Author: Hughes, Ronald Clyde Title: Fertilizer treatments and their effects on the burning qualities of Pennsylvania Cigar-leaf tobaccos Place of Publication: Copyright Date: 1928 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg031 .2 <104225>*OCLC* Form:manuscriptitem2 lnput:BMM EditFMD 008 ENT: 980111 TYP: s DTI: 1928 DT2: LAN: eng 035 (OCoLC)38092351 037 PSt SNPaAg031 .2 $bPreservation Office, The Pennsylvania State University, Pattee Library, University Park, PA 16802-1805 090 20 Thesis 1928m $bHughe,RC $cax+(Archival) 090 20 Microfilm D344 reel 31.2 $cmc+(service copy, print master, archival master) 100 1 Hughes, Ronald Clyde. 245 10 Fertilizer treatments and their effects on the burning qualities of the Pennsylvania Cigar-leaf tobaccos $cby Ronald Clyde Hughes. $c1928. 53 leaves $bill. $c29 cm. Thesis (M.S.)-Pennsylvania State College. Bibliography: leaves 45-53. Microfilm $bUniversity Park, Pa. : $cPennsylvania State University $d1997. $e1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. $f(USAIN state and local literature preservation project. Pennsylvania) $f(Pennsylvania agricultural literature on microfilm). Archival master stored at National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD : print master stored at remote facility. This item is temporarily out of the library during the filming process. If you wish to be notified when it returns, please fill out a Personal Reserve slip. The slips are available in the Rare Books Room, in the Microforms Room, and at the Circulation desk. 650 0 Fertilizers $zPennsylvania. 650 0 Tobacco $zPennsylvania. 830 0 USAIN state and local literature preservation project. $pPennsylvania, 830 0 Pennsylvania agricultural literature on microfilm. 260 300 502 504 533 590 590 r^ ■» T ^*^ C* T (^ X ' xu «J X O QUALITIES OF EIE ir'SiTITSYLVAiTIA CIGAR-LEAF TOBACCOS Su'bmitted tc t':e Covrjriittce or. Grad.ut' ce Study aiid Advanc C.r1 -' W . J- »krf Vw »^ of The Pennsylvania. St'^-tc Cclleric ^y Ronald Clyde Ilurfries in partial rolfillnerxt of Uie requirements Approved for t^G deniee cf Llaoter uf Science 1 Q 2 n rt „/i^is< 1928 Profess c x Soix P-nd P n: . ^'— v^L- >*~ ^ ■ — fir- « . m' ■»■! - JJ lM■C/^^.^t^ ■<_>' and ?iolo::ical CJhemis tr:'. "I J. c c p^r t^.-^t^x. u o .1 ii, ^x .- c - 'v. i_ iv 'ral 1 TZi 8 -f Table of Contents !• Introduction ------•-— ------------- !!• Historical —•----•-—----—•-—---• III* Object of the Investigation — — — -• IV. Methods of Analysis ————-•'.——- A. - Moisture ——--*----••———— B. - Ash ————————---—• 4 C. - Organic Matter —-•——-—•- D. - Water-Soluble Alkalinity -— - E* - Water- Insoluble Alkalinity — 7. - cailorine -——---•------——- G. - Calcium --------------------- H. - Magnesium •-—•--•-•----------- I, - Potassium J» - Colloidal Content ------------ K. - Preparation of Sample — — --• L. - Water-soluble Alkalinity — — M. - Water- Insoluble Alkalinity -— • t # V, Discussion ------------------------- A, - llie Influence of Climatic and Soil Conditions B. - Bie Influence of Environmental Factors on the Potassium Content of Different Strains — VI. Plan of the Experiment — - — -— — --- A, - Materials Used ----—--——- 1 4 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 20 21 23 24 25 25 34 34 38 39 39 gage IB. • Fertilizer Treatment — -— — 40 VII. Experimental ——-——•—--—•-—---— 41 VIII, Summary and Conclusions ---••——--—-- 42 IX. Acknowledgment —-—--•-————•—- 44 X. Bibliography —-.—•—•—•——••-— 45 QUALITIES 0? T:m PFJIIToYLVAlTIA ClGABr^.^^^ T0EACCO3 Intro due tier. Tile value cf a £'0 0d cir:ar-leaf tooa^cco depends primarily on its l:urnini;5 qualities. The te r: • " "'^ urn in^; quni i ty » as nu^rr;es te d "by 1 1 "^ 1 Garner^ ' ' is a ^^ery cony, :'c-: ens ive one^ includii]g several different factors, chief cf viiich are the fire-holding capacity, th.c evenness --.nd cor.-ip^c tcr ess of combustio:^., and the chaj?acter of V'c ash. 7ne f ire-hol dlr:^ capacity refers simply to the length of tirae the totacco v; il 1 CO n t inu e to b u rn . As t o th e q wuvl i ty o f th e a sh , th.e inportrrt characters arc the co-,or and cohesive- ness. Garner' ^ states f^at there is an essential difference betv.'ecn combustion of :aost suhstanccs and the hurninc cf tobacco. In tnc first case, the sulDstance \fjien ignited hums r : th a fla.ine a^nd as soon as the fla.me is e.v tinc^ishcd t'^-^e coiTihustion ceases. On the other hand, tohacco of i^ood quality will not "burn with a flame hut will continue to c'^oy: almost indefinitely. In general it raay he said thuat tohaccc wh.ich shews a tendency to "burn witii a flaiiie has the least capacity for slovjin^;^ and vice vcrsr. Tobacco tiiat has a tendency to burn with a flame usually has had a very rank growth, produces coarse anrl very thiclc leaves - 2 - Laciiin;^; in certain c'CGirable orr:anic ano moiv^a-ic t^ - -i f n on f. en cons ti tuents* There are tv70 different ..leth-ods of attacking t}i.e problem of the relation of the composition of the tobacco to t'':e burn, naneiy: (i) analytical, and (2) synthetical methods. Practically all of the investigation alon- "^-^is subject frlls under the head of analytical methods, vhich consists of making a comparative rnalysis of sr..ples ol toDacco navmg good and poor burnin{s qualities. An cxai.iination of the composition of a .1 * r- -r^ J typical ash vdll sho^v hov; ex .rer-ieiy ci^^icmi + it IS to dra-w any positive conc^unions frora any set of analyscG v^iich v;ill not be subsequently contradicted "by the results of other j-nalyses. In the first pisce, there are present in the tobacco, three inorganic acids and t: roe bases, all of \'faich occur in sufficient quantities to exert an important influence on the bum and all of v.hich are subject to wide variation in ruantity in different tobaccos. V'ith such coraplex v;Ti£tions, it is almost inpossible to single out t'.ose differences v:hich really exert detrimental i:-.flucnces on the burn. iUso, with the :aany acids and bases present in the leaf, there is the oossibility of very considerable differences in '■ff t.e (;istri'ivution of tlrie iat-::er ciiaong t?:e former and in • 1 sone cases uhb ail Terence might exert a very important influence on the Ijurning Qualities. 'i As opposed to tiie method of directly a^nalyzing the samples of tobacco with good and bad burning qualities, the synthetical method may be used. This method consists in determining the effect en the burn of adding to the tobacco those comi^ounds normally occurring in the leaf. By this m.ethod it is very difficult to get quantitative results but positive results may be obtained, v.hich in the crse of any one constituent added, are largely independent on the effect of the others. 