-PHYTOLOGIA. : An 1 international i jeune to se nadie plant systematic, phytogeographical ect Pad Fes gts and eemouieat ion ae bac VLeS Oktober 1B No : CONTENTS > SULTANA, Vv. Pe EHTESHAMUL-HAQUE, J. ARA, & V.U. AHMAD, Use Bene, OF seaweeds in the control of root rot-root knot disease complex of okra.. 261 aes BEATTY, J.S., R.L. MATHIASEN, & C.G. PARKS, Additional Snir E of Arceuthobium hondurense discovered in Honduras... ies Maa 268 ’~ OCHOA, C.M., Solanum ortegae, anew Peruvian species from sect. Petota.271 ~~ ae ‘SINGHURST, LR. & W.C. HOLMES, Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & | ~».. Boivin (Ranunculaceae): New to Texas. ...... Rana sunt at ot pas a 273 ” ee. NESOM, G.L., Full. constitution of the Australian genus: Pappochroma ind (Asteraceae: Asteredé)/ i003. aa cakictes ee ee BEER E « "igs TURNER, B.L., Phlox drummondii (Polempaianenes ene. a Ra eases Bs 280 - wee -NESOM, c L., Two new species of Erigeron (Asteraceae: Astereae) from Be PEERIGO. Sos Woes suey ier Foo A eo ea 288." ~ ARA, J., V. SULTANA, S. EHTESHAMUL-HAQUE, S. A. QURESHI, & es JN; U. AHMAD, Bioactivity of seaweeds apninstS soil-borne plant pathogens.. Beet ee ne UES V aaiata se dpotge ag Re gaaw SUeLd Gt eee Tan We ees Cera A wate a oes ha 292 HANSEN, B. F. & R.P. WUNDERLIN, Two new combinations in Florida Pd ee Bie BETAINE AS os eile Fo Parca duce Reap aca nd us iereg ea aae Mea Lc ee aS 300 - DrPIOOK SS TECEIVED 0. Fed lca hoy oa chon ben accuse Fe meeee ey eta retro De 303 Been WSUS AVAHADIC ice Acco ec deg wel icd ss cacu aes eld Sn es 306 _- Phytologia Memoirs 11 available. .....0/.566./.00ec cess pe eee oe 307 | a Rew Tames in ae ISSUE OR PHVIONOBIA Sac a era Aen a an .- +308. NEW YOR BOTANICAL GARDEN : a fi ad ee f 3 “An international journal to Si badie plant systematic, phytogeographical - | and ecological publication. - VolL85 - October 1998. No. 4 ef CONTENTS SULTANA, Vv. , Ss. EHTESHAMUL-HAQUE. J ARA, & V.U. AHMAD, Use “of seaweeds in the control of root rot-root knot disease complex of okra.. 261 “BEAT TY,J.S., R.L. MATHIASEN, & C.G. PARKS, Additional populations ee Be oo a Ee .¢ Reds i: a. is a £. moe, abt es, 4 .% of Arceuthobium hondurense discovered in Honduras......0..0sccsccccsee. 268 _. OCHOA, C.M., Solanum orlegae, anew Peruvian species from sect. Petota.27\ ~~ ie ‘SINGHURST, LR. & W.C. HOLMES, Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & - _.... Boivin (Ranunculaceae): New to Texas CSiegy Wee RE Reis eee RE cae 113 ... NESOM, G.L., Full constitution of the Australian genus. Pappochroma me (Aserabede: | Asteredgy sisi). no aie Sesh ooo ee es 276 TURNER, B.L., Phlox drummondii (Polemoniaceae) revisited. .........;..... 2380 _ NESOM, G.L., Two’ new species of Erigeron (Asteraceae: Astereae) from = BUORIOG. Sones ies sWive gc Saigul eee t ior eines Cts A Rone yea ee Reena 288 -_ ARA, J., V. SULTANA, S. EHTESHAMUL-HAQUE, S. A. QURESHI, & ae V.U. AHMAD, Bioactivity of seaweeds against § soil-borne plant Pathonens.. _ HANSEN, B.F. & R.P. WUNDERLIN, Two new combinations in Florida 1 e.. occa Sic ih ahh t Ste ae Noy ME A TES aig Sp ES Wa er TR Rp eRe at, rR 300 - Bre IOOKS TECOIVER 0s fell cs oy so. areca ica uetees ha ae. RES eee wei res 303 __ Back issues available...... Ban ad cocaine aPUi a Sy aot awd tye adh ae tee mee At PACE AT etek Coe 306 ~ Phytologia Memoirs 11 available. .....02..2..50..... Suns Ede uel teks Sd Bae eae 307 ~ New names in this issue of Phytologia. ........02.0. 02000. cccceesv ut cscade ce chews 308. "4 es NEW YOR = BOTANICAL GARDEN PHYTOLOGIA (ISSN 00319430) is published incethly with two. volunies per year an i Phytologia, LLC., PO Box 1684, Columbia, MO 65201. Second Class postage paid — at Columbia, MO. © 2000 by PHYTOLOGIA. © Annual domestic: individual subscription (12 issues): $40.00. Annual domestic institutional ‘subscription (2. issues): $44.00. Foreign and/or airmail postage extra. 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USE OF SEAWEEDS IN THE CONTROL OF ROOT ROT-ROOT KNOT DISEASE COMPLEX OF OKRA Vigar Sultana’, Syed Ehteshamul-Haque’, Jehan Ara’, & Vigqar Uddin Ahmad* : ent of Biochemistry Department of Botany *Department of Food Science & Technology HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, PAKISTAN ABSTRACT Stokeyia indica, lyengaria stellata (brown), and Solieria robusta (red) seaweeds showed significant (p<0.05) control of root infecting fungi viz., Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium solani infection of okra roots. Use of Stokeyia indica, Stoechospermum marginatum, [. stellata. and Solieria robusta significantly (p<0.05) reduced gall formation on roots caused by Meloidogyne javanica root knot nematode. Maximum reduction was produced by Stoechospermum marginatum @ 1% wiw of soil. lyengaria stellata used alone or with Pseudomonas aeruginosa plant growth promoting bacterium produced greater plant height. KEY WORDS: seaweeds, algae, fungicide, nematicide, biocide Exploitation of seaweed resources has attracted the attention of scientists all over the world because of their possible economic uses in various fields. Seaweeds contain all major and minor plant nutrients as well as biocontrol properties (Chapman & Chapman 1980; Shyamali et al. 1982). The wide varieties of marine algae have been found to possess useful biochemical compounds which have been studied as potential biocidal and pharmacological agents (Colwell 1983: Fenical 1982). Antmicrobial activity of seaweed has been reported (Febles er al. 1995: Hodgson 1984). Liquid concentration of brown seaweed EcKlonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss significantly reduced root knot infestation and increased growth of tomato plants (Featomby-Smith & Staden 1983). Extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis has been reported to reduce Radopholus similis infection on citrus (Tarjan 1977). Ara et al. (1997) also reported control of Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitw. infection by Sargassum spp. on okra. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Mi gula plant growth promoting bacterium (Izhar et al. 1995) is known to reduce root rot-root knot disease of chili (Siddiqui et a. 1999). Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus {L.] Moench), an important vegetable crop, is known to be attacked by root infecting fungi viz. , 261 262 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 85(4):261-267 Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, Fusarium solani (Mart ) Appl. & Wollenw. emend. Snyd & Hans, and F. oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyd. & Hans (Ehteshamul-Haque & Ghaffar 1994) and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) (Maqbool 1992) in Pakistan. Experiments were therefore carried out to examine the effect of some brown and red seaweeds with or without Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the control of root rot-root knot disease complex of okra. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seaweeds viz., Stoechospermum marginatum (C. Agardh) Kutzing, Stokeyia indica Thivy & Dohshi, /yengaria stellata (Borg) Borg (brown), and Solieria robusta (Greville) Kylin collected from Buleji, Karachi were washed, dried and powdered in an electric blender. Powdered seaweeds were mixed in sandy loam soil, pH 8.05 @ 0.5 and 1% w/w. The soil mixtures were transferred in 8 cm diameter plastic pots, 250 g per pot, which were watered daily and kept at 50% water holding capacity (Keen & Raczkowski 1921). The soil had a natural infestation of 4-13 sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina per gram of soil, as determined by wet sieving and dilution techniques (Sheikh & Ghaffar 1975), 5-12% colonization of Rhizoctonia solani on sorghum seeds used as baits (Wilhelm 1955) and 3300 cfu of mixed population of Fusarium solani, and F. oxysporum as assessed by the soil dilution technique of Nash & Snyder (1962). After three weeks, aqueous suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10° cfu/mi) multiplied on Nutrient Agar was drenched in each pot @ 25 ml/pot. Five seeds of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) were sown in each pot. Each treatment was replicated four times and randomized on a screen house bench. Pots without seaweed or P. aeruginosa served as control. After germination four seedlings were left in each pot. One week old seedlings were inoculated with aqueous egg suspension of Meloidogyne javanica @ 2000 eggs/pot cultured on brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Plants were uprooted after six weeks growth and root knot index recorded on 0-5 scale (Taylor & Sasser 1978). Data on height and fresh shoot weight were also recorded. To determine the incidence of root infecting fungi, the method used by Short ef al. (1980) was modified, in which roots were washed in running tap water, five 1 cm long root pieces from tap roots, surface disinfected with 1% Ca (OCI), and placed onto Potato Dextrose Agar Plates containing penicillin (100000 units/liter) and streptomycin (0.2 g/liter). The dishes were incubated for 5 days and incidence of fungi were recorded. Data were analyzed and subjected to Factorial ANOVA (FANOVA), followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) according to Gomez & Gomez (1984). RESULTS Use of Stoechospermum marginatum, Stokeyia indica, and Solieria robusta alone or with Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly reduced gall formation on okra roots. Maximum reduction in gall formation (0.2) was produced by Stoechospermum Sultana etal.: Seaweeds as biocides 263 marginatum @ 1% followed by Stokeyia indica (0.5) as compared to untreated control (3.4) (Table 1). Solieria robusta @ 1% showed complete control of Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani infection on okra roots. Use of Stoechospermum marginatum and Stokeyia indica also produced significant (p<0.05) control of M. phaseolina infection. Stokeyia indica @ 0.5% used alone or where Stokeyia indica @ 0.5% and 1%, Iyengaria stellata @ 0.5% and Solieria robusta @ 1% were used with Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced complete control of R. solani infection. Use of Stokeyia indica, I. stellata, and Solieria robusta significantly reduced Fusarium solani infection (Table 2). Greater plant height was produced where /. stellata @ 1% was used alone or with P. aeruginosa. Maximum fresh weight of shoot was produced by Stokeyia indica used with P. aeruginosa (Table 1). DISCUSSION Seaweeds contain elaborate secondary metabolites that play a significant role in the defense of the host against predators and parasites which offers a potential novel approach to control populations of plant parasitic nematodes (Paracer et al. 1987). Growth inhibition of several bacteria and fungi by seaweed has been reported (Welch 1962). Febleo et al. (1995) reported antimicrobial activity of Canary species of Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta. Antimicrobial (Usmanghani & Shameel 1986) and cytotoxic activities (Ara et al. 1999) have been reported from Pakistan. Sheikh ef a. (1990) isolated four diterpenoides from Stoechospermum marginatum which exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities. In the present study soil amendment with seaweeds significantly reduced Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, and Meloidogyne javanica infection on okra roots. There are reports that seaweed extract derived from Ascophyllum nodosum reduced the fecundity of the root knot nematode on tomato (Whapham ef al. 1994). Soil amendment with Sargassum species significantly reduced infection of Macrophomina phaseolina, R. solani, and F. solani on sunflower (Ara et al. 1996). In the present study, in addition to reducing infection of root infecting fungi and root knot nematode, seaweeds also enhanced plant growth. The growth enhancement may be due to presence of growth regulators (Jeannin ef di. 1991), like auxins, gibberellin and precursors of ethylene which have been detected in a number of seaweeds (Jolivet et al. 1991; Crouch et al. 1992) which improve vegetative and reproductive growth with an increase in seed production (Staden er di. 1994). Seaweeds could be exploited for the isolation of antifungal and nematicidal compounds for the control of root infecting fungi and nematodes affecting the vegetable crops. 