Oe ie, LEE SRAM ReS i PSP - ©, Sete? , sia ane ‘; ‘ tae pipes lw y4 ¢ Ley PERS LIN Wiest Uj A: y ns is fe Ht a kl PL at ee cay Seid ney We ee EO by ai oe 7 EA@, a me rh AN { ‘i ty yn i : ! | * 5 AN os a aa BTA Le al | ns 4 — a ie a ai rf “ae, Aime tw tute pi eh oa ai Se, ue fan a { nf Pte aA } ae i ae 1 ae. i ee Se co. te eae OH PHYTOLOGIA Designed to expedite botanical publication April 1979 [)@ Was) No. 1 CONTENTS , B., Flora of the Prairie Provinces ..........000cceeeceeee 1 JOHN, H., Revision of Nototrichium sandwicense (Amaranthaceae). y Hawaiian PUD BEIED OMT Os as 0s eA as See wath Meee ee ee 25 JLDENKE, H. N., Additional notes on the Eriocaulaceae. LXXXIII pee AS, OVER, W. E., and VOLZ, P. A., Studies on fungi exposed to ’ PEMA TRIIIOM oS. Ga Eg a BS aeee p5) oon, Se 45 ILDENKE, Pic bec GO PEVIEWS 2 ghicjarts oth ap Sid ieovine EG Mla Raab ew eT 52 LIBRARY APR10 1979 NEW YORK Published by Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke 303 Parkside Road Plainfield, New Jersey 07060 US.A. Price of this number $1 .50; per volume $10.00 in advance or $11.00 after : od of the volume; $2. 00 extra to all foreign addresses; 512 pages constitute a full volume; claims for numbers lost in the mails _--—s must be made immediately after receipt of the next - ae following number. FLORA OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES Bernard Boivin Part IV -- MONOPSIDA Class 7. MONOPSIDA MONOPSIDS, MONOCOTS Always herbs, always devoid of a taproot, without bark. Leaves nearly always simple, sessile, and entire with parallel nervation. Flowers mostly trimerous, but often much reduced. The more obvious difference between the Dicopsids and Monopsids is in the basic leaf type. The normal leaf is made up of a blade and petiole; it is present is near- ly all Dicopsids. The Monopsid leaf appears to have lost its blade and is reducedtoapetiole. When this Monopsid petiole is flattened out into a blade, as frequently happens, it may take on the general appearance of a Di- copsid leaf, yet the nervation is still recognizably that of a petiole with its parallel and non branching nerves. The two types of leaves may be compared as follows. Dicopsida. A typical leaf comprises 3 readily identifiable elements: a dilated blade, an elongated pe- tiole, and a pair of stipules. The stipules are very variable in size, colour and shape; often they are ab- sent; commonly they are borne at the base of the blade and have the aspect of a pair of small leaflets. The petiole is a thin elongated structure supporting a blade and it is prolonged into the blade in the form of a sim- ple or branching midnerve. The blade is the flat and green terminal part of the structure. The central or main nerve of the leaf is termed the midnerve and the other nerves arise as branches of it. The branches ari- Sing directly from the midnerve are termed primary nerves, these in turn may also produce lesser branches which are termed secundary nerves. Commonly the midnerve and pri- mary nerves will end in the marginal teeth or they may turn t halfway around and connect with one another or they may merely fade out towards the margin. The midnerve may give rise to the primary nerves successively, in the man- ner of the barbs of a feather (i.e. pinnately). Or the midnerve may branch off at the base of the blade and pro- duce a group of primary nerves diverging in the manner of the fingers of a spreadout hand (i.e. palmately). Less commonly two (Sometimes more) of the primary nerves will arise from near the base of the blade and will be almost as long and almost as strong as the midnerve; often such @ leaf will described as parallel-nerved if the stronger primary nerves run somewhat halfway between the midnerve 1 MONOPSIDA 2 Poh? t- 0.5 OC ts Vol. 42, No.1 and the margin, but this terminology is clearly an exa- geration although a convenient one. Dicopsids present