4 ■1- ■I From Vvhat has been said, it is not surprising that the relation of the chemical composition to the burning qualities of tobacco has attracted the attention of chemists for several years and has led to many ch eir: i c al i n -e s t i ga t i c n s . Garner^"^"' believes the chemical composition of tobacco as reflected in its burning qualities, is greatly influenced by the character of the soil, the climate, v;et and dry seasons and the kind of fertilizer applied to the soil. Loreover there are reasons for believing that certain strains or .arieties of tobacco possess the pcv:er of cbtciinin/:; fron the soil those constituents viiiich o.re conducive to a ^ood burn raore efficiently than otheri3. It was thouglit, til. erefore, that a study of the soil, fertil-^'zer treatment, variety of tobacco and a.nalysis of tobacco and tlieir effect on burning aua^lity would be of vaj.uc to this question as a whole, hence this investiraticn wa,s undertaken. J X A r^ •*- J. ►- ) V v^ .^ J. U o. a. quality. - 3ch Potassium and its Effect on the T.urning hiosin/"^'"*^ \ms one of the first investigators to atteiript a deterr.iination of the :4 i I chemical factors v^^.ich influence the burning qualities of tobacco. Ke showed that tr.e fire-holdinc capacity is not proportional tc t": e amount of potass iur,i nitrate present and concluded that potassium, in combination with or.^anic acids, is decidedly beneficial. He attributes this beneficial action to the tendency of these salts to swell on heating and thus expose a ^:r eater surface of material for combustion. After impregnating filter paper with solutions of various salts, llessler^^ ^ found that P otansium, especially in the fona of sulphate and carbonate, increased tb e fire-holding capacity. He ■I i i V) also found txiat potaGDiun nitrate gives a quicker Tout incomplete burn. He found that i;o tai^siuia sulphate entirely lacked the pov/er of ''v/elling v/hen hea"Gcd, v^^iich led him to cornlDat the tl\ccry cf Schlcsing. He helieves ti^.e fr.vora.ble action of potass ivun. salts is due to the foriria-tion of ei siriall aiaount of free potassium during couhustion and this acts as a, catalyst curing the process. Jenkins ^''"^"^ ^ deterniined the amount of potassium in the form of carhonate in the ash of a number of different types of tobacco and he found that no constant reaction existed betv/een the amount of carbonate and the fire-holcing capacity, and he concluc'eci that tiie burning qualities are largely influenced by tlie organic constituents in tlie tobacco. ...J4) (b5) Barth^*' agrees v:ith tlie v;ork of IJessler and also cf Uayer^*^^^^ t:.iat the beneficial action of potassium is due to the reduction of a small an^iount cf pota^siun to carbonate the oxide form during com- bustion and this acts as an oxidation catalyst. Carpenter '"^^^ found that potassium exist- ing in proper corr.bination3 is conducive to complete combustion, v/hile xlesslcr^""^ found that an abun-ance of potassium overcEirue the effect of chu.orine to a certain extent and also stated that potassium emd 6 1 I J ^ calciujii are the ele;:ients of luost importance for ^-^ro^ijer corrAoustion. Frear^^^^ points ouL t>iat the use of coimaercisil fertilizers con Uiining potassium in the form of sulphate or c ruoriate, give tobacco hetter (15) turning qualities than stahle manure. ]?rear^ states that any fertilizer \vhich enriches the tobacco v:ith considerable quantities oi chlorine is very undesirable realizes the importance of n X. ( 1 ^* ) Carpenter ' potassium, for he states that relatively larger quantities of potassiurri seem to be required for c;rov;th v.nC. production of a good quality smoking tobacco than any other element. Haley^^*^' reports that a relatively high potassium content is highly desirable in the case of cigar-leaf tobacco but t}:e forr;i of potass ram used as a fertilizer i.iust be taken into consideration and that thie r)rcdominance of pota:-:sium over the acid elements is most cesirablo. The experiment carried out by iJelson and derson^^^'^' seemed to show no advantage in using iUl s ulphate of potassium c\na magnesium. This v/ork is in accordance v.ith Goessnan^ ^ v.ho sums up his v;ork by stating, "Our results with potassium and magnesium sulphate as a main source of tobacco fertilizers are 7 not encourrcging. '* Goe-::s::iari fouric' that cottonsc^ed hull ashes and high grade sulphate of potassium proved to be the most valuable sources of potassium and that potassium nitrate jroc'ucec' excellent results v.hen used in connection with alkaline phosphates. According to C; rpenter^-^^^ ^ potassiuiri seems to he the element most necessary for good burning qualities, lut in order that its application may insure tl'e best results, it must be appliccl in a oarticuiar form, either as carbonate or s^olphate. He believes that muriate of potassi^am is to a great extent injurious because of its chlorine content. It has been generally observed by investigators that j.arge amounts of pot>absi-am carbonate and potassium in certain other combinations are condAicive to the most perfect combustion. Consiclering the aiiicunt present in the xeaf and the 0 eneficial effect on the burning qualities, it is believed that its application is required in larger proportions than is generally applied in normal f ertil izers. Jenkins ^^^^ found that tobacco fertilized Y;ith one-half the quantity of potassiuia carbonate, contained as miuch potar:simii as did a full ajaount of potarsium sulphate, mien potassium sulphate is used - 8 - for fertilizer, trie percentai:;:e of culphuric acid is very i::uch higher in the leaf and he has shovm that sulphuric acid iir.paires the turning qualities of toioacco leaves. Potass iun in Ora'anic Combinations. - Axiies "believes the principal object to "be oct^ined in (1) efforts to improve the hurixing qualities of tobacco by breeding ann iiLproved ..lethod of x:rcduction are the relatively higii content of potassi^oia combined with citric and malic acids v/ith a minimum of inorganic salts especially chu.o rices and sulphates and v;ith a no derate quantity of lime and a comparatively small amount of magnesium. Garner^"^^' says the oxalate, citrate, malate, and acetate of potassium all shov/ed very beneficial effects in every case, thoutiti much larger quantities were reauired for some samples of tobacco than for others. Excessive amounts of these salts injure the burning qualities especially in regards to the ash. He also found that a number of organic acids such as citric, malic, oxalic, and acetic in combination v:ith potassi^om, exert a favorable infi-ucnce on the burning qualities. This v/ork agrees veil with that reported by Nasset^'^'^'K Citric and i:ialic acics are undoubtedly of rundajriental importance in producing good burning 9 qualities. Kissl ing^^'^ ' found that organic salts of P otassiLun, potassium c:-^r>onate, tri-potass iurn phosphate, di-oo taosiiur^ phosphate and potansium s ulTDhate improved the "burning qualities, v;hile potassium chloride, potassium acir^ sulphate and mono-potassium ohosphate v;ere injurious to the "burn. Relation and Coir.poi^ition of '.he Ash Content to the Bum. - A totacco with satisfcictcry "burning qualities, besides having the necessary capacity for holding fire, must also yicxd a ^io^^^i ^'-s^* Although the potassium salts greatly favor the fire-holding capacity, they tend to the production of a dark colored ash. According to Kessler^^^', cf the several ash constituents which seem to >c :.