264 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 85(4):26 1-267 Table 1. Effect of seaweeds on plant height, fresh weight of shoot and infection of Meloidogyne javanica on okra roots. No. | Treatment Plant height | Fresh shoot (cm) weight (g) bese oD eck nero tw PO eR) Sear! pe bene ey ee Meama DEEN WOE INOW 004 ONAN, Geo OR, SP ee bo i aE SE 9 aoe vere ae |3.__| Stoechospermum marginatum @0.5% | ANS |B O05 | (| Stoechospermum marginaum @ 1% [140 [14] 0.2 3._| Stokeyia indica @ 0.5% _——~*+| 13.9 | 2.0 | 0.5 cl Searls ee ee 'T.__| Tyengariastellaia @ 0.5% | 12.1 | 16 | 2.0 | Sadia @ Moen nn oo) Is0 4: a LMI So ik a se "10,_| Solieriarobusia @1% | 148 | 17 | 08 | "IT. | Stoechospermum marginatum @ 0.5% +Pa [12._ | Stoechospermum marginatum @ 1% *Pa_{ 111 [13105 | "13. | Stokeyia indica @0.5%+Pa__———~+i| 125+) 2.8 | 1.2 | ra [Stoeyia nea @ Ve #Pa 1292.10 (15.7, stellata @ 0.5% 4Pa aa [17 | Solera robusta @ 0.5% +Pa he ET. al fie Eis ea a eee eee TS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work has been carried out under a research grant of ONR, USA/UGC, Islamabad, Pakistan which is sincerely acknowledged. LITERATURECITED Ara, J., V. Sultana, S. Ehteshamul-Haque, R. Qasim, & V.U. Ahmad. 1999. Cytotoxic “eee! of marine macro-algae on Artemia salina. Phytother. Res. 13: Sultana etal.: Seaweeds as biocides 265 Table 2. Effect of seaweeds on infection of Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium solani on okra roots. Treatment M. phaseolina F. solani e) .e%) WW N : —| ine PT A a ae adds a TC Ee ae aera Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) 5 £ 0.5% Stokeyia indica @ 0.5% . | Stoechospermum marginatum G 0.5% +Pa Stoechospermum marginatun @ 1% 18 +Pa ai WwW ~“ Ny WW WN | ~ 4. —1O _ nN W Ww __| Solieria robusta @ 0.5% +Pa_ 71 SETS NORE, LS LSD, ,. Pathogens = 10.9 — WW OV WW ~] A = _ i ~ £ Ara, J., S. Ehteshamul-Haque, V. Sultana, A. Ghaffar, & R. Qasim. 1997. Use of Sargassum species for the control of Meloidogyne javanica in okra. Nematol. Medit. 25: 125-128. Ara, J., S. Ehteshamul-Haque, V. Sultana, R. Qasim, & A. Ghaffar. 1996. Effect of Sargassum seaweed and microbial antagonists in the control of root rot disease of sunflower. Pak. J. Bot. 28:221-226. Chapman, VJ. & DJ. Chapman. 1980. Seaweed and Their Uses, 31d: -éd. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York. 334 pp. Colwell, R.R. 1983. Biotechnology in marine science. Science 222: 1924. Crouch, I.J., M.T. Smith, V.J. Staden, M.J. Lewis, G.V. Hoad, & V.J. Staden. 1992. Identification of auxins in a commercial seaweed concentrate. J. Plant Physiol. 139:590-594, 266 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 85(4):261-267 Ehteshamul-Haque, S. & A. Ghaffar. 1994. New records of root infecting fungi from Pakistan. Pak. J. Phytopath. 6:50-57. Featomby-Smith, B.C. & V. Standen. 1983. The effect of seaweed concentration on the growth of tomato plants in nematode infested soil. Scientia Horticulture 20: 137-146. Febles, C.I., A. Arias, A. Hardisson, & A.S. Lopez. 1995. Antimicrobial activity of extracts from Canary species of Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta. Phytotherapy Res. 9:385-387. Fenical, W. 1982. Natural products chemistry in the marine environment. Science 215:923-928. Gomez, K.A. & A.A. Gomez. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2nd ed. Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 680 pp. Hodgson, L.M. 1984. Antimicrobial and antineoplastic activity in some South Florida seaweeds. Botanica Marina 27:387-390. Izhar, I., S. Ehteshamul-Haque, M. Javeed, & A. Ghaffar. 1995. Efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bradyrhizobium species in the control of root rot disease in chickpea. Pak. J. Bot. 27:451-455. Jeannin, I., J.C. Lescure, & J.F. Gaudry. 1991. The effect of aqueous seaweed sprays on the growth of maize. Botanica Marina 34:469-473. Jolivet, E., I. De Langlais-Jeannin, J. Moroto-Gaudry, & De Langlais-Jeannin. 1991. Extracts of marine algae. Phytoactive properties and agronomic value. Annee- Biologique 30: 109-126. Keen, B.A. & H. Raczkowski. 1921. The relation between clay content and certain physical properties of soil. J. Agric. Sci. 11:441-449. Maqbool, M. 1992. Distribution and host association of plant parasitic nematodes in Pakistan. NNRC. University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. Nash, S.M. & W.C. Snyder. 1962. Quantitative estimation by plate counts of propagules of the bean root rot Fusarium in field soils. Phytopath. 52:567-572. Paracer, S., C. Armin, A.C. Tarjan, & L.M. Hodgson. 1987. Effective use of marine algal products in the management of plant parasitic nematodes. J. Nematol. 19: 194-200. Shaikh, W., M. Shameel, A. Hayee-Memon, K. Usmanghani, S. Bano, & U.V. Ahmad. 1990. Isolation and characterization of chemical constituents of Stoechospermum marginatum (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta) and their antimicrobial activity. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 3:1-9. Sheikh, A.H. & A. Ghaffar. 1975. Population study of sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina in cotton fields. Pak. J. Bot. 7:13-17. Short, G.E., T.D. Wyllie, & P.R. Bristow. 1980. Survival of Macrophomina phaseolina in soil and in residue of soybean. Phytopath. 70: 13-17. Shyamali, S.M., De Silva, S.K.T. Gamage, & N.S. Kumar. 1982. Anti-bacterial activity of extracts from the brown seaweed Stoechospermum marginatum. Phytochemistry 21:944-945. Siddiqui, 1.A., S. Ehteshamul-Haque, & A. Ghaffar. 1999. Root dip treatment with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma spp., in the control of root rot-root knot disease complex in chili (Capsicum annuwn L.). Pak. J. Nematol. 17:67-75. Staden J.V., S.J. Upfold, F.E. Drewes, & J.V. Staden. 1994. Effect of seaweed concentrate on growth and development of the marigold Tagetes patula. J. Applied Phycology 6:427-428. Tarjan, A.C. 1977. Kelp derivatives for nematode infected citrus trees. J. Nematol. 9:287 (Abstr.): Sultana et al.: Seaweeds as biocides 267 Taylor A.L. & J.N. Sasser. 1978. Biology, Identification of Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne species). Graphics, USA, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. 111 pp. Usmanghani, K. & M. Shameel. 1986. Studies on the antimicrobial activity of certain seaweeds from Karachi coast. In: pp. 519-526. Prospects for Biosaline Research, Proc. US-Pak Biosaline Res. Workshop. R. Ahmad & A. San Pietro (eds.). Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. Welch, A.M. 1962. Preliminary survey of fungistatic properties of marine algae. J. Bacteriol. 83:97-99. Whapham C.A., T. Jenkins, G. Blunden, & S.D. Hankins. 1994. The role of seaweed extract, Ascophyllum nodosum in the reduction of fecundity of Meloidogyne javanica. Appl. Fund. Nematol. 17:181-183. Wilhelm, S. 1955. Longevaty of the Verticillium wilt fungus in the laboratory and field. Phytopath. 45:80-181. Phytologia (October 1998) 85(4):268-270. ADDITIONAL POPULATIONS OF ARCEUTHOBIUM HONDURENSE DISCOVERED IN HONDURAS Jerome S. Beatty’, Robert L. Mathiasen’, & Catherine G. Parks? ‘Forest Insects and Diseases, Pacific Northwest Region, USDA Forest Service, 16400 Champion Way, Sandy, Oregon 97055 U.S.A. *School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011 U.S.A. Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Forest Sciences Laboratory, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, Oregon 97850 U.S.A. ABSTRACT Additional locations are documented for Arceuthobium hondurense. The species is as yet known only from Honduras. KEY WORDS: Arceuthobium, Viscaceae, Honduras In March 1999, Honduran dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium hondurense Hawksw. & Wiens) was observed parasitizing Pinus oocarpa Schiede 5 km east of Lepatenique, Department Francisco Moraz4n, Honduras (1950 m elevation) along the main road to Tegucigalpa. Honduran dwarf mistletoe is one of the rarest dwarf mistletoes in the New World (Hawksworth & Wiens 1996), and this is only the third confirmed location for this dwarf mistletoe. Several trees were severely infected at the Lepaterique location. Infected trees had branch swellings, abundant aerial shoots, and many produced witches’ brooms. Anthesis for this mistletoe was thought to occur only in August-September (Hawksworth & Wiens 1996; Mathiasen ef al. 1998), but we found male plants were at peak flowering in early March. Therefore, this mistletoe appears to have two distinct flowering periods annually: February-March and August- September. Specimens of A. hondurense from near Lepaterique were collected and have been deposited at the Deaver Herbarium (ASC), Northem Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ. Our examination of three herbarium specimens of A. hondurense deposited at the Standley Herbarium (EAP), Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Zamorano, Honduras indicates that this mistletoe also occurs in Celaque National Park west of Gracias, Department Lempira, in western Honduras. Therefore, there are now four known, widely isolated geographic areas (Figure 1) where this rare dwarf Beatty etal.: Arceuthobium hondurense in Honduras 269 Belize | Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua 75 150 Km Figure 1. Location of the only known populations of Arceuthobium hondurense in Honduras: Cusuco National Park (circle), in the Piedra Herrada Mountains southeast of Tegucigalpa (star), near Lepaterique (diamond), and in Celaque National Park (triangle). 270 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 8(4):268-270 mistletoe occurs in Honduras: 1 - west of Zamorano (four collected populations), 2 - Cusuco National Park (one collected population), 3 - east of Lepaterique (one collected aes and 4 - Celaque National Park (three collected populations) (Figure 1). reasons for the occurrence of this dwarf mistletoe in extremely disjunct pica (> 40 km apart) within a landscape of almost continuous forests of its principal host remain unknown (Hawksworth & Wiens 1996). We speculate that because most of these pine forests consist of second-growth stands, many populations of A. hondurense that once existed have been eliminated by the large-scale harvesting of Honduran forests. LITERATURECITED Hawksworth, F.G. & D. Wiens. 1996. Dwarf Mistletoes: Biology, Pathology, and Systematics. USDA Agric. Handb. 709, 410 pp. Mathiasen, R.L., C.G. Parks, B.W. Geils, & J.S. Beatty. 