork
Difference of Meridia ns

June 26th, 1724.

o r

June 20th, 44

SunWcdu,. $g0 17

June 27th. c6% 31

Sun’sDeclin. XJ

22 . a6. J

H ; ' "

09 48 03

10 09 40
10 27 43
10 40 00

June the 26th, Time of Immerfion by
the Clock -

Time of Immerfion by Mr. Tound' s T
Equation of Time to be fubtra&ed

Time at New Tork corre&ed
Difference of Meridians

12

07

57
5 9

30

08

O4

*8

2Z

Ic, Time by Calcuiat,

H.

/ "

09

43 37

10 1

°y °s

10 27 oy

10

39 27

H.

/

11

41

12

lies 1 6

43

02

00

04

26

16

38

11

40

15*

04

f8

21

is 4h

OO

30"

w o ^ j ALIA ku CAW TUVIVWJ VV1&AV/A& A

thought the moft exaft, and therefore the Longitude of
New 2 or k, is nearly 74° 57' 30^ Weft from Lon-
don.

The

( ><*5 )

The Variation of the Magnetick Needle was obferv’d,
thisYear, to be 7 0 20' Weft, Thilip Wells, Surveyor
General of this Province, in the Year 1686, obferv’d it
to be 8 0 45' \ by which, it appears to decreafe about
1 0 25' in 38 Years, or a little more than two Minutes-
in a Year.

I II .A New Contrivance for taking Levels , by the(Re-

Verend]o\m Theophilus Delaguliers, L, L . i).

% S. S.

HAT the Air Thermometer is alfo a Baro-

meter, has been obferv’d long ago * and, be-
caufe the Liquor in it will rife and fall, as well by the
Change of the Weight of the Air, as by the Air’s Rare-
faction by Heat and Cold, this Inftrument has no longer
been made ufe of as a Thermometer, and, in its Read,
Spirit of Wine Thermometers, hermetically feal’d,have
been us’d ever fince.

But, becaufe the Errors of the Air Thermometer (or
its Difference from the Spirit Thermometer) depend
only upon the Change of the Weight of the Atmof-
phere from what it was, when the two Thermometers
were fet at the fame Degree of their refpe&ive Scales ^
the late Dr. Hook contriv’d an Inftrument, that he call’d
a Marine Barometer, made of a Combination of the two
abovemention’d Thermometers , in fuch Manner, that
a third Scale being made ufe of, to obferve the Diffe-
rence of the two Thermometers, thereby the Change
of the Air’s Gravit)7, and confequently Storms, Rains,
and fair Weather, might be foretold at Sea, where the
Quickfilver Barometer becomes ufelefs by the linking of
the Ship.

Dr.

-( 1 66 )

Dr* Halley , fome Years ago, publifh’d two Tables to
fhew, how much the Mercury in the Barometer wou’d
fubfide, when the Iaftrument is carried up to determi-
nate Heights, above the Level of the Place where the
firft Obfervation was made ^ but as he makes only one
Tenth of an Inch of Fall of Mercury , to correfpond with
an Height of 90 Feet (which Height is rather of the
lead) it is evident, that only very high Hills and Moun-
tains can have their Heights determin’d by this Method.
The fame learned Profelfor has lately, in the Thilofo-
phical TranJatUons , propofed Mr. Patrick' s pendent
Barometer for taking the Level of diftant Places, be-
caufe the Mercury , in the Tube of the faid Barome-
ter, does fometimes rife and fa'l a Foot, ora Foot and
an Half} if therefore the Motion of the Mercury in this
Barometer, be five times more fenfible than in the com-
mon one, a Tenth of an Inch of Fall of the Mercury ,
will anfwer to an Height of iB Feet •, and therefore fuch
an Inftrument might be of Ufe in taking the Levels of
diftant Places. But I know by many Experiments, that
this won’c anfwer in Pra&ice} becaufe as the Tube of
fuch a Barometer is of a very ftnall Bore, the Attrac-
tion of Cohefion, whereby the Mercury is apt to ad-
here to the Tube, will difturb the Motion of the
Mercury caus’d by the different Preffure of the At-
mosphere } fo that fetting up this Barometer feveral
Times fucceffively in the fame Place, it will often dif-
fer a Tenth of an Inch, or more } and if it be fliaken, as
is commonly done to fet it right, the Mercury will
fometimes part, and a Drop of it fall from the reft *, fo
that it is lefs to be depended upon forthis Ufe, than the
common Barometer.

Mr. Stephen Gray has often made a very fenfible
Barometer in the following Manner. Into a Bottle C B,
'Fig. I.) he fixes a Tube A B, of a very fin all Bore, 0-

* pen

( it 7 )

pen at both Ends, and cemented tight to the Neck of
the Bottle at C •, then having warm’d the Bottle with
the Hand to drive Come of the Air out of it, he immerges
the End A into Water, ting’d with Cochineal ^ fo that
as the Air cools in the Bottle C B, fome of the red Wa-
ter is forc’d into the Bottle then fetting the Bottle
upright again, as in the Figure, the Liquor in the Bot-
tle will hand at B, (above the End of the Tube) and
that in the Tube at D ; but if it fliou’d hand higher or
lower than D, it may be brought to that Place by fuck-
ing or blowing at A. The Inftrument, thus prepar’d, if
it be firft feton the Ground, and a fp'ringingRing of fine
Wire Hipp’d on the Tube down to D, by Way of Index,
and then fet upon any Table, or other Place, . lcarce
a Yard higher, one may obfervethat the Liquor is rifen
fenfibly. ' I havefeen it rife a Quarter of an Inch, when
the Bottle was fet but a \rard higher than where it flood
before fo that the Column of Atmofphere, that prefs’d
down the Tube, whilft the Machine was on the Ground,
bein* fhortend only three Feet, was fo overbalanc’d by the
Expanfion of the Air in the Bottle at B, that the Liquor
rofe a Tenth of an Inch above D. There is, indeed, a
great Uncertainty in this Inflrument j for fmee it is a
Thermometer, as well as a Barometer, the Warmth of
the Hand that touches it, or even comes near it, will
make it rife, if the Air in the Bottle was cold before.
Mr. Gray therefore contriv’d to put the Bottle C B,
into the Veffel F E, which he fill’d with Sand j that in
railing the Inftrument, and moving it up and down, the
Air in C B might continue in the fame State, and the
Machine be only a Barometer during the Experi-
ment.

B

This

( i6S )

This Teems to bid fair for an Inflrument, whereby
the different Levels of Places may be taken } but upon
a nice Examination, it will be liable to Error. For,
in the firft Place, tho’ Sand is not alter’d in its Heat or
Cold fuddenly ^ yet in two or three Hours, as it is
carried into a warmer or a colder Place, it will become
hotter or colder, and the lead Degree of Heat or Cold,
communicated to the Air C B, will alter the Height of
the Liquor at D, when the Inflrument is made fo fcn-
lible as I have mention’d. Then if, in carrying the Inffru-
nient, itfhould be accidentally inclin’d (as in Fig. II.) To
that the Liquor in the Bottle fhould not cover the Bot-
tom of the Tube at B, Tome Liquor may fall out of
the Tube at B, or Tome Air may get into it : each of
which Accidents, will quite fpoil the Experiment.
But if this Machine be made portable, without any In-
conveniency, and be fecur’d againfl the Aclion of Heat
and Cold (or, which is the fame, if the Alterations by
Heat and Cold be exadly allow’d for) it will be of ve-
ry great Ufe and Certainty, in taking the Levels of di~
flant Places, provided they be not To far diflant from
each other, that it requires above fix HoursTimeto car-
ry the Inflrument from one Place to another ; nay, ve-
ry diflant Places, even at two or three Days Journey
from one another, may be taken tolerably well with
two Inflrument?, nicely adjufled to each other, if they
be taken notice of by two Obfervers at the fame Hour,
in fair Weather, and when there is no Wind.

Now fuch an Inflrument, 1 hope,. I have contriv’d,
whereby the Difference of Level of two Places, which
could not be taken in lefs than four or five Days with
the beft Telefcope Levels, may be taken in as few
Hours.

To the Ball C (Fig. IIL) is join’d a recurve Tube B A
of a very fine Bore, with a fmall Bubble at Top at A,

whofe

( '69 )

whofe upper Part is open. It is evident from the Make
of this Inftrument, that if it be inclin’d in carrying, no
Prejudice will be done to the Liquor, which will always
be right, both in the Ball and the Tube, when the In-'
ldrument is fet upright. If by Heat, the Air at C be fo
expanded, as to drive the Liquor to the Top of the
Tube, the Cavity A will receive the Liquor, which
will come down again and fettle atD, or near it, accord-
ing to the Level of the Place where the Inftrument is,
as foon as the Air at C returns to the fame T:noi in
refpect to Heat and Cold. To preferve the name Le-
gree of Heat, when the different Obfervatims are made,
the Machine is ik’d in a Tin Vdfcl F E, fill’d with
Water up to g h, above the Ball • and a very fenfible
Thermometer has alfo its Ball under Water, that one
may obferve the Liquor at D in each Experiment,
when the Thermometer ftands at the fame Height as
before. The Water is pour’d out, when the Inftrument
is carried, which one may do conveniently by means
of the wooden Frame of Fig. IV. which is fet upright,
by means of three Screws, fuch as s , and a Line and
Plummet / P. The back Part of the wooden Frame' is
reprefented by Fig. VI. where, from the Piece at Top K,
hangs the Plummet P, over a Brafs Point at N : M m
are Brackets to make the upright Board K N continue
at Right Angles with the horizontal One at N. The
Vilth Figure does likewife reprefentthe wooden Frame
and Screws. The Vth Figure reprefents the Machine
feen in Front, fuppofing the Forepart ofthe TinVeffel
tranfparent. And here the Brafs Socket of the recurve
Tube, into which the Ball is fcrew’d, has two Wings
at 11. fix’d to the Bottom, that the Ball may not break
the Tube by its Endeavour to emerge, when the Wa-
ter is pour’d in as high as g h.

i B 2 After

i

( 170 )

After I had contriv’d the Machine, as above men-
tioned, I conlider’d, that as the Tube is of a very fmall
Bore, if the Liquor fhou’d rife into the Ball A, in car-
rying the Inftrument from one Place to another, fome of
it wou’d (tick to the Sides of the Bali A, and that upon
its Defcent in making the Experiment, fo much might
be left behind, that the Liquor wou’d not be high e-
nough at D, to lhew the Difference of Level j there- '
fore, to prevent that Inconveniency, I have contriv’d a
blank Screw to fhut up the Hole at A (Fig. IV. and V.)
as foon as one Experiment is made, that in carrying
the Engine, the Air in A may balance that in C, fo
that the Liquor (hall not run up and down the Tube,
whatever Heat and Cold may ad upon the Inftrument,
in going from one Place to another.

Now, becaufe one Experiment being made in the
Morning, the Water may be fo cold, that when a fe-
cond Experiment is made at Noon, the Water cannot
be brought to the fame Degree of Cold that it had in the
Morning j therefore in making the firft Experiment,
warm Water muft be mix’d with the Cold • and when
the Water has flood fome time, before it comes to be as
cold, as it is likely to be at the warmed Part of that Day^
obferve, and fet down the Degree of the Thermometer,
at which the Spirit {lands *, and like wife the Degree of
the Water in the Barometer at D then fcrew on the
Cap at A, pour out the Water, and carry the Inftru-
ment to the Place whofe Level you wou’d know }
there pour in your Water, and when the Thermome-
ter is come to the fame Degree as before, open the
Screw at Top, and obferve the Liquor in the Baro-
meter..

My Scale, for the Barometer, is ten Inches long, and
divided into Tenths, fo that fuch an Inftrument will
ferve for any Heights not exceeding ten Feet, each

Tenth

( 1 71 )

Tenth of an Inch anfwering to a Foot of Height. NB. I
have not made any Allowance for the Decreafe of Den-
fity in the Air, becaufe I don’t propofe this Machine
for meafuring Mountains (tho’ with proper Allowance
for the decreasing Denfity of the Air, it will do very
well) but for Heights to be known in Gardens, Plan-
tations, and the Conduft of Water, where an Experi-
ment, that anfwers to two or three Foot in a Diftance o£
twenty Miles, will render this a very ufeful Inftrument*.

IV' Inteftinum Tarturiensy feu Cafus oppido rams de.
cranio <(sr coftis Fatus per anum ejeHis, defer ip tus
a Johanne Lindeftolpe, M.- T>. & (Reg. Col-
leg. Medic. Stockholmenjis Affeffore. Ex Atlis *
Liter arits Sueci&y An. 1 7 * 3 • Trimeftr . 1 .

JOhannes Hejelius, M. D. dC Weftro-Gothiae Medi-
cus provincialis, Vir fane dodtiflimus, &C Hiflorias
Natural is, ut Pliniana utar phrafi, peculiariter curiofus,
fcripfit ad me Scaris d. 20 Sept, praterlapfi anni, tranf-
militque literas T>. Bernhardt Sbiever , Chirurgi mu-
nerefungentis in Legione Rofenftierniana, ad Magihrum
Equitum Nobiliflimum T>. Cederberg perferiptas, in
quibus refert cafum, in hifee fane terris rariflimum,,
quod mulier quaedam, poftquam per feptem menfes gra,
vida fuiffet, evanefeente tumore omni abdominis, per a-
num peperit cranii hurnani particulam, duafque coftas.
Sed cum multa defiderari viderentur, quas lucem feene-
rari poilent tarn miro pha5nomeno, dignum putavi, a-
miciflimum Hejfelium per literas denuo compellare, vel-
Ict ulterius in earn rem inqnirere, mihique cotnmuni--
care, quo poffem tam mirandam rem ceteris meis infe-

rere *

(«

i-

( )

J^re oblervatioaibus* quas prelo paratas dudum habeo.
Qiioa 8c factum eft, Chirurgi vero relatio, ex Ger-
inanico in Latinum tranflata, fie fe habet:

“ Ux:or .Latirentii Skallroth, Paftoris in OEfta'd
lerritorn Able clicli, ditionis Elfsburgenfis, gratis 41.
tt ^uat.u°r ve™ annos nupta, A. 1720, menfe Julio, in-
u 2ravidatur’ frudumque fert per feptem menfes, vifis
u jamcn lnterdum paucis menftruis, led fperans, iufto
demum tempore <3c poft decimi mends faftidia, pulcra
Prcde Parentem fe futuram. Prasterlapfo hoc tern-
u Poie’ evanefcere tumorem fentit, remanente folum-
modo prefhone quadam in latere dextro. Poft men-
lem rurfus fit gravida, peperitque filiam, fed mortu-
am juftae magnitudinis, in Decembri A. 1721. Ex
tk ft110 tempore ledo adfigitar in menfem ufque [unii
hujus aam. Menfe vero Maii, cum alvutn levaret
aliquando, anus ipfi tarn dolere, ut ipfum inteftinum
rectum omnino excidere crederet : duobus ergo digi-
tis pratentans & fe juvare volens, extrahit cranii
partem, magnitudine nummi Coronas Svethic# (vul-
godubbel Carotin) • repertis deinde in fella duabus

c, c°?;ls’ & P°ft *4 d^s abeuntibus eadem viareliquis
• oilibus, colore excrementitio, qua? & lpfe vidi, <5c
manu mea contredavi. Maritus, uxoripfa, & ejus
foror, aha non via exiiilehaec offa mihi fande adfir-
l I,ria™r5 jncredalo licet, 8c contra ordinem nature
h?ec fieri non pofte, ftrenue defendenti. Bene nunc
valet, domefticis apta curis, triumque mater libero-
ium, qui adhuc in vivis funt: menftruis quoque na-
turaliter fe habentibus.” Ahlinvsdhs die 28 Odo-
bfis A. 1722.

Exercuit jam dudum, 5c exercebit, ni fallor, hie ca-
ius Medicorum ingenia, in diverfas forte abeuntium
tententias. Si enim foetus in ipfo conceptus fuilfet ute-
ro, lbique adcrevifiet, non nifi per ruptuin uterum,

rup-

ee

St

sc

ss

St

<c

cc

St

sc

( 175 )

ruptumque inteftinum cgredi ’potuilfet. Sed quomodo
tantum vulnus intra temporis tantillumfuiiTet fanabile?
Olfeas aliquando foetus particulas per apoftema proru-
piffe, res fatis clara eft ^ interdum per umbilicum, quod
vidit Albucafis, Lbirurg. Lib. z. cap. 7 6. & Mar-
cellus Donatus Hif. Med. Mirab. Lib . 4. cap. 1 z.p.
m. 438, 439 interdum per Hypogaftrium, ut feribit
ad Segerum YVepferus ^ interdum quoque, uti nunc re-
fertur, per inteftinum reftum, ficut annotavere Marfili-
us Cognatus, Var. Obf Lib. 4. cap. 9, 6c Joh. Langius,
Epift. Med. Lib. 2. Ep. 39 . p. m. 739. vir fane doc-
tillimus 6c candid us. *

Rumpi quoque parietes uteri,, infantemque in abdo-
men extrudi, vel totum, vel quoad partes, teftes fuere
oculati, Hildanus Obf. 64. Cent. I. Veflingius Syn-
tagm. Anat. cap. 7. 6c Joh. Cafp. Fauftus in Epitaphio
Elifabethae Treipfenning, Petri Giifeldii uxoris, qua;
foetum mafculum non in mundum, fed in femet ipfain,
rupto utero, edidit ^ Heidelbergas 1657. Conf. Bohnius
Circa l. Anat. Erogymnafm , 1. p.m. 20. 6c 21

Marquardus Empir.TraLt.p. 304.305. vidit mo-
lam in vafis fpermaticis Catharmae Zarthin juxta uteri
fundum genitam. Et Riolanus Lib. 2. Antropograph.
cap. 35*. quatuor producit exempla foetuum ex Tubis
Failopianis exfe&orum. In quam fententiam trrultis ar-
gumentis ivit Celeberrimus Thomas Bartholinus in E •
pifiola ad Horftium, 6c Antonius Deufingius, ProfelTor
olim Academies Groningenfis. Hasrvseus prasterea de
Gener. Animal. Exerc. 6 5. animantia vivipara, non in
utero, fed in cornubus concipere, ac uterum ipfis pro-
pylasum efte, tubas vero muliebres, cornubus aliorum

* Conferri meretur Hifloire d ’ un Foetus bumain tire du ventre de fa mere
par le fondement par Monf. LlTTRE, inferta Commentariis Reg. Academiac
Scientiarum Anni 1.702. p. 234. fv]. edit. Parif.

am-

( ‘74 )

animalium proportione, (itu, conncxione, amplitudme,
(imilitudine, perforatione 6c officio, relpondere teftatur.
Ita ut nullum (it dubium, foetum extra uterum in tuba
generari poffie, ibique grandefcere, hinc in abdomen de-
labi, & qua data porta excerni ; quamvis hoc negent
Guido Patinus, Conringius, aliique.

Taceo nunc Lithopaedion Senonenfe, a Columba
Chatry, Sartoris uxore, per 28 annos utero circum la-
tum, * quo nunc Regium Mufsum Hafnienie gaudet ;
nom’inaffe faltem contentus Foetum Muffipontanum Tout,
a Mouffon. ) extra uterum inventum, femilapideum,
ab lllultrifiimo Anglite Cancellario Kenelmo Digbseo a -
pud Pharmacopaeum Barbilottum, aliifque oiiw vifum,
Sc publica Diffiertatione in Academia Dolana, Tub Prae-
fidio Stephan 1 Wilier, ventilatum • quae omnia prolixi-
ns apud Strauffium de Foetu Mujjifontano legi poflunr.
Namque quod Pentziu?, Fehrius 6c Academia turn pu-
tabat Altdorfina, non foetum, fed fororem fuiffie, a
phantafia matris dim gravidae progenitam, nihil mo--
ror.

* Non jta pridem GEORG. FRIDER. ORTH Ratifp. hijloriam exhibuit
Foetus in utero materno per XLV1 annos detenti , in Differt. Inaugur, fub prae-
fidio Rudolfi Jacobi Camerarii habita Tubingx, 1710.

V.O*-

( i 75 )

V. Ob/erVatio circa Lumen (Boreale d. 20. Sept.
An. 1717. prope Upfal. Ter E. J. Burman.
Ex ABis Liter. Suecue An. 1724. Trimejlr. j.

CHafmata, uti vocantur, coeli, quas alias horizontal
lumen <$C aurora feptentrionalis audiunt, Suerhice
Ncrd-skjen , Nord Ljus , Nordb/yfs , Nordblafs, Lat-
ter skjen, Lyjfnor , &c. illas, vuigi judicio, acies, feu
exercituum pragliorumque idcx, Mereoron in regionibus
noftris, aliifque Polo vicinioribus, illuftre fane <5c fre-
quens (frequentius hodie quam olim nobis astate pro-
vediores perfuadere volunt) jufta cum diligentia faspius
obfervavimus. Obfervationes omnes recenfere longum ;
in publicum edere,citra chalcographi opem, vel impofli-
bile vel fruftra effet. Sed ferturalicubi Virum Mathe-
matica dodrina atqueexperientia clariflimum phaenome-
ni hujus biftoriam parare: quod' fi rem ipli gratam nos
pragftituros conftaret, lingulas rite delineatas defcriptaf-
queipli lubentes communicaremus. Communicabimus
tainen interim unicum, quod A. 1717. d. 20. Septem-
bris in nodurno itinere accuratius conliderare licuit, <$£.
cujus rarior planeque lingularis facies conjeduram dena.-
tura phaenomeni paraftarica eruditorum examini accura-
tiori heic fubjiciendi anfam dcdit.

Erant folito plures phafmatum horuncce tradus, ar-
cus nimirum albicantes <5v reliquo ccelo (fereno utique
ac tranquillo) lucidiores, quatuor ad minimum aut tres,
mediocribus tenebrarum intervallis didindi, <5t unus
fupra alterum politi. Quod autem rariflimum adfpec-
tuque jucundum, didorum arcuum diftantias fub ipfa
Cynofura maximae (infra quam fupremus quidem ultra;
viginti & fex grad us non confidebat, quippe per quern
Vol, XXXIf. Cc della.

( 176 )

ftella Urfe majoris Dubbe leviter fubinde tranfparebat)
verfus horizontem utrinque fenfitn decrefcebant, donee
illi tandem in iplis orientis occidentifquecardinibus mu-
tuo fefe interfecarent, haud fecus quam in artificiali
globo Meridiani ad Polos iEquatoris convergere cernun-
tur. Candidi ifti arcus feu femicirculi maximam par-
tem ex ftriis diftin&is 5c ad horizontem normalibus
conftabant, praefertim in fummitate, vel fub ipfo fep-
tentrionej ad latera lux debilior confpiciebatur ac fub*
obfeura.

Striarum geminus erat mot us, horizontalis unus, al-
ter perpendicularis : hie minor longe 5c tardior, ut vix
circularem arcuum formam turbaret ; ille varius fimul
atque celerrimus, ab oriente in occidentem, 5c retro.
Quoties autem ftria; plures (quod faspius accidebat) a
contrariis venientes plagis (ibi invicem occurrebant, live
id in medio arcu, live alibi fieret toties, quafi ex ilia
radiorum mixtura feu multiplici interfectione proveni-
ens colorum pulcherrima apparebat varietas, 8c quidem
ordine prorfus eodem atque in prifmate vitreo, explica-
tis folique obverfis avium minorum pennis, aliifve cor-
poribus fimilibus colores produci folent.

Hinc vero dari occafio poterit adhuc de Opticis phas-
nomeni rationibus, cum Cartefio in de Meteoris
Cap* VII. §. 1 8. cogitandi:, fed neque tamen ideofub-
tiliori material fulphureas in regione aeris inferiori ac-
cenfs omnem denegari polle locum exiflimamus. Ipli
enim alias fepius, prasfertim in chafmate A. 1716. d. 17.
Martii heic longe illuftriori quam in Anglia, Gallia,
Germania, alibi, per totam noftem vifo, colores multo
plures, necnon fufurros 8c fibilos, quales excitari a fo-
cali dammafolent, obfervavimus. Forfan autem duo
diverfa .flat u ere luminis borealis genera oportet : unutn
meteoron igneutu ab eflluviis 5c exhalationibus ; alte*
rum mere paraftaticum, ex diverlimoda folarium radio-
rum

( >77 )

mm refradione 5c reftexione, five in glacialibus qui-
bufdam lamellis, ftellulifve atmofphaerae regionem ex-
celfiorem occupantibus fada, five etiam in maribus qui-
bufdam ad feptentrionem, indeque nobis ex nubibus
communicata, ortum. Certe pofterius fingulari expe-
rimento illufirari pofie videtur, quod occafione jam de-
fcripti phafmatis (cui tamenfimile vidimus A. 1716. in
Februario hora vefpertina 9. ex duobus ejufmodi arcu-
bus femicircularibus, fed minus ftriatis <Se fupra borea-
lem horizontis plagam elevatioribus,conftans) inventum
fadumque, hue redit.

Si lamina fumatur ftannea longitudinis latitudinifque
arbitrariae, eademque acuto & fortiori cultro, unodudu
fecundum longitudinem univerfam, donee tora ftriata
fada fuerit, rafa, manu ita teneatur,. ut ejus planum
cum lucente candela & obfeuro pariete tabulave aequales
faciat angulos ^ deinde autem variis modis incurvetur
8c torqueatur, ipfam nunc concavam nunc convexam
parieti vel tabulae obvertendo, tardius ad lubitum aut
celerius : phafmata fupra recenfitis admodum fimilia
fpedaculo non injucundo repraefentabuntur.

Quid fi utriufque generis lumen forte aliquando una
exiftere, atque unum cum altero coincidere dicamus,
ut neutrum alterius cauflfa fit aut effedus, fed ambo ad
nodem illuminandam terroremque fpedatoribus incuti-
endum concurrant > Quemadmodum enim faepiflime
quidem lumen horizontale, Zonas videlicet candentes,
nunc nudas(imo per ipfum fere Zenith tranfeuntes, quas
cumGalaxia, utut non parum latiori, ob fimilitudinem
vulgus confundere folet) nunc columnis, pyramidibus
inverfis aliifque figuris variis ftipatas, fed citra omne -
aeris, ut ita dicam, incendium j ita nec raro hoc fine il-
lis vel antecedentibus vel concomitantibus, apparentiis
diftinde notatis, vidimus : quamvis etiam e regione
quadam coeli, nude primum candente, tandem ferven-

C c 2 tiflimas-

( «78 )

tiftimas faces, five per folis radios in glacialibus Oceani
partibas, ceu in fpeculis quibafdatn caufticis, reflexos,
five alio quocunque modo accenfas, ad Zenith 6e fuper
totum nonnunquam hemifphaerium evolafle fatendum
fit*

Sed quia genuinas verafque phsenomeni hujus admi-
randi cauflas vix cuiquam certo invenire prius licet,
quam plurimarum in diverfis terras locis una habitarum
obfervationum rite inftitui queat comparatio ^ unde
ante omnia conftet, num lumen iftud in remotioribus
etiam locis fub eodem altitudinis angulo confpiciatur j
num quod heic horizonti parallelum, alibi verticale (it,
6c id genus alia ^ verbo, utrum unus idemque (it arcus
qui in diverfis locis confpicitur, an quemadmodum in
lride, ita quoque heic, quot in terra fpe&atores, tot ar-
cus in coelo : Enixe proinde omnes in univerfum at*
que (ingulos rogamus, quibus rerum naturalium in ali-
quo pretio eft fcientia, velint ubicunque terrarum, max*
ime vero in regionibus borealioribus, boreali huic lumi-
ni quoad omnes circumftantias obfervando quam dili-
gentifiime invigilare, fuaque obfervata quantocyus
cum publico vel faltem nobifcum comm unicare, gra-
tiam ab erudito orbe fane maximam merituri. Nos a-
lia occafione quafdam regulas (euharum obfervationum
normam 6c exemplar dabiraus, parati interim 6c ipft a-
liorum monita grato excipere animo, 6c qusenam judi-
caverit quifque potiora hujus negotii momenta, fieri cer-
tiores.

VI. Ba -

\

( 1 79 )

VI. I Barometri noYi defcriptioj a D. G. Fahren-
heit, (2^. S’. S.

IN rccenfione experimentorum nonnullorum circa e-
bullitionem quorundam liquorura a me fadorum
mentionem feci, gradum caloris aquas ebuilientis ter-
mino tunc memorato, ziz nempe graduum coerceri •
poftea variis obfervationibus atque experimentis edodus
furn terininum hunc, manente eadem atmofphasras gra-
vitate, fatis fixum eife, fed variante gravitate atmofphas-
rae hunce terminum quoque diverfimode variari polfe.
Experimenta in hunc fcopum jam fada nunc quidein
traderem, fed quoniam adhuc de certis circumftantiis e-
doduselievelim, hinc recenfionem illorum ufque in ali-
ud tempus reponam, & interea folummodo thermometri
alicuj us mentionem faciam, quod forfitan (I non magis,
tamen asque idoneum erit ad explorandam atmofphaera
gravitatem, quam barometrum. Hujus delineatio in Fi-
gura VIII. eft appofita.

Cylindro A B anneditur tubus B C, cui additur glo-
bulus oblongus iC D, & huic tubulus gracillimo fora-
mine prasditus D E. Cylindrus liquore quodam, qui
calorem aquas ebuilientis perferre poteft, replebitur. In
tubulo B C, gradus caloris in aere obvii menfurabuntur
ope (calx affixae be. Si autem thermometrum hocce aqux
bullienti imponatur, liquor thermometri non folum glo-
buium CD implebit, fed etiam ufque ad terminos varios
tubuli D E atfurger, fecundum gradum caloris, quern
aqua tempore experimenti a gravitate atmofphasne ac-
quifitura eft. Ita, fi, exempli gratia, tempore experi-
menti altitudo mercurii in barometro fit x8 pollicum
Londinenfium, liquor in hocce thermometro attinget

( 1 8o )

infimum locum in tubulo D E j Si vero gravitas at-
mofpteras aequipolleat altitudini mercurii triginta <3c
unius pollicum,. liquor a calore aquas ebullientis ufque
ad locum fupremum tubuli D Eattolletur, termini va-
rii autem caloris aquas ebullientis non gradibus, fed il-
lorum loco numeris digitorurn, quibus altitudo mercu-
rii in barometris vulgo menfuratur, ope nempe fcalas ad-
ding de denotabuntur.

VII. Obferyatio Lunaris Eclipfis babita Ulyflipone

inLalatio L egio Die i. Novembris 1724. A

<P<P. Joanne Baptifta Carbone, 3c Dominico

CapalTo, Soc. Jeftt. Communicante Excellent ijfi-

mo Domino , Dno de Galvaon, Commendatore
*

Villas Meam 3c France, Equ. Ord. Cbrift.
Legato Sermijj (Leg. Portugall. ad Serenijf.

Legem Magn. Britan. S. L: $•

. i "•

OBfervavimus hanc Eclipfim Telefcopiis, altero qui-
dem Pedum Parifinorum 8. fed clariflimo, alte-
ro 10. fed minus ciaro : utroque tamen lunares maculas
perfcdiflime difcernebantur. Ad temporis dimenfionem
u(i fumus Horologio ofcillatorio, vulgo Tendula , fatis
exado, pluribus ante diebus in ipfo obfervationis loco
firmato,5c quotidiano examine per meridianam lineam,
ibidem a nobis jamdiu inventam, <5c pluries examina-
tam, ad medium Solis raotum quam proxime redudOc
Node vero ipfius Eclipfis ter illud ad trutinam revocavi-
mus, ut ejus a vero tempore difcordiam deprehendere-
mus. Primo in tranfitu Fomahantis per Meridianum,
Hor. 8. M. 17. Sec. 18. Secundo in tranfitu Rtgel feu

Tedis Lucidi Qrionis , Hor. 2.M. 35% Sec. 21. Ter-

tio

( t8t )

tio in tranlitu Sirii , Hor. 4. M. 7. Sec. 40. (Afcenli-
ones rete dedate funt ex Tabulis Hirianis.)' Invent )
mus autem Horologium tardius incedcre fecundis tan-
tum 7. quae jam addita funt momento Obfervationis

mox apponendae. . ;

A Solis Occafu ufque' ad Mediam Noclem Nubes
ac Pluviae Coelum nobis identidem adimebant. Ventus
tamen fub horam 1. illud nobis fatis clarum reflituit,
eoque ud fumus ad horam props tertiarn.

Temp. Ver.
Hor. '

38
41

43 29

47 45”

1

1

1

1

1

x

x

X

2
2
X
2
2

6

8

//

o

o

49 *5

o I 6

0 39

1 10

XX

7

10 29

1 1

13

28

22

&

2

1 5 -

. \ . % -

34

2

18

2

2

20

7

•2

2 1

S’

2

22

* 8

2

2 7

49

2

3i

5^

2

34

37

2 *

37

17

. C . . * * - • V * * T *• *■' \ “

Penumbra incipit effe fenlibilis
fit fpiflior
fit fpiflifltma
Umbra incipit

Difcus Lunas app&ret deficiens
Umbra pertingit ad Ariflarchum
Pertingitad Tlatonem
Ariftarchus totus in Umbra
Ar chit at .

Ariftotele$\.;,[

Titheas
Galilaus , -..V .

Umbra ad littus Orientale Maris $e-
renit at is

Endymion immergitur totus
Copernicus incipit imtn^rgi
totus in Umbra
ToJJidonius incipit
totus latet;

Ricciolus incipit
Umbra pervenit ad Grimaldum
Ad Litus Boreale Maris Crifium
Troclus immergitur

Hor.

( i8i )

v *

• • \ • . . . I

Hor. ' "

* 4° o Nubes fupervenit, qua Lunam om -

nino tegit , diuque videtur dura -
tura,

3 25V o Nubes difcedit. Jam autem ex Vm-

bra emerferunt
Grimaldus,

Ricciolus ,

Keplerus ,

Galilaus .

3

>9

2

Arijlarchus emergit ; .

3

30

30

Copernicus incipit emergere

3

31

34

totus extra Umbram

3

39

1,8

Titheas emergit

3

47

46

Timocharis

3

54

57

Archimedes

3

57

18

Tlato incipit emergere

3

58

59

emergit totaiiter

4

2

0

Nubecula iterum Luna ajpedtum no *
bis adimit.

4

0

Jam Luna rejlituitur

4

8

15

Arifiotelis totalis emerfio
Nubeculis identidem Lunam occu -

1 V,-

' - V . •

* • -

pa7ttibus , reliquarum macularum
emer Jones exalte obferi)ari neque-

rLlOl

unt .

4

20

3,6* Finis Eclipfis, tardius fortaffe vifus
ob tenuem vaforem interbofitum

4

z6

0

Definit Penumbra fpimor

4

28

0

Definit Penumbra fenfibitis.

• *• *- * .• 1

.0.

Pecu-

( i8j )

Peculiari profedo cura, ac ea qua fieri potuit diligen-
tia, Eclipfim hanc obfervare conati fumus $ non tnodo
ut noftri muneris partes pro modulo noftro impleremus,
quippe Mathefi, ac praecipue Affronomicis obfervationi-
bus hie addidi, verum etiam, ut Sereniflitni Regis in-
genio plenius, ut par erat, indulgeremus. Valde enim
Ipfe in hujufmodi obfervationibus deledatur, ad caique
perfede infiituendas, copiofam nobis fnftrumentorum.
fnpelledilem, munificentia vere Regia, fuppeditavit..
Neque vero aut iildem obfervationibus intereile, aut
Cbfervatorem fe nobis identidem adjungere dedignatur j
illud unice Temper folicitus, ne, vel minimum, a redi-
tudine aberretur. Hoc igitur adi flimulo nec diligen-
tiae pepercimus, nec Jibori, quo tanti Principis ingenio
base noftra obfervatio refponderet. Accefiit & alia cpia
dudum tenebamur cura,novis ac clarioribus confirmandi
argumenris.hujufce Urbis Longitudinem, vel certe e-
jufdem cum praecipuis Europae Ivleridianis differentiam j
itemque explorandi, an aliorum Tabulae Aftronomicaj,
ad hunc Meridianum redudae per inventas hadenus dif-
ferentia?, perfede Cceio congruerent? Ex quo enim U-
lyffiponem pervenimus, ubi jam alterum egimus annum,
nulla contigerat Lunae Eclipfis fupra noftrum Horizon-
tern confpicua. Duae vero To lares, altera Die 8. Decem-
bris anni 1722. altera 22. Mail labentis anni, oppofitis
undique nubibus, obTervari nullatenus potuere. Jam
autem repetitis hoebiennio obfervationibus turn Immer-
fionum, turn Emerfionum Intimi Jovis Satellitis, proxi-
me deprehenderamus, faltem quoad minuta prima,
differentiam inter hujufee Urbis, feu verius hujufee
Regii Palatii, ac Regii Parifienfis Obfervatorii Meridia-
nos: minuta nempe horaria 48 (mox ubi receperimus
obfervationes habitas in eodem Obfervatorio, deprehen-
dere poterimus Sc fecunda, quas hie diligenter notavi-
mus.) Hac igitur ufi differentia prsfentem Eclipfim fup-
Vol. XXXIII. Dd puta-

( 184 )

putavimus ex Tabulis Hirianis. T urn autem mi hi,
turn P. Dominico Capajfo eadem quantitas, idemque
pene temporis momentum pro Initio, Medio, ac Fine
Kclipfeos prodnt: Mihi nempe Init. Hor. x. m. 48. fee.
4. Medium, Hor. 3. m. 3. fee. 59. Finis, Hor. 4. m. 19.
lee. 5-4. Iili vero, Init. Hor. 1. m. 48. fee. o. Med.
Hor. 3. m. 3. fee. 58. Fin. Hor. 4. m. 19. fee. 5 6.
Quantitas utnque digit. 6. min. 5-3. Sufficiens proinde
argumentum erat, quod rede Tabulis uterque ufus ef-
iet 3 atque illud unice expeftandum, ut Ceelum pariter
fupputatiqnibus refponderet. Quamquam. ex nonnullis
Lphemendibus aliterfuturum deducebatur. At revera
quam proxime refpondit (negledis fcilicet tantum fe-
cundis) ut ex lpfa patet obfervatione.

Fateor tamen nee me multum fidere hujufmodi ob*
fervationibus Lunarium Eclipfiurn, quod attinet ad fe-
cunda detinienda. Adeo enitn male terminata apparet
terreltris umbra, ut ejus ac fpiffioris penumbras confinia
lllico dilcernere difficile admodum videatur. Hinc non
abs re fore putaverim non null as hie fubtexere obferva-
tiones Immerfionum atque Emerfionum Intimi Tovis
batellitis, ex iis, qua? prasfertim hoc anno habuimus •
nam multas prasteriti anni in promptu non habeo. Duas
tantum mem ini, Sc alibi etiam adnotatas invenio, nui-
bus fcilicet ufus eft CL V. & Illuftriffi Dominus Franc.
Blanch inns, ad determinandam differentiam inter Me-
ridianos Ulyfliponenfem, ac Urbinenfem. Hasiffitur
tantum ex pneterito anno fubneftain. &

Obfep-

IIL

1

( )

Objery at tones lmmerfionum , ac Emerjionum lntiml
Joy is Satellitis , habit £ Ulyffipone in (Pulatio 'gio ■,

& in Collegio Divi. Antonii Soc. Jefu .

,rfU r, ,T • \ ‘ *• ’ j

- ' . * » . i > • k • ' ' ^ * - • . • %

3

* T • N- f ■

Regium Talatium , Collegium funt in eodem om-
nino Meridiano. Omnes ob few at 'tones habit a funt
Telefcopio palmor. rom. 30. Jofephi Campani.

1725.

Emerfones .

H. ' '/

Diex3.Julii 7 47 00

Die7Septem. 8 21 48

17x4.

Immerfones.

Die8Jun .mane 2 03 28

Die 15 35 6 27

H. •' "
Die 30 2 08 51

Etnerfiones.

Die 2 Sept. 9 36 <7

Die 9 11 34 26

Die 25 9 59 ii

Die 4 O&ob. 6 z6 44

Die 18 10 21 20

Die 3 Novemb. 8 30

D d 2

VIII.

\

( \*6 )

VIII. Meridianorum Ulyffiponenfis, ParilTenfis Cr
Londinenfis differentia , ex Uteris Clariffimi Do-
Elijjimiquc Viri , Reverend. <Patr. Johannis Ba-
pciftx Carbone Soc.Jef. ad Ifaacum Sequeyra
Samuda M ©. Coll Med . LcW. L/c. S. (2^. S.

Iliud advertere juvar, difFerentiam inter hnnc meri-
dianum, ac Parifienfem. minorem jam inventam, ac nos
antea putabamus j non quidem novis obfervationibus
hie habitis, fed iifdem cum Parifienfibus, quas modo
accepimus, comparatis. NulJas antehac acceperamuc>
unde didam difFerentiam deprehendere certo pofFemus j
fed noftras obfervationes unice contuleramus cum fup-
putationibus domini Lieutaud, meridiano Pari (lend ac-
commodate, in fuo libeilo, quern Connoijfance des
Temp inferibit, 6c quotannis. Academia? regia? juiFu, in
lucem edit. Atnimium a vero aberrare iilasdlgnovimus,
pra?cipue, qua? ad immerfiones, atque emerfiunes intimi
Jovis fatellitis fpedant. Ipfa? enim obfervationes habits
in Obfervatorio regio,modo duobus, modo tribus, modo
eriam 4 minutis, ab illis diiFentiunt. En tibi compara-
tionem noflra? obfervationis lunaris Eclipfis, cum ob-
fervatione Parifienfi, ab ipfo Mara/do obfervatore, & re-
gio aftronomo fada cui etiam apponam comparationes
immerhonum atque emerfionum, qua? utrobique fue-
runt obfervats : omnia genuino idiomate, quo fuerunt
ad me milTa, Pariiiis.

I

r

Com -

( >8/ )

Comparaifon des Obfervations de V Eclipfe de Lane

du i Novembre 17x4, faites a Ltsbone & a

Tar is. " ‘

Quoyque dans cette eclipfe, 1* ombre de laLunen*
ait point paru terminee a Lisbone, ny a Paris, ce quia
rendu la determination de ces phafes plus di'fficiles,
cependant la plus part des obfervations s’ accordent (i
bien enfemble, que nous avous cru devoir faire la com-
paraifon des phafes principals, qui paroiffent avoir ete
obfervees avec leplus d' exactitude, pour en determiner
la difference des meridiens entre Lisbone, St Paris.

Hor. ' n \y

1 47 45* Commencement a Lisbone ’

2 33 30 a Paris *

45* 4y Difference des meridiens entre Lisbone
St Paris

x 01 6 L’ombre a Ariftarque a Lisbone

z 46 IJ- a Paris

45 59 Difference

2 11 28 a Lisbone Tombre a Galilee

2 56-20 a Paris \

44 52 Difference

x 34 37 a Lisbone Pombre au bord feptentrio-

nal de la mer Cafpiene

3 20 30 a Paris

45 53 Difference

2 37 17 a Lisbone Tombre a Proclus

3 v 23 30 a Paris

46 13 Difference

Hot.

( *88 )

Hor.

3.

4

n

29 z .. a .Lisbone Ariftarque fort de l'ombre
Ta " 30 a Paris

■a' t-x-rr ,

T

•* * r **

45* iS Difference 1

3 31 34 Tout Copernic eft hors de l’ombre a

, r . Lisbone ,

4 r 7 \ 50 a Paris '

46 16 Difference

3 47 46 Titnocharis eft forti de l’ombre a

Lisbone

• 4 33 34 a Paris

45: 48 Difference

3 5*8 59 Platon eft entierement hors de T om-

bre a Lisbone

4 44 23 a Paris

45- 24 Difference

4 20 36 Fin de 1* eclipfe a Lisbone
1 6 30 a Paris , ; ;

47 5*4 Difference

Suivant ces obfervations la duree de 1* eclipfe a Lif-
bone aete de zh 32' 51" plus petite feulement de 9 fe-
condes qu’eile n’a ete obfervee a Paris, 6c la difference
des meridiens, qui refulte des obfervations du commen-
cement 6c de la fin eft de 45' 50'f ce qui s’approche
beaucoup de ce qui refulte de la comparaifon des autres
taches obfervees a Lisbone, 6c a Paris.

* f ’ . . J r * »

Com-

sonc'iaitX £* r*

Comp arai fon de quelques Obfervations des Satellites
de Jupiter fait es a Lisbone , &a Taris

Nous avons fait a l’obfervatoire royal de Paris pla-
neurs obfervations correfpondantes a celles qui nous ont
ete envoyees de Lisbone, en voici ia comparaifon.

H. / n

Le^o Juin. 1714 a 2 08 51 I m merlon a Lisbone

2 54 41 a Paris

50 Difference

Le 2 Sept. 1724 a 9 57 Emerfion a Lisbone

10 22 46 a Paris

T 45" 49 Difference

Le 25 Sept. 1724 a 9 59 21 Emerfion a Lisbone

10 45* 05 a Paris

45" 44 Difference

Le 4 Octobre a 6 26 44 Emerfion a Lisbone

7 H 58 a Paris
45 14 Difference

1 • » t '

1 ^plUS ces °^^ervation?j. s’ accordent a donner

ia difference des meridiens, entre Lisbone 6c Paris de

45^ 48 dheure, ce qui s’accorde avec toute l’exa&i-
tude que l’on.peut efperer,a celle que.l’ona determinee
par 1 obfervation derniere de l’eclipfe de Lune, &c‘
Hactenus dominus Maraldus , cujus obfervationem la.
naris eclipfeos, feorfirn tranfcribere non vacat ; pluribus
emm curis fum diftentus. 5 F

Si vera eft pnedi&a differentia, nempe 45 ' 48 erit
ifferentia inter hunc meridianum Llyfliponenfem 6c
Londini, *6'/', quam mox collatis obfervationibus im
utroque meridiano faciendis, melius examinabimus.cer-
tiufque deprehendemus.

IX. An.

( i9° >

IX. An Excretory Dutt from the Glandula Re-
nalis. Extracled from the Giornale di Lite-
rati of Venice, for the Tear 1719.

TH E celebrated Anatomift, Signor Anton Marla
Valfalva , already known by his noble Treatife
De Aure hum ana, has lately made a confidcrable Dif-
covery. He has found rhe excretory Duds of the
Glandula Renales , or, Renes Succenturiate which
difcharge themfelves into the Parts of Generation ^ that
is to fay, into the Epididymides in Men, and in:o
the Ovaria in Women. He has read a learned Dilfer-
tation relating to this Difcovery, before the Academy
of Sciences in Bologna , in which he undertakes to prove,
thatthofe Renes Juccenturiati , are to be reckon’d a-
mong the principal Organs of Generation. He is foon
to publilh it in Print, but the Publication of the Cuts
belonging to it, will be retarded, becaufe the engraving
of them, cannot be finifh’d in fo (hort a time.

IV e have Jince learn' d the dijagreeable News of
the 'Death of this very learned and inquiftive Ana -
tom if ^ but, as his Reputation , and known Accuracy
in differing , leaves no room to doubt of the reality
of the abovemention' d Difcovery , we hope it will be
profecuted by other curious Per fins.

X.Of

( 1.9 1 )

X. Of the Currents at the Streights Mouth J Dy

Capt. - - - - Communicated by Dr. Hudfon.

" * t * ♦ ' \ * • - * **

* ) / i ^ * \\ "V t ^ f \

CApe Sf artel , and Cape Trafalgar , from the weftern
Ocean, are known to make the Streights Mouth,
from whence a Current, in the middle of the Channel
(which is about five Leagues broad) betwixt the Bar-
iary and Sfanijh Land, runs, at leaf!, two Miles each
Hou r, as far as Ceuta Point - and there the two Coafts
opening about eighteen Leagues diftant from each other,
the Current does not run above one Mile an Hour,
and fo continues as far as Cape de Gat , which is
feventy Leagues up the Mediterranean . Our Mariners
obferve a Current to fet to die wedern Sea, or the great
Ocean from Ceuta , along the Barbary Shore ; and,
from Gibraltar , along the Spanijh Shore j but that
on the Barbary Shore is generally their common Rout,
not only as being the freed from Rocks and lefs dange-
rous, but by reafon that the Tide is much ftronger, than
it is on the other Side, which the Loner helps the Ships
out of the Str eights, which are the narrowed betwixt
the Points of Gibraltar and Ceuta j at which lad Place,
a Neck of Land extends itfelf a conlid enable Way into*
the Sea and it’s my Opinion, and that of others, that
whereas the Current runs, as abevefaid, two Miles an
Hour againdthis Neck of Land, the Water there meets
with fo violent an Oppofition in its Courfe, as occafions
it to rebound with fo much Force, that Part of it re-
turns back .alqpg the fame Coad, and fo out of the
$ freights Mouth } which, with the fmal! Tide that fe-ts
out on the Sfanijh Shore, it’s believ’d, may exhaud a
confiderable Part of that Current, which continually fets
Vol. XXXIIF. E e 4 jn

( 192 T

4n to the Eaftward, at the Rate I have already mention <L
What I look upon to be very remarkable, is that in the
Year 17^, Monfieur du Daigle , that; fprtunat^and
generous Commander of the Privateer call d the sce-
nt x of Marfeille , giving Chafe, near Ceuta Point, to a
<Dutch Ship bound for Holland , he came up with her

in the middle of the Gut, or S[rei&htS^tV'lfJ^x
and Tanner, and there gave her one Broad-fid., whicli
direftly funk her, all her Men being fav’d by the Means
of Motif. du L'aigle ; and a few Days after, the funk
Ship, with her Cargo of Brandy and Oil, aVofe on the
Shore near Tangier, which is, at leaft, four Leagues
to the Weftward of the Place were fhe funk, and di-
rectly a^ainft the Strength of the Current ; which has
perfuaded many Men, that there is a Recurrency in the
deep Water in the middle of the Gut, that lets out-
wards to the grand Ocean, which, I think, this Acci-
dent very much demonftrates j and pofiibly, a great Part
of the Water, which runs into the Streights does return
that Way, and along the two Coafts which I have al-
ready mention’d j otherwife, this Snip of Courfe, muft
have been drove towards Ceuta, and fo upwards. I was
at Gibraltar when this happen’d, where 1 faw above
ioo of the Butts of that Cargo of Brandy, which were
fent thither from Tangier I likewife fpoke with t te
Captain of the DutJ Ship, who told the Governor,
myfelf, and many others, where hisVeffelfunk ; and her
ring afterwards at Tangier, appear’d very unaccount-
able to us, as it does to me to this Day •, for there s no
Doubt bm the Ship funk where the ‘Dutchman told us,
fince the Spaniards from the Land, who faw ir, con-
firm’d it to us. The Water in the Gnt muft be very

deep feveral of the Commanders of our Ships of War

having attempted to found it with the longed Lines t ley
could contrive, but could never hndany Bottom. ^

XI. Ambergris found in Whales. Communi-
cated by T)r . Boylfton of Bofton in New-
England.

1 '*\>u

THE moft learned Part of Mankind are ftill at a
Lofs about many Things, even in medical Ufe ;
and, particularly, were fo in what is called Amber -
gris , until our Whale Fiflaermen of Nantucket , in
New-England \ fome three or four Years paid, made the
Difcovery. Their Account to me is this.

Cutting up a Spermaceti Bull Whale , they found
accidentally in him, about twenty Pound Weight, more
or lefs, of that Drug. After which, they, and other
fuch Fiflaermen, became very curious in fearching all
fuch Whales they kill’d*, and it has been (ince found
in lefler Quantities, in feveral Male Whales of that
Kind, and in no other, and that fcarcely in one of an
Hundred of them. They add further, that it is con-
tained in a Cyld, or Bag, without any inlet or outlet to
it, and that they have fometimes found the Bag empty,
and yet entire.

The Bag is no where to be found, but near the Ge-
nital Parts of the Fifh. The Ambergris is, when
hrfl: taken out, moift, and of an exceeding ftrong and
offenflve Smell.

Whether or not ( from the Account above ) the Am-
bergris be naturally , or accidentally produced in
that Fijh , I leave to the Learned to determine .

E e 2

Obfer~

( *94 )

XII. ObferVations on fome of the Plants in New-Eng-
land, with remarkable Inflames of theTSLature and
Power of Vegetation . In a Letter to the Pub -

lifh er from the Honourable Paul Dudley, Effc
F. Ik. S. ■ t , r | ;

H E Society, without Doubt, have long fince been
_ acquainted, that the Plants of England, as well
thofe of the Fields and Orchards, as of the Garden*
that have been brought over hither, {uit mighty well
with our Soil, and grow here to great Perfection- how-
ever, that the curious may better make a Comparifon,
I (hall fingle out fome Particulars, of my own Obfer-
vation.

To begin with the Fruit Trees*

Our Apples are, without Doubt, as good' as thofe of
England , and much fairer to look to, and fo are the
Pears *, but we have not got of all the Sorts.

Our Peaches do rather excel thofe of England, and
then we have not the Trouble or Expence of Walls for
them *, for our Peach Trees are all Standards, and I
have had, in my own Garden, feven or eight Hundred
fine Peaches of the Rare-ripes,. growing at a Time on
one Tree.

Our People, of late Years, have run fo much uporr
Orchards, that in a Village near B oft on, conlifting of
about forty Families, they made near three Thouland
Barrels of Cyder. This was in the Year 1721. And,
in another Town of two Hundred Families, in the fame
Year, I am credibly inform’d, they made near ten
Thoufand Barrels. Some of our Apple Trees, will
make fix, fome have made feven Barrels of Cyder, but
this is not common j and the Apples will yield from

feven,

( m )

feven, to nine Bufiiels for a Barrel of Cyder. A good
Apple Tree, with us, will meafure from fix to ten Foot
in Girt. I have feen a fine Pearmain, at a Foot from the'
Ground, meafure ten Feet, and four Inches round.
This Tree, in one Year, has bore thirty eight Bufiiels,
(by Meafure) of as- fine Pearmains, as everl faw in
England. A Kentijb Pippin at three Foot from the
Ground, feven Foot in Girt ; a Golden Rufletin fix Foot
round. The largefi: Apple Tree, that I could find, was
ten Foot and fix Inches round, but this was no Graft

» * . , • ■ ■ i , • - #

Tear Trees*

An Orange Pear Tree grows the largefi-, and yields
the faireft Fruit. I know one of them near forty Foot
high, that meafures fix Foot and fix Inches in Girt, a
Yard from the Ground, and has bore thirty Bufiiels ar
Time ; and this Year I meafur’d an Orange Pear, that
grew in my own Orchard, of eleven Inches round the
Bulge. I have a Warden Pear Tree, that meafures five
Foot fix Inches round. One of my Neighbours has
a Bergamot Pear Tree, that was brought from Englafid
in a Box,, about the Year 1643, that now meafures fix
Foot about, and has bore twenty two Bufiiels of fine
Pears in one Year. About twenty Years fince, the Owner
took a Cyon, and grafted it upon a common Hed^e
Pear, but the Fruit does not prove altogether fo’ good,
and the Rind, or Skin, is thicker than that of the Ori-
ginal*

Teach Trees.

Our Peach Trees are large and fruitful, and bear
commonly in three Years from the Stone. I have one-
in my Garden of twelve Years Growth, that meafures-'
two Foot, and an Inch in Girt, ; a Yard from the Ground,

which

( *96 )

which, two Years ago, bore me near a Bufhel of fine
Peaches. Our common Cherries are not fo good as the
Kentiflj Cherries of England , and we have no Dukes,
or Heart Cherries, unlels in two or three Gardens.

. , . ! JT

' r i!.1 u y:<irn j u ci u ri i j j i j » > ‘ r •

Trees of the W ood.

:ool ovirh jc niqqi^ *V.WA A

Some Years fince, I meafur’d a Tlatanus Occiden-
talism or Button WoodTxzz (as they are called here)
of nine Yards in Girt, and it held its Bignefs a great
Way up. This Tree, when it was cut down, I am in-
form’d, made twenty two Cord of Wood. . A Gentle-
man tells me, that in the Foreft, he met with a ftreight
Alh, that grew like a Pillar, of a great Height, and free
from Limbs, that meafured fourteen Feet eight Inches
round, near a Yard from the Ground \ and, the other
Day, I met with a Saffafras Tree, that meaiur’d five
Foot three Inches in Girt. I meddle not here with our
noble Pines and Cedars, becaufe I defign to treat of
them in a Chapter of the Evergreens of this Country.
Among our Trees of quick and eafy Growth, the But-
ton Wood before-mentioned, and the Locuft Iree, are
the moil remarkable : As to the latter, by the Defec-
tion Mr. Moore , while in New-England, gave me of
the Manna Tree, our Locujl Free may be called the
American Manna. I have known a Seed of it blown
off from the Tree into my Garden, that took Root ofit-
felf, and, in lefs than two Years, was got above fix Foot
high, and as big about, as a common walking Cane.
The Tlatanus I have frequently propagated, by cut-
ting off Sticks of five or fix Foot long, and fetting them
a Foot deep into the Ground in the Spring of the Fear,
when the Seafon is wet ; they thrive belt in a moifi
Soil.

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Garden .

( l97 >

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Garden.

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An Onion, fet out for Seed, will rife to four Foot
nine Inches in Height. A Parfnip will reach to eight
Foot, red Orrice will mount nine Foot, white Or rice
eight. In the Padures, I meafured Seed Mullen nine
Foot two Inches in Height, and one of the common
Thiftles above eight Foot. /

Vegetation .

Among the remarkable Indances of the Power of Ve-
getation, I fhall begin with an Account of a Pumpkin
Seed, which I have well atteded, from a worthy Di-
vine. * The Relation is as follows : That in the
Year 1 699, a (ingle Pumpkin Seed was accidentally
dropp’d in a fmall Padure where Cattle had been fodder’d
for fome Time. This (ingle Seed took Root of itfelf, and
without any Manner of Care or Cultivation ^ the Vine
run along over feveral Fences, and fpread over a large
Piece of Ground far and wide, and continued its Pro-
grefs till the Frod came and kill’d it. This Seed had
no more than one Stalk, but a very large one ; for it
meafured eight Inches round from this (ingle Vine,
they gathered two hundred and (ixty Pumpkins and,
one with another, as big as an half Peck enough in
the Whole, to (ill a large Tumbrel, befides a confidera-
ble Number of fmall and unripe Pumpkins, that they
made no Account of. The Thilofophical Tranfaffions
give an Account of a fingle Plant of Barley, that by
(teeping and watering with Saltpetre diifolv’d in
Water, produced two hundred and forty nine Stalks,
and eighteen thoufand Grains; but then there was

Art

J he Reverend Air. Edwards 0/Windfor.

'.( - J ?8 )

Art, and even Force in that Cafej whereas in ours,
there was nothing but pure Nature and Accident.

Our Indian Com is the moil Prolifick Grain that
we have, and commonly produces twelve hundred, and
often two thoufand Grains from one but the faireft
Computation is thus ; fix Quarts of this Grain will
plant an Acre of Ground, and it is not unufual for an
Acre of good Ground to produce fifty Bufhels of Corn.
The Mention of Indian Corn obliges me to take notice
of an extraordinary Hhanomenon in the Vegetation of
that Grain, viz*, the interchanging, or mixing, of Co-
lours after the Corn is planted. For your better un-
derftanding this Matter, 1 mu ft obferver that our In-
dian Corn is of feveral Colours, as blue, white, red,
and yellow ; and if they are planted feparately, or by
themfelves, fo that no other Sort be near them, they
will keep to their own Colour, i. e. the blue, will pro-
duce blue, the white, white, &c. But if in the fame
Field, you plant the blue Corn in one Row of Hills (as
we term them) and the white, or yellow, in the next
Row, they will mix and interchange their Colours j
that is, fome of the Ears of Corn, in the blue Corn
Rows, {hall be white, or yellow ; and fome again, in
the white or yellow Rows, lhall be of a blue Colour.
Our Hills of Indian Corn are generally about four ‘Foot
afunder, and fo continued in a (freight Line, as far as the
Field will allow ^ and then a fecond Line, or Row of
Hille, and'fo on ; and yet this mixing and interchanging
of Colours has been obferved, when the Diflance be-
tween the Rows of Hills, has been feveral Yards •" and
a worthy Clergyman, of an 111 and in this Province, *
allures me, that the blue Corn has thus communicated,
or exchanged, even at the Difknce of four or live Rods-

— -

* The Reverend Mr . May hew, of Martha’* Vineyard.

