. 2 PHYTOLOGIA An international journal to expedite plant systematic; phytogeographical and ecological publication? °: / 3k, ’ a Vol. 74 March 19936 0 SALC. “TING. 3 ; CONTENTS /TAKHTAJAN, A.L. & J.L. REVEAL, Austrotaxaceae, a new family of Pino- ' 7 he iO AS tC CAR a iY RIO MASON A ON 169 ? REVEAL, J.L. & A.L. TAKHTAJAN, Three new suprafamilial names in | DMIGEROMO DN Yeas aaah eS UV EV Me Ely ua diie WMS SRECE GRRE REL ARE EK UIE 171 ti ‘REVEAL, J.L., New ordinal names for extant vascular plants. ......... 173 REVEAL, J.L., New subclass and superordinal names for extant vascular 1h Ae MOM ARSON A RR ADO LARA AL TOA ARR MPA A SEN 178 ‘REVEAL, J.L., The correct name of the northern expression of Sarracenia purpured) 1. /(marraceniacbaeyy iis ivi bso erect yw sili aie 180 REVEAL, J.L., Streptopus lanceolatus (Aiton) Reveal, a new name for Strep- topus roseus Michx. (Convallariaceae). .............0..0 0 cee cece eee 185 REVEAL, J.L., On the valid publication of Collinsia violacea Nuttall (Scro- po TE 7ol FY MAU SLU CE NOBUS Ina NOU GI A ARS A RAR I Ye 190 / REVEAL, J.L., Automatically typified superordinal and ordinal names for ¢ the flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) as recognized by Thorne (1992) and arranged following the principles of priority, autonymy, and the substi- FubrOnVor Alfernativemamest (USAR Re CUCU EA Th ot A) yee 193 REVEAL, J.L., A splitter’s guide to the higher taxa of the flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) generally arranges to follow the sequence proposed by Thorne (1992) with certain modifications. .........00000eeccccceee 203 Contents continued on the inside cover. (Contents continued) W MACROBERTS, B.H. & M.H. MACROBERTS, Erratum. .......... +. 26 , TURNER, B.L., A new species of Perityle (Asteraceae, Helenieae) fron Sonora, México. ee ed heee idee hie eles aR ane rr ad TURNER, B.L. & C.C. COWAN, Darcya (Scrophulariaceae), a new genu from Central and, South America... :..:..3. 00/0) /eeee ae . 26 Books received. eee wwe eee ee ee eee eee eee eee e eee eer ee eee eeere ee eee eeeeeeeeee PHYTOLOGIA (ISSN 00319430) is published monthly with two volumes per ‘ye a 4 by Michael J. Warnock, 185 Westridge Drive, Huntsville, TX 77340. Second Of s individual subscription (2 issues): $36.00. Annual domestic institut subscription (12 issues): $40.00. Foreign and/or airmail postage extra. Single sales: Current issue and back issues volume 67 to present, $3.50; Back i per volume postage US ($4.00 per rahe foreign). POSTMASTER: sendaad id oie changes to Phytologia, 185 Westridge Drive, Huntsville, TX 77340. fy Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):169-170. AUSTROTAXACEAE, A NEW FAMILY OF PINOPHYTA Armen L. Takhtajan V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Prof. Popov Street, 197022 St. Petersburg, RUSSIA & James L. Reveal Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 U.S.A. ABSTRACT Austrotaxaceae, the name of a monogeneric New Caledonian gym- nospermous family long thought to have been validly published by Nakai (1938, 1943), is validated. KEY WORDS: Austrotaxaceae, nomenclature, New Caledonia One of the family names in current use not accounted for by Reveal & Hoogland (1990, 1991) is Austrotaxaceae, a monogeneric taxon of Pinophyta from the northern part of New Caledonia. The name is validated here so that it may be included in a list of vascular plant family names (Hoogland & Reveal 1993) being considered for protection under the provisions proposed by Greuter (1991) for names in current use. Austrotaxaceae Nakai er Takhtajan & Reveal, fam. nov. A Taxaceis stro- bilo masculo paniculato-spicato bracteato, bracteis stamina peltata sub- tendentibus, strobili foeminei cum bracteatus sterilibus spiraliter disposi- tis, et tracheidis marginato-punctalis haud spiraliter dispositis incrassatis diversae. - TYPE: Austrotarus Compton (1922). Austrotaxaceae was first proposed by Nakai (Tyosen-Sanrin 158:14. 1938 and Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Nov. App.| 35. 1943), but the 169 170 PHYTOLOGIA volume 74(3):169-170 March 1993 name was a nomen nudum. Airy Shaw (in J.H. Willis, Dict. Fl. Pl. Ferns, ed. 7, 108. 1966 and ed. 8, 112. 1973), and C.R. Gunn et al. (U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. 1796:11. 1992) cited the name in synonymy, while J.A. Duke (Fam. Polyclave A8. 1969) provided diagnostic features but gave no Latin description, so that his name is invalid (Art. 36.1; Greuter et al. 1988). The name was accepted by Takhtajan (Florist. Reg. World 310. 1986, nom. nud.). ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks are extended to J.H. Wiersema and R.C. Barneby for reviewing the manuscript, and the latter for reviewing and correcting the Latin. The second author’s work on ordinal and plant family names in Europe was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BSR-8812816. This is Scientific Article A- 6427, Contribution No. 8620, of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. LITERATURE CITED Greuter, W. 1991. Proposals to amend the Code, and report of Special Committee 6B: Provisions for granting nomenclatural protection to listed names in current use. Taxon 40:669-677. H.M. Burdet, W.G. Chaloner, V. Demoulin, R. Grolle, D.L. Hawks- worth, D.H. Nicolson, P.C. Silva, F.A. Stafleu, E.G. Voss, & J. McNeill (editors.). 1988. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, adopted by the Fourteenth International Botanical Congress, Berlin, July-August 1987. Regnum Veg. 118. Hoogland, R.D. & J.L. Reveal. 1993. Vascular Plant Family Names in Cur- rent Use. Regnum Veg., in press. Reveal, J.L. & R.D. Hoogland. 1990. Validation of five family names in the Magnoliophyta. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. ser. 4, B Adansonia 12:205-208. Reveal, J.L. & R.D. Hoogland. 1991. Validation of three family names in the Magnoliophyta. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. ser. 4, B Adansonia 13:91-93. Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):171-172. THREE NEW SUPRAFAMILIAL NAMES IN MAGNOLIOPHYTA James L. Reveal Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 U.S.A. & Armen L. Takhtajan V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Prof. Popov Street, 197022 St. Petersburg, RUSSIA ABSTRACT Three suprafamilial names proposed by Takhtajan in 1967, Dilleni- idae, Dillenianae, and Barbeyales, are validated here as the initially cited validating descriptions were not in Latin as required by Art. 36.1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. KEY WORDS: Magnoliophyta, subclass, superorders, orders, nomen- clature In 1967, the junior author proposed a series of suprafamilial names within Magnoliophyta, basing each on “a previously and effectively published de- scription or diagnosis” as required by Art. 32.1(c) of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter et al. 1988). Unfortunately, three of those new names were not validated by a Latin description or diagnosis as mandated by Art. 36.1. Accordingly, the following names, long in use, are proposed again. Dilleniidae Takhtajan ez Reveal & Takhtajan, subclass. nov. based on Dil- leniaceae R.A. Salisbury, Parad. Lond. 2: sub t. 73. 1807 (“Dilleneae”). - T.: Dillenta Linnaeus (1753). 171 172 PHYTOLOGIA volume 74(3):171-172 March 1993 Dillenianae Takhtajan ez Reveal & Takhtajan, superord. nov. based on Dil- leniaceae R.A. Salisbury, Parad. Lond. 2: sub t. 73. 1807 (“Dilleneae”). - T.: Dillenta Linnaeus (1753). Barbeyales Takhtajan ez Reveal & Takhtajan, ord. nov. based on the origi- nal description of the type genus Barbeya Schweinfurth, Malpighia 5:332. 1892.; Barbeyaceae Rendle, 1916, nom. cons. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks are extended to B.E. Dutton and Dr. J.H. Wiersema for reviewing the manuscript. This is Scientific Article A-6426, Contribution No. 8619, of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. LITERATURE CITED Greuter, W., H.M. Burdet, W.G. Chaloner, V. Demoulin, R. Grolle, D.L. Hawksworth, D.H. Nicolson, P.C. Silva, F.A. Stafleu, E.G. Voss, & J. McNeill (editors.). 1988. International Code of Botanical Nomen- clature, adopted by the Fourteenth International Botanical Congress, Berlin, July-August 1987. Regnum Veg. 118. Takhtajan, A.L. 1967. Systema et Phylogenia Magne Officna Editoria “Nauka”, Leningrad, U.S.S.R. Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):173-177. NEW ORDINAL NAMES FOR EXTANT VASCULAR PLANTS James L. Reveal Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 U.S.A. ABSTRACT Ten ordinal names proposed by me in 1992 are validated here as the cited validating descriptions were not in Latin as required by Art. 36.1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Sixteen ad- ditional ordinal names discovered in the literature since 1992 are validly published: ten are members of Polypodiophyta: Aspleniales, Blech- nales, Dicksoniales, Hymenophyllopsidales, Loxsomatales, Ma- toniales, Negripteridales, Plagiogyriales, Platyzomatales, and Stromatopteridales. Two are referred to Pinophyta: Cephalotaxales and Sciadopityales. The remaining five are flowering plants (Magno- liophyta): Byblidales, Icacinales, Myrothamnales, Rhizophorales, and Tecophilaeales. KEY WORDS: Polypodiophyta, Pinophyta, Magnoliophyta, or- ders, nomenclature In an article published in 1992, I attempted to validate numerous ordinal names now in current use but failed to follow all of the provisions in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter et al. 1988). Although all of the validating descriptions (Art. 32.1[c]) cited were validly published (Art. 32.3), I did not realize that Art. 36.1 mandated that after 1 Jan 1935, a name of a new taxon (not defined in the Code except partially in Art. 72.1[a]) must be accompanied by a reference to a previously and effectively published Latin description or diagnosis. As many of the validating descriptions I cited were in English, German, or French, it is necessary to validate the names with a description in Latin. However, unlike the provisions relative to the valid publication of names at and below the rank of family (Art. 41), the Latin description for suprafamilial ranks can be taken from any rank as there are no provisions in the Code to the contrary. Accordingly, the following names are proposed again. 173 174 PHY TOLOGTA volume 74(3):173-177 March 1993 Actinidiales Takhtajan ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on the description of the type genus Actinidia J. Lindley by Bentham in Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl: 1:184. 1862; Actinidiaceae J. Hutchinson, 1926. Cercidiphyllales H.-H. Hu ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on the description of type genus Cercidiphyllum Siebold & Zuccarini by Walpers in Ann. Bot. Syst. 1:364. 1848; Cercidiphyllaceae Engler, 1909. Crossosomatales Takhtajan er Reveal, ord. nov. based on the description of the type genus Crossosoma Nuttall by Bentham in Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1:15. 1862; Crossosomataceae Engler, 1897. Dioncophyllales Takhtajan ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on Dioncophyllaceae (Gilg) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 6:333. 1952. - T.: Dioncophyllum Baillon, nom. cons. Eupteleales H.-H. Hu ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on the description of the type genus Euptelea Zuccarini by Hooker in Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1:954. 1867; Eupteleaceae K. Wilhelm, 1910. Hydrostachyales Diels ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on [Podostemaceae] sub- fam. [“subordo”] Hydrostachyoideae [“Hydrostachyeae”| Weddell in Alph. de Candolle, Prodr. 17:86. 1873. - T.: Hydrostachys Du Petit-Thouars; Hydrostachyaceae Engler, 1898. Lactoridales Takhtajan er Reveal, ord. nov. based on the description of the type genus Lactoris R.A. Philippi by Bentham in Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 3:127. 1880; Lactoridaceae Engler, 1888. Salvadorales R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on the description of the type genus Salvadora Linnaeus by Endlicher, Gen. Pl. [15:]1141. 1840; Salvadoraceae J. Lindley (1836), nom. cons. Welwitschiales C. Skottsberg ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on the description of the type genus Welwitschia J.D. Hooker, nom. cons., by Bentham in Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 3:417, 418. 1880; Welwitschiaceae Markgraf, 1926. Winterales A.C. Smith ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on [Magnoliaceae] trib. Wintereae Bentham in Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1:17. 1862. T.: Wintera J.A. Murray, nom. illeg. = Drimys J.R. & G. Forster; Winteraceae R. Brown ez Lindley, 1830. Continued work on ordinal names has revealed others that require valida- tion since I accounted for several in 1992. Dr. Ruurd D. Hoogland has pointed out to me that most of the ordinal names proposed by Tieghem are not validly Reveal: New ordinal names for vascular plants 175 published as they fall afoul of Ex. 6 in Art. 18. Although Tieghem used the termination “-ales”, the names themselves were treated by Tieghem as French, and I accept Hoogland’s recommendation that such names must be considered invalid. Aspleniales Pichi Sermolli ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on [Filicaceae (“Fil- ices”)] D. Asplenieae (“Aspleniaceae”) S.F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:11. 1821 - T.: Asplenium Linnaeus; Aspleniaceae Newman, 1840. Blechnales Pichi Sermolli ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on [Filicaceae (“Fil- ices”)] trib. Blechneae (“Blechnaceae”) C. Presl, Epimel. Bot. 103. 1851 [Abh. Konig]. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 6:463. 1851]. - T.: Blechnum Linnaeus; Blechnaceae (C. Presl) Copeland, 1947. Byblidales Nakai ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on the original description of type genus Byblis R.A. Salisbury, Parad. Lond. 2: sub t. 95. 1808; Byblidaceae Domin, 1922. Cephalotaxales Takhtajan ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on the original de- scription of the type genus Cephalotarus Siebold & Zuccarini ez Endlicher, Gen. Pl. Suppl. 2:27. 1842; Cephalotaxaceae Neger, 1907. Dicksoniales Pichi Sermolli ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on [Filicaceae (“Fil- ices” )| trib. Dicksonieae (“Dicksoniaceae”) C. Presl, Abh. Konig]. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 4, 5: [= Tent. Pterid.| 133. 1836. - T.: Dicksonia L’Heéritier. Hymenophyllopsidales Pichi Sermolli ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on Hy- menophyllopsidaceae Pichi Sermolli, Webbia 24:712. 1970. - T.: Hy- menophyllopsis Goebel. Icacinales Tieghem ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on [Olacaceae (“Olacineae” )| trib. Icacineae Bentham, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 18:679. 1841. - T.: Icacina A.H.L. de Jussieu. Loxsomatales Pichi Sermolli ex Reveal, ord. nov. based on Loxsomataceae C. Presl, Gefassbindel Farrn 31. 1847 [Abh. Konig]. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 5:339. 1848] (“Loxsomaceae”). - T.: Lozsoma R. Brown ez A. Cunningham, as “Lozoma”. Matoniales Pichi Sermolli ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on Matoniaceae C. Presl, Gefassbiindel Farrn 32. 1847 [Abh. Konigl. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 5:340. 1848]. - T.: Matonia R. Brown ez Wallich. 176 PHYTOLOGIA volume 74(3):173-177 March 1993 Myrothamnales Nakai ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on the description of the type genus Myrothamnus Welwitsch by Hooker in Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1:1005. 1867; Myrothamnaceae Niedenzu, 1891. Negripteridales Pichi Sermolli ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on Negripteri- daceae Pichi Sermolli, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. ser. 2, 53:160. 1946. - T.: Negripteris Pichi Sermolli. Plagiogyriales Pichi Sermolli ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on the original description of Plagiogyria Mettenius, Abhandl. Senkenb. Ges. 2:265. 1858; Plagiogyriaceae Bower, 1926. Platyzomatales Pichi Sermolli ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on Platyzomat- aceae Nakai, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. 29:4. 1950. - T.: Platyzoma R. Brown. Rhizophorales Tieghem ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on Rhizophoraceae R. Brown in Flinders, Voy. Terra Austral. 2:549. 1814 (“Rhizophoreae”). - T.: Rhizophora Linnaeus. Sciadopityales Takhtajan ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on the original de- scription of the type genus Sciadopitys Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. 2:1. 1842; Sciadopityaceae Luerssen, 1877. Stromatopteridales Pichi Sermolli ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on [Gleicheni- aceae] subfam. Stromatopteridoideae Nakai, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. 29:32. 1950. - T.: Stromatopteris Mettenius; Stromatopteridaceae (Nakai) Bier- horst, 1968. Tecophilaeales Traub ez Reveal, ord. nov. based on Tecophilaeaceae F. Leybold, Bonplandia 10:370. 1862, nom. cons. - T.: Tecophilaea Bertero ez L.A. Colla. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks are extended to A.L. Takhtajan, B.E. Dutton, and J.H. Wiersema for reviewing the manuscript. Work on ordinal and plant family names in Europe was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BSR-8812816. This is Scientific Article A-6424, Contribution No. 8617, of the Maryland Agri- cultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. Reveal: New ordinal names for vascular plants TT LITERATURE CITED Greuter, W., H.M. Burdet, W.G. Chaloner, V. Demoulin, R. Grolle, D.L. Hawksworth, D.H. Nicolson, P.C. Silva, F.A. Stafleu, E.G. Voss, & J. McNeill (editors.). 1988. International Code of Botanical Nomen- clature, adopted by the Fourteenth International Botanical Congress, Berlin, July-August 1987. Regnum Veg. 118. Reveal, J.L. 1992. Validation of ordinal names of extant vascular plants. Novon 2:238-240. Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):178-179. NEW SUBCLASS AND SUPERORDINAL NAMES FOR EXTANT VASCULAR PLANTS James L. Reveal Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 U.S.A. ABSTRACT One subclass and four superorders proposed by me in 1992 are val- idated here as the cited validating descriptions cited were not in Latin as required by Art. 36.1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomen- clature. The new taxa are Lamiidae, Eucommianae, Fab-anae, Theanae, and Zingiberanae. KEY WORDS: Magnoliophyta, subclass, superorder, nomencla- ture In an article published in 1992, I attempted to validate numerous subclass and superordinal names now in current use but failed to follow all of the pro- visions in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter et al. 1988). Although all of the validating descriptions (Art. 32.1[c]) cited were validly published (Art. 32.3), I did not realize that Art. 36.1 mandated that after 1 Jan 1935, a name of a new taxon (not defined in the Code except par- tially in Art. 72.1[a]) must be accompanied by a reference to a previously and effectively published Latin description or diagnosis. As a few of the validating descriptions I cited were in English or German, it is necessary to validate the names with a description in Latin. However, unlike the provisions relative to the valid publication of names at and below the rank of family (Art. 41), the Latin description for suprafamilial ranks can be taken from any rank as there are no provisions in the Code to the contrary. Accordingly, the following Names are proposed again. Lamiidae Takhtajan ez Reveal, subclass. nov. based on Labiatae A.L. de Jussieu, Gen. Pl. 110. 1789, nom. cons. - T.: Lamium Linnaeus (1753); Lamiaceae Lindley (1836). 178 Reveal: New subclass and superordinal names for vascular plants 179 Eucommianae Takhtajan ez Reveal, superord. nov. based on the original description of the type genus Eucommia Oliver in Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 20: t. 1950. 1890. Fabanae R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, superord. nov. based on Class Leguminosae Endlicher, Gen. Pl. xlvii, 1253. 1841. - T.: Faba P. Miller (1754); Fabaceae Lindley (1836). Theanae Thorne ez Reveal, superord. nov. based on Class Lamprophyllae Bartling, Ord. Nat. Pl. 225, 333. 1830. - T.: Thea Linnaeus (1753); Theaceae D. Don (1825). Zingiberanae Takhtajan ez Reveal, superord. nov. based on Class Scita- mineae Bartling, Ord. Nat. Pl. 24, 59. 1830. - T.: Zingiber G.R. Boehmer, nom. cons. (1760); Zingiberidaceae Lindley (1835). ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks are extended to A.L. Takhtajan, B.E. Dutton, and J.H. Wiersema for reviewing the manuscript. Work on ordinal arid plant family names in Europe was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BSR-8812816. This is Scientific Article A-6424, Contribution No. 8617, of the Maryland Agri- cultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. LITERATURE CITED Greuter, W., H.M. Burdet, W.G. Chaloner, V. Demoulin, R. Grolle, D.L. Hawksworth, D.H. Nicolson, P.C. Silva, F.A. Stafleu, E.G. Voss, & J. McNeill (editors.). 1988. International Code of Botanical Nomen- clature, adopted by the Fourteenth International Botanical Congress, Berlin, July-August 1987. Regnum Veg. 118. Reveal, J.L. 1992. Validation of subclass and superordinal names in Magno- liophyta. Novon 2:235-237. Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):180-184. THE CORRECT NAME OF THE NORTHERN EXPRESSION OF SARRACENIA PURPUREA L. (SARRACENIACEAE) James L. Reveal Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 U.S.A. ABSTRACT Due to a lectotypification, and an inability to conserve the name and type of a taxon that impacts upon infraspecific nomenclature, the correct name for the northern expression of Sarracenia purpurea L. is not var. purpurea as traditionally understood but var. terrae-novae de la Pylaie. The southern expression of the species, known as var. venosa (Raf.) Fernald, must now be named var. purpurea. KEY WORDS: Sarracenia, Sarraceniaceae, nomenclature One of the guiding principles of systematics is that taxonomy drives nomen- clature, not the other way around. The example presented here is one of those instances where differences in taxonomic opinion and an unfortunate lectotyp- ification have resulted in a conflicting nomenclature. In 1840, Rafinesque (p. 33) divided Linnaeus’ (1753:510) Sarracenia pur- purec L. into two species, listing S. gibbosa Raf. (under the orthography, Saraz- ina) as a new name for S. purpurea and then appended S. grandiflora Raf. as an alternative for that. In doing so he established the concept that 5. purpurea applied to a northern plant that occurred from Canada to Virginia. For the southern expression, Rafinesque proposed S. venosa Raf.; this, he said, grew from Virginia to Florida. Sarracenia purpurea was regarded as a widespread, albeit variable species (save for the recognition of S. heterophylla A. Eaton at some infraspecific rank) until 1933 when Wherry recognized two subspecies, the northern subsp. gzb- bosa (Raf.) Wherry and the southern subsp. venosa (Raf.) Wherry. Fernald (1936:233) subsequently proposed var. venosa, and Wherry (1972:146) eventu- ally corrected the name of the northern taxon to the autonym subsp. purpurea. Recognition of two expressions within Sarracenia purpurea has not been uniformly accepted. Bell (1949) rejected the distinction, but it was accepted 180 Reveal: Correct name for northern Sarracenia purpurea 181 by Fernald (1950), Gleason (1952), and Gleason & Cronquist (1963, 1991). In Canada, Rousseau (1974) and Taylor & MacBryde (1977) recognized var. purpurea, Scoggan (1978) the f. purpurea, and other authors (Scoggan 1957; Looman & Best 1979; Porsild & Cody 1980; Moss 1983; Hinds 1986) defined the range of S. purpurea so as to exclude that of the southern var. venosa. Authors of several recent southeastern United States floras (Radford et al. 1964; Duncan & Kartesz 1981; Clewell 1985) have not recognized var. venosa, although it was accepted by Murry & Urbatsch (1979). A distinction between the two has long been championed by Schnell (1976, 1979, 1981) and this was accepted by Kartesz & Kartesz (1980). One of the mysteries associated with the Linnaean herbarium is the lack of Linnaeus’ specimens of Sarracenia. There was a genus folder but no specimens when James E. Smith purchased the herbarium (Jackson 1907). Linnaeus likely had herbarium material since S. purpurea was collected by Kalm (UPS), and the plant had been in cultivation since the early 1600s (Juniper et al. 1989:14). Nonetheless, no original Linnaean herbarium material has ever been traced. (The Kalm sheet can not be considered original material as there is no evidence that Linnaeus examined the sheet.) Without any available specimens, McDaniel (1971:26) lectotypified Sar- racenia purpurea on a Catesby (1738: t. 70) plate of var. venosa, one of only two available elements from which a selection could be made, the other being the Plukenet (1705: t. 376, f. 6; voucher: H.5. 