1998. Notes on the distribution, host range, plant size, phenology, and sex ratio of two rare dwarf mistletoes from Central America: Arceuthobiwn hawksworthii and A. hondurense. Phytologia 84: 154-164. Phytologia (October 1998) 85(4):271-272. SOLANUM ORTEGAE, A NEW PERUVIAN SPECIES FROM SECT. PETOTA C.M. Ochoa P.O. Box 1558, Lima 100, Lima-PERU ABSTRACT A new species of Solanum sect. Petota is described as S. ortegae. The species is known from Apurimac, Pert. In addition, a correction is made to a previous publication. KEY WORDS: Solanum sect. Petota, Solanaceae, taxonomy The monographic work enutled Las Papas de Sudamérica: Peri (Ochoa 1999) was recently published. On page 482 of this work, the type locality of Solanum yamobambense Ochoa (Ochoa 1431) is cited as located in the Department of Cajamarca. However, the correct citation is Department of La Libertad, province Otuzco, above Yamobamba, as it is cited in the orginal diagnosis. The correct citation is also found on page 484 of Las Papas de Sudamérica: Peri. Recently, while preparing my personal herbanum to be donated to a Public Institution, I found some interesting and unpublished collections, including the species described here. Solanum ortegae C.M. Ochoa, spec. nov. TYPE: PERU. Dept. Apurimac, prov. Grau, Mollebamba, 2600 m alt., n.v. Alkko Papa, March 1973, col. C. Ochoa 4094 (HOLOTYPE: USM; Isotypes: CPNU,CUZ,MOL). Plantae robuste, 40-60 cm altae, sparse brevitesque pilosae, caule erect ramosi, stolonifera et tubifera. Tuberculi subalbidus vel bruneolus, globosi usque ovatus, grossus, 6-7 cm longus. Folia imparipinnata, magnus 18.5- 25.0 cm x 11.5-17.0 cm, 2-3 paribus foliolis et O-1 paribus interjectis foliolorum. Foliolum terminale manifeste majus, 5.5-12.0 cm x 2.5-6.5 cm, ovatus, apice acutum vel subacutum, basim subcuneata; foliolo lateralia subsessilia vel breviter petiolulata apice obtusa vel subacuta, basim conspicuus asymmetricus. Pedunculus 10-12 cm longus, 1.5-2.0 mm diam., basim puberulus; pedicellus 25-30 cm longus, artculati 8-9 mm infra calyce. Calyci 24t 272 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 85(4):27 1-272 asymmetrici, 12-15 mm longi. Corollae violaceus, rotatus, magnus 4 cm diam. Antherae 7 mm longae. Stylus 11 mm longus. Baccae globosae vel subglobosae, 2.0-2.5 cm diam. Numerus cromosomatus: 2n=2x=24. Ad Ing. Agr. Rammiro Ortega, discipulo meo, cum gaudio hanc speciem dedico. Plants robust, 40-60 cm tall, stems erect, branched, stoloniferous and tuberiferous, narrowly winged, straight wings. Tubers white-grayish to light brown, globose to oval, thick, 3-4(-6) cm long. Imparipinnate leaves, 18.5-25.0 cm long by 11.5-17.5 cm wide, short and sparsely pilose with 2-3 pairs of lateral leaflets and O-1 pair of interjected leaflets; terminal leaflet ovate to ovate-elliptic, larger and wider than the laterals, 5.5-12.0 cm long by 2.5-6.5 cm wide, apex pointed to subacuminate, base cuneate to subcuneate; first upper pair of lateral leaflets 4-10 cm long and 1-4 cm wide, apex obtuse to subpointed, base conspicuously asymmetrical, subsessile or slightly decurrent on the rachis, second and third pairs of the lower leaflets about the same size or decreasing slightly toward the base. Pseudostipular leaves asymmetric, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to subfalcate, 8-12(-15) mm long by 5-7 mm wide. Inflorescence cymose. Peduncle 10-12 cm long by 1.5-2.0 mm in diam at base, puberulent as are the pedicels and calyx; pedicels 25-30 mm long and 0.5-0.7 mm in diam, articulated at 8-9 mm below calyx. Calyx asymmetrical, 10-12 mm long, lobes narrowly lanceolate, attenuate toward the apex or narrowed in acute acumens of 4-5 mm long. Corolla violet, rotate, 3.5-4.0 cm in diam. Anthers narrowly lanceolate, 6.5-7.0 mm long; filaments 2.0-2.5 mm long. Style 10.5-11.5 mm long; stigma broadly capitate, cleft. Fruits globose to subglobose, 2.0-2.5 cm long, pale green with scattered white dots, not verrucose. Chromosome number, 27=24. Propose abbreviation here for this species: ort. Affinities: Solanum ortegae has some affinity with S. velardei Ochoa by the leaf dissection. However, the two species are differentin the shape and disposition of the leaflets, in the position of the pedicel articulation, in the calyx shape and size, and in the corolla color. LITERATURECITED Ochoa, C.M. 1999. Las Papas de Sudamérica: Peru. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. Phytologia (October 1998) 85(4):273-275. THALICTRUM THALICTROIDES (L.) EAMES & BOIVIN (RANUNCULACEAE): NEW TO TEXAS J.R. Singhurst Wildlife Diversity Program, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas 78704 U.S.A. & W.C. Holmes Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798-7388 U.S.A. ABSTRACT Thalictrum thalictroides is reported as new to Texas. A key to species of the genus occurring in northeast Texas is included. KEY WORDS: Thalictrum, Ranunculaceae, Texas Thalictrum thalictroides Eames & Boivin, rue anemone or windflower, is an erect, slender, glabrous perennial herb 1-2 dm high that grows from a small cluster of fusiform tubers. Basal leaves are biternately compound while the few-flowered umbel is subtended by 2 or 3 opposite or whorled, sessile, ternately compound involucral leaves. The S-10 sepals are petaloid, 10-15 mm long, and white to pale pink-purple in color. Pistils number 8-12. The achenes are fusiform, saliently several-nbbed, and tipped with the persistent, sessile, capitate stigmas (Gleason & Cronquist 1963). Some botanists still place this taxon in the segregate genus Amemonella, which is based solely upon its umbellate inflorescence. The other species of Thalictrum from the United States have inflorescences that are panicles, racemes, or corymbs (Park & Festerling 1997). Thalictrum thalictroides is widely distributed in eastern United States and is also known from Ontario, Canada (Park & Festerling 1997). In states adjacent to Texas, the species is Known to occur in the Gulf Coastal Plain Region of Choctaw and McCurtain counties in southeast Oklahoma (Paul Kores, pers. comm.). It has also been documented from the Gulf Coastal Plain Region of southwest Arkansas in Miller County (Smith 1988), just east of Bowie County, Texas. The following collections from Lamar and Red River counties in Texas extend the distnbution of 7. thalictroides 273 274 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 85(4):273-275 southward approximately 20 km from its nearest documented station in Choctaw County, Oklahoma, but, more importantly, constitute the first repon of this species from Texas. Specimens Cited: TEXAS. LamarCo.: 1.2 miles north of Pinhook Community, S side of Little Pine Creek, 17 Apr 1999; Singhurst 7739 (BAYLU). Red River Co.: 2.3 miles northwest of Manchester, S side of Big Pine Creek, 0.7 miles SW of Flag Pond, 15 Apr 1999, Singhurst 7737 & Berry (BAYLU); same location (fruiting material), 13 May 1999, Holmes 10025 & Singhurst (BAY LU); Tanyard Creek, 1.6 miles NW of Woodland, 17 April 1999, Singhurst 7738 (BAYLU); same location (fruiting material), 13 May 1999, Holmes 10072 & Singhurst (BAY LU). Thalictrum thalictroides occurs in mature hardwood forests on very steep (8-20%) slopes in moist soils with a rich humus layer. Common overstory trees include Quercus alba L., Q. shumardii Buckl., and Q. muhlenbergii Engelm. (Fagaceae), and Ulmus rubra Muhl..(Ulmaceae). Subcanopy plants include Cornus florida L. and Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey. (Cornaceae), Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. (Lauraceae), Vaccinium stamineum \L. (Enicaceae), Callicarpa americana L. (Verbenaceae), and Smilax spp. (Smilacaceae). Associated herbaceous flora consists of Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. (Rosaceae), Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. (Ophioglossaceae), Carex spp. (Cyperaceae), Desmodium spp. (Leguminosae), Podophyllum peltatum L. (Berberidaceae), Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. (Dryopteridaceae), Sanicula canadense L. (Umbelliferae), Senecio sp. and Solidago sp. (Compositae). Until this report, only two other species of Thalictrwn were Known to occur in northeast Texas, T. arkansanum Eames & Boivin and T. dasycarpum (Fisch.) Mey. & Ave-Lall. The three species may be distinguished by use of the following key, which is modified from Waterfall (1966) and Smith (1988). 1. Inflorescence umbellate; flowers perfect, sepals 5-10, white to pinkish, 5-18 mm long, persistent, stigmas capitate; plants 1-2 dm tall................... T. thalictroides 1. Inflorescence paniculate; flowers mostly imperfect, sepals 4-5, greenish 2 purplish, 1-4 mm long, caducous, stigmas elongate; plants 2-20 dm tall............ 2 2. Middle and upper leaves petiolate; carpels 2-9 per flower; plant decumbent, ca. 2-4 dm long; lower surfaces of leaves glabrous. .................. T. arkansanum 2. Middle and upper leaves sessile; carpels 9-15 per flower; plant erect, ca. 2 m tall, lower surfaces of the leaflets usually pubescent.............. T. dasycarpum ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful for the information and assistance provided by Tom Wendt of TEX-LL and to Paul Kores of the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory. Also, special thanks to Glen Berry and Leon Fleming for their stewardship and access to their Red River County properties. Singhurst & Holmes: Thalictrum thalictroides new to Texas 215 LITERATURECITED Gleason H.A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, New Jersey. Park, M.M. & D. Festerling, Jr. 1997. Thalictrwn in: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, Flora of North America North of Mexico 3. Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. pp. 258-271. Smith, E.B. 1988. An Allas and Annotated List of the Vascular Plants of Arkansas, 2nd ed. Published by the author. Fayetteville, Arkansas. Waterfall, U.T. 1966. Keys to the Flora of Oklahoma. Oklahoma State University, Sullwater, Oklahoma. Phytologia (October 1998) 85(4):276-279. FULL CONSTITUTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN GENUS PAPPOCHROMA (ASTERACEAE: ASTEREAE) Guy L. Nesom BONAP--North Carolina Botanical Garden, Coker Hall CB 3280, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 U.S.A. ABSTRACT The observation by Forbes & Morris (1996) that the Australian taxa Pappochroma Raf. and Lagenithrix Nesom are part of a single phylad is reasonable and their taxonomic revision of the group provides needed clarification. Treatment of these nine species within the subtribe Lageniferinae, however, is a more realistic assessment of their morphology and relationships than their placement within the genus Erigeron (Conyzinae). This group is consolidated here within Pappochroma, requiring new combinations as follows: P. bellidioides (Hook. f) Nesom, comb. nov., P. nitidum (S.J. Forbes) Nesom, comb. nov., P. paludicola (S.J. Forbes) Nesom, comb. nov., P. gunnii (Hook. /) Nesom, comb. nov., P. setosum (Benth.) Nesom, comb. nov., P. stellatum (Hook. fp i Onna comb. nov., and P. trigonum (S.J. Forbes & D.I. Morris) Nesom, comb. nov. KEY WORDS: Pappochroma, Lagenithrix, Erigeron, Asteraceae, Astereae, taxonomy, nomenclature, Australia In an earlier study (Nesom 1994a), a group of Australian species of Erigeron was placed into two separate genera, both of which I hypothesized to be more closely related to Lagenifera and other genera placed within the Lageniferinae (sensu Nesom 1994b). 