... ( '99 )

and, particularly in one Place, where there was abroad
Ditch of Water betwixt them. Some of our People,
but efpecially the Ab-Origines , have been of Opinion,
that this Commixtion, and Interchange, was owing to
the Root?, and fmall Fibres reaching to and communi-
cating with one another } but this rauft certainly be a
Miftake, confidering the great Diftance of the Commu-
nication, efpecially at fome Times, and crofs a Canal of
Water ^ for the fmalleft Fibres of the Roots of our In-
dian Corn, cannot extend above four or five Foot. I
am therefore humbly of Opinion, that the Stamina , or
Principles of this wonderful Copulation, or mixing of
Colour?, are carried thro’ the Air by the Wind 0 and that
the Time, or Seafon of it, is, when the Corn is in the
Earing, and while the Milk is in the Grain, for at that
Time, the Corn is in a Sort of Equation, and emits a
ftrongSeent. One Thing, which confirms the Air’s be-
ing the Medium of this Communication of Colours in
the Corn, is an Obfervation of one of my Neighbours,
that a clofe, high board Fence, between two Fields of
Corn that were of a different Colour, entirely prevented
any Mixture or Alteration of Colour, from that they
were planted with.

It has been obferv’d by Naturalifts, that even Na-
ture, which gives Laws to every Thing, does not al-
ways ftri&ly obferve her own Rules ; and I think, I
have, in my own Town, met with a very notable Inftance
of this in the Vegetable World.

An Apple Tree there bears a confiderable Quantity
of Apples, efpecially every other Year, which never had
a Bloffom ; 1 had formerly heard the Owner fpeak of it:
But for the three laft Years, 1 made it my Bufinefs,in the
proper Seafon, to go and obferve it my Felf ^ and when
all the reft of the Orchard was in the Bloom, this Free
had not one Bloffom. Not being contented with onge
going, I went again, and again, till I found the young
V o L. XXX 111. F f Apples

( zoo )

Apples perfectly formed The laft Year, I went early,

not knowing but that it might blow fooner than the o-
ther Trees, but 1 found no BloiToms * and the Owner,,
with many of his Neighbours, allured me, they have
known the Tree thefe forty If ears, and that it never had
a Bloffom. I opened feveral of the Apples, and obferv'd
but very few Seeds in them ; and feme of them lodged
fingie in the Side of the Apple. This Tree was no
Graft and the Fruit but ordinary for Tafte. I could not
perceive, by my Obfervation, but that, in all other Re-
fped:5,, it frudify’d like other Apple Trees. But that I
may not leave Nature in any Diforder, I would juft
mention,, what is frequently obfervd in our Gardens,
as to the winding or running \ ines, more efpecially the
Hop and the French, or Kidney Beans how contrary
they’ are to one another in their climbing and yet how
Readily they obferve their own Laws : Th~ Hop Vine
winding about the Pole with the Sun, and the Bean a-
s-ainft the Sun. and this Courfe they keep with fuck
Obftinacy, that though an Attempt has been made over
Night, to force the Hop Vine to wind againft the Sun y
yet, in the Morning, it has got back again to its natural
Courfe, and the Bean again has done the fame in her
Way. In like Manner, the Indian Corn, abovemen-

tioned, has always an equal Number of Rows of Grain,

m the Ear, as eight, twelve, f£c.

VAG. 94. No 77. 1. Ki — tfai — tse. P. 95. N° 95 pro Germanic*
*1. Gerardi. Ibid. N 0 98. I Vicia SyWeftris, See.

*

9

Numb. 38 6.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

For the Months of January and February , 172 5.

The C O N T E N T S.

I. A Differ tat ion concerning the Figure of the Earth ,
by the (fyverendjohn Theophilus Defaguliers,

LL. D. K (R; S’.

II. Some ObferVations made in an Oftrich, differed
by Order of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart . By Mr.
John Ranby, Surgeon. F. % S .

III. An Account of the Appearance of Mercury,
puffing over the Suns Disk, on the 19th of Octo-
ber, 1723 determining the mean Motion , and
fixing the Nodes of that BlaneF s Orb. By Ed-
mund Halley, LL. D. Aflron. <%eg. and
^ S. S.

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( 201 )

A Differtatkn concerning the Figure of the Earthy
by the tf(eVerend John Theophilus Defaguliers,

IL. 2). F. % S.

THAT the Earth (that is, our Terraqueous Ha-
bitation) is of a fpherical Figure, or nearly fucli,
has been prov’d fo often, and by fo many unanfwei-
able Arguments, that to repeat them here muff needs
be tedious to this learned Society. But^as a little Va-
riation from a true Sphere (belides the irregulaiity of
high Hills and deep Vallies) does not hinder us from
calling the Earth a Globe ^ fo, to determine what that
Variation may be, fince modern Phiiofophers are di-
vided about it, may be a Subjed not ungrateful at this

Time. ,

Monfieur CaJJini fays : « That the Earth is an ob-

cc long Spheroid, higher at the Poles than the ./Equator,
“ making the Axis longer than a Diameter of the ALqua-
“ tor about thirteen French Leagues, which he de-
“ duces from comparing his Father’s Mcafures of the
“ Meridian, from Tar is to the Tyrenaean Moun-
ts tains, with thofe of M^onlieur Ttcard ■, of which an
46 Account may be feen in the Memoirs of the Royal
44 Academy for 1713. But having afterwards con-
<• tinued the Meridian, which is drawn through Francey
44 from Tarts to T)unkerque , he ftill draws Confe-
ct quences to prove the Earth an oblong Spheroid*,
44 but then makes the Axis exceed the ^Equatorial
“ Diameter 34 Leagues.

G g

Vox. XXXMf.

44 Sir

I

( 202 )

<c Sir Ifaac Newton makes the Earth higher at the
■c Equator, and, confequently, flatted towards the*
<c Poles, reckoning its Equatorial Diameter 34 Englifh
“ Miles longer than the Axis j which he proves from
the Principles of Gravity, and the Centrifugal Force
“ that arifes from the Diurnal Rotation of the Earth*
“ and, to confirm this, mentions feveral Experiments’
“ on Pendulums, which have been made fhorter to

“ fwing Seconds, near the Equator, than in greater
“ Latitudes.”

i Thefe are the two Opinions which have divided
Philofophers, and which we propofe to examine here.

Monfieur Caffini , taking the Meafures above-men*
tion d to be cxadl enough, not only to determine the
Magnitude of a Degree of the Earth, correfponding
with a Degree of the great Circle of the Heavens, but
alfo to {hew the Difference in the Degrees of the Earth ;
(reckoning thofe, that were foeafured in the South of
France , to exceed thofe towards the North, by a
certain Number of Toifes and Feet) demonftrates, that
if the Degrees of the Earth are longer towards the
Equator than the Poles, the Plane of the Meridian
muff be an Ellipfe, whofe long Axis is that of the
Earth. Here follows his firfl Demonftration. [See the
French Memoirs for the Tear 1713 ]

“ Let B D C R * be an Ellipfe that reprefents a
“ Meridian of the Earth, whofe Poles B and C are at
“ Ends of the great Axis B C, and whofe Foci E and
“ F are taken at Pleafure. Now, to divide this
“ Ellipfe into ‘Degrees, that is , to find feveral
Points H, 1, V, fitch , that the Difiance, from the
kC Pole to the Zenith , of every one of them, Jh all
<( he of any given Number of Degrees.

(C

* Fig. 1.

From

( 2°3 )

€i From E, one of the Foci of the Ellipfe, draw the
“ Line E T, fo that it may, with the Axis B C,
iC make the Angle BET equal to the Diflance given
<c from the Pole to the Zenith. From the other Focus
“ F, with the Diflance B C equal to the Axis, draw
“ an Arc, to cut the Line E T at T. I fay, that the

* Line F T, drawn from the Point T to the Focus
“ F, will cut the Ellipfe at the Point FT j which Point
ct is fuch, that the Diflance of the Pole, from its
“ Zenith, contains the given Number of Degrees.

“DEMONSTRATION.

“ From the Point H, raife H Z, perpendicular to
“ the Ellipfe which will pafs through the Zenith Z j
“ and, being produc’d inwards, will meet the Axis of
“ the Earth at O, and (by the Property of the Ellipfe)
c: divide the Angle EHF into two equal Parts. From
<c the Point H, draw like wife H P, parallel to the Axis
c '■ B C, and dire&ed to the Pole P, fuppos’d at an infi-
“ nite Diflance. The Angle P H Z, or P O Z, mea-
“ fures the Diflance, from the Pole to the Zenith, of
<c an Inhabitant dwelling upon the Earth at the Point
“ H. FT is equal to the Axis B C, by Conflruction ^

* but, by the Property of the Ellipfe, B C is equal to
“ E H plus H F j taking away from both FH, which

is common, E H will remain equal to H T. The
“ Angles E T H, TEH, will therefore be equal,
“ and, confequently, each of them will be half of the
“ external Angle EHF; but the Angle E H O is
“ like wife equal to half of the Angle EHF; there-
“ fore the Angles T E H, E H O, will be equal to
a one another ^ and, confequently, the Lines E F and
“HO will be parallel to one another ; and the Angle
“ P O Z, which meafures the Diflance from the Pole

G g 2 “ to

( 204 )

« to the Zenith of the Point H, will be equal to the
“ Angle BET, which was, by Condru&ion, taken
equal to the given Diftance of the Pole from the
Zenith ; which was to be demonjirated.

“ Now, if the Proportion of the longed: Diameter
« of the Ellipfe B C to E Fv the Didance of the Foci,
be taken at Pleafure, one may by Calculation
“ hnd all the Points of the Ellipfe as H, to deter-

“ mine the Degrees by this Analogy.

“ As FT, or BC:

« Is to E F : :

« So is the Sine of the Angle T ET ( the given Th*
« fiance from the Tole to the Zenith) :

“To the Sine of the Angle ET F, or T TiAI:
« whofe Quantity will confequently be known. This
cc Angle TE H being added to the Angle PET,, the
given Diftance from the Pole to the Zenith of the
« Point H, will give the Quantity of the Angle BEH,
which a Line drawn from the Focus to H, the Point
<t requir’d, makes with the Axis of the Ellipie.

« Then in the Triangle E H F, whofe Side E F is
known, as well as the Angle EHF, which is the
a Double of the Angle TEH, and the Angle F E H
16 Supplement of the Angle BEH one daall have the
« Length of the Side E H, known in Parts of the Axis

a

H

«(

«

«

cc

B C.

« After the fame Manner, may be found the Angles
B E I, B E V, &c. and the Length of the Lines E 1,
E V to determine the Diftance, from the Pole to the
Zenith of all the Degrees of the Circumference of
dfe E mit v and in the redilinear Triangles H E I,
1EV, whofe Sides HE, E I„E V,. are known as
well as the Angles comprehended between the Sides
H E, E I, 1 E, E V, which are the Differences of

the Angles B E H, B E I, BE V, determin’d above-;,

“ one

( 205 )

« one {hall find the Length of the Chords H Ir I > ,

66 comprehended between each Degree.

Monf. CaJJin'h in the Memoirs for the Year 1718, re-
peats the fame Demonftration ; except that, before it, ne

fhews, that if feveral Points be taken upon a Terrettrial
Meridian, on the Surface of an Elliptick Earth, asG, o,
I,K,*in fuch Manner, that their refpedive Zeniths Z, L,
M, N, are diflant from one another, an equal Number
of Degrees meafur’d in a Celeftial Meridian. The Lines
Z G, L H, M I, N K (which are perpendicular to the
Ellipfe) being produced, ' will meet in the Points O, K,
and S, making equal Angles, but as thofe angular Points
are not equally diftant from the Curve of the Elliple,
that Elliptic Arc muft be the longed w-hofe angular
Point is farthefl off. Now, by the former Demonitra'
tion, it appears, that thofe Arcs, which are taken neareft
to the leifer Axis, will have their angular Points farther

remov’d, ^

IfMonf. CaJJIni'i Meafures ofTerreftrial Degrees,

decreafino- from the iEquator towards the Pole, were
erounded’on Obfervations liable to no Error, he wou’d
have fully prov’d his Figure of the Earth. But nnce
thofe Meafures (however accurately taken) are not built
upon a mathematical Certainty, his Premiles may be
call’d in Queftion, and 'his* Conclufion, tho mathema-
tically drawn from thefe Premifes, is only

Now therefore, if I can fhew from undoubted x/jss-
nomena,that his Conclufion will lead to an Abfurdity,
his Meafures muft be falfe ^ becaufe his Reafomng
from them is This I (hall, endeavour to do firft, ,

which will difprove his Figure of the Earth ; and after-
wards endeavour to point out fome of the Errors which

* Fig. II, :.

( 206 )

I fuppofe to have occafion’d the Miflake in the Mea-
fares.

Monf. CaJJini , as well as the Engli/h Aflronomers,
believes that the Earth makes one Revolution about its
Axis, once in 23 Hours 5 6', becaufe in that Time, the
Plane of any Meridian returns to the fame fix’d Star
from which it had departed.

Let * H be taken in any Parallel of Latitude, as for
Example, in the Latitude of 51 0 46', a Plumb Line,
-L H, will be perpendicular to the Curve BH, at H, and
produced pafs thro* the Zenith of the Point H, if the
Earth had no Diurnal Rotation j but fince the Earth
moves round its Axis, all Bodies upon its Surface, en-
deavour to fly from the Axis of their Motion with a
Force proportionable to their Diftance from it in a Di-
rection along the Plane of that Parallel, in which they
are. Let that Force (explain’d by Monf. Huygens , and
called a Centrifugal Force) be reprefented by the Line
H /, or its Equal and Parallel L h • now a Plummet
placed at L, if the Earth flood (till, would defcend in
the Line LH, but as it is at the fame Time aCted upon
by the Force H / in the Direction L h , it will move
in the Direction L / Diagonal of the Parallelogram H /,
according to the known Laws of Mechanicks ^ and the
Plumb Line L H, inftead of being perpendicular to the
Curve at H, will in the Latitude 51 0 4 6' make an An-
gle of 5 1 with H L. This Angle will be lefs towards
the Poles, till at the very Pole it quite vanifhes, as it
alfo does at the Equator. The Demonf ration of the
Quantity of this Angle , I Jhall give before I end this
Differtation. Now fince there is no iuch Angle ob-
ferv’d, but in all Water Levels we find the Plumb
Line always perpendicular to the Line of Level, the

Surface

* . 11.

( 2« 7 )

Surface of the Earth muft be deprefs’d towards G, and
rife farther from the Axis towards I, in order to become
perpendicular (that is, to have its Tangent perpendicular)
to the Line L /, in which we have fhewn that the
Plumb Line muft defcend.

If there is any Body foTond of Monfieur Caffini ’s
Hypothecs, as to deny the Diurnal Motion of the
Earth for the fake of it, I hope they will be convinc’d,
when I fhew the Meafures, upon which it is founded, to
be inefficient for determining the different Lengths of
the Degrees of a Terreftrial Meridian.

But here I would not be thought to endeavour to
leften the Praife due to the Gentlemen of the Royal
Academy, for carrying on a Meridian the whole Length
of France , from \ Dunkerque thro’ the Royal Obfer-
vatory at Tarts, quite to the Tyre naan Mountains
on the Borders of Spain, Aftronomy and Geography
are doubtlefs much indebted to the Encouragement
given by the French Government, and to the Care of
their Mathematicians, who have omitted no proper
Method for drawingtheir Meridian, and correcting it as
they went on. So many Obfervations of the rifing and
fetting Sun, fo many equal Altitudes of the fame Stars
accurately taken, fo many Digreffions of Stars, fo many '
other Obfervations made with the Telefcope and good
Pendulum- Clocks — all compar’d together, for the true
fettling of the dired Way of this famous Meridian, leave
no Doubt but that it is as perfect as the Nature of the
Thing, is capable of. And, certainly, by the Help of
this Line, and the feveral Triangles made ufe of for
carrying it on, a better Map of France is made,
than has ever been of any Country before : Nay, be-
lides, I believe we may, at a Medium, very well re-
ceive their Number of 5*7060, or 5*7061 Toifes, for
the Meafure of a Degree of 3 Meridian of the Earth,

one

( io8 )

one with another. But to fay, that thofe Gentlemen
cou’d obferve the Latitude fo nicely, as to find a Dif-
ference in the Length of the Terredrial Degrees, and
that only of eleven or twelve Toifes, (when they made
it the lead) or of thirty-one Toifes, (when they made
it the mod) is attributing to them an Exa&nefs, fo far
beyond the Nature of the Inftruments which they
made ufe of, that it wou’d be rather a Difpraife than a
Commendation to infid upon it.

For in the firft Place, the Indrument, with which they
took Obfervations for the Latitude at the two Ends of
their Meridian, was a ten Foot Sector (which was worfe
than that which Monf. Ticard had made Ufe of before,
becaufe the Telefcope of his Se&or was of ten Foot,
whereas Monf. CaffinU was but of three Foot, tho’
applied to the ten Foot Sedor) where the two hundreth
Part of an Inch anfwers to eight Seconds of a Degree :
Now the two hundredth Part of an Inch, being one of
the lead vifible Parts that we can fee in a divided Line j
they could not take an Angle nearer than that • nay,
their Indrument, according to their own Defcnption of
it was divided but to every twenty Seconds. Now
they allow, that fixteen Toifes, upon the Surface of the
Earth anfwer to one Second in the Heavens ^ and they
don’t pretend to have taken an Obfervation nearer than
to about three Seconds, which therefore cannot deter-
mine a Difference lefs than forty eight Toifes; whereas
the Degrees are only fuppofedto decreafe at mod, thirty
one Toifes each, from Collioure to Dunkerque. But
on Frror of eight Seconds wou’d make a Difference of
one hundred and twenty eight Toifes, on the Surface of
the Earth • above ten Times greater tnan the Difference
of Dearees in the firft Suppofition, and four Tunes
■Treated than that. Difference in the laft. Befides, the
f atitude was not obferv’d in the intermediate Places

( 209 )

between Tarts, and Collioure , with the abovemention d
Inftrument of ten Foot Radius ^ but they made Ufe
of a Quadrant, wliofe Radius was only thirty nine
Inches, and fometimes an Odant of three Foot Ra-
dius. Nay, they fay themfelves, in their Account,
that it is not the Obfervations made at the Ends of
the Meridian, that we are to deduce the Difference of
the Length of a Degree from, but the Altitudes taken
at feveral Places between the Extreams j and, if we
grant, that they can take an Angle very well, to four
or five Seconds, with the great Inftrument, they can-
not come nearer than twelve or fifteen Seconds, with the
Quadrant or Odant, which we muff depend upon for
■the Difference of the Meafure of Degrees : So that upon
the whole, we are to determine a Length of thirty one
Toifes, by an Inftrument which is liable to err above
two hundred.

If any Confequences of this Kind cou’d be drawn
from adual meafuring, a Degree of Latitude fhou d be
meafur’d at the ./Equator, and a Degree of Longitude
likewife meafur’d there ; and a Degree very northerly,
as for Example, a whole Degree might be actually
meafur’d upon the Baltick Sea, when frozen, in the

Latitude of fixty Degrees. There, according to

Monf. Caffini's laft Suppofition, a Degree wou’d be of
56653 Toifes, whereas, at the .Equator, it wou’d be
of 58019 Toifes, the Difference being 1364 Toifes,
about the two and fortieth Part of a Degree, which
muft be fenfible ; and likewife the Degree of Longi-
tude wou’d, according to him, be of 56817 Toifes, lefs
by 1201, or the forty eighth Part, than a Degree of
Latitude at the fame Place.

But here it may be objeded, that tho’ the Latitude
was not taken with the ten Foot Se&or, in the inter-
mediate Places between Tarts and Collioure , yet the
Vol. XXXIII. Hh Lati-

{ iio )

Latitude was taken with that Inftrument at Dunkerque,
Paris, and Collioure , and therefore the fouthern Fart
of the Meridian, containing 6° i8' 5 hfr may be com-
par’d with the northern Part of it, which contains 2 0
ii7 16" and that the former appears to contain more
Toifes, in Proportion to the Difference of Latitude at its
Extremities', them the latter. To this may be anfwer’d,
that, even in this Cafe, the Obfervations made cannot
be nice enough to determine the Difference of the Length
of Degrees \ but there is another Error, which might
corfiiderably miflead the French Gentlemen, and make
the Degrees appear longer in the South of France ^ that
the Error in taking the true Height of feveral
Mountains in Auvergne, Languedoc , and among the
‘Pyreneans, For if they have allow’d too much for
the Air’s Refraction (which,by the Obfervations of Tra-
vellers, is greater towards the northern Regions, and
diminiihes as we go Southward) the Heights of thofe
Mountains will be taken too little, and their Bates con-
fequently longer, which will make the Degrees appear
bigger than they are. Let A B C D, * for Example,
be a Mountain, as the Mountain of Rodex , in the La-
titude of 440 21', whofe Height B D is 300 Toifes,
and whofe Sides A B and B C (fuppos’d to make an
Angle of 26 0 33', with the Horizon) are found by
Trigonometry, to be of 670,8 Toifes each •, if by a Mi-
flake, in taking the Height, it be fuppos’d only equal
to E D, or 257 Toifes, then the Lines A B and B C
will become E F and E G fo that the Bafe AC, which
before was of 1200 Toifes, will become equal to F G,
which will appear to be 1279,6 Foifes, by Fuel, 47.
I. Now one fuch Miftakc, in one Degree, will give
a Difference above twice as great as the fuppos’d Diffe-
rence

* Fig. iu-

( t\ l )

rence of Degrees in that Latitude, which they make of
3 1 Toifes. And that there was a Miftake of this Kind
in taking the Height of that Mountain, I (hall (hew.

The Vapours, that generally float in the Air about
the Tops of high Hills, make it fo difficult to take their
Height exaftly, that Experiments, made with the Ba-
rometer, will, by obferving the Fall of the Mercury ,
ffiew the Height nearer than any Thing elfe we know
cf. There were, indeed, feveral Experiments made
with the Barometer,* where the Differences of the Height
of the Mercury , from the Heights at which it (food at
the Royal Obfervatory , are faid to anfwer to fo many
Toifes ; but of nine Obfervations mention’d by Monf.
CaJJini , there are not two where the Number of Toi-
fes, faid to correfpond to the Heights of the Barometer,

do agree together. i

The fir (l Experiment of the Barometer there men-
tion’d, made at Qollkure , was this, “ At the Height
a of iis Toifes above the Sea, the Barometer was fet
u Up5 and the Mercury (food 3 f Lines higher than at
“ the Royal Obfervatory (in the Tower of the eaftern
« Hall) at the fame Time ; and therefore, fince that
Tower is 44 Toifes higher than the Sea, 3? Lines
tC of Mercury muff anfwer to 31! Toifes. .

Now, reducing thefe Toifes to Feet, and dividing
by 3l it will appear that an Height of 5*8, ? Feet will
anfwer to the Fall of one Lurie of Mercury in the Ba-
rometer. Let this be taken as the Standard, and the
other Obfervations be compar’d with it. This may be
done by the following Table, where the firft Column
fhews the Place where the Obfervation was made ; the
fecond, the Fall or Rife of Mercury at each Place ex-
nrefskT in Lines, or ixth Parts of a French Inch •, the

H h 2 third.

* Mew . of the Royal Academy, for] 7 \ij ch. 10.

( 212 )

third, the Heights or Depths anfwering to thofe Lines
of Mercury , which, in the Memoirs, are given in Toifes,
but here reduced to Feet ; the fourth, the Number of
Feet anfwering to one Line of Mercury in each Obfer-
vation, which is the Quotient of the Feet in the third
Column, divided by the Number of Lines in the Second.

Obfervations of the Ba
meter made at

I. Collioure -

II. The Tower of MafTane,

III. Bugarac

IV. Rupeyroux -

V. Rodez

VI. Rodez

VII. Courlande
VUI.Cofte
IX. Clermont

Lines of
Mercury.

Said to corre-
fpond with
Feet.

°3f

*95

31

2382

4i

3636

30

2181

24

1647

20

1425

5+

48 12

54

4890

03

200

The Tall of one Line
of Mercury an-
fwers to Feet.

76,8

86,?

72,7

68,6-

92, 4
66,6

A Sight of this Table will convince any one, that
thefe Obfervations are not to be depended upon for de-
termining the Height of the Mountains in the South of
France j for the Differences are not final!, fuch as
might happen in making the Experiments j but fuch as
render the Obfervations ufelefs for the Purpofes above-
mention’d. For Example, the firft and the feventh
differ almofl f : And if 58 5 Feet were allow’d for the
Fall of one Line of Mercury in the feventh Obfervatiorr,
inftead of 944 Feet, then the Mountain of Cofie would
be but 3.085 Feet, inftead of 489©. Nay, upon exa-
mining the Memoirs, I find that in feveral Obfervations
the Number of Toifes, faid to correfpond to a certain
Height of Mercury , are only anfwerable to the Height
of the Mountain above the Level of the Sea found by
Trigonometry, from which the Height of the Royal
Obfervatory , above the Sea, is fubff rafted ; though, by
the Manner of the Expreflion, a curfory Reader would

imagine

( 2'3 )

imagine, that the Number of Toifes nam’d, was al-
ways proportionable to the Fall of the Mercury , and
think all the Experiments and Obfervations very accu-
rately made, when they feem to agree fo well in every
Rerpe<ft.

Now after all, I do not queftion but that the Height
of the Barometer, might be as it is fet down in the Me-
moirs, and well enough obferv’d j but it was wrong to
compare the Height of the Mercury in the South of
France , with the Height that the Mercury was at in
the Barometer of the Royal Obfervatory at the fame
Time • for, at that great Diftance and Difference of
Latitude, the Weather" (and conlequently the Prelfure of
the Air and Height of the Barometer at the fame Level)
might very much vary.

Even when there is fair Weather all over France , it
does not follow that the Barometer {hall ftand at the
fame Height. Let us fuppofe, for Example, that a
North Wind blows: Where- ever the Airis check’d by
a Chain of Mountains that run Eaft and Weft, it will
be accumulated over thofe Mountains, and confequently
prefs more a3 its Columns are higher ; which will make
the Mercury rife higher than it wou’d do with the
fame Wind, if there were no Mountains, or if they ran
North and South.

The Way,, to have made the Experiments with the
Barometer exactly, wou’d have been to have obferv’d
the Height of the Mercury at the Bottom and at the
Top of the Mountain, and that with a Tube of a pretty
large Bore (with a proportionably large Ciftern for the
ftagnant Mercury') becaufe, in a fmall Tube,, the Mer-
cury will often flick to the Sides,, and rife irregularly, as
it will alfo in inclin’d Barometers. Simple Barometers
are the beft, and a magnifying Glafs may be made ufe
i of

( iH )

of to obferve fmall Rifes or Falls, having two fine and
well made Indices to the Tube.

Dr. Edmund Halley, our Royal Aftronomer, has,
fome Years ago, given us, in the Thilofopbical
Tran faff ions, the Falls of Mercury in the Barometer,
corresponding with the Heights to. which the Barometer
inuft be carried to produce thofe Falls. The firfi tenth
Part of an Inch in the Fall of the Mercury , he makes
to anfwer to an Height of 90 Feet j the next tenth, to
an Height Something greater, and So in Proportion, as
the Air diminifhes in Denfity, according as we rife in
Height. The Proportion of the firfi Tenth of the Mer-
aJrys Fall, he has built upon the Comparison of the
different Specifick Gravities of Air and Mercury ; and
taking Mercury to be 137 Times heavier than Water,
and Water (in cold Weather) to be 800 Times heavier
than Air-, it follows, that 13, 5x800, will give 10800;
which Number, if it be taken in Feet, and divided by
I2,o (the Number of the 10th of an Inch in a Foot;
we (hall have 90 Feet anlwerable to the 10th of an
Inch, and 75 Feet to a Line or the ixth Part of an Inch.
As the Dodor’s Tables may be of ufe to the Curious,
.1 have inferted them here.

Nor

( 21? )

#

I. A TABLE Jhewing the Altitude , to given
Heights of the Mercury.

Inches. 30

0

915

28

1862

2 7'

2844

26

386J

25

4912

20

l0947

*5

*871?

10

• 2,96^2

5

48378

1

91831

0 . 5

u°547

0 . 25*

29 Miles or

129262

0 . 1

I 5*4000

0 . 01

0 . 001

41 Miles or
53 Miles or

216169

278338

II. A

( !•»■<* )

\\. A TABLE Jbtwing the Heights of the Mer-
cury, at given Altitudes .

Feet. 0

30

00 Inches and Tenths.

1000

28

9r

1000

V

86

3000

2 6

85*

4000

87

5°°°

24

93

1 Mile

24

67

2

20

29

3

1 6

68

4

13

7X

5

11

28

IO

4

24

1S

1

60

20

0

95”

* 5

0

2-3

30

0

08

40

0

012

Now ns very few Mountains in tlie World arc 3 IVIiles
high, and, generally fpeaking, thole that we look upon
as high Hills, (except the Andes, and fome others in
America) are not much above a Mile high; we may,
for finding the Height of Mountains, take a hxd Num-
ber of Feet in Altitude to anfwer to every 10th or 1 2th
of an Inch in the Fall of the Merc ury , becaufe 90 Feet are
by Dr. Halley only taken for the tirft Tenth, and great-
er Heights for other Tenths, encreafing with the rail
of the Mercury. Therefore I wou’d propofe another
for a round Number, namely 96 Feet for every Tenth,
and 80 Feet for every 12th of an Incn, very near the
Number that I have found by my Calculation, which is

as follows. inc

( 217 )

Fine Mercury (fuch as is made ufe of in Barome-
ters) is, generally fpeaking, 137 times heavier than Wa-
ter ; and, I found fome brought from the Eaft-Indies>
to be 14 times heavier. I have found Air in Summer,
to be near 900 times lighter than Water j and 800
times in Winter \ therefore I take 850 at a Medium.
Now 8fo X 13} = 11606,6, which, divided by 120,
gives 96,7 Feet, for fy of an Inch of Mercury , or 80,5
Feet for i* of an Inch. This Number, taken invariable,
will, in taking the Height of feveral Hills, agree pretty
well with the Numbers that come out, when Dr. Halley's
Table is made ufe of ^ and with the Experiment made
by the late Profelfor, Mr. J. Cajwell , who, having
taken the Height of Snowdon Hill in Caernarvan -
J hire very accurately, and finding it to be 3720 Feet
above the Level of the Sea, tried how much lower the
Mercury wou’d (land in the Barometer upon that Hill,
than at the Level of the Sea, and obferv’d it to fubfide
3 9 Inches. I am fenfiblethat it will be alledged, that
the Air will be denfer than I may imagine on the Top
of high Hills, becaufe of the great Cold, fince they are
generally cover’d with Snow ; but then we are to con-
fider, that when we are got above a Mile higher than
the Level of the Sea, the incumbent Atmofphere has loft
almoft a 5th Part of its Weight * ; and therefore the Air
at the Top of the Hill, being fo much lefs prefs’d, will,
notwithftanding the intenfe Cold, be more rarifiedthan
at the Bottom of the Hill.

* If the whole Air was reduced to the fame Denfity, as it is near the Level
of the Sea , the Atmofphere wou'd be but between five and fix Miles high ; where-
as, in its prefent State of gradual Rare fab lion, it is above 50 Miles high, as we
find by feveral Phenomena of Meteors obferv'd to float in the Air, fo hi^h at
leaf.

V o l. XXXIII. I i . Now

( zi8 ) ' '

Now if we go back to the Obfervations of the Baro-
meter, made by the Gentlemen that drew the Meri-
dian in France , we fhall find, that on the Mountain of
Rhode z> in the Latitude of 440, 7 1' the Barometer fell
24 Lines below the Level of that in the Cbfervatory,
and they allow’d only 274* Toifes to correfpond to that
Fall ; whereas, according to Dr. Halley s Proportion of
a Tenth of an Inch for 90 Feet, they fhou’d have taken
300 Toifes j and tho’ the Hypotenufes A B, and B C,

* were taken longer than the bare Declivity of the
Mountain (which wou’d make the Error lefs than the
79 Toifes I mention’d above) yet if my Proportion be
made ufe of, viz. of 80 Feet for each Line of Mer-
cury , that will make the Mountain 320 Toifes, which,
being higher, will therefore fhew the Bafe to be yet
fiiorter, and confequently the Error, at that Rate, will
be greater.

This Error (and fuch like, if any more were made)
will encreafe the Meafure of the 44th Degree of Lati-
tude on the Earth ; and, by obferving what was done
in the next Degree, we fhall find that that Degree was
taken too fhort. In the Latitude of 47°, 38', the
Mountain of Cofte is made 817 Toifes high j whereas
the 54 Lines of the falling Mercury in the Barometer,
faid to anfwer to that Height, will give but 705,6 Toi-
fes (which we will call 705,5) even according to my
Computation of 80 Feet to a Line, which is the greateft
Allowance. If we fuppofe this Mountain to rife in an
Angle of 26°, 33 ', as we did that of Rhode z, the Sides
of the Mountain, or Hypotenufes A B, and B C, j will
be each equal to 1 577,5*4 Toifes* and the whole Bafe
A C, to 2822 Toifes. Now, when the Height of this
Mountain is call’d 815 Toifes, the Bafe A D, or DC

( ii9 )

(by Eucl. 47. 1 .) becomes only equal to F D or D G =

1 3^0,7 Toifesjand its Double, or FG the whole Bale, will
be but 2701,4 Toifes, lefs than the former by iio,<5Toi-
fes. This Error is fo great (fo much more than the Diffe-
rence of 31 Toifes for a Degree) that tho’ Ifuppos’dthe
Lines found by Trigonometry, which terminate at the
Top of the Mountain, to be much longer than the Hy-
potenufe A B, yet there will be Error enough to make
the 43th Degree of Latitude appear much fhorter than
it is. Suppofing (becaufe of the Length of the Lines
A B, or the great Diftance from which the Mountain
might be obferv’d) that thefe Errors were four times
lefs than I made them 3 yet, at that Rate, one mult ad
near 20 Toifes to the 44th Degree of Latitude, and take
away above 30 from the 43th Degree, which will make
the 44th of 57080 Toifes, and the 43th, of only 3703° -
and this will give a Difference of 50 Toifes:, fo that it
an Angle can be taken to two or three Seconds, to
which 32, or 48 Toifes, are faid to anfwer upon the
Surface of the Earth, fuch a Difference might be vih-

ble. And much more fo, if other Errors ot the fame

Kind fhou’d happen to have been made the fame Way 3
or if thofe Errors were nearer my firfl Suppolition than
this laid. Nay, tho’ the 43th Degree of Latitude may
be 1 3 Toifes' bigger than the 44th, it might by this
Means appear to be conliderably lefs-

Such a Miftake might be the Occafion of making t.te
Hypothefis of the Earth being an 1 oblong Spheroid, eipe-
cially becaufe in this Hypothecs, the Degrees diftei
mold in Length from one another about the 45 th Degree^
and when once an Hypothefis is fet on E oot, we are
too'apt to draw in Circumffances to confirm it 3 tho\
perhaps, when examin’d impartially, they may rather
weaken than ffrengthen our Hypothefis ; otherwife, the
Author’ of the Hiftory of the Royal Academy , for the

I i 2 fear

( 220 )

17 1 h wou^ not Iiave alledg’d, that the late Motif .
Caflini obferv'd Jupiter to be oval, as a Proof of young
Monf. CaJJini's Hypothecs ; becaufe Jupiter is oval
the other Way, that is, an oblate Spheroid flatted atthe
Poles, as the faid late Monf. QaJJini gave the Propor-
tion of the Axis, to the /Equatorial Diameter, to be as

15 to 16.— * And our late ingenious Aftronomer,

the Reverend Mr. Bound. , with a Telefcope of 123 Foot
Focus, and ail excellent Micrometer, has given thofe
Proportions as 11 to 12. If a Proof is to be drawn
from Analogy, or what is obferv’d in other Planets, this
• mufl: deftroy Monf. CaJJini's Hypothefis, and confirm
Sir Ifaac Newton's.

The Opinion of Dr. Burnet (the Thcorifl) quoted in
the Memoirs, for the Year 1713, is but a very weak
Argument in favour of Monf. CaJJini's Hypothefis, on
Account of the Reafon Dr. Burnet give, to prove the
Earth higher at the Poles, than the /Equator ; for he
fays, “ That the Velocity of the Parts of the Earth,
<c in its Diurnal Rotation, being greater at the /Equa-
“ tor than towards the Poles, all the Water mufl be
JC driven towards the /Equatorial Regions- from
“ whence, being repelled by the Refiftance of the
“ Air, it mufl: run off again towards the Poles * and
“ fo the Figure of the Water was lengthen’d out into an
“ oblong Spheroid, and confequently the Cruft of the
« Earth over it did put on the fame Figure, &c.

But why the Air ftiou’d reflft more towards the
/Equator than the Poles, the Dodor did not give any
Reafon to fliew *, and, if it had been fo,the fame Force,
that drove the Water towards the /Equator, mufl: have
kept it there. The Dodor, in the latter Part of his Af-
fertion, forgot what he had faid in the former • for the
Water cou’d not run off towards the Poles, whilft the
Earth continued its Rotation with the fame Velocity.

( 211 )

For if he had confider’d, he wou’d have found his Ar-
gument in other Words to be this. Becaufe Bodies ,
that move in a Circle , always endeavour to recede
from the Axis of their Motion ^ therefore the IV ater ,
by that Endeavour , comes nearer to the Axis of its
Motion ; which is abfurd. But Dr. Burnet , after-
wards, alter’d his Opinion, as I am credibly inform’d.

Having thus given my Reafons for difapproving of
Monf. Cajfini’ s Opinion, concerning the Figure of the
Earth 1 come now to confider Sir Ifaac Newton %
who makes it higher at the Equator, than at the Poles j
but before I enter upon it, I beg Leiveto quote a Para-
ragraph out of the Hiftory of the Royal Academy for
1713. Thefe are the Words of the Author. “ Rea-
“ fonings drawn from the different Lengths of a Pen-
« dulum in different Climates, or from the Inequality
« of the Centrifugal Force arifing from the Diurnal
« Motion of the Earth, are, perhaps, too nice to pro-
<• duce a certain Convi&ion ; nay, perhaps, we are not
44 well enough allured of the Principles, and the
c‘ Confequences may fometimes be different. And
tC therefore it is evident, that the beft Way in this En-
“ quiry, is only (as Monf. Cajfini does) to make ufe
« of unqueftion’d Obfervations, which ferve dire&ly
tc to decide the Queftion.

That Monf. Cajfini has not made ufe of unquefiond
Obfervations , and the Meafures, he mentions, are not
able to decide the Queftion, appears from what I have
already faid. We muft therefore fliew, whether the
Principles, from which Sir Ifaac Newton has deduced
his Figure of the Earth, are fully prov’d or not : Whe-
ther the Conclufion drawn from them is plain and evi-
dent j and whether the Experiments on Pendulums,
that confirm the Theory, are eafy to be made, and may
be depended upon.

Tho’

( 211 )

Tho’ Sir Ifaac Newton , in his Trincipia , has not
endeavour’d to give the Caufe of Gravity, or to deter-
mine whether it be owing to an Impulfe or not j yet he
has {hewn, what its Effe&s and Laws are, from plain
Experiments made by others and himfelf. From the
Laws of Gravity, and from the Ob fer vat ion of a Comet,
* he has deduced the Annual Motion of the Earth ; and
it muft have a Diurnal Motion, if it has an Annual one,
other wife, it will not agree with the Than omen a. The
Laws of the Centrifugal Force, or that Force by which
a Body, whirl’d round in any Circle, endeavours to re-
cede from the Center of its Motion, have been demon-
flrated by Monf. Huygens.

Thefe are the Principles from which Sir Ifaac New-
ton draws his Concluhon ^ and tho’ fome Perfons, that
will not be at the Pains to examine them, may deny
them by the Lump, yet no Body has yet been able to
(hew any Flaw in the Demonftrations that relate to
them.

NB. This ‘Differ tat ion will be continued in our
next.

* Princip. Lib. 3. Prop, iz, m, <Sc 42.

1 > r • . >

\

II. Some

( 2i3 )

II. Some ObferVations made in an Oftrich, differed
by Order of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. By Mr.
John Ranby, Surgeon. F. S.

HAving feparated the Mufcles of the Abdomen ,
which in this' Subject were only two oblique
Pair, we obferv’d, between their Tendons , which were
very ftrong, and the Teritonaum , which was exceed-
ing thin, a thick Layer of fevous Fat, whofe Office, con-
fidering the Smallnefs of the Epiploon, and the few adi-
pofe Veficles of the Mefentery , with the Thinnefsofthe
Teriton&um, might probably be to fupply the Part both
of Epiploon and Mefentery in other Animals, as to lu-
bricating the Inteftines.

There were, in our Subject, two diftind Ventricles,
contrary to the Obfervation of the Royal Academy at
Tarts. The firft, and in its natural Situation, the
lower, which the Members of the Laid’ Academy, call
the Craw, and fuppofe to be only a Dilatation of the
Oefophagus , was confiderably larger than the fecond,
and uppermoft Mufcular One ^ befides, that it had
ftrong Mufcular Fibres, both circular and longitudinal :
The TDuodenum comes immediately out of the fecond
Ventricle.

Both Ventricles were diftcnded beyond their ufual
Form, and fill’d up with fo large a Quantity of
Food of different Kinds, as Stones, Bones, Sticks, Grain,
and other Food, that it was almoft impoffible for them
to perform their Office of Digeftion, which very likely
was one of the chief Caufes of the Animal’s Sicknefs
and Death • and, really, the Contents of both feern’d
to have undergone but very little or no Alteration.

The

( 224 )

The Epiploon partly cover’d the firfl Ventricle, but
was no Ways, proportionable to the Size of the Animal.

The Spleen was fatten’d, by a Membrane, to the right
Side of the fecond Ventricle, and was very fmall, con-
fidering the Size of the Animal.

The Glands of the Mefentery were hardly vifible,
but the Veins and Arteries very confpicuous.

The Cacums , in our Subjed, were near three Foot
in Length, the Diameter one Inch eight Lines they
were fatten’d to the Ileum , and not to the Colon, as the
Gentlemen of the Royal Academy atfert.

To their Defcription of the Kidneys, I have nothing
to add, except that the two Ureters lay upon their
Surface, as they do in other Birds, and that their dif-
ferent Branches, coming from all the Parts of the Kidney,
of which the fuperior was very confpicuous, enter’d
the Kidney about its Middle, and form’d there a very
large Eelvis.

The Liver was in one Cavity with the Heart, of
which it cover’d near one half ; it had no Gall Bladder,
and but one Duflus Bilarius inferted into the 'Duo-
denum, about two Inches below the Tylorus , which
feem’d to have an immediate Communication with the
Vena ePort*el becaufe, by blowing into it, this latter
was alfo diftended. The Heart and Liver were fepa-
rated from the Inteffines, by a membranous Dia-
phragm.

Both Heart and Liver were fufpended by one com-
mon Mediaftinum , by the Help of its feveral Mem-
branes, and eight flrong Mufcles on each Side,
arittng from the upper Part of the Ribs, going from
thence over the Lungs, and ending in a very flrong
Tendinous Membrane, which is inferted into the Spina
Dorfi.

The

( 215 )

The Liquor, contain’d in the 'Pericardium, was
fmal l in Quantity, and perfedly tranfparent.

The Lungs lay under the Diaphragm and its
Mufcles, in a deep Cavity, form’d by the five true
Ribs. They were pretty thick about the middle, and
exceeding thin and fharp towards the Extremities.

In viewing the Eye external, it did fomewhat re-
ferable .the Human Eye, except that it was lefs Con-
vex, with a free and moveable upper Eye-lid, with Eye-
lalhes, as mod Terredrial Animals have, befides a 7V
nica Nitfitans, as in other Birds. Befides the feven
Mufcles of the Eye, as they are in Brutes, it had two
more, one arifmg from the fore-part of the Sclerotica
which foon form’d a fmall Tendon, obliquely ground-
ing the Optic Nerve, and then join’d to another Mufcle,
which arifes oppofite to the former, from which the
Tendon continues its Way, and is mferted m the Tu-
nica, Nittitans. The Aqueous Humour we found in
areater Quantity, than is common. The Cryjtalhne
was of an uniform Subdance, but lefs Convex on the
infide, then without. The Vitreous was fmall in
Quantity, confidering the Largenefs of the Eye ; the
Choroides was entirely black, without that \ ariet^ o.
Colours at its Bottom, which is common tty mod Brutes.
The fore-part of the Sclerotica , where it is annexed
to the Cornea , was bony, confiding of if bony Scales
join’d one to another, fo as to make one circular Bone

round the Cornea. . . . \

As for a more particular Defcnption, I refer to the

Anatomical Account given by the Royal Academy at
<Paris> in their Natural Hiftory of Animals , and to
Vallifneri , Profelfor at Tadua. , his Notomia del
Struthio,

Re *

Vot. XXXIII.

Kk

• ' 1~*

( 2*6 )

* f P ;

References to the Figures.

Fig. V.

Shews the upper Part of the Thorax, the Sternum
being remov’d, with the Heart and Liver and neighb’ring
Parts, in their natural Situation.

A A. The Membranous Diaphragm , in which are
obferv’d feveral diftind Cavities.

a a a. The Ligament that fufpends the Diaphram.
bb. The Ribs. r *

B. T he Heart. C C. The two Lobes of the Liver
immediately above the Heart.

c c. The Brachial Artery, d. The Vein.
ee . Vena Cava.

f. A Gland , on the Brachial Artery.
g g. Part of the Afpera Arteria.
h h. Part of the Oefophagus .
i i. Two Mufcles a riling from the Sternum, and in-
ferted into the Afpera Arteria .

Fig. VI.

The inferior Part of the Thorax , the Heart and Liver
being remov’d.

A A A. The lower Part of the Diaphragm , imme-
diately covering the Lungs.

B B, &c. Eight ftrong flefhy Mufcles ariflng from the
Ribs, and inferted into the ‘Diaphragm, forming a
Cavity for the Heart and Liver.

c c c. The Ribs. D. The defending Trunk of the
Aorta .

E E. The left Lobe of the Lungs freed’ from the
Diaphragm .

F. Part

( H7 )

F. Part of the Aft era Arteria.

Fig. VII.

Part of the Globe of the Eye.

a. The Cornea, b b. The Ciliary Ligament.
c cc. The fore-part of the Sclerotica, compos d ot

15 bony Scales.

Fig. VIII.

The back-part of the Globe.

a a a. The back-part of the Sclerotica .
b b L The feven Mufcles. .

c c c. The eighth and ninth *, the Tendon of which
(, dd ) goes round the Optic Nerve, /, and is inferted

into the Tunica NibHtans.
e e. Membrana Niblitans.

Fig. IX.

The Kidneys with their Veifels.

A A The Kidneys.

B B . Aorta defcendens.

CC. Vena Cava.

D D. The Emulgent Arteries.

EE The Emulgent Vein with its Ramifications.

FF. The Ureters. .

G. The Union of the fupenor and

inferior Ureter.

*

K k a III. An

\

.°J iJl

III. An Account of the Appearance of Mercury,
pajfing o'Ver the Suns Visk^ on the ipth of Octo-
ber, iyiy determining the mean Motion , and
fixing the Nodes of that (planet’s Orb . By Ed-

mund Halley, LL. 2). Afiron. peg. and

S . S'.

THE Tranfit of the Planet Mercury , over the Difk
of the Sun , being one of the moft curious and
uncommon Appearances that the Heavens afford, our
Aftronomers, both at home and abroad, made due Pre-
paration to obferve, with the utmoft Exadnefs, that
which happened on the 29th of October, 17^3, which
I had predided in the Year 1691 {Phil. Tranf.
N 0 193 .) would be, in Part, vihble in England.
And the Sky proving, more than ordinary, favourable at
that Time, we were enabled to obferve the Ingrefs on
the Sun' s Limb, with the greateft Accuracy.

Accordingly, the fame Day, Otfob. r^.ftyl. •vet. at
Greenwich in the Royal Obfervatory , I tirft perceiv’d,,
with my 24 Foot 1'ube, the Planet making a (mail
Notch in the Sun' sLitnb at 2h 4T 23^ T. app. And
at 2h 41' 2 he was wholly enter’d, making an interi-
our Contad, the Light of the Sun's Limb juft beginning
to appear behind his dark Body ^ which, notwithftand-
ing the Slownefs of the Motion, was, in a Manner, in-
ftantaneous. Then, applying the Micrometer to the
faid 24 Foot Tube, I open’d it fo as to take in i6/ 15/;
equal to the Sun's Semidiameter at that time and
cauling the northern Edge of the Sun , to move exactly
along one of the Pointers, I waited till the Center of

Mer -

(2 ij> )

Mercury came to move along the other, as I found it to
do at 31' i' 1 6" T. app. But RefraBion comr-afting
this Difference of Declination about y Seconds (the
Sun being then but about n° high) 1 concluded that
the Centers of the Sun and Mercury , were truly in the
fame Parallel of Declination at -g" 3' T. app. proxme.

At JVanfted in Effex, my worthy Collegue, the Rev.
Mr. James Bradly , Savilian Profeffor of AJtronomy ,
obferv’d with the Hugenian Telefcope , of above 120
Foot long, the total lmmerfion, or mteriour Contact
ofthe Limbs, at 2h 2.6'4 AT. aq. that isi' 41 3
T. app. twelve Seconds later than I found it at Green-
wich 1 moll of this Difference being due to the Diffe-
rence of our Meridians. And applying the Micrometer
to that vaft Radius , he meafured the Diameter of the
Tlanet 10" 45 At ih 48' 57" he found the Dif-
ference of Declination between the fouthern Limbs of
the Sun and Tlanet by the Micrometer , in a fifteen
Foot Tube, to be 15' 19". Wherefore, allowing, the
obferv’d Semidiameter of the Tlanet, and the Refrac-
tion, the faid Difference was nearell 15^ 30 , and con-
fequently Mercury more foutherly than the Sun s
Center in relpedt of Declination or 45 •

Mr. George Graham , in Flect-fireet , London , ob-
ferv’d the tar ft Impreffion on th qShh s Limb at 2A 41 /
al'T. app. and at 2h 42' 19" Mercury was intirely
within the Disk. At 3'’ 6' 4i"he meafur’d with a Mi -
crometer, in a twelve Foot i ube, the Diftanct. of his
Center from the nearell Limb of the Sun 2 ' 13^. And
avain, at 3h 25 ' 24” their Diltance was found }' 57".
At 2h’ 34' 43 " he meafur’d the Difference of Declina-
tion, from the northern Limb of the Sun 1 4 ^ 5 7 /
which, corrected by RefraBion, becomes 15-' 4", that
is, 11 n11 more northerly than the Sun’s Center.

( 23° )

In the Obfervatory at Tarts , Signor Maraldi ob-
ferved the fir ft Appearance of Mercury on the Sun’s
Limb at 2h 50 ' T. app. and the interiour Contad
at 2h 51' 48 ". And Mr. de Lijle , obferving a-part,
concluded the fame at 2h 5 1 ' 37//, but fufpeds it might
have been fome few Seconds later. This Gentleman
has communicated his Gbfervation at large, from whence
we (hall only borrow the following obferved Lati-
tudes.

h 7 ff

At 2 5 6 20
3 00 40
3 10 20
3 16 12

At Bononia , in Italy , Signor Manfredt obferved
Mercury indenting the Sun s Limb at 311 26' 22"}
and that he was gotten entirely within, at 3h 27' 45".
And thefe are the Obfervations mod to be depended on,
that we have receiv’d from abroad.

In order to deduce from this Thanotnenon , fo accu-
rately obferv’d, what may contribute to the Perfedioriing
of the Theory of Mercury's Motion, which (as appears
by the near Agreement of our Numbers with this and
many other Obfervations of him) feemsto need but very
little Corredion ; l carefully computed, from our Tables,
the Motion of the Planet in five Hours, and found his
apparent Motion on the Sun , to be in Longitude 29'
21// Retrograde, and that his Latitude encreas’d nor-
therly 4/ iyiri in the fame time ; whence the Hora-
ry Motion in Longitude 5' 52 and in Latitude
and thence the Angle of the vihble Way
with the Ecliptick 8° 19', and the Horary Motion in
that Way 5' 56'/. Again, the Angle of the Ecliptick

with

/ //

Latitudo Borea Mercurii 3 3 6

3 42
3 46
3

( *3l )

with the Meridian, being in this Place 73° z^', the
vifible Way of Mercury , made an Angle of 6$ 0 5'
with the Meridian palling through the Center of the Sun,
whence the Horary Change of Declination becomes
exa&ly 2' 30".

Thefe Data I choofe rather to take from the The-
ory, than from immediate Obfervation •, becaufe there
is always an unavoidable, tho’ fmall Uncertainty, in
what we obferve, yet greater than there can be in the
Computation for fo fmall a Space of Time, efpecially
now the Theory is, as I faid before, fo very near the
Truth.

This premifed, let us now enquire the true Time
of the central Ingrefs, and the Latitude of the Planet
at that Time. And hr ft, by my own Account, Mer-
cury was gotten into the Parallel of the Sun s Center,
zii Minutes after the central Ingrefs, in which Time
he afcended to the Northward of 54", and fo much,
therefore, was he more Southerly than the Suns Cen-
ter at his Ingrefs. Mr. Bradly , 74. Minutes after the
faid Ingrefs, in which the Planet afcended o' 19", found
his Declination o' 45" South, and therefore at the Ingrefs,
his Declination was 1 ' 4" South. And by by Mx. Gra-
ham's Obfervation, Mercury was more northerly than
the Suns Center 1 ' 1 1 ", 53 / zo" after the central In-
grefs • but in that Time, Mercury afcended z1 13//,
wherefore, according to him, at the Ingrefs the Planet had
1 / 2 77 South Declination. We (hall not therefore erra-
bove a Semidiameter of Mercury , if we alfume his De-
clination, at thatTime, to have been precifely one Minute.

Now the Suns Semidiameter being then 16/ 15
one Minute is the Sine of 3 0 %zi in the Arch of the
Sun's Limb and consequently, the Point of this Ingrefs
was 1 30 4/ more northerly than the Ecliptick • whence
the Latitude of Mercury was then 3 / 40// North, and

Dif-

( 2\1 )

Difference of Longitude 15' 50", by how much he, at
that Time, follow’d the Sun9 s Center.

If therefore, to the Arch of 1 5° 4', we add the Dou-
ble of 8° 19', or of the Angle which the vifible Way
made with the Ecliptick, we (hall have 29° 42' for the
Point on the Sun9 s weftern Limb, at which the Planet
made his Exit, likewiie to the North of the Ecliptick.
Hence the Chord, defcrib’d in the whole Tranfit, was
of 137 0 14', and the Chord itfelf 3 o' 16" 5 and the
neareft Diftance to the Sun1 s Center 5' *6". Now the
Horary Motion in this Chord, being 5' 5 6//, the whole
Duration of this Mercurial Eclipfe becomes 5h 6''

' in refped of the Center of the Planet \ and therefore
the neareft Approach of their Centers was at 511 14' 3 off
at Greenwich , and the Exit at 7h 47'i both vifible
in our American Plantations , had there been any
curious Perfon there cjualified to obfer\ethem.

It follows likewife, by the obferv’d Diameter of

Mercury , 10^ 45"' r^at ^ie was veiT ^ t^ian
two Minutes of Time in palling the Limb ; and, by
the given neareft Diftance to the Sun s Center, it is con-
cluded that he was in Conjun&ion, in Point of Longitude,
at xg/ 15" having then precifely 6' oo,J North La-
titude. Nor can it be doubted, but that all this would
have "been found exceeding near to Truth, had not^
the too early Letting of the Sun deprived all Europe of

the delirable Sight. ,

There being a very remarkable Period of the Mo-
tion of Mercury in 46 Years, in which Time, he makes
191 Revolutions about the Sun } this Tranfit of ours
is found to have been preceded by two others at that
Interval : The firft, in the Year 1631, when Gajfendus
at Paris , on the 28th Day of October, Jlyl- vet. was
the firft that ever obferv’d this Appearance of Metcury

within the Sun1 s Disk, and found him to pafs off

at

( 133 >

at ioh 28' mane. The fecond was, Otfob. 28° 1 677,
when myfelf had the good Fortune to obferve both the
Ingrefs and Egrefs of the Planet in the Ifland of St. He-
lena ; the middle Time, when he was neareft to the
Sun' s Center, being there but 3' 5*0" paft Noon, and
the vifible Duration of the Tranfit of the Center of the
Planet 5h 14' 20"; which was fome fmall matter
con traded by Parallax, and mod likely might have been
5h 15' 00" without it. Nowin*h i$\Mercury^t-
fcrib’d the Chord of 1 46° £2' in the Sun's Limb, be-
ing 3 1* 9", and confequently the neareft Diftance to
the Center was 4' 38", or the Sine of 1 6° 34' the
Sun's Semidiameter being Radius ; that is, 1' 18" lefs
than we found it in 1723. Hence alfo it follows,
that the true Conjundion in Longitude was 7 min. of
Time later than the neareft Approach of the Centers,
viz. at oh 10' 50" at St. Helena , or at oh 35' paft Noon
at Greenwich : and, that the North Latitude of the
Planet, at that Time, was 4' 41".

Suppoftng, therefore, the neareft Diftance of the Cen-
ters in the Tranfit of 1631, to have been 3' 20", that
is, i' 18" Jefs than in 1677, we (hall find that Mer-
cury then defcrib’d a Chord of 156° 2c', traverfing the
Disk of the Sun in 5h 21' 30''; fo that fuppofing his
Exit at ioh 28' at Taris, that is ioh 18' 4c" at Green-
wich, he enter’d on the Sun at 411 57' 10" in the Morn-
ing:, and was neareft his Center at 711 38' T. app. but
in the fame Longitude with him at yh 43', or Oclob.
2 70 i9h 43' T. app. having then 3' 22" North Lati-
tude.

And here, I think I may, without Vanity, advertife
the Reader, that above thirty Years fince, viz, in
\ Thilofoph . Tranf. N° 193, for the Month of
March , &c. 1 69®, I predided, by Help of the two
former, this laft Tranfit, with a furprifing Exadnefs,
V o L. XXXIII# L 1 even

( *34 ))

even beyond wy Hopes, making the Time of the mid,
die, or neareft Approach of the Centers of the Sun and
Mercury, Anno \jx\,0ciob. ^ U)'T. app. which
we found by Obferyation at 5t> i4'*, only 4” Minutes
fooner ■, and, in Latitude, Mercury was but fix Seconds
more foutherly than I then had computed it ; the Er.
roi, in Longitude, being little more than two Diarne*
tors of this exceeding fmail Planet ; and, in Latitude,
but a Angle Semidituneter thereof. So, that for the Fu-
ture, Aflronorners may trqfl: my Table ofthefe Tran-
fits, tn Tran/a A. N° 193, to a few Minutes of Time,
and not watt with the Uncertainty of Hours, nay
Days, as has lately been done.

But, in order to obtain a yet further Degree ofExad:-
nefs by Help of this Obfervation, it may be molt ex-
pedient to compare with it the Ingrefs I ob ferv\i at
St. Helena ^ becaufe, in that, as well as in this, the
Latitudes of the Planet being very fma-11, a little Error
in them will not fo much affect the Longitudes. Sup-
pofing therefore, that Anno 1677, Ottob. 27° 2ih 2$'
15" at Sr .Helena, or 2ih y q 1 j^" 't,app. at Green-
wich, the Center of Mercury entered on the Sun, and
that, at that 7 ime, he was 8~ Degrees on the Sim’s
Limb, to the. North of the Ecliptick (according to
what is above concluded) it follows, that he had
then 2' 2.0" North Latitude, and 16' 5" greater Longu
tude than the Suns Center j as in this prefent Tranfit,
Qttob. 29° ah 41' 30" T. app. at Greenwich, he had 3'
40" North Latitude, and 15' yo" more Longitude.

Now the apparent Geocentrick Differences of Longi-
tude, are to the real Heliocentrick Differences, as the
Planet’s trueDiflance from theSttn, to his Dif lance from
the Earth j that is, in both Cafes, as 313 to 6y6 •
wherefore, in 1677, Mercury wanted 34' of the
Conjunction with the Shh^ and, in 172.3, but 34" 13',

at

(t "V v

)

at the Times of his apparent Ingrefs on the Disk, And,
equating the Times, i find, that the Sun, Anno 1677,
Ottob. 17* 2ih 34' io" T. aq. was, in 15*° 3 6' 55'/
and, confequently Mercury's Heliocentrick Place
S 1 5° 2' 10": and, Anno 1 713, OElob. zy* zh 25' 30"
T. aq. the Sun was in ni 1 6° 39' 43", and therefore
Mercury , at that Time, in » 1 6° sf 30".