numerous variations on their basic leaf pattern and some of them may resemble a Monopsid leaf: the leaf may be ve- ry narrow and its nervation may be reduced to the midner- ve (e.g. Hippuris, Callitriche), or the nervation may be in the form of divergent rather than branching primary nerves (e.g. Plantago). Monopsida. The leaf may be reduced to a filiform and elongated petiole with a single midnerve, as exempli- fied by the submersed leaves of many species of Potamoge- ton, but usually the petiole is broadened into a limb. The stipules are nearly always present and may be free or variously modified, but commonly they are very much elon- gated and fused to the edge or to the ventral face of the petiole; they are then distinguishable mainly as membra- nous marginal expansions which will often enclose the stem into a structure termed sheath. The tip of the sti- pules may remain free and form structures called auricles or a ligule. Commonly the petiole will not be readily recognized as such, but will be flattened out into a green expense similar to the leaf of the Dicopsids and similar- ly called a leaf despite its petiolar origin. The usual type of leaf as seen in the Grasses and Sedges, is a ses- Sile and much elongated or ribbon=like structure with a few truly parallel nerves running the whole length of the limb. The central nerve is usually a bit stronger than the others and is termed the midnerve. The primary ner- ves do not branch off the midnerve, but are already dis-=- tinct at the very base of the limb; they may converge at the tip of the limb without actually joining. Secondary nerves are sometimes sent in the form of finer nerves crossing the intervals between the primary nerves. All nerves are simple or they may be joined by fine intercon- nections. Broader leaves also occur (e.g. many Liliaceae) ; they still fit the description above except that their primary nerves are somewhat curved and not truly parallel, although they are still said to be parallel as a matter of convenience. More rarely (e.g.: Smilax or the floating leaves of Potamogeton) the petiole will remain narrow and petiole-like in the lower part, but will be dilated into a blade in the upper part. Only very exceptionally will a Monopsid leaf be atypical (e.g. Trijlium, Arisaema) to be point of similarity to a Dicopsid leaf. Two keys are provided for the Monopsids. The first is a natural key based primarily on floral charac- teristics. A second and purely artificial key will be found at the end of the Monopsids, MONOPSIDA 2 1979 Boivin, Flora of Prairie Provinces a. Ovary of free and many-seeded carpels, or more commonly the carpels fused into a compound ova- ry, sometimes reduced to a single achene eceoece bo a's © wise wise ae oe he 0005.00 60.0 6a hee oie woe, -LOlliculidae aa. Carpels free and reduced to one=seeded achenes, sometimes reduced to a single carpel ..cccceceece Rs tne see © 48 CRE > bed ey BeRenNsaee H.. Sub-class 3. FOLLICULIDAE Ovary of 3-6 carpels and compound,or the carpels free and many-seeded, maturing into a capsule, a group of follicles or a4 berry, etc., sometimes an achene-like fruit reduced from a compound ovary. a. Perianth much reduced or absent. b. No spathe. ce Stem solid; each floret with only one bract ot the bpreacta nat oppose nce <0 seus os esdu Sea USb tan e et ee teecaes [tke VLYPEreles, 1, B00 cc. Stem hollow; each floret subtended by a peas ef: oppesi tes bracks Wales oes 6 oss b ha oS TOS oo ewe oh Te.? Orem na lesiop.) B79 bb. Spathe present, subtending the inflorescence. dgi Pratt Bilberry’ Wis « ALLIUM 1h PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 42, No.1 ge, disappearing before anthesis, Flowers in an umbel on a leafless scape. Perianth short, whitish. Early summer. Deciduous woods: Morden. --(NS), NB-sMan, US. 8. LILIUM L. LILY Basic type of the Family and of the Monopsids. A large flower with 6 petaloid tepals, 6 stamens and a 3-carpellate ovary. Stem leafy. Anthers attached dor-= sally, towards the middle. Bulb of fleshy scales, Fruit a 3-locular capsule. 