-.orr or xess interchange able in tr.e composition of the plant according to con- 1 V litions attending growth, potassium and calciujr. are the most important in proi.ioting proper combustion. Carpenter^-^*^^ found that the best burning tobaccos were accompanied by a high percentage of ash constituents. Jenkins^^^^^ found that the r.sh of tobacco fertilized with stable :--.anurc generally contained much chlorine. The ash of tobacco fertilized with potassium sulphate contained a smaller per cent of pota,,sium and a hij^iier per cent of lime than tobacco - 10 - treated T/ith douTjle rjulphate of x^ota.:£iuiu and iria^^nesiuir.. In the as>: of e-OQ^ ■■.urnin^; tocacco, van Pemnelen^ '^ ' found that the c:iov:inj capacity is larecly due to the relative quantities of alkali ano nyuro- chloric and sulphuric acio orcGcnt. He acsuned that tlie favorarle influence of potaosi^oia on tlie burn may also be replaced by calciun anc magnesium but . IS (17) is probably false, as pointeo out oy Garner Frear^"^^' in his studies of the ash content of Pennsylvania tobacco found the total quantity of ash in tlie finished loaf to range frou ±5 to 25 per cent of the en tire dry weigb^t and one-third of this to be pomssiuni oxide, one- third calciuin oxide and tr.e reiriainder to be other basic coiapoundB. P-^'^^) considers ti'.e ash conter.t to J:! IS sling nave little influence upon the burning qualities ?«hile i\itterson (o?) and GaiTier ^■^"^' conclude that a high ash v/as conducive to good burn. Hoodie :JS2) p-y*"'') 'r^r> -' X »^ <^- oes the opinion that the best burning oualities of tobacco are caivays acGonpaniea by a high percentage of ash and tiat the percentage of calciiim is always hich. Calcium and l^agnesiuiu and Their Effect on the Burning Quality. - It was found by Aiaes ('± "^ ^ ' that the ' I 1 "I 1 J. addition of line to the soil decreased the calcium and increased the .Tiagnesi^Jiri content of tooacco. Tobacco from limed plots as a rule contained j-ecc phosphorus and potass iuiu than from unlimed plots. According to binders on the presence of calcium is verj-- reneficial in t.. .e hum in g nuality of ferlc tobacco hut is of no henefit in the burning of a light tobacco. enkins (24) shov:s that tobacco highly fertilized vith the double sulphate of potassium and magnesium also contained a relatively high per cent of calcium, liessl er ^""^ ^ is of the opinion that calcium and magnesium exert no influence on the burn except to v/niten th.e ash. u-arner (1^) found that tobacco containing excessive amounts of 1 i.:ie cive an ash ^.ich although it is very ligrit in coi.or, it lacks cohesion and is -ri i^a^cey. ITessler^*^^^ found that ca^ci^^n and magnesium ( o r \ had little effect except to v^hiten the ash. Kissling reports samples of rjood burning tobacco to :e high in calcium and fairly high in m^-gnesium. Garner ^ ' IS of the opinion that magnesium in excess injures the bum and calcium, v.hilc it does not generally effect the fire-holding capacity, is essential to the 1 o '0 ro duct ion oi' a ^ood • Gh. Extracts of the j^eaf cue t-ieir -lelation to the Fire-Hol Cling Ccapacity. - Gone research has "been done to shov; a relation between t::,e water", ether"", and alcohol-solucl e extracts of the tobacco ±ea,f to its (17) burn ing qual i t i e s . Gam e na.de water extracts of a tobacco leaf having a .,ood glowing.: capacity and found it lost this property. He then added the extract and the clov:ing povrer w^as restored. On examining the e::tract he found that it ccn'waii.ed the chloriden, sulphates, nitrates, citrates, and nalates of potassium, a^jnonia and nicotine and a very small Quantity of calciuim. He made extracts of both good Co n d -000 r burning tobaccos and found tlie po tassi^.im content to be nearly the saj.ie, but the inferior xeaf conuained much higher a:'iounts of mineral acids, and less potassium in combination with organic acids. Prom this he indicates that th.e principal factor governing the burn is potass iu:n in excess of the iiount required for combining v/ith mineral acids. According: to Prear and Olson'' ', water extracts practically ail siibstances tnat ^ire c.-.e leaf a f ire-hol cing capacity. Thie chlorideo, sulphates, nitrates, citrates, and nalates of potassium and ar.uflonia and in part calciu... and ir^vgnesiu:.! as well. - 13 - The phosphorus is larceiy in the inroluhie residue, Grahain and Garr^"^^^ made ether, petroleum ether, alcohol and hot water extracwio::5 and showed a relation betivcen poor hurning qualities and hi^ content 0 f material extracted. Their data sho^vs that tohacco fertilized ^;'^ith muriate of potass iun and soditm nitrate ^^ield the lar.^est quantities of e::tractcd materials. Tlie Effect of Chlorine on the Burn. - T '^hat • • chlorine is ver/ injurious to the T^urn of a ci.-ar- (55) leaf has been definitely estabx islied, llessler (?) , van Berimelen^ ' ' , (26) Kissiinc^ f Ilehrens Barth^'^^ Patterson^^^^ Carpenter ^^'^^ Olson^^'^ , cand Garner ^^^^ have shov^T. this to he f'le case. Because of tl-^-is fact any fertilizer viiich con^^ins a large amount of this e-ement should he avoided. Fesca ^^^^^ v/orking on Japanese tohacco found that chlorine and sulphur had a very detrimental effect on the hum. Gamer ''^'•^^^ shOY;s that calcium chloride is • • uore injurious to the ourn than potassium chloride. Accorc^ing to Jrear^-'-^' an exceas of chlorine reiuaininc ^ron an application of high chlorine fertilizer to an open sandy losza soil, is largely reuoved if a leafy crop 'ce talren fron. the land after tiie application an(' the soil is then exposed to 1 .: Ke winter rains and groyt before to"::acGO planting. also expresses the opinion that some chlorine is pro'bably necessary for the grov/th of the tobacco plant Jenkins ^''''' ^ is of the opinion that a small quantity of chlorine is absolutely neceBsary to nonual development of the plant but a larce excess is very injurious to the burn Accordinii; to Oari^enter -aid ;j.icn (11) ti.ere is no evidence to support the popular notion that small a mounts of chlorine in fertilizers injure the quality of tobacco 3roT;n and existing prejudice against fractional percenta^jcs of this clement is not ■Justified, i:xcessive amounts of this element are no t c^esirable but relatively large percentages do not injure the bum. In norraally gro\m tobacco, chlorine is seldom found in large enougla quantities to be injurious. The Effect of Grain arid Other Factors on the Fire-Holding Capacity. - Ridgray^^^' ^'"^ asserts that there is a cxose correlation betv/eeu the crain of to'bacco leaf j-nd the Lurnin-^ qualities. He found iiaat leaves Thich had poor turning qualities were very c^ose grained, had a very hard texture, contained xittle or no elastic orouerties and seldo:a exhibited s^ain bodies on th surface, vAiixC leaves of tiOod burning qualities ' A 15 were very open grained, comparatively soft in texture, possessed a la.rge elastic pov;er v.nd. usually possessed grain "bodies sufficiently large to oe visible to the unaided eye. He believe cl that the substance