Mercury therefore, in 4 6 Years with 11 Intercala-
tions, and befides id 4h fi' 10", has made 19 1 Re-
volutions to the Equinodial Points, and over and above
i° 3' 20". But, by the Scholion to Trop. XIV. Lib.
III. Natur. Thilofoph . Trincipia Math, the Motion
of the Aphelion of Mercury , from the Equinox in that
Time, is 40' 1 8" 3 fo that there remains 2,3' 2" of True
Anomaly to be reduced to the Mean : Now the Mean
Anomaly of Mercury , in both Cafes, being 5 Jig.
ii°, 23' 2" of True Anomaly gives 15' 24" Mean A-
nomaly ^ which added to 40' i8,; becomes S5' 4i,,?
for the Mean Motion above fo many Revolutions : and
this is to be encreafed by 8" to reduce it to the Plane of
Mercury s Orb, in ail 75' 5c".

Hence, doubling the Interval, in 92 Julian Years
id 9h4^ 2.0", the Mean Motion of Mercury from the
Equinox is 0s i°5i' 40", from which, taking s° 44'
So" the Motion in id cp 42' 20", we have his Motion in
92 Julian Years 11s 2 6° 6' 50 ", and in 100 Years,
2s 140 2' 13", which is but 2c" more than I had fome
Years fince printed it, in my Agronomical Tables fhort-
iy to be publifhed, and differs but one Hour’s Motion
therefrom in 3000 Years.

The forementioned Proportion of the Diftances, viz.
3 1 3 to 676 , is alfo between the Latitudes feen from the
Earth and the Inclinations, or Heliocentrick Lati-
tudes of the Planet : fo that 1' 20", at the Ingrefs of
1677, gives s' V 3 and 3' 40" in 1723, becomes 7' 79"

L 1 2 for

( *34 );

for the Latitudes at the Sun. And the Inclination of the
Orb of Mercury to the Plane of the Ecliptick (deter-
mined by accurate Obfervations near his northern Li-
mit) being 6° 59' 20", we compute the Diftance of the
Planet from his Node, in the former o° 41' 7", and, in
the latter, i° 4 '37"; which, being deduded from h s
Heliocentrick Places refpedively, leave the Place of the
afcending Node, in 1 677, 140 21' 3" , and, in 1723,

» 150 o' 53" : So, that in 4 6 Years the Node isfound
39' 70" forwarder in the Ecliptick ; which is but 11 30"
more than the Praecelfion of the Equinox in the fame
Time. We may therefore fafely alfume the Plane of
the Orb of Mercury to be immoveable in the Sphere
of fix’d Stars, and its afcending Node to be cs 150 41'
from the firft Star of Aries. Nor can fo very llow a
Motion (luppofing fuch to be) be fully defined, but by
the utmoft Care and Diligence of future Aftronomers,
after the Obfervation of many Ages.

As to the reft of the Theory of this Planet’s Motion,
I make his mean Diftance from the Sun , 38710 fuch
Parts as the mean Diftance of the Sun and Earth is
100000 and his greateft Equation 23 0 42' 37". The
Efocha of his middle Motion, ineunte Anno 1723,
flyl. vet. from the Equinodial Point, I make / 190
Jq> 3 1" ; and that of his Aphelion to the fame Time
^ 13° 3' 34": the Aphelion movin ^fecundum Seriem
Signorum , feven Minutes in eight Years. And thefe
Numbers I prefume, may reprefent the Motion ot
Mercury , with an Exadnefs equal to that of any of
the other Planets ; perhaps as near as the Sun' s Place
by any Tables, or thofe of the fixed Stars by any Ca-
talogue yet extant. < '

It were to be wilhed, that fome good Obfervation,
like this, had been made of the like Tranfit of Mercu-
ry at his other Node in April, where he was feen in-
deed

1

( 2}7 )

deed April 230 1661, but fo imperfe&ly, that neither
Ingrefs nor Egrefs was any where obferv’d ; and,
though it be certain, that he traverfed the Sun on A -
/77/260, 1674; and again April 14, 1707, yet we
were fo unfortunate, that the Conjun&ion in both hap-
pened fo near Midnight, that he efcaped unfeen by all
the Aftronomers of Europe , excepting fingly Mr. Roe -
mer at Copenhagen , whole Obfervation I have lately
received by the Favour of Mr. *De /’ IJle the Aftro-
nomer, communicated in the Words of the Manufcript
Journal of Obfervations of the- faid Mr .Roemer,
“ Hodie fexto Mali ( Anno 1707) hora matutina
“ 4h \<jjpettabatur Mercurius in extremo margine
“ Solis jamj am exiturus j a It us fupra imum folis
« marginem 4 diametri filar is , & ad finiftram m
*'■ Tubo (fc. invert ente ) Accuratius hac determi -
tC nare non licuit ob moram nimis brevemd It was
great Pity, that he did not, at lead:, eftimate, how ma-
ny Diameters of his Body he wasdiftant from the Limb
of the Sun , or what Part of a Diameter, if fo near :
But having examined this Obfervation, I find that the
Sun , at that Time, was but juft rifien, or rather riling,
and foon after entered into a Cloud, fo that the Limb
of the Sun could not be diftin&ly feen, it always un-
dulating and fparkling much, when fo near the Hori-
zon ; in which Circumftance, a juft Obfervation could
hardly be made.

Let us now fee how our Numbers, correfted as above,
will reprefent this Obfervation. Anno 1707, April
24° i6h 19' at Copenhagen is 15^18' at Greenwich ,

, but iyh 24 zd'T.<eq* To this Time,. I find the Sun'i
true Place ^ 140 70' F', and his Diftance from the
Earth 10 1007. The correft Epoch a of Mercury^*
mean Motion, for the Year 1707, is 3s 13 0 1 8' 45".
to which adding, for the reft of the rime, 3s 19° 18",

we

.. . .. f*)M

we (hall have his middle Motion at the Time of the
Obfervation nu° 28' 13*', and, taking his Aphelion
in / 120 49' 49" therefrom, we have his mean
Anomaly ics 19® 38' 24", and thereby the Equa-
tion to be added 120 39' 41", and thence the Place
of Mercury in his Orb m 150 7' 54". But the cor-
red Place of the defending Node 4s m 140 46' 25",
and therefore Mercury , being 21' 29" pail the Node*
had 2' 3 6" South Latitude at the Sun • and his Place/
reduced to the Ecliptick, was m 150 y' 45", that is'
17' 44"' pad the Conjun&ion of the Sun , which d£
miniihed in the Proportion of 5567 to 45-33, or of the
Diftahce of the Planet from the Earth to his Didance
from the Sun\ becomes 14' 27" ; and by fo much was
he pad the Conjun&ion as viewed from the Earth .
Again, by the fame Proportion, his Geocentrick La-
titude, at that Time, was 2' f South ; and therefore,
his apparent Didance from the Sun's Center, was 14'
37" ; that is, but l' 18" from his wedern Limb ;
fo that he might well be laid to be, jamjam exiturus.

But, that Mercury fliould at that Time be fofar nor-
therly, as Mr. Roemer' s Words import, was abfolmely
impodible ; and, 1 am apt to believe, that fo acute an
Adronomer as Mr. Roemer was, could not himfelfbe
the Obferver, but fome Perfon lefs acquainted with
thefe Matters ; which the Words fpetfabatur Mercu-
rius , indead of Mer curium vidi 5 teem to import. If
he had then had North Latitude, he mud needs have
been feeft in the Sun in April 1720, which we are
allured he was not.

Ladly, it may not be amifs to advertife, that on
the lad Day of O Bober 173 6, Mercury will again tra-
verfe the northern Part of the Sun's Disk, both Ingrefs
and Egrefs being vifible to all Europe.

■Slili F I N J S

N

S'.H 1

Numb. 387.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

For the Months of March and April, 1725.

The CONTENTS.

I. The Tiffertation concerning the Figure of the Earth
continued ; hy the (Reverend J. T. Defaguliers,
LL. X>. F. % S.

II. An Effay upon the Natural Hiflory of Whales,
with a particular Account of the Ambergris found in
the Sperma Ceti Whale. In a Letter to the Fub-
lilher, from the Honourable Paul Dudley, Efq$ ,

. F. 4 S.

III. An Enquiry into a 1) if coVery, /aid to have been
made by Signor Valfalva of Bologna, of an Ex-
cretory Dutt from the Glandula Renalis to the
Epididymis, ©> Mr, John Ranby, Surgeon ,
F, % S.

IV. An Account of a ©oo^ entituled , Prodromus

Cryftallographiae. De Cryftallis improprie
lie di&is Commentarium. A Mauricio An-
tonio Cappeler, M. D. Sc Centumviro Lu-
cernenfi. Lucerne 1 7M* 4°* J* G.
Seheuchzer, M. D. Coll Med. Lond.Lic . 5. S.

. V' nl

5

'

*

....

.

’ . ■- . •• ' 1 v ...y» v ■ . v

•n*: i ol ^rr.vfovol a m\ Ml

.

& $ X

eiiv iL> ,»;.do^oikfi n. J
■i o - a. :, iM£\ .:nai ;■ w^'iiv orJ er:;ir.; ori ’ >

- r;"f x r 7 £U ,; ,>f: .-a

( 239 )

I. The * Differ tat ion concerning the Figure of the Earth
continued-, hy the eferend J. T. Defaouliers
LL. X>. F. % S. D

HO W the Figure of the Earth is deduc’d from the
Laws of Gravity and Centrifugal Force, is very
well (hewnby the late Savilian Profeifor of Aftronomy,
Dr. John Keill , in a Book that he wrote in the Year
1 0^)8, again!! Dr. Burnet s Fheory of the Earth i and
therefore I lhall tranlcribe from him what he has laid
upon that Subjecfl ; becaufe, otherwife, 1 fhou’d only fav
the fame Thing in other Words. ^ '

I ovv n indeed that he has made a Miftake in that Book
concerning the Meafurc of the Degrees of an Ellipfe •
but I find that all that relates to-the oblate Spheroidical
Figure of the Earth is right j and the little Difference of
taking 15- Bans Feet for the Space that a Body falls
tnio in a Second, inllead of 15 Feet 1 Inch and 2, Line®
and a Number of Feet, a little lei's than true, for the
Diameter of the Earth (which was not fo well known
at tnat j ime) will no way invalidate hisDemonflration
and Proof. Here follow his Words.

To prove the Earth to be higher at the Equator
“ than at the Poles, I will fuppofe iirlt, that, at th» B“-
“ ginning of the World, the Earth was fluid and fpher'i-
“ ca 1 , but afterwards God Almighty having given it a
“ Motion round its own Axis, all Bodies upon the Earth
“ w°u’d defcribe either the /Equator or Circles, paral-
“ lei to the /Equator, and, by confequence, all wou’d
£; endeavour to recede from the Center of their Motion.

ft

* V. Philof. Tranfacl. N. 386.

V 0L.XXX1I1. Mm « ,r

'( ^4° )

6t It is to be here obferv’d, that if a Body doth freely
<c revolve in a Circle about a Center, as the Planets do-
<• about the Sun, that its Centripetal Force (or thatForce
u by which it is drawn towards the Center) is always
“ equal to its Force, by which it doth endeavour to re-
“ cede from the Center; for the Force, which detains a
“ Body in its Orbit, muft be equal to the Force by
“ which it endeavours to recede from its Orbit, and fly
“ off in the Tangent. This maybe clear by the Ex-
ample of a Body turn’d round a Center by the Help
“ of a Thread, which detains the Body in its Orbit ^
« .the Thread, being ftretch’d by the Motion of the Body,
will endeavour to contrad itfelf equally towards both
“ Ends, by which it will pull the Center as much to-
a wards the Body, as it doth the Body towards the
“ Center.

“ Now this Centrifugal Force is always proportional
“ to the Periphery, which each Body defer ibes in its
“ diurnal Motion by the firfl Theorem of Httgemus de
u yi Centrifuga : So that under the ./Equator, which

* is the biggeh Circle, die Centrifugal Force wou*d be
** greateft, and hill grow lefs as we approach the Pole
« where it quite vanifheth, there being there no diurnal
u Rotation. And without doubt, all Bodies having this
a Centrifugal Force, by which they endeavour to re-

* cede from the Center of their Motion, wou’d fly off
« from the Earth, if they were not kept in their Orbit
“ by their Gravity, or that Force by which they are

prefe’d towards the Center of the Earth, which is
« much flronger upon our Earth than the Centrifugal^
Force:, andbecaufe the Gravity upon the Surface of
the Earth is always the fame; but the Centrifugal
« Force alters and grows iefs, the nearer we come to
<« the Pole?, it is plain that the Gravity under the iE-
“■ quator, having a greater Force to oppofc it, than that

whicb

( *4* )

<* which is near the Poles, will not ad fo ftrongly in
c< the one Place as in the other, and confequently Bo-
u dies will not be fo heavy under the ./Equator as at

ct the Poles. If the Circle * M P CLP rcprefent

*< the Earth, M Qj:he .Equator, and P P the Poles, if
*< C be a Body in the ./Equator, it is evident that it will
« be pull’d by two contrary Forces ^ namely, that of
« its Gravity, which pulls it towards the Center, and
« that of its Centrifugal Force, which pulls it from it.
« Now, if both thefe" Forces were equal, it is evident
* it wou’d go neither of thefe Ways-, but if one were
“ ftronger than the other, it wou’d move where the
64 ftrongeft Force pulls it, but only with a Velocity
« which is proportional to the Differences of thefe two
“ Forces, and therefore it wou’d not defcend fo fall as
“ if there were no Centrifugal Force, pulling againftit;
« that is, a Body in the .Equator, does prefs lefs towards
u the Center, than at the Pole, where there is no Cen-
“ trifugal Force to leffen its Gravity. Bodies therefore,
*c of the fame Denfity, are not fo heavy in one Place as
« in the other.

“ Nowin afpherical Fluid, all whofe Parts gravitate
« towards the Center, I think it is evident from the
<c Principles of Hydroftaticks and Fluidity, that all thofe
U Bodies, which are equally diftant from the Center,
£C mufl be equally prefs’d with the Weight of the incum-
« bent Fluid, and if one Part come to be more prefs’d
« than another, that which is moff prefs’d will thruft
ci that out of its Place which is lead, till all the Parts
« come to an ^Equilibrium one with another \ and this
is known by a common and eafy Experiment, if you
take a recurv’d Tube, f and fill it with Water or any
“ other Fluid, it will rile equally in both Legs of the

* Fig. i.

M m 2

I Fig II,

“ Tube,

( 242 )

u Tube, & that the Surfaces CEand FJ are equally
<f P^fs’d b7 the incumbent Columns B C E D, and
GF 1 H, but if one of the Legs of t his Tube llaou’T
(c be fill’d with Oil, or fome other lighter Fluid, and*
<c the other with Water, the lighter Fluid will rife
“ higher than the other, for otherwife, thefe Surfaces,
which are equally diftant from the Center, wou’d' not
“ be equally prefs’d.

Juft fo if P /EMP.S, * reprefents a fluid Sphere,
<£ which we may imagine compofed of a great many
communicating Canals or Tubes, the Fluid in every
“ one of which prefles upon the Center*. now if the
“ Fluid, in every one of thefe Tubes, was of equal
cc Weight or Gravity, it is plain, that, by that means,
f£ they wou d be alfo of an equal Height from the Cen-
“ ter * for by that means only, wou’d the Center be e-
“ qually prefs’J by the Weight of all the Tubes- but
ll tiic. Fluid, in the Canal fp OA1, were, lighter that?

“ the Fluid in the Canal P OS, it is plain, that in this
“ Cafe, the Fluid POS, prefling more on the Center,

‘ than the Fluid in the Canal JE O M, the Surface of
c< the Fluid TOM, will rife, to a greater Height or
“ Diftance from the Center ; fo that by its greater
cc Height, which recompenfes its letter Gravitation, it
“ will prefs equally upon the Center with the Fluid in
“ the Canal POS. After the fame manner, f if the
“ Fluid in the Canal G O H, were heavier’than the
“ Fluid in the Canal TOM, but lighter than that
“ which is in P O S, then wou’d the Cinal G OH be
<c flaorter than TOM, but longer than P O S, and the
“ Figure, compofed of all thefe Tubes, wou’d be in the
“ Form of a Spheroid which is generated by the Cir*

“ cumrotation of a Semi-ellipfls round its Axis- but as 1

Fig. IN. Fig. IV.

tc have

( 2 4}-*%)

tt have already fhe w’d, that if AdO M repfefent the Se~ '
« midiarneter of the ./Equator, that all Bodies -in it are
« lighter than in P O S, the Axis of the .Equator
« (we take the Diameter and Axis here, not as pure
“ Mathematical Lines, bu: as fmall Cm ils or Tubes.,)

«< and juft fothofe Bodies which are in the Tube G O H,

« 1 have prov’d to be lighter than thofe in P O S, but
« but heavier than the Bodies which are in fEO M,

££ the Centrifugal Force in GH being lefs than that
££ which is in iEM, and there is no Centrifugal Force
££ in the Poles P S. t is plain, therefore, that the Tube
££ TOM will be longer than GOH, and G O H will
££ be lunger than PCS,, that is, the Diameter of the*
££ ./Equator, will be longer than the Axis of the Earth,
a and cOnfequently the Figure of the Earth will be af-
££ ter the Fafhion of a broad Spheroid, which is gene-
« rated by the Rotation of a Semi-el 1 ipfis round its lef-
c fer Axis. Phis, I hope, will be fufherent to convince
c Theorijl of the Falfenefs of his own AfTertion fince-
££ it is plain Demonftrafion, than an Earth, form’d from
t£ a Chaos, mufthave a very different Figure from what
c he fuppofes it had.

‘‘ But I will now proceed farther, and inquire how
C£ much the Gravity is diminifh’d at the ^Equator, or-
£< any other Parallel by the Centrifugal Force, which
tC all Bodies acquire by being turn’d round the Earth’s
“ Axis, that from thence we may endeavour to deter-
<• mine, what Proportion the Diameter of the Earth’s'
<£ /Equator has to its Axis; to calculate which, I will
tc firft fuppofe, that the mean Semidiameter of the
<£ Earth is 19615800 Tarts Feet, accordingto the hte
“ Obfervations of the French Mathematicians, and fince
£C the Earth turns round its Axis in the Space of zy
«:• Hours, 5 6\ for in that Time, the fame Meridianre-

turns to the fame immoveable Point of the Heaverr

“ agiin

( *4+ )

u again (but the Sun, in the mean time. Teeming to be
“ mov’d a Degree, according to the Series of the Signs,
“ i3 the Caufe why there are fourMinutes more requir’d
before the Meridian can overtake him) from thence
it follows, that a Body, under the .Equato**, moves
“ through 1426,88 Feet, in the Space of one Second of
K 1 ime. Now, according to the Theorem given us bv
“ Sir Ifaac Newton in his Thilofophia Naturalis
“ Trincipa Mathematics Schol. Prop. 4. Lib 1. The

* Centrifugal Force of any Body has the fame Propor-

* tion to the Force of Gravity, that the Square of the
Arch, which a Body defcribes in a given Time, di-

“ vided by its Diameter, has to the Space, through which
“ a heavy Body moves, in falling from a Place in which
« it was at reft in the fame Time ; and fuppofing a heavy
“ Body falls i* Foot in a Second of Time, by°Calcula-
<c tion, it will from thence follow, that the Force of
« Gravity has the fame Proportion to the Centrifugal
Force at the Equator, that 289 has to Unity • and
“ therefore by this Centrifugal Force which arifes from
cc the Diurnal Rotation of the Earth round its Axis ;
“ any Body, placed in the Equator, lofes #¥7 Part of its’
“ Gravity, which it wou’d have were theEarth at reft,

“ or which is the fame Thing, a heavy Body plac’d at
either of the Poles (where there is no Diurnal Rota-
« tion, and confequently no Centrifugal Force) which
“ weighs 289 Pounds, if it were brought to the Equator,

* wou’d weigh only 288 Pounds.

^ Having thus determin’d the Proportion of the Ceu-
** trifugal Force, at the ./Equator, to the Force of Gravitv,

* it will be eafy from thence to flaew their Proportions

any Parallel:, for it is. compounded of the Pro-
w portion of One to 289, and of the Co-fine of the La-
titude to the Radius ; for if two Bodies defcribe diffe-

* rent Peripheries in the fame Time, their Centrifugal

“ Forces

( M5 >

u Forces are proportional to their Peripheries, or to the*

« Semi-diameters of thefe Peripheries as is determin’d
“ by MonC Hugens , in his The&remata de Vi Centr'b
« fuga & Motu circulars ; but the Periphery which
« a body in the ./Equator dcfcribes, has its Semi-diame*

“ ter equal to the Radius or Semi-diameter of the Earth,

« and in any other Place, the Parallels, in which Bodies
“ move, have the Co-fines of their Latitude for their
w Semi-diameters, and therefore it will follow, that the
« Force of Gravity is to the Centrifugal Force in a Pro-
Ci portion, compounded of the Radius to the Co-fine ot
« the Latitude, and of 189 to 1. and therefore at the
« Latitude of 51° 46/ (for Example) it will be as
u 4 66 to %,

“ But we mufl obferve, that it does not from thence
« follow, that a Body in that Latitude iofes Part of
“ its abfolute Gravity, which it wou’d have, were the
« Earth at refL For that cou’d not be, unlefs the Cen-
« trifugal Force aded diredly contrary to the Force of
m Gravity, which it doth no where but at the Equator;
« for let the Circle * Q„ P E reprefent the Earth, Q.E
« the Diameter of the ./Equator, O its Center, and let
u B reprefent a Body which we fuppofe to hang by the
« Thread A B, and to be placed any where between the
“ Pole P and the .Equator d, and let B D be drawn per-
« pendiculvrtothe Axis. It is plain, that if the Earth had
“ had no Diurnal Rotation, the Body B wou’d draw the
« Thread A B into the Pofitioa of A C, fince by that
« means it defcends as near as it can to the Center, and :
“ there it wou’d ftretch the Thread with all the Force
“ of its Gravity } or if we will fuppofe, that the Centri-
« fugal Force aded according to the fame Diredion A C,
« it wou’d then dirediy oppofe the Force of Gravity,

*

Fi£*V.

and

<«

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

cc

tc

cc

cc

cc

CC

CC

<c

<c

' ( 24 6 )

and the Thread wou’d remain in the fame Pofition
but tt Wd be ftretch’d with a Force proportional’
to the Differences of thefe two Forces.

“ Buf, becaufe the Body B turns round the Center D
it will endeavour to recede from it according to the
Line C B, in which Direction the Centrifugal Force
acting it will not direftly oppofe the Force of Gra-
vity, but it will draw the Thread from the Petition
A C into the Polition A B, let B G be drawn perpen-
dicular to AC; if B C reprefent the Centrifugal
1 °rce> a&lnS according to the Direftion B C, it is eq ui-
valent (as is commonly known) to two Forces, one
of which is as G C, and acts according to the Dire-
ction G G which is contrary to that by which it de-
icends to O the other is as G B, and acts according
to the Direction G B, which is no way contrary to
the Force of Gravity. If therefore B C reprefent the
total Centrifugal Force of the Body B, that Part of it
which d 1 redly oppofes the Force of Gravity, will be
GC; from whence it follows, that the Decreafe of
Gravity, m going from the Pole to the T-quator, is al-
ways as the Square of the Co-fine of the Latitude;
for draw BH parallel to the Axis PP, and becaufe
the Triangles H C B, C D O are Equi-angular, there-

cOTAH|C 13 B as C 0 is t0 C D, or as Q. o is to
C D, but Q,G is to C D as the Decreafe of Gravity
at Q_is to the Centrifugal Force at C. And there-
fore H C is to C B, as the Decreafe of Gravity at Q_
is to the Centrifugal Force at C. But if C B repre-
fent the Centrifugal Force at C, GC will reprefent
that Part of tt which acts direcfly againft the Force
of Gravity, and confequently the Decreafe of Gra-
vity at theT.quator is to the Decreafe of Gravity at C
as FI C is to G C ; now H C is to G C, in duplicate
Proportion of H C to C B, or of C O or O Q. to C D

“ by

( M 7 )

« by the 8 th of the 6th of Euclid, and therefore the
« Decreafe of Gravity at Q_is to the Decreafe of Gra-
« vity at C, as the Square of C O is to the Square of
a C D, which was to be demonftrated.

“ From whence, it is plain, that if H C reprefent the
« Decreafe of Gravity at the Equator, and G Cits De-
tc creafe at C, then will G H reprefent the Difference
« of thefe two Diminutions, or the Difference between
ct the Gravity at Q,, and the Gravity at C, but H C is
« toHG in duplicate Proportion of HCtoH B, or
* of O C to D O that is, the Decreafe of Gravity at
“ the ./Equator is to its encreafe at C, as the Square of the
<c Radius is to the Square of the Sine of the Lati-
u tude.

“ By this alfo it will appear, that the Direction of
« heavy Bodies is not to the Center of the Earth, as has
« been always fuppofed:, for if we take a heavy Body
<c and hang it by a Thread, the Thread produced will
« not pafs through the Center any where but at the
“ Poles and the ./Equator, for in the Figure the Thread
44 is carry’d by the Centrifugal Force of the Body B,
« from the Pofition A C into the Pofition A B, where
4C it will reft.

«'* Now to determine the Angle CAB, which the
«< Line of Direction of the Body makes with the Line
« A C, let A N be drawn parallel to B C, and pro-
44 duce O B till it meet with it in N, and let us confider
<4 the Body B as drawn by three Powers, according to
14 tliree different Directions BO, B L, and A B, the
<4 Power which pulls it,according to B O, is its Gravity,
“ that which draws it, according to the Direction B L,
« is its Centrifugal Force, and that which aCts accord-
« in* to A B, is the Strength of the Thread, by which
« the Body is hinder’d to move according to either of the
44 two other Directions, and therefore it is an JEquilu
Vol. XXXIII. N n “ brinm

( H8 )

“ M«*» with the other two Powers; but by a Theorem-
“ which is demonftrated by feveral of the Writers of
“ Mechanics, but R-.nieuhriv byMonf. Huy mis in h is
“ [‘"all freattfe .He Potent iis per F,lu trahentibusi
a be puli d by three different Powers which
“ are 111 &quil}brio ;with one another, according to
“ three different. Directions, A B, B L and B O, Thefe
“ three Powers will be as the three Sides of the Tri
tc angle A B N, viz. as A B, A N and B N refpedi vel v
u or as A B, B C and A C- BN being very near pa-
“ rallel, and confequeritly equal to A C, fince they do
not meet but at a great Diftance.. From hence it fol-
lows, that the Foiceof Gravity is to the Centrifugal
“ Force, as A C to BC. But a Method has been aL
et ready fhown, how the Proportion of the Force of
Gravity to the Centrifugal Force may be determined,

“ and therefore the Proportion of A C to BC may be
<c bealfo determined, which at the Latitude of 5-10 46'
is as 446 to 1. Therefore in the Triangle ABC, the
“ Proportion of A C to B C is known, and the Angle
“ A CB being equal to the Angle CO CL, which is fub-
<c tended by the Arch C CL, the Latitude of the Place,

“ from thence by the Tables of Sines and Tangents’
the Angle B AC may be known, which in theabove-
“ mentioned Latitude is about 5* Minutes.

“ From hence alfo it will appear,, that it is not the
“ Line A C, which being produced paffes through the-
<£ Center, but the Line A B that is perpendicular s the
“ Curve PQ., for all the Particles of the Fluid will fettle
<c themfelves in fuch a Pofition, that their Lines of Di-
tc redion downwards, mud be perpendicular to the Sur-
<c face of the Body which they eompofe, for otherwife the
Parts of the F luid wou’d not be in /Equilibrium one
<£ with another, and therefore altho’ the Lines of DB
44 redion of heavy Bodies do not pafs through the

“ Center

(24 9 ) . ,

« Center of the Earth, yet are they ftill perpendicular
“ to their Horizons ; and, upon this Account, there
« cou’d arife no Error in levelling of Lines, and in find-
« ing the Rihngs and Fallings of the Ground.

“ Upon this account alfo it will appear, that the
“ Surface of the Earth is not fpherical, for if it were,

« then wou’d all Lines, drawn from the Center, beper-
« pendicular to the Surface of the Earth, fince it is the
« known Property of a Sphere that >they muft be fo j
« but I have already fnew’d, that it is not fo in the
« Earth, and therefore it is plain, that the Earth is not
« a Sphere. That therefore I may inquire more parti-
te cularly into the Figure of the Earth, I will refume
u my former Hypothecs, that the Earth iscompofed of
cc an infinite Number of Canals, which communicate
u with one another at the Center, and are all equipon-
« derant, of which we will confider two, as O Q, and
« O C, and let O CL be = r, O D = X and D C = jy, let
« the abfolute Gravity be call’d and the Centrifugal

« Force at the Equator n. O C is equal to V x a XJV z
« the Weight of the Canal O Q_ is equal to the abfolute
“ Gravity of the whole Canal minus the Centrifugal
“ Force of each Particle contain’d in it, and becaufe the
“ Centrifugal Force of each Particle is as its Diftance
« from the Center, and therefore it encreafes in an A-
“ rithmetical Progreflion, the greiteflof which is n?
« confequently the Sum of all the Centrifugal Force is
“ equal to * n r , but upon the Hypothecs, that Gravity
« is the fame at all Diflances from the Center, the ab-
<c folute Gravity of the Canal O CL is / r, and therefore
“ its real Weight upon the Center O (X is / r ■ — ■ J n r,
« after the fame Manner, the abfclute Gravity of the

“ Canal OCis/xV x* y * ; but the Sum of all
“ the Centrifugal Forces of all the Fluids in the Canal
O C, is equal to the Centrifugal Force of the Fluid in

N in “ C D

a

( 2J0 )

“ CfD C» may be eafily prov’d from the Confideration
or inclin d I lanes) but the Centrifugal Force at C
being to the Centrifugal Force at d, as C D is to O Q,
“ (that is, as jy is to r) the Centrifugal Force at C will

“ be edual t0 n~~ i and becaufe the Centrifugal Force of

each Particle is as its Diflance from the Point D
which is the Center of the Circle that the Fluid in
“ tbe Canal C D defcribes, and therefore the Centrifugal
“ ^ o^ces, in counting from the Point D, mull encreafe
in an Arithmetical Progreflion, the greatefl of which

“ 18 — > and therefore the Sum of all the Centrifugal

“ Forces in C D muft be equal to n-Aly therefore the

• i r

“ Weight of the Canal O C isf== / 1

<c nyy

= fr — i nr, which Equation exprefles the

“ Nature of the Curve that is made by the Se&ion of
the Earth with a Plane through its Poles, and by this
<c the Proportion of the Axis of the Earth, to the Dia-
meter of the fEquator, may beealily determin’d ; for
“ when C O coincides with O P, then C D or ^ be-
comes equal to nothing, and the Equation is/ -y/ xz
“ ==fr — \nr or / * =/ r — \ nr, and therefore
ct by the i6th of the 6th, /has the fame Proportion to
“ that r has to ^orOQ.toO D, but / is to

— \n as 289 is to 288*, or as 578 is to 577, which
“ therefore is the Proportion of the greatefl Diameter of
u *be^arth to the lead ; but this is upon Suppolition,

) that Gravity is the fame at all Dillances from the
Center ^ but if we will fuppofe, that the Gravity of
Bodies without the Earth is in a Proportion reciprocal
“ to the Squares of their Diflances from the Center, the

a

C *5* .)

«« Gravity of thofe Bodies, which are within the Earth,
‘‘ will be dire&ly as their Diltance, both which do beft
“ agree with the obferv’d Phenomena of Nature j then
‘‘ will the Gravity at the Equator be to the Gravity
Ci at the Poles as 689 to 691, which Numbers, in this
Hypothecs, do alfo exprefs the Proportion of the Dia-
“ meter of the Earth, drawn through its Poles, to its
“ Diameter drawn in the Plane of the iEquator.

“ It is upon the Account of this Diminution of Gra-
cC' vity, according as we approach the ./Equator, that
“ Pendulums of the fame Lengths in different Latitudes
Cc take different Times to perform their Vibrations j
tc for becaufe the accelerating Force of Gravity is lefs
“ at the /Equator than under any Parallel, and under
“ any Parallel it is {till lefs than under another which
“ is nearer the Poles •, it does plainly from thence fol-
low, that a Body plac’d in the ./Equator, or in any
« other Parallel, will take a longer Time to defcend thro’
“ an Arch of a given Circle, than it wou’d do at the
“ Poles, and the farther a Body is remov’d from the
« Poles, the longer Time it will take to defcend through
“ any given Space.

« From hence it follows, that the Length of Pendu-
« lums, which perform their Vibrations in equal Times
“ in different Latitudes, are dire&ly as the accelerating
“ Forces of their Gravities; for the Time a Body takes
« to defcend through an Arch of a Cycloid, is to the
«■ Time it will take to fall through the Axis of the Cy-
« cloid always in a given Proportion, viz. as the Semi--
« periphery of a Circle is to its Diameter by the xyth
“ Prop, of Hay gen' s Horologium Ofcillatorium ; and
“ therefore when- the Times in which a Body defcends
« through the Axes of two different Cycloids are equal,
« the Times of the Defcent through the Cycloids will
“ be alfo equal , but when the Times of the Defcent

“ through

( 25 2 )

cc through the Axes are unequal, thefe Axes, and confe-
“ quently the Lengths of the Pendulum which vibrates
“ i*1 ^hefe Cycloids, are proportional to the accelerating
u f orces of their Gravities.

“ By this if we know the Length of a Pendulum
<e which performs its Vibrations in a given Time, in
any one Part of the Earth, it is eafy to determine the
Length of a Pendulum, which performs its Vibra-
fi°ns in the fame Time in any other Part of the Earth •
<c as for Example, the Length of a Pendulum, which v>
“ brates Seconds at Tar is, is three Foot eight Lines
<c and a Half, let it be requir’d to find the Length of a
<e Pendulum, which vibrates Seconds at the /Equator.
<c Becaufe the Gravity at the Poles is to the Gravity at
“ the ./Equator, as 691 is to 689 ; therefore the De-
44 creafe of Gravity at the .Equator is Parts of the
“ whole Gravity j but, as 1 have before demonftrated,the
“ Decreafe of Gravity at the ./Equator is to itsEncreafe
“ in any other Latitude, as the Square of the Radius is
<c to the Square of the Sine of the Latitude, now the
“ Latitude of Tar is being 48° 4/, its Sine is 7 5. 18/,

“ and therefore the Square of the Radius is to the
ce Square of the Sine of the Latitude as 1000000 to
“ 565148, but as icooooo is to 565148, fo is 3.000
“ the Number which reprefents the Decreafe of Gra-
<c vity at the ./Equator to 1. 695, the Number which
“ reprefents its Encreafe at Taris , which added to 689
(C the Gravity at the /Equator, makes 690.695, the Num-
<c ber which will reprefent the Gravity at Taris. But
cc 1 have already fliew’d, that as the Gravity at Taris
“ is to the Gravity at the ./Equator, fo is the Length of
“ a Pendulum which vibrates Seconds at Taris , to the
“ Length of a Pendulum tliat yibrates Seconds at the
xc /Equator, that is as 690, 695' to 689, fo is 36,708 the
u Length of a Pendulum at Taris , which performs its

“ Vibra-

( 255 )

* Vibration in a Second to 3 6,6 1 6, which therefore is
“ the Length of a Pendulum which performs its Vibra-
“ tions in a Second- at the ^Equator ; fo that the Diffe-
<• rence between thefe two Pendulums is ?L-.- Parts of an
“ Inch, which comes pretty near the Obfervations of
“ Monf. Richer , who at the Ifland of Cayenne, whofe
<c Latitude is 5 0 0C)/ found that a Pendulum, which vi-
“ brates Seconds there, was a tenth Part of an Inch
“ fhorter than a Pendulum, which vibrates Seconds at
V Tarts.

“ Thus we fee that the Principles and Hypothefis,'
“ and withal their Confequences, upon which "the broad
c/‘ fpheroidical Figure of the Earth is founded, do exactly
“ agree with Obfervations, and therefore there is no
“ Doubt to be made, butthat the Earth -is really of fuch
“ a Figure, and that the Hypothefis upon which this
“ Figure is grounded (viz. the diurnal Rotation of the
l< Earth, and by confequence the Centrifugal Force of
<c all Bodies upon it) muff be admitted for a true one *
<'* fince the different Vibrations of Pendulums of the
“ fame Length, in different Latitudes, can depend upon
tc no other Caufe ; for the Change of Air is not able to
f‘ produce any fuch Effed, for if the Air made really
“•any Alterations in the Vibrations of a Pendulum, it
“ wou’d produce a quite contrary Effed than what is
<c obferv’d } for Pendulums near the AZquator wou’d
tc move falter than they wou’d do in Places of greater
“ Latitude, the Air in the one Place, being more rari-
“ tied, is much thinner and finer than it is in the other

t; and therefore gives lefs Refiftance to Bodies that move-

“ in it. i ' ‘ • • ; - *

“ In this Reafoning, we have fuppos’d the Earth to
“ have been at firfl fluid, as the theorift has done be-
“ fare us, but if we will put the Cafe, that the Earth
“ was firfl partly fluid and partly dry, as it is at prefent,

“ yet.:

( *54 >

“ yet becaufe we find that the Land is very near of the
“ fame Figure with the Sea (only rais'd a little higher
u that it might not be overflow’d) compofing with it
ce the fame Solid, and I have already ffiew’d that the
“ Surface of the Ocean is fpheroidical and not fpherical,
“ there is no doubt to be made, but that the Land was
tc form’d into the fame Figure by its wife Creator at the
<c Beginning of the World, for if it were otherwife, then
ct wou’d the Land towards the Equator have been over-
<c flow’d with Water, which, as 1 have already prov’d,
“ mud have been higher at the /Equator than at the
Ci Poles ; and therefore the Sea wou’d rife there and
u fpread itfelf like an Inundation upon all the Land.”

To make an End of this long Differtation, let us in a
few Words compare the Experiments and Obfervations
made ufe of to confirm each of the Opinions above-
mentioned.

To p rove Monf. Cuffin'? s Figure of the Earth , we
mud take the Altitude of a Star nearer than to z Seconds;
becaufe z Seconds anfwer to 3xToifeson the Surface of
the Earth, and the Difference of the Length of Degrees
is but 31. And what is more, we mud take this Angie
with an Indrument of 3 9 Inches Radius • becaufe the
10 Foot Sedor was only us’d at the Ends of the two
Parts of the Meridian.

To difprove Monf. Cajfm'i’s Hypothecs , we need
only obferve whether a Plumb-Line makes an Angle of
of 5 Minutes with a Perpendicular to the Surface ofdag-
nant Waters, or Lines of Level.

To prove Monf. Cajfini's Opinion , the Height of
a great many Mountains mud be accurately meafur’d
by Trigonometry, which Mathematicians have always
found very difficult.

To

( 2$5 )

To prove Sir 1 fa ac Newton's Opinion , we are only
to meafure about one Tenth of an Inch in a Rod of
39,129 Inches ; and to know what to allow for the
lengthening of the fame Rod by the Summer Heat,
when it is (hut up in a Cafe, and carried towards the
/Equator. For though the Experiments on Pendulums,
made by feveral Perfons that traveled Southward, dif-
fer among themfelves, yet they all agree in this, that
the Obfervers were oblig’d to Ihorten their Pendulums,
in order to make them fwing Seconds, as they went to*
wards the ./Equator. And when we come to compare
them together, in order to have the exad Proportion of
Length in different Latitudes; we muft rely on the
moft exad Experimenter, which we may very well do
on Morif. Richer : becaufe when he found a Difference,
lie was fo careful to find out how much it was, that he
caus’d a fimple Pendulum to fwing, and compar’d it
with a good Pendulum Clock, which he did feveral
Times every Week for 10 Months together ^ and when
he return’d to France , he compar’d it with the Length
of the Pendulum at Taris • which is of 3 Feet 8 * Lines
(or 39,129 Englijb Inches) and found it to be lhorter
by 11 Line.

O 0

Vol. XXXIII.

II. An

( 25 6 )

II. An Effay upon the Natural Hiftory of Whales ,
with a particular Account of the Ambergris found in
the Sperma Ceti Whale . In a Letter to the Tub-
lijher, from the Honourable Paul Dudley , Efq-,
F. % S.

SIR, \ ,

I A M very fenfible that the World has long fince, and
often been entertained with various Relations of this
wonderful Creature: But as I fhall endeavour to avoid
any vain Repetition, fo I flatter myfelf with the Hopes
of prefenting the Royal Society with fome Particulars
not yetpublifhedjboth of theWhale in general, and more
efpecially of that Species or Kind of Whale, which our
People call the Sperma Ceti , bur, in my Opinion, much
rather deferves the Name of the Ambergris Whale.
But here I would have it noted, that the following Ac-
count refpecls only fuch Whales, as are found on the
Coaft of New England.

And of thefe there are divers Sorts or Kinds.

* As firft, The Riglr, or Whalebone Whale is a large
Fifh, meafuring fixty or feventy Feet in Length, and
very bulky, having no Scales, but a foft fine fmooth
Skin, no Fins, but on krone o men ch ' S ide, from five to'
eight Feet long, which they are not obferved to ule, but
only in turning themfelves, unlefs while young, and car-
ried by the Oam on the Flukes of theirTails when with
thofe r ini they clafp about her Small, and fo hold them-

* Ihe fever al Species of Whales.

.felves

I

( 257 )

{elves on. This Fifh, when firft brought forth, is about
twenty Feet long, and of little Worth, but then the
Dam is very fat. At a Year old, when they are called
Short-heads, they are very fat, and yield to fifty Bar-
rels of Oil, but by that Time the Dam is very poor,
and term’d a Dry-skin, and won’t yield more than thirty
Barrels of Oil, tho’ of large Bulk. At two Years old,
they are called Stunts, being hunted after weaning, and
will then yield generally from twenty four to twenty
eight Barrels. After this, they are term’d Scull-fifii,
their Age not being known, but only guefs’d at by the
Length of the Bone in their Mouths. The Whale-bone,
fo called, grows in the upper Jaw on each Side, and is
fometimes fix or feven Feet in Length. A good large
Whale has yielded a thoufand Weight of Bone. ’Tis
thought by fome, that the hairy Part of the Whale-bone,
and which is next to the Tongue, ferves in the Nature
of a Strainer of their Food.

The Eye of a Whale is about the Bignefs of an Ox’s
Eye, and they are fituated in the After- part of the Head
on each Side, and where the Whale is broadeft; for his
Head tapers away forward from his Eyes, and his Body
tapers away backward } his Eyes are more than half
way his Depth, or neareft his Under-part juft under
his Eyes are his two Fins before-mentioned • he car-
ries his Tail horizontally, and with that he fculls him-
felfalong.

The Entrails of this Whale are made and fituated
much like thofe of an Ox, and their Scalps are* fometimes
found covered with Thoufands of Sea-lice. One of
thefe Whales has yielded one hundred and thirty Bar-
rels of Oil, and near twenty out of the Tongue. The
Whale-bone Whale is the moft valuable, except the
Sperma Ceti Whale.

O o x

The

( 2j8 )

. ^ie Scrag Whale is near a.kin to the Fin-back, bur
mitead of a tin upon his Back, the Ridge of the After-
part of his Back is icragged with half a Dozen Knobs or
Js a codes } he is neareft the right Whale in Figure and

for Quantity of Oil j his Bone is white, but won’t
fplit. _ . 5

W1^le finback Whale is diftinguifhed from the rHht
Whale by having a great Fin on his Back from two
feet and an Half, to four Feet long, which gives him
tnc Name j he has alfotwo fide Fins, as the Whale-bone
_ hale, but much longer, meafuring fix or feven Feet.
1 his lift is fomewhat longer than the other, but not fo
bulky, much fwifter, and very furious when flruck
and very difficultly held , their Oil is not near fo much,
as that of the right Whale, and the Bone of little Profit,

being ftort and knobby. The Belly of this Whale is
white.

The Bunch or humpback Whale, isdiftinguifhed from
the right Whale, by having a Bunch handing in the
Place where the Fin does in the Finback. This Bunch
is as big as a Man’s Head, and a Foot high, fhaped like
a Plug pointing backwards. The Bone of this Whale is
not worth much, tho’ fomewhat better than the Finback’s.
His Fins are fometimes eighteen Feet long, and very
white • his Oil much as that of the Finback. Both -the Fin-
backs and Humpbacks are fhaped in Reeves longitudinal
from Head to Tail on their Bellies and their Sides, as
far as their Fins, which are about half way up their
Sides.

1 * The Sperm a. Qeti Whale. This Fifh is much of
the fame Dimenfion with the other, but of a greyilh
Colour, whereas the others are black ^ he has a Bunch
on his Back like the Humpback, but then he is diftin-

* The Sperma Ceti Whale,

2

guilhed

( »59 )

guiflied by not having any Whale-bone in the Mouth
but inftead of that, there are Rows of fine ivory Teeth
in each Jaw, about five or fix Inches long. One of thefe
Teeth I have done myfelf the Honour to fend the So-
ciety. The Man, who gave it me, fays, the Whale was
forty nine Foot long, and his Head made twelve Barrels
of Sperma Ceti Oil. They are a more gentle Filh
than theother Whales, and feldom fight with theirTails ;
but when {truck, ufualiy turn upon their Backs, and
fight with their Mouths. The Oil, which is made of
the Body of this Filh, is much clearer and fweeter than
that of the other Whales.

* The Sperma Ceti Oil, fo called, lies in a great
Trunk about four or five Feet deep, and ten or twelve
Feet long, near the whole Depth, Breadth, and Length
of the Head, in the Place of the Brains, and feemsto be
the fame, and difpofed in feveral membranous Cells,
and covered not with a Bone, but a thick grifly Sub-
ftance below the Skin, through which they dig a Hole,
and lade out the clear Oil. Not but that the Head, and
other Glandulous Parts of this Fifli, will make the Sper -
ma Ceti Oil , but the bell, and that which is prepared
by Nature, is in the Trunk aforefaid: And an inge-
nious Man, who has himfelf kill'd many of thefe Whales,
affures me, that only the Trunk will afford from ten
to twenty Barrels. Befides the Sperma Ceti Oil, this
Fifia wili yield from twenty to fifty Barrels of common
Oil.

One of our Country Dodors tells me, that the Tooth *
of this Fifia, fliaved or powdered, and fo infufed in Li-
quor, equals the Harts-horn, and has been ufed in the
Small-Pox, and given to Lying- in- Women, in Cafe of
Sicknefs, with Succefs. The Quantity is as much as

* Sperma Ceti Oil.

will .

( 260 )

will lie upon an Englijh Shilling. I meddle not here
with the precious Ambergris found in this Whale,

becaufe 1 deiign to clofe the Whole with that Difco-
very.

I go on therefore, in the fecond Place, to give an Ac-
count of the Manner of the Propagation ‘of Whales.
They generate much like to our neat Cattle, and there-
fore they are termed Bull, Cow, and Calf. The Latins
called the Whale Bcllua jldamna. I hey bring forth
but one at a Time, and but every other Year. When
the Cow takes Bull, (lie throws herfelf upon her Back,
finking her 1 ail, and fo the Bull Hides up, and, when
tne bull is Hid up, fhe clafps him with her Fins. A
Whale s 1 lllei is fix feet long, and at the Root is feven
or eight Inches Diameter, and tapers away till it comes
to about an Inch Diameter: his Stones would fill halfa
Barrel, but his Genitals are not open or vifible like
thole of the true Bull. I he Calf, or young Whale,
has been found perfectly form’d in the Cow, when not *
above feventeen inches long, and white • yet, when
brought forth, is ufually twenty Feet, but of a black
Colour ; it is fuppofed they go with their loung about
nine or ten Months, and are very fat in that I ime, cHpe*
dally when they bring forth. When the Female fuckles
her Young, fhe turns herfelf almoft upon her Back, upon
the Rim of the Water, fhe has two Teats of fix or eight
Inches long, and ten or twelve Inches round. The
Milk is white, like that of a Cow ; and upon opening a
young fucking Whale, the Milk was found curdledm
his Bag, juft like that of a Calf.

* 3* I heCare of their Young is very remarkable, they
not only carrying them ontheirTails,andfuckling them,
but often riling with them for the Benefit of the Air ;

* stpyn*

and

( 2(5 1 )

and however they are chafed or wounded, yet as long as
they have Senfe, and perceive Life in their Young, they
will never leave them, nor will they then ftrike with
their Tail, and if, in their running, the young one
lofes his Hold and drops off, the Dam comes about,
and palling underneath, takes it on again. And there-
fore Care is taken by thofe who kill thefe Mate Fifh
(as they are called) only to fallen the Calf, but not to
kill her, till they have lirft fecured the Cow. For fo
foon as ever the Calf is dead, the Cow perceives it, and
grows fo violent, that there is no managing her.

4. 'The Whales are very gregarious, being fometimes
found a Hundred in a Scull, and are great Travellers. In
the Fall of the Y ear, the right or Whale-bone Whales go
Weltward, and in the Spring they are headed Ea ft ward.
But here it mult be noted, that the feveral Kinds of
Whales don’t mix with one another, but keep by them-
felves.

5. Refpiration. Their Way of Breathing is by two
Spout-Holes in the Top of the Head. The Sperma Ceti
has but one, and that on the left Side of the Head. Once in
a Quarter of an Hour, when not dilturbed, they are ob-
ferved to rife and blow, fpouting out Water and Wind,
and to draw in frefh Air: but, when purfued, they will
fometimes keep underWater half an Hour or more; tho’
*tis obferved when any Cow has her Calf on her Tail,
Hie rifes much oftener (through a natural Inftind) for
the young one to breath, without breathing herfelf.
Out of their breathing Holes they fpout great Quanti-
ties. of- Blood, when they have receiv’d their Death
Wound.

6. Food or Suftentation. For the fir ft: Year, as has been
already obferv’d, they all fuck the Dam. After they are
weaned, the right Whales, as is generally fuppofed, live
upon fome ouzy Matter, which they fuck up from the

Bottom

( 161 )

Bottom of the Sea. The Trier?, that open them when
dead, acquaint me, that they never obferved any Grafs,
Fidi, or any other Sort of Food in the right or Whale-
bone vV hale, but onlyagreyifh foft Clay, which the People
call BoleArmoniac', and yet an experienced Whale-man
tells me, that. he has feen this Whale in ttill Weather
skimming on theSurficeof theWater,to rake in a Sort of
reddifh Spawn orBrett, as fomecall it, that at fomeTimes
will lie upon the Top of the Water, for a Mile together.
Here alfo it may be obferv’d, that tho’ the Body of this
W hale is fo very bulky, and fo exceeding fat ; yet when
cut open, they are feidom found to have much more
Draught than that of an Ox, and they dung much as
neat Cattle do. Their Swallow is not much bigger than
an Ox’s ; but the Finback Whale has a larger Swallow:
for he lives upon the fmaller Fifh, asMackarel, Her-
ring, &c. great Sculls of which they run thro’, and,with
a fliorr Turn, caufe an Eddy or Whirlpool, by the Force
of which, the fmall Fifh are brought into a Clutter ; fo
that this Fifh, with open Mouth, will take in fome Hun-
dreds of them at a Time. The Sperma Ceti Whale
befldes other Fifh, feeds much upon a fmall Fifh that has*
a Bill • our Fifhermen call them Squid Fifh. ' The fmall
Peices of thefe Squid Bills are plainly to be difcerned in
the Ambergris, and may be pick’d out of it • they ap-
pear glazy, and like, little Pieces of broken Shells/

7. The Way and Manner of killing Whales.

Mr. Harris in his Bibliotheca Navigantium , See .
has given a very particular Account of the Method of
taking Whales at Greenland, and though our Way
in New England differs very much from that, yet I
(hall wave it, as not fo ttridly appertaining to Philofophy.
Only I would take notice of the Boats our Whale-men
ufe in going from theShoar after the Whale: They are
made of Cedar Clapboards, and fo very light, that two

Men

( i6i, )

Men can conveniently carry them, and yet they are
twenty Feet long, and carry fix Men, hz. the Harpo-
neer in the Fore-part of the Boat, four Oar-men, and
the Steerf-man. Thefe Boats run very fwift, and by
reafon of their Lightnefs can be brought on and off, and
fo kept out of Danger. The Whale is fometimes killed
with a finale Stroke, and yet at other Times lhe will
hold the Whale-men in Play, near half a Day togetner,
with their Lances, and fometimes they will get away
after they have been lanced and fpouted blood, with
Irons in them, and Drugs faflened to them, which ar^
thick Boards about fourteen Inches fquare. Our People
formerly ufed to kill the Whale near the Shore ; but
now they go off to Sea in Sloops and Whale-
boats, in the Months of May , June , and July , be-
tween Cape-Cod and Bermudas ; where they lie by in
the Night, and fail to and again in the Day, and feldotn
mifs of& them ; they bring home the Blubber in their
Sloops. The true Seafon,for taking the right or Whale >
bone Whale, is from the Beginning of June , to the End
of May, for the Sperma Ceti Whale, from the Begin-
ning of June^ to the End of Aupujl, And it has been
obferved by our Filhermen, that when a Sperma Ceti
Whale is ftruck, he ufually, if not always, throws the
Excrements out of the Anus.

8. The wonderful* and even prodigious Strength of
this Creature, which lies principally in their Tails,
that being both their offenfive and defenfive Weapon.
Many Inftances of this Kind I have had from credible
Perfons, who were Eye-witneifes j 1 wiil mention but a
few. A Boat has been cut down from Top to Bottom
with the Tail of a Whale, as if cut with a Saw, the
Clap-boards fcarce fplinter’d, tho’ the Gunnel upon the
Top is of tough Wood. Another has had the Stem, or
■Stern-poft of about three Inches through, and of the
Vol. XXXIII. P p toughed

( 264 )

to ugh eft Wood that can be found, into which the Ends
of the Cedar Clap- boards are nailed, cut off fmooth
above the Cuddee, without fo much as Shattering the
Boat, or drawing the Nails of the Clap-boards. An Oar
has been cut off with a Stroke upwards, and yet not fo
much as lifted up out of the Thole-Pin. One Perfon
had an Oar cut off, while in his Hand, and yet never
felt any Jarring.

A few Years fince, one of the Finback Whales came
into an Harbour near Cafe-Cod , and tow’d away a Sloop
of near forty Tun, out oftheHarbour into the Sea. This
Accident happened thus : It is thought the Whale was
rubbing herfelf upon the Fluke of the Anchor, or going
near the Bottom, got the Fluke into her Nifket, or the
Orihce of the Uterus, and, finding herfelf caught, tore*
.away with fuch Violence, and tow’d the Sloop out of
the Harbour, as faft as if Ihe had been under Sail with
a good Gale of Wind, to the Aftonilhmentof the People
on Shore, for there was nobody on board. When the
Whale came into deep Water, Ihe went under, and. had
like to have carried the Sloop with her, but the Cable
gave Way, and fo the Boats that were out after her, re-
cover’d it. This Whale was found dead fome Days
after on that Shore* with the Anchor ftickin^ in her
Belly. '

After a Whale is dead, it has been obferved, that the
fame way the Head lies, fo the Head will lie if not for-
cibly turned, and let the Wind blow which Way it
will, that Way they will fcull a Head, tho* right in the
Eye cf the Wind, and they are much eafier tow’d to
the Shore, if they die that Way with their Head, than
any other.

9. The Enemies of the Whale, or the Filli that prey
upon the Whales, and often kill the young ones, for
they won’t venture upon an old one,unlefs much wounded.

Our

C 2<?5 )

Oar Whale-men have given this Fifti the Name of Kil-
lers. Thefe Killers are from twenty to thirty Feet long,
and have Teeth in both Jaws that lock one within ano-
ther. He has a Fin, near the Middle of his Back, four
or five Foot long. They go in Company by Dozen?,
and fet upon a young Whale, and will bait him like fo
many Bull-dogs ; fome will lay hold of his Tail to keep
him from threlhing, while others lay hold of his Head,
and bite and threfh him, till the poor Creature, being
thus heated, lolls out his Tongue, and then fome of the
Killers catch hold of his Lips, and if poflible of his
Tongue ; and after they have killed him, they .chiefly
deed upon the Tongue and Head, but when he begins to
putrify, they leave him. This Killer is without doubt
the Orca, that Dr. Frangius defcribes in hisTrcatife of
Animals. His Words are thefe, Quandt) Orca infe-
quitur Balanam,ipfa Balana horibilem edit Mugitum,
non dliter quam cum Taurus mordetur a Cane. Thefe
Killers are of fuch invincible Strength, that when fe-
veral Boats together have been towing a dead Whale, one
of them has come and faldened his Teeth in her, and
carried her away down to the Battomin anlnftant. And
fometimes again, they have bit out a Piece of Blubber
of about two Foot fquare, which is of that Toughnefs,
that an Iron, with little Beards being ffruck into it, will
hold it till it draws the Boat under Water. The Killers
are fometimes taken, and make good Oil, but have no
Whale-bone. The Carcafes, or Bodies of dead Whales
in the Sea, ferve for Food for Gulh, and other Sea-
Fowl, as well as Sharks, for they are not very
nice.

* I come now to what I firTt and principally propofed,
in this ElTay on the Natural Hiftory of Whales, to give

P p i

* Of Ambergris .

an

( i66 )

.an Account of the Ambergris. Many and various
iiave been the Opinions even of the learned World as
to die Origin and Nature of this precious Perfume*
fome have reckoned it a Bitumen, , and to ifluefrom the
hn rink of the Earth j others, that it was produced from
fome infed, as Honey, Silk, (Sc. The famous Mr.
Boyte, as I find it, m the Second Volume of Low-
thorf s Abridgment of the Tbilofofhical Tran factions
communicates an Account of Ambergris, from a
Dutch Merchant, who firfi denies it to be the Scum
or Excrement of a Whale, and then gives it, as his Opi-
nion, that it is a fat Gum that iffues from the Root of a
Tree, and that you may raife it in Quantities by plant-
ing thofe Trees by the Shore, and fo the Stream will
call it up to great Ad vantage. But Truth is the Daughter
of Time ; it is now at Length found out, that this Oc-
cult urn Nature is an Animal Production, and bred in
the Body of the Sferma Ceti Whale, analogous to what
is found in fome Animals of the Land, as the Mufk Hog
or Taiacu , the Mufk Deer, the Bezoar Sheep, and fome
Amphibious Animals, as theMufquafh, &c. who have
their valuable Scent in a particular Cyjlis or Big. I am
apt to think, that which firfi: gave Occafion to the No-
tion of Ambergris being the Production of the Whale,
was becaufe it was found in confiderable Quantities oil
the Shores of the Summer Iflands, and among the Ba-
hama’s, where the dead Whales are frequently wreck’d
and broke up with the Sea, and the Ambergris found
floating, or on the Shore j but here again, the Ingenious,
until very lately, were at a Lofs, and divided in Opi-
nion, for tho’ they agreed it to come from the Whale,
yet fome took it to be the true and proper Semen. , being
found only in the Bull, at the Root of the Bents, near
me Pedicles ^ others again thought it was the Ordure or
Excrement of the Whale.

5

The

( 16? )

The bed and mod exad Account of Ambergris,
that! have been able ro procure (and I may truly fay,

I have taken a great deal of Pains for it) I very lately re-
ceived from one Mr. Atkins, now an Inhabitant at
Rofion in New England , who ufed the Whale Fifhery,
for ten or twelve Years together, and was one of thefirft
that went out a fi filing for the Sperma Ceti Whales,
about the Year 1720, and then began to difcover the
Ambergris •, and being a fober ingenious Man, what
he fays may fafely be depended on:, tho’, for Subdance,
I have had it from feveral of the Whale-men.

His Relation, which was taken a few Days fincefrom
his own Mouth, is as follows :

The Ambergris is found only in the Sperma Cetz
“ Whales, and confids of Balls or globular Bodies, ofva-
“ rious Sizes, from about three Inches to twelve Inches
“ Diameter, and will weigh from a Pound and an Half
“ to twenty two Pounds, lying loofe in a large oval
“ Bag or Bladder of three or four Foot long, and two
“ or three Foot deep and wide, a I mod in the Form of
« an Ox's Bladder, only the Ends more acute, or like
« a Blackfmith’s long Bellows, with a Spout running
“ tapering into and thro’ the Length of the Penis, and
“ a Duel, or Canal, opening into the other End of the
« Bag, and coming from towards the Kidneys 5, this Bag
<• lies jud over the Tedicles, which are above a Foot
“ long, and is placed lengthways at the Root of the
“ ‘Penis, about four or five Foot below the Navel, and
<c three or four above the Amts . This Bag or Bladder
“ isalmod full of a deep Orange colour’d Liquor, not
“ quite fo thick as Oil, and fmelling drong, or rather
u dronger of the fame Scent with the Balls of Amber-
“ gris, which float and fwim loofe in it ; the Inflde of
« the Bag is very deeply tinged with the fame Colour
“ as the Liquor, which may alfo be found in the Canal

“ of

( 2*8 )

of the P enis ; the Balls feem to be pretty hard while
tc the Whale is alive, inafmuch as there are many Times
found, upon opening the Bag, large concave Shelves,
of the fame Subfiance and Confidence, that have fcaled
off from them, and the Balls themfelves leem to be
compofed of feveral didind Coats inclofing one ano-
“ ther, fomething like the Coats of an Onion.