90:59, BM-SL) figure selected by Wherry (1933:2) as the neotype (as “type”; Art. 8.3; Greuter et al. 1988) of var. venosa. McDaniel, who did not distinguish varieties, recognized that because of his typification, the northern element, if such were distinguished, would have to be called var. terrae-novae de la Pylaie (1827:389); however, this name has not been adopted by any modern author. Before urging the adoption of the de la Pylaie name, should one wish to distinguish between the two expressions, a conservation proposal was prepared and submitted for review by members of the Spermatophyte Committee in the hopes of being able to conserve the name and the type of Sarracenia purpurea on the northern expression represented by the Kalm sheet. The argument was that the infraspecific autonym purpurea “has been widely and persistently used for a taxon or taxa not including its type ...” (Art. 63) since 1971 when McDaniel lectotypified S. purpurea upon the southern var. venosa. In this case, the effect on the rank of the taxon in question was not at the specific level, for which conservation was requested, but at an autonymic infraspecific rank, and then only when a taxonomic distinction is made between two expressions of questionable merit. In this case conservation is not possible as the type of the species (the southern expression) is still representative of the species, and therefore the specific name can not be considered under any provision in the current Code (Greuter et al. 1988) as Sarracenia purpurea has not been misapplied, only a variant of it has been misapplied. 182 PHYTOLOGIA volume 74(3):180-184 March 1993 If the proposal could have been adopted, the application of Sarracenia purpurea would have continued as currently understood in the popular (e.g., Cheers 1983; Slack 1986; McKeown 1991), garden (Hindle 1991), and technical systematic literature when the species is divided into a northern var. purpurea and a southern var. venosa. As such a proposal can not even be considered, the northern variant must be called var. terra-novae de la Pylaie, a name heretofore not taken up. If one were to recognize the taxon at the subspecific rank, a new combination is necessary. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Charles Jarvis and Dr. Fred Barrie for their com- ments. Work on the typification of temperate eastern North American plants is supported by National Science Foundation Grant BSR-8812816. This is Sci- entific Article A-6268, Contribution No. 8437, of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. LITERATURE CITED Bell, C.R. 1949. A cytotaxonomic study of the Sarraceniaceae of North America. J. Elias Mitchell Sci. Soc. 65:137-166. Catesby, M. 1738. The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. Vol. 2. Privately published, London, Great Britain. Cheers, G. 1983. Carnivorous Plants. Globe Press, Melbourne, Australia. Clewell, A.F. 1985. Guide to the Vascular Plants of the Florida Panhandle. University Presses of Florida, Tallahassee, Florida. Duncan, W.H. & M.B. Duncan. 1987. The Smithsonian Guide to Seaside Plants of the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. & J.T. Kartesz. 1981. Vascular Flora of Georgia. University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia. Fernald, M.L. 1936. IX. Minor forms and transfers. Rhodora 38:233-236. . 1950. Gray’s Manual of Botany, 8th ed. American Book Co., New York, New York, etc. Reveal: Correct name for northern Sarracenia purpurea 183 Gleason, H. 1952. The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the North- eastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Lancaster Press, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. —______ & A.. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand Co., New York, New York. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. Greuter, W., H.M. Burdet, W.G. Chaloner, V. Demoulin, R. Grolle, D.L. Hawksworth, D.H. Nicolson, P.C. Silva, F.A. Stafleu, E.G. Voss, & J. McNeill (editors.). 1988. International Code of Botanical Nomen- clature, adopted by the Fourteenth International Botanical Congress, Berlin, July-August 1987. Regnum Veg. 118. Hindle, A. 1991. Sarracenia species, sub-species and forms. Carniv. Pl. Soc. J. 15(1):18-20. Hinds, H.R. 1986. The Flora of New Brunswick. Primrose Press, Fredericton, New Brunswick. . Jackson, B.D. 1907. On a manuscript list of the Linnaean herbarium in the handwriting of Carl von Linné. Proc. Linn. Soc. London 119:89-126. Juniper, B.E., R.J. Robins, & D.M. Joel. 1989. The Carnivorous Plants. Academic Press, London, Great Britain, etc. Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Salvius, Stockholm, Sweden. Looman, J. & K.F. Best. 1979. Budd’s Flora of the Canadian Prairie Provinces. Res. Branch Agric. Canada Publ. 1662. McDaniel, S. 1971. The genus Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae). Bull. Tall Tim- bers Res. Stat. 9. McKeown, P. 1991. Seed bank report. CPS News 1991(2):4-6. Moss, E.H. 1983. Flora of Alberta, second edition revised by J.G. Packer. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. Murry, R.E., Jr. & L.E. Urbatsch. 1979. Preliminary reports on the flora of Louisiana. III. The families Droseraceae and Sarraceniaceae. Castanea 44:24-27. 184 PHYTOLOGIA volume 74(3):180-184 March 1993 Plukenet, L. 1705. Amaltheum Botanicum. Privately published, London, Great Britain. Porsild, A.E. & W.J. Cody. 1980. Vascular Plants of Continental Northwest Territories, Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Pylaie, M.B. de la. 1827. Du genre Sarracenia en famille, et description de la variété S. purpurea, croissant a l’ile de Terre-Neuve. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6:379-395. Rafinesque, C.S. 1840. Autskon Botanikon. Privately published, Philadel- phia, Pennsylvania. Rousseau, G. 1974. Géographie Floristique du Québec-Labrador. University of Laval Press, Québec, Canada. Schnell, D.E. 1976. Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada. Blair, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. 1979. A critical review of published variants of Sarracenia purpurea. Castanea 44:47-59. . 1981. Sarracenia purpurea L. ssp. venosa(Raf.) Wherry: Variations in the Carolinas coastal plain. Castanea 46:225-234. Scoggan, H.J. 1957. Flora of Manitoba. Natl. Mus. Canad. Bull. 140. 1978. The Flora of Canada, Part 3 - Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci. Publ. Bot. 7(3). Slack, A. 1986. Insect-Eating Plants and How to Grow Them. Aphabooks, Sherborne, England. Taylor, R.L. & B. MacBryde. 1977. Vascular Plants of British Columbia. Bot. Gard. Univ. British Columbia Techn. Bull. 4. Wherry, E.T. 1933. The geographic relations of Sarracenia purpurea. Bar- tonia 15:1-16. 1972. Notes on Sarracenia subspecies. Castanea 37:146-147. Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):185-189. STREPTOPUS LANCEOLATUS (AITON) REVEAL, A NEW NAME FOR STREPTOPUS ROSEUS MICHX. (CONVALLARIACEAE) James L. Reveal Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 U.S.A. ABSTRACT Solander (in litt.) proposed Uvularia lanceolata for Newfoundland specimens gathered by Banks in 1766. When formally published by Aiton in 1789, references were made to a 1635 Cornut illustration and a 1785 Menzies introduction. The name is lectotypified here on the Banks sheet annotated by Solander, a specimen of Streptopus roseus Michaux. The Aiton name is transferred to Streptopus, as S. lanceolatus, and three new infraspecific combinations are proposed. The name applied to the widespread expression, 5S. roseus variety perspectus Fassett, becomes a synonym of variety lanceolatus. ' KEY WORDS: Streptopus, Uvularia, nomenclature, typification, Linnaeus The identity of Uvularia lanceolata Aiton (1789:434) has long been doubt- ful. Authorship of the name is technically attributed to Aiton (Reveal 1985, 1990), but the name and description were proposed by one of his employees, Daniel Solander (1733-1782). Solander’s premature death prevented many of his scientific names from being published under his own authorship, and Stafleu & Cowan (1985:721) list no independently authored books, although numerous Solander manuscripts are extant in the Department of Botany Li- brary at The Natural History Museum (BM) in London (Diment & Wheeler 1984). A review of Solander’s notes and specimens at BM has shown that Uvu- laria lanceolata is the earliest available name for Streptopus roseus Michaux (1803:201). In April, 1766, Joseph Banks (1743-1820) set out on his first foreign scien- tific expedition, traveling aboard the Niger to St. Johns, Newfoundland (Carter 185 186 PHYTOLOGIA volume 74(3):185-189 March 1993 1988:32). Banks kept a journal, and recorded therein many of his acquisitions. He collected numerous plant and animal specimens during his month-long (11 May-11 June 1766) stay at St. Johns. On 11 June the Niger sailed to Croque Harbor at the northeast tip of the island and lay at anchor for a week (13- 19 June). At both sites, Banks collected specimens Solander later annotated Uvularia lanceolata. In Solander’s manuscript “slip catalogue” (vol. 8, p. 537, BM) is the fol- lowing entry: lanceolata UVULARIA foliis perfoliatis ova- to lanceolatis acuminatis. Polygonatum ramosum flore luteo minuj. Cornut. can. 40. t. 41. Morts. hist. Habitat in Terra Labrador America septentrionalis Differt ab Uvularia perfoliata 437.2 mscr quod Caulis majis ramosior festicet a singula ala, quod flores minore, & quid folia angustiora & acuminata. This entry was also included in Solander’s unpublished 1767 manuscript, “Descriptions of plants from various parts of the world,” copied from the slip catalogue by Herman Diedrich Sporing (Marshall 1978). On the slip is a large “L,” which Marshall felt alluded to specimens in the Sloane herbarium (BM- SL), and a large “+” indicating that Solander included the name in Aiton’s Hortus Kewensis. I have been unable to find a specimen annotated by Solander with Uvularia lanceolata among the more than 300 volumes of dried plants in the Sloane herbarium, but one or more probably exist. Nonetheless, on two Banks sheets now in the general herbarium (BM), Solander wrote this manuscript name. No reference was made to the Banks specimens when the name was proposed in 1789, but under Article 7.4 (Greuter et al. 1988), they are still “original material” as Solander examined them prior to publication, and by annotating them with his binomial, he associated the two sheets with the concept of the named taxon. When Aiton (1789) proposed the name he cited a Cornut (1635:36) name and figure (t. 37) in synonymy with the comment “Introd. 1785, by Mr. Archibald Menzies.” The specimen illustrated by Cornut in all likelihood is Uvularia grandiflora J.E. Smith, but what Menzies introduced is less certain. Reveal: New name for Streptopus roseus 187 Archibald Menzies (1754-1842), best known as the surgeon-naturalist with Colnett and later Vancouver in the Pacific Northwest, was ship’s surgeon aboard HMS Assistance on the Halifax station in 1785 and 1786. He was a correspondent of Banks, and no doubt sent Banks seeds; Menzies certainly gave Banks live plants when he returned to England in August, 1786 (Carter 1988:222). I have not found a specimen of either Uvularza or Streptopus that I can directly attribute to Menzies, nor a cultivated specimen that I can as- sociate with any 1785 introduction. However, there is a Labrador specimen of Streptopus, mounted with the Banks collection from St. Johns, that I believe is the Menzies voucher. Lysaght (1971:321) mistakenly attributed the Labrador specimen to Banks, but Banks never collected this specimen in Labrador. The correct application of the name Uvularia lanceolata has long been problematic. Pursh (1814:231) considered it to be the same as U. grandiflora whereas Baker (1880:462) placed it in synonymy under U. perfoliata Linnaeus. Wilbur (1963:186) expressed a “strong suspicion” that U. lanceolata was the first binomial for U. grandiflora, but the name “should remain unassigned until authentic specimens are discovered.” The discovery Wilbur suggested has now been made, and as a result the following new combinations are required: Streptopus lanceolatus (Aiton) Reveal, comb. nov. BASIONYM: Uvu- lartia lanceolata Aiton, Hort. Kew. 1:434. 1789. TYPE: CANADA. Newfoundland: in woods near Croque, 13-19 June 1766, Banks s.n. (LECTOTYPE [here designated]: BM). Streptopus roseus Michx. var. perspectus Fassett, Rhodora 37:109. 1935. TYPE: UNITED STATES. New Hampshire: under trees, floor of Tuckerman’s Ravine, Mt. Washington, 27 June 1934, Fassett 16422 (HOLOTYPE: WIS). Streptopus roseus Michx. f. giganteus Fassett, Rhodora 37:110. 1935. TYPE: CANADA. Quebec: Ile Nue, Archipel de Mingan, 28 July 1926, Victorin & Rolland 24386 (HOLOTYPE: MT). Banks does not mention specifically in his journal as having collected Strep- topus lanceolatus at Croque. Nonetheless, he annotated the lectotype “New- foundland in woods near Croque,” and in his list of plants gathered in 1766, there is an entry that reads (mss. p. 11) “Uvularia Amplexifolia Shady Places Croque S‘ Johns”. The lectotype is the widespread phase of the species, which ranges from southern Labrador to the mountains of South Carolina, westward to southern Ontario and Michigan (Fernald 1906; Fassett 1935). Three other combinations are necessary: 188 PHYTOLOGIA volume 74(3):185-189 March 1993 Streptopus lanceolatus (Aiton) Reveal var. curvipes (Vail) Reveal, comb. nov. BASIONYM: Streptopus curvipes Vail in Rydberg, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28:267. 1901. Streptopus roseus Michx. var. curvipes (Vail) Fassett, Rhodora 37:110. 1935. TYPE: CANADA. British Columbia: Asulkan Pass, 4,400 ft., June-July 1897, Z.W. Palmer s.n. (HOLOTYPE: NY). Streptopus lanceolatus (Aiton) Reveal var. longipes (Fernald) Reveal, comb. nov. BASIONYM: Streptopus longipes Fernald, Rhodora 8:71. 1906. Streptopus roseus Michx. var. longipes (Fernald) Fassett, Rhodora 37:110. 1935. TYPE: UNITED STATES. Michigan: Marquett Co., Turin, 5 June 1901, Barlow s.n. (HOLOTYPE: GH). Streptopus lanceolatus (Aiton) Reveal var. roseus (Michaux) Reveal, comb. nov. BASIONYM: Streptopus roseus Michaux, Fl. Boreali-Amer. 1:201, t. 18. 1803. Uvularia rosea (Michaux) Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1:360. 1805. Hezorima dichotoma Rafinesque, Specchio 1:193. 1814, nom. illeg. (Art. 63.1). TYPE: UNITED STATES. Carolina: mountains, Michauz s.n. (HOLOTYPE: P). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Access to the Solander and Banks manuscripts in the Library of the De- partment of Botany (BM) was made possible by Malcolm Beasley. Work on the typification of temperate eastern North American plants is supported by National Science Foundation Grant BSR-8812816. This is Scientific Article A- 6272, Contribution No. 8441, of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. LITERATURE CITED Aiton, W.B. 1789. Hortus Kewensis. 3 vols. G. Nicol, London, Great Britain. Baker, J.G. 1880. A synopsis of Colchicaceae and the aberrant tribes of Liliaceae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 17:405-510. Carter, H.B. 1988. Sir Joseph Banks. British Museum (Natural History), London, Great Britain. Reveal: New name for Streptopus roseus 189 Cornut, J.P. 1635. Canadensium Plantarum ... Historia. S. le Moyne, Paris, France. Diment, J.A. & A. Wheeler. 1984. Catalogue of the natural history manuscripts and letters by Daniel Solander (1733-1782), or attributed to him, in British collections. Arch. Nat. Hist. 11:457-488. Fassett, N.C. 1935. A study of Streptopus. Rhodora 37:88-113. Fernald, M.L. 1906. The genus Streptopus in eastern America. Rhodora 8:69-71. Greuter, W., H.M. Burdet, W.G. Chaloner, V. Demoulin, R. Grolle, D.L. Hawksworth, D.H. Nicolson, P.C. Silva, F.A. Stafleu, E.G. Voss, & J. McNeill (editors.). 1988. International Code of Botanical Nomen- clature, adopted by the Fourteenth International Botanical Congress, Berlin, July-August 1987. Regnum Veg. 118. Lysaght, A.M. 1971. Joseph Banks in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1766: His Diary, Manuscripts and Collections. Faber & Faber, London, Great Britain. Marshall, J.B. 1978. The handwriting of Joseph Banks, his scientific staff and amanuenses. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. Ser. 6:1-85. Michaux, P.A. 1803. Flora Boreali-Americana. 2 Vols. C. Crapelet, Paris, France. Pursh, F. 1814. Flora Americae Septentrionalis. White, Cochrane, & Co., London, Great Britain. Reveal, J.L. 1985. Colonial Maryland plants in D.C. Solander’s “Descrip- tions of plants from various parts of the world”—an unpublished 1767 manuscript. Bartonia 51:80-92. 1990. Solander, Dryander or Aiton: Who is the author of Clematis ochroleuca and what is its type? Bartonia 56:20-22. Rydberg, P.A. 1901. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora.—V. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28:266-284. Stafleu, F.A. & R.S. Cowan. 1985. Tazonomic Literature. Vol. V: Sal-Ste. Regnum Veg. 112. Wilbur, R.L. 1963. A revision of the North American genus Uvularia (Lili- aceae). Rhodora 65:158-188. Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):190-192. ON THE VALID PUBLICATION OF COLLINSIA VIOLACEA NUTTALL (SCROPHULARIACEAE) James L. Reveal Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 U.S.A. ABSTRACT Collinsia violacea was first proposed by Thomas Nuttall in an 1827 textbook; it was later published in an 1835 article in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Subsequent authors have con- sistently attributed the name to the 1835 reference. KEY WORDS: Collinsia, Scrophulariaceae, nomenclature While reviewing the first edition of Thomas Nuttall’s (1827) textbook for vascular plant family names, I chanced to spot in a paragraph on Collinsza the distinctive asterisk Nuttall used to denote new species. After describing the genus and C. verna, the type of the genus, Nuttall wrote: A second, and very similar annual species is found on the banks of the Arkansa, west of the Mississippi; which I propose to call Collinsia *yiolacea from the peculiar hue of the corolla. In this species the capsule contains 8 to 12 seeds. ; Nuttall described the flowers of Collinsia verna as “beautifully particolored, the upper lip being white, the lower a fine blue.” In addition he said the capsule of C. verna contained “only 2 or 3 seeds.” Clearly, the characterization of the flowers of C. violacea as violet and the notation that the capsule contains 8 to 12 seeds is sufficient to validate the name. The valid place of publication and type information is as follows: 190 Reveal: On publication of Collinsia violacea 191 Collinsia violacea Nuttall, Intr. Bot. 131. 1827. - LT.: “On the hills and upland woods of the Arkansas and Red Rivers,” probably along the Poteau River above Fort Smith, Le Flore Co., Oklahoma, 26 Apr 1819, Nuttall s.n. (BM!), designated by Pennell (1935:293, as “Type”, an Art. 8.4 lectotypification; see Greuter et al. 1988). Pennell (1935) indicated that there was an “isotype” at PH, but I have not seen this sheet. Until now, the authorship and place of publication for this name has been attributed (Newsom 1929; Pennell 1935) to a later article where Nut- tall (1835:179) gave a full and detailed description. Both Newsom and Pennell allude to Collinsia purpurea Rafinesque (1824:85) as possibly being an earlier name for C. violacea. Pennell even lectotypifies the name on a Dr. Christian Miller “collection from the banks of the Wabash” River in Indiana, outside the known range of C. violacea. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are extended to Bryan E. Dutton and Dr. Edward Terrell for their comments. Work on the typification of temperate eastern North American plants is supported by National Science Foundation Grant BSR-8812816. This is Scientific Article A-6282, Contribution No. 8451, of the Maryland Agricul- tural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. LITERATURE CITED Greuter, W., H.M. Burdet, W.G. Chaloner, V. Demoulin, R. Grolle, D.L. Hawksworth, D.H. Nicolson, P.C. Silva, F.A. Stafleu, E.G. Voss, & J. McNeill (editors.). 1988. International Code of Botanical Nomen- clature, adopted by the Fourteenth International Botanical Congress, Berlin, July-August 1987. Regnum Veg. 118. Newsom, V.M. 1929. A revision of the genus Collinsia (Scrophulariaceae). Bot. Gaz. 87:260-301. Nuttall, T. 1827. An Introduction to Systematic and Physiological Botany. Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, Boston, and Hilliard and Brown, Cambridge. 192 PHYTOLOGIA volume 74(3):190-192 March 1993 1835. Collections towards a flora of the Territory of Arkansas. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Philadelphia 5:139-160. Pennell, F.W. 1935. The Scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate North Amer- ica. Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1:1-650. Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):193-202. AUTOMATICALLY TYPIFIED SUPERORDINAL AND ORDINAL NAMES FOR THE FLOWERING PLANTS (MAGNOLIOPHYTA) AS RECOGNIZED BY THORNE (1992) AND ARRANGED FOLLOWING THE PRINCIPLES OF PRIORITY, AUTONYMY, AND THE SUBSTITUTION OF ALTERNATIVE NAMES James L. Reveal Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 U.S.A. ABSTRACT Using the most recent system of classification for flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) proposed by Thorne (1992), superordinal and ordinal names and their synonyms are arranged according to the principles of priority, autonymy, and the substitution of alternative names. KEY WORDS: Magnoliophyta, nomenclature, classification, ordi- nal names ; INTRODUCTION Names above the rank of family are not subject to the rules of priority (Art. 11.4; Greuter et al. 1988). Nonetheless, Thorne (1992) has attempted to apply priority to ordinal names starting with Lindley (1833) even though he was aware that the majority of the names proposed by Lindley had been validly published by Dumortier (1829) four years earlier. The list of names presented below follows Thorne’s classification scheme, but adopts a modified principle of priority and the notion of autonymy. The concept of substituting alternative names at the family level (Art. 18.5) is applied to superordinal and ordinal names. Also, I have retained technically illegitimate ordinal and superordinal names if the formerly illegitimate family name upon which they were based has been conserved (see App. IIB). Thorne (1992) adopted the concept of autonyms for ordinal names even though this is not mandated by the present Code for names above the rank 193 194 PHY TOLOGTA volume 74(3):193-202 March 1993 of family. Thus, he took up Magnoliales (1838) rather than the earlier Lau- rales (1826) within Magnolianae. I have maintained this principle. Finally, an ordinal name is adopted only if the family name itself is accepted either because a particular family name is conserved (e.g., Saxifragales [1829] over Sedales [1828]) or because of a taxonomic decision (e.g., Asparagales [1838] over Asteliales [1829]). A series of footnotes is appended to the end of the catalogue justifying why a particular name was adopted, or noting names ac- cepted here which are different from those given by Thorne. The purpose of this exercise is to ascertain the nomenclatural affect of priority on names at the rank of order. If the concept of “names in current use” (Greuter 1991; Hawksworth 1991) is added to the Code at the forthcoming International Botanical Congress, then perhaps, in time, this concept can be expanded to include names above the rank of family. Having concentrated recently on vascular plant nomenclature at the family rank and above, I can attest to the difficulty of finding the earliest places of valid publication for these names. Ruies in the Code are vague for names above the rank of family and will require some revision. Thorne’s (1992) treatment is particularly useful for this nomenclatural ex- periment in that he recognized fewer superorders and orders than his contem- poraries, thereby making the impact of priority more significant on a case-by- case basis. By adopting the principle of priority, but considering it secondary to the principle of autonymy, and then accepting the principle that ordinal names based on alternative family names have equivalent priority as their al- ternative ordinal names, there is only minimal nomenclatural disruption. The most unfortunate name changes encountered using Thorne’s (1992) recent sys- tem of classification is that Dioscoreales (1876) must be replaced by Taccales (1829). Problems such as these can be addressed by conservation and/or the establishment of a names in current use list for ordinal names. In short, priority has little significant nomenclature impact upon the established nomenclature of ordinal names. A catalogue of ordinal names with their full citation is now in its final stages of preparation and review. It is requested that additional names and/or corrections to the dates of publication given here be forwarded to me. CATALOGUE OF SUPERORDINAL AND ORDINAL NAMES I. Magnolianae Takhtajan, 1967 1. Magnoliales Bromhead, 1838! Nelumbonanae Takhtajan ez Re- Laurales Perleb, 1826 veal, 1992 Aristolochiales Dumortier, 1829 Ranunculanae Takhtajan ez Re- Gyrocarpales Dumortier, 1829 veal, 1992 Monimiales Dumortier, 1829 Reveal: 2: 3. 