1. L- philadelphicum L. var. philadelphicum -- Wood-Lily, Freckled Lily -- Flower very large and showy, of 6 red orange tepals, the latter unguiculate and coar- sely punctate in deep purple. Leaves narrow, mostly verti- cillate. Flowers often 2 or 3, but more commonly only one. Typically the stem is 4-8 dm high; the leaves are 5-10 mm wide and about half of them are alternate, the others form two verticils, one median, one terminal; the tepals are about 7 cm long, the claws 1.5=-2.0 cm long. First half of summer. Prairies and light woods. -- Q-Man, US -- Grades into the more common and mainly western var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker. (L. umbellatum Pursh) -- Prairie Lily -- Uppermost leaves forming a single verticil, the other leaves all or mostly alternate. Often a somewhat smaller plant. Typically 3-4 dm high; the leaves less than 5 mm wide; the tepals about 6 cm long, the claws 1,.0-1.5 cm long. --O-CB -= F. immaculatum Raup -- Flowers yellow and spotless or the spots rather weak. -- (Man-S)- -Alta. Intermediates are frequent throughout the range of the species, more so in Ontario. In accordance with our general practice, we have placed all such intermedia- tes with the locally prevalent type. On the basis of a sorting of some 200 sheets, the length of the claw would seem to be more clearly restricted geographically than most other characters. 9. FRITILLARIA L. FRITILLARY Anthers attached at the end, otherwise as in Li- lium, 1. E- pudica (Pursh) Sprengel -- Mission-Bell, Yellow Bell -- A single, showy, yellow, drooping flower of 6 oblanceolate tepals. 1-2-(4) dm high. Leaves 2-5, variously arranged, typically the upper 2 are opposite and the lower 3 alternate. Early to mid summer. Foot- hill prairies. --Alta-BC, US. 10. BRYTHRONIUM L. DOG-TOOTH=-VIOLET Leaves all basal, usually 2. Bulb solid. Other- wise like Fritillaria. LILIUM 14 1979 Boivin, Flora Prairie Provinces 15 1. BE. grandiflorum Pursh var. grandiflorum (var. pallidum St. John) -- Adam and Eve, Chamise-Lily -- Flo- wers 1-(3), large, showy, yellow, on a leafless scape. Leaves broadly lanceolate. Tepals lanceolate, recurved. Anthers purple or pale yellow. Mid spring to early sum- mer. Montane to low alpine. -=-swAlta-BC, US. In a more southern var. chrysandrum (Applegate) stat. n., ssp. chrysandrum Applegate, Contr. Dudley Herb. 2: 190. 1933, the anthers are golden yellow. The related genus Lloydia occurs west of us and L. serotina (L.) Reich. var. serotina has been reported by Hultén 1943 and Hitchcock 1969 as occurring in Alberta, querried by Boivin 1967. We know of no justifying speci- men; none could be located at S in 1968, or at WTU in 1969. 11. CALOCHORTUS Pursh MARIPOSA-LILY Resembles the last 3, but the sepals are stron- gly differenciated although petaloid. 1. C. apisulatus Baker -- Three-Spot-Lily -- With 3 -(4) leaves, of which one is basal and nearly reaches the flower level, the other 2 are many times shorter, op- posite, and borne in the upper part of the stem. Flowers 1-(3), yellow, large and showy. Petals unguiculate with @ purple spot at the summit of the claw and a suborbicu- lar blade. Sepals smaller, sessile, lanceolate. Early summer. Mountain slopes. --Alta-BC, US. 12, CAMASSIA Lindley BLUE CAMASS As in Lilium, but the leaves all basal and the inflorescence a raceme. 1. C. ash (Pursh) Greene var. Quamash -- Qua- mash, Soap-Root-Plant (Camace, Quamash) -- A showy raceme of large blue flowers. Leaves linear. Tepals narrowly oblanceolate, 3-5 mm wide, with 3 nerves. Early summer. Foothill prairies, locally abundant. --swAlta-BC, US. A more western var. maxima (Gould) Boivin has a more showy flower, the tepals being 5-10 mm wide and li- ned with 5-(9) nerves, although the sepals may rarely have only 3 nerves. 