As ro the IN umber of Balls, Mr. Atkins never found
above four Balls in a Bag, and in the Big where he
found one that weighed twenty one Pounds, which was
the larged he ever faw, there was no other in the Bag
but that. 6

He further fays, “ That to one Spernta Ceti Whale
“ that has any ofthefe Bills, there are two, that have
“ nothing but the deep Orange-colour’d Liquor afore*
tc faid in their Bags.” This Remark confirms what a-
nother Whale-man told me, “ that the Ambergris was
« found only in fuch Sferma Ceti Whales as are old and
« well grown.” It is the general Opinion of the Whale-
men, that the Ambergris is produced only by the Male
or the Bull Sperma Ceti Whale. As to this Particular,
Mr. Atkins fays, “ He never faw, nor certainly heard
“ of a Sferma Ceti Female taken in his Life, the Cows
“ of that Species of Whales being much more timorous
cc than the Males, and almod lmpofiibleto be come at,
6C unlefs when haply found afleep on the Water, or de-
“ tained by their Calves.” This is certain, the Boats
can never come near them, when they are awake, they
are fo very fhy and fearful.

Mr. Atkins's Method of getting the Ambergris out of
the Whale was thus • after the Fifh is killed, he turns
the Belly upwards, and fixes a Tackle to the 'Penis ,
then cuts a Hole round the Root of the Penis , through
the Rim of the Belly, till he comes to the Entrails, and
then fearching for the Dud or Canal at the further End

of

( 2 6? )

of the Big, he ties it pretty near to the Bag, and cuts
the Dad off beyond it, upon which he draws forth the
Terns by the Tail, and the Ambergris Bag, entirely
follows it, and comes clean and whole oat of the Belly.

* A very worthy Divine, and one of my intimate Ac-
quaintance, in a neighbouring Town, who took the pre-
ceding Relation from Mr. Atkins , apprehends the Bag
aforefaid to be the urinary Bladder, and the Amber-
gris Ball to be a certain Concretion, formed out of the
greafy odoriferous Subffance of the Liquor aforefaid
contained within it. As for my own Part, I dare not
pretend to give any Opinion upon the Point, but content
myfelf with relating Matter of Fad.

I doubt not but that, in Procefs of Time, fome far-
ther Particulars may be procured with refped to Amber-'
gris, and 1 fhall be proud to tranfmit them; in the mean
Time I hope the Society will accept of this fird Effiy,
and allow my poor Country the Honour of difcovering,
or at lead afcertaining the Origin, and Nature of Am-
bergris.

1 cannot conclude this Hidory of Whales, without
acknowledging that I have been much affided herein by
the Reverend Mr. Greenleafe of Yarmouth , near Cape -
Cod, and Mr. J. Coffin, i ometime of the Bland of Nan-
tucket, both of them Places famous for the Whale.
Fifhery.

* Tbt Reverend Mr, Prince of Bolton.

III. An

( 170 )

■« 1,1 ' "■ -

III. An Enquiry into a DifcoVery , / aid to have been
made by Signor Valfalva of Bologna, of an Ex-
cretory T>uH from the Glandula Renalis to the
Epididymis. ©) Mr, John Ranby, Surgeon ,
F. (^. S.

THE late learned Signor Valfalva having fome Time
ago difcover’d a VeffeJ, which he took to be an
Excretory Dad going from the Glandula Renalis , to
the Epididymis in Men, and the Ovarium in Women;
an Account whereof was publ idl’d in the Giorn. de Lit-
ter at i, 1719. and afterwards inferted into the Rhilojo-
phical Tranfatfions N°385* I lately procur’d a hu-
man Body, in order to fearch for it, which I did with
all the Diligence I was capable of. I was not fo happy
as to difcover any Dud of this Kind, but, having injeded
the Aorta , I found the Arteries going to the Glandula
Renales difpos’d, as hath been represented according to
the Life, in the annexed Figure. Now whether that
Branch of the Artery, which from the Glandula Renales
goes down on both Sides towards the Tefticles, without
fupplying any of the neighbouring Parts, might not have
been miftaken by the abovementioned learned Anatomift
for an Excretory Dud, all Arteries being generally in
dead Bodies free from Blood, and of a whitilh Colour,
I will not prefume at prefent to determine, for Want of
farther Experiments.

*

e . ...

IV. An

\

/

( Vi )

EXPLANATION.

Fig. VI.

A A The right Kidney i

B B The left Kidney.

C C The defcending Trunk of the Aorta.

D The right emulgent Artery.

E. The left emulgent Artery.

F The right Glandula Renalis.

G G The right fpermatick Artery.

H The left Glandula Renalis.

I I The left fpermatick Artery.

K K The Ureters.

a a Afmall Artery arifing out of the defcendingTrunk
of the Aorta y a little above the right emulgent Artery.
It fends two Branches b b upwards to fupply the right
Glandula Renalis . A third Branch c c goes downwards
towards the right fpermatick Artery G G, and then far-
ther in Company with the fame to the right Tefticle.

d d A fmall Artery arifing out of the left emulgent
Artery, near the defcending Trunk of the Aorta? and
going dire&ly upwards to the left Glandula Renalis H.

e e A fmall Artery arifing out of the defcending
Trunk of the Aorta , a little below the left emulgent
Artery. It divides into two Branches, one whereof ff
goes upwards between the emulgent Artery and Vein
to the left Glandula Renalis , the other gg downwards,
towards the left fpermatick Artery, and in Company with
the fame to the left Tefticle.

CLq

Vox. XXXIII.

IV. An

( i/i )

A ( i T / 'Jt * i *;

• yJl V,./ 1

IV* Aft Account of (i Saak entituled \ Piodrom us
Cryftallographiae. De Cryftallis improprie
fic ditSlis Commentarium. A Mauricio An-
tonio Cappeler, M. D. &c Centumviio Lu-
cernenfi. Lucernae 1715. 40. ®y J. Q,
Scheuchzer, M. D. Coll. Med. Lond. Lie. % S. S.

\ r \ *

THE Author of this Treatife takes notice in the
Preface, that it is only a final! Part of a larger
Work, which he promis’d the Publick fome Years ago,
under the Title of Cryftallographia, and hath now
almoft ready for the Prefs. This greater Work,, as he
intimates at the Glofe of this Difcourfe, is to conlift of
three Parts, the firfl of which contains the Definition
of Cry dal, with the Synonyms given it by feveral
Authors both ancient and modern, and an Account of
its Properties, Figure, Pellucidity, fpecifick Gravity, and
Bignefs ^ as alfo the Place of its Growth, chiefly in re-
gard to Swijferland , the mod plentiful Country in
Europe , as to this Sort of natural Productions • the
Signs, whereby hidden Cry dal Mines may be difco-
ver’d, and the Way of working them. In the fecond
Part will be examined the Opinions of feveral Natural
Hidorians, about the Origin of Crydal, and the Au-
thor’s own edabli fil’d and prov’d. In the third Part will
be fhewn the Ufes of Chryftal, both Physical and Me-
chanical, and fome few Hints given, relatingto thejud
Value the World has at all Times put upon this beauti-
ful Production of Nature.

2

The

( 273 )

The Author divides this prefent EiTay into two Parts,
viz. a ftiort Commentary upon the Cryft alios , as he calls
them, tmproprie fic dittos^ in the firit ; and an Account
of fuch as he found mentioned in feveral Authors, with
a Redudion of them under certain Heads, in the fecond.
Cryftalli imjprofrie fic ditti^ according to the Au-
thor's Definition, are fuch Bodies, either Stones, Metals,
or Salts, as have any Refemblance with the true Cry-
ftal either, as to their multangular, regular, or irre-
gular Figure, or as to their Pellucidity, or any other
of its effential Properties. As the Number of thefe
Bodies is very extenfive, fo an exad Enquiry into them
cannot but be both ufeful and agreeable. I juft now
obferved, that the Cryfialli improprie fic ditti are
taken out of Stones, Metals, and Salts. To the firft
belong amongft otherThings fuch precious Stones, as, in
all Probability, have their certain, determined Cryftal
like Figures, as Diamonds, Amethyfts, &c. To the fe-
cond belong all Sorts of *Pyrita, as alfo the Growth of
Silver, and other Metals, in Form of Trees, or other
Things. By the third are underftood all Chyrnical Pre-
parations of Salts, and faline Bodies, the Figure of
which is, generally fpeaking, more accurate, than in any
of the two former. Several Authors of Note have en-
deavour’d to explain how, Cryftallifation is perform’d,
or how it comes, that certain Subftances fhoot into
Cryftals. Dr. Capfeler mentions the Hypothefis of
the learned Gulielminus , and that of a late Swedifb
Author, Swedenbergh ; and though he feems more to
favour the latter, than he doth the former ; yet he
thinks, that they are both liable to Exceptions. But
whatever the Caufe or Method of Cryftallifation be,
our Author takes it for granted, that three Things are
abfolutely requir’d for it, viz. Salt7 which muft al-

d q 2, ways

( 274 )

ways be an Acid, as is evident by Chymical Experi-
ments, and the very lade of faline Crydals, IVater
and Earth. Crydailifation, as far as can be guefs’d by
Chymical Obfervations, is perform’d thus: Particles
of certain determined Shapes, fwiraming in a Fluid of a
certain Confidence, are, either by the intedine Motion
of this Fluid, ,or by the Motion of the Air, fupoofed
to circulate perpetually through its Pores, or by feme
other Caufe, brought together, fo as to form larger Bo-
dies of a Figure proportionable both to the Degree of
tmpulfion, and the primitive Shape of the condituent
Parts, or determined by thefe two Things. This Aft
of Crydailifation, though uniform-, as- to the Union
of Particles confider’d in itfelf, .is yet obferved to be'
very different, and to have different Effete, with re-
fped to the different Nature of the Fluid, in which
Cryflals are formed,, and the Degree of Perfection, to
which they ar-e brought. Our Author mentions fix dif-
ferent Kinds of Cryftallifation, each of which, he in-
tends to explain more fully in his larger Work. The
fird Sort of Cryftallifation, which hath been examin’d
with a great deal of Accuracy by Gulte ItHtnus , is per-
formed in an aqueous Fluid, wherein faline Particles-
have been dilfglved, boil’d to a certain Degree of Con-
fidence, commonly that of a thin E elite u la covering*
its Surface. This aqueous Fluid mud be afterwards
repos d. in a cool -Place, that the faline Particles contain'd '
in, it may form themfelves into Crydals, which is done
in more or lefsTime, according to the different Nature
both of the Fluid and Salts. All Chymical Prepara-
tions of Salts, the Origin of precious Stones, and ©f the
Crydal itfelf, belong to this firftKind. Our Author
oblerved, that in the Spiritas aperitivus Glauberi , <
(which is a Preparation of Oner. Clave ll. p. ii. & Sal*

Armon.

( try )

Armon. p. i.) after a Year’s Handing, form’d themfelves
artificial Cryflals, in Figure and Pellucidity exadly
like the true lexangular Cryftal, and pointed on both'
Sides. The fecond Kind of Cryflallifation differs from
the firft only in this, that it is performed not in a thin,
pellucid, aqueous Fluid, but between thick, mineral,
or metallical Mixtures, corroded by acid Salts in the
Bowels of the Earth. The third Sort is of a middle
Kind between the firft, and a Coagulation, viz,, when
the Fluid, in which Salts have been diffolved, is, by
degrees, entirely evaporated. This Way of Cryftalli-
fation is more proper for difcovering the primitive Shapes
offaline Particles. Our Author hath examined feveral
Salts, both Mineral and Vegetable, and feveral Chymi-
cal Preparations after this Manner, and hath given us
their Figures, as they appear’d to him under a good
Microfcopef in two Tables annexed to this Treatrfe.
The fourth Sort of Cryflallifation is perform ’din a ftill
thinner Fluid than Water is, or in the Air j the Subli-
mations of the Chymifts, the Diftillation of volatile
Salts j Snow, whofe wonderful Figure hath been thought
worthy the Amufement of feveral eminent Men ; Hii),
which is again of very different Shapes- Frofl, and
that admirable Variety of Trees, Landfkips, and other
inimitable Figures, which, in veryfrofty Weather, ap-
pear upon Glafs-Windows, or other pellucid Bodies,
muft be all reduced to this fourth Sort. The fifth Sort
of Cryflallifation is perform’d upon the Surface of 'a
thicker Fluid, as Water, between that and a thinner
one, as Air ^ of this Kind is chiefly Ice. Thefixth and
laft Sort of Cryflallifation, mention’d by our Author
differs from all the former, in that it. is perform’d nei-
ther by the Rife of Vapours, nor by the repofing of any
Fluid, but ory the. contrary in a Fluid, which°is in a
perpetual Motion. .That Sort of icy Concretions, which

is.

{ 176 )

is obferv’d near fwift running Waters, and is commonly
very porous, not unlike the Tophus, and the ftony
Concretions in fubterranean Cavities, call’d Stalaftit
belong to this laft Sort. Thus far what is contained in
the firfi: Part,

The fecond gives an Account of fuch Cry ft alii im-
froftrie ftc diffi, or Cryftalline Bodies, which are not
properly Cryftals, as have been mentioned by feveral
Natural Hiftorians both ancient and modern. The Au-
thor diftributed them into the following Gaffes, each
of which comprehends Stones, Metals and Salts.

Corpora Cryftallifata, qua; improprie Cryftalli vocantur.

Claff. I. Globofa, rotundata 6c fphaeroidea.

II. Conica, Conoidea 6c fufiformia.

III. Cylindrica, folida aut tubulata.

IV. Pyramidalia & cuneiformia.

V. Prifmatica, Parallelepipeda, Rhomboidea,

Trapezoidea.

VI. Polyedrica, 6c Polygona, regularia 6c mi-
nus regularia.

. — VII. Racemofa, Arbufculorum in modum, 6c

filainentofa, filorum, aut capillorum inftar
nafcentia 6c ftriatim contexta.

— — VIII. Cruftis, fquamis, lamellifque contexta,
fine, vel cum figura propria.

„ IX. Corpora, quorum cum Cryftalloaffinitas in
pelluciditate potiffimum confiftit, figura eorum
native, vel incerta vel nondum perfpe&a.

FINIS.

\

\

Numb. j88-

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

For the Months of May and June, 1725.

The CONTENT S.

I. A Biffertation concerning the Figure of the Earth.
Tart the Second. By the (Reverend J. T. De-
faguliers, LL. T>. F. % S.

II . J Catalogue of the 50 Tlants, from Chelfea
Garden , prefented to the Royal Society, for the
Year 1724. by the Company of Apothecaries , pur-
fuant to the Viretlion of Sir Hans Sloane Bart.
Tr. Coll Med. S. ([{■ V. Tr. By Mr. Ifaac Rand,
apothecary , F. R. S.

III. ObferVations concerning the Height of the Baro-
meter, at different Elevations above the Surface of
the Earth , m a Letter to the Tublijher from the
Learned T)r. Nettleton.

IV. Experimentum in Argenti-Fodina Salana,
circa afcenfum Mercurii in Barometro, in-
ftitutum. Per Andr. Celfium. Ex Actis Li-
terariis Sueciae Ann, 1724. Trimeftr. IV.

.

• )*.

; <J . i / L a, ' '• . : .

X .j$ .1 .C[ ;A.\ <zmUl} i;l

. : .2 .'■■"* v • ,'x .

..■■■■. ■ t :

**‘tV . vtfl.V.O Z\ i A I t^L

' ' • ' ’ > - ! ■ ; .

•; ' • . i ) -.a

•’ A • "A A, •[.; '■ t* .. :: C \x*(A 'A

; A\ *• 1 i . U fc ,*• •*•

.::orArjA/l aCl tainiuA

; . ;r •. \ . n :jj;; :r.r;4i /A„ •/ ;
Vj.i'Qtili ik ii : uDi j's < iriuUtm:* ld-Id
•hi- ■ j \ xjf J .Auk .rmmrjf:

.Y: A i i C TAOOiJ? r ’nr/m

( 277 )

I. A Differtation concerning the Figure of the Earth .
(Part the Second. (By the (Reverend J. T. De-

faguliers, LL, D. F. % S.

SINCE my * Paper concerning the Figure of the
Earth was read before the Royal Society, I met
with a DiiTertation of Monf. Mairan (in the Memoirs
of the Royal Academy of Tar is, for the Year 172,0.)
wherein the learned and ingenious Author has taken a
great deal of Pains to reconcile the Obfervations made
on Pendulums, (found to befhorterat the ./Equator than
at Tar is , when they fwing Seconds) with the oblong
fpheroidical Figure of the Earth, deduced from Monf.
Cajjmis Meafures. And tho’ upon a ftrid Examination
of his Conje&ures, and what he gives for Demonftra-
tions, I do not find Reafon to alter my Opinion con-
cerning the oblate or flatted Spheroid, which Sir Ijaac
Newt on has fhewn to be the Figure of the Earth ; yet
fince it might be thought by fome, who have read MonC
Mairan' $ Treatife, and afterwards may read mine, that
I have not confider’d all the Circumftances that He has
done, and that I have not been exad enough in the Ma-
thematical Part of my Differtation, becaufe I have drawn
fome Conclulions from fuppofmgthe Figure of the Earth
fpherical, when I (hould have fuppos’d it an oblong
Spheroid ^ I beg Leave to fhew here, wherein I think
Monf. Mairan is miftaken, and to give thofe additional
Proofs of my Affertions, which I promis’d the Society
when I gave in my laft Paper.

* Vid. Philof. Tranf. N9, 386, 387 .

Vol. XXXIII. R r

Firffc

( 178 )

* t

Firft then I begin with the Conje&ures.

Monf. Mairan fay?, that it is as reafonable tofuppofe
the Earth (if it was once fluid) to have been an -oblong
Spheroid at firft, as a Sphere:, and that, in fuch a Cafe,
the Centrifugal Force of the feveral Parts of the Earth,
arifing from its Revolution about its Axis, which might
convert a Sphere into an oblate Spheroid, wou’d only
change an oblong Spheroid into one lefs oblong.

If the Earth was at firft’ a Fluid, (fuppofed ho-
mogeneous, and of any given Form,) and left to
thofe Laws, which we find to obtain at prefent} it muft
put on a fpherical Figure, for the fame Reafon that
Drops of Mercury, of Water, and other Fluids, put on
fuch a Figure. And to fuppofe any Change made in
that Figure from the Prefture of an external Fluid, filling
up all Space, is contrary to what has been demonftrated
by Sir I faac Newton in his Trincipia Lib . %. Prop. if,
where he ftiews, That if any Portion of a Fluid be
comprefs'd by the fame or any other homogeneous
Fluids that Portion will not have its Figure alter'd
by that Prejfure .

And indeed we fee, that in the Receiver of the Air-
Pump, Lumps of Butter, coagulated Oil, or Honey,
Drops of Quickfilver or Water, &c. have the fame Fi-
gure, whether the Prefiure of the Air a&s upon them,
or be taken off by exhaufting the Receiver.

That a fluid Subftance, of any Figure, will by the
Gravity of its Parts become fpherical, is plain by the foF
lowing

DEMONSTRATION. Fig. Ir

Let A B C D E be a Portion of an homogeneous Fluid,
whefe Parts tend towards one another, and whofe Figure

is

( *79 )

as A OF1 rnCal‘i 'fiin fu,dl a Fluid we fuPPofe a Syphon
^,,C (°r whlch » the fame thing, if all the Fluid

lhou d be frozen, except the Canal A rrr\ i r V U1“

A C and CE are unea.nl A whofe Legs

come down as far as ? in the lJ CF r ^

equal to A C. But if the L e? A C %PF’ '!pp0II,nS c£
as c, then the Fluid will nnli ^ bj en3t!iened asfjr

all over the Fluid ABDE- tlm^lu idT7 ^ ruppos’d

Tendency of its Parts tm.ro a U1^» ^7 tne mutual

reduc’d to the fpherical Figure 1 'u^ be
be demonfir at ed. ® e* Which was to

» *»v » w»s

Mairan fuppofe it at prefent to h / ?*Jl*** and

the Earth be fuppos’d fluid “ “fc [f “ <«* a Cafe

by the RevolutmTabLtlts Al- wtT

when the Equatorial Diameter e ’ ^ fllouW u %>

pdth Part of the Length of the Axis? r° Want Juft one
aft upon it to fcorren its Axis, viz GrZiN° P j"?8
Centrifugal Force , the firft of whtch h< }’ the
Ihewn capable to reduce it to a <?„?, 1 aiready been

ftgal Force is acknow dged by fe ^ *e Centri-
(as Sir Ifaac Newton hfl he

equal to part of the Gravity there ‘ V^6 ^cluator
Alteration of Fis„re teou-J U^Ke ,t

f “ Earth

( 280 )

Earth came to be a Sphere ; nay, and it muft have ri-
fen at the Equator and how much, 1 have already

{hewn in my former Paper.

Again, 1 f we fuppofe the Earth of an heterogeneous

Fluid, before the diurnal Revolution, the heavieft Parts
wou’d go towards the Center, and the lighter towards
the Surface-, and that Way the Terraqueous Globe
wou’d alfo become a Sphere, Then if, when the Cen-
tral Parts are fix’d, and the fuperficial Strata are lull
fluid, the Earth receives a diurnal Motion ; it will rife
at the Equatorial Parts, and that to a greater Height
than what I have (hewn in my former Paper, where I
fuppos’d the Earth of uniform Matter. And that fome-
thing like this muft be the Cafe,_ appears from what
Sir Ifaac Newton has faid upon this Subjeft. For after
having (hewn, from fuppofing the Earth of uniform Mat-
ter that the Centrifugal Force of all its Parts won d
bring it to be i7i Engtijb Miles higher at die Equator
than at the Poles, and after having given i a Table of the
proportionable Decreafe of the Length of the Degrees o
a Meridian of the Earth, going from the Poles to the
Equator in fuch a Figure of the Earth, with the

Lengths that Pendulums muft have to fwing Seconds

“n feveral Latitudes :,from a Comparifon of the Lengths
of Pendulums (obferv’d by different Perfons to be flaorter
towards the Equator, than in greater Latitudes (when
they fwing Seconds) he (hews that the Earth muft be
,■1-2 Miles higher at the Equator man at the Pol ,
and therefore that it muft be denfer towards the Central
thanthe Superficial Parts to produce a flatted Spheroid,
where the Equatorial Diameter mutt exceed the Axis lo
much more ^ that ts, be longer fomething more than

TITLaftl'v let us fuppofe the Earth, at its firft Creation,
t0 iVaTe been made o^Land and Water, the hrft as fol.d.

ii i a ic fluid as it is now, but of Monf. Cajfini s
and the laft as ^ • the Confequence. Since in that
Figure, and » , ^r than the Equatorial

Figure the Axi _ ,z fo fflUch greater at the

Diameter^ the Gravity ^ ^ Wat£rs wiU aU flow

andI linVvefywPel!: awK* be objected by fudi

38 dSir "l^N^oTsTrSci^^ have not read
read Sir ljaac « That 1 have not ar-

« au rffeS '^drawing Confequences from a greater
gued tair y than at the Poles, in an ob-

“ £ntVSaheroW fbecaufe Monf. Matran has (hewn,

Sr* £» . - to 1 “r'd-

s“ ssssstxt

a|»«. 7 ,:f & cL°f

Curvature drawn into the Perpendicular to the Curve, ,
terminated at the Axis ; let us confider what will follow

ftTLet uSnfoppofe the Earth at nrft in a fluid
State- A A the Axis, M the Equatorial Diameter a A U
Ray of Curvature, in another, and ^Ctwo Lines

* Fig. II*

of

by the Axis at c and! C • ani d<Z A r ’ intercePte<1
Canals of the Fluid gravitating A J tW0 Tubes or
nicatingatC. I fay that ^.tovvar^s’ and comma-
Principles of Gravity the t0 ^onf‘ Mairan’s

■•"s ^oidici

: Is to the Gravity at tf:: As A wr Gra™r at<*

it will follow (from the Nature of the^IlTnfe/t! X, V*
Gravity at A : will be m th* n • ^UlPle) that the

to dd and therefore the Fo S’S* ^ 7 A A ^ :
lumns of Fluid A C and d C rend !■’ ] wblch t,le Co-

their Malles drawn into the C’ WlJ1 be as

that is, as A C x A odJ r 5 drmnS “wards C,

Principles of Hydroftaticks ;► j, X A' . ^ow bf tke

in the Cam I A hTl? evldent th« the Fluid
m rue^anat A C, will caule the Fluid in rl,„ r-

to run out at d as Ion? as AC y m" Canal d C

dCxdO: And if the Canal cA° ^7 than

to the Surface of the F u id fn A C liT <Iuite

whilft the Surface of the F " j 7 .'Vl11 fink » «,

which Cafe as * C = C / the IW a fa ■ uP t0 ^ in

“nCf t ww ebA

ssa a krjf' Vs ^

rc^iK's^oi-'rSi11 ^ =

ufe of Sir Ifaac Newton's Principles in this R 7f m.ake
we fliall alfo Ihew, that an „S r i ;afomn&

,he

d--:AsVcd: ^AU 7

* Fig. II.

NB. Afe/v

( 283 )

NB. Here we have fuppos'd no diurnal Revolution, ,
for as foon as that begins , the Centrifugal Force will
raife the A Equatorial Farts , and change the Sphere
into a flatted Spheroid \ as has been before Jhewn, and
is allow'd by Monf Mairan.

Now ifwe fuppofe the fame Figure of the Earth, but
the Land (at its firft Creation) as firm as it is now * it
will in that Cafe follow from Monf. Mairan's Prin-
ciples, that the Sea muft rife and overflow all the JEqua-
torial Regions, tho’ the Earth had no diurnal Revolution-
and much more fo3 when the Centrifugal Force, ariling
from the diurnal Motion, helps to carry the Water the
fame Way.

DEMONS TR AT ION.

Let P a P y£ * reprefentthe Plane of a Meridian, P P
the Axis of the Earth (fuppos’d an oblong Spheroid)
a JE the Diameter of the ^Equator, d e a a Part of the
Surface of the Earth, a A and e B two Perpendiculars to
the Surface of the Earth ( which are here two Rays of
Curvature)/* the Surface of the Sea, and f deg, baac

two Cylinders of Sea-Water of equal Bafes and equal
Heights.

Since Gravity ads on the two equal Columns of Wa-
ter b ac a, fdeg in the reciprocal Ratio of the Ray
of Curvature (at the refpeftive Places of the Columns)
drawn into that Part of it which Monf. Mairan calls
the Line of Tendency, (that is, in the Ratio of B x
e Z to a A x a C) the Weight of/* : will be to the
Weight of b a : : As a A x a C : to e B x e Z. There-
fore if there be a Communication between the fluid Co-

* Fig. hi.

lumns

( *84 )

lumns/V and b a, there cannot be an ALquilihrium, till
the Quantity of Matter in fe , becomes to the Quan-
tity of Matter in b a, reciprocally as the Gravity at the
Place a is to the Gravity at e and in that Cafe the
Height g e will be reduc’d to k e, if k e : c a : : e B x
e Z : a Ax C. And confequently the Surface of
the Sea will go thro’ the Points i k b c, where b c under
the /Equator is higher than i k towards the Poles,
6KE.T).

NB. That the Centrifugal Force will fill add to the
Height of the Sea at b c, is plain from what we
have faid before. And if we apply thefe ‘Prin-
ciples to determine the differ eut Lengths of Pen-
dulums, fwinging Seconds at Paris and at the Al-
quator } from the Gravity at Paris, compar’d to the
Gravity at the JEquator (in this Suppoftion of
the APtion of Gravity and Figure of the Earth') a
Pendulum muf be jhorter at the ALquator by more
than io Lines , without confi dering the Centrifugal
Force \ and if the Centrifugal Force be taken into
Confederation , the P endulums muft be fhortened
near a whole Inch. But this being about five Times
more than agrees with Ob few at ion ; what proves
too much , proves nothing at all.

Having thus (hewn, that Monf. Mairari s Account
of the A&ion of Gravity, on feveral Places upon the
Earth’s Surface, can be of no Service for reconciling the
Experiments made on Pendulums,, with the Figure of
the Earth deduc’d from Monf. Cafifinfe Meafures : I
proceed to fhew that his Demonftrations are founded up-
on wrong Principles, And firft, in Relation to Gravity.

This Gentleman has follow’d Sir Ifeaac Newton , in
faying, that Gravity increafes in a duplicate reciprocal

a Pro-

( 285 )

Proportion of the diminifh’d Diftance from the Center
of the Force, and fo vice versa j but he has follow’d
Sir Ifaac Newton no farther than ferv’d his prefentPur-
pofe; other wife hewou’d have known. — Thatinrefped
to a Central Body (as a Planet) towards which others
are (attracted or) impell’d by Gravity, this Law ob-
tains only, as Bodies attraded, are remov’d from the Sur-
face of the Planet, to greater Diftancesfrom the Center
compar’d with that Diftance ; or as from greater Di-
ftances they approach nearer to the Planet. —.That the
greateft Adion of Gravity is at the Surface of the Pla-
net.— That afterwards in advancing towards the Center,
the Force of Gravity, on the Body attraded, continually
grows lefs, decreafing diredly as the Diftance ; and that
this holds true in a Spheroid as well as a Sphere. — That
on different Parts of the Surface of the Earth (in the
Condition it is now) the Gravity on Bodies is recipro-
cally as their Diftance from the Center of the Earth.

That though at a confiderable Diftance we look upon
the Earth, or any Planet, or even the Sun, as a Point
(in the Center of the Forces tending towards it) endued
with an abfolute Force, proportional to its Quantity of
Matter ; yet when we come fo near the Body as to
confider the Space it takes up, we are to take notice,
that the whole Attradion or Gravity of the Body, is
made up of the Sum of the Attradion of all its Parts pro-
perly combin’d , and therefore, that when a Corpufcle,
or Body attraded, comes to be within the Planet, or
Body attrading, the Matter above it draws it back in
fuch a Manner, that it leaves it only a Force to go on to-
wards the Center, which is diredly as the Diftance as
we have already Laid j juft as if a Body concentric to the
Planet (whether fpherical or fpheroidical) had its Sur-
face juft where the Corpufcle is, and all the exterior
Cruft or Shell was annihilated.

VouXXXlII. Sf T ft,.

( i8 6 )

I do not doubt but Monf. Mairan will be of this
Opinion, when he has carefully and impartially examin’d
the ixth and 13th Sections of the Firft Book of Sir /-
faac Newton'* Trincipia,\n& the 1 8 th, 19 th, and 20th
Trof. of the Third Book. And if he will be at the
Pains to compare the 38th and 39th Tropoftion of the
Third Book with the 66th of the Firft, he will hnd
that the Preceflion of the ./Equinoxes is owing to the
broad fpheroidical Figure of the Earth ; and that if it
had Monf. Caffini's Figure, the .Equinodial Points wou’d
move in Confequentia fafter than they do now in An-
tecedents.

Further, Monf. Mairan demonftrates, that in an ob-
long Spheroid, the Diminution of Gravity, by the Cen-
trifugal Force, encreafes fafter in going from the Poles
to the ./Equator, than it wou’d do in a Sphere, and fafter
in a Sphere than it wou’d do in a broad Spheroid ; and
therefore wou’d fhew, w That notwithftanding the Sur-
“ face of the Earth is nearer to the Center in Mov\[.Caf
“ Jini's Figure than in Sir I faac Newton' s, yet the
“ Centrifugal Force will dimimfh the Gravity fo faftin
u going from Tar is to the ./Equator, that the fhortening
“ of Pendulums, to make them fwing Seconds at the
<• ./Equator, may very well be accounted for that Way.”

Now let us examine into this Matter, to fee whether
the Caufe is adequate to the Effe<ft.

If the Diftance from the Surface of the Earth at the
Pole to the Center be 96, and the Diftance of the Sur-
face at the .Equator be 95*, the Diftance of the Surface
at Taris , in the Latitude of 48° 5c/, will be 95-, 562, &c.
by the Property of the. EllipFe. Now lince the Force
of Gravity, in different Places on the Earth’s Surface, is
reciprocally as the Diftance from the Center, and the
Lengths of Pendulums, that perform their Vibrations in
the fame Time, are diredly as the Force of Gravity ;

therefore

( i8 7 )

therefore the Length of Pendulums at 'Paris , will be to
their Length at the ^Equator, as 95 to 9 5, $6z, &c. that
is, as 440,555, &c. to 443 165, &c. and confequently
they muft be lengthen’d z,6i &c. Lines. Bat as from
Monf. Mairari s Principles, the Diminution of Gravity
by the Centrifugal Force, is greater at the ./Equator than
at ‘Parts , hardly ^ Part of the whole Gravity at the
^Equator, the Pendulums muft be (hortened in that Pro-
portion; fothat then the Length of a Second-Pendulum,
will be 440,555 -f- i,6 1 — 1 Lines. Bat as that Quan-
tity is greater than 440,555, &c. therefore the Pendu-
lums upon the Whole muft be lengthen’d : Nay, though
we fhou’d allow a (hortening of two Lines 3 ftnee by Ob-
fervation Pendulums are found to be about two Lines
Shorter at the Equator, the oblong fpheroidical Figure
of the Earth cannot be confident with the Experiments
on Pendulums.

1 beg Leave to fet down Monf. Mairan's aforefaid
Demonftration here ; that we may fee whether he has
aftum’d true Principles.

PROPOSITION V.

“ * XL The Centrifugal Force at any ^Degree of
“ Latitude , taken upon the oblong Spheroid, between
“ the /Equator and the Pole, is left in Comparifon
“to the Centrifugal Force at the / Equator , than it
“ won' d beat the fame^Degree of Latitude taken upon
lC a Sphere • or, which is the fame thing, the Centri -
“ Jugal Force encreafes more, going from the Poles
* towards the /Equator, upon an oblong Spheroid ,
“ than upon a perfett Sphere ; and confequently Gra -
“ vity diminijhes more^ and a Pendulum muft be more

See Men/. MairanV Dijfertation , Article XI. &c.

Sf 2

Jhortened

( 288 )

<c Jbortened under the AH quator , in the Hypothecs of
“ the oblong Spheroid , f/W in that of a perfetf
<c Sphere.

Having defcrib’d an oval Curve of any Kind, as
,£ for Example, the Ellipfe * ADBE abovementioned,
“ and infcrib’d the Circle D H E, whofe Radius is D C
“ = half the (liorter Axis DE; upon AD take any
Point as R, between the Equator and the Pole, and
“ from that Point to the Evokita O TX draw the Ray
<c_ of Qurvature^\\ which gives the Line of tendency
<c R P {Art. IV.) Draw likewife from the common Cen-
“ ter C, to the Circumference of the Circle D H, a Ra-
dius CV, parallel to PR,, and meeting the Circle at Vj.

* then from the Points R, V,draw the Lines R N, VZ,
“ perpendicular to the Axis A B.

“ It muft be obferv'd, Firfl% That as the Ellipfe A D
1C reprefents a Meridian of the oblong Spheroid, the
“ Circle D H reprefents a Meridian of a Sphere in the

* fame Plane.

“ Secondly , That the Point V, on the Circular Me-
“ ridian, anfwers to the fame Degree of Latitude as

* the Point R, upon the elliptical Meridian j becaufe
<4 the Lines PR, C V, being parallel to each other, and
“ perpendicular, the one to the Ellipfe and the other
“ to the Circle (by Conjlruffion) the touching Planes*
4S or Horizons of the Points R, V, will alfo be pa-

* ralieL

4< Thirdly^ Whence it follows that the Diminution of
u the Centrifugal Force (ading againft Gravity) on ac-
41 count of its Obliquity to the Horizon (Art. X.) of

* Fig. iv..

the

( 28? )

«« the fame Degree of Latitude on the Elliptical and on
“ the Circular Meridian, is the fame in both Cafes, and
“ in the fame Ratio as the abfolute Centrifugal Forces
u reprefented by the Perpendiculars R N, V Zi^Art. IX.)

« Therefore to know whether the Centrifugal Force
Ct (whether abfolute or relative) of the Point R,upon the
ct oblong Spheroid A DB E, be lefs or greater in refped
“ to the Centrifugal Force under the common ^Equator
44 DE, than the Centrifugal Force (whether abfolute or
44 relative) of the correfpondent Point Vupon the Sphere ; ,
44 nothing more is requir’d than to fee which is the
44 longed of the two Perpendiculars, namely, R N in
“ the oblong Spheroid, or V Z in the Sphere j (ince
44 thefe two Lines exprefs the Radii of the Circles of
44 Revolution, and confequently the abfolute Quantity,
u of the Centrifugal Forces.

“ qthly and laftly, That the Ratio of the Centrifugal -
44 Forces of two correfpondent Points upon the oblong
44 Spheroid A D B E, and the infcrib’d Sphere DHE, to the
44 Centrifugal Force of their ^Equators is the fame, fuppo-
€t ling the Sphere of any other Bignefs j and that it has
“ been determin’d here of the Diameter D E, only to
44 render the Demonftration ealier, by giving the fame
44 Confequent to the Antecedents R N and V Z. For
41 if about the Center C and with the Radius Cd, the*
44 Circle dhe be defcrib’d equal (for Example) to a
“ Meridian of a Sphere of the fame Solidity as theob-
*4 long Spheroid ADBE^ and the Radius C V be pro-
« duc’d till it meet the Circle dh at the Point u , and
« uz be let fall perpendicular to the common Axis of
< Revolution, and parallel to VZ: It is plain, that
4* we fhall always have V Z: DC :: uz: dC , or

44 and confequently will have the

<4 fame

( 1? o )

“ fame Ratio to

V Z uz
D Cast0 dC"

H

u

((

«(

L(

«

<c Therefore, in order to demonftrate that the Centri-
fugal Force of a Point, taken in any Latitude upon
the oblong Spheroid, is lefs when compar’d to the Cen-
trifugal Force of the like Point, taken upon a Sphere
in refped to the Centrifugal Force at the /Equator ^
there is nothing more requir’d than to fhew that R N

<VZ, becaufe by that

means we fhall have

RN
D C

<

vz

DC*

<c This being obferv’d } from the Point R, draw the
Line R I, parallel to the Axis A B, and meeting the
“ Circle DH at K, and the Diameter D E of the/Equa-
“ tor at the Point I. From the Point K having let fall
“ the Perpendicular KL = RN, upon the Axis A B,
“ and drawn K C to the Center C ; the Queftion will be
“ brought to this, viz. To know whether the Point V
“ coincides with the Point K ; or whether it is above it
“ towards D, or below towards H.

6C But CK = CV=CD>PR {Art. VIII.) there-
<c fore CK and P R being both between the Parallels
ct* AC, RI, the greateft CK is more inclin’d to them
“ than the leaf!: P R, and the Angle K C A is lefs than
c the Angle R P A == V C A. And fince thefe two
<c Angles have each of them one of their Sides coinciding
with the Line A C, namely, the Side A P of the Angle
“ R P A, and the Side A C of the Angle KC A, it fol-
<c lows that the Side V C of the Angle V C A = R P A
“ >KCA, will go above CK between CK and CD,
tC and meet the Line R I at the Point G, between K and
« J, and the Circle D H at the Point V, which confe-

( 2?l )

<c quently will be above RI, between Kand D. There-
“ fore CV = CG + G Vis = PR +GV, and con-
fequently VZ, which meets R I at the Point F, is
“ = ZF-(-FV=:RN-f-FVj and therefore R N
<« = V Z — . F V. Therefore R N < V Z.

“ And becaufe the fame Thing may be demonftrated
in refped of any other Point, taken between the fE-
“ quator and the Pole ; and that Gravity, and confe-
“ quently the Length of a Pendulum diminilhes,as the
“ Centrifugal Force encreafes. Therefore &c. Q.E.T).

COROLLARY.

c* XIL From what has been demonftrated, and from
« Trop. 3. Art. VIII. it follows, that the Perpendicular
“ which is drawn from any Point of an oval Meridian
“ to the Axis,will be fo much fhorter,in Comparifon to
“ the Perpendicular drawn from the correfpondent Point
<c of an inferib’d circular Meridian, as the Latitude is
“ greater ^ and confequently (by Art. XI. Num, 3.)
“ the Centrifugal Force will be fo much the lefs, and
“ Gravity fo much the greater, upon the oblong Sphe-
“ roid, in refped to the Centrifugal Force, andtheGra-
“ vity under the yEquator.

Ct For as the Line R P does always decreafe, as the
“ Point R is taken nearer to the Pole A, it is evident,
t£ that the Angle V CK will continually encreafe, in
<c refped to the Angles V C A, K C A, as it is their Dif-
“ ference, and confequently that the Perpendicular V Z
“ will be fo much greater than the Perpendicular
“ KL= RN.

I pafs over the Demonflration of the latter Part of his
Propofition above-mentioned, which he deduces juftly
from his Conftrudion, if what he fays (Num. i.) be
right j becaufe in fuch a Cafe it cannot be call’d in Que-
ll ion ;

( 19* )

ftion } and proceed to an Cbfervation that he makes af-
terwards, viz, lt JV e mufttake care to obferve in the
“ foregoing ‘Proportions and Corollaries , that the
Ct Comparifon is always made between two flmilar
“ Points of Latitude , taken upon the two Spheroids ,
“ or upon one of the Spheroids and the Sphere ,
“ between the A Equator and the Poles , in refpeft to
“ the Centrifugal Force upon the Equator of any

one of thefe Spheroids , or of the Sphere. For if
“ we only compar'd abfolutely the Centrifugal Force
“ of a Point of the JEqudtor of the one , to the Cen -
“ trifugal Force of a correfpondent Point of the AE-
“ quator of the other , it is plain that it wou'd be
“ greater upon a flatted Spheroid , than upon a Sphere ,
ct upon an oblong Spheroid of the fame Soli-

V dity, in the Ratio of the great Axis of the gene -
ct rating Ellipfe of the flatted Spheroid , to the cDi-
c< ameter of the Sphere , or to the fhorter Axis of the
“ generating Ellipfe of the oblong Spheroid. And in
cc all Likelihood \ this mufl be the Reafon that has
tc made others , who have treated of this Subject, to
64 imagine the very contrary of what I have demon -
“ flrated.

As Monf. Mairan confiders the Earth at reft, in the
Conftrudion for his Demonftration above quoted, and
afterwards obferves what Effed the Centrifugal Force
will have upon Bodies on its Surface, to diminilh the Gra-
vity, with which they endeavour to defeend in their
Line of Tendency R P : He Ihou’d not only have taken
notice (as he has done) that the whole Centrifugal Force
N R is not to be fubftra&ed from the Gravity at R, as
the whole Centrifugal Force CD is to be fubftraded
from the whole Gravity at D, becaufe of the Obliquity
of R N to P R ; but he ftiould have obferv’d aifo, that
the Obliquity of the Plane of the Parallel N R,in which

2 the

( *91 )

the Centrifugal Force acls, muft alter the Line of Ten-
dency R P, and change the Diredion R P into R W,
fome where between the Point P and the Center C j for
if there be a heavy Body as a Plummet, hanging by a
Thread in the Line S R, or S P, the Line of Tendency
which has been fuppos’d perpendicular to the Curve
ARD, without taking in the Effed of the Centrifugal
Force ’ as foon as the Spheroid revolves about its Axis,
the Body which wou’dfali in the Line S R, aded upon
only by one Force, namely, that of Gravity, will now
be aded upon by another Force, attne fame Tune pufh-
in? it in the Line S s (which is the fame as R r) and
confequently will move in the Line S v , diagonal of the
Parallelogram s S R r \ or, which is all one, a Body plac d
at R will have its Line of 'Tendency in R W, as 1 have
already (hewn in my firft Differtation on this Subjed j
only 1 did not fuppofe the Earth a Spheroid before the
diurnal Motion, and therefore made ufe of the Line
Z V inftead of the Line N R ; fothat it may be objeded
that the Angle r SR will not be fo great in a Spheroid
as in a Sphere, becaufe the Centrifugal Force which ads
with the fame Obliquity (fince NRP = ZV C) is as
much lefs in the Spheroid as N R is lefs than Z V: But
I was aware of that, and therefore made the Angle
R S r only of 5 Minutes, when it really appears to be of
almoft fix Minutes, when the Earth is fuppos’d fphe-
rical ; and therefore, without coming to give the exad
Quantity of the laid Angle, one may eafily perceive,
that Monf. CaJJini ’s Difference of the Axis and Equa-
torial Diameter will produce a Figure, in which the
Angle R S r, will not be lefs than of y Minutes.

Such an Obliquity, caus’d in the Diredion of Gravity,
will render the oblong fpheroidical Figure of the Earth
impoflible, becaufe then Fluids wou’d not have the Lines
of their Gravity perpendicular to the Horizons of the
Vol. XXXIII. T t Places

( z94 )

Places where they are, {fuppofing the Horizons of Places
to be Planes touching the Curve of the Earth in thofe
Places) and Plumb Lanes wou’d be fo fa r out of the
Perpendicular to Lines of Level, as to make an Angle
eafy to be obferved, as 1 have fhewn in my former
Paper.

But if the fame Caufe be fuppos’d to act upon the Sea
to make it level, as makes heavy Badies to fall (which
certainly muft) then indeed Lines of Level will be per-
pendicular to Plumb Lines, and the Level of the Sea,
taken always for the Horizon of a Place, will not be a
Plane touching the Earth, but cutting it towards the.
Poles, and confequently the Water will be carried to-
wards the ./Equator, as was before (hewn.

Befides, theDiflference of the Action of the Centrifugal
Force wou’d notbefo great between correfpondent Points
of the fame Latitude in the Spheroid and in the Sphere *
tor when the Line of Tendency R P is by the Centri-
fugal Force chang’d into R W, the Point R upon the
Spheroid does no longer correfpond in Latitude with
the Point V upon the Sphere, but muft be taken nearer
to V, fo that the Line R W may become parallel to
V C, and R W A = V C A.

If it be aliedged here, that Monf. Mairan fuppofes
the Earth in Motion, and takes in the Effe&of the Cen-
trifugal Force, when he makes the Line of Tendency
to be R P j I anfwer, that if he had conftder’d the Earth
as revolving upon its Axis, he wou’d not have made V C
the Line of Tendency of a fpherical Earth in Motion,
finceit is the Line of Tendency of fuch-an Earth at
reft.

In Monf. Mairan's Obfervation above-mentioned, he
fays, Ct that we are not to compare the Centrifugal Force
at the /Equator of an oblong Spheroid, with the Cen-
trifugal force at the /Equator of a Sphere, or at the

•/Equator

( 295 )

Cc ./Equator of a flatted Spheroid of the fame Solidity ?
c‘ allowing that then it wou’d be greater in the Sphere*
tc and ftill greater in the flatted Spheroid: but only the
<c Centrifugal Forces in feveral Latitudes upon the fame
V. Figure.” But I beg Leave to differ from him for the
following Reafons.

Fir ft) Becaufe the Force of Gravity is not the fame
at the /Equator of the flatted Spheroid, as it is at the
/Equator of the Sphere, or as it is at the ^Equator of
the oblong Spheroid.

Secondly , Becaufe it is not the fame in different La*
titudes, in either of the Spheroids. (See Sir IJitac Hew-
ton Lib. 3. Prop. 19 and 20.) And Monf. Mairans
Way of arguing will only ferve, in Cafe the Gravity
fhou’d be the fame in all the Points of the Surface of the
Earth in his Figure, and alfo in the two other Figures.

For Example, jet the uniform Gravity be call’d g } and
Fir ft, let the Centrifugal Force at the /Equator of the
flatted Spheroid be call’d c + 2 ; and the Centrifu-
gal Force in any Latitude, as for Example, the Lati-
tude of Taris (as it is diminifhed on Account of a fhqr-
ter Co-fine of Latitude, and likewife on Account of its
Obliquity to the Line of Tendency,) be call’d r*f 2-/;
the Difference of the Diminution of Gravity at Taris

and at the /Equator will be £ — c + 2^ — Cg — c+2 — /

= /.

Secondly , Let the Centrifugal Force at the /Equator
of the Sphere be call’d c + 1, and the Centrifugal
Force at the Latitude of Taris be call’d r -f- 1 —
l + m ; the Difference of the Diminution of Gravity at

T t 2 Taris ,

( 2 9^ )

Paris and at the /Equator in a fpherical Earth, will be
g — c~ f- 1 — g — e 1 — / ^

Thirdly , Let the Centrifugal Force at the /Equator
of the oblong Spheroid be call’d c, and the Centrifugal

Forceat Paris be call’d c — l + m- f the Difference

or the Diminution of Gravity at “Paris, and at the ,E-
quator, in an oblong fpheroidical Earth, will be ? r

I 1 — ■ -y

K ' ( — l m n — / — — j — u.

Now, if Gravity Ihou’d in every Cafe be equal to*
it is evident, that the Ihortening of Pendulums, at the
/Equator, Wou’d be greater in the oblong Spheroid, than
in the Sphere, or in the flatted Spheroid ; becaufe as
the Lengths of Pendulums diminifh with the Gravity
thofe Lengths will ba at Paris and at the /Equator]

when compar’d, as* — c + - 1 tog— c~+? in the

flatted Spheroid j as ^ — c — 1 — / — |— rsi to t? fr J 1
in the Sphere, and as*— '<•_ m + »' to* — c in

the oblongSpheroid ; and confequently,fromwhatM.A/«i-

ran has demonftrated this Ratio of* —

vgA~, C’ hdnga Piter th3n eitller of tlle others, The
Pendulums muft be Ihortened in the oblong Spheroid.

But as the Force of Gravity is Jefs at the Equator of
the flatted Spheroid, than at the /Equator of the Sphere, or
of the oblong Spheroid of thefame Solidity: let us exprefs

its Qjianttty in the three Cafes by g sr mdtr Mr m,l

we fhall then find the Lengths o/t the pfndulmntat’the
Equator of the three Solids, as*— j-_r+T,
f + 1, and * 4- j _ c- confequently the Lengths of

Pendulums

( *97 )

Pendulums will be greateft at the Equator of the ob-
long Spheroid, b'ecaufeg s — c is the greateft Quan-
tity.

Faflly, To compare the Lengths of Pendulums at
the /Equator of the oblong Spheroid, thus found; with
their Lengths at the Latitude of Paris upon the faid
Spheroid — Let us exprefs the Excefs of Gravity at the
./Equator, whereby it is greater than at ‘Paris (becaufe
in this Figure, Paris is farther from the Center of the
Earth, than the ^Equator, by tI? Part) by the Lei ter s,
and the Excefs of the Centrifugal Force at the /Equator,
above that Part of it which ads diredly againft Gravity
at Paris , by l m n} the Gravity at Paris by g,
and the Centrifugal Force at the /Equator by c j then
g s ~~c will ff ill reprefent the diminilh’d Gravity,
and anfwerto the Length of Pendulums at the /Equator,

whilft g — c — l + m + n or g — c 4* / -|- m -f- n re-
prefents the diminifh’d Gravity, and consequently the
Length of Pendulums at Paris . If s be equal to Iff- m
-f- n. Pendulums will be as long at the Equator as at
Paris ; and if s be greater than / -{- ^ 4. Pendu-
lums will be longer at the /Equator. But making all
poflible Allowance, in Favour of Monf. Mairan’s Hy-
pothefis, no Calculation will bring l-\~m + n to be
greater than, or ever equal to /. Therefore Monf.
Mairan'i Demonftrations, above-mentioned, are of no
Force to prove the Earth to be an oblong Spheroid.

And now , I think, I have anfwerd all that relates
to the Figure of the Earth in Monf Mai rand Differ-
tat ion \ in J hewing , That his Conjectures can neither
be fup ported by thofe Phyfical Principles which Sir
Ifaac Newton has Mathematically deduc’d from un-

• queflioned

( )

quejlioned Obfet' vat ions and Experiments accurately
made ; nor even by tbofe 'Principles which He (M. Mai-
ran) has ajfum'd to ferve his intended Purpofe — That
his Demonfirations relating to the 'Difference of the A-
61 ion of the Centrifugal Force , are of no Service to him ,
for reconciling the Experiments made on Pendulums ,
with Alonf LdtiiiVi’s Meafures \ — becaufe , when ap-
plied to Sir lfaac Newton’s Principles , they will
make Pendulums longer at the JEquator than at Paris,
and when applied to Monf Mair-mV own Principles ,
they will make them a whole Inch fhorter at the M-
quator than at Paris, contrary to all Obfervations ,
which, at a Medium, make Pendulums but about two
Lines or -i* tof an Inch longer at the FEquator than
at Paris. '—That he has built his 'Demonjl rat ions
upon a wrong Notion of Gravity — And that he has
, not coupler' d what is moft material in the Effelt of
the Centrifugal Force , ailing on Bodies defending
by their Gravity, between the Adquator and the
Poles, namely, the Alteration of their Line of Di-
re 61 ion, which wou'd make them fall out of the Per-
pendicular towards the A^quator.

I (hall add one more Philofophical Argument, given
me by a Friend, to whom I communicated my Thoughts
on this Subject j becaufe it is wholly independent on
thofe Principles of Philofophy, concerning which, fome
of the Gentlemen that believe the oblong fpheroidical

Figure of the Earth, and the Englifh Philofophers, are
not yet agreed ; and it is this.

If the Earth was of an oblong fpheroidical Figure,
higher at the Poles than the JEquator ^ the Axis of
its Be vo hit ion, wou'd either go thro one of its jh or t
Diameters , or be continually changing, unlefs the
faid Axis did exalt ly coincide with toe Axis of the

F*me- • DE-

( *99 )

DEMONSTRATION.

Suppofe fuch an oblong Figure as A a* fix’d to the
Axis XI p at the Center C, but capable of moving freely
round it towards P or towards /, yet fo as to be oblig'd
to move with the Axis, when it is turned round. Sup-
pofe now the Poles P and p to be fix’d, and the Body,
thus conftituted, to be turn’d fwifdy round the Axis
P/ ; then if the Angle AC P be oblique, and the Fi-
gure A D a E be- oblong, the Parts A C and C a will ac-
quire a Centrifugal Force, which will enlarge the Angle
P C A, till it comes to be a right one. Befides this, a
Velocity will be generated in the Motion, while A is
going towards the Perpendicular a C, which will make
it go farther on towards P, as to B, with a Motion which
will after that be retarded, till the Centrifugal Force has
Strength enough to fend it back again the contrary Way y
and fo it will move continually with a reciprocal Mo-
tion, like the Ofcillation of a Pendulum j and if a little
of this Motion be loft at every Ofcillation, then the ob-
long Figure AD^E will at laft move quietly about
its lefier Axis DE coinciding with Pp. .

If A a did not at firft exaClly coincide with F p,
the Centrifugal Force will have the above-mentioned
Effect ; and that this is not the Cafe in the Earth is
more than probable, becaufe the. unequal IXifiribution
of Sea and Land , befides' the Phenomena of the Tides
?mift make the Axis of its Gravity, and confequently
the Axis of its Revolution , to differ from the Axis
of the oblong Spheroid, if the Earth had fuch a FT
gure^ without confidering that every Earth-quake
woFd alter fo nice an /Equilibrium, which once loft ,
w oidd never be recover’d again.

( 3°° )

To leave nothing unexamin’d, relating to theContro-
verfy, I have again conlider’d the Meafures and Obfer-
vations, mentioned in the Account of the Meridian drawn
thro’ France , in the Memoirs of the Royal Academy ,
for the Year 1710 ; and I find them to want a great deal
of the Accuracy requir’d in fo nice a Point, as deter-
mining the different Lengths of Degrees upon the Sur-
face of the Earth. To prove my Alfertion, I beg that
the Reader will examine the following Tables, whereby
it appears, that if any thing certain can be deduc’d from
the faidObfervations and Meafures, (either taken as they
are, or reduc’d to the Level of the Sea, by the Rules
given by Monf. CaJJini * ) it will be in Favour of Sir
IJaac Newton's Figure of the Earth, rather than
theirs.

In the following Table, the firft Column gives the
Names of Places ; thefecond,the Diflances from Tarts ,
according to the Meafures taken by the French Gentle-
men • the third, the Latitudes obferv’d by the fame }
the fourth, the Latitudes, fuch as the meafur’d Dillances
will give them, fuppoling the Earth fpherical ^ the fifth,
the Differences between thefe and the Latitudes obferv’d,
exprefs’d in Seconds of a Degree, where when the La-
titude computed, exceeds the Latitude obferv’d, the
Letter N (North) {hews that Difference to be in Favour
of Monf. CaJJini's Figure, and the contrary Difference
mark’d by the Letter S (South) is in Favour of Sir
Ifaac Newton's Figure.

* NLiTnoivs for the 2 cut jyzo* Vol* I* P« Ch.

( )

Names of

Diftances from

Latitudes ob-

Latitudes in £

Differences in

Places.

Parts meafur’d.

ferv’c

.

fpherical Earth
computed from the

Seconds.

I.

Dunkirk.

II.

Toifes.

1*555*

5i°

III.

if

*s"4

meafur’d Diftances.

IV.

51° If 25”5

V.

o»

Amiens.

60370

49

53

48

49

53

48

0 if

Sourdon.

4997c?

49

4*

4*

49

4*

52,1

10,1 N

Paris.

48

50

10

48

5°

10,3

10,3 N

Malvoifinc.

18838

48

30

47

48

30

32,1

14,9 s

Voufon.

67 962

47

39

17

47

38

5 3>6

*3,4 s

Bourges.

100 '91

47

4

31

47

04

58,7

27,7 N

S. Sauvier.

139934

46

*3

*4

46

*3

12

12,0 S

Croc.

169540

45

5 1

43

45

5*

4,6

21,6 N

Bort.

196484

45

*3

*7

45

*3

45,

18,2 N

Aurillac.

113606

44

55

13

44

55

*4,5

Rodes.

*56575

44

10

54

44

10

3 5,

19,9 s

Alby.

180611

43

55

3*

43

55

19

13,0 S

Carcaffone.

3*«430

43

12

55

43

11

*4.

3 i#5 S

Coilioure.

360604

4*

31

* 3 *■

4*

31

13, t

0.

In this Table it is to be obferv'd that there is an equal
Number of Differences mark'd N(North)and S (South)
and if the Differences on each Side be added together,
there will be 89^,4 on the North Side, and 114"/ on
the South ; This lafl agrees beft with Sir Ifaac New-
ton's Figure, which muft be fuppofed for the Corredion
of fo great a Difference.

In the next Table, the firft Column gives the-Names
of Places ; the fecond, the Latitudes obferv’d ; the third,
the Diftances in the Meridian from Taris, reduc’d to the
Level of the Sea ^ the fourth, the D iferences of the
fecond Column exprefs’d in Seconds of a Degree ; the
fifth, the Differences of the Numbers in the third Co-
lumn; and the fixth, the Meafure of a Degree by the
fourth and fifth Columns compar’d.

U u

Vo t. XXXIII.

I.

VI.

( ;ci )

I.

II.

III.

Names of Places.

Toifes.

Dunkirk.

5*o

2*

19N

125454

Amiens.

49

53

56

60444

Clermont.

49

22

57

31028

The R. Obfervatory.

48

5o

10

0

Voufon.

47

39

*7

67959

IS* S. Sauvier.

46

13

14

*39937

Croc.

45

5*

43

169539

Port.

45

13

46

196480

Aurillac.

44

55

>3

223616

Rodes.

44

20

53

156474

Alby.

43

55

3i

2806 1 2

CarcaflTone.

43

12

55

321430

Collioure.

41

31

13

360614

IV.

Seconds
of a De-

V.

gree.

Toifes.

11

4103

65010

1859

29416

1967

3*028

4i53

67959

4553

71978

1901

29602

1677

26941

*7*3

17136

2060 1

31858

1 521

14138

1557

40818

2502

39184

Toifes,

57040

56965

56787

57515
569 1 2
56058

57^34
57018
574H
57*3i
5746 8
56380

In this Table in the third Column, over-againft St.
Sauvier , the Number which was 139944 is correded
to make it 139937, to the Advantage of the oblong Fi-
gure. In the fixth Column, the Numbers appear fo ir-
regular, as to be unfit to decide this Controverfy. Then
if a Comparifon be made between "Dunkirk , St. Sauvier
(which is very near the Middle of France , and almoft
in the Meridian of Faris) and Collioure , the Meafure-
ment is abfolutely in Favour of Sir Ifaac Newton's
Theory ; the mean Degree between Dunkirk and St.
Sauvier being larger by about 64 Toifes, than between
S. Sauvier and Collioure , and to reduce them even to
an Equality, there muft be a greater Alteration made
in the Situation of thofe three Place?, than it is reafon-
able to fuppofe their Ob fer vat ions to be capable of ad-
mitting. Here follows the Comparifon.