4. 5. Piperales Dumortier, 1829 Annonales Lindley, 1833 Calycanthales C. Martius, 1835 Asarales Burnett, 1835 Canellales Cronquist, 1957 Illictales H.H. Hu ez Cronquist, 1981 Austrobaileyales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 Chloranthales Conzatti & L.C. Smith ez Reveal, 1992 Eupomatiales Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 Lactoridales Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1993 Winterales A.C. Smith ez Re- veal, 1993 Ceratophyllales Bischoff, 1840 Nelumbonales Burnett, 1835 Paeoniales Heintze, 1927 Glaucidiales Takhtajan ex Re- veal, 1992 Berberidales Dumortier, 1829 Podophyllales Dumortier, 1829 Ranunculales Dumortier, 1829 Papaverales Dumortier, 1829 Menispermales Bromhead, 1838 Helleborales Nakai, 1949 II. Nymphaeanae Thorne ez Re- veal, 1992 6. Nymphaeales Dumortier, 1829 Euryalales H.-L. Li, 1955 Ill. Rafflesianae Thorne ez Reveal, 1992 7. Rafflesiales Oliver, 1895? Cytinales Dumortier, 1829 Mitrastemonales Makino, 1911 Hydnorales Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 IV. Caryophyllanae Takhtajan, 1967 8. Caryophyllales Perleb, 1826 Superordinal and ordinal autonyms 195 Amaranthales Dumortier, 1829 Cactales Dumortier, 1829 Chenopodiales Dumortier, 1829 Nyctagtnales Dumortier, 1829 Portulacales Dumortier, 1829 Scleranthales Dumortier, 1829 Petiveriales Lindley, 1833 Silenales Lindley, 1833 Dianthales Burnett, 1835 Atriplicales Horaninow, 1847 Opuntiales Willkomm, 1854 V. Theanae Thorne ez Reveal, 1992 Lecythidanae Takhtajan er Re- veal, 1992 Nepenthanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 Plumbaginanae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 Polygonanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 Primulanae R. Dahlgren ez Re- veal, 1992 Sarracenianae Thorne ez Re- veal, 1992 Dillentanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal & Takhtajan, 1993 9. Theales Lindley, 1833° Hypericales Dumortier, 1829 Nepenthales Dumortier, 1829 Camelliales Burnett, 1835 Illicales Burnett, 1835 Sarraceniales Bromhead, 1838 Aqutfoliales Senft, 1856 Elatinales Nakai, 1949 Dilleniales Hutchinson, 1924 Medusagynales Brenan, 1952 Lecythidales Cronquist, 1957 Ancistrocladales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 Actinidiales Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1993 Dioncophyllales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 196 PHY TOLO GIA Ochnales Hutchinson ez Re- veal, 1993 Paracryphiales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 10. Ericales Dumortier, 1829 Vacciniales Dumortier, 1829 Rhodorales Horaninow, 1847 Empetrales Nakai, 1930 11. Fouquieriales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 12. Styracales Burnett, 1835 Sapotales J.D. Hooker in W.H. Harvey, 1868 Diospyrales Prantl, 1874 Ebenales Engler, 1892 13. Primulales Dumortier, 1829 Samolales Dumortier, 1829 Plumbaginales Lindley, 1833 Myrsinales Bromhead, 1838 14. Polygonales Dumortier, 1829 Rumicales Burnett, 1835 VI. Celastranae Takhtajan, 1967 15. Celastrales Baskerville, 1839 VII. Malvanae Takhtajan, 1967 Euphorbianae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 Rhamnanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 Urticanae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 16. Malvales Dumortier, 1829 Tikales Hutchinson, 1924 17. Urticales Dumortier, 1829 Ficales Dumortier, 1829 Ulmales Lindley, 1833 18. Barbeyales Takhtajan ez Reveal & Takhtajan, 1993 19. Rhamnales Dumortier, 1829 Elaeagnales Bromhead, 1838 20. Euphorbiales Lindley, 1833 Daphnales Lindley, 1833 Crotonales Horaninow, 1847 Thymelaeales Willkomm, 1854 volume 74(3):193-202 March 1993 Pandales Engler & Gilg, 1912- 1913 Simmondsiales Reveal, 1992 VII. Violanae R. Dahlgren ez Re- veal, 1992 21. Violales Perleb, 1826 Cistales Reichenbach, 1828 Begoniales Dumortier, 1829 Cucurbitales Dumortier, 1829 Datiscales Dumortier, 1829 Passiflorales Dumortier, 1829 Samydales Dumortier, 1829 Turnerales Dumortier, 1829 Bizales Lindley, 1833 Salicales Lindley, 1833 Homaliales Bromhead, 1838 Lacistematales Baskerville, 1839 Tamaricales Hutchinson, 1924 Flacourtiales Heintze, 1927 Caricales L. Benson, 1957 22. Brassicales Bromhead, 1838" Resedales Dumortier, 1829 Capparales Hutchinson, 1924 Tovariales Nakai, 1943 Salvadorales R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1993 23. Batales Engler, 1907 IX. Santalanae Thorne ez Reveal, 1992 Balanophoranae R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1992 24. Santalales Dumortier, 1829 Anthobolales Dumortier, 1829 Loranthales Dumortier, 1829 Olacales Bentham, 1862 Medusagynales Brenan, 1952 25. Balanophorales Dumortier, 1829 Cynomoriales Burnett, 1835 X. Geranianae Thorne ez Reveal, 1992 26. Linales Baskerville, 1839 27. Rhizophorales Tieghem Reveal: ez Reveal, 1993 28. Geraniales Dumortier, 1829 Balsaminales Lindley, 1833 Orzalidales Heintze, 1927 Limnanthales Nakai, 1930 Tropaeolales Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 29. Polygalales Dumortier, 1829 Vochysiales Dumortier, 1829 Malpighiales C. Martius, 1835 XI. Rutanae Takhtajan, 1967 Fabanae R. Dahlgren ez Re- veal, 1992 30. Rutales Perleb, 1826° - Papilionales Batsch, 1802 Citrales Dumortier, 1829 Sapindales Dumortier, 1829 Terebinthales Dumortier, 1829 Acerales Lindley, 1833 Coriariales Lindley, 1833 Meliales Lindley, 1833 Connarales Burnett, 1835 Lotales Burnett, 1835 Mimosales Burnett, 1835 Aesculales Bromhead, 1838 Fabales Bromhead, 1838 Burserales Baskerville, 1839 Cassiales Horaninow, 1847 Leztnertales Engler, 1897 Julianales Engler, 1907 Moringales Nakai, 1943 XII. Proteanae Takhtajan, 1967 31. Proteales Dumortier, 1829 XIII. Rosanae Takhtajan, 1967 Hamamelidanae Takhtajan, 1967 Juglandanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 Podostemonanae R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1992 Trochodendranae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 32. Hamamelidales Grisebach, 1854 Superordinal and ordinal autonyms 197 Trochodendrales Takhtajan ez Cronquist, 1981 Cercidiphyllales H.-H. Hu ez Reveal, 1993 Eupteleales H.-H. Hu ez Re- veal, 1993 33. Casuarinales Lindley, 1833 34. Balanopales Engler, 1897 Didymelales Takhtajan, 1967 Daphniphyllales Pulle ez Cron- quist, 1981 Buzales Takhtajan er Reveal, 1992 35. Bruniales Dumortier, 1829 Roridulales Nakai, 1943 Getssolomatales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 Hydrostachyales Diels ez Re- veal, 1993 Myrothamnales Nakai ez Re- veal, 1993 36. Juglandales Dumortier, 1829 Myricales Engler, 1897 Rhotpteleales Novak ez Reveal, 1992 37. Betulales Burnett, 1835° Corylales Dumortier, 1829 Quercales Burnett, 1835 Fagales Engler, 1892 38. Rosales Perleb, 1826 Sanguisorbales Dumortier, 1829 Crossosomatales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1993 39. Saxifragales Dumortier, 1829’ Sedales Reichenbach, 1828 Crassulales Lindley, 1833 Grossulariales Lindley, 1833 Droserales Grisebach, 1854 Diapensiales Engler & Gilg, 1924 Cephalotales Nakai, 1943 Parnassiales Nakai, 1943 Stylidiales Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 198 PHYTOLOGIA 40. Podostemales Lindley, 1833° Marathrales Dumortier, 1829 41. Cunoniales Hutchinson, 1924 XIV. Aralianae Takhtajan, 1967° Cornanae Thorne ez Reveal, 1992 Eucommianae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 Vitanae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 42. Brexiales Lindley, 1833!° Hortensiales Grisebach, 1854 Hydrangeales Nakai, 1943 43. Cornales Dumortier, 1829 Vitales Burnett, 1835 ; Haloragales Bromhead, 1838 Garryales Lindley, 1846 Eucommiales Nemejc ez Cron- quist, 1981 Aralidiales Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 Gunnerales Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 44, Pittosporales Lindley, 1833 Byblidales Nakai ez Reveal, 1993 45. Araliales Burnett, 1835 Angelicales Burnett, 1835 Ammiales J.K. Small, 1903 Aptales Nakai, 1930 Torricelliales Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 46. Dipsacales Dumortier, 1829 Viburnales Dumortier, 1829 Caprifoliales Lindley, 1833 Valerianales Burnett, 1835 Lonicerales C. Baenitz, 1877 Adozales Nakai, 1949 XV. Asteranae Takhtajan, 1967 Campanulanae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 47. Asterales Lindley, 1833'! Ambrosiales Dumortier, 1829 Calycerales Burnett, 1835 volume 74(3):193-202 March 1993 Carduales J.K. Small, 1903 48. Campanulales Reichenbach: 1828 Brunoniales Lindley, 1833 Goodeniales Lindley, 1833 XVI. Solananae R. Dahigren ez Re- veal, 1992 49. Solanales Dumortier, 1829 Boraginales Dumortier, 1829 Convolvulales Dumortier, 1829 Nolanales Lindley, 1833 Polemoniales Bromhead, 1838 Echiales Lindley, 1846 XVII. Loasanae R. Dahigrea ez Re- veal, 1992 50. Loasales Bessey, 1907 XVIII. Myrtanae Takhtajan, 1967 51. Myrtales Reichenbach, 1828 Onagrales Reichenbach, 1828 Penaeales Lindley, 1833 Oenotherales Bromhead, 1838 Combretales Baskerville, 1839 Lythrales Oliver, 1895 Melastomatales Oliver, 1895 XIX. Lamianae Takhtajan, 1967'? | Gentiananae Thorne ez Reveal, 1992 52. Rubiales Dumortier, 1829 Asclepiadales Dumortier, 1829 Cinchonales Lindley, 1833 Gentianales Lindley, 1833 Loganiales Lindley, 1833 Apocynales Bromhead, 1838 Galiales Bromhead, 1838 Vincales Horaninow, 1847 Chironiales Grisebach, 1854 Theligonales Nakai, 1942 53. Lamiales Bromhead, 1838'% Callitrichales Dumortier, 1829 Gesneriales Dumortier, 1829 Globulariales Dumortier, 1829 | Jasminales Dumortier, 1829 Pinguicularales Dumortier, 182! Reveal: Superordinal and ordinal autonyms 199 Rhinanthales Dumortier, 1829 Veratrales Dumortier, 1829 Acanthales Lindley, 1833 Bignoniales Lindley, 1833 Lentibulariales Lindley, 1833 Oleales Lindley, 1833 Plantagtnales Lindley, 1833 Scrophulariales Lindley, 1833 Hippuridales Burnett, 1835 Menthales Burnett, 1835 Ligustrales Bischoff, 1840 Verbenales Horaninow, 1847 (X. Lilianae Takhtajan, 1967 54. Liliales Perleb, 1826 Colchicales Dumortier, 1829 Iridales Dumortier, 1829 Paridales Dumortier, 1829 Iziales Lindley, 1836 Alstroemeriales Hutchinson, 1934 Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1992 55. Burmanniales Heintze, 1927 56. Asparagales Bromhead, 18384 Asteliales Dumortier, 1829 Narcissales Dumortier, 1829 Amaryllidales Bromhead, 1840 Agavales Hutchinson, 1934 Alliales Traub, 1972 Hanguanales R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1992 Velloziales R. Dahlgren ex Re- veal, 1992 57. Taccales Dumortier, 1829'° Tamales Dumortier, 1829 Smulacales Lindley, Niz. Pl. 23. 1833 Dioscoreales J.D. Hooker, 1876 58. Orchidales Dumortier, 1829 XI. Hydatellanae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 . 59. Hydatellales Cronquist in Takhtajan, 1980 XXII. Triuridanae Thorne ez Re- veal, 1992 60. Triuridales J.D. Hooker in Le Maout & Decaisne, 1876 XXIII. Alismatanae Takhtajan, 1967 Butomanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 Najadanae Takhtajan er Re- veal, 1992 61. Alismatales Dumortier, 1829'® Najadales Reichenbach, 1828 Hydrocharitales Dumortier, 1829 Butomales Hutchinson, 1934 Vallisneriales Nakai, 1949 Elodeales Nakai, 1950 62. Potamogetonales Dumortier, 1829 Aponogetonales Hutchinson, 1934 Juncaginales Hutchinson, 1934 Cymodoceales Nakai, 1943 Posidontales Nakai, 1943 Zosterales Nakai, 1943 Rupptales Nakai, 1950 Scheuchzertales B. Boivin, 1956 XXIV. Aranae Thorne ez Reveal, 1992 Cyclanthanae Thorne ez Re- veal, 1992 63. Arales Dumortier, 1829 64. Cyclanthales Nakai, 1930 65. Acorales Burnett, 1835 XXV. Pandananae Thorne ez Re- veal, 1992 66. Pandanales Lindley, 1833 XXVI. Arecanae Takhtajan, 1967 67. Arecales Bromhead, 1840!” Phoenicales Burnett, 1835 Cocosales Nakai, 1930 XX VII. Commelinanae Takhtajan, 1967 Bromelianae R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1992 Juncanae Takhtajan, 1967 200 PHY TOLOGIA volume 74(3):193-202 March 1993 Pontedertanae Takhtajan ez Re- Zingiberales Grisebach, 1854 veal, 1992 72. Commelinales Dumortier, Typhanae Thorne ez Reveal, 1829 1992 Ephemerales Burnett, 1835 Zingiberanae Takhtajan ez Re- Xyridales Lindley, 1846 veal, 1992 Eriocaulales Nakai, 1930 68. Bromeliales Dumortier, 1829 Mayacales Nakai, 1943 - 69. Philydrales Dumortier, 1829 73. Juncales Dumortier, 1829 Pontederiales J.D. Hooker, 1876 Cyperales Burnett, 1835 Haemodorales Hutchinson, 1934 74. Poales Burnett, 1835 70. Typhales Dumortier, 1829 Graminales Dumortier, 1829 | 71. Cannales Dumortier, 1829'® Avenales Bromhead, 1838 Amomales Lindley, 1833 Restionales Perleb, 1838 Musales Burnett, 1835 SSS LE PO NOTES | The later Magnoliales (1838) is adopted over Laurales (1826) according to the principle of autonymy. ; 2 The later Rafflesiales (1895) is adopted over Cytinales (1829) according, to the principle of autonymy. | 3 The later Theales (1833) is adopted over the earlier Hypericales (1829) and Nepenthales (1829) according to the principle of autonymy. ‘ Brassicales (1838) is adopted over Resedales (1829) as Brassicales is con+ sidered to be an alternative name for the descriptive ordinal name, Cruciferae proposed by Perleb in 1826. 5 Rutales (1826) is retained over the earlier Papilionales (1802) Becorda | to the principle of autonymy. 6 Thorne used Betulales (1835), a later name than Corylales (1829), buff as he did not accept Corylaceae, this name being rejected if combined with Betulaceae (App. IIB; Greuter et al. 1988), Betulales is retained. 7 Saxifragales (1829) is retained, rather than Sedales (1828) because Thorne} did not accept Sedaceae. 8 Podostemales (1833) is retained, rather than Marathrales (1829) becaial Thorne did not accept Marathraceae. | } 9 Aralianae (1967) has priority over Cornanae (1992), the name adoptec by Thorne. '0 Brexiales (1833) has priority over Hydrangeales (1943), the name adoptec| by Thorne. Reveal: Superordinal and ordinal autonyms 201 "! Asterales (1833) is adopted, rather than Ambrosiales (1829), accord- ing to the principle of autonymy and because Asteraceae is conserved over Ambrosiaceae (App. IIB; Greuter et al. 1988). '? Lamianae (1967) has priority over Gentiananae (1992), the name adopted by Thorne. 'S Lamiales (1838) is adopted over other competing names proposed in 1829 as Lamiales is an autonym of Lamianae. It may also be retained because Lamiales is an alternative name for the descriptive ordinal name, Labiatae, proposed by Dumortier in 1829. In any case, Scrophulariales (1833), adopted by Thorne, is a latter name. 't Asparagales (1838) is retained, rather than Asteliales (1829) because Thorne did not accept Asteliaceae. '® Taccales (1829) has priority over both Smilacales (1833) and Dioscoreales (1876). The latter name was adopted by Thorne. '© The later Alismatales (1829) is adopted over Najadales (1828) according to the principle of autonymy. '’ Arecales (1840) is adopted over Phoenicales (1835) because Arecales is considered to be an alternative name for the descriptive ordinal name, Palmae, proposed by Perleb in 1826, and Phoenicaceae was not accepted by Thorne. '® Cannales (1829) has priority over Zingiberales (ey the name adopted by Thorne, as does Musales (1835). ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks are extended to Dr. R.F. Thorne and Dr. J.H. Wiersema for re- viewing the manuscript. Work on ordinal and plant family names in Europe was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BSR-8812816. This is icientific Article A-6404, Contribution No. 8595, of the Maryland Agricultural Sxperiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. {/ ) LITERATURE CITED Dumortier, B.C.J. 1829. Analyse des Familles des Plantes. J. Casterman, | Tournay, France. | Greuter, W. 1991. Proposals to amend the Code, and report of Special Committee 6B: Provisions for granting nomenclatural protection to listed 1 names in current use. Taxon 40:669-677. 202 PHYTOLOGIA volume 74(3):193-202 March 1993 Greuter, W., H.M. Burdet, W.G. Chaloner, V. Demoulin, R. Grolle, D.L. Hawksworth, D.H. Nicolson, P.C. Silva, F.A. Stafleu, E.G. Voss, & J. McNeill (editors.). 1988. International Code of Botanical Nomen- clature, adopted by the Fourteenth International Botanical Congress, Berlin, July-August 1987. Regnum Veg. 118. Hawksworth, D.L. (ed.). 1991. Improving the Stability of Names: Needs and Options. Regnum Veg. 123. Lindley, J. 1833. Nizus Plantarum. Ridgway & Sons, London, Great Britain. Thorne, R.F. 1992. Classification and geography of the flowering plants. Bot. Rev. 58:225-348. Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):203-263. A SPLITTER’S GUIDE TO THE HIGHER TAXA OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS (MAGNOLIOPHYTA) GENERALLY ARRANGED TO FOLLOW THE SEQUENCE PROPOSED BY THORNE (1992) WITH CERTAIN MODIFICATIONS James L. Reveal Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 U.S.A. ABSTRACT Using the most recent system of classification for flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) proposed by Thorne (1992b) and generally following his sequence of names but with the addition of the family names now in current use, a family system is proposed that purposefully splits the subclasses, superorders, orders, and families into small units thereby constructing a “splitter’s” guide to the higher taxa of Magnoliophyta. The resulting classification recognizes 14 subclasses, 63 superorders, 248 orders, and 685 families. KEY WORDS: Magnoliophyta, nomenclature, classification. INTRODUCTION Since 1959, considerable attention has been given to the classification of _ the flowering plants, with a large number of taxa recognized (Bedell & Reveal 1982a, b; Benson 1957; Boivin 1956; Brummitt 1992; Cronquist 1957, 1961, 1968, 1981, 1988; Cronquist et al. 1966; G. Dahlgren 1989a, b; R. Dahlgren 1975, 1980, 1983; R. Dahlgren & Bremer 1985; R. Dahlgren & Clifford 1982; R. Dahlgren eé al. 1981, 1985; Deyl 1955; Dostal 1957; Ehrendorfer 1983; En- - gler 1964; Erdtman 1952, 1966; Gibbs 1974; Goldberg 1986, 1989; Gunn et al. 1992; Heywood 1978; Huber 1969; Hutchinson 1959, 1969, 1973; Kimura 1953, 1956; Mabberley 1987; Novak 1954, 1961; Pulle 1952; Rouleau 1981; Soo 1953, 1961, 1967; Stebbins, 1974; Takhtajan 1959, 1970, 1973, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987; Thorne 1974, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1983, 1992a, 1992b; Willis 1973). Concomitant with this attention has been the realization that botanical 203 204 PReTNOL OC: GHA volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 nomenclature ought to be stabilized as much as possible insofar as nomenclat- ural matters are concerned. As a result, the botanical community is now considering the concept of “names in current use” (NCU), and to that end, lists of proposed names have been circulated for comment in anticipation of a formal publication of protected names in early 1993. My own efforts on this task have concentrated on vascular plant family names in collaboration with Dr. Ruurd D. Hoogland of the Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Muséum National d’Histoire naturelle in Paris. To ascertain the taxonomic impact of protecting family names, we have worked closely with Richard K. Brummitt (K), the late Arthur Cronquist (NY), Aaron Goldberg (US), Armen L. Takhtajan (LE), Robert F. Thorne (RSA), and John Wiersema (USDA). To that end we have been able to resolve potential nomenclatural conflicts. The need to resolve the nomenclatural morass above the rank of family is no less important than that at the family rank and below, and while priority is not required above the rank of family, the need to have validly published names is mandated (Reveal 1992a, 1992b, 1993) and the need for a stabilized nomenclature even at these higher ranks is gradually being recog- nized. In the following summary of the flowering plants (Magnoliophyta), I have adopted the general scheme proposed by Thorne (1992b), and included therein all of the proposed NCU family names. To this I have added class, subclass, superordinal, and ordinal names. I have adopted 1966 as the starting date for subclass and superordinal names, and 1789 as the starting date for ordinal and family names. To Thorne’s linear arrangement of superorders, orders and families, I have added the rank of subclass used by Cronquist (1981) and Takhtajan (1987). Furthermore, as the family list accounts for all family names now in current use, I have also attempted to include all subclass, superordinal, and ordinal names now in current use. The philosophy behind the application of priority to these higher names is outlined elsewhere (Reveal 1993). The consequences of adopting, or not adopting, the proposal put forth by Greuter (1991) regarding “names in current use” (NCU) are not all that serious insofar as flowering plant family names because so many of these names are already protected (Reveal & Hoogland, 1991). Conservation, as traditionally applied to flowering plant family names, has been to ensure that certain names are used instead of others, but not authorship or place of publication. Greuter’s | proposal would now protect the bibliographic information as well. Should the NCU proposals fail, we will have to editorially correct the authorship and/or bibliographic references of nearly 125 currently conserved family names on Appendix IIB of the Code (Greuter et al. 1988). And, as may be seen from the catalogue below, if the NCU proposals fail there will be a need to conserve | at least ten additional names just to retain certain nonconserved names now in current use. Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 205 CATALOGUE OF THE HIGHER TAXA OF MAGNOLIOPHYTA Magnoliophyta Cronquist, Takhtajan, & Zimmermann, 1966 Magnoliopsida Cronquist, Takhta- : jan, & Zimmermann, 1966 I. Magnoliidae Novak ez Takhta- jan, 1967 _ A. Magnolianae Takhtajan, 1967 1. Winterales A.C. Smith ez Re- veal 1. Winteraceae R. Brown ez Lindley, 1830, nom. cons. 2. Takhtajaniaceae (J. Leroy) J. Leroy, 1980 2. Illiciales H.-H. Hu er Cron- quist, 1981 3. Iliciaceae (Candolle) A.C. Smith, 1947, nom. cons. 4, Schisandraceae Blume, 1830, nom. cons. 3. Magnoliales Bromhead, 1837 5. Magnoliaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. §. Liriodendraceae Barkley, 1975 7. Degeneriaceae I. Bailey & A.C. Smith, 1942, nom. cons. | 8. Himantandraceae Diels, 1917, | nom. cons. 4. Eupomatiales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 9. Eupomatiaceae Endlicher, 1841, nom. cons. _ 5. Annonales Lindley, 1833 10. Annonaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Hornschuchiaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Monodoraceae J. Agardh, 1858 6. Aristolochiales Dumortier, 1829 Asarales Burnett, 1835 11. Aristolochiaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Asaraceae Ventenat, 1799 12. Myristicaceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. . Canellales Cronquist, 1957 13. Canellaceae C. Martius, 1832, nom. cons. Winteranaceae Warburg, 1895 Austrobaileyales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 14. Austrobaileyaceae (Croizat) Croizat, 1943, nom. cons. 9. Monimiales Dumortier, 1829 15. Amborellaceae Pichon, 1948, nom. cons. 16. Trimeniaceae (Janet R. Perkins & Gilg) Gibbs, 1917, nom. cons. 17. Hortoniaceae (Janet R. Perkins) A.C. Smith, 1971 18. Monimiaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1809, nom. cons. 19. Atherospermataceae R. Brown, 1814 20. Siparunaceae (A. de Can- dolle) Schodde, 1970 21. Gomortegaceae Reiche, 1896, nom. cons. 10. Calycanthales C. Martius, 1835 22. Idiospermaceae S.T. Blake, ~j co 206 PHYTOLOGHA 1972 23. Calycanthaceae Lindley, 1819, nom. cons. Chimonanthaceae Perleb, 1838 Butneriaceae Barnhart, 1895, nom. illeg. 11. Laurales Perleb, 1826 24. Lauraceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Perseaceae Horaninow, 1834 25. Cassythaceae Bartling ez Lindley, 1833, nom. cons. 26. Hernandiaceae Blume, 1826, nom. cons. Illigeraceae Blume, 1833 12. Gyrocarpales Dumortier, 1829 27. Gyrocarpaceae Dumortier, 1829. 