1 observed (1994a, p. 155) that “Within the domain of relationship of the pappose species here placed in Lagenopappus and Lagenithrix, it might appear that only a single genus is represented.” Based on my limited sampling, however, I was not able to conclude that the two groups were most closely related to each other. I further noted that several undescribed taxa existed in the Erigeron pappocromus Lappill. group (Lagenopappus) and treated it tentatively “without the direction of a much- needed revision of this complex,” merely referring to the entities informally pointed out by earlier researchers (e.g., Gray in Costin et al. 1979; Jacobs & Pickard 1981; Porteners 1992) and noting that nomenclatural modifications would be required as this group was studied. It was quickly recognized that Rafinesque’s “Pappochroma” was the correct name for the group I segregated as Lagenopappus (Nesom 1994c). Forbes & Morris (1996) have since provided the taxonomic revision of this species complex 276 Nesom: Full constitution of Pappochroma 2717 and emphasized that the taxa I separated at generic rank are indeed but points along a “clear gradation in the series of species” (p. 176) within a single monophyletic group, which they maintained within Evigeron, adding three species without previous formal description. Based on their field experience and first-hand knowledge of the Australian plants, their presentation of the species delimitations and argument for the coherence of the group is convincing. On the other hand, the pnmary thrust of my 1994 discussion, as I tried to convey, was that these species do not belong in Erigeron or even the subtribe Conyzinae (sensu Nesom 1994b, with modifications suggested by Noyes, in press). The Australian species considered here differ from Erigeron and all Conyzinae in their achenes with a tendency to produce a narrowed apex with viscid, sessile, caducous, or persistent glands. Forbes & Morris noted that “the thickened apical collar” that I described “is rather illusory and certainly not comparable to that of Lagenifera.” The glandular achene apex, sometimes observed as an apical collar, of these Australian species is not identical to that of Lagenifera but the resemblance is more than an illusion. My observation was (and remains) that the achene apex of these species clearly is comparable to the glandular achene apex of Lagenifera. More precisely, in view of the similanty of these species to Lageniferinae in habit and other features (as discussed in detail in Nesom 1994a), as well as their obvious geographic proximity, the achenes appear to be homologous in this aspect of their morphology. A characteristic feature of Conyzinae is the presence of conspicuous orange resin ducts along the veins of phyllaries, disc corollas, and achenes. These structures are uncommon elsewhere in the Astereae, and they apparently do not occur in Lagenifennae. The Australian plants considered here do not produce orange resin ducts, and in view of the consistency with which such structures occur in Conyzinae, | consider this further evidence for treating Pappochroma as a genus unrelated to Erigeron. As | noted earlier, were it not for production of a pappus of persistent barbellate bristles and relatively conspicuously ligulate ray flowers, both features plesiomorphic and generalized across the whole of Astereae, I believe the similanty of these plants to Lagenifera and related genera surely would have been recognized before now. A nomenclatural summary is provided here, consolidating the species within Pappochroma. Full synonymy is given in Forbes & Morris (1996). Pappochroma Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2:48. 1836 [1837]. Lagenithrix Nesom, Phytologia 76:148. 1994. Lagenopappus Nesom, Phytologia 76:153. 1994. 1. Pappochroma bellidioides (Hook. f.) Nesom, comb. nov. [H]Aplopappus bellidioides Hook. f., Hooker’s London J. Bot. 6:112. 1847. Erigeron bellidioides (Hook. f.) S.J. Forbes & D.I. Morris, Muellena 9:183. 1996. 278 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 85(4):276-279 2. Pappochroma gunnii (Hook. f.) Nesom, Phytologia 76:426. 1994. [H]Aplopappus gunnii Hook. f., Hooker’s London J. Bot. 6:111. 1847. Erigeron gunnii (Hook. f.) F. Muell. ex Hook. f., Fl. Tasman. 1:183. 1856. Lagenopappus gunnii (Hook. f.) Nesom, Phytologia 76:154. 1994. 3. Pappochroma nitidum (S.J. Forbes) Nesom, comb. nov. Erigeron nitidus S.J. Forbes, Muelleria9:181. 1996. 4. Pappochroma pappocromum (Labill.) Nesom, comb. nov. Erigeron pappocromus Labill., Nov. Holl. Pl. 2:47. 193. 1806. Pappochroma uniflorum (as “uniflora”) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2:48. 1836 [1837]. Lagenopappus pappocromus (Labill.) Nesom, Phytologia 76:154. 1994. Rafinesque treated the generic name Pappochroma as feminine, using the epithet “uniflora.” | accept the view (as noted by Paul Wilson, fide Forbes & Morris) that because the Greek “chroma” is neuter in gender, and that because the slight difference in spelling skirts the illegitimacy of tautonymy, the correct name should be as the combination provided above. 5. Pappochroma paludicola (S.J. Forbes) Nesom, comb. nov. Erigeron paludicola S.J. Forbes, Muelleria9:178. 1996. 6. Pappochroma setosum (Benth.) Nesom, comb. nov. Erigeron pappocromus Labill. var. setosus Benth., Fl. Austral. 3:494. 1867. Erigeron setosus (Benth.) M. Gray, Contr. Herb. Austr. 6:1. 1974. Lagenithrix setosa (Benth.) Nesom, Phytologia 76:150. 1994. 7. Pappochroma stellatum (Hook. f.) Nesom, comb. nov. [H]Aplopappus stellatus Hook. f., Hooker’s London J. Bot. 6:112. 1847. Erigeron stellatus (Hook. f.) W.M. Curtis, Students Fl. Tasman. Pt. 2:463. 1856. Lagenithrix stellata (Hook. f.) Nesom, Phytologia 76:151. 1994. Forbes & Morris (p. 176) note that “fertility of the florets is difficult to establish as mature achenes are rarely produced.” My observation that Pappochroma stellatunm has functionally staminate disc flowers (with sterile ovaries) was based on its production of disc style branches without stigmatic lines, an absolutely consistent concomitant of ovarian stenlity in various genera of Astereae. 8. Pappochroma tasmanicum (Hook. f.) Nesom, Phytologia 76:426. 1994. [H]Aplopappus tasmanicus Hook. f., Hooker’s London J. Bot. 6:110. 1847. Erigeron tasmanicus (Hook. f.) Hook. f., Fl. Tasman. 1:183, t. 46A. 1856. Lagenopappus tasmanicus (Hook. f.) Nesom, Phytologia 76:154. 1994. Nesom: Full constitution of Pappochroma 279 9. Pappochroma trigonum (S.J. Forbes & D.J. Morris) Nesom, comb. nov. Erigeron trigonus S.J. Forbes & D.I. Morris, Muelleria9:187. 1996. Forbes & Morris expressed concern about the identity of “the alpine New Guinean Erigeron species recognized by Van Royen (1983),” apparently in the same context as the evaluation of the generic identity of the Australian species. The two species described and illustrated by Van Royen, E. swmatrensis Retz and E. canadensis L., are cosmopolitan weeds generally treated as Conyza and are bonafide members of the Conyzinae. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to John Strother for helpful comments and cniticisms of the manuscript. LITERATURECITED Costin, A.B., M. Gray, C.J. Totterdell, & D.J. Wimbush. 1979. Kosciusko Alpine Flora. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), East Melbourne, Australia. Forbes, S.J. & D.I. Morms. 1996. A review of the Erigeron pappocromus Labill. complex. Muelleria 9:175-189. Jacobs, S.W.L. & J. Pickard. 1981. Plants of New South Wales: A Census of the Cycads, Conifers and Angiosperms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Australia. Nesom, G.L. 1994a. Taxonomic dispersal of Australian Erigeron (Asteraceae: Astereae). Phytologia 76: 143-159. Nesom, G.L. 1994b. Subtnbal classification of the Astereae (Asteraceae). Phytologia 76: 193-274. Nesom, G.L. 1994c. Pappochroma Rafin. is the correct generic name tor Erigeron pappocromus Labill. Phytologia 76:426. Noyes, R.D. In press. Biogeographical and evolutionary insights on Erigeron and allies (Asteraceae) from ITS sequence data. Pl. Syst. Evol. Porteners, M.F. 1992. Erigeron. Pp. 175-177. In: G.J. Harden (ed.), Flora of New South Wales, vol. 3. New South Wales University Press, Kensington, Australia. Van Royen, P. 1983. The Alpine Flora of New Guinea, vol. 4, Taxonomic part, Casuarinaceae to Asteraceae. J. Cramer, Vaduz, Lichtenstein. Phytologia (October 1998) 85(4):280-287. PHLOX DRUMMONDII (POLEMONIACEAE) REVISITED B.L. Turner Plant Resources Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78713 U.S.A. ABSTRACT A taxonomic overview of the Phlox drummondii complex is presented, this after a biosystematic study of the group that appeared in 1962. Over the intervening 37 year period, I have examined numerous field populations of the taxa concerned, and studied anew the large assemblage of collections at LL, TEX, including numerous new acquisitions. Contrary to my original study which treated the P. drummondii complex as composed of six varieties distributed among two subspecies, I now treat the group as composed of but five varieties; all of these intergrade to some, often considerable, extent near regions of overlap or close contact, and none appears deserving of subspecific status. The taxa recognized are: var. drummondii (including var. goldsmithii and var. wilcoxiana), var. johnstonii, newly described since my initial treatment, var. litoralis (including var. glabriflora), var. peregrina (a horticultural variant introduced by wildflower enthusiasts and persisting along roadsides); var. meallisteri, and var. tharpii. Distribution maps of the taxa are provided and one new combination, P. drummondii var. johnstonii (Wherry) B.L. Tumer, stat. nov., proved necessary. KEY WORDS: Phlox drummondii, Polemoniaceae, taxonomy, nomenclature INTRODUCTION Phlox drummondii is a common garden annual, having been taken into cultivation in the early part of the 19th century from seed collected in south-central Texas by Drummond, these delivered to KEW where they were grown (Kelly 1915). The original descnption (published with a colored plate) was mostly made from garden grown material. Subsequent collections by numerous workers revealed a wide array of populational variants in central Texas, their presence first called to the fore (in a revisional sense) by Brand (1907), this expanded upon by Whitehouse (1945), Wherry (1950), and treated biosystematically by Erbe & Turner (1962), all of this reevaluated by Wherry (1966) in his treatment of the group for the Flora of Texas. In connection with a forthcoming Allas of the Vascular Plants of Texas (Turner & Nichols, in prep.) I have had to evaluate the complex yet again and present here a 280 Tumer. Phlox drummondii revisited 281 somewhat different interpretation of the group than that rendered in 1962, this largely due to considerable field work thereafter and thorough study of the numerous new collections assembled since. All of the herbarium specimens upon which the present study is based are housed at LL, TEX, and all have been duly annotated according to my perception of their closest relationship (i.e., I did not attempt to show by symbols the intergradational specimens, so numerous their number). The following provides a means for the recognition of the typical elements of the taxa concerned: following this a brief accounting of the nomenclature and biology of each is rendered. Key to the infraspecific taxa of Phlox drummondii (All of the taxa intergrade to some extent in regions of contact, except for the isolated endemic, P. drummondii var. johnstonii, and introduced cultivar populations of var. peregrina) 1. Populations mostly local, highly variable, especially in flower color, varying from white to pink, to lavender and crimson; introduced, but persistent, cultivars. ....... BPR M EROS Hn e-ea'ds tues oesncbecinsdawssaccncecs ieeteces Gee ee var. peregrina 1. Populations relatively uniform, especially in flower color (exceptional hybrid 2. Corolla tubes pubescent, the corollas highly variable but well-defined white Texas. 3. Corollas vivid-red or crimson to deep lavender; mid-stem leaves mostly sessile or abruptly tapered at the base. ....................... var. drummondii 3. Corollas various shades of pink or lavender: mid-stem leaves mostly gradually tapered below. 4. Corollas with tubes mostly 18-25 mm long; plants of the southern panhandle region of Texas (Fisher, Kent, and Stonewall counties), occurring in red dune sands dominated by oak shinnery. var. johnstonii 4. Corollas with tubes mostly 10-18 mm long; plants not in the southern panhandle regions of Texas. 5. Mature pedicels mostly 2-5 mm long; central and north-central TORR x. neice it dnc wi kee pks Dinh se log ce ee var. meallisteri 5. Mature pedicels mostly (4-)5-12 mm long; south-central Texas. .... 2 sayphie aiuis on Spies pina eo walasaieeigds «apwedipartccwe ey acie habeas var. tharpii Phlox drummondii Hook. var. drummondii My interpretation of this taxon is somewhat broader than that espoused by Erbe & Tumer (1962) and Wherry (1967), including Phlox drummondii var. goldsmithii (Whitehouse) Erbe of the former (this also championed by Wherry 1967) and P. drummondii var. wilcoxiana Erbe (the latter also retained by Wherry). Attempts to disentangle varieties goldsmithii and wilcoxiana, either in the field and/or in the herbarium seem futile at best, although this or that population and/or assemblage of 282 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 8(4):280-287 individuals from a given region might suggest that such a segregation is warranted. The variety drummondii, as here interpreted, is a melange of populations, peripheral elements of which grade into closely adjacent populations of varieties li (Whitehouse) Erbe, mcallisteri (Whitehouse) Shinners, and littoralisCory, as might be surmized from Figure 1. Wherry (1967) largely distinguished var. wilcoxiana from var. drummondii by its bright red corollas having a “dark red eye-ring or star, the pigment persistent.” I found this character to be inconsistent, both in the field and in herbaria, as did Erbe & Turner (1962) who commented upon its likely derivation through gene flow from P. cuspidata (cf. also the account of Levin 1967), or perhaps through introgression from the allopatric P. drummondii var. tharpii. Phlox drummondii Hook. var. johnstonii (Wherry) B.L. Tumer, stat. nov. BASIONYM: Phlox johnstonii Wherry, Wrightia 2:198. 