Dunkirk and Collioure
Dunkirk and Fans
Far is and Collioure
Dunkirk and S. Sauvier
S. Sauvier and Collioure

f 5 7061
j 56960

A mean Degree is < 57097

‘ 57090, 4
57026,5

L' '

According to Monf. Ficard) 57060

2 To

C 3°3 )

To conclude, I will propofe a Method of obferving
the Figure of the Shadow of the Earth in Lunar Eciipfes,
whereby the Difference between the Diameters in the
oblong fpheroidical Figure, if there be fuch an one as
Monf. Caffini affirms (viz. of 96 to 95*) may be difco-
ver’d.

Let P ,/E P iE * reprefent the Earth, feen from the Sun
at the Time of the Summer Soldice } it is evident, that
the fame Figure will exprefs the Sedion of the Earth’s
Shadow at the Moon’s Didance, as feen from the Earth.
If EE reprefents the Ecliptick, iE /£ will be the fhorteft
Diameter of the Sedion ; and if L L be taken for the
Moon’s Way, in a total and central Eclipfe of the Moon,
by obferving the Time which is fpent in the Paffage of
the Center of the Moon, thro’ the Shadow, and reducing
that Time to Seconds of a Degree of a great Circle of the
Heavens, we (hall have the lead Diameter of the Sha-
dow.

Again, let the fame Letters f reprefent the fameThings,
only here the Section of the Shadow is fuch, as the
Earth will cad at the ^Equinox, and the Eclipfe of the
Moon is here fuppofed partial, its Center jud touching
the Shadow. When the Moon’s Center is got to cy if
the Latitude of its Center or its Didance from the E-
cliptick be obferv’d,we diall have the Length c C nearly
equal to the longed Semi-diameter of the Shadow.

Now, comparing cC* in this Figure to L C * in the
former (the Difference between c C and C P (Fig. 7.)
and between CL and C ftL(Fig. 6.) not being worth
notice) they ought to be to one another, as 9 6 to 95*,
which in fuch a Shadow will give a Difference of a-
bout 25" at a Medium, fenfible enough to be obferved,
notwithdanding the Tenumbra. If therefore thofe A-

Fig. VI. t Fig. VII.

U

Fig. VII. * Fig, VI

U Z

dronoiner9

( 3°4 )

ftronomers who have Inftruments nice enough, and fuf-
ficierit Skill in the Management of them, to take Angles
to 3 or 4 Seconds of a Degree, will obferve what I have
been mentioning in total and partial Eclipfes of the
Moon ; by fuch Obfervations they will eafily convince
.us, that the Figure of the Earth is fuch as Monf. Caf
fini fuppofes it, or convince him that he lias been mi-
Itaken.

The Semi-diameter of the Earth's Shadow , when
the Earth is in Perihelio, and the Moon in Apogaso
is 38', or 1280'', without conf dering the Encreafe
of the Shadow , on account of the At mo/p here of the
Earth , which wou'd make it 39' or 2340" (< allowing
one Second for a Mile ; ) and the Semi-diameter of the
Shadow^ when the Earth is in Aphelio, and the Moon
in Perig^o is 46^ 20", or 2780", which encreafed
on account of the Atmofphere of the Earthy will bring
it to 47', 20" 0^2 840". Now if the Proportion of 95
to 96 be taken in both Cafes you will have thefe Analo -

*■". ; S# ; tl$ .8 } *

— 2340^ = 24^6 will be the ‘Difference of the
Semi-diameter Sy when the Se&ion of the Shadow is the
leafy and 2869/7,8 — 284c/' = 29", 8 will be the
Difference of Semi- diameter sywhen the Section of the
Shadow is the great efl ; the Sum of thofe Differences
29 '/,8 halve dy will give the Difference, w hen
the Settion of the Shadow is at a Medium = 27 ' ',4 j
from which if we take 2 ",4 becaufe in Fig.. 7. C c is
a little lefs than C P, and in Fig. 6. L C is fomething
greater than AL C, we ffall have C c in Fig. 7. to
compare with L C in Fig. 6. which will exceed it by
25 ", if Monf Caflini’j Figure of the Earth be the
true one .

II. A

( 3°J >

H. A Catalogue of the 5 o T lants, from Chelfea
Carden , prefented to the Royal Society, for the
Year 1724. by the Company of Apothecaries, pur-
fuant to the'Direttion of Str Hans Sloane Bart,
(pr. Coll. Med. S. <P. V \ Pr. By Mr. Ifaac Rand,
Apothecary , F. S.

1 or.

102.

ro3.

GEranium lucidum, faxat ile. C.B. 318.

Geranium folio Malvae. rotundo. C. B. Ib.
Majus, foliis in breviores Sc latas lacinias di-
vifis.

Columbinum, vulgare, petalis florum bifidis.

104.

toS-

10 6.

107.

purpureis.

— Secundum Camer. Epit. 600.

Petalis florum bitidis albis.

An Ger. Malacoides, flore albo. H. Reg. Blaf.
Humile, flore casruleo, minimo. RaiiSyn.

Ed. 3* p» 3 59*

Tenuius laciniatum- C. B.318 .Trod. 138.

Majus, flore minore, caeruleo. Rail H.

1058,

— , Maximum, difle&is foliis. Plot. FUJI'.

Ox.

!q3. Orientale, columbinum, flore maximo, Afpho-

deli radice. T. Cor . 20.

109.

1 10.

11 1.

- Sanguineurr, maximo flore. C.B. 318.

- - — Cauliculis erectis, flore minore. H. L.
Bat. 286.

- Hasmatodes, foliis majoribus, pallidioribus^ Sc
altius incifis, D. T>ale. Rati Syn. 219.

2

112.

( 3 0(5 )

in. Geranium haematodes Lancaftrenfe, flore eleganter
ftriato. Rail Hijl . 1061.

113. Batrachoides. Gratia Dei, Germanorum. C. B.

318.

114. — — Montanum noftras. Rail Hifl. 1062.

1 1 5'. — Odoratum. C. B. 318.

11 6. *^ — Annuum minus Batrachoides, Bohemicum,

purpureo-violaceum. II. Ox. p. 2. 511.

1 17. — Phaeum, flore reflexo I. B T. 3. 477.

118. Magnum, folio trifido I. B. T. 3. 478.

119. Romanura verficolor, five ftriatum %Tark.

Tar ad. 219.

no. Robertianum primum.CB. 319.

111. Rubens, flore albo.

111. Lucidum,faxatile,foliis Geranii Robertiani.2X

Sherard. Rail Syn. 218.

113. Folio Althasae. C. B. 318.

124. Floribus faturatius rubentibus. H. L .

Bat . 290.

115. — Chium Vernum, Caryophyllatae folio. T.

Cor. 20.

126. Folio Alceae, tenuiter laciniato ; flore pen-

tapetalo^ purpurafcente, femine tenui. Boerh.
Ind. alt. 2 66.

127. Cicutas folio, mofchatum. C. B. 319.

128. , Minus 8c fupinum C. B. 319.

129. Arvenfe, album. Tabern. Ic. 5 7.

130. — — Myrrhinum, tenuifolium, amplo flore purpu

reo. Barrel ob. £5*.

131. Latifolium, longiflima acu. C. B. 319.

132. Cicutae folio, acu longiflima. C. B. ib.

133. Acu longiflimi, Cicutas folio tenuius laci-

niato.

Cicutae folio, vifcofum, acu longiflima.

Jieiu

134.

( 7 )

134. — — • Trifle Cornnti. 109.

13 5- Tithiopicum, noflu olens, radice tuberofa, fo-

liis Myrrhidis, anguftioribus. Breyn. Cent.

1 36. Africanum, Coriandri folio, floribus incarna-

tis, minus. H. L. Bat, 279.

137. — -Africanum frutefcens, Chelidonii folio, pe-

talis florum anguflis, albidis; carnofo caudice.

138. Noflu olens, tuberofum Sc nodofum, A-

quilegii foliis. H. L. Bat. 284.

139. Betonicas folio, procumbens, floribus par-

vis, eleganter variegatis. Tluk. Aim. 169.

140. Foliis inferioribus Afari, fuperioribus Sta-

phydis agrfe, maculatis, fplendentibus, dC A-
cetofe fapore. Com. *Pr#l. 52.

141. Africanum frutefcens, folio craflo Sc glauccy

Acetofae fapore. Com. Bral, 54.

142. — Alchimilfe hirfuto folio, floribus albidis.

H. L. Bat. 282.

143. Folio Malvas craflo, molli, odoratiflimo,

flofculo pentapetalo, albo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 263.

144. Frutefcens, Malvas folio laciniato, odorato.

H. L. Bat, 277.

145* . — — ■ — — — — Inflar

Mel life, flore purpurafcente. Boerh, Ind. no.

146. — Arborefcens, Mai vs folio mucronato, pe»

talis florum inferioribus vixconfpicu is.

147. — = Alchimilfe hirfuto folio, floribus ru-

bicundis. Com. pracl. 5 1.

148. — * — Folio Malvs piano, lucido, glabro;

flore Kermefino, D-i van Leur. Boerh, Ind. 109! ®

*49* Ibifd folio rotundo ; Carlins odore.

H. L. Bat . 274.

1 yc. —5 Angulofo j floribus amplis

purpureis.

— - Frutefcens, Alchimilfe folio, hirfuto, cum

flmbriis purpureis. Boerh. Ind. no.

III. Obfer - -

( }-o8 )

III. ObferVations concerning the Height of the Baro-
meter, at different Elevations above the Surface of
the Earth , in a Letter to the Tublifher from the
Learned Dr. Netdeton.

SIR ,

BEING curious to learn by Obfervation, how far
the Mercury will defcend in the Tube at any given
Elevation, for which there is fufficient Opportunity
hereabouts, I propofed to take the Altitude of fome
of our higheft Hills j but, when we attempted it, we
found our Obfervations fo difturbed by Refra&ions, that
we cou’d come to no Certainty. Having meafur’d one
Hill of a confiderable Height, in a clear Day, and ob-
ferved the Mercury at the Bottom and at the Top, we
found, according to that Eftimation, that about 90 Feet,
or upward?, were required to make the Mercury fall one
Tenth of an Inch ; but coming afterwards to repeat the
Experiment on a cloudy Day, when the Air was fome-
what grofs and hazy, we fouftd the fmall Angies fo
much augmented by Refra&ion, as to make the Hill
much higher than before, tho’ they were taken carefully
with very good Inftruments, both at that Time and be-
fore. 1 afterwards frequently obferv’d at home, by
pointing the Quadrant to the Tops of fome of our neigh-
bouring Mountains, that they wou’d appear higher in
the Morning before Sun-rife, and alfo late in the Even-
ing, than at Noon, in a clear Day, by feveral Minutes:
Particularly, one Morning in 'December laft, when the
Vapours lay condens’d in theVallies, and the Air above
was very pure, the Top of a Mountain, at fome Diftance

from

( 3°P >

from hence, appear’d more elevated, by above 30 Mi-
nutes, than it had done in the Beginning of September
about Noon, on a very clear Day. From whence it
appears, that the Refradion is at fome times greater than
at others *, but probably *tis always very conhderable,
and, as there is no certain Rule to make Allowance for it,
it feems likely, that all Obfervations made on very high
Hills,efpecially when view’d at aDiflance,and under finall
Angles, as they commonly are, are uncertain, andfcarce
to be depended on, generally erring in making the
Heights greater than they really are.

I then proceeded to obferve, as near as I was able, the
Alteration of the Mercury in fome fmaller perpendi-
cular Elevations, which we cou’d meafure with a Line,
and alfo on the Tops of fome Hills of a moderate
Height, whofe Altitude we cou’d obferve mofl commo-
dioufty, and, by taking the Angles large, avoid the
Danger of any confiderable Refradion.

At the Bottom of the Tower of Halifax Church, the
Mercury flood at 29 Inch. 78 *Dec. At the Top it fub-
fided to 29. 66. The Height of the Place, where the
Obfervation was made, was found to be 102 Feet.

At the Bottom of a Coal-Mine, near this Place, the
Mercury flood at 29. 48. At the Top, it fell to 29. 32.
The Depth of the Mine, being meafured, was found to
be 140 Feet.

At the Bottom of another Mine, the Mercury was ob-
ferved to Hand at 29. yo. At the Top, it fell to 29. 23.
The Depth of this Mine was 23 6 Feet.

At the Foot of a fmall Hill, whofe Height we cou’d
meafure very exadly, the Mercury flood at 29.81. At
the Top it fell to 29. 45'. The Height of the Hill was
312 Feet.

At the Bottom of Halifax Hill, commonly call’d
the Bank, the Mercury was obferved to Hand at 30. 00.
Vol.XXXIH. Xx At

( )

At the Top, it fell to 29. 41. The Height of this Hill
was found to be 507 Feet,

Our Mathematicians do demonflrate, that theDenfity
of the Air decreafes in a Geometrical Progreflion, as the
Elevation encreafes in an Arithmetical one, and confe-
quently, that the Logarithms oftheDenfities are as the
Elevations reciprocally. But the Weight of the Air be-
ing as its Denlity, and the Height of the Mercury in
the Barometer being always proportional to the Air’s
Weight, it follows, that the Logarithms of the Heights
of the Mercury are, reciprocally, as the Elevations :
Whence having found by Obfervation, what Elevation
is requir’d to make the Mercury (land at any given
Height, it will be eafy to determine, how much is re-
quire to reduce it to any other Height propos’d. If
we make 30 Inches the Standard Heigiit of the Mercury,
equal to Unity, and fuppofe an Elevation of 85 Feet
be requir’d to make it fall one Tenth of an Inch from
that Height, as by thefe Obfervations it is very nearly j

then as the Logarithm of is to 85, fo is the Loa

29,9

to the Number of Feet requir’d to make it fail
29,5 1

Half an Inch, and fo of the reft. When the Mercury

ftands above 30 Inches, the Numbers will be negative,

and fhew the Spaces defcendingj by which Method I

computed the following Tables.

The latter, which contains the Differences of the N um-
bers in the former, was of very great Ufe to me, when,
in thefe Experiments, the Mercury flood at any other
Height in the Tube, belides 30 Inches, and fell
any Number of Tenths, or Parts ofa Tenth, by adding
the Numbers anfwering thereto, or proportionable Parts
of them, to find the Elevation requir’d in the Table, to
make the Mercury fall fo much, and thereby readily

to

( }'« ).

to compare the Heights found by Obfervation therewith.

And though Tome fmall Errors, in the Obiervations, do
make them vary a little from each other, yet in the
main, they agree as near as poflible with the Numbers
of tht Table ; as did alfo feveral other Experiments too
long to mention, which makes me believe thofe Num-
bers are not far from the Truth ^ but of that you will
be belt able to judge^ by comparing thefe Experiments
with others of the fame Kind.

That the Air is colder, as well as more light andrare,
in Places that are fituated high, than it is in the Vallies
and low Grounds, is generally known ^ and in order to
learn, how much it might be fo, I got a Friend of mine,
who lives higher than we do here, to obferve the port-
able Barometer and Thermometer, at his Houfe, for
fome Days, being plac’d as near as poflible in the fame
Circumfiances with mine } and we found his Barometer
hood at a Medium for 20 Days, 3 Tenths lower than
mine, and the Thermometer 3. deg. 2. lower; allowing
for the Difference of the Inftruments, which had been
obferved before.

At another Place the Barometer, at a Medium for 14
Days, flood lower by 4. 46. and the Thermometer was
lower by 4. deg. 4. At another Place, which was very
high upon the Moors, the Barometer, at a Medium for.
ten Days, flood lower by o. 65. and the Thermometer*
fell 79.

J

( )

1 A Table dewing the Nutnber
of Feet afcending, requir’d
to make the Mercury fall to
any given Height in the
Tube, from 30 to 26 Inches
As alfo the Number of Feel
defcending , requir d tc
maketheMercury rife, from
30 to 31 Inches.

A Table /hewing the
Number of Feet re-
quir’d to make the
Mercury fall one Tenth
of an Inch from any
given Height in the
Tube, from 31 to 26
Inches. •

In. Dec,! Feet Dec. [In. Dec

Feet Dec..

4£

75

08

4i
74
07
4i

16 * 08 * 10
12

47

82

17

53

a5
<5 1
98
36

73

10

IV. Ex-

( 3 * 5 )

IV. Experimentum, in Argenti-Fodina Salana,
circa afcenfum Mercurii in Baromecro, in-
ftitutum. Per dnd. Celfium . Ex A&is Lite-
rariis Sueciae Ann. 1724. Trimeftr. IV.

AD variationem columns mercurialis obfervandam,
pro diverfa altitudine regionum atmofphsrs, fodi-
ns noftrs profundioresin primis idoneae cenferi debent.
Harum enim profunditatem non modo omni exaftitu-
dine metiri * fed 5c brevi temporis fpatio obferyationem
totam abfolvere licet. Quo fane commodo haud raro
deftituuntur, quibus circa altiores montes hsc talia ex-
periri animus eft. Si itaque quampluritna in variis fo-
dinis inftituerentur experimenta ; nullidubitamus,quin
vera progreffio, qua denfitates aeris decrefcant, tandem
fua fponte fe proderet.

In magna fodina Cufrimontana argenti vivi afcenfum
a viro ampliffimo Georgio Vallerio dudum obfervatum
eife, ex litteris ipfius ad Cl. De La Hire d. 15 Julii,
A. 1 71 1. Fahluns datis, certiores reddimur. *

In argenti vero fodtna Salana , feptem fere mill iari-
bus ab Upfalia verfus occidentem diffita, hujus rei pe-
riculum a me faftum eft die 28 Aug. currentis anni. Sci-
licet juxta limen futei Regina Chriftina , (Drottning
Chriftina Schatcht ,) hydrargyri altitudinem 30 digit.
5c 38 centef. feu ff*4 pedis Suecani obfervavi. Cum Ba-
rometro deinde intonn2,quaefuni adpenfa machina hy-
draulica trahitur, ad profunditatem 636 pedum me de-
mifi j ubi mercurius ad 30 dig. 98 centef. afcendifte de-

______ mii I 1 1 1 ' — — ' 1 n " "■■■■' ' — — ' . „ 1— — — — —

rmt I ■ I -

*■ rid. Memoires de l’Acad. R; dcs Sc. l’ann. 1712. p. ic8.

X 2 • prehenfus

prehenfus eft. Inde iterum evedus ad orificiutn putei,
in eadcm ac an tea altitudinc, nempe 30 dig. 38, cent,
coliimnam mercurialem notavi. Aden ut hydrargyrum
636 ptd. in acre elatum -61ineas feu ped. defcenderit;
ec fic coniequenter, ft acr squedenfus ubique fupnone-
retur, unius linear in cylindro inercuriali variatio, 106
ped. aftitudini perpendiculari correfponderet. Hors il-
lius intervallo, quo integra perficiebatur obfervatio, cce-
lumerat pluvium nonnihil Sc ventofum ; nulla tamen
lenfibilis mutatio, columns mercurialis in alio Baro-

nKtro fupra fodinam parted aftixo, ifto tempore videri
potuit.

Poftero die, aere fereno 6c tranquillo, ad ba fin tem-
pi* urbis Sala, haud procul a fodina diftantis, argentum
vivum 30 dig. 36cent.altum hsfit, ad altitudinem vero
145* ped. in turri ejufdem templi fcandens, mercurium
ad 30 dig. 23 cent. fubftitilTe deprehendi, ut unius lines
in Barometro defcenfui, altitudo nipped, refpondeat.
Bafts templi 60 fere pedes infra fuperficiem fodinsdepri-
mitur. Jpfius autem fodins elevationem fupra mare
Balticum explorare nondum licuit.

Ut base noftra obfervatio cum ex ter or um hujus ge-
neris experimentis rite conferri queat, notandum eft in-
ter pedem Suecanum <$C Parifinum Regium earn rationem
intercedere, qus eft inter 1000 & 1096, feu iz$ Sc
*37 proximo ; quam ex pede Gallico orichalceo, infig.
ms artiftcis Chapotot man 11 infculnto, cum pede Sticwi-
hielmiano , qui in Bibliotheca publica Upfal. fcrvatur,
collato, exadiftime obfcrvavi.

,1 FINIS.

K

6

/zc{;A‘03$

« / isParfor JcuJf

Numb. 5 89,

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

For the Months of July and Auguft , 1725.

The CONTE N T S.

I. (Remarks upon the ObferVations made upon a Chro-

nological Index of Sir Ifaac Newton, tr an fluted
into French by the ObferVator , and publijh d at
Paris, by Sir L N. - J

II. De Camphora. Audtore Dno. Carolo Neu-
man, Chym. Prof. Reg. Berolin . S. R, S.

III. Obligations of the Dipping Needle , ?nade at
London, in the Beginning of the Tear 1723. By
Mr . George Graham, Watchmaker, F. R. 5.

IV. Jn extraordinary Cafe in Surgery , communi-
cated by Mr. Jofeph Atkinfon Senior , Surgeon.

v. An Experiment to illuftrate what has been /aid
in the Bhilof opine al TranfaBions , N°. 386,

387, 388, concerning the Figure of the Earth ,

by the Rev. J. T. Delaguliers, L.L.D. F.R.S.

VI- Some

VI* Some Experiments concerning the Cohefion
of Lead, by the fame,

VII. Extract of federal Letters and Certificates

Jent to his Majefiy the King of Great Britain,

concerning a Very particular Natvus Maternus,

or Mole, Communicated by Dr • Steicrertahi,

[ Thyfician to his Majejly , F. R. S.

*

VIII* An Account of a Eookj entitled , Hiftoria
Cceleftis Britannica, tribus Voiuminibus
contenta, Authore Joanne Flamfleedio Af-
tronomo Regio-

ERRATA.

VTO. 387. Page 2^3. line 20. for jfune> read February, p. 268.

1. 3. for Shelves , r. Shells, p. 269. 1. 3. for Tail, r. ! Tackle .
NQ. 38 9* p* 318. 1. 7. r. ^Degrees, p. 324. 1. 30. r. in [at is magna.

( 3>J )

I. (Remarks upon the ObferVations made upon a Chro-
nological Index of Sir Ifaac Newton, tranflated
into French ly the ObferVator, and publifh'd at

Paris.

ON Thurfday November u, 1735. A final! Tra3
in print was deliver’d to me, as a Prefent, from
Mr. William Cavelier , Jun. a Bookfeiler at Paris a
Perfon unknown to me, entituled, Abrege de Chrono-
logic de M. le Chevalier Newton, fait per lui me me &
traduit fur le Manufcript AngloU. And the Bo’ok-
feller hath premifed an Advertifement, in which he
endeavoureth to defend himfelf for printing it with-
out my Leave, faying, that he had writ three Let-
ters to me for my Leave, and in the Third had told
me, that he would take my . Silence for a Confent •
and that he had alfo charged one of his Friends in’
London to fpeak to me, and procure my exprefs
Anfwer ; and that having long expe&ed my Anfwer
he thought that he might take my Silence for a Sort
ot Confent, and fo procured a Privilege, and printed
it and then received my Anliver from his Friend
which was as follows. *

I Remember that I wrote a Chronological Index for a
particular Friend, on condition that it fiould not
be communicated. As I have not feen the Manufcript
which you have under my Name , / know not whether
it be the faine. That which I wrote was not at all
done with Deftgn to publijh it. I intend not to meddle

v o l. XXXIV.

with

( }l<* )

with that which hath been given you under . my Name,
nor to give any Confent to the publijhing of it,

I am,

Your very humble Servant,

Isaac N ewton*

London , May 2.7,

1715, St. Vet.

The Privilege was granted May 21, and regifter’d
May 25 Old Style, my Letter was dated May 27, and
the Chronological Index, or Abridgement as he calls
it, was printed before the Arrival of my Letter, and
kept ever fince to be publifli’d at a convenient Time.
The Bookfeller knew that I had not feen the Transla-
tion of the Abridgement, and without feeing it could
not in reafon give my Confent to the Impreflion..
He knew that the Tranflator was unknown to me,

* and was againft me ; and therefore he knew that it
was not fit that I fhould give my Confent nor be
ask’d to do it. He knew that the Tranflator had
written a Confutation of the Paper tranflated, and
that this Confutation under the Title of Obfervations ,
was to be printed at the End of it, and he told me no-
thing of all this, nor fo much as the Name of the
Obfervator, and yet asked my Confent to the publlih-
ing * as if any Man could be fo foolifh as, to confent
to the publifhing of an unfeen Tranflation of his Pa-
pers, made by an unknown Perfon with a Confuta-
tion annexed, and unanfwered at their fir ft Appear-
ance in Publick. . .

After the Recital of my Letter, he adds that

the Author of the Tranflation, and of the Obferva-
tions upon it, pretends to have an entire Certainty
that this Index, or Abridgement of Chronology, is the.

( 3 >7 )

fame with the Writing own’d by me in my Letter,
and is perfuaded that the Manuicript, which hath
been communicated to him, hath been copied from
that of this Friend, that is, from that of the particular
Friend above-mention’d • in my Letter. And there-
fore the Manufcript, whi^h hath been communicated
to him, is that of Abbe Conti , a noble Venetian now
at Paris . He, being about feven Years ago in Eng-
land, gave me notice, that the Friend above-mention’d
defir’d to fpeak with me. And this Friend then de-
fir’d a Copy of what I had written about Chronology.
I replied that it was im per fed: and confus’d, but in a
few Days I could draw up an Abftrad thereof, if it
might be kept fecret. And fome Time after I had
done this, and prefented it, this Friend defir’d that
Signor Conti might have a Copy of it. He was the
only Perfon who had a Copy, and he knew that it
was a Secret, and that it was at the Defire of this
Friend, and by my Leave, that he. had a Copy, and
he kept it fecret, while he ilaid in England j and yet,
without either this Friend’s Leave or mine, he difpers’d
Copies of it in France , and got an Antiquary to
tranfiate it into French , and to confute it } and the
Antiquary hath got a Printer to print the Tranfiation
and the Confutation j and the Printer hath endea-
vour’d to get my Leave to print the Tranfiation,
without fending me a Copy thereof to be perus’d, or
telling me the Name of the Tran'flator, or letting me
know that his Defign was to print it with a Confuta-
tion unanfwer’d and unknown tome.

The Tranfiator near the End of his Obfervations
(Page 90) faith, I believe that I have Laid enough con-
cerning the Epocha of the Argonauts , and the Length
of Generations to make People cautious about the reft.
For thefe are the two Foundations of ail this new

i’ }' 1 Syftem

(J>8)

Syftem of Chronology. What he faith, concerning
the Epocha of th e Argonauts, is founded on the Sup-
pofition that I place the Equinox in the lime of the
Argonautic Expedition, fifteen Degrees from th: firft
Star of Aries , Pag. 75, 79. I place it in the Middle
of the Confteilation, and the Middle is not fifteen
Dergees from the firft Star of Aries. The Obferva-
tor grants that the Conftellations were formed by
Chiron (Pap. 70, 71, 79.) and that the Solftices and
Equinoxes were then in the Middle of the Conftei-
lations (Pag. 65, 69, 75.) and that Eudoxus, in his
Enoptron or Speculum cited by Hipparchus, followed
this Opinion, Pag. 62, 63, 6 5, 69, 79. And * Hip -
parchus names the Stars, through which the C'olures
paffed in this old Sphere, according to Eudoxus , and
faith exprelly that Eudoxus drew one of tliefe Colures
through the Middle of Cancer and the Middle of Ca-
pricorn , and the other through the Middle of Chela and
the Back of Aries. And the Colurus, patting through
the Back of Aries, paffes through the Middle of Aries*
and is but eight Degrees from the firft Star of Aries. 1
follow Eudoxus , and, by doing fo, place the Equi-
noctial Colure about 7 gr. 36' from the firft Star of
Aries. But the Obfervator reprefents, that I place it
■fifteen Degrees from the firft Star of Aries , and thence-
deduces that I fhould have made the Argonautic Ex-
pedition 532 Years earlier than I do. Let him reftify
his Miftake, and the Argonautic Expedition will be
where I place it.

As for the Length of Generations , the Obfervator
faith, that I reckon them one with another at 18 or
20 Years a piece (i’ag. 52, 55-) which is another

* See Hipparchus publijh'd by Petavius,

jjp> 120.

Vol. 3. Pag. II 6, 1 1 7,

Miftake.

( 3»9 )

Miftake. I agree with the Antients in reckoning
three Generations, at about an hundred Years. But
the Reigns of Kings I do not equal to Generations, as
the antient Greeks and Egyptians did } but 1 reckon
them only at about 18 or 20 Years a piece one with
another, when ten or twelve Kings, or more, are taken
in continual Succeffion. So the firft 24 Kings of
France ( Pharamond , Sic.) reigned 458 Years, which
is one with another 19 Years a piece. The next 24
Kings of France ( Ludovicus Baibas, <5Cc.) reigned
45 1 Years, which is one with another i8t Years a
piece. The next 15 Kings (Philippas Valefius , <3cc.)
reigned 315 Years, which is one with another 21
Years a piece. And all the 63 Kings of France
reigned 1224 Years, which is 191 Years a piece. And,
if the long Reign of Lewis XIV. be added, the 64
Kings of France will reign but 20 Years a piece.
And they, that examine the Matter, will find it fo in
other Kingdoms : And I fhorten the Duration of the
antient Kingdoms of Greece , in the fame Proportion
that I fhorten the Reigns of their Kings, and there-
by place the Argonautic Expedition about 44 Years,
and the Taking of Troy about 7 6 Years after the Death
of Solomon , and find Sefojiris contemporary to Sefac.

So then the Obfervator hath miftaken my Meaning,
in the two main Arguments on which the Whole is
founded, and hath undertaken to tranflate and to con-
fute a Paper which he did not underhand, and been
zealous to print it without my Confent 5 tho’ he
thought it good for nothing, but to get himfelf a lit-
tle Credit, by tranflating it to be confuted, and con.
futing his own Tranflation.

The Obfervator faith, that 1 fuppofe that the
Egyptians began, about 900 Years before Chrift,to form
their Religion, and deify Men for their inventing of

Arts,,

( 3*° )

Arts, notwithftanding that it appears by the Scrip-
tures, that their Idolatry and Arts were as old as the
Days of Mofes and Jacob , Pag. 82, 83. But he is
again miflaken. 1 deny not that the Kingdom of the
lower Egypt, called Mizraim , had a Religion of their
own, till they were invaded and fubducd by the
Shepherds, who were of another Religion : but I fay,
that, when the Thebajis expelled the Shepherds, they
fet up the Worlhip of their own Kings and Princes.
I fay alfo, that Arts were brought into Europe prin-
cipally by the Lh&nicians and Curetes , in the rime of
Cadmus and David, about 1041 Years before Chrifl-
and do not deny that they were in Fhanicia, Egypt,
and Idumea , before they came into Europe .

The Obfervator faith a!fo, that, 884 Years before
Chrifl, I place the Beg nning of the canicular Cycle
of the Egyptians upon the vernal Equinox, although
that Cycle never begins in Spring, Pag. 84, 85. But
be is again miflaken. I meddle not with that Cycle,
but fpeak of the Egyptian Year of 365 Days.

The Obfervator reprefen is, that 1 have a great
Work to come out: but 1 never told him fo. When
I lived at Cambridge , I us’d fometimes to refrefh my-
felf with Hiflory and Chronology for a While, when
I was weary with other Studies : but I never told
him, that I was preparing a Work of this Kind for the
Prefs.

Abbe Conti came into England in Spring 1715, and,
while he Raid in E?gla?id, he pretended to be my
Friend, but aflifled Mr. Leibnitz; in engaging me in
new Difputes, and hath fince a&ed in the fame Man-
ner in France. The Part he a&ed here may be un-
derfiood by the Character given of him in the Ada
Eruaitorum for the Year 1721, Pag. 90. where the
Editor, excufing himfelf from repeating fome Dif-
putes

( )

putes which had been publilh’d in thofe AFta> fub-
joins : Suffiecerit rtaque annotaffie Abbatem quendam
Italum de Conti nobilem Venetian (de quo admiratione
digna fibi Jprafcripta ejffie ab Her m anno fatetur Leibni-
t in s') cum ex Gallia in Angliam trajeciJJet , rnediatorls
vices in fe fufeipere voluiffe , at que liter as Newtoni ad
Leibnitium deffierri curaffe , Leibnitianas cum Fewtono
communicate. And how Mr. Leibnitz by this Me-
diation, endeavour’d to engage me, agaimt my Will, in
new Difputes, about occult Qualities, univerfal Gra-
vity, the Senforium of God, Space, Time, Vacuum,
Atoms, the Perfection of the World, Supramundane
Intelligence, and Mathematical Problems, is men-
tion’d in the Preface to the fecond Edition of the Com -
mercium Eprflolicnm . And what he hath been doing
in Italy , may be underftood by the Difputes raifed
there by one of his Friends, who denies many of my
Optical Experiments, though they have been all tried
in France with Succefs. But I hope that thefe
Things, and the perpetual Motion, will be the laft
Efforts of this Kind.

II. De Camphora. Auctore T>no. Carolo ]Sieu~
?nan , Chym. Prof. Reg. Eerolin. S. R. S.

CU M jam plures, quorum aliqui ipfas quoque In-
dias peragrarunt, de Camphora tam copiofe
fetipferint, ut nihil eorum, qua? ad integram
hiftoriam Camphors dilucidandam pertinere videri
poterant, intermiferint, fiquidem Sc originem vocis
explicarunt, Sc fynonyma cun&a collegerunt, arbo-
rem, unde petitur Camphora, Sc loca, in quibus arbo-
res hujufmodi proveniunt, indagarunt, modum quo>

Cam^-

( pi )

Camphora ibi colligitur, 6c in Earopa depuratur, de-
nique 6c ufus, in quos adhiberi poteft Camphora,
docuerunt ; fupervacaneum plane foret, ifta omnia
hie repetere, chartafque mens citatis complere. Cui-
vis etiam fuam de Camphora opinionem 6c fententiam
liberam efte volo, five earn pro fiicco nativo, five pro
gummi, pro refina, fale volatili, bitumine, five pro
fuccini fpecie, five pro quocunque quivis earn repu-
tet. Etenim nihil jam aliud in propofitis habeo, quam
peculiarem quandam obfervationem recenfere 6c, quid
de ea fentiam, explicare, denique novas quasdam ex
tali meo judicio dedu&as do&rinas communicare, fpe-
rans fore, ut alii veriorem ex inde fententiam de
Camphora, quid ea proprie fit, dicant, alii vero occa-
fionem capiant, in rem inftitutis defuper experimen-
tis convenientibus inquirere, eamque dilucidare.

Traditum equidem eft in fcriptis de Camphora edi-
tis, pofTe etiam praster ordinariam, quam copiofam fa-
tis habere poftumus, aliam ex radice Cinnamomi,
Zedoaria Ceylonica, Roremarino Camphorato, Abro-
tano aliifque vegetabilibus aromaticis parari, quod
certo refpeftu negari nequit, 6c hac ipfa obferva-
-tione mea confirmatur ^ nihilo tamen minus confiteri
me oportet ante omnia, me nufquam locorum, qua?
peregrinando adivi, talem ex aliis & jam dictis vege-
tabilibus paratam, licet diligentej perquifitam, ne in
minima quidem quantitate vidiue Camphoram, qum
in folida 6c vere ficca confiftentia cum orientali con-
veniret ^ fed quicquid hujufmodi mihi monfiratum
eft, Amftelodami fuitillud oleum, quod in India ex
radice Cinnamomi deftiliatum dicitur 6c Camphoram
non minus quam Cinnamomum redolet, quamvis du-
bius adhuc hasreo, genuinum ne illud deftiliatum fue-
rit, an oleum Cinnamomi ordinarium copiofa Camphora
•imprasgnatum } Si quidem multa experientia compro-

batum

( 3*3 )

batum habeo, folere vulgo Sc imprimis in loco jam
dido, varias merces, potiflimum ad rem medicam per-
tinentes, fuco indudo effingi, et per mifcelam adulte-
rari: fed quoquo modo fe res cum ifto oleo habeat,
pofito etiam, nihil fuci fubfuilfe, 6c oftendi polle Cam-
phoram, etiam in folida confiftentia, ex radice, 6c ex
-Zedoaria Ceylonica, aliifque orientalibus vegetabili-
bus elicitam, nemo tamen, quoad fcio, folidum quid
Camphor* asmulum ex vegetabilibus Europ*is unquam
produxit ^ licet de Roremarino multi multa dixerint.
Sc de aliis quoque plantis noftratibus conjedura pr*-
fumferint; imo licet etiam Dn. Hofmannus Profeftor
Hallenjis Celebr. 6c Eques Angl. Boyle memoriae pro-
diderint, quod ille fimile quid ex floribus Rofarutn
6c Ligno Aloes * hie vero ex oleo Anifi impetraverit,
f penitus tamen ego fum perfuafus, quicquid Cam-
phor* fimile ex bis tribus produdum fuerit, molle
quid 6c unduofum, vel ad fummura butyrace* con-
fiftenti*, minime vero ficcum, cryftallinum, fra-
gile, 6c Camphor* duritie *mulum fuiffe, id quod
etiam ex ipforum deferiptionibus quivis facile poted
colligere. Taceo, quod in vulgus notum eft, oleum
Anifi in frigore butyri infiar condenfari, minime
vero in Camphoram eo ipfo abire. Pr*ter h*c, qu*
in feriptis commemorata legimus, fuerunt aliqui, 6c
in his certus quidem Pharmacopoeus, c*teroquin re-
rum fuarum fatagens, qui ore tenus mihi affirmarunt,
polfe fe ex variis plantis indigenis Camphoram para-
re, cujus modi tamen itidem ne tantillum quidem un-
quam videre licuitj interim alfentior illis 6c lubens
credo, potuilfe hos eadem facilitate, qua ego meam,
impetrare Camphoram.

* Vid. Ejus Diflcrtat. de Camphora & Obfervat. Phyfico-Chym.
ft Vid. Ejus Tr. de Firmitate & Fluiditate.

Z z Placuit

( 3M >

Placuit igitur ad Inclytam Rrg. Societatein referre,
acquifivifTe me ex noftrati Thymo vulgari, verum,
denfum, cryflalliformem 5c in omnibus qualitati-
bus confpirantem, nec ni(i odore difFerentem Cam-
phoram, qum cundi experimenta hue ufque cognita,
5c pro juiio examine excogitata pofiibiiia, asque ac
Orientaiis fuftinet, atq' e ita cum hoc in omnibus,
folo odore excepto, convenit.

Deftillaveram Anno MDCCXIX. ex dicla herba
olei copiam bene multam, inftitutaque hujus ab aqua
feparatione cum gollypio, cernebam tarn ad orificium
vitri, quam in gofTypio oleo imbuto parvos hguratos
cryftallulos hasrentes, qui ipfam deftillationem alias
fatis celerem, magis magifque remorabantur, adeo,
ut necefTarium eiTet gofTypium, contra morem, aliquo-
ties renovare. Mirabar quid rei novas & extraordi-
nary contigerit, variafque cogitationes agitabam, pa-
rum tamen vel nihil certi ea de re unde evenerit, &
quideffet, poteram colligere^ lagenam igitur oleo ple-
nary bene munitam, reponebam. Interim femel ex-
citatas & concepts de rei novitate cogitationes inqui-
ctum me tenebantj quare feiendi cupiditate dudus,,
port paucos dies, refumo lagenam olei, vifurus, an
denuo cryftallini quid ad orificium vitri hasreat, &
quantulumcunque demum id fuerit\ per experimen-
ta tamen parvula probaturus, cujus indolis illud fit,
fed circa orificium nihil ejufmodi reperiebam, circa
fundum vitri vero, quod me tan to magis attentum,
ne dicam attonitum habuit, confedifTe vidi cryftal-
Jos in fi fatis magna quantitate, diverfas unagnitudinis,
partim avellanas exasquantes, plerafque cubifor-
mes, faccharo cando fimiles. Nondum fufpicabar Cam-
phoram, fed potius fal volatile, quod pro copia herbas
fucceflive fimul tranfeenderit, 5c in parte aquofa fo-
lutum, poftquam hasc fundum petiiffet, purumque

oleum

( 3*5 )

oleum fupernataret, tandem ita coaluerit, EfFundo
igitur oleum, ut fal, quod effe putabam, impetrarem,
5c judicii mei certior tierem. Sed denuo in admira-
tionern rapiebar, quod ne guttulam quidem aquas in
fundo invenirera, ubi confultius nihil erat cjuam
magma falinum a fundo liberare, 5c aboleo feparatum
fervare. Quo me igitur ex dubio extricarem, vel
potius, ut de fale, quoi judicando prasfumferam, cer-
tior ellem, tentabam experimentum quo cunda falia,
cujufcunque indolis 5c nominis fuerint, probantur.
Magnam fcilicet quantitatem aquae dellillatas infun-
debam fuper materiam cryftallinam, fat *diu fimul
agitabam, hinc per aliquot boras quieti dabam, folu-
tionem cry ftallini per omnes horae quadrantes
cupide, fed fruftra expedans, neque enim folutionem,
neque ullam mutationem ejus animadvertebam, pra-
ter quod minimae particuls in fuperficiem elevarentur,
majores vero quantumvis bene interagitatas fundum.
femper repeterent, .5c aqua particulis oieoiis cryflal-
linre material adhasrentibus, fed agitatione liberatis*
imprasgnata eflet. Transfundo aquam, <SC nova ad-
fufa, denuo tentabam cryftallorum pro indole fa-
lium folutionem, poftquam hi ab adhserente oleo,
quod forfan folutionem ejus in aqua impediret, libe-
ral elfent, fed pertinaciter folutioni renitebantur,
quam neque adhuc dum, faspius licet tentatam, ad-
miferunt. Dehinc, prasoccupatione de falino concre-
mento plane abjeda, conjedurare cepi, quod plane
quid aliud, fcilicet mixtum oleofum, vel quad red-
nofum volatile ex oleo condenfatum eiFe debeat. Hoc
mecum perpendens, fub examen revoco varia, alias
vere exiftentia, mihique nota fubjeda, fi quod eorum
cum novo hoc comparari queat, <3c mox ob fimili-
tudinem cogitabam Camphoram. Sine mora igitur no-
va qusedain, per quas me magis certum de re fore

Zz 2 fperabam5

( 3l6 )

fperabam, adornavi, 5c ecce rei certus eram, fi quidem
omnia qus modo feci experimenta, non alia quam
quag communis Camphora fuppeditat, Phsnomena
exhibuerunt, unde tandem, utpote veritatis convic-
tum, nullo plane dubio relido, concludere me opor-
tuit, corpus hoc cryftalliforme aliud nihil quam ve-
ram efle Camphoram, qus ab Orientali non nifi in eo
differat, quod hsc Thymum, ilia vero aliud vegeta-
bile redoleat, quod, quia Camphoram copiofam°fup-
peditat, hue ufque nullo alio quam arboris Campho-
rifers nomine indigitatum fuit.

Ex his omnibus fequentia mihi concepi dogmata
quag ulteriori cujufvis indagationi, cum libertate
fentiendi, proponam.

I. Komen hoc Camphora, vel Caphura, non fpe-
dale, feu proprium eft, quod uni foli ex India veni-
enti Camphors femper competat, fed pro general;,
feu appellativo potius haberi debet (uti v. g. nomen
falls, olei, aqus, fpiritus, 6cc:) ita ut pro diltindione
fpeciei Camphors nomen illius vegetabilis addatur,
ex quo parata eft, ficuti mea Camphora jure meri-
toque Camphora Thymi dicenda venif.

II. Sub hoc nomine Camphors concepta ceflat
omnis controverfia inter autores hadenus agi-
tata de fpecie, ad quam Camphora pertineat, fi qui-
dem neque refinis, neque falibus volatilibus, neque
oleis & fuccis accenfenda eft, multo minus ad gummi
vel bitumina referenda, quod cum his omnibus per
omnia non conveniat, fed jam in hac, jam in alia
qualitate, jam plus, jam minus prscipui, vel tamen
plane diverfi quid habeat.

i. Refina did nequit, quia, quod etiam jam Dom«
Prof. Hofmannus adnotavit.

(a) Qmnes

( 3 17 )

(a) Chimes re fin# poft combujlionem , cine res, vet

aliud terrei aliquid relinquunt , Camphor a e contra
plane nihil , tot a deflagrat & in auras avolat.

(b) Nulla re fin a in vafe claufo penitus & in totum

elevantur ah igne , fuhlimantur , quod tamen cum

Camphora fuccedit.

(c) Re Jin a, ubi deflillantur , phlegma prahent ,
oleum , partim etiam fpiritum fic diblum , Camphora ve-
ro horum nihil.

(d) Nulla plane refina ef, qua ad infar Campho-
ra in fpiritu nitri folvi queat.

(e) ull a datur , qua aque cito & in tanta
copia in fpiritu vini colliquefcat> neque

(f) Talis, qua in aqua call da Camphora infar
avolet.

2. Malta minus Camphora fal volatile did po-
tefl, quia in aqua non folvitur, nec cum aqua intime,
quin videri poffit, raifcetur, quam tamen folutionem
invifibilem cunda lalia admittere debent neceffario,
uti fupra jam commemoratum eft.

3- Quamvis autem Camphora oleofum mixtum,
vel ex oleo conde.fnatum corpus fit, ideo tamen fim-
pliciter oleum vocari nequit, sque ac alia mixta fo-
lida oleo prasgnantia, fiquidem olei nomen liquidis
prascipue, vel ad fummum tenuiter unguinofis, mini-
mc vero folidis & ficcis fubjedis tribuitur & conve-
nit ; neque ullum oleum in ficca fubftantia, ceu
Camphora, fublimari poteft.

4. Sued nomen Camphors non convenit, quia
fucci proprie didi mixtionem,

(a) Vel gummofam , qua in aqua facile totaliter
liquefeit ,

(b) Vel

( 3*8 )

(b) Vel gummi rejitiofam , qua part min aqnofo ,
partim hi oleofo, inflammabili , fpirituofo & fimili JoU
vitur ,

(c) Vel refinofam obtinnerunt , qui poferiores refina
propria dicuntur, de quibus jam fub numero i. ditlum
eft, quarnm proprietatum nulla Camphor a convenit ,
Najn fi omnia ea, qua ex arboribus aliifque vegetabili -
bus partim fponte proveniunt, vel a natura & foie ,
partim etiam per artem parantur , quamvis in
tota planta ejufque fucco & partibus aliis difperfa &
commixta fuerint, fuccos vocare quis vellet , quantam
non confu/ionem inept am & conceptu impojfibilem pa-
reret in defcribendis rerum ejfcntiis ? Sic enim omnis
aqua , fucci, gumma , olei, half ami, refina fimiliumqne
diverfitas plane periret , verbaque hac difinftiva nuU
Hus plane ufus forent.

5. Camphoram etiam gummi vel bitumen non effe,
tx-prioribus jam fatis apparet, quicquid enitn gum-
mi vocatur, penitus in aqua colliquefcit, ficuti bitu-
mina maximam partem in ea folvuntur, ambo vero
fublimationi refragantur, quam Cainphora tamen ad-
xnittit.

Cum igitur nihil in orbe terrarum cognitum fit,
quod cum Camphora comparari poflit, asquum etiam
eft, ut fuo quoque nomine fingulari 8i fpecifico in-
figniatur, per quod, fi res quasdam dicatur Camphora,
ftatim intelligatur, earn neque oleum, neque gum-
mi, fal volatile, refinam, fpiritum, neque bitumen,
fed plane aliam <$C a didis his diverfam eife materiam,
mixtum nempe ex ingredientibus, Camphoram veram
conftituentibus, concinnatum, indolis fpecialifiims.
Unde quaeftio, an fal, vel gummi, refina, vel fuccus
fit, aque inconveniens Sc fupervacanea judicabitur,
ac fi quis quasrere velit, an fal fit oleum, vel an
gummi fit Camphora. HI. Tertium

( 1*9 )

fll. Tertium dogma, quod ex prioribus deduco,
hoc eft, quod omnis Camphora certum fuum fpecifi-
cum odorcm, Sc quidem oleum illius plantar, ex qua
parata eft, conftanter retineat, quodque odor ifte line
deftru&ione totius Camphors feparari ab ea nequeat.

IV. Qparto eonfequitur, quod experimentum nof-
trum de Camphora JThymi orientalem Camphors fa-
bricationem fatis fuperque confirmer., nempe quod
deftillando paretur, & acquiratur, in quo negotio
vix alia intercedit diverfitas, quam quod ex lie dicla
arbore Camphorifera ibidem in magna copia 6c ita
longe plus Camphors quam olei haberi queat, cum
e contrario vegetabilia Europ&omm plurimum olei,
parum vero Camphors largiantur.

V. Quintum dogma eft, quod certo credere poffi-
mus, alias quoque plantas Europ&as, copiofo oleo ef-
fentiali prsgnantes, sque ac Thy mum, Camphoram
daturas eile, quamvis nullam adhuc viderim, neque
pro ea elaboranda juftam occalionem naclus fuerim,
vel otio abundarim.

VI. Tandem li qui fuerint, qui plane ftngularem
^el peculiarem Camphors indolem diftindte neque-
unt concipere, 6c ex quibus denique conftet, feire
velint, in liorum gratiam pro mea quidem qualicun-
que experientia, amice mentem meam ita declarabo;
quod Camphora fit ficcum quid, album, pellucidum 6c
fragile, valde acute olens, non folum in igne, fed etiam
in aere fubcalido prorfus volatile corpus, quod ra-
tione mixtionis, ex copia principii inflammabilis rare-
facli, pauca aquofitate, 6c fumme attenuata vel fubti-
lifiima terra, intime inter fe unitis conftat.

i. Conftat Camphora rarefado Phlogifto, quia non
folum cito 6c tenuiter, imo etiam in aqua 6c nive ar-
det, fed etiam cum aliis de eodem principio copiofe

parti-

cipantibus celerrime unitur, ex quibus fpiritus vini
commemoratione, nitri vero fpiritus meditations dig-
niffimus eft, fiquidem de pofteriore pauciffima funt
cognita.

2. Aquofi aliquid continet Camphora, cum alias
principium inflammabile, licet copiofius, flaminam
exhibere non poftet.

3. Terrain fubtilem nemo negabit, quia extra
hanc ficcum corpus cryftallinum non fifteret.

4. Aeque minus in dubium vocabitur, terram hanc
fubtiliffimam, 6c cum coeteris intime, perque mi-
nimas, quas vel cogitando concipere pofliimus, partes
unitam efte, fi perpendimus, quod Camphora in folo
aere, aliquantulum tamen fubcalido in tota mixtura
fua, plane nihil poll fe relinquendo, avolet.

Definitio hsc per ea ipfa, qux hactenus de Cam-
phora Thymi diximus, confirmatur, confiderando,
quod ea folummodo ex fubtili oleo eftentiali ortum
duxerit, in quo oleo itidem non alia, quam fupe-
rius di&a tria conftituentia, phlogifton, aqua 6c ter-
ra demonftrari poftunt, quamvis fub notabili hoc
difcrimine, quod

1. Camphors mixtura multo fubtilior quam olei,
quinimo (fi ita loqui liceat) quinta effentia 6c
extractum olei lit.

2. Camphora parum faitern aquei principii in fui
mixturam recepit, oleum vero intuitu hujus longe
plus.

3. Terra Camphors fumme attenuate, 6c adeo
fubtilis eft, ut fponte fimul cum coeteris conftitu-
tivis avolet in auras, cum contra terra olei multo
eft craflior, id quod etiam, ut alia taceam, in redi-
ficatione vel exhalatione olei videre eft, ubi primo

refin. e

C 3 3 1 )

refine vel bitaminis indar, tandem etiam craffiori
fpecie apparet.

Quod fupered, diflimulare non pofluin, hsec alia-
que experimenta de Camphora fada dubium me ha-
bere, an etiam ulio alio quam deftillationis modo
Cimphora acquiratur. Pra? coeteris, de veritate fuf-
peda mihi videntur, quas de colledione Camphorae
in Infula Borneo aderuntur ; dicunt vero quod ibi
locorum fponte Camphora indar gummi, vel rehntr,
ex arbore exfudet, atque ita ab incolis colligatur,
multo pretiofior quam Japonica, quteque pne raritate
tarn cara habeatur, ut incolte illius infube nihil ejus
concedant exteris. Sed quoquo modo res cum hac
traditione fefe habeat, jultas tamen de ea dubitandi
caufas habeo, <3t in his potiffimum Camphors volati-
litatem, natural ejus penitiusiniitam j namque fi ex ar-
boribus exfudaret, non adeo diu fub foie fervidiore,
quo terne illius climatis incalefcunt, perfideret, fed
fat cito in aere libere exhalando fugeret, idque tan-
to faciiius, quia cum exfudaret, multo liquidior efTe
deberet, nec cunfiflentiam Camphora? duriorem habe-
re poller, qua? vero liquiditas ad tanro celeriorem
exhalationem difponeret, fi quidem per fe Camphora
in molli vel liquida confidentia retineri plane non
poted cum accepto calore, 3c ubi colliquefcit, mox
at qlat, qua de caufa etiam cum refina comparari ne-
quit. Quod vero Camphora nativa, ad indar dedil-
lata?, in oleo fuo dedillato quad loluta ex arbore pro-
fit, & dein ad arboris corticem Crydallorum in mo-
dun concrefcat, tanto minus perfuadeor, cum pauca
vel nulla potius exempla comperta lint, quod natu-
ra olea deftillata eflentialia, aliaque arte fada, indru-
mentis debitis quippe dedituta, produxerit. ’ Et na-
rum abed, quin credam totam traditionem de tali

^ a a colledione

( 3 3 2 )

colleclione Camphorae non nifi ex audit u commemo-
rari, &C viros coeteroquin eruditos Ten Rheine ,
Breynium , Hennannum coeterofque, alium ex alio
tranfcripfilfe, nullum vero, quantum credere par eft,
rem oculis in arbore ipfa confpexiife, qus quidem
fallacia in Hiftoria naturali prima non foret. Bine
denique concludo, efle omnino hanc fpeciem Cam-
phors; tarn raram, ut earn oculis cernere nemini li-
ceat, nec foiTan unquam contingere queat.

C. Neuman.

111. ObferVations of the Dipping Needle , made at
London, in the (Beginning of the Tear \ 723. By
Mr. George Graham, Watchmaker, F. R. S.

ABOUT the Time I was obferving the Varia-
tion of the Horizontal Needle, I made like-
wife fome Experiments with the Dipping Needle, to
try, if the Dip and Vibrations were conftant and
regular. The Needle I made for this Purpofe was
12 Inches and one Tenth long, hair an Inch broad in
the Middle, but not above one Tenth near the Ends j
the Ends themfelves being filed to fine Edges ; and in
Thicknefs it was about one Third of a Tenth. The
Ends of the Axis, upon which the Needle turn’d,
were very fmooth, and not bigger than was necefiary
for the Support of the Needle, which weighed nine
Pennyweights twenty one Grains, or about half an
Ounce Troy. The Ends of the Axis were placed
upon the Edges of two thin Plates of Steel, that were
hard and well polilh’d, and parallel to the Horizon
that the Needle, when vibrating, might roll, and

not Hide upon the Edges of the Plates, to avoid the

Friction

Cm)

Fri&ion they would have been fubjedl to, by moving
in Holes. A Brafs Semicircle was provided, and
from the lowed Point graduated each Way, and a few
of the Degrees, about that Part of it which anfwer’d
to the Dip, were divided into fix equal Parts. By
the Help of Screws, the Semicircle could be brought
to a due Situation \ and by two fpirit Levels, placed
at right Angles to each other, any Ch?nge of Situation,
was eafily perceiv’d, and by the Screws it could be
readily refior’d to its former Polition } all was inclos’d
with Glafs to fecure the Needle from being difiurb’d
by the Motion of the Air. I mufl here take Notice
of the great Difficulty there is of pcifing the Needle
fo exa&ly, before it is touch’d with the Loadftone,
as to take any Pofition indifferently: for, when it is
pretty near the Truth, it is extremely troubiefome to
place it at reft in the Pofition defir’d, in order to try
which Way it is inclin’d to move. It cannot be done
in the open Air j for the lead Motion of it will difturb
the Needle, and when it is (hut up, it is no eafy
Matter to fettle it in the Place intended. And that
there will be a f nfibie Difference of the Dip, upon
(hifting the Sides of the Needle, whatever Pains be
taken to prevent it, I am fully (atisfied from tire fol-
lowing Experiments.

,

March 2Q, 1732.
EXPERIMENT I.

I Touch’d both Sides of that End of the Needle’
which I defign’d to point South, upon the North-
pole of a fmall Terr ell a , after which I caufed it to vi-
brate in an Arch of ten Degrees, and counted the
Time by a Pendulum Clock, (hewing Seconds till
the Needle had performed 50 Vibrations.

A a a 2

It

( 3U )

• /

It pen arm’d the firffc 25 Vibrations in 2

The next 25 Vibrations in 2

D

5S

27

The fo in 525

Which gives for each Vibration at a Medium 6 , 5

The Needle dipp’d 730 15'

EXPERIMENT II.

Then I fhifted the Needle fo as that Side, which
before refpe&ed the Eaft, was now turn’d Weft, and
caufing it to vibrate in the fame Arch, as before, it
perform’d

The fir ft 25 Vibrations in
The next 25 in

The 50 Vibrations in
That is, each Vibration in
The Dip

73° 5°'

/ //

2 49

2 39

5 28
6, 56

EX P ERIMENT III.

I now touch’d the fame End of the Needle, a
fecond Time, on both Sides, upon the fame Stone'
and fufFering it to vibrate, as before,

It perform’d 25 Vibrations in 2/ 49"

That is, one Vibration in 6, 76

The Dip 73°

20'

EXPE-

( 335 )

EXP ER IMEN T IV.

The Needle was now fhifted, and flood as in the
fecond Experiment.

It perform’d 25 Vibrations in 2 ' 41"

That is, one V ibration in 6 44

Dip 73 0 45'

EXPERIMENT V.

The fame End of the Needle being now touch’d
twice on each Side, with the Loadflone prefented by
Right Honourable the Lord Paifley to the Royal
Society, in the Armour,

It perform’d the fir ft 25 Vibrations in 1 58

The next 25 in 1 46

The 5c Vibrations in
That is each Vibration in
The Dip

3 44

4> 48
55'

EXPERIMENT VI.

The Needle being turn’d, and /landing as in the
fecond and fourth Experiments, it perform’d

The firft 2$ Vibrations in
The next 2$ in

The 5-0 Vibrations in
That is, each Vibration in
The Dip

iof

1 n

2 OO

i 57

3 57

4> 74

EXPE-

( 3?<* >

EXPERIMENT VII.

I now touch’d the Needle at both Ends with the
fame Stone, with which it was touch’d in the fifth
Experiment, after which it perform’d

The firfl 25 Vibrations in
The next 25 in

/ n

1 35
1 34

The 50 in 3

That is, each Vibration in
The Dip . 740 20'

The Dip repeated with the ? ^

Needle taken off and replaced

9

3.73

EXPERIMENT VMl.
Upon fhifting the Needle, it perform’d

The firft 25 Vibrations in
The next 25 in

/ u

1 33
1 34

The 50 in 3 7

The Dip '74* *5'

The Dip repeated 74 3°~

A. 10 -

N B. The Needle had the fame Side to the Eaft in the
firft , third , fifth , W fie vent h Experiments • W
/W that Side turn'd Weft ward in the fiecond fourth,
fix thy and eighth-, and I began to count the Vibra-
tions, when I obfiervd it to vibrate juft 10 "De-
grees , as near as I could guefis. All thefie Experi-
ments were made with fufjicient Care in every Par-
ticular, excepting the Quantity of the Dip, which
requires the Divifions of the Semicircle to be very

equal ,

( U 7 )

equal , and the ycth Degree to be perpendicu-
larly under the Axis of the Needle ; this laft
I found was a little faulty , the T)ip being in
Reality greater than the Semicircle f jewed it.
After I had rectified this Error , and new touch'd
the Needle , upon that Part of the Armour to which
Iron is applied , when it is to be lifted by the
Stone , it perform’d the fame Number of Vibra-
tions in lefs Time than in any of the former
Trials . I now determin'd to obferve , for fome
Space of Time , both the Dip and Vibrations , with-
out frejh touching the Needle .