contained in th e g ra in bodies c. r e in j u ri o us to th e bu rn an d tha t the quality of the la.tter is d^ependent upon tiie degree to v/hich the former are aggregs-te'd into definite- bodies, sufficiently separated one from the otlier to peniiit a considerable fire carrying zone of cells emptied of grain materials around^ each. Chemical analysis showed the grain to be composed chiefly of calcium with a small sxiount of potassium r.nd magnesium in combiiiation vith citric andma^lic acid. Grain is thought to be developed during the curing process T^ien v/ater is slov/ly removed from, the leaf and frc salts in solution crysta.llize out. According to JCissling^" ^ the tobacco tars exert an important influence on the burn and fire" holding capacity. Tne ai?.our. t of amino compounds has been shown to produce a favorable influence on th.e burn wnile the albuminoids produce the opposite effect. ( 9 7 \ Kravbill^'"' ' demonstrated tiiat there v/as a marked difference in tne action of aikali saxts upon tie fire-holding caoa-city of tobacco even vnen the 10 3 alts have similarities. }?or inritance, the cToonates of "ootassium and caici^uun pron.otes the combustion of 4 :o"bacco to a very rauch greater extent than the carhonates of sodiuin or lithiiiin. The chloric-es of sodiurn, lithiuiii and potassiuni retard co-ribus tion out tlie action of potassium chloride is not nearly as detrimental as thf^t of xithium or .^odii.im chloride. Chesley^ "' is of the opinion that the ratio of a-.^rionia, phosphoric acid and potassium in fertilizers are of ~;reat importance "but must be controlled to suit the type of tobacco. Laclc of arimonia decreases the srov;th and causes the tobacco to be dark, strong, ^-n6. increases the nicotine content. A fertilizer deficient in potassium or containing chlorides v;ill yield tobacco of inferior burning cualities \*iile an excess of sulphate is harrr^ful but is not as injurious as the ch-^orine. Ob^j e c t _o f^^tlie In ve s t i ffl t i on The object of this investigation v/as to make a pavrtial study of: 1, - The chemicc:l composition of cif^ar-leaf tobacco as modified by climatic and soil conditions. The response of different strains of tobacco to the saL.e environmental factors. - 17 - Ilethods of Analysis i'^i oisture 1^ i^T- mt r~~ «»«>^v»« The iTiethod used in the de teriainatiori of fi ] moisture is the one employed "by /unes and ?>olt7/^"^^. A 2 gram sarrxple v;as v/eiglied into a weigriing bottle end dried to a constant v/eiglit in a vacuum desiccator. The des iccatin>'r p.r:c.nt u'-ed being co.-Jiriercial sulphuric acid. The samples v/cre dried until a constant v/ei^ht \7as o'otained. Ash. A 2 gram sajiiple was ignited in a v/eiglied flat cot torn platinum dish at a comparatively low temperature. A full red heat v;as not employed hecause of the d^jiia;3e of volatilizing the chlorides, etc. ?>^e v;as trcc^ted with hot v.ater to remove tij.e charred mass soluble saii. ts and filtered through V/liatman ITo, 42 11 cm. ashless filter paper. The filter v;as t^.en dried and burned, tiie filtrate a-dded to tiie burixed resi^'ue and evaporated to ^'ryness on a stea:.i bath, ignited at a low heat to a constant wei^dit and v;eiri^ced as crude ash. Tl'ie results are expressed as the perccnta^-^e crude ash in a moisture-free sa,mple. g_r.;anic Hatter . The orr^anic content v/as considered as tlie loss on ignition or the percentage of ash minus 100 per cent. 18 \7a to r-SolULi^e^jU kal^in i ty . The liietliod employed in .he deteniirip. tion of the v:ater-Golu"ble alkalinity is one devined by Haley'^'^'^^ ( '5 ) v^ich is a sligiit .modification of the oi'ficial :neth.od^ ' Add 150 to 300 cc. of hot Y/ator to the total ash. Filler and v.^sh with hot v^Liter Geveral tir.ies to remove all soluble material, Titrr.te the filtrate with 11/10 sulphuric acid solution using methyl red as an indicator. The alkalinity is expressed an the number of cc. of noraial acid nece.'3sa.ry to neutralize tlie alkalinity in a 100 ^raan sajapie, IVater^Insolubl e Alkai ini t:'. Add an excess of staiid.ord lT/10 sulphuric acid to the residue from the soluble ash and heat to boiling over ca low flaiT^e. Filter and wash v;ell v.ith hot water to remove all traces of any acid and titrate the excess acid v;ith standard h/10 IJaOH using ucth^^a red as an indicator. Tlie results are expressed as the numocr of cc, of nonriB.! acid necessary to neutralize tlae alkalinity in a 100 3 ram s^jr-ple. C •ilorine. To the combined filtrates from u';e deten^iination of the soluble and insoluble alkalinity, an excess of iT/lO silver nitrate is added, Tlie 19 Ci mixture i^ Gtirred ano three cc. of ethyl ether are added to coagulate the sia.ver chloride. Tv/o cc. of ferric aiuin indicator and five cc. of concentrated nitric acid are added. Titrate the excess silver n itrate v;ith IT/iO aivjnoniurn thiooyanate until a penaanent light brovni color appears. The chlorine ij e:>cpres3ed as per cent, in a raoisture-free sa.i.ple. Calcium, Tlie caici^Jj/i was deteririined according to the (1) raethod descrited hy Aiiies and Loltz Char five grax.s of laaterial in a platin^ura dish at a low heat. Cool tiie dish a.nd cover v;ith a v:atch glass. Lloisten v/ith v/ater and add i; cc. of concentrated jiydrochloric acid. Add sufficient water to raake ahoat ::5 cc. of solution. Filter the clear solution into a 150 cc. loeal^er, viash the residue several tiiaes with hot water, return filter paper with residue to platinum dish, dry and ignite to a vhite ash, transfer residue to a healier contain- ing filtrate with hot \^ter and 5 cc. of hydrochloric acid. Evaporate to dryness, take up v;ith a small ajnount of hydrochloric acid and hot wa.ter and filter into a 500 cc. vol urae trie flask. V/ash witii hot WT.ter - 20 - and make the voxuie up to atout 250 cc. To the G olution in the flask add one- third inore standard IT/lO ferric chloride than necessary to precipitate the ph osphorus present. Neutralize v:ith amraoni^um hydroxide .nd nake sliglitly acidic v;ith hydrochloric acid, using ^ -1 x^ o ■«- litmus as an mcicator. Add 10 cc. of a 20^ solution of ai.mionium 7 ac etate, toil for two minutes, cool and make up to voluiue. Mix, filter into a dry iDeaker and measure 200 cc. into a dry heaker. liake alkaline mtli con- centrated aiamoni^um hydroxide, using one cc. excess and precipitate the calci^um Y;ith 10 cc. of a saturated solution of ai.imoni^am oxalate. Allow the precipitate to settle over niglit, filter on as"bestos mat a,nd v^-ash with a 2f/^ airumonii-im hydroxide and dry. Transfer to a beaker, add 100 cc. of hot Vv'ater and 25 cc. of concentrated sulphixric acid and heat to 80° raid titrate rith stanc^^.rd ootassim.i per::ianganate until a penv^anent pink coior appears for SO Deconds or longer. Calculate the results ae CaO. .