1961. Phlox drummondii Hook. subsp. johnstonii (Wherry) Wherry, Sida 1:250. 1964. Wherry, as noted in the above synonymy, reduced his initial taxon to subspecific rank under Phlox drummondii with the following observation (Wherry 1967): “Since this taxon differs from type-Drummondii [sic] to about the same extent as the others, it is now being classified as an additional subspecies.” In his original description, Wherry noted that the taxon was most closely related to var. mcallisteri and might be “considered a species, subspecies, or variety, as individually preferred.” I treat the subspecies as a clustering category (cf. Erbe & Turner 1962) as do yet other systematists of my ilk. Typical elements of var. johnstonii differ from var. mcallisteri in having a more open inflorescence, the flowers borne upon longer pedicels and having longer corolla tubes, the latter also emphasized by Wherry (1967). The taxon is a local endemic in the area concerned, occurring on dune-like sands dominated by dwarf oaks (“shinnery,” as noted on label data of four of the five collections housed at LL, TEX). Phlox drummondii Hook. var. littoralis Cory, Rhodora 39:421. 1937. Phlox drummondii Hook. subsp. glabriflora Brand, 1907. Phlox glabriflora (Brand) Whitehouse, 1935. Phlox littoralis (Cory) Whitehouse, 1945. Phlox glabriflora (Brand) Whitehouse subsp. Uittoralis (Cory) Wherry, 1955S. Phlox drummondii Hook. var. glabriflora (Brand) Erbe, 1962. This taxon has a checkered history, as amply attested to by the account of Wherry (1967) who treated it as a subspecies of Phlox glabriflora, this having been treated as a variety of P. drummondii by Erbe & Turner (1962) and by Cory (1937), but as a species by Whitehouse (1945). As noted in the above synonymy, Brand (1907) did not account for the taxon, having little material of the typical element; most of this he subsumed under his simplistic concept of P. drummondii subsp. glabriflora (i.e., specimens from southernmost Texas having glabrous corollas were given this name). If treated as a distinct species, the correct name for the taxon concerned is P. littoralis: if treated as a subspecies, the correct name is P. drummondii subsp. glabriflora, il treated as a variety, however, its correct name is P. drummondii var. littoralis, since Tumer. Phlox drummondii revisited 283 Fig. |. Distribution of natural varieties of Phlox drummondii. volume 85(4):280-287 October 1998 PHYTOLOGIA Fig. 2. Distribution of introduced populations of Phlox drummondii var. peregrina. Tumer. Phlox drummondii revisited 285 this is the earliest name at the rank concemed, the var. glabriflora having been proposed by Erbe in 1962. In short, if var. liaoralis and var. glabrifiora are treated as a single taxonomic entity, the correct name at the varietal level is var. linoralis; if treated as a subspecies, the correct name is var. glabriflora; if treated as a distinct species, the name is P. glabrifiora. I do not consider var. glabriflora to be sufficiently distinct from var. littoralis so as to be recognized. The latter appears to be but coastal populational forms having mostly pubescent corolla tubes, there being considerable variation in the latter character, both across the range of the taxon and along regions of contact where the typical populational elements (of var. glabriflora) grade into the typical populational elements of var. littoralis. Whitehouse (1935) recognized Phlox glabriflora as distinct from P. littoralis, noting in her justification for their recognition, that “along the boundaries [of the two species], various forms with pubescent corolla tubes show evidence of hybridization [with what, is not mentioned] and these will not be reported [upon] without further investigation.” In her last treatment of the group (Whitehouse 1945), however, she retained both species, without comment, except to note that P. littoralis is evidently “of more recent origin than the other annuals” and that “itis found only on the beach sands, being abundant in some regions. It starts blooming early in the year, and some plants continue until late summer. The plants along the coast show little variation but on the inner boundary of their range there is some variation as well as some possible evidence of hybndization [again, with what is not mentioned].” Erbe & Turner (1962) in their biosystematic study of the Phlox drummondii complex treated var. glabrifiora and var. littoralis as distinct, positioning both in subsp. glabriflora. Field and herbarium studies since this time lead me to believe that there is little justification in their treatment either as distinct varieties or as belonging to a distinct subspecies, so completely do they intergrade across regions of near contact, presumably as a result of past gene flow between yet other elements of P. drummondii. Since the northern coastal dunes, to which elements of var. litoralis are largely confined, are relatively recent in age (formed from offshore barrier islands ca. 6000 years ago, cf. Miller ef @. 1968), Whitehouse is probably correct in her assumption that the populations concerned are of very recent origin, whether out of gene flow from other elements of P. drummondii or by gradual selection over generations from glabrous-flowered members of the var. litoralis complex remains moot. Phlox drummondii Hook. var. mcallisteri (Whitehouse) Shinners, Field & Lub. 19:127. 1951. Phlox mcallisteri Whitehouse, 1945. Phlox drummondii Hook. subsp. mcallisteri (Whitehouse) Wherry, 1956. My concept of this taxon is essentially the same as that of Erbe & Turner (1962) and Wherry (1966). The variety is largely confined to sandy soils of forested or deforested areas in north-central Texas, as noted by Whitehouse (1945), who treated the taxon as specifically disunct. Wherry (1966), correctly notes that in view of its relative isolation “the paucity of morphological distinctions [between var. mcallisteri and yet other vaneties] is surprising.” In total characters, however, it most closely resembles the varieties johnstonii and tharpii. Levin & Schmidt (1985) give a detailed 286 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 85(4):280-287 analysis of a region of intergradation between var. mcallisteri and var. drummondii; whether this is due to primary intergradation or secondary intergradation (i.e. , hybridization) remains moot, in my opinion. Phlox drummondii Hook. var. tharpii (Whitehouse) Erbe, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 67:280. 1962. : Phlox tharpii Whitehouse, 1945. Phlox glabriflora (Brand) Whitehouse subsp. tharpii (Whitehouse) Wherry, 1955. My interpretation of this taxon is about the same as that of Erbe & Turner (1962) and Wherry (1966). The latter author recognized var. tharpii as part of his concept of Phlox glabriflora in his 1955 treatment but acquiesced to the treatment of Erbe & Turner in his 1966 reevaluation of the taxon. Phlox drummondii.Hook. var. peregrina Shinners, Field & Lab. 19:127. 1951. As noted by Wherry (1966) and yet others, this name has been provided for artificially established oa of various cultivars. It mostly occurs in locally bounded populations of several hundred to thousands of individuals along roadsides, these often planted by wildflower enthusiasts. Such populations also occur in yet other countries (Ali 1971), including those of tropical montane Africa, as I personally noted during my travels to this region in 1956. In Texas, the taxon is quite common, occurring as isolated, but independently established populations, over a broad region (Figure 2). Purists might prefer to use the earliest cultivar name provided for this taxon, that being Phlox drummondii radowtzii Regel, first proposed in 1865, this based upon garden grown plants having rose-colored, white-striped, funnelform corollas, as noted by Whitehouse (1945). Its application to the established cultivar populations of central Texas (or elsewhere) is ill-advised, although, technically, perhaps correct. At least I like the Shinners’ application on pragmatic grounds, there being few funnelform corollas seen in the Texas populations, although occasional plants with somewhat broadened tubes do occur in this or that population. LITERATURECITED Ali, S.1. 1971. Phlox, in Polemoniaceae. Fl. West Pakistan 8:3. Brand, A. 1907. Phlox, in Polemoniaceae. Engler’s Das Pflanzenreich 4:250. 70- 71. Erbe, L. & B.L. Turner. 1962. A biosystematic study of the Phlox cuspidata-Phlox drummondii complex. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 67:257-281. Kelly, J.P. 1915. Cultivated varieties of Phlox drummondii. J. New York Bot. Gard. 16:179-191. Levin, D.A. 1967. Hybridization between annual species of Phlox: popuiation structure. Amer. J. Bot. 54:1122-1130. Turmer: Phlox drummondii revisited 287 Levin, D.A. & K.P. Schmidt. 1985. Dynamics of a hybrid zone in Phlox. an experimental demographic investigation. Amer. J. Bot. 72:1404-1409. Miller, H.E., T.J. Mabry, B.L. Tumer, & W.W. Payne. 1968. Infraspecific variation of sesquiterpene lactones in Ambrosia psilostachya (Compositae). Amer. J. Bot. 55:316-324. Wherry, E.T. 1955. The Genus Phlox. Assoc. Morris Arboretum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Wherry, E.T. 1966. Phlox, in Flora of Texas 1:302-321. Whitehouse, E. 1935. Notes on Texas phloxes. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 62:381- 386. Whitehouse, E. 1945. Annual Phlox species. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 34:388-401. Phytologia (October 1998) 85(4):288-291. TWO NEW SPECIES OF ERIGERON (ASTERACEAE: ASTEREAE) FROM MEXICO Guy L. Nesom BONAP--North Carolina Botanical Garden, Coker Hall CB 3280, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 U.S.A. ABSTRACT Two Mexican: species of Erigeron are described as new to science. Erigeron fluens Nesom, spec. nov., from sierran Veracruz, Hidalgo, and the Nuevo Leén/Tamaulipas border, is closely related to E. karvinskianus DC. Erigeron reinana Nesom, spec. nov., from east-central Sonora, is most similar and apparently closely related to E. coronarius E. Greene. KEY WORDS: Erigeron, Asteraceae, Astereae, taxonomy, México Two previously undescribed species of Erigeron from México are brought to light in review of previously collected specimens and by recent collections from botanical exploration in Sonora. Evigeron fluens Nesom, spec. nov. TYPE: MEXICO. Veracruz: Mpio. Acajetes, ' El Encinal, potrero, ladera de cerro, abundante en lugares despejados, 2400 m, 6 Apr 1970, F. Ventura A. 830 (HOLOTYPE: UNAM!; Isotype: ENCB!). Erigeronti karvinskiano DC. affinis sed differt basi non ligneo stolonibus, statura breviore, et capitulis minoribus. Perennial herbs from a system of slender, shallow rhizomes or stolons, without a caudex, apparently forming colonies of plants interconnected by rhizomes ca. 2-10 cm long, the erect stems 5-23 cm tall, unbranched and monocephalous, eglandular, sparsely strigose with retrorsely oriented hairs ca. 0.1 mm long. Leaves basal and cauline, without axillary tufts of smaller leaves, the lower mostly 15-25 mm long, 5- 11 mm wide, gradualiy decreasing in size and lobing up to the peduncle base, oblanceolate to obovate, narrowed to a petiolar portion 1/5-1/3 the length of