The Obfervations follow, by which it appears there
is a very confiderable Difference, both in the Quanti-
ty of the Dip , and in the Quicknefs of the Vi-
brations,

N.B. In all thefe Experiments , the Needle was placed ,
fo as to vibrate exaBly in the Plane of the Mag-
netick Meridian \ and fufficiently dijlant from all
Iron that could affeTt it , as far as 1 could per-
ceive, till I had Occafwn to put up a very large
Iron Rod in the Room above it , which immediately
alter'd the Dip of the Needle , and thereby put an
End to thefe Trials .

Dip

( 33* )

ir-y
Mar. 29.

Dip

0 1

75=00 at

Time of the
Day.

h ,

1 0 - 00.

Apr.

11.

Dip

0 1

74-35 4-

Time of the
Day.
h r
1 0=00. A. M.

74 — 5 3

4=15

I3*

74=40—

30

'4-554*

74=50—

1=00

4 -CO

14.

74-40-
74 40 —

10=45
11 = 15

31*

74—50—

10-00
12 =30
2=15

74 = 55

74 ~ 35

5=10

8—17

74 — 5° — *
74=50 —

15*

74 - 35

9 = 10. A.M*

i<5.

y7/r/7 1.

74-2-5

6-45

7=15

9=00

74-35

74=304-

1 1 - CO

8=45

74 - 5

74=204-

I7*

74—45

12=25"

0

•

74=204-

74=20-1 -

7 = 3o.A.M’
7 -50. P.M-

18*

74-404.

74-45

9—15

5 = 00

3*

743=204-

9=30

1 9-

74—45

92= co. A.M.

74 =204-

12=30

20.

74-45

%

*. . . V J

v

74 40

4=i 5_

21.’

74=50

10=30

' 4.

74=554-

-10=00

*5-

74 “5°

12=00

74 — 5°4“
74=40

ii —15

12=45

n6

74=504-

2—30

74=35

7=5°

27*

74-55

5

74=40

74=40

74=404-

9 = 15

i-45
5 = 30
8-15

28.

75=oo

75=00

74 - 58

i —00. P. M.
3 — i5
5=15

74—30-r

30.

74 40

4.

'74-35

174-35

10=00

12 - OO

y

j. May

0 — 1 )

I.

74 "45

1 =230

•7

74~ 354-
74=354-
74-35
74=35

10=20

12=30

4=00

2.

74=45
74 = 454-

74=4 0=*

12 = 00
1 - 00

3 -50

<5=30

The Weight of the dipping
Needle ppt. zigr. Trey.
X.B. The Mark 4- (ignifies
fonmhing more than is heie

$

.74=40 —

74=40 —

12-15

3 ~ 30

5

. 74'- 40 —

74-40 —

10=00

4=15

fet down, and — fignifi.es
fomething lefs, but the Dif-
ference could Scarce amount

IC

>. 74=40 ~*
74—304-

30=06
8= co

to more than two Minutes.

Expen-

( m )

Experiments of the Vibrations of the Dipping Needle, begin-
ning with an Arch of io Degrees, with the Times in which
ico Vibrations were perform’d,

172.3 h ,

April 1, about 7—15 Afternoon.
1 11

Fird 50 in 3= 2
Lad 50 in 2—45

The 100 in 5 —47. Dip 740=2 5

May 20. / ,j

Fird 50 in 3=11
Lad 50 in 322: 1

The 100 in 6=iz

' Repeated the Needle being new
touch’d.

Fird 50 in 2 —38
Lad 50 in 2=23

The 100 in 5-2= 1. Dip 74—35

Air'll 2. in the Evening
Fird 50 in 3 = 3
Lad 50 in 2—43

The 100 in 5 —46'. Dip 74—20-]-

April 3. about 4 in the Afternoon.
Fird 50 in 2=252
Lad 50 in 2=39

The 100 in 5 =31. Dip 74 -50

Repeated again aboutan Hour after
Fird 50 in 2 = 38
Lad 50 in 2 =20

The 100 in 4—58. Dip 74=30+

Repeated about an Hour after.
Fird 50 in 2—53
Lad 50 in 2=35

The 100 in 5—28. Dip 74=50+

May 21. about Noon
Fird 50 in 22=41
Lad 50 in 2—28

The 100 in 5= 9. Dip 74 =50

April 4. about 11=15 in the Morn-
Fird 50 in 2 =54
Lad 50 in 2 = 50

The 100 in 5=224. Dip 74—50-f-

May 23. about 12=45
Fird 50 in 2=40
Lad 50 in 2=27

The 100 in 5= 7. Dip 74=40

April 28. about 5=15 Afternoon.
Fird 50 in 2=48
Lad 50 in 2=16'

The 100 in 5—; 4. Dip 74=58

Repeated
Fird 50 in 22=47

Lad 50 in 2— 16 ]

— - ]

The 100 in 5= 3. Dip 74—58

May 25. about 3=30
Fird 50 in 2=41
Lad 5c in 2=30

Fhe ico in 5=211. Dip 742=40+

May 27. about 6 =30 Afternoon.
7ird 50 in 2=41
Lad 50 in 2=28

iThe ioo in. 5 — 9. Dip 74=50

( 3 4° )

An extraordinary Cafe hit Surgery , communicated
by Mr. Jofeph At'kinfon Senior , Surgeon .

A Maiden, about 20 Years of Age, was brought to
me about Chrijhnas 1725 } who had a Tumour
on the in fide of her right Thigh, extending from the
Groin to the Knee, which was fo large, that 1 judg’d
it contained at lead: the Quantity of a Gallon } the
Cutis was exceedingly diftended, but of the natural.
Colour, only, thecapillary Veins appear’d varicous,
and very numerous j lhe had alfo a large Tumour on
the Buttock of the fame Side, of the Bignefs of a
Quartern Loaf ^ but when the Tumour on the Thigh
was preffed, the Tumour above very much encreas’d,
which fhew’d a Communication, and prov’d after-
wards fo to be: She had alfo another Tumour on her
right Side, firetching from the left Side of the V
tebra of the Back to the Eypochondrium , about the
Bignefs of a Penny Loaf, her Eody was very much
emaciated, and fhe could hardly breathe, and the little
Vi&uals flie eat very difficultly paffied out of the Sto-
mach. She had had the Menfes but twice or thrice,,
about 12 Months before the Beginning of thofe Tu-
mours, and it is to be marked, that the Tumour of her
Thigh began firfl, and increafed to near the Magni-
tude 1 firfl faw it, before the Tumour of the Buttock
and Hip began ’, after that, the Tumour of her Back
began, which, as it increas’d, brought on great Diffi-
culty in Breathing. She had been with feveral other
Perfons, who advifed againfl opening the Tumour of
her Thigh, mod of them being of the Opinion it
was from Blood, and that her Cafe was incurable : 1

confefs.

( 34' )

confefs, I was of a contrary Opinion ; but being told
what fo many others had faid, I declin’d meddling
with it at that Time, though her Parents and herfelf
were willing to it: At this Time I difmifled her, fayin?
that, if Ihe liv’d, a little Time wou’d difcover more of
her Cafe. About two Months after I was delired to
vifit her again, which I did, but the Tumours were
lo monftroufly increafed, and her Body fo wafted,
that I wonder’d ftie could live under fuch Circum-
ftancesj the Tumour of the Thigh was every Way
yielding to the Prelfurc of the Finger, nor was there
the leaft Hardnefs about the Extremities of it, fo that
it might be ealily miftaken for an Aneurifma, had it

not wanted the grand Charafteriftick.Pulfation, which
fomefay, is not to be felt when thofe are very lar<?e
the Middle of this then look’d a little red, 'and film-
ing, and feem’d to point a little ; I told them I be-
lieved it would break with a fmall Orifice, and fhew
what was contain’d, willing them to notify it to me
if fuch a Thing happen’d: Three Days after they call’d
me in hafte to this Patient, faying, the Swelling of
her Thigh was broke- when I came, I found there
had been difcbarg’d a fmall Quantity of matterifh
Subftance, much like what is contain’d in a Meliceris
but the Opening was fo fmall or clofed, that I could*
not enter my Probe ; however, though file feem’d
to me ( and to Mr. Wall, an Apothecary then
prefen t) to be ready to expire, yet, at the De-
hre of her Parents, I open’d this Tumour with my
Launcet, making an Incifion about an Inch and
an half long, through which poured three Pint
Bafons full of Matter, befides feveral fmaller, which
together contain’d about five Quarts, it was very fe-
tid and bloody towards the latter End of this Dif-
charge ; upon this, the Tumour wholly fubfided, in-

^ b b 2 fomuch

( 34 1 >

fomuch that the Thigh inftantly became as fmali as
the other i I put my Finger into the Wound, and
Found the Fafiia lata quite con fum’d, the Mufcles lay
all loofe, fo that 1 fairly touch’d the Thigh-hone be-
tween them, as I would.

But I fhould acquaint you, that, immediately upon
the Di charge of this Humour, the Tumour on the
Buttock was confiderably abated, but there followed
about two or three Spoonfuls of florid Blood ; i drefs’d
it up for this Time with a proper Digeflive, and a
fuitable Bandage *, the Day following I vifited her
again, and found ihe had llept pretty well, and was
much refrefh’d, and not the lead Faintnefs had at-
tended her, during my Abrence, which (hews the ima-
ginary Sjinocope, that is feared to follow fuch, Evacu-
ations, to be groundlefs • the Day following, tak-
ing off my Dreffings, 1 found the Limb, in its Figure*,
bigger than the other } at the third Drefling there
appear’d a fmali hard Swelling a little below the
Orifice, which was made by fome grumous Blood
that lay there, which I turn’d out with my Finger,
in Quantity about four Ounces, this was follow’d
by a florid Blood, which much furprifed me \ I then
judg’d this proceeded from fome Hypogaftrick Velfel
that fupplied this Tumour, and I defpair’d of _ Suc-
cefs, unlefs I could meet with this Spring j fo, in or-
der to it, I laid open the Sinews to the Groin, and,
though I could not difcover the VelTel, yet I fo fuc-
cefsfully applied my Aftringent, that from that
Time it bled no more ^ however, there was, for a
Week, a great Flowing of a ferous Matter, which
wholly funk the Tumour of the Buttock and Hip,
and, by boul ftering and compreffing with fuitable Ban-
dage, the fo long feparated Cutis clos’d with the

Mufcles,

( ?43 )

Mufcles, and all Things, in about a Fortnight Teem’d
to be in' a fair Way of healing, yet, it was near three
Month3, before this Cure was compleatecT.

But (till (that is, a Fortnight after the Opening of
the 1 high) the Tumour on her Back continu’d, and
fhe much flraitened for Breath faying, if that was
opened, fhe fnould be prefently reliev’d j this Tumour
I then open’d (which was, I faid, as big as a Penny
white Loaf, and there ilfued out about two Quarts
of Matter, or rather more : I was again greatly fur-
prifed that fuch a Quantity, fo much more than
what poffibly this vihble Tumour could contain*
fhould run out of this Orifice j I enter’d my Probe,
and found it penetrate into the Cavity of the Thorax ,
between the fecond and third fpurious Rib, reckon-
ing from beneath, on which fhe refpired with all
Freedom, but there was a Halitus at this Wound- l
continu’d to drefs this and believe, before this tend-
ed towards Healing, not lefs (at Times) than a Gal-
lon, or rather five Quarts of Matter; was difcharg’d j
but, when I thought all was over, it filled again, the
external Tumour became almoft as big as before,
and her Breathing as difficult as ever; fo that I now
thought all my Labour had been in vain ; yet I open’d
it again with a larger Orifice, and from that Time
dreffied it fuccefsfully, to the perfect Healing ; the
Menfes are return’d, the Patient continuing well to
this Day, and in a good State of Health . This Patient
has been viewed by Mr. John Bonglafs , and he has •
had an ample Account of this Affair.

V. An

( $ 44 )

*4 *■ »« ‘ j T ^ •

V. An Experiment to illuftrate what has been /aid
in the [ Vhilofophical Tranf actions , N°. 3 86,
387, 388, concerning the Figure of the Earth ,
0{fV. J. T. Deiaguliers, L.L.D.F.R.S.

UP O N an Axis of Iron, that cou’d be made to
turn fwiftly (by means of a Wheel, whofe
String went round a Pulley fix’d to the Paid Axis) I
flipp’d on two Iron Hoops, whofe Planes interfecied
at right Angles, reprefenting two Colures, which, be-
ing of a fpring Temper, fprung in fuch Manner as to
be Part longer in that Diameter that coincided with
the Axis, than in their ./Equatorial Diameter j this Pro-
portion being the fame that Mr. Cafjlni fuppofes to
be between the Axis and ./Equatorial 'Diameter of the
Earth. Two circular Plates, to which the Paid Hoops
were riveted, had fquare Holes, thro’ which the
Axis pafs’d, fo that the two Poles of the oblong
Spheroid, which the Hoops defcribe in their Revolu-
tion, might approach together in fuch Manner, as to
let them put on the Form of a true Sphere, when, by
the Whirling, the /Equatorial Diameter of the Ma-.
chine fwell’d and over-power’d the Elafticity of the
Hoops. A greater Degree of Swiftnefs turn’d the
Sphere into an oblate Spheroid of Sir Ifaac Fewton's
Figure. A Velocity Hill greater makes the Difpropor-
tion of the Diameters, fuch as thofe of Jupiter • ^and
hill the Equatorial Diameter encreafes with the cen-
trifugal Force.

Another Hoop with a Catch, reprefenting the /Equa-
tor, {hews (m the Experiment) the Increafe of the
Equatorial Circumference, and an Index applied to
the Frame, {hews the Increafe of the Diameter.

As

( 345 )

As foon as the Revolution of the Machine ceafes,
the Colures, Meridians or Hoops return to their El-

liptiral Figure, whofe iongeft Diameter is the Axis
or Revolution.

If the Force, by which the Hoops endeavour to
keep their Figure, be confider’d, as the Gravity that
keeps together the Parts of the Earth ; from this Ex-
periment compar’d with what has been faid in the
lranihtions above-mention’d, it will appear that the

Earth cannot preferve its Figure, unlefs it be an oblate
bpheroid.

VI. Some Experiments concerning the Cohefion

°f Lead , by the fame .

HAVING, on Thurfday the 2 9th of April JafL.

made mention of fome Experiments, concerning
the Cohefion of two Balls of Lead, applied together in
a fmall Part of their Surface (fo as to require a Weight
rar greater than what will overcome the Preffure of
the Atmofphere, tofeparate them) made by Mr. Trie -
vall^ at NewcaJUe, and at Edinburgh } 1 made the fol-

lowing Experiment to the fame Purpofe, before the
Koyal Society .

I took the Leaden Balls A and B ( Fie . i.) the firft
weighing one Pound, and the other two Pounds-
and having from each of them cut off a Segment of
about i Inch in Diameter, I prefs’d them together
with my Hand, with a little Twift, to bring the flat
Parts to touch as well as I cou’d. The Balls duck fo
tait, that when the Hand H, by means of a String fuf-
tain d the upper Ball A, the lower one B (by reafon
of its Con tad at C) was ftiftain’d, tho’ loaded with the

Scale

( )

Scale S, and Weights E, which amounted to 1 6
Pounds. A little more Weight added feparated them,
and, upon viewing the touching Surfaces, it appear d
that they did not exceed a Circle of iV Inch Diame-
ter ; but this Surface can hardly be meafur’d exactly,
on account of its Irregularity. The Experiment was
repeated feveral Times, and the Cohefion of the Balls

was different every Time.

On ThwfJay the 6th of this Month, I made the
Experiment another Way, at the Meeting of the So-
ciety, and juft after their Riling, before feveral of the

On the upper Pin or Bar of the Wooden Frame
D d 1 H, I fufpended the Steelyard E F, whofe Hook
held up a leaden Ball A of two Indies in Diameter,
bavin? an Hole thro’ it, at A, to receive a String ; the
lower Ball B equal to, and prepar’d in the fame Man-
ner as the firft, receiv’d the Pin 0 o thro’ its String,
fo that G, the Weight of the Steelyard, was made Ule
of to feparate the Balls, which happen’d when it was
applied at the Number 20, in the firft Experiment ;
but in the three following Experiments, the Balls were
not feparated till the Weight was remov’d to the Num-
bers 25, 37, and 45, expreffing Pounds on theSteel-

5 Laftiy, the Balls being applied together as before,
ftill cleaning the Surface of Contaft with my Knife,
and never making a Contact fenfibly greater than
what I mention’d before; the Weight G remov d
quite to the End F, where it Weigh d 47 Pounds,
was not able to feparate the Balls, lo that I was ob-
lig’d to make Ufe of another Steelyard ; but as I in-
tended to begin my Trials with the Weight, at the
Number 47 upon this laft Steelyard, by,¥‘ftaH’
plied a wrong Weight inftead of G, which, being ; of

( 34 7 )

7 Pounds, indead of 4, feparated the Balls. Having
found the right Weight afterwards, I made feverai
Trials, but cou’d not again bring the Force of the
Contact to be equal to 47 Pounds. How much great-
er than* 47 Pounds the Force of the Contad was in
the 5th Experiment, I cou’d not determine, by reafon
of the above* mention’d Accident j but the Surface
was much as before. I fhall make fome more Experi-
ments of this Kind, and if lean come to any Certain-
ty in the Meafure of the touching Surfaces, and ut-
raoft Force of the Cobefion ; 1 will communicate the
fame, and repeat them before the Society.

VIE ExtruEi of federal Letters and Certificates
Jent to bis Majefty the Ifing of Great Britain,
concerning a Very particular Ncevus Maternus,
or Mole. Communicated by Dr, Steigertahl, Lby-
ftcian to bis Majefty, F. R. S.

JE R E M I A S Rudolph von Waltha-ufen , a Captain
of the Garrifon at Danneberg , near Lunebourg ,
was born OSober 24, 1680, w.th a very Angular
Mole upon his right Arm, Shoulder, and Hind-part
of his Side, not unlike the Branch of a Vine, with
its Leaves and Grapes. It hath been affirm’d and
atteded both by the Deceas’d himfelf, and feverai of
his Relations and Friends, that his Mother, when
big with Child, had an earned Defire for Grapes,
and impatient to day, till they were full ripe, went
down into the Garden to pull off fome of thofe un-
ripe } whereupon it happen’d, that a whole Branch
with its Leaves and Grapes fuddenly fell down upon

C c c her

( 348 )

her right Arm, which Accident much frighten'd her.
Some Time after fne was brought to Bed, and the Child
was obfervd to have feveral reddifli or bluilh Spots,
beginning from behind h;s Shoulder, and from thence
running over the fame, down the right Arm to the
Fingers. -The Captain’s whole right Side was bigger
than the Left by an Inch and upwards, and fo con-
tinu’d to his Death. 1 he Veins of the right Arm
were much rais’d, lying almoft immediately under
the Canada, which made them very conspicuous,
they were, befides, very much diftended, chiefly be-
tween the Elbow and Hand, where they were almoft
as big as a Man’s Thumb. On the Infide of the fore
Finger the Vein was extended into a fmall Tumour,
of a reddifh, or purple blue Colour, about the big-
nefs of a Nutmeg, corrugated with fome lenticular
Protuberances, which made it in fome meafure refem-
ble a Grape. The like Tumours, but not fo big,
were obferv’d in feveral other Parts of the Arm, in
the Spring Time; and as they thought, when the Sap
began to enter the Vines, as alfo when the Vines
flower’d, and in Autumn , when the Wine was fer-
menting, the Captain was taken ill, with violent and
itching Pains in the afFeded Arm for fome Days.
The whole right Side tiren fwelld more than ufual,
and the Veins and Tumours above-mention’d were fo
diftended with Blcod, that at laft, a ferous Matter
was forc’d out of the Pores of the Paid Tumours,
which as it gave the Patient fome Relief, fo he pro-
moted it, by feraping the Tumours with the Edge of
a Penknife. If the Captain held up his afFecfed Arm,
the Running of the Blood backwards in the diftended
Veins was very vifible. If he held his Arm down
again, the Blood return’d with fome Noife, and fen-
fibly fill’d up again the Velfels, which by the pre-
ceding

( 34 9 )

ceding Adion had been emptied. For this Reafon*
the Captain, when he was a Bed, was oblig’d to Jay
his Arm upwards, in February lad, the Captain was
again taken ill with violent Pains, and a drong fen-
hble Pufhing of the Blood into the affeded Arm, for
both which, they being not only more violent, but
continuing longer than ufual, he was advis’d to be let
Biood on his left Arm; as this did not immediately
relieve him, they applied at his Defire externally
Epithemata of Plants boil’d in Wine ; this eas’d his
Pains, and ma:3e him fomewhat more quiet, fo that
he could walk about the Houfe, but he neverthelefs
continu’d reliefs for fome Days, and was, on Saturday
the 17th of February^ S. N. eariy in the Morning, feiz’d
with a violent Oppreffion of his Bread, which in a
few Minutes made an End of his Life. The Surgeon,
then prefent, did not bleed him, but gave him only
fome Spoonfuls of a drong Cordial Mixture, which
he jud happen d to have about him, and of which
the Patient, with much Difficulty, could fwallow but
a fmall Part. He was, when he died, 44 Years,

3 Months, and 24 Days old j he was otherways a
drong robud Man, much given to Fatigue, and dif-
charg’d with great Bravery all the Duties of a goqi

Soldier, as appear d by his Condud throughout the
lad War. •

VIJI. An

( J.JO )

VIM- An Account of a (Boolf entitled. Hi fieri a
Cock ft is- Britannica, cnbus Voluminibus
content 'a, Am bore Joanne Flamjleedio Af-
tronomo Regio.

'"IpHE firft Volume contains the Obfervations of
X Mr. fViUiam Gafcoigne (the tint Inventor of
the Way of measuring Angles in a Telefcope, by the
Help of Screws ^ and the firff that applied Telefcopi-
cal Sights to Agronomical Inflrumems) taken at Mid-
dleton, near Leeds , in Torkjhire , betwixt the Years
1638 and 1643, excerpted from his Let ers to Mr.
Crabtree *3 with fome of Mr. Crabtree's Obfervations
of the fame Years:, as alfo Obfervations of the Sun’s
and Moon’s Diameters:, Configurations and Elonga-
tions of Jupiter' s Satellites from him, fmail Dillances
of fixed Stars, with Appul'fes of the Moon and Pla-
nets to them, obferv’d with a Telefcope and Micro-
meter at Derby , by Mr. Flamjleed , betwixt the
Years 1670 and .1675 , with the larger intermutual
Di fiances of fixed Stars, and of the Planets from
them } Eclipfes of the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter s Sa-
tellites, Spots on the Sun, Comets and Refractions,
taken with a Sextant of near feven Foot .Radius, a
voluble Quadrant, and the above- mention’d Jnftru-
mems, betwixt the Years 1675 and 1689, at his Ma-
jefly’s Obfervatory, rank’d under proper Heads,
with the Places of the Moon , Saturn Jupiter Mars ,
Venus and Mercury , deduced from the Obfervations,
and alfo necelfary Tables to be us’d with them.

The fecond Volume contains his Obfervations
(made with a mural Arch of near feven foot Radius ,
and 14c Degrees on the Limb) of the meridional

Zenith

( 35 > )

Zenith Diflances of the fix’d Stars, Sun, Moon, and
other Planets, with the Time of their Tranfits over
thd* Meridian, together with Obfervations of the
Sun’s and Moon’s Diameters, 'Edipfes of the Sun,
Mo m, and Jupiter' s ’Satellites Variations of the
Compafs from 1689 to ^the End of the I ear 1719,
■&c.

Tables fhewing to render the Calculation of the
Stars and Planets ^Places, from the Obfervations, eaty
and expeditious } to which are added the Places of the
Moon, (at the Oppositions, Quadra: ures and on her
Limits, and the Places of Saturn, Jupiter,

Mars , Venus and Mercury , derived from the above-
mentioned Obfervations.

The third Volume contains a Catalogue of the
right Afcenfions Diflances from the Pole, Longi-
tudes, and Magnitudes of .near 30GO fixed Stars, with
Variations of their right Afcenfions, and Diflances
from the Pole, w hi 1ft they change their Longitudes
one Degree, whereby their right Afcenfions and Dif-
tances from the Pole may be determin’d for 200
Years paft, or to come, fufficiently exacf. Large
Tables, by which the right Afcenfions, and Dis-
tances from the Pole of. the Stars and Planets, being
given, their Longitudes and Latitudes may be found
by Infpection. To this Volume is prefix’d a very
large Preface* containing, an Account of all the
Aflronomical Obfervations made before his own
Lime, with a Description of the Inftruments made
Ufe of} as alfo an Account of his own Obfervations
and Inftruments, together with a new Latin Verfion
of Ptdlomfs Catalogue of 1026 fixed Scars, from the
Greek, and Uleg-beigs Places annexed on the Latin
Page, with the Corrections } fmall Catalogues of the
Arabs, Tycho Brahes of about 780 fixed Stars, in a

proper

( ?J* )

proper Order } the Landtgrave of Hejfe's of 386 ;
velius* s of 1534, a proper Order. A Catalogue of
lome of the Southern fixed Stars, not vifible in our
Hemifphere, reduc’d to right Afcenfion, Diflance
from the Foie, Longitude, and Latitude, with Vari-
ations of right Afcenfions, and Diftances from the
Pole^ calculated from Obfervations made by Dr.
Halley , at St. Helena , and Mr. Flamjleed’s Star’s
Places, and fitted to the Year 172 6.

finis.

LONDON: Printed for W. and J. Innys,
Printers to the Royal Society, at the JFeft End of
St. PaulV Churchyard.

tyniLJ . /, b'ythicaJ 2/uitt/il'iliJ ,
(BeraTntte dictuj >

ew

(&7Y,/y7iuzm.o- ,

Numb. 39 o.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

For the Months of September and October ^ 1725.

The CONTENTS.

I. Differtatiuncula de Agno Vegetabili Scythico , Bo-
ra metz Vulgo dicio. Auclore Dno Joh. Phil,
Breynio, M. D. Dantiic. S'. S.

II. De Camphora. AuBore Dno Joh. Brown,

Cbym. (Z^. S. S.

III. Two Letters on the EjfeBs of Lightning, from
the (Reverend Mr. JoL WalTe, (ReBor of Aynho
in Norchamptonlliire, to Dr. Mead.

IV. De Viribus Magneticis. Epiftola Viri DoBiJJimi
P. Mufchenbroek, M. D. ad J. Th.
Defaguliers, LL. D. <!(. S. S.

V. A fwrt Account of the Anomalous Epide-
mic Small-Pox, beginning at Plymouth in
Aug uft 1724, and continuing to the Month of
June 1725. (By the Learned and Ingenious
Dr. Huxham, Bhyfician at Plymouth.

■*' .

.L

zn -'f'G. i -o' : •; - x

f~ \

K '¥

ERRATA.

“^O. 389. Page 341. line 31, 32. read ttyree quart Bafons
p. 342. 1. 15, r. Syncope. 1. 18. r. but little bigger.
1. 27, r. Sinus.

. i

( m )

I. Differ tatiuncuh de Agno f^egctabih Scythico , Bo»
rametz Vulgo ditto. Auttore Dno Joh. Phil.
Breynio, M D. Dan tifc. 5. 5.

J.

NON fingendum, fed inveniendum, quid Natura
faciat, aut ferat. Aurea hasc verba utinam con-
tinuo animo obverfarentur illorum, qui reconditos
Nature fhefauros quasrunt Sc ejus arcana rimantur.
Hoc li fadum fuiliet olim, certe Hiftoriam Nature
per fe amplifllmam, tot ac tantis non haberemus inqui-
natam aniJibus fabulis Sc opinionum commends. Cu-
jus rei exemplum nobis inpradendarum pr^bet A?-
nus didus Vegetabilis Scythicus, Barbaro nomine Ba-
rametz Borometz ; vel Boranetz inter Hiftorife Nat
Scriptores notus.

II.

D e hoc Agno Vegetabili imprimis egerunt Athana-
fius Kircherus in Opere de Arte Magnetica, (a) qui
citat Sigifmundum L. B. ab Herberiiein, Haytonem
Armenum Surmra & Jul. C*f. Scaligerum, Francif-
?nS,^nco de Verulainio, (b) Fortunius Licetus, (e\
Andreas Libavius, (d) Fufebius Nierenbergius (e\
Adamus Olearms (f) & Olaus Wormius, (% ) u’t L.

teros, quos inter multt Botanici, qui eandem fere ca
nunt cantilenam, nunc taceara.

(a) p. 504, & 505. ( b ) Hiftor. Natur. Cent 7 N° Ann (r\ A c

taneo Viventimn Ortu C 4; (d\ H-A • * 7 • 0 (c) de Spon-

- (/) *U. &sfpx

Vot. XXXIV.

Dd d

Hunc

( 354 )

H u N c Julius CxL Scaliger (h) titulo Agni Scy-
thici, Borametz, fequentem in modum defcribit :
“ Superiora ludum putes, prout eft admirabilis Tar-
<c taricus frutex. Tartarorum horda primaria Zau-
“ olha eft, vetuftiffimse nobilitatis commendatione. In
<£ co agro ferunt femen feminis Melonis dmillimum,
fed minus oblonguin. Ex eo fatu plantain exire,
« quarn Borametz, id eft, agnum vocant. Crefcit
« enim agni figura ad pedum fere ternum altitudi-
16 nem : quern pedibus, ungulis, auribus, toto capite,
85 praeterquam cornibus, repraefentat. Pro cornibus
cf pilos'gerit, dngularis cornu fpecie. Obducitur co-
“ rio tenuidimo : cujus detracli ufus ad capitum
« tegmina ineolis. Ferunt internam puJpam Gam-
u mari referre carnes. Caeterum b vulnere quoqj
ct fanguinem manare. Dulcore efle admirabili. Ra-
“ dicem humo exertam furrigere ad umbilicum ufq^
84 Illud miraculi .fovet magnitudinem. Quandiu vici-
“ nis obfidetur herbulis, tamdiu vivere, quad agnum
“ in too pafcuo. Abfumptis illis, tabefcere, atq-
“ interire. Idque non fplum vel cafu, vel tra&u
4t temporis, fed etiam experiundi gratia, fubtra&is,
« atq, ablatis evenire. Quin illud auget admiratio-
<c nem : appeti a Lupis earn, non item ab aliis beftiis,
«* qux carne vefcantur. Hoc quad condimentum,
“■ atq^ intritum, ad fabulae, <$£ agni alludonem. Illud
u fcire velim: Ab uno ftipite, quatuor diflra crura
84 cum fuis pedibus qui poflrnt provenire, atque pro-
“ duci.

“ H?ec, quod non ignorarem haud ingrata fore tibi,
<■ cseterifq^ Philologiae ftudiods, enarravi partim a nobi-

“liflitnis,

— - - ■ ■ ■ ■ — - ■ ■ ■■■■'■ —

(/,.) <je Subtilitate Contra Cardanum Exerc. 181. Seft. 29, 30.

( 355 )

c< liflimis, partim ab exercitatiflimis in rerum Natura
c* viris non folum feda, fed etiarn audita : quibus in-
“ genii tui amplifiima fpatia implere aliqua ex parte
<e poiTes.”

Pari ratione peteri eum deferibunt, vel potius ex
Scaligero exferibunt Authores, quorum tamen non#,
nulli in quibufdam circumftantiis variant, 6c Atha-
nafius Kircherus ejufdem addit, vel ut redius dicain,
fingit figuram. Imo in nonnullis Rerum Nat. Mufaeis,
ut in Wormiano, Swammerdammiano, &c. ejus, uti
volunt, quondam demonflrabatur detrada pellis.

IV.

Antonius Deusingius ( i ) rem accu-
ratiori rationis trutina examinans, fabulofa etfe, quze
de Agno hoc traduntur, fubolfecit, 6c ipfum Julium
C$f. Scaligerum, qui inter primos Authores, ut fu-
pra didum, ejus meminit, eum ut fabulam tradaiTe
evincere conatur : Quemadmodum & alii, minus cre-
duli, eundum in dubium vocarunt.

E t revera totam hanc de hoc Agno Hiftoriam, fi
ab animo prsjudiciis vacuo accurate examinetur*, fa-
bulam fapere, imo effe, 6c Deulingium rede judi-
cail’e, fequentes evincunt rationes.

i°. Quia a nullo fide digno Authore Agnus ejuf-
modi Vegetabilis unquam vifus. Qus enim Olaus
Wormius ( k ) narrat ex relatione D. Eovaldi de Kleifs,
Eledoris Brandenburgici Legati, (Ipfi fcilicet in con-
hnibus Tartaric degenti a Tartaro quadam fuiffe ob-
latam ejufmodi plantain exficcatam, foiiis Tabaci, cu-

(/) De Agno Vegetabili, quod extat in Pafciculo ejus DilTertationnm
fele&arum, />. 598. & feq, ( h ) l.c. eitationum

D d d 2

JUS

( 3 5 ^ )

jus cauli adhsrebat frudus, agnelium figura plane
referens, inagnitudine pedali, veliere crifpo tedus)
fufpeda funt, cum Vir ille Nobiliffimus, ab aftuto
quodam Tartaro, ipfi fucum faciente facile feduci
potuit. Quid verb de pellibus, quse hoc nomine in
Mu fads demonftrantur, fentiendum fit, ex infra dicen-
flis apparebit.

2°. Quia a DodiiT. & Rerum Nat. Scientiffimo En-
gelberto Ksmpfero, M. D. (/) in fuppofita hujus Agni
patria anxie licet quaefitu% tamen nihil huic fimile
inventum ; haec enim ejus funt verba : c' Quia de
44 exiftentia Zoophyti gramina pafcentis, nullibi Tar-

tariae apud vulgum, vel Botanies peritos extat
* c notitia memoria, prout ipfe ad rifum <$£ naufeam
“ exploravi, neq^ ulla res Borometz dida, prsterquam
“ ovinum pecus ibidem poteft reperiri, meram elfe,
C£ quicquid de hac planta proditur, fidionem fa-
“ bulam alferimus.”

5q. Denique quia tota de hoc Agno relatio fabuls
adeo videtur fimilis, ac ovum ovo.

VI.

Fabul^ autem hujus originem optime detexit
diligentiflimus Naturae in Orientalibus Regionibus
Scrutator, jam jam laudatus Ksmpferus loc. cit. ubi
(prsmiflis de Etymologia vocis Borometz, quodj cor-
ruptum ait ex Mofcovitico Boranetz, Pobnice Ba-
ranek, quod diminutivum eft vocis Baran Sclavonics
originis, Polonis Ruftifq*, ovem fignificantis) ait, in
quibufdam Provinciis circa Cafpium Mare efte quod-
dam ovium genus, prster vulgare nobis cognitum,
quod ab eo in multis difcrepat, imprimis commenda-

bile

(l) Obfervat : de Agno Scythico f. fruftu Borometz quj exftat in Differf.
fua inaugurali, nec non in Amoenitatum Exotkaram Falcculo III. Obf. i.

( 357 )

bile pellium elegaatia, quas defcribit, 6c qua rations
ad ufus pro veftimentis adornandis Tartaris Perfifqj
familiares prsparentur, doce^, 6c addit : “ Magnatum
cc divitumq, faftum fupra vulgi fortem amiciri cupi-
u entem, pullorum pelliculas expetere, qui.annofis
tc multo teneriores & eo quidem cariores, quo juniores
“ fuerunt agnelli, quibus detrads funt horum enim
pili a pellionibus cogi patiuntur in fubtiliores 5c
“ denfiores cirros, qui toti peliiculse pretium 6c venu-
“ fratem tribuunt. inde tit, ut teneritatis 6c lucri
Cc infidiatores non vereantur ipfam anticipare, crudeli
tc laniena, nativitatem, & matribus uterum gerentibus,
“ diltedo ventre par turn ante partum eximere, folius
cc gratia pelliculas obtinends. Hsc rite elaborata,
£C tam dubiam prorfus 6c delicatiflimam teneritatem
t£ exhibet, ut refedis extremitatibus, vix agnins cu-
ct tis retineat fimilitudinem, fed ignaram credulita-
“ tem, fpecie quadam membrane cucurbitinse lanugi-
**■ nofs point decipere. His fubjungit: Pretium pel-
et liculae, pro bonitatis opinione, exfurgit ad aureos
Ci tres, vel amplius } fervit ea pro duplicatione mitra-
“ rum, nec raro, ornatus gratia, togarum 6c amicu-
lorum limbum conftituit. Tandem concludit : Sive
“ fabula hsc natal es debeat conjeduras alicujus con-
“ templatoris Philofophi, five infcitiae tribuenda fitpri-
“ mi relatoris, qui per linguas ignorantiam, vel incu-
<c riam, in parergo rem auditam perperam intel-
* lexiffe potuit, five cuicunqj acceptam referatnus
“ occafioni alii, qua per longe diflitas regiones paf-
“ fim proveda, ambiguae teneritatis pellicula, in tegri-
« tatem hiftoriae, ac nominis fui amiferit : donee tan-
“ dem appulfa nobis cum prodigii lepore, in Virnm
“ illuflrem, curiofum 6c hujus peregrins lanugiflis
<c admiratorem incidens, vegetabili vultu fuo fidem
a prodigii, ut folent mirabilia omnia, nullo negotio

“ fecerit,.

( 35* )

e£ fecerit. Sic authoritate illuflratts error, mox fcrip-
<c tis quoqj firmatus, fapientifiimorum ingenia 6c vul-
<c gi opinionem ita occupavit, ut hodie pro Zoophiti
£C fpecie inter rariora Mufaeorum oftentari foleat, qu®
tC veriffima C®farei foetus pellicula eft. ” Hadenus

me.

Ex citatis patet pelles illas agninas Perficas, qu® a
P ellionibus noftris Iperfinntfclje Xnrntta falutantur,
hujus eife generis, quamvis non optima? not®, illorum
fcilicet agnorum, qniCasfareafe&ione ex Matrum uteris
exfcinduntur, cum earum pretium, tefte K®mpfero ad
aureos tres, vel amplius in ipfa eoruin patria exfur-
gat, noftrae vero pretio longe minori apud nos, unico
fcilicet aureo, ad fummum veneant.

VII.

Interim ante triennium circiter Vir quidam eru-
ditus 6c curiofus ex Mofcovia iter faciens 6c Urbem
noftram tranfiens, Mufteolum meuin, inter alia qu®-
dam Naturalia, Agno ejufmodi, ut vocabat, Scythico,
quod pro genuino Borometz, ceu magnum Kgipfatov
venditabat, ditavit. Hie fex pollicum prater propter
erat longitudinis, capite cum auribus 6c quatuor cru-
ribus inftrudus, coloris ferruginei 6c totus lanugine
quadam inftar panni holoferici villofi (ipnmmet vulgo
didi, teclus, auribus 6c cruribus, qua? glabra erant,
coloris ad fufeum magis vergentis, exceptis. (*) Ad
examen vocatum cognovi, non eife animalis nature,
neq- frudurn alicujus plant®, fed radicem cujufdam
vegetabilis era (Tam, reptantem 6c villofam, vel potius
caulem fcandentem plant® alicujus, qui arte obftetri-
cante figuram aliqualem animalis quadrupedis acqui-
fiverat. Crura enim quatuor erant tot reliquias cau-

lium.

("*) Vtd, Figuram naturali dimenfione expreflam.

2

( HP )

Hum, vel fi mavis pediculorum abfci/Torum, gui folia
fuftentaverant, quemadmodum & aures, qui tamen
cornibus (imiliores- prasterea hinc inde cmergentes
fibrs, per quas more csterarum nutrimentum *adix
crafTa, vel potius caulis <5e per hunc planta ceperat,
nullum amplius relinquebant dubium. Quartum
quoq^ crus anterius, non ut cetera corpori continua,
led arte erat intrufum, quemadmodum Sc ipfum cum
collo caput fubtili modo annexum, accuratlori exa-
mine deprehendi. Ut adeo hie Agnus eodem artifi-
cio ex radice hac vel caule formatus fuerit, quo Ho-
munciones ex Mandragoras Sc Bryonia radicihus, qui
3HC&Unett vulgo dicuntur ab Agyrtis. Remanfit mihi
tamen dubium, ex qua planta hoc ludibrium artis Sc
naturae efFormatum fit, quanquam mox fubiit cogita-
tio, illud plants cuidam ex capillarium genere vulgo
dido adferibendum efTe, cujus varia habebam indicia,
ab analogia mihi cognitarum quarundam exoticarum
fpecierum, nonnullarumq- ab llluftri D° Hans Sloane
6c Rev. P. Carolo Plumier in fplendidiffimis fuis Ope-
ribus deferiptarum 6c delineatarum r utpote, quariim
diverfs caules fcandentes ejufmodi lanugine ferrugi-
nea f, rufefeente raufeo, ut vocant, teclos emittunt.
Interim tamen, ex qua fpecie prscife, determinare
non valui. Peculiarem itaqj forte nondum deferiptam.
fpeciem die, qus in Tartaria reperitur, arbitror,

donee cum tempore certiora edodus fuero.

■*

VIII.

Hanc meam fententiam conformant, qus poft-
modum legi in Tranfadionibus Philofophicis Anglica-
nis {in) ubi Illufiris Ds. Hans Sloane, Gollegii Med.

Lond

(w) N° 287. p. 86 r. quad etiain reperitur in the PhilofophUal Tranfi
fiiotis abridged by John Lowthorp’, Vel. i, p, 646./. 160.

( )

l.ond. nunc Prafts 5c Regis Societatis Vice-Frafes
digniffimus fimilem Agnum Scythicum ficlum ex In*
dia Crientali na&us, defcripfit 6c delineavit, qui ta-
men longe minus Agni figuram refert, quam meus
memoratus. De ejus origine eandem modo laudatus
Vir mecum fovet fententiam ^ caeterum air, lanuginem
ejus in \ifu elfe contra Hxmoptyfin, ad fex grana pro
doll ter exhibitam; prxterea ejufdem lanuginis mentio-
nem fieri a Merretto (ri) tituloPoco Sempie,/.
a <g)0iuen SgOfg* ubi Virtus ipfi cordialis adfcribifur.
Porro fibi certo relatum, lanuginem hanc in China
adhiberi pro fiftendo fanguine invulneribus recenti-
bus, ut apud nos telae araneorum, ibidemqj in tanta
xftimatione haberi, ut paucx familias hac careant ; dum
ipfe faepius in fputo fanguinis ufurpatam meminerit,
ubi tamen non infallibile remedium hoc, licet inno-
cens, expertus eft.

IX.

Credo autem ejufmodi Agnes ex certis radicibus
vel caulibus in Mofcovia & Tartaria effingi, ut ali-
quo modo Hiftorix Agni Scythici Vegetabilis aaftrua-
tur Veritas. Quis autem non videt hunc ab eo, qui
a fupra citatis Authoribus deferibitur, plane diverfum,
nee tanta admiratione dignum effie, cum etiam hie ex
varus radicibus varia portenta, qux rerum naturali-
um quarundam fimilitudinem aliqualem habeant, effin-
gi poffint; quemadmodum fupra de Mandragorae radi-
cibus retuli, dum interim hie non magis agnusdicen-
dus, fed radix vel caul:s revera eft <$c manet plantx cu-
jufdam, ac Homunciones aUCMUtttlj BelgicePissE
Diefies Co) didi, radices Mandragorx.

II. De

(n) In Appendice ad Nehemice Graevii Muf. Soc. Reg. p. 3^6.

(o) De quibus Vid. Deufingius de Mandragora; Mangoniis, quod extat in
Ejufdem Fafciculo D.flcrtationum, Z1. 586, nec non Miicellan. Natur. Curiof.

D. it A. 1. Obf.48.

2

( J*l )

IL De Camphor a. AuBore Dno Joh. Brown,

Chym. 5. S.

IN tradatu nuper a Domino "Neuman , Germane,
in Angliatn miffo, cui Tituius de Camphora, qui-
que coram ftac Societate ledus fuit, inter alia Vir
Doclus haec allerit. c* Acquifivi ex noftrati Thymo
“ Vulgari verum, denfum, cryftalliformem, 6c in
“ omnibus qualitatibus confpirantem, nec ni(i odore
difFerentem Camphoram j qua? cunda experiments
“ hue ufque cognita, 6c pro jufto examine excogita-
t£ ta poffibilia, aeque ac orientalis fuftinet, atque ita
“ cum hoc in omnibus, folo odore excepto,convenit. ,f
. . - . Qiiibus verbis paulo poll fubjungit, “ fe hanc
“ Camphoram ex OleoThymi deftillato obtinuiffe.”. ..
Hsc ille : de quibus non inutile erit pauca obfer-
^are.

Primo mihi animum fubit, Quoddam apud nos effe
eodem modo e noftrati Thymo deftillatum, quod
hadenus hnproprio Salis Thymi Volatilis nomine
dictum fuit i non tamen video quomodo Camphora
Thymi verius did poteft. Equidem non in dubium
voco quod ex propria experientia afteruit Vir Dodus
de eo, quicquid demum fit, quod e Thymo extraxit,
quodque appellat Camphoram : Liceat tamen mihi,
pace viri eruditi, paucis, notare differentias, quas ipfe
obfervavi inter Camphoram proprie didam, 6c illud
quod e Thymo apud nos deflillatum haberous.

Praeparatio noftra eft hujus modi : Oleum Thymi
coagulatum feu condenfatum, pellucidum, cryltalli
forma indutum, varias magnitudinis, varheque figure,
poft primam feparationem faccharo cando albo, mox
vero rubro, flunk ; valde Thymura fpirans’ pun-

E e e gentis

( 362 )

gentis vel etiam cauftici faporis, non fragile ut Cam-
phora. Hoc in quibufdam experiments a vulgari
Camphora, qualis in ofhcinis venditur, non multum
difFerre fateor.

Eadem fpecifica gravitate videntur efle.

Neutrum horum in aqua folvi poteft. In Spiritu
Vini ambo facile folvuntur.

In aliis vero Phenomena adeo funt diverfa ut mea
fententia nomen Camphor# utrique competere non
pofiit.

(1.) Camphora in Spiritu Vini foluta & poft in
aquam projeda, fubito coagulum album fupernatat,
quod revera apparet elTe Camphora, odore, fapore, 6c
fubffantia. Quod fi eadem in oleo noftro coagulato
experiri velis, videbis in aqu# fuperficie guttas parvas
olei liquidi inna^are, qu# fenfim in cryftallos pianos
(cryflallis Lun# non multum abfimiles) formantur,
etiamque faporem 6c odorem Thymi retinenr. Diver-
fitas adhuc magis e fequenti experimento comparuit.
Utramque mixturam fupradidam tota node in aere
frigido expofui : Mane coagulum, quod prius Cam-
phor# in Spiritu Vini folutas innatalle dixi, prorfus
evanuerat, aqua Camphor# odorem adhuc retinente •
(forte propter fpirrum vini admixtum : ) In altero
vero, nempe Oleo Thymi coagulato, cryftalli aquam
fupernatantes, in eodem ftatu, quo ante fuerant, re-
manebant, nec quidquam erant deminuti.

(2.) Camphoram folidam per vim fpiritus nirri
in liquorem pellucidum mutatum iri, quis in re chy-
mica vel minime verfatus non novit ? At oleum nc-
flrum coaguJatum, fi eidem menftruo adjiciatur, pri-
ftinam quidem formam cryflaUinam peniius amittit,
6e fubftanti# refinof# feu gummof# formam induit,
neque, quantumvis vafculum, in quo continetur, va-
lida manu 6t f#pe concutias, unquam in fiuidum e-

vadet.

( 3*3 )

vadet. Preterea, fi liquorem iilutn pellucidum, in
quern Camphora redada erat, in aquam poftea eflun-
das, redintegratur Camphora : contra, oJeo nofi.ro

coagulato eadem fubftantia r.efinofa, feu gummofa, ad-

hue manet, 6c fapor Ihyini adhasret cupo notabiii
amaritudine adjeda.

(3-) Oleum Vitrioli (ut docuit nofter Boyleus)
Camphoram in totum dilTolvit : in Oleum vero Thy-
mi coagulatum, quod fupra deferipfimus, nullam aliam
mutationem inducit, nili quod \i manus concutientis
cryftalli in minores partes dividantur • & hoc modo
cry fialli olei, fi microfcopio obferventur, fragmentis
Camphor* fe magis affimilant.

Infuper Camphora Oleo Vitrioli foluta fe ab hoc
menftruo recuperat, fi poftea in aquam fundatur : no-
ftrum vero eandem formam cryftallorum, quamin Oleo
'Vitrioli habuit, etiamfi in aquam efFundas, una cum
fapore 6e odore Thymi, adhuc retinet.

(4.) Scribit Dnus Neuman Camphoram conjiare rare -
fatio Phlogijto (h*c funt ejus verba) at minime qui-
dem noftrum : nam fi igni admoveatur, extemplo colli-
quefeit, 6c oleum liquidum fit. Fatendum quidem
eft, fi goffipium immergas, idque deinde igni admo-
veas, fiammam ftatim concipit : fed hoc goffipio de-
beri clarum eft, idemque oleis omnibus commune.

(5 ) Ignis in duo ifta corpora diverfosefFedus habet.
Nam qualifeunque ignis gradus idoneus eft ad fubli-
mandain Camphoram fine ulla liquefadione, idem
corpus hoc e thymo deftillatum 6c condenfatum pror-
fus liquefaciet, & liquefadum tenebit cum nulla vel
minima fublimatione. Hadenus de diflerentiis.

Quibus, non abs re fuerit teftimonia qu*dam de
oleis coagulatis, feu falibus ex oleis natis, hue perti-
nentia, fubjungere.

E e e 2

Unus

( ?<4 )

Quidam ex noftris fociis, rei chymicae adraodura pe-
ritus, Dom. Slave , in Philofcfophicis Adis, ab hinc
plufquam triginta annis editis, oleum noftrum hifce
verbis defcribit, Ex fatis magnae copis Thyini deftil-
lacione, feparatum eft fal volatile indolis fingularis,
(quod Peritiflimus nofter Chymicus D. Moult primum
mihi exhibuit) hoc eft pellucidum, vel cryftallinum,
quoad gravitatem fuain fpecificam paulo aqua ponde-
rofius, idemque & fal <3c oleum in uno corpore coagu-
latum effe videtur : in aqua non folvitur, fed calefac-
tum facile avolat.

Idem Vir Dodus fe Oleum Cinnamomi viginti an-
nos aflervaffe dicit, & inta fex annos poftremos, fin-
gulis annis quoddara falis prscipitatum fuifle, & hoc
line ullo additamento aut arte ad falis formam indu-
cendam. Sed quoad hujus falis naturam, an fimile fue-
•’ rit ei, quod ex Thymo deftillatum oftendit D. Moult ,
filet.

Helmontius equidem de fale ex eodem Oleo, arte
fado fic locutus eft. “At quando Oleum Cinna-
ec momi fuo fali Alkali mifcetur, abfque omni aqua,
Ct trium menfium artificiofa occultaque circulatione,
ct totum in falem volatilem commutatum eft etiam-
que in alio loco modum, quo Oleum Cedri falis natu-
ram aflurnat, vi menftrui iui Aikaheft, docet, addit-
que hsc verba. “ fefe permifcebit aquae.

Cl. Boerhavius (fi modo Chemise inflitutiones ejus
nomine nuper edits, genuine funt) fic fcribit," Diu
aflervata olea pretiofiffima aromatum orientalium,
t£ vafis bene claufis, mutantur in falem, feu faponem
fed experimentum non facile imitari poffumus, nam
“ docente Hoinbevgio , demum fit per multos annos,
<c dicuntur tunc aquae mifceri .”

In

SI*

( )

In alio loco cum Dom. Neuman merito nunc in So-
cietatem noftrara ad mi lib, confentire videtur Boerha -
vius. “ Camphora eft nil nift Oleum per deftillatio-
nem concretum in glebam pellucidam ; nam non
<c eft progenies folius arboris Camphors, fed omnes
u plant* aromatic* Camphoram fui generis produ-
“ cere polfunt ; ’* 5c paulo poft “Oleum quod in
Infula Ceilon <3C alibi ex femine Cardamomi fit, fe-
“ re totum in Camphoram mutatur, quod idem verum
“ eft de pluribus Oleis ibi nalis.” At vero ante fex vel
quatuor dies Olea varia in'india deftillata, qualia funt
Oleum ex cortice Caryophill. 5c Calam. Aromat. 6c radi-
cibus Catfumun. 5c ftmiliaperiuftravi ^ atqui nullam in
his material* condenfatam five coagulatam reperirepo-
tui, quamvis plufquam decern annis hie recondita fuif-
fent. Neque dicere poflum cum D. Geoffrey jun. (Me-
moires de L’ Academie Boy ale 1721.) me unquam obfer-
vaffeCryftallos ex 01. Terebinth, vel Majoran*, parie-
tibus vafium, in quibus afTervata fuerant, adhaerentes,
fimiles Cryftallis Camphor* j quamvis vafa multos
annos his ufibus ap plica ta diligenter infpexi.

Quod ad hoc Sal, feu Oleum coagulatum Thymi
attinet, idem aliis in hac urbs, in re chymica ver-
fatis notum eft ^ nam hujus parvam quantitatem (nift
quod colore fit candidiore) noftro fimilem vidi : at in
nullis aliis Oleis aliquid hujus generis me vidiffe me-
mini, nift forte mihi perfuadere liceat, inefte hoc tem-
pore in fuis principiis, (ft ita dicam) in Oleo Macis, a
nobis ab hinc jam quindecim menfibus deftillato, cujus
olei eliciendi h*c eft narratio.

Satis magnam quantitatem Macis pro una operatione
recepi, totoque die deftillavi at minore olei quantitate
elicita, quam expedabam, altero die, 5c etiam tertio,
pro re nata, deftillationem reiterare inftitui : Quan-
tum memini, quarto die, pofteaquam Oleum aquam
3 fuperna-

( )

fupernatans feparaveram, vifus eft mihi alius liquor,
cum aqua non permiftus, vafis feparatorii fun-
dum petiifle j hoc etiam edudo, inveni efie Oleum
Macis, aqua ponderofius : Ita ut ex eadem planra,
cademque operatione, Oleum difpari gravitate extraxe-
rim. In fuperiore parte hujus Olei, aliquid cryftal-
lin^ forms hodie hucluare videtur , attamen cujus
generis fit fubftantia, five Camphora, five non, tempus
• docdbit.

P. S.

Poftquam difFerentias inter noft urn Oleum Thymi
coagulatum 5c Camphoram orientalem fupra defcrip-
feram, Dorainus Johannes Manel , Ciiymicus, oftendit
mihi Oleum Majoranas coagulatum, quod nuper, &C
•inopinato in vafe, (in quo Oleum Majorans quinque
annos alTervatum fuerat) invenit.

Hoc Oleum coagulatum Majorans etiam eadem ex-
perimenta, cun Oleo noftro T ymi coagulato, fubire
volui, quod <5c fadum eft, & multum inter fe conve-
nire reperiebam, ita ut hoc nihilo magis, qtram no-
strum, nomen Camphors mereri, fatis fciam.

III. Two Letters on the EjfeEls of Lightning, from
the tffy'Verend Mr. Jof. WalTe, (Rettor of Aynho
in Northamptonlliire, to Dr. Mead.

WE are told by Mr. Jejfop , in the Tranfadions,
that what the common People call Fairy Circles,
are occafioned by Lightning ; but 1 think it has not
yet been obferved, that they continue vifible 50 Y ears,
and that no Compofition of Ufe in Fire-works will
produce near fo lafting an EfFed, as I have expe-
rienc’d. There feems to be fomething here, which

Sulphur

( 167 )

Sulphur and Nitre will hardly account for. Does it
depend upon the great Quantity of the Matter dif-
charged, or the Violence with which it is impell’d )
1 he Ground is no way tore up, and the Grafs is only
a little Waited ; which would make one think its.Force
well nigh fpent : Whereas, when the Burit is near
us, the Effieft is like that of a Petard, as appears
from the following In fiance. ^

On Saturday July 5, at Mixbury , three Miles Eaft
ot this Place, about two in the Afternoon, William
nally aged above Sixtr, was found dead in a hard
gravelly Field, together with five Sheep, which lay
round him about 30 Yards Difhnce : Of the five, that
only, which lay nearefl him, had a vifible Wound
t irough tae Head. The Shepherd lay partly upon
is Side } the upper Part of his Head was terribly
tractu r d and his right Knee was out of joint : He
had a Wound in the Sole of his Foot, towards the

1’ llS,n#,ht Far. WaS cut ofF’ and beaten ^to his
Skull, and blood flow’d out of that Part upon the

Ground. He is fuppofed to have been driving thofe

Sheep. All his Cloaths and Shirt were torn into

lmall Piews, and liung 3bout him; but from the

Girdle downwards were carried away intirely and

fcattered up and down the Field: Particularly’ the

„ es of a new ftrong Pair of Shoes were rent off. His

Hat was driven to Pieces : I have a Hand breadth of

it full of irregular Slits, and, in fome few Places cu1-

as with a very fliarp Pen-knife, and a little finged in -

the upper Part. His Beard, and the Hair Sf his

Head were, for. the mod Part, clofe burnt off. The

Iron Buckle of his Beit was thrown 40 Yards o’ff and

a Kmfe in the right Side Pocket of his Breeches was

broken in Piece?, not melted, and the Haft folk. Near

cacn foot appear two round Holes about a -Yard

’ deep,

- ( )

'deep, and five Inches Diameter, which fhews the
Force of the Blow. I have feen an Iron Ball fhot out
of a Mortar almoll perpendicular, which, upon a like
gravelly Soil, made not a greater Imprefiion. About
the Time this iVccident happen’d, a Tradefman of the
fame Town obferved a Sort of Fire-ball, as large as a
Man’s Head, to burfl in four Pieces near the Church.
The Storm began here at ih 30', and lafted, with inter-
mifiions, to 2h3c',and we faw the Lightning towards
Mesbury all the Evening. Two Perfons at Aynho
were a little hurt at the fame Time, and one of them
ftruck down to the Ground, and fays, he thought he
was felied with a Beetle. I myfelf heard the Hifs of
a Ball of Fire, almofi as big as the Moon, which flew
over my Garden, from S. E. to N. IV.

1 Thought I had been impertinently circumftantial
in the Account of the late Storm ; but there (till
remains a Particular or two to complete it. I order’d
Nephew, a Student of Merton a pretty good
Philofopher, to fearch the Holes made by the Blalt,
which the Owner of the Ground faid, his Confcience
permitted him not to do. He prevailed upon him,
at lafl with Money, Ale, and other rural Argu-
ments ’to trace the Path-way of it. Both the Holes,
at firfl, were almofi perpendicular for half a Yard,
and after that grew narrower j in both of them, the
Matter divided into two Parts, and form d horizontal
Cavities about three Inches Diameter. In one he
found a very hard glazed Stone, of about 10 Inches
long, 6 wide, and 4 in Thicknefs, crack d in two:
Others it could not pierce, but was turned here and
there out of its Courfe, but left not the leaft Black-
nefs, or other Difcolouring any where. As to the
Knife, it was not the Blade, but the Haft, aI^^he

(:1b )

Hinge that goes into it, which was (hiver’d inPkces.
Near the Sheep that was wounded, the Ground was
tore up near two lards round. It was very* furpri-
zing, that the Man’s Body was not beat to Pieces, or
Bones broke at lead. Had Statins obferv’d a human
Tabernacle withdanding a Shock fo terrible, when
the very Stones, lodg’d in the Ground, gave Way, he
would, no doubt, have put him upon a Level with
Capaneus ;

_ ■ — toto Jove fnlmen adacl um

Corripnit : privne fngere in mibila crijl a
Et clypei niger umbo cadit \ jamq } omnia lucent
Membra viri.

Exuiturq: , animus • paitlum fi tardius artus
potuit Julmen meruifj'e fecundwn .

To make a grofs Edimate of the Force, I took a Cohorn
charg’d with three Quarters of a Pound of very vood
Powder, wadded with thick Paper, and fired it againd
a Stone of the fame Dimenfions, but not fo hard
which it {batter’d to Pieces at half an Inch Di’
nance : But, in the other Blow, we have above tre-
ble the EfFed, without any difcoverable Particles at
all ; and yet it feems to fly like (mail Shot • pierces
only here and there, and leaves a good many Places
quite untouch’d, as is evident from the Hat which I
have by me. To confirm this, James Mar fb al of this
Town a fibres me, that in the Middle of the fame
Storm, he received a Blow upon his Hat, which rat-
tled like Shot through the Branches of a Tree: It
bear in the Crown a little without penetrating it •

He dagger’d and was giddy for two Days afterward*
Two ot his Sons were, at the fame Infiant, both
knock d down to the Ground, and dunn’d a little but
prefently came to themfelves, and have no Wound •

F f f Thev

( }7° )

They are about 20, and 23 Years old. Qn* whe-
ther-this may not be accounted for, by fuppofingthe
Flame to rarify the Air, and make a Sort of V acuum
about one •, into which when it returns again, it gives
the Likenefs of a Stroke with a Beetle, as he expref-
fes it. I fancy a Wind-Gun, with comprefs’d Air,
wou’d have the fame EfFed, and might eafily be try’d
upon a Dog, or fuch like Animal.