■^a-'nes lura. To the filtrate from the precipitation of caici-an oxalate add oO cc. of concentrated nitric acid, evr.porate to dryness, tal:e up \vith 5 cc. of hydro- "■1 chloric acid and hot \.t;ter, filter and v;ash several tines with hot water. To the filtrate add 10 cc. of a 10 per cent, solution of aiiur.oniuru phosphate, nake slightly alkaline with D-mnonium hydroxide, let stand for 30 h.inutes and add 15 cc, of concentrated amiioniura hy^^roxide and allow to stand over ni^ht, TTilter and wash the precipitate thorou^jhly with a 2 per cent, arornoniun hydroxide solution, dry, i finite and weigh the precipitate as rnaonesiuia pyrophosphate. Calculate the result as IlgO. P 0 t«a s 3 ium , Pive :^;T3jr.z of tooacco were transferred into a 500 cc, ICjeldahl digestion flask, 7 cc, of con- centra.ted sulphuric acid a/nd 5 cc, of concentratea nitric acid were added. The contents were t}':orouGlily nixed and heated sj-ov/ly over a low fiaixie ^un til froth- ing ceases, then add 1 cc. of nitric acid, repeat the* treatraent with i cc. portions of nitric acid until all uie organic natter is destroyed. Cool, add a;..out 50 cc. of water, filter into a 250 cc, volunetric flask, wash tlie filter paper and residue Giorou^ly wit;-! hot vater, and nake the filtrate up to the 250 cc, nark. Transfer 50 cc. of the solution obtained fron tie sulphuric and nitric acid disestion to a - 22 - 4 inch porcelain evaporati::[j dish. Evaporcite excels v.^^ter rind acid over a steam cat?, and i'inalJ.y over a Ijurner adiipted esfjeciaily for renoval of cui-ohuric acid without direct heating of the cotton of t]:ie dish and consequent spatterinc Tl'iit^ turner con^ii;ts of a Lleeker j^urner and above tiie flarne oiacin^ a piece of astestos 'joard atout 5 inches square and l/^ to 1/2 inch thick. This is supported cy a ring sfcnd and on this is placed tlie dish. After acir is removed, heat at a low red heat over a Bunsen Lumer to volatilize remaining airii.iOni^ora .;.al ts and organic L'latter. Allov: dish to cool, add 1 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and about 25 cc. of hot v.T'ter. Rub v.l th a glass rod and heat if necessary to bring salts into solution. Transfer to a 150 cc. Pyrex beaher. Add necessary excess of platinum chloride solution and evaporate to syrupy constituent on zteai.i bath, care being taken not to go to complete dryness. Cool, add 15 cc. of acidulated alcohol, allov; to stand for five minutes and filuer through a v/eigiied Gooch crucible, trensf erring all the precipitate from t: c beaher v;ith SO per cent, alcohol. Vash tlie precipitate and filter free from excess platinur:i chloride solution v;ith 80 per cc n b alcohol , the: i or. 2 - wasn several tines v;lth Lindo-Gladdin.- soiuti on and finally wash free from aixaoniim chlori de with 80 ocr 3 cent, alcohol ■ry to a consta.nt wei^^it in a IJO' n oven anc weigh as potaGsiuin platinum chloride Tne potass ia-x ir. exprestBed as per It potassium oxide in tiie sample -f- .-. a.u prepare acicu^atoc axcohol, use 1500 cc ol JO per C£:nt, ai.co:iol, add Li;..9 • w- cc. 01 con ■r cen 4- •-»«-> J" r a hycrochloric acid 1.2 specific gravity ax: ■oass er:':u ,j i. ^ ^ J dro chloric ^-^as into t e soi-ution to l»ict,i.\, \^ J. L "^ i- n o 5 no r.,:al 1 ^ nycrociUoric acio indo-Glaadmg v;as -1 • ^> rep are a oy disrolvinr i_> 100 gro-ms of a.mmoniur;: chlori ("e in 50 cc. of ^ —'• "*■ -\ "V-^ iicd 5-10 grams of pulverized oo tassi^un T:l:;tinum chloride m n anc. snaxe at mtervcus :.or j - 8 >:.ours, ;u.lc\' fixture '> <-•< 0- 4- ^ v^ I p u vJ. vJ over ni.yht and "^ • — ei ■r» O oio. /uir.i o lb oil oi nal Consent ^ • "he procedure employed in the detei-^riina t ion ^ 4. 01 tne Golioiral co 1 L>e:- ^ 1 \J ■ ' e 0..C (leBcrioe d h TT Jcuyoucos ( o The generru. orocc urc c on f,^ is .r> yr^ 7 - n-. -| vn ^j. > • S.^ -»• ^ ■- J .r accurately 50 .-^ram O V A. C :ir cry so 11 , placing It in -trie cup and adcii.g 1050 cc. of distilled water and 5 5 cc. of ^ KOH. The cu IS th en c 0 nn e c t e d to t : ^ e r> f- -i -'•• Y« cr of the - 24 - notor anr otirred exactly 9 ininuteG. The mixture is tren vraGhed into a cylin^^cr having a caoacity of about 1250 cc., a dianieter of 2 1/2 incVie I height of 18 inches. The hydrometer is tiien placed in t::e :..ixture and at the end of an exact fifteen minute period trie reacUnc of the xiquid v/ac taken. Juot a iTiinute before the end. of tne 15 ..linute period tile hycroiiicter ^vas ;^ently pushed dov^ri into the liquid to avoid any error in te readin-: cauGed by lag or G ticking of the hycro:..cter. I'lrie temperature of :iie mixture i ~-^ *> n j» V- v> orcer rn^ a tcinoerature correction ..s re. Tlie rorcin^ on t^'ie hy cror-.e ter nultiplied by t^vo (jives t^ie oercenta^^e in 1 ha t soil. of colloids A t errn:* e r a tu re c. . Cj; , • e ^ r 'fc^ -.. -4. • 0 •'1 T difference of O.ZcO oer On 1 ■-■ z^. • ,^, -^ /■ c : rm The hydrometer was calibrated at 57 'F. In orcer to ht.ve r^c curate i ■>/->, o 1 C-v "1- <—• CO I or rcacm-'is ar^ove o/'d" '7.-. -^^J^V • I O.o50 per cent, ruust V.e ar^'^ed for every ^'egroe and O.oSO per cent, subtracted for cacli degree less, V.ater~Boluble and Insoi.uble Alkalinity ?X"Jia:r2.t i on_oJ^ joda:^^!^ . Tne prececal re used in the p'epara.ion of the sairipie is the one ^escribed by Schol I enberrer^'^'^ ^ One hundred ^:r-\.:.c of air dry soix v;ere leached v:ith 7 50 cc. of neutral aruiaoniu:::i acetate. A very small piiiount of suction ceing uced. Th.e leachin-s ^vere made to a volume of oi:e ...iter. yp,ter-^3p;. ul:l e Allcal^JjnJ^ . up 100 cc. aliquots v;cre evaporated to crvne SG on a Bteain ::ath. in a 4 inch porcelain evaporating dish and heated over a lo\v flame. Add 100 to 200 cc. of hot iTater and filter on a quantitative filter "oaocr a nci v.ash several ti:..es v/ith hot \7ater to re;..cve all soluble materials. Cool the filtrate and titrate v/ith ^/bO sulphuric ai^id usinc i^iethyi r- d rs an indicator. The results are ex:;rensed as the number of cc. of normal acid necessary to neutralize tlie alkalinity in 100 grams sairiple of soil. Add an excess of etandr.rd u'/lO sulphuric acid to the residue .: rom tiie soluble al^calinity and heat to boiling. Filter through Qualitative filter paper and \7D.3h \vell Y/itln hot vater. Titrate tJve excess acid with lT/10 sodiui'ii hydroxide, using metliyl red as indicator. Tlie results are expressed avS tlie nuraber of cc, of normal acid riecessciry to neutralize the insoluble alkalinity in a 100 gram sa^-iple. - 26 - rr^ Pertil izer Treatirient Cror) 1 no 27 Treatment - Experimental Plot Co ttor seed meal 1 V CI A-1 610 A-2 610 A-2 610 A-4 310 />•» K A u 610 A- 5 510 A-7 610 A- 8 610 30 150 150 1 'Z 0 150 130 130 130 15 1 v> vy 1 K 155 155 155 155 140 140 140 14' 14 140 140 140 Precedir I ted ar le Treatn C rpp^ ^ Com Com Corrx Com Sod Sod ■ • i£ Crop id er i-Ci* w imiMl ■»«l--i»m^W .nure "Cssrrasc^ -C^s: :j5:r Corn om *ons 10 10 All are oased on a.cre applications - 27 - TABLE II. Fertilizer Treatment Crop 1927 Treatment - General Plot B-1 13-2 E-3 B-4 B-5 B-o B-? 3-8 Lla-nure Tons 15 10 10 Bone -1.1 eal ^i^^tuai ■ .«— i-a^ . lbs. 350 10 120 10 20 20 SuiiDho.te of lbs. 23 3 50 200 120 100 I Cotton seed IbsT' llalTOg ^^*«4^^-^itf^ ■«ihi.M«nA^^« -4 165- O 7<^ buper' OS. 152 300 310 300 B>^M>^i»^^ 100 lbs. 45 160 100 All are based on acre applications. Tr' jx as ivg 30 C 6. H as NaJiOs - 152. P as 16^; Superphosphate - 4 5. :i8 TAIBLE II The Cbei.'iical Coinpos ition of Totacco Leaves as licdified by Local it;.