the leaf, not clasping, the blades 3-lobed (rarely 5-), the terminal lobe rounded, with lanceolate 288 Nesom: New Erigeron from México 289 to triangular lateral lobes, less commonly entire, minutely stngose above and beneath, eglandular. Heads solitary on ebracteate peduncles (2-)3-9 cm long and 1/5-4/5 the length of the whole stem, the shorter stems appearing essentially scapose; involucres 5-7 mm wide; phyllaries linear-lanceolate, in 3-4 subequal series, very sparsely strigose to glabrate, eglandular; receptacles convex. Rays 45-60, the lamina 5-6 mm long, white, apparently neither coiling nor reflexing; disc corollas tubular-funnelform, 1.8-2.0 mm long. Cypselas ca. 1.0-1.2 mm long, oblong, sparsely strigose; pappus of 12-16 barbellate bristles, usually with a few outer setae. Additional collections examined: MEXICO. Hidalgo: Mpio. Tenango de Doria, El Estribo (cafiada N), carretera Metepec-Tenango de Dona, bosque mixto, rocas andesiticas, abundante en los lugares himedos, 1800 m, 29 Apr 1973, J.R. Gimate Leyva 953 (ENCB - 2 sheets). Nuevo Leén: Dulces Nombres, and just E of border into Tamaulipas, 24° N, 99.5-100.5° W, steep moist banks above dry stream bed, 1310 m, 25 Jun 1948, F.G. Meyer & D.J. Rogers 2671 (MO,US). Erigeron fluens is named for the “flowing” aspect of its low habit and thin, spreading rhizomes. Collections of the newly recognized species all were first identified as Erigeron karvinskianus DC. -- the US sheet (Meyer & Rogers 2671) was noted by S.F. Blake (on the label) as a “form” of E. karvinskianus. The two entities are similar in their charactenistically lobed leaves, sparse and eglandular vestiture, long-pedunculate heads, and white rays with non-reflexing, non-coiling lamina (sect. Karvinskia Nesom, see Nesom 1989). Plants of E. karvinskianus, however, charactenstically produce a woody or lignescent caudex, lignescent lower stems, and range up to 1 meter in height. Stems of E. karvinskianus may root adventitiously at the nodes when the stems are decumbent or prostrate, but this apparently is uncommon to rare and observation of hundreds of plants collected over the entire range of the species show none with the characteristic colonial habit of E. fluens. Plants of E. fluens also are shorter (5-23 cm tall vs. mostly 20-100 cm tall) and produce smaller heads (involucres 5-7 mm wide vs. 7-9 mm wide). The Nuevo Leén locality of E. fluens lies slightly north of the northernmost populations of FE. karvinskianus in the northeastern comer of its native range (southwestern Tamaulipas). Erigeron reinana Nesom, spec. nov. TYPE: MEXICO. Sonora: Mpio. Yécora, 1.1 km N of El Llano on Mesa del Campanero, pine-oak forest, 2150 m; 28° 02’ N, 109° 01’ 30” W; uncommon annual, 18 Sep 1999, A.L. Reina G. 99-753 with T.R. Van Devender (HOLOTY PE: TEX). A Erigeronte coronario E. Greene corollis radii laxe circinatis, corollis discii anguste tubularibus, et acheniis pappo setis plerumque carentibus differt. Taprooted annuals, stems several from the base, 9-23 cm tall, branching above the middle, eglandular, coarsely and sparsely hirsute with thick-based hairs mostly along the ridges, the hairs on the upper portions of the stem becoming upcurved, strgose immediately beneath the heads. Leaves all cauline, narrowly oblanceolate to linear, the 290 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 85(4):288-291 lower 25-35 mm long, 3.0-3.5 mm wide, gradually reduced in size upwards to linear bracts on the peduncles, the margins and midribs coarsely ciliate with thick-based hairs. Heads on bracteate peduncles, numerous in a relatively congested capitulescence; buds apparently erect; involucres 4.5-5.0 mm wide; phyllaries linear- lanceolate, thickened to the edge, sparsely short-hirsute to hirsute-strigose, with an orange midvein, in 3-4 subequal series, the inner 3.0-3.5 mm long; receptacles low- convex. Ray flowers 40-55, the lamina 3.5-5.0 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm wide, white, drying pinkish, without a definite colored midstripe, apparently loosely coiling. Disc corollas tubular-funnelform, orange-veined, 2 mm long, not prominently inflated above the short tube. Cypselas ca. 1.0-1.3 mm long, oblong, orange-veined, sparsely short-strigose; pappus a minutely fimbriate crown ca. 0.08 mm high, without bristles or inner florets variably with 1-3 extremely fragile, barbellate bristles. The plant is named in honor of its collector, Ana Lilia Reina Guerrero, a botanist and ethnobotanist, who has been studying the flora of the Yécora area for the past eight years. “Mesa del Campanero, located above the town of Yécora, is one of the higher areas in the Sierra Madre Occidental in eastern Sonora. The vegetation on top of Mesa del Campanero at 2000-2200 m elevation is a pine-oak forest dominated by Pinus engelmannii and Quercus mcvaughii. Other important trees include occasional P. strobiformis, Q. arizonicus, Q. coccolobifolia, and Arbutus arizonicus and A. xalapensis. Arctostaphylos pungens is alocally common shrub. The new species was in a disturbed area near the road that traverses the top of the Mesa” (fide Tom Van Devender). Erigeron reinana is recognized by its taprooted habit, narrow, entire leaves, numerous heads on short peduncles, erect buds, and pappus a minutely fimbnate crown, without bristles or with inner florets variably with 1-3 extremely fragile, barbellate bristles. A number of characters suggest that the new species is related to F. coronarius E. Greene and other species of Erigeron sect. Geniculactis Nesom (Nesom 1990). These species have in common a taprooted habit, a vestiture of course hairs mostly along the cauline ridges and foliar veins, narrow, entire leaves, numerous heads on short peduncles, erect buds, orange-veined achenes, a coronate pappus, usually with bristles few in number (4-16, reduced to only a corona in E. janivulius Nesom; coronate but very rarely without bristles in E. coronarius), and they mostly occur in westem continental México. In contrast to the diagnostic features of sect. Geniculactis, however, the ray florets of E. reinana are fewer (40-55 vs. 80-250), the ray lamina apparently are loosely coiling (vs. reflexing at the tube-lamina junction) and the disc corollas are narrowly tubular (vs. prominently inflated above the tube). Only two other species besides Erigeron reinana in western México are taprooted and lack pappus bristles: E. strigulosus E. Greene (sect. Imbarba Nesom) and E. versicolor (Greenm.) Nesom (sect. Olygotrichium Nutt.) (Nesom 1989). The specialization in habit and reduced pappus apparently are independently derived in each of these species. | Nesom: New Erigeron from México 291 KEY TO EPAPPOSE, TAPROOTED SPECIES OF ERIGERON IN CHIHUAHUA AND SONORA 1. Heads 7-10 mm wide; rays 80-200, (6-)8-16 mm long; achene apex “shouldered” (incurved below pappus insertion), with thickened, white ribs........ E. strigulosus 1. Heads S-9 mm wide; rays 40-400, 4-6 mm long; achene apex not shouldered, with NC MMEMNRE DILYS ain, rcivesinn «ncn. ods tampuied Sucsebeuin~dansebianewNee: Seah aeganes ana (2) 2. Heads on long, ebracteate peduncles; involucres 5-9 mm wide; buds nodding; phyllaries ovate with broad, hyaline margins; rays 250-400, achenes with only a cartilaginous nm; receptacles Comical................:2eseeeeeeeeeees E. versicolor 2. Heads numerous on short, bracteate peduncles; involucres 4.5-5.0 mm wide; buds erect; phyllaries linear, thickened to the margins; rays 40-55; pappus euconate; roceptacies low-cONVEX 1052455. 95 «0h sen oe ee cde ee)...'.. E. reinana ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the staff of LL,TEX for assistance during a recent visit, ENCB, MEXU, MO, and US for loans to TEX, and Tom Van Devender for contribution to the comments on Erigeron reinana. Photocopies of specimens of E. fluens are on file at TEX. LITERATURE CITED Nesom, G.L. 1989. Infrageneric taxonomy of New World Erigeron (Compositae: Astereae). Phytologia 67:67-93. Nesom, G.L. 1990. Taxonomy of the Erigeron coronarius group of Erigeron sect. Geniculactis (Asteraceae: Astereae). Phytologia 69:237-253. Phytologia (October 1998) 85(4):292-299. BIOACTIVITY OF SEAWEEDS AGAINST SOIL-BORNE PLANT PATHOGENS Jehan Ara', Vigar Sultana”, Syed Ehteshamul-Haque’, Shamim A. Qureshi? & Vigar Uddin Ahmad* ‘Department of Food Science & Technology "Department of Biochemistry, Department of Botany “HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi- 75270 PAKISTAN ABSTRACT Ethanolic extract of seventeen species of seaweeds were tested against juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica. Five seaweeds, Sargassum binderi, Stokeyia indica, Caulerpa taxifolia, Codium iyengarii, and Rhizoclonium implexum caused 100% juvenile mortality at 10 mg/mL after 48 hours. Five more seaweeds (Padina pavonia, Spatoglossum asperum, Spatoglossum variable, Botryocladia leptopoda, and Solieria robusta also caused larval mortality more than 50% at 10 mg/mL. Stokeyia indica and Soliera robusta also caused larval mortality more than 50% at the dose level of 1 mg/mL. Ethanolic extracts were also tested against root infecting fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, and F. oxysporum. Spatoglossum asperum and Spatoglossum variable inhibited radial growth of M. phaseolina, R. solani, and . Solani in vitro when used at 6 mg/disc. Stoechospermum marginatum and Codium iyengarii also inhibited the growth of F. solani at the same concentration. KEY WORDS: seaweeds, nematicide, fungicide INTRODUCTION Plant disease-causing organisms produce extensive damage to crop plants gnd adversely affect the agricultural economy of a country. Among the plant pathogens, soil-bome root infecting fungi [viz., Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel. & Wollenw. emend. Snyd. & Hans, and F. oxysporum Schlecht.] and root knot nematode (Meliodogyne spp.) attack roots of plants, limit nutrient uptake by the plant, and produce root rot-root knot disease complex, resulting in the death of the plant. Such conditions were found to be very common in agricultural fields of Pakistan (Ehteshamul-Haque & Ghaffar 1994; 292 Araetal.: Bioactivity of seaweeds 293 Maqbool 1992). Seaweeds are generally used for enhancement of plant growth (Atzmon et al. 1994). Seaweeds are also known to reduce the fecundity of the root knot nematode on tomato (Whapham et al. 1994). Marine algae have been reported to a wide range of bioactive properties (Hoppe & Levering 1982). They showed antioxidative (Yan et @. 1998) and antitumor activity (Zhuang et al. 1995). Liquid concentrations of the brown alga Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss significantly reduced root knot infestation and increased growth of tomato (Featomby-Smith & Standen 1983). Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of seaweed have been reported (Hodgson 1984; Ara et al. 1999). Ara et al. (1996a) reported nematicidal activity of some seaweeds from Pakistan. However, a detailed study on the effect of seaweeds on soil-borne root infecting fungi and root knot nematode is lacking. The present report describes in vitro bioactivity of seaweeds against the root infecting fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, R. solani, F. solani, and F. oxysporum, as well as the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood. MATERIALS AND METHODS Brown, green, and red algae [viz., Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) Lamour, lyengaria stellata (Borg.) Borg., Padina pavonia (L.) Lamour, Sargassum binderi, Sargassum variegatum, Spatoglossum asperum J. Ag., Spatoglossum variable Fig. & D.E. Notar., Stoechospermum marginatum (C. Ag.) Kutz., Stokeyia indica Thivy & Doshi, (brown); Caulerpa racemosa (Forsk.) J. Ag., Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl.) C. Ag., Codium iyengarii Borg., Rhizoclonium implexum (Dillw.) Kutz., Ulva lactuca L., (green); Botryocladia leptopoda (J. Ag.) Kylin, Halymenia porphroides C. Ag., Sciania indica, and Solieria robusta (Greville) Kylin (red)] were collected from Buleji Beach, Paradise Point, and Pacha Beach, Karachi, Pakistan in different seasons at low tide. Different species of seaweeds exposed on sand and rocks were collected in plastic bags and brought to the laboratory. Each species of seaweed was washed under tap water and dried under shade. The seaweeds were then powdered in an electric blander and stored in polyethylene bags at room temperature until used. ; Dry powder of seaweeds (S00 g each) were extracted three times with ethanol (4x volume) for one week. Extracts were pooled, filtered through cotton wool and concentrated to dryness on rotary vacuum evaporator and weighed. Antumicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of seaweeds was determined by the method used by Ahmad et al. (1986). The method was modified using a dilution of 200 mg/mL of crude extract of seaweed prepared in ethanol. The sterilized thick filter paper discs (5 mm) were impregnated with these dilutions at 2, 4, and 6 mg/disc and dned. Discs were placed at different peripheral positions of petn dishes containing Czepak’s Dox agar (pH 7.2). Discs impregnated with only ethanol served as negative control, while benomyl (10 yg/disc) served as positive control. A 5S mm disc of actively growing culture of test fungi (Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, and F. oxysporum) was inoculated in the center of the petn dishes. Each treatment was replicated three times and plates were incubated at 28° C. Zones of inhibition produced were recorded daily. 294 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 85(4):292-299 Table 1. Jn vitro growth inhibition of Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, and F. oxysporum by the ethanolic extract of seaweed. ee ee CL eR ee aA (co ie DET REN Pee eee Bere ee Re Standard] (DENOMI VIE) oN Fe) lol Pai) uolirole: sys op pb lige eeas ies ooehel oly 68 er Lei! 28 51) 6¥ Re ed ee RM SE |__ Dictyota dichotoma: =< 4 oan) Wh 1 FO a ie Tee a Pe a eS RS." ee a a RE SS AON: OS I SE Mm ee. eee ee a a a a Ae Se) a ee ee ee A ee ee eT” ae ee A ee Ee 2 eee ee Ee Re Ss ea Pe ae i eee SE a EN a a ee ee PT BE, MA ees ree ee, Maen EP Be De NS ee Oa a a i Sargassum varieganum ee es ee ae. ciliata iil Ra aa aires Bir es Pak Spatog issu Ne me ff Spatog — variabile Stoechospermum marginatum y) mg t ft a1 IRIs Araetal.: Bioactivity of seaweeds 295 Table 1. (continued) Zone of inhibition (mm) Caulerpa racemosa WN te 3 Caulerpa taxifolia odium tyengarii Rhizoclonium implexum S) S) NTS) iS) Alty abe in Ce SE Ulva lactuca RHODOPHYTA Botryocladia leptop oda Halymenia porphroides Sciania indica Ww 3 ITS) al ehe ta he h ce Solieria robusta to = TER Ft | inhibited, but no zone was produced NT=not tested 296 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 85(4):292-299 Table 2. In vitro mortality of Meloidogyne javanica juveniles at different concentration of ethanolic extract of seaweeds after 48 hours. Juveniles mortality (%) at vanous concentrations (mg/mL) eK) A AE ORO see Se eae See ree ey Ree eT es (2 eae ee NT RE RS I ARI MT FETE Baap rn eo satsne ~cpernbeinndh tpn Dictyota dichotoma SEXP See Peer Foon peer wwe a ee ee eee a rT a ee a eT ee ee eee ce [Sargassum variegatum ____|__3__| 10 __ = patoglossum asp = er ae re [—Stoechospermum marginaum | __3 | 12__| 17_| &3__| oo eae RG Ne Eee free ces pee coher, nad navel +pemd-dnherl a [Ste 2:1 ¢) SY ES PTA ERT eo a Ee BY TE ere Rhizoclonium implexum ee ee ee eee ee a a es ee Se eee See Re SS Se See ee QELS 5:11 1 TE PETE ERE er ( Botryocladialeptopoda____|__3__|4__|_7__| 30 | [—Halymenia porphroides____| 6 | 12 | 17_| 20 | meer | 8. Se. a Ee eee ae bob ee seaweed=6.4, concentration=2.9 Araetal.: Bioactivity of seaweeds 297 The nematicidal activity of seaweed was determined by the method used by Ara ef al. (1997) using 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/mL concentrations of seaweed extract were prepared in ethanol. Two mL of each concentration was transferred to a small watch glass and left for 48 hours to evaporate the organic solvent. Twenty hand- picked second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica were placed in each glass, containing 2 mL glass distilled water. A watch glass without extract served as control. Each treatment was replicated three times. The number of juveniles that were killed after 48 hours were recorded using a stereomicroscope. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by least significant difference (LSD) (Gomez & Gomez 1984). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Of the seventeen seaweed species tested against root infecting fungi, Spatoglossum asperum and Spatoglossum variable inhibited the growth of Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium solani, at 6 mg/disc. Spatoglossum asperum produced 2, 2, and 5 mm zones against M. phaseolina, R. solani, and F. solani respectively, while Spatoglossum variable produced 2 and 5 mm zones against R. solani and F. solani respectively. Stoechospermum marginatum and Codium iyengarii produced 3.5 and 2 mm zones against F. solani respectively (Table 1). Of the seaweed species tested Sargassum binderi, Stokeyia indica, Caulerpa laxifolia, Codium iyengarii, and Rhizoclonium implexum caused 100% mortality of juveniles after 48 hours at the concentration of 10 mg/mL, whereas Padina pavonia, Spatoglossum asperum, Spatoglossum variable, Stoechospermum marginatum, Botryocladia leptopoda, J. capillacea, and Solieria robusta showed more than 50% mortality at the dose level of 1 mg/mL (Table 2). In the present study, some seaweeds showed nematicidal and fungicidal activity. Growth inhibition of several bacteria and fungi by seaweed has been reported (Shyamali et al. 1982). Out of 30 seaweeds belonging to brown, red, and green algae tested, most of which showed antibacterial and hemolytic activity (Rao ef al. 1991). Febles ef al. (1995) reported antimicrobial activity of Canary Island species of Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta. Shaikh et al. (1990) isolated four diterpenoides from Stoechospermum marginatum which exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities. There are reports that seaweed extracts derived from Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis reduced Radopholus similis infection on citrus (Tarjan 1977). Soil amendment with brown seaweeds, Stoechospermum marginatum and Sargassum lenerrimum significantly reduced gall formation on mungbean plants caused by Meloidogyne javanica, and enhanced plant growth (Siddiqui et @. 1998). Ara er al. (1996b) reported that soil amendment with Sargassum species significantly reduced infection of Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium solani on sunflower. Use of brown seaweed Stoechospermum marginatum significantly reduced gall formation on okra caused by Meloidogyne javanica (Ehteshamul-Haque et al. 1996). In the present study, Spatoglossum asperum showed growth inhibition of Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani and larval mortality of Meloidogyne javanica. Spatoglossum asperum could be exploited for the isolation of nematicidal and fungicidal compounds. Stokeyia indica and Solieria robusta also 298 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 —_ volume 85(4):292-299 showed significant nematicidal activity at 1 mg/mL and could also be exploited for the isolation of nematicidal compounds. Seaweeds which showed promising results could also be used as an organic amendment for the control of root infecting fungi and root knot nematode which will result in increased crop productivity. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research work has been carried out under a research grant from the Office of Naval Research (ONR), USA/University Grants Commission (UGC), Islamabad, Pakistan, which is sincerely acknowledged. LITERATURECITED Ara, J., V. Sultana, S. Ehteshamul-Haque, R. Qasim, & V.U. Ahmad. 1999. Cytotoxic activity of marine macro-algae on Artemia salina. Phytother. Res. 13:304-307. Ara, J., S. Ehteshamul-Haque, V. Sultana, A. Ghaffar, & R. Qasim. 1997. Use of Sargassum species for the control of Meloidogyne javanica in okra. Nematol. Medit. 25: 125-128. Ara, J., S. Ehteshamul-Haque, V. Sultana, R. Qasim, & A. Ghaffar. 1996a. Nematicidal activity of seaweeds against Meloidogyne javanica root knot nematode. Pak. J. Nematol. 14:129-131. Ara, J., S. Ehteshamul-Haque, V. Sultana, R. Qasim, & A. Ghaffar. 1996b. Effect of Sargassum seaweed and microbial antagonists in the control of root rot disease of sunflower. Pak. J. Bot. 28:221-226. Ahmad, A., K.A. Khan, V.U. Ahmad, & S. Qazi. 1986. Antimicrobial activity of juliflorine isolated from Prosopsis juliflora. Planta Med. 52:285-288. Atzmon, N., J.V. Staden, & S.J. Van. 1994. The effect of seaweed concentration on growth of Pinus pinea seedlings. New Forests 8:279-288. Ehteshamul-Haque, S., M. Abid, V. Sultana, J. Ara, & A. Ghaffar. 1996. Use of organic amendments on the efficacy of biocontrol agents in the control of root rot and root knot disease complex of okra. Nematol. Medit. 24: 13-16. Ehteshamul-Haque, S. & A. Ghaffar. 1994. New records of root infecting fungi from Pakistan. Pak. J. Phytopath. 6:50-57. Featomby-Smith, B.C. & V. Standen. 1983. The effect of seaweed concentration on the growth of tomato plants in nematode infested soil. Scientia Horticulture 20: 137-146. Febles, C.I., A. Arias, A. Hardisson, & A.S. Lopez. 1995. Antimicrobial activity of extracts from Canary species of Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta. Phytother. Res. 9:385-387. Gomez, K.A. & A.A. Gomez. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York, New York. 680 pp. Hodgson, L.M. 1984. Antimicrobial and antineoplastic activity in some South Florida seaweeds. Botanica Mar. 29:387-390. Ara etal.: Bioactivity of seaweeds 299 Hoppe, H.A. & Levring. 1982. Marine Algae in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany. 309 pp. Magbool, M. 1992. Distribution and Host Association of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Pakistan. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. Rao, D.S., S. Girijavallabhan, S. Muthusamy, V. Chandrika, C.P. Gopinathan, S. Kalimuthu, & M. Najmuddin. 1991. Bioactivity in marine algae. In: M. Thompson, R. Sarojini, & R. Nagabhushanam (eds.). Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms. pp. 373-377. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India. Shaikh, W., M. Shameel, A. Hayee-Memon, K. Usmanghani, S. Bano, & U.V. Ahmad. 1990. Isolation and characterization of chemical constituents of Stoechospermum marginatum (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta) and their antimicrobial activity. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 3:1-9. Shyamali, S.M., S.K. De Silva, T. Gamage, & N.S. Kumar. 1982. Ant-bacterial activity of extracts from the brown seaweed Stoechospermum marginatum. Phytochemistry 21:944-945. Siddiqui, I.A., S. Ehteshamul-Haque, M.J. Zaki, & A. Ghaffar. 1998. Effect of brown seaweeds (Stoechospermum marginatum and Sargassum tenerrimum) and rhizobia in the control of root knot disease and growth of mungbean. Pak. J. Nematol. 16:145-149. Tarjan, A.C. 1977. Kelp derivatives for nematode infected citrus trees. J. Nematol 9:287 (Abstr.). Whapham, C.A., T. Jenkins, G. Blunden, & S.D. Hankins. 1994. The role of seaweed extract, Ascophyllum nodosum in the reduction of fecundity of Meloidogyne javanica. Appl. Fund. Nematol. 