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Pe De aa Er ey Pe
—
He cS
A te ee
PHILOSOPHY
NATURAL HISTORY.
WILLIAM SMELLIE,
MEMBER OF THE ANTIQUARIAN AND ROYAL SOCIETIES OF EDINBURGH.
WITH AN
INTRODUCTION
AND
VARIOUS ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS.
INTENDED To ADAPT IT To
THE PRESENT STATE OF KNOW LEDGE. :
BY |
JOHN WARE, M.D.
ereewree eee
Stereotype Britton.
BOSTON:
HILLIARD, GRAY, AND COMPANY.
1838.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1835,
By HiLLiarD, GRay, AND Company,
In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
STEREOTYPED AT THE
BOSTON TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY.
EXTRACT
FROM THE PREFACE TO THE ORIGINAL WORK
Azout fifteen years ago, ina conversation with the late wor
thy, respectable, and ingenious Lord Kames, upon the too gen-
eral neglect of natural knowledge, his Lordship suggested the
idea of composing a book on the Puitosopuy or Narurat His-
tory. In a work of this kind, he proposed that the productions
of Nature, which to us are almost infinite, should, instead of being
treated of individually, be arranged under general heads; that,
in each of these divisions, the known facts, as well as reasonings,
should be collected and methodized in the form of regular dis-
courses; that as few technical terms as ‘possible should be em-
ployed; and that all the useful and amusing views arising from
the different subjects should be exhibited in such a manner as to
convey both pleasure and information.
This task his Lordship was pleased to think me not altogether
unqualified to attempt. The idea struck me. I thought that
a work of this kind, if executed even with moderate abilities,
might excite a taste for examining the various objects which
every where solicit our attention. A habit of observation refines
our feelings. It is a source of interesting amusement, prevents
idle or vicious propensities, and exalts the mind to a love of vir-
tue and of rational entertainment. I likewise reflected, that men
of learning often betray.an ignorance on the most common sub-
jects of Natural History, which it is painful to remark.
1V
1 have been occasionally employed, since the period which I
have mentioned, in collecting and digesting materials from the
most authentic sources. These materials I have interspersed
with such observations, reflections, and reasonings, as occurred to
me from considering the multifarious subjects of which I have
ventured to treat. I knew that a deliberate perusal of the numer-
ous writers from Aristotle downwards, would require a consid-
erable portion of time. But the avocations of business, and the
translating of a work so voluminous as the JVatural History of the
Count pre Burron, rendered my progress much slower than I
wished. I now, however, with much diffidence, submit my labors
to public opinion. |
With regard to the manner of writing, it is perhaps impossible
for a North Briton, in a work of any extent, to avoid what are
called Scotticisms. But I have endeavored to be every where
perspicuous, and to shun every sentiment and expression which
might have a tendency to injure the feelings of individuals.
Indulgent readers, though they must perceive errors and imper-
fections, will naturally make some allowance for the variety of
research, and the labor of condensing so much matter into so small
a compass. He is a bad author, it has been said, who affords
neither an aphorism nor a motto..
Upon the whole, the general design of. this publication is, to
convey to the minds of youth, and of such as may have paid little
attention to the study of Nature, a species of knowledge which it
is not difficult to acquire. The knowledge will be a perpetual and
inexhaustible source of many pleasures; it will afford innocent
and virtuous amusement, and will occupy agreeably the leisure or
vacant hours of life.
ADVERTISEMENT
Pe Tire Tits Ff LpUVTron.
in preparing this edition of Smellie’s Philosophy of Natural
History, I have endeavored to avail myself of such modern dis-
coveries-and improvements in Physiology and Natural History as
are connected with the subjects of which the book treats. It
will be observed that instead of the two first chapters of the ori-
ginal work, I have substituted an Introduction, containing some
very general views of animal and vegetable life, and a brief
sketch of the structure and classification of the whole animal
kingdom. That something of this kind was rendered necessary
on account of the light thrown upon these subjects by the progress
recently made in Comparative Anatomy, cannot be doubted;
and it was found easier to compose these chapters entirely anew,
than to incorporate the requisite additions with them as they
originally stood. |
With regard to the remainder of the work, although a good deal
has been added or rewritten, yet it has upon the whole been made
considerably shorter, by the omission of many passages, which did
not seem of sufficient importance to be retained; and also by the
emission of many passages and a few chapters which touch upon
subjects interesting only to the scientific reader, and which were
deemed unnecessary in an edition intended for general use.
Some apology may perhaps be required for the freedom with
_ which these alterations have been made in a standard work of so
great merit. On this subject it can only be said, that there
vi-
was rio other method by which it could be adapted to the use of
young persons learning the elements of Natural History. Some of
the views contained in the original edition have been since proved
unfounded, and these it was necessary to correct. In some parts
of it are details of great length, and often irrelevant to the sub-
ject, which it was thought proper to abridge or exclude; and I
trust that, upon a fair comparison of it with this edition, I shall
appear to have taken no greater liberties than were necessary to
fit it for the purpose for which it is principally mtended — the
- instruction of the young. |
The whole Introduction, as was observed above, has been pre-
pared by the editor, with the exception of a few passages, distin-
guished by inverted commas, which are retained from the original
work. In the body of the book, those passages which have
been added, or which have been entirely remodelled or rewritten,
are distinguished by single inverted commas; quotations from
other authors being marked in the usual way by double inverted
commas.
J. W.
Boston, January, 1824.
In the Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Editions, no alterations,
except of a merely verbal nature, have been made.
J. W.
Boston, March, 1834.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
| Cuaprer I. Of the Nature of Living Bodies and the
| Distinction between Animals and
| Weert ple a er sada a vein ere cla 1-12
CaHapter Ii. General Remarks on the Structure of
Vegetables...... Eth ay So ee 12-15
Cuaprer JiI. Of the Structure of Animals........... 15-84
PHILOSOPHY OF NATURAL HISTORY.
Cuarrer I. Of Respiration... it gee je ee acter ais ~ 85-99
Cuarter Il, Of the Motions of pe Se cagney dae eue 100-108
| Guspres Vif --Of Instinct. ..:....0.. 8.5. 2 “steeds