IV- T>e Embus Magnet lets. Epijlola Virl DottiJJimi.
P. Mufchenbroek, M. T>- ad J. Th.

Defaguliers, LL. T>. 5^. 5. 5.

QUum motus, quos vocamus Attradiones, frequen-
tiffimi videantur in Natura, 6c plurimi efFedus
ab hi fee pendeant, ad eos animum advertere caepi, ut
intelligerem quales dTent, quaenam eorum caufa, 6c
quibufnam proportion ibus operarentur : cum vero in
magnetibus videantur hi efFedus fortiffimi, fufpicari
expi an ex iis non aliquantum plus lucis fasnerarer,
quam ex aliis corporibus * 6c an, quod in majori gradu
obtinet inter magnetes, non obtineret in minori for-
fan inter quaslibet alia corpora \ ad experiments cum
magnetibus igitur veni, plura diverfa infhtui, quae in-
fra deferibam, fed pofl plurimos labores videor lllud
tantum colligere poffe j magnetes non agere in e,.
aut in ferrum, per effluvia quasdam corporea, fed cau-
fam eorum efie penitus ignotam, 6c forte non corpo-
ream. Conjeduris non detinebo te, nec pretiofiffimum,
ciuod tibi fupereft a gravioribus negotns, furripiam
hifee vanis cogitationibus tempus ; credo emm nihil
efTe magis noxium promovendae feientia?, quam 11 con-

reduras pro demonftrationibus obtrudamus. _

' * Prtntnm

( )

Primum ig'tur volui experiri an magnetes in fe opc*
rareniur juxta certain proportionem in diverfis diltam
tiis, vidique in Adis Britannicis, Nc. 335. png. 50 6.
(imile venille in mentem experiuntiffimo Hauksbejo ,
fed ipfum inftituide experimenta cum magnete <3c
acu modo tali, qui omnibus non fatisfaceret accuratis
rerum fcrutatoribus, unde concludit tamen his verbis.
1 fee no Reafon to doubt, but the Proportions of this
Paver will be regular , and agreeable to the feveral
Vi [lances. Qux verba non acjeo placuille omnibus
Eruditis colligo, cum Nobiliflimus Taylor eadem expe-
rimenta repetiit, NQ. 344. pag. 294. & alia reliquit
obfervata.

Rem eandem aggreffus fui methodo prorfus diverfa,
fic meditatus, (i fumerem duos magnetes, <3c unum
Sufpenderem ex filo fupra alium, ad diverfas diftantiaS
a fe invicem, fique fili extremum annederem bilanci,
me ponderare pofle quantitatem virium, quibtis mag-
netes in fe agebant } neque fucceffu caruit medi'tatio.
Sumpfi accuratifiimam biiancem, qua melior nulfibi
forte exfiitit. Sc uni brachio anneiui lancem, alteri
filum longiflimum plurimorum pedum, cujus parti
inferiori adhasrebat magnes nudus • filum Iongiflimum
feci, ne adio magnetis ulia in ferream libram turba-
ret experimentum ; ideoq; felegi locum in quo ferri
tam parum, ac in edibus unquam feligi poteiT.
Sumpfi preftantifTimos magnetes perfede fphericos,ter-
rellas vefter Gilbertus vocavit, horum poli erant ac-
curate in extremo utroq^ axeos fphsere, ita accuratif-
fime diftantias amborum polorum menfurare poteram.
Gravitatem magnetis primo reduxi ope ponderis in
altera lance in equilibrium ^ dein ambos magnetes
pofui infra fe, <3c quia libra eratrope funis, mobilis
fupra trochleam, earn demittebam ad diverfas diftan-
flias pro lubitu, Si cum magnes fufpenfus ageretur

F f f 2 deorfum

( 3?i )

deorfum attra&us vi magnetis inferioris, Temper impo-
nebam tantundem ponderis alteri lanci, donee vis
magnetis cum pondere faceret equilibrium : hx tamen
diftantke menfurari non poiiunt, nifi interponendo
corpus cupreum tantse longitudinis ac eft diftantia
inter ambos magnetes, ob ofcillationes libne, 6c
quia in majoribus diftantiis magnetes minus operan-
tur, quam in minoribus diftantiis, equilibrium librae
obtineri non poteft, nifi eo artificio. Ecce nunc ta-
bulam continentem experimenta in diverfis diftantiis
pollicum <5c linearum, columna remotior continet gra-
na qus equiponderant cum attra&ionibus in iis di-
ftantiis.

Diftantia Grana

Poll.

Lin. attra&ionis.

Lin.

Gran.

13 —

6 — 0

8

• — •

106.

12

0 0 ?<?•

7

—

114.

11 - —

0 — c i .

6

—

131.

10 —

0 — 0 £ .

5

—

146.

9 —

0 — 0 i .

4

—

172.

7 —

6 — 1 | •

3

—

190.

, 7 —

0 — 21.

2

—

215.

12 . — 70 1.

1

—

25 c,

11 — 78

1

?

—

290.

•

IO — — 87. In ipfo contaftu,

9 — 94- ^'e

0

—

34c.

Pollices fumfi Rhenolandicos, & grana funt pon-
dera noftra medica, qua* etiam fumuia acribeia prius
examinavi, ut eftent vera <3t sque gravia.

Haec experimenta inftitueram die 24 Decemfr, 1724.
& animo adeo ad omnia attento ne hallucinarer, ut
vix fperaverim melius fieri pofte.

Sed

( )

Sed an ex his colligere poffumus ullo modo dari
proportionem inter vires 6c diftantias ? ego non video j
tu vero vir, qui oculatiffimus es, 6c cui tan turn con-
fiderem in judicio ferendo de rebus phyficis, imprimis
de experiment^, quantum ulli mortalium, perpende
an quidem aliquid regularis adfit, excute omnes pro*
portiones, invenies nullas • evolve curvas cognitas,
nec felicior eruendo eris.

Poftquam eo ufque perrexeram, fufpicabar an non
forte fufpenfus magnes eflet heterogeneus utcunque,
6c an alius ejus fubftitutus loco, eventual quoqj non
daret magis profperum, faltem ex quo plus lucis ca-
perem, tasdiofa .enim nimis fuerant haec experimenta
quam ut inde tarn parum emolumenti colligerem • fed
ecce quid cum alio magnete parvo, admodum prasftanti,
obfervare datum fuit, dum magnes rotundus alius
inferior idem maneret, firmiter in menfa pofitus
eodem autem modo experimenta inftituta fuerunt.

Diftantia
Poll. Lin.

Grana

attra&ionis.-

Lin.

Gran.

5 — ic —

1 4.

7 —

33*

4 — 6 —

24.

6 —

38I.

3—9 —

3-

5 —

43 f .

2 — 4 —

9*

4 —

5of.

1 — 9 —

12.

3 —

62.

i. — 0 —

23.

2 —

79-

11 —

231 .

i> —

140.

IC —

2 6-4.

1

a

186.

9 —

29.
_ *

0 —

34°*

8 — 30 1 ;

Sed irregularitates hie iterum adfunt maxima?, ex;
quibus concludi poteft nihil : id folum eft mirandum,
quod dum magnes pro hoc fecundo experimento fuerat

minor, >

( \7\ )

minor, quam qui primo inferviverat, tamen in muiuo
contadu viribus *qualibus attrahebatur, nempe 340
granorumjdum in aliis diftantiis longe minus tamen •
attrada fuit, uti ex comparatis ambabus tabuiis pater:
fed praterea hie minor magnes fecundi experimenti
muiro generofior fuit <Scpr*ftantior ad eJevandum fer-
rum, quam magnes primi exp:rimenti.

H*c experimenta repetii cum aliis magnetibus <5c
imprimis cum aliquo, cujus tanta vis ut acum mag-
neticam inftedat,qux difiat ab ipfo 14 pedibus Kheno-
landicis nefcio an fimilis deferiptus ullibi habeatur;
fed ex omnibus id modo concludere poffum experi-
mentis, proportionem inter vires diftantias dari
nullam.

Quum tam declinatio, quam inclinatio acus magne-
tic* variat fingulis annis fere, fubiit quoque defide-
rium videndi,an vis magnetis omni die eflet eadem, an
minor vel major *ftate quam hyeme^ fed vim efle
minorem aftate quam hyeme, me docuerunt expe-
rimenta multa? faltem de hac *ftate loquor, an futuro
anno idem obtinebit, explorandum erit.

Sumfi igitur magnetes binos, qui primo experimen-
to infervierant, &C eodem prorfus modo inftitui ex-
perimenta cum iis, ac ante, dies vero fuit 1 1 Julii
1725. cum Barofcopium eflet elevatum ad 29 h pollic.
Thermofcopium Fahrenheytii ad 6z grad. & Ventus
FJcordten Wejten five Septentrionalis verfus Occafum,
caelum ficcum, ferenum, & in eodem loco mearum
-edium.

Difiant.

( 37 5 )

Dfcftantia

Grana aequalia

*. » 4 •

Poll.

Lin.

attra&ioni.

Lin.

Gran.

12 — -

o —

0

7 —

106.

9 —

o —

1 1 •

6 —

hi.

8 —

o —

i! ...

5 —

132.

7 —

6 T-

2.

4 —

149.

7 —

o —

2

3 —

173-

12 —

701.

2 —

205.

II —

751.

1 —

240.

10 —

85.

s

* —

270.

9 —

92.

0

3 CO.

8 —

100.

Conftat quidem inter Philofophos, magnetis utri~
ufque polos non agere xque fortiter, fed polos bo-
reales ede fortiores viribus quam auftrales, fed hoc
adertum quidem, demonftratum accurate fuit nullibi ;
quia vero noftra methodus ponderandi vires magnetis
fatis facilis erat, at accurate ejus ope hoc determinari
polTe videbam, converti modo ambos polos amborum
raagnetum ita, ut iterum duo poll amici fibi eflentob-
verfi, Sc in magnetibus hujus ultimi experiment! hxc
obfervavi.

diftant.

Lin.

Grana sequaL,
attra&ionL

Lin.

Gran.

12 —

57-

5 —

101.

II —

63.

4 —

113.

IO —

66,

8 —

124.

9 —

70.

2 —

148,

8 —

79*

1 —

168.

7 —

83.

0 —

2,28.

6 —

90.

( 176 )

Ex his patet manifefto non ambos polos magnetis
agere viribus iifdem, quanta autem intercedat dif-
ferentia, ex comparatione ambarum taBu la-rum videre
poteris: brevis ede cogor, qui tibi epiftolam, non
traclatum tranfmitto, <3c jam ante verebar, ne prolixo
fermone tedium creaverim.

Quum ab ineunte aetate, qua prinrum operam Philo-
sophic dare inceperam, in hunc ufque annum mihi
perfuaferam actionem magnetum ab effiuviis, vel a!i«
quo faltem fluido pellente extus magnetem, pendere j
neque videram prcftantilinnos viros aliter fenfide ^
experiri volui an uilo experiment) hanc meam opi-
nionem confirmare polTem, affirmare enim effluvia vel
aliquod fluidum premens extus, & non demonftrare,
mihi vifum fuit nimis temere conjeduris dare operam.
Dum igitur experimenta priora cum magnetibus in-
ftituebam ad varias diftantias a fe mutuo, interpofui
frufta crafflfflma plumbi, ftanni, argenti, cupri, mer.-'
curii mafflam iniignetn, vifurus an hcc effluvia mag-
netica non impedirentur, <3c fi non omnino, faltem ali-
quo modo j vitrum pellucidum eft, lucem tranfmit-
tit, tamen non adeo copiofam, quam fi nullum vi-
trum adfuidet *, eodem credidi modo effluvia magne-
tica, fi non prohiberentur omnino, faltem impediri
aliquo modo ne magnetes tarn fortiter ad fe traherent,
li plumbi .fruftrum i pedis cubici interpofitum foret,
vel fi plumbum craflitiei 2 digitorutn, <St ftannum ejuf-
dem craflitiei, turn cuprum, turn madam magnam
mercurii interponerem ^ fed vidi, quaecunque in-
terpofueram corpora, femper vires magneticas ede eaf-
dem, ac fi nullum corpus interlocaretur } hoc profec-
to mirandum exiftimo, neque intelledum credo ab
ullo mortalium : non enim fingere licet hrec corpora
elfe adeo porofa ut nihil folidi in fe habeant-, quod li
igitur folidum habent, ut habent plurimum, an ha?

3 pates

( )?7 )

P^tes non impedient quominus fluidum extraneum
adyeniat, vel ex magneto exeat ^ non dico quod omne
fluidum impedient, fed faltem aliquid, experimenta
tamen omnia docent, vires magneticas impediri nulio
in :do ; vel an hasc effluvia erunt multo fubtiliora
luce } prsterquam quod ha2c eilet iterum hypothe-
cs, difficultas luperior non toil 1 tu r j Ignis impeditur
a corporibus, lux non penetrat illico per omnia cor-
pora, & ita fe habent fluida omnia ut a folidis refilien-
tiam experiantur, fed effluvia magnet ica ita fe non ha-
bebunt, immunia erunt refiflentim a folido corporeo •
hoc eft, ad quod mens noflra plane hebefcit.

Sed argumentum fortiffimum ex viribus repellent!-
bus magnetum depromam, funt hae longe debiliores,
quam vires attrahentes uti. mox experimentis confit-
mabo, adeoque oportebit ut fluidum accedat ab ex-
terioribus verfus magnetem, quod dum occurrit alter!
magneti, unum pellit ad aliud, quodque magnetem
ingreditur, <5c quia attra&io magnetum efl longe for-
tior quam repulfio, copiofius fluidum ingredietur
magnetem, quam egreditur : unde fieri non poteffc
quin brevi magnes adimpleatur hoc fluido, Ut non
amplius porofus maneat j nec ftatui potefl quafi undi-
quaque ex magnete fluidum hoc exiret, nam fit at-
traftio in omm punfto magnetis, <5c fit tantum repulfio
m iocis polorum. . Ut vero demonflrem repulfionem
magnetum efle minorem attra&ione eorundem, ecce
tabulam continentem experimenta cum memoratis
ultimis magnettbus facta.

Cgg

Diflant.

I

( 378 )

Diftantia
Poll. Lin.

Grana

sequalia

repulfioni.

Diftantia
Poll. Lin.

Grana

sequalia

repulfioni.

13 —

0

— 0 .

1 — 11

— 1 6.

II

1 1

%

— ' 5- •

1 — 10

— 17.

IO

9

— 4-

1 — 4

— 17.

9 —

9

— 1 .

1 — 0

— 24.

9 —

0

— 1 .

IO

— 24.

8 —

0

— 1

7

— 25.

7 —

0

I 4.

6

— 25*.

6 —

1

— 2 .

5

— 27*.

5 —

1

3?.

4

— 29.-

4 —

0

— 6

1

— 34-

* 2 —
2 —

9

3

II?. In ipfo conta&u. O

13-

— 44-

Ex his experiments circa repulfum magnetum ite-
rum videbis non poffe deduci ullam propoitionem,
fed profedo magnetes elTe corpora admodum miranda,
de quibus hue ufque pauca feimus, ignoramus pluri-
ma. Longe alia diverfaque inftitui cum his corporibus
tentamina, fed quae nimis prolixa forent, quam ut
nunc adderem.

Trajefti ad Rbenum,

ao-7 uUi I725*

V. A

( jrp )

V. A fliort Account of the Anomalous Epide-
mic Small-Pox, beginning at Plymouth in
Auguft 1724, and continuing to the Month of
June 1725. ©jy the Learned and Ingenious
Dr. Huxham, (phyjician at Plymouth.

TH E Small-Vox were preceded by the ufual
Symptoms of that Diftemper ; but the Pains of
the Limbs, and Back, were generally more fevere
than common, as were likewife the Naufea and Vo-
miting. Abundance were feized with violent Colick
Pains, which would leave them upon the Eruption,
or after a Clyfter or two, with a gentle Anodyne :
The Stools were commonly bilious.

It fometimes happen’d, that the Symptoms would
not feem very fevere before, and at the Eruption 5 and
yet the Pox would prove very confluent and fatal at
the State,

The Pujlules were very fmall, and did not regular-
ly fill } but, in a Day or two after the Eruption, would
fiat and be deprefs’d in the Middle. I obferv’d this
even in the diftinft Kind. In fome Perfons they
appeared in lefs than 24 Hours from the Seizure:
When they broke out fo very foon, they were al-
ways of the Flux Kind, as is commonly obferved. The
Eruption was attended with prodigious Sneezing,
efpecially in Children. I faw one * Child about
five Years old, that fneezed inceflantly for more than
30 Hours, nor could it be allay’d, but by Anodynes.
This Child had the Confluent Pox , and dy’d the 13th
Day. In fome, at, and after the Appearance of the

* Mr, Cockeyes Child.

Ggg 2 .

Puftules,

( 5^° )

Puftules, they would itch mod intolerably : This

happen’d alio to the Child now mentioned, and was
generally a bad Symptom j as it was an Argument of
the great * Acrimony of the morbific Matter.

In fome few, a Day or two after the Eruption
feetn’d to be compleated there would appear in the
Interdices of the Pox Several miliary Puftules, fome
of a dark Red, others filled with a limpid Serum :
Thefe never came to Suppuration as the Secondary
Crop of SmalUTox , which I have now and then ob-
ferv’d, Sometimes doj nor were they as large. Tho’
this is an ill Symptom in general, yet, in a* Giri of
feven Years old I perceiv’d her Fever and Delirium
go totally off upon this Eruption3 and the Urine im-
mediately fettled.

Some had abundance of Purple Petechia appear
among the Pox at the Eruption, and the Puftules
would look of a lurid Hue : In others, the Purples
would not difcover themfelves, tiil the Maturation.
1 knew but f one Perfon that had thefe Spots, during
this Conftitution, that furviv’d the Di/fcmper • but
fome dy’d the 5th or 6th Day, fome dwindled on till
the 10th or nth.

During the Suppuration, the Pox would become
very fefhle, and the coherent Kind would enlarge
their Bafes exceedingly j fo that, though they feem’d
for fome Time after the Eruption to be very diftind,
they would now fiux together. A Purple Speck would
often appear in the Center of the Puftules, which
would Spread and grow blacker and blacker by de-
grees. The interftices would alfo Sometimes turn
pale, Sometimes livid. Symptoms of very ill Omen !
The Puftules, that had not the Purple Speck, did not

incruft;

Mils Spurrtl.

I Mr. Lang's Son.

( 3Sl )

incruft yellow, but appear'd of a dead, afli Colour,
and by degrees grew into a dark black Cruft.

I he Salivation, which conftantly ought to accom-
pany the Maturation in the Confluent Small-Pox ,
was in feveral very inc nfiderable, in fome none at all*,
faving a very fmall Quantity |of extremely vifcid
Matter, which was got off by fyringing. 1 had two
adult Perfons, and fome Children, labouring under the
confluent Sort, who neither falivated, nor purged, ex-
cept when fome lenient Catharticks were given them *
and yet they got over the Diftemper. Indeed, it was
very rare, that we Ihould And Children have that
gentle Diarrhoea which Sydenham , and others juftly
reckon, fupplies the Salivation in Perfons of more ad-
vanced Age. Some very young Children, on the
contrary, drivell’d exceedingly through theCourfe of
the Diftemper. In * two Children, one of five, the
other of feven Pears old, no Salivation came on till
after the isth Day, and then it was fo profufe, and
continued fo long, that it was with Difficulty l'put a
Stop to it by Purges flrft, and then by the Bark,
Aftringents, &c. To the younger of thefe, indeed, I
had given Calomel , Gr. iv, but it was foon purged ofF.

Where the Sw lling of the Face and Throat was
very hard, painful, and tenfe, with a ftrong Vibra-
tion of the carotid Arteries and little or no Saliva-
tion, the Patients generally grew delirous at the
State. Thefe Symptoms frequently prov’d fatal. The
maxillary and parocid Glands, of thofe that recover’d
would remain fwoln and indurated for a conliderable
Time after the intire Defquammation of the Pox
(though that was very flow) nor would thefe Tu-
mors go off, but after repeated t Purging, and that
with Calomel , <5cc,

3

* Mr. mills' s little JBoy, Mr. Collier's Daughter.

Thofe

1)

Thafe Tumors were undoubtedly the Confequence
of a very vifcid Matter obftrucling thofe Glands,
which harden’d the Swelling of the Face, hinder’d
the Salivation, and in fome Meafure, the Circulation
through the external Carotids , by which Means,
more Blood being forc’d through the Internal, an In-
flammation of the Brain, and a Delirium might be
partly brought on ; and this happening too, when
the Blood was fraught with acrimonious Matter ab-
forb’d from the Puftules, render’d the Delirium , at
that Stadium of the Difeafe, vaftly more to be dread-
ed than in the A pparatus , when it happen’d almoft
of courfe. Lnder thefe Circumftances, Bleeding,
emollient Clyfters, Eccoproticks, plentiful Dilution,
were abfoluteiy neceflary.

On this Occafion it may be ask’d whether or no,
the Salivation being very vifcid and defedive, the Tu-
mor of the Face hard and tenfe, fome Mercurial
(as a duly prepar’d Calomel ) might not be given with
Advantage, even in the Sfate of Maturation ? (1 have
frequently given Cinnabar to good Purpofe). There
are fome Instances that would feem to juftify fuch a
Practice j and I know but one material Objedion to
it, and that is, that the Weight of the Mercury
would, by encreafing the Moment of Motion of the
Blood, augment the Fever*, bur furely we have given
Calomel after the Incruftation, when the fecondary
Fever hath fubfifted, without any Manner of ill Con-
fequence, I might fay, with great Succefs.

Nothing fo certainly fufeth vifcous tough Humors,
being join’d with plentiful diluting Liquors, as this,
and fo prepares them to be difcharg’d by proper Out-
lets. As to Oxymel Scillit. Syringing, and the like,
in a defedive Salivation •, the former, indeed, by
Puking, fometimes irritates the Glands of the Mem -
« brana

( }83 )

brana Schneideriana to difcharge their Contents ; Sy-
ringing barely deterges the Mouths of the Duttus Sa-
livares : Either have little certain EfFed further ^
whereas the vifcous obftru&ing Matter is lodg’d in
the inmoft Glands, and even in the Blood itfelf.

This Method feems peculiarly adapted to fuch an
Epidemic Small-Pox, as I am now defcribing, in
which we had all the Indications imaginable of a ve-
ry vifcid State of Humors. The Blood, when
drawn, was always exceffively vifcous, efpecially ft
the State of the Difeafe : Frequently there was little
or no Salivation j generally it was extremely gluti-
nous •, fo that the Nurfes were many times obliged to
pull the Matter out of the Patient’s Mouth with their
Fingers j and without drinking very plentifully, it
would foon ceafe. A ‘Diarrhoea very feldom hap-
pen’d to Children. The Blifters foon dry’d up. I
heard of no one, during this Conflitution, that made
bloody Urine. Where that dreadful Symptom hap-
pens, the Crafts of the Blood feems to be diholv’d,
(as Lyfier well obferves) •, on the contrary, the recited
Symptoms argued a too compatt and vifcous cDiathefis±
of the Blood.

This State of the Humors, during this Conftitu-
tion, might, in part, at lead, depend on the extra-
ordinary Drinefs of the Seafon, and the almoft con-
flant Northerly and Eafterly Winds, which we had
in the Months of OBober, November , February and
March lad. From the Middle of January to the Mid*
die of April, was a drier Seafon than ever was known
in this Country, where we have certainly, in gene-
ral, more continu’d Rain than in mod Places in Eng -
land , Plymouth being infamous for wet Weather.

This

( ) • ' '

I his remarkable Change of the Temperature of
the Air mutt undoubtedly have fome coniidcrable
Effect on human Bodies: A very coid Wind buffer-
ing only, the thinner Fart of the Blood to pals of
by Perfpiration : Nor, in fuch Seafons,doth the Body
imbibe fo much of a diluting Humidity from the Air
(as Keil ob erves). Hence the Necefnty of drinking
plentifully of thin diluting Liquors, which, as it is
always proper in this Didemper, fo, when it happens
in fuch a Seafon, is highly neceilary. And .1 am
of Opinion, Monf. Andrf s Method of bathing in
warm Water and Milk, or warm Milk, before the
Eruption, may, upon many Accounts, be proper in
fuch a Confl.itution of the Air. There can be no Ob-
jection againd it, but its not being in Falhion.

i took particular Notice, that while, and jud after
the Eafterly Winds blew exceflively drong for feven
or eight Days together in the Months of Oflober and
November, the Patients, 1 then faw in the Small-Pox ,
fcarce falivated at all. Then particularly, *an adult
Perfon, who had the confluent Pox very feverely, did
not fpit the lead through the whole Courfe of the Di-
feafe ; She was feized with a violent Pleurify the 1 8th
Day, but was reliev’d by Bleeding. The Blood was
the mofb vifcid that ever I faw. ’Tis remark’d by
Lancifii that People expectorate very little in Difor-
ders of the Bread, when cold, dry, Eafterly Winds
blow ^ and ’tis what 1 have frequently obferved: And
this may be one Reafon, why fome AJlhmaticks gene-
rally fuffer a Paroxyfm at fuch Seafons.

The Swelling of the Hands did not fo regularly
fucceed the ‘Detumefcence of the Face, during this Con-
ditution, as I have obferv’d in other Epidemic Small-

Pox.

* Betty Boddy.

( 385 )

Pox. Some had very fmall, or rather no Tumors
at all. Twas very rare the Legs and Feet fwelt’d,
till after the Patients fat up, and then they had much
Pain in the Parts.

I have often refle&ed upon it, whether the Succef-
(ion of the Tumors of the Hands, to that of the Face,
might not partly depend on the later Inflammation and
Suppuration of the Puftules of thofe Parts : The Pain
and Inflammation being a Stimulus determining the Hu-
mors to the pained Part : And ’tis particularly to be ob-
ferv’d, that the greateft Pain of the Hands and Arms
commonly happens at the Time, when the Salivation
begins to ceafe : So that the Tumor of the Hands may,
in fome Meafure, prove a Succedaneitm to the Spit-
ting. It is the common Obfervation, that the Pu-
ftules of the Arms and Hands inflame and maturate
a Day or two later than thofe of the Face, and thofe
of the Legs and Feet lateft, which may alfo be the
Reafon, that the Tumor of the Legs fucceeds that of
the Hands. I have been the rather inclin’d to this
Opinion ^ inafmuch as I have fometimes obferv’d a
confiderable Swelling of the Hands (the Puftules be-
ing very painful and inflam’d) and that too in the
diftind Kind, when there hath been little or none in
the Face. Generally the more painful a Boil is, the
greater the Tumor around it; and by confequence,
the Tumor of a Part is in proportion to the Painful-
nefs of the Boils, and their Number.

From this, I would enforce the Ufe of Epifpafticks
apply’d above the Wrifts, a little before the Time we
expetf the Tumor of the Hands fhould arife, (efpecial-
ly when Symptoms are th- earning) as they are J Hmuli
to be depended on, not only attenuating and deriving
the Humors to the Parts, but alfo difcharging them,
and fo proving a convenient Outlet to the morbifick

H h h Matter,

C 3 8*5 )

Matter, which before was thrown off by the (now
partly fupprefs’d) Salivation.

bliders apply ’d to the Neck frequently relieve the
extreme Pain of the Throat, and Difficulty of fwal-
lowing which are fometimes exceeding troublefome to
the Patient in the third Stadium of the Small-Pox ,
by drawing the Humors another Way. Nay, in
feme, where Velicatories have been early apply’d, and
continu’d to run extreamly, there hath been iefs Swel-
ling, and lefs Salivation, than feem’d proportionate to
the Vehemence of the Diftemper, but without any
Difadvaniage to the Patients j the Running of the
Blifter fupplying theDefed of the Spitting. It feems
then but reafonable, when we exped the Tranllation
of the noxious Humor to the Hands, which is what
Nature itfelf afFeds, to endeavour to promote its Flux
thither, and give it Vent.

How advantageous Difcharges of this Nature may
be, I had Occalion fome Years lince to obferve in the
Cafe of a Lady, for whom I was concern’d, together
with that worthy and ingenious Phyfician Dr. Sey-
mour of this Town ^ where, through the prodigious
Difch^rge of Bliders apply’d to her Neck, Ears, and
Arms ; as likewife a plentiful Flux of Uriner fhe
neither fwell’d,nor falivated, through the whole Courfe
of a very dangerous, confluent Small Pox , and yet re-
cover’d.

Any Perfon, that hath been converfant in Pradice,
cannot but have obferv’d Tranflations of the morbid
Matter from one Part to another fometimes of the
greateft Service, efpecially where it hath had a Dif-
charge. (Indeed, all critical Evacuations are of this Na-
ture). But I mean, how often hath a Boil, an Impoft-
hume, or Swelling of the Limbs, been the evident
Means of terminating a Fever ? This I experienc’d

particularly

( 387 )

particularly in inyfelf, feveral Years fince at Paris •
when labouring under a violent, inflammatory Fever
with Delirium , the 9th Day towards Night, I was
feiz’d with excefiive Pain in my Arms and Hands,
upon which I bath’d my Hands a long Time in warm
Water, by Perfuafion of two worthy Gentlemen of
the Faculty, now living, who were then my Fellow
Students, and watched by me. In a little Time my
Hands began to fwell, and in 4 or 5 Hours my Deli-
rium and Fever went off intirely, tho* my Hands re-
main’d fwoln and pain’d for fome Time.

If Nature, therefore, in fome Cafes, take fuch ex-
traordinary Methods to free herfelf from Difeafes,
how intent ought we to be in promoting her Opera-
tions, in a Diftemper, where the Metaflajis of the
morbific Matter to the Hands and Feet is generally
regular and falutary. ’Tis, undoubtedly, upon this
View, that Eaglivi orders Sponges foak’d in a warm
emollient Decodion, to be apply ’d to the Hands and
Feet in the Small-Pox : And this, he faith, he hath
done with great Succefs. I have feen no lefs from
Blitters maturely apply’d to the Arms and Legs j but
then I order’d the Patients to drink plentifully of a
thin Whey, or the like, which takes off, in great Mea-
fure, the Acrimony of the Cantharides,

Befo e I conclude this Paragraph, 1 cannot but ob-
ferve, that the Delirium , attending the Eruption of the
Small-Pox , is very much alleviated by the Application
of emollient Cataplafms to the Feet, in Children efpe-
cially. ’Tis, indeed, what I do commonly of courfe
apply, when I am confulted at the Beginning of the
Diftemper, and I think I have had Reafon to imagine, in
many Ca.es, that it hath been a Means of deriving the
variolous Matter that Way 3 and, by making the Erup-

Hhh 2 tions

( }88 )

tions more copious in the lower Parts, the Face and
Breaft have fufFer’d lefs than, I had Reafon to fear,
other wife might have happen’d. The great Tender-
nefs of the Feet, which happens after their Applica-
tion, is a trifling Difadvantage, in Comparifon of the
Benefit may be receiv’d by them •, and fo are thofe
fhooting Pains, which often affed the Legs on the
Ufe of thofe Cataplafms : Not to fay, that thefe are
rather an Argument of the Benefit arifing from their
Ufe.

in the confluent Kind, generally a MiElurition and
came on about the 12th, or igth Day -5and
that when there were no Bilfters apply’d. Ir a large
Quantity of turbid Urine follow’d, it was foon fuc-
ceeded by Urine, which depofed a very large Sedi-
ment } but if it prov’d thin and limpid, and in fmall
Quantity, a Delirium, Tremor , Subfultus Tendinum ,
and other convulfive Symptoms, foon follow’d.

There were no Symptoms fo certainly fatal at the
Turn of thefe Small-Pox , as a Delirium , and (what is,
I think, of conftant ill Omen in all Kinds of eruptive
Fevers at the State) a Dyfpnosa, or the Jnbelofa Re -
fpiratio : If we bled upon the firffc Appearance of them,
we frequently fav’d our Patient ^ the Omifiion of
which a few Hours made the Cafe irrecoverable.

It was very common in Perfons afflicted with thefe
Tox, that 8, or 10 Puftules would run together, and
form a large Vefication full of a limpid, crude Matter,
which would continue fo feveral Days after the Incru-
ftation. * In one that dy’d, I faw Mortifications under
thefe Bladders. I thought it neceffary to let out this
Matter with a Lancet, or Needle, as foon as poffible,
left it fhould, (as it did when left to itfelf) caufe an Ul-
ceration }

(l*9)

ceration •, and I could not but believe it proper, inaf-
much as the Thinnefs of the Matter render’d it capa-
ble of being abforb’d into the Mafs of Blood, and that
the longer tc lay, the more acrimonious it would grow
it not admitting of Concoction.

In two Patients, I faw feveral of the Puftules fill’d
with a bloody Sanies : I was furpriz’d to find * one
of them get fo eafily over the Difiemper, tho’ fhe la-
bour d alio under the Flux Kind.

fhe Defquammation was very flow, the black Crufts
adhering feveral Days, nay Weeks, after the Turn,
while abundance of purulent Matter gleeted from un-
der them. Thefe left very ugly Cicatrices. No Appli-
cation feem’d to me to have a better Effedt, in this
Cafe, than frequently fomenting the Parts with warm
Milk, or Milk and Water ; this diluted the acrid Salts
walh’d them olf, and foften’d the Skin : Oily ’Lini-
ments, by ftopping the Pores, are frequently hurtful.

In a Cafe or two I obferv’d a Repudiation of Pu-
ftules under the Crufts in the Face and Hands, when
thrown off. This particularly in the Boy, that re-
cover d with Purple Spots. J he latter were diftincl
tho’ the former were in the greateft Degree confluent.’

Nothing fo certainly abated, and took off the fecon-
dary Fever after Bleeding, (if indicated) as gentle Ca-
thartics • fuch as Rhubarb, Manna, Tartar lnfuf.
Senn. and the like. Fhe hot, fcammoniate, aloetic
Purgers feem not fo proper, at leaft, to begin with.
Ihefe l gave the 10th, nth, 12th, or 13th Days, if
I found the Patient have a quick Pulfe, feverilh Heat
dry Tongue Head-ach, reftlefs Anxiety, and other
Symptoms of the putrid Fever. Some one, or other of'
thefe, being once or twice repeated, I gave Calomel

aud purg d it olf. This was our general Methods and’
the molt fuccefsful. i’

Mr. Bafs’s Child.

( 19° )

I cannot but think the World highly oblig’d to the
rcoft learned Dr. Friend , and the other noble Orna-
ments of our Faculty, that have introduc’d, and wrote
in Favour of, this Method. In the Beginning of my
Pra&ice, relying upon the Authority of Morton , I
gave the Cortex to check the fecondary Fever } efpe-
cially when I found it (as is very frequent) evidently
intermit ; but I cannot fay with a Succefs any way
anfwering my Expe&ation : Not but that after due
Purging, the Bark is very proper to ex inguifh the
heclicai Difpofition of the Blood, which is frequently
the Confequence of the Small Pox, to which, if a
cool Regimen, and Alfes Milk (where no ldiofyncracy
forbids it) be fubjoin’d, we have done, perhaps, as
much as lies in the Power of Phyfick. .

By this Method of early Purging, in the coherent
and confluent Fox , I have feen feveral refcued from
the moft imminent Danger, whofe Recovery look’d

rather like a Refurre&ion.

This, furely, is the only Way of cleanfing the
Frim* VU fluff’d with a Load of foetid, acrid Impu-
rities thrown off by the Glands of the Guts, which
cannot be fuppos’d to ceafe from their Office, during
the Courfe of this Diflemper : And forafmuch a^ the
Pores of the Skin are at this Time very much confli-
pated by the incrufted Pufluies, ’tis reafonable to be-
lieve, the Glands of the Guts rather feparate more than
ufual \ it being an allow’d Maxim in Phyfick, That
the Leflening one Evacuation is the Encreafe of an-
other ; efpecially where there is fuch a peculiar Con-
„ fent, as between the Skin and the Guts.

If fo the Excrement, being retain’d for a Week, or
more, by its Weight prefling on the great Artery,
hinders the Blood from palling freely to the lower

Parts, and fo deluges the Brain. Hence thofe Deli-
riums,

( 39* )

riums, Coma's, &ct fo frequently threatening at this
Stadium of the Difeafe. Fur: her, can we imagine,
that the putrid Recrement of the now putrid Blood,
join d, perhaps, with the Pus of the internal Pox, and
having alfo the Addition of fome Part of the morbifick
Matter feparatedby the Glands of the Fauces , which
is accidentally fwallowed, raiift not be greatly hurtful,
by remaining in the Inteifines ? where growing more
and more acrimonious, (as is the Nature even of our
mold balfamic Juices, when they are extra Aream Cir-
culations, and expos’d to the conftant Heat of the Bo-
dy) it contaminates the Chyle, or Liquors, that are
drunk, is re-abforb’d into the Mafs of Blood, and be-
comes a Pabulum to the very Fever, which Na-
ture endeavours, even this Way, partly, at lead, to*
throw off.

And, in very Deed, what horribly ofFenfive, foe-
tid, large Stools do we obferve in this Diftemper on
the Ufe of Clyfters, and more efpecially after a Pur-
gative? I mean at the State, or in the Declination
So that this very putrid Matter lying long in the
Guts, and growing more and more fo, becomes at Jaft
fo virulent, as to corrode them, and brings on that very
Diarrhoea , or Dyfentery, which, ’tis fo vainly fear’d,
would arife from a gentle Cathartic } feeing we are
always eafily able to check its Force (if Need be)
with an Opiate, &c%

How often do we find feverifh, he&ic Heats proceed
from a Cacochymy of the firff Paflages, in Children
efpecially ? in which Cafe, a little Rhubarb, or a few
gentle ftomachick Purgers, fhall do more to remove the
feverifh Difpofition than a Pound of the Cortex. Ir*.
deed, it’s common enough to find the Bark itfelf purge
gently upon its firft Adminiftration : And I’m confi-
dent, in fome Cafes, it hath the better EfFeft. Have
3 not*

( m )

not we feen Tome Intermittents cur’d by one feafonable
Vomit } And that not barely by the Shock and Agi-
tation given to the Blood- V eife Is, Nervofnmy&c.
and fo acting as an Attenuant } but by throwing off
the Saburra from the Stomach, which fed the feveriih
Paroxyfms : And this is more particularly evident in
the Fever frequently fuperveninga Surfeit. Hence it

is, that a final 1 Quantity of the Bark fometimes does
more after a Vomit, than a much greater cou’d before

it. Why, therefore, when there is a Lodgment of pu-
trid Matter in the Prim* Vj^ which, in part, atleaft,
feeds the fecondary Fever, fhould not we attempt to
carry it off by either gentle Vomiting or Purging, as
may be judg’d moft convenient }

It hath, and may be objeded to this Pradice, that
it tends to draw the noxious Humors from the Cir-
cumference to the Center ; but to this it hath been
anfwer’d, that the Purging is more efpecia'ly pleaded
for, when the Incruffation is begun, and the Matter
too thick to be abforb’d.

If Nature, neither by her own Effort, nor the Help
of Art, is capable of keeping the morbific Matter from
falling on the more vital Parts j but, by an unfortu-
nate Tranfiation of it, is like to fink under its Weight:
As upon a fudden Retrocefiion of the Tumor of the
Face and Hands j a premature Suppreffion of the Sa-
livation, or the like: Doth it not feem neceffary to
endeavour to carry off the offending Matter by fome
other Outlet? As, in the prefent Cafe, by the Guts,
which are much more eafiiy folicited to a Difcharge,
than either the Pores of the Skin, the urinary Paffes,
^r the falivary Duds.

Indeed, when the Salivation of courfe ceafes, (in my
Opinion) it feems neceffary to promote fome other Eva-
cuation in its Room. At the fame Time, Cardiack, or

3 Alexiphar-

(:m )

Alexipharmick Medicines are in no wife contraindi-
cated by this Method (if judg’d needful). This Way
Nature affects in Children, to whom a gentle Diarrhoea
is commonly of the greateft Service, as proving a hap-
py Subftitute to the Salivation in elder Perfons.

The following Hiftory will evince, how necelfary
it may be fometimes to evacuate an ofFending acrimo-
nious Matter lodg’d in the Guts, and that too, even in
the Mid ft of the Suppuration.

About three Months lince, I had under my Care
a * Perfon about 30, ill of the Small-Pox . It happen’d,
that the 4th Day from the Eruption, he was feiz’d
with a violent bilious Colick, to which he had been
formerly fubjed: This threw him into the utmoft
Agony. His Pox flatted and grew pale, as likewife the
Interfaces : His Pulfe was extreme languid, and he
had a prodigious Tremor , with clammy Sweats. I or-
der’d him two Clyflers to be thrown up ; one aftoon
as the other was render’d : Thefe gave him five large
bilious Stools : After the third Stool, he was tolerably
eafy : However, I order’d him Laudan. Solid. Gr.

1 ft. Croc. Anglic. Gr. iv. Theriac. Andremach 3ft. 4 tis9
vel 6tis horis , to be wafh’d down with a teftaceous Ju-
lep. He took the Laudan. three Times, and flept found
all Night. . The next Morning, I found the Puftules
round, florid and turgid, ft he Man got over the Diftem-
per, tho’ he relapfed into his Colick fome Days after
the Turn, which upon purging with Calomel , &c. and
the Ufe of Opiates , foon left him. This Perfon, before,
and at the Eruption, complain’d of a great Difficulty
of Breathing, with a fhort importunate Cough, and a
violent Pain under his Sternum • for which Reafon/I

order’d 5xvi of Blood to be drawn, which was very
fizy.

“ ■ — T-— . . ■

* The. Hod'^e. J J »

li 1

The

The major Part of the adult Perfons, that had the
Unhgppinefe to be feiz’d with this Didemper, dy’d ;
among whom fell an old Gentlewoman of 72 ; a very
uncommon Exit for a Perfon of her Years J

It was a remarkable Inflance of the extraordinary
Virulence of thefe Small-P ox , that the Women (tho*
.they had had the Small-Pox before, and fome very fe-
vereiy too) who conftantly attended thofe iil of the
confluent Kind, whether Children, or grown Perfons,
had generally feveral Pudales broke out on their Face,
Hands, and Bread, exactly refembliog the pocky Pu-
flules, which undoubtedly arofefrpm the Matter of the
crufifd Pox; infeding; the Skin in thofe- Pan s.Tdtofe
Pudules arofe, maturated* and fcabb’d ofF, intirely
•like the true Pox. . f I knevy one Woman, that had
more than forty on one Side of her Face and Bread: j
the Child flip attended, frequently leaning on thofe
Parts on |hat Side. J obferv’d, that thofe* which had the
tendered Skins, and who attended thofe iil of the
word Sort, had mod of thefe Eruptions. We had a-
bundance of Indances of this Nature.

In the Beginning of this Conditution, the Small-
Vox were much more malignant than they have been
for this Month, or two, lad pad. Indeed, when they
raged mod feverely, fome Children had them very fa-
vourably, and requir’d no other Phyfick than to be
duly purg’d after them.

f Mr. Hicks's Nurfe;

• * 1 . \ "i ^ ~ " T -v r 1 *

* v t

V i .

F INI S.

I! M i i

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/ I 4 ' ^ i |« . . 0 • . . * ^ * —

X 0 NDO N, Printed for W. and J. I n n y s, Printers to
the Royal Society 7 at the Weft End of St. Paul's Church*
Yard. * ■ *

I

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a

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rallici ,
Au-
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tion of
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Numb. 391.

PHILOSOPHICAL

TRANSACTIONS.

For the Months of November and December 5 1725.

The CONTENTS.

I. An Account of the Strata in Cod-Mines, See-

By John Strachey, Efq-, F. 5.

II. Be Experiment o probandi Spiritual Vtni Gdlici
perquam ujitato , fed reVera falfo et fdlaci. Au-
Bore C. Neuman, Chym. Brof. Be?. Bero-
lin. <%(. S. S.

III. An Account of a Fork. put up the Anus, that
mas afterwards drawn out through the Buttock-
communicated in a Letter to the Eubli/her, ' by
Mr. Robert Payne, Surgeon at Loweitoffc.

IV. Two Cafes of InfeBs Voided by. the urinary
Faff age, communicated in a Letter to the Bub-

li/her, by Dr. Daniel Turner, Coll. Med.Lond.
Lie.

\

V. An Account of a new Machine, called the Ma-
rine Surveyor, contrived for the Menfuratjon of
the Way of a Ship in the Sea, more correBly than

h

by the Log, or any other Method hitherto ujed
for that (purpofe j together with federal Tejlimo -
jiiahy Jetting forth the Ufefulnefs of this Inden-
tion. (By Mr. Henry de Saumarez of the Ifland
of Guernfey.

i J_ ' -! 1 —

ERRATUM.
35>o. p. l2t for ManeI r • Maud.

( 39 5 )

I. An Account of the Strata in Coal-Mines , &c.
y John Strachey, Ej<fa F. 3^. 5.

IT was forae Time fince, that in a Letter to one of
the Members of this Society, I gave an Account
of the feveral Strata of Earths and Minerals, found
in fome of the Coal-Works in Somerfetjhire , which
was printed in PbiLTranfatlions , N° 360. But there
is one great Error in the Print j for whereas I faid,
that in thofe Parts they never meet with Freeftone
over the Coal } the Printer, by miftake, calls it Fire -
ft one ^ whereas Fireftone is always found in thofe
Mines, contrary to the Works in Staffordshire , New-
caftle , and Scotland , where Freeftone does, indeed,
lie over the Coal. 1 have farther obferved the Strata
of Stone, Clay, and Marie, of the interjacent Hills,
where, under the black Marie, lies a fpongy yel-
lowifh Earth ^ all this lies above the red Soil, which
I have faid is generally the Surface of the Vallies,
where the Coal is found. And as this red Mould on
the Surface degenerates into Marie or Loom, fo, towards
the North-Weft, beyond or without the Veins of Coal,
about Winford , in the fame County, it turns to
Ruddle, or Red-Okre, ufed chiefly for marking of
Sheep, and for ground Colours or Priming, inftead of
Spaniff Brown ; and often counterfeits Bole Armoniack.

But as I never heard any Coal was found to the
Weft or South of Me n dip -hills ; fo Cotfwold, to the
North-Eaft,and theChalk-Hills of Marlborough -Downs
and Salisbury Plains , feern to fet Bounds to the Coal
Country, to the Eaftand South-Eaft of which Fig 1.

K k k may

( 3 96 )

may be fuppofed a Section from South-Eaft to North-
Weft, viz. from the Dip to the Rife *, and Fig. 2. at
right Angles, from South-Weft to North-Eaft, on the
Drift or Level.

I mention this by way of Correftion and Addition
to my former Obfervations of the Coal- Works in
So7nerfet[ime. I have fince had Opportunities to be
underground, and view feveral Coal-Works in Scot-
land and Northumberland. , and to obferve the feveral
Strata there. At JViddrington they have four Fathom
Clay, then a Seam of Coal, about fix Inches thick, not
worth working • then a white Freeftone ; then an
hard Stone, which they call a Whin j then two Fa-
thom of Clay j then a white foft Stone } and under
that a Vein of Coal three Feet nine Inches thick.
This is a fmall Coal of the fame Nature, but not fo
good as the Newcaflle-Coal which comes to London
Market. Thefe Veins dip to the South-Eaft, one Yard
in twenty. Near Tranent , in Eajl-Lothian in Scot-
land, the Coal dips alfo to the South-Eaft, in the
fame Proportion } but at Baldoe , in the ParHh of
CampJ), three Miles from Kylfitb , it dips to the
North-Eaft, and at Madejione , near Falkirk , to the
fame Point, and in the fame Proportion. The Strata
of Earths and Minerals, at thefe Places, agree very
near : They have, as the Ground rifes or falls, one,
two, or three Fathom of Clay j then eleven Fathom of
Slate, or Coal-Clives * one Fathom of Limeftone *, un-
der that two Fathom of Slate, Earth and Stone ; and
then Coal. And all thefe agree in this ^ that the
Pits generally need no Timber, and have a good
Roof, & which is fupported by Pillars of Coal, which
they leave in the working. At Baldoe , the Coal is
commonly forty-five Inches thick j and ail along, for
fome Miles Eaftward thence, on the Sides of the

Hills,

( 397 )

Hills, are Crops of Coal and Limeftone; and often-
times the Tenants fpit up as much as will ferve their
Turn for a Winter’s burning, juft under the Surface j
for there wants a Market, and it is fcarce worth
working for Sale. And to the North- Weft and
North, in the Drift of the Coal in higher Ground,
and, confequently, lying over it, there appear, in
the Sides of the Hills, Seams of Spar and Lead, the
Drift of whch is North- Eaft, and lies almoft perpen-
dicular } but what Obliquity there is, pitches to the
South-Eaft. At Aucbenclaugh , fix Miles Eaft from
Kylftth , there is a Coal eighteen Feet thick } this dips
one Foot in three, and is not purfued by reafon of
W ater ^ and, for want of a Market, will not quit the
Coft of draining. At Made ft one, the Coal is four
Feet and a half thick, above three Fathom and a half
deep : They land it (as at many Coalhews in the
Country) on Girls Backs. Near Tranent are three diffe-
rent Veins wrought ; the undermoft is about eighteen
Fathom from the Surface, call’d the S plenty Coal , four
Feet and a half thick j it's a hard but not large Goal -
makes a clear and ftrong Fire-, lies ten Fathom under
the main Coal , which is nine or ten Feet thick, and
comes out very large. Its Roof is of Freeftone, under
which I walked backward and forward two Hours *
but had no Opportunity to make any other Obfer-
vations on the upper Vein, than that it is about four
Feet thick, and neither fo hard or large as the other.

As I have, Fig. i. and 2. drawn the different Strata
(which have come to my Obfervation) on a fuppofed
Plane, as they there lie ; in Fig. 3. and 4. 1 protrad the
fame in a globular Projedion, fuppofing the Mafs of
the Terraqueous Globe to confift of the foregoing, or,
perhaps, of ten thoufand other different Minerals, all
originally, whilft in a foft and fluid State, tending

K k k 2 towards

( 59s )

towards the Center. It muft mechanically, and al-
moft neceffarily follow, by the continual Revolu-
tion of the crude Mafs from Weft to Eaft, like the
winding up of a Jack, or rolling up the Leaves of a
Paper-Book, that every one of thefe Strata, tho’ they
each reach the Center, muft, in fome Place or other,
appear to the Day j in which Cafe there needs no fpe-
cihck Gravitation to caufe the lighteft to be upper-
moft, &c . for every one in its Turn, in fome Place
of the Globe or other, will be uppermoft j and, were
it practicable to fink to the Center of the Earth, all
the Strata, that are, would be found in every Part,
and according to the Poet, Ponderibits librata fuis.
Add to this, that in all Places within my Knowledge,
the Obfervation of * another Member of the Society
has held good, that the Precipices of all Hills are to
the Weft ward, whereas the A (cent to the Eaft is more
gradual. The farther Enquiry into which I offer
to the Curious, who have better Opportunity..

II. T>e Experiment o probandi Spiritum Vim Gallici ,
perquam ujitato, fed reVera falfo et fallaci. Ju+
Bore C. Neuman, Chym . Trof. (Reg. Bero-
lin. ^ S. S.

SI qua rerum naturalium eft fcientia, e qua mul-
t*e erroneas opiniones, prasjudicia, fpeculationes,
&i inde fecutas falfte hypothefes atque experimenta
extiterunt, Chymia in primis eft ; quas tamen in fe
confiderata, non nifi certis, in externos fenfus incur-

rentibus

* Dr. Stukely.

( \99 )

retltibus, proinde facillimis, 6c tuto concludentibus
rebus occupata eft j quo magis mirandum eft, quod
quam plurimi ea de re confcripti libelli pauciffima
vera in fe contineant, multo minus neceftari?e ad rem
experiential refpondeant. Hinc etiam aliquantuluin
modo rei expertus non moratur magnificos 6c inge-
niofe excogitatos librorum titulos, apparationes Chy-
micas, vanafq.ue arcanorum oftentationes, durn pro-
tinus, quam fallacibus 6c incertis opinionibus fundata
fint, perfpicit. Hos flexus Labyrintheos pervadere,
eorumque varias aberrationes attingere, non eft infti-
tuti noftri^ fed imprafentiarum tantumraodo cfe ex-
perimento quodam Chymico, fortaile jam multis ab-
hinc annis frequentato, imaginario, & reapfe falfo ac
faJJaci, quod tamen quafi peculiare aliquod arcanum
6c ingeniofum inventum, adhuc dum occultatur, fen-
tentiam exponemus, eademque opera demonftrabimus,
quod qui tali experimento fidunt, manifefto decipil
antur , 6c quod ad id negotii requifita prseparatio
Chymica nullum prorfus fit myfterium, uti vendita-
tur, fed res rudem fimplicitatem redolens, admodum
vulgaris 6c perquam notifiima.

Quantum ad rem propofitam : Nonnulli negotiators
in Hollandia , Anglia , Hamburg, ir Dantifci , 6cc. qui
maxime in coemendo 6C divendendo fpiritu vini Gal-
lici occupati funt, certum aliquod experimentum pro-
batorium crepant, idqj pro magno artificio ac fingula-
ri arcano venditant, firmiter perfuafi, fe ope hujus
experimenti non folum fpiritum vini Gallici a fpi-
ritu frumenti, fed etiam genuinum ab adulterato
difcernere, atque ita in coemendo genuino fpiritu
vini Gallici, nequaquam defraudari ' pofie. Hinc
etiam tanquam indubitatum 6c infallibile probamen-
tum, imo magnum aliquod arcanum, quod non omnes
calleant, adhuc exiftimatur, adeo, ut nemo, hunc ii-
quorem probatorium, nec olfaciendum, neque gU-

ftandurn.

' c 400 )

ftandum mihi concedere unquam voluerit, tametfi fide
interpofita proteftabar, me illorum commercio nec no-
citurum, nec artem banc cumaliquo communicaturum.
Quid quod nec ego ipfe, nec illi prsenofcere qui-
bant, utrum ego nudo olfadu vel guftu conjedando
illico afiecuturus eftem, quidnam rei fir, <St qua rati-
one paranda diet ?

Subjedum liquor quidatn eft fubfufco-flavefcens,
quo adhibito mercatores experimentum iftud ita pera-
gunt. Comptent primo fcyphum vitreum fpiritu vini
Gallici probando, deque liquore ifto in fcyphum ilium
vel unicam, vel duas trefve guttas, pro quantitate fpi-
ritus vini infufi, inftillant. Quod ft bonus fuerit <3c
genuinus fpiritus vini Galiici, ftatim in fundo vitri
impleti exiftit admodum caeruleus color pulcherrimus,
qui fi caule mundiore agitatur, cum reliquo fpiritu
permiftus, totum vitrum colore cyaneo tingit j fin au-
tem fpiritus frumenti fit, ne quicquam cyanei colo-
ris in vitro confpicitur, fed fpiritus ille colorem fuum
primigenium retinet, etiamfi de liquore dido vel vi-
gecuplo plures gutt^fcypho impleto inftillentur. Si-
cuti igitur hie modus probandi generatim, putum fru-
menti fpiritum a puto puro fpiritu vini Galiici, exopini-
one Mercatorum difeernit: ita hi confequenter hac hy-
pothefi fidentes de utriufque fpiritus vini <Sc fru-
menti adulterine commifcelse gradibus diverfis judi-
cant. Norunt enim ex confpedo colore casruleo, nifi
hie obfeure talis, fed fubcsruleus modo, casfitts, glau-
cus, aut ex cyaneo viridefeens appareat, dijudicare,
fpiritum vini non lolutn adulteratum, fed etiam quoad
grad us tot plufve minufve partibus fpiritus frumenti

mixtum elfe. #

Equidem lubens fateor, hanc rationem probandi
fpiritus, ubi primum earn animadvertebam, admira-
tione quadam & deledatione me affeciife,- ita ut earn

omnino certam &C falfi nefeiam primo adfpedu cre-

z derem

( 4°i )‘

derem, quo etiam magis nunc talibus Mercatoribus 3t
Oenopolis, rerum. Chymicarum ignaris, infcrutabilem
fibi enrorem condonare polfum. Quum autem animo
inecum fubinde agitarem, quod nullum adhuc, .quan-
tum fciam, demonftrativum experimentum proftat, cu-
jus ope peculiares puri fpiritus vini Gallic! 3c quidem
redificatiffimi partes conftitutivas a fpiritu frumenti
asque redificatilfimo diftindas oftendere vel faltem
fufpicari poffimus, fed quod uterque fpirituum ex
iifdem partibus erfentialibus conftet, in quam commu-
nem qualitatem fimpliciter necelfaria fermentatione
rqdiguntur, ideo argumentatus quoque mecum fum,
quod fi qua notabilis diverfitas in didis fpiritibus eve-
IVrer’ ?a.non a mix to intrinfeco tanquam mixto fpi«
ritus vini formante, vel a vini indole, ex quo fpiri-
tus deflillatus fuit, fed neceffario ab additamento quo-
dam heterogeneo, ad conftituendum fpiritu m vini,
qua talem, nullo modo pertinente, ortum ducat, live
fub fermentatione ant deftillatione peregrinum quid
addatur, five tingendo, extrahendo, vel ipfa commit
cela aliorum liquidorum aut folubilium contingat.

Meum non eft in folis ejufmodi cogitatis, praucipi-
tads ut plurimum 6c fallacibus, acquiefcere j quare
varia, ad rem pertinentia, experimenta inftitui, quibus
etiam facile impetravi conjeduras mete confirmatio-
nem, quod fcilicet in ifla per didum experimentum
apparenter proveniente diverfitate, nulla fit ratione
fpiritus ardentis vera 6c effentialis diftindio, fed quod
produdio coloris casrulei, ex quo differentia judieatur
heterogeneo cuidam, 6{ ad fpecialem conftitutioneni
fpiritus vini plane non requifiti additamento de-
beatur, atque ita totum experimentum, quacunque
demum verifimilitudine fefe commendans, falfum lit,
fallax, 6c inutile, id quod jam ulterius comprobabo.

( 401 )

Prsmonendum autem mihi eft quod, cum de addi-
tamento hoc fpiritus vini, liquore.ad cxperimemum
pertinente deftitutus, certior fieri non ajque poifem,
operam dederim feduJam, didum modo liquorem, ut-
pote ipfummet artificium laudatum, adinveniendi,
quamvis ab initio parum in id concitatus, quod eum
nunquam, ceu dixi, neque guftu, neque odoratu fen-
tire, nec nifi fub inftitutis experimentis, eminus in-
tueri licuerit, neque etiam difficultate fua caruiflent
eum explorandi tentamina (quamvis, ut apparebit,
fimplex ille fit 6c fatis notus) nifi ab amico, qui Ge-
dani eum quondam guftaverat, percepifiem, quod
ftyptico fapore fe exhibeat, quorfum cum. omnia mea
experimenta dirigerem, tandem reperi, quod arcanum
illud tanto in pretio habitum aliud nihil fit, quam
mera folutio Martis. in acido vitriolico, five ex Marte
cum fpiritu vitrioli foluto, Sc cum aqua diluto, five
ex vitriolo Anglico, five ex vitriolo quodam Vene-
reo-Martiali, pracipitando parato, five ex miners
cujufdam Martis, qualis Hafiiaca eft, extradione con-
ftet, quamvis color caruleus omnium elegantifiimus
cum ultima, nempe cum fic dido liquore terra Martis
folaris appareat : quo faturatior folutio eft, eo minus
ejus pro experimento faciendo requiritur.

Quamvis autem liquoris hujus, utpote jam dudum
cogniti, nova non fit inventio, quoufque tamen pro
experimento illo probatorio adhibetur, res mihi nova
omnino fuit, Sc perquam grata, turn quod antea co-
gitando in earn nunquam fponte inciderim, turn quod
jn fecretis haberetur a Mercatoribus, 6c pro arcano
follicite fervaretur, turn etiam 6c quidem potiflimum
ideo, quod per experimenta mea acceftorium illud,
fpiritui vini, qua tali, peregrinum 6c minus elfentiale,
color era vero caruleum proprie cum liquore dido
producens, quid fit, Sc quanta fallacia, imo ialfitate

o manifefta

( 4°? )

inanifefta laboret experimentum probatorium detegere
6c propalare potuerim, quae prscipua mihi caufafuit,
ob quam obfervationem hanc inclytas Sccietati exhi-
bere geftiam.