13. Chloranthales Conzatti & L.C. Smith ez Reveal, 1992 28. Chloranthaceae Blume, 1827, nom. cons. Hedyosmaceae Caruel, 1881 14. Lactoridales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 29. Lactoridaceae Engler, 1888, nom. cons. 15. Piperales Dumortier, 1829 30. Saururaceae Richard ez E. Meyer, 1927, nom. cons. 31. Piperaceae C. Agardh, 1824, nom. cons. 32. Peperomiaceae A.C. Smith, 1981 B. Nelumbonanae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 16. Ceratophyllales Bischoff, 1840 33. Ceratophyllaceae Gray, 1821, nom. cons. 17. Nelumbonales Burnett, 1835 34. Nelumbonaceae (Candolle) Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. C. Nymphaeanae Thorne ez Re- volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 veal, 1992 18. Nymphaeales Dumortier, 1829 Euryalales H.L. Li, 1955 35. Cabombaceae A. Richard, 1828, nom. cons. Hydropeltidaceae (Candolle) Du- mortier, 1822 36. Nymphaeaceae R.A. Sal- isbury, 1805, nom. cons. 37. Euryalaceae J. Agardh, 1858. 38. Barclayaceae H.L. Li, 1955 D. Rafflesianae Thorne ez Reveal, 1992 19. Hydnorales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 39. Hydnoraceae C. Agardh, 1821, nom. cons. 20. Mitrastemonales Makino, 1911 40. Mitrastemonaceae Makino, 1911, nom. cons. 21. Rafflesiales Oliver, 1895 Cytinales Dumortier, 1829 41. Cytinaceae (Brongniart) A. Richard, 1824 42. Apodanthaceae (R. Brown) Tieghem ez Takhtajan, 1987 43. Rafflesiaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. II. Ranunculidae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 E. Ranunculanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 22. Paeoniales Heintze, 1927 44. Paeoniaceae F. Rudolphi, © 1830, nom. cons. 23. Glaucidiales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 45. Glaucidiaceae Tamura, 1972 24. Menispermales Bromhead, 1838 Reveal: 46. Menispermaceae A.L. Jus- sieu, 1789, nom. cons. Pseliaceae Rafinesque, 1838 47. Lardizabalaceae Decaisne, 1839, nom. cons. 48. Sargentodoxaceae Stapf ez Hutchinson, 1926, nom. cons. 25. Podophyllales Dumortier, 1829 49. Podophyllaceae Candolle, 1821, nom. cons. Diphylleiaceae Schultz-Schult- zenstein, 1832 50. Leonticaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 26. Berberidales Dumortier, 1829 51. Berberidaceae A.L. J ussieu, 1789, nom. cons. 52. Nandinaceae Horaninow, 1834. 27. Ranunculales Dumortier, 1829 Helleborales Nakai, 1949) 53. Hydrastidaceae Martinov, 1820. 54. Thalictraceae Rafinesque, 1815 55. Ranunculaceae A.L. J ussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Anemonaceae Vest, 1818 Clematidaceae Martinov, 1820 56. Helleboraceae Vest, 1818 Calthaceae Martinov, 1820 Actaeaceae Rafinesque, 1828 Nigellaceae J. Agardh, 1858 57. Circaeasteraceae Hutchin- son, 1926, nom. cons. 58. Kingdoniaceae A.S. Fos- ter ez Airy Shaw, 1965 28. Papaverales Dumortier, 1829 59. Chelidoniaceae Martinov, 1820 60. Eschscholtziaceae Seringe, Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 207 1847 61. Papaveraceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. 62. Platystemonaceae (W.R. Ernst) A.C. Smith, 1971 63. Pteridophyllaceae (Murbeck) Nakai ez Reveal & Hoogland, 1991 64. Hypecoaceae H.M. Willkomm & J.M.C. Lange, 1880 65. Fumariaceae Candolle, 1821, nom. cons. Corydalaceae Giseke, 1792, nom. illeg. III. Caryophyllidae Takhtajan, 1967 F. Caryophyllanae Takhtajan, 1967 29. Caryophyllales Perleb, 1826 Scleranthales Dumortier, 1829 Silenales Lindley, 1833 Dianthales Burnett, 1835 66. Alsinaceae (Candolle) Bart- ling, 1825, nom. cons. Stellariaceae Dumortier, 1822 67. Illetebraceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Paronychiaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1815 Scleranthaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 Herniariaceae Martinov, 1820 68. Caryophyllaceae A.L. J ussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Cerastiaceae Vest, 1818 Dianthaceae Vest, 1818 Ortegaceae Martinov, 1820 Telephiaceae Martinov, 1820 Sagtnaceae Sprengel ez Wein- mann, 1824 Stlenaceae (Candolle) Bartling, 1825 30. Portulacales Dumortier, 1829 69. Portulacaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. 208 PHYTOLOGIA Montiaceae Rafinesque, 1820 70. Hectorellaceae Philipson & Skipworth, 1961 71. Basellaceae Moquin-Tandon, 1840, nom. cons. Anrederaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Ullucaceae Nakai, 1942 72. Didiereaceae Drake, 1903, nom. cons. 31. Cactales Dumortier, 1829 Opuntiales Willkomm, 1854 73. Cactaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Opuntiaceae Martinov, 1820 Cereaceae Candolle & Spren- gel, 1821 32. Nyctaginales Dumortier, 1829 Petiveriales Lindley, 1833 74. Phytolaccaceae R. Brown, 1818, nom. cons. Sarcocaceae Rafinesque, 1837 75. Gisekiaceae (Endlicher) Nakai, 1942 76. Petiveriaceae C. Agardh, 1824 Rivinaceae C. Agardh, 1824 Hilleriaceae Nakai, 1942 Segutertaceae Nakai, 1942 77. Agdestidaceae Nakai, 1942 78. Barbeuiaceae Nakai, 1942 79. Achatocarpaceae Heimerl, 1934, nom. cons. 80. Stegnospermataceae (A. Richard) Nakai, 1942 81. Nyctaginaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Jalapaceae Batsch, 1802 Allioniaceae Horaninow, 1834 Bougainvilleaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Pisoniaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Mirabilidaceae W. Oliver, 1936 82. Aizoaceae F. Rudolphi, volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 1830, nom. cons. Ficoideaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789 Galeniaceae Rafinesque, 1819 Sesuviaceae Horaninow, 1834 83. Mesembryanthemaceae Fenz 1836 Mesembryaceae Dumortier, 1829 nom. tlleg. 84. Tetragoniaceae Nakai, 1942, nom. cons. 85. Halophytaceae Soriano, 1984 86. Molluginaceae Hutchin- son, 1926, nom. cons. Pharnaceaceae Martinov, 1820 Corrigiolaceae (Dumortier) Du- mortier, 1829 ; Glinaceae Dumortier, 1829 Adenogrammaceae (Fenzl) Nakai 1942 Polpodaceae (Fenzl) Nakai, 1942 33. Chenopodiales Dumortier, 1829 Atriplicales Horaninow, 1847 87. Dysphaniaceae Pax, 1927, nom. cons. 88. Chenopodiaceae Vente- nat, 1799, nom. cons. Atriplicaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789 Corispermaceae Link, 1829 Betaceae Burnett, 1835 Blitaceae Adanson ez Post & Kuntze, 1903 89. Salicorniaceae Martinov, | 1820 | 90. Salsolaceae Moquin-Tandon, | 1849 34. Amaranthales Dumortier, 1829 91. Amaranthaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Celosiaceae Martinov, 1820 Achyranthaceae Rafinesque, 1837 | | | Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 209 Gomphrenaceae Rafinesque, 1837 Deeringiaceae J. Agardh, 1858 IV. Dilleniidae Takhtajan ez Re- veal & Takhtajan, 1993 G. Dillenianae Takhtajan ez Re- | veal & Takhtajan, 1993 35. Dilleniales Hutchinson, 1924 92. Dilleniaceae R.A. Salis- bury, 1807, nom. cons. Soramiaceae Martinov, 1820 Aibbertiaceae J. Agardh, 1858 36. Actinidiales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 93. Actinidiaceae Hutchin- son, 1926, nom. cons. 94. Saurauiaceae J. Agardh, 1858, nom. cons. 37. Paracryphiales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 95. Paracryphiaceae Airy Shaw, 1965 H. Theanae Thorne ez Reveal, 1992 38. Theales Lindley, 1833 Camelliales Burnett, 1835 96. Stachyuraceae J. Agardh, 1858, nom. cons. 97. Theaceae D. Don, 1825, nom. cons. Camelliaceae Candolle, 1816 Ternstroemiaceae Mirbel ez Can- dolle, 1816 Gordoniaceae (Candolle) Spren- gel, 1826 Malachodendraceae J. Agardh, 1858, nom. illeg. 98. Sladeniaceae (Gilg & Wer- dermann) Airy Shaw, 1965 _ 99. Asteropeiaceae (Szyszy- lowicz) Takhtajan ez Reveal & Hoogland, 1990. 100. Tetrameristaceae Hutchin- son, 1959 101. Pellicieraceae (Triana & Planchon) L. Beauvisage ez Bullock, 1959 102. Chrysobalanaceae R. Brown, 1818, nom. cons. Licaniaceae Martinov, 1820 Hirtellaceae Horaninow, 1847 103. Symplocaceae Desfontaines, 1820, nom. cons. 104. Caryocaraceae Szyszy- lowicz, 1893, nom. cons. Rhizobolaceae Candolle, 1824, nom. illeg. 105. Marcgraviaceae Choisy, 1824, nom. cons. 106. Oncothecaceae Kobuski ez Airy Shaw, 1965 39. Aquifoliales Senft, 1856 107. Aquifoliaceae Bartling, 1830, nom. cons. Illicaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 108. Phellinaceae (Loesener) Takhtajan, 1967 109. Sphenostemonaceae P. Royen & Airy Shaw, 1972 40. Ochnales Hutchinson ez Re- veal, 1992 110. Lophiraceae Loudon, 1830 111. Sauvagesiaceae (Gingins ez Candolle) Dumortier, 1829 112. Ochnaceae Candolle, 1811, nom. cons. Gomphiaceae Candolle ez Schni- zlein, 1843-1870 Lutemburgiaceae Tieghem ez Solereder, 1908 113. Quiinaceae Choisy ez Engler, 1888, nom. cons. 114. Scytopetalaceae Engler, 1897, nom. cons. Rhaptopetalaceae Tieghem ez Solereder, 1908 115. Strasburgeriaceae En- 210 PNT OL 0 GAA gler & Gilg, 1924, nom. cons. 41. Medusagynales Brenan, 1952 116. Medusagynaceae Engler & Gilg, 1924, nom. cons. 42. Ancistrocladales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 117. Ancistrocladaceae Plan- chon ez Walpers, 1851, nom. cons. 43. Dioncophyllales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1993 118. Dioncophyllaceae (Gilg) Airy Shaw, 1952, nom. cons. 44. Hypericales Dumortier, 1829 119. Bonnetiaceae (Bartling) L. Beauvisage er Nakai, 1948 120. Clusiaceae Lindley, 1836, nom. cons. Guttiferae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons.; nom. alt. Garciniaceae Bartling, 1830 Cambogiaceae Horaninow, 1834 Calophyllaceae J. Agardh, 1858 121. Hypericaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Ascyraceae Plenck, 1796 45. Elatinales Nakai, 1949 122. Elatinaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. Cryptaceae Rafinesque, 1820 Alsinastraceae Ruprecht ez Bu- bani, 1901 I. Nepenthanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 46. Nepenthales Dumortier, 1829 123. Nepenthaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. J. Lecythidanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 47. Lecythidales Cronquist, 1957 124. Barringtoniaceae F. Rudol- phi, 1830, nom. cons. 125. Foetidaceae (Nidenzu) volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 Airy Shaw, 1965 126. Napoleonaeaceae A. Rich- ard, 1827 Belvisiaceae R. Brown, 1821, nom. illeg. 127. Lecythidaceae Poiteau, 1825, nom. cons. Gustaviaceae Burnett, 1835 128. Asteranthaceae Knuth, 1939, nom. cons. K. Sarracenianae Thorne ez Re- veal, 1992 48. Sarraceniales Bromhead, 1838 129. Sarraceniaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 129a. Heliamphoraceae Chrtak, Slavikova, & Studicka, 1992 L. Ericanae Takhtajan, 1967 49. Ericales Dumortier, 1829 Vacciniales Dumortier, 1829 130. Pentaphylacaceae En- gler, 1897, nom. cons. 131. Clethraceae Klotzsch, 1851, | nom. cons. 132. Cyrillaceae Endlicher, 1841, nom. cons. 133. Ericaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Rhododendraceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789 Rhodoraceae Ventenat, 1799 Azaleaceae Vest, 1818 Ledaceae Link, 1821 Menziesiaceae Klotzsch, 1851 Salazidaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Diplarchaceae Klotzsch, 1860 | 134. Vacciniaceae Candolle ez Gray, 1821, nom. cons. | | Andromedaceae (Endlicher) Schni zlein, 1843-1870 Siphonandraceae Klotzsch, 1851, nom. illeg. Arbutaceae J. Agardh, 1858 | Reveal: Arctostaphylaceae J. Agardh, 1858 135. Pyrolaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 136. Monotropaceae Nuttall, 1818, nom. cons. Hypopttyaceae Link, 1829 137. Epacridaceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Stypheliaceae Horaninow, 1834 138. Prionotaceae Hutchin- son, 1969 50. Empetrales Nakai, 1930 139. Empetraceae Gray, 1821, nom. cons. 51. Fouquieriales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 140. Fouquieriaceae Candolle, 1828, nom. cons. 52. Ebenales Engler, 1892 Diospyrales Prantl, 1874 141. Ebenaceae Giircke, 1891, nom. cons. Guatacanaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789 Dtospyraceae Vest, 1818 142. Lissocarpaceae Gilg, 1924, nom. cons. 53. Styracales Burnett, 1835 143. Styracaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. Halestaceae D. Don, 1828 54. Sapotales J.D. Hooker, 1868 144. Sapotaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Achradaceae Vest, 1818 Bumeliaceae Barnhart, 1895 145. Boerlagellaceae H.J. Lam, 1925 146. Sarcospermataceae H.J. Lam, 1925, nom. cons. M. Primulanae R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1992 55. Myrsinales Bromhead, 1838 Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 211 147. Theophrastaceae Link, 1829, nom. cons. 148. Myrsinaceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Ardisiaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1810 Embeliaceae J. Agardh, 1858 149. Aegicerataceae Blume, 1833 56. Primulales Dumortier, 1829 Samolales Dumortier, 1829 150. Primulaceae Ventenat, 1799, nom. cons. Lysimachiaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789 Anagallidaceae Batsch ez Borck- hausen, 1797 Samolaceae Rafinesque, 1820 151. Coridaceae J. Agardh, 1858 N. Plumbaginanae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 57. Plumbaginales Lindley, 1833 152. Plumbaginaceae A.L. Jus- sieu, 1789, nom. cons. 153. Aegialitidaceae Linczevski, 1968 154. Limoniaceae Seringe, 1851, nom. cons. prop. Staticaceae Cassel, 1817 Armertaceae Horaninow, 1834 O. Polygonanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 58. Polygonales Dumortier, 1829 155. Polygonaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Rumicaceae Martinov, 1820 Eriogonaceae (Dumortier) Meis- ner, 1841 Persicariaceae Adanson ez Post & Kuntze, 1903 156. Calligonaceae Chalkuziev, 1985 P. Celastranae Takhtajan, 1967 PHYTOLOGIA 59. Celastrales Baskerville, 1839 157. Celastraceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. Euonymaceae A.L. Jussieu ez Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 Chingithamnaceae Handel-Maz- zetti, 1932 158. Canotiaceae Airy Shaw, 1965 159. Hippocrateaceae A.L. Jus- sieu, 1811, nom. cons. Salaciaceae Rafinesque, 1838 160. Siphonodontaceae (Croizat) Gagnepain & Tardieu ez Tar- dieu, 1951, nom. cons. 161. Pottingeriaceae (Engler) Takhtajan, 1987 162. Goupiaceae Miers, 1862 163. Lophopyxidaceae (En- gler) H. Pfeiffer, 1951 164. Stackhousiaceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. Q. Malvanae Takhtajan, 1967 60. Malvales Dumortier, 1829 Tiliales Hutchinson, 1924 165. Sterculiaceae (Candolle) Bart-ling, 1830, nom. cons. Triplobaceae Rafinesque, 1838 166. Byttneriaceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. Hermanniaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 Lasiopetalaceae Reichenbach, 1823 Dombeyaceae (Candolle) Bart- ling, 1830 Fremontiaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Helicteraceae J. Agardh, 1858 Melochiaceae J. Agardh, 1858 volume 74(3):203-263 R. 61. Ulmales Lindley, 1833 Theobromataceae J. Agardh, 1858 Chiranthodendraceae A. Gray, 1887 Cacaoaceae Augier ez Post & March 1993 Kuntze, 1903 167. Huaceae A. Chevalier, 1947 168. Elaeocarpaceae A.L. Jussieu! ez Candolle, 1824, nom. cons. Aristoteliaceae Dumortier, 1829 169. Plagiopteraceae Airy Shaw, 1965 170. Tiliaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Sparmanniaceae J. Agardh, 1858 171. Monotaceae (Gilg) Maury ez Takhtajan, 1987. 172. Dipterocarpaceae Blume, 1825, nom. cons. 173. Sarcolaenaceae Caruel, 1881, nom. cons. Schizolaenaceae Barnhart, 1895 Rhodolaenaceae Bullock, 1958 174. Diegodendraceae Capuron, 1964 175. Sphaerosepalaceae Tieghem ez Bullock, 1959 Rhopalocarpaceae Hemsley ez Takhtajan, 1987 176. Bombacaceae Kunth, 1822, nom. cons. 177. Malvaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Philippodendraceae Endlicher, 1841 Fugosiaceae Martinov, 1820, nor illeg. Hibiscaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Plagianthaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Urticanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 Ficales Dumortier, 1829 | 178. Ulmaceae Mirbel, 1815, | nom. cons. 179. Celtidaceae Link, 1831 180. Moraceae Link, 1831, |_ teveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 213 nom. cons. Artocarpaceae R. Brown, 1818 Dorsteniaceae Chevallier, 1827 Ficaceae (Dumortier) Dumor- tier, 1829 181. Cecropiaceae C.C. Berg, 1978 62. Urticales Dumortier, 1829 182. Urticaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. 183. Cannabaceae Endlicher, 1837, nom. cons. Lupulaceae Link, 1829 63. Barbeyales Takhtajan ez Re- veal & Takhtajan, 1993 184. Barbeyaceae Rendle, 1916, nom. cons. 5. Rhamnanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 64. Rhamnales Dumortier, 1829 185. Rhamnaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Frangulaceae Candolle, 1805 Gouantaceae Rafinesque, 1837 Phylicaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Ziziphaceae Adanson ez Post & Kuntze, 1903 65. Elaeagnales Bromhead, 1838 186. Elaeagnaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Hippophaeaceae G. Meyer, 1836 ?. Euphorbianae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 66. Euphorbiales Lindley, 1833 Crotonales Horaninow, 1847 187. Euphorbiaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Tithymalaceae Ventenat, 1799 Mercurtalaceae Martinov, 1820 Ricinaceae Martinov, 1820 Trewraceae Lindley, 1836 Tragiaceae Rafinesque, 1838 Acalyphaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Bertyaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Crotonaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Hippomanaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Ricinocarpaceae (Miller arg.) Hurusawa, 1954 188. Phyllanthaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Scepaceae Lindley, 1836 Aporusaceae Lindley ez Miquel, 1859 Porantheraceae (Pax) Hurusawa, 1954 189. Picrodendraceae J.K. Small ez Britton & Millspaugh, 1920, nom. cons. Pseudanthaceae Endlicher, 1839 Micrantheaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Paivaeusaceae Meeuse, 1990 190. Androstachyaceae Airy Shaw, 1965 191. Bischofiaceae (Miller arg.) Airy Shaw, 1965 192. Hymenocardiaceae Airy Shaw, 1965 193. Peraceae Klotzsch, 1859 194. Putranjivaceae Endlicher, 1841 195. Stilaginaceae J. Agardh, 1824 Antidesmataceae Loudon, 1830 196. Uapacaceae (Muller arg.) Airy Shaw, 1965 67. Pandales Engler & Gilg, 1912- 1913 197. Pandaceae Engler & Gilg, 1913, nom. cons. Bennettiaceae R. Brown ez Schniz- lein, 1843-1870, nom. illeg. 198. Dichapetalaceae Baillon, 1886, nom. cons. Chaillettaceae R. Brown, 1818 68. Simmondsiales Reveal, 1992 199. Simmondsiaceae (Miiller 214 PHYTOLOGTIrA arg.) Tieghem ez Reveal & Hoogland, 1990. 69. Thymelaeales Willkomm, 1854 Daphnales Lindley, 1833 200. Gonystylaceae Gilg, 1897, nom. cons. 201. Aquilariaceae R. Brown, 1818 202. Thymelaeaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Daphnaceae Ventenat, 1799 Phaleriaceae Meisner, 1841 U. Violanae R. Dahlgren ez Re- veal, 1992 70. Cistales H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1828 Bizales Lindley, 1833 203. Bixaceae Link, 1831, nom. cons. 204. Cochlospermaceae Plan- chon, 1847, nom. cons. 205. Cistaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Helianthemaceae G. Meyer, 1836 71. Violales Perleb, 1826 206. Violaceae Batsch, 1802, nom. cons. Ionidiaceae Mertens & Koch, 1823 Leontaceae A. de Candolle, 1844 Alsodetaceae J. Agardh, 1858 72. Samydales Dumortier, 1829 Homaliales Bromhead, 1838 Flacourtiales Heintze, 1927 207. Berberidopsidaceae ( Veld- kamp) Takhtajan, 1985. 208. Aphloiaceae Takhtajan, 1985 209. Flacourtiaceae Richard ez Candolle, 1824, nom. cons. Prockiaceae Bertuch, 1801 Homaliaceae R. Brown, 1818 210. Samydaceae Ventenat, volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 1808, nom. cons. Blakwelliaceae Lestiboudois, 1826. nom. tlleg. 211. Kiggellariaceae Link, 1831 Pangiaceae Endlicher, 1841 73. Lacistematales Baskerville, 1839 212. Lacistemataceae C. Mar- tius, 1826, nom. cons. 213. Dipentodontaceae Mer- rill, 1941, nom. cons. 214. Peridiscaceae Kuhlmann, 1950, nom. cons. 215. Scyphostegiaceae Hutchin- son, 1926, nom. cons. 74. Passiflorales Dumortier, 1829 216. Passifloraceae A.L. Jussieu ez Kunth, 1817, nom. cons. Paropsiaceae Dumortier, 1829 Smeathmanniaceae C. Martius ez Perleb, 1838 Modeccaceae Horaninow, 1847 217. Malesherbiaceae D. Don, 1827, nom. cons. 218. Achariaceae H. Harms, 1897, nom. cons. 75. Turnerales Dumortier, 1829 219. Turneraceae Kunth ez Candolle, 1828, nom. cons. Piriquetaceae Martinov, 1820 76. Caricales L. Benson, 1957 220. Caricaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. Papayaceae Blume, 1823, nom. illeg. 77. Salicales Lindley, 1833 221. Salicaceae Mirbel, 1815, nom. cons. 78. Tamaricales Hutchinson, 1924 222. Tamaricaceae Link, 1821, nom. cons. Reaumuriaceae Ehrenberg ez Lindley, 1830 Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 215 223. Frankeniaceae A. de Saint- Stsymbriaceae Martinov, 1820 Hilaire ez Gray, 1821, nom. Thlaspiaceae Martinov, 1820 cons. Stanleyaceae Nuttall, 1834 79. Cucurbitales Dumortier, 1829 Raphanaceae Horaninow, 1847 224. Cucurbitaceae A.L. Jussieu, 86. Salvadorales R. Dahlgren ez 1789, nom. cons. Reveal, 1992 Nhandirobaceae Lestiboudois, 236. Salvadoraceae Lindley, 1826 1836, nom. cons. Zanoniaceae Dumortier, 1829 Aztmaceae Wight & Gardner, Bryoniaceae G. Meyer, 1836 1845 80. Begoniales Dumortier, 1829 237. Gyrostemonaceae Endlich- 225. Begoniaceae J. Agardh, er, 1841, nom. cons. | 1824, nom. cons. 87. Batales Engler, 1907 81. Datiscales Dumortier, 1829 238. Bataceae C. Martius ez : 226. Datiscaceae R. Brown ez Meisner, 1842, nom. cons. Lindley, 1830, nom. cons. V. Santalanae Thorne ez Reveal, 227. Tetramelaceae (Warburg) 1992 Airy Shaw, 1965 88. Olacales Bentham, 1862 | 82. Resedales Dumortier, 1829 239. Olacaceae Mirbel ez Can- 228. Resedaceae Candolle ez dolle, 1824, nom. cons. Gray, 1821, nom. cons. Schoepfiaceae Blume, 1850 Astrocarpaceae A. Kerner, 1891 Tetrastylidiaceae Calestani, 1905 83. Tovariales Nakai, 1943 Ximeniaceae Martinet, 1873 229. Tovariaceae Pax, 1891, 240. Aptandraceae Miers, 1853 nom. cons. 241. Octoknemaceae Engler, 84. Capparales Hutchinson, 1924 1909, nom. cons. © 230. Pentadiplandraceae Hutch- 242. Erythropalaceae (Has- inson & Dalziel, 1928 skarl) Sleumer, 1942, nom. 231. Koeberliniaceae Engler, cons. 1895, nom. cons. 243. Opiliaceae (Bentham) 232. Capparaceae A.L. Jussieu, Valeton, 1886, nom. cons. 1789, nom. cons. Cansjeraceae J. Agardh, 1858 233. Cleomaceae Horaninow, 244. Medusandraceae Brenan, 1834 1952, nom. cons. 234. Oxystylidaceae Hutchin- 89. Santalales Dumortier, 1829 son, 1969 Anthobolales Dumortier, 1829 85. Brassicales Bromhead, 1838 245. Santalaceae R. Brown, 235. Brassicaceae Burnett, 1835, 1810, nom. cons. nom. cons. Thestaceae Vest, 1818 Cruciferae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, Osyridaceae Martinov, 1820 nom. cons.; nom. alt. Anthobolaceae Dumortier, 1829 Drabaceae Martinov, 1820 Canopodaceae Presl, 1851 Erystmaceae Martinov, 1820 Ezocarpaceae J. Agardh, 1858 216 PHY TOLOGTIA 90. Loranthales Dumortier, 1829 246. Misodendraceae J. Agardh, 1858, nom. cons. 247. Loranthaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1808, nom. cons. Elytranthaceae Tieghem ez Nakai, 1952 Gatadendraceae Tieghem ez Na- kai, 1952 Nuytstaceae Tieghem ez Nakai, 1952 Psittacanthaceae Nakai, 1952 248. Eremolepidaceae Tieghem ez Nakai, 1952 249. Viscaceae Batsch, 1802 Phoradendraceae Karsten, 1860 Arceuthobiaceae Tieghem ez Na- kai, 1952 Bifariaceae Nakai, 1952 Dendrophthoaceae Tieghem ez Nakai, 1952 Ginalloaceae Tieghem ez Nakai, 1952 Lepidocerataceae Nakai, 1952 W. Balanophoranae R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1992 91. Balanophorales Dumortier, 1829 250. Mystropetalaceae J.D. Hooker, 1853 251. Dactylanthaceae (Engler) Takhtajan, 1987 252. Sarcophytaceae A. Kerner, 1891 253. Heloseaceae (Schott & End-licher) Tieghem ez Re- veal & Hoogland, 1990 Scybaliaceae A. Kerner, 1891 254. Lophophytaceae Horani- now, 1847 255. Balanophoraceae Richard, 1822, nom. cons. Langsdorffiaceae Tieghem ez volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 Pilger & K. Krause, 1914 92. Cynomoriales Burnett, 1835 256. Cynomoriaceae (C. Agardh) Lindley, 1833, nom. cons. V. Hamamelididae Takhtajan, 1967 X. Trochodendranae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 93. Trochodendrales Takhtajan ez Cronquist, 1981 257. Trochodendraceae Prantl, 1888, nom. cons. 258. Tetracentraceae A.C. Smith, 1945, nom. cons. 94. Eupteleales H.-H. Hu ez Re- veal, 1992 259. Eupteleaceae K. Wil- helm, 1910, nom. cons. 95. Cercidiphyllales H.-H. Hu ez Reveal, 1992 260. Cercidiphyllaceae En- gler, 1909, nom. cons. Y. Hamamelidanae Takhtajan, 1967 96. Hamamelidales Grisebach, 1854 261. Platanaceae Lestiboudois ez Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 262. Hamamelidaceae R. Brown, 1818, nom. cons. Fothergillaceae Nuttall, 1818 Parrotiaceae Horaninow, 1834 Bucklandiaceae J. Agardh, 1858, nom. illeg. Disanthaceae Nakai, 1943 263. Rhodoleiaceae Nakai, 1943 264. Altingiaceae Lindley, 1846, nom. cons. 97. Casuarinales Lindley, 1833 265. Casuarinaceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. 