17:181-183. Yan, Y., T. Nagata, & Y. Fan. 1998. Antioxidative activities in some common seaweeds. Plant Foods Human Nutr. 52:253-262. Zhuang, C., H. Itoh, T. Mizuno, & H. Ito. 1995. Antitumor active fucoidan from the brown seaweed, umitoranoo (Sargassum thunbergii). Bio. Sci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 59:563-567. Phytologia (October 1998) 85(4):300-302. TWO NEW COMBINATIONS IN FLORIDA SELAGINELLAS Bruce F. Hansen & Richard P. Wunderlin Institute for Systematic Botany, Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 ABSTRACT New combinations at the varietal level are made for two Florida Selaginella species. KEY WORDS: Selaginella, Selaginellaceae, Flonda, nomenclature A review of certain Selaginella specimens for volume one of the Flora of Florida (Wunderlin & Hansen, in press) has revealed the need for two new combinations. Selaginella armata Baker var. eatonii (Hieronymus ex Small) B.F. Hansen & Wunderlin, comb. nov. BASIONYM: Selaginella eatonii Hieronymus ex Small, Ferns Trop. Florida 67. 1918. Diplostachyum eatonii (Hieronymus ex Small) Small, Ferns S.E. States 422. 1938. TYPE: U.S.A. Florida: Miami-Dade Co.: about lime-sinks, border of Everglades, Black Point Creek, 13 Nov 1903, Eaton 265 (LECTOTYPE: NY!; Isolectotypes: US,USF!). Lectotypified by Buck, Amer. Fern J. 68:34. 1978. When Alston (1952) revised the West Indian species of Selaginella, he placed the Florida species S. eatonii Hieronymus ex Small in the synonymy of S. armata Baker. This was followed by Long & Lakela (1970) and Lakela & Long (1976). Buck (1978) recognized this taxon at the species level, pointing out that Alston had mistakenly placed S. eatonii in the synonymy of S. armata, while it is actually conspecific with S. bracei Hieronymus ex O.C. Schmidt of the Bahamas and Cuba. Selaginella eatonii, an earlier name than S. bracei, was separated trom S. armaia by Buck on several anatomical (e.g., stomatal arrangement) and morphological characters, the most consistent and readily observed being differences in the leat margin. Selaginella armaia has evident hyaline leaf margins that are ciliate, especially at the base, while the leaves of S. eatonii have much less evident hyaline margins that are serrate. These characters hold up well, even in the material from westem Cuba, where S. eatonii is sympatric with S. armaia in the Pinar del Rfo and La Habana provinces. However, we feel that the characters are so minor and the two taxa so 300 ta! Hansen & Wunderlin: | New combinations in Flonda Selaginella 301 obviously closely related, that the best disposition for practicality and consistency is at the varietal level. The best classification of other Caribbean forms of S. armaia, especially robust specimens from Hispaniola, is yet to be determined by Selaginella workers. Material has been seen of Selaginella armaia var. armata from Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and western Cuba (Pinar del Rfo, La Habana), and of S. armata var. eatonii from western Cuba (Matanzas, La Habana, Pinar del Rfo), Florida (Miami-Dade Co.), and the Bahama Islands (Andros, Abaco, Grand Bahama). Selaginella apoda (Linnaeus) Spring var. ludoviciana (A. Braun) B.F. Hansen & Wunderlin, comb. nov. BASIONYM: Lycopodium ludovicianum A. Braun, Index Sem. Hort. Bot. Berol. 1857, App. 12. 1858. Selaginella ludoviciana (A. Braun) A. Braun, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 4. 13:58. 1860. Lycopodioides ludoviciana (A. Braun) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:826. 1891. Diplostachyum ludovicianum (A. Braun) Small, Ferns S.E. States 422. 1938. TYPE: U.S.A. Louisiana: type collection unknown, to be sought at B. The situation here is very much like that above, because Somers & Buck (1975) and Buck & Lucansky (1976) have analyzed the variation between Selaginella apoda (Linnaeus) Spring and S. ludoviciana (A. Braun) A. Braun, again separating the two taxa by anatomical and leaf margin characters. The main distinction is that the leaves of S. ludoviciana have an easily visible hyaline margin with 3-5 rows of transparent cells, while those of S. apoda are green to the margin or very near it (0-2 rows of transparent cells). Clewell (1985) considered the two conspecific, while Wunderlin (1998) treated them as distinct, as did Valdespino (1993). Once again, the two taxa are so obviously close that disposition at the varietal level seems best. Selaginella apoda var. apoda occurs from Maine south to central Florida (Highlands Co.), west to Oklahoma and Texas and also in México (Chihuahua south to Chiapas), while S. apoda var. ludoviciana is found only on the Gulf Coastal Plain, in southwestern Georgia, northem Flonda (south to Citrus Co.), southeastern Alabama, southern Mississippi, and southeastern Louisiana. LITERATURECITED Alston, A.H.G. 1952. A revision of the West Indian species of Selaginella. Bull. Bnit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 1:27-47. Buck, W.R. 1978. The taxonomic status of Selaginella eatonii. Amer. Fern J. 68:33-36. Buck, W.R. & T.W. Lucansky. 1976. An anatomical and morphological comparison of Selaginella apoda and Selaginella ludoviciana. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 103:9- 16. Clewell, A.F. 1985. Guide to the Vascular Plants of the Florida Panhandle. Florida State University Press, University Presses of Florida, Tallahassee, Flonda. Lakela, O. & R.W. Long. 1976. Ferns of Florida. Banyan Books, Miami, Florida. 302 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 volume 85(4):300-302 Long, R.W. & O. Lakela. 1971. A Flora of Tropical Florida. University of Miami Press, Miami, Florida. Somers, P. & W.R. Buck. 1975. Selaginellaludoviciana, §. apoda and their hybrids in the southeastern United States. Amer, Fern J. 65:76-82. Valdespino, I.A. 1993. Selaginellaceae. In: Flora of North America Editonal Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 2:38-63. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. Wunderlin, R.P. 1998. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Phytologia (October 1998) 85(4):303-305S. BOOKS RECEIVED A Revision of Aconitum Subgenus Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) of East Asia. Yuichi Kadota. Sanwa Shoyaku Company, Ltd., 6-1, Hirade Kogyo Danchi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321, Japan. 1987. xviii. 249 pp., 65 plates. Price unknown. No ISBN (hardcover). Based on a Ph.D. dissertation, this book summarizes information on the subgenus Aconitum of this exceedingly large and complex genus. Keys are provided to identify sections, series, species, and infraspecific taxa. Descriptions, range maps, and lists of specimens examined are included for each taxon. In addition to the detailed and comprehensive descriptions and taxonomic treatments, two color plates, 65 black and white plates, and numerous line drawings are included in the book. Summaries of the methods and techniques used will be of great value to future workers on Aconitum and other genera. In addition to the morphological and classical taxonomic data, careful consideration of chromosomes and hybndization are also contained within this work. BIOTAM Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnoldgica, vol. 1, number 1. Adelina Nujfiez Rios (ed.). Instituto de Ecologia y Alimentos de la Universidad Aut6noma de Tamaulipas, Boulevard Adolfo Lépez Mateos Nte. 928, C.P. 87040, Cd. Victona, Tamaulipas, México. Abr-Jun 1989. 80 pp. $7000 Nuevos Pesos. ISSN 0187- 8476. This periodical has been instituted to present scientific articles and commentanes on ecology and agriculture. This inaugural issue contains eleven articles. Two of the articles are commentaries, one on the slate of nutntion in México, the other on the Biosphere Reserves of México. Six other articles are ecological pieces, the majority of them dealing with some aspect of the El Cielo Biosphere Reserve. The remaining three articles discuss agricultural topics. 303 Books received 304 BIOTAM Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnoldgica, vol. 2, number 2. Adelina Nujiez Rios (ed.). Instituto de Ecologia y Alimentos de la Universidad Aut6noma de Tamaulipas, Boulevard Adolfo Lépez Mateos Nte. 928, C.P. 87040, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. Ago-Nov 1990. 64 pp. $12000 Nuevos Pesos. ISSN 0187-8476. Articles in this issue include a discussion of the management plan for the El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, seasonal variation in the tissues of fish species, water birds of the Laguna Madre, taxonomy and behavior of Mexican locusts, two papers on wasp diversity in southern Tamaulipas, and a list and discussion of rare plants in Tamaulipas. Ironwood: An Ecological and Cultural Keystone of the Sonoran Desert. Gary Paul Nabhan & John L. Carr (eds.). Occasional Paper No. 1, Occasional Papers in Conservation Biology, Conservation Intemational, Department of Conservation Biology, 1015 18th Street, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC. 20036. 1994. iv. 92 pp. Available from The University of Chicago Press, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637. $10.95 ISBN 1-881173-07-0 (paper). Topics treated in the four chapters of this booklet include general ironwood (Olneya tesota A. Gray) ecology, ironwood as a modifier of habitat for other species, boundary effects on cacti and nurse plants, and ironwood used in art (primanily carvings). Orchid Biology, Reviews and Perspectives, VI. Joseph Arditt (ed.). John Wiley, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10158. 1994. xvili. 610 pp. $115.00 ISBN 0-471-54907-x (hardcover). The current volume in this series includes seven chapters. These chapters cover topics as diverse as history of orchids in Europe, orchid floral physiology, interactions between orchids and ants, fly pollination in orchids, and cut flowers production of orchids. In addition to the seven chapters, an extensive appendix is included that summarizes orchid pests. Seaweed Ecology and Physiology. Christopher S. Lobban & Paul J. Harrison. Cambnidge University Press, 40 West 20th Street, New York, New York 10011- 4211. 1994. xii. 366 pp. $69.95 ISBN 0-521-40334-0 (hardcover). In addition to the text wntten by the authors, other individuals have contributed smaller segments of this book. The book begins with an introductory chapter on seaweeds, their growth and environment. A chapter on seaweed communities is followed by another chapter treating more complex ecological relationships. The next five chapters summarize various (light, nutrients, temperature/salinity, water motion, and pollution) impacts on seaweed growth and reproduction. A final chapter on cultivation, harvesting, 305 PHYTOLOGIA October 1998 85(4):303-305 and uses of seaweeds is followed by an appendix comprising a taxonomic classification of seaweeds included in the text. The Genus Mikania (Compositae - Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Walter C. Holmes. SIDA, Botanical Miscellany, No. 5, Botanical Research Institute of Texas Herbarium, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275. 1990. iv. 45 pp. Price unknown. ISSN 0883-1475 (paper). Following the key to species, descriptions are included for each of the sixteen species recognized from México. The descriptions include nomenclatural summaries, line drawings, specimen lists, range maps, and commentaries on close relatives and other interesting information about the species. This will be a very useful book for anyone studying Mikania in México. 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Forbes) Nesom 278 Pappochroma setosum (Benth.) Nesom 278 Pappochroma stellatum (Hook. f.) Nesom 278 Pappochroma trigonum (S.J. Forbes & D.J. Mornis) Nesom 279 Phlox drummondii Hook. var. johnstonii (Wherry) B.L. Tumer 2e2 Erigeron fluens Nesom 288 Erigeron reinana Nesom 289 Selaginella armata Baker var. eatonii (Hieronymus ex Small) B.F.. Hansen & Wunderlin 300 Selaginella apoda (Linnaeus) Spring var. ludoviciana (A. Braun) B.F. Hansen & Wunderlin 301 308 4300 TT Information for = a ) ataeles from - poraniear: systematics. Marie “ecology, inciuaine: ‘8 biographical sketches, critical reviews, and summaries of literature : 3 will be considered for publication.in PHYTOLOGIA. Manuscripts may ~~ be submitted either on computer diskette, or as clean typescript. Diskettes will be returned to authors after action has been taken on the manuscript. 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