Additamentum autem illud flavedinem primum fpi-
ritui vim Gallic! concilians, hinc 6c fub experimen-
to cagruleum colorem provocans, lignum quercinym
eft, five fegmenta aut ramenta ejus cum fpiritu vini in-,
fundantur, five in dolio quercino novo fervetur fpiri-
tu*, ufque dum flavedinem ex 'ligno extraxerit , quo
magis autem flavefcit ille, eo magis casruleus quoque
cum liquore martiali evadit fub experimento, nifi cro-
co vel alia quadam re flava tindus fuerit.

Quod autem totum negotium non nifi ligno quer-
cino debeatur, experimento fequenti in contrarium
facto, conlirmo : Aflumo nempe fpiritum frumenti,
eundem, qui cum liquore neque caeruleum colorem
exhibet, neque ullam aliam mutationem fubit, atque
ideo.a mercatoribus pro puro frumenti fpiritu judi-
catur, huic indo ramenta quercina, 6c infufa relinquo,
donee fpiritus frumenti flavedinem fpiritus vini
Gallici fere contraxerit, filtrato huic fpiritu! dum
liquorem viiriolicum, ficuti fpiritui vini Francici,
infiillo, eundem colorem caeruleum 6c ^que elegan-
tem acquiro, nulla ne leviflima quidem diverfitate,
aut diflimilitudinem indicante phasnomeno interveni-
ente j quod abunde teftatur, omnem mutationem co-
lons ex ligno quercino originem ducere.

Polfumus quoque fpiritum frumenti cum alio quo-
darn, analogia ad lignum quercinum accedente, cum
gallis, v. g infundere, fequente limiliter experimen-
to. Succedit quoque res quodammodo cum cortice
granati 6c aliis vcgetabilibus adftringentibus, omnium
t amen optime cum ligno quercino, cui cortices grana-
toram longe funt inferiores, violaeeum potius, quam

F 1 1 coeruleum

C 4°4 )

caerulcum colorem, 6c cum agitatur, viroris aliquid
trahentem, exhibentes.

Notatu dignum eft, quod perparum liquoris ex
ligno quercino extra&i fufficiat ad qualitarem fpiri-
tui frumenti bene multo inducendam, pro casruleo
colore, cum diclo fxpius liquore, exhibendo, liquidem
cum gutta unica infufi ligni quercini dimidiatn fpiri-
tus frumenti unciam pro experimento fubeundo ap-
tam reddidi.

Liquorem five folutionem ex puro vitriolo Martia*
li, nuilatenus Venereo, conftare Sc paratam etfe debere,
exinde apparet, quod experimentum i. cum Gofsla-
lienfe, Ungarico, Dantifcano, omnibufque (iiniii-
rer mixtis vitriolis, quse qualitercunque venerea vel
cuprea funt, pro copia cupri commixti plus minus male
fuccedat, 6c colorem valde dilute coeruleum, feu caslium
producat. 2. Quod cum puro vitriolo Veneris plane
non fuccedat, nec ullum colorem caeruleum provocet,
ficuti id variis experimentis, infra in ejus teftimonium
allatis, tentando didici.

Dicendum adhuc reftaret ut, quibus de caufis 6c
quomodo color ifte casruleus oriatur, explicarem^ quia
vero rem pro incipiente, vel diluto, atramentorio fcrip-
torio habeo, cujus ingredientia, colorem fuppeditan-
tia, prascipua ex iifdem, nempe ex vitriolo Martis
6c adftringente vegetabili conftant , de quibus D.
hemery fcite 6c copiofe differuit (i>. Hiftoire de l’Aca-
demie des Sciences l’annee 1707. ) hunc potius
allegare volui illis, qui talibus deleftantur, quam
obfervationem hanc meam allegatis hujufmodi comple-
re 6c extendere. Qui opticis aliifque Philofophicis
rationibus capiuntur, D. Boyle, D. Newton , & alios
legant, qui de coloribus fcripferunt.

Sub finem difcurfus mei paucis commemorabo,
quod inter Gallici vini 6c frumenti fpiritum, purum

nempe

( 4°5 )

nempe hunc 6c cum cura deflillatum, non alia quam
peculiaris odoris 6c faporis in Francici fpiritu vini a
vinaceis, petiolis 6c acinis uvarum oriundi diffe- *
rentia indagari debeat, licet idem quoque odor 6c fa-
por variis modis fpiritui frumenti conciliari atque hie
ita in Francicum adulterari queat, ut earn vel peri-
tiffimus pro genuino Francico aut ad minimum pro
frumenti fpiritu plane non habuerit, unde apparet,
quod uti primo allegatum, ita 6c alia experimenta fpi-
rituum ardentium probatoria nullius, velfaltem infuf-
heientis ufus lint.

ELENCHUS.

Experimentorum in rent prxfentem factonm.

I. Primum oduplas paravi folutiones vitriolicas,
pro qualibet drachmas duas vitrioli 6c unciam unain
cum dimidia aquas communis deftillatae recipiendo.
Habui autem folutiones vitrioli. i. Goflarienfis, 2. Ge-
danenfis, 3. Hungarici, 4. De Cypro, 5. x^nglici,

6. Martis cum oleo vitrioli parati, 7. Martis ex vitri-
olo venereo martiali per prascipitationem fadi, 6c 8.
folutionem miners Martis Hafliacce, vel lie didse folaris,
cujus itidem binas tantum drachmas ad didam aqua;
quantitatem affumpfi.

II. Deinde triplices feci addringentium vegetabi-
lium extradiones per infufionem, ad quamvis unciam
vegetabiiis libram unam medicam fpiritus frumenti,
qui a liquore probatorio antea inflillato nihil plane
coerulei oflenderat, accipiendo ^ fuerunt autem extrac-
tiones 1. Ligni quercini, 2. Gallar. Turcic, 3. Gra-
natorum corticum.

Ilf. Tertio: Cum tribus hifee admodum faturatis
extradionibus, triplicem quoque Gallic! vini fpiritum
adultcrinum, colorem faltem 6c flavedinem imitando,ex

2 frumenti

( 40<5 )

frumenti fpiritu effinxi, &C quibufvis odo fpiritus
frutnenti unciis unam extradionis unciam fingulatim
commifcui.

IV. Denique : Ordinarium fumpfi. fpiritum vini Gal-
licutn flavefcentem, atque etiam ordinarium recens
deftillatum fpiritum frumenti, <$c de utroque, fecundum
ordinem modo dictum cum folutionibus vitriolicis, ex-
perimenta cepi ac fucceflive inftitui.

V. lnfudi-nempe quavis vice unciam dimidiatn fpi-
ritus vini Francici in vitrum mundum infra acumina-
tum, & folutionis vitriolicce uni am, vel fi non fuffice-
ret ad csruleum colorem proferendum, duas, tres uf-
que ad quatuor guttas inftillavi, vidique diligenter at-
tendendo,quod fpiritus vini Gallici didus i. cum folu-
tione vitrioli Goflarienfis pallide csruleum, 2. c um
folutione vitrioli Gedaneniis, <3c 3. vitrioli Hungari-
ci itidem fubcsruleum, 4. cum (olutione vitrioli de
Cypro autem nullum plane casruleum, fed fubviride-
fcentem colorem induerit, 5. cum folutione vitrioli
Anglici, atque 6. cum folutione vitrioli Martis, cum
oleo vitrioli parati, itidemque 7. cum folutione vitri-
oli Martis per prscipitationem fadi, valde elegantem,
fed cum liquore Martis folari fie dido, feu folutione
miners Martis Hafliacs, amoenifiimum colorem caeru-
leum acquifiverit. Caufam diverfitatis hujus fupra
jam dedimes.

VI. Cepi porro pro quovis experiment probatorio
dimidiam itidem fpiritus frumenti unciam, 6c cujufvis
folutionis vitriolics unam, duas, tres, imo decern 6cplu-
res guttas inftillavi, fed a nullius neque etiam ipfius
liquoris fspius didi commifcela, quamvis plus ad hunc,
quam ad Gallici vini fpiritum additum fuerit, ullam ne
levillimam quidem livedinem cosrulei coloris obfer-
vare licuit.

VII.

(’407 )

VII. Poftmodum aflumpfi didi fub numero II/. 6c de
eodem fpiritu frumenti, triplici modo imitando effidfi
fpiritus vini Gallici unciam dimidiam pro quovis ex-
perimento, eandeinque cum ordinario fpiritu vini
Francici fadam, ac fub numero V. commemoratam in-
ftillationem cujufvis folutionis vitriolic^ inftitui, 6c
ecce conveni.ebant experiment^ cum genuino, 6c cum
adulterato hoc fpiritu vini Gallici fada, per omnia pha>
no'mena ^ nifi quod propter combinatas variorum ve-
getabilium extradiones aliqua hinc inde, quamvis ad-
modum levis difFerentia interven.ret, uti ex fequenti-
bus apparebit.

Viil. Spiritus frumenti cum extradione gallarum
ab inftillata folu ione vitrioli i. Goilarienfis, itidem-
que 2. Gedanenfis nigrefcebat quodammodo, 3. cum
folutione vitrioli Hungarici ab initio, fub inftilla-
tione, dabat quidem aliquid cterulei, fed inter com-'
mifcendum perdebat penitus, 4. cum folutione
vitrioli de Cypro plane non tingebatur, 5:. cum fo-
lutione vitrioli Anglici eleganter cserulefcebat, 6c 6.
cum folutione Martis utroque modo parati, ab initio
quidem ca^ruleo, fed commifcela vero & interagitation e
cum caule pennse, violaceo colore tingebatur* deniq.ue 7.
cum folutione miners Martis, & quidem una faltem
ejus gutta, mixtus hie fpiritus frumenti egregium ac-
quifivit coloretn casruleum.

IX. Spiritus frumenti extradione corticum grana^
torum, ceu didum, imbutus, cum folutionibus vitrio-
Jicis, juxta ordinem prascedentera confufus, parum vel’
nihil csrulei provocavit, 6c circa priora quatuor punc-
ta, eodem fere modo, fe exhibuit, atque fupradidus
frumenti fpiritus gallarum extradione impnegnatus
in pofterioribus quoque experimentis mox viridiufcull
quid, mox atramento temulum oflendebat.

X. E contrario fpiritus frumenti extradione ligni
quercini in fimilitudinem quandam Gallici infucatus,

cum

( 4°8 )

c^m folationibus vitriolorum pure martialium, 5c prs
ceteris cumliquore Martis folari, omnium pulcherrimo
colore csruleo inficiebatur. Cum primis quatuor
folutionibjus vitriolicis vero eodem fe modo habuit,
ac caeteri fpiritus frumenti fucati, imo non fecus ac
ipfe fpiritus vini Gallici.

XI. Tandem cum fatis effem confirmatus, rem cunt
ramentis ligni quercini optime fuccedere, experiri li-
buit, quantum infufi vel extra&ionis ligni quercini,
ad minimum pro aliquali faltem coeruleato colore pro-
ducendo requireretur.

Varias ergo quantitates minuendo Temper parciores,
a dimidia drachma ad viginti, quindecim 5c pauciores
guttas defcendendo, probavi, adeo ut unica gutta fuffi-
ceret totam femiunciam fpiritus frumenti qualitate
imprsgnando, quae ad colorem coeruleum, licet non
adeo faturatum, unica faltem gutta liquoris miners
martis accedente, producendum requiritur.

III. An Account of a Fo)f put up the Anus, that
was afterwards drawn out through the (Buttoc^
communicated in a Letter to the 1 Vuhlijher , by
Mr. Robert Payne, Surgeon at Loweltofft.

JAities Bifop , an Apprentice to a Ship-Carpenter in
Gr eat AC ar mouth , about 19 Years of Age, had vio-
lent Pains in the lower Part of the Abdomen , for 6 or
7 Months } it did not appear to be any Species of the
Colick; he fometimes made bloody Urine, which in-
duced me to believe it might be a Stone in the Blad-
der. He was very little relieved by Phyfick j at
length a hard Tumor appeared in the Left Buttock,
on or near the Glut&us Maximus, 2 or 3 Inches from
. 3 the

( 4°9 )

the Verge of the Anus, a little Hoping upwards. A
Ihort tune after he voided purulent Matter by way of
the Amu, every Day for fome Time: the Tumor
broke ; 1 fufpefled a Fiftula in Ano, but could not get
the Probe, by the Orifice of the Sore, into the Rec-
tum. Shortly after the Prongs of a Fork appear-
ed through the Orifice of the Sore, above half an
Inch beyond the Skin. As foon as the Prongs ap-
peared, his violent Pains ceafed ; I divided the Flefli
between the Prongs, according to the beft of my
Judgment; and after that made a circular Incifion a-
bout the Prongs, and fo with a ftrong Pair of Pin-
cers extracted it, not without great Difficulty, Handle
and all entire ; the End of the Handle was befmeared
with the Excrement, when I drew it out ; it is 6 In-
ches and a half long, a large Pocket-Fork: the Handle
is .vory, but is dyed of a very dark-brown Colour-
the Iron Part is very black and fmooth, but not rufty.’
He is likely to do well in a fliort Time, the Operation
being performed the nth of OHober Jaft : he would
not own how it came, till a Relation of his, a Gen-
tleman in this Neighbourhood, who fent him to me
to be under my Care, the Reverend Mr. Gregory
Clark, Rector of Blundejton, on whom, in a great Mea-
sure, his Dependence is, threatened never to look upon
him more, unlefs he would give him an Account how
it came ; and he told him, that, being coftive, he put
the faid Fork up his Fundament, thinking by that
Means to help himfelf, but unfortunately it flipt UD
fo far, that he cguld not recover if again. ^ F

Rob* 'Payne .

P' Mn!!i fayS he har no Trouble or Pain, till a
Month, or more, after it was put up.

IV. Two

Loweftofft, 7 Miles front
Great- Yarmouth , 5 th
Novemb. 1725;

( 4'° )

IV. Two Cafes of Infects Voided by the urinary
(pajJagCj communicated in a Letter to the Pub-
lifber , by Dr. Daniel Turner, Coll. Med Loni.
Lie. "

Bee. 6. 1725.

ON the 24th of November lafb, a poor Woman, in
my Neighbourhood, came to crave my Advice
for her Grand-child, an Infant of about 16 Months
old, bringing with her a Worm, which fhe told me
the Apothecary had juft then drawn out of the Child’s
Penis, who had for feveral Days before labour’d un-
der great Unealinefs*, which (as ufually ‘term’d by
thefe People) Ihe call’d Convulfions of the Bowels.
The Infant was continually drawing up the lower
Limbs, and ftraining at both Sphinders the Urine
feemed to pafs with Difficulty for fome Days, till at
laft there came on a to'al Suppreffion, and the Worm,
advancing, ffiew’d itfelf at the Extremity of the.T?r*-
thra , when the Apothecary was called up to help
them. I examined the Infect, and found it meafur’d
above 4 Inches, refembling the Worms ufually ex -
cern’d per Podicem , of the Earth-worm Kind, but
whiter j which made me think at firft they had been
miftaken, and that the fame had been that Way excre-
ted. Having direded what 1 thought proper, I went
to the Apothecary, who has the Worm now in his
Cuftody, to be better inform’d. He allures me, that,
when he came to the Child, he faw a preternatural
Body, which at firft he knew notVhat to make of,
hanging half an Inch out of the Gians , and lying
double in the Paffiage : Perceiving it farther advancing,
he took hold of it, and with little Difficulty drew
forth the fame.

3

The

( 4“ )

The Summer before the laft, a Woman fliow’d me
an Infed of the Maggot Species, with a crufty red
Galen over the Snout, and a crefcent or forked Tail,
which fhe had juft then voided by the urinary Paft
fage.

V. An Account of a new Machine , called the Ma-
rine Surveyor, contrived for the Menfuration of
the Way of a Ship in the Sea , more cor re Elly than
by the Log, or any other Method hitherto ufed
for that (purpofe 5 together with federal Teftimo-
nials , Jetting forth the Ufefulmfs of this hiVen-
ti°n . <By Mr. Henry de Saumarez of the lfland
of Guernfey.

HAving for feveral Years applied my Studies to the
Improvement of Navigation, I have fallen on
various Projeds, as well for the better clearing a
Ship off a Lee-fhore, as for her Steering, Tacking, & or
Waring, &c. which I may probably foon publiili to
the \vorld; But what has moft of all employ5d my
Thoughts, has been to contrive fomething to afcer-
tain the Way of a Ship in the Sea, more corredly
than by the Log, (at prefent in Ufe in our Naviga-
tion }) the Errors of which are fuch, that i am fully
perfuaded the unhappy Fate of the brave Sir Cloudjley
Shovell , was more owing thereto, than to any Errors
in Judgment. The melancholy Refledions I made on
that national Lofs, was what fpurr’d me on to find
out fomething that would not only have a regular
Motion under Water, but might communicate the
fame to a Dial, or Piece of Clock-Work, within the
&hip. M m m After

( 411 )

After Variety of Experiments, I was at laft fo hap-
py as to anfwer my Purpofe in fome Meafure j and as
m Guernfey we are at a Lofs for curious Workmen,
in the Year 1715. I came to London , and furniihed
my felf with a Boat, and all the Materials neceftary
for my D.fign. Daily was I on the River Thames
making Experiments, and was frequently honoured
with the Company of feveral of the Literati , who
were greatly pleafed with my Invention ; but, not
being fully fatisfied of the Certainty thereof, they ad-
vifed me to try it on a Standing- Water. According
to their Defire I did fo, for I obtained a Liberty
feveral Times of having a Boat on the Canal in St.
James's Park , where 1 demonftrated, to fuch curious
Perfons as favoured me with their Company, the Ufe-
fulnefs of feveral Inftruments *, for we there fixed two
Poles for Marks, and notwithftanding I many Times
alter’d theMotion of myBoat,by fometimes rowing fa ft,
and at other Times flow, yet had my Machine under
Water the fame Number of Revolutions between the
Marks. It may, perhaps, be ask’d, how I came to be
allured that the Revolutions of the Engine under
Water are regular, let the Motion be fwift or flow,
and that they anfwer the fame Diftance > I will not
yet fay, that this admits of fo clear a mathematical
Proof, as any Propofition in Euclid , however, I have
mechanically found it fo in a great Variety of Expe-
riments- and that every Turn or Revolution of the
Engine under Water juft meafures 10 Feet, which I
call the decimal hydraulical Circumference thereof.

The Primum Mobile , or Soul of this Machine, is
in the Form of the Letter Y, and is made in Iron, or
any other Metal: At each End of the Lines, which
conftitute the Angle, or upper Part of that Letter,
are two Pallets not much unlike the figure of the

Log ;

( 41 1 )

Log-, one of which falls in the fame Proportion as
the other rifes. The falling or pendent Pallet meet-
ing a Refinance from the Water, as the Ship moves,
lias, by that Means, a circular Motion under Water,
which is latter or flower, according as the Veffel
moves. This Motion is communicated to a Dial with-
in the Ship (which is fix’d either in the Matter’s
Cabbin, or any other proper Place) by means of a
Rope (of any convenient Length) fatten’d to the
Tail of the Y, and carried to the Dial. The Motion
being thus communicated to this Dial, which has a
Bell in it, it flrikes exadlly the geometrical Paces.
Miles, or Leagues, which the Ship has run. Thus is’
the Ship’s Diftance attained; and with equal Eafe may
the Forces of Tides and Currents be difcovered bv
this Inftruinent. '

The Figures adjoin’d more fully explain the firft
Movement of my Machine.

In Figure 5. AKCL and BHD1 are the Pallets,
which are work’d from the Legs DE and CE into
the Form they appear, to a Breadth of about 4 Inches
and a half. The Length of the Pallets (B D and AC)
are 8 Inches, The Branches or Legs, D E and C E,
are each 15 Inches and a half long, and 2 in Circum-
ference, the Diameter of which is about two Thirds
of an Inch ; and the Angle C E D, which is contain-
ed between them, is 45 Degrees.

The Shank EF is of the fame Thicknefs or Cir-
cumference with CE and DE, and is 27 Inches Ion*
At the Point' F there is a Ring, where one End of
the Rope FG is hook’d to the Machine, the other
End G being fixed to the Dial within the Ship or
Veffel. This Rope may be about 5 Fathoms, more or
Jefs, according as the Dial is fixed high or low, in
refped to the Surface of the Water.

M m m 2

In

( 4'4 )

In the Figure afore- mentioned, this Machine has
but two Branches j however, it may be form’d of
three, if not four, and adjulted to the fame Standard
or Meafure : But as three or four Branches would be
more fubjed to entangle themfelves in Sea- Weeds,
and thereby prevent the regular Motion of the Inflru-
ment, if not in fome Meafure impede the Ship’s Way,
I cannot but recommend their being made only of two
Branches, in the Manner 1 have laid down ; for, in
my own Experiment at Sea, I have obferv’d thofe
made in this Form have been fo far from being
choak’d by Weeds, that if they encountered any at
any Time, they have always cleared themfelves of
them, without the Trouble of hauling the Engine in-
to the Ship to do it.

To regulate this Inftrument, it may be done feve-
ral Ways:, as hrft, by opening or doling the Angle
CEDj fecondly, by lengthening or fhortening the
Branches, or turning or bending more or lefs the
Pallets AKCL and BHDI^ and fo in this Manner
the Machine is brought to what Standard or Meafure
you pleafe, to make the hydraulical Revolution to an-
fwer either to a geometrical Pace of 5 Feet, or to. 10,
12, 14 Feet, &c .

The Machines of this Kind, which I have tried at
Sea in ail Sorts of Weather, did weigh fome 4, others
5, and others 6 Pounds } the Weight of them not
at all afFeciing the peculiar Property of the Inflru-
ment, or hindering the Regulation thereof according
to the Methods 1 have laid down.

Thefe Machines may be made of Tin as well as
Iron, and fo light as not to weigh above two or three
Pounds, which may ferve for any Boat, Wherry, Barge,
&c. without any Hindrance to their Rowing or Sail-
ing. The Manner of fixing them to a Ship, or Boat,
is reprefen ted in Fig. 6. I

( 4* 5 )

1 come now to the Explanation of three feveral
Dials, any one of which may be ufed with this Ma-
chine.

The firfi Dial had three Indexes, one of which
mark’d io Revolutions of the Engine, each Revolu-
tion io feet j fo that of conlequence the whole
Round of the Circle was ioo Feet. As *five of thefe
Revolutions make 50 Feet, which I reckon to be (or
at leaffc fhould be) the Difiance marked between each
Knot on the Log-Line now in Ufe at Sea j by holding
the Half-minute Glafs in one’s Hand (which is always
tiled with the Log-Line) one may, by Jnfpedion, fee
how many Times 50 Feet (he runs in half a Minute,
and of courfe how many Miles in an Hour, without
the Trouble of employing four or five Hands, as
there generally is, in heaving the Log. My fecond
Index on this Dial marked 100 Revolutions which
makes 1 000 Feet, as the third Index did 1000 Revo-
lutions, which is equal to 10, coo Feet j and then a
little Bell (truck, fignifying when the Ship had failed
that Di fiance, which may be alfo fitted to firike to
any other Meafure.

My fecond Dial had the Circle on its Plate divided
into twelve Parts, fo that as the Index paft each DK
vilion, the Ship had run one Mile, and confequently
twelve Miles, when it had meafured the Circumfe-
rence. On one Side of this Dial, I had fixed another
Plate, which was graduated in fuch Manner, that by
the Half-minute Glafs 1 could alfo, by Infpeftion
tell what the Veflel run in that Space of Time <&c *
On my third Dial I had three Circles j the firfi was^
io divided, as to fhew when the Ship had run 60
Leagues ; the fecond was fo contrived, as to fiiew
when the Ship had run the fame Difiance in Miles-
and on the third was mark’d 120 Knots • fo that, com-
puting.

( 4l & )

puting each Knot at 50 Feet, the Circumference was
6000 Feet, which I take to be the Standard of an
Englijh Maritime Mile, or the Part of a Degree
upon the Equator j in running which Length, my
Inftrument has juft 6co Revolutions; to which Di-
ftance a little Bell ftrikes to give Notice, to the Man
at the Helm; of the Diftance failed in that Time.

Belides the feveral Circles on this Dial (graduated
as I have mentioned) I had alfo two Plates on each
Side, having two Circles j one divided into ico
Leagues, and the other into 300 Miles } fo that, with-
out hearing the Bell ftrike to every Mile or League,
one might at any Time fee by them, what Number of
Miles or Leagues the Ship had run, from the Time
(he had left her Port.

As to the Materials within the Dial, there is little
more than common Clock-work.

As by this Machine I undertake to correft the Er-
rors of the Log, I flatter my felf that a Comparifon
between that Inftrument, and my Invention, will not
be unacceptable to the Curious, I therefore prefent
you with

A Comparative Difcourfe between the Log and my
Inftrument , which 1 chufe to call the Marine
Surveyor.

1 ft. urpHE flrft Error I chufe to touch on, in re-
<c X lation to the Log , is in the half and quar-
cC ter Minute Glalfes • I think I may well affirm, that
tc they are feldom or never true, in regard it rarely
“ happens that we can find two to finilh their Courfe
“ in the fame Space of Time ; yet, if they did run
“ their Sand out equally, it is no Demonftration of
<c their Truth, fince two, that are falfe, may do the

“ fame

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( 4*7 )

fame, as well as two that are true. But, admitting
they were never fo truly made, they are notwith-
ftanding fubjefl to Error, fince it is but too well
known, that dry and wet Weather have a great In-
fluence on them. Should the Half-minute Glafs
jack but two Seconds, or be two Seconds too long
it makes an Error of fotne Miles in 24 Hours. If
the Log be hove by Quarter-minute Glades, in like
manner defective, (which is the general Practice,
when the Ship has great Way) in doubling the
Knots, the Error is alfo doubled. Befides, when the
Ship runs after the Rate of 8 or 9 Miles an Hour
(and the Line is left to run off of the Reel) it
rarely happens but fome Fathoms are out, before
the Line can be flopp’d } though this may be fmall
in the Courfeof 24 Hours, and therefore difregard-

y£t in f JonS Voyage it will make a great
Addition to the many Errors in the Diftance (which
we gain by the Log) which, added to thofe of our
Judgment, occafions fo many that keep Journals
at Sea to be a Shore, when they have reck-
oned themfeives 50, 60, or more Leagues from
the Land; and others to be as many Leagues
from their Port, at the Time when they have
expected to make it.

“ In the Marine-Surveyor it is not fo: for this In-

« SinTn fTreu n° Glaffes ,of,any Kind : Let the
Ship run faff or flow, it is the fame, for it works in

Proportion, and the Bell ftrikes to every Mile ar
“ cordingly. To evidence the Truth of this I take"
“ Leave t0 mention an Inftance, viz. When I was
“ making my Experiments on the Canal, the Reverend
“ Ur- Defaulters, one of the Members of this honou.

rable Society, and feveral other Mathematicians
- at llraes, were with me, and we meafur’d out a

“ certain

( 4'8 )

c certain Diftance there j upon which I fitted my
tc Machine to ftrike to that Diftance, and accordingly
<c it did fo. We then alter’d the Motion of the boat,
“ and row’d much fafter to the Mark than we had
<c done before •, however, the Bell flruck, when we
Cc came up to it, to the greatefl Exaftnefs: And fuch
<c is the Property of this Inftrument, that it may be
“ fitted to ftrike to Miles, Leagues, &c. as fhall be
“ thought proper. This Machine is made of Materi-
c* als fo durable, that one of them fhall laft 50 or 60
“ Years 0 and fuch is the Price, that they will prove
£( as cheap or cheaper to the Government, than the
“ Log, which is attended with an Expence of fo ma-
<c ny Lines, Glalfes, &c . As for the making a Trial
<£ of this Inftrument, it may be as fully done in the
“ Channel, as in an Eajl. India Voyage ^ for if it an-
cc fwers to 20, 30, or 40 Leagues, the Reafon holds
<c good for as many Thoufand.

2 d. cc The chief Property of the Log is to have it
“ fwim upright, or perpendicular to the Plane of the
ct Horizon. This is too often wanting in Logs , be-
“ caufe but few Seamen examine whether it is fo or
“ no, and generally take it uponTruft, being fatis-
ct fied, if it weigh a little more at the Stern than the
fiC Head. What erroneous Reckonings Bow from hence
<£ is but too evident *, for if the Log does not fwim
Ce upright, it will not hold Water, neither remain
ct fteady in the Place where it is heav’d, fince the
cc leaft Check of the Hand, in veering the Line, will
“ make it come up feveral Feet. This repeated, the
“ Errors become Fathoms, and perhaps Knots, which,
tC how infignificant foever they may feem, are Miles
£C and Parts of Miles, and amount to much in a long
4£ Voyage.

In

(- 41 9 )

• “ in anfwer to this, the ’Marine-Surveyor is of fuch

44 a Property, that there is no Neceffity to take Care
u about its fwimming- and it is a con Rant Truth,
u peculiar to this Inftrument, that be the Ship’s Moti’-'
44 on on the Water what it will, whether (he runs one*
“ Mile fafler or flower than another, yet all fhe runs,: is
u exadly mark’d on the faid Inflrument, as appears
44 plainly from fome Tables of Experiments made by
“ me in the River Thames, for obtaining the gradu-
64 al jfncreafe and Decreafe of both Ebb and Flood.

3. “ The firetching and ftrinking of the Log-Line ,
<c is another great Error in the Ufe of the Log j for
44 when a new Line is firfl us’d, let it be ever fo well
“ flretched upon Deck, and meafured as true as pof-
“ fible, it fhrinks after wetting confiderably j and
“ therefore if we rely on the Line run out for the
44 Ship’s Diflance, we ought to meafure and alter the
44 Knots on it every Hour before we ufe it- but I
44 am well allured that this is feldom done oftner than
“ once a Week, and fometimes not above once or
44 twice in a Voyage. What great Depcndance then is
4: tli ere on a Reckoning kept by the Log .<? Since in-
44 this Cafe the Line will fhrink fo, as to add Miles to
44 the o;her Miflakes of every 24 Hours. Again,
“ when the Line is meafured to its greatefl Degree*
44 of Shrinking, it is generally left there - and when,

1 by much Ufe, it comes to flretch again, it is fel-
44 dom or never mended, although it will flretch be-
4- yond what it firfl fhrufik. In Abort, fuch are the
44 Errors incident to the Log , that I don’t wonder at
44 our Neighbours the T)atch for preferring their
44 Chips or an irregular Pulfe to it • which conjee-
44 tural Reckoning of theirs is obtained after the fol-
44 lowing Manner. They fix two Marks on the
44 Side of the Ship at a certain DiRance, when an ex*.

, J N n n 44 perienced

( 410 )

H perienced Perfon, {landing at the foremoft Mark,
u throws a Chip over-board, and counts the feveral
44 Beats of his Pulfe, during the Chip’s Pallage from
44 one Mark to the other j and from thence it is they
a compute the Number of Miles that the Ship runs
44 in an Hour.

44 As for the Marine-Surveyor, it is not hove with
u a Line, but is tow’d a Stern by a Rope; and let
41 that Rope {{retch or (brink (be long or ihort) it is
44 all one, for the inftrument will have the fame true
“ Revolutions. Should it be objected, that it holds

Water, 1 affirm, from my own Experiments of it,

4 that the Log haul'd in from 5 or 6 Knots, is much
44 heavier upon the Hand } and that the fafler the
44 Ship runs, the lefs Water this Inllrument of mine
‘ holds, becaufe it gives Way to the Water and turns
44 quicker ^ nay, 1 can venture to fay, that it is fo far
44 from being any confiderable Impediment to the
44 Ship’s Way that (lie does not lofe one Mile in an
* hundred by it. But (hould this Inllrument be intro-
44 duced into the Navy, in cafe of chafing an Enemy,
44 or the like, it may be taken in at any l ime, and
44 let down again at Pleafure.

4. 4 I appeal to all Seamen, if in a moderate Gale,
44 when the Ship runs 5 or 6 Knots, two diffe-
44 rent Perfons (every way qualified) were to heave
44 the Log immediately after one another, whether
ct they would exadly agree. Surely no. Since his
44 but Chance if they do fo, and is what may not
44 happen in an hundred Trials. 1 therefore affirm
44 the Log to be very erroneous on this Account, and
44 that the Error frequently increafes with the Wind ^

for in a ftiff Gale, when a Ship has run about 8 or
“ 9 Knots before the Wind, it has been known that
44 two expert Seamen have hove the Log in this Man-

( 4*1 y

tc ner, and on their comparing Notes, they have found
u a Knot Difference ; fometimes it has been more, and
“ at others lefs, which muft certainly make a ftrange
“ Confufion in the Reckoning. Under this Head l
M take leave to obferve, that when the Log is hove,
“ it is fometimes in fo ftrong a Gale, that the Ship
“ runs 9 Knots j but before it is hove again, there
“ may be fuch a Decreafe of the Wind, that for half'
“ of the Hour fhe may not run above 5 Knots. Her
true Diftance failed then, is the Mean between the
Extremes of 9 and 5 • but this has been fo far from
being coafider’d by fome Chalkers of the Log-board,
46 that it is but too well known, the Extremes have
“ been put for the Mean, and the contrary. Were
“ there Truth in the Log , two Ships in Company
“ would nearly have the fame Account j but it is
“ otherwife j for we too often find many Leagues Dif-
“ ference in Reckonings, even on board the fame
'* Ship. In a word, fuch Errors have been found in
ic the Log by fome of my Acquaintance, that when
* they have failed between a Meridian and a Parai-
“ lei, the whole Difference on the Log-board has not
“ prov’d Differejice of Latitude enough to agree with
“ their Obfervation , although each Day they had a
<c good obferv’d Latitude, and no Currents.

“ In the Marine Surveyor we are fo allured of the
« Ship’s Diftance, that all Ships (hall agree which are
« in Company, as to their Reckonings, fave that fome
« Allowance be made for Difference of Judgment in
« the feveral Perfons who keep Journals.

There are feveral other Cafes equally, if not more
momentous than what I offer here, wherein the Ma-
rine Surveyors ill be found to have the Preference of
the Log •, but 1 forbear to mention them, chufing ra-
ther to entertain you with undeniable Proofs of the

N n n 7 Ufe-

( 4rU )

XJfefulnefs' of *my Invention, which I perfwade my
felt will be found to be of lingular Advantage to the-
Trade and Navigation of my Country.

The following are the Subftance of two Affidavit7,0
taken under the Seal of the Royal Court at Guernfey /
by fome expect Seamen, who have, had Trial of my
In it ru merit, vi&i

“ Know all Men by these Presents, that
on the 30th of November 1720, there perfonally
“ appeared before William. Le Mar chant ,-Efq, (Judge
“ Delegare in the Illand of Guernfey, 6cc.) Meliieurs*
ic Jean Andros, and Elea&ar Le M archant (Jurats of
s< the Royal Court of the laid Illand;)

“ William Abler , aged about 40 Years, who com-
“ manded feveral Privateers i:i the late War, (and
“ particularly that call’d La Ch a fie, of about 150
Tuns, 16 Guns, and 140 Men) and is now Mailer
“ of the Ship call’d the Eagle , of which Velfel he is-
“ the only Proprietor, who voluntarily makes Oath,
“ that on Sunday the 9th of O Bober 17 20, he parted-
“ from Southampton with feVeral Gentlemen Paflen-
gets on board for Guernfey y that he had fix’d at the
‘£ Stern of his Ship a new Invention call’d the Ma—
<£ vine- Surveyor, projected, to the belt of his Know-
“ lege, by Mr. Henry de Saumarez , a Gentleman of-
P the Ifland of Guernfey , for corre&ing the Log , <3Cc.
“ That after they had left the Needles , they had a-
“ flifF Gale of Wind, attended with a rolling Sear
“ notvvithflanding which, the Machine work’d as re-
* gularly as if it had been fmooth Water, the little
“ Bell of it flriking to every Mile the Ship run with
“ great ExaCtnefs. And thfs Deponent further de-
“ darts, that having thoroughly view’d and examined
u the Experiment of this new Invention, he finds it
« to be not only practicable, but preferable to the

“ common

X 42,3 )

common 'Methods us’d at Sea for attaining the
Ship s Dittance fail’d * that therefore, for the pub-
“ Jick Good, he doth attett the Truth of the above-
“ mentioned Particulars. In witnefs whereof, the
“ Seal^of the Royal Court of Guernfey is hereunto
“ affix’d by us the under-written,

William Le Mar chanty Judge Delegate.
Jean Andros , ]

Eleazar Le Mar chanty %

Jurats.

The other Affidavits runs as follow, viz,

“ Know all Men by tftese Presents, That
** on the 30th of November 1720, there personally
appear d before William Le Alar cha?it Efqj Judge
“ Delegate in the lfland of Guernfey , <Scc. Meffieurs
6t Jean Andros and Eleazar Le Marchant , Jurats of
“ the. Royal Court of the faid lfland.

The following Perfons, vizs-

“ Abraham Le Mefurier , of about 48 Years of A<*e»
“ formerly Captain of feveral Ships,

“ Teter Bonamy, of about 58 Years of Age, for^

“ merly Captain of feveral Ships, and who has ufed ■
the Sea above 40 Years,

‘ John Hardy , o, about 38 Years of Age, formerly Capi
* of feveral Ships, William Ahierf about 40 Years -
“ A§e : ancJ formerly Captain of feveral Ships • and
“ James Hubert , of about 27 Years of Age, who has -
alfo been Matter of feveral Veflels, who volunta-
“ make Oath, that on the 19th of OBober 1720
they fet Sail in the Morning -out of Guernfey Pier
“ with a freffi Gale of Wind, in a Sloop call’d the
“ 'Dolphin. , in Company with feveral Gentlemen of

3 u the

( 4M )

“ t he faid I Hand, in order to make ah Experiment at
a Sea of a Machine call’d the Marine-Surveyor , pro-
“ je&ed, to the beft of their Knowledge, by Mr.
“ Henry de Saumarez, of Guernfey ^ which Invention
Ci is intended to corred the many Errors of the Log,
“ &c. And they further declare, that they have not
“ only throughly view’d, confider'd, and examin’d the
c- laid Machine, but have alfo made feverai Experi-
“ ments of it in a rough Sea, fometimes failing right
“• before the Wind, then quartering y at other Times
“ turning to Windward, and then lying by to know
“ the Drift of the Ship both with and againft the
“ Tide: That having tried the fame Invention all
“ Manner of Ways, they bnd it much preferable to
“ the Log , or any of the Methods in ufe for ob-
“ taining the Ship’s Diftance run, having nothing to
“ object againft it, as to its being a Clog or Hindrance
« to the failing of the Ship &c . That being fully
“ fatished of the great Ufefulnefs of this Invention
* for the Improvement of Navigation, and the Service
it may be of to ail the Maritime Powers, thev
«• publickly atteft the Truth of the above-mentioned
Particulars, to the End the Author thereof may
« make fuch Ufe of it, as he (hall think moil proper.
« In witnefs whereof, the Seal of the Royal Court of
Guernfey is hereunto affix’d by us the underwritten,

“ Signed by the Judge Delegate end Jurats, as
“ above-mentioned.

Here you have fame Proof of the Ufefulnefs of this
new Invention, and that from Seamen of long Stand-
ing and Practice : But, notwithftanding thefe I eftimo-
niais, I was yet determined to have it tried further :
Accordingly I made a Prefent of one of my Machines
\o a Friend of min^, Captain John Thoinnes , whobe-

(ides

( 4M )

Tides his Knowledge in the Theory and Pradice of
Navigation, was the better qualified to make Trial of
it. in regard he had fometimes accompanied me in
my Experiment on the Canal in St. James's Park, and
in the River Thames. As he was then going a Voyage,
i intreated him to ad impartially with me, and to
lo|e no Opportunity in letting me know how far, and
with what Certainty, my Invention might be depend-
ed on. Agreeable to my Requeft, he wrote twice to
me on this Occafion : Hi< firft Letter was dated at
Nantes the 20th of October 1724, and the following
is an Extrad of it, viz.

“ According to my Promife, I am to acquaint you,
“ that I have had as favourable an Opportunity as I
“ could have wilh’d for, to try your Marine-Surveyor ■,
“ for Tome Part of my Voyage being from St. George's
“ Channel to the Bay of Bifcay, I pafs’d clofe to the
“ Land's-End of England, with a moderate Gale of
“ Wind at North, our Courfe S. by E. When I had the
“ Land’s-End Eaft of me about 3 Miles, I began to
“ reckon, and the next Morning, when Ufiant bore
“ Weft, about 7 Miles Diftance, the Surveyor had
“ made juft 37 Leagues. Thefe two noted Headlands,
“ which are very near under the fame Meridian, dif-
“ #er in Latitude about 33 or 34 Leagues. As for
“ the Tides, we crofs’d them, having in this Run two
“ Floods and two Ebb; * and as the Wind blew crofs
“ the Channel, one Tide was no more influenced by
“ it than the other, nor could the Current be any
“ Impediment to the Trial. Now as to our having
« 3 or 4 Leagues more than the true Diftance, the
“ Reafon is very plain, fince it cannot be expeded
“ but that a Ship before the Wind will deviate from
« her true Courfe, fometimes one Way, fometimes
« another, in her Taws and Sheers. Of this all Sea-

“ men

( 42<S )

“ men ate fcnfible. What I would remark from hence!
<£ is, that the Surveyor meafures ail the little Traver-
“ fes exa&iy \ ’tis therefore the Bulinefs of the Navi-
— gator to allow for this, when he works the Ships'
“ Run. But I cannot help obferving here, that a good
u Etfed is produced from thefe little Traverfes being
“ fo meafur’d; for lhould we be running boldly on
“ the Land in a dark Night, it forewarns us to look
46 out in time, by marking fomewhat more than the
44 true Diftance fail’d upon a (height Line.

“ Many are the Advantages which accrue to Navi-
“ gation by this Invention, which I (hall not take
“ upon me to enumerate : In (laort, the Sailors are in
“ love with it, and when at the Helm, they value
44 themfelves on chalking more Miles than thofe who
44 went before them. For my own Fart, I am fo
44 pleas’d with it;, that I have done with the Log.
44 One excellent Quality I obferve in it, which I
tc cannot omit mentioning, viz, That in plying to
lC Windward along Shore in a dark Night, our ufual
“ Way, by the Log, is to (land two or three Hours
h out, and fo many in •, and here we may be a (fiord
“ before we are aware, becaufe in running out we
44 may not have had fo much Wind as in running in *
41 or we may have reef’d Topfaiis, (fiorten’d Sail,*
« hanker’d in the Wind, or have met with many
44 other Impediments, which, by being droufy in the
46 Night, a Man may fometimes not take Notice of;
“ but lit: is otherwife with the Surveyor ; for if the
“ Ship is hindered in her Way, it will not mark more
“ Miles than (lie has run. / ■ •*

41 I have (hew’d it to fome curious Perfons at
44 Nantes , who are greatly delighted with it. They
« wanted to fee the Movement within, but I (hall
44 never grant that to a ’Stranger. I have been offer’d
~ » 4 fifty

( 4*7 )

“ fifty Pifioks for it, and might have had more, would
tc I have parted with it ; but 1 value the worthy Do-
46 nor of it too much, to do any fuch Thing.

P. S. “ When I (aid my Courfe from the Lands -
“ End to UJhant was S. b E. it muff be underfiood
“ that I did not go on the Outfide, but pafs’d within,

«'* between VJhant and the Main : For in the other
“ Cafe, to pafs to the Weftward, the Courfe had been
“ about S. b W. to go clear of all.

The fecond Letter, which I receiv’d from Captain.
Thoumes, in relation to my Infirument, was dated at
Gnernfey the 2d of September 1725*, and what follows
is the Subftance of it, fo far as it relates to the Ma-
rine-Surveyor, viz.

“ I am now fully confirm’d of the Ufefulnefs of
“ your Marine -Survey or, having tried it, this laffc
“ Voyage to Marfeilles and Toulon , fufficiently to
« perfuade me, that it is greatly preferable to the Log.

tC Having in two former Voyages in the Bay of
« Bifcay been apprized, that the Ship’s Diflance fail’d,
“ as obtain’d by the Marine -Survey or, was really true,
“ yet I was oblig’d every 24 Hours to fhorten the
“ Difiance by a certain Proportion, that I guefi to be
“ near one feventh Part of the Whole ^ which, from
C£ the Bearings of Headlands, &c. I found confiantly

“ fo. However, to be better fatisfied of this Allow-

*

cc ance, 1 wanted a long Run, near, or upon a Meri-
<c dian, with good Obfervations, which could not be
« had in the Bay or our Channels j therefore, when
“ I fail’d for the Mediterranean , which was in January
“ laft, 1 continued to make the fame Allowance, and
« caution’d my] Mate to make it alfo. It happen’d,
“ that for the firfi eight Days, we had hard Gales of
“ foutherly Winds, attended with violent Squalls of
“ Rain, and a difira&cd Sea, infomuch that we try’d

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( 4l8 )

under a double reef’d Main-fail,' great Part of the
lime, and drove to the YVeftward, without the Be-
nefit of celellial Obfervations •, yet all the While the
Marine-Surveyor ftruck the Miles of our Drift ,
which are to be feen upon our Journals for every
Hour- and fo far did l depend on it, that I did not
order the Log to be unce hove. .

“ After the bad Weather, the Wind chang’d witli
the new Moon, to N. N. E, and N. E. with a brisk
Gale, which gave us a fair Run for five Days, near
50 Leagues every 24 Hours. We had daily Obfer-
vations, and our Courfe was near South. Here it
was, that I found the one feventh of the Ship’s Di-
flance was to be deduced from the whole, and that
ir was for Yaws and Sheers ., which the Marine Sur-
veyor marks exactly. After this Allowance was-
made, fo well did my Reckoning agree with my
Obfervation, that when there was 2 or 3 Miles dif-
ference, I rather imputed it to the Want of Exad-
nefs in my obferving, or a Fault in the Quadrant,
than to the Marine- Surveyor^ in regard my Mate-
alfo found it to agree to a furprizing Exadnefs.

“ Three Weeks after our Departure, I had the
Misfortune to lofe the Fork of the Machine, and
therefore was afterwards without the Help of the
Surveyor , till our Arrival at Toulon j which Place
being one of the chief Nurferies for Navigators
that ferve the French King, I was the more con-
cerned for my Lofs^ but I in fome meafure repaired
it, by ordering a Smith to make two fuch Forks, of
nearly the fame Dimenfions and Turns in the Fins,
as I could remember the other had, which ferv’d
there fo well, as to gain the Admiration of all who
faw me try it. My Merchant was fo taken with it,
that he defir’d me to (hew it to a Friend of his, a

“ noted

✓

3

( 4 l9 )

noted ProfelTor of the Mathematicks in the College
<£ of Jefuits there. He was all Surprize at the regu-
cc lar Motion of the Machine under Water, and more
u that it fhould fo nicely determine the Diftance
Ci fail’d of any Ship or Boat. 1 lhould fwell my Let-
<c ter to too great a Bulk, (hould 1 repeat theConver-
<£ fation I had with this Jefuit, who importun’d me
c‘ much to fee the In fide of the Clock-Work, ofFer-
“ ing me what 1 pleas’d for a Sight of it. In a word,
C£ I was deaf to him, ani many other Gentlemen of
££ the Town, who crouded to me every Day on the
t£ fame Account, and who were all greatly pleafed
u with the Invention.

££ The Machine made by my Dire&ions at Toulon ,
« I us’d in my Way home, and found it to anfwer
££ very well in the Ocean \ from whence arifes this
t£ Remark, which fufticiently (hews the Ufefulnefs of
« your Invention, viz. That even rough ones, made
* by a meer Cobler of a Smith, and turn’d by the
“ Dire&ions of a fhort Memory , which I dare not
££ truft in many Things, are capable of anfwering the
C£ End for which you invented them.

“ It muff be noted, that though I allow one feventh
t£ of the Ship’s Diftance for her Deviation from her
££ Courfe, yet fome Ships are fo built, that they will
C£ fteer much truer, and others worfe than ours did *
*• and in this Cafe the Marine -Surveyor fhews its
<£ Worth ; for if two Ships are in Company, the one
< fleering well, the other ill, the Latter fhall have
“ more Miles than the Former on comparing their
c£ Run, although they fet out from the fame Port, and
<c never part Company.

I fhould be wanting to my fell, if I did not produce
the moft convincing Proof of the Ufefulnefs of this
new Invention ; I fhall therefore add to the foregoing

O o o 2 Tefti-

C A]° )

I eftitnoniaJs, forne other Certificates whereby it will
further appear, that the Marine Surveyor has the Pre-
ference of the Log , viz.

“ We the underwritten Matters of Ships, &c, do
“ certify ail whom it may concern, That this 2 iff of
‘ Oftober 1725, we accompanied Mr. henry de Sat* -
<c marez, On board the Richard Yatch, in order to
u make an Experiment of an Jnftrument invented by
“ him, call’d the Marine -Surveyor ; and as by it he
c‘ propos’d to afeertain the Way of a Ship in the Sea,
“ much more corredtly than by any Thing hitherto
“ invented for that Purpofe, we tried it between Lon-
<c don and Gravefend with the Log (which we hove
“ feveral Times) to which it appears to us to have
“ the Preference^ for by its conttant and regular Mo-
“ tion, the Ship’s Diftance fail’d mutt be more exadly
“ attain’d than by the Log\ which being hove but
“ once in an Hour or two, cannot be fo corred, in
“ regard the Wind may increafe or letten foon af-
“ ter the Log is hove, in fuch Manner, that it entire-
“ ly depends on him who chalks the Log-board to
“ allow for it. As therefore very confiderable Errors
■u muff arife from thence, if a proper Allowance is
c‘ not made for an Increafe and Decreafe of Wind \ and
“ as the Marine-Surveyor is not fubjecl to this, but
“ keeps a regular Motion, according as the Wind is
“ more or lefs : We are therefore of Opinion, that
<c this new Invention is not only an ingenious Con-
“ trivance in its Kind, but is exactly calculated for
u the Ends propofed. As witnefs our Hands this 21ft
“ of O Bober 1715.

J Michael Hales ,

Benjamin Hut chin f bn ,
Jojiah Hales ,

Peter Perchard,

Robert Gamble. “ Thefe

( 4?1 )

“ Hiefe are to certify all whom it may concern,
“ that I John Hants, who have us d the Sea for thir-
“ ty Years pad and who was lately Mate of the
“ William and Thomas, bound from London to Canfo
“ in America, was prefent, when Mr. Henry de Sau-
“ mares, came on board our Veffel and fix’d an In-
“ i'trument at the Stern of her, call’d the Marine -
“ Surveyor, invented by him for afcertaining tire
ay t)f a Ship in the Sea, much more correctly
that by the Log, or any Method hitherto in Ufe
“ for that Purpofe: And as he delir’d us to try it
c‘ with the Log, and to make an impartial Report
“ whether we found it preferable to the Log or note
“ I do hereby, in Juflice to that Gentleman, certify’
“ That we kept our Reckoning both by the Log and’
“ this Inflrument, and do find it much preferable to
the Log, or any Thing that has yet appeared to me
“ for attaining the Ship’s Difiance fail’d j the Truth
“ of which I am ready to teftify on Oath, if call’d on
“ t0 do it- In witnefs whereof, I have hereunto fee
“ my Hand this 15th of November, 1725.

“ Sign’d in the K Robert Gamble , n 1 tt ■

“ Prefence of ) Elijha Dobree, Jo m Harris 4

It may perhaps be asked, how I came to produce a
Certificate from the Mate, and not from the Captain
of the William and Thomas .<? To which 1 anfwer
that the Mate left the Ship at Plymouth, and came to
Town, fo that 1 had an Opportunity of obtaining his
Opinion of it, without the Captain’s, who. foon after
his Arrival in England, made the bell of his Way to
the Illand of Guernfey ; However, as I had defir’d him
to try my Inflrument with the Log, and impartially
report to me, whether he found it preferable or not
to that Method of obtaining the Ship’s Diflan’ce fail’d •

he

( 4j2 )

he favour’d me with a Letter from thence : His Name
is Thomas Phot, and bis Letter bears Date the 3 6th
of November 1715 ; it is in French, and the Subfiance
of it in Englijh , is as follows, viz.

£ That he had made ufe of the Marine-Surveyor in
t£ his Voyage to Canfo in America, and had been more
“ than ordinarily careful therein, in order to make a
c juft Report of it} that he had tried it upon a Me-
£ rtdian with good Obfervations, and found it to an-
“ fwer his Expectation, and to be preferable to the
“ Log, particularly in rough and flormy Weather}
££ that it had been much admir’d by feveral Mailers
« of Ships, and particularly by Captain St. Loe , of his
“ Majefty’s Ship the Ludlow -Cajlle , who express’d a
“ great Liking to it. He concludes his Letter with
££ wi filing I had an Opportunity to perufe his Journ-
<£ als, whereby it would fully appear how muTi my
« Invention is preferable to the Log.

Being inform’d, that Captain Henry Daniel 1 had
come over as a PalTenger from Canfo in America , to
England, in the aforefaid Veffel William and Thomas }
and being willing to obviate every Objection that
might be brought againft the Marine- Surveyor, I ap-
plied my felf to that Gentleman for his Opinion of it,
who was pleafed to fend me the following Certificate.

tr -jiHESE are to certify all whom it may concern, that I Henry Daniel), who
,C I jeave been at Sea upwards of twelve Tears, firfi as a Voluntier , and af-
1 1 ter wards Us a Midshipman, did lately come over as a Pajfenger in the William
ct and Thomas, from Canfo to Plymouth, in which Veffel there was an In -
« firument fix'd at the Stern of her, call'd the Marine-Surveyor, invented by
" Mr Henry de Saumarez, for afcertaining the Way of a Ship in the Sea ; and
<. as that Gentleman has applied to me for my Opinion of it, I do hereby certify,
** that we found it much more correct than the Log; and that in a Gale of
“ Wind, our Reckoning by it agreed with our Obfervation, which the Reckoning
« by the Lo<t feldom did. And l mufi, in Jufiice to that Gentleman, fay, that
*< foe kept our Reckoning both by his Infirument and the Log, and found it
“ much preferable thereto, or to any other Method for obtaining the Ship's Di-
<• fiance. In witnefs whereof, I have hereunto fet my Hand this 4 th of De-
cember 1721;. Damdt

FINIS.

A N

INDEX

T O T H E

Thirty-Third Volume of the Philo-
fophical Tranf actions.

A.

A Gnus Vegetabilis Scythicus , n. 390. p. 353.

Ambergris found in Wales, n. 385. p. 193. n. 337 .p. 2 5 <5.
Araometrum novum, n. 384. p. 140.

Aurora borealis, n. 387. p . 175.

B.

Barometer , Height of it at different Elevations, ». 288. a. 208.
p. 313.

Barometri novi deferiptio, n. 385. p. 179.

Births and Burials. Accounts of them, n. 381. p, 2j.
i?/«c Pruflian, n. 381. p. 15, 17.

Accounts of them. Dominici Bottom , ^ immani Trina -
crztf 7i?rnc Mm, &c. ». 384. p. 151. Prodr omus Cryflallogra. -
phi<£) &c« h. 387. p. 272* Hifloria Coeleftis Britawnca , &c.
w. 389. p. 350.

Borametz. ,, n. 390, p. 353.

C

Cadaver humanum incorruptum in jodina poft 50 n. ^84,

p. 136. # ’ 3 1+8

Camphor a, n. 389. p. 321. «. 390. p. 3 <5 1.

Qatar aft in the Eye examined by Diffe&ion, ». 381. p. 36.

w. 384. p. 149. ’ 5

Co/*/, An Account of its Strata, n. 391. p, 397.

Ccwc/ obferv'd, »• 382, p. 41, 50, ji.

. p p p

Chronological

I N D E X.

Chronological Index of Sir /. N. defended, n. 38^./’. 315*
Currents at the Streights, n. 385. p. 191.

D.

Death-Watch , Account of it, w 385. />. 159.

Deluge univerfal. Conflderations about the Caufe of it,
n. 383. p. 118, 123.

Dipping-Needle. Obfervations upon it, n. 389. p. 332.

Dropfy in the Ovary, w. 381. p. 8.

DuEl excretory from the Glandula Renalis, n. 385. p. 190. ex-
amined, n. 387. p. 270.

E.

Earthy Figure of it, n. 386. p. 201. n. 387. p. 239. n. 388,
p. 277. n. 389. p. 344.

Eclipfe of the Sun obferv’d in New-England, n. 382. p. 67. Of
the Moon obferved at Padua , ibid. p. 71. At Bologna, ibid,
p. 72, 74, 77. Of the firft Satellite oi Jupiter, obferv’d in
New-Tork , h. 385. p. 162. Of the Moon at Lnfow, n. 385.
p. 180. Of the flrft Satellite of Jupiter at Lisbon, n. 385.
f. 185.

Experiments. De calore liquor um ebullientium, n. 381. p. 1. Up-
on the Prujjian Blue, ibid. p. 17. De congelatione aqua in
•vacuo, n. 382. p. 78. De gravitate f pea fic a materiarum qua-
rundam, n. 383. p. 114. Concerning the Motion of the Sap
in Plants, n. 384. p. 127. To illuftrate the Phenomena of
Ponds and Rivers ebbing and flowing irregularly, n. 384.
p. 132. De viribus magneticis , n. 390. p. 370. Experimen-
tum fallax probandi Spiritum Vtni Gallici, n. 391. p ■ 3 98

Experiment relating to the Figure of the Earth, n. 389. p. 344
Concerning the Cohefion of Lead, n. 389. p. 345.

F.

Foetus cranium & cofla per Anum ejeSla, n. 3^5* p. t.71.
Fork cut out through the Buttock, n. 391. p. 408.

G.

Glandula Renalis. Excretory
Examin’d, n. 387. p. 270.

Du& from it, n. 385. p. 190.

Height

1

index,

H.

Height of the Human Body. Difference in it betwicft
Morning and Evening, n. 385. p. 87.

Hot-Houfes in New- England, n. 384. p. 129,

I.

Inoculation of the Small-Pox. Effeds of it in New-Emland
n. 382. p. 67. &

lnfetts voided by the Urinary-Paffage, n. 391. p. 410.

L.

Levels. A new Contrivance for taking them, n. 385*. ^. 1 6$i
Lightning. Efieds of it, n. 390. p 3 66.

Log. A Comparifon between it and an Inftrument call’d the
Marine Surveyor, n. 391. p.^\6.

Longitude of Lisbon from Paris and London, n. 38). p. 18 6.
Lumen Borealeprope Upfal Olfervatum, n. 385. p. 175.

M.

. Magnetic re Vires , n. 390. p . 370.

Marine Surveyor. Defcription and Ufe of it, ». 391. i.4„ :
, Mercury. Tranfit over the Sun’s Disk, n. j8<*. p. 228. '

Meteorology. Obfer-mmes captx Lugdum Batavorum, Delphi!
O Rhenoburgi , n. 381./). 4. r

Mortality. Bills of it, k. 381. n. 25.

N.

Maternus ; a particular one, 389. p. 347'
Horizontal. Obfervations upon it, ». 383. p. g6
Dipping, n. 389. p. 332. ^ y !

O.

Omentum ingens , 382. p. <5o.

Oflrich diffeded, ». 386. p. 223.

P.

In AT T T5 *** *• «• »• 388. £ 30;.-

In New England Obfervations on them, ». jSy.p ,L.S

ebbing and flowing irregularly. All Attempt to L
count for them, n. 384. p. 132. ..

Pudenda

INDEX.

Pudenda in. a Woman. Preternatural Stru&ure of them, n. 384;

p. 142.

R.

Rain. It’s Quantity meafur’d, n. 381. p. 4.

1 vt.;a

... I f

Saliva color infolitus, n. 382. P. 6}-

Small-Pox . Obfervations of them, n. 390. p. 379.

Specifics gravitates materiarum yuarundam, n. 383* p • **4'
Spiders. Obfervations upon their Venom, n. 382. p. 69.
Strata of Coal, n. 391. p. 395-

Str eights of Gibraltar. Currents there, n. 385. p. 191 .
Styptick. Obfervations upon one, n. 383 , />. 108.

Surgery. An extraordinary Cafe, ». 389. p. 340.

Surveyor Marine. Defcription and Ufe ot an Initrument lo

call’d, n. 391* P' 411*

Sweating in hot Turf, «• 3^4 Pm I29‘

T.

Tantalus. A Cup fo called, deferibed, n. 384. p. 132.

V.

Variation of the Needle. Obfervations of it at London, n. 383.

p . 96.

Vegetation. Obfervations upon it, n. 385. p. 194.

Vifus Objettorum partialis , 384. p. 147*

W.

Obfervations on them, «. 332- A 53;

Whales. Etfay upon the Natural Hiftory oi tnem, «. 387.

p. 156.

LONDO N, Printed for W. and J. I n n y s, Printers to
the Royal Society, at the Weft End of St. Paul s Church-

lard. 1726.

4. k

1