98. Buxales Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 266. Buxaceae Dumortier, 1822, nom. cons. Reveal: Pachysandraceae J. Agardh, 1858 267. Stylocerataceae (Pax) Baillon ez Reveal & Hoog- land, 1990 99. Didymelales Takhtajan, 1967 268. Didymelaceae Leandri, 1937 100. Daphniphyllales Pulle ez Cronquist, 1981 269. Daphniphyllaceae Miiller arg., 1869, nom. cons. 101. Balanopales Engler, 1897 270. Balanopaceae Bentham, 1880, nom. cons. 102. Myrothamnales Nakai ez Reveal, 1993 271. Myrothamnaceae Niedenzu, 1891, nom. cons. 103. Hydrostachyales Diels ez Reveal, 1992 272. Hydrostachyaceae En- gler, 1898, nom. cons. Z. Juglandanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 104. Rhoipteleales Novak ez Re- veal, 1992 273. Rhoipteleaceae Handel- Mazzetti, 1932, nom. cons. 105. Juglandales Dumortier, 1829 274. Juglandaceae A. Richard ez Kunth, 1824, nom. cons. Platycaryaceae Nakai, 1930 Pterocaryaceae Nakai, 1930 106. Myricales Engler, 1897 275. Myricaceae Blume, 1829, nom. cons., emend. prop. 107. Corylales Dumortier, 1829 Betulales Burnett, 1835 276. Ticodendraceae Gémez- Laurito & L.D. Gémez, 1991 277. Betulaceae Gray, 1821, nom. cons. 278. Carpinaceae Vest, 1818 Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta Zig 279. Corylaceae Mirbel, 1815, nom. cons. 108. Fagales Engler, 1892 Quercales Burnett, 1835 280. Nothofagaceae Kupri- anova, 1962 281. Fagaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. Quercaceae Berchtold & J. Presl Castaneaceae Baillon, 1878 VI. Rosidae Takhtajan, 1967 AA. Geranianae Thorne ez Re- veal, 1992 109. Linales Baskerville, 1839 282. Humiriaceae Adr. Jussieu, 1829, nom. cons. 283. Ctenolophonaceae (H. Winkler) Exell & Mendonga, 1951 284. Hugoniaceae Arnott, 1834 285. [xonanthaceae (Bentham) Exell & Mendonga, 1951, nom. cons. 286. Linaceae Candolle ez Gray, 1821, nom. cons. 287. Erythroxylaceae Kunth, 1822, nom. cons. Nectaropetalaceae (Winkler) Ex- ell & Mendonga, 1951 288. Peganaceae (Engler) Tieghem ez Takhtajan, 1987 289. Tetradiclidaceae (Engler) Takhtajan, 1986 290. Tribulaceae Trautvetter, 1853 291. Zygophyllaceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. 292. Nitrariaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 293. Balanitaceae Endlicher, 1841, nom. cons. 110. Rhizophorales Tieghem ez Reveal, 1993 218 PHY TOLO GIA 294. Rhizophoraceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. Mangiaceae Rafinesque, 1837 Legnotidaceae Endlicher, 1841, nom. illeg. Casstpoureaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Macarisiaceae J. Agardh, 1858 111. Oxalidales Heintze, 1927 295. Oxalidaceae R. Brown, 1818, nom. cons. 296. Averrhoaceae Hutchin- son, 1959 297. Lepidobotryaceae Léonard, 1950, nom. cons. 298. Hypseocharitaceae Wed- dell, 1861 112. Geraniales Dumortier, 1829 299. Biebersteiniaceae Endlicher, 1841 300. Geraniaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Erodiaceae Horaninow, 1847 301. Dirachmaceae Hutchin- son, 1959 302. Ledocarpaceae Meyen, 1834 303. Rhynchothecaceae End- licher, 1841 304. Vivianiaceae Klotzsch, 1836 113. Balsaminales Lindley, 1833 305. Balsaminaceae A. Richard, 1822, nom. cons. Hydroceraceae Blume, 1825, nom. illeg. Impatientaceae Barnhart, 1895 114. Tropaeolales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 306. Tropaeolaceae A.L. Jussieu ez Candolle, 1824, nom. cons. Cardamindaceae Link, 1829 115. Limnanthales Nakai, 1930 307. Limnanthaceae R. Brown, volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 1833, nom. cons. 116. Malpighiales C. Martius, 1835 308. Malpighiaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. 117. Vochysiales Dumortier, 1829 309. Trigoniaceae Endlicher, 1841, nom. cons. 310. Euphroniaceae Marcano- Berti, 1989 311. Vochysiaceae A. Saint- Hilaire, 1820, nom. cons. 118. Polygalales Dumortier, 1829 312. Polygalaceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. Moutabeaceae Endlicher, 1841 313. Diclidantheraceae J. Agardh, 1858, nom. cons. 314. Xanthophyllaceae (Cho- dat) Gagnepain ez Reveal & Hoogland, 1990 315. Krameriaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. BB. Rutanae Takhtajan, 1967 119. Rutales Perleb, 1826 Citrales Dumortier, 1829 Terebinthales Dumortier, 1829 316. Rutaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Aurantiaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789 Citraceae Roussel, 1806 Diosmaceae R. Brown, 1814 Amyridaceae R. Brown, 1818 Dictamnaceae Vest, 1818 Zanthozylaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 Jamboliferaceae Martinov, 1820 | Frazinellaceae Nees & C. Mar- | tius, 1823 Pteleaceae Kunth, 1824 Cuspariaceae (Candolle) Trat- tinnick, 1825 Monieraceae Rafinesque, 1838, Reveal: nom. illeg. Boroniaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Correaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Diplolaenaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Pilocarpaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Spatheliaceae J. Agardh, 1858 317. Flindersiaceae (Engler) C. White ez Airy Shaw, 1965. 318. Rhabdodendraceae (Hu- ber) Prance, 1968 120. Meliales Lindley, 1833 319. Cneoraceae Link, 1831, nom. cons. Chamaeleaceae Bertoloni, 1834, nom. illeg. 320. Simaroubaceae Candolle, 1811, nom. cons. Quassiaceae Bertoloni, 1827 Soulameaceae Endlicher, 1841 Simabaceae Horaninow, 1847 Ailanthaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Castelaceae J. Agardh, 1858 321. Kirkiaceae (Engler) Takh- tajan, 1967 322. Irvingiaceae (Engler) Ex- ell & Mendonga, 1951, nom. cons. 323. Ptaeroxylaceae J. Leroy, 1960 324. Meliaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Cedrelaceae R. Brown, 1814 Swieteniaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 Aitoniaceae (Harvey) Reveal & Hoogland, 1992, nom. cons. prop. 121. Burserales Baskerville, 1839 325. Burseraceae Kunth, 1824, nom. cons. Balsameaceae Dumortier, 1829 326. Anacardiaceae Lindley, 1830, nom. cons. Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 219 Cassuviaceae A.L. Jussieu ez R. Brown, 1818, nom. illeg. Comocladiaceae Martinov, 1820 Spondiadaceae Martinov, 1820 Vernicaceae Link, 1829 Schinaceae Rafinesque, 1837 _ Sumachiaceae Candolle ez Per- leb, 1838, nom. illeg. 327. Podoaceae Baillon ez Fran- chet, 1889 328. Pistaciaceae C. Martius ez Perleb, 1838 Terebinthaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789 Lentiscaceae Horaninow, 1843 329. Blepharocaryaceae Airy Shaw, 1965 330. Tepuianthaceae Maguire & Steyermark, 1981 122. Julianales Engler, 1907 331. Julianiaceae Hemsley, 1906, nom. cons. 123. Leitneriales Engler, 1897 332. Leitneriaceae Bentham, 1880, nom. cons. 124. Coriariales Lindley, 1833 333. Coriariaceae Candolle, 1824, nom. cons. 125. Sapindales Dumortier, 1829 334. Dodonaeaceae Link, 1831, nom. cons. 335. Stylobasiaceae J. Agardh, 1858 336. Emblingiaceae (Pax) Airy Shaw, 1965 337. Sapindaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Allophyllaceae Martinov, 1820 Ornithropaceae Martinov, 1820 Koelreuteriaceae J. Agardh, 1858 338. Meliosmaceae Endlicher, 1841 Millingtoniaceae Wight & Arnott, 1834, nom. illeg. 220 PHYTOLOGIA Wellingtoniaceae Meisner, 1840 339. Sabiaceae Blume, 1851, nom. cons. 340. Physenaceae Takhtajan, 1985 341. Melianthaceae Link, 1831, nom. cons. 342. Akaniaceae Stapf, 1912, nom. cons. 343. Bretschneideraceae En- gler & Gilg, 1924, nom. cons. 126. Acerales Lindley, 1833 Aesculales Bromhead, 1838 344. Hippocastanaceae Can- dolle, 1824, nom. cons. Aesculaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 ; Paviaceae Horaninow, 1834 345. Aceraceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. 127. Moringales Nakai, 1943 346. Moringaceae R. Brown ez Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. Hyperantheraceae Link, 1829 CC. Fabanae R. Dahlgren ez Re- veal, 1992 128. Connarales Burnett, 1835 347. Surianaceae Arnott, 1834, nom. cons. 348. Connaraceae R. Brown, 1818, nom. cons. Cnestidaceae (Rafinesque) Rafin- esque, 1830 129. Fabales Bromhead, 1838 Paptlionales Batsch, 1802 Lotales Burnett, 1835 Mimosales Burnett, 1835 Cassiales Horaninow, 1847 349. Caesalpiniaceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. Cassitaceae Vest, 1818 Tamarindaceae Berchtold & J. Presl volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 Bauhiniaceae Martinov, 1820 Ceratoniaceae Link, 1829 Detariaceae (Candolle) J. Hess, 1832 350. Mimosaceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. 351. Swartziaceae (Candolle) Bart-ling, 1830 352. Fabaceae Lindley, 1836, nom. cons. Leguminosae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons.; nom. alt. Papilionaceae Giseke, 1792, nom. cons.; nom. alt. Robiniaceae Vest, 1818 Viciaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 Aspalathaceae Martinov, 1820 Astragalaceae Martinov, 1820 Coronillaceae Martinov, 1820 Galedupaceae Martinov, 1820, nom. illeg. Sophoraceae Sprengel ex Wein- mann, 1824 Hedysaraceae Oken, 1826 Lotaceae Oken, 1826 Lathyraceae Burnett, 1835 Phaseolaceae Schnizlein, 1843- 1870 Ciceraceae W. Steele, 1847 DD. Proteanae Takhtajan, 1967 130. Proteales Dumortier, 1829 353. Proteaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Embothriaceae Sprengel ez Wein- mann, 1824 Lepidocarpaceae Schultz-Schult- | zenstein, 1832, nom. illeg. EE. Rosanae Takhtajan, 1967 131. Rosales Perleb, 1826 | Sanguisorbales Dumortier, 1829 © 354. Rosaceae A.L. Jussieu, | 1789, nom. cons. Reveal: Spiraeaceae Bertuch, 1801 Poteriaceae Rafinesque, 1815 Fragariaceae Richard ez Nestler, 1816 Alchemillaceae Martinov, 1820 Tormentillaceae Martinov, 1820 Sanguisorbaceae Marquis, 1820 Agrimoniaceae Gray, 1821 Dryadaceae Gray, 1821 Ulmariaceae Gray, 1821 Potentillaceae Sprengel ez Wein- mann, 1824 Quillajaceae D. Don, 1831 Neilliaceae Miquel, 1855 Cercocarpaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Coleogynaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Lindleyaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Rhodotypaceae J. Agardh, 1858 355. Amygdalaceae (A.L. Jus- sieu) D. Don, 1825, nom. cons. Prunaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 356. Malaceae J.K. Small ez Britton, 1903, nom. cons. Pyraceae Vest, 1818 Mespilaceae Schultz-Schultzen- stein, 1832 Cydoniaceae Schnizlein, 1858 357. Neuradaceae Link, 1829, nom. cons. prop. Grielaceae Martinov, 1820 132. Crossosomatales Takhta- jan ez Reveal, 1992 358. Crossosomataceae En- gler, 1897, nom. cons. 133. Crassulales Lindley Sedales Reichenbach, 1828 359. Tetracarpaeaceae Nakai, 1943 360. Crassulaceae Candolle, 1805, nom. cons. Sempervivaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789 Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 221 Sedaceae Roussel, 1806 Cotyledonaceae Martinov, 1820 Rhodiolaceae Martinov, 1820 Tillaeaceae Martinov, 1820 134. Cephalotales Nakai, 1943 361. Cephalotaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 135. Saxifragales Dumortier, 1829 362. Penthoraceae Rydberg ez Britton, 1901, nom. cons. 363. Saxifragaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Pectiantiaceae Rafinesque, 1837 136. Grossulariales Lindley, 1833 364. Grossulariaceae Candolle, 1805, nom. cons. Ribestaceae Marquis, 1820 137. Parnassiales Nakai, 1943 365. Francoaceae Adr. Jussieu, 1832, nom. cons. 366. Vahliaceae Dandy, 1959 367. Eremosynaceae Dandy, 1959 368. Lepuropetalaceae (En- gler) Nakai, 1943 369. Parnassiaceae Gray, 1821, nom. cons. 370. Greyiaceae Hutchinson, 1926, nom. cons. 138. Droserales Grisebach, 1854 371. Droseraceae R.A. Salis- bury, 1808, nom. cons. 372. Drosophyllaceae Chrtek, Slavikova, & Studicka, 1989 373. Dionaeaceae Rafinesque, 1837 374. Aldrovandaceae Nakai, 1949 139. Stylidiales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 375. Donatiaceae Hutchinson, 1959, nom. cons., emend. prop. 376. Stylidiaceae R. Brown, 222 PHYTOLOGIA 1810, nom. cons. Candolleaceae Mueller, 1882- 1883, nom. illeg. 140. Diapensiales Engler & Gilg, 1924 377. Diapensiaceae (Link) Lind- ley, 1836, nom. cons. Galacaceae D. Don, 1827 141. Roridulales Nakai, 1943 378. Roridulaceae Engler & Gilg, 1924, nom. cons. 142. Bruniales Dumortier, 1829 379. Anisophylleaceae Ridley, 1922 Polygonanthaceae Croizat, 1943 380. Bruniaceae R. Brown ez Candolle, 1825, nom. cons. Berzeliaceae Nakai, 1943 381. Grubbiaceae Endlicher, 1839, nom. cons. Ophiraceae Arnott, 1841 143. Geissolomatales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 382. Geissolomataceae Endlich- er, 1841, nom. cons. 144. Cunoniales Hutchinson, 1924 383. Cunoniaceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. Belangeraceae J. Agardh, 1858 Callicomaceae J. Agardh, 1858 384. Baueraceae Lindley, 1830 385. Eucryphiaceae Endlicher, 1841, nom. cons. 386. Brunelliaceae Engler, 1897, nom. cons. 387. ‘Davidsoniaceae Bange, 1952 388. Staphyleaceae (Candolle) Lindley, 1829, nom. cons. Ochranthaceae Lindley ez End- licher, 1841 389. Tapisciaceae (Pax) Takh- tajan, 1987 volume 74(3):203-263 FF. Vitanae Takhtajan ez Reveal GG. Cornanae Thorne ez Reveal | Rel March 199;) 1992 145. Vitales Burnett, 1835 390. Vitaceae A.L. Jussieu 1789, nom. cons. Ampelopsidaceae Kosteletzky 1835 Cissaceae Horaninow, 1847 | Pterisanthaceae J. Agardh, 18) “91. Leeaceae (Candolle) Du- mortier, 1829, nom. cons. 1992 | 146. Hydrangeales Nakai, 1943 392. Philadelphaceae Marti- nov, 1820 393. Hydrangeaceae Dumorti\ 1829, nom. cons. Hortensiaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 Kirengeshomaceae Nakai, 194: 394. Escalloniaceae R. Brown) ez Dumortier, 1829, nom. co) 395. Argophyllaceae (Engler) Takhtajan, 1987 396. Iteaceae J. Agardh, 1858, nom. cons. 397. Tribelaceae (Engler) Air; Shaw, 1965 398. Dulongiaceae J. Agardh, 1858, nom. cons. prop. Phyllonomataceae J.K. Small, 1905, nom. rej. prop. 399. Pterostemonaceae J.K. Small, 1905, nom. cons. | 400. Griseliniaceae (Wangerin Takhtajan, 1987 401. Carpodetaceae Fenzl, 184 402. Alseuosmiaceae Airy Sha’ 1965 | 403. Montiniaceae Nakai, 1943 nom. cons. 404. Melanophyllaceae Takhta’ eveal: jan ez Airy Shaw, 1972 406. Rousseaceae Candolle, 1839 407. Columelliaceae D. Don, 1828, nom. cons. 408. Desfontainiaceae Endlich- er, 1841 147. Brexiales Lindley, 1833 405. Brexiaceae Loudon, 1830. Izerbaceae Grisebach, 1854 148. Gunnerales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 409. Gunneraceae Meisner, 1842, nom. cons. 149. Haloragales Bromhead, 1838 410. Haloragaceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. Cercodiaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1817 411. Myriophyllaceae Schultz- Schultzenstein, 1832 150. Cornales Dumortier, 1829 412. Davidiaceae (H. Harms) H.L. Li, 1955 413. Nyssaceae A.L. Jussieu ex Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 414. Mastixiaceae Calestani, 1905 415. Cornaceae (Dumortier) Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 416. Curtisiaceae (H. Harms) Takhtajan, 1987 417. Alangiaceae Candolle, 1828, nom. cons. 418. Aucubaceae J. Agardh, 1858 151. Garryales Lindley, 1846 419. Garryaceae Lindley, 1834, nom. cons. 152. Aralidiales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 420. Aralidiaceae Philipson & Stone, 1980 HH. Eucommianae Takhtajan ez Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 223 Reveal, 1992 153. Eucommiales Nemejc ez Cronquist, 1981 421. Eucommiaceae Engler, 1909, nom. cons. 154. Icacinales Tieghem ez Re- veal, 1993 422. Icacinaceae (Bentham) Miers, 1851, nom. cons. Phytocrenaceae Arnott ez Brown, 1852 Pennantiaceae J. Agardh, 1858 423. Metteniusaceae Schni- zlein, 1843-1870 424. Corynocarpaceae Engler, 1897, nom. cons. 425. Cardiopteridaceae Blume, 1849, nom. cons. Peripterygtaceae F.N. Williams, 1905 426. Aextoxicaceae Engler & Gilg, 1920, nom. cons. 155. Pittosporales Lindley, 1833 427. Pittosporaceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. 156. Byblidales Nakai ez Reveal, 1993 428. Byblidaceae Domin, 1922, nom. cons. 429. Tremandraceae R. Brown ez Candolle, 1824, nom. cons. II. Podostemonanae R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1992 157. Podostemales Lindley, 1833 Marathrales Dumortier, 1829 430. Podostemaceae Richard ez C. Agardh, 1822, nom. cons. Marathraceae Dumortier, 1829 431. Tristichaceae J.C. Willis, 1915 Philocrenaceae Bongard, 1834 JJ. Aralianae Takhtajan, 1967 PRY TOLPOG TA 158. Torricelliales Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 432. Helwingiaceae Decaisne, 1836 433. Torricelliaceae (Wangerin) H.H. Hu, 1934 159. Araliales Burnett, 1835 Angelicales Burnett, 1835 Ammiales J.K. Small, 1903 Aptales Nakai, 1930 434. Araliaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Hederaceae Giseke, 1792 Botryodendraceae J. Agardh, 1858 435. Hydrocotylaceae (Drude) N. Hylander, 1945, nom. cons. 436. Saniculaceae (Drude) A. Love & D. Love, 1974 Eryngtaceae Rafinesque, 1838 437. Apiaceae Lindley, 1836, nom. cons. Umbelliferae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons.; nom. alt. Angelicaceae Martinov, 1820 Bupleuraceae Martinov, 1820 Daucaceae Martinov, 1820 Imperatoriaceae Martinov, 1820 Pastinacaceae Martinov, 1820 Coriandraceae Burnett, 1835 Smyrniaceae Burnett, 1835 Ammiaceae (J. Presl & Presl) Barnhart, 1895 160. Caprifoliales Lindley, 1833 Lonicerales C. Baenitz, 1877 438. Caprifoliaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Lontceraceae Vest, 1818 439. Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw, 1965 161. Viburnales Dumortier, 1829 Adozales Nakai, 1949 440. Adoxaceae Trautvetter, volume 74(3):203-263 March 19} 1843, nom. cons. 441. Sambucaceae Batsch | Borck-hausen, 1797 442. Viburnaceae Rafinesqu 1820 Tinaceae Martinov, 1820 162. Valerianales Burnett, 18) 443. Valerianaceae Batsc| 1802, nom. cons. 444. Triplostegiaceae (Héc| Bobrov ez Airy Shaw, 191) 163. Dipsacales Dumortier, 18) 445. Dipsacaceae A.L. Jussi) 1789, nom. cons. Scabiosaceae Adanson ez Po & Kuntze, 1903 | 446. Morinaceae Rafinesqu) 1820 ' VII. Asteridae Takhtajan, 1967 | KK. Asteranae Takhtajan, 196) 164. Calycerales Burnett, 183, 447. Calyceraceae R. Brov ez Richard, 1820, nom. co’ Boopidaceae Cassini, 1816 | 165. Asterales Lindley, 1833 Ambrosiales Dumortier, 182 Carduales J.K. Small, 1903) 448. Cichoriaceae A.L. Jussi 1789, nom. cons. Cynaraceae A.L. Jussieu, 17) Cnicaceae Vest, 1818 Centaureaceae Martinov, 18) Lapsanaceae Martinov, 182(/ Picridaceae Martinov, 1820) Serratulaceae Martinov, 182) Echtnopaceae Dumortier, 18) Acarnaceae Link, 1829 Perdictaceae Link, 1829 Carduaceae Dumortier, 182! Muttstaceae Burnett, 1835 | Nassauviaceae Burmeister, ) Lactucaceae Drude, 1879 Arctotidaceae Bessey, 1914 | | i | | Reveal: 449. Asteraceae Dumortier, 1822, nom. cons. Compositae Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt. Tanacetaceae Vest, 1818 Anthemidaceae Martinov, 1820 Artemistaceae Martinov, 1820 Athanasiaceae Martinov, 1820 Eupatoriaceae Martinov, 1820 Santolinaceae Martinov, 1820 Heleniaceae Rafinesque, 1824 Calendulaceae Link, 1829 Coreopsidaceae Link, 1829 Helichrysaceae Link, 1829 Partheniaceae Link, 1829 Helianthaceae Dumortier, 1829 Gnaphaliaceae F. Rudolphi, 1830 Senectonaceae Spenner, 1834 Vernoniaceae Burmeister, 1837 Matricariaceae Voigt, 1845 Inulaceae Bessey, 1914 450. Ambrosiaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons., emend. prop. Xanthiaceae Vest, 1818 LL. Campanulanae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 166. Campanulales Reichenbach, 1828 451. Menyanthaceae (Dumor- tier) Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 452. Pentaphragmataceae J. Agardh, 1858, nom. cons. 453. Sphenocleaceae C. Mar- tius ez Candolle, 1839, nom. cons. Pongatiaceae Meisner, 1839, nom. alleg. 454. Campanulaceae A.L. Jus sieu, 1789, nom. cons. Jastonaceae Dumortier, 1829 Cyananthaceae J. Agardh, 1858 455. Cyphiaceae A. de Can- Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 225 dolle, 1839 456. Nemacladaceae Nuttall, 1843 457. Lobeliaceae R. Brown, 1817, nom. cons. 458. Cyphocarpaceae Miers, 1848 167. Goodeniales Lindley, 1833 Brunoniales Lindley, 1833 459. Goodeniaceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Scaevolaceae Lindley, 1830 460. Brunoniaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. VIII. Lamiidae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 MM. Solananae R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1992 168. Solanales Dumortier, 1829 461. Solanaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Hyoscyamaceae Vest, 1818 Atropaceae Martinov, 1820 Nicotianaceae Martinov, 1820 Daturaceae Rafinesque, 1828 Cestraceae Schlechtendal, 1833 Lyciaceae Rafinesque, 1840 462. Salpiglossidaceae (Ben- tham) Hutchinson, 1969. 463. Sclerophylacaceae Miers, 1848 464. Duckeodendraceae Kuhl- mann, 1950 465: Goetzeaceae Miers ez Airy Shaw, 1965 169. Nolanales Lindley, 1833 466. Nolanaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 170. Convolvulales Dumortier, 1829 467. Erycibaceae Endlicher, 1840 468. Humbertiaceae Pichon, 226 PTY TO.L.0 GALA 1947, nom. cons. 469. Convolvulaceae A.L. Jus- sieu, 1789, nom. cons. Cressaceae Rafinesque, 1821 Poranaceae J. Agardh, 1858 470. Dichondraceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 471. Cuscutaceae (Dumortier) Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 171. Boraginales Dumortier, 1829 Echiales Lindley, 1846 472. Hydrophyllaceae R. Brown ez Ker-Gawler, 1817, nom. cons. Ellistaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 Hydroleaceae Berchtold & J. Presl, 1820 Sagoneaceae Martinov, 1820 Eutocaceae Horaninow, 1847 473. Ehretiaceae C. Martius ez Lindley, 1830, nom. cons. 474. Cordiaceae R. Brown ez Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. Sebestenaceae Ventenat, 1799 475. Heliotropiaceae Schrader, 1820, nom. cons. 476. Boraginaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Buglossaceae Hoffmannsegg & Link, 1810 Anchusaceae Vest, 1818 Cerinthaceae Martinov, 1820 Onosmaceae Martinov, 1820 Echiaceae Rafinesque, 1837 477. Wellstediaceae (Pilger) Novak, 1943 478. Hoplestigmataceae Gilg, 1924, nom. cons. 479. Lennoaceae Solms-Laubach 1870, nom. cons. 480. Tetrachondraceae Wettstein, 1924 b volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 172. Polemoniales Bromhead, 1838 481. Cobaeaceae D. Don, 1824 482. Polemoniaceae A.L. Jussie 1789, nom. cons. NN. Loasanae R. Dahlgren ez Re- veal, 1992 173. Loasales Bessey, 1907 483. Loasaceae Dumortier, 1822, nom. cons. | Gronoviaceae Endlicher, 1841 Cevalliaceae Grisebach, 1854 OO. Myrtanae Takhtajan, 1967 174. Lythrales Oliver, 1895 484. Psiloxylonaceae Croizat, | 1961 485. Heteropyxidaceae En- gler & Gilg, 1920, nom. cons. | 486. Lythraceae Jaume Saint- Hilaire, 1805, nom. cons. Salicariaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789 Ammanniaceae Horaninow, 183¢ Lagerstroemiaceae J. Agardh, | 1858 Lawsoniaceae J. Agardh, 1858 487. Duabangaceae Takhta- _ jan, 1986 488. Sonneratiaceae Engler & | Gilg, 1924, nom. cons. Blattiaceae Niedenzu, 1892 489. Punicaceae Horaninow, 1834 490. Alzateaceae S. Graham, | 1985 491. Rhynchocalycaceae L. | Johnson & B. Briggs, 1985. 492. Trapaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 493. Crypteroniaceae A. de Candolle, 1868, nom. cons. | Henslowiaceae Lindley, 1835 175. Penaeales Lindley, 1833 | | 494. Penaeaceae Sweet ez Guille- eveal: min, nom. cons. 495. Oliniaceae Harvey & Son- der, 1862, nom. cons. 176. Melastomatales Oliver, 1895 496. Melastomataceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Rheziaceae Dumortier, 1822 Miconiaceae Koch, 1857 Blakeaceae Reichenbach ez Barn- hart, 1895 497. Memecylaceae Candolle, 1828 Mourtriaceae Gardner, 1849, nom. illeg. 177. Combretales Baskerville, 1839 498. Combretaceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Terminaliaceae Jaume Saint- Hilaire, 1805 Myrobalanaceae Martinov, 1820 Bucidaceae Sprengel ez Wein- mann, 1824 Sheadendraceae Bertoloni f., 1850 178. Onagrales Reichenbach, 1828 Oenotherales Bromhead, 1838 499. Onagraceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Epilobiaceae Ventenat, 1799 Oenotheraceae Robin, 1807 Isnardiaceae Martinov, 1820 Jussiaeaceae Martinov, 1820 Circaeaceae Lindley, 1829 179. Myrtales Reichenbach, 1828 500. Myrtaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Myrrhiniaceae Arnott, 1839 Kaniaceae Nakai, 1943 501. Leptospermaceae F. Rudol- phi, 1830 Melaleucaceae Vest, 1818 Chamelauciaceae Candolle ez F. Rudolphi, 1830 Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 227 PP. Gentiananae Thorne ez Re- veal, 1992 180. Loganiales Lindley, 1833 502. Loganiaceae R. Brown ez C. Martius, 1827, nom. cons. 503. Strychnaceae Candolle ez Perleb, 1826 Gardneriaceae Wallich ez Per- leb, 1838 504. Potaliaceae C. Martius, 1827 505. Spigeliaceae C. Martius, 1827 506. Antoniaceae Hutchinson, 1959 507. Plocospermataceae Hutch- inson, 1973 181. Rubiales Dumortier, 1829 Cinchonales Lindley, 1833 Galiales Bromhead, 1838 508. Naucleaceae (Candolle) Wernham, 1911 Cinchonaceae Batsch, 1802 Cephalanthaceae Rafinesque, 1820 Sabiceaceae Martinov, 1820 509. Rubiaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Coffeaceae Batsch, 1802 Guettardaceae Batsch, 1802 Aparinaceae Hoffmannsegg & Link, 1813-1820 Operculariaceae A.L. Jussieu ez Perleb, 1818 Catesbaeaceae Martinov, 1820 Coutareaceae Martinov, 1820 Nonateliaceae Martinov, 1820 Hydrophylaceae Martinov, 1820 Pagamaeaceae Martinov, 1820 Randiaceae Martinov, 1820 Spermacoceaceae Sprengel ez Weinmann, 1824 Gardeniaceae Dumortier, 1829 PHYTOLOGIA Hedyotidaceae Dumortier, 1829 Lygodisodeaceae Bartling, 1830 Psychotriaceae F. Rudolphi, 1830 Asperulaceae Spenner, 1835 Galiaceae Lindley, 1836 Lippayaceae Meisner, 1838 Houstonzaceae Rafinesque, 1840 510. Henriqueziaceae Breme- kamp, 1957 511. Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzi- ni & Occhioni, 1948, nom. cons. 182. Theligonales Nakai, 1942 512. Theligonaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. Cynocrambaceae Endlicher, 1841, nom. illeg. 183. Apocynales Bromhead, 1838 Vincales Horaninow, 1847 513. Apocynaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Vincaceae Vest, 1818 Cerberaceae Martinov, 1820 Pacourtaceae Martinov, 1820, nom. illeg. Carissaceae Sprengel ex Wein- mann, 1824 Plumeriaceae Horaninow, 1834 Ophiozylaceae C. Martius ez Perleb, 1838 Willughbetaceae J. Agardh, 1858 514. Periplocaceae Schlechter, 1905, nom. cons. 184. Asclepiadales Dumortier, 1829 515. Asclepiadaceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Stapeliaceae Horaninow, 1834 Cynanchaceae G. Meyer, 1836 185. Gentianales Lindley, 1833 Chironiales Grisebach, 1854 516. Gentianaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993) Coutoubeaceae Martinov, 1820 } Obolariaceae Martinov, 1820 | Chironiaceae Horaninow, 1847) 517. Saccifoliaceae Maguire | & Pires, 1978 QQ. Lamianae Takhtajan, 1967 | 186. Jasminales Dumortier, 1829 Oleales Lindley, 1833 | Ligustrales Bischoff, 1840 518. Jasminaceae A.L. Jussieu 1789 Bolivariaceae Grisebach, 1838 || Nyctanthaceae J. Agardh, 1858) 519. Oleaceae Hoffmannsegg | & Link, 1813-1820, nom. con Lilacaceae Ventenat, 1799 Frazinaceae Vest, 1818 Ligustraceae G. Meyer, 1836 Forestieraceae Endlicher, 1841 |} Schreberaceae (Wight) Schniz- |) lein, 1843-1870 Syringaceae Horaninow, 1847 187. Plantaginales Lindley, 1833 | 520. Plantaginaceae A.L. Jussiij 1789, nom. cons. Littorellaceae Gray, 1821 Psylhiaceae Horaninow, 1834 188. Bignoniales Lindley, 1833 521. Bignoniaceae A.L. Jussieu} 1789, nom. cons. | Crescentiaceae Dumortier, 182¢ 522. Pedaliaceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Sesamaceae R. Brown ez Berch. told & J. Presl, 1820 | 523. Trapellaceae Honda | Saki-saka, 1930 524. Martyniaceae Stapf, 1895, | nom. cons. | 189. Scrophulariales Lindley, 1833 Rhinanthales Dumortier, 1829 | Veratrales Dumortier, 1829 | 525. Buddlejaceae K. Wilhelm, || Reveal: 1910, nom. cons. 526. Myoporaceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Bonttaceae Horaninow, 1834 527. Scrophulariaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Pedicularidaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789 Rhinanthaceae Ventenat, 1799 Antirrhinaceae Persoon, 1807 Caprariaceae Martinov, 1820 Chelonaceae Martinov, 1820 Digttalidaceae Martinov, 1820 Euphrasiaceae Martinov, 1820 Gratiolaceae Martinov, 1820 Linariaceae Martinov, 1820 Melampyraceae Richard ez Hook- er & Lindley, 1821 Verbascaceae Rafinesque, 1821 Aragoaceae D. Don, 1835 Sibthorpiaceae D. Don, 1835 Calceolariaceae Rafinesque, 1838 Veronicaceae Rafinesque, 1838 Ozycladaceae (Miers) Schnizlein, 1855-1870 Limosellaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Erinaceae Duvau ez L. Pfeif- fer, 1873 Paulowniaceae Nakai, 1949 528. Spielmanniaceae J. Agardh, 1858 529. Selaginaceae Choisy, 1823, nom. cons. Hebenstretiaceae Horaninow, 1834 530. Ellisiophyllaceae Honda, 1930 531. Orobanchaceae Vente- nat, 1799, nom. cons. Phelypaeaceae Horaninow, 1834 Aeginetiaceae Livera, 1927 190. Globulariales Dumortier, 1829 532. Retziaceae Bartling, 1830 Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 229 533. Stilbaceae Kunth, 1831, nom. cons. 534. Globulariaceae Candolle, 1805, nom. cons. 191. Lentibulariales Lindley, 1833 Pingutcularales Dumortier, 1829 535. Lentibulariaceae Richard, 1808, nom. cons. Utriculartaceae Hoffmannsegg & Link, 1820 Pingutculaceae Dumortier, 1829 192. Acanthales Lindley, 1833 536. Nelsoniaceae (Nees) Sree- madhavan, 1977 537. Thunbergiaceae Breme- kamp, 1954 538. Meyeniaceae Sreemad- havan, 1977 539. Mendonciaceae Breme- kamp, 1954 540. Acanthaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. 541. Justiciaceae Rafinesque 1838 : 542. Thomandersiaceae Sree- madhavan, 1977 193. Gesneriales Dumortier, 1829 543. Gesneriaceae Dumortier, 1822, nom. cons. Belloniaceae Martinov, 1820 Didymocarpaceae D. Don, 1822 Cyrtandraceae Jack, 1823 Besleriaceae Rafinesque, 1838 Ramondaceae Godron, 1850 194. Callitrichales Dumortier, 1829 544. Callitrichaceae Link, 1821, nom. cons. Stellartaceae MacMillan, 1892, nom. illeg. non Dumortier, 1822 195. Hippuridales Burnett, 1835 545. Hippuridaceae Link, 1821, 230 PHY T.OLO GIA nom. cons. 196. Verbenales Horaninow, 1847 546. Verbenaceae Jaume Saint- Hilaire, 1805, nom. cons. Viticaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789 Lantanaceae Martinov, 1820 Aegiphilaceae Rafinesque, 1838 Siphonanthaceae Rafinesque, 1838 Durantaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Petreaceae J. Agardh, 1858 547. Phrymaceae Schauer, 1847, nom. cons. 548. Symphoremataceae (Meis- ner) Moldenke ez Reveal & Hoogland, 1991 549. Cyclocheilaceae Marais, 1981 550. 1981 551. Avicenniaceae Endlicher, 1841, nom. cons. 197. Lamiales Bromhead, 1838 Menthales Burnett, 1835 552. Chloanthaceae Hutchin- son, 1959 553. Lamiaceae Lindley, 1836, nom. cons. Labiatae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons.; nom. alt. Glechomaceae Martinov, 1820 Melittaceae Martinov, 1820 Salviaceae Sprengel ex Wein- mann, 1824 Nepetaceae Horaninow, 1834 Menthaceae Burnett, 1835 554. Salazariaceae Barkley, 1975. Scutellariaceae Caruel, 1894 Nesogenaceae Marais, Liliopsida Cronquist, Takhtajan & Zimmermann, 1966 IX. Alismatidae Takhtajan, 1967 volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 RR. Butomanae Takhtajan ez Re- | veal, 1992 198. Butomales Hutchinson, 1934 555. Butomaceae Richard, 181) 1816, nom. cons. SS. Alismatanae Takhtajan, 1967 199. Alismatales Dumortier, 182¢ 556. Limnocharitaceae Takhta jan ez Cronquist, 1981 557. Alismataceae Ventenat, 1799, nom. cons. Damasoniaceae Nakai, 1943 200. Hydrocharitales Dumortier, 1829 Vallisneriales Nakai, 1949 | Elodeales Nakai, 1950 558. Hydrocharitaceae A.L. | Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Elodeaceae Dumortier, 1829 Stratiotaceae Link, 1829 Vallisneriaceae Link, 1829 Elismataceae Nakai, 1943, nom illeg. | Enhalaceae Nakai, 1943 Blyzaceae (Ascherson & Giircke Nakai, 1949 559. Thalassiaceae Nakai, 1943 560. Halophilaceae J. Agardh, 1858 TT. Najadanae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 201. Aponogetonales Hutchin- | son, 1934 | 561. Aponogetonaceae J. Agari 1858, nom. cons. | 202. Scheuchzeriales B. Boivin, | 1956 562. Scheuchzeriaceae F. Rudo. phi, 1830, nom. cons. 203. Juncaginales Hutchinson, | 1934 | 563. Juncaginaceae Richard, | 1808, nom. cons. | Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 231 Triglochinaceae Chevallier, 1827 564. Lilaeaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. Heterostylaceae Hutchinson, 1934 565. Maundiaceae Nakai, 1943 204. Potamogetonales Dumortier, 1829 Ruppiales Nakai, 1950 566. Potamogetonaceae Du- mortier, 1829, nom. cons. Hydrogetonaceae Link, 1829 567. Ruppiaceae Horaninow ez Hutchinson, 1934, nom. cons. 205. Posidoniales Nakai, 1943 568. Posidoniaceae Hutchin- son, 1934, nom. cons., emend. prop. Cauliniaceae J. Presl, 1846, nom. illeg. 206. Cymodoceales Nakai, 1943 569. Cymodoceaceae Norman Taylor, 1909, nom. cons. 570. Zannichelliaceae Dumor- tier, 1829, nom. cons. 207. Zosterales Nakai, 1943 571. Zosteraceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 208. Najadales Reichenbach, 1828 572. Najadaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. X. Triurididae Takhtajan ez Re- veal, 1992 UU. Triuridanae Thorne ez Re- veal, 1992 209. Triuridales J.D. Hooker in Le Maout & Decaisne, 1876 573. Triuridaceae Gardner, 1843, nom. cons. 574. Lacandoniaceae E. Marti- nes & C.H. Ramos, 1989 I. Liliidae Takhtajan, 1967 VV. Lilianae Takhtajan, 1967 210. Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1992 575. Melanthiaceae Batsch, 1802, nom. cons. Veratraceae Vest, 1818 Helontadaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Narthectaceae J.K. Small, 1933 Lophiolaceae Nakai, 1943 576. Petrosaviaceae Hutchin- son, 1934, nom. cons. 577. Campynemataceae Du- mortier, 1829 211. Alstroemeriales Hutchin- son, 1934 578. Alstroemeriaceae Dumor- tier, 1829, nom. cons. 212. Liliales Perleb, 1826 Colchicales Dumortier, 1829 Paridales Dumortier, 1829 579. Colchicaceae Candolle, 1805, nom. cons. Merenderaceae Mirbel, 1804 Bulbocodiaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 580. Uvulariaceae A. Gray ez Kunth, 1843, nom. cons. prop. Compsoaceae Horaninow, 1834 581. Liliaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Lirzvaceae Batsch ez Borckhaus- en, 1797 Tulipaceae Batsch ez Borck- hausen, 1797 Erythroniaceae Martinov, 1820 Fritillariaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 582. Calochortaceae Dumortier, 1829 583. Medeolaceae (S. Wat- son) Takhtajan, 1987 584. Trilliaceae Lindley, 1846, nom. cons. 232 PEAY TOLO GLA Paridaceae Dumortier, 1827 213. Iridales Dumortier, 1829 Iziales Lindley, 1836 585. Geosiridaceae Jonker, 1939, nom. cons. 586. Iridaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Crocaceae Vest, 1818 Iziaceae Horaninow, 1834 Galaziaceae Rafinesque, 1836 Gladiolaceae Rafinesque, 1838 Hewardiaceae Nakai, 1943, nom. illeg. Isophystdaceae (Hutchinson) F. Barkley, 1948 214. Tecophilaeales Traub ez Reveal, 1993 587. Tecophilaeaceae F. Ley- bold, 1862, nom. cons. Androsynaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 Cyanellaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 Conantheraceae (D. Don) J.D. Hooker, 1873 588. Cyanastraceae Engler, 1900, nom. cons. 589. Eriospermaceae Endlicher, 1841 215. Burmanniales Heintze, 1927 590. Burmanniaceae Blume, 1827, nom. cons. Tripterellaceae Dumortier, 1829 591. Thismiaceae J. Agardh, 1858, nom. cons. 592. Corsiaceae Beccari, 1878, nom. cons. 216. Asparagales Bromhead, 1838 593. Convallariaceae Horani- now, 1834 Aspidistraceae Endlicher, 1841 Platymetraceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866, nom. illeg. volume 74(3):203-263 } } } | } | } } | March 1993 | Polygonataceae R.A. Salisbury, | 1866 | 594. Ophiopogonaceae Endlich-, er, 1841 ) Peliosanthaceae R.A. Salisbury, |, 1866 595. Asparagaceae A.L. Jussieu) 1789, nom. cons. ) 596. Ruscaceae Sprengel ez | Hutchinson, 1934, nom. cons. 217. Asteliales Dumortier, 1829 | 597. Dracaenaceae R.A. Sal- | isbury, 1866, nom. cons. Sansevieriaceae Nakai, 1936 598. Nolinaceae Nakai, 1943 599. Herreriaceae Endlicher, | 1841 | 600. Asteliaceae Dumortier, | 1829 218. Hanguanales R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1992 601. Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw, | | 1965 219. Agavales Hutchinson, 1934 602. Asphodelaceae A.L. Jussiet 1789 603. Aloaceae Batsch, 1802 | 604. Anthericaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Lazmanniaceae Bubani, 1901- 1902 605. Aphyllanthaceae Bur- nett, 1835 606. Luzuriagaceae J.P. Lotsy, 1911 - 607. Phormiaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Dianellaceae R.A. Salisbury, 186 608. Doryanthaceae R. Dahigrer & Clifford, 1985 609. Lanariaceae Huber ez R. Dahlgren, 1988 610. Hemerocallidaceae R. Brae| veal: 1810 611. Agavaceae Endlicher, 1841, nom. cons. Yuccaceae J. Agardh, 1858 612. Hostaceae B. Mathew, 1988, nom. cons. prop. Funkiaceae Horaninow, 1834 613. Blandfordiaceae Dahlgren & Clifford, 1985 614. Dasypogonaceae Dumor- tier, 1829 Kingiaceae Endlicher, 1838 615. Lomandraceae J.P. Lotsy, 191i Xerotaceae Endlicher, 1838, nom. illeg. 616. Calectasiaceae Endlicher, 1838 617. Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumor- tier, 1829, nom. cons. 20. Alliales Traub, 1972 618. Ixiolirionaceae (Pax) Nakai, 1943 619. Hyacinthaceae Batsch ez Borckhausen, 1797 Scillaceae Vest, 1818 Eucomidaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 _Lachenaliaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 _ Ornithogalaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 620. Hesperocallidaceae Traub, 1972 621. Alliaceae J. Agardh, 1858, _ nom. cons. Gilliestaceae Lindley, 1826 _Agapanthaceae Voigt, 1850 'Cepaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 Themidaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 Tulbaghiaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 233 622. Milulaceae Traub, 1972 221. Amaryllidales Bromhead, 1840 Narcissales Dumortier, 1829 623. Amaryllidaceae Jaume Saint-Hilaire, 1805, nom. cons. Narcissaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789 Leucojaceae Batsch ex Borck- hausen, 1797 Crinaceae Vest, 1818 Brunsvigiaceae Horaninow, 1834 Galanthaceae G. Meyer, 1836 Gethyllidaceae Rafinesque, 1838 Pancratiaceae Horaninow, 1847 Abaminaceae J. Agardh, 1858, nom. illeg. Cyrtanthaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 Haemanthaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 Oporanthaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 Strumariaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 Zephyranthaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 624. Hypoxidaceae R. Brown, 1814, nom. cons. 222. Velloziales R. Dahlgren ez Reveal, 1992 625. Velloziaceae Endlicher, 1841, nom. cons. Barbaceniaceae Arnott, 1842 626. Acanthochlamydaceae (S.C. Chen) P.C. Kao, 1992 223. Smilacales Lindley, Niz. Pl. 23. 1833 627. Philesiaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. Lapagertaceae Kunth, 1850 628. Ripogonaceae Conran & Clifford, 1985 629. Smilacaceae Ventenat, 234 PHYTOLOGIA 1799, nom. cons. 630. Petermanniaceae Hutchin- son, 1934, nom. cons. 224. Dioscoreales J.D. Hooker, 1876 Tamales Dumortier, 1829 631. Stenomeridaceae J. Agardh, 1858, nom. cons. 632. Dioscoreaceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Tamaceae Martinov, 1820 Tamnaceae Kickx f., 1826 633. Trichopodaceae Hutchin- son, 1934, nom. cons. 634. Stemonaceae Engler, 1887, nom. cons. Rozburghiaceae Wallich, 1832 635. Croomiaceae Nakai, 1937 636. Pentastemonaceae Duyf- jes, 1992 225. Taccales Dumortier, 1829 637. Taccaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 226. Orchidales Dumortier, 1829 638. Apostasiaceae Lindley, 1833, nom. cons., emend. prop. 639. Neuwiediaceae (Burns- Balogh & Funk) R. Dahlgren ez Reveal & Hoogland, 1991 640. Cypripediaceae Lindley, 1833 641. Orchidaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Neottiaceae Horaninow, 1834 Vanillaceae Lindley, 1835 Limodoraceae Horaninow, 1847 WW. Hydatellanae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 227. Hydatellales Cronquist in Takhtajan, 1980 642. Hydatellaceae Hamann, 1976 XII. Commelinidae Takhtajan, 1967 volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 Reveal, 1992 228. Bromeliales Dumortier, 1829 643. Bromeliaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. ; Tillandsiaceae Adr. Jussieu, 1849 YY. Pontederianae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 229. Philydrales Dumortier, 1829 644. Philydraceae Link, 1821, nom. cons. 230. Pontederiales J.D. Hooker, 1876 645. Pontederiaceae Kunth, 1816, nom. cons. Heterantheraceae J. Agardh, 185: 231. Haemodorales Hutchinson, 1934 646. Haemodoraceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Xiphidiaceae Dumortier, 1829 Dilatridaceae Roemer, 1840 647. Conostylidaceae (Pax) Takhtajan, 1987 ZZ. Typhanae Thorne ez Reveal, 1992 232. Typhales Dumortier, 1829 648. Sparganiaceae F’. Rudol- phi, 1830, nom. cons. 649. Typhaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. AAA. Commelinanae Takhtajan, 1967 233. Xyridales Lindley, 1846 650. Rapateaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 651. Xyridaceae C. Agardh, 1823, nom. cons. 652. Abolbodaceae Nakai, 1943 234. Commelinales Dumortier, 1829 Ephemerales Burnett, 1835 653. Cartonemataceae Pichon, XX. Bromelianae R. Dahlgren ez Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 235 1946, nom. cons. 654. Commelinaceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Ephemeraceae Batsch, 1802, nom. rej. prop., non Hampe, 1837, nom. cons. prop. 235. Mayacales Nakai, 1943 655. Mayacaceae Kunth, 1842, nom. cons. 236. Eriocaulales Nakai, 1930 656. Eriocaulaceae Palisot de Beauvois ez Desvaux, 1828, nom. cons. BBB. Juncanae Takhtajan, 1967 237. Juncales Dumortier, 1829 657. Thurniaceae Engler, 1907, nom. cons. 658. Juncaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. 238. Cyperales Burnett, 1835 659. Cyperaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Scirpaceae Batsch ez Borck- hausen, 1797 Caricaceae Sprengel ez Wein- mann, 1824, non Dumortier, nom. cons., 1829 Papyraceae Burnett, 1835 Kobrestaceae Gilly, 1952 239. Restionales Perleb, 1838 660. Flagellariaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. cons. 661. Joinvilleaceae Tomlin- son & A.C. Smith, 1970 662. Restionaceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Elegiaceae Rafinesque, 1838 663. Anarthriaceae D. Cutler & Airy Shaw, 1965 664. Ecdeiocoleaceae D. Cut- ler & Airy Shaw, 1965 665. Centrolepidaceae Endlich- er, 1836, nom. cons. Devauriaceae Dumortier, 1829, nom. illeg. 240. Poales Burnett, 1835 Avenales Bromhead, 1838 666. Anomochloaceae Nakai, 1943 667. Streptochaetaceae Nakai, 1943 668. Bambusaceae Burnett, 1835 669. Poaceae (R. Brown) Barn- hart, 1895, nom. cons. Gramineae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons.; nom. alt. Aegtlopaceae Martinov, 1820 Alopecuraceae Martinov, 1820 Andropogonaceae Martinov, 1820 Avenaceae Martinov, 1820 Maydaceae Martinov, 1820 Melicaceae Martinov, 1820 Nardaceae Martinov, 1820 Saccharaceae Martinov, 1820 Agrostidaceae Sprengel ez Wein- mann, 1824 Chloridaceae Sprengel er Wein- mann, 1824 Festucaceae Sprengel ex Wein- mann, 1824 Hordeaceae Sprengel ex Wein- mann, 1824 Oryzaceae Sprengel ex Wein- mann, 1824 Panicaceae Sprengel ez Wein- mann, 1824 Miliaceae Burnett, 1835 Phalaridaceae Burnett, 1835 Spartinaceae Burnett, 1835 Stipaceae Burnett, 1835 Zeaceae Kerner, 1891 Arundinaceae (Dumortier) Her- ter, 1940 Arundinellaceae (Stapf) Herter, 1940 236 PHYTOLOGIA Eragrostidaceae (Stapf) Herter, 1940 Pappophoraceae (Kunth) Herter, 1940 Lepturaceae (Holmberg) Herter, 1940 Pharaceae (Stapf) Herter, 1940 Sporobolaceae Herter, 1941 Tristeginaceae (Link) Herter, 1941 Parianaceae Nakai, 1943 XIII. Zingiberidae Cronquist, 1978 CCC. Zingiberanae Takhtajan ez Reveal, 1992 241. Musales Burnett, 1835 670. Musaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. 671. Strelitziaceae (Schumann) Hutchinson, 1934, nom. cons. 672. Heliconiaceae (A. Richard) Nakai, 1941 673. Lowiaceae Ridley, 1924, nom. cons. 242. Zingiberales Grisebach, 1854 Amomales Lindley, 1833 674. Zingiberaceae Lindley, 1835, nom. cons. Amomaceae Jaume Saint- Hilaire, 1805 Curcumaceae Dumortier, 1829 Alpiniaceae R. Brown ez F. Ru- dolphi, 1830 675. Costaceae (Meisner) Nakai, 1941 243. Cannales Dumortier, 1829 676. Cannaceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. 677. Marantaceae Petersen, 1888, nom. cons. XIV. Arecidae Takhtajan, 1967 DDD. Aranae Thorne ez Reveal, 1992 244. Acorales Burnett, 1835 volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 678. Acoraceae Martinov, 1820 245. Arales Dumortier, 1829 679. Araceae A.L. Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. Pistiaceae Richard ez C. Agardh, 1822 Callaceae Reichenbach ez Bart- ling, 1830 Orontiaceae Bartling, 1830 Arisaraceae Rafinesque, 1838 Pothaceae Rafinesque, 1838 Cryptocorynaceae J. Agardh, 1858 Caladiaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 Dracontiaceae R.A. Salisbury, 1866 680. Lemnaceae Gray, 1821, nom. cons. Wolffiaceae Bubani, 1901-1902 EEE. Cyclanthanae Thorne ez Re- veal, 1992 246. Cyclanthales Nakai, 1930 681. Cyclanthaceae Poiteau ez A. Richard, 1824, nom. cons., emend. prop. FFF. Pandananae Thorne ez Re- veal, 1992 247. Pandanales Lindley, 1833 682. Pandanaceae R. Brown, 1810, nom. cons. Freycinetiaceae Brongniart. ez Le Maout & Decaisne, 1868 GGG. Arecanae Takhtajan, 1967 248. Arecales Bromhead, 1840 Phoenicales Burnett, 1835 Cocosales Nakai, 1930 683. Arecaceae Schultz-Schult- zenstein, 1832, nom. cons. Palmae A.L. Jussieu, 1879, nom. — cons.; nom. alt. Coryphaceae Sprengel ez Wein- mann, 1824 | Phoenicaceae Sprengel ex Wein- _ Reveal: mann, 1824 Borassaceae Schultz-Schultzen- stein, 1832 Cocosaceae Schultz-Schultzen- stein, 1832 Sabalaceae Schultz-Schultzen- stein, 1832 Sagaceae Schultz-Schultzenstein, 1832 Phytelephantaceae C. Martius ez Perleb, 1838 Acristaceae O. Cook, 1913 Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 237 Cerozylaceae O. Cook, 1913 Chamaedoreaceae O. Cook, 1913 Geonomataceae O. Cook, 1913 Triarteaceae O. Cook, 1913 Lepidocaryaceae O. Cook, 1913 Malortieaceae O. Cook, 1913 Manicartaceae O. Cook, 1910 Pseudophoenicaceae O. Cook, 1913 Synechanthaceae O. Cook, 1913 684. Nypaceae Brongniart ez Le Maout & Decaisne, 1868 Index to Names Abaminaceae, 623 Abolbodaceae, 652 Acalyphaceae, 187 Acanthaceae, 540 Acanthales, 192 Acanthochlamydaceae, 626 Acarnaceae, 448 Aceraceae, 345 Acerales, 126 Achariaceae, 218 Achatocarpaceae, 79 Achradaceae, 144 Achyranthaceae, 91 Acoraceae, 678 Acorales, 244 Acristaceae, 683 Actaeaceae, 56 Actinidiaceae, 93 Actinidiales, 36 Adenogrammaceae, 86 Adoxaceae, 440 Adozales, 161 Aegialitidaceae, 153 Aegicerataceae, 149 Aegilopaceae, 669 Aeginetiaceae, 531 Aegiphilaceae, 546 Aesculaceae, 344 Aesculales, 126 Aextoxicaceae, 426 Agapanthaceae, 621 Agavaceae, 611 Agavales, 219 Agdestidaceae, 77 Agrimoniaceae, 354 Agrostidaceae, 669 Ailanthaceae, 320 Aitontaceae, 324 Aizoaceae, 82 Akaniaceae, 342 Alangiaceae, 417 Alchemillaceae, 354 Aldrovandaceae, 374 Alismataceae, 557 Alismatales, 199 Alismatanae, SS Alismatidae, IX Alliaceae, 621 Alliales, 220 Alhioniaceae, 81 Allophyllaceae, 337 Aloaceae, 603 Alopecuraceae, 669 Alpiniaceae, 674 238 PHY T.OLO GIA Alseuosmiaceae, 402 Alsinaceae, 66 Alsinastraceae, 122 Alsodezaceae, 206 Alstroemeriaceae, 578 Alstroemeriales, 211 Altingiaceae, 264 Alzateaceae, 490 Amaranthaceae, 91 Amaranthales, 34 Amaryllidaceae, 623 Amaryllidales, 221 Amborellaceae, 15 Ambrosiaceae, 450 Ambrosiales, 165 Ammanniaceae, 486 Ammiaceae, 437 Ammiales, 159 Amomaceae, 674 Amomales, 242 Ampelopsidaceae, 390 Amygdalaceae, 355 Amyridaceae, 316 Anacardiaceae, 326 Anagallidaceae, 150 Anarthriaceae, 663 Anchusaceae, 476 Ancistrocladaceae, 117 Ancistrocladales, 42 Andromedaceae, 134 Andropogonaceae, 669 Androstachyaceae, 190 Androsynaceae, 587 Anemonaceae, 55 Angelicaceae, 437 Angelicales, 159 Anisophylleaceae, 379 Annonaceae, 10 Annonales, 5 Anomochloaceae, 666 Anrederaceae, 71 Anthemidaceae, 449 Anthericaceae, 604 volume 74(3):203-263 Anthobolaceae, 245 Anthobolales, 89 Antidesmataceae, 195 Antirrhinaceae, 527 Antoniaceae, 506 Aparinaceae, 509 Aphloiaceae, 208 Aphyllanthaceae, 605 Apiaceae, 437 Apiales, 159 Apocyniceae, 513 Apocynales, 183 Apodanthaceae, 42 Aponogetonaceae, 561 Aponogetonales, 201 Aporusaceae, 188 Apostasiaceae, 638 Aptandraceae, 240 Aquifoliaceae, 107 Aquifoliales, 39 Aquilariaceae, 201 Araceae, 679 . Aragoaceae, 527 Arales, 245 Araliaceae, 434 Araliales, 159 Aralianae, JJ Aralidiaceae, 420 Aralidiales, 152 Aranae, DDD Arbutaceae, 134 Arceuthobiaceae, 249 Arctostaphylaceae, 134 Arctotidaceae, 448 Ardisiaceae, 148 Arecaceae, 683 Arecales, 248 Arecanae, GGG Arecidae, XIV Argophyllaceae, 395 Arisaraceae, 679 Aristolochiaceae, 11 Aristolochiales, 6 Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta Aristoteltaceae, 168 Armertaceae, 154 Artemisiaceae, 449 Artocarpaceae, 180 Arundinaceae, 669 Arundinellaceae, 669 Asaraceae, 11 Asarales, 6 Asclepiadaceae, 515 Asclepiadales, 184 Ascyraceae, 121 Aspalathaceae, 352 Asparagaceae, 595 Asparagales, 216 Asperulaceae, 509 Asphodelaceae, 602 Aspidistraceae, 593 Asteliaceae, 600 Asteliales, 217 Asteraceae, 449 Asteraies, 165 Asteranae, KK Asteranthaceae, 128 Asteridae, VII Asteropeiaceae, 99 Astragalaceae, 352 Astrocarpaceae, 228 Athanasiaceae, 449 Atherospermataceae, 19 Atriplicaceae, 88 Atriplicales, 33 Atropaceae, 461 Aucubaceae, 418 Aurantiaceae, 316 Austrobaileyaceae, 14 Austrobaileyales, 8 Avenaceae, 669 Avenales, 240 Averrhoaceae, 296 Avicenniaceae, 551 Azaleaceae, 133 Azimaceae, 236 Balanitaceae, 293 Balanopaceae, 270 Balanopales, 101 Balanophoraceae, 255 Balanophorales, 91 Balanophoranae, W Balsameaceae, 325 Balsaminaceae, 305 Balsaminales, 113 Bambusaceae, 668 Barbacentaceae, 625 Barbeuiaceae, 