^ n rop 1927 T reatment = Experimental j^^^ Plot oist- Crude ure Ash A-1 /'^ 0*2. ^'J^ A-: •7 '/ P 1^ a O v^ A-, 39 A-' 40 A- 5 A- 5 5.79 ■^W I— ^i I A-? '^.O .^7 • >^ • A- 8 4.01 % 20.82 20.52 20.07 7 7 OrGanic ra 1 1 e r /^ ^9.17 Chi.or i L'l e '^9.48 79.92 J^- i\'02:e r"k rrace "C'G AJJcaljLjJ i . r Inso CO %j ^ 80 50.89 Trace 75.22 20.55 22.16 20 27 20.98 None 79.47 77.98 79.7 79.02 None ITone ?T-„ ijone 49.80 72.91 52.95 «-. %u , 71 29. o4 ^>- ^i^>^^«^iM Trace ;.0.89 -^ • ■ *■ ^' iy*".^»i cc 521.17 518.85 'JT « « (•J IS. 87 ;l Q 5.6 o t^%J kJ % M^di^-«^^ nffKMi^VKMMi ^i* 283.25 <«4 rs /w . *^ I.. 525.24 To tal cc 554 Rn> 549.74 2 33.37 288.50 CaO LlgO ' -c^itaM^waBuM^XMkrf /' K2O G "^^^^ 55 1 -\ r> *-> • 04 5.54 1.70 1^ ■■ II— 'i.«i 5.5 F, O Vu a '1 r, 1 -J! 15 5.38 0.96 4.91 V 98. 6' 1.96 71.79 r/ rr .■^ T r* w «./ U . 15 5.71 0.78 'i.Yii 5.91 0.98 -^.52 7 0.92 59 /* 65 1.59 4.27 All pcrcentaces are "cased on moiGture"f ree materials ** iUkalinity is expressed as cc. normal per 100 grans Q 9 - TAELS IV. The Chenical Coinposi tion of Tobacco Leaves as ..loclified by Locality^ Treatment - General Plot B-1 B-2 S-5 m m^**!^ ' B-4 tmf j>^— ii»*i' ■ ure 3 Q'^ o • oJ. B-5 ^^^™^«»»-^ B-7 •i^ IK ■> ii*» 2.84 w 1* U G 6 Ash. 20.71 Or^ai-ic A.-»a u w 0 X* ?^ 79.29 19.74 20,05 20.77 80.25 > <%^^NB«JK>MK«^^' 1 i i 6 0.74 ^ ■ i— ii^^ — ^ifc.Mi^*- 7 q o p> 79.23 0 T r p c e 1 ';. r> •1 • o o 5.69 B-8 4 .20 91 AT, 78.55 20.88 79.12 20.67 19.76 1 .24 Alkaj. ir.3. t.': ;iar -«^^^^nMiMiM^«i^«^Bi^.^gp^ Sol , CO, 0?.?? <^liM^' —fc^ 1^ — — " 56.85 U^ ■! i<» o o 48.25 1^ .fcM i.^^"*— #— IriGol , cc. b09.77 ^ -^Kj ^ \J xj 290.49 *_/ X 326.88 ^* — .^^ ■ 86 •1 r-, P' ^ /^ 5 . o*x .u.^11 I— IW^I ■ r: A .45 K^ o 1.09 4.62 1 ''^ "^ Trace Trace 79. 80.21 Hone 0.50 34 . 9 5 ^x e . 00 n KJ ( % ( t^ 22.77 O A ''^ Q p 27 5.07 286.34 ;^x2.ia 40.03 L^ . .1. \/ »-' 4.0 5.62 t_ *-> 34 . 34 501.11 301.99 324.76 1.54 ^1 I ^M^»— *■ i.49 ^± 5.03 0.60 4.79 0 . 83 1.10 ■• . 24 .40 4.89 5.55 0.89 l.ol 4.42 •i.34 ^ ^ II I m All -oercentages are oased on moisture-free .^laterial. *:*. iUkalinity is expressed as cc. normal per 100 :^rc.jas. 50 rn rABj^E Y. Ar.alycis of Soil Plots in Lancatiter Coui;ty - 1927. -*■ Plot No . 2 3 4 5 6 8 1^ Avcra,;^e Colloi^'al Content J* 52.9 51 n 40 .5 36, .3 59. - 45. ,0 50. 0 5T.0 Aikalini ty bOl . cc . 1 '^O i.uo 1.2 4 0.96 1.51 1.50 1.56 w^ I ■^■i..^^ ■ ^ *^ »^^i— fc^^a^^^w Inscx . 02 cc . 5.44 4.61 8.25 S.06 8.14 7r- ,■% .CD 7.15 5 40 Jo tal cc. 5 , 61 7.02 9.35 8. oS 5 . 51 iUkalinity is 100 graras. expressed as cc. non^^al per - :;i - TABLE VI Pertilizer Tre-.tments for -lixperimental Plots for 1925 - 1926 - 1927 Crops Plots • Manure Sul- phate of Pot- ash Muri- ate of Pot- ash Nit- rate of Pot- ash ^nure Salt Bone Flour Pre- cipi- tated Bone Phos- phate Acid Phos- phate Urea Cotton- seed Meal A-1 10 200 250 400 A- 2 10 200 • 300 500 A-5 10 A-6 10 200 300 500 A-9 10 400 250 400 A-10 10 200 300 500 B-1 10 200 300 65 B-2 10 214 120 B-3 10 200 300 65 1 B-6 10 200 1 . . . . , . 500 85 Tine potasii, plnosplnoric a.cid a.nd nitrogen Ccirrying materitcls witli tl^e exception of mtcnui'e cxncL cot-bonseed meci.l c onst i -bu-ted ^cre i^op 11 oc-,t i ontj oT iippi-o^irr: tt-lj^ JLOO itn - 32 - TABLE VII. Tot cent, of KgO and CaO of Cured ToToacco as Influenced by Fertilizer Treati:ient.* Plot Year 1925 1926 1927 K2O CaO K2O CaO K2O Cab 0:' % A-1 1.89 7.88 n 1 *2 ; "7 0 5.33 A- 2 1.94 7.03 A- 5 1.95 7.^0 0 F p:, *0 . o* vJ J .^t4 ^± . Qo A'o 7,58 0. "7 p "1 20 A- 9 1.95 ^.Oo ---- A-i 0 1 o^ 7 . o4 0 '2,''^ ; 70 A 9*^ 3-1 1 . PA 7.08 2.04 -•.-- E-2 1 oy 7 P'? 0 1 '-^ J. 79 ■■ •■ an •<■ P-5 1 0 '7, 7.50 '6.'67 3.75 L-6 7.17 :.^a • # •» «OT «V V* All results are cased on niois oure-rrc-e Liaterial - 53 - ir\ PAJBLE VIII. Percentage of KyO in Tv;o Eirjcrent Strains having the sa,..ie i'ertilizer Treat-.ent. - 1927 Crop.* Potass iuin Plot Hibshirian Sv;arr f^ % A-1 r^ no A- 5 ■1 ^ 'T 5.05 A- 6 r'.02 A- 9 • 4.89 5.42 A-10 •..22 5.59 -fill re£Ui.ts are oased an .uolsturc ■+■ -. I r e e vr.a t e ri e.i s . - S4 - Discussion 1. - The Influence of Cliinatic and Soil Conditions. Comparison of Tatles III B..n6. IV 3ho\\r that th.e chemical composition of tlie 1927 crop from an elemental standpoint was rather constant regardless of fertilizer treatment. Slightly more chlorine was found in trie general crop vvhich v;as supplied with chlorine"'c oaring .i.aterials. The v/atcr-soluble :'nd v/ater- insoluble alkalinity also show a variation hetv;een the tv/o treatn.ents. In general it is .riuch hi^il'ier i;. ti" e ' experimental tiian in the f;eneral. The form of potassium used for fertilizer (teemed to play an important role here. There is a mar^ced individual difference "between the different Diets hut zsi e difference is nearly the sc:..e in ooth treatments, ■./itii- the "Exp crimen tali, treatment'^ the high.est potasniui:; cOi-i-:er:t was found in olot A-c and tile lowest in A-"^, followec^ oy A-2. Cciaparing urese results wi-^:/i the average colloidal content of the soil (Tahle V), we find ^:^'ie lowest in plot number 7 foil owed by plot number 2. The sa-.e is shown with xiie «:>eneral treatment.' "ihe icv/est -I-. potassium, oeing found in pxot A-? followed b\ This would lead one to beiieve tiiat trie estL..ation i - 55 - soil 01 zr.e soil colloidra content is a i-easure of ortility and is also a i^ieans of cdaEsifying the soil s to its value for tol3acco growinfr. X The highest colloidal content is found in soil HLu-nlDer 3 and fi.e hip;hest potass pora content of the "aeneral tr.ab.ent" in plot 13-6. In the »Experir.entaa trcaiient" the hi^jViest potassiun con-cent is found m Ji c , xnere seei^s to be a greater tendency for t.he calci^Oi;: p^nd potassiun coi"te-''t '^f "- o f vi +-^n^ h-.^ • ^ - ^.1 V. u.. ^fc.. L ^x ^OLn Xuae '^-lixperir.isntai »» md. "General" trea x.rnt n nVi 1* uS -0 I cm a ratio of 1 to 1. .nis IS very desirable in the i^ro eduction of a ^ood tobacco, for accordinj to Gamer ^^ ') caic iura, v-iie it c^OGS not ^.,e:.era^.. ' e.icct the fire-holding capa is essential to t};e :^rcduction of a ,:ood ash. Th e analyses of Tables III and IV shov; e ciicivsTi and iKagneoi'jjr. content to be -i^bcr i-i the t,j,, ,.._-„ ^..,,^. w^ .^ ^ V.-. v., J. ^. ,J_ UUJ.Ct.Xi in th e ^ I.xp e v irrip n t al . » » The principal results obtained fro::? Zr. oce inves tiga ; io on tr^e Y.'hole tliere is a variation in ti;e chemical cor.i^:)OG ition - 1 , ■*> 0 1 tf. e tobacco according to the locality and the colioid^a content of the coil. 9"h me ci^-erences in th.e .^ota:i3iura content "betv/een 1925. :.Q2-' ^u, x92o and 1927 crop if. 5 quite apparent, '^'ii (ratle VII). It is noticed that tl' ere is a :cnerc.l increr-^e in thie ootr I QH 1 1 iri oo a'orn content fron 1925 to 1027 . 