13. ASPARAGUS L. ASPARAGUS Flowers all or mostly solitary, axillary. True leaves very small and inconspicuous, functionally repla- ced by + filiform pseudo-leaves which represent reduced branches. 1. A. OFFICINALIS L. -- Asparagus (Asperge)-- Tall, feathery herb, over 1m high, growing in loose is CAMASSIA 16 PUY TT 04L -OsG a Vol. 42, No.1 colonies. Pseudo-leaves filiform, borne in small fasci- cles. Flowers yellow. Fruit red, turning black. Early summer. Cultivated and long persisting or even sprea- ding to ditches and river planes or bluffs. -- NS-(PEI)- NB-BC, US, Eur. 14, CLINTONIA Raf. CLINTONIA Similar to Lilium, but the leaves all basal and the. fruit a berry. a. Flowers yellow, mostly 3=5 ..o.s.2e-c000 1. C. borealis Ga. White and solitary ..sessecscoosseresecs Ss Gaulle ieee 1. €. borealis (Aiton) Raf. -- Poison-Berry, Blue- bead-Lily (Lis sauvage de la vallée) -- Herb with 2-3 large basal leaves and a few yellow flowers in an umbel. Inflorescence mostly of 3-5 flowers, sometimes with 1-2 additional flowers borne lower on the scape. Fruit blue. Late spring and early summer. Coniferous woods. --L- SPM, NS-seMan, US. 2. & uniflora (Schultes) Kunth -- Queen's Cup -- Similar to the last, an herb with a single white flo- wer on @ scape shorter than the 2-3 large basal leaves. Herbage villous, especially the scape. Early summer. Co- niferous woods: Waterton. --(Aka), swAlta-BC, US. 15. SMILACINA Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL Fruit a berry in a terminal raceme or panicle. Stem leafy, simple. a. Inflorescence a panicle seccceccecccee Lo S. racemosa aa. Inflorescence simpler, a terminal raceme, b. With 5-10 stem leaves ceccacsssese 2. Ss Stellata bb. Stem leaves fewer, usually only 3 oeee. ee ceescece ccc cs cescseccsvcccece0e So So trifolia 1. S. racemosg (L.) Desf. var. racemosa -=- Job's Tears (Raisinette) -- A simple herb with many large dis- tichous leaves and a terminal panicle of white flowers or red berries. Leaves + lanceolate, 3-4 times as long as wide and acuminate. Anthers 0.5-1.0 mm long, ovoid. Style 0.2-0.7 mm long, not elongating in fruit. Berry 5-7 mm across, solid red. Early summer. Woods, mainly Aspen groves; rare: Shoal Lake. -- (NF), NS-seMan -- Var. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Watson (S. amplexicaulis Nutt.) -- Anthers smaller, 0.3-0.5 mm, globular. Style longer, O.5-1.3 mm long, elongating to 1 mm or more in fruit. Berry smaller and paler, 4-5 mm across and punctate or pale red. -- (Aka), wAlta-BC, US -- Var. Jenkinsii Boivin (S. amplexicaulis Nutt. var. ovata Boivin) -- Leaves broader, suborbicular to narrowly elliptic, less than 3 times as long as wide; acutish to obtuse at tip. --swS- Alta. CLINTONIA 16 1979 Boivin, Flora Prairie Provinces ¥7 2. S. stellata (L.) Desf. -- Wood-Lily -- Simi- lar to the above, but the inflorescence simple and the larger fruit marked by 6 dark purple stripes. Late spring and early summer. Wet places and Aspen groves. --(seK) -Mack-Aka, sL-SPM, NS-BC, US, (Eur). 3. S. trifolia (L.) Desf. -- Tobacco-Berries, PR APD PL I IS SSO —_—_—_—_—— ) OOOO Scent-Bottle -- Leaves only (2)-3-(5) per plant. Flo- wers ina terminal spike. Fruit small, bright red. First half of summer. Frequent in bogs. --seK-Y, L- SPM, NS-BC, US, Eur. 16. MATANTHEMUM Weber WILD LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY Floral parts in 2's, Otherwise similar to Smi- lacina. 1. M. canadense Desf. var. canadense -- Lily, Wild Lily-of-the-Valley (Muguet, Petit Muguet) -- A small stoloniferous herb with numerous solitary and sterile cordate leaves, and less numerous stems bearing 2 oblong leaves and a terminal raceme of small white flowers. Herbage glabrous. KEarly summer. Woods. --L-SPM, NS- seMan, US -- Var. interius Fern. -= Herbage pubescent. -- Mack, O-BC, US. 17. DISPORUM Sal. Prurt’ a berry, “