78 Barbeyaceae, 184 Barbeyales, 63 Barclayaceae, 38 Barringtoniaceae, 124 Basellaceae, 71 Bataceae, 238 Batales, 87 Baueraceae, 384 Bauhiniaceae, 349 Begoniaceae, 225 Begoniales, 80 Belangeraceae, 383 Bellontaceae, 543 Belvisiaceae, 126 Bennettiaceae, 197 Berberidaceae, 51 Berberidales, 26 Berberidopsidaceae, 207 Bertyaceae, 187 Berzeliaceae, 380 Beslertaceae, 543 Betaceae, 88 Betulaceae, 277 Betulales, 107 Biebersteiniaceae, 299 Bifartaceae, 249 Bignoniaceae, 521 Bignoniales, 188 Bischofiaceae, 191 Bixaceae, 203 Bizales, 70 Blakeaceae, 496 239 240 PHYTOLOGIA Blakwelliaceae, 210 Blandfordiaceae, 613 Blattiaceae, 488 Blepharocaryaceae, 329 Bhtaceae, 88 Blyzaceae, 558 Boerlagellaceae, 145 Bolivariaceae, 518 Bombacaceae, 176 Bonnetiaceae, 119 Bonttaceae, 526 Boopidaceae, 447 Boraginaceae, 476 Boraginales, 171 Borassaceae, 683 Borontaceae, 316 Botryodendraceae, 434 Bougainvilleaceae, 81 Brassicaceae, 235 Brassicales, 85 Bretschneideraceae, 343 Brexiaceae, 408 Brexiales, 147 Bromeliaceae, 643 Bromeliales, 228 Bromelianae, XX Brunelliaceae, 386 Bruniaceae, 380 Bruniales, 142 Brunoniaceae, 460 Brunontales, 167 Brunsvigiaceae, 623 Bryoniaceae, 224 Buctdaceae, 498 Bucklandiaceae, 262 Buddlejaceae, 525 Buglossaceae, 476 Bulbocodiaceae, 579 Bumeltaceae, 144 Bupleuraceae, 437 Burmanniaceae, 590 Burmanniales, 215 Burseraceae, 325 volume 74(3):203-263 Burserales, 121 Butnertaceae, 23 Butomaceae, 555 Butomales, 198 Butomanae, RR Buxaceae, 266 Buxales, 98 Byblidaceae, 428 Byblidales, 156 Byttneriaceae, 166 Cabombaceae, 35 Cacaoaceae, 166 Cactaceae, 73 Cactales, 31 Caesalpiniaceae, 349 Caladiaceae, 679 Calceolariaceae, 527 Calectasiaceae, 616 Calendulaceae, 449 Callaceae, 679 Callicomaceae, 383 Calligonaceae, 156 Callitrichaceae, 544 Callitrichales, 194 Calochortaceae, 582 Calophyllaceae, 120 Calthaceae, 56 Calycanthaceae, 23 Calycanthales, 10 Calyceraceae, 447 Calycerales, 164 Cambogiaceae, 120 Camelliaceae, 97 Camelliales, 38 Campanulaceae, 454 Campanulales, 166 Campanulanae, LL Campynemataceae, 577 Candolleaceae, 376 Canellaceae, 13 Canellales, 7 Cannabaceae, 183 Cannaceae, 676 March 1993 Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 241 Cannales, 243 Canopodaceae, 245 Canotiaceae, 158 Cansjeraceae, 243 Capparaceae, 232 Capparales, 84 Caprarzaceae, 527 Caprifoliaceae, 438 Caprifoliales, 160 Cardamindaceae, 306 Cardiopteridaceae, 425 Carduaceae, 448 Carduales, 165 Caricaceae, 220 Caricaceae, 659 Caricales, 76 Cartssaceae, 513 Carlemanniaceae, 439 Carpinaceae, 278 Carpodetaceae, 401 Cartonemataceae, 653 Caryocaraceae, 104 Caryophyllaceae, 68 Caryophyllales, 29 Caryophyllanae, F Caryophyllidae, III Cassiaceae, 349 Cassiales, 129 Cassipoureaceae, 294 Cassuviaceae, 326 Cassythaceae, 25 Castaneaceae, 281 Castelaceae, 320 Casuarinaceae, 265 Casuarinales, 97 Catesbaeaceae, 509 Cauliniaceae, 568 Cecropiaceae, 181 Cedrelaceae, 324 Celastraceae, 157 Celastrales, 59 Celastranae, P Celosiaceae, 91 Celtidaceae, 179 Centaureaceae, 448 Centrolepidaceae, 665 Cepaceae, 621 Cephalanthaceae, 508 Cephalotaceae, 361 Cephalotales, 134 Cerastiaceae, 68 Ceratoniaceae, 349 Ceratophyllaceae, 33 Ceratophyllales, 16 Cerberaceae, 513 Cercidiphyllaceae, 260 Cercidiphyllales, 95 Cercocarpaceae, 354 Cercodiaceae, 410 Cereaceae, 73 Cerinthaceae, 476 Cerozylaceae, 683 Cestraceae, 461 Cevalliaceae, 483 Chailletiaceae, 198 Chamaedoreaceae, 683 Chamaeleaceae, 319 Chamelauctaceae, 501 Chelidoniaceae, 59 Chelonaceae, 527 Chenopodiaceae, 88 Chenopodiales, 33 Chimonanthaceae, 23 Chingithamnaceae, 157 Chiranthodendraceae, 166 Chirontaceae, 516 Chirontales, 185 Chloanthaceae, 552 Chloranthaceae, 28 Chloranthales, 13 Chloridaceae, 669 Chrysobalanaceae, 102 Ciceraceae, 352 Cichoriaceae, 448 Cinchonaceae, 508 Cinchonales, 181 242 PHYTOLOGIA Circaeaceae, 499 Circaeasteraceae, 57 Cissaceae, 390 Cistaceae, 205 Cistales, 70 Citraceae, 316 Citrales, 119 Clematidaceae, 55 Cleomaceae, 233 Clethraceae, 131 Clusiaceae, 120 Cneoraceae, 319 Cnestidaceae, 348 Cnicaceae, 448 Cobaeaceae, 481 Cochlospermaceae, 204 Cocosaceae, 683 Cocosales, 248 Coffeaceae, 509 Colchicaceae, 579 Colchicales, 212 Coleogynaceae, 354 Columelliaceae, 406 Combretaceae, 498 Combretales, 177 Commelinaceae, 654 Commelinales, 234 Commelinanae, AAA Commelinidae, XII Comocladiaceae, 326 Compositae, 449 Compsoaceae, 580 Conantheraceae, 587 Connaraceae, 348 Connarales, 128 Conostylidaceae, 647 Convallariaceae, 593 Convolvulaceae, 469 Convolvulales, 170 Cordiaceae, 474 Coreopsidaceae, 449 Coriandraceae, 437 Coriariaceae, 333 volume 74(3):203-263 Coriariales, 124 Coridaceae, 151 Corispermaceae, 88 Cornaceae, 415 Cornales, 150 Cornanae, GG Coronillaceae, 352 Correaceae, 316 Corrigtolaceae, 86 Corsiaceae, 592 Corydalaceae, 65 Corylaceae, 279 Corylales, 107 Corynocarpaceae, 424 Coryphaceae, 683 Costaceae, 675 Cotyledonaceae, 360 Coutareaceae, 509 Coutoubeaceae, 516 Crassulaceae, 360 Crassulales, 133 Crescentiaceae, 521 Cressaceae, 469 Crinaceae, 623 Crocaceae, 586 Croomiaceae, 635 Crossosomataceae, 358 Crossosomatales, 132 Crotonaceae, 187 Crotonales, 66 Cruciferae, 235 Cryptaceae, 122 Crypteroniaceae, 493 Cryptocorynaceae, 679 Ctenolophonaceae, 283 Cucurbitaceae, 224 Cucurbitales, 79 Cunoniaceae, 383 Cunoniales, 144 Curcumaceae, 674 Curtisiaceae, 416 Cuscutaceae, 471 Cuspariaceae, 316 March 1993. Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 243 Cyananthaceae, 454 Cyanastraceae, 588 Cyanellaceae, 587 Cyclanthaceae, 681 Cyclanthales, 246 Cyclanthanae, EEE Cyclocheilaceae, 549 Cydoniaceae, 356 Cymodoceaceae, 569 Cymodoceales, 206 Cynanchaceae, 515 Cynaraceae, 448 Cynocrambaceae, 512 Cynomoriaceae, 256 Cynomoriales, 92 Cyperaceae, 659 Cyperales, 238 Cyphiaceae, 455 Cyphocarpaceae, 458 Cypripediaceae, 640 Cyrillaceae, 132 Cyrtandraceae, 543 Cyrtanthaceae, 623 Cytinaceae, 41 Cytinales, 21 Dactylanthaceae, 251 Damasoniaceae, 557 Daphnaceae, 202 Daphnales, 69 Daphniphyllaceae, 269 Daphniphyllales, 100 Dasypogonaceae, 614 Datiscaceae, 226 Datiscales, 81 Daturaceae, 461 Daucaceae, 437 Davidiaceae, 412 Davidsoniaceae, 387 Deeringiaceae, 91 \Degeneriaceae, 7 Dendrophthoaceae, 249 Desfontainiaceae, 407 Detariaceae, 349 Devauziaceae, 665 Dialypetalanthaceae, 511 Dianellaceae, 607 Dianthaceae, 68 Dianthales, 29 Diapensiaceae, 377 Diapensiales, 140 Dichapetalaceae, 198 Dichondraceae, 470 Diclidantheraceae, 313 Dictamnaceae, 316 Didiereaceae, 72 Didymelaceae, 268 Didymelales, 99 Didymocarpaceae, 543 Diegodendraceae, 174 Digitalidaceae, 527 Dilatridaceae, 646 Dilleniaceae, 92 Dilleniales, 35, Dillenianae, G Dilleniidae, [V Dionaeaceae, 373 Dioncophyllaceae, 118 Dioncophyllales, 43 Dioscoreaceae, 632 Dioscoreales, 224 Diosmaceae, 316 Diospyraceae, 141 Diospyrales, 52 Dipentodontaceae, 213 Diphylleiaceae, 49 Diplarchaceae, 133 Diplolaenaceae, 316 Dipsacaceae, 445 Dipsacales, 163 Dipterocarpaceae, 172 Dirachmaceae, 301 Disanthaceae, 262 Dodonaeaceae, 334 Dombeyaceae, 166 Donatiaceae, 375 Dorsteniaceae, 180 244 PHYTOLOGIA Doryanthaceae, 608 Drabaceae, 235 Dracaenaceae, 597 Dracontiaceae, 679 Droseraceae, 371 Droserales, 138 Drosophyllaceae, 372 Dryadaceae, 354 Duabangaceae, 487 Duckeodendraceae, 464 Dulongiaceae, 398 Durantaceae, 546 Dysphaniaceae, 87 Ebenaceae, 141 Ebenales, 52 Ecdeiocoleaceae, 664 Echiaceae, 476 Echiales, 171 Echinopaceae, 448 Ehretiaceae, 473 Elaeagnaceae, 186 Elaeagnales, 65 Elaeocarpaceae, 168 Elatinaceae, 122 Elatinales, 45 Elegiaceae, 662 Elismataceae, 558 Ellisiaceae, 472 Ellisiophyllaceae, 530 Elodeaceae, 558 Elodeales, 200 Elytranthaceae, 247 Embeliaceae, 148 Emblingiaceae, 336 Embothriaceae, 353 Empetraceae, 139 Empetrales, 50 Enhalaceae, 558 Epacridaceae, 137 Ephemeraceae, 654 Ephemerales, 234 Epilobiaceae, 499 Eragrostidaceae, 669 volume 74(3):203-263 Eremolepidaceae, 248 Eremosynaceae, 367 Ericaceae, 133 Ericales, 49 Ericanae, L Erinaceae, 527 Eriocaulaceae, 656 Eriocaulales, 236 Ertogonaceae, 155 Eriospermaceae, 589 Erodiaceae, 300 Erycibaceae, 467 Eryngiaceae, 436 Erystmaceae, 235 Erythroniaceae, 581 Erythropalaceae, 242 Erythroxylaceae, 287 Escalloniaceae, 394 Eschscholtziaceae, 60 Eucomidaceae, 619 Eucommiaceae, 421 Eucommiales, 153 Eucommianae, HH Eucryphiaceae, 385 Euonymaceae, 157 Eupatoriaceae, 449 Euphorbiaceae, 187 Euphorbiales, 66 Euphorbianae, T Euphrasiaceae, 527 Euphroniaceae, 310 Eupomatiaceae, 9 Eupomatiales, 4 Eupteleaceae, 259 Eupteleales, 94 Euryalaceae, 37 Euryalales, 18 Eutocaceae, 472 Ezocarpaceae, 245 Fabaceae, 352 Fabales, 129 Fabanae, CC Fagaceae, 281 March 199 Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta Fagales, 108 Festucaceae, 669 Ficaceae, 180 Ficales, 61 Ficoideaceae, 82 Flacourtiaceae, 209 Flacourtiales, 72 Flagellariaceae, 660 Flindersiaceae, 317 Foetidaceae, 125 Forestieraceae, 519 Fothergillaceae, 262 Fouquieriaceae, 140 Fouquieriales, 51 Fragariaceae, 354 Francoaceae, 365 Frangulaceae, 185 Frankeniaceae, 223 Frazinaceae, 519 Frazinellaceae, 316 Fremontiaceae, 166 Freycinetiaceae, 682 Fritillariaceae, 581 Fugosiaceae, 177 Fumariaceae, 65 Funkiaceae, 612 Gaiadendraceae, 247 Galacaceae, 377 - Galanthaceae, 623 Galaziaceae, 586 Galedupaceae, 352 Galeniaceae, 82 Galiaceae, 509 Galiales, 181 Garciniaceae, 120 Gardeniaceae, 509 Gardneriaceae, 503 _ Garryaceae, 419 Garryales, 151 Geissolomataceae, 382 Geissolomatales, 143 Gentianaceae, 516 Gentianales, 185 Gentiananae, PP Geonomataceae, 683 Geosiridaceae, 585 Geraniaceae, 300 Geraniales, 112 Geranianae, AA Gesneriaceae, 543 Gesneriales, 193 Gethyllidaceae, 623 Gilliesiaceae, 621 Ginalloaceae, 249 Gisekiaceae, 75 Gladiolaceae, 586 Glaucidiaceae, 45 Glaucidiales, 23 Glechomaceae, 553 Ghnaceae, 86 Globulariaceae, 534 Globulariales, 190 Gnaphaliaceae, 449 Goetzeaceae, 465 Gomortegaceae, 21 Gomphiaceae, 112 Gomphrenaceae, 91 Gonystylaceae, 200 Goodeniaceae, 459 Goodeniales, 167 Gordontaceae, 97 Gouaniaceae, 185 Goupiaceae, 162 Gramineae, 669 Gratiolaceae, 527 Greyiaceae, 370 Grielaceae, 357 Griseliniaceae, 400 Gronoviaceae, 483 Grossulariaceae, 364 Grossulariales, 136 Grubbiaceae, 381 Guatacanaceae, 141 Guettardaceae, 509 Gunneraceae, 409 Gunnerales, 148 245 246 PHY TOLG GIA volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 Gustaviaceae, 127 Herniariaceae, 67 Guttiferae, 120 Herreriaceae, 599 Gyrocarpaceae, 27 Hesperocallidaceae, 620 Gyrocarpales, 12 Heterantheraceae, 645 Gyrostemonaceae, 237 Heteropyxidaceae, 485 Haemanthaceae, 623 Heterostylaceae, 564 Haemodoraceae, 646 Hewardiaceae, 586 Haemodorales, 231 Hibbertiaceae, 92 Halesiaceae, 143 Hibiscaceae, 177 Halophilaceae, 560 Hillertaceae, 76 Halophytaceae, 85 Himantandraceae, 8 Haloragaceae, 410 Hippocastanaceae, 344 Haloragales, 149 Hippocrateaceae, 159 Hamamelidaceae, 262 . Hippomanaceae, 187 Hamamelidales, 96 Hippophaeaceae, 186 Hamamelidanae, Y Hippuridaceae, 545 Hamamelididae, V Hippuridales, 195 Hanguanaceae, 601 Hirtellaceae, 102 Hanguanales, 218 Homaliaceae, 209 Hebenstretiaceae, 529 Homaliales, 72 Hectorellaceae, 70 Hoplestigmataceae, 478 Hederaceae, 434 Hordeaceae, 669 Hedyosmaceae, 28 Hornschuchiaceae, 10 Hedyotidaceae, 509 Hortensiaceae, 393 Hedysaraceae, 352 Hortoniaceae, 17 Heleniaceae, 449 Hostaceae, 612 Heliamphoraceae, 129a Houstoniaceae, 509 Helianthaceae, 449 Huaceae, 167 Helianthemaceae, 205 Hugoniaceae, 284 Helichrysaceae, 449 Humbertiaceae, 468 Heliconiaceae, 672 Humiriaceae, 282 Helicteraceae, 166 Hyacinthaceae, 619 Heliotropiaceae, 475 Hydatellaceae, 642 Helleboraceae, 56 Hydatellales, 227 Helleborales, 27 Hydatellanae, WW Heloniadaceae, 575 : Hydnoraceae, 39 Heloseaceae, 253 Hydnorales, 19 Helwingiaceae, 432 Hydrangeaceae, 393 Hemerocallidaceae, 610 Hydrangeales, 146 Henriqueziaceae, 510 Hydrastidaceae, 53 Henslowiaceae, 493 Hydroceraceae, 305 Hermanniaceae, 166 Hydrocharitaceae, 558 Hernandiaceae, 26 Hydrocharitales, 200 Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 247 Hydrocotylaceae, 435 Hydrogetonaceae, 566 Hydroleaceae, 472 Hydropeltidaceae, 35 Hydrophylaceae, 509 Hydrophyllaceae, 472 Hydrostachyaceae, 272 Hydrostachyales, 103 Hymenocardiaceae, 192 Hyoscyamaceae, 461 Hypecoaceae, 64 Hyperantheraceae, 346 Hypericaceae, 121 Hypericales, 44 Hypopityaceae, 136 Hypoxidaceae, 624 Hypseocharitaceae, 298 Icacinaceae, 422 Icacinales, 154 Idiospermaceae, 11 Illecebraceae, 67 Illicaceae, 107 Illiciaceae, 3 Illiciales, 2 Illigeraceae, 26 Impatientaceae, 305 Imperatoriaceae, 437 Inulaceae, 449 Tonidiaceae, 206 Iriarteaceae, 683 Iridaceae, 586 Iridales, 213 Irvingiaceae, 322 Isnardiaceae, 499 Tsophysidaceae, 586 Iteaceae, 396 Izerbaceae, 408 Tziaceae, 586 Iziales, 213 Ixiolirionaceae, 618 _ Ixonanthaceae, 285 _Jalapaceae, 81 _Jamboliferaceae, 316 Jasionaceae, 454 Jasminaceae, 518 Jasminales, 186 Joinvilleaceae, 661 Juglandaceae, 274 Juglandales, 105 Juglandanae, Z Julianales, 122 Julianiaceae, 331 Juncaceae, 658 Juncaginaceae, 563 Juncaginales, 203 Juncales, 237 Juncanae, BBB Jusstaeaceae, 499 Justiciaceae, 541 Kaniaceae, 500 Kiggellariaceae, 211 Kingdoniaceae, 58 Kingtaceae, 614 Kirengeshomaceae, 393 Kirkiaceae, 321 Kobrestaceae, 659 Koeberliniaceae, 231 Koelreuteriaceae, 337 Krameriaceae, 315 Labiatae, 553 Lacandoniaceae, 574 Lachenaliaceae, 619 Lacistemataceae, 212 Lacistematales, 73 Lactoridaceae, 29 Lactoridales, 14 Lactucaceae, 448 Lagerstroemzaceae, 486 Lamiaceae, 553 Lamiales, 197 Lamianae, QQ Lamiidae, VIII Lanariaceae, 609 Langsdorffiaceae, 255 Lantanaceae, 546 Lapageriaceae, 627 248 PHY TOLO GTA Lapsanaceae, 448 Lardizabalaceae, 47 Lasiopetalaceae, 166 Lathyraceae, 352 Lauraceae, 24 Laurales, 11 Lawsontaceae, 486 Larmanniaceae, 604 Lecythidaceae, 127 Lecythidales, 47 Lecythidanae, J Ledaceae, 133 Ledocarpaceae, 302 Leeaceae, 391 Legnotidaceae, 294 Leguminosae, 352 Leitneriaceae, 332 Leitneriales, 123 Lemnaceae, 680 Lennoaceae, 479 Lentibulariaceae, 535 Lentibulariales, 191 Lentiscaceae, 328 Leontaceae, 206 Leonticaceae, 50 Lepidobotryaceae, 297 Lepidocarpaceae, 353 Lepidocaryaceae, 683 Lepidocerataceae, 249 Leptospermaceae, 501 Lepturaceae, 669 Lepuropetalaceae, 368 Leucojaceae, 623 Licaniaceae, 102 Ligustraceae, 519 Ligustrales, 186 Lilacaceae, 519 Lilaeaceae, 564 Liliaceae, 581 Liliales, 212 Lilianae, VV Liliidae, XI Limnanthaceae, 307 volume 74(3):203-263 Limnanthales, 115 Limnocharitaceae, 556 Limodoraceae, 641 Limoniaceae, 154 Limosellaceae, 527 Linaceae, 286 Linales, 109 Linartaceae, 527 Lindleyaceae, 354 Lippayaceae, 509 Liriaceae, 581 Liriodendraceae, 6 Lissocarpaceae, 142 Littorellaceae, 520 Loasaceae, 483 Loasales, 173 Loasanae, NN Lobeliaceae, 457 Loganiaceae, 502 Loganiales, 180 Lomandraceae, 615 Loniceraceae, 438 Lonicerales, 160 Lophiolaceae, 575 Lophiraceae, 110 Lophophytaceae, 254 Lophopyxidaceae, 163 Loranthaceae, 247 Loranthales, 90 Lotaceae, 352 Lotales, 129 Lowiaceae, 673 Lupulaceae, 183 Luremburgiaceae, 112 Luzuriagaceae, 606 Lyciaceae, 461 Lygodisodeaceae, 509 Lysimachiaceae, 150 Lythraceae, 486 Lythrales, 174 Macarisiaceae, 294 Magnoliaceae, 5 Magnoliales, 3 Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 249 Magnolianae, A Magnoliidae, I Malaceae, 356 Malachodendraceae, 97 Malesherbiaceae, 217 Malortieaceae, 683 Malpighiaceae, 308 Malpighiales, 116 Malvaceae, 177 Malvales, 60 Malvanae, Q Mangtaceae, 294 Manicariaceae, 683 Marantaceae, 677 Marathraceae, 430 Marathrales, 157 Marcgraviaceae, 105 Martyniaceae, 524 Mastixiaceae, 414 Matricariaceae, 449 Maundiaceae, 565 Mayacaceae, 655 Mayacales, 235 Maydaceae, 669 Medeolaceae, 583 Medusagynaceae, 116 Medusagynales, 41 Medusandraceae, 244 Melaleucaceae, 501 Melampyraceae, 527 Melanophyllaceae, 404 Melanthiaceae, 575 Melanthiales, 210 Melastomataceae, 496 Melastomatales, 176 Meliaceae, 324 Meliales, 120 Melianthaceae, 341 Melicaceae, 669 Meliosmaceae, 338 Melittaceae, 553 Melochiaceae, 166 Memecylaceae, 497 Mendonciaceae, 539 Menispermaceae, 46 Menispermales, 24 Menthaceae, 553 Menthales, 197 Menyanthaceae, 451 Menztestaceae, 133 Mercurialaceae, 187 Merenderaceae, 579 Mesembryaceae, 83 Mesembryanthemaceae, 83 Mespilaceae, 356 Metteniusaceae, 423 Meyeniaceae, 538 Miconiaceae, 496 Micrantheaceae, 189 Milaceae, 669 Millingtoniaceae, 338 Milulaceae, 622 Mimosaceae, 350 Mimosales, 129 Mirabilidaceae, 81 Misodendraceae, 246 Mitrastemonaceae, 40 Mitrastemonales, 20 Modeccaceae, 216 Molluginaceae, 86 Monteraceae, 316 Monimiaceae, 18 Monimiales, 9 Monodoraceae, 10 Monotaceae, 171 Monotropaceae, 136 Montiaceae, 69 Montiniaceae, 403 Moraceae, 180 Morinaceae, 446 Moringaceae, 346 Moringales, 127 Mouririaceae, 497 Moutabeaceae, 312 Musaceae, 670 Musales, 241 250 PHYTOL. O GLA Muttsiaceae, 448 Myoporaceae, 526 Myricaceae, 275 Myricales, 106 Myriophyllaceae, 411 Myristicaceae, 12 Myrobalanaceae, 498 Myrothamnaceae, 271 Myrothamnales, 102 Myrrhiniaceae, 500 Myrsinaceae, 148 Myrsinales, 55 Myrtaceae, 500 Myrtales, 179 Myrtanae, OO Mystropetalaceae, 250 Najadaceae, 572 Najadales, 208 Najadanae, TT Nandinaceae, 52 Napoleonaeaceae, 126 Narcissaceae, 623 Narcissales, 221 Nardaceae, 669 Narthectaceae, 575 Nassauviaceae, 448 Naucleaceae, 508 Nectaropetalaceae, 287 Neilliaceae, 354 Nelsoniaceae, 536 Nelumbonaceae, 34 Nelumbonales, 17 Nelumbonanae, B Nemacladaceae, 456 Neottiaceae, 641 Nepenthaceae, 123 Nepenthales, 46 Nepenthanae, I Nepetaceae, 553 Nesogenaceae, 550 Neuradaceae, 357 Neuwiediaceae, 639 Nhanditrobaceae, 224 volume 74(3):203-263 Nicottanaceae, 161 Nigellaceae, 56 Nitrariaceae, 292 Nolanaceae, 466 Nolanales, 169 Nolinaceae, 598 Nonateliaceae, 509 Nothofagaceae, 280 Nuytsiaceae, 247 Nyctaginaceae, 81 Nyctaginales, 32 Nyctanthaceae, 518 Nymphaeaceae, 36 Nymphaeales, 18 Nymphaeanae, C Nypaceae, 684 Nyssaceae, 413 Obolariaceae, 516 Ochnaceae, 112 Ochnales, 48 Ochranthaceae, 388 Octoknemaceae, 241 Oenotheraceae, 499 Oenotherales, 178 Olacaceae, 239 Olacales, 88 Oleaceae, 519 Oleales, 186 Oliniaceae, 495 Onagraceae, 499 Onagrales, 178 Oncothecaceae, 106 Onosmaceae, 476 Operculartaceae, 509 Ophiopogonaceae, 594 Ophiozylaceae, 513 Ophiraceae, 381 Opiliaceae, 243 Oporanthaceae, 623 Opuntiaceae, 73 Opuntiales, 31 Orchidaceae, 641 Orchidales, 226 March 1993 Reveal: Ornithogalaceae, 619 Ornithropaceae, 337 Orobanchaceae, 531 Orontiaceae, 679 Ortegaceae, 68 Oryzaceae, 669 Osyridaceae, 245 Oxalidaceae, 295 Oxalidales, 111 Ozycladaceae, 527 Oxystylidaceae, 234 Pachysandraceae, 266 Pacourtaceae, 513 Paeoniaceae, 44 Paeoniales, 22 Pagamaeaceae, 509 Paivaeusaceae, 189 Palmae, 683 Pancratiaceae, 623 Pandaceae, 197 Pandales, 67 Pandanaceae, 682 Pandanales, 237 Pandananae, FFF Pangiaceae, 211 Panicaceae, 669 Papaveraceae, 61 Papaverales, 28 Papayaceae, 220 Papilionaceae, 352 Papilionales, 129 Pappophoraceae, 669 Papyraceae, 659 Paracryphiaceae, 95 Paracryphiales, 37 Parianaceae, 669 Paridaceae, 584 Paridales, 212 Parnassiaceae, 369 Parnassiales, 137 Paronychiaceae, 67 Paropstaceae, 216 Parrotiaceae, 262 Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 251 Partheniaceae, 449 Passifloraceae, 216 Passiflorales, 74 Pastinacaceae, 437 Paulowniaceae, 527 Paviaceae, 344 Pectiantiaceae, 363 Pedaliaceae, 522 Pedicularidaceae, 527 Peganaceae, 288 Peltosanthaceae, 594 Pellicieraceae, 101 Penaeaceae, 494 Penaeales, 175 Pennantiaceae, 422 Pentadiplandraceae, 230 Pentaphragmataceae, 452 Pentaphylacaceae, 130 Pentastemonaceae, 636 Penthoraceae, 362 Peperomiaceae, 32 Peraceae, 193 Perdictaceae, 448 Peridiscaceae, 214 Periplocaceae, 514 Peripterygtaceae, 425 Perseaceae, 24 Perstcartaceae, 155 Petermanniaceae, 630 Petiveriaceae, 76 Petiveriales, 32 Petreaceae, 546 Petrosaviaceae, 576 Phalaridaceae, 669 Phaleriaceae, 202 Pharaceae, 669 Pharnaceaceae, 86 Phaseolaceae, 352 Phellinaceae, 108 Phelypaeaceae, 531 Philadelphaceae, 392 Philesiaceae, 627 Philippodendraceae, 177 252 PHYTOLOGIA volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 Philocrenaceae, 431 Podoaceae, 327 Philydraceae, 644 Podophyllaceae, 49 Philydrales, 229 Podophyllales, 25 Phoenicaceae, 683 Podostemaceae, 430 Phoenicales, 248 Podostemales, 157 Phoradendraceae, 249 Podostemonanae, II Phormiaceae, 607 Polemoniaceae, 482 Phrymaceae, 547 Polemoniales, 172 Phylicaceae, 185 Polpodaceae, 86 Phyllanthaceae, 188 Polygalaceae, 312 Phyllonomataceae, 398 Polygalales, 118 Physenaceae, 340 Polygonaceae, 155 Phytelephantaceae, 683 Polygonales, 58 Phytocrenaceae, 422 Polygonanae, O Phytolaccaceae, 74 Polygonanthaceae, 379 Picridaceae, 448 Polygonataceae, 593 Picrodendraceae, 189 Pongattaceae, 453 Pilocarpaceae, 316 Pontederiaceae, 645 Pinguiculaceae, 535 Pontederiales, 230 Pinguicularales, 191 Pontederianae, YY Piperaceae, 31 Poranaceae, 469 Piperales, 15 Porantheraceae, 188 Piriquetaceae, 219 Portulacaceae, 69 Pisontaceae, 81 Portulacales, 30 Pistaciaceae, 328 Posidoniaceae, 568 Pistiaceae, 679 Posidoniales, 205 Pittosporaceae, 427 Potaliaceae, 504 Pittosporales, 155 Potamogetonaceae, 566 Plagianthaceae, 177 Potamogetonales, 204 Plagiopteraceae, 169 Potentillaceae, 354 Plantaginaceae, 520 Potertaceae, 354 Plantaginales, 187 Pothaceae, 679 Platanaceae, 261 Pottingeriaceae, 161 Platycaryaceae, 274 Primulaceae, 150 Platymetraceae, 593 Primulales, 56 Platystemonaceae, 62 Primulanae, M Plocospermataceae, 507 Prionotaceae, 138 Plumbaginaceae, 152 Prockiaceae, 209 Plumbaginales, 57 Proteaceae, 353 Plumbaginanae, N Proteales, 130 Plumeriaceae, 513 Proteanae, DD Poaceae, 669 Prunaceae, 355 Poales, 240 Pseliaceae, 46 Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta Pseudanthaceae, 189 Pseudophoenicaceae, 683 Psiloxylonaceae, 484 Psittacanthaceae, 247 Psychotriaceae, 509 Psylhiaceae, 520 Ptaeroxylaceae, 323 Pteleaceae, 316 Pteridophyllaceae, 63 Pterisanthaceae, 390 Pterocaryaceae, 274 Pterostemonaceae, 399 Punicaceae, 489 Putranjivaceae, 194 Pyraceae, 356 Pyrolaceae, 135 Quasstaceae, 320 Quercaceae, 281 Quercales, 108 Quiinaceae, 113 Quillajaceae, 354 Rafflesiales, 21 Rafflesiaceae, 43 Rafflesianae, D Ramondaceae, 543 Randiaceae, 509 Ranunculaceae, 55 Ranunculales, 27 Ranunculanae, E Ranunculidae, II Rapateaceae, 650 Raphanaceae, 235 Reaumuriaceae, 222 Resedaceae, 228 Resedales, 82 Restionaceae, 662 Restionales, 239 Retziaceae, 532 Rhabdodendraceae, 318 Rhamnaceae, 185 Rhamnales, 64 Rhamnanae, S Rhaptopetalaceae, 114 Rheziaceae, 496 Rhinanthaceae, 527 Rhinanthales, 189 Rhizobolaceae, 104 Rhizophoraceae, 294 Rhizophorales, 110 Rhodiolaceae, 360 Rhododendraceae, 133 Rhodolaenaceae, 173 Rhodoleiaceae, 263 Rhodoraceae, 133 Rhodotypaceae, 354 Rhoipteleaceae, 273 Rhoipteleales, 104 Rhopalocarpaceae, 175 Rhynchocalycaceae, 491 Rhynchothecaceae, 303 Ribestaceae, 364 Rictnaceae, 187 Ricinocarpaceae, 187 Ripogonaceae, 628 Rivinaceae, 76 Robiniaceae, 352 Roridulaceae, 378 Roridulales, 141 Rosaceae, 354 Rosales, 131 Rosanae, EE Rosidae, VI Rousseaceae, 405 Rozburghiaceae, 634 Rubiaceae, 509 Rubiales, 181 Rumicaceae, 155 Ruppiaceae, 567 Ruppztales, 204 Ruscaceae, 596 Rutaceae, 316 Rutales, 119 Rutanae, BB Sabalaceae, 683 Sabiaceae, 339 Sabiceaceae, 508 253 254 PHYTOLOGTIA Saccharaceae, 669 Saccifoliaceae, 517 Sagaceae, 683 Saginaceae, 68 Sagoneaceae, 472 Salaciaceae, 159 Salazidaceae, 133 Salazariaceae, 554 Salicaceae, 221 Salicales, 77 Salicariaceae, 486 Salicorniaceae, 89 Salpiglossidaceae, 462 Salsolaceae, 90 Salvadoraceae, 236 Salvadorales, 86 Salviaceae, 553 Sambucaceae, 441 Samolaceae, 150 Samolales, 56. Samydaceae, 210 Samydales, 72 Sangutsorbaceae, 354 Sanguisorbales, 131 Saniculaceae, 436 Sansevieriaceae, 597 Santalaceae, 245 Santalales, 89 Santalanae, V Santolinaceae, 449 Sapindaceae, 337 Sapindales, 125 Sapotaceae, 144 Sapotales, 54 Sarcocaceae, 74 Sarcolaenaceae, 173 Sarcophytaceae, 252 Sarcospermataceae, 146 Sargentodoxaceae, 48 Sarraceniaceae, 129 Sarraceniales, 48 Sarracenianae, K Saurauiaceae, 94 volume 74(3):203-263 Saururaceae, 30 Sauvagesiaceae, 111 Saxifragaceae, 363 Saxifragales, 135 Scabtosaceae, 445 Scaevolaceae, 459 Scepaceae, 188 Scheuchzeriaceae, 562 Scheuchzeriales, 202 Schinaceae, 326 Schisandraceae, 4 Schizolaenaceae, 173 Schoepfiaceae, 239 Schreberaceae, 519 Scillaceae, 619 Scirpaceae, 659 Scleranthaceae, 67 Scleranthales, 29 Sclerophylacaceae, 463 Scrophulariaceae, 527 Scrophulariales, 189 Scutellariaceae, 554 Scybaliaceae, 253 Scyphostegiaceae, 215 Scytopetalaceae, 114 Sebestenaceae, 474 Sedaceae, 360 Sedales, 133 Seguiertaceae, 76 Selaginaceae, 529 Sempervivaceae, 360 Senectonaceae, 449 Serratulaceae, 448 Sesamaceae, 522 Sesuviaceae, 82 Sheadendraceae, 498 Sibthorpiaceae, 527 Silenaceae, 68 Silenales, 29 Simabaceae, 320 Simaroubaceae, 320 Simmondsiaceae, 199 Simmondsiales, 68 Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 255 Siparunaceae, 20 Siphonandraceae, 134 Siphonanthaceae, 546 Siphonodontaceae, 160 Sisymbriaceae, 235 Sladeniaceae, 98 Smeathmanniaceae, 216 Smilacaceae, 629 Smilacales, 223 Smyrniaceae, 437 Solanaceae, 461 Solanales, 168 Solananae, MM Sonneratiaceae, 488 Sophoraceae, 352 Soramiaceae, 92 Soulameaceae, 320 Sparganiaceae, 648 Sparmanniaceae, 170 Spartinaceae, 669 Spatheliaceae, 316 Spermacoceaceae, 509 Sphaerosepalaceae, 175 Sphenocleaceae, 453 Sphenostemonaceae, 109 Spielmanniaceae, 528 Spigeliaceae, 505 Spiraeaceae, 354 Spondiadaceae, 