1 — ,-, e Game fertilizer treauMent, It has been coimaonly l^eiieved tliat li: :iie xnakes soil pota^isiura mo y e available by Lv Bizzell -, (28) (29) y Lyon and Briggs and Breazeal (9) Hal e:v (22) and however, present c P <^'. ^ et and 01 so n ' '• 1 it IS a v;ell knomi fact that the -rinci .ju rep-taceable bases of t:-e soil colloids in a calcar eous dis trict as Lancaster Coui i c v > Pennn;:! vania , i f cal c iu::: , an d tha^ t tile addition of potas:jium sal-t s to such a soil ^houo-d lead to ^he replacer.ient of ca^ciu] 1 rom ::uch com- bina::icns and the forma -:ij ^n 0 1 ca^ci'ui SG.1 uO At tiie same time it i s possible to reverse v\e proc e in other v;ords, there i r 1 r ■) '-» K^ C V O • , B omp e 1 1 1 ion ex i s t m g be tv/een caj.ci'ar:i and co fi O C^ T T ] V ; 1 ■, , - .^ kJ ••-) i^o: li ;.-.. c±cf o i.1 */ 61 L:;3r one c ':^:e -o -w* ^ er - 37 t_. <^ tr N- into coll oi rial coracination Under laboratory conditions a stuapie of soil r,;ay l^e treated v/ith nuriate of potassium and tl-.e replaced c3 cc-i.ciuxi iaay oe completely removed by leaching, leavin<-^ potassium behind in basic form. On ^-le other hand it is quite possible to remove all adsorbed potassium by ti-^e use of a solution of calciiua chloride, leaving calcium behind in colioioal comlinntion and in basic foi-m. Under soil conditions neither condition is e-, ever attained but a relatively dr^^ year such as 1025 v.ould have a different effect on trc availability c f potassium til an a comparatively v/et year ontinual lec'China: ^vcuid ::ave die effect cf renderiiiF (i potassiui:: available for absorption in ba-ic form by tooacco plants, vdUle such a condition vrouxd not ^lold true under relatively dry conditions vherp soluble c&lciun salts tends to accu^iulate in L/;e uiT^er ::oil la:-crs. Unc'cr +; ti^e lormer conditions, tne tendency v;oul d be for po'^-ss 110:1 to aoS^Oi'ae the carborrte ''om. Unc aer u^\e 1 r^ 4. a. iao.er conditions ootassiuj.i vcui d tend to assume tl-e for^. of muriate or ::alpha-.e. mi^ ^nese reasons v;oul g tend to explain tlie beneficial effects of a vet se^^son on t,-..e burnir.g qualities of Pennsylvania ci,;ar-a.caf tobacco, but v;ould not hold true to o-c-j appreciable extent on soil lachin>^ o - 38 - in colloidal material. rn 4. 'v. -t ^ ^ rec. ;.eG \;1^\ rauriate of xacle VII Bhovm a large variation in the Pota3.iu.n. content axaong different individuals. Plot A-2 and A-6 v,hich were treated ..ith sulphate of ■potash are higher in po^cassiuin content -ohan A-1 , A-10 and 13-1, v.^oich v/ere potassiun. it appears evident that th^ ^o-" - potass iujTi end too a ^-i-r^- '-.^-^ -^-+ 4. x- -^J c tae..>.oer irxtent tne seasonal coiiditions, has a greater pffec+ -- '■'- o ^.n-^ content of tobacco. xixc.icc-ceo t...-a t/.ere is a marked c^ifference in -- e colloidal content cet^-.^n the .oil fron afferent loci i tic. in Lancaster and tl.is difference in colloidal content is .^ ,n,-r^o^>- ^n Ta1:les III and IV. The Inf.aer.ce ;;f Envircnnental Victors or the ^c.a.o.x.. content of rifferent Strains. ilnalysis of the 19?.^ crori Vovfvi,- -, . , j-^j., oji.^v^ ^lat //itu'i '^e exce:. lion 0-- A ^ .acre ic a oli.-d ^j-y nirncr potass iiun conte.it ^-i.v '-^a.. IE i.^und m t- e I-Iihshnan, "but this diffc-oncf i'-, -^--^ r-,"-r,- • c. -cncc lo .,^0 sufficient enou£-h to consider it one of v r'--- i - 59 - 'M PI llaterialG Used i:ie 3011 f3ai:ipies \:ere obtained from eight plot3 of one acre each in diffe-ont localities of Lancaster Count:-, Pennsylvania, and unirorialy 3ar.ipled 0 a depth of six inches. xr..e sejnples \\^erc air dried, unoer laboratory conditions, sieved througl; a 100 i:iesh sieve and transferred to air ti::;:it cans. The plots froi.; vA\ich tli.e soil 8a2npj.es v;ere + r»-!- taxcen v;ere rivi'-ed into two portions. One -c:)ortion rccGivea a I* r 1^ t il * z ^'^ T "■ rpr* -^-^ ' rivi -^ "TV -; *- ii ,^ J> J.-,^ no manure anc tne other a trcat-ient of :.irnurr anc* f cr ' i:. i::er. Tobacco of -the Hibsh;::an strain ras grov;n on these -oiots a: c; T ^ > ri 'When fully ..latured and ripened ivas carefully selected and ha^rves ted. C! o v '1 ■»■^ "J ir.Q sar-iples rcrc air cnred in the ordinary manner. Af-^cr curing "tlie 3aini)ies \;ere cri-d under laboratory conditioixS, The leaves v:cr(. separated :L'ro:.. t and stallrs, finely ground pnd transferred to air ti;b t o slass jars. The saiaplcs iron these plots are designated '..s A -ExpcriLx-ntal and >^^-ueneral. 1^- 1, ^.cu^.px c o i. or un e i ^ .^ ^ , j. i;? ^ j , a.i a j, ? J 7 c ro o s v:ere obtained -rroa ten nl 3 ts fro:m a si...il-r station at pnrata, Pennsylvania, Th.e oa. .e .irocedure v/as foLicwed - 4 n in '.larvesting and curins of th.ese samples a V>.1. '. C 1 c^^ crop ir • Fertii izer Treatuen All the -u92r-, 1925 and 1927 plots at Sphrata •eceivea appl icati f iiianure at the rate of 10 tons 4- 0 the acre. The chemical treatiaents, expressed i n pounds are also !:• J3ed on acre appl icati oni 41 - Ex p e r imen tal It v^as originally planned to roake the spne dGteniiinations on the soil as was made on tiie tobacco, also to detei^iine the codiun and potaGSi^om content of the tobacco together according to the method descriloed (13) ty Crooks Hov/ever tliis method v/as found to give un reliable results and was abandoned for the method herein described for potassium. The determination of the water-soluble o.nd Y/ater- insoluble alkalinity was substituted for the separate determination of potassium, sodium, ca-lci^juri and macnesi'Om that can be replaced in t/ie soil. Tine filter paper from trie v^ater-soluble and Vi^-ter- insoluble alkalinity detenainations was boiled with distilled water, filtered and washed several times a nd the filtrate titrated with ¥./50 acid in order to be sure that no .9lkali v/e.s adsorbed by the filter paper v^.ich was used for filtering the ash residue. The e-lkalinity of tobacco and soil was determined because of tl'ieir value in tl^.e estimiition of sodium, potassima, calcium and loai^riesium that is present in the soil and tobacco. Tile colloidal consent of tlie ..oil was deterrnined because of its vau.ue in the estimation of the soil fertility and as a :.ieans of classifying the soil. - 42 1. - Surniflar:.' _2itd_C_oji,cljus_ions The purpose of tiais investigation was to study tile chemical composition of cigar-ieaf tobacco as modified "by climatic and soil conditions. To study tlie response of different strains of toliacco to the same environmental factors. Data arc oresented to show that more chlorine is *^ • found in tobacco treated -^^.dth chlorine-bearing materials than vvhere it is not added. In -^enc-.-al the water- solu"ble and water- in^iOluTole rllcalinity is higher in the »aCxperiiaen tal . »» - Trie lowest potassium content was found in the -olcts having the lov:est colloidal consent. 5. - Trie Quantity of soil colloids bears some relation to the potass iuia content of the plants gromi th.ere- uoon. o. There seems to he a tendency for the potacsiuia nd. calciura content to ue about trie ^is^me in the »»General»^ and «. E. Ilsj-ey, Professor of Soils and Plant Chemistry, under whose direction th.is investigation v/as conducted. Also to Otto Olson, Associate Acrononist, Bureau of Plant Industry/, for his interests in the fertilizer experiments and the sexection and harvesting of toe various samples. - 45 - 1, Ames, J, V/. , andBoltz, G. S. 1915. Tobacco, Influence of fertilizers on composition a.nd quality. Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 285. 2. Anderson 1923, Experiment vdth dark tobacco and other crops. Virginia A^r. Expt. Sta. Eul . Z. Tlie American Ascoc lotion of Official Agricultural Chemists, n^. 15-14, p. 180. 1925. 4. Earth, M. 1891, Untersuchungen von in Elsass sezogenen Tabaken und einige Bezieliungen sv/ischen der Qualitat des Tabaics und seiner Zusammensctzung. In i^anc^TT. Ver. Sta., Vol. S9 , p. 90, (81-104)*. Cited by: Oamer, V:. V;. 1907. The relation of the composition of -the leaf to the burning qualities of tobacco. U. S. D. A. ::ur. Plant Ind. Eul. 105. 5. Behrens, J. 1S94. Weitere Eeitrage zur Kenntnis der Tabakpflanze. V. Dor /matomische 3au und die Bestaudteiie des Tabakblatts in ihrer Beziehung zur Brennbarkeit. In Landv/. Ver. - 46 - Sta., Vol. 43, pp. 271-280. Cited Dy Garner, W. V. 1907. The relation of the composition of tlie leaf to the turn- ing qualities of tooacco, U. S, T\ A. I3ur Plant Ind. , Bui. 105. 5. Behrens, J, 1896. Weitere I-eitrage zur Kenntnis der Ta"bakpflanze. X. Uber die Llittel aur Hebung der Q^ualitat des Tabaks. In i^andw. Ver. 3ta., Vol. 43, p. 189, (165-192f. Cited by Gamer, V/. W. 1907. The relation of the GOiuposition of the leaf to the burning qualities of tobacco. U. S. D. A. Bur. Plant Ind. , Bui. 105. 7. Eeimnelen, J. K. van 1S&9. Uber die Ursaclien der Pruchtbarlceit des Urwaldbodens in Bel i (ouxaatra) und auf Java fur die Tabakskul tur und der Abnahme diese i'ruchtbariceit. In ijandv;. Ver. Sta., Vol. 57, p. 407, (574-^07)*. Cited by Gamer, ^'. V/. 1907. The relation of th..e composition of tlie leaf to tlie burning qualities of tobacco. U. S. B, A. Bur. Plant Ind., Bui. 105. - 47 - 8, Eouyoucos, G. J. 1927. T!:ie hy drone ter as a new and rapid ^nethcd for deteri.iining the colloidal content of soils. Soil Science, Vol. 25, Ho. 4, pp. ol0-£30. 9. Briggs, L. J., and ISreaseale, J. F. 1917. Avail ability of potash in certain orthoclase-'oearing soils as affected Toy 10. -1 -1 Ca ine or sypsum. In Jour. Asr. Research, Vol. 3, p. 21, (21-28)*. Lrpenter, F. B. 1895. Types of tobacco and their analysis, ITorth Carolina Lull e tin 122. 11. Carpenter, ?. B., and Allen, A. 1923. Effect of chlorine in tobacco Am. Eert. 1926. Vol. 62, pp. 21-2^i. 12. 1 3. Chesley, A. L. 1922. Chemistry a-s an aid to tiie tobacco industry. Jour. Ind. and JCng. Chen., Vol. 14, 1^0. 9, p. S17. Crooks, Sir 'JVilliam 1905. Selected Llethods in Chemical Analysis Lonsirians, Green and Company, 59 Patemaster Row, London, Ene:;land. 2nd Edition, pp. 28-40. - 48 - 14, i'esca, H, 1688. Uber Kultur, Behandlung ^ond Zusanirnensetzung Japanischer Tabake. In Landw. Jahrlo., Vol. 17, p^ £29. Cited Ijy Gamer, V/. V/. 1907. Th.e relation of the composition of tlie leaf to "clie Lumine qualities of tobacco. U. S. D. A. Bur. Plant Ind. , Bui. 105. 15. Trear, Y/. 1915. Burning quality of tobacco. Annual Report of the Pennsylvania State College. 13. Frear, V/. , and vOison, 0. 1914, Some experinents on Pennsyl va,n ia tobacco. Annurd Report of the Pennsylvrjii State College, CC 17. Gamer, V/. W. 1907. The relation of fae coniposition of . the leaf to tiie burning qualities of tobacco. U. S. I^. A. :^^ur. Plant Ind. Buj.a05. 18. Goessrnan, C. A. 1S92. Pield experinents v/i th tobacco in i:a3oachusetts. Lla^s. Agr. Expt. Sta. B^ol , 47. 19. Graham, V., and Carr, R. H. 1923, Chemical factors deteriLining uhe - 49 - n A quality of totacco. In Jour. Am. Chen. Soc, Vol. 46, pp. :95-702. 20. Haley, D. E. 1928. UnpuT^lished. 21. Haley, D. E. 1925. Effect of fertilizer on "^curning qualities of ci^r.r-leaf tolDacco. Am. Pert., Vol. 55, p. 44. Haley, r. E. 1922. The availability of potassium in ortho- clase for plant nutrition. Soil Science, Vol. 15, pp. 137-130. Haley, P. E., Ifasset, S. S., and Olson, 0. A study of certain constituents of the leaf and their relation to the "burning qualities of tohacco. 192S. Unpublished, Jenkins, F. H, 1S92. Experiments in growing to'^-accc v/ith different fertilizers. Season of 1892. 9^ Report of the Conn. Expt. Sta., p. 24. Jenkins, E. H. 1914. Studies on the toTDacco crop of Connecticut. Conn. A^r. Expt. Stci. E'ol . IGO. Kissling, H. 190 5. Handhuch der Tatakkunde, des Tabakhaues - 50 - ' 27. 30. oO. und der Tatakfabrikation. (Berlin). Cited by KrayMll, jr. h. The effects of sone alkali salts upon the fire-holding capacity. in The Botanical Gazette, Vol. 64, pp. 42-55. Kraybill, H. H. 1917. Effect of some alkali salts upon fire-holding capacity of tobacc^D. u, Xne Botanical Gazette, Vol. 34 ^^ ,•-.-. Lyon, T. L., and Biasell, j. a. 1313. Lysine ter experincnts I •^ 1/ . /i-o-t^. ..*.^t. o^a. iiemoir 12. iyon, T. J.., and .■Siszell, j. a. 1921. Lysincter experiments II. Univ. .Agr. !:.;pt. sta. Memoir 41. l^ayer, A. 1S90. Tabakoungun-sversuche mit Beurteilun^ 7. The relation of the cc^poaition of the leaf Cornell n orn ell 4- 1. '0 the burning qualities of tob?rpo rr c. t, . .. u A. CO. U.b.P.A. .-^ur. Plr.nt Ind. Bui. 105. I^cHaraue, J. 3., and Peters. A. I.C l^'-^l. The removal of mineral plant food by ' "^©rgflUpBp - 51 - natural drainace waters. Ky. Agr. Ilxpt, Sta.. Recearch Bui, 2£7, Hoodie 1395. The culture of tobacco, Florida Agr. Sipt. Sta. -^^ul, 20. %JK^ . Nasset, E S. 1027. Tne orjanic acid content of ci^ar- leaf tolDacco as influenced "by fertilizer treatment and methods of curing. Ma-ster^s Thesis. Departrnerit cf A:jri cul tural and Biolociical ^henistr^^ tlie Pennsylvania State Collese. 54. IT el son and Anc'erson 1925. Fertilizer experiments with to'oacco. Conn. Tol^acco Station Bui. 5. %j \j % X4eKjo.*.c.k.| tv. 1382. Diingungversuche zu Tabak. In Landw. Ver. Sta., Vol. 20, pp. 209-ol2. Cited by Garner, Y^ Y/. 1307. The relation of tr^c componition of tlie leaf to tine burning qualities of tobacco. TT O 1). A. Bur. Plant Ind. Bui. 105. o o • Oloon, Otto w^^^O . Results of tobacco ex-oeri:.ients in P enn ^i'l van ia, 1 .■^, T (^ ^ 7J X. *^ to 10::C. :^e Penna. - 52 - State Collese Agr. F-:pt. Sta. B^ol . 179. 57, Patterson, H. •!• 1894. The effect of different fertilizer elements upon tJie composition and comlouGtibility of to'bacco. Journal of A^r. Science, Vol. 8, pp. £29-552. In The Botanical Gazette, Vol. 34, pp. 42-53. 58. RidPT'ATiy, C. 3. 1913. Grain of the to'bacco leaf. In Jour, Agr. Research, Vol. 7, pp. 27 3-284. 9. Ridgway, C. S. 1917, VI. Further studj^ of tooacco Irurning quality. The s^^-i^^ ^^ the tolDacco leaf. Annual Report of the Pennsylvania State n olleee, A^r. Ezpt. Sta., pp 40. SchlSsin-, Th. 1 S-0 IPoer die Vercrennlichlccit des Ta.'caks, In Land,\Y. Ver. Sta., Vol. 5, p. 98, (98-100)*. Cited V.y G:?.rner, ^o. \.. 1907. The relation of the composition of the leaf to the iDurnint:; qualities of tooacco. U. S. D. A. Bur. Plant Ind. Bui. 105. 41 . Gcholi enlDcrcer 1327. Metliods of detei'-iining caj^3e exchange. Unpublished. __ r" *7 Total number of pages covered ty the articles.