326 Sporobolaceae, 669 Stachyuraceae, 96 Stackhousiaceae, 164 Stanleyaceae, 235 Stapeliaceae, 515 Staphyleaceae, 388 Staticaceae, 154 Stegnospermataceae, 80 Stellariaceae, 544 Stellariaceae, 66 Stemonaceae, 634 Stenomeridaceae, 631 Sterculiaceae, 165 Stilaginaceae, 195 Stilbaceae, 533 Stipaceae, 669 Strasburgeriaceae, 115 Strattotaceae, 558 Strelitziaceae, 671 Streptochaetaceae, 667 Strumariaceae, 623 Strychnaceae, 503 Stylidiaceae, 376 Stylidiales, 139 Stylobasiaceae, 335 Stylocerataceae, 267 Stypheliaceae, 137 Styracaceae, 143 Styracales, 53 Sumachiaceae, 326 Surianaceae, 347 Swartziaceae, 351 Swietentaceae, 324 Symphoremataceae, 548 Symplocaceae, 103 Synechanthaceae, 683 Syringaceae, 519 Taccaceae, 637 Taccales, 225 Takhtajaniaceae, 2 Tamaceae, 632 Tamales, 224 Tamaricaceae, 222 Tamaricales, 78 Tamarindaceae, 349 Tamnaceae, 632 Tanacetaceae, 449 Tapisciaceae, 389 Tecophilaeaceae, 587 Tecophilaeales, 214 Telephiaceae, 68 Tepuianthaceae, 330 Terebinthaceae, 328 Terebinthales, 119 Terminaliaceae, 498 Ternstroemtaceae, 97 Tetracarpaeaceae, 359 256 PHY TOLO GIA Tetracentraceae, 258 Tetrachondraceae, 480 Tetradiclidaceae, 289 Tetragoniaceae, 84 Tetramelaceae, 227 Tetrameristaceae, 100 Tetrastylidiaceae, 239 Thalassiaceae, 559 Thalictraceae, 54 Theaceae, 97 Theales, 38 Theanae, H Theligonaceae, 512 Theligonales, 182 Themidaceae, 621 Theobromataceae, 166 Theophrastaceae, 147 Thestaceae, 245 Thismiaceae, 591 Thlaspiaceae, 235 Thomandersiaceae, 542 Thunbergiaceae, 537 Thurniaceae, 657 Thymelaeaceae, 202 Thymelaeales, 69 Ticodendraceae, 276 Tiliaceae, 170 Tiliales, 60 Tillaeaceae, 360 Tillandsiaceae, 643 Tinaceae, 442 Tithymalaceae, 187 Tormentillaceae, 354 Torricelliaceae, 433 Torricelliales, 158 Tovariaceae, 229 Tovariales, 83 Tragtaceae, 187 Trapaceae, 492 Trapellaceae, 523 Tremandraceae, 429 Trewtaceae, 187 Tribelaceae, 397 volume 74(3):203-263 Tribulaceae, 290 Trichopodaceae, 633 Triglochinaceae, 563 Trigoniaceae, 309 Trilliaceae, 584 Trimeniaceae, 16 Triplobaceae, 165 Triplostegiaceae, 444 Tripterellaceae, 590 Tristegr~ aceae, 669 Tristichuceae, 431 Triuridaceae, 573 Triuridales, 209 Triuridanae, UU Triurididae, X Trochodendraceae, 257 Trochodendrales, 93 Trochodendranae, X Tropaeolaceae, 306 Tropaeolales, 114 Tulbaghiaceae, 621 Tulipaceae, 581 Turneraceae, 219 Turnerales, 75 . Typhaceae, 649 Typhales, 232 Typhanae, ZZ Uapacaceae, 196 Ullucaceae, 71 Ulmaceae, 178 Ulmales, 61 Ulmariaceae, 354 Umbelliferae, 437 Urticaceae, 182 Urticales, 62 Urticanae, R Utricularzaceae, 535 Uvulariaceae, 580 Vacciniaceae, 134 Vaccintales, 49 Vahliaceae, 366 Valerianaceae, 443 Valerianales, 162 March 1993 Reveal: Vallisnerzaceae, 558 Vallisneriales, 200 Vanillaceae, 641 Velloziaceae, 625 Velloziales, 222 Veratraceae, 575 Veratrales, 189 Verbascaceae, 527 Verbenaceae, 546 Verbenales, 196 Vernicaceae, 326 Vernontaceae, 449 Veronicaceae, 527 Viburnaceae, 442 Viburnales, 161 Victaceae, 352 Vincaceae, 513 Vincales, 183 Violaceae, 206 Violales, 71 Violanae, U Viscaceae, 249 Vitaceae, 390 Vitales, 145 Vitanae, FF Viticaceae, 546 Vivianiaceae, 304 Vochysiaceae, 311 Vochysiales, 117 Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta Wellingtoniaceae, 338 Wellstediaceae, 477 Willughbetaceae, 513 Winteraceae, 1 Winterales, 1 Winteranaceae, 13 Wolffiaceae, 680 Xanthiaceae, 450 Xanthophyllaceae, 314 Xanthorrhoeaceae, 617 Xerotaceae, 615 Ximeniaceae, 239 Xiphidiaceae, 646 Xyridaceae, 651 Xyridales, 233 Yuccaceae, 611 Zannichelliaceae, 570 Zanontaceae, 224 Zanthorylaceae, 316 Zeaceae, 669 Zephyranthaceae, 623 Zingiberaceae, 674 Zingiberales, 242 Zingiberanae, CCC Zingiberidae, XIII Ziztphaceae, 185 Zosteraceae, 571 Zosterales, 207 Zygophyllaceae, 291 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 257 Thanks are extended to B.E. Dutton and Dr. J.H. Wiersema for review- ing the manuscript. Work on ordinal and plant family names in Europe was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BSR-8812816. This is Sci- entific Article A-6415, Contribution No. 8608, of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. 258 PHYTOL OGLA volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 LITERATURE CITED Bedell, H.G. & J.L. Reveal. 1982a. Amended outlines and indices for six re- cently published systems of angiosperm classification. Phytologia 51:65- 156. . 1982b. A synoptical review of a revised classification of Liliop- sida (Magnoliophyta) as proposed by Dahlgren and Clifford. Phytologia 52:179-183. Benson, L. 1957. Plant Classification. D.C. Heath & Co., Boston, Mas- sachusetts. Boivin, B.B. 1956. Les families des Trachéophytes. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 103:490-505. Brummitt, R.K. (comp.). 1992. Vascular Plant Families and Genera. Kew, | Great Britain. Cronquist, A. 1957. 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Present aspect of evolutionary history of Telomophyta. Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest, Biol. 4:167-178. 1967. Die modernen Systeme der Angiospermen. Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 13:201-233. Stebbins, G.L. 1974. Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level. Belknap Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Takhtajan, A.L. 1959. Die Evolution der Angiospermen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany. . 1967. Systema et Phylogenia Magnoliophytorum. Officna Editoria “Nauka”, Leningrad, U.S.S.R. - 1969. Flowering Plants: Origin and Dispersal. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, Great Britain. 262 PHYTOLO GIA volume 74(3):203-263 March 1993 1970. Origin and Dispersal of the Flowering Plants. Officna Edi- toria “Nauka”, Leningrad, U.S.S.R. 1973. Evolution und Ausbreitung der Blutenpflanzen. Gustav Fis- cher, Jena, Germany. 1980. Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnolio- phyta). Bot. Rev. 46:225-359. 1983. “The systematic arrangement of dicotyledonous families,” pp. 180-201. Jn: C.R. Metcalfe & L. Chalk, Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, 2nd ed. Volume II. Clarendon Press, Oxford, Great Britain. 1985. Anatomia Seminum Comparativa. Tomus I. Liliopsida seu Monocotyledones. Officna Editoria “Nauka”, Leningrad, U.S.S.R. 1986. Floristic Regions of the World. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. 1987. Systema Magnoliophytorum. Officna Editoria “Nauka”, Leningrad, U.S.S.R. Thorne, R.F. 1968. Synopsis of a putative phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants. Aliso 6:57-66. 1974. A phylogenetic classification of the Annoniflorae. Aliso 8:147-209. 1976. A phylogenetic classification of the Angiospermae. Evol. Biol. 9:35-106. 1977. Some realignments in the Angiospermae. Nordic J. Bot. 3: 85-117. 1981. “Phytochemistry and angiosperm phylogeny: A summary statement,” pp. 233-295. In: D.A. Young & D.S. Seigler (eds.), Phyto- chemistry and Angtosperm Phylogeny. Praeger Publishers, New York, New York. 1983. Proposed new realignments in the angiosperms. Nordic J. Bot. 3:85-117. 1992a. An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants. Aliso 13:365-389. Reveal: Guide to higher taxa of Magnoliophyta 263 . 1992b. Classification and geography of the flowering plants. Bot. Rev. 58:225-348. Willis, J.C. 1973. A Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns, 8th ed. Revised by H.K. Airy Shaw. Cambridge University Press, London, Great Britain. Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):264. ERRATUM M.H. MacRoberts & B.H. MacRoberts Bog Research, 740 Columbia, Shreveport, Louisiana 71104 U.S.A. In MacRoberts & MacRoberts (1993), we reported that the age estimated — from cores of Pinus palustris P. Mill. in two glades ranged from 120 to 380 years" old. The upper figure is a miscalculation (one measurement was doubled) and the correct range is 120 to 220 years old. LITERATURE CITED MacRoberts, M.H. & B.H. MacRoberts. 1993. Why don’t west Louisiana | bogs and glades grow up into forests? Phytologia 74:26-34. 264 | Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):265-266. A NEW SPECIES OF PERITYLE (ASTERACEAE, HELENIEAE) FROM SONORA, MEXICO B.L. Turner Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78713 U.S.A. ABSTRACT A new species, Perityle alamosana B.L. Turner, is described from southern Sonora, México. It is related to P. batopilensts and P. gentryi but readily distinguished by a combination of features including erect habit, glandular pubescent stems, and well developed ray florets. KEY WORDS: Asteraceae, Helenieae, Perityle, Mexico, Sonora Routine identification of Mexican Asteraceae has revealed the following novelty. Perityle alamosana B.L. Turner, sp. nov. TYPE: MEXICO. Sonora: Ran- cho San Pedro and upper entrance of the canon, 4 km N of Alamos (108° 42.3’ W, 27° 02.8’ N), “Evergreen forest”, 480 m, 13-15 Mar 1991, P.S. Martin, C. Lindquist, & S. Meyer s.n. (HOLOTYPE: TEX!; Isotype: ARIZ). Peritylae batopilens: A.M. Powell, similis sed caulibus ac pedi- cellis dense glandulosi-pubescentibus (vs. dense pilosis trichomati- bus eglandulosis translucentibus) et capitulis radiatis (vs. eradiatis) differt. Erect suffruticose perennial herbs 10-20 cm high, the basal portions de- cidedly woody. Stems densely glandular pilose with hairs ca. 0.25 mm long, interspersed among these a smattering of much longer eglandular translucent hairs 1-2 mm long. Midstem leaves mostly 2.0-3.5 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm wide; petioles 1.0-1.5 cm long, pubescent like the stems; blades deltoid to cordate in outline, the undersurfaces atomiferous glandular and moderately pilose, 265 266 PHYTOLOGIA volume 74(3):265-266 March 1993 especially along the veins, the margins irregularly lacerate-dentate. Heads ra- diate, single on peduncles 1.5-2.5 cm long, the latter pubescent like the stems. Involucres campanulate, 5.5-6.0 mm high, the bracts pubescent like the pe- duncles. Ray florets ca. 8, the ligules yellow, ca. 6 mm long, 2 mm wide. Disk florets 20-30, the corollas yellow, 3.5-4.0 mm long, the tube ca. 1 mm long, glandular pubescent, the lobes ca. 0.5 mm long, each usually possessing 1-3, translucent hairs. Anthers yellow. Style branches linear, gradually acumi- nate. Achenes (immature) ca. 3 mm long, the body sparsely hispid, otherwise glabrous, epappose. This species is closely related to Perityle batopilensts A.M. Powell and P. gentryi A.M. Powell; indeed, I had considered both of the latter to be synonymous in an early treatment of Perityle for México. However, more detailed examination of the type material of P. batopilensis and P. gentry: (TEX!) has now convinced me that these are good species. These several taxa belong to the subgenus Laphamia (sensu Powell 1973, 1983) and have a syndrome of characters that relate them: similar campanulate involucres with similar vestiture, short glandular hairs, long translucent eglandular hairs, or combinations thereof, and similar disk corollas, the lobes possessing 1-3 translucent hairs. The following couplets readily distinguish the taxa. 1. Stems repent or trailing. .............. wae e abe neh datea meee P. gentry: 1. Stems erect or ascending. «2... «sss 00 ssa: ee (2) 2. Stems pilose with mostly translucent eglandular hairs 1-2 mm long; ray florets with ligules absent; Chihuahua. ........ P. batopilensis | 2. Stems pilose with mostly glandular hairs; ray florets ligulate; Sonora. 5 snare nye Aen aye a ain « oe «Se P. alamosana ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to my colleague Guy Nesom for the Latin diagnosis and to him | and Mike Powell of Sul Ross State University for reviewing the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Powell, A.M. 1973. Taxonomy of Perityle ...Sect. Laphamia Sida 5:61-128. 1983. Perityle (Asteraceae), new species and notes. Madrono 30:217-225. Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):267-270. DARCYA (SCROPHULARIACEAE), A NEW GENUS FROM CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA Billie L. Turner & Clark Cowan Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78713 U.S.A. ABSTRACT Darcya, a new genus belonging to the Scrophulariaceae is proposed. It is represented by three localized species previously treated within the genus Stemodia (s.1.), as follows: D. costaricensis (B.L. Turner) B.L. Turner, comb. nov., from Costa Rica; D. mutisii (Fern. Alonso) B.L. Turner, comb. nov., from Colombia; and D. reliquiarum (D’Arcy) B.L. Turner & C. Cowan, comb. nov., from Panama. Descriptions of the Central American taxa are provided, along with a comprehensive key for identification purposes. Darcya does not appear to be especially close to Stemodia (s.l.), possessing a combination of unique characters not found in that genus or yet other genera of the tribe Gratioleae in which it is positioned. KEY WORDS: Darcya, Stemodia, Scrophulariaceae, Gratioleae Preparation of a synopsis of Stemodia (s.1.) for North and South America (Turner & Cowan 1993; in prep.) has occasioned the present paper. In our treatment for the New World we recognized ca. 32 species. In studying the considerable diversity within this group it became apparent that the several species discussed here could not be readily accommodated within Stemodta (s.l.) nor could they be readily placed in any other genus of our acquain- tance. This was presaged by D’Arcy who noted that the generitype, Darcya reliquiarum, did not conform to any of the intrageneric groupings or closely related genera proposed by Minod (1918), “and might warrant recognition at the generic level”. Darcya has the calyx and capsular characters of Stemodia (s.l.), but differs from the rest of the species in having pubescent anthers, very short styles, well defined terminal racemes, 3-5 principal nerves arising from near the base of the blade, and peculiar estipitate trapezoidal seeds. 267 268 PHYTOLOGIA volume 74(3):267-270 March 1993 Darcya (Scrophulariaceae) B.L. Turner & C. Cowan, gen. nov. Stemodiae L. (nom. cons.) similis sed inflorescentia racemosa terminali, foliis nerviis principalibus 3-5, antheris pubescentibus, fructibus stylis corpor capsulae multo brevioribus, et seminibus trapezoidibus paginis alveolati-reticulatis distinctus. Suffruticose perennial herbs to 1 m high. Leaves opposite, simple, petiolate, with 3 principal nerves or somewhat subpinnately nervate, the margins serru- late. Flowers arranged in terminal bracteate racemes. Calyx ebracteolate, the lobes free and essentially alike. Corollas tubular, m 1kedly zygomorphic with well defined upper and lower lobes. Anther thecae pubescent dorsally with stiff white hairs. Capsules ovoid (4-5 mm high), 4 valvate, the styles persistent but much shorter than the body: (ca. 0.3 mm long). Seeds trapezoidal, estipitate, alveolate-reticulate. Type species, Darcya reliquiarum (D’Arcy) B.L. Turner & C. Cowan. KEY TO SPECIES 1. Branches of the inflorescence glabrous; Costa Rica. ..... D. costaricensis 1. Branches of the inflorescence pubescent; Panama and Colombia. ..... (2) 2. Branches of the inflorescence glandular pubescent; corollas 7.0-8.2 mm long; Colombia. . 22... 2... <0... «densa eran eee D. mutisi 2. Branches of the inflorescence eglandular pubescent; corollas 4-5 mm long; Panama. 2. 2.235.052. 0. ses Ce ee D. reliquiarum Darcya costaricensis (B.L. Turner) B.L. Turner, comb. nov. BASIONYM: Stemodia costaricensis B.L. Turner, Phytologia 73:253. 1992. TYPE: COSTA RICA. Cartago Province: “1-4 km beyond first bridge within Hydroelectric Plant Property (Instituto Costaricensis Electricidad) en- route to the reservoir at the road terminus,” 4800-4900 ft, common but very local, 4 Mar 1981, F. Almeda & K.Nakai 4734 (HOLOTYPE: TEX!; Isotype: CAS). Sprawling or trailing suffruticose glabrous perennial herbs 10-100 cm high. Midstem leaves mostly 2-4 cm long, 1.0-1.8 cm wide; petioles mostly. 3-8 mm long; blades broadly ovate to triangular ovate, trinervate to somewhat sub- pinnately nervate, minutely punctate beneath, the margins serrulate. Flowers arranged in terminal bracteate racemes 3-8 cm long, the pedicels glabrous, Turner & Cowan: Darcya new genus of Scrophulariaceae 269 mostly 8-14 mm long. Calyx glabrous, ebracteolate, mostly 3-4 mm long, the lobes essentially alike and free to the base. Corollas reportedly deep violet blue and “Zobelia-like”, the tube ca. 3 mm long, the upper 2 lobes 2.5-3.0 mm long, the lower 3 lobes mostly 3-6 mm long, the central lobe 4-6 mm long. Anther thecae ca. 0.5 mm long, pubescent, separated by a globose connective. Capsule ovate, ca. 4 mm long. Seeds numerous, brown, trapezoidal, finely ornate like the hull of a peanut, ca. 0.5 mm long. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the vicinity of the type locality; flow- ering November-January. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: COSTA RICA. Cartago: Twen- ty or more specimens as given with the original description. Darcya reliquiarum (D’Arcy) B.L. Turner & C. Cowan, comb. nov. BA- SIONYM: Stemodia reliquiarum D’Arcy, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 66:258. 1979. TYPE: PANAMA. Chiriqui: La Popa above Boquete, 1500-2500 m, 20 Mar 1977, W.G. D’Arcy 10893 (HOLOTYPE: MO!; progeny of type material grown from seed, F!,K!,MO!). Sprawling perennial herbs to 40 cm high. Stems sparingly branched, sparsely pubescent, glabrescent with age. Midstem leaves mostly 3-6 cm long, 1.4- 2.6 cm wide; petioles 5-10 mm long, gradually tapered upon by the blades; blades ovate, with 3 principal nerves from near the base, glabrous or nearly so, minutely glandular punctate beneath, the margins irregularly serrate. Flowers arranged mostly in terminal bracteate racemes, the pedicels sparsely pilose, mostly 9-16 mm long. Sepals 2-4 mm long, all alike, without basal bracts, glabrous or nearly so. Corollas 4-5 mm long, blue, glabrous or nearly so, the lobes subequal, 2-3 mm long, minutely pubescent ventrally. Anther thecae ca. 0.25 mm long, pubescent dorsally with conspicuous stiff white hairs, the thecae sessile or one of these on a short stipelike connective. Capsule ovate (in outline), 4-5 mm high, the persistent style ca. 0.3 mm long, ca. as long as the stigmatic area, 4 valvate. Seeds trapezoidal, alveolate-reticulate, estipitate, ca. 0.3 mm long. DISTRIBUTION: Panama, where it is known only from cloud forests near Boquete, 1200-1700 m; flowering July-March. D’Arcy provided an illustration of this species along with his original de- scription. ; Darcya mutisii (Fern. Alonso) B.L. Turner, comb. nov. BASIONYM: Ste- modta mutisi Fern. Alonso, An. Jard. Bot. Madrid 44:394. 1987. TYPE: COLOMBIA. Depto. de Cundinamarca, Mpio. de San Bernardo, 1600 m, 27 Jun 1948, M. Schneider 581-A (HOLOTYPE: COL 81234). 270 P\PRYOPOLIO'G eA volume 74(3):267-270 March 1993 This recently described species was first collected and illustrated following the Real Expedicion Botanica del Nuevo Reino de Granada, under the direc- tion of Mutis (1760-1790). The original illustration has been republished in black and white by F. Alonso with his original description. While I have not examined type material, the illustration and description leaves little doubt that the plant concerned belongs to Darcya. Indeed, it is closely similar to both D. reliquiarum and D. costaricensis but readily distinguished by its glandular pubescent inflorescence. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Guy Nesom for the Latin diagnosis and to him and T.P. Ramamoorthy for reviewing the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Minod, M. 1918. Contribution a l’etude du genre Stemodia et du groupe des Stémodiées en Amerique. Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve, ser. II 10:155-252. Turner, B.L. & C. Cowan. 1993. Taxonomic overview of Stemodia (Scrophu- lariaceae) for North America and the West Indies. Phytologia 74:61-103. Phytologia (March 1993) 74(3):271-272. BOOKS RECEIVED Inducible Plant Proteins, Their Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. J.L. Wray (ed.). Society for Experimental Biology Seminar Series 49. Cam- bridge University Press, 40 West 20th Street, New York, New York 10011-4211. 1992. xvi. 309 pp. $89.95 (hardcover). ISBN 0-521-40170- 4, Drawn from a 1991 symposium, 54 authors have contributed fourteen papers to this volume. Papers treat topics such as proteins produced in response to or in conjunction with phosphate star- vation, nitrate reduction, Crassulacean acid metabolism, growth hormones, ripening, nodule formation, anaerobic respiration, heat shock, cold shock, and light stimuli. The Language of the Cell. Claude Kordon. Translated from the French by William J. Gladstone. McGraw-Hill Horizons of Science Series. McGraw- Hill, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10020. 1993. 104 pp. $9.95 (paper). ISBN 0-07-035875-3. This book, part of a series to bring science to nonscientists, ex- amines the transfer of information within and between cells. The mechanisms of message production, transfer, and receipt are dis- cussed. Evolutionary processes affecting cellular communication are considered. 271 272 PHY TOLOG PA volume 74(3):271-272 March 1993 Life Strategies of Succulents in Deserts, With Special Reference to the Namib Desert. Dieter J. von Willert, Benno M. Eller, Marinus J.A. Werger, Enno Brinckmann, & Hans-Dieter Ihlenfeldt. Cambridge Studies in Ecol- ogy. Cambridge University Press, 40 West 20th Street, New York, New York 10011-4211. 1992. xx. 340 pp. $89.95 (cloth). ISBN 0-521-24468-4 (cloth). Chapter 1 defines, through morphology and anatomy, what the authors include as succulent plants, as well as information on evo- lution and geographic distribution of succulents. General infor- mation on deserts is found in Chapter 2, follo. _1 by a more de- tailed discussion of the Namib Desert in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 fills over half of the book and is devoted to discussion of physiologi- cal attributes of succulent plants. The final chapter examines life strategies of succulents. The Olympic Rainforest, An Ecological Web. Ruth Kirk with Jerry Franklin. The University of Washington Press, P.O. Box 50096, Seattle, Washing- ton 98145-5096. 1992. 128 pp. $35.00 (cloth); $17.50 (paper). ISBN 0-295-97195-9 (cloth); 0-295-97187-8 (paper). A beautifully illustrated volume, this book provides a glimpse of the Olympic Rainforest. Other temperate wet forests are men- tioned in the book, but the present work deals almost exclusively with the forests of the Olympic Peninsula. Animals as well as plants are included in the discussions and photographs. Plant Biomechanics, An Engineering Approach to Plant Form and Function. Karl J. Niklas. The University of Chicago Press, 5801 Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637. 1992. xiv. 607 pp. $75.00 (cloth); $29.95 (paper). ISBN 0-226-58630-8 (cloth); 0-226-58641-6 (paper). This book applies technical engineering analyses to plant struc- tures. It contains basic introductory information on plants, me- chanics, and effects of geometry on mechanics. These introductory chapters are followed with more in depth treatment of water re- lations, cell walls, mechanics of various tissue types, mechanics of organs, mechanics of the entire plant, fluid mechanics (primarily treating airflow), and effects of mechanical limiting principles on plant evolution. In addition to black and white photographs and line drawings, the book contains four color plates. - TY IR : _ 9 9185 00288 4 4672, i } i ; { i) Y tu ? ‘ vie ; | | : ( ; | | ; hi ‘ 4 h ‘\ \ , ; / - ' f bi til a y ) : ' Ay he : i) ii | : ty - ialy \ ¢ i, : : vA i ‘ ,¥ » Fudiy ; yi ' Pit: « ‘ ; ‘ | ; 4 N ti tus vy L's ‘iy Net y : | vy. . at Urs : 7 ty ’ 5 J ‘ ’ ' an iy ah ‘ Fey Me y \ ; ; 7 1 - 4 ‘ ri i ‘ . . ; ; ie . sy , , z vi : | [ie tix } 1 ; , a , a . : F , "Tien Oe ' : aah | t b> | ' A y , . a! ‘ 7 te ly ‘ : : ’ : ee : i " - n ) ts \ ' : ; | : { i % iF) ‘A Ptee. ' AM: ‘ A Hi | ‘ > ‘ : : , | i : 7 ‘ \ i >. . ' ' | ‘ Q | ‘ | 12.) 1 Y | : \ ( ») L : \ i ' } 3 v 7 ‘ : , Me yo : ; | : p ‘7 ! | , ry y . ; | uF ‘ , | | | i \ : VAN ; Ve : iS OM iy) y } ) Me | ' uh ‘ ; Ly ft | | ’ : i Eh iN i } i RV Tiny tere me j AN baie 7 Yai mee yp. \ Oy ME LR} ALS , Phy | eA hati Ay bys Pye X§ i hh | { 3 Mi y ‘ aL OW ALY Information for Authors Articles from botanical systematics and ecology, including biographical sketches, critical reviews, and summaries of literature will be considered for publication in PHYTOLOGIA. Manuscripts may be submitted either on computer diskette, or as typescript. Diskettes will be returned to authors after action has been taken on the manuscript. Diskettes may be 5.25 inches or 3.5 inches and may be written in any IBM or MacIntosh compatible format. Typescript manuscripts should be single spaced and will be read into the computer using a page scanner. The scanner will read